ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DICTIONARY 4TH EDITION
C. C. LEE, PH.D.
Environmental Engineering Dictionary 4th Edition
Environmental Engineering Dictionary 4th Edition Written and Edited by
C. C. Lee, Ph.D.
Research Program Manager National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Government Institutes An imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland Toronto Oxford 2005
Government Institutes Published in the United States of America by Government Institutes, an imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://govinst.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright O 2005 by Government Institutes All rights resewed. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The reader should not rely on this publication to address specific questions that apply to a particular set of facts. The author and the publisher make no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the completeness, correctness, or utility of the information in this publication. In addition, the author and the publisher assume no liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon the contents of this book. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData Lee, C. C. Environmental engineering dictionary / C.C. Lee.- 4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-86587-848-X (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Environmental engineering-Dictionaries. 2. Environmental protectionDictionaries. I. Title. T D 9 . M 2005 6284~22 2004026548 @-The vaver used in this vublication meets the minimum requirements of American National ~ t a n d a 2for Information sciences-~erm&ence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America.
Table of Contents ..
Preface. .................................................................................................................. .wl
About the Author. ...................................................................................................... .ix
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Environmental Engineering Dicbonary.. ........................................................................... ..I ..a70 Appendix A: Example Environmental Calculations. ........................................................... ..a76 Appendix B: Special Environmental Definitions. ............................................................... 899 Appendix C: Definitions of Fuel Cell Technologies.. ............................................................ Appendix D: Environmental Acronyms. ......................................................................... -904 Appendix E: References.. .......................................................................................... -941
Preface With environmental problems uncovered almost daily, new regulations and technologies are continuously developing to meet the challenge of solving them. As a result, many past definitions are revised and new definitions generated every year. This dictionary provides a comprehensive source of environmental engineering delinitions along with their origins. In this fourth edition, existing terms have been updated and new terms as well as three new appendices have been added. Special new features of the dictionary include: 1. An appendix that includes definitions of fuel cell technologies. Fuel cell technology is considered a very attractive alternative energy source of the future. Regarded as not only energy-efficient but also environmentally safe, it has recently received tremendous attention. With the development of this technology, a number of environmentallyrelated terms have evolved and are included. 2. An appendix that includes special environmental definitions such as environmental management systems under the International Organization for Standardization. Its series, for example IS0 14000 and IS0 9000, have been accepted by the United Nations as effective tools to protect the environment from pollution by the numerous sectors of industrial activity. 3. Review and update of terms from the following major environmental laws: 3.1. The Clean Air Act; 3.2. The Clean Water Act; 3.3. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act; 3.4. The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act; 3.5. The Federal Facility Compliance Act; 3.6. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; 3.7. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act; 3.8. The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments; 3.9. The Occupational Safety and Health Act; 3.10. The Pollution Prevention Act; 3.1 1. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; 3.12. The Safe Drinking Water Act; 3.13. The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act; and 3.14. The Toxic Substances Control Act. Many terms have different meanings under the diffaent law applications. Different meanings for those terms have been researched and provided in this book. 4. An appendix that consolidates environmental engineering terms involving basic calculations. 5. An appendix that contains the numerous acronyms and abbreviations that are an essential part of the language of environmental protection. Finally, this dictionary includes a list of reference documents used for the collected terms that will help users locate additional information as needed. The dictionary provides not only the exact official (e.g., U.S. EPA) definition, but also the definition's origin. It is an essential tool that will help ease the complexity of many environmental occupations and the responsibilities of those involved in the environmental protection of air, water, and land resources. C. C. Lee, Ph.D. April 15,2005 vii
About the Author Dr. C. C. Lee is currently a research program manager for the fuel cell environmental impact program at the National Risk Management Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Cincinnati, Ohio. In his 30 years of experience with the EPA, he has conducted many engineering and regulatory research projects that often involve several environmental issues ranging fi-om clean air and clean water control to solid waste disposal. He was involved in the safe treatment and disposal of hazardous and toxic solid waste before joining EPA's fuel cell program. He is recognized as a worldwide expert in the thermal treatment of hazardous wastes, and had led discussions on medical waste disposal technologies at a meeting conducted by the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment. At the initiation of the US. State Department, he served as head of the US. delegation to the Conference on "National Focal Points for Low- and Non-Waste Technology." The conference was sponsored by the United Nations and was held in Geneva, Switzerland. He has been invited to lecture on various issues regarding solid waste disposal at numerous national and international conferences. He has published more than 175 papers and reports and has authored 17 books in various environmental areas. Dr. Lee conceived of and created the International Congress on Toxic Combustion Byproducts in 1989. The purpose of the Congress is to provide a forum for those who are involved in waste incineration andlor coal combustion to discuss problems associated with combustion byproducts and to find solutions to those problems. The Congress has been held in different major cities around the world every two years since its creation. Dr. Lee served as Congress Chairman from 1989 to 1991. Dr. Lee received a B.S. fi-om the National Taiwan University in 1964, and an MS. and Ph.D. fi-om the North Carolina State University in 1968 and 1972, respectively. Before joining the EPA in 1974, he was an assistant professor at the North Carolina State University.
NOTICE This book was written and edited by Dr. C. C. Lee in his private capacity. No official support or endorsement by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is intended nor should be inferred.
11-AA: The chemical substance 11-aminoundecanoic acid, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS Number) 2432-997 (4OCFR704.25-1). Abandoned mine: A mine where mining operations have occurred in the past and: (1) The applicable reclamation bond or financial assurance has been released or forfeit&, or (2) If no reclamation bond or other financial assurance has been posted, no mining operations have occurred for five years or more (40CFR434.11-91). Abandoned vehicle: The automobiles, buses, trucks, and trailers that are no longer useful as such and have been left on city streets and other public places. See vehicle for more related terms (EPA83). Abandoned well: A well whose use has been permanently discontinued or which is in a state of disrepair such that it cannot be used for its intended purpose or for observation purposes (4OCFRl46.3-91. See well for more related terms. Abandoned well: A well whose use has been permanently discontinued or which is in a state of such disrepair that it cannot be used for its intended purpose (EPA-97/12). Abandoned: For the purposes of defining a material as a solid waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Subtitle C, a material that is disposed of, burned, or incinerated (RCRA~hazardous-04). Abatement debris: Waste from remediation activities (EPA97/12). Abatement: Another term for the control of mosquitoes through various methods (FIFRAtWN-04). Abatement: Reducing the degree or intensity of, or eliminating, air, water, or land pollution through waste reuse, process modification, or pollution control (OME-88/12). Abatement: Reducing the degree or intensity of, or eliminating, pollution (EPA-97/12). Abatement: The method of reducing the degree of intensity of noise and the use of such a method (NCAInoise-04).
Abatement: The method of reducing the degree or intensity of pollution, also the use of such a method (LBL-76107-air). Abiotic factor: All nonliving environmental elements, factors or substances, such as climate, geology, soil, water, and atmosphere, which influence living organisms. Abiotic: Nonliving, especially the nonliving elements ecological systems (Course 165.6). Abiotic: Not relating to living things, not alive (NavylEnv-04). Ablation: The process by which ice and snow waste away owing to melting and evaporation (CWAhydrology-04). Ablation: The rapid reduction of soil particles by means of a focused laser (AENmixedW-04). Abnormal occurrence: Any accidental, unplanned, uncontrolled release of radioactivity (DOE-91/04).
or
Aboveground release: Any release to the surface of the land or to surface water. This includes, but is not limited to, releases from the aboveground portion of a UST system and aboveground releases associated with overfills and transfer of operations as the regulated substance moves to or from an underground storage tank (UST) system. See release for more related terms (40CFR280.1291). Aboveground storage facility: A tank or other container, the bottom of which is on a plane not more than 6 inches below the surrounding surface (4OCFRll3.3-91. Aboveground tank: A device meeting the definition of tank in 40CFR260.10 and that is situated in such a way that the entire surface area of the tank is completely above the plane of the adjacent surrounding surface and the entire surface area of the tank (including the tank bottom) is able to be visually inspected (40CFR260.10-91).See tank for more related terms. Abrasion: The removal of surface material from any solid through the fictional action of another solid, a liquid, or a gas or combination thereof (cf. corrosion or erosion) (EPA-83).
Abrasion: Wearing away of surface materials, such as refractories in an incinerator or parts of solid waste handling equipment, by the scouring action of moving solids, liquids, or gas (SW-108ts). Abrasive blasting respirator: A continuous flow airline respirator constructed so that it will cover the wearer's head, neck, and shoulders to protect him from rebounding abrasive (29CFR1910.94a-91). Abrasive blasting: The forcible application of an abrasive to a surface by pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure, or centrifugal force (29CFR1910.94a-91). Abrasive machining: A general machining process of using abrasive tools to finish a product, e.g., abrasive belt grinding is to rough andlor finish a work piece by means of a power-driven belt coated with an abrasive, usually in particle form, which removes materials by scratching the surface and which makes the surface a good finish (EPA-83106%see also 29CFR1910.94b-91). Abrasive: A solid substance used in an abrasive blasting operation (29CFR1910.94a-91). Abscission: A process by which a leaf or other part is separated from a plant (EPA-85/10). Absent: The most sensitive analytical procedure in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th edition (or other approve procedure), does not show the presence of the subject constituent (LBL-76107-water). Absolute humidity: See humidity ratio. See also humidity for more related terms. Absolute method: A method in which characterization is based entirely on physical (absolute) defined standards. See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Absolute pressure (psia): The total pressure exerted on a surface. It is a measure of pressure referred to a complete vacuum or zero pressure. Absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure. Ideal gas law calculations employ absolute pressure term. See pressure for more related terms. Absolute temperature: The temperature measured by either the Kelvin or Rankine scales. It is calculated by taking the temperature in question and adding 273 C to it in the Kelvin scale or 460 F to it in the Rankine scale.
Absolute toxicity: The toxicity of the effluent without considering dilution (EPA-91/03). Absolute zero temperature: (1) Zero points of both absolute temperature scales, namely, Kelvin and Rankine scales (Holman69-p5). (2) If an externally reversible heat engine operates between two energy reservoirs, absorbing a constant heat input from the hotter reservoir, and the temperature of the colder reservoir is successively lowered, the amount of heat rejected decreases. As the amount of heat rejected approaches zero, the temperature of the colder reservoir approaches absolute zero. The thermodynamic second law alone does not lead to the conclusion that it is impossible for the temperature of any system to be absolute zero. This conclusion is in the realm of the third law of thermodynamics (Jones-60-p258). (3) See temperature for more related terms. Absorb: To take up or receive by chemical or molecular action (MWTAImedical-04). Absorbance (A): The logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the initial intensity (I,) of a beam of radiant energy to the intensity (I) of the same beam after passage through a sample at a fixed wavelength. Thus, A = logl(l,/l) (cf. Beer's Law) (4OCFR796.3700-91). Absorbance (A): The logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the transmittance (T), A = loglo(l/T) (LBL-76107-air). Absorbance: A measure of the decrease in incident light passing through a sample into a detector (Navy/Env-04) Absorbate (or solute): (1) A term used to describe the pollutant in absorber studies. It is a dissolved substance, especially the smaller component of a solution (EPA-84/09). (2) The gaseous pollutant being absorbed, such as SO2,H2S, etc. (EPA-84103b). (3) Material that has been retained by the process of absorption (LBL76107-air). Absorbed dose: The amount of a chemical that enters the body of an exposed organism. Equal to intake multiplied by an absorption factor (NavyIEnv-04). Absorbed dose: The amount of chemical that enters the body of an exposed organism. See dose for more related terms (EPA97/12). Absorbed dose: The energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material at the place of interest in that material. The unit is rad or gray (1 rad = 0.01 gray) (SDWAIradionuclide-04).
Absolute temperature: The temperature measured on the thermodynamic scale, designated as degree Kelvin (K) or Rankine (R). It is measured from absolute zero (-273.15 C or -459.76 F) and has the following relationship with degree C and F (EPAAbsorbency: Property of a paper to imbibe liquids (EPA-83). 83/06): (1) Kelvin scale (K): K = C + 273.15; (2) Rankine scale (R): R = F + 459.76; and R = 1.8 K; (c) (T2/T1)Ranldne = (T21T1)Kelvin. Absorbent: (1) Any substance that takes in or absorbs other substances. In air pollution control, the liquid, usually water, into
which the pollutant is absorbed (EPA-84103b). (2) Material in which absorption occurs (cf. adsorbent) (LBL-76107-air).
Absorber: Also known as the wet scrubber. It is a control device for carrying on the process of absorption (EPA-84/09). Absorptiometer: An instrument used to measure the concentration of the absorbing constituents in a gas or liquid. Absorptiometric analysis: The use of absorptiometer to analyze a gas or liquid by measurement of the peak electromagnetic absorption wavelength that is unique to a specific material or element. Absorption barrier: Any of the exchange sites of the body that permit uptake of various substances at different rates (e.g., skin, lung tissue, and gastrointestinal-tract wall) (EPA-97/12). Absorption factor: The fraction of a chemical making contact with an organism that is absorbed by the organism (Course 165.6). Absorption mechanism: In air pollution control, to remove a gaseous pollutant by absorption, the exhaust stream must be passed through (brought in contact with) a liquid. Absorption involves three steps. In the first step, the gaseous pollutant diffuses from the bulk area of the gas phase to the gas-liquid interface. In the second step, the gas moves (transfers) across the interface to the liquid phase. This step occurs extremely rapidly once the gas molecules (pollutant) arrive at the interface area. In the third step, the gas diffuses into the bulk area of the liquid; thus making room for additional gas molecules to be absorbed. The rate of absorption (mass transfer of the pollutant from the gas phase to the liquid phase) depends on the diffision rates of the pollutant in the gas phase (first step) and in the liquid phase (third step). To enhance gas diffusion and, therefore, absorption: (1) Provides a large interfacial contact area between the gas and liquid phases. (2) Provides good mixing of the gas and liquid phases (turbulence). (3) Allows sufficient residence, or contact, time between the phases for absorption to occur (EPA-84/03b, pl-7). Absorption mechanism: The process of dissolving gaseous pollutants in a liquid is referred to as absorption. Absorption is a mass transfer operation. Mass transfer can be compared to heat transfer in that both occur because a system is trying to reach equilibrium conditions. For example, in heat transfer, if a hot slab of metal is placed on top of a cold slab, heat energy will be transferred from the hot slab to the cold slab until both are at the same temperature (equilibrium). In absorption, mass instead of heat is transferred as a result of a concentration difference, rather than a heat-energy difference. Absorption continues as long as a concentration differential exists between the liquid and the gas from which the contaminant is being removed. In absorption, equilibrium depends on the solubility of the pollutant in the liquid. Absorption spectrophotometer:An instrument for measuring the absorption spectral lines and bands in a gas or liquid.
Absorption spectroscopy: The study of the absorption spectral lines and bands in a gas or liquids. Absorption spectrum: The array of absorption lines and absorption bands. See spectrum for more related terms. Absorption toxicokinetics: Refers to the bioavailability, i.e., the rate and extent of absorption of the test substance, and metabolism and excretion rates of the test substance after absorption (40CFR795.235-91). Absorption: (1) The process by which one substance is taken into the body of another substance. (2) The penetration of molecules or ions of one or more substances (gas, liquid, or solid) into the interior of another substance. For example, in hydrated bentonite (a type of clay), the water that is held between the mica-like layers (held within the clay) is the result of absorption (NavyIEnv-04). Absorption: A process in which one material (the absorbent) takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the formation of a homogeneous mixture having the attributes of a solution. Chemical reaction may accompany or follow absorption (LBL 76107-air). Absorption: In a chemical process, it is the chemical combination of one substance by another. Absorption: In a physical process, it is the penetration of a substance into or through another, or the phenomena which gas transfers molecules to (dissolved in) a liquid phase. Absorption: (1) In air pollution control, a process by which a liquid material (absorbent) is used to remove one or more soluble gas (absorbate) components from a gaseous mixture, usually without chemical reaction. Typical absorbents are: water, dilute basic or acidic solution, and lean (low molecular weight) hydrocarbon oils (cf. adsorption) (EPA-84/09). (2) A mass transfer in which a gas (gaseous pollutant) is dissolved in a liquid. A contaminant (pollutant) exhaust stream contacts a liquid, and the contaminant diffises from the gas phase into the liquid phase (EPA-8 1/12, pl-5; 84/03b, pl-7). Absorption: In mining, the process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body; also the increase in weight of a porous solid body resulting from the penetration of liquid into its permeable pores (EPA-82/05). Absorption: In radiation, the uptake of radiant energy by a substance. During this process, the radiant energy is irreversibly transformed into some other form of energy, e.g., thermal, mechanical, or electrical energy. It is the process by which the number and energy of particles or photons entering a body of matter are reduced by interaction with the matter (DOE-9 1/04).
Absorption: In risk assessment, the uptake of water or dissolved chemicals by a cell or an organism (Course 165.6). Absorption: The entrance of water into the soil or rocks by all natural processes. It includes the infiltration of precipitation or snowmelt, gravity flow of streams into the valley alluvium (see bank storage) into sinkholes or other large openings, and the movement of atmospheric moisture (CWAkydrology-04). Absorption: The process by which substances in gaseous, liquid, or solid form are assimilated or taken up by other substances (CWNWbasics-04). Absorption: The process of taking in. For a p a o n or an animal, absorption is the process of a substance getting into the body through the eyes, skin, stomach, intestines, or lungs (SFhealth-04). Absorption: The properties of a material composition to convert sound energy into heat, thereby reducing the amount of energy that can be reflected (NCNsound-04). Absorption: The uptake of water or dissolved chemicals by a cell or an organism (as tree roots absorb dissolved nutrients in soil) (EPA-97/12). Absorptivity: Absorbance divided by the product of the concentration of the substance and the sample path length (cf. molar absorptivity) (LBL76107-bio). Abstraction (or metathesis): A bimolecular reaction where an atom (or radical) is abstracted (transferred) from the reactant to the other by a radical species, e.g., H abstraction from monochloromethane by radical OH can be expressed as CH$I + OH CHICl + HOH (cf. displacement) (EPA-88/12).
+
Abutment: In coal mining, (1)The weight of the rocks above a narrow roadway is transferred to the solid coal along the sides, which act as abutments of the arch of strata spanning the roadway; and (2) The weight of the rocks over a long-wall face is transferred to the front abutment, that is, the solid coal ahead of the face and the back abutment, that is, the settled packs behind the face (CWNmining-04). Acaricide (or miticide): An agent that destroys mites and ticks (EPA-85/10). ACBM: Asbestos-containingbuilding material Accelacota: A pharmaceutical coating operation which consists of a horizontally rotating perforated drum in which tablets are placed, a coating is applied by spraying, and the coating is dried by the flow of air across the drum through the perforations (40CFR52.741-91). Accelerated depreciation: In pollution abatement, an incentive arrangement to encourage an industry to install pollution
abatement equipment. The industry can deduct from its taxable income the entire cost of such equipment over a shorter period of time (perhaps only one to three years) than in the case of other types of capital investment (DOI-70104).
Accelerated erosion: The erosion of soil materials at a faster than natural rate. It occurs when vegetal cover is destroyed or is affected by some activities of man. See erosion for more related terms (SW-108ts). Accelerated operable unit (AOU): An action which prevents, controls, or responds to a release or threatened release of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants where prompt action is necessary but a response under removal authorities is not appropriate or desirable. The purpose of an AOU is to allow the remedial action for that Operable Unit to proceed prior to completion of the final Record of Decision (ROD) for the total remedial action. AOUs are particularly appropriate where the size and complexity of the total remedial action would seriously delay implementation of independent parts of the action. AOUs will only proceed after complying with applicable procedures in the NCP. It is not intended that AOUs diminish the requirements for, delay the conduct of, or conflict with the total remedial action (Navy/Env-04). Accelerator pump (diaphragm pump or plunger pump): A device used to provide a supplemental supply of fuel during increasing throttle opening as required (40CFR85.2122(a)(3)(ii)91). Accelerator: In radiation science, a device that speeds up charged particles such as electrons or protons (EPA-89/12). These fast particles can penetrate matters and are known as radiation. Acceptable daily intake: An estimate of the daily exposure dose that is likely to be without deleterious effect even if continued exposure occurs over a lifetime (EPA-92/12). Acceptable of a batch: The number of non-complying compressors in the batch sample is less than or equal to the acceptance number as determined by the appropriate sampling plan (40CFR204.5 1-91). Acceptable quality level (AQL): The maximum percentage of failing engines or vehicles (or samples), that for the purposes of a sampling inspection, can be considered satisfactory as a process average (40CFR86.1002.84-91). Acceptance of a batch sequence: That the number of rejected batches in the sequences is less than or equal to the acceptance number as determined by the appropriate sampling plan (40CFR204.5 1-91). Acceptance of a compressor: The measured noise emissions of the compressor, when emissions measured in accordance with the
applicable procedure conform to the applicable standard. See compressor for more related terms (40CFR204.5 1-91). Acceptance of a vehicle: The measured emissions of the vehicle, when measured in accordance with the applicable procedure, conform to the applicable standard. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR205.5 1-91).
federal, state, or local environmental permits, and that creates toxic concentrations in the air that are a potential health threat to the surrounding community (EPA487b). (3) See release for more related terms. Acclimated organism seed: Organisms especially grown to cope with bio-oxidation-resistant organic wastes (LBL-76107-water).
Access: The right and opportunity to examine and copy (29CFR1910.20-91).
Acclimated: Adapted to environmental change (LBL-76107water).
Accessible environment: (1) The atmosphere; (2) Land surfaces; (3) Surface waters; (4) Oceans; and (5) All of the lithosphere that is beyond the controlled area (40CFR191.12-02). See environment for more related terms.
Acclimation (or acclimatization): (1) The physiological or behavioral adaptation of organisms to one or more environmental conditions associated with the test method (e.g., temperature, hardness, pH) (40CFR797.1600). (2) A physiological change occurring within the lifetime of an organism which reduces the strain caused by stressful changes in the natural climate (e.g., seasonal or geographical) (NIOSH-84/10). (3) The physiological and behavioral adjustments of an organism to changes in its environment (EPA-97/12).
Accessible when referring to ACM: That the material is subject to disturbance by school building occupants or custodial or maintenance personnel in the course of their normal activities (40CFR763.83-91). Accession number: An identification number that used to be assigned (for cataloging purposes) to volumes of studies submitted to OPP. This has been replaced by the Master Record Identification (MRID) system, which identifies each individual study. See also Master Record Identification System (FFDCMpesticide-04). Accident site: The location of an unexpected occurrence, failure, or loss, either at a plant or along a transportation route, resulting in a release of hazardous materials (EPA-97/12). Accident: An unexpected, undesirable event, caused by the use or presence of a pesticide, that adversely affects man or the environment (40CFRI 71.2-91). Accidental air ingress (or ingress of secondary or other fluids): The inadvertent admission of air (or a fluid such as water, steam, or other non-primary fluid) to the primary cooling system of a modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (DOE-9 1/04). Accidental occurrence: An accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions, which results in bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured (40CFR264.141-91). Other accidental occurrence-related terms include (1) Non-sudden accidental occurrence and (2) Sudden accidental occurrence. Accidental release: (1) Any sudden or nonsudden release of petroleum from an underground storage tank that results in a need for corrective action andlor compensation for bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended by the tank owner or operator (40CFR280.92-91). (2) The unintentional spilling, leaking, pumping, purging, emitting, emptying, discharging, escaping, dumping, or disposing of a toxic material into the environment in a manner that is not in compliance with a plant's
Acclimatization: See acclimation. Accredited or accreditation: When refening to a person or laboratory, such person or laboratory is accredited in accordance with section 206 of Title I1 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (40CFR763.83). Accrual date: The date of the incident causing the loss or damage or the date on which the loss or damage should have been discovered by the employee through the exercise of reasonable care (40CFR14.2-9 1). Accumulated speculatively: A material is "accumulated speculatively" if it is accumulated before being recycled. A material is not accumulated speculatively, however, if the person accumulating it can show that the material is potentially recyclable and has a feasible means of being recycled; and that--during the calendar year (commencing on January ])--the amount of material that is recycled, or transferred to a different site for recycling, equals at least 75% by weight or volume of the amount of that material accumulated at the beginning of the period. In calculating the percentage of turnover, the 75% requirement is to be applied to each material of the same type (e.g., slags from a single smelting process) that is recycled in the same way (i.e., ti-om which the same material is recovered or that is used in the same way). Materials accumulating in units that would be exempt from regulation under 40CFR261.4(c) are not to be included in making the calculation. (Materials that are already defined as solid wastes also are not to be included in making the calculation.) Materials are no longer in this category once they are removed from accumulation for recycling, however (40CFR261.I-8-91). Accumulated speculatively: Storage of a material in lieu of expeditious recycling. Materials are usually accumulated speculatively if the waste being stored has no viable market or if a
facility cannot demonstrate that at least 75% of the material has been recycled in a calendar year (RCRAhazardous-04). Accumulation: (1) In air pollution, the increase of concentration levels in a region, due to the combined effect of emissions and meteorological conditions for which the dispersion is poor, e.g., during a stagnation period (NATO-78/10). (2) In a biological system, the concentration of a substance, which collects in a tissue or organism and which does not disappear over time (EPA82111e). Accumulator: The reservoir of a condensing unit receiving the condensate from a surface condenser (40CFR52.741-91). Accuracy: The degree of agreement between a measured value and a true, expected value (NavyIEnv-04). Acequia: Acequias were important forms of imgation in the development of agriculture in the American Southwest. The proliferation of cotton, pecans, and green chiles as major agricultural staples owe their progress to the acequia system (CWAiWscience-04). Acetate fiber: A fiber made from cellulose acetate. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Acetic acid (or named as ethanoic acid, vinegar acid, and methanecarboxylic acid, CH&OOH): Glacial acetic acid is the pure compound (99.8% min.), as distinguished from the usual water solutions known as acetic acid. Vinegar is dilute acetic acid (EPA-83106a). Acetone: A colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet odor. It is considered the least toxic solvent in industry. It can occur naturally. It is used in the production of lubricating oils, chloroform, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, varnishes, and lacquers. If present in water, it is more likely to volatilize or biodegrade before bioaccumulating or adsorbing to sediments. Acetone will also readily volatilize and biodegrade in soil. It is also a common laboratory contaminant, so its presence in a sample does not always indicate its presence in the environment. Synonyms: Dimethylketone and 2-propanone (NavyIEnv-04). Acetylation: A technique to combine an acetyl radical (CH3CO)* onto an organic molecule. Acetylcholine (C7HI7O3N): A substance in the human body having important neurotransmitter effects on various internal systems; oRen used as a bronchoconstrictor (EPA-89/12). Acetylene (C2H2):A gas which can be prepared by the action of water on calcium carbide. The starting material for large-scale synthesis of important organic compounds (EPA-77/07).
Acetylene cylinder filler: An asbestos-containing product which is intended for use as a filler for acetylene cylinders (40CFR763.163-91). ACGIH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Determines and publishes Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) (MWTNinfectious-04). ACHP: See Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (SDWA/radionuclide-04). Acid aerosol: Acidic liquid or solid particles small enough to become airborne. High concentrations can irritate the lungs and have been associated with respiratory diseases like asthma (EPA97/12). Acid aerosol: Acidic liquid or solid particles that are small enough to become airborne. High concentrations of acid aerosols can be imtating to the lungs and have been associated with some respiratory diseases, such as asthma (EPA-88109b). Acid base catalysis: The catalytic effects in increasing certain chemical reactions due to the presence of acid and base elements. Acid base titration: A titration in which an acid of known concentration is added to a base of unknown concentration solution until the desired end point is reached, or vice versa. See titration for more related terms. Acid cleaning: Using acid solutions to clean materials. Some methods of acid cleaning are pickling and oxidizing (EPA-83106a). Acid copper: A copper electrode deposited from an acid solution of a copper salt, usually copper sulfate (EPA-82/05). Acid cure: In uranium extraction, sulfation of moist ore before leach (EPA-82/05). Acid deposition (acid precipitation or acid rain): A complex chemical and atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds and other substances are transformed by chemical processes in the atmosphere, often far from the original sources, and then deposited on earth in either wet or dry form. The wet forms, popularly called "acid rain," can fall as rain, snow, or fog. The dry forms are acidic gases or particulates (EPA-97/12). Acid deposition or acid rain: Refers loosely to a mixture of wet and dry "deposition" (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than "normal" amount of nitric and sulfuric acids. The precursors or chemical forerunners of acid rain formation result from both natural sources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides resulting from fossil fuel combustion (CWNmining-04).
Acid dip: An acidic solution for activating the workpiece surface prior to electroplating in an acidic solution, especially after the workpiece has been processed in an alkaline solution (EPA83106a). Acid dye: A type of dye commonly used to color wool and nylon, but may be used on other fibers (EPA-74106b). Acid fast: Describes a cell or bacterium that retains a dye that has a negatively charged molecule (LBL-76107-bio). Acid fog: See acid gas. Acid furnace: A furnace lined with acid brick as contrasted to one lined with basic brick. In this instance, the terms acid and basic are in the same relationship as the acid anhydride and basic anhydride that are found in aqueous chemistry. The most common acid brick is silica brick or chrome brick. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-74106a). Acid gas (acid fog or acid mist): A gas stream of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO*) that has been separated from sour natural gas by a sweetening unit (40CFR60.641-91). Acid gas: A gas produced in the combustion process. It contains acid components such as sulfides and chlorides (RCRAtmanagement-04). Acid leach: A metallurgical process for extracting metals by means of acid dissolution, e.g., in copper industry, it is a technology employed to recover copper from low grade ores and mine dump materials when oxide mineralization is present, by dissolving the copper minerals with either sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid containing ferric iron (EPA-82/05). Acid mine drainage (or ferruginous mine drainage): (1) The mine drainage that, before any treatment, either has a pH of less than 6.0 or a total iron concentration equal to or greater than 10 mg/L (40CFR434.11-91). (2) Drainage of water from areas that have been mined for coal of other mineral ores. The water has a low pH because of its contact with sulfur-bearing material and is harmful to aquatic organisms (EPA-97/12). See mine drainage for more related terms.
Acid neutralizing capacity: A measure of the ability of water or soil to resist changes in pH (NavylEnv-04). Acid neutralizing capacity: Measure of ability of water or soil to resist changes in pH (EPA-97/12). Acid precipitation: See acid deposition. Acid pulp: See sulfite pulp. Acid rain: Air pollution produced when acid chemicals are incorporated into rain, snow, fog, or mist. The "acid" in acid rain comes from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, products of burning coal and other fuels, and from certain industrial processes. The sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides are related to two strong acids: sulfuric acid and nitric acid. When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released from power plants and other sources, winds blow them far from their source. If the acid chemicals in the air are blown into areas where the weather is wet, the acids can fall to earth in the rain, snow, fog, or mist. In areas where the weather is dry, the acid chemicals may become incorporated into dusts or smokes. Acid rain can damage the environment, human health, and property (CMair-04). Acid rain: See acid deposition (EPA-97/12). Acid recovery: Those sulfuric acid pickling operations that include processes for recovering the unreacted acid from spent pickling acid solutions (40CFR420.91-91). Acid refractory: The refractories containing a substantial amount of silica that may react chemically with basic refractories, basic slags, or basic fluxes at high temperatures. See refractory for more related terms (EPA-83). Acid regeneration: Those hydrochloric acid pickling operations that include processes for regenerating acid from spent pickling acid solutions (40CFR420.91-91). Acid solution: A solution with a pH of less than 7.00 in which the activity of the hydrogen ion is greater than the activity of the hydroxyl ion (EPA-76/03).
Acid mine water: Mine water that contains free sulfuric acid, mainly due to the weathering of iron pyrites (CWAImining-04).
Acid stabilization: A circumstance where the pH of the waste mixture in an animal manure management system is maintained near 7.0, optimal conditions for methane production (CMC02gas1-04).
Acid mine water: The mine water which contains free sulfuric acid, mainly due to the weathering of iron pyrites where sulfide minerals break down under the chemical influence of oxygen and water, the mine water becomes acidic and can corrode ironwork. See water for more related terms (EPA-82/05).
Acid washed activated carbon: Carbon which has been contacted with an acid solution with the purpose of dissolving ash in the activated carbon (EPA-82/11f).
Acid mist: See acid gas.
Acid: (1) Any compound that can react (neutralize) with a base to form a salt. (2) A substance which dissolves in water forming hydrogen ions (cf. pH) (EPA-87/10).
Acid: A material with pH of less than 7.0 (MWTNmedical-04). Acid: A substance that has a pH of less than 7, which is neutral. Specifically, an acid has more free hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxyl ions (OH-) (CWNWscience-04). Acid: Acid-related terms include (1) Bronsted acid; (2) Fatty acid; (3) Inorganic acid; (4) Lewis acid; and (5) Strong acid. Acid: An inorganic or organic compound that (1) Reacts with metals to yield hydrogen; (2) Reacts with a base to form a salt; (3) Dissociates in water to yield hydrogen ions; (4) Has a pH of less than 7.0; (5) Neutralizes bases or alkalis; and (6) Turns litmus paper red. All acids contain hydrogen. They are corrosive to tissue and should be handled with care (NavyIEnv-04). Acid: Has a pH of water less than 5.5; pH modifier used in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) wetland classification system; in common usage, acidic water has a pH less than 7 (CWNWbasics-04). Acidic deposition: The transfer of acidic or acidifying substances from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth or to objects on its surface. Transfer can be either by wet-deposition processes (rain, snow, dew, fog, frost, hail) or by dry deposition (gases, aerosols, or fine to coarse particles) (CWNWbasics-04). Acidic titrant: The use of a standard acid solution (a solution with known concentration) to measure the basicity of another substance by titration. Acidic: Possessing the ability to donate a proton (e.g., HCI) or accept a pair of electrons (e.g., SO2); or having a pH less than 7 (ETI-92). Acidic: The condition of water or soil that contains a sufficient amount of acid substances to lower the pH below 7.0 (EPA-97/12). Acidification: Addition of an acid solution to a solution to increase its hydrogen ions until the solution becomes acidic (pH < 7). Acidimeter: A volumetric analysis meter that is used to measure the amount of acid in a sample. Acidimetry: The study of using an acidimeter to determine the amount of base present in a solution. Acidity: (1) The capacity of a wastewater for neutralizing a base. It is normally associated with the presence of carbon dioxide, mineral and organic acids, and salts of strong acids or weak bases. It is reported as equivalent of CaC03 because many times it is not known just what acids are present (EPA-76/03). (2) The quantitative capacity of aqueous solutions to react with hydroxyl ions. It is measured by titration with a standard solution of a base to a specified end point. Usually expressed as milligrams per liter
of calcium carbonate; that is, the amount of calcium carbonate that would be required to exactly neutralize the sample (LBL76107water).
Acidulate: To make acidic (EPA-76/03). Acknowledgment of consent: Notice sent by EPA to an exporter of hazardous waste, indicating that the importing country has agreed to accept such waste (RCRAlhazardous-04). ACM: Asbestos-containing material; a material with one percent or more asbestos (SDWAhadionuclide-04). Acoustic descriptor: The numeric, symbolic, or narrative information describing a product's acoustic properties as they are determined according to the test methodology that the Agency prescribes (40CFR211.102-91). Acoustical analysis: A review of a space to determine the level of reverberation or reflected sound in the space (in seconds) as influenced by the building materials used to construct the space. Also, a study of the amount of acoustical absorption required to reduce reverberation and noise (NCNsound-04). Acoustical assurance period (AAP): A specified period of time or miles driven after sale to the ultimate purchaser during which a newly manufactured vehicle or exhaust system, properly used and maintained, must continue in compliance with the federal standard (40CFR205.151-91). Acoustical consultant: A professional, usually with an engineering degree, whose primary roll is providing advice on acoustical requirements and noise control in a variety of situations (NCNsound-04). Acoustical environment: The acoustical characteristics of a space or room influenced by the amount of acoustical absorption, or lack of it, in the space (NCNsound-04). Acoustical: The properties of a material to absorb or reflect sound (adjective), acoustically (adverb) (NCAIsound-04). Acoustical: When used with reference to materials utilized in the program that act to deaden or absorb sound; and with reference to the program the actual act of control of and effects of sound (NCNnoise-04). Acoustics: The science of sound. Its production, transmission, and effects (NCNsound-04). Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): A fatal disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Acquired land: Land originally purchased by the Department of Energy (DOE) or its predecessors. In contrast, see other land and withdrawn land (SDWAIradionuclide-04).
Acre-foot (acre-ft): A unit for measuring the volume of water, is equal to the quantity of water required to cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot, and is equal to 43,560 cubic feet or 325,851 gallons. The term is commonly used in measuring volumes of water used or stored (CWNhydrology-04). Acrilan fiber: A trademark of Monsanto for acrylic fibers. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Acrylic fiber: A manufactured synthetic fiber in which the fiberforming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units (40CFR60.601-91). Acrylic resin: A synthetic resin used as sand binders in core making. These resins are formed by the polymerization of acrylic acid or one of its derivatives using benzoyl peroxide or a similar catalyst. The most frequently used starting materials for acrylic resins include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or acrylonitrile. Exposure of these binder materials to hot metal temperatures can cause breakdown of the chemical bonds within the resin molecules and subsequent generation of cyanide. Acrylic resin is also a paint ingredient. See resin for more related terms (EPA-85110a). Acrylic: A manufactured fiber which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units. Made in both filament and staple form (EPA-74106b). Acrylonitrile (C3H3N): A colorless liquid used as a pesticide fumigant for stored grain and in the manufacture of acrylic rubbers and fibers. Act of God: (1) Under the Clean Water Act (CWA), an act occasioned by an unanticipated grave natural disaster (CWA31133U.S.C.1321). (2) Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), an unanticipated grave natural disaster or other natural phenomenon of an exceptional, inevitable, and irresistible character, the effects of which could not have been prevented or avoided by the exercise of due care or foresight (SF1 01-42U.S.C.9601). Act of God: An unanticipated grave natural disaster or other natural phenomenon of an exceptional, inevitable, and irresistible character, the effects of which could not have been prevented or avoided by the exercise of due care or foresight (AEAImixedW04). Act or AEA: The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (68 Stat. 919), including any amendments thereto (other related information is provided in 10CFR20.3; 30.4; 40.4; 70.4). The AEA gives the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) authority to establish standards and guidance to regulate radioactive materials from the production of nuclear energy. (http://www.epa.gov/radiation/laws/ laws.htm#aea, 2004)
Act or CAA: The Clean Air Act of 1970 (42U.S.C.7401-7626, Public Law 159, July 14, 1955). The Clean Air Act is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from area, stationary, and mobile sources. This law authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and the environment. The goal of the Act was to set and achieve NAAQS in every state by 1975. The setting of maximum pollutant standards was coupled with directing the states to develop state implementation plans (SIPS) applicable to appropriate industrial sources in the state. The Act was amended in 1977 primarily to set new goals (dates) for achieving attainment of NAAQS since many areas of the country had failed to meet the deadlines. The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act in large part were intended to meet unaddressed or insufficiently addressed problems such as acid rain, ground-level ozone, stratospheric ozone depletion, and 2004) air toxics. (http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/htm1/caa.htm Act or CERCLA: The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (42U.S.C.9601-9657). CERCLA commonly known as Superfund, was enacted by Congress on December 11, 1980. This law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. Over five years, $1.6 billion was collected and the tax went to a trust fund for cleaning up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. CERCLA: (1) Established prohibitions and requirements concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites; (2) Provided for liability of persons responsible for releases of hazardous waste at these sites; and (3) Established a trust fund to provide for cleanup when no responsible party could be identified. The law authorizes two kinds of response actions: (1) Short-term removals, where actions may be taken to address releases or threatened releases requiring prompt response; and (2) Long-term remedial response actions that permanently and significantly reduce the dangers associated with releases or threats of releases of hazardous substances that are serious, but not immediately life threatening. These actions can be conducted only at sites listed on EPA's National Priorities List (NPL). CERCLA also enabled the revision of the National Contingency Plan (NCP). The NCP provided the guidelines and procedures needed to respond to releases and threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants. The NCP also established the NPL. CERCLA was amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) on October 17, 1986. (http://www.epa.gov/superfund~action/law/cerca.h 2004) Act or CSISSFRRA: The Chemical Safety Information, Site Security, and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act of 1999. The EPA and the Department of Justice (DOJ) are promulgating a rule that provides for access to information concerning the potential offsite consequences of hypothetical accidental chemical releases from industrial facilities. Under section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act (CAA), facilities handling large quantities of extremely hazardous chemicals are required to include that information in a risk
management plan (RMP) submitted to the EPA. As required by the CSISSFRRA, this rule provides members of the public and government officials with access to that information in ways designed to minimize the likelihood of accidental releases, the risk to national security associated with posting the information on the Internet, and the likelihood of harm to public health and welfare. (http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2OOO/August/Day04/a19785.htm, 2004)
were required to divide their states into Emergency Planning Districts and to name a Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) for each district. Bmad representation by firefighters, health officials, government and media representatives, community groups, industrial facilities, and emergency managers ensures that all necessary elements of the planning process are (http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/html/epcra.htm, represented. 2004)
Act or CWA: The Clean Water Act (formerly referred to as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act or Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972), Pub. L. 92-500,33U.S.C. 1251 et seq. The CWA is the cornerstone of surface water quality protection in the United States. (The CWA does not deal directly with groundwater nor with water quantity issues.) The statute employs a variety of regulatory and nonregulatory tools to sharply reduce direct pollutant discharges into waterways, finance municipal wastewater treatment facilities, and manage polluted runoff. These tools are employed to achieve the broader goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters so that they can support "the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water." For many years following the passage of CWA in 1972, EPA, states, and Indian tribes focused mainly on the chemical aspects of the "integrity" goal. During the last decade, however, more attention has been given to physical and biological integrity. Also, in the early decades of the Act's implementation, efforts focused on regulating discharges from traditional "point source" facilities, such as municipal sewage plants and industrial facilities, with little attention paid to runoff from streets, construction sites, farms, and other "wet-weather" sources. Starting in the late 1980s, efforts to address polluted runoff have increased significantly. For "nonpoint" runoff, voluntary programs, including cost-sharing with landowners, are the key tool. For "wet weather point sources" such as urban storm sewer systems and construction sites, a regulatory approach is being employed. Evolution of CWA programs over the last decade has also included something of a shift fiom a program-by-program, source-by-source, pollutant-by-pollutant approach to more holistic watershed-based strategies. Under the watershed approach, equal emphasis is placed on protecting healthy waters and restoring impaired ones. A full array of issues are addressed, not just those subject to CWA regulatory authority. Involvement of stakeholder groups in the development and implementation of strategies for achieving and maintaining state water quality and other environmental goals is another hallmark of this approach. (http://www.epa.gov/watertmin/cwa/,2004)
Act or ERDDAA: The Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration Authorization Act of 1976 (PL 94-475, 42 U.S.C. 4361-4370 in 1976). The ERDDAA authorized research, development, and demonstration activities in the areas under: 1. TheNoise Control Act of 1972 (42 U.S.C. 4901 et seq.) 2. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.) 3. Section 301 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 241) 4. The Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 1857 et seq.) 5. The Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 3251 et seq.) 6. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of (http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/erddaalOl.htm, 1972. 2004)
Act or EPCRA: The Emergency Planning and Community Rightto-Know Act of 1986 (42U.S.C.11001-11050, 42U.S.C. 11001 et seq. (1986). EPCRA is also known as Title 111 of SARA, EPCRA was enacted by Congress as the national legislation on community safety. This law was designated to help local communities protect public health, safety, and the environment from chemical hazards. To implement EPCRA, Congress required each state to appoint a State Emergency Response Commission (SERC). The SERCs
Act or ESA: Endangered Species Act of 1973 (7U.S.C.136; 16U.S.C.460 et seq. 1973). The ESA provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of Interior maintains the list of 632 endangered species (326 are plants) and 190 threatened species (78 are plants). Species include birds, insects, fish, reptiles, mammals, crustaceans, flowers, grasses, and trees. Anyone'can petition FWS to include a species on this list. The law prohibits any action, administrative or real, that results in a "taking" of a listed species, or adversely affects habitat. Likewise, import, export, interstate, and foreign commerce of listed species are all prohibited. EPA's decision to register a pesticide is based in part on the risk of adverse effects on endangered species as well as environmental fate (how a pesticide will affect habitat). Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), EPA can issue emergency suspensions of certain pesticides to cancel or restrict their use if an endangered species will be adversely affected. Under a new program, EPA, FWS, and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are distributing hundreds of county bulletins that include habitat maps, pesticide use elimitations, and other actions required to protect listed species. (http://www.epa.gov/region5/defsihtml/esahtm, 2004). Act or FFCA: The Federal Facility Compliance Act of 1992 (Pub. L. 102-386, 106 Statutes 1505). FFCA amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act to clarify provisions concerning the application of certain requirements and sanctions to Federal Facilities. http://www.epa.gov/swerffn:/documents/f~ ce-act.htm, 2004) Act or FFDCA: The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 as amended (21U.S.C.301-392). Other related information is
provided in 40CFR2.308-1160.3; 163.2-a; 177.3; 178.3; 179.3; 710.2. These FDA food labeling web pages address the labeling requirements for foods under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and its amendments. Food labeling is required for most prepared foods, such as breads, cereals, canned and frozen foods, snacks, desserts, drinks, etc. Nutrition labeling for raw produce ( h i t s and vegetables) and fish is voluntary. We refer to these products as "conventional" foods. For detailed information on dietary supplements, a special category of products that comes under the general umbrella of foods, but which has separate labeling requirements, refer to http://vm.cfsan.fda.govllabel.html. (http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/2l/ch9.htm2004)
Act or FFRRO: The Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office. To overcome the difficulties posed by contamination at federal facilities, the Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office works with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), Department of Energy (DOE), and other federal entities to develop creative, cost-effective solutions to their environmental problems. FFRRO's overall mission is to facilitate faster, more effective, and less costly cleanup and reuse of federal facilities. By focusing on partnering and public involvement, FFRRO, and its counterpart offices in EPA regions, have made great strides in improving federal facilities cleanup. (http://www.epa.gov/swerffrr/aboutffi~o.htm#goals,2004) Act or FIFRA: The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act of 1947, as amended, and its predecessor, 7U.S.C.135 et. seq. (7U.S.C.136 et seq.) The primary focus of FIFRA was to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. EPA was given authority under FIFRA not only to study the consequences of pesticide usage but also to require users (farmers, utility companies, and others) to register when purchasing pesticides. Through later amendments to the law, users also must take exams for certification as applicators of pesticides. All pesticides used in the U.S. must be registered (licensed) by EPA. Registration assures that pesticides will be properly labeled and that if in accordance with specifications, will not cause unreasonable harm to the environment. (http://www.epa.gov/ region5/defs/htmVfifra.htm,2004) Act or FOIA: Freedom of Information Act of 1966, 5U.S.C.sIs 552 (1966). The Freedom of Information Act provides specifically that "any person" can make requests for government information. Citizens who make requests are not required to identify themselves or explain why they want the information they have requested. The position of Congress in passing FOIA was that the workings of government are "for and by the people" and that the benefits of government information should be made available to everyone. All branches of the federal government must adhere to the provisions of FOIA with certain restrictions for work in progress (early drafts), enforcement confidential information, classified documents, and national security information. (http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/htm1/foia.h 2004)
Act or FQPA: Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. The FQPA of 1996 amended the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. These amendments fundamentally changed the way EPA regulates pesticides. The requirements included a new safety standardreasonable certainty of no harm--that must be applied to all pesticides used on foods. This web site provides background information on FQPA's provisions and discusses some of the specific issues raised by FQPA, as well as status of implementation of this important law (http:Nwww.epa.gov/ opppsps l /fqpa/, 2004). Act or FWPCA: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (33U.S.C.1251-1387, October 18, 1972, as amended 19731983,1987,1988,1990-1992,1994,1995, and 1996. The FWPCA, popularly known as the Clean Water Act, is a comprehensive statute aimed at restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters. Enacted originally in 1948, the FWPCA was amended numerous times until it was reorganized and expanded in 1972. It continues to be amended almost every year. Even prior to the enactment of the 1972 version of the FWPCA, the Act authorized the Public Health Service to prepare comprehensive programs for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries, and improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground waters. Due regard was to be given to improvements necessary to conserve waters for public water supplies, propagation of fish and aquatic life, recreational purposes, and agricultural and industrial uses. A number of other provisions found in the current Act were adopted prior to 1972. Primary authority for the implementation and enforcement of the Clean Water Act now rests with the U.S. EPA. In addition to the measures authorized before 1972, the Act authorizes water quality programs, requires federal effluent limitations and state water quality standards, requires permits for the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters, provides enforcement mechanisms, and authorizes funding for wastewater treatment works construction grants and state revolving loan programs, as well as funding to states and tribes for their water quality programs. Provisions have also been added to address water quality problems in specific regions and specific waterways. (http:Nipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbooWfwpca.html,2004) Act or GPRA: Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (Public Law 103-62): The law intends to: (1) Improve public confidence in federal agency performance by holding agencies accountable for achieving program results; (2) Initiate management reform with a series of program pilot projects for setting goals, measuring program performance against those goals, and reporting on progress; (3) Improve federal program effectiveness and public accountability by focusing on end results, service quality, and customer satisfaction; (4) Improve Congressional decision-making by clarifying and stating performance expectations "up front"; and (5) Improve the internal management of the federal government. Implementation of GPRA Requirements at EPA-To lay the foundation for an effective system for managing for environmental results, the Agency has
begun to integrate its planning, budgeting, and financial management processes. As part of this approach, the Agency has begun to implement the requirements of GPRA. EPA1s five-year strategic plan includes the new generation of environmental protection, the national Environmental Goals Project, the development of a new performance measurement system, and the ongoing work on environmental indicators, all of which are important components of a managing-for-results system. Shortly after its enactment in 1993, the Administrator designated the Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation (OPPE) as lead office for implementing GPRA at EPA. (http://m.epa.gov/ Indicator/gpra.html#law, 1998)
Act or HSWA: The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment of 1984 (42U.S.C.6901 et seq.). The HSWA is the 1984 amendment to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. The Act established the following four major policies: (1) Land disposal restriction policy; (2) Deep-well injection policy; (3) Domestic sewage sludge policy; and (4) Waste minimization policy (OSWER-87). Act or MPRSA: The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended, also known as the Ocean Dumping Act (33U.S.C.1401-1434). Unless authorized by a permit, the MPRSA generally prohibits (1) Transportation of material from the U.S. for the purpose of ocean dumping; (2) Transportation of material from anywhere for the purpose of ocean dumping by U.S. agencies or US.-flagged vessels; (3) Dumping of material transported from outside the U.S. into the U.S. territorial sea (MPRSA section 101). Under MPRSA, the standard for permit issuance is whether the dumping will "unreasonably degrade or endanger" human health, welfare, or the marine environment (MPRSA sections 102(a) and 103(a)). The EPA is charged with developing ocean dumping criteria to be used in evaluating permit applications (MPRSA section 102(a)). EPA also is responsible for designating recommended sites for ocean dumping (MPRSA section 102(c)). (http://www.epa.gov/owow/ ocpd/marine.html, 2004) Act or MVICSA: The Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, as amended, 1SU.S.C. 1901 et seq. (other identical or similar definitions are provided in 40CFR2.3 11-1; 600.002.85-91). Act or MWTA: The Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988. The MWTA amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act to require the Administrator of the EPA to promulgate regulations on the management of infectious waste. These statutes enabled the EPA to make the regulations that were entered into the Federal Register on March 24, 1989. (http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/ medical/download.html,2005) Act or NCA: The Noise Control Act of 1972 (42U.S.C.49014918). The NCA establishes a national policy to promote an environment for all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health and welfare. To accomplish this, the Act establishes a means for the coordination of federal research and activities in
noise control, authorizes the establishment of federal noise emissions standards for products distributed in commerce, and provides information to the public respecting the noise emission and noise reduction characteristics of such products (42U.S.C.4901). The Act authorizes and directs that federal agencies, to the fullest extent consistent with their authority under federal laws administered by them, cany out the programs within their control in such a manner as to further the policy declared in 42U.S.C.4901. Each department, agency, or instrumentality of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government having jurisdiction over any property or facility, or engaged in any activity resulting, or which may result in, the emission of noise shall comply with federal, state, interstate, and local requirements respecting control and abatement of environmental noise. Each federal agency shall, upon request, furnish information to the EPA regarding the nature, scope, and results of the noise research and noise-control programs of that agency, and shall consult with EPA, as required, in prescribing standards or regulations respecting noise. Certified low-noiseemission products shall be acquired for use by the federal government in lieu of other products if the Administrator of General Services determines that reasonably priced, reliable substitutes exist (42U.S.C.4914). The Act includes provision for citizen suits (42U.S.C.4911(a)) whereby any person may commence civil action against the United States or any governmental instrumentality or agency who is alleged to be in violation of any noise control requirement. ( h t t p : / / m . thecre.com/fedlaw/legal17/noise~control~act~of~l972~legal~matt ers.htrn, 2004)
Act or NEPA: The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (Public Law 91-190, January 1, 1970; 42U.S.C.4321 et seq.). The purposes of the NEPA are: To declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation; and to establish a Council on Environmental Quality. (http:Nceq.eh.doe.gov/nepalregslnepa/nepaeqia.htm,2004) Act or OPA: The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (33U.S.C.2702 to 2761, Pub. L. 101-380, August 18, 1990). The OPA of 1990 streamlined and strengthened EPA'S ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or unwilling to do so. The OPA requires oil storage facilities and vessels to submit to the federal government plans detailing how they will respond to large discharges. EPA has published regulations for aboveground storage facilities; the Coast Guard has done so for oil tankers. The OPA also requires the development of Area Contingency Plans to prepare and plan for oil spill response on a regional scale. (http://www.epa.gov/region5/defsihtm1/ opa.htm, 2004)
Act or OSHA: The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29U.S.C.651 et seq.). Congress passed the Occupational and Safety Health Act to ensure worker and workplace safety. Their goal was to make sure employers provide their workers a place of employment fiee from recognized hazards to safety and health, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, or unsanitary conditions. In order to establish standards for workplace health and safety, the Act also created the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as the research institution for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor that oversees the administration of the Act and enforces standards in all 50 states. (http:Nwww.epa.govlregion5/defslhtrnllosha.h,2004) Act or PHSA: The Public Health Service Act (Pub. L. 93-523; 42U.S.C.300f). The Public Health Service in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare shall be administrated by the Surgeon General under the supervision and direction of the Secretary (Secretary of the Health, Education, and Welfare Department). The service shall consist of (1) Office of the Surgeon General; (2) National Institutes of Health; (3) Bureau of Medical Services; and (4) Bureau of State Services (PHSA201). (http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/phsvc~, 2005) Act or PPA: The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (42U.S.C.13101 and 13102, et seq. Public Law 101-508, November 5, 1990). The Pollution Prevention Act focused industry, government, and public attention on reducing the amount of pollution through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw materials use. Opportunities for source reduction are often not realized because of existing regulations, and the industrial resources required for compliance, focus on treatment, and disposal. Source reduction is fundamentally different and more desirable than waste management or pollution control. Pollution prevention also includes other practices that increase efficiency in the use of energy, water, or other natural resources, and protect our resource base through conservation. Practices include recycling, source reduction, and sustainable agriculture. (http://www.epa.govlregion5/defsihtml/ppa.h, 2004) Act or RCRA: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (42U.S.C.6901 et seq. (1976), PL 95-609). RCRA gave EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-tograve." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth a framework for the management of non-hazardous wastes. The 1986 amendments to RCRA enabled EPA to address environmental problems that could result from underground tanks storing petroleum and other hazardous substances. RCRA focuses only on active and future facilities and does not address abandoned or historical sites (see CERCLA). HSWA, the Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments are the 1984 amendments to RCRA that required phasing out land disposal of hazardous waste. Some of the other mandates of this strict law include increased enforcement authority for EPA, more stringent
hazardous waste management standards, and a comprehensive underground storage tank program. (http://www.epa.gov/region5/ defs/html/rcra.htm, 2004)
Act or SARA: The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. SARA amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act on October 17, 1986. SARA reflected EPA's experience in administering the complex Superfund program during its first six years and made several important changes and additions to the program. SARA: (1) Stressed the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up hazardous waste sites; (2) Required Superfund actions to consider the standards and requirements found in other state and federal environmental laws and regulations; (3) Provided new enforcement authorities and settlement tools; (4) Increased state involvement in every phase of the Superfund program; (5) Increased the focus on human health problems posed by hazardous waste sites; (6) Encouraged greater citizen participation in making decisions on how sites should be cleaned up; and (7) Increased the size of the trust fund to $8.5 billion. SARA also required EPA to revise the Hazard Ranking System (HRS) to ensure that it accurately assessed the relative degree of risk to human health and the environment posed by uncontrolled hazardous waste sites that may be placed on the NPL. (http:Nwww.epa.govlsuperfund/actionllawlsara.h,2004) Act or SDWA: The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (42U.S.C.300f-300j-9). The SDWA was established to protect the quality of drinking water in the U.S. This law focuses on all waters actually or potentially designed for drinking use, whether from above ground or underground sources. The Act authorized EPA to establish safe standards of purity and required all owners or operators of public water systems to comply with primary (health-related) standards. State governments, which assume this power from EPA, also encourage attainment of secondary standards (nuisance-related). (http://www.epagov/region5/defs/ html/sdwa.htm, 2004) Act or SWDA: The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (42U.S.C.6901-69913). The federal solid waste law has gone through four major phases. The Solid Waste Disposal Act (passed in 1965 as title I1 of the Clean Air Act of 1965) focused on research, demonstrations, and training. It provided for sharing with the states the costs of making surveys of waste disposal practices and problems, and of developing waste management plans. The Resource Recovery Act of 1970 changed the whole tone of the legislation from efficiency of disposal to concern with the reclamation of energy and materials from solid waste. It authorized grants for demonstrating new resource recovery technology, and required annual reports from the EPA on means of promoting recycling and reducing the generation of waste. In a third phase, the federal government embarked on a more active, regulatory role, embodied in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. RCRA instituted the first federal permit program for hazardous waste and prohibited open dumps. In a fourth phase, embodied in the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984, the federal government attempted to prevent future cleanup problems by prohibiting land disposal of untreated hazardous wastes, setting liner and leachate collection requirements for land disposal facilities, setting deadlines for closure of facilities not meeting standards, and establishing a corrective action program. @ttp://www.ncseonline.org/nle/ crsreports/briefingbooks/laws/h.cfm#~lll,2004)
Act or TSCA: The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (l5U.S.C.2601-2629). The TSCA of 1976 was enacted by Congress to give EPA the ability to track the 75,000 industrial chemicals currently produced or imported into the United States. EPA repeatedly screens these chemicals and can require reporting or testing of those that may pose an environmental or human health hazard. EPA can ban the manufacture and import of those chemicals that pose an unreasonable risk. Also, EPA has mechanisms in place to track the thousands of new chemicals that industry develops each year with either unknown or dangerous characteristics. EPA then can control these chemicals as necessary to protect human health and the environment. TSCA supplements other federal statutes, including the Clean Air Act and the Toxic Release Inventory, under EPCRA. @ttp://www.epa.gov/region5/ defs/html/tsca.htm, 2004) Act or UMTRCA: For the purposes of subparts A, B, and C of this part in 40CFR192.00, the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978. Uranium mill tailings are the radioactive sandlike materials that remain after uranium is extracted by milling ore mined from the earth. Tailings are placed in huge mounds called tailings piles which are located close to the mills where the ore is processed. The most important radioactive component of uranium mill tailings is radium, which decays to produce radon. Other potentially hazardous substances in the tailings are selenium, molybdenum, uranium, and thorium. @ttp://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/radw~,2005) Act or WSOSHA: The Williams Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (84 Stat. 1590) (29CFR1910.2). The WilliamsSteiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) is a federal law designed to protect the health and safety of industrial workers and also the operators of water supply systems and treatment plants. The Act regulates the design, construction, operation and maintenance of water supply systems and water treatment plants. OSHA also refers to the federal and state agencies which administer the OSHA regulations. (www.owp.csus. edu/dossarv/elossaryo.htm,2005)
branched mycelium. These organisms are responsible for the earthy smell of compost (RCRAImanagement-04).
Actinomycete: A large group of moldlike microorganisms which give off an odor characteristic of rich earth and are the significant organisms involved in the stabilization of solid wastes by composting (SW- 1O8ts). Action level: (1) In asbestos, airborne concentration of asbestos of 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter (fkc) of air calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average (40CFR763.121-91). (2) Regulatory levels recommended by EPA for enforcement by FDA and USDA when pesticide residues occur in food or feed commodities for reasons other than the direct application of the pesticide. As opposed to "tolerances," which are established for residues occurring as a direct result of proper usage, action levels are set for inadvertent residues resulting from previous legal use or accidental contamination. (3) In the Superfund program, the existence of a contaminant concentration in the environment high enough to warrant action or trigger a response under SARA and the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan. The term is also used in other regulatory programs (see tolerances) (EPA-97/12). Action level: (1) The exposure level at which OSHA regulations to protect employees take effect, e.g., workplace air analysis, employee training, medical monitoring, and recordkeeping. Exposure at or above the action level is termed "occupational exposure." (2) Regulatory level recommenced by EPA for enforcement by FDA and USDA when pesticide residues occur in food or feed commodities for reasons other than the direct application of the pesticide. As opposed to "tolerances" which are established for residues occurring as a direct result of proper usage. Action levels are set for inadvertent residues resulting from previous legal use or accidental contamination. (3) In the Superfind program, the existence of a contaminant concentration in the environment high enough to warrant action or trigger a response under SARA and the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan. The term can be used similarly in other regulatory programs (AENmixedW-04). Action level: For purposes of Subtitle C corrective action, riskbased concentrations of hazardous constituents in groundwater, soil, or sediment that may trigger further investigation into possible contamination at a particular site (RCRAhazardous-04).
ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone, a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex (LBL-76107-bio).
Action level: The concentration of lead or copper in water specified at Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 141.80(c) which determines, in some cases, the treatment requirements that a water system is required to complete (SDWNeducation-04).
Actinium (Ac): A radioactive metal with atomic number 89; atomic weight 227; melting point 1050 C and boiling point 3300 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table.
Action level: The level of lead or copper which, if exceeded in over 10% of the homes tested, triggers treatment or other requirements that a water system must follow (SDWAIReg-04).
Actinomycete: A group of microorganisms, intermediate between bacteria and true fungi that usually produce a characteristic
Action memorandum: A document authorizing and outlining the cleanup plan that will be followed as part of a short-term cleanup (SFIremedy-04). Activate: In electronics, to treat the cathode or target of an electron tube in order to create or increase the emission of electrons (EPA-83/03). Activated alumina: A form of aluminum oxide that adsorbs moisture readily and is used as a drying agent. Activated carbon adsorption: See adsorption process. Activated carbon filter: A filter used to remove dissolved organic matter from water for taste and odor control. Dissolved gases, liquids, and finely divided solids may also be removed. See filter for more related terms (LBL-76/07-water). Activated carbon regeneration: The regeneration of carbon after its adsorptive capacity has been reached, involving removal of organic matter from the carbon surface by oxidation or steam heating (cf. carbon regeneration) (EPA-8711Oa). Activated carbon: A highly adsorbent form of carbon used to remove odors and toxic substances from liquid or gaseous emissions. In (advanced) waste treatment, it is used to remove dissolved organic matter from wastewater. It is also used in motor vehicle evaporative control systems (EPA-97/12). Activated carbon: Also known as activated charcoal. (1) Carbon which has been treated by high temperature heating with steam or carbon dioxide to produce an internal porous structure (EPA87110a). (2) See carbon for more related terms. Activated charcoal: See activated carbon. Activated complex: Intermediate compounds between reactants and products. Activated metal component: Metal parts (pipes, racks, bracing, valves, pumps, etc.) which have been made radioactive by being inside an operating nuclear reactor (Envirocare-00109). Activated sludge process: See activated sludge treatment. Activated sludge treatment (or activated sludge process): The process of using biologically active sewage sludge to hasten breakdown of organic matter in raw sewage during secondary waste treatment. The activated sludge is subsequently separated from the treated wastewater (mixed liquor) by sedimentation (EPA-74/11). Activated sludge: (1) Sludge that contains living organisms (DOI-70104). (2) A gelatinous matrix imbedded with filamentous and unicellular bacteria which serve as food for protozoa. The bacterial genera which predominate depend on the characteristics
of the wastewater being treated. The activated sludge treatment of wastewater purification is one of the most common secondary waste treatment processes (LBL-76107-water). (3) Product that results when primary effluent is mixed with bacteria-laden sludge and then agitated and aerated to promote biological treatment, speeding the breakdown of organic matter in raw sewage undergoing secondary waste treatment (EPA-97/12). (4) See sludge for more related tenns. Activating agent: See activator. Activation energy (or heat of activation): (1) The quantity of heat needed to destabilize molecular bonds and form reactive intermediates so that the reaction will proceed (EPA-81/09). (2) The minimum heat needed for a chemical reaction to take place. Activation over-potedtial: Activation over-potential is also known as over-voltage. It is a charge transfer step at an electrode interface. Activation polarization: A chemical reaction where reacting species must overcome an activation barrier. For a fuel cell, this region is typically a voltage drop ikom the theoretical electromagnetic field (EMF) prior to electron or ion flow. Activation: (1) Notification by telephone or other expeditious manner, or when required, the assembly of some of all appropriate members of the Regional Response Team (RRT) or National Response Team (NRT) (40CFR300.5-91). (2) The process of treating a substance by heat, radiation, or the presence of another substance so that the first mentioned substance will undergo chemical or physical change more rapidly or completely (EPA83106a). Activation: In chemistry, it is a treatment of a substance by heat, radiation, or other means to produce a more complete or rapid chemical or physical change. Activation: In electricity, it is a process of treating a cathode to increase its rate of reaction. Activator (or activating agent): (1) A substance which when added to a mineral pulp promotes flotation in the presence of a collecting agent. It can be used to increase the floatability of a mineral in a froth, or to reflect a depressed (sunk mineral) (EPA82/05). (2) Chemical substance, usually stannous chloride, that triggers the electro less deposition process on a non-conducting surface (EPA-74103d). (3) A chemical added to a pesticide to increase its activity (EPA-97/12). Active alkali: A measure of the strength of alkaline pulping liquor indicating the sum of caustic soda and sodium sulfide expressed as Na20 (EPA-87/10). Active area: In a fuel cell, it is the area of a fuel cell membrane that is able to be supplied with hydrogen and to produce electricity.
Active gas collection: A technique that forcibly removes gas from a landfill by attaching a vacuum or pump to a network of pipelines in the landfill or surrounding soils to remove the gases (RCRA/management-04). Active ingredient (A.I.): The chemical or substance component of a pesticide product that can kill, repel, attract, mitigate, or control a pest or that acts as a plant growth regulator, desiccant, or nitrogen stabilizer. The remainder of a formulated pesticide product consists of one or more "inert ingredients" (such as water, solvents, emulsifiers, surfactants, clay, and propellants), which are there for reasons other than pesticidal activity (FFDCNpesticide04). Active ingredient (A.I.): The material in the pesticide formulation that actually destroys the target pest or performs the desired function (FIFRANN-04). Active ingredient: (1) An ingredient of a pesticide which is intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest (40CFR455.10). (2) In any pesticide product, the component that kills, or otherwise controls, target pests. Pesticides are regulated primarily on the basis of active ingredients (EPA-97/12). Active institutional control: (1) Controlling access to a disposal site by any means other than passive institutional controls. (2) Performing maintenance operations or remedial actions at a site. (3) Controlling or cleaning up releases from a site. (4) Monitoring parameters related to disposal system performance (40CFR191.12-91).
preparation plants, coal preparation plant associated areas, and post-mining areas. (40CFR434.11-91, see also 40CFR440.132-9 1). See mine for more related terms. Active mitigation: Equipment, devices, or technologies that need human, mechanical, or other energy input to capture or control released substances (e.g., interlocks, shutdown systems, pressure relieving devices, flares, emergency isolation systems) (TSCAIchemical-04). Active portion (facility): The portion of a facility where treatment, storage, or disposal operations are being or have been conducted after the effective date of Part 261 of this chapter, and which is not a closed portion. See facility for more related terms, see also closed portion and inactive portion (40CFR260.10-9 1). Active service: A drain is receiving refinery wastewater from a process unit that will continuously maintain a water seal (40CFR60.691-91). Active site: A potentially contaminated site where an investigation or remedial action is currently underway (OMBIReg04). Active transport: An energy-expending mechanism by which a cell moves a chemical across the cell membrane from a point of lower concentration to a point of higher concentration, against the diffusion gradient (Course 165.6). Active use: Refers to an SO2constant control system installed at a smelter before August 7, 1977, and not totally removed from regular service by that date (40CFR57.103-91).
Active life of a facility: The period from the initial receipt of hazardous waste at the facility until the Regional Administrator receives certification of final closure (40CFR260.10-91).
Active waste disposal site: Any disposal site other than an inactive site (40CFR61.141-91).
Active mass or material: The material in an electrochemical cell that participates in a cell reaction. For example, the lead contained in the positive plate of a lead-acid battery.
Active workings: Any place in a mine where miners are normally required to work or travel, and which are ventilated and inspected regularly (CWAImining-04).
Active material utilization: The fraction of an active material that reacts during discharge before a battery can no longer deliver a required current at a useful voltage.
Activity coefficient: An auxiliary thermodynamic function to express the volatile properties of binary systems that exhibit nonideal vapor equilibrium behavior. It may also be regarded as a correction factor that may be applied to ideal conditions to obtain real system properties under proper temperature and pressure conditions (EPA-85/10).
Active material: An electrode material that reacts chemically to produce electrical energy when a cell discharges. Also, such material in its original composition, as applied to make an electrode (EPA-84/08). Active mine: An underground uranium mine which is being ventilated to allow workers to enter the mine for any purpose. See mine for more related terms (40CFR61.21-91; 61.21-91). Active mining area: The area, on and beneath land, used or disturbed in activity related to the extraction, removal, or recovery of coal from its natural deposits. This term excludes coal
Activity median diameter (AMD): The median of the distribution of radioactivity, toxicological, or biological activity with respect to particle size (EPA-90/08). Activity plans: Written procedures in a school's asbestosmanagement plan that detail the steps a Local Education Agency (LEA) will follow in performing the initial and additional cleaning, operation and maintenance program tasks, periodic surveillance,
and reinspections required by the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) (EPA-97/12).
period to be more representative of normal source post-change operations (40CFR51.165-xii-91).
Activity: A set of CERCLA-funded tasks that makes up a segment of the sequence of events undertaken in determining, planning, and conducting a response to a release or potential release of a hazardous substance. These include core program, pre-remedial (i.e., preliminary assessments and site inspections), support agency, remedial investigatiodfeasibility studies, remedial design, remedial action, removal, and enforcement activities (40CFR35.6015-91).
Actual knowledge: The knowledge actually possessed by a real person, rather than an entity (USDNwater-04).
Actual cubic feet per minute (acfm): A flow rate unit (cubic feet per minute) measured under actual pressure and temperature. In reference to the standard conditions (i.e., pressure = 1 atm and temperature = 60 F), acfm is the gas flow rate (volumetric flow rate) obtained under the actual operating conditions (cf. scfm). Predicting performance and design calculations for control devices are based on actual flow rates (EPA-84/09). Using the ideal gas equation, acfm and scfm (standards cubic feet per minute) can be related as Qa = Qs x Ta x Ps/(Ts x Pa), where: Qa and Qs = actual and standard flow rate respectively; Ta and Ts = actual and standard temperature respectively. For example, if standard flow rate of a gas = 2000 scfm, standard conditions = 60 F and 1 atm, and actual operating conditions = 700 F and 1 atm, the actual flow rate is Qa = 2000(700 + 460) x 1/[(60 + 460) x 11 = 4462 acfm.
Acute delayed neurotoxicity: A prolonged, delayed-onset locomotor ataxia resulting from single administration of the test substance, repeated once if necessary (40CFR798.6540-91).
Actual emissions: (1) The actual rate of emissions of a pollutant from an emissions unit as determined in accordance with paragraphs (a)(l)(xii) (B) through (D) of this section. (2) In general, actual emissions as of a particular date shall equal the average rate, in tons per year, at which the unit actually emitted the pollutant during a two-year period which precedes the particular date and which is representative of normal source operation. The reviewing authority shall allow the use of a different time period upon a determination that it is more representative of normal source operation. Actual emissions shall be calculated using the unit's actual operating hours, production rates, and types of materials processed, stored, or combusted during the selected time period. (3) The reviewing authority may presume that the sourcespecific allowable emissions for the unit are equivalent to the actual emissions of the unit. (4) For any emissions unit (other than an electric utility steam generating unit specified in paragraph (a)(l)(xii)(E) of this section) which has not begun normal operations on the particular date, actual emissions shall equal the potential to emit of the unit on that date. (5) For an electric utility steam generating unit (other than a new unit or the replacement of an existing unit) actual emissions of the unit following the physical or operational change shall equal the representative actual annual emissions of the unit, provided the source owner or operator maintains and submits to the reviewing authority, on an annual basis for a period of five years from the date the unit resumes regular operation, information demonstrating that the physical or operational change did not result in an emissions increase. A longer period, not to exceed ten years, may be required by the reviewing authority if it determines such a
Acute chronic ratio (ACR): The ratio of the acute toxicity (expressed as an LC50) of an effluent or a toxicant to its chronic toxicity (expressed as a No Observed Effects Level [NOEL]). It is used as a factor for estimating chronic toxicity on the basis of acute toxicity data (EPA-85/09).
Acute dermal LD50: A statistically derived estimate of the single dermal dose of a substance that would cause 50% mortality to the test population under specified conditions (40CFR152.3-91). Acute dermal toxicity: The adverse effects occurring within a short time of dermal application of a single dose of a substance or multiple doses given within 24 hours (40CFR798.1100-91). Acute dose: See acute exposure. Acute effect: An adverse effect on any living organism in which severe symptoms develop rapidly and often subside after the exposure stops (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Acute effect: An effect that can cause a disease in a short period of time. Other acute effect-related terms include (1) Chronic effect; and (2) Serious acute effect. Acute exposure (or acute dose): (1) A one-time or short-term exposure with a duration of less than or equal to 24 hours (EPA90108). (2) One dose or multiple doses occurring within a short time (24 hours or less) (EPA-92/12). (3) A single exposure to a toxic substance which results in severe biological harm or death. Acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day, as compared to longer, continuing exposure over a period of time (EPA-97/12). Acute exposure: A single exposure to a hazardous material for a brief length of time (SF/remedy-04). Acute exposure: A single exposure to a toxic substance which results in severe biological harm or death. Acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day, as compared to longer, continuing exposure over a period of time (NavyIEnv04). Acute exposure: A single exposure to a toxic substance which results in severe biological harm or death. Acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day (AENmixedW-04).
Acute exposure: Contact with a substance that occurs once or for only a short time (up to 14 days) (compare with intermediate duration exposure and chronic exposure) (SFhealth-04). Acute health effect: An immediate (i.e., within hours or days) adverse health effect that may result from exposure to certain drinking water contaminants (e.g., pathogens) (SDWAIReg-04). Acute inhalation LC50: A statistically derived estimate of the concentration of a substance that would cause 50% mortality to the test population under specified conditions (40CFR152.3-91). Acute inhalation toxicity: The adverse effects caused by a substance following a single uninterrupted exposure by inhalation over a short period of time (24 hours or less) to a substance capable of being inhaled (40CFR798.1150-91). Acute lethal toxicity: The lethal effect produced on an organism within a short period of time of exposure organism within a short period of time (days) of exposure to a chemical (40CFR797.135091). Acute oral LD50: A statistically derived estimate of the single oral dose of a substance that would cause 50% mortality to the test population under specified conditions (40CFR152.3-91). Acute oral toxicity: The adverse effects occumng within a short time of oral administration of a single dose of a substance or multiple doses given within 24 hours (40CFR798.1175-1-91). Acute toxicity endpoints (ATE): Toxicity test results, such as an LCso (96 hours) and ECSO(48 hours), which describe a stimulus severe enough to rapidly induce an effect on aquatic organisms (EPA-91/03). Acute toxicity test: A method used to determine the concentration of a substance that produces a toxic effect on a specified percentage of test organisms in a short period of time (e.g., 96 hours). In this guideline, death is used as the measure of toxicity (40CFR797.1400-91). Acute toxicity: (1) A deleterious response (e.g., mortality, disorientation, immobilization) to a stimulus observed in 96 hours or less (40CFR131.35-91, see also 40CFR300-App/A, 797.1440; 797.1800-91). (2) The ability of a substance to cause poisonous effects resulting in severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose. Also, any severe poisonous effect resulting from a single short-term exposure to a toxic substance. See chronic toxicity, toxicity (EPA-97/12). Acute toxicity: Adverse effects that result from a single dose or single exposure of a chemical; any poisonous effect produced within a short period of time, usually less than 96 hours. This term normally is used to describe effects in experimental animals (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Acute toxicity: The ability of a substance to cause poisonous effects resulting in severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose, usually within 24 hours. Also, any severe poisonous effect resulting from a single short-term exposure to a toxic substance. See chronic toxicity, toxicity (NavyJEnv-04). Acute toxicity: The ability of a substance to cause poisonous effects resulting in severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose. Also, any severe poisonous effect resulting from a single short-term exposure to a toxic substance. See chronic toxicity. (MWTNmedical-04). Acute toxicity: The ability of a toxic substance to cause serious adverse health effects shortly after exposure (TSCNchemical-04). Acute toxicity: The poisoning that occurs after a single exposure (effects appear shortly after exposure) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Acute: (1) Acute means short. In a toxicity test, it involves a stimulus severe enough to rapidly induce a response. A response observed in 96 hours or less typically is considered acute. An acute effect is not always measured in terms of lethality; it can measure a variety of effects (EPA-85/09). (2) A stimulus severe enough to rapidly induce an effect; in aquatic toxicity tests, an effect observed in 96 hours or less typically is considered acute. When referring to aquatic toxicology or human health, an acute affect is rot always measured in terms of lethality (EPA-91/03). Acute: A stimulus severe enough to rapidly induce an effect; in aquatic toxicity tests, an effect observed in 96 hours or less is typically considered acute. When referring to aquatic toxicology or human health, an acute effect is not always measured in terms of lethality (CWNwastewater-04). Acute: Occumng over a short period of time; used to describe brief exposures and effects which appear promptly after exposure (AENmixedW-04). Acute: Occurring over a short time (compare with chronic) (SFhealth-04). Acutely toxic chemicals: Chemicals which can cause both severe short- and long-term health effects after a single, brief exposure (short duration). These chemicals can cause damage to living tissue, impairment of the central nervous system, severe illness or in extreme cases, death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin (EPA-85/11). Acutely toxic conditions: Those acutely toxic to aquatic organisms following their short-term exposure within an affected area (EPA-91/03). Acutely toxic effects: A chemical substance produces acutely toxic effects if it kills within a short time period (usually 14 days):
(1) At least 50% of the exposed mammalian test animals following oral administration of a single dose of the test substance at 25 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight (LD50). (2) At least 50% of the exposed mammalian test animals following dermal administration of a single dose of the test substance at 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight (LD50). (3) At least 50% of the exposed mammalian test animals following administration of the test substance for 8 hours or less by continuous inhalation at a steady concentration in air at 0.5 milligrams or less per liter of air (LC50) (40CFR721.3-91). Acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR): The ratio of the acute toxicity of an effluent or a toxicant to its chronic toxicity. It is used as a factor for estimating chronic toxicity on the basis of acute toxicity data, or for estimating acute toxicity on the basis of chronic toxicity data (EPA-91/03). Adaptation: (1) The process by which a substance induces the synthesis of any degradative enzymes necessary to catalyze the transformation of that substance (40CFR796.3100-91). (2) Changes in an organism's structure or habit that help it adjust to its surroundings (EPA-97/12). Add on control device: An air pollution control device such as carbon absorber or incinerator that reduces the pollution in an exhaust gas. The control device usually does not affect the process being controlled and thus is "add-on" technology, as opposed to a scheme to control pollution through altering the basic process itself (EPA-97/12). Added ingredients: The prepared sauces (prepared from items such as dairy products, starches, sugar, tomato sauce and concentrate, spices, and other related pre-processed ingredients) which are added during the canning and freezing of fruits and vegetables (40CFR407.81-91). Added risk: The difference between the cancer incidence under the exposure condition and the background incidence in the absence of exposure; AR = P(d) - P(0) (EPA-92/12). Addict: Any person who habitually uses any habit-forming narcotic drugs so as to endanger the public morals, health, safety, or welfare, or who is or has been so far addicted to the use of such habit-forming narcotic drugs as to have lost the power of selfcontrol with reference to his addiction (PHSA2-k). Addition agent: A substance, usually an organic material, added to an electroplating solution to improve the properties of an electroplate (EPA-74103d). Additional polymerization: The combination of monomers by the direct addition or combination of the monomer molecules with one another to form polymers (EPA-8711Oa).
Additive effect (or additivity): The combined effects of two or more chemicals equal to the sum of their individual effects (cf. synergistic effect) (Course 165.6; EPA-85/09). Additive effect: A biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that equals the sum of responses of all the individual substances added together (compare with antagonistic effect and synergistic effect) (SFhealth-04). Additive manufacturer: Any person who produces or manufactures an additive for use as an additive and/or sells an additive under his own name (40CFR79.2-91). Additive: (1) A chemical substance that is intentionally added to another chemical substance to improve its stability or impart some other desirable quality (40CFR790.3-91, see also 40CFR79.2-91). (2) In the plywood industry, any material introduced prior to the final consolidation of a board to improve some property of the final board or to achieve a desired effect in combination with another additive. It includes binders and other materials. Sometimes a specific additive may perform more than one function. Fillers and preservatives are included under this term (EPA-74/04). (3) Materials added to ink in small amounts to alter one or more of its properties. They include driers, anti-skinning agents, dispersing agents, waxes, lubricants, surface active agents, etc. (EPA-79112a). Additivity: The characteristic property of a mixture of toxicants that exhibits a total toxic effect equal to the arithmetic sum of the effects of the individual toxicants (EPA-91/03). Add-on controls: Post-combustion control devices that reduce the amount of unburned volatile organic chemicals (VOC) or other compounds emitted to the atmosphere. Add-on controls can also reduce the percentage of particulate matter, generated by combustion process, emitted to the atmosphere (CMAPC-04). Adenine (C5H5N5):A needle crystal used in research on heredity, virus diseases, and cancer. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (C10H15N5010P2): A coenzyme that is an important intermediate in cellular metabolism. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (C10H16N5013P3): A high energy biochemical intermediary in enzyme catalyzed processes (LBL76107-water). Adequate evidence: The information sufficient to support the reasonable belief that a particular act or emission has occurred (40CFR32.105-91). Adequate SO2 emission limitation: A SIP emission limitation which was approved or promulgated by EPA as adequate to attain and maintain the NAAQS in the areas affected by the stack emissions without the use of any unauthorized dispersion technique (40CFR57.103-91).
Adequate storage: Placing of pesticides in proper containers and in safe areas as per 40CFR165.10 as to minimize the possibility of escape which could result in unreasonable adverse effects on the environment (40CFRI 65.1-91). Adequately wet: Asbestos containing material that is sufficiently mixed or penetrated with liquid to prevent the release of particulates (EPA-97/12). Adequately wetted: Sufficiently mixed or coated with water or an aqueous solution to prevent dust emissions (40CFR61.141-91). Adhesion: Molecular attraction which holds the surfaces of two substances in contact, such as a gaseous pollutant and a solid adsorbent or water and rocks (EPA-84/09; 89/12). Adhesive: (1) Any substance or mixture of substances intended to serve as a joining compound (40CFR52.741-91). (2) A chemical system used in the bonding of geomembranes. The adhesive residue results in an additional element in the seamed area. Manufacturers and installers should be consulted for the various types of adhesives used with specific geomembranes) (EPA91/05). Adiabatic flame temperature: The temperature of combustion products under the conditions of no change in heat, work, kinetic energy, and potential energy between the combustion system and its surroundings. The adiabatic flame temperature is the maximum temperature that a combustion system can reach, because any heat transfer from the reacting substances and any incomplete combustion would tend to lower the temperature of the products. For a given fuel and given pressure and temperature of the reactants, the maximum adiabatic flame temperature that can be achieved is with a stoichiometric mixture. See temperature for more related terms.
Adiabatic saturation: A process in which an air or gas stream is saturated with water vapor without adding or subtracting heat from the system (EPA-89/02). Adit: (1) A horizontal or nearly horizontal passage driven from the surface for the working or dewatering of a mine. (2) A passage driven into a mine from the side of a hill (EPA-82/05). Adit: A nearly horizontal passage from the surface by which a mine is entered and dewatered. A blind horizontal opening into a mountain, with only one entrance (CWAImining-04). Adjacent property: Either those properties contiguous to the boundaries of the property being surveyed or other nearby properties (NavyIEnv-04). Adjacent: The bordering, contiguous, or neighboring wetlands separated from other waters of the United States by man-made dikes or barriers, natural river berms, beach dunes, and the like are adjacent wetlands (40CFR230.3-91). Adjoining properties: Any real property or properties that have a border which is contiguous, or partially contiguous, with that of the property, or that would be contiguous, or partially contiguous, with that of the property but for a street, road, or other public thoroughfare separating them (USDNwater-04). Adjustable capacitor: A device capable of holding an electrical charge at any one of several discrete values (EPA-83/03). Adjusted configuration: The test configuration after adjustment of engine calibrations to the retrofit specifications, but excluding retrofit hardware installation (40CFR610.11-91). Adjusted loaded vehicle weight: The numerical average of vehicle curb weight and GVWR (40CFR86.094.2-91).
Adiabatic lapse rate: The rate of decrease of temperature with height in the atmosphere when adiabatic upward or downward motions of the air neither enhanced nor suppressed (NATO-78110).
Administrative action: Enforcement action taken by EPA or a state under its own authority, without involving a judicial court process (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Adiabatic process: (1) A process in which no heat is transferred between a system and its surroundings. (2) A process during which no heat is extracted from or added to a system. In the atmosphere, an adiabatic upward movement of an air parcel results in cooling through expansion, an adiabatic downward movement results in warming through compression. This process explains the adiabatic lapse rate in a neutral atmosphere (NATO-78/10). (3) See thermodynamic process for more related terms.
Administrative control: Procedures and methods, set up by the employer, that significantly reduce exposure to risk factors by altering the way in which work is performed; examples include employee rotation, job task enlargement, and adjustment of work pace (OSHA/ergonomics-04).
Adiabatic saturation temperature: The temperature which results from adiabatically adding water to a gas-vapor-water mixture in a steady flow until it becomes saturated, the water being supplied at the final temperature of the mixture. See temperature for more related terms.
Administrative order on consent: A legal agreement between EPA and Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs) whereby PRPs agree to perform or pay the cost of a site remediation. The agreement describes actions to be taken at a site and may be subject to a public comment period. Unlike a consent decree, an administrative order on consent does not have to be approved by a judge (SF/Env-04).
Administrative order on consent: A legal agreement signed by EPA and an individual, business, or other entity through which the violator agrees to pay for correction of violations, take the required corrective or cleanup actions, or refrain from an activity. It describes the actions to be taken, may be subject to a comment period, applies to civil actions, and can be enforced in court. Unlike a consent decree, an administrative order on consent does not have to be approved by a judge (SFIreform-04). Administrative order on consent: A legal agreement signed by EPA and an individual, business, or other entity through which the violator agrees to pay for correction of violations, take the required corrective or cleanup actions, or refrain from an activity. It describes the actions to be taken, may be subject to a comment period, applies to civil actions, and can be enforced in court (EPA97112). Administrative order types: There are four types of RCRA orders: compliance orders; corrective action orders; monitoring and analysis orders; and imminent hazard orders (cf. civil action) (OSWER-87). (1) Compliance actionlorder means an order or action issued under Section 3008 (a) of RCRA, requires any person who is not complying with a requirement of RCRA to take steps to come into compliance. (2) Corrective actiodorderlpolicy means an order EPA issues that requires corrective action under RCRA Section (h) at a facility when there has been a release of hazardous waste or constituents into the environment. Corrective action may be required beyond the facility boundary and can be required regardless of when the waste was placed at the facility. (3) Imminent hazard order is used by the responsible agency under the authority of RCRA Section 7003 to force any person contributing to an imminent and substantial endangerment to human health or the environment caused by the handling of non-hazardous or hazardous solid waste to take steps to clean up the problem. (4) Monitoring and analysis order is used to evaluate the nature and extent of a substantial hazard to human health or the environment that exists at a TSD (treatment, storage, and disposal). It can be issued to either the current owner or to a past owner or operator if the facility is not currently in operation or the present owner could not be expected to have actual knowledge of the potential release. Administrative order: A legal document signed by EPA directing an individual, business, or other entity to take corrective action or refrain from an activity. It describes the violations and actions to be taken, and can be enforced in court. Such orders may be issued, for example, as a result of an administrative complaint whereby the respondent is ordered to pay a penalty for violations of a statute (EPA-97/12). Administrative Procedures Act (APA): A law that spells out procedures and requirements related to the promulgation of regulations. Administrative Procedures Act: The Act that establishes rulemaking procedures as well as site-specific licensing procedures, access to agency information, and procedures and
standards for judicial review of agency actions. All environmental rulemakings proposed and finalized by EPA include public participation throughout the process (RCRAhazardous-04).
Administrative record (AR): A compilation of information established for all CERCLA sites made available to the public at the start of the Remedial Investigation (RI)for remedial actions, or at the time of Engineering EvaluatiodCost Analysis (EEICA) for removal actions. Information in the Administrative Record supports the selected remedy for remedial actions and removal actions (NavyIEnv-04). Administrative record file (ARP): (1) Refers to documents, as they are being established and maintained density. Until a response action decision has been selected, there is no complete administrative record for that decision. Thus, to avoid creating the impression that the record is complete at any time prior to the final selection decision, the set of documents is referred to as the ARF rather than the AR. (2) A file that contains all information used in order to make decisions on the selection of a response action under CERCLA. Available for public review and comment (NavyEnv-
04). Administrative record: A compilation of documents supporting an administrative action; under Superfund, administrative actions often compel PRPs to undertake or pay for hazardous waste site cleanups (SFIremedy-04). Administrative record: A file that is maintained and contains all information used by the lead agency to make its decision on the selection of a response action under CERCLA. This file is to be available for public review with a copy established at or near the site, usually at one of the information repositories. A duplicate file is held in a central location, such as an EPA Regional Office (SFIEnv-04). Administrative record: All documents which EPA considered or relied on in selecting the response action at a Superfund site, culminating in the record of decision for remedial action or, an action memorandum for removal actions (EPA-97/12). Adsorbate: Material that has been retained (adsorbed) by the process adsorption (LBL-76107-air). Adsorbent: A material which has the ability to cause molecules of gases, liquids, or solids to adhere to its internal surfaces without changing the adsorbent physically or chemically. Example adsorbents include activated carbon, alumina, bauxite, bone char, decolorizing carbon, Fuller's earth, magnesia, silica gel, and strontium sulfate (selective adsorbent) (AP-40, p191). Adsorber: A control device or piece of equipment for carrying on the process of adsorption. The unit is usually a vessel or a pipe containing activated carbon or another adsorbent. Generally, it has a means of admitting and exhausting fluids plus whatever other
piping (connections) might be needed for the operation of the unit, including desorption, if involved (cf. absorber) (EPA-84/09).
Adsorption: The adherence of gas molecules, ions, or molecules in solution to the surface of solids (CWAIWbasics-04).
Adsorption isobar: A plot showing adsorption against various parameters, such as temperature, while holding pressure constant.
Adsorption: The adhesion of substance to the surface of a solid (DOE-9 1/04).
Adsorption isotherm: A plot used in evaluating the effectiveness of activated carbon treatment by showing the amount of impurity adsorbed versus the amount remaining. It is determined at a constant temperature by varying the amount of carbon used or the concentration of the impurity in contact with the carbon (EPA8711Oa).
Adsorption: The process by which a gas, vapor, dissolved material, or very small particle adheres to the surface of a solid due to chemical or physical forces; the attraction and adhesion of ions from an aqueous solution to the solid soil or rock surfaces with which they are in contact (NavyEnv-04).
Adsorption process: In waste treatment, there are two basic adsorption processes: (1) Activated carbon adsorption: A process of using activated carbon to adsorb dissolved organic matter from wastewater. Adsorption on activated carbon occurs when a molecule is brought up to its surface and held there by physical andlor chemical forces. This process is reversible, thus allowing activated carbons to be regenerated (and reused) by the proper application of heat and steam, or solvent. (2) Resin adsorption: Resin adsorption uses synthetic polymeric materials as adsorbents, which are hard, insoluble spheres of high surface area, porous polymer. It involves two basic steps: (a) Contacting the liquid wastestream with resins and allowing the resins to adsorb the solutes from the solution; and (b) Subsequently regenerating the resins by removing the adsorbed chemicals, often effected by simply washing with the proper solvent. Adsorption ratio (I&,): The amount of test chemical adsorbed by a sediment or soil (i.e., the solid phase) divided by the amount of test chemical in the solution phase, which is in equilibrium with the solid phase, at a fixed solidlsolution ratio (40CFR796.275091). Adsorption: A mass transfer process that involves removing a gaseous contaminant by adhering it to the surface of a solid. Adsorption can be classified as physical or chemical. In physical adsorption, a gas molecule adheres to the surface of the solid due to an imbalance of natural forces (electron distribution). In chemisorption, once the gas molecule adheres to the surface, it reacts chemically with it. The major distinction is that physical adsorption is readily reversible while chemisorption is not (EPA81/12, p1-6). Adsorption: A process by which a solid material is used to remove one or more components from a liquid or gaseous stream, usually without chemical reaction. The removal takes place through adherence to the surface. Typical adsorbents are activated carbon, molecular sieves, silica gel, and activated alumina (EPA84/09). Adsorption: An advanced method of treating waste in which activated carbon removes organic matter from wastewater (EPA97/12).
Adsorption: For more related terms, see contact adsorption and physical adsorption. Adulterants: Chemical impurities or substances that by law do not belong in a food or pesticide (EPA-97/12). Adulterated: (1) Any pesticide whose strength or purity falls below the quality stated on its label and (2) A food, feed, or product that contains illegal pesticide residues (EPA-97/12). Adulterated: Applies to any pesticide if (1) Its strength or purity falls below the professed standard of quality as expressed on its labeling under which it is sold; (2) Any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the pesticide; or (3) Any valuable constituent of the pesticide has been wholly or in part abstracted (FIFRA2-7U.S.C.136-91). Adulticide: An agent for killing adult pests (FIFRAIWN-04). Advance: Mining in the same direction, or order of sequence; first mining as distinguished from retreat (CWAImining-04). Advanced air emission control devices: The air pollution control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitators and high energy scrubbers, that are used to treat an air discharge which has been treated initially by equipment including knockout chambers and low energy scrubbers (40CFR426.11-91). Advanced electrical reactor (AER): AER is a double wall cylindrical reactor with six carbon resistance heaters located between the two cylindrical walls. An inert gas heated by the heaters flows radially inward through the inner porous reactor wall (a core) carrying high rates of heat to accomplish the heating of the porous carbon wre to incandescence so that the predominant mode of heat transfer is by radiation from the core to the wastestream. During operation, the waste material to be pyrolyzed is finely ground to about a 20 mesh and introduced into the top of the reactor. As the material falls through the tubular space, it is exposed to radiation energy with power densities of over 1200 watts/in2. The finely divided reactants are heated through the direct impingement of electromagnetic radiation and are eventually destroyed (Lee-83/07).
Advanced treatment: A level of wastewater treatment more stringent than secondary treatment; requires an 85% reduction in conventional pollutant concentration or a significant reduction in non-conventional pollutants (EPA-97/12). Advanced waste treatment: (1) Any treatment of sewage that goes beyond the secondary or biological water treatment stage and includes the removal of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen and a high percentage of suspended solids. See also primary, secondary treatment (EPA-97/12). (2) See wastewater treatment for more related terms. Advection: The process of transport of a property (e.g., pollution or momentum) solely by the velocity field in a fluid. For a turbulent flow, advection refers only to the transport by the mean motion, where mean is defined as the time average. In meteorology, advection refers only to the horizontal or isobaric component of the atmospheric motion. In groundwater, advection refers to the natural state of motion (EPA-87/03; NATO-8711 1). Advection: The transport of dissolved contaminants by the bulk movement of groundwater flow; the main process driving the movement of dissolved contaminants (NavyIEnv-04).
experience of the Federal Class I area. This determination must be made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the geographic extent, intensity, duration, frequency, and time of visibility impairments, and how these factors correlate with (1) times of visitor use of the Federal Class I area, and (2) the frequency and timing of natural conditions that reduce visibility. This term does not include effects on integral vistas (40CFR51.301-91, see also 40CFR52.21-91). Advertised engine displacement: The rounded volumetric engine capacity used for marketing purposes by the motorcycle manufacturer (40CFR205.151-91). Advisory Council on Historic Preservation: The federal agency responsible for promulgating regulations for the protection and preservation of historic properties (see separately) (SDWNradionuclide-04). Advisory: A non-regulatory document that communicates risk information to those who may have to make risk management decisions (EPA-97/12). AEC: See Atomic Energy Commission (SDWNradionuclide-04).
Advection: Transportation of contaminants by the flow of a current of water or air (SFIremedy-04).
Aerate: To supply air to water, soil, or other media (CWNWbasics-04).
Adversary adjudication: An adjudication required by statute to be held pursuant to 5U.S.C.554 in which the position of the United States is represented by counsel or otherwise, but excludes an adjudication for the purpose of granting or renewing a license (40CFR17.2-9 1).
Aerated aerobic lagoon: See aerated lagoon.
Adverse effect level (AEL): That exposure level at which there are statistically or biologically significant increases in frequency or severity of adverse effects between the exposed population and its appropriate control (EPA-90108). Adverse effects data: FIFRA requires a pesticide registrant to submit data to EPA on any studies or other information regarding unreasonable adverse effects of a pesticide at any time after its registration (EPA-97/12). Adverse environmental effect: Any significant and widespread adverse effect, which may reasonably be anticipated, to wildlife, aquatic life, or other natural resources, including adverse impacts on populations of endangered or threatened species or significant degradation of environmental quality over broad areas (CAM 1242u.s.c.7412-91). Adverse health effect: A change in body function or cell structure that might lead to disease or health problems (SFhealth-04). Adverse impact on visibility: For purposes of section 307, visibility impairment which interferes with the management, protection, preservation, or enjoyment of the visitor's visual
Aerated lagoon (aerated aerobic lagoon or aerated pond): (1) Bacterial stabilization of wastewater in a natural or artificial wastewater treatment pond in which mechanical or diffised air aeration is used to supplement the oxygen supply. See lagoon for more related terms (EPA-87110a). (2) A holding andlor treatment pond that speeds up the natural process of biological decomposition of organic waste by stimulating the growth and activity of bacteria that degrade organic waste (EPA-97/12). Aerated pond: See aerated lagoon. Aerated static pile: Forced aeration method of composting in which a free-standing composting pile is aerated by a blower moving air through perforated pipes located beneath the pile (RCRNmanagement-04). Aeration period: (1) The theoretical time, usually expressed in hours, that the mixed liquor is subjected to aeration in an aeration tank undergoing activated-sludge treatment. It is equal to the volume of the tank divided by the volumetric rate of flow of wastes and return sludge. (2) The theoretical time that liquids are subjected to aeration (EPA-87110a). Aeration tank: A chamber used to inject air into water. See tank for more related terms (EPA-97/12).
Aeration: (1) The bringing about of intimate contact between air and water by methods including spraying water into the air over a collecting basin or causing water to flow over baffles (LBL-76107water). (2) The process of exposing bulk materials, such as compost, to air (or of charging a liquid with a gas or a mixture of gases). Forced aeration refers to the use of blowers in compost piles (EPA-89/11; EPA-83). Aeration: A process of supplying or introducing airloxygen into a medium which promotes biological degradation of organic matter in water. The process may be passive (as when waste is exposed to air), or active (as when a mixing or bubbling device introduces the air) (NavyIEnv-04). Aeration: A process which promotes biological degradation of organic matter in water. The process may be passive (as when waste is exposed to air), or active (as when a mixing or bubbling device introduces the air) (EPA-97/12).
Aerobic biological oxidation: See aerobic treatment. Aerobic decomposition: A type of decomposition that requires oxygen (RCWmanagement-04). Aerobic decomposition: The breakdown of a molecule into simpler molecules or atoms by microorganisms under favorable conditions of oxygenation (CAA/C02gas-04). Aerobic digestion: See aerobic treatment. Aerobic lagoon: A pond for aerobic digestion. See lagoon for more related terms. Aerobic organotrophy: Organism which utilizes organic materials under aerobic conditions for its growth (LBL-76107water). Aerobic oxidation: See aerobic treatment.
Aeration: The process of exposing bulk material, like compost, to air. Forced aeration refers to the use of blowers in compost piles (RCRAlmanagement-04). Aeration: For more related terms, see (1) Deaeration; (2) Extended aeration; (3) Mechanical aeration; (4) Post aeration; (5) Pre-aeration; (6) Re-aeration; (7) Stage aeration; (8) Step aeration; (9) Surface aeration; and (10) Tapered aeration. Aerator: A mechanical device that provides turbulence at the air and liquid interface to increase the dissolved oxygen level in wastewater. Other aerator-related terms include Bed cascade aerator; Cascade aerator; Contact aerator; De-aerator; Free fall; cascade aerator; Injection aerator; Surface aerator; and Tray aerator. Aerial photographs: Stereoscopic photographs taken from an airplane or helicopter (from a low enough altitude to allow identification of development and activities through a stereoscope) of areas encompassing the property. Aerial photographs are ofien available from government agencies or private collections unique to a local area (USDMwater-04). Aerobe (or obligate aerobe): Organisms or bacteria which can only live in the environment with the presence of oxygen (cf. facultativeaerobe or anaerobe) (EPA-89112a). Aerobe: Bacteria that use oxygen as an electron acceptor (Navy/Env-04).
Aerobic respiration: Oxidation of organic compounds (foodstuffs) by organisms (EPA-83). The reaction can be summarized by the equation C6HI2o6+ 602 6C02+ 6H20 + energy (the release of chemical energy).
+
Aerobic treatment (aerobic biological oxidation, aerobic digestion or aerobic oxidation): A process in which microorganisms obtain energy by endogenous or auto-oxidation of their cellular protoplasm. The biologically degradable constituents of cellular materials are slowly oxidized to carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia, with the ammonia being further converted into nitrates during the process (EPA-87110a). The two basic systems used in the aerobic biological treatment are activated sludge and trickling filter. Activated sludge is a suspended growth, mixed culture system and trickling filter is a fixed film, attached growth system. See activated sludge and tickling filter for more information. Aerobic treatment: A process by which microbes decompose complex organic compounds in the presence of oxygen and use the liberated energy for reproduction and growth. (Such processes include extended aeration, trickling filtration, and rotating biological contactors) (EPA-97/12). Aerobic: (1) Taking place in the presence of free molecular oxygen (EPA-87110a). (2) A biochemical process or condition occumng in the presence of oxygen (EPA-89/11). (3) Life or processes that require, or are not destroyed by, the presence of oxygen. See also anaerobic (EPA-97/12).
Aerobic bacteria: Bacteria that require fiee elemental oxygen for their growth. Their metabolic demands can severely deplete the dissolved oxygen (LBL-76107-water).
Aerobic: A biochemical process or condition occurring in the presence of oxygen (RCRAImanagement-04).
Aerobic bacteria: Microorganisms living, active, or occurring only in the presence of oxygen (CAA/C02gas1-04).
Aerobic: Life or processes that require, or are not destroyed by, the presence of oxygen. See anaerobic (NavyEnv-04).
Aerobic: Pertaining to, taking place in, or caused by the presence of oxygen (CWAMrbasics-04). Aerobic: Requiring oxygen (compare with anaerobic) (SFkedth04). Aerochlorination: The use of compressed air and chlorine gas to treat wastewater for removing fatty substances. Aerodynamic diameter: (1) Term used to describe particles with common inertial properties to avoid the complications associated with the effects of particle size, shape, and physical density. (EPA92/12). (2) Aerodynamic diameter applies to the size of particles of aerosols. It is the diameter of a sphere of unit density, which behaves aerodynamically as the particle of the test substance. It is used to compare particles of different sizes and densities and to predict where in the respiratory tract such particles may be deposited. This term is used in contrast to measured or geometric diameter, which is representative of actual diameters which in themselves cannot be related to deposition within the respiratory tract (40CFR798.1150-91). (3) In air pollution, it is defined as the diameter of a sphere of a unit density. @m3) having the same falling speed in air as the particle in question (EPA-84/09). It is related to the physical diameter according to the equation below: = d,, ($)I", where: d,= aerodynamic diameter; d,, = physical diameter; p = particle; and C = Cunningham correction factor.
@,a:
Aerodynamic resistance (viscosity) diameter The Lovelace definition for aerodynamic diameter. Characteristic expression based on terms describing a particle in the Stokes' regime. Refer to Raabe (1976) for equation (EPA-90108). Aerodynamic equivalent diameter Pael: Aerodynamic diameter generally used. The diameter of a unit density. sphere (4 = 1 g/cm3) having the same settling velocity (due to gravity) as the particle of interest whatever shape and density. Refer to Raabe (1976) for equation (EPA-90108). Aerodynamics: A branch of dynamics that treats the motion of air and other gaseous fluids and deals with the forces acting on solids in motion relative to such fluids. Aeroflocs: Synthetic water-soluble polymers used as flocculating agents (EPA-82/05). Aeronautics: The science and art of flight (Markes-67). Aerosol monitor: A direct-reading instrument that measures aerosols (suspended solid or liquid particles), e.g., dust, mist, fume, smoke, fog, spray (not a gas). Most of aerosol monitors use a light source and a light sensor that measures the amount of light scattered by the aerosol. Read-outs are in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) (Course 165.5). Aerosol particles: Solid particles from diameter dispersed in a gas (LBL76107-bio).
to lo-' um in
Aerosol propellant: A liquefied or compressed gas in a container where the purpose of the liquefied or compressed gas is to expel from the container liquid or solid material different from the aerosol propellant (40CFR762.3-91). Aerosol: (1) Small droplet or particle suspended in the atmosphere, typically containing sulfur. Aerosols are emitted naturally (e.g., in volcanic eruptions) and as the result of human activities (e.g., by burning fossil fuels). There is no connection between particulate aerosols and pressurized products also called aerosols (see below). (2) A product that relies on a pressurized gas to propel substances out of a container. Consumer aerosol products in the US. have not used ozone-depleting substances (ODs) since the late 1970s. because of voluntary switching followed by federal regulation. The Clean Air Act and EPA regulations further restricted the use of ODS for non-consumer products. All consumer products, and most other aerosol products, now use propellants that do not deplete the ozone layer, such as hydrocarbons and compressed gases (CMozone-04). Aerosol: (1) Small droplets or particles suspended in the atmosphere, typically containing sulfur. They are usually emitted naturally (e.g., in volcanic eruptions) and as the result of anthropogenic (human) activities such as burning fossil fuels. (2) The pressurized gas used to propel substances out of a container (EPA-97/12). Aerosol: A finely divided material suspended in air or other gaseous environment (EPA-97/12). Aerosol: A suspension of liquid or solid particles in a gas (MWTAImedical-04). Aerosols: Airborne particles (CAA/C02gas1-04). Affected landfill: Under the Clean Air Act, landfills that meet criteria for capacity, age, and emissions rates set by the EPA. They are required to collect and combust their gas emissions (EPA97/12). Affected public: The people who live andlor work near a hazardous waste site (EPA-97/12). Affected source: A source that includes one or more affected units. See source for more related terms (CAA40242U.S.C.7651 a-91). Affected unit: A unit that is subject to emission reduction requirements or limitations under this title (CAA40242U.S.C.765 la-91). Affecting: Will or may have an effect on (40CFR1508.3-91). Affiliated entity: A person who directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under
common control with the owner or operator of a source (40CFR66.3-91).
Affinity: A chemical attraction or force that causes the atoms of certain elements or compounds to combine with atoms of another element or compound and remain in the combined state (Navy/Env-04). Affluent: Flowing freely, rich or tributary (DOI-70104).
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's Hazardous Substance ReleaseIHealth Effects Database (ATSDR-HazDat): The scientific and administrative database that provides access to information on both the release of hazardous substances from SuperfUnd sites or from emergency events, and on the effects of hazardous substances on the health of human populations (SFIremedy-04).
Afforestation: Planting of new forests on lands that have not been recently forested (CAAKO2gasl-04).
Agent orange: A toxic herbicide and defoliant used in the Vietnam conflict, containing 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and 2-4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with trace amounts of dioxin (EPA-97/12).
Aflatoxin: The toxin produced by fungus which is considered as the most potent carcinogen yet discovered.
Agent: Any physical, chemical, or biological entity that can be harmful to an organism (synonymous with stressors) (EPA-97/12).
Afterburner: (1) Afterburner is also known as the secondary burner. It is a control device in which materials in gaseous effluent are combusted (40CFR52.741-91). There are two types of afterburners, namely: (a) Direct flame afterburners, which use high temperature flames to bum the combustible materials; and (b) Catalytic afterburners, which use catalysts to oxidize residual combustible materials at an elevated temperature (without a flame) (AP-40, pl7l). (2) See burner for more related terms.
Agglomeration: (1) The process by which precipitation particles grow larger by collision or contact with cloud particles or other precipitation particles (EPA-89/12). (2) The coalescence of dispersed suspended matter into larger flocs or particles which settle more rapidly (EPA-82/10).
Afterburner: In incinerator technology, a burner located so that the combustion gases are made to pass through its flame in order to remove smoke and odors. It may be attached to or be separated from the incinerator proper (EPA-97/12).
Agglutination: The process of uniting solid particles coated with a thin layer of adhesive material or of arresting solid particles by impact on a surface coated with an adhesive (EPA-89/12).
Agar: An extract from certain red seaweeds used as a gelling agent in culture media. Age tank: A tank used to store a chemical solution of known concentration for feed to a chemical feeder. Also called a day tank (EPA-97/12). Aged catalytic converter: A converter that has been installed on a vehicle or engine stand and operated through a cycle specifically designed to chemically age, including exposure to representative lead concentrations, and mechanically stress the catalytic converter in a manner representative of in-use vehicle or engine conditions (cf. catalytic converter) (40CFR85.2122(a)(15)(ii)(F)91).
Agglomeration: The (CAA/C02gas1-04).
clustering
of
disparate
elements
Aggregate costs: The total cost of all research, surveys, studies, modeling, and other technical work completed by a Management Conference during a fiscal year to develop a Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan for the estuary (4OCFR35.9010-91). Aggregate exposure: The sum total of all exposure to pesticides through inhalation, or dermal, oral, or optic contact (FFDCNpesticide-04). Aggregate facility: An individual drain system together with ancillary downstream sewer lines and oil water separators, down to and including the secondary oil water separator, as applicable (40CFR60.691-91). Aggregate: To gather particles into a mass.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): A federal public health agency with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and 10 regional offices in the United States. ATSDR's mission is to serve the public by using the best science, taking responsive public health actions, and providing trusted health information to prevent harmful exposures and diseases related to toxic substances. ATSDR is not a regulatory agency, unlike the U.S. EPA, which is the federal agency that develops and enforces environmental laws to protect the environment and human health (SFhealth-04).
Aggregation points: Centers that accept used oil only from places owned by the same owner and operator as the aggregation point, or from do-it-yourselfers (RCRAfhazardous-04). Aggressive carbon dioxide: A method to measure the corrosivity and scaling properties of water. The method involves the use of excessive carbon dioxide to precipitate a specified concentration of calcium ions as calcium carbonate.
AGI impinger: An all gas impinger sampling device. Aerosol particles are drawn through an inlet tube and then through a critical orifice into a liquid menstruum (EPA-88109~).
Air analyzer (or air monitor): Typical air analyzers include combustible atmosphere indicator, colorimetric indicator tube, oxygen indicator, and toxic atmosphere monitor.
Aging: (1) In electronics, storing a permanent magnet, capacitor, meter, or other device (sometimes with a voltage applied) until the characteristics of the device become essentially constant (EPA83/03). (2) In metal finishing, changing properties (e.g., increase in tensile strength and hardness) that occur in certain metals at atmospheric temperature after heat treatment (EPA-83106a).
Air assisted airless spray: A spray coating method that combines compressed air with hydraulic pressure to atomize the coating material into finer droplets than is achieved with pure airless spray. Lower hydraulic pressure is used than with airless spray (40CFR52.741-91).
Agitation of parts: The irregular movement given to parts when they have been submerged in a plating or rinse solution (EPA83106a). Agreement State: Any state with which the Atomic Energy Commission or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has entered into an effective agreement under subsection 274b. of the Act. Non-Agreement State means any other State (10CFR30.4-91). Agricultural pollution: Farming wastes, including runoff and leaching of pesticides and fertilizers, erosion and dust from plowing, improper disposal of animal manure and carcasses, crop residues, and debris. See pollution for more related terms (EPA97/12). Agricultural solid waste (or agricultural waste): The solid waste that is generated by the rearing of animals, and the producing and harvesting of crops or trees. See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR246.10 1-91). Agricultural user sector (or market): Pesticides applied by owner/operators and custom/commercial applicators to farms and facilities involved in production of raw agricultural commodities, principally food, fiber, and tobacco; includes non-crop and postharvest use as well as croplfield applications (FFDCNpesticide-
w.
Agricultural waste: See agricultural solid waste. Agro-ecosystem: Land used for crops, pasture, and livestock; the adjacent uncultivated land that supports other vegetation and wildlife; and the associated atmosphere, the underlying soils, groundwater, and drainage networks (EPA-97/12). AHERA designated person (ADP): A person designated by a Local Education Agency to ensure that the AHERA requirements for asbestos management and abatement are properly implemented (EPA-97/12).
Air avid: To increase by addition of chemicals the affinity of fine particles for air bubbles (EPA-88108a). Air binding: Situation where air enters the filter media and harms both the filtration and backwash processes (EPA-97/12). Air blast: Forced air circulation. Air bleed to intake manifold retrofit: A system or device (such as a modification to the engine's carburetor or positive crankcase ventilation system) that results in engine operation at an increased air-fuel ratio so as to achieve reductions in exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide from 1967 and earlier lightduty vehicles of at least 21% and 58%, respectively (40CFR52.2039-91, see also 40CFR52.2490-91). Air calculation: See Appendix A of this book or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations. Air change per hour (ACH): The movement of a volume of air in a given period of time; if a house has one air change per hour, it means that all of the air in the house will be replaced in a one-hour period (cf. air exchange rate) (EPA-97/12). Air classification: A process in which a stream of air is used to separate mixed materials according to the size, density, and aerodynamic drag of the pieces (EPA-89/11). Air classifier: (1) A system that uses a forced air stream to separate mixed materials according to the size, density, and aerodynamic drag of pieces (OME-88/12). (2) An appliance for approximately sizing crushed minerals or ores employing currents of air (EPA-7511Oc). Air classifier: A device used to separate materials at a facility such as a MRF. Air in the form of a wind is used to blow lighter materials off and away from the heavier materials (RCRAImanagement-04).
AHERA: See Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (SDWNradionuclide-04).
Air cleaner filter element: A device to remove particulates from the primary air that enters the air induction system of the engine (4OCFRS5.2 122(a)(16)(ii)(A)-91).
Air agitation: The agitation of a medium, e.g., liquid through the use of air pressure injected into the medium (EPA-83106a).
Air cleaning: Indoor air quality control strategy to remove various airborne particulates and/or gases from the air. Most
electrostatic
exposed. According to trade custom, air dry pulps are assumed to contain 10% moisture, and are sold on this basis (EPA-83).
Air compressor: An energy conversion device that converts mechanical work into a stored energy with high pressure.
Air drying: A process of partial drying of the sample to bring its moisture content near to equilibrium with atmosphere in the room in which further reduction, division, and characterization of the sample are to take place. See analytical parameters for laboratory work for more related terms (EPA-83).
common methods are particulate filtration, precipitation, and gas sorption (EPA-97/12).
Air conditioner fever: See humidifier fever. Air contaminant: (1) Any solid, liquid, or gaseous matter; any odor, or any form of energy, that is capable of being released into the atmosphere from an emission source (40CFR52.741-91). (2) Any particulate matter, gas, or combination thereof, other than water vapor (see air pollutant) (EPA-97/12). Air cooled furnace wall: A refractory that has a lane directly behind it through which cool air can flow. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-I 08ts). Air cooled slag: In the steel industry, a slag which is cooled slowly in large pits in the ground. Light water sprays are generally used to accelerate the cooling over that which would occur in air alone. The finished slag is generally gray in color and looks like a sponge. See slag for more related terms (EPA-74106a). Air curtain: A method of containing oil spills. Air bubbling through a perforated pipe causes an upward water flow that slows the spread of oil. It can also be used to stop fish from entering polluted water (EPA-97/12). Air cyclone separator: A cylindrical and conical structure, without moving parts, that utilizes centrifugal force to remove solids entrained in an air stream. See collector for more related terms. Air deficiency: A lack of air, in an air-fuel mixture, to supply the quantity of oxygen stoichiometrically (theoretically) required to completely oxidize the fuel (SW- 108ts).
Air emissions: The release or discharge of a toxic pollutant by an owner or operator into the ambient air either: by means of a stack; or as a fugitive dust, mist, or vapor as a result inherent to the manufacturing or formulating process (40CFR129.2-91). Air erosion: The passage of air over friable ACBM which may result in the release of asbestos fibers (40CFR763.83-91). Air exchange rate: The rate at which outside air replaces indoor air in a given space (EPA-97/12). Air fuel ratio (or air to fuel ratio): See combustion air fuel ratio. Air gap: Open vertical gap or empty space that separates drinking water supply to be protected from another water system in a treatment plant or other location. The open gap protects the drinking water from contamination by backflow or back siphonage (EPA-97/12). Air handling unit: Equipment that includes a fan or blower, heating andlor cooling coils, regulator controls, condensate drain pans, and air filters (EPA-97/12). Air heater (or air preheater): A heat exchanger through which air passes and is heated by a medium of a higher temperature, such as hot combustion gases in metal tubes (SW-108ts). Air jet: A stream of high-velocity air that usually issues from a nozzle (SW-108ts).
Air density: See air. Air dried coating: Any coatings that dry by use of air or forced air at temperatures up to 363.15 K (194 F) (40CFR52.741-91). Air dry loss: That moisture gain or loss from a sample that has been partially dried to bring its moisture content close to equilibrium with the atmosphere in the room in which further reduction and division of the sample are to take place. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Air dry ton (ADT): A measurement of (pulp, paper, and paperboard) production including a moisture content of 10% by weight (EPA-87/10). Air dry: Paper or paperboard is air dry when its moisture content is in equilibrium with atmospheric conditions to which it is
Air knife: A jargon for a blower device intended to separate steel cans from more massive pieces of iron and steel. Experimentation is required to discover the best design and location for application (EPA-83). Air lance: A commonly used nondestructive test method performed with a stream of air forced through a nozzle at the end of a hollow metal tube to determine seam continuity and tightness of relatively thin, flexible geomembranes (EPA-91/05). Air liquid interface: The interface layer between the air and the liquid in which mass transfer is diffusion controlled (EPA-83106a). Air mass: A large volume of air with certain meteorological or polluted characteristics, e.g., a heat inversion or smogginess, while in one location. The characteristics can change as the air mass moves away (EPA-97/12).
Air modeling: A mathematical description of the movement and dispersion of airborne constituents (CRWI-89/05). Air monitor: See air analyzer. Air monitoring: See monitoring (EPA-97/12). Air oxidation reactor recovery train: An individual recovery system receiving the vent stream from at least one air oxidation reactors feeding vent streams into this system (40CFR60.611-91). Air oxidation reactor: Any device or process vessel in which one or more organic reactants are combined with air, or a combination of air and oxygen, to produce one or more organic compounds. Ammoxidation and oxychlorination reactions are included in this definition (40CFR60.611-91).
Air pollutant: Any substance in air that could, in high enough concentration, harm man, other animals, vegetation, or material. Pollutants may include almost any natural or artificial composition of airborne matter capable of being airborne. They may be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, gases, or in combination thereof. Generally, they fall into two main groups: (1) Those emitted directly from identifiable sources; and (2) Those produced in the air by interaction between two or more primary pollutants, or by reaction with normal atmospheric constituents, with or without photoactivation. Exclusive of pollen, fog, and dust, which are of natural origin, about 100 contaminants have been identified. Air pollutants are often grouped in categories for ease in classification; some of the categories are: solids, sulfur compounds, volatile organic chemicals, particulate matter, nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds, halogen compounds, radioactive compounds, and odors (EPA-97/12). Air pollutant: See pollutant for more related terms.
Air oxidation unit process: A unit process, including amrnoxidation and oxychlorination unit process, that uses air, or a combination of air and oxygen, as an oxygen source in combination with one or more organic reactants to produce one or more organic compounds (40CFR60.611-91).
Air permeability: The property that allows passage of air through a mass (EPA-83).
Air pollution control agency: Any of the following: (1) A single state agency designated by the Governor of that state as the official state air pollution control agency for purposes of this Act; (2) An agency established by two or more states and having substantial powers or duties pertaining to the prevention and control of air pollution; (3) A city, county, or other local government health authority, or in the case of any city, county, or other local government in which there is an agency other than the health authority charged with responsibility for enforcing ordinances or laws relating to the prevention and control of air pollution, such other agency; or (4) An agency of two or more municipalities located in the same state or in different states and having substantial powers or duties pertaining to the prevention and control of air pollution (cf. interstate air pollution control agency) (CAA302-42U.S.C.7602-91).
Air plenum: Any space used to convey air in a building, furnace, or structure. The space above a suspended ceiling is often used as an air plenum (EPA-97/12).
Air pollution control device: In cement industry, the devices used to remove particulates from the gases of the cement kiln before release to the environment (ETI-92).
Air pollutant type: In general, air pollutants can be grouped into four classes: (1) Organic gases which include Paraffins; Olefins; Aromatics; and Others. (2) Inorganic gases which include Oxides of nitrogen; Oxides of sulfur; and Carbon monoxide. (3) Aerosols (particulate matter) which include Solid particles; Metal oxides and salts; Silicates and mineral dusts; and Metallic fumes from the source of metals industry. (4) Liquid particles which include Acid drops; Oily or tany droplets; Paints and surface coatings. See air pollutant type in Appendix B for more information.
Air pollution control device: Mechanism or equipment that cleans emissions generated by an incinerator by removing pollutants that would otherwise be released to the atmosphere (EPA-97/12).
Air padding: Pumping dry air into a container to assist with the withdrawal of liquid or to force a liquified gas such as chlorine out of the container (EPA-97/12). Air permeability: Permeability of soil with respect to air. Important to the design of soil-gas surveys. Measured in darcys or centimeters-per-second(EPA-97/12).
Air pollutant: Any air pollutant agent or combination of such agents, including any physical, chemical, biological, radioactive (including source material, special nuclear material, and byproduct material) substance or matter which is emitted into or otherwise enters the ambient air (CAA302-42U.S.C.7602-91).
Air pollution control equipment: Any equipment or facility of a type intended to eliminate, prevent, reduce or control the emission of specified air contaminants to the atmosphere (40CFR52.74191). See air pollution control equipment in Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related information or calculations. Air pollution emergency: This regulation is designed to prevent the excessive buildup of air pollutants during air pollution episodes, thereby preventing the occurrence of an emergency due to the effects of these pollutants on the health of persons (40CFR51-AppL9 1).
Air pollution emission inventory: An information collection and processing system containing data on emissions of, and sources of, air pollution from both man-made and natural causes (NATO78/10). Air pollution episode criteria: See episode criteria. Air pollution episode: (1) A period of abnormally high concentration of air pollutants, often due to low winds and temperature inversion, that can cause illness and death (see episode, pollution) (EPA-97/12). (2) See also synonym, episode. Air pollution index: (1) In air pollution modeling, a measure of the dispersion conditions in the atmosphere based on a function of meteorological and air pollution parameters. (2) A scheme that transforms the values of individual air pollution related parameters (e.g., concentrations of several pollutants or visibility) into a single number, or set of numbers (NATO-78/10). Air pollution: The presence in the atmosphere of one or more air contaminants in sufficient quantities and of such characteristics and duration as to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life, to health, or to property, or to unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life or property (40CFR52.741-91). See pollution for more related terms.
standards. May include nearby locations in the same state or nearby states that share common air pollution problems (EPA97/12).
Air quality criteria: The levels of pollution and lengths of exposure above which adverse health and welfare effects may occur (EPA-97/12). Air quality impact statement: A document, intended for decision making, in which the impact of proposed major activities on air quality in the near and the more distant environment is described (NATO-78110). Air quality index: See pollutant standard index. Air quality restricted operation of a spray tower: An operation utilizing formulations (e.g., those with high non-ionic content) which require a very high rate of wet scrubbing to maintain desirable quality of stack gases, and thus generate much greater quantities of waste water than can be recycled to process (40CFRd417.1 5 1-91). Air quality simulation model: A model usually in the form of a set of mathematical equations, which relates the air quality in an area to emissions (NATO-78/10).
Air pollution: The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects (EPA-97/12).
Air quality standards: The level of pollutants prescribed by regulations that may not be exceeded during a given time in a defined area (EPA-97/12).
Air preheater: See air heater (EPA-83).
Air quality: The levels of constituents in the outside air, often in comparison to regulatory standards (DOE-91/04).
Air purification device: Respirators or filtration devices which remove particulate matter, gases, or vapors from the atmosphere. These devices range from full face piece, dual cartridge masks with eye protection, to half-mask face piece, mounted cartridges with no eye protection (NavyIEnv-04). Air purifying respirator (APR): A device which supplies or purifies air or a face piece which covers the nose and mouth and seals out the contaminants (Course 165.5). Air quality assessment: Collection, handling, evaluation, analysis, and presentation of data necessary to understand the air pollution problem of a certain area and its causes. These data normally refer to geography, topography, land use, sources and emissions, ambient air quality, meteorology, climatology, atmospheric chemistry, etc. (NATO-78/10). Air quality control region (AQCR): An interstate area designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as necessary or appropriate or the attainment and maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (DOE-91/04).
Air scrubbing: A method of removing air impurities such as dust or fume by contact with sprayed water or an aqueous chemical solution (EPA-84/08). Air setting binder: The sand binders that harden upon exposure to air. Sodium silicate, Portland cement, and oxychloride are the primary constituents of such binders. Air setting binders that are composed primarily of oxychloride contain up to 10% finely divided metallic copper. The copper is added to offset the effects of such impurities as calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, and calcium silicate, which may be introduced during the blending of oxychloride. These impurities otherwise would decrease mold strength and durability (EPA-85110a). Air setting refractory mortar: A finely ground material that, when it dries, develops a strong bond between refractory materials, even when heated to working furnace temperature. Also known as cold setting refractory mortar. See mortar for more related terms (EPA-83). Air shutter: An adjustable device for regulating an air flow rate.
Air quality control region (AQCR): Federally designated area that is required to meet and maintain federal ambient air quality
Air sparging: General term for the technology of introducing gases, usually air, beneath the water table to promote site remediation. Air sparging can be divided into two distinct processes: in-well aeration and air injection (NavyEnv-04). Air sparging: Injecting air or oxygen into an aquifer to strip or flush volatile contaminants as air bubbles up through the groundwater and is captured by a vapor extraction system (EPA97112). Air split: The division of a current of air into two or more parts (CWAImining-04). Air standard volume: See standard volume under standard condition. Air stripping operation: A desorption operation employed to transfer one or more volatile components from a liquid mixture into a gas (air) either with or without the application of heat to the liquid. Packed towers, spray towers, and bubble-cap, sieve, or valve-type plate towers are among the process configurations used for contacting the air and a liquid (40CFR264.1031-91). Air stripping: (1) A treatment system that removes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contaminated groundwater or surface water by forcing an air stream through the water and causing the compounds to evaporate (EPA-97/12). (2) See also definition under stripping. Air stripping: A treatment system that removes, or "strips," volatile organic compounds from contaminated groundwater or surface water by forcing an airstream through the water and causing the compounds to evaporate (SFEnv-04). Air suspension coaterldryer: A pharmaceutical coating operation which consists of vertical chambers in which tablets or particles are placed, and a coating is applied and then dried while the tablets or particles are kept in a fluidized state by the passage of air upward through the chambers (40CFR52.741-91). Air sweetening: A method of using air or oxygen to oxidize lead mercaptides to manufacture disulfide. Air to cloth ratio: The ratio of volumetric flow rate of contaminated air to the total filtering area of the filter bags in a baghouse system. It is equivalent to filtering velocity through the bags in Wmin. The usual notation is A/C or G/C (EPA-84/09). Air to fuel ratio: See combustion air fuel ratio (40CFR60App/A(method 28A)-9 1). Air toxics: (1) Any air pollutant for which a National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) does not exist (i.e., excluding ozone, carbon monoxide, PM-10, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide) that may reasonably be anticipated to cause cancer, developmental effects, reproductive dysfunctions, neurological disorders,
heritable gene mutations, or other serious or irreversible chronic or acute health effects in humans (EPA-97/12). (2) See also synonym, toxic air pollutant.
Air: A gaseous mixture appearing in the atmosphere. The compositions of air approximately consist of: Nitrogen (78.09% by volume or mole); Oxygen (20.95%); Argon (0.93%); and Others (0.03%) including: C02, krypton, neon, helium, Hz,xenon, and ozone (EPA-84/09). Other air-related terms include Ambient air; Cooling air; Dry air; Infiltration air; Overfire air; Open air; Saturated air; Stable air; Tempering air; and Underfire air. Airborne particulates: Total suspended particulate matter found in the atmosphere as solid particles or liquid droplets. Chemical composition of particulates varies widely, depending on location and time of year. Sources of airborne particulates include dust, emissions from industrial processes, combustion products from the burning of wood and coal, combustion products associated with motor vehicle or non-road engine exhausts, and reactions to gases in the atmosphere (EPA-97/12). Airborne radioactive material: Any radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases. See radioactive material for more related terms (10CFR20.3-9 1). Airborne release: Release of any chemical into the air (EPA97/12). Aircraft engine: A propulsion engine which is installed in or which is manufactured for installation in an aircraft. See engine for more related terms (40CFR87.1-91). Aircraft gas turbine engine: A turboprop, turbofan, or turbojet aircraft engine (40CFR87.1-91). Aircraft noise: The sound noise associated with aircraft operation. See noise for more related terms.
Aircraft: Any airplane for which a U.S. standard airworthiness certificate or equivalent foreign airworthiness certificate is issued (40CFR87.1-91). Airflow bypass (or thermal bypass): Any openings through the floors between stories of a house (or through the ceiling between the living area and the attic) which facilitates the upward movement of house air under the influence of the stack effect. By facilitating the upward movement, airflow bypasses in effect facilitate exfiltration at the upper levels, which in turn increases infiltration of outdoor air and soil gas (EPA-88/08). Airless spray: A spray coating method in which the coating is atomized by forcing it through a small opening at high pressure. The coating liquid is not mixed with air before exiting from the nozzle (40CFR52.74 1-91).
Airport: The public use airport open to the public without prior permission and without restrictions within the physical capabilities of available facilities (40CFR257.3.8-91). Airshed: An area or region defined by settlement patterns or geology that results in discrete atmospheric conditions (CAA/C02gas-04). Airway: Any passage through which air is carried. Also known as an air course (CWNmining-04). Aitken nuclei: Tiny particles suspended in the atmosphere which serve as condensation nuclei for rain droplet. Alachlor: An herbicide, marketed under the trade name Lasso, used mainly to control weeds in corn and soybean fields (EPA%'/I 2). Alar: Trade name for daminozide, a pesticide that makes apples redder, firmer, and less likely to drop off trees before growers are ready to pick them. It is also used to a lesser extent on peanuts, tart cherries, concord grapes, and other fruits (EPA-97/12).
ALARA: See as low (SDWAIradionuclide-04).
as
reasonably
achievable
Alaskan north slope: The approximately 69,000 square mile area extending from the Brooks Range to the Arctic Ocean (40CFR60.591; 60.63 1-91). Albedo: The fraction of incident light or electromagnetic radiation that is reflected by a surface or body. See planetary albedo (CAA/C02gas-04). Albuminuria: Presence in urine of albumin, a protein that is a normal constituent of blood (LBL-76107-bio). Alcohol (ethanol, ethyl alcohol, or grain alcohol): A solvent which contains the hydroxyl (OHY radical and whose name ends with (suffix) -01. For example, methanol (CH30H) and ethanol (C2H50H). Other alcohol-related terms include Primary alcohol; Secondary alcohol; and Tertiary alcohol. Alcohol abuse: Any misuse of alcohol which demonstrably interferes with a person's health, interpersonal relations, or working ability (40CFR7.25-91). Alcove: A narrow channel through which molten glass is conveyed (EPA-83). Aldehyde group: A group of various highly reactive compounds typified by actaldehyde and characterized by the group CHO (EPA-83106a). Aldicarb: An insecticide sold under the trade name Temik. It is made from ethyl isocyanate (EPA-97/12).
Aldrinldieldrin ambient water criterion: Ambient water criterion for aldrin/dieldrin in navigable waters is 0.003 pgL (40CFR129.100-91). Aldrinldieldrin formulator: A person who produces, prepares, or processes a formulated product comprising a mixture of either aldrin or dieldrin and inert materials or other diluents, into a product intended for application in any use registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended (7U.S.C.135, et seq.) (40CFR129.100-91). Aldrinldieldrin manufacturer: A manufacturer, excluding any source which is exclusively an aldriddieldrin formulator, who produces, prepares, or processes technical aldrin or dieldrin, or who uses aldrin or dieldrin as a material in the production, preparation, or processing of another synthetic organic substance (40CFR129.100-91). Aldrinldieldrin: (1) Aldrin (C12HsC16):The compound aldrin as identified by the chemical name, 1,2,3,4,10,1O-hexachloro1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4-endo-5,8-exo-dimethanon-aphthalene. (2) Dieldrin: The compound dieldrin as identified by the chemical name, 1,2,3,4,10,1O-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octa-
hydro-1,4-endo-5,8-exo-dimethanonaphthalene(40CFR129.4-91). Alert: Events may occur, are in progress, or have occurred that could lead to a release of radioactive material but that the release is not expected to require a response by offsite response organizations to protect persons offsite (10CFR30.4-91, see also 10CFR40.4; 70.4-91). Alevins: Young trout after the yolk sac has been absorbed but before they emerge from the gravel (SFlremedy-04). Algae: Chlorophyll-bearing nonvascular, primarily aquatic species that have no true roots, stems, or leaves; most algae are microscopic, but some species can be as large as vascular plants (CWA/Wbasics-04). Algae: Simple plants, many microscopic, containing chlorophyll. Freshwater algae are diverse in shape, color, size, and habitat. They are the basic link in the conversion of inorganic constituents in water into organic constituents (LBL-76107-water). Algae: Simple rootless plants that grow in sunlit waters in proportion to the amount of available nutrients. They can affect water quality adversely by lowering the dissolved oxygen in the water. They are food for fish and small aquatic animals (EPA97/12). Algal bloom: Algal blooms are associated with nutrient-rich runoff from composting facilities or landfills (EPA-89/11).
Algal bloom: Sudden spurts of algal growth, which can affect water quality adversely and indicate potentially hazardous changes in local water chemistry (EPA-97/12). Algal bloom: The rapid proliferation of passively floating, simple plant life, such as blue-green algae, in and on a body of water (CWNWbasics-04). Algicidal: Having the property of killing algae (40CFR797.105091). Algicide: A chemical (such as copper sulfate) used to kill or inhibit the growth of algae (phytoplankton) in a water body (DOI70104). Algicide: A pesticide that controls algae in swimming pools and water tanks (FFDCNpesticide-04). Algicide: A specific chemical highly toxic to algae. Algicides are often applied to water to control nuisance algal blooms (LBL 76107-water). Algicide: Substance or chemical used specifically to kill or control algae (EPA-97/12). Algistatic: Having the property of inhibiting algal growth (40CFR797.1050-91). Algorithm: A system of mathematical steps which are to be followed in prescribed order for solving a specific type of problem (EPA-75/10). Aliphatic hydrocarbon: A compound built from carbon and hydrogen atoms joined in a linear chain. Petroleum products are composed primarily of aliphatic hydrocarbons (Navy/Env-04). Aliphatic nitriles: Alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes which contain nitrile(s) substituent, e.g., acrylonitrile (C3H3N)(EPA-88/12). Aliquot: A measured portion of a sample taken for analysis. One or more aliquots make up a sample. See duplicate sample (EPA97/12). Alkali flame ionization detector: See GCIAFID. Alkali metals: Chemical elements of group Ia in the periodical table, e.g., sodium and potassium. Alkali: (1) A water-soluble hydroxide that ionizes strongly (EPA87/10). Any compound with strong basic qualities. (2) A chemical "base" (loosely, the opposite of an acid). Certain types of alkalis (especially potassium hydroxide) have been used as fuel cell electrolytes. Alkali: Any compound having highly basic properties; i.e., one that readily ionizes in aqueous solution to yield OH anions, with a
pH above 7.0, and turns litmus paper blue. Examples are oxides and hydroxides of certain metals belonging to group IA of the periodic table (Li, Na, K., Rb, Cs, Fr). Ammonia and mines may also be alkaline. Alkalis are caustic and dissolve tissue. Treat alkali bums by quickly washing with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. Common commercial alkalis are sodium carbonate (soda ash), caustic soda, and caustic potash, lime, lye, waterglass, regular mortar, portland cement, and bicarbonate of soda (Navy/Env-04). Alkaline cleaning bath: A bath consisting of an alkaline cleaning solution through which a workpiece is processed (40CFR468.0291). Alkaline cleaning rinse for forged parts: A rinse following an alkaline cleaning bath through which a forged part is processed. A rinse consisting of a series of rinse tanks is considered as a single rinse (40CFR468.02-91). Alkaline cleaning rinse: A rinse following an alkaline cleaning bath through which a workpiece is processed. A rinse consisting of a series of rinse tanks is considered as a single rinse (40CFR468.02-9 1). Alkaline cleaning: Using a solution (bath), usually detergent, to remove lard, oil, and other such compounds from a metal surface. Alkaline cleaning is usually followed by a water rinse. The rinse may consist of single or multiple stage rinsing. For the purposes of this part, an alkaline cleaning operation is defined as a bath followed by a rinse, regardless of the number of rinse stages. Each alkaline cleaning bath and rinse combination is entitled to a discharge allowance (40CFR471.02-91). Alkaline earth metals: Metal elements in group IIA of the periodic table. The elements include barium, calcium, and strontium. Alkaline fuel cell (AFC): As the name implies, an AFC is characterized by an alkaline electrolyte. See fuel cell technology in Appendix C for more information. Alkaline mine drainage: The mine drainage which, before any treatment, has a pH equal to or greater than 6.0 and total iron concentration of less than 10 mg/L. See mine drainage for more related terms (40CFR434.11-91). Alkaline polyethylene glycol (APEG): This is the chemical class on which a new technology for waste detoxification is based. In this process, potassium hydroxide reacts with polyethylene glycol to form an alkoxide. The alkoxide in turn reacts with one or more of the chlorine atoms of the organic molecule of the contaminant to be destroyed, to produce an ether and alkali (potassium or sodium) metal chloride salt. This process may proceed to complete dechlorination, although replacement of a single chlorine is sufficient to make the reaction products water soluble. In some
APEG reagent formulations, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is added as a co-solvent to enhance reaction rate kinetics.
do not readily decompose biologically through bacterial actions (DOI-70104).
Alkaline: Has a pH greater than 7; pH modifier in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service wetland classification system; in common usage, a pH of water greater than 7.4 (CWANbasics-04).
Alkyl halide: A compound containing one of alkyl compounds and a halogen, e.g., ethylbromide.
Alkaline: Sometimes water or soils contain an amount of alkali (strongly basic) substances sufficient to raise the pH value above 7.0 and be harmful to the growth of crops (CWNWscience-04). Alkaline: The condition of water or soil which contains a sufficient amount of alkali substance to raise the pH above 7.0 (EPA-97/12). Alkalinity: (1) The measurable ability of solutions or aqueously suspended solids to neutralize an acid (SW-lO8ts). (2) The capacity of water to neutralize acids, a property imparted by the water's content of carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, and occasionally borates, silicates, and phosphates. Natural waters are generally neutral or slightly alkaline. The alkalinity of water may range from a few milligrams per liter to several hundred. Domestic sewage is usually slightly more alkaline than the water from which it is derived. Alkalinity is expressed in milligrams per liter of equivalent calcium carbonate (EPA-82/10). Alkalinity: The capacity of bases to neutralize acids. An example is lime added to lakes to decrease acidity (EPA-97/12). Alkaloids: Basic (alkaline) nitrogenous botanical products which produce a marked physiological action when administered to animals or humans (EPA-83/09). Alkane: (1) One of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having the empirical formula CnH2n+2. (2) A chemical compound consisting only of carbon and hydrogen in which the carbon atoms are joined to each other by single bonds (EPA-87107a). Alkene: One of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons containing one or more than one carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Alkyd resin binders: Cold set resins used in the formation of cores. This type of binders is a three component system using alkyd-isocyanate, cobalt naphthenate, and di-penyl methane diisocyanate. Cobalt naphthenate is the drier, and di-phenyl methane di-isocyanate is the catalyst. Exposure of these binders to hot metal temperatures can cause the breakdown of these binder materials, and the resulting degradation products might include naphthalenes, phenols, and cyanides (EPA-85/10a). Alkyd resin: A synthetic resin made from polyhydric alcohols and polybasic acids (EPA-79112b). Alkyd resin is a paint ingredient. See resin for more related terms. Alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS): A chemical surface-active agent used in synthetic detergents that causes foaming; its compounds
Alkyl: A monovalent radical CnH2n+l, which may be formed when an alkane losses a hydrogen, usually expressed by R Alkylation: A process wherein an alkyl group (-R) is added to a molecule (EPA-87/10). Alkylene: A radical formed from an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, e.g., ethylene radical (C2HJ. Alkyne: An organic compound containing a carbon-to-carbon triple bond. All electric melter: A glass melting furnace in which all the heat required for melting is provided by electric current from electrodes submerged in the molten glass, although some fossil fuel may be charged to the furnace as raw material only (40CFR60.291-91). All sliming: (1) Crushing all the ore in a mill to so fine a state that only a small percentage will fail to pass through a 200-mesh screen. (2) Term used for treatment of gold ore which is ground to a size sufficiently fine for agitation as a cyanide pulp, as opposed to division into coarse sands for static leaching and fine slimes for agitation (EPA-82/05). Allegation: A statement, made without formal proof or regard for evidence, that a chemical substances or mixture has caused significant adverse reaction to health or the environment (4OCFR717.3-91). Allergen: (1) A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction because of an individual's sensitivity to that substance (EPA88109b). (2) A substance that causes an allergic reaction in individuals sensitive to it (EPA-97/12). (3) See also definition under toxicant and effect. Allergic contact dermatitis: (40CFR798.4100-91).
See
skin
sensitization
Allethrin C19H2603: An insecticide; toxic symptoms similar to those of the pyrethrin. Alley collection: (1) The collection of solid waste from containers placed adjacent to or in an alley (40CFR243.101-91). (2) The picking up of solid waste from containers placed adjacent to an alley (SW-108ts). (3) See waste collection for more related terms. Allotment: An amount representing a state's share of funds requested in the President's budget or appropriated by Congress for an environmental program, as EPA determines after considering any factors indicated by this regulation. The allotment
is not an entitlement but rather the objective basis for determining the range for a state's planning target (40CFR35.105-91).
Allowable 1985 emissions rate: A federally enforceable emissions limitation for sulfur dioxide or oxides of nitrogen, applicable to the unit in 1985 or the limitation applicable in such other subsequent year as determined by the Administrator if such a limitation for 1985 does not exist. Where the emissions limitation for a unit is not expressed in pounds of emissions per million Btu, or the averaging period of that emissions limitation is not expressed on an annual basis, the Administrator shall calculate the annual equivalent of that emissions limitation in pounds per million Btu to establish the allowable 1985 emissions rate (CAA402-42U.S.C.765 1a). Allowable costs: Those project costs that are eligible, reasonable, necessary, and allocable to the project; permitted by the appropriate federal cost principles, and approved by EPA in the assistance agreement (40CFR30.200-91). Allowable emissions: The emission rate of a stationary source calculated using the maximum rated capacity of the source (unless the source is subject to federally enforceable limits which restrict the operating rate, or hours of operation, or both) and the most stringent of the following: (1)The applicable standards set forth in 40CFR Part 60 or 61; (2) Any applicable state implementation plan emissions limitation including those with a future compliance date; or (3) The emissions rate specified as a federally enforceable permit condition, including those with a future compliance date (4OCFR51.165-xi-91).
chromium; cobalt; columbium; copper; hydrogen; iron; lead; lithium; magnesium; manganese; molybdenum; nickel; nitrogen; oxygen; phosphorus; potassium; selenium; silicon; sulfur; tantalum; tin; titanium; tungsten; vanadium; zinc; and zirconium (EPA-10185a).
Alloy: A mixture having metallic properties, composed of two or more chemical elements at least one of which is an elemental metal (EPA-85110a). Alluvial aquifer: A water-bearing deposit of unconsolidated material (sand and gravel) left behind by a river or other flowing water (CWAIWbasics-04). Alluvial deposit (or placer deposit): earth, sand, gravel, or other rock or mineral materials transported by and laid down by flowing water. Alluvial deposits generally take the form of surface deposits; river deposits; deep leads; and shore deposits (EPA82/05). Alluvial valley floors: The unconsolidated stream laid deposits holding streams where water availability is sufficient for subirrigation or flood irrigation agricultural activities but does not include upland areas, which are generally overlain by a thin veneer of colluvial deposits composed chiefly of debris from sheet erosion, deposits by unconcentrated runoff or slope wash, together with talus, other mass movement accumulation, and windblown deposits (SMCRA701-30U.S.C. 1291-90). Alluvial: Relating to mud andlor sand deposited by flowing water (EPA-97/12).
Allowable pressure change: The allowable amount of decrease in pressure during the static pressure test, within the time period t, as specified in the appropriate regulation, in mm H20(40CFR60App/A(method 27)-91).
Alluvium: Deposits of clay, silt, sand, gravel, or other particulate rock material left by a river in a streambed, on a flood plain, delta, or at the base of a mountain (CWANquality-04).
Allowable vacuum change: The allowable amount of decrease in vacuum during the static vacuum test, within the time period t, as specified in the appropriate regulation, in mm H20(40CFR60App/A(method 27)-91).
Alluvium: Deposits of clay, silt, sand, gravel, or other particulate material that has been deposited by a stream or other body of running water in a streambed, on a flood plain, on a delta, or at the base of a mountain (CWAIWscience-04).
Allowance: An authorization, allocated to an affected unit by the Administrator under this title, to emit, during or after a specified calendar year, one ton of sulfur dioxide (CAA402, see also 40CFR35.2005-9 1).
Alluvium: General term for sediments of gravel, sand, silt, clay, or other particulate rock material deposited by flowing water, usually in the beds of rivers and streams, on a flood plain, on a delta, or at the base of a mountain (CWA~Wbasics-04).
Alloy steel: Steels with carbon content between 0.1% to 1.1% and containing elements such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. (The total of all such alloying elements in these type steels is usually less than 5%) (EPA-83106a).
Allyxycarb (C16H22NZ02): A yellow crystal used in insecticides for fruit orchards, vegetable, rice, and citrus.
Alloy(ing) element: An element added to a metal to affect changes in properties, and which remains within the metal. The following is a list of materials known to be used as alloying materials or additives in foundry metals: aluminum; beryllium; bismuth; boron; cadmium; calcium; carbon; cerium; chloride;
Alpha cellulose: The true cellulose content of a fibrous material (EPA-87/10). Alpha decay: A transformation process of radioactive materials in which an alpha particle is emitted by a nuclide.
Alpha emitter: An emitter of alpha particles, which are the heaviest and most highly ionizing types of radiation. Alpha particles can travel only a few centimeters in air at less than 1/10 the speed of light and can be stopped by a piece of paper or the skin's surface. They give up all their energy when colliding and are the most biologically damaging when inhaled or ingested (SDWNradionuclide-04). Alpha particle: A positively charged particle, consisting of two protons and two neutrons, that is emitted during radioactive decay from the nucleus of certain nuclides. It is the least penetrating of the three common types of radiation (alpha, beta, and gamma) (DOE-9 1/04). Alpha particle: A positively charged subatomic particle emitted during decay of certain radioactive elements. For example, an alpha particle is released when radon-222 decays to polonium-21 8. An alpha particle is indistinguishable from a helium atom nucleus and consists of two protons and two neutrons. See particle for more related terms (EPA-88108a). Alpha particle: The least penetrating type of radiation usually not harmful to life (AENmixedW-04). Alpha radiation: (1) A positively charged particle emitted by certain radioactive materials. Alpha particle is identical with the nucleus of helium atom. It is the least penetrating of the three common types of radiation (alpha, beta, and gamma) and usually not dangerous to plants, animals, or man (EPA-74/11). (2) The least penetrating type of radiation. An alpha radiation can be stopped by a sheet of paper or outer dead layer of skin (EPA88108a). (3) See radiation for more related terms. Alpha ray: A radioactive stream of alpha particle. Alpha TNT: A symmetrical isomer form, 2, 4, 6-TNT, which is the desired isomer for use in explosives manufacturing end products (EPA-76/03). Alphanaphthol test: A test for sucrose concentration in condensate and condenser water. The method is based on a color change which occurs in the reaction of alphanaphthol with sucrose (EPA-75102d). Alpine snow glade: A marshy clearing between slopes above the timberline in mountains (CWNWbasics-04). Altered discharge: Any discharge other than a current discharge or improved discharge, as defined in this regulation (40CFR125.58-91). Alternate method: Any method of sampling and analyzing for an air pollutant that is not a reference or equivalent method but that has been demonstrated in specific cases--to EPA's satisfaction--to produce results adequate for compliance monitoring (EPA-97/12).
Alternating current (AC) and direct current P C ) : AC and DC are forms of electricity. A fuel cell initially generates direct current. Using an inverter, the direct current is converted to alternating current for practical use. Electrical energy does not exist naturally in any convenient form and it must be converted &om other energy sources. Chemical energy is the most practical source. Fuel can be burned in a heat engine, such as an internal combustion engine, or a gas turbine, which then drives an electrical generator to produce electricity. This process is inherently inefficient and is constrained by the thermodynamic limits of combustion or limitations of the Camot cycle. Unconstrained by the Camot cycle limit, fuel cells can use 40% less fuel than a contemporary power-generation system. Another contributing factor that influences fuel cell efficiency is that, unlike a conventional power plant, the fuel cell has no moving parts and does not require the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft, or lubrication. Alternating current (AC): An electrical current that alternates its directions at a constant frequency (cf. direct current). Alternating double filtration (ADF): Two biological filters are placed in series and are used as the primary filter and the secondary filter alternatively. This arrangement can increase the organic loading and avoid pounding. When the primary filter shows signs of pounding, or after a set time (e.g., one week), the two filters are reversed, with the second filter operating before the first one. See filtration for more related terms (Scott-81). Alternative compliance: A policy that allows facilities to choose among methods for achieving emission reduction or risk reduction instead of command and control regulations that specify standards and how to meet them. Use of a theoretical emissions bubble over a facility to cap the amount of pollution emitted while allowing the company to choose where and how (within the facility) it complies. See bubble, emissions trading (EPA-97/12). Alternative concentration limits: For purposes of TSDF (treatment, storage, and disposal facility) groundwater monitoring, hazardous constituent limits established by the EPA Regional Administrator that are allowed to be present in groundwater (RCRA/hazardous-04). Alternative courses of action: All alternatives and thus is not limited to original project objectives and agency jurisdiction (ESA3-16U.S.C. 1531-90). Alternative dispute resolution (ADR): A technique in which a neutral party helps organize negotiations, facilitates deliberations, andlor provides negotiating parties with an impartial opinion (SFIreform-04). Alternative effluent limitations: All eMuent limitations or standards of performance for the control of the thermal component of any discharge which are established under section 316(a) and this subpart (40CFR125.71-91).
Alternative fuel vehicle (AFV): As the name implies, an AFV includes electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs), fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), and natural gas powered vehicles (NGVs).
effluent and sludge; aquifer recharge; aquaculture; direct reuse (non-potable); horticulture; revegetation of disturbed land; containment ponds; sludge composting and drying prior to land application; self-sustaining incineration; and methane recovery (40CFR35.2005-91).
Alternative fuel: A substitute for traditional liquid, oil-derived, motor vehicle fuels like gasoline and diesel. It includes methanol, ethanol, compressed natural gas, and others (EPA-97/12).
Alternative water supply: Includes, but is not limited to, drinking water and household water supplies (SF10142U.S.C.9601-91, see also 40CFR300.5-91).
Alternative fuel: Fuels that can replace ordinary gasoline. Alternative fuels may have particularly desirable energy efficiency and pollution reduction features. Alternative fuels include compressed natural gas, alcohols, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and electricity. The 1990 Clean Air Act encourages development and sale of alternative fuels (CAAIair-04).
Alternative: A potentially applicable remedial treatment technology or treatment train. Alternatives are developed and screened during scoping of the RIFS (remedial investigationlfeasibility study) and throughout the RIRS process. Alternatives are investigated by performing treatability studies and selected as remedies after a detailed analysis of each alternative is conducted (EPA-89112a).
Alternative method of compliance: A method of compliance in accordance with one or more of the following authorities: (A) A substitution plan submitted and approved in accordance with subsections 404 (b) and (c); (B) A Phase I extension plan approved by the Administrator under section 404(d), using qualifying Phase I technology as determined by the Administrator in accordance with that section; or (C) Repowering with a qualifying clean coal technology under section 409 (CAA40242U.S.C.7651 a-91). Alternative method: Any method of sampling and analyzing for an air pollutant which is not a reference or equivalent method, but which has been demonstrated to the Administrator's satisfaction to, in specific cases, produce results adequate for his determination of compliance. See method for more related terms (40CFR60.2-91, see also 40CFR61.02-91). Alternative remedial contract strategy contractors: Government contractors who provide project management and technical services to support remedial response activities at National Priorities List sites (EPA-97/12).
Altitude performance adjustments: The adjustments or modifications made to vehicle, engine, or emission control functions in order to improve emission control performance at altitudes other than those for which the vehicles were designed (40CFR86.1602-91). Alum sludge: A wastewater sludge formed when alum is used as coagulant. See sludge for more related terms. Alum: A settling agent (coagulant). It is a chemical substance (usually potassium aluminum sulfate or ammonium aluminum sulfate), gelatinous when wet, used in water treatment plants for settling out small particles of foreign matter (cf. aluminum sulfate) (EPA-87/10; DOI-70104). Alumina diaspore fireclay brick: A brick consisting mainly of diaspore or nodule clay and having an alumina content of 50, 60 or 70% (plus or minus 2.5%). See brick for more related terms (SW-1 oats). Alumina fiber: A refractory made of alumina AI2O3.
Alternative remedial contract system (ARCS): A strategy in which responsibility for remedial contract management is relegated to the EPA regions. An ARCS contract is a form of costreimbursable contract called a "cost-plus-award-fee contract," under which EPA reimburses the contractor for all allowable costs incurred (SFIEnv-04). Alternative technology: An approach that aims to use resources efficiently or to substitute resources in order to do minimum damage to the environment. This approach permits a large degree of personal user control over the technology (EPA-94/04). Alternative technology: The proven wastewater treatment processes and techniques which provide for the reclaiming and reuse of water, productively recycle wastewater constituents or otherwise eliminate the discharge of pollutants, or recover energy. Specifically, alternative technology includes land application of
Alumina: (1) Any forms of aluminum oxide, AI2o3, occurring naturally as corundum, in a hydrated form in bauxite, and with various impurities as ruby, sapphire, and emery (EPA-74103b). (2) Common name for aluminum oxide (A1203); a necessary ingredient in the manufacture of cement (ETI-92). Aluminizing: Forming an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a metal by hot dipping, hot spraying or diffusion (EPA-83106a). Aluminothermic process: The reduction of oxides in an exothermic reaction with finely divided aluminum (EPA-82/05). Aluminum (Al): A light ductile metal that is easy to weld. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity. When it is exposed to air, it creates a protective film resistant to corrosion. It is used in alloys with copper, zinc, manganese, and magnesium. It is a very
versatile metal and so has a wide variety of uses: packaging materials, utensils, auto-bodies, airplanes, building materials, electrical conductors, explosives, fireworks, abrasives, cosmetics, paints, and even food additives. It is a natural component in soil, water, and air. Inhalation of the fine powder can lead to pulmonary fibrosis (NavyIEnv-04).
Aluminum (Al): A metallic element with atomic number 13; atomic weight 26.98; density 2.70 glcc; melting point 660 C and boiling point 2450 C. The element belongs to group IIIA of the periodic table. Major aluminum compounds include aluminum sulfate [A12(S0&-18H20]: A colorless salt used in papermaking, water purification, also know as alum. Aluminum basis material: The aluminum, aluminum alloys, and aluminum coated steels which are processed in coil coating (40CFR465.02-9 1). Aluminum bronze: Copper aluminum alloys, 4 to 11% aluminum. High tensile strength, cast or cold worked, resists corrosion (EPA83). Aluminum casting: The remelting of aluminum or an aluminum alloy to form a cast intermediate or final product by pouring or forcing the molten metal into a mold, except for ingots, pigs, or other cast shapes related to nonferrous (primary and secondary) metals manufacturing (40CFR421) and aluminum forming (40CFR467). Processing operations following the cooling of castings not covered under aluminum forming, except for grinding scrubber operations, which are covered here, are covered under the electroplating and metal finishing point source categories (40CFR413 and 433) (40CFR464.02-91). Aluminum equivalent: An amount of aluminum which can be produced from a Mg of anodes produced by an anode bake plant as determined by 40CFR60.195(g) (40CFR60.191-91). Aluminum foil: An aluminum sheet with thickness not exceeding 0.005 inch (EPA-83/03). Aluminum forming: A set of manufacturing operations in which aluminum and aluminum alloys are made into semifinished products by hot or cold working (40CFR467.02-91). Aluminum scrap: See municipal aluminum scrap, Aluminum turnings: Oily aluminum chips produced by machining operations (EPA-83). Alunite: A basic potassium aluminum sulfate, closely resembles kaolinite and occurs in similar locations (EPA-82/05). Amalgamation: The dissolving or blending of a metal (commonly gold and silver) in mercury to separate it from its parent material (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Amalgamation: The process by which mercury is alloyed with some other metal to produce amalgam. It was used extensively at one time for the extraction of gold and silver from pulverized ores, now is largely superseded by the cyanide process (EPA-82/05). Ambient air (or open air): (1) The portion of the atmosphere, external to buildings, to which the general public has access (40CFR50.1-91). (2) Any unconfined portion of the atmosphere (EPA-84/09). (3) The surrounding atmosphere, usually the outside air, as it exists around people, plants, and structures. (It is not the air in immediate proximity to emission sources.) (DOE-4/91) (4) Any unconfined portion of the atmosphere: open air, surrounding air (EPA-97/12). (5) See air for more related terms. Ambient air quality criteria: The quantitative relationship between a pollutant dose, concentration, deposition rate or any other quality-related factors, and the related direct and/or indirect effects on receptors, e.g., humans, animals, plants, or materials. The criteria serve as the scientific basis for formulating ambient air quality standards or objectives (NATO-78110). Ambient air quality standards: (1) Those standards designed to protect the public health and welfare codified in 40CFR50 and promulgated from time to time by the U.S. EPA pursuant to authority contained in Section 108 of the Clean Air Act, 42U.S.C.7401 et seq., as amended from time to time (40CFR52.741-91). (2) See criteria pollutants and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (EPA-97/12). Ambient air quality: Refers only to concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the ambient air, unless otherwise specified (40CFR57.103-9 1). Ambient aquatic life advisory concentrations (AALACS): EPA's advisory concentration limit for acute or chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms as established under section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Water Act, as amended (40CFR300-App/A-91). Ambient concentration: The appropriately timeaveraged concentration of a substance at a location to which the general public has access (EPA-8 1/09). Ambient measurement: A measurement of the concentration of a substance or pollutant within the immediate environs of an organism; taken to relate it to the amount of possible exposure (EPA-97/12). Ambient medium: Material surrounding or contacting an organism (e.g., outdoor air, indoor air, water, or soil, through which chemicals or pollutants can reach the organism. See biological medium, environmental medium (EPA-97/12). Ambient noiselsound: Noise level in a space from all sources such as HVAC or extraneous sounds from outside the space. Masking sound or low-level background music can contribute to ambient level of sound or noise (NCAIsound-04).
Ambient standards: Ambient air standards. Ambient temperature range: The range of ambient temperature over which the instrument will meet stated performance specifications (LBL-76107-bio).
Ambient: Usual or natural surrounding conditions, e.g., ambient tempaature--the natural, uninfluenced temperature of the surroundings (NavyEnv-04).
Ambient temperature: The temperature of the surrounding air or other medium (EPA-97/12).
Amendment review: Review of any application requiring Agency approval to amend the registration of a currently registered product, or for which an application is pending Agency decision, not entailing a major change to the use pattern of an active ingredient (40CFR152.403-91).
Ambient toxicity: (1) The toxicity manifested by a sample collected from an aquatic receiving system (EPA-85/09). (2) Measured by a toxicity test on a sample collected from a water body (EPA-91/03).
Americium (Am): A radioactive metal with atomic number 95; atomic weight 243; density 11.7 glcc; melting point 994 C and boiling point 2607 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table.
Ambient water criterion for aldrinldieldrin in navigable waters: 0.003 pg/L (40CFRl29.100-3-91).
Ames test (or Bruce Ames test): A bacteria bioassay used to determine the mutagenicity and potential carcinogenicity caused by a chemical or physical agent.
Ambient water criterion for benzidine in navigable waters: 0.1 p a (40CFR129.104-3-91). Ambient water criterion for DDT in navigable waters: 0.001 pg/L (40CFR129.101-3-91). Ambient water criterion for endrin in navigable waters: 0.004 pg/L (40CFR129.102-3-91). Ambient water criterion for PCBs in navigable waters: 0.001 pg/L (40CFR129.105-4-91). Ambient water criterion for toxaphene in navigable waters: 0.005 pg/L (40CFR129.103-3-91). Ambient water criterion: That concentration of a toxic pollutant in a navigable water that, based upon available data, will not result in adverse impact on important aquatic life, or on consumers of such aquatic life, after exposure of that aquatic life for periods of time exceeding 96 hours and continuing at least through one reproductive cycle; and will not result in a significant risk of adverse health effects in a large human population based on available information such as mammalian laboratory toxicity data, epidemiological studies of human occupational exposures, or human exposure data, or any other relevant data (40CFR129.2-91). Ambient water quality criteria (AWQC): EPA's maximum acute or chronic toxicity concentrations for protection of aquatic life and its uses as established under section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Water Act, as amended (40CFR300-AppIA-91). Ambient water quality: The existing stream or impoundment water quality (EPA-80108). Ambient: Any unconfined portion of the atmosphere; open air; outside surrounding air (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Amido: Indicating the presence of radicals NH2 and CO simultaneously in one compound. Amine: A class of organic compounds of nitrogen that may be considered as derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic radicals, such as CH3 or CsH5, as in methylamine and aniline. The former is a gas at ordinary temperature and pressure, but other amines are liquids or solids. All amines are basic in nature and usually combine readily with hydrochloric or other strong acids to form salts (EPA-83106a). Other amine-related terms include Primary amine; Secondary amine; and Tertiary amine. Amino- (or amin-): A compound with a property of NH2 being attached to a radical. Amino acid: Organic compounds containing one or more than one basic amino groups and one or more than one acidic carboxyl groups. It is an important component of proteins. Ammine: A complex compound formed by coordination of ammonia molecules with metal ions. Ammonia (NH3): A colorless gaseous alkaline compound with pungent odor. It is lighter than air, and is very soluble in water. Ammonia liquor: Ammonia liquor is primarily water condensed from the coke oven gas, an aqueous solution of ammonium salts of which there are two kinds: free and fixed. The free salts are those which are decomposed on boiling to liberate ammonia. The fixed salts are those which require boiling with an alkali such as lime to liberate the ammonia. See liquor for more related terms (EPA74106a). Ammonia nitrogen: (1) All nitrogen in wastewaters existing as the ammonium ion (EPA-74101a). (2) A gas released by the microbiological decay of plant and animal proteins. When
ammonia nitrogen is found in waters, it is indicative of incomplete treatment (EPA-87110a).
Ammonium: (NH4)+Radical.
Ammonia still waste: The treated effluents from an ammonia still (EPA-74106a).
Ammonolysis: The formation of an amino compound using aqueous ammonia (EPA-8711Oa).
Ammonia still: A steam stripping operation where ammonia gas is removed from ammonia liquor. The fixed still is similar except lime is added to the liquor to force the combined ammonia out of its compounds so it can be steam stripped (EPA-74106a).
Ammoxidation: The introduction of a cyanide group into an organic compound via interaction with ammonia and oxygen to form nitriles (EPA-87110a). Amoeba: A microscopic, one-celled animal.
Ammonia stripping: A modification of the aeration process for removing gases in water. Ammonium ions in wastewater exist in equilibrium with ammonia and hydrogen ions. As pH increases, the equilibrium shifts to the right and above pH 9 ammonia may be liberated as a gas by agitating the wastewater in the presence of air. This is usually done in a packed tower with an air blower (cf. stripping) (EPA-8711Oa).
Amorphous: Without apparent crystalline form (cf. crystalline) (EPA-75/01a). Amortization: The allocation of a cost over a specified period of time by the use of regular payments. The size of the payments is based on the principal, the interest charged, and the length of time over which the cost is allocated (EPA-85110a).
Ammonia water @&OH): A water solution of ammonia. Ammonia: A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH,) that is a common by-product of animal waste. Ammonia readily converts to nitrate in soils and streams (CWNWquality-04). Ammonia: A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3) that is a common by-product of animal waste. Ammonia readily converts to nitrate in soils and streams (CWAMrbasics-04). Ammonia-N (or ammonia-nitrogen): The value obtained by manual distillation (at pH 9.5) followed by the Nesslerization method specified in 40CFR136.3 (40CFR420.02-91). Ammonification: The process in which ammonium is liberated from organic compounds by microorganisms (EPA-87110a). Ammonium molybdate ((NH&Mo04): A white, crystalline salt which can be used as an analytical reagent and pigment. Ammonium sulfate dryer: A unit or vessel into which ammonium sulfate is charged for the purpose of reducing the moisture content of the product using a heated gas stream. The unit includes foundations, superstructure, material charger systems, exhaust systems, and integral control systems and instrumentation (40CFR60.421-91).
Amount of pesticide or active ingredient: The weight or volume of the pesticide or active ingredient used in producing a pesticide expressed as weight for solid or semi-solid products and as weight or volume of liquid products (40CFR169.1-91). Amount of pesticide product: The quantity, expressed in weight or volume of the product, and is to be reported in pounds for solid or semi-solid pesticides and active ingredients or gallons for liquid pesticides and active ingredients, or number of individual retail units for devices (40CFR167.3-91). Ampere hours: Product of amperes of electricity being used and time of that use (EPA-74103d). Ampere: Unit of electricity, amount of which is the current that will deposit silver at the rate of 0.001 1180 gram per second (EPA74103d). Amperometric titration: (1) A titration by measuring electric current or current change during titration. (2) A way of measuring concentrations of certain substances in water using an electric current that flows during a chemical reaction (EPA-97/12). (3) See titration for more related terms. Ampholytic detergent: A detergent that becomes cationic in acidic solutions and anionic in basic solutions.
Ammonium sulfate feed material streams: The sulfuric acid feed stream to the reactorlcrystallizer for synthetic and coke oven by-product ammonium sulfate manufacturing plants; and means the total or combined feed streams (the oximation ammonium sulfate stream and the rearrangement reaction ammonium sulfate stream) to the crystallizer stage, prior to any recycle streams (40CFR60.421-91).
Amplitude: The voltage excursion recorded during the process of recording the compound nerve action potential. It is an indirect measure of the number of axons firing (40CFR798.6850-91).
Ammonium sulfate manufacturing plant: Any plant which produces ammonium sulfate (40CFR60.42 1-91).
Ampoule: A glass container designed to be sealed by fusion of the glass neck (EPA-83).
Amphoteric (or amphiprotic): Showing both acidic and basic characteristics.
Ampule: A sealed glass or plastic bulb containing solutions for hypodermic injection (EPA-83/09).
organic components by microbial components in the absence of oxygen (cf. aerobic digestion) (EPA-83). Anaerobic fermentation: See anaerobic sludge digestion.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A disease characterized by a hardening of the lateral columns of the spinal cord with muscular atrophy (LBL-76107-bio). Anabolism: The process whereby energy is used to build organic compounds, such as enzymes and nucleic acids, that are necessary for life functions (NavyIEnv-04). Anabranch: A diverging branch of a river which reenters the mainstream (CWAhydrology-04). Anadromous fish: Migratory species that are born in freshwater, live mostly in estuaries and ocean water, and return to freshwater to spawn (CWNWbasics-04). Anadromous: Fish that spend their adult life in the sea but swim up river to fresh-water spawning grounds to reproduce (EPA89/12). Anaerobe (or obligate anaerobe): Organisms or bacteria which can only live in the environment without the presence of oxygen (cf. aerobe or facultative anaerobe) (EPA-89112a). Anaerobes: Organisms that live and are active only in the absence of oxygen (CAA/C02gasl-04). Anaerobic bacteria: Bacteria that grow only in the absence of free elemental oxygen (LBL-76107-water). Anaerobic bacteria: Microorganisms living, active, or occumng only in the absence of oxygen (CAA/COzgasl-04). Anaerobic decomposition: A type of decomposition that does not use oxygen. Anaerobic decomposition creates odor problems; aerobic decomposition does not (RCRAImanagement-04). Anaerobic decomposition: Reduction of the net energy level and change in chemical composition of organic matter caused by microorganisms in an oxygen free environment (EPA-97/12). Anaerobic decomposition: The breakdown of molecules into simpler molecules or atoms by microorganisms that can survive in the partial or complete absence of oxygen (CAA/C02gas-04). Anaerobic digestion process (or anaerobic contact process): (1) A sequential, biological treatment process in which hydrocarbons are converted, in the absence of free oxygen, from complex to simple molecules and ultimately to carbon dioxide and methane. The process involves two stage digestion: the primary digester serves mainly to reduce volatile suspended solids (VSS), while the secondary digester is mainly for solids-liquid separation, sludge thickening, and storage (EPA-87110a). (2) The breakdown of
Anaerobic lagoon: A liquid-based manure management system, characterized by waste residing in water to a depth of at least six feet for a period ranging between 30 and 200 days (CAA/C02gas1-04). Anaerobic lagoon: A waste stabilization pond which is devoid of dissolved oxygen and has few algae. The pond is used to treat high organic load, e.g., 100 g of Biochemical Oxygen Demand as measured in the standard five-day test (BOD5) per m3 of pond per day. Some 50% of the BOD is removed in 24 hours. See lagoon for more related terms (Scott-81). Anaerobic organism: An organism that thrives in the absence of oxygen (LBL-76107-water). Anaerobic respiration: A type of respiration among some bacteria in which an inorganic oxidant (NO3, SO4) other than oxygen is used (EPA-83). Anaerobic sludge digestion (or anaerobic fermentation): Anaerobic decomposition of sewage sludge (Scott-81). Anaerobic stabilization: Decomposition of waste by an anaerobic microbe population in the continuous absence of oxygen (LBL-76107-water). Anaerobic: (1) Able to live and grow in the absence of free oxygen (SW-108ts). (2) A biological process in which chemically combined oxygen is used for microorganism respiration needs. It is related to biological degradation of waste matter in the absence of dissolved oxygen (EPA-82/11). (3) Anaerobic conditions in bodies of water are often responsible for major fish kills. An anaerobic process is one of wastewater treatment technologies (EPA-74/11). Anaerobic: A life or process that occurs in, or is not destroyed by, the absence of oxygen (EPA-97/12). Anaerobic: Pertaining to, taking place in, or caused by the absence of oxygen (CWNWbasics-04). Anaerobic: Requiring the absence of oxygen (compare with aerobic) (SFkealth-04). Analysis matrix spike: A sample created by spiking target analytes into a prepared portion of a sample just prior to analysis. It only provides information on matrix effects encountered during analysis, i.e., suppression or enhancement of instrument signal levels. (See spike for more related t m s (EPA-84/03).
Analysis sample: Final subsample prepared from the air dried laboratory sample but reduced by passing through a mill with a 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) size or smaller final screen. (See analytical parameters--laboratoryfor more related terms (EPA-83). Analysis using exposure or medical records: Any compilation of data or any statistical study based at least in part on information collected from individual employee exposure or medical records of information collected from health insurance claims records, provided that either the analysis has been reported to the employer or no further work is currently being done by the person responsible for preparing the analysis (29CFR1910.20-91). Analysis: The ascertainment of the identity andlor concentration, or both, of the constituents or components of a sample (EPA-83). Other analysis-related terms include Cause analysis; Chemical analysis; Dimensional analysis; Directed analysis; Gravimetric analysis; Elemental analysis. See ultimate analysis; Molar analysis; Proximate analysis; Sensitivity analysis; Survey analysis; Ultimate analysis; and Volumetric analysis. Analyte: A chemical substance whose presence andlor concentration in a sample is determined.
Analytical methods for stack gases in RCRA trial burns: Sampling and analytical methods for stack gases in RCRA trial bums (EPA-89/06, p13 & 22). Analytical parameters for fuels: Key parameters of analyzing fuels include As-determined basis; As-received basis; Ash; Ash fluid temperature; Ash hemispherical temperature; Ash initial deformation temperature; Ash softening temperature; Decimal percent; Dry basis; Dry ash free basis; Higher heating value (HHV); Proximate analysis; Ultimate analysis of fuels; and Volatile matter. Analytical parameters for laboratory work: Key parameters include Air dry loss; Air drying; Analysis sample; Bias; Gross sample; Laboratory sample; Precision; Representative sample; Residual moisture; Residual moisture; Sample division; Sample preparation; Sample reduction; Significant loss; Size consistence; and Total moisture. Analytical quantification level: The minimum concentration at which quantification of a specified pollutant can be reliably measured (EPA-83103a).
Analyte: A substance measured in the laboratory. A chemical for which a sample (such as water, air, or blood) is tested in a laboratory. For example, if the analyte is mercury, the laboratory test will determine the amount of mercury in the sample (SFkealth-04).
Analytical sensitivity: The airborne asbestos concentration represented by each fiber counted under the electron microscope. It is determined by the air volume collected and the proportion of the filter examined. This method requires that the analytical sensitivity be no greater than 0.005 structureslcm3 (40CFR763ApplA-9 1).
Analyte: An analyte is the element, compound, or species that is detected and determined through analysis. Analytical methods require calibration for quantitation of specific analytes (SA-04).
Analytical study epidemiology: The study tests a specific hypothesis regarding the etiology of the disease in question. See epidemiology for more related terms (Course 165.6).
Analyte: The chemical for which a sample is analyzed (NavyIEnv-04).
Analyzer (or monitor): A system that senses the concentration of a substance and generates an output proportional to the concentration of the substance. Typical analyzers or monitors include the following groups (See each group for more information): (1) Aerosol monitor. (2) Air analyzer. (3) Continuous emission monitor (CEM). (4) Metal analyzer
Analytic epidemiologic study: A study that evaluates the association between exposure to hazardous substances and disease by testing scientific hypotheses (SFkealth-04). Analytical batch: The basic unit for analytical quality control. It is defined as the samples that are analyzed together with the same method sequence and the same lots of reagents, and with the manipulations common to each sample within the same time period or in continuous sequential time periods. Samples in each batch are of similar composition. Analytical chemistry: A science dealing with various techniques to produce information about a chemical system. Analytical method: Defines the sample preparation and instrumentation procedures or steps that must be performed to estimate the quantity of analyte in a sample (Navy/Env-04).
Analyzer calibration error: The difference between the gas concentration exhibited by the gas analyzer and the known concentration of the calibration gas when the calibration gas is introduced directly to the analyzer (40CFR60-App/A(method 6C & 7E)-91). Anchor ice: Ice in the bed of a stream or upon a submerged body or structure (CWA/hydrology-04). Ancillary equipment: Any device including, but not limited to, such devices as piping, fittings, flanges, valves, and pumps, that is used to distribute, meter, or control the flow of hazardous waste from its point of generation to a storage or treatment tank(s) between hazardous waste storage and treatment tanks to a point of
disposal on site, or to a point of shipment for disposal off site (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR280.12-91).
Anderson sampler: An aerosol sampling device consisting of a series of stacked stages and collection surfaces. It determines the particle size distribution of a gas sample containing particulates. See particle size measurement device for more related terms (EPA-84/09).
Anhydride: (1) A product compound after a reactant reacts with H2S04. (2) A product compound water; e.g., SO3 + H20 formed after removal of its water component (cf. hydrate).
+
Anhydrous product: The theoretical product that would result if all water were removed from the actual product (40CFR417.1191). Anhydrous: Containing no water (EPA-83106a).
Anecdotal data: Data based on descriptions of individual cases rather than on controlled studies (EPA-92/12). Anemometer: (1) An instrument for measuring wind velocity (29CFR1910.66-91). (2) The most common type is the cup anemometer and the propeller anemometer (NATO-78110). (3) A gas velocity measuring meter, including the following types: Heated thermocouple anemometer; Hot film anemometer; Hot wire anemometer; and Vane anemometer. See flow velocity meter for more related terms. Angle of dip: The angle at which strata or mineral deposits are inclined to the horizontal plane (CWNmining-04). Angle of draw: In coal mine subsidence, this angle is assumed to bisect the angle between the vertical and the angle of repose of the material and is 20" for flat seams. For dipping seams, the angle of break increases, being 35.8" from the vertical for a 40" dip. The main break occurs over the seam at an angle from the vertical equal to half the dip (CWNmining-04). Angle of projection: The angle that contains all of the radiation projected from the lamp assembly of the analyzer at a level of greater than 2.5% of the peak illuminance (40CFR60-AppB-91). Angle of repose: (1) The maximum acute angle that the inclined surface of a pile of loosely divided material can make with the horizontal (SW-108ts). (2) The angle at which matter will lie or stack in a stationary configuration (EPA-8 1/09). Angle of repose: The maximum angle from horizontal at which a given material will rest on a given surface without sliding or rolling (CWNmining-04). Angle of view: The angle that contains all of the radiation detected by the photodetector assembly of the analyzer at a level greater than 2.5% of the peak detector response (40CFR60-AppB91).
Aniline (C6H7N): A brown color liquid used in perfumes, varnishes and shoe blacks. Animal bedding: Materials, usually organic, that are placed on the floor of livestock quarters for animal comfort and to absorb excreta (SW-108ts). Animal bioassay: See bioassy. Animal dander: Tiny scales of animal skin, a common indoor air pollutant (EPA-97/12). Animal feed: Any crop grown for consumption by animals, such as pasture crops, forage, and grain (40CFR257.3.5-91, see also 40CFRl22.23-91). Animal feeding operation (AFO): Lot or facility (other than an aquatic animal production facility) where the following conditions are met: (1) Animals (other than aquatic animals) have been, are, or will be stabled or confined and fed or maintained for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period, and (2) Crops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility (40CFR122.23(b)(l)) (CWNwastewater-04). Animal hair fiber: The fibers obtained from animals for the purposes of weaving, knitting, or felting into fabric. They include goat hair, camel hair, cashmere, fur, etc. (EPA-82/09). Animal size: The gelatinous size from animal hides used in papermaking (EPA-83). Animal studies: Investigations using animals as surrogates for humans with the expectation that the results are pertinent to humans (EPA-97/12).
Anglesite: A mineral occurring in crystalline form or as a compact mass (EPA-83103a).
Animal: Appropriately sensitive animals which carry out respiration by means of a lung structure permitting gaseous exchange between air and the circulatory system (40CFR116.3-91, see also FIFRA2-7USA136-91).
Angstrom: A unit of length equal to 116438.4696 of wavelength of red line of Cd. For practical purposes, it is considered equal to lo-' cm (LBL76107-bio).
Anion exchange capacity: A quantitative measure of surface charge of an anion reported in equivalents of exchangeable ions per unit weight of the solid (Navy/Env-04).
Anion exchange process: A reversible exchange of negative ions between functional groups of the ion exchange medium and the solution in which the solid is immersed. Used as a wastewater treatment process for removal of anions, e.g., carbonate (EPA82/10).
Annual aggregate: For purposes of UST financial responsibility, the total amount of UST financial responsibility coverage required to cover all leaks that might occur in one year (RCRAlhazardous04).
Anion: An anion is also known as an ion. In an electrochemical Annual average: The maximum allowable discharge of BOD5 or reaction, the loss of an electron results in a positive ion (cation or TSS as calculated by multiplying the total mass (kg or 1000 Ib) of positive charge) and is called oxidation, the gain of an electron each raw commodity processed for the entire processing season or results in a negative ion (anion or negative charge). Thus, an anion calendar year by the applicable annual average limitation (cf. h i t is a negatively charged ion such as e- and (OH)-. In fuel cells, for products production or vegetable products production) example, anions of (OH)- in alkaline fuel cells, anions of ( ~ 0 ~ ) ~(40CFR407.61-91, see also 40CFR407.71; 407.8 1-91). in molten carbonate fuel cells, and anions of (012-in solid oxide fuel cells migrate through the electrolyte toward the anode from Annual capacity factor: The ratio between the actual heat input the cathode (cf. ion definition). to a steam generating unit from an individual fuel or combination of fuels during a period of 12 consecutive calendar months and the Anionic polymer: An organic compound characterized by a large potential heat input to the steam generating unit from all fuels had molecular weight and a net negative charge, formed by the union the steam generating unit been operated for 8760 hours during that of two or more polymeric compounds. Certain polymers act as 12-month period at the maximum design heat input capacity. In coagulants or coagulant aids. Added to wastewater, they enhance the case of steam generating units that are rented or leased, the settlement of small suspended particles. The large molecules actual heat input shall be determined based on the combined heat attract the suspended matter to form a large floc (EPA-75/10). input from all operations of the affected facility during a period of 12 consecutive calendar months (40CFR60.41c-91). Anionic surfactant: An ionic type of surface-active substance that has been widely used in cleaning products. The hydrophilic Annual coke production: The coke produced in the batteries group of these surfactants carries a negative charge in washing connected to the coke by-product recovery plant over a 12-month solution (EPA-8211 If). period. The first 12-month period concludes on the first December 31 that comes at least 12 months after the effective date or after Anisotropic 1 anisotropy: Having different properties in different the date of initial startup if initial startup is after the effective date directions. See isotropic (NavyEnv-04). (40CFR61.131-91). Anisotropy: In hydrology, the conditions under which one or more hydraulic properties of an aquifer vary from a reference point (EPA-97/12).
Annual document log: The detailed information maintained at the facility on the PCB waste handling at the facility (40CFR761.3-91).
Anneal: To treat metal, alloy, plastics, or glass by a process of heating and slow cooling in order to remove internal stresses and to make the material less brittle (EPA-83/03).
Annual flood series: A list of annual floods (CWAhydrology-04).
Annealing point: The temperature corresponding to a rate of elongation of 0.0136 cmlmin when measured by the method of test for annealing point and strain point of glass (ASTM C 336) (EPA-83). Annealing range: The range of glass temperature in which stresses in glass particles can be relieved at a commercially desirable rate. For purposes of comparing glasses, the annealing range is assumed to correspond with the temperatures between the annealing point and the strain point (EPA-83). Annealing with oil: The use of oil to quench a workpiece as it passes from an annealing furnace (40CFR468.02-91). Annealing with water: The use of a water spray or bath, of which water is the major constituent, to quench a workpiece as it passes from an annealing furnace (40CFR468.02-91).
Annual flood: The highest peak discharge in a water year (CWAhydrology-04). Annual flood: The maximum daily flow during 12 consecutive months, that is, the highest daily flood peak for a year of record. See flood for more related terms (DOI-70104). Annual maximum electric demand: The greatest of all demands of the load under consideration which occurred during a prescribed demand interval in a calendar year. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83). Annual precipitation and annual evaporation: The mean annual precipitation and mean annual lake evaporation, respectively, as established by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Administration, Environmental Data Services, or equivalent regional rainfall and evaporation data (40CFR440.132.-91).
Annual report: The written document submitted each year by each disposer and commercial storer of PCB waste to the appropriate EPA Regional Administrator. The annual report is a brief summary of the information included in the annual document log (40CFR761.3-91). Annual research period: The time period from August 1 of a previous calendar year to July 31 of the given calendar year, e.g., the 1981 annual research period would be the time period from August 1, '80 to July 31, '81 (40CFR85.402-91). Annual system maximum electric demand: The greatest demand on an electric system during a prescribed demand interval in a calendar year. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83). Annual work plan: The plan, developed by the Management Conference each year, which documents projects to be undertaken during the upcoming year. The Annual Work Plan is developed within budgetary targets provided by EPA (40CFR35.9010-91).
Anodic polarization: The change in anode potential due to current flow. Anodic stripping voltammetry: An electrochemical method of analysis (LBL76107bio). Anodizing: Producing a protective oxide film (a hard and transparent oxide up to several mils in thickness) on aluminum or other light metals by passing a high voltage electric current through a bath in which the metal is suspended (EPA-83106a). Anolyte: (1) In a two-solution electrolytic cell, the plating solution at the anode that (ions) is relatively exhausted and being replaced by the incoming cell feed. It is usually acidic (cf. catholyte) (EPA-75102a). (2) The electrolytic phase in contact with the anode of a fuel cell. Anomalies: As related to fish, externally visible skin or subcutaneous disorders, including deformities, eroded fins, lesions, and tumors (CWANbasics-04).
Annual: The corporate fiscal year (40CFR704.3-91). Anorexia: Loss of appetite (LBL-76107-bio). Annular space, annulus: The space between two concentric tubes or casings, or between the casing and the borehole wall (EPA-97/12). Anode (plate or positive electrode): (1) The collector of electrons in an electron tube (EPA-83/03). (2) The positive pole of a conducting terminal or an electrode in an electrochemical process that takes electrons from the anions in solution and is connected to the positive terminal of the direct current source (cf. cathode) (EPA-74103d; 83106a). (3) A positive or negative electrode used in a battery, generally consisting of active materials deposited on or in a current-collecting support (EPA-84/08). Anode bake plant: A facility that produces carbon anodes for use in a primary aluminum reduction plant (40CFR60.191-91). Anode: A positive electrode, as in a battery, radio tube, etc. (CAA/C02gas-04).
Anoxia: Relative lack of oxygen; may be due to lack of blood carrying normal amounts of oxygen or to normal perfusion of blood carrying reduced amounts of oxygen (LBL-76107-bio). ANSI S3.19-1974: A revision of the ANSI 224.22-1957 measurement procedure using one-third octave band stimuli presented under diffise (reverberant) acoustic field conditions (40CFR211.203-91).
ANSI 224.22-1957: A measurement procedure published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for obtaining hearing protector attenuation values at nine of the one-third octave band center frequencies by using pure tone stimuli presented to ten different test subjects under anechoic conditions (40CFR211.20391). ANSI: The American National Studies Institute, which is the organization that coordinates development of national, voluntary standards for a wide variety of devices and procedures (TSCAkhemical-04).
Anode: In a fuel cell, a negatively charged electrode at which fuels (typically, Hz)are fed and oxidation of the fuels takes place to produce electrons (e-) for external circuit power use. An anode is one of the two conductive electrodes separated by an electrolyte within a fuel cell or battery (the other electrode is the cathode). A fuel cell electrode usually contains catalysts (or electrocatalysts) to accelerate electron production from a fuel. Electrodes are usually seated upon electrode supports, which may be manufactured integral to the electrode itself.
Antagonism: An interaction of two or more chemicals which results in an effect that is less than the sum of their effects taken independently (NavyEnv-04).
Anode: In an electron tube, the collector of electrons. It is the positive pole. of a conducting terminal or electrode in an electrochemical process and is connected to the positive terminal of the direct current source (cf. cathode).
Antagonistic effect: A biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that is less than would be expected if the known effects of the individual substances were added together (compare with additive effect and synergistic effect) (SFhealth-04).
Antagonism: Interference or inhibition of the effect of one chemical by the action of another (EPA-97/12).
Antagonistic effect: The simultaneous action of separate agents mutually opposing each other (EPA-76/03).
Anthropogenic: Occurring because of, or influenced by, human activity (CWA/Wquality-04).
Antarctic (ozone hole): Refers to the seasonal depletion of ozone in a large area over Antarctica (EPA-97/12).
Anthropometry: Anthropometry is the branch of the human sciences that deals with body measurements (OSHNergonomics04).
Antecedent precipitation index: An index of moisture stored within a drainage basin before a storm (CWAk~ydrology-04). Anterior pituitary (syn. anterior hypophysis): Part of the gland of internal secretion at the base of the brain, producing hormones that act on adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, gonads, and skeleton (LBL76107-bio). Anthracene (CI4Hl0): A white crystal used in manufacture of dyes. Anthracite coal: Coal that is classified as anthracite according to the American Society of Testing and Materials' (ASTM) Standard Specification for Classification of Coals by Rank D388-77. It is a hard natural coal of high luster which contains little volatile matter. See coal for more related terms (EPA-8211 lf). Anthracite: The coal that is classified as anthracite according to the American Society of Testing and Materials' (ASTM) Standard Specification for Classification of Coals by Rank D388-77 (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.4 1a-9 1). Anthracite: The highest rank of coal; used primarily for residential and commercial space heating. It is a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. The moisture content of fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15%. The heat content of anthracite ranges from 22 to 28 million Btu per ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed in the United States averages 25 million Btu per ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter). Note: Since the 1980s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for steam electric power generation. This fuel typically has a heat content of 15 million Btu per ton or less (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Anthropomorphic: Ascribing human motivation, characteristics, or behavior to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena (NavyEnv-04). Anti-backsliding: A provision in the Federal Regulations (CWA 303(d)(4); CWA 402(c); CFR122.44(1)) that requires a reissued permit to be as stringent as the previous permit with some exceptions (CWNwastewater-04). Antibiosis: An association between organisms that is injurious to one of them. Antibiotic: A substance, such as penicillin, produced by a microorganism which has the power, in dilute solution, to inhibit or destroy other organisms (EPA-83/09). Antibodies: Proteins produced in the body by immune system cells in response to antigens, and capable of combining with antigens (EPA-89/12). It is a protein produced by certain white blood cells in response to the entry of foreign substance into the body in order to render it harmless. Anticatalyst: A substance, e.g., lead, that can slow down the action of a catalyst. Antichlor: A compound used to remove excess chlorine or bleaching solution in the processes such as paper or textile manufacturing. Anticipated operational occurrences: Those conditions of normal operation that are expected to occur one or more times during the life of a nuclear reactor (DOE-91/04). Anticline: A fold in the earth's crust, convex upward, whose core contains stratigraphically older rocks (CWAIWbasics-04).
Anthrax: A non-contagious potentially fatal disease caused by breathing, eating, or absorbing through cuts in the skin bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis (HAS-92).
Anticline: An upward fold or arch of rock strata (CWNmining04).
Anthropogenic: Human made. Usually used in the context of emissions that are produced as the result of human activities (CAA/CO*gas-04).
Anticyclone: A circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure, clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the South Hemisphere.
Anthropogenic: Made or generated by a human or caused by human activity. The term is used in the context of global climate change to refer to gaseous emissions that are the result of human activities, as well as other potentially climate-altering activities, such as deforestation (CAA/C02gas1-04).
Anti-degradation claim (or clause): A provision in air quality and water quality laws that prohibits deterioration of air or water quality in areas where the pollution levels are presently below those allowed (EPA-74/11).
Anti-degradation clause: Part of federal air and water quality requirements prohibiting deterioration where pollution levels are above the legal limit (NavyEnv-04). Anti-degradation clause: Part of federal air quality and water quality requirements prohibiting deterioration where pollution levels are above the legal limit (EPA-97/12). Anti-degradation policies: Part of each state's water quality standards. These policies are designed to protect water quality and provide a method of assessing activities that may impact the integrity of the water body (EPA-91/03). Anti-degradation: Policies which ensure protection of water quality for a particular water body where the water quality exceeds levels necessary to protect fish and wildlife propagation and recreation on and in the water. This also includes special protection of waters designated as outstanding natural resource waters. Antidegradation plans are adopted by each state to minimize adverse effects on water (CWAIwastewater-04). Anti-forming agent: A substance, e.g., silicones and alcohols, that inhibit the bubble formation in a liquid during its agitation by reducing its surface tension.
commonly used include styrene-base resins, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl acetate, etc. (EPA-82/09). Antitack agent: A substance used to prevent materials such as rubber stocks from sticking together during periods of storage (EPA-74/12a). Antonym: A word that means the opposite of another word. For example, empty is an antonym of full. Anvil: In hot wedge seaming of FMLs (flexible membrane liners for containing solids, liquid, and vapor matter of landfill waste), an anvil is the wedge of metal above and below which the sheets (generally, high d density. polyethylene materials) to be joined must pass. The temperature controllers and thermocouples of most hot wedge devices are located within the anvil (EPA-89/09; 91/05). API gravity: American Petroleum Institute ( M I ) measure of specific gravity of crude oil or condensate in degrees. An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API; it is calculated as follows: Degrees API = (141.51sp.gr.60 deg.Fl60 deg.F) - 131.5 (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Antifreeze: A substance, e.g., ethylene glyco, that can lower the freezing point of a liquid if the antifreeze substance is added to the liquid.
API separator: (1) A primary physical wastewater treatment process capable of removing free oils and settleable solids from water (EPA-87/10a). (2) A separator used in American Petroleum Industry (API). See separator for more related terms.
Antigen: A substance that causes production of antibodies when introduced into animal or human tissue (EPA-89/12).
Apparent density: The weight per unit volume of activated carbon (EPA-82/11f).
Anti-microbial pesticide: Any chemical substance which can be used to kill microorganisms (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Apparent plateau: See steady state (40CFR797.1560-91).
Anti-microbial: An agent that kills microbes (EPA-97/12). Antimonial lead: An alloy composed of lead and up to 25% antimony (EPA-83/03a). Antimony (Sb): The total antimony present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.651-91). Antimony with atomic number 51; atomic weight 121.75; density 6.62 glcc; melting point 630.5 C, and boiling point 1380 C is a brittle, hexagonal mineral and belongs to group VA of the periodic table. Antioxidant: An organic compound added to materials such as rubber to retard oxidation or deterioration (EPA-74/12a). Antiozonant: A compound added to rubber to retard the ozone deterioration. Antistatic agent: An agent applied to materials such as fabric to overcome deleterious effects of static electricity. Compounds
Appliance flue: A passage within an appliance for conveying combustion gases from the combustion chamber of the appliance to the outlet of the appliance. Appliance: (1) Any device which contains and uses a class I or class I1 substance as a refrigerant and which is used for household or commercial purposes, including any air conditioner, refrigerator, chiller, or freezer (CAA601-42U.S.C.7671-91).(2) A device that uses energy to generate light, heat, power, refrigeration, or air conditioning. Applicable implementation plan or applicable plan: The portion (or portions) of the implementation plan, or most recent revision thereof, which has been approved under section 110 of the Clean Air Act, 42U.S.C.7410, or promulgated under section 110(c) of the CAA, 42U.S.C.74 10(c) (40CFR51.138-91). Applicable legal requirements: Any of the following: (1) In the case of any major source, any emission limitation, emission standard, or compliance schedule under any EPA-approved state implementation plan (regardless of whether the source is subject to a federal or state consent decree); (2) In the case of any source,
an emission limitation, emission standard, standard of performance, or other requirement (including, but not limited to, work practice standards) established under section 111 or 112 of the Act; (3) In the case of a source that is subject to a federal or federally approved state judicial consent decree or EPA approved extension, order, or suspension, any interim emission control requirement or schedule of compliance under that consent decree, extension, order or suspensions; (4) In the case of a nonferrous smelter which has received a primary nonferrous smelter order issued or approved by EPA under section 119 of the Act, any interim emission control requirement (including a requirement relating to the use of supplemental or intermittent controls) or schedule of compliance under that order (40CFR66.3-c-91). Applicable marine water quality criteria: The criteria given for marine waters in the EPA publication "Quality Criteria for Water" as published in 1976 and amended by subsequent supplements or additions (40CFR227.3 1-91). Applicable or appropriate requirements (ARARS): Any state or federal statute that pertains to protection of human life and the environment in addressing specific conditions or use of a particular cleanup technology at a Superfund site (EPA-97/12). Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement (ARAR): Federal or state requirements that are legally applicable to remedial actions at CERCLA sites or, if not legally applicable, the use of which is both relevant and appropriate under the circumstances. ARARs may be chemical-, location-, or actionspecific (EPA-89112a). Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement (ARAR): Requirements, including cleanup standards, standards of control, and other substantive environmental protection requirements and criteria for hazardous substances as specified under federal and state laws and regulations, that must be met when complying with CERCLA and SARA (NavyEnv-04). Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement: Standards, criteria, or limitations under federal or more stringent state environmental laws, including RCRA that may be required during a Superfund remedial action, unless site-specific waivers are obtained (RCIWhazardous-04). Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARAR): Applicable requirements are those clean-up standards, standards of control, and other substantive environmental protection requirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under federal or state law that specifically address a hazardous substance, pollutant, contaminant, remedial action, location, or other circumstance at a Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) site. Relevant and appropriate requirements are those clean-up standards which, while not applicable at a CERCLA site, address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that
their use is well-suited to the particular site. ARARs can be actionspecific, location-specific, or chemical-specific (EPA-91/ 12). Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs): A CERCLA term for any additional cleanup standards (including state environmental requirements and other federal standards or criteria) which the Environmental Protection Agency or state regulators may impose in selecting the ultimate remedy for a contaminated site (OMB/Reg-04). Applicable plan: The plan, or most recent revision thereof, which has been approved under 40CFR60.27(b) or promulgated under 40CFR60.27(d) (40CFR60.2 1-91). Applicable requirements: Those cleanup standards, standards of control, and other substantive requirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under federal environmental or state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically address a hazardous substance, pollutant, contaminant, remedial action, location, or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site. Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely manner and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable (40CFR300.5-91). Applicable standards and limitations: All state, interstate, and federal standards and limitations to which a "discharge," a "sewage sludge use or disposal practice," or a related activity is subject under the CWA, including "effluent limitations," water quality standards, standards of performance, toxic effluent standards or prohibitions, "best management practices," pretreatment standards and "standards for sewage sludge use or disposal" under sections 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 403, and 405 of CWA (40CFR122.2-91). Applicable standards: (1) For the purposes of listing waters under 40CFR130.10-(d)(2), means a numeric criterion for a priority pollutant promulgated as part of a state water quality standard. Where a state numeric criterion for a priority pollutant is not promulgated as part of a state water quality standard. (2) For the purposes of listing waters, means the state narrative water quality criterion to control a priority pollutant (e.g., no toxics in toxic amounts) interpreted on a chemical-by-chemical basis by applying a proposed state criterion, an explicit state policy or regulation, or an EPA national water quality criterion, supplement with other relevant information (40CFR130.10-91). Applicable underground injection control program with respect to a state: The program (or most recent amendment thereof): (1) Which has been adopted by the state and which has been approved under subsection (b), or (2) Which has been prescribed by the Administrator under subsection (c) (SDWAI422-42U.S.C.300h.l-91). Applicable water quality standards: The state water quality standards adopted by the state pursuant to section 303 of the Act or promulgated by EPA pursuant to that section (40CFR110.1-91).
Application factor: In risk analysis, the ratio between the safe and lethal concentration. The factor is almost always within the range 0.1 to 0.01 (EPA-89/12). Application: Form utilized to formally request consideration for the program (NCAInoise-04). Applicator: A device used in a coating line to apply coating (40CFR52.741-91). Applied coating solids: The volume of dried or cured coating solids which is deposited and remains on the surface of the automobile or light-duty truck body (40CFR60.391-91). Applied dose: In exposure assessment, the amount of a substance in contact with the primary absorption boundaries of an organism (e.g., skin, lung tissue, gastrointestinal track) and available for absorption (EPA-97/12). Approach angle: The smallest angle in a plan side view of an automobile, formed by the level surface on which the automobile is standing and a line tangent to the front tire static loaded radius arc and touching the underside of the automobile forward of the front tire (40CFR86.084.2-91). Approach temperature: The difference between the exit temperature of water from a cooling tower and the wet bulb temperature of the air. See temperature for more related terms (EPA-821119. Appropriate act and regulations: The Clean Air Act and applicable regulations promulgated under it (40CFR124.41-91, see also 40CFR124.2; 144.3-91). Appropriate inquiry: That inquiry constituting "all appropriate inquiry into the previous ownership and uses of the property consistent with good commercial or customary practice" as defined in CERCLA, 42U.S.C.9601(35)(B), that will give a party to a commercial real estate transaction the "innocent landowner defense" to CERCLA liability (42U.S.C.9601(A) and (B) and 9607(b)(3)), assuming compliance with other elements of the defense (USDAIwater-04). Appropriate sensitive benthic marine organisms: At least one species each representing filter feeding, deposit feeding, and burrowing species chosen from among the most sensitive species accepted by EPA as being reliable test organisms to determine the anticipated impact on the site; provided, however, that until sufficient species are adequately tested and documented, interim guidance on appropriate organisms available for use will be provided by the Administrator, Regional Administrator, or the District Engineer, as the case may be (40CFR227.27-91). Appropriate sensitive marine organisms: At least one species each representative of phytoplankton or zooplankton, crustacean
or mollusk, and fish species chosen from among the most sensitive species documented in the scientific literature or accepted by EPA as being reliable test organisms to determine the anticipated impact of the wastes on the ecosystem at the disposal site. Bioassays, except on phytoplankton or zooplankton, shall be run for a minimum of 96 hours under temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen conditions representing the extremes of environmental stress at the disposal site. Bioassays on phytoplankton or zooplankton may be run for shorter periods of time as appropriate for the organisms tested at the discretion of EPA, or EPA and the Corps of Engineers, as the case may be (under the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act) (40CFR227.27-d-91). Appropriate treatment of the recycle water: In Subpart J, Section 440.104 includes, but is not limited to pH adjustment settling and pH adjustment, settling, and mixed media filtration (40CFR440.132.-91). Appropriate when used with respect to child-resistant packaging: That the packaging is chemically compatible with the pesticide contained therein (40CFR157.21-91). Appropriated funds: Funds made available, through Congressional appropriations acts or other laws, which permit the government to incur obligations and make payments (OMBReg04). Appropriation doctrine: The system for allocating water to private individuals used in most western states. The doctrine of Prior Appropriation was in common use throughout the arid west as early settlers and miners began to develop the land. The prior apprapriation doctrine is based on the concept of "First in Time, First in Right." The first person to take a quantity of water and put it to beneficial use has a higher priority of right than a subsequent user. Under drought conditions, higher priority users are satisfied before junior users receive water. Appropriative rights can be lost through nonuse; they can also be sold or transferred apart from the land. Contrasts with Riparian Water Rights (CWAMrscience-04). Approval authority: The Director in an NPDES state with an approved state pretreatment program and the appropriate Regional Administrator in a non NPDES state or NPDES state without an approved state pretreatment program (40CFR403.3-91). Approval of the facilities plan: The approval of the facilities plan for a proposed wastewater treatment works pursuant to 40CFR35, Subpart E or I (40CFR6.501-91). Approval: Formal permission. Other approval-related terms include final approval and interim approval. Approved measure: Refers to one contained in an NSO which is in effect (40CFR57.103-91).
Approved POTW pretreatment program or program or POTW pretreatment program: A program administered by a POTW that meets the criteria established in this regulation (40CFR403.8 and 403.9) and which has been approved by a Regional Administrator or State Director in accordance with 40CFR403.11 of this regulation (40CFR403.3-91). Approved program: A state implementation plan providing for issuance of PSD permits, which has been approved by EPA under the Clean Air Act and 40CFR51. An "approved state" is one administering an "approved program." "State Director" as used in 40CFR124.4 means the person(s) responsible for issuing PSD permits under an approved program, or that person's delegated representative (40CFR124.41-91). Approved Section 120 program: A state program to assess and collect Section 120 penalties, which has been approved by the Administrator (40CFR66.3-91). Approved state primacy program: Consists of those program elements listed in 40CFR142.11(a) that were submitted with the initial state application for primary enforcement authority and approved by the EPA Administrator and all state program revisions thereafter that were approved by the EPA Administrator (40CFR142.2-91). Approximate minimum search distance: The area for which records must be obtained and reviewed. The term approximate minimum search distance may include areas outside the property and shall be measured from the nearest property boundary. The term is used in lieu of radius to include irregularly shaped properties (USDNwater-04). Approximate original contour: That surface configuration achieved by backfilling and grading of the mined area so that the reclaimed area, including any terracing or access roads, closely resembles the general surface configuration of the land prior to mining, and blends into and complements the drainage pattern of the surrounding terrain, with all highwalls and spoil piles eliminated, water impoundments may be permitted where the regulatory authority determines that they are in compliance with section 1265(b)(8) of this title (SMCRA701-30U.S.C.1291-90). Apron converyer: One or more continuous chains that are supported and moved by a system of sprockets and rollers. They carry overlapping or interlocking plates that move bulk materials on their upper surface. See conveyer for more related terms (SW108ts). Aqua regia (chloroazotic acid, chloronitrous acid, nitrohydrochloric acid, or nitromuriatic acid): A mixture of highly corrosive liquid (1 part concentrated nitric acid and 3 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid), which can dissolve all metals including silver and gold.
Aquaculture project: A defined managed water area which uses discharges of pollutants into that designated area for the maintenance or production of harvestable freshwater, estuarine, or marine plants or animals (40CFR122.25-91). Aquaculture: Farming of plants and animals that live in water, such as fish, shellfish, and algae (CWAIWscience-04). Aquaculture: The science of farming organisms that live in water, such as fish, shellfish, and algae (CWANbasics-04). Aquatic animals: The appropriately sensitive wholly aquatic animals which cany out respiration by means of a gill structure permitting gaseous exchange between the water in the circulatory system (40CFR116.3-91). Aquatic biota: Animal and plant life, or fauna and flora, of a stream or other water (LBL76107-water). Aquatic community: An association of interacting populations of aquatic organisms in a given water body or habitat (EPA-91/03). Aquatic ecosystem: See aquatic environment (40CFR230.3-91). Aquatic environment and aquatic ecosystem: Waters of the United States, including wetlands, that serve as habitat for interrelated and interacting communities and populations of plants and animals (40CFR230.3-91). Aquatic flora: The plant life associated with the aquatic ecosystem including, but not limited to, algae and higher plants (40CFRl16.3-91). Aquatic guidelines: Specific levels of water quality which, if reached, may adversely affect aquatic life. These are nonenforceable guidelines issued by a governmental agency or other institution (CWNWbasics-04). Aquatic life: All living forms in natural waters, including plants, fish, shellfish, and lower forms of animal life (EPA-75/11). Aquatic plant: A plant that grows in water either floating on the surface, growing up from the bottom of the body of water, or growing under the surface of the water (EPA-74/11). Aquatic: Living or growing in or on water (CWANbasics-04). Aquatic-life criteria: Water quality guidelines for protection of aquatic life. Commonly refers to criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. See also water quality guidelines, water quality criteria, and freshwater chronic criteria (CWANbasics-04). Aqueduct: A pipe, conduit, or channel designed to transport water from a remote source, usually by gravity (CWNWscience-04).
Aqueous solubility: The maximum concentration of a chemical that will dissolve in pure water at a reference temperature (EPA97112).
Aquifer: A water-bearing bed of porous rock, often sandstone (CWNmining-04).
Aqueous solution: A solution in which water is the solvent (EPA8711Oa).
Aquifer: A water-bearing layer of rock (including gravel and sand) that will yield water in usable quantity to a well or spring (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Aqueous: Something made up of, similar to, or containing water; watery (EPA-97/12).
Aquifer: A water-bearing layer of soil, sand, gravel, or rock that will yield usable quantities of water to a well (CWNWquality-04).
Aquiclude: A saturated geologic unit that is incapable of transmitting significant quantities of water under ordinary hydraulic gradients (Navy/Env-04).
Aquifer: An underground geological formation, or group of formations, containing usable amounts of groundwater that can supply wells and springs (EPA-97/12).
Aquifer (confined): Soil or rock below the land surface that is saturated with water. There are layers of impermeable material both above and below it and it is under pressure so that when the aquifer is penetrated by a well, the water will rise above the top of the aquifer (CWAIWscience-04).
Aquifer: For more related terms, see (1) Artesian aquifer (See confined aquifer); Confined aquifer; (2) Exempted aquifer; (3) Sole source aquifer; (3) Principal source aquifer (See sole source aquifer); (4) Unconfined aquifer; (5) Water table aquifer (See unconfined aquifer); and (6) Uppermost aquifer.
Aquifer (unconfined): An aquifer whose upper water surface (water table) is at atmospheric pressure, and thus is able to rise and fall (CWAIWscience-04).
Aquitard: Geological formation that may contain groundwater but is not capable of transmitting significant quantities of it under normal hydraulic gradients. May function as confining bed (EPA97/12).
Aquifer storativity: The quantity of water an aquifer can release from or take into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer per unit change in head (EPA-87/03). Aquifer test: A test to determine hydraulic properties of an aquifer (EPA-97/12).
Aquitard: The less permeable beds in a stratigraphic sequence; beds may be permeable enough to transmit water in quantities that are significant in the study of regional groundwater flow or environmental contamination, but their permeability is not sufficient to allow completion of production wells within them (NavyEnv-04).
Aquifer transmissivity: See transmissivity. Aquifer: A geologic formation(s) that is water bearing. A geological formation or structure that stores andlor transmits water, such as to wells and springs. Use of the term is usually restricted to those water-bearing formations capable of yielding water in sufficient quantity to constitute a usable supply for people's uses (CWAIWscience-04).
Aquo ion: An ion containing one or more than one water molecules.
Aquifer: A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to springs and wells (CWNWbasics-04).
ARAR: CERCLA section 121 requires cleanups to meet "ARARs": any 'legally applicable or relevant and appropriate standard, requirement, criteria or limitation' that has been promulgated under federal or state environmental laws. The ARARs include such things as the Clean Water Act's water quality criteria, the Solid Waste Disposal Act's land disposal restrictions, and some states' groundwater anti-degradation provisions that require cleanup to background levels. EPA can waive the ARARS in some situations (SFIEnv-04).
Aquifer: A geological formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that is capable of yielding a significant amount of water to a well or spring (40CFR144.3-91).
Arbitration: A process for the resolution of disputes. Decisions are made by an impartial arbitrator selected by the parties. These decisions are usually legally binding (cf. mediation) (EPA-94/04).
Aquifer: A natural underground layer, often of sand or gravel, that contains water (SDWAIReg-04).
Arc furnace: A furnace heated by the arc produced between electrodes. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-77/07).
Aquifer: A saturated, permeable geologic formation or structure that is capable of yielding water in usable quantities under ordinary hydraulic gradients (NavyEnv-04).
Archaeological sites (resources): Areas or objects modified or made by humans, either prehistorically or historically, and the data associated with these areas and objects (DOE-91/04).
Arching: Fracture processes around a mine opening, leading to stabilization by an arching effect (CWNmining-04). Architectural acoustics: The control of noise in a building space to adequately support the communications function within the space and its effect on the occupants. The qualities of the building materials used determine its character with respect to distinct hearing (NCAhound-04). Architectural coatings: Coverings such as paint and roof tar that are used on exteriors of buildings (EPA-97/12). Architectural or engineering (AIE) services: The consultation, investigations, reports, or services for design-type projects within the scope of the practice of architectural or professional engineering as defined by the laws of the state or territory in which the recipient is located (40CFR33.005-91, see also 40CFR35.2005; 35.6015-91). Arco: The Potentially Responsible Party, Arco (the Atlantic Richfield Company) will be held responsible for any costs associated with cleanup if required. Arco was recently purchased by BP/Amow, a multi-billion dollar international oil and gas conglomerate headquartered in Great Britain (SFIremedy-04). Area (of an airway): Average width multiplied by average height of airway, expressed in square feet (CWNmining-04). Area coated: The area of basis material covered by each coating of enamel (40CFR466.02-91). Area contingency plan: An Area Contingency Plan prepared under subsection 6)(CWA311-33U.S.C.1321-91). Area effect: Acoustical materials spaced apart can have greater absorption than the same amount of material butted together. The increase in efficiency is due to absorption by soft exposed edges and also to dihction of sound energy around panel perimeters (NCNsound-04). Area fill: A method of landfilling that compacts the refuse in cells and then uses soil cover to separate and cover the cells. This is typically done in layers and in separate phases (RCWmanagement-04). Area method: A method in which the wastes are spread and compacted on the surface of the ground and wver materials are spread and compacted over them. See sanitary landfill for more related terms (EPA-81/09; SW- 108ts). Area of concern (AOC): A discrete area of contamination or suspected contamination that is in the PNSI (or RFA) phase and that has not been entered into the DOD RMIS database (NavyIEnv-04).
Area of concern: A geographic area located within the great lakes, in which beneficial uses are impaired and which has been officially designated as such under Annex 2 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (CWA118-33U.S.C.1268-91). Area of contamination (AOC) policy: EPA interprets RCRA to allow certain discrete areas of generally dispersed contamination to be considered RCRA units. Therefore, consolidation of material within an AOC and treatment of material, in situ, within an AOC does not create a point of hazardous waste generation for purposes of RCRA (RCRAIlandban-04). Area of critical environmental concern: The areas within the public lands where special management attention is required (when such areas are developed or used or where no development is required) to protect and prevent irreparable damage to important historic, cultural, or scenic values, fish and wildlife resources or other natural systems or processes, or to protect life and safety from natural hazards (FLPMA103-43U.S.C.1702-90). Area of review: (1) In underground injection, the area surrounding an injection well that is reviewed during the permitting process to determine whether the injection operation will introduce flows between aquifers (40CFR147.3001-91). (2) In the UIC program, the area surrounding an injection well that is reviewed during the permitting process to determine if flow between aquifers will be induced by the injection operation (EPA97/12). Area processed: The area actually exposed to process solutions. Usually this includes both sides of the metal strip (40CFR465.0291). Area source: Any source of air pollution that is released over a relatively small area but which cannot be classified as a point source. Such sources may include vehicles and other small engines, small businesses and household activities, or biogenic sources such as a forest that releases hydrocarbons (EPA-97/12). See also CAM 12; 40CFR51.100-91. Area under reclamation: A previously surface mined area where regrading has been completed and revegetation has commenced (EPA-82/10). Area wide agency: An area wide management agency designated under section 208(c)(l) of the Act (40CFR21.2-91, see also 40CFR130.2-91). Area: The vertical projection of the pile upon the Earth's surface (40CFR61.251-9 1). Area-capacity curve: A graph showing the relation between the surface area of the water in a reservoir and the corresponding volume (CWAhydrology-04).
Argon (Ar): A noble gaseous element with atomic number 18; atomic weight 39.998; density 1.4 glee; melting point 189.4 C and boiling point 185.8 C. The element belongs to group VIIIA of the periodic table. Argon oxygen decarburization vessel (AOD vessel): Any closed-bottom, rehctory-lined converter vessel with submerged tuyeres through which gaseous mixtures containing argon and oxygen or nitrogen may be blown into molten steel for further refining (40CFR60.271a-91). Arithmetic mean: In a sample of N units, the sum of the observed values in the sample divided by the number of the units in the sample. It can be expressed as: A = [sum Xi]/N, i = l.....N, where: A = arithmetic mean; N = number of sample; Xi = discrete value of i sample; sum = summation. See mean for more related terms (NATO-78110). Arne1 fiber: A trademark of Celanese for cellulose triacetate fibers. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Aromatic amine: An aromatic compound containing an amine(s) substituent, e.g., aniline (C6H5NH2)(EPA-88/12). Aromatic compound: An organic compound similar in molecular structure to benzene (ETI-92). Aromatic hydrocarbon: An organic compound which contains at least one 6-carbon, benzene ring structure (EPA-75/11). Aromatic: (1) A type of hydrocarbon, such as benzene or toluene, added to gasoline in order to increase octane. Some aromatics are toxic (EPA-97/12). (2) Having at least one benzene ring in a compound. Aromatic: A class of hydrocarbons consisting of cyclic conjugate carbon atoms, such as benzene or toluene, commonly added to gasoline in order to increase octane. Some aromatics are toxic (NavyJEnv-04). Aromatic: A type of hydrocarbon, such as benzene or toluene, added to gasoline in order to increase octane. Some aromatics are toxic (MWTNmedical-04). Arrest: The restraint of an arrestee's liberty or the equivalent through the service of judicial process compelling such a person to respond to a criminal accusation (40CFR303.11-91). Arrhenius equation: An equation of form, k=Aexp(-ERT), where k = rate constant of a reaction, A = constant for a given reaction, E = activation energy. The equation can be expressed as: ln(k) = ln(A) - EJRT. A graph of In(k) against (1/T) is a straight line with a gradient -ER and an intercept on the ln(k) axis of In(A).
Arrhenius parameters: Parameters which relate rate chemical reaction coefficients to changes in temperature and pressure (EPA88/12). Arroyo: A small, deep, flat-floored channel or gully of an ephemeral or intermittent stream, usually with nearly vertical banks cut into unconsolidated material. A term commonly used in the arid and semiarid regions of the southwestern United States (CWAIWbasics-04). Arsenic (As): A metalloid occurring naturally in the earth's crust and fossil fuels. It can be released into the environment during combustion of fossil fuels containing arsenic. It is used in the production of glass, enamels, ceramics, oil, cloth, linoleum, electrical semiconductors, pigments, fireworks, pesticides, fungicides, veterinary pharmaceuticals, and wood preservatives. Soluble forms of arsenic can be quite mobile, while less soluble forms tend to adsorb to sediments and soils. It is a known human carcinogen, and bioaccumulates to toxic levels (NavyJEnv-04). Arsenic (As): A naturally occumng metalloid that in even small concentrations is carcinogenic to humans. Current drinking water standards for the State of Montana are 20 ppb, surface water standards are 18 ppb. In heavy concentrations arsenic is also extremely poisonous (SFJremedy-04). Arsenic (As): The total arsenic present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.67191). Arsenic is a metalloid element with atomic number 33; atomic weight 74.92; density 2.7 glcc; melting point 660 C and boiling point 2450 C. The element belongs to group VA of the periodic table. Other arsenic-related terms include Commercial arsenic; Inorganic arsenic; and Uncontrolled total arsenic emission. Arsenic containing compound: A chemical substance containing the arsenic atom, e.g., arsenic trioxide (As203)(EPA-88/12). Arsenic containing glass type: Any glass that is distinguished from other glass solely by the weight percent of arsenic added as a raw material and by the weight percent of arsenic in the glass produced. Any two or more glasses that have the same weight percent of arsenic in the raw materials as well as in the glass produced shall be considered to belong to one arsenic containing glass type, without regard to the recipe used or any other characteristics of the glass or the method of production (40CFR61.161-91). Arsenic kitchen: A baffled brick chamber where inorganic arsenic vapors are cooled, condensed, and removed in a solid form (40CFR61.181-91). Arsenicals: Pesticides containing arsenic (EPA-97/12). Artesian (aquifer or well): Water held under pressure in porous rock or soil confined by impermeable geologic formations (EPA97/12).
Artesian aquifer: A confined aquifer in which groundwater rises in a well above the point at which it is naturally found in the aquifer, due to artesian pressure (NavyIEnv-04). Artesian spring (or artesian well): A spring (well) in which confined groundwater under pressure has a natural outlet (DOI70104). Artesian water: Groundwater that is under pressure when tapped by a well and is able to rise above the level at which it is first encountered. It may or may not flow out at ground level. The pressure in such an aquifer commonly is called artesian pressure, and the formation containing artesian water is an artesian aquifer or confined aquifer. See flowing well (CWA1Wscience04). Artesian well: See artesian spring. Arthropods: Animals that do not have a backbone or spinal cord. Examples are insects with hard shells and spiders (FFDCNpesticide-04). Article: A manufactured item: (1) Which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture; (2) Which has end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end use; and (3) Which does not release a toxic chemical under normal conditions or processing or use of that item at the facility or establishments (40CFR372.3-91). Articulation (of a water body): The area ratio of inlets and bays to the total area of a water body (DOI-70104). Articulation class: A single number rating used for comparing acoustical ceilings and acoustical screens for speech privacy purposes. AC values increase with increasing privacy and range from approximately 100-250. This classification supersedes Speech Privacy Noise Isolation Class (NIC) rating method (NCNsound-04). Articulation index (AI): A measure of speech intelligibility influenced by acoustical environment rated from 0.01 to 1.00. The higher the number, the higher the intelligibility of words and sentences understood from 0-100% (NCNsound-04). Artifact: An object produced or shaped by human workmanship of archaeological or historical interest (DOE-91/04). Artificial recharge: An process where water is put back into groundwater storage from surface water supplies such as irrigation, or induced infiltration from streams or wells (CWNWscience-04). Artificial recharge: Augmentation of natural replenishment of groundwater storage by some method of construction, spreading of water, or by pumping water directly into an aquifer (CWAIWquality-04).
Artificial recharge: Augmentation of natural replenishment of ground-water storage by some method of construction, spreading of water, or by pumping water directly into an aquifer (CWNWbasics-04). As determined basis: Data representing the numerical values obtained for a particular moisture andlor ash content, in the sample at the time of measurement. See analytical parameters for fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA): A concept applied to the quantity of radioactivity released in routine operation of a nuclear system or facility, including "anticipated operational occurrences." It takes into account the state of technology, economics of improvements in relation to benefits to public health and safety, and other societal and economic considerations in relation to the use of nuclear energy in the public interest (DOE9 1104). As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA): A phrase (acronym) used to describe an approach to radiation protection to control or manage exposures (both individual and collective to the work force and the general public) and releases of radioactive material to the environment as low as social, technical, economic, practical, and public policy considerations permit. ALARA is not a dose limit but rather a process that has as its objective the attainment of dose levels as far below the applicable limits as practicable (SDWNradionuclide-04). As received basis: Analytical data calculated to the moisture condition of the sample as it arrived at the laboratory and before any processing or conditioning. See analytical parameters--fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Asbestiform: A specific type of mineral fibrosity in which the fibers and fibrils possess high tensile strength and flexibility (4OCFR763-AppIA-91). Asbestos abatement project: Any activity involving the removal, enclosure, or encapsulation of friable asbestos material (40CFR763.121-91). Asbestos abatement: Procedures to control fiber release from asbestos-containing materials in a building or to remove them entirely, including removal, encapsulation, repair, enclosure, encasement, and operations and maintenance programs (EPA97/12). Asbestos assessment: In the asbestos-in-schools program, the evaluation of the physical condition and potential for damage of all friable asbestos containing materials and thermal insulation systems (EPA-97/12). Asbestos cement (AIC) corrugated sheet: An asbestoscontaining product made of cement and in the form of a corrugated sheet used as a non-flat-surfaced reinforcing or
insulating material. Major applications of this product include building siding or roofing; linings for waterways; and components in cooling towers (40CFR763.163-91).
Asbestos cement (NC) flat sheet: An asbestos-containing product made of cement and in the form of a flat sheet used primarily as a flat-surfaced reinforcing or insulating material. Major applications of this product include wall linings; partitions; soffit material; electrical barrier boards; bus bar run separators; reactance coil partitions; laboratory work surfaces; and components of vaults, ovens, safes, and broilers (40CFR763.16391). Asbestos cement (NC) pipe: An asbestos-containing product made of cement and intended for use as pipe or fittings for joining pipe. Major applications of this product include pipe used for transmitting water or sewage; conduit pipe for protection of utility or telephone cable; and pipes used for air ducts (40CFR763.16391). Asbestos cement (NC) shingle: An asbestos-containing product made of cement and intended for use as a siding, roofing, or construction shingle serving the purpose of covering and insulating the surface of building walls and roofs (40CFR763.16391). Asbestos clothing: An asbestos-containing product designed to be worn by persons (40CFR763.163-9 1). Asbestos containing building material (ACBM): The surfacing ACM, thermal system insulation ACM, or miscellaneous ACM that is found in or on interior structural members or other parts of a school building (40CFR763.83-91). Asbestos containing material (ACM): Any material or product that wntains more than one percent asbestos (USDNwater-04). Asbestos containing material: Any material which contains more than one percent asbestos by weight (TSCA202). Asbestos containing product: Any product to which asbestos is deliberately added in any concentration or which wntains more than 1.O% asbestos by weight or area (40CFR763.163-91). Asbestos containing waste material: (1) The mill tailings or any waste that contains commercial asbestos and is generated by a source subject to the provisions of this subpart. This term includes filters from control devices, friable asbestos waste material, and bags or other similar packaging contaminated with commercial asbestos. As applied to demolition and renovation operations, this term also includes regulated asbestos-containing material waste and materials contaminated with asbestos including disposable equipment and clothing (40CFR61.141-91). (2) Mill tailings or any waste that contains commercial asbestos and is generated by a source covered by the Clean Air Act Asbestos NESHAPS (EPA97112).
Asbestos debris: The pieces of ACBM that can be identified by color, texture, or composition, or means dust, if the dust is determined by an accredited inspector to be ACM (40CFR763.8391). Asbestos diaphragm: An asbestos-containing product that is made of paper and intended for use as a filter in the production of chlorine and other chemicals, and which acts as a mechanical barrier between the cathodic and anodic chambers of an electrolytic cell (40CFR763.163-9 1). Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) of 1986: 15U.S.C.2641 et al. The Toxic Substances Control Act was amended by adding at the end of the AHERA in 1986. Its major contents include (1) Authorized EPA to promulgate regulations requiring inspection for asbestos containing material in the Nation's schools, development of asbestos management plans for such schools, response actions with respect to friable asbestos containing material in such schools, and for other purposes. (2) The standards of ambient interior concentration of asbestos shall not exceed the ambient exterior concentration which is deemed to be (Sec. 204): (a) Less than 0.003 fibers per cubic centimeter, if a scanning electron microscope is used, and (b) Less than 0.005 fibers per cubic centimeter, if a transmission electron microscope is used. Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act: Acted in 1986 by Congress, amending TSCA (see separately), to regulate the inspection of all schools for the presence of asbestos, implementation of response actions, and establishment of operations and maintenance and training programs (SDWNradionuclide-04). Asbestos mill: Any facility engaged in converting, or in any intermediate step in converting, asbestos ore into commercial asbestos. Outside storage of asbestos material is not considered a part of the asbestos mill (40CFR61.141-91). Asbestos minerals: Minerals which have a fibrous structure, are heat resistant, chemically inert, and possessing high electrical insulating qualities. The two main groups are serpentine and amphiboles. Chrysotile is the principal commercial variety. Other commercial varieties are amosite, crocidolite, actinolite, anthophyllite, and tremolite (EPA-82/05). Asbestos mixture: A mixture which contains bulk asbestos or another asbestos mixture as an intentional component. An asbestos mixture may be either amorphous or a sheet, cloth fabric, or another structure. This term does not include mixtures which contain asbestos as a contaminant or impurity (40CFR763.63-91). Asbestos program manager: A building owner or designated representative who supervises all aspects of the facility asbestos management and control program (EPA-97/12).
Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act: Enacted in 1990 by Congress, amending TSCA (see separately), to extend AHERA (see separately) regulations on training and accreditation to persons performing asbestos work on public and commercial buildings (SDWNradionuclide-04). Asbestos tailings: Any solid waste that contains asbestos and is a product of asbestos mining or milling operations (40CFR61.14191). Asbestos waste from control devices: Any waste material that contains asbestos and is collected by a pollution control device (40CFR61.141-91). Asbestos: A mineral fiber than can pollute air or water and cause cancer or asbestosis when inhaled. EPA has banned or severely restricted its use in manufacturing and construction (MWTNmedical-04). Asbestos: A mineral fiber that can pollute air or water and cause cancer or asbestosis when inhaled. EPA has banned or severely restricted its use in manufacturing and construction (EPA-97/12). Asbestiform varieties include Actinolite [Ca2(Mg,Fe)5(Si8022)(OH)2]; Amosite (cummingtonite-grunerite) [Fe5Mg(Si8Oz2)(OH)2]; Anthophyllite [(Mg,Fe)7(Si8022)(0H)2]; Chrysotile (serpentinite) [Mg6(Si4010)(OH)8]; Cmcidolite (riebeckite) [N~~(F~~)~'(F~~)~'(s~~o~~)(oH),~; or Tremolite [Ca2Mg5(Si8OZ2)(OH)2] (TSCA202-15U.S.C.2642-9 1). Other asbestos-related terms include Bulk asbestos; Commercial asbestos; Miner of asbestos; Primary processor of asbestos; Secondary processor of asbestos; Use of asbestos; Regulated asbestos containing material; and Vinyl asbestos floor tile. Asbestos: Six naturally occumng fibrous minerals found in certain types of rock formations. Of the six, the minerals chrysolite, amosite, and crocidolite have been most commonly used in building products. When mined and processed, asbestos is typically separated into very thin fibers. Because asbestos is strong, incombustible, and corrosion-resistant, it was used in many commercial products beginning early in this century and peaking in the period from World War 11 into the 1970s. When inhaled in sufficient quantities, asbestos fibers can cause serious health problems (USDNwater-04). Asbestosis: A disease associated with inhalation of asbestos fibers. The disease makes breathing progressively more difficult and can be fatal (MWTNmedical-04). Asbestosis: A disease associated with inhalation of asbestos fibers. The disease makes breathing progressively more difficult and can be fatal (EPA-97/12). A-scale sound level: A measurement of sound approximating the sensitivity of the human ear, used to note the intensity or annoyance level of sounds (EPA-97/12).
Ascorbic acid (C6H8o6):A crystal used as a vitamin C. Ash combustible: (1) The fraction of combustible organic material remaining in the bottom ash as measured by the loss on combustion technique (EPA-89103b). (2) If an incinerator is operating properly, little material will remain in the ash. The extent of organics combustion is measured by the quantity of combustible materials remaining in the ash. Increases in ash combustible indicate that bed temperatures are too low, that combustion air is not being distributed properly in the bed, or that waste retention time is too short. See combustion indicator for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Ash fluid temperature: The temperature at which the fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum height of 1/16 inch (1.6 mm). See analytical parameters for fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Ash free basis: The method whereby the weight of ash weight in a fuel sample is subtracted from its total weight and the adjusted weight is used to calculate the percent of certain constituents present, e.g., the percent of fixed carbon on an ash-& basis is computed as follows: percent ash-free fixed carbon = (fixed carbon)/(fuel sample-ash) (SW-108ts). Ash hemispherical temperature: The temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which condition the height is one half the width of the base. See analytical parameters for fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Ash initial deformation temperature: The temperature at which the first rounding of the apex of the triangular pyramid (cone) occurs (the cone is prepared from the ash of a sample). See analytical parameters-fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Ash pit: A pit or hopper located below a furnace where residue is accumulated and from which it is removed (SW-lO8ts). Ash quench water: Water that is used to cool the bottom ash when it is removed from an incinerator. Ash removal door: A door through which ash is removed from the primary combustion chamber (EPA-89103b). Ash residues: The left-over material from a combustion process. They may take the form of fly ash or bottom ash (RCRNmanagement-04). Ash sluice: A trench or channel in which water transports ash from an ash pit to a disposal or collection point (SW-108ts). Ash softening temperature: The temperature at which the cone of ash has fused down to a spherical lump in which the height is equal to the width at the base. See analytical parameters--fuels for more related terms (EPA-83).
Ash: (1) The solid residue including both non-combustible inorganic (e.g., metals) and unburned organic (e.g., soot) residue that remains after a material is incinerated (EPA-81/09; EPA89/11). (2) Inorganic residue remaining after ignition of combustible substances. The analyses of ash for commonly determined major elements by prescribed methods for the oxides of silicon, aluminum, iron, titanium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium and potassium. Other elements such as the heavy metals may be included in these analyses. See analytical parameters for fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). (3) The mineral content of a product remaining after combustion (EPA-97/12). Other ash-related terms include Bottom ash; Combined ash; Economizer ash; Extraneous ash; Fly ash; Fly ash reinjection; Grate sifting (see sifting); Inherent ash; and Sifting. Ash: The mineral content of a product remaining after complete combustion (Navy~Env-04). ASHARA: See Asbestos School Hazard Reauthorization Act (SDWNradionuclide-04).
Abatement
Aspect ration: A ratio of the length to the width of a particle. Minimum aspect ratio as defined by this method is equal to or greater than 5: 1 (40CFR763-App/A-9 1). Asphalt (pitch or tar): The dark brown to black cementitious material (solid, semisolid, or liquid in consistency) of which the main constituents are bitumens, which occur naturally or as a residue of petroleum refining (40CFR52.741-91). Asphalt processing plant: A plant which blows asphalt for use in the manufacture of asphalt products (40CFR60.471-91). Asphalt processing: The storage and blowing of asphalt (40CFR60.471-91). Asphalt roofing plant: A plant which produces asphalt roofing products (shingles, roll roofing, siding, or saturated felt) (40CFR60.471-91). Asphalt storage tank: Any tank used to store asphalt at asphalt roofing plants, petroleum refineries, and asphalt processing plants. Storage tanks containing cutback asphalts (asphalts diluted with solvents to reduce viscosity for low temperature applications) and emulsified asphalts (asphalts dispersed in water with an emulsifying agent) are not subject to this regulation (40CFR60.471-91). Asphalt: A dark brown-to-black cement-like material obtained by petroleum processing and containing bitumens as the predominant component; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Asphyxiant: See toxicant and effect. Aspirator: An apparatus, such as a squeeze bulb, fan, pump, or venturi, that produces a movement of a fluid by suction (EPA83/06). Asplund method: An (wood) attrition mill which combines the steaming and defibering in one unit in a continuous operation (EPA-74/04). Assay: A test for a particular chemical or effect (EPA-97/12). See also synonym, bioassay. Assessment endpoint: Environmental characteristics, which, if they were found to be significantly affected, would indicate a need for remediation (e.g., decrease in sports fisheries) (NavyIEnv-04). Assessment endpoint: In ecological risk assessment, an explicit expression of the environmental value to be protected; includes both an ecological entity and specific attributed thereof entity (e.g., salmon are a valued ecological entity; reproduction and population maintenance--the attribute-form an assessment endpoint) (EPA97/12). Assessment team: A team of technicians, engineers, and architects who will document floor plans, review the electrical and mechanical equipment, examine the structure, make treatment recommendations, and discuss treatments and products with the homeowner (NCAInoise-04). Assessment visit: Visit of the residence by the Assessment Team when existing conditions are documented, homeowner is made aware of pre-work items and chooses products, styles, and colors (NCAInoise-04). Assessment: (1) The process whereby the hazards which have been identified are evaluated in order to provide an estimate for the level of risk (EPA-87/07a). (2) In the asbestos-in-schools program, the evaluation of the physical condition and potential for damage of all friable asbestos containing materials and thermal insulation systems (EPA-97/12). Assessment: Phase Period of time when data is collected for each residence, floor plans are created, mechanical upgrades are designed, pre work items are designated, Historical Preservation Issues are resolved, product selections are made, and the homeowner design package is completed (NCAInoise-04). Assessment: See characterization (OMBIReg-04). Asset: All existing and all probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity (cf. current asset) (40CFR144.61-91,see also 40CFR264.141; 265.141; 280.92-91).
Assimilation capacity: The extent to which a body of water can receive wastes without significant deterioration of beneficial uses. Suitability for a given use is defined in terms of quality criteria, and these are still to some extent arbitrarily designated. The criterion most widely used is dissolved oxygen, although that parameter is by no means always relevant (LBL76107-water).
At the source: At or before the commingling of delacquering scrubber liquor blowdown with other process or nonprocess wastewaters (40CFR421.31-91). Ataxia: Failure of muscular coordination (LBL-76107-bio). Atlatl: A tool used to throw a spear (DOE-91/04).
Assimilation: (1) Removal of dissolved or suspended materials from a water mass by biological, chemical, and physical processes. (2) Conversion or incorporation of absorbed nutrients into body substances (cf. synthesis) (DOD-78/01). (3) The ability of a body of water to purify itself of pollutants (EPA-97/12). Assimilative capacity: The capacity of a natural body of water to receive wastewaters or toxic materials without deleterious effects and without damage to aquatic life or humans who consume the water (NavyIEnv-04). Assimilative capacity: The capacity of a natural body of water to receive wastewaters or toxic materials without deleterious effects and without damage to aquatic life or humans who consume the water (EPA-97/12). Associated natural gas: See associated-dissolved natural gas and natural gas (CAA/C02gasl-04). Associated-dissolved natural gas: Natural gas that occurs in crude oil reservoirs either as free gas (associated) or as gas in solution with crude oil (dissolved gas). See natural gas (CANC02gasl-04). Association of boards of certification: An international organization representing boards which certify the operators of waterworks and wastewater facilities (EPA-97/12). Association: The organization offering arbitration services selected by EPA to conduct arbitrations pursuant to this part (40CFR304.12-91). Astatine (At): A radioactive halogen element with atomic number 85; atomic weight 210; melting point 302 C; and boiling point 377 C. The element belongs to group VIIA of the periodic table.
Atmosphere (an): A standard unit of pressure representing the pressure exerted by a 29.92-inch column of mercury at sea level at 45' latitude and equal to 1000 grams per square centimeter (cf. free atmosphere) (EPA-94/04). Atmosphere (the): The whole mass of air surrounding the earth, composed largely of oxygen and nitrogen (EPA-89/12). Atmosphere-supplying devices: Respiratory protection devices coupled to an air source. The two types are Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) and supplied air respirators (airline) (Navy/Env-04). Atmospheric crystallizer: An apparatus used to carry out crystallization under ambient pressure (EPA-77/07). Atmospheric deposition: The transfer of substances from the air to the surface of the earth, either in wet form (rain, fog, snow, dew, frost, hail) or in dry form (gases, aerosols, particles) (CWNWbasics-04). Atmospheric dispersion: The process of air pollutants being dispersed in the atmosphere by the wind that carries the pollutants away from their source and by turbulent air motion that results from solar heating of the earth's surface and air movement over rough terrain and surfaces. See dispersion for more related terms (DOE-9 1/04). Atmospheric evaporation: Evaporation at ambient pressure utilizing a tower filled with packing materials. Air is drawn in from the bottom of the tower and evaporated feed materials entering from the top. There is no recovery of the vapors (EPA83106a). Atmospheric moisture: Moisture content in air.
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials; a private organization based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that establishes standards (SDWNradionuclide04). ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials, which is a developer and provider of voluntary standards (TSCNchemical04). At retail: The sale by a commercial owner of a wood heater to the ultimate purchaser (40CFR60.53 1-91). At sea incineration: See ocean incineration.
Atmospheric pressure (or barometric pressure): The pressure of the air and the atmosphere at sea level. See pressure for more related terms (EPA-81112, p2-3; 85/09). Atmospheric pressure: The pressure exerted by the atmosphere on any surface beneath or within it; equal to 14.7 pounds per square inch at sea level (CWNWbasics-04). Atmospheric reaction: A chemical process in the atmosphere resulting in the transformation of the participating species (NATO-78110).
Atmospheric stability: The ability of the atmosphere to disperse pollutants. The stability classes used in the Gaussian plume models include Extremely unstable; Moderately unstable; Slightly unstable; Neutral; Slightly stable; and Moderately stable (EPA88/09). Atom: A basic chemical particle that can exist. It consists of a dense nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by moving electrons. Other atom-related terms include Electron; Ion; Neutron; and Proton. Atomic absorption spectrometer: A quantitative chemical instrumentation used for the analysis of elemental constituents (6. definitions under metal analyzer) (EPA-83106a). Atomic absorption spectroscopy: An atomic absorption spectroscopy is performed by electrically stimulating light emissions from a particular element, used to detect the amount of that specific element in samples (MWTNinfectious-04). Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954: See Act or AEA. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC): Created by the Atomic Energy Act, the AEC was a civilian agency responsible for the production of nuclear weapons and research and regulation of atomic energy. In 1975, its weapons production and research activities were transferred to the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), and its regulatory authority was transferred to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (AENclosure-04). Atomic energy commission: A predecessor agency to DOE (SDWA/radionuclide-04). Atomic energy: All forms of energy released in the course of nuclear fission or nuclear transformation (10CFR70.4-91). Atomic pile: A nuclear reactor (EPA-74/11). Atomic spectrometry: The term refers to the measurement of the absorption of radiation by atoms (LBL-76107-bio). Atomic weapon: Any device utilizing atomic energy, exclusive of the means for transporting or propelling the device (where such means is a separable and divisible part of the device), the principal purpose of which is for use as, or for development of, a weapon, a weapon prototype, or a weapon test device (10CFR70.4-91). Atomic weight: A number expressing the ratio of the weight of one atom to that of another. Since the atomic weight is nothing more than a relative weight, the numerical value must be obtained with reference to some convenient standard. The modern chemical atomic weight scale uses the oxygen atom as the standard, giving it a weight scale of 16.000. The atomic weight of hydrogen is 1.O, of sulfur 32, of iron 56, etc. (cf. molecular weight) (EPA-84/09).
Atomization: (1) The process in which a stream of water or gas impinges upon a molten metal stream, breaking it into droplets which solidify as powder particles (40CFR471.02-91). (2) The reduction of liquid to a fine spray (EPA-89103b). Atomize: To divide a liquid into extremely minute particles, either by impact with a jet of steam or compressed air, or by passage through a mechanical device (EPA-89/12). Attainment area: A geographic area in which levels of a criteria air pollutant meet the health-based primary standard (National Ambient Air Quality Standard, or NAAQS) for the pollutant. An area may have on acceptable level for one criteria air pollutant, but may have unacceptable levels for others. Thus, an area could be both attainment and nonattainment at the same time. Attainment areas are defined using federal pollutant limits set by EPA (CANAPC-04). Attainment area: A geographic area in which levels of a criteria air pollutant meet the health-based primary standard (National Ambient Air Quality Standard, or NAAQS) for the pollutant. An area may have on acceptable level for one criteria air pollutant, but may have unacceptable levels for others. Thus, an area could be both attainment and nonattainment at the same time. Attainment areas are defined using federal pollutant limits set by EPA (CAAIair-04). Attainment area: An area considered to have air quality as good as or better than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards as defined in the Clean Air Act. An area may be an attainment area for one pollutant and a non-attainment area for others (EPA-97/12). Attenuation: A process of converting and destroying a chemical compound as it passes through layers of soil or rock (RCWmanagement-04). Attenuation: The process by which a compound is reduced in concentration with distance and time through absorption, adsorption, degradation, dilution, diffusion, dispersion, andlor chemical or biological transformation (NavyIEnv-04). Attenuation: The process by which a compound is reduced in concentration over time, through absorption, adsorption, degradation, dilution, andlor transformation. And also be the decrease with distance of sight caused by attenuation of light by particulate pollution (EPA-97/12). Attenuation: The reduction of sound energy as a function of distance traveled (NCNsound-04). Attractant: A chemical or agent that lures insects or other pests by stimulating their sense of smell (EPA-97/12). Attractant: Attractants are traps containing a pesticide and food to lure insects or rodents inside. However, food is not a pesticide even though it certainly attracts pests like ants at a picnic (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Attributable risk: The difference between risk of exhibiting a certain adverse effect in the presence of a toxic substance and that risk in the absence of the substance (EPA-92/12). Attrition mill: (1) In the plywood industry, a machine which produces particles by forcing coarse material, shavings, or pieces of wood between a stationary and a rotating disk, fitted with slotted or grooved segments (EPA-74/04). (2) A ball mill in which pig lead is ground to a powder and oxidized to make the active material (a mixture of lead and lead oxide called lead oxide) in lead acid batteries (EPA-84/08).
Authority having jurisdiction: An organization, office, or individual who has the authority to approve or disapprove the equipment, an installation, or a procedure. Authorized program or authorized state: A state, territorial, tribal, or interstate NPDES program which has been approved or authorized by EPA under 40CFR Part 123 (CWNwastewater-04). Authorized state: A state that has been delegated the authority by EPA to implement and enforce its own regulations for hazardous waste management under RCRA. The state program must be at least as stringent as the federal standards(RCRAhazardous-04).
Attrition: Wearing or grinding down of a substance by friction. Dust from such processes contributes to air pollution (EPA-97/12).
Autocatalysis: A catalysis process in which one of the products of the reaction is a catalyst for the reaction.
Audiogram: Graph of hearing threshold level as a function of frequency (ANSI S3.20-1995: audiogram) (NCNsound-04).
Autocatalytic: A chemical reaction which is catalyzed by one of the products of the reaction (EPA-87107a).
Audiometer: An instrument for measuring hearing acuity (NCAIsound-04).
Autochthonous: A term applied to rocks of which the dominant constituents have been formed in the natural or original position as opposed to prior erosion and disposition (NavyIEnv-04).
Audit of data quality: An assessment of the methods used to collect, interpret, and report the information required to characterize data quality. The assessment of these data quality indicators requires a detailed review of The recording and transfer of raw data; Data calculations; The documentation of procedures; and The selection and discussion of appropriate data quality indicators (EPA-85/08). Audit: A systematic check to determine the quality of operation of some function or activity. Audits may be of two basic types: (1) Performance audits in which quantitative data are independently obtained for comparison with routinely obtained data in a measurement system; or (2) System audits of a qualitative nature that consist of an on-site review of a laboratory's quality assurance system and physical facilities for sampling, calibration, and measurement (EPA-86110a). Other audit-related terms include Independent audit; Performance audit; and System audit. Auger mining: Spiral boring for additional recovery of a coal seam exposed in a high-wall (EPA-82/10). Auger: A rotary drill that uses a screw device to penetrate, break, and then transport the drilled material (coal) (CWNmining-04). Auger: Any drilling device in which the cuttings are mechanically and continuously removed from the bore-hole without the use of fluids; usually used for shallow drilling or sampling (EPA-82/10). Austempering: A heat treating process to obtain greater toughness and ducticity in certain high carbon steels. The process is characterized by interrupted quenching and results in the formation of bainite grain structure (EPA-83106a).
Autoclave: A heavy vessel with thick walls for conducting chemical reactions under high pressure or for sterilizing equipment using steam under pressure (EPA-83/09). Autogenous (autothermic) combustion: In the burning of organic materials, the heat of combustion of the organic materials is sufficient to maintain the combustion without auxiliary fuel except for startup of the burning. See combustion for more related terms (OME-88/12). Auto-ignition temperature: The auto-ignition temperature of an air- fuel mixture is the (lowest) temperature at which chemical reaction proceeds at a rate sufficient to result eventually in inflammation at ASTM specified test condition. See temperature for more related terms. Autolysis: A process of cell self destruction due to the enzyme action. Automated method or analyzer: A method for measuring concentrations of an ambient air pollutant in which sample collection, analysis, and measurement are performed automatically (40CFR53.1-91). Automated transmission component: An asbestos-containing product used as a friction material in vehicular automatic transmissions (40CFR763.163-91). Automatic gas shut off valve: An automatic valve that will shut off a gas flow in a pipe and remain off, when a temperature or pressure of the flow is heated in excess of some predetermined limits (Waukee-03).
Automatic plating: (1) Full plating: The workpieces are automatically conveyed through successive cleaning and plating tanks. (2) Semi plating: The workpieces are conveyed automatically through only one plating tank (EPA-83106a). (3) See plating for more related terms. Automatic tank gauging: A release detection method for USTs that uses a probe in the tank that is wired to a monitor to provide i n f o d o n on product level and temperature (RCRA/hazardous-04). Automatic temperature compensator: A device that continuously senses the temperature of fluid flowing through a metering device and automatically adjusts the registration of the measured volume to the corrected equivalent volume at a base temperature (40CFR60.43 1-91).
gasoline to be treated with detergents and deposit control additives. More recently, EPA has set standards for low sulfur gasoline and low sulfur diesel which will help ensure the effectiveness of low emission-control technologies in vehicles and reduce harmful air pollution. For more information, see http:Nwww.epa.govlotaq/ fiels.htm and http:l/www.epa.gov/otaq/invntory/overview/ solutions/milestones.htm
Automobile: A motor vehicle capable of carrying no more than 12 passengers (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.391-91). Auto-oxidation: A self-induced or internally catalyzed oxidation process (LBL-76107-water).
Automatic valve: A valve that will automatically perform its function in accordance with the pre-set conditions. See valve for more related terms.
Autothermal reforming: A process that is to extract hydrogen molecules from hydrocarbon fuels through the combination of catalytic partial oxidation and partial s t e m reforming. The steam reforming creates sufficient heat to drive itself and generates more hydrogen than catalytic partial oxidation alone.
Automatic wash water control: Automatic solenoid operated shutoff devices which completely stop the flow of water into the processor when it is not being used; thereby avoiding excessive wash water flows (EPA-80110).
Auto-transformer: A power transformer having one continuous winding that is tapped; part of the winding serves as the primary coil and all of it serves as the secondary coil, or vice versa. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03).
Automatically-lighted burner: A burner that can ignite automatically.
Autotrophic organism: An organism capable of constructing organic matter from inorganic substances (LBL-76107-water).
Automobile and light duty truck body: The exterior surface of an automobile or light duty truck including hoods, fenders, cargo boxes, doors, and grill opening panels (40CFR60.39 1-91).
Autotrophic: An organism that produces food from inorganic substances, e.g., photosynthetic plants (NavyEnv-04).
Automobile or light duty truck assembly plant: A facility where parts are assembled or finished for eventual inclusion into a finished automobile or light duty truck ready for sale to vehicle dealers, but not including customizers, body shops, and other repainters (40CFR52.741-91).
Auxiliary emission control device (AECD): Any element of design which senses temperature, vehicle speed, engine RPM, transmission gear, manifold vacuum, or any other parameter for the purpose of activating, modulating, delaying, or deactivating the operation of any part of the emission control system (40CFR86.082.2-91).
Automobile or light duty truck refinishing: The repainting of used automobiles and light duty trucks (40CFR52.741-91).
Auxiliary equipment: Accessory equipment necessary for the operation of a process train (EPA-83).
~utomobiletailpipe emission control: In accordance with the federal Clean Air Act (CAA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes fuel quality standards to help protect public health and the environment from harmful gaseous and particulate emissions from motor vehicles and engines. EPA issued standards in 1973 which called for a gradual phase down of lead to reduce the health risks from lead emissions from gasoline. Beginning in 1989, EPA required gasoline to meet volatility standards (in two phases) to decrease evaporative emissions of gasoline in the summer months. Upon passage of the 1990 CAA amendments, EPA began monitoring the winter oxygenated fuels program implemented by the states to help control emissions of carbon monoxide. It also established the reformulated gasoline (RFG) program, which is designed to reduce emissions of smogforming and toxic pollutants. EPA also set requirements for
Auxiliary fan: A small, portable fan used to supplement the ventilation of an individual working place (CWAImining-04). See also booster fan. Auxiliary fuel burner: A burner in either the primary or secondary chamber fueled by natural gas or fuel oil. It is used to maintain incinerator temperatures if waste has not enough heating value to maintain combustion temperatures. See burner for more related terms (EPA-89/03b). Auxiliary fuel firing equipment: Equipment used in an incinerator to supply additional heat by burning an auxiliary fuel so that the additional heat: Dry and ignite the waste material; Maintain ignition thereof; and Affect complete combustion of combustible solids, vapors, and gases (SW-108ts).
Auxiliary fuel: The fuel which is used to preheat an incinerator, to start incineration, and to maintain incineration temperature, if waste materials do not contain enough combustible organic contents. See fuel for more related terms (EPA-89/03b). Auxiliary operation: All activities supportive of but not contributing directly to mining (CWNmining-04). Auxiliary power or auxiliary power unit: Any power source that is used to augment or to support the performance of a prime power source. Auxiliary ventilation: Portion of main ventilating current directed to face of dead end entry by means of an auxiliary fan and tubing (CWNmining-04). Availability factor: The ratio (percent) of the time that a power source or piece of equipment is ready for service divided by the total time interval under consideration. Availability session: Informal meeting at a public location where interested citizens can talk with EPA and state officials on a oneto-one basis (EPA-97/12). Availability: The ratio (percent) of the actual operating time that a power source is functioning divided by the design time that the power source should have been hctioning. Available chlorine: (1) A term used in rating chlorinated lime and hypochlorites as to their total oxidizing power. Also, a term formerly applied to residual chlorine; now obsolete (EPA-8211If). (2) The oxidizing power of a bleaching agent expressed in terms of elemental chlorine (EPA-87/10). (3) A measure of the amount of chlorine available in chlorinated lime, hypochlorite compounds, and other materials used as a source of chlorine when compared with that of liquid or gaseous chlorine (EPA-97/12). See chlorine for more related terms. Available energy: The portion of energy added to the system which could be converted to work in a series of reversible engines operating between the temperature of the system and the lowest available temperature (Holman-pl76; Jones-p3 13; Wark-p269). Available heat: (1) The quantity of useful energy per unit of fuel available from complete combustion after deducting dry-flue-gas and water vapor losses (EPA-83). (2) The available heat at any temperature is the gross quantity of heat released within a combustion chamber minus: (a) The sensible heat carried away by the dry flue gases; and (b) The latent heat and sensible heat carried away in water vapor contained in the flue gases (EPA-81/12, p310; 84/09). See heat for more related terms. Available oxygen: The quantity of atmospheric oxygen dissolved in the water of a stream; the quantity of dissolved oxygen
available for the oxidation of organic matter in sewage. See oxygen for more related terms (EPA-8711Oa).
Available system capacity: The capacity determined by subtracting the system load and the system emergency reserves from the net system capacity (40CFR60.4 1a-9 1). Aventurine: Glass containing colored, opaque spangles of nonglassy material (EPA-83). Average annual flood: The mean of the annual floods during a period of record. See flood for more related terms (DOI-70104). Average concentration: (1) As it relates to chlorine discharge means the average of analyses made over a single period of chlorine release which does not exceed two hours (40CFR423.1191). (2) The mean value of a measured concentration, e.g., in a chlorine discharge analysis, it means the average of analyses made over a single period of chlorine release (EPA-8211 la). Average discharge: As used by the U.S. Geological Survey, the arithmetic average of all complete water years of record of surface water discharge whether consecutive or not. The term "average" generally is reserved for average of record and "mean" is used for averages of shorter periods, namely, daily, monthly, or annual mean discharges. See also mean (CWAIWbasics-04). Average discharge: In the annual series of the Geological Survey's reports on surface water supply--the arithmetic average of all complete water years of record whether or not they are consecutive. Average discharge is not published for less than five years of record. The term "average" is generally reserved for average of record and "mean" is used for averages of shorter periods, namely, daily mean discharge (CWAIhydrology-04). Average electric demand: The demand on, or the power output of, an electric system or any of its parts over any interval of time, as determined by dividing the total number of kilowatt hours by the number of units of time in the interval. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83). Average fuel economy: The unique fuel economy value as computed under 40CFR600.510 for a specific class of automobiles produced by a manufacturer that is subject to average fuel economy standard (40CFR600.002.85-91). Average losses: The total difference in energy input and output or power input and output (due to losses), averaged over a time interval and expressed either in physical quantities or as a percentage of total input. See electric loss for more related terms (EPA-83). Average monthly discharge limitation: The highest allowable average of "daily discharges" over a calendar month, calculated as the sum of all "daily discharges" measured during a calendar
month divided by the number of "daily discharges" measured during that month (40CFR122.2-91).
Avicron fiber: A trademark of FMC for rayon filament yams. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b).
Average monthly discharge limitations: The highest allowable average of daily discharges over a calendar month, calculated as the sum of all daily discharges measured during that month divided by the number of days on which monitoring was performed (except in the case of fecal colifom) (CWAIwastewater-04).
Avigation easement: Legal document that provides a perpetual right of way to aircraft to fly over a residence in retum for the sound insulation program improvements, that is permanently attached to the property deed (NCAInoise-04).
Average particle diameter: See mean particle diameter. Average particle size: See cut size. Average time: Considering a continuously varying function of time, it is the time period over which the function is given as an average. In dispersion modeling, the time interval of a specific length over which variations in pollutant concentration at a receptor are averaged. Because instantaneous concentrations at receptors exhibit wide temporal variations, time average concentrations provide a more convenient characterization of pollutant levels at a receptor. The averaging times for dispersion models are designed to be consistent with the air quality standards and commonly include the following: I-, 3-, 8-, 24-hour, and annual average (EPA-88/09). Average weekly discharge limitation: The highest allowable average of "daily discharges" over a calendar week, calculated as the sum of all "daily discharges" measured during a calendar week divided by the number of "daily discharges" measured during that week (40CFR122.2-91). Average: See arithmetic mean, ensemble average, geometric mean, or harmonic mean (NATO-78110). Averaging period: The period of time over which the receiving water concentration is averaged for comparison with criteria concentrations. This specification limits the duration of concentrations above the criteria (EPA-91/03). Aviation gasoline (finished): A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Fuel specifications are provided in ASTM Specification D 910 and Military Specification MIL-G-5572. Note: Data on blending components are not counted in data on finished aviation gasoline (CAA/COzgas1-04). Aviation gasoline: All special grades of gasoline for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Excludes blending components, which are blended or compounded into finished aviation gasoline (CAA/C02gas-04). Avicide: A lethal agent used to destroy birds but also refers to materials used for repelling birds (EPA-85/10).
Avoided cost: The amount of money saved when another less costly option that yields the same result is selected or used (RCRAImanagernent-04). Avoided cost: The cost a utility would incur to generate the next increment of electric capacity using its own resources; many landfill gas projects' buy back rates are based on avoided costs (EPA-97/12). Avril fiber: A trademark of FMC for staple and filament yarns. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Avulsion: A marked change in the shore of a water body or the course of a stream (which may result from wave erosion) involving extensive removal and redeposition of soil; such changes affect riparian property rights and raise legal questions concerning property lines and ownership of the transported and redeposited material (DOI-70104). A-weighted decibel: A unit of weighted sound pressure level, measured by the use of a metering characteristic and the Aweighting specified in American National Standard ANSI SI.41971(R176).See decibel for more related terms. A-weighting: An electronic filtering system in a sound meter that allows meter to largely ignore lower frequency sounds in a similar fashion to the way our ears do (NCNsound-04). Awkward posture: Posture is the position of the body while performing work activities. Awkward posture is associated with an increased risk for injury. It is generally considered that the more a joint deviates from the neutral (natural) position, the greater the risk of injury. Specific postures have been associated with injury. For example: (1) Wrist: (a) Flexiodextension (bending up and down); (b) Ulnadradial deviation (sidbending). (2) Shoulder: (a) Abductiodflexion (upper arm positioned out to the side or above shoulder level); (b) Hands at or above shoulder height. (3) Neck (cervical spine): (a) Flexiodextension or bending the neck forward and to the back; (b) Side bending as when holding a telephone receiver on the shoulder. (4) Low back: Bending at the waist, twisting (OSHNergonomics-04). Axenic: A culture of Lernna fronds free from other organisms (40CFR797.1160-91). Axle clearance: The vertical distance from the level surface on which an automobile is standing to the lowest point on the ale differential of the automobile (40CFR86.084.2-91).
Axle ratio: All ratios within plus or minus 3% of the ale ratio specified in the configuration in the test order (40CFR86.602.8491, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91).
where the laser beam is pointed. It is measured from an arbitrary fixed reference line in that plane (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)91).
Azeotrope: A liquid mixture of two or more substances which behaves like a single substance in that the vapor produced by partial evaporation of liquid has the same composition as the liquid (EPA-83/09).
Azimuth: A surveying term that references the angle measured clockwise from any meridian (the established line of reference). The bearing is used to designate direction. The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and the line (CWAImining-04).
Azide: Compounds containing the N3group. Azimuth angle: The angle in the horizontal plane that designates
Azo compound: A compound containing (-N=N-) to link two other groups.
Back-drafting: A condition where the normal (up) movement of combustion products (a flue gas), resulting from the buoyant forces on the hot gases is reversed, so that the combustion products can enter the house. Back-drafting of combustion appliances (such as fireplaces and furnaces) can occur when depressurization in the house overwhelms the buoyant force on the hot gases. Back-drafting can also be caused by high air pressures at the chimney or flue termination (EPA-88/08). Back-end materials recovery: An engineered system that provides for collection of discrete reusable materials from mixed wastes which have been burned or treated (EPA-83).
Background concentration: A concentration of a substance in a particular environment that is indicative of minimal influence by human (anthropogenic)sources (CWAAVquality-04). Background condition: The biological, chemical, and physical conditions of a water body, upstream from the point or non-point source discharge under consideration. Background sampling location in an enforcement action will be upstream from the point of discharge, but not upstream from other inflows. If several discharges to any water body exist, and an enforcement action is being taken for possible violations to the standards, background sampling will be undertaken immediately upstream from each discharge (40CFR131.35-91).
Back-end system: A combination of system components that changes the chemical properties of the waste andlor converts its components into energy or compost (cf. front-end system) (EPA83).
Background correction: In data analysis, a technique to compensate for variable background contribution to the instrument signal and the determination of trace metals (NavytEnv-04).
Back pressure: (1) A pressure against which a fluid or gas is flowing. It is the pressure resulting from fiction in lines, restrictions in pipes, hydrostatic head, or other impediments that cause resistance to fluid flow. (2) A pressure can cause water to backflow into the water supply when a user's water system is at a higher pressure than the public system (EPA-97/12).
Background level: (1) The concentration of a substance in an environmental media (air, water, or soil) that occurs naturally or is not the result of human activities. (2) In exposure assessment, the concentration of a substance in a defined control area during a fixed period of time before, during, or after a data-gathering operation (EPA-97/12).
Back: The roof or upper part in any underground mining cavity (CWAImining-04).
Background level: An average or expected amount of a substance or radioactive material in a specific environment, or typical amounts of substances that occur naturally in an environment (SFhealth-04).
Backfill: Mine waste or rock used to support the roof after coal removal (CWAImining-04). Backfill: The material used to refill a ditch or other excavation, or the process of doing so (EPA-83). Backfilling: The transfer of previously moved material back into an excavation such as a mine or ditch, or against a constructed object (EPA-82/10). Backflowhack siphonage: A reverse flow condition created by a difference in water pressures that causes water to flow back into the distribution pipes of a drinking water supply from any source other than an intended one (EPA-97/12).
Background radiation: (1) The radioactivity in the environment, including cosmic rays from space and radiation that exists elsewhere--in the air, in the earth, and in man-made materials. In the U.S.,most people receive 100 to 250 millirems of background radiation per year (EPA-88108a). (2) A normal radiation present in the lower atmosphere from cosmic rays and from earth sources (EPA-74/11). (3) Ionizing radiation present in the environment from cosmic rays and natural sources in the earth; background radiation varies considerably with location (cf. radiation, natural) (DOE-91/04). See radiation for more related terms. Background soil pH: The pH of the soil prior to the addition of substances that alter the hydrogen ion concentration (4OCFR257.3.5-91).
Background: Ambient pollutant concentrations due to: (1) Natural sources; (2) Nearby sources other than the one(s) currently under consideration; and (3) Unidentified anthropogenic sources (EPA-88/09).
the stabilization of solid wastes, because they break down organic matter in the air, water, or solid (cf. coliform) (SW-108ts). See also sulfur bacteria.
Bacteria bed: See tickling filter (Scott-81). Backhoe tamping: A process step, often used in direct dump transfer systems, in which a conventional backhoe is used to compact waste contained in an open-top transfer trailer (SW108ts). Backing wind: The counterclockwise rotation of the wind direction. See wind for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Backscatter signal: The general term for the lidar return signal which results from laser light being backscattered by atmospheric and smoke plume particulates (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)91). Backscatter: The scattering of laser light in a direction opposite to that of the incident laser beam due to reflection from particulates along the beam's atmospheric path which may include a smoke plume (40CFR60-App/A(alt.method 1)-9 1). Backwashing: (1) The process of cleaning a rapid sand or mechanical filter by reversing the flow of water (EPA-87110a). (2) Reversing the flow of water back through the filter media to remove the entrapped solids (EPA-97/12). Backwashing: Reversing the flow of water back through the filter media to remove the entrapped solids (Navy/Env-04). Backwater: A body of water in which the flow is slowed or turned back by an obstruction such as a bridge or dam, an opposing current, or the movement of the tide (CWANbasics-04). Backwater: Water backed up or retarded in its course as compared with its normal or natural condition of flow. In stream gaging, a rise in stage produced by a temporary obstruction such as ice or weeds, or by the flooding of the stream below. The difference between the observed stage and that indicated by the as backwater stage-discharge relation, is reported (CWAA~ydrology-04). Backyard composting: Diversion of organic food waste and yard timmings from the municipal wastestream by composting hem in one's yard through controlled decomposition of organic matter by bacteria and fungi into a humus-like product. It is considered source reduction, not recycling, because the cornposted materials never enter the municipal wastestream (EPA-97/12). Bacquerel (Bq): See radiation unit. Bacteria (singular: bacterium): Single-cell, microscopic living organisms (single-celled microorganisms), that possess rigid cell walls. They may be aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative; they can cause disease; and some are important in pollution control, e.g.,
Bacteria: Microscopic living organisms that can aid in pollution control by metabolizing organic matter in sewage, oil spills, or other pollutants. However, bacteria in soil, water, or air can also cause human, animal, and plant health problems (EPA-97/12). Bacteria: Single-celled microscopic organisms (CWAIWbasics04). Bacterial growth: All bacteria for wastewater treatment require food for their continued life and growth and all are affected by the conditions of their environment. Like human beings, they consume food, need moisture, require heat, and give off waste products, and they respire. Without an adequate food supply, bacteria will not grow (EPA-76/03). Bacterial metabolism: The chemical change, constructive and destructive, occurring in bacteria (EPA-75/10). Bacterial quantity unit (BQU): One measure of the total load of bacteria passing a given stream location and is particularly useful in comparing relative loads between wastewater treatment stations. The number of BQUs is derived as the product of flow in cfs and coliform density in MPN per 100 ml divided by 100,000 (EPA7410 1a). Bactericide: (1) A bacteria-killing chemical (EPA-85/10). (2) A substance which kills bacteria (LBL-76107-water). Bactericide: A pesticide used to control or destroy bacteria, typically in the home, schools, or on hospital equipment (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Bacteriophage: A type of virus which attacks and destroys bacteria (EPA-83/09). Bacteriostat: An agent which inhibits the growth of bacteria (EPA-75/01a). Baffle chamber: (1) In incinerator design, a chamber designed to promote the settling of fly ash and coarse particulate matter by changing the direction andlor reducing the velocity of the gases produced by the combustion of the refuse or sludge (EPA-97/12). See settling chamber. Baffle mark: A mark or seam on bottle resulting from a mold joint between blank mold and baffle (EPA-83). Baffle: (1) A construction used to close or deflect the delivery of a moving substance (EPA-83). (2) Any deflector devices used to change the direction of a flow or the velocity of water, sewage, or
products of combustion such as fly ash or coarse particulate matter. Also used in deadening sound (EPA-74/11). (3) A device that is used to change the direction of or to retard a gas flow or other flow medium.
Baffle: A flat board or plate, deflector, guide, or similar device constructed or placed in flowing water or slurry systems to cause more uniform flow velocities, to absorb energy, and to divert, guide, or agitate liquids (EPA-97/12).
accumulated dust is removed for disposal (EPA-81/09; AP-40, p106).
Baghouse compartment: Baghouses are usually constructed in modular forms. Each module consists of one or more compartments. Each compartment can contain a few or several thousand bags (EPA-84/09).
Baffle: A free hanging acoustical sound absorbing unit. Normally suspended vertically in a variety of patterns to introduce absorption into a space to reduce reverberation and noise levels (NCNsound-04).
Baghouse filter: Large fabric bag, usually made of glass fibers, used to eliminate intermediate and large (greater than 20 microns in diameter) particles. This device operates in a way similar to the bag of an electric vacuum cleaner, passing the air and smaller particulate matte, while entrapping the larger particulates (AENmixedW-04).
Bag barker: See debarker (EPA-74/04).
Baghouse filter: See baghouse.
Bag blinding: The loading, or accumulation, of filter cake to the point where capacity rate is diminished in a bag house of air pollution control equipment (EPA-89103b).
Baghouse major components: The major components of a fabric filter include (1) Dirty air inlet and a plate (diffuser) with holes in it that uniformly distributes the flue gas. (2) A dirty air chamber or plenum that contains the fabric bags. (3) A tube sheet, with holes for each bag, that supports the bags and separates the dirty air plenum from the clean air plenum. (4) The tubular filter bags with supporting wire frame bag retainers. (4) The bag cups and venturis to which the individual bags are attached and which inject the pulse of cleaning air into the bags. (5) The air compressor that supplies the compressed air for cleaning the bags. (6) The ash hopper that holds the collected particulate after it is cleaned from the bag. (7) A rotary valve air lock that discharges the ash from the hopper.
Bag failure: Filter bags in a baghouse fail with time. There are three basic failure mechanisms that can shorten the life of a bag; these are related to abrasion, thermal degradation, and chemical attack (EPA-84/09). Bag filter (or fabric filter): (1) A filter in which the medium is a fabric cylindrical bag. See collector for more related terms (EPA83). (2) A device designed to remove particles form canier gas or air by passage of the gas through a porous (fabric) medium. See filter for more related terms (EPA-83). See also baghouse. Bagacillo: Fine bagasse particles (EPA-75102d). Bagasse: (1) The fibrous residue that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or sugar beets. It is generally used as boiler fuel, and in some cases, in the manufacture of various byproducts (EPA-75102d). (2) Plant residues used to bind explosives (EPA-76/03). Bagging operation: The mechanical process by which bags are filled with nonmetallic minerals (40CFR60.671-91). Baghouse (or baghouse filter): A type of air pollution control device. A baghouse is also known as a bag filter or a fabric filter. A baghouse uses fabric filters to remove particulates from flue gases (ETI-92). The bag removes solid particulate matter from the flue gas stream by filtering the flue gas through fabric bags, usually made of cloth or glass fibers. Small particles are initially captured and retained on the fibers of the cloth by means of interception, impingement, diffusion, gravitational settling, and electrostatic attraction. Once a mat or cake of dust is accumulated, further collection is accomplished by sieving or other mechanisms. The cloth then serves mainly as a supporting structure for the dust mat responsible for the high collection efficiency. Periodically the
Baghouse: An air pollution abatement device used to trap particulate by filtering gas streams through large fabric bags usually made of glass fibers (AENmixedW-04). Bahco microparticle classifier: The Bahco is a versatile particle classifier used for measuring powders, dust, and other finely divided solid materials. The Bahco's working range is approximately 1 to 60 pm. The Bahco uses a combination of elutriation and centrifugation to separate particles in an air stream. Particles can be collected onto a filter by using an EPA Method 5 sampling train. The collected particles are subsequently analyzed in the laboratory. See particle size measurement device for more related terms (Course 413, p4-7; EOA-84/09). A weighed sample, usually 5 grams, is introduced into a spiral-shaped air current to separate the particle fractions. The larger particles overcome the viscous forces of the fluid and migrate to the wall of the chamber, while the smaller particles remain suspended. After the two size fractions are separated, one of them is reintroduced into the device and is fractionated further. A different spin speed is used to give a slightly different centrifugal force. This is repeated as many times as desired to give an adequate size distribution. The measurements are grouped into discrete size ranges (i.e., 40-60 pm, 20-40 pm). The Bahco provides information on the aerodynamic size of particles. This data can be translated into settling velocity information useful in the design of emission control devices.
Several hours are required to complete the fractionation analysis. Once the particles have been fractionated into the discrete range, a chemical analysis can be done on the collected particles.
Bailer: (1) A pipe with a valve at the lower end, used to remove sluny from the bottom or side of a well as it is being drilled, or to collect groundwater samples from wells or open boreholes. (2) A tube of varying length (EPA-97/12). Bailer: A long pipe with a valve at the lower end, used to remove slurry from the bottom or side of a well as it is being drilled or to obtain a water sample from a developed well (NavyIEnv-04). Bait: The tool dipped into molten glass to start any drawing operation (EPA-83). Bake oven: A device which uses heat to dry or cure coatings (40CFR60.311-91, see also 40CFR60.391-91). Baked coatings: Any coating which is cured or dried in an oven where the oven air temperature exceeds 90 C (194 F) (40CFR52.741-9 1). Balance experiments: Experiments on man or other animals that involve quantitative measurements of intake (via respiration and ingestion) and loss (via exhalation and excretion) of a specific element or substance. A positive balance means that more is taken in than is lost over a specified time (LBL-76107-bio). Balanced draft: In a balanced draft system, a forced draft fan is used to push (or blow) combustion air into the incinerator and an induced draft fan (or the natural draft stack) is used to pull the combustion gas through the incinerator and exit from the stack. The draft is balanced so that the incinerator is maintained at a slightly negative pressure. This negative pressure presents emissions from leaking from the combustion chamber. See draft for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Balance-of-plant (BOP): All auxiliary equipment and machinery in a fuel cell power plant that are required to support the operation of the fuel cell plant itself. Balancing item: A measurement of the difference between the reported amount of natural gas produced and the amount consumed (CAA/C02gas-04). Balancing item: Represents differences between the sum of the components of natural gas supply and the sum of the components of natural gas disposition. These differences may be due to quantities lost or to the effects of data reporting problems. Reporting problems include differences due to the net result of conversions of flow data metered at varying temperature and pressure bases and converted to a standard temperature and pressure base; the effect of variations in company accounting and billing practices; differences between billing cycle and calendar period time frames; and imbalances resulting from the merger of
data reporting systems that vary in scope, format, definitions, and type of respondents (CAA/C02gas1-04).
Bale: A standard bale of wastepaper is 72 in. long, 32 in. wide, and 28 in. deep, with a content of about 37 cubic feet and weighing 900 to 1000 Ibs. The size and weight may vary with the grade of paper. A bale of pulp varies in weight from 400 to 500 Ibs and is approximately 30x30~13in. size. A bale of rags varies in weight from 700 to 1300 Ibs and will vary in dimensions according to the press used. Typical dimensions are 26x30~72in., 26x42~72in., or 26x52~54in. A bale of bags weighs 61 to 62 Ibs (EPA-87/10). Baler: (1) A machine used to compress solid wastes, primary materials, or recoverable materials, with or without binding, to a density or from which will support handling and transportation as a material unit rather than requiring a disposable or reuseable container. This specifically excludes briquetters and stationary compaction equipment which is used to compact materials into disposable or reuseable containers (40CFR246.101-91). (2) A machine used to compress and bind materials together (EPA-83). Baler: A machine used to compress recyclables into bundles to reduce volume. Balers are often used on newspaper, plastics, and wrmgated cardboard (RCWmanagernent-04). Baling: Compacting solid waste into blocks to reduce volume and to simplify handling (EPA-97/12). Baling: The compaction of solid waste (shredded or non-shredded) or plastic and metal recyclables (flattened or non-flattened) into small rectangular blocks or bales. Baled solid waste is placed in a landfill in a similar fashion as a cell, with cover surrounding a bale or group of bales. Baling recyclable materials makes them easier to handle and transport (RCWmanagement-04). Ball decks: A tray of rubber balls that bounce against the bottom surface of a screen; thus eliminating blinding (EPA-88108a). Ball mill: Pulverizing equipment for the grinding of raw materials. Grinding is done by steel balls, pebbles, or rods (EPA-83103a). Ball powder: Small arms powder made by emulsifying a mixture of propellant and solvent in a liquid in which they are not soluble. Evaporation of the emulsifying liquid and the solvent yields quite uniform round balls of powder (EPA-76/03). Ballast: (1) The flow of waters, from a ship, that is treated along with refinery wastewaters in the main treatment system (40CFR419.11-91). (2) A circuit element that serves to limit an electric current or to provide a starting voltage, as in certain types of lamps, such as in fluorescent ceiling fixtures (EPA-83/03). Balled (or nuggetized): Describes municipal ferrous scrap which has been processed by a machine so that individual particles have been formed into tight, high density balls or nuggets (EPA-83).
Ballistic separator: (1) A device that drops mixed materials having different physical characteristics onto a high speed rotary impeller. They are hurled off at different velocities and land in separate collecting bins (SW-108ts). (2) A machine that sorts organic from inorganic matter for composting (EPA-97/12). See separator for more related terms. Band application: The spreading of chemicals over, or next to, each row of plants in a field (EPA-97/12). Bandwidth: The frequency range of a radio signal. Bank storage: The change in the amount of water stored in an aquifer adjacent to a surface-water body resulting from a change in stage of the surface-water body (CWA/Wbasics-04). Bank storage: The water absorbed into the banks of a stream channel, when the stages rise above the water table in the bank formations, then returned to the channel as effluent seepage when the stages fall below the water table (CWAihydrology-04). Bank: The margins of a channel. Banks are called right or left as viewed facing in the direction of the flow (CWAihydrology-04). Bank: The sloping ground that borders a stream and confines the water in the natural channel when the water level, or flow, is normal (CWAIWquality-04).
Barium (Ba): An alkaline earth metal with atomic number 56; atomic weight 137.34; density 3.5 glcc; melting point 725 C; and boiling point 1640 C. The element belongs to group IIA of the periodic table. Barium (Ba): The heaviest of the stable alkaline earths, it is a soft, silver-grey metal. It is used in various alloys, paints, soap, paper, rubber, ceramics, glass, insecticides, oil and gas well drilling muds, fireworks, lubricating oil, and steel hardening. It is naturally abundant in nature and is found in plant and animal tissue. Ingestion of barium or some of its compounds can cause muscular problems, and it can accumulate in the skeleton (NavyIEnv-04). Barking: An operation of removing bark (tree skin) from pulpwood prior to processing. This is carried out by means of a barker with knife, and drum, by mechanical abrasion, by hydraulic barker, or by chemical means (EPA-87/10). Baroclinity: State of the atmosphere in which density is no unique function of pressure. The surfaces of constant density (isopycnic) do not coincide with surfaces of constant pressure (isobaric). The main effect of baroclinity is that vorticity can be generated in the atmosphere (cf. barotropy) (NATO-78/10). Barometer: A pressure gauge that measures atmospheric pressure. See pressure gauge for more related terms.
Bankfull stage: Stage at which a stream first overflows its natural banks. (See also flood stage. Bankfull stage is a hydraulic term, whereas flood stage implies damage) (CWAhydrology-04).
Barometric condenser: (1) An apparatus used to condense vapor, in which the vapors are condensed by direct contact with water (EPA-75102~).(2) The cooling water and the vapors are in physical contact; the condensate is mixed in the cooling water (EPA-75/02d, AP-40, P 199). See condenser for more related terms.
Banking: A system for recording qualified air emission reductions for later use in bubble, offset, or netting transactions (see emissions trading) (EPA-97/12).
Barometric condensing operations: Those operations or processes directly associated with or related to the concentration and crystallization of sugar solutions (40CFR409.11-91).
BAP: Benzo(a)pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Bar screen: In wastewater treatment, a device used to remove large solids (EPA-97/12).
Barometric damper: A hinged or pivoted plate that automatically regulates the amount of air entering a duct, breeching, flue connection, or stack. It thereby maintains a constant draft in the incinerator. See damper for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Bar, billet, and bloom: Those acid pickling operations that pickle bar, billet, or bloom products (40CFR420.91-91).
Barometric leg water: Condenser cooling water. See water for more related terms (EPA-75102d).
Bar: A CGS pressure unit, 1 bar = lo6 dynes/(cm2)= lo5 pascals 14.504 psi.
Barometric leg: (1) A pipe drawing water from a decker or similar piece of equipment discharging it below the surface of the water in a receiving tank. A syphon action is created thus drawing a vacuum on the decker (EPA-87/10). (2) A long vertical pipe through which spent condenser water leaves the barometric condenser. It serves as a source of vacuum (EPA-75102d).
= 750 mmHg = 0.987 atmosphere =
Barge haul: The hauling of material by barge (cf. rail haul) (EPA83). Baridex: A quantitative method for determining the amount of BaC03 required to combine the water soluble sulfates in clays of shales (EPA-83).
Barometric pressure: See atmospheric pressure.
Barometric seal: A column of liquid used to hydraulically seal a scrubber, or any component thereof, from the atmosphere or any other part of the system (EPA-89103b). Barotropy: A state of the atmosphere in which the pressure is a unique function of the density. The surfaces of constant density (isopycnic) coincide with the surfaces of constant pressure (isobaric) (cf. baroclinity) (NATO-78110). Barrel finishing: The process of polishing a workpiece using a rotating or vibrating container and abrasive grains or other polishing materials to achieve the desired surface appearance (EPA-83106a). Barrel plating: The electroplating of workpieces in barrels (bulk). See plating for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Barrel sampler: Open-ended steel tube used to collect soil samples (EPA-97/12). Barrel: Forty two (42) United States gallons at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (CWA311; SFlO1; 40CFR195.2; 113.3-91). Barren: Said of rock or vein material containing no minerals of value, and of strata without coal, or containing coal in seams too thin to be workable (CWNmining-04). Barricading: Enclosing part of a mine to prevent inflow of noxious gasses from a mine fire or an explosion (CWNmining04. Barrier bar: An elongate offshore ridge, submerged at least at high tide, built up by the action of waves or currents (CWNWbasics-04). Barrier beach: A narrow, elongate sandy ridge rising slightly above the high-tide level and extending generally parallel with the mainland shore, but separated from it by a lagoon (CWAIWbasics04). Barrier coating@): A layer of a material that obstructs or prevents passage of something through a surface that is to be protected, e.g., grout, caulk, or various sealing compounds; sometimes used with polyurethane membranes to prevent corrosion or oxidation of metal surfaces, chemical impacts on various materials, or, for example, to prevent radon infiltration through walls, cracks, or joints in a house (NavyIEnv-04). Barrier coating: A layer of a material that obstructs or prevents passage of something through a surface that is to be protected, e.g., grout, caulk, or various sealing compounds; sometimes used with polyurethane membranes to prevent corrosion or oxidation of metal surfaces, chemical impacts on various materials, or, for example, to prevent radon infiltration through walls, cracks, or joints in a house (EPA-97/12).
Barrier: A material that when placed around a source of noise inhibits the transmission of that noise beyond the barrier. Also, anything physical or an environment that interferes with communication or listening e.g., a poor acoustical environment can be a barrier to good listening and especially so for persons with a hearing impairment (NCNsound-04). Barrier: Any material or structure that prevents or substantially delays movement of water or radionuclides toward the accessible environment. For example, a barrier may be a geologic structure, a canister, a waste form with physical and chemical characteristics that significantly decrease the mobility of radionuclides, or a material placed over and around waste, provided that the material or structure substantially delays movement of water or radionuclides (40CFR191.12-91). Barrier: Something that bars or keeps out. Barrier pillars are solid blocks of coal left between two mines or sections of a mine to prevent accidents due to inrushes of water, gas, or from explosions or a mine fire (CWNmining-04). Barton pot: A reactor vessel, used in the Barton process, into which molten lead is fed and vigorously agitated to form fine lead droplets in the presence of air. The resulting mixture of unoxidized lead and lead oxides (lead oxide) comprises an active material in lead acid batteries (EPA-84/08). Barton process: A process for making lead oxide to be used in secondary lead oxide batteries. Molten lead is fed, agitated, and stirred in a pot with the resulting fine droplets oxidized. Materials are collected in a settling chamber where crystalline varieties of lead oxide are formed (EPA-83103a). Basal application: In pesticides, the application of a chemical on plant stems or tree trunks just above the soil line (EPA-97/12). Basal diet: The food or diet as it is prepared or received from the supplier, without the addition of any carrier, diluent, or test substance (40CFR797.2050-91, see also 40CFR797.2 130; 797.2 150-91). Basalt: Consistent year-round energy use of a facility; also refers to the minimum amount of electricity supplied continually to a facility (EPA-97/12). Base board duct: A continuous system of sheet metal or plastic channel ducting that is sealed over the joint between the wall and floor around the entire perimeter of the basement. Holes drilled into hollow blocks in the wall allow suction to be drawn on the walls and joint to remove radon through the ducts to a release point away from the inside of the house (EPA-88/08). Base date period: The 30-day period immediately preceding the base date; "compliance date period" means the 30-day period immediately preceding the compliance date. In situations where the averaging periods are not appropriate, approval of an alternate
period may be requested from the Regional Administrator (40CFR52.2297-91).
Base date: The date set forth in paragraph (d) of this section as of which the base number of single-passenger commuter vehicles at a particular employment facility or educational institution must be determined (40CFR52.1161-91, see also 40CFR52.2297-91). Base discharge (for peak discharge): In the Geological Survey's annual reports on surface-water supply, the discharge above which peak discharge data are published. The base discharge at each station is selected so that an average of about three peaks a year will be presented. See also partial-duration flood series (CWA/hydrology-04). Base film: The substrate that is coated to produce magnetic tape (40CFR60.7 11-91). Base flood: The flood which has a one percent chance of occurrence in any given year (also known as a 100-year flood). This term is used in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to indicate the minimum level of flooding to be used by a community in its floodplain management regulations. See flood for more related terms (40CFR6-App/A-91). Base floodplain: The land area covered by a 100-year flood (one percent chance floodplain). Also see definition of floodplain (40CFR6-AppIA-91). Base flow: Stream flow coming from groundwater seepage into a stream. Base flow: The part of a stream flow contributed by groundwater which seeps into the surface streams (DOI-70104).
power supply by an energy system. A base load level may fluctuate due to changes in power demand. (4) See load for more related terms.
Base neutral acid compound (BNA): See semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) (NavyIEnv-04). Base pair mutagens: The agents which cause a base change in the DNA. In a reversion assay, this change may occur at the site of the original mutation or at a second site in the chromosome (40CFR798.5265-91, see also 40CFR798.5300-91). Base realignment and closure (BRAC) account: The account from which Congress requires the Department of Defense to fund environmental restoration efforts at military installations being closed or realigned. The BRAC environmental program, part of an overall BRAC account, funds more than environmental restoration efforts; it also includes environmental compliance and planning related to the closure of military installations (OMBIReg-04). Base realignment and closure (BRAC): Refers to policy, procedures, authorities, and responsibilities for closing or realigning military installations across the Department of Defense. Includes environmental restoration activities (NavytEnv-04). Base runoff: Sustained or fair weather runoff. In most streams, base runoff is composed largely of groundwater effluent. The term base flow is often used in the same sense as base runoff. However, the distinction is the same as that between streamflow and runoff. When the concept in the terms base flow and base runoff is that of the natural flow in a stream, base runoff is the logical term (CWAIhydrology-04).
Base flow: The sustained low flow of a stream, usually groundwater inflow to the stream channel (CWANbasics-04).
Base temperature: An arbitrary reference temperature for determining liquid densities or adjusting the measured volume of a liquid quantity. See temperature for more related terms (40CFR60.43 1-91).
Base gasoline: The gasoline which meets the specifications specified in CAA241. See gasoline for more related terms (CAA241-42U.S.C.7581-91).
Base vehicle: The lowest priced version of each body style that makes up a car line. See vehicle for more related terms (4OCFR600.002.85-91).
Base level: A unique combination of basic engine inertia weight class and transmission class (40CFR600.002.85-91).
Base: A substance that has a pH of more than 7, which is neutral. A base has less free hydrogen ions (H+)than hydroxyl ions (OH-) (CWAIWscience-04).
Base load station: An electric generating plant which is normally operated to take all or part of the base load of a system and consequently operates at a constant output (EPA-83). Base load unit: An electric generating facility operating continuously at a constant output with little hourly or daily fluctuation (EPA-82/11f). Base load: (1) The load level at which a gas turbine is normally operated (40CFR60.331-91). (2) The minimum load over a given period of time (EPA-83). (3) The minimum power demand on a
Base: In chemistry: (1) A substance that in aqueous solution turns red litmus into blue, furnishes hydroxyl ions, reacts with, and neutralizes an acid to form a salt and water only (EPA-83/09). (2) A substance that can remove hydrogen ions (protons) from an acid and combine with them in a chemical reaction. (3) A substance that dissolves in water forming hydroxyl ions (EPA-87110a). Base: In construction, the lowest frame of a structure. Other baserelated terms include (1)Lewis base and (2) Strong base.
Base: Substances that (usually) liberate OH anions when dissolved in water. Bases (1) React with acids to form salts; (2) Have a pH greater than 7.0; (3) Turn litmus paper blue; and (4) May be corrosive to tissue. A strong base is called alkaline or caustic. Examples are lye and DRANO (NavyIEnv-04). Based flood: A flood that has a one percent or greater chance of recumng in any year or a flood of a magnitude equalled or exceeded over in 100 years on the average over a significantly long period. See flood for more related terms (40CFR257.3.1-91).
quality concentration determination. Emissions of sulfur oxides and particulate matter from any major emitting facility on which construction commenced after January 6, 1975, shall not be included in the baseline and shall be counted against the maximum allowable increases in pollutant concentrations established under this part (CAA169-42U.S.C.7479).
Baseline configuration: The unretrofitted test configuration, tuned in accordance with the automobile manufacturers' specifications (40CFR610.11-91).
Basel Convention: The international treaty that establishes standards for global trade of hazardous waste, municipal waste, and municipal incinerator ash. Because the United States is not a party to the convention, US. businesses can only export waste to those countries with which the U.S. government has negotiated a separate waste trade agreement (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Baseline consumption allowance: The consumption allowances apportioned under 40CFR82.6 (40CFR82.3-91).
Baseline area: (1) Any intrastate area (and every part thereof) designated as attainment or unclassifiable under section 107(d)(l)(D) or (E) of the Act in which the major source or major modification establishing the minor source baseline date would construct or would have an air quality impact equal to or greater than 1 @m3 (annual average) of the pollutant for which the minor source baseline date is established. (2) Area redesignations under section 107(d)(l)(D) or (E) of the Act cannot intersect or be smaller than the area of impact of any major stationary source or major modification which: (a) Establishes a minor source baseline date; or (b) Is subject to 40CFR52.21 or under regulations approved pursuant to 40CFR5 1.166, and would be constructed in the same state as the state proposing the redesignation. (3) Any baseline area established originally for the TSP increments shall remain in effect and shall apply for purposes of determining the amount of available PM-10 increments, except that such baseline area shall not remain in effect if the permit authority rescinds the corresponding minor source baseline date in accordance with paragraph (b)(l4)(iv) of this section (40CFR51.166-15-91).
Baseline gasoline: (1) Summertime: The term baseline gasoline means in the case of gasoline sold during the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator) a gasoline which meets the specifications. (2) Wintertime: The administrator shall establish the specifications of baseline gasoline for gasoline sold at times other than the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator). Such specifications shall be the specifications of 1990 industry average gasoline sold during such period (CAA2ll.k42U.S.C.7545-91). See baseline gasoline in Appendix B for more information.
Baseline audiogram: The audiogram obtained from an audiometric examination administered before employment or within the first 30 days of employment that is preceded by a period of at least 12 hours of quiet. The baseline audiogram is the audiogram against which subsequent audiograms will be compared for the calculation of significant threshold shift (NCNsound-04). Baseline concentration: With respect to a pollutant, the ambient concentration levels which exist at the time of the first application for a permit in an area subject to this part, based on air quality data available in the federal Environmental Protection Agency or a state air pollution control agency and on such monitoring data as the permit applicant is required to submit. Such ambient concentration levels shall take into account all projected emissions in, or which may affect, such area from any major emitting facility on which construction commenced prior to January 6, 1975, but which has not begun operation by the date of the baseline air
Baseline date: Baseline daterelated terms include (1) Major source baseline date and (2) Minor source baseline date (see major source baseline date).
Baseline model year: With respect to any pollutant emitted from any vehicle or engine, or class or category thereof, the model year immediately preceding the model year in which federal standards applicable to such vehicle or engine, or class or category thereof, first applied with respect to such pollutant (CAA202). Baseline or trend assessment survey: The planned sampling or measurement of parameters at set stations or in set areas in and near disposal sites for a period of time sufficient to provide synoptic data for determining water quality, benthic, or biological conditions as a result of ocean disposal operations. The minimum requirements of rush surveys are given in 40CFR228.13 (4OCFR228.2-91). Baseline production allowances: The production allowances apportioned under 40CFR82.5 (40CFR82.3-91). Baseline risk assessment: An analysis of the potential adverse health effects (current or future) caused by contaminant releases from a site in the absence of any actions to control or mitigate these releases. According to EPA, the baseline risk assessment can be used to determine whether: (1) A release or threatened release poses an unacceptable risk to human health or the environment that warrants remedial action; and (2) A site presents an imminent and substantial endangerment. The primary purpose is to provide risk managers with an understanding of the actual and potential
risks to human health and the environment posed by the site and the uncertainties associated with the assessment (NavyIEnv-04).
Baseline tritium production: Tritium production in sufficient quantity to meet any future production requirements based on historical fluctuations and unspecified projections into the next century (DOE-9 1/04). Baseline vehicle: The representative model year 1990 vehicles. See vehicle for more related terms (CAM1 1.k-42U.S.C.7545-91). Baseline: A quantitative expression of conditions, costs, schedule, or technical progress to serve as a base or standard for measurement during the performance of an effort; the established plan against which the status of resources and the progress of a project can be measured. The environmental baseline is the site environmental conditions as they are projected to occur in 1995 (construction) and 2000 (operation). See also CAA40242U.S.C.765 1 a (DOE-91/04). Basement rock: The undifferentiated rocks, commonly igneous and metamorphic, that underlie the rocks of interest in a given area (DOE-91/04). Basement: A type of house construction where the bottom livable level has a slab (or earthen floor) which averages 3 ft or more below grade level on one or more sides of the house and is sufficiently high to stand in (cf. crawl space) (EPA-88/08). Basic brick: A brick made of a material which is a basic anhydride such as MgO or mixed MgO plus CaO. See brick for more related terms (EPA-74106a). Basic component: A reactor structure, system, component, or part thereof that is necessary to ensure the: (1) Integrity of a reactor coolant or moderator pressure boundaries. (2) Capability to shut down a reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition. (3) Capability to prevent or mitigate the consequences of accidents that could result in a large release of radiation (DOE-91/04). Basic engine: The unique combination of manufacturer, engine displacement, number of cylinders, fuel system (as distinguished by number of carburetor barrels or use of fuel injection), catalyst usage, and other engine and emission control system characteristics specified by the Administrator. See engine for more related terms (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Basic fured sites: Sites on streams at which streamflow is measured and samples are collected for temperature, salinity, suspended sediment, major ions and metals, nutrients, and organic carbon to assess the broad-scale spatial and temporal character and transport of inorganic constituents of streamwater in relation to hydrologic conditions and environmental settings (CWANquality -04).
Basic furnace: A furnace in which the refractory material is composed of dolomite or magnesite. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-74106a). Basic hydrologic data: Includes inventories of features of land and water that vary only from place to place (topographic and geologic maps are examples), and records of processes that vary with both place and time. (Records of precipitation, streamflow, groundwater, and quality-of-water analyses are examples.) Basic hydrologic information is a broader term that includes surveys of the water resources of particular areas and a study of their physical and related economic processes, interrelations, and mechanisms (CWAihydrology-04). Basic oxygen furnace steel making: The production of steel from molten iron, steel scrap, fluxes, and various combinations thereof, in refractory lined fuel-fired furnaces by adding oxygen. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR420.41-91). Basic oxygen process furnace (BOPF): Any furnace with a refractory lining in which molten steel is produced by charging scrap metal, molten iron, and flux materials or alloy additions into a vessel and by introducing a high volume of oxygen-rich gas. Open hearth, blast, and reverberatory furnaces are not included in this definition. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.141; 60.141a-91). Basic oxygen steel making: The basic oxygen process is carried out in a basic lined furnace which is shaped like a pear. High pressure oxygen is blown vertically downward on the surface of the molten iron through a water cooled lance (EPA-74106a). Basic refractory: The major constituent is lime, magnesia, or both, and may react chemically with acid refractories, acid slags, or acid fluxes at high temperatures. Includes refractories made of chrome ore or combinations of chrome ore and dead burned magnesite. See refractory for more related terms (EPA-83). Basic vehicle frontal area: The area enclosed by the geometric projection of the basic vehicle along the longitudinal axis, which includes tires but excludes mirrors and air deflectors, onto a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle (40CFR86.082.2-91). Basic: The opposite of acidic; water that has a pH of greater than 7 (CWNWbasics-04). Basic-stage flood series: See partial duration flood series (CWAihydrology-04). Basin and range physiography: A region characterized by a series of generally north-trending mountain ranges separated by alluvial valleys (CWANquality-04). Basin: A region in which the strata or layers of rock dip in all directions toward a central point. Thus, it is any hollow or trough
in the earth's crust, whether filled by water or not. A river basin is the total area drained by a river and its tributaries (DOI-70104).
Basis material: (1) The coiled strip which is processed (40CFR465.02-91). (2) The metal part or base onto which porcelain enamel is applied (40CFR466.02-91). (3) The substance of which the workpieces are made and receive the treatments in preparation for coating (EPA-8211 le). Basis weight: The weight of a sheet of paper of a given area. It is effected by the density and thickness of the sheet (EPA-87/10). Basophilic stippling: The characteristic appearance of some erythrocytes that contain cytoplasmic material that stains deeply with basic dyes (LBG76107-bio).
Batch sample: The collection of samples (compressors) that are drawn from a batch. See sample for more related terms (40CFR204.51-91, see also 40CFR205.51-91). Batch sample: The collection of substances or products of the same category, configuration, or subgroup thereof which are drawn from a batch and from which test samples are drawn (AENmixedW-04). Batch size: The number as designated by the Administrator in the test request, of compressors of the same category or configuration in a batch (40CFR204.5 1-91, see also 40CFR205.51-91).
Batch distillation operation: A noncontinuous distillation operation in which a discrete quantity or batch of liquid feed is charged into a distillation unit and distilled at one time. After the initial charging of the liquid feed, no additional liquid is added during the distillation operation (40CFR60.661-91).
Batch treatment: (1) Any treatment in which the process is completed and the products are discharged before more raw material is charged (Scott-81). (2) A waste treatment method where wastewater is collected over a period of time, and the collected wastewater is treated in a tank or lagoon prior to discharge. Wastewater collection may be continuous when treatment is batch (EPA-85110a). (3) See treatment for more related terms.
Batch fed incinerator: An incinerator that is periodically charged with waste; one charge is allowed to bum out before another is charged. See incinerator for more related terms (SW-1O8ts).
Batch, pipe, and tube: Those descaling operations that remove surface scale from pipe and tube products in batch processes (40CFR420.81-91).
Batch house: The place where batch materials are received, handled, weighed, and mixed, for delivery to melting units (EPA83).
Batch, rod, and wire: Those descaling operations that remove surface scale from rod and wire products in batch processes (40CFR420.81-91).
Batch loader: A type of enclosed compactor truck equipped with a loading hopper at the rear and a large mechanized panel which sweeps the solid wastes into the body of the unit (EPA-83).
Batch, sheet, and plate: Those descaling operations that remove surface scale from sheet and plate products in batch processes (40CFR420.8 1-91).
Batch lot: A definite quantity of samples collected under conditions that are considered uniform (cf. lot size) (EPA-84/03).
Batch: Any manufacturing or treatment process which accumulates a fixed volume of materials (e.g., wastewater) for processing, treatment, or discharge (cf. continuous) (EPA-79/12b, see also 40CFR160.3; 169.1; 204.51; 205.51; 420.81; 420.91; 420.1 11; 792.3-91).
Batch MWC: A municipal waste combustor (MWC) unit designed such that it cannot combust municipal solid waste (MSW) continuously 24 hours per day because the design does not allow waste to be fed to the unit or ash to be removed while combustion is occumng (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Batch process: A process which has an intermittent flow of raw materials into the process and, consequently, produces an intermittent flow of product and process waste from the process. This is in contrast to a continuous process in which material is continuously processed without interruptions (EPA-8711Oa). Batch sample size: The number of compressors of the same category or configuration which is randomly drawn from the batch sample and which will receive emissions tests. See sample for more related terms (40CFR204.51-91, see also 40CFR205.5 1-91).
Batch: The collection of a substance or a product of the same category or configuration, as designated by the Administrator in a test request, from which a batch sample is to be randomly drawn and inspected to determine conformance with acceptability criteria (AENmixedW-04). Bating: A manufacturing step following liming and preceding pickling. The purpose of this operation is to delime the hides, reduce swelling, peptize fibers, and remove protein degradation products from the hide (EPA-82/11). Batt insulation: See blanket insulation (40CFR248.4-91). Battery configuration: The electrochemical type, voltage, capacity (in Watt-hours at the c13 rate), and physical
characteristics of the battery used as the tractive energy storage device (40CFR600.002.85-91). Battery furnace wall: A double or common wall between two combustion chambers in which both faces are exposed to heat. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Battery management: The management of charging and discharging conditions for a battery. Battery manufacturing operation: All of the specific processes used to produce a battery including the manufacture of anodes and cathodes, and associated ancillary operations. These manufacturing operations are excluded from regulation under any other point source category (40CFR461.2-91). Battery separator: An asbestos containing product used as an insulator or separator between the negative and positive terminals in batteries and fuel cells (40CFR763.163-91). Battery: A device that transforms chemical energy into electrical energy. This term usually applies to two or more cells connected in series, parallel, or a combination of both. Common usage has blurred the distinction between the terms cell and battery and frequently the term battery is applied to any finished entity sold as a single unit, whether it contains one cell, as do most flashlight batteries, or several cells, as do automotive batteries (EPA-84/08). Battery: A modular electric power source where part or all of the fuel is contained within the unit and electric power is generated directly from a chemical reaction rather than indirectly through a heat cycle engine. In this regulation there is no differentiation between a single cell and a battery (40CFR461.2-91). Battery: An electrochemical cell that converts its stored chemical energy to electrical energy. A battery generally consists of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. Battery: For more related terms, see (1) Primary battery; (2) Secondary battery; (3) Secondary cell (see secondary battery); (4) Storage battery; and (5) Trucked battery. Bauxite treating: A catalytic process to convert sulfur compounds in petroleum into hydrogen sulfide by passing vaporized petroleum fraction through bauxite beds.
BCT or BCT effluent limitations: See best conventional pollutant control technology. BCT: Acronyms for: (1) Best Control Technology. (2) Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology under section 304(b)(4) of the Clean Water Act (AENmixedW-04). BDAT: Best Demonstrated Achievable (or Available) Technology (AEAImixedW-04). BDT: Best Demonstrated Technology (AENmixedW-04). Bead cementing operation: The system that is used to apply cement to the bead rubber before or after it is wound into its final circular form. A bead cementing operation consists of a cement application station, such as a dip tank, spray booth and nozzles, cement trough and roller or swab applicator, and all other equipment necessary to apply cement to wound beads or bead rubber and to allow evaporation of solvent from cemented beads (40CFR60.541-91). Bead: (1) Rubber-covered strands of wire, wound into a circular form, which ensure a seal between a tire and the rim of the wheel onto which the tire is mounted (40CFR60.541-91). (2) An enlarged, rounded edge of a tumbler or other glass article, or any raised section extending around the article. (3) A small piece of glass tubing used around a lead wire (EPA-83). Beam building: The creation of a strong, inflexible beam by bolting or otherwise fastening together several weaker layers. In coal mining, this is the intended basis for roof bolting (CWNmining-04). Beam: A bar or straight girder used to support a span of roof between two support props or walls (CWNmining-04). Beamhouse: The portion of the tannery where the hides are washed, limed, fleshed, and unhaired when necessary prior to the tanning process (EPA-82/11). Bean sheet: Common term for a pesticide data package record (EPA-97/12). Bearing capacity: The maximum load that a material can support before failing (SW-108ts).
Bauxite: The ore containing alumina monohydrate or alumina trihydrate which serves as the principal raw material for the production of alumina by the Bayer process or by the combination process (4OCFR421.1 1-91).
Bearing plate: A plate used to distribute a given load. In roof bolting, the plate used between the bolt head and the roof (CWNmining-04).
Bayer process: A process in which impure aluminum in bauxite is dissolved in a hot, strong, alkalai solution (normally NaOH) to form sodium aluminate. Upon dilution and cooling, the solution hydrolyzes and forms a precipitate of aluminum hydroxide (EPA82/05).
Bearing: A surveying term used to designate direction. The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and the line. The meridian is an established line of reference. Azimuths are angles measured clockwise from any meridian (CWNmining-04).
Beater-add gasket: An asbestos-containing product that is made of paper intended for use as a gasket, and designed to prevent leakage of liquids, solids, or gases, and to seal the space between two sections of a component in circumstances not involving rotary, reciprocating, and helical motions. Major applications of beateradd gaskets include gaskets for internal combustion engines; carburetors; exhaust manifolds; compressors; reactors; distillation columns; and other apparatus. See gasket for more related terms (4OCFR763.163-91). Beater: In the pulp or paper industry, a machine consisting of a tank or tub, usually with a partition or midfeather, and containing a heavy roll revolving against a bedplate. Its function is to separate the wood materials and free the fibers preparatory to further processing. Fillers, dyestuffs, and sizing materials may be added to the beater and thus incorporated with the paper stock. Many modifications in design have been developed without changing the basic principles (cf. refiner) (EPA-87/10). Beccari process: A composting process developed by Dr. Giovanni Beccari in 1922. Anaerobic fermentation is followed by a final stage in which decomposition proceeds under partially aerobic conditions; the process was later modified by Verdier and Bordas (SW-108ts). Becquerel (Bq): A rate of radioactive decay. One becquerel is the quantity of any radioactive nuclide which undergoes one disintegration per second. See radiation unit for more related terms (4OCFR302.4-AppiB-91). Bed depth: In wastewater treatment, the amount of activated carbon expressed in length units which is parallel to the flow of the stream and through which the stream must pass (EPA-8211 If). Bed load: Sediment particles resting on or near the channel bottom that are pushed or rolled along by the flow of water (EPA97/12). Bed material: Sediment (CWNWbasics-04).
composing
the
streambed
Bed sediment and tissue studies: Assessment of concentrations and distributions of trace elements and hydrophobic organic contaminants in streambed sediment and tissues of aquatic organisms to identify potential sources and to assess spatial distribution of those constituents (CWAIWbasics-04). Bed sediment: The material that temporarily is stationary in the bottom of a stream or other watercourse (CWNWbasics-04). Bed: A stratum of coal or other sedimentary deposit (CWNmining-04).
Bed: In mining, the smallest division of a stratified series and marked by a more or less well-defined divisional plane from the materials above and below (cf. fixed bed) (EPA-82/05). Bedding: The arrangement of rocks in layers or strata (DOI70104). Bedload: Sediment that moves on or near the streambed and is in almost continuous contact with the bed (CWA~Wquality-04). Bedrock: A general term used for solid rock that underlies soils or other unconsolidated material (CWNWbasics-04). Bedrock: Any solid rocks exposed at the surface or overlain by unconsolidated materials (NavyJEnv-04). Bedrock: The solid rock beneath the loose material (soil and subsoil) with which most of the land surface of the Earth is covered. It is sometimes several hundred feet beneath the surface, but is usually found at a much smaller depth; in places, especially on steep slopes, it has no soil cover at all (DOI-70104). Bedrock: The solid rock beneath the soil and superficial rock. A general term for solid rock that lies beneath soil, loose sediments, or other unconsolidated material (CWA/Wscience-04). Beehive cokemaking: Those operations in which coal is heated with the admission of air in controlled amounts for the purpose of producing coke. There are no byproduct recovery operations associated with beehive cokemaking operations (40CFR420.1191). Beer Lambert law: The law states that the absorbance of a solution of a given chemical species, at a fixed wavelength, is proportional to the thickness of the solution, or the light pathlength, and the concentration of the absorbing species. See law for more related terms (40CFR796.3700-91). Beer's law: The absorbance of a homogeneous sample containing an absorbing substance is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing substance. The absorbance, A, is given by the expression, A = loglo(I,lI), where I is the radiant power incident on the sample and I is the radiant power transmitted through the sample. See law for more related terms (LBL-76107-air). Beet pulp: The vegetable matter left after sugar is extracted from cossettes. Used, wet, dehydrated, or pelleted as commercial cattle feed. See pulp for more related terms (EPA-74/01a). Begin actual construction: In general, initiation of physical onsite construction activities on an emissions unit which are of a permanent nature. Such activities include, but are not limited to, installation of building supports and foundations, laying of underground pipework, and construction of permanent storage structures. With respect to a change in method of operating this
term refers to those on-site activities other than preparatory activities which mark the initiation of the change (40CFR51.16591, see also 40CFR51.166; 52.21; 52.24-91).
Bench: One of two or more divisions of a coal seam separated by slate or formed by the process of cutting the coal (CWNmining04).
Behavioral toxicity: Motor function (motor activity, coordination strength), sensory function (vision, audition), integrative systems (learning and memory). See endpoint for more related terms (Course 165.6; EPA-92/12).
Bench: The surface of an excavated area at some point between the material being mined and the original surface of the ground on which equipment can be set, moved, or operated. A working road or base below a highwall as in contour stripping for coal (EPA82/10).
BEL: A measurement of sound intensity named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell. First used to relate intensity to a level corresponding to hearing sensation (NCNsound-04). Belowground release: Any release to the subsurface of the land and to groundwater. This includes, but is not limited to, releases from the belowground portions of an underground storage tank system and belowground releases associated with overfills and transfer operations as the regulated substances move to or from an underground storage tank. See release for more related terms (40CFR280.12-91). Belowground storage facility: A tank or other container located other than as defined as aboveground (40CFR113.3-91). Belt conveyer: A conveying device that transports material from one location to another by means of an endless belt that is carried on a series of idlers and routed around a pulley at each end. See conveyer for more related terms (40CFR60.671-91). Belt conveyor: A looped belt on which coal or other materials can be carried and which is generally constructed of flame-resistant material or of reinforced rubber or rubber-like substance (CWNmining-04). Belt idler: A roller, usually of cylindrical shape, which is supported on a frame and which, in turn, supports or guides a conveyor belt. Idlers are not powered but turn by contact with the moving belt (CWNmining-04). Belt take-up: A belt pulley, generally under a conveyor belt and by the drive pulley, kept under strong tension parallel to the belt line. Its purpose is to automatically compensate for any slack in the belting created by start-up, etc. (CWNmining-04). BEN: EPA's computer model for analyzing a violator's economic gain from not complying with the law (EPA-97/12). Bench scale testing: A treatability study designed to provide quantitative information for the evaluation of a technology's performance for an operable unit. A bench-scale study serves to verify that the technology can meet the anticipated ROD cleanup goals and provides information in support of remedy evaluation (EPA-89112a).
Benchmark Response (BMR): A designated level or percent of response relative to the control level of response used in calculating a BMD (FFDCNpesticide-04). Bench-scale tests: Laboratory testing of potential cleanup technologies (see treatability studies) (EPA-97/12). Bench-scale tests: Laboratory testing of potential cleanup technologies. Contaminated media from the site are generally used to determine the applicability of a technology to a specific site. See pilot tests and treatability studies (NavyIEnv-04). Bending strength: Ability of a sheet to bend but not crease (EPA83). Beneath the surface of the ground: Beneath the ground surface or otherwise covered with earthen materials (40CFR280.12-91). Beneficial organism: Any pollinating insect, or any pest predator, parasite, pathogen, or other biological control agent which functions naturally or as part of an integrated pest management program to control another pest (40CFR166.3-91). Beneficiation area: The area of land used to stockpile ore immediately before the beneficiation process, the area of land used for the beneficiation process, the area of land used to stockpile the tailings immediately after the beneficiation process, and the area of land from the stockpiled tailings to the treatment system (e.g., holding pond or settling pond, and the area of the treatment system) (40CFR440.141-91). Beneficiation process: The dressing or processing of gold bearing ores for the purpose of (1) Regulating the size of, or recovering, the ore or product; (2) Removing unwanted constituents from the ore; and (3) Improving the quality, purity, or assay grade of a desired product (40CFR440.141-91). Beneficiation: (1) The process of washing the rock to remove impurities or to separate size fractions (40CFR60.401-91). (2) Concentration or other preparation of ore for smelting by drying, flotation, or magnetic separation (EPA-82/05). Beneficiation: The treatment of mined material, making it more concentrated or richer (CWNmining-04).
Benefit cost analysis: The economic analysis of a resource development project, taking into account both known and projected factors with a view to discovering the relative efficiency of the project (DOI-70104). Benefit: In the context of statement, anything of value, including but not limited to any advantage, preference, privilege, license, permit, favorable decision, ruling status, or loan guarantee (40CFR27.2-91). Benefit-cost analysis: An economic method for assessing the benefits and costs of achieving alternative health-based standards at given levels of health protection (EPA-97/12). Benign: Not malignant; remaining localized (EPA-92/12). Bent glass: A flat glass that has been shaped, while hot, into cylindrical or other curved shapes. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Benthic invertebrates: Insects, mollusks, crustaceans, worms, and other organisms without a backbone that live in, on, or near the bottom of lakes, streams, or oceans (CWNWbasics-04). Benthic macroorganism: An organism associated with the bottom material of a lake or stream, or with sludge and deposits in a trickling filter, large enough to be retained by a relatively coarse mesh screen (No. 30 sieve, having openings of 0.589 mm) (cf. organism, macro) (DOI-70104). Benthic microorganism: A bottom dwelling organism small enough so that it will be retained only by a relatively fine mesh screen (No. 100, having openings of 0.149 rnm) (cf. organism, micro) (DOI-70104). Benthic organism (benthos): A form of aquatic plant or animal life that is found on or near the bottom of a stream, lake, or ocean (EPA-89/12), Benthic organism (benthos): A form of aquatic plant or animal life that is found on or near the bottom of a stream, lake, ocean, or other water body (NavyIEnv-04). Benthic organism: A form of aquatic life that lives on or near the bottom of streams, lakes, or oceans (CWNWbasics-04). Benthic region: The bottom layer of a body of water (EPA-89/12). This region supports the benthos, a type of life that not only lives upon, but contributes to the character of the bottom. Benthic: (1) Relating to the bottom of a water body, e.g., muddwelling mollusks are benthic organisms (DOI-70104). (2) Plants and animals dwelling at the bottom of oceans, lakes, rivers, and other surface waters (DOE-91/04).
Benthic: Refers to plants or animals that live on the bottom of lakes, streams, or oceans (CWANquality-04). Benthic: Relating to or occurring at the bottom of a body of water (SFIremedy-04). Benthiocarb (C12H16NOCl):A liquid used as an herbicide to control aquatic weeds in rice crops. Benthos: Organisms such as fauna and flora that live on the bottoms of a water body (EPA-76/03). These include (1) Sessile animals, such as the sponges, barnacles, mussels, oysters, some of the worn, and many attached algae; (2) Creeping forms, such as insects, snails, and certain clan; and (3) Burrowing forms, which include most clams and worms (LBL-76107-water). Bentonite: A colloidal clay, expansible when moist, commonly used to provide a tight seal around a well casing (EPA-97/12). Bentonite: A type of soil that swells greatly in the presence of water. Because bentonite impedes the flow of water, it is used for liners, covers, and various other landfill applications (RCRAImanagement-
04). Bentonite: Clay made of decomposed volcanic ash which is used to seal wells (hole plug) (Navy/Env-04). Bentsen wastes: Geothermal exploration, development, and production waste exempt from RCRA Subtitle C regulation (RCRA/hazardous-04). Benzalkonium chloride: A yellow white powder used as a fungicide and bactericide. Benzene (C6H6): A colourles~liquid used as a solvent (see also 40CFR420.02-91). Benzene concentration: The fraction by weight of benzene in a waste as determined in accordance with the procedures specified in 40CFR1.355 of this subpart (40CFR61.341-91). Benzene storage tank: Any tank, reservoir, or container used to collect or store refined benzene (40CFR61.13 1-91). Benzenesulfonic acid (C6H603S):A strong organic acid used in detergents. Benzidine-based dye applicator: An owner or operator who uses benzidine-based dyes in the dyeing of textiles, leather, or paper (40CFRl29.104-91). Benzidine manufacturer: A manufacturer who produces benzidine or who produces benzidine as an intermediate product in the manufacture of dyes commonly used for textile, leather, and paper dyeing (40CFR129.104-91).
Benzidine: The compound benzidine and its salts as identified by the chemical name 4,4 diaminobiphenyl(40CFR129.4-91). Benzoic acid (C7H602):An aromatic acid used in preserving foods, fats, and juices. Berkelium (Bk): A radioactive metal with atomic number 97; atomic weight 247. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Berm: A horizontal shelf built for the purpose of strengthening and increasing the stability of a slope or to catch or arrest slope slough material (cf. bench) (EPA-75110~). Berm: A pile or mound of material capable of restraining a vehicle (CWAImining-04). Berm: An elongated pile of soil used to control and direct the flow of surface water runoff. Berms may also be used to block out noise and screen operations h m public view (RCRA/management-04).
Beryllium containing waste: The material contaminated with beryllium andor beryllium compounds used or generated during any process or operation performed by a source subject to this subpart (40CFR61.3 1-91). Beryllium copper alloy: Any copper alloy that is alloyed to contain 0.10% or greater beryllium (40CFR468.02-91). Beryllium ore: Any naturally occumng material mined or gathered for its beryllium content (40CFR61.31-91). Beryllium propellant: Any propellant incorporating beryllium (40CFR61.41-91). Best available control measures (BACM): A term used to refer to the most effective measures (according to EPA guidance) for controlling small or dispersed particulates from sources such as roadway dust, soot, and ash from woodstoves and open burning of rush, timber, grasslands, or trash (EPA-97/12).
Bernoulli equation for an incompressible flow: The basic Best available control technology (BACT): An emission energy equation of a frictionless, incompressible fluid for the case limitation based on the maximum degree of reduction of each of steady flow along a single streamline is expressed as: The sum pollutant subject to regulation under this Act emitted from or of the pressure energy, the kinetic energy, and the potential energy which results from any major emitting facility, which the of a given mass of the fluid is constant. The concept can be permitting authority, on a case-by-case basis, taking into account ) Where static pressure expressed as P/w + ~ ~ / ( +2z ~= constant. energy, environmental, and economic impacts and other costs, head (Plw) = pressure/(specific weight); velocity head ( ~ ~ 1 =2 ~ ) determines is achievable for such facility through application of velocity square/(2x(accelerationdue to gravity, 32.1 7 ft/sec2)); and production processes and available methods, systems, and potential head (z) =height (AP-40, p25). techniques, including fuel cleaning or treatment or innovative fuel combustion techniques for control of each such pollutant. In no Beryllium (Be): (1) The element beryllium. Where weights or event shall application of best available control technology result concentrations are specified, such weights or concentrations apply in emissions of any pollutants which will exceed the emissions to beryllium only, excluding the weight or concentration of any allowed by any applicable standard established pursuant to section associated elements (40CFR61.31-91). (2) An alkaline earth metal 111 or 112 of this Act (CAN 69, see also 40CFR51.166; 52.2 1). with atomic number 4; atomic weight 6.939; density 1.85 glee; melting point 1277 C and boiling point 2770. The element belongs Best available control technology (BACT): An emission to group IIA of the periodic table. (3) A metal hazardous to human limitation based on the maximum degree of emission reduction health when inhaled as an airborne pollutant. It is discharged by (considering energy, environmental, and economic impacts) machine shops, ceramic and propellant plants, and foundries achievable through application of production processes and (EPA-97/12). available methods, systems, and techniques. BACT does not permit emissions in excess of those allowed under any applicable Beryllium (Be): A greyish-white metal occurring naturally in Clean Air Act provisions. Use of the BACT concept is allowable certain rocks, soils, and volcanic dust. A major emission source to on a case-by-case basis for major new or modified emissions the environment is through the fly ash from combustion of coal sources in attainment areas and applies to each regulated pollutant and fuel oil, which can contain the metal. It is used in nuclear (EPA-97/12). reactors, radio and television tubes, fluorescent tubes, and powders. It is discharged by machine shops, ceramic and propellant plants, Best available control technology (BACT): For any specific and foundries. In the environment, it ultimately accumulates in source, the currently available technology producing the greatest sediments. Beryllium can cause severe dermatitis problems and reduction of air pollutant emissions, taking into account energy, can be toxic if inhaled. It is a Group B2, animal carcinogen environmental, economic, and other costs (EPA-97/12). (Navy/Env-04). Best available control technology (BACT): The most stringent Beryllium alloy: Any metal to which beryllium has been added in technology available for controlling emissions; major sources are order to increase its beryllium content and which contains more required to use BACT, unless it can be demonstrated that it is not than 0.1 % beryllium by weight (40CFR61.31-91).
feasible for energy, environmental, or economic reasons (EPA97112).
technologies that are economically achievable within an industrial point source category or subcategory (CWNwastewater-04).
Best available controls: The degree of emission reduction that the Administrator determines, on the basis of technological and economic feasibility, health, environmental, and energy impacts, is achievable through the application of the most effective equipment, measures, processes, methods, systems or techniques, including chemical reformulation, product or feedstock substitution, repackaging, and directions for use, consumption, storage, or disposal (CAA183.e-42U.S.C.751 lb-91).
Best available technology economically achievable (BAT): Under Sec. 301(b)(2)(C) of CWA, BAT is a required level of treatment, technology-based limits, for existing source direct discharges of priority, toxic, and non-conventional pollutants. EPA defined BAT as the very best control and treatment measures that have been or are capable of being achieved. Although EPA is required to consider the cost of achieving the required reduction in determining whether a BAT limitation is economically achievable, it is not required to balance cost against effluent reduction benefit as required to the case of the Best Practicable Technology (BPT) standards. The engineering factors required to be considered--age of equipment and facility, process employed, process changes, non-water quality environmental impacts and so forth--are the same for BAT as for BPT. In general, this technology level represents the best economically achievable performance in any industry category or subcategory. Moreover as a result of 1977 CWA, the emphasis has shifted from control of classical pollutants to the control of toxic substances (EPA-82/05, 10185a; Arbuckle89).
Best available demonstrated technology (BADT): Under Sec. 306 of CWA, BADT or BADCT (Best Available Demonstrated Control Technology) is a required level of treatment, technologybased limits, for new source direct discharges. New source direct discharges are governed by technology-based limits requiring zero discharge, if possible, by use of BADT. New source is defined as any facility or major modification, the construction of which is commenced after the publication of the proposed regulation (EPA87110a; Arbuckle-89). Best available retrofit technology (BART): An emission limitation based on the degree of reduction achievable through the application of the best system of continuous emission reduction for each pollutant which is emitted by an existing stationary facility. The emission limitation must be established, on a case-bycase basis, taking into consideration the technology available, the costs of compliance, the energy and nonair quality environmental impacts of compliance, any pollution control equipment in use or in existence at the source, the remaining useful life of the source, and the degree of improvement in visibility which may reasonably be anticipated to result from the use of such technology (40CFR51.301-91). Best available technology (BAT): The best technology treatment techniques, or other means which are available (taking cost into consideration). For the purposes of setting MCLs for synthetic organic chemicals, any BAT must be at least as effective as granular activated carbon (SDWNeducation-04). Best available technology (BAT): The best technology, treatment techniques, or other means which the Administrator finds, after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely under laboratory conditions, area available (taking cost into consideration). For the purposes of setting MCLs for synthetic organic chemicals, any BAT must be at least as effective as granular activated carbon (40CFR141.2, see also 40CFR141.61 .b93). Best available technology economically achievable (BAT): Technology-based standard established by the Clean Water Act as the most appropriate means available on a national basis for controlling the direct discharge of toxic and nonconventional pollutants to navigable waters. BAT effluent limitations guidelines, in general, represent the best existing performance of treatment
Best available technology: The water treatment(s) that the EPA certifies to be the most effective for removing a contaminant (SDWAIReg-04). Best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT): Defined under section 304@)(4) of the Act (40CFR430.223-91, see also 40CFR467.02-91; EPA-85110a; Arbuckle-89). Best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT): Technology-based standard for the discharge from existing industrial point sources of conventional pollutants including BOD, TSS, fecal coliform, pH, oil, and grease. The BCT is established in light of a two-part "cost reasonableness" test which compares the cost for an industry to reduce its pollutant discharge with the cost to a POTW for similar levels of reduction of a pollutant loading. The second test examines the cost-effectiveness of additional industrial treatment beyond BPT. EPA must find limits which are reasonable under both tests before establishing them as BCT (CWNwastewater-04). Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT): As identified by EPA, the most effective commercially available means of treating specific types of hazardous waste. The BDATs may change with advances in treatment technologies (EPA-97/12). Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT): The technology that best minimizes the mobility or toxicity (or both) of the hazardous constituents for a particular waste (RCRAIhazardous-
04). Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT): The treatment technology that best minimizes the mobility or toxicity (or both)
of the hazardous (RCRAIlandban-04).
constituents for
a
particular
waste
Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT): Under the Superfund program, EPA defines BDAT in the following manner: (1) Best: Refers to the highest treatment value reflecting well designed and operated treatment technologies. (2) Demonstrated: Refers to a full-scale facility known to be in operation for a waste or wastes with similar treatment characteristics. (3) Available: Refers to the criteria: (a) The technology does not present a greater total risk than land disposal; (b) If the technology is a proprietary or patented process, whether it can be purchased or licensed from the proprietor; and (c) The technology provides substantial treatment (EPA- 11/86). Best demonstrated technology (BDT): Under Sec. 11 of CAA, EPA must identify BDT. BDT is defined as the best system of continuous emission reduction that has been adequately demonstrated, taking into account costs and other environmental and energy impacts (Johnston, 6/90). Best management practice (BMP): An agricultural practice that has been determined to be an effective, practical means of preventing or reducing nonpoint-source pollution (CWA/Wbasics04). Best management practice (BMP): Methods that have been determined to be the most effective, practical means of preventing or reducing pollution from nonpoint sources (EPA-97/12). Best management practice (BMP): Procedures or controls other than effluent limitations to prevent or reduce pollution of surface water (includes runoff control, spill prevention, and operating procedures) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Best management practice (BMP): Schedules of activities, prohibitions of practices, maintenance procedures, and other management practices to prevent or reduce the discharge of pollutants to waters of the United States. BMPs also include treatment requirements, operating procedures, and practice to control plant site runoff, spillage or leaks, sludge or waste disposal, or drainage from raw material storage (Source: Appendix A of the 2003 Construction General Permit [PDF Format]) (CWAIwastewater-04). Best management practice (BMP): The methods, measures, or practices selected by an agency to meet its nonpoint source control needs. BMPs include but are not limited to structural and nonstructural controls and operation and maintenance procedures. BMPs can be applied before, during, and after pollution-producing activities to reduce or eliminate the introduction of pollutants into receiving waters (40CFR130.2-91, see also 40CFR122.2; 232.291). Best performance treatment technology (BPTT): Those treatment technologies selected by EPA and currently in use in the
pesticide industry. They are biological oxidation, activated carbon, hydrolysis, metals separation, chemical oxidation, resin adsorption, and steam stripping (EPA-85/10). Best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): Is defined under section 304(b)(l) of the Act (40CFR430.222-91, see also 40CFR467.02-91). BPT is a required level of treatment, technology-based limits, for existing source direct discharges required by Section 301(b) of the 1972 FWPCA. The Act provided for the establishment of nationally applicable technology-based effluent limitations on an industry-by-industry basis. For existing industrial discharges, Section 301 directs the achievement: "by July 1, 1977, of effluent limitations which will require application of the best practicable control technology (BPT) currently available, and by July 1, 1983, of effluent limitations which will require application of the best available technology (BAT) economically achievable." EPA defined BPT as an average of the best existing performance by well-operated plants within each industrial category or subcategory. In establishing the 1977 effluent guidelines for BPT, EPA emphasized end-of-pipe treatment rather than in-plant control measures. In establishing the 1983 effluent limitations for BAT, EPA considered both in-plant process changes and end-of-pipe treatment measures. As the time for achievement of Best Practicable Technology (BPT) is long past, its primary relevance now is a basis for setting subsequent standards. BPT effluent limitations are established based on the degree of effluent reduction that this technology can attain. In general, this technology level represents the existing performances of well-known technologies for control of familiar pollutants associated with industry. The BPT definition was essentially unchanged by the 1977 amendments (EPA-82/05; 10/85a; Arbuckle-89). Best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): The first level of technology-based standards established by the CWA to control pollutants discharged to waters of the U.S. BPT effluent limitations guidelines are generally based on the average of the best existing performance by plants within an industrial category or subcategory (CWNwastewater-04). Best practicable waste treatment technology (BPWTT): The cost-effective technology that can treat wastewater, combined sewer overflows, and nonexcessive infiltration and inflow in publicly owned or individual wastewater treatment works, to meet the applicable provisions of (1) 40CFR133--secondary treatment of wastewater; (2) 40CFR125, Subpart G--marine discharge waivers; (3) 40CFR122.44(d)--more stringent water quality standards and state standards; or (4) 41 FR 610 (February 11, 1976)--Alternative Waste Management Techniques for Best Practicable Waste Treatment (treatment and discharge, land application techniques and utilization practices, and reuse) (40CFR35.2005-91). Best professional judgment (BPJ): The method used by permit writers to develop technology-based NPDES permit conditions on
a case-by-case basis using all reasonably available and relevant data (CWNwastewater-04). Beta attenuation monitor: An instrument that measures the absorption of beta radiation as it traverses a small area onto which aerosol particles are collected by means of inertial impaction (EPA-81/09). Beta emitter: An emitter of beta particles. Beta particles are much lighter than alpha particles and less ionizing but can travel several meters in air at about one half the speed of light. They can pass through a sheet of paper but may be stopped by glass. Beta radiation can cause skin burns but is more harmful when deposited internally from inhalation or ingestion (SDWNradionuclide-04). Beta particle: (1) An elementary particle emitted by radioactive decay, that may cause skin bums. It is halted by a thin sheet of paper (EPA-89/12). (2) A negatively charged subatomic particle emitted during decay of certain radioactive elements. A beta particle is identical to an electron (cf. radiation, beta) (EPA88/08a). (3) An elementary particle emitted from a nucleus during radioactive decay; it is negatively charged, identical to an electron, and easily stopped, as by a thin sheet of metal (DOE-91/04). (4) See particle for more related terms.
Biennial report: In RCRA, a report (EPA Form 8700-13A) submitted by generators of hazardous waste to the Regional Administrator due March 1 of each even numbered year. The report includes information on the activities during the previous calendar. The owner or operator of a treatment, storage, and disposal facility must also prepare and submit a biennial report using EPA Form 8700-13 13 (EPA-86/01). BIER V (Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation V): Referring to the fifth in a series of committee reports from the National Research Council (National Research Council 1990) (DOE-91/04). Bifurcation: A phenomenon where a stack plume divides, sometimes visibly, into separate plumes (NATO-78/10). Billet: A long, round slender cast product used as a raw material in subsequent forming operations (EPA-83/03a). Billet: Uranium metal mass that results from cropping ingots. Billets were further machined to produce a final uranium product (AENclosure-04).
Beta particle: An elementary particle emitted by radioactive decay that may cause skin burns. It is halted by a thin sheet of metal (AENmixedW-04).
Billing electric demand: The demand upon which billing to a customer is based, as specified in a rate schedule or contract. It may be based on the contract year, a contract minimum, or a previous maximum and, therefore, does not necessarily coincide with the actual measured demand of the billing period. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83).
Beta radiation: (1) Emitted from a nucleus during fission. Beta radiation can be stopped by an inch of wood or a thin sheet of aluminum (cf. particle, beta) (EPA-88108a). (2) Electrons emitted from the decay of some radioactive elements. The beta particles that may cause skin bums can be stopped by a thin metal sheet (EPA-88109a). (3) See radiation for more related terms.
Bimetals: Beverage containers with steel bodies and aluminum tops; handled differently from pure aluminum in recycling (EPA97/12).
Bevill wastes: Fossil fuel combustion wastes, mining and mineral processing wastes, and cement kiln dust wastes exempt from RCRA Subtitle C regulation (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Bimetals: Typically refers to beverage containers with steel bodies and aluminum tops. Steel companies do recycle bimetal cans, but they are handled differently in the recycling stream from aluminum cans (RCRA/municipal-04). Bimolecular pathway: See bimolecular reaction.
Bias: A systematic error that is consistently negative or consistently positive. The mean of errors resulting from a series of observations that does not tend toward zero. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). See also definition under uncertainty.
Bimolecular reaction (or bimolecular pathway): A chemical transformation where two species collide and change chemical identity. It is a function of temperature, pressure, reaction atmosphere, and concentration of reaction species (EPA-88/12).
Bias: Consistent deviation of measured values from the true value, caused by systematic errors in a procedure (Navy/Env-04).
Bin vent filter: Used on Minergy storage silos to minimize emission of particulate matter (CANAPC-04).
Bicarbonates: Metal + HC03, e.g., NaHC03. Can raise the pH to a high concentration which may be corrosive (NavyIEnv-04).
Bind: To exert a strong chemical attraction (CWA~Wbasics-04).
Biennial report: A report submitted by hazardous waste LQGs and TSDFs to enable EPA and the states to track the quantities of hazardous waste generated and the movements of those hazardous wastes (RCRAfhazardous-04).
Binder: (1) Organic materials and resins which do not contain Volatile Organic Materials (VOMs) (40CFR52.741-91). (2) A material used to promote cohesion between particles of carbon or graphite to produce solid carbon and graphite rods of pieces (EPA83/03). (3) The film-forming ingredient in paint that binds the
pigment particles together (EPA-79/12b). (4) A polymeric or cementitious material added to an active mass to promote its cohesion for increasing its mechanical strength.
Binder: A streak of impurity in a coal seam (CWNmining-04). Binding commitment: A legal obligation by the state to a local recipient that defines the terms for assistance under the SRF (40CFR35.3105-91). Bioaccumulants: Substances that increase in concentration in living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or food because the substances are very slowly metabolized or excreted (see biological magnification) (EPA-97/12). Bioaccumulation factor (BAF): The ratio of a substance's concentration in tissue versus its concentration in ambient water, in situations where the organism and the food chain are exposed (EPA-91/03). Bioaccumulation/biomagnification:A process where chemicals are retained in fatty body tissue and increase in concentration over time. Biomagnification is the increase of tissue accumulation in species higher in the natural food chain as contaminated food species are eaten (FFDCNpesticide-04). Bioaccumulation: The biological sequestering of a substance at a higher concentration than that at which it occurs in the surrounding environment or medium. Also, the process whereby a substance enters organisms through the gills, epithelial tissues, dietary, or other sources (CWA/Wquality-04).
Bioassay: A method of testing a material's effects on living organisms (FFDCNpesticide-04). Bioassay: A test to determine the relative strength of a substance by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation (EPA-97/12). Bioassay: A test used to evaluate the relative potency of a chemical or a mixture of chemicals by comparing its effect on a living organism with the effect of a standard preparation on the same type of organism (CWNwastewater-04). Bioassay: Study of living organisms to measure the effect of a substance, factor, or condition by comparing before-and-after exposure or other data (NavyEnv-04). Bioaugmentation: The addition of microbe cultures to groundwater or soil to enhance biodegradation (Navy/Env-04). Bioavailabiliity: Degree of ability to be absorbed and ready to interact in organism metabolism (EPA-97/12). Bioavailability: A general term to describe the accessibility of contaminants to ecological populations. Bioavailability consists of: (1) a physical aspect related to phase distribution and mass transfer, and (2) a physiological aspect related to the suitability of the contaminant as a substrate (NavyIEnv-04). Bioavailability: The capacity of a chemical constituent to be taken up by living organisms either through physical contact or by ingestion (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Bioaccumulation: The retaining and accumulation over time of certain chemical wmpounds in organic matter such as the tissues of plants and animals used as food sources (RCRAImanagernent-04).
Biobarrier: An in-situ remediation technology consisting of a trench filled with biological medium to encourage the growth of bacteria capable of degrading contaminants (NavyJEnv-04).
Bioaccumulation: The storage and buildup of chemicals in wildlife and plants. This process can take place in one of two ways: through direct consumption of chemicals, or when one organism consumes another that has already consumed these chemicals. The second method contributes to the level of these substances in the organism that is higher on the food chain (SF/remedy-04).
Biochemical oxidation: This usually refers to the biological treatment.
Bioaccumulative: Capable of increasing in concentration in living organisms (that are very slowly metabolized or excreted) as they breathe contaminated air, drink contaminated water, or eat contaminated food (cf. biological magnification) (EPA-89/12). Bioaerosol: An aerosol that contains microorganisms (cf. see aerosol) (EPA-88109a). Bioassay (assay or animal bioassay): A test to determine the relative strength of a substance by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation (EPA-97/12).
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (biological oxygen demand or oxygen depleting effect): A measure of the amount of oxygen consumed in the biological processes that break down organic matter in water. The greater the BOD, the greater the degree of pollution (EPA-97/12). Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): The amount of oxygen, measured in milligrams per liter that is removed from aquatic environments by the life processes of microorganisms (CWNWquality-04). Biochemical oxygen demand 5 (BOD5): Quantity of dissolved oxygen utilized (consumed) in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter in a specified time (e.g., for five days quantity, BOD is then expressed as BODS) and at a specified temperature. It is not related to the oxygen requirements in chemical combustion; it is determined entirely by the biodegradability of
the material and by the amount of oxygen utilized by the microorganisms during oxidation (EPA-87/10). See oxygen for more related terms.
Biochemical process: A process characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms (CWMWbasics-04). Biochemical specific locus mutation: A genetic change resulting from a DNA lesion causing alterations in proteins that can be detected by electrophoretic methods (40CFR798.5 195-91). Biochemical: Concerned with life including growth and other activities. Biochemical: Refers to chemical processes that occur inside or are mediated by living organisms (CWANbasics-04). Biochemical-oxygen demand (BOD): The amount of oxygen, expressed in milligrams per liter, that is removed from aquatic environments by the life processes of microorganisms (CWANbasics-04). Biochemicals: Chemicals that are either naturally occurring or identical to naturally occurring substances. Examples include hormones, pheromones, and enzymes. Biochemicals function as pesticides through non-toxic, non-lethal modes of action, such as disrupting the mating pattern of insects, regulating growth, or acting as repellants. Biochemicals tend to be environmentally compatible and are thus important to integrated pest management programs (FFDCMpesticide-04).
organisms (unitless) (40CFR300-AppIA-91, see also 40CFR797.1520; 797.1560; 797.1830-91).
Bioconcentration factor (BCF): The ratio of the concentration of a chemical in aquatic organisms (pg chemicallg organism) to the amount in water at equilibrium ( ~ chemicaVg g water) (EPA10185). BCF = [Concentration of chemical at equilibrium in organism (net weight)]/(mean concentration of chemical in water). Bioconcentration factor (BCF): The ratio of a substance's concentration in tissue versus its concentration in water in situations where the food chain is not exposed or contaminated. For non-metabolized substances, it represents equilibrium partitioning between water and organisms (EPA-91/03). Bioconcentration: The accumulation of a chemical in tissues of a fish or other organism to levels greater than in the surrounding medium (EPA-97/12). Bioconcentration: The accumulation of a chemical in tissues of an organism (such as a fish) to levels greater than in the surrounding medium in which the organism lives (NavyIEnv-04). Bioconversion: The biological conversion of wastes. Also known as biological treatment. Biocriteria: See biological criteria Biodegradability: The susceptibility of substance to decomposition by microorganisms; specifically, the rate at which compounds may be chemically broken down by bacterial andlor natural environmental factors (EPA-83106a).
Biochemistry: The chemistry of living beings. Biocide: (1) A chemical toxic to a biological life (EPA-75/07). (2) A compound that has the ability to inactivate microorganisms. In a general term, biocide refers to compounds that can be used as an algicide (inactivate algae), bactericide (inactivate bacteria), fungicide (inactivate fungi), and viricide (inactivate viruses), or some combination of the above. It is equivalent to disinfectant (EPA-88109a). Bioconcentration factor (BCF): Provides a measure of the extent of chemical partitioning at equilibrium between biological medium such as fish tissue or plant tissue and an external medium such as water. The higher the BCF, the greater the accumulation in living tissue is likely to be (NavyIEnv-04). Bioconcentration factor (BCF): The measure of the tendency for a substance to accumulate in the tissue of an aquatic organism. BCF is determined by the extent of partitioning of a substance, at equilibrium, between the tissue of an aquatic organism and water. As the ratio of concentration of a substance in the organism divided by the concentration in water, higher BCF values reflect a tendency for substances to accumulate in the tissue of aquatic
Biodegradable detergent: One that decomposes quickly as a result of the action of organisms, eliminating form in wastewater. Biodegradable is defined as having at least 90% surfactant reduction, or as having surfactant concentration no higher than 0.5 mg/l. See detergent for more related terms (DOI-70104). Biodegradable materials: Materials that can be broken down by microorganisms into simple, stable compounds such as carbon dioxide and water. Most organic materials, such as food scraps and paper, are biodegradable (RCRVmanagement-04). Biodegradable plastic: A plastic that can be broken down by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi; as generally used, the term does not necessarily mean complete degradation into carbon dioxide and water (OTA-89/10). Biodegradable: (1) Degradable (breaking down of the physical andlor chemical structure of a compound) by microbial (microorganism) actions (SW-108ts). (2) Capable of decomposing rapidly under natural conditions (EPA-97/12). Biodegradable: Capable of decomposing under natural conditions (NavyIEnv-04).
Biodegradation rate: The mass of contaminant metabolized by microorganisms per unit time. In soil contamination this is normalized to the mass of soil and usually is expressed as mg contaminant degradedkg soillday (mgkglday) (NavyEnv-04). Biodegradation: (1) The chemical reaction of a substance induced by enzymatic activity of microorganisms (cf. photodegradation) (40CFR300-App/A-91). (2) Decomposition or breakdown of an organic substrate in the environment by microbial actions. It is the decay caused by the environmental factors such as light, temperature, humidity, and microorganisms. Concentration prediction of a compound over time due to biodegradation is L, = Lo x e -'. Where: Lo = Load (or concentration) at time 0; L, = Load remaining at time t; k = biodegradation constant for a specific compound; and e = exponent (natural log system) (Course 165.6). Biodegradation: (1)The reduction in concentration of a chemical or physical agent through naturally occurring microbial activity. (2) The process of an organic molecule becoming transformed by biological means (NavyIEnv-04). Biodegradation: Decomposition or breakdown of a substance through the action of microorganisms (such as bacteria or fungi) or other natural physical processes (such as sunlight) (SFhealth04).
Biogenic: Produced by the actions of living organisms (CAA/COzgasl-04). Biogeochemical cycle: The chemical interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Biologic indicators of exposure study: A study that uses biomedical testing or the measurement of a substance [an analyte], its metabolite, or another marker of exposure in human body fluids or tissues to confirm human exposure to a hazardous substance. See also exposure investigation (SFhealth-04). Biologic monitoring: Measuring hazardous substances in biologic materials (such as blood, hair, urine, or breath) to determine whether exposure has occurred. A blood test for lead is an example of biologic monitoring (SFhealth-04). Biologic uptake: The transfer of substances from the environment to plants, animals, and humans (SFhealth-04). Biological additive: The microbiological cultures, enzymes, or nutrient additives that are deliberately introduced into an oil discharge for the specific purpose of encouraging biodegradation to mitigate the effects of the discharge (40CFR300.5-91). Biological assessment: An evaluation of the biological condition of a water body using biological surveys and other direct measurements of resident biota in surface waters (EPA-91/03).
Biodegradation: Transformation of a substance into new compounds through biochemical reactions or the actions of microorganisms such as bacteria (CWNWbasics-04).
Biological attack: The deliberate release of germs or other biological substances that can make you sick (HAS-92).
Biodisc: The trade name of a rotating biological contactor.
Biological concentration factor: See concentration factor.
Biodiversity: Refers to the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. Diversity can be defined as the number of different items and their relative frequencies. For biological diversity, these items are organized at many levels, ranging from complete ecosystems to the biochemical structures that are the molecular basis of heredity. Thus, the term encompasses different ecosystem, species, and genes (EPA-97/12).
Biological contaminants: Living organisms or deviates (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and bird antigens) that can cause harmful health effects when inhaled, swallowed, or otherwise taken into the body (EPA-97/12). Biological control agent: Any living organism applied to or introduced into the environment that is intended to function as a pesticide against another organism declared to be a pest by the Administrator (40CFR152.3-91).
Biofilter: See tickling filter. Biofiltration: The action of a fixed film reactor.
Biological control: In pest control, the use of animals and organisms that eat or otherwise kill or out-compete pests (EPA97/12).
Biofuels: Wood, waste, and alcohol fuels (CAA/C02gas-04). Biogas: The gas produced from the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in a landfill (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Biological cooling tower: A cooling tower which is seeded with microorganisms and fed with nutrients in which biological degradation of organics occurs (EPA-74104~).
Biogasification: A resource recovery process for the extraction of methane resulting from anaerobic decomposition of organic material (EPA-83).
Biological criteria (or biocriteria): Narrative expressions or numeric values of the biological characteristics of aquatic communities based on appropriate reference conditions.
Biological criteria serve as an index of aquatic community health (EPA-91/03).
can be stored or transformed. See ambient medium, environmental medium (EPA-97/12).
Biological factor: See biotic factor.
Biological monitoring (or biomonitoring): The determination of the effects on aquatic life, including accumulation of pollutants in tissue, in receiving waters due to the discharge of pollutants: (a) By techniques and procedures, including sampling of organisms representative of appropriate levels of the food chain appropriate to the volume and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the effluent, and (b) At appropriate frequencies and locations (CWA502-33U.S.C. 1362-91).
Biological film (or microbial film): A film of slime formed in biological treatment reactors such as a rotating biological contactor. Biological filter: See trickling filter. Biological filtration: The process of passing a liquid through a biological filter containing media on the surfaces of which zoogleal films develop which absorb fine suspended, colloidal, and dissolved solids, and release end products of biochemical action (EPA-7410 1a). Biological indicator (index of pollution or index organism): Various classifications of organisms indicating levels of organic pollution, e.g., river classifications as follows: (1) Clean water with BOD5 below 3 mglliter, well oxygenated and without evidence of pollution. (2) Slightly de-oxygenated and known to receive some pollution. (3) Less than 50% saturated with dissolved oxygen or with substances believed to be at toxic concentrations. (4) Grossly polluted water, offensive in smell or appearance or with a BODS of 12 mglliter or more, or completely de-oxygenated in any reach, or with toxic substances, incapable of supporting fish life (cf. pollution indicator organism). Biological inhibitor: A chemical that inhibits or disrupts biological processes (EPA-75/07). Biological integrity: The ability to support and maintain balanced, integrated, functionality in the natural habitat of a given region. Concept is applied primarily in drinking water management (EPA97/12). Biological integrity: The condition of the aquatic community inhabiting unimpaired water bodies of a specified habitat as measured by community structure and function (EPA-91/03). Biological magnification: Refers to the process whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain, work their way into rivers or lakes, and are eaten by aquatic organisms such as fish, which in turn are eaten by large birds, animals, or humans. The substances become concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they move up the chain (see bioaccumulative) (EPA-97/12). Biological measurement: A measurement taken in a biological medium. For exposure assessment, it is related to the measurement is taken to related it to the established internal dose of a compound (EPA-97/12). Biological medium: One of the major component of an organism; e.g., blood, fatty tissue, lymph nodes or breath, in which chemicals
Biological monitoring: Analysis of blood, urine, tissues, etc., to measure chemical exposure in humans (EPA-89/12). Biological monitoring: Living organisms in water quality surveillance used to indicate compliance with water quality standards or effluent limits and to document water quality trends. Methods of biological monitoring may include, but are not limited to, toxicity testing such as ambient toxicity testing or whole effluent toxicity testing (EPA-91/03). Biological monitoring: The use of living organisms to test the suitability of effluent for discharge into receiving waters and to test the quality of such waters downstream from the discharge. Biological oxidation: Decomposition of complex organic materials by microorganisms. Occurs in self-purification of water bodies and in activated sludge wastewater treatment (EPA-97/12). Biological oxidation: The way bacteria and microorganisms feed on and decompose complex organic materials. Used in selfpurification of water bodies and in activated sludge wastewater treatment, such as activated sludge, trickling filter and aerated stabilization depends on this principle (EPA-87/10). Biological oxygen demand (BOD): An indirect measure of the concentration of biologically degradable material present in organic wastes. It usually reflects the amount of oxygen consumed in five days by biological processes breaking down organic waste (EPA-94/04) (cf. biochemical oxygen demand). Biological pesticide: A chemical which is derived from plants, fungi, bacteria, or other non-man-made synthesis and which can be used for pest control (FFDCNpesticide-04). Biological pesticide: Certain microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa that are effective in controlling target pests. These agents usually do not have toxic effects on animals and people and do not leave toxic or persistent chemical residues in the environment (FFDCNpesticide-04). Biological product: In pharmaceutical industry, a medicinal product derived from animals or humans (e.g., vaccines, toxoids, antisera, and human blood fractions) (EPA-83/09).
Biological slime: Biological film (Scott-81). Biological stabilization (or cell stabilization): (1) Reduction in the net energy level of organic matter as a result of the metabolic activity of organisms (EPA-74104~).(2) Occurs when the initially available substrate has been utilized by the bacteria in a biosystem to produce relatively stable, oxidation-resistantcellular end products. At this point the BOD curve approaches zero slope (in the absence of nitrification) (LBL76107-water).
adverse effect occurs, or where the chemical interacts with a membrane (EPA-97/12).
Biologically refractive: A substance which is partially or totally non-biodegradable in biological waste treatment processes (EPA87/10). Bioluminescence: The emission of light from living organisms. Biomagnification:See biota.
Biological stressors: Organisms accidentally or intentionally dropped into habitats in which they do not evolve naturally; e.g., gypsy moths, Dutch elm disease, certain types of algae, and bacteria (EPA-97/12). Biological survey (or biosurvey): The collecting, processing, and analyzing of a representative portion of the resident aquatic community to determine its structural andor functional characteristics (EPA-91/03). Biological treatment (or biological wastewater treatment): A treatment process that uses microorganisms to break down toxic organic waste contaminants into simple, less-toxic compounds (EPA-89112a). Biological treatment: A treatment technology that uses bacteria to consume organic waste (EPA-97/12). Biological treatment: A waste treatment process by placing an aqueous wastestream in contact with a mixture of microorganisms which decompose the organic compounds in the wastestream. The organics may be either solvent or solid in the influent wastestream to be amenable to biodegradation. The microorganisms rely on enzymes to catalyze organic decomposition reactions, and the enzymes require water to remain active. Biological treatment processes do not alter or destroy inorganics. In fact, concentrations of soluble inorganics should be kept low so that enzymatic activity is not inhibited (cf. significant biological treatment) (EPA-83/03).
Biomass (or biota): All of the living material in a given area; often refers to vegetation (EPA-97/12). Biomass converter: A device that converts organic feedstock (biomass) into a usable energy form. Biomass energy: Energy that is derived from biomass feedstock. Biomass: All of the living material in a given area; often refers to vegetation (Navy/Env-04). Biomass: Organic nonfossil material of biological origin constituting a renewable energy source (CAA/C02gasl-04). Biomass: The amount of living matter, in the form of organisms, present in a particular habitat, usually expressed as weight-per-unit area (CWAIWbasics-04). Biomass: The total dry organic matter or stored energy content of living organisms that is present at a specific time in a defined unit of the earth's surface (CAA/C02gas-04). Biome: Entire community of living organisms in a single major ecological area (see biotic community) (EPA-97/12). Biomedical testing: Testing of persons to find out whether a change in a body function might have occurred because of exposure to a hazardous substance (SFhealth-04).
Biological wastewater treatment: See biological treatment. Biological: The preparations made from living organisms and their products, including vaccines, cultures, etc., intended for use in diagnosing, immunizing or treating humans or animals or in research pertaining thereto (40CFR259.10-91). Biological: Vaccines, cultures, and other preparations made from living organisms and their products, intended for use in diagnosing, immunizing, or treating humans or animals, or in related research (EPA-94/04). Biologically available: Utilizable as a nutrient by the biota in the environment (LBL-76107-water). Biologically effective dose: The amount of a deposited or absorbed compound reaching the cells or target sites where the
Biomedical waste: All wastestreams that require special handling including pathological waste, infectious waste, hazardous waste, and other waste generated in health care facilities and laboratories. See medical waste for more related terms (OME-87/05). Biomonitoring: (1) The use of living organisms to test the suitability of effluents for discharge into receiving waters and to test the quality of such waters downstream from the discharge. (2) Analysis of blood, urine, tissues, etc. to measure chemical exposure in humans (EPA-97/12). Biopile: Soil pile constructed to allow aerobic bioremediation by aeration, possibly supplemented with water and nutrients (NavyIEnv-04).
Biopolymer: A polymer directly produced by living or once living cells or cellular components (40CFR723.250-91). Bioreactor: A container or area in which a biological reaction or biological activity takes place (NavyEnv-04). Bioreclamation: The process of making a contaminated site usable again through biological processes (NavyEnv-04). Bioremediation: (1) Use of living organisms to clean up oil spills or remove other pollutants from soil, groundwater, or wastewater. (2) Use of organisms such as non-harmful insects to remove agricultural pests or counteract diseases of trees, plants, and garden soil (NavyIEnv-04). Bioremediation: A treatment method that utilizes microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants and convert them into nonhazardous constituents (SFEnv-04). Bioremediation: Techniques using biological processes to treat contaminated soil or groundwater. Bioremediation can occur either in situ (i.e., on site) or in bioreactors where contaminated media are placed in contact with organisms to degrade the contaminants in a controlled environment. Generally, the technique involves stimulating organisms by adding materials such as nutrients or oxygen to increase the rate of biodegradation (OMBIReg-04). Bioremediation: Use of living organisms to clean up oil spills or remove other pollutants from soil, water, or wastewater; use of organisms such as non-harmful insects to remove agricultural pests or counteract diseases of trees, plants, and garden soil (EPA97/12). Bioretention: See biota. Biosensor: Analytical device comprising a biological recognition element (e.g., enzyme, receptor, DNA, antibody, or microorganism) in intimate contact with an electrochemical, optical, thermal, or acoustic signal transducer that together permit analyses of chemical properties or quantities. Shows potential development in some areas, including environmental monitoring (EPA-97/12). Bioslurping: A technology application that teams vacuumassisted free-product recovery with bioventing to simultaneously recover free product and remediate the vadose zone (NavyIEnv04). Biosolids: Sewage sludge that is used or disposed through land application, surface disposal, incineration, or disposal in a municipal solid waste landfill. Sewage sludge is defined as solid, semi-solid, or liquid untreated residue generated during the treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment facility (CWNwastewater-04).
Biosorption: A contact stabilization method. The organic pollutants in the sewage are adsorbed on to the activated sludge in the contact tank and then metabolized by the bacteria during the re-aeration (stabilization) stage (Scott-81). Biosphere: The part of the earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere where living organisms can subsist (LBL-76107-bio). Biosphere: The portion of Earth and its atmosphere that can support life (EPA-97/12). Biosphere: The portion of the earth and its atmosphere that can support life. The part of the global carbon cycle that includes living organisms and biogenic organic matter (CAA/C02gas-04). Biosphere: The portions of the earth and its atmosphere where living things exist (DOE-91/04). Biostabilizer: A machine that converts solid waste into compost by grinding and aeration (EPA-97/12). Biostat: A substance which inhibits the biological activity (growth) of bacteria (LBL-76107-water). Biostimulation: A general term used to describe the complex set of factors involved in the growth of algae (and other organisms) in a receiving waterway due to the addition of nutrients (DOD-78/01). Biota behavior: Behavior of chemicals in biota include (1) Bioaccumulation (or bioretention). (2) Bioconcentration. (3) Biomagnification. (4) Biotransformation (Course 165.6). Biota behavior-bioaccumulation (or bioretention): (1) The uptake and, at least temporary, storage of a chemical by an exposed animal. The chemical can be retained in its original form and/or as modified by enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions in the body (40CFR798.7100-91). (2) The retention and concentration of a substance by an organism. Accumulation of a large amount of a substance in the body by ingesting small amounts of the substance over an extended time (Course 165.6). (3) The process by which a compound is taken up by an aquatic organism, both from water and through food (EPA-91/03). Biota behavior-bioconcentration: (1) The net accumulation of a substance directly from water into and onto aquatic organisms (see also biota) (40CFR797.1520-91, see also 40CFR797.1560; 797.1830-91). (2) The process by which a compound is absorbed from water through gills or epithelial tissues and is concentrated in the body (EPA-91/03). (3) The accumulation of a chemical in tissues of an organism (such as fish) to levels that are greater than the level in the medium (such as water) in which the organism resides (Course 165.6). Biota behavior-biomagnification: (1) Processes by which tissue levels of the material increase via bioaccumulation as the material is transported through two or more trophic levels (cf. biological
magnification) (Course 165.6). (2) The process by which the concentration of a compound increases in species occupying successive trophic levels (EPA-91/03).
current collector and is not considered bipolar. For example, a separator plate is used as the end plate in a fuel cell stack or the two end plates in a single cell.
Biota behavior-biotransformation: Conversion of a substance into compounds by organisms; including biodegradation (Course 165.6).
Bird hazard: An increase in the likelihood of birdlaircraft collisions that may cause damage to the aircraft or injury to its occupants (40CFR257.3.8-91).
Biota: All living organisms of an area (CWNWbasics-04).
Bis-: A prefix indicating double or twice.
Biota: Plants and animals in an environment. Some of these plants and animals might be sources of food, clothing, or medicines for people (SFhealth-04).
Bisexual: See hermaphrodite.
Biota: The animal and plant life of a given region (EPA-97/12). Biotechnology: Techniques that use living organisms or parts of organisms to produce a variety of products (from medicines to industrial enzymes) to improve plants or animals or to develop microorganisms to remove toxics from bodies of water, or act as pesticides (EPA-97/12). Biotic community: A naturally occumng assemblage of plants and animals that live in the same environment and are mutually sustaining and interdependent (see biome) (EPA-97/12). Biotic environment: The environment of living organisms. Biotic factor (or biological factor): In ecology, those environmental factors, e.g., competition, predation, which are the result of living organisms and their activities (DOD-78/01). Biotic potential: The growth rate of living organisms under ideal conditions. Biotoxicity: Toxic to flora and fauna (EPA-89112a). Biotransfer: The process by which living organisms, such as bacteria, can convert a chemical compound into another (LBL76107-bio). Biotransformation: Conversion of a substance into other compounds by organisms; includes biodegradation (EPA-97/12). Bioventing: The process of aerating vadose zone soils by means of installed vents to stimulate in-situ biological activity and optimize biodegradation of organic compounds with some volatilization occumng (Navy/Env-04). Biphenyl (C12H10):A white crystal used as a heat-transfer medium. Bipolar plate: A conductive plate that has dual functions in a fuel cell stack. The plate functions as an anode for one cell on one side and as a cathode of the next cell on the other side. When the plate functions on one side only, the plate is called a separator plate or
Bismuth (Bi): A metallic element with atomic number 83; atomic weight 208.98; density 9.8 glcc; melting point 271 C and boiling point 1560 C. The element belongs to group VA of the periodic table. Bisulfate: See hydrogen sulphate. Bit: The hardened and strengthened device at the end of a drill rod that transmits the energy of breakage to the rock. The size of the bit determines the size of the hole. A bit may be either detachable from or integral with its supporting drill rod (CWNmining-04). Bitterns: The saturated brine solution remaining after precipitation of sodium chloride in the solar evaporation process (40CFR415.161-91). Bituminous coal: A dense coal, usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and to make coke. Bituminous coal is the most abundant coal in active U.S. mining regions. Its moisture content usually is less than 20%. The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from 21 to 30 million Btu per ton on a moist, mineralmatter-free basis. The heat content of bituminous coal consumed in the United States averages 24 million Btu per ton, on the asreceived basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter) (CAA/C02gas1-04). Bituminous coal: A middle rank coal (between subbituminous and anthracite) formed by additional pressure and heat on lignite. Usually has a high Btu value and may be referred to as "soft coal" (CWNmining-04). Bituminous coal: Solid fossil fuel classified as bituminous coal by ASTM Designation D38877 (incorporated by reference-see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.251-91). It is intermediate hardness containing between 50 and 92% fixed carbon. See coal for more related terms (EPA-82/10). Bituminous coatings: The black or brownish coating materials which are soluble in carbon disulfide, which consist mainly of hydrocarbons, and which are obtained from natural deposits or as
residues from the distillation of crude oils or of low grades of coal (40CFR52.741-91). Black and white film: A film consisting of a support, usually a plastic film which is coated with a light sensitive emulsion and an outer protective layer. The emulsion is adhered to the supporting base with a special layer called a sub. The emulsion contains: gelatin, silver salts of bromide, iodide, chloride, sensitizers, hardeners, and emulsion plasticizers (EPA- 10180). Black body: A hypothetical body that absorbs all incident radiation and reflects none. Black core (or blackheart): Most fireclays and brick clays contain carbonaceous matter; if a brick shaped from such clays is fired too rapidly, this carbonaceous matter will not be burned out before vitrification begins. The presence of carbon and the consequent reduced state of any iron compounds in the center of the fired brick result in a black core or black heart (EPA-83). Black damp: A term generally applied to carbon dioxide. Strictly speaking, it is a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. It is also applied to an atmosphere depleted of oxygen, rather than having an excess of carbon dioxide (CWAImining-04). Black liquor oxidation system: The vessels used to oxidize, with air or oxygen, the black liquor, and associated storage tank(s) (40CFR60.28 1-91). Black liquor solids: The dry weight of the solids which enter the recovery furnace in the black liquor (40CFR60.281-91). Black liquor: The used cooking liquor recovered from a (wood pulp processing) digester. It may also be referred to as spent cooking liquor. Strong black liquor refers to the liquor after it has been concentrated by an evaporator to a level suitable for combustion. prior to evaporation, it is referred to as weak black liquor. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Black lung: A disease of the lungs caused by habitual inhalation of coal dust (EPA-89/12). Black start: The ability to start a power source from its cold shutdown condition to its fully operational strength. This ability is generally achieved through an auxiliary power source that is totally independent of external conditions. Black water: The water that contains animal, human, or food waste (cf. night soil and see water for more related terms (EPA97/12). Blackbeart: See black core. Blackout: Complete loss of electrical power due to unexpected interruptions such as excessive demand.
Blade: The broad flat or concave part of a machine. Other bladerelated terms include (1) Earth blade; (2) Landfill blade; and (3) U-blade. Blank mold (or parison mold): The metal mold which first shapes the glass in the manufacture of hollow ware (EPA-83). Blank: (1) A sample analyzed for the purpose of determining and assessing background contaminants in the field or laboratory. There are many types of blanks for selection depending on sampling applications, e.g., deionized water is one of blanks which is used to rinse automatic sampler prior to collection of samples (EPA-79/12). (2) Optical glass formed by pressing into the rough shape and size required in the finished article. Also known as pressing (EPA-83). Other blank-related terms include (1) Calibration blank; (2) Equipment blank; (3) Field blank (see equipment blank); (4) Trip blank (see equipment blank); (5) Laboratory blank, (6) Reagent blank; and (7) Site blank. Blank: A blank is a quality control sample used to detect and identify contaminants introduced to samples during the measurement process. A laboratory blank is an analyte-free matrix that is camed through all or part of the analytical process for the purpose of identifying contamination introduced during analysis. Types of laboratory blanks include method blanks (carried through the entire preparation and analysis sequence), calibration blanks (matrix-matched reagent water used for calibration), and storage blanks (placed in sample storage areas). In the field, an analytefree matrix is carried through a portion of the field process to identify contamination introduced during field or transportation operations. Types of blanks associated with the field are trip blanks (these accompany samples through the transportation process), equipment rinsates (collected after decontamination), and field blanks (collected on-site during the sampling event) (SA04). Blank: An artificial sample designed to monitor the introduction of artifacts into the sampling and analytical process. For aqueous samples, reagent water is used as a blank matrix; however, a universal blank matrix does not exist for solid samples, but sometimes clean sand is used as a blank matrix. The blank is taken through all appropriate steps of the process. A reagent blank is an aliquot of analyte-free water or solvent analyzed with the analytical batch. Field blanks are aliquots of analyte-free water or solvents brought to the field in sealed containers and transported back to the laboratory with the sample containers. Trip blanks and equipment blanks are two specific types of field blanks. Trip blanks are not opened in the field. They are used to monitor sample contamination originating from transport, shipping, and site conditions. Equipment blanks are opened in the field and the contents poured over or through the sampling equipment, collected in a sample container, and returned to the laboratory as a sample. Equipment blanks monitor sampling device cleanliness and decontamination effectiveness O\Tavy/Env-04).
Blanket assembly: In a heavy-water reactor, lithium-aluminum alloy clad tubes positioned in a ring surrounding the radial reflector zone. They prevent neutron damage to the reactor vessel's metal wall by absorbing neutrons from the reflector zone, and they produce tritium (DOE-91/04). Blanket feed: A method for charging to produce an even distribution of batch material across the width of the furnace (EPA-83). Blanket insulation: The relatively flat and flexible insulation in coherent sheet form, furnished in units of substantial area. Batt insulation is included in this term (40CFR248.4-91). Blanking: Any cutting desired shapes out of sheet metal by means of dies (EPA-6183a). Blast cleaning barrel: A complete enclosure which rotates on an axis, or which has an internal moving tread to tumble the parts, in order to expose various surfaces of the parts to the action of an automatic blast spray (29CFR1910.94a-91). Blast cleaning room: A complete enclosure in which blasting operations are performed and where the operator works inside of the room to operate the blasting nozzle and direct the flow of the abrasive material (29CFR1910.94a-91). Blast furnace slag: The slag produced in iron blast-furnaces. It may be cooled slowly in air or more rapidly by quenching in water resulting in granulation or fitting. The structure and properties of the slag can be changed markedly by the method of cooling (EPA83). Blast furnace: Any furnace used to recover metal from slag. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.131-91, see also 4OCFR60.18 1-91). Blast gate: A slide metal damper in a duct, usually used to regulate the flow of forced air (SW-108ts). Blasting agent: Any material consisting of a mixture of a fuel and an oxidizer (CWNmining-04). Blasting cabinet: An enclosure where the operator stands outside and operates the blasting nozzle through an opening or openings in the enclosure (29CFR1910.94a-91). Blasting cap: A detonator containing a charge of detonating compound, which is ignited by electric current or the spark of a fuse. Used for detonating explosives (CWNmining-04). Blasting circuit: Electric circuits used to fire electric detonators or to ignite an igniter cord by means of an electric starter (CWNmining-04).
Bleach fix or blix: A solution used in some color processing that functions both as a bleach and as a fix (EPA-80110). Bleach: (1) A step in color film processing whereby the silver image is converted back to silver halides (EPA-80110). (2) Treating pulp so as to remove any coloring. See also bleeding (EPA-83). Bleached paper: The paper made of pulp that has been treated with bleaching agents. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Bleaching agent: A chemical compound with an oxidizing or reducing characteristics, e.g., sodium hypochlorite, sulfur dioxide, sodium acid sulfite, or hydrogen peroxide. Bleaching: (1) Removing colored components from a textile. Common bleaches are hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochloride, and sodium chlorite (EPA-74106b). (2) The brightening and delignification of pulp by the addition of oxidizing chemicals such as chlorine or reducing chemicals such as sodium hypo-chloride (EPA-87/10). Bleed: See blowdown. Bleeder or bleeder entries: Special air courses developed and maintained as part of the mine ventilation system and designed to continuously move air-methane mixtures emitted by the gob or at the active face away from the active workings and into minereturn air courses. Alt: Exhaust ventilation lateral (CWNmining04). Bleeding: Dissolving a color from paper or pulp. See brown stock (EPA-83). Blend fertilizer: A mixture of dry, straight, and mixed fertilizer materials (cf. mixed fertilizer) (40CFR418.71-91). Blights: Diseases that hurt and sometimes destroy plants. Blights will cause a plant to wither, stop growing, or cause all or parts of it to die (FFDCNpesticide-04). Blinding: Plugging of the screen apertures with slightly oversized particles (EPA-88108a). Blister copper: Copper with 96 to 99% purity and appearing blistered, made by forcing air through molten copper matte (EPA83103a). Blister: An imperfection in glass; a relatively large bubble or gaseous inclusion (EPA-83). Bloach: An imperfection resulting from incompletely grinding plate glass, caused by a low place in the plate which retains part of the original rough surface (EPA-83).
Block reek: A scratch imperfection caused by cullet lodged in the felt in the polishing operation (EPA-83).
Blow and blow process: The process of forming hollow ware in which both the preliminary and final shapes are formed by air pressure (EPA-83).
Block void: See top void. Blood brain barrier: The barrier created by semipermeable cell walls and membranes to passage of some molecules from the blood to the cells of the central nervous system (LBL-76107-bio). Blood fractionation: The separation of human blood into its various protein fractions (EPA-83/09). Blood products: Any product derived from human blood, including but not limited to blood plasma, platelets, red or white blood corpuscles, and other derived licensed products, such as interferon, etc. (40CFR259.10-91). Blood products: Any product derived from human blood, including but not limited to blood plasma, platelets, red or white corpuscles, and derived licensed products such as interferon (EPA97/12). Blood: Human blood, human blood components and products made from human blood (regulated under the Medical Waste Tracking Act) (FR-89/05). Bloodborne pathogens: Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) (29CFR1910). Bloodborne pathogens: Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause diseases in humans. These pathogens include hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) (NavyIEnv-04). Blood-to-air partition coefficient: Ratio of concentrations for a given chemical achieved between blood and air at equilibrium (EPA-92/12). Bloom: (1) An excessive growth of algae in a body of water due to an oversupply of dissolved nutrients (pollutants). It may impart a disagreeable odor to the water, cause fish to die, and impair the use of the water for drinking or recreation (cf. eutrophication) (DOI-70104). (2) Large, readily visible masses of microscopic and macroscopic plant life, such as green algae, occurring in bodies of water (LBL76107-water). (3) A surface film on glass resulting from attack by the atmosphere or from the deposition of smoke or other vapors (EPA-83). (4) A proliferation of algae and/or higher aquatic plants in a body of water; often related to pollution, especially when pollutants accelerate growth (EPA-97/12). Bloom: A proliferation of algae andlor higher aquatic plants in a body of water; often related to pollution, especially when pollutants accelerate growth (NavyIEnv-04).
Blow mold: The metal mold in which a blown glass article is finally shaped (EPA-83). Blow pit: A large tank under a (wood processing) digester which receives the discharged chips and liquor from the digester. A constructed stainless steel plate within the blow pit acts to break up the chip structure into individual fibers of pulp upon impact (EPA-87/10). Blowby: Leakage of liquid or gas between cylinder and piston during operation. Blowdown (bleed or purge): (1) The minimum discharge of recirculating water for the purpose of discharging materials contained in the water, the further buildup of which would cause concentration in amounts exceeding limits established by best engineering practice (40CFR401.1 1-91, see also 40CFR423.1191). (2) The amount of concentrated liquor wasted (ejected) in a recycle system in order to maintain an acceptable equilibrium of contaminants in any process liquor (EPA-82/11). (3) The pressure difference between the opening and closing of a relieflsafety valve in an incinerator or a chemical plant situation. Blower (or air blower): (1) A fan used to force air or gas under pressure (SW-108ts). (2) A fan used to force air and/or gas under pressure. Blower door: A device consisting of an instrumented fan which can be mounted in an existing doorway of a house. By determining the air flows through this fan required to achieve different degrees of house pressurization and depressurization, the blower door permits determination of the tightness of the house shell, and an estimation of the natural infiltration rate (EPA-88/08). Blower: A unit of rotating mechanical equipment used to increase the pressure in a gas stream and providing a total pressure rise of more than 4 inches of water and less than 14.7 psi (NavyIEnv-04). Blowing still: The equipment in which air is blown through asphalt flux to change the softening point and penetration rate (40CFR60.471-91). Blowing tap: Any tap in which an evolution of gas forces or projects jets of flame or metal sparks beyond the ladle, runner, or collection hood (40CFR60.261-91). Blowing tower: See spray drylng tower. Blowing: The injection of air or oxygen-enriched air into a molten converter bath (40CFR61.17 1-91).
Blowout: A small saucer- or trough-shaped hollow or depression formed by wind erosion on a pre-existing dune or other sand deposit (CWNWbasics-04).
BOD5: The amount of dissolved oxygen consumed in five days by biological processes breaking down organic matter (EPA97/12).
Blue flame: See flame combustion.
BOD5 The biochemical oxygen demand of wastewater during decomposition occumng over a five-day period. A measure of the organic content of wastewater (CAAJC02gas1-04).
Blue green algae: One of major unicellular algae. It can use atmospheric nitrogen as a nutrient in developing its cells and can give water an unpleasant taste and smell. Blue stain: A biological reaction caused by a stain producing fungi which causes a blue discoloration of sapwood, if not dried within a short time after cutting (EPA-74/04). Blue: In leather industry, the state or condition of hides subsequent to chromium tanning and prior to retanning. Hides in this stage of processing are characteristically blue in color (EPA8211 1). Blue-baby syndrome: A condition that can be caused by ingestion of high amounts of nitrate resulting in the blood losing its ability to effectively carry oxygen. It is most common in young infants and certain elderly people (CWA/Wquality-04).
BOD7: The biochemical oxygen demand as determined by incubation at 20 degrees C for a period of seven days using an acclimated seed. Agitation employing a magnetic stirrer set at 200 to 500 rpm may be used (40CFR417.151-91, see also 40CFR417.161; 417.171; 417.181-91). Bodied chemical fusion agent: A chemical fluid containing portion of the parent geomembrane that, after the application of pressure and after the passage of a certain amount of time, results in the chemical fusion of two essentially similar geomembrane sheets, leaving behind only that portion of the parent material. (Manufacturers and installers should be consulted for the various types of chemical fluids used with specific geomembranes in order to inform workers and inspectors.) (EPA-91/05).
BMD10: Benchmark Dose associated with a 10% response adjusted for background (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Body burden: The amount of a chemical stored in the body at a given time, especially a potential toxin in the body as the result of exposure (EPA-97/12).
Board insulation: The semirigid insulation preformed into rectangular units having a degree of suppleness, particularly related to their geometrical dimensions (40CFR248.4-91).
Body burden: The total amount of a substance in the body. Some substances build up in the body because they are stored in fat or bone or because they leave the body very slowly (SFhealth-04). ,
Bobbin: An assembly of the positive current collector and cathode material, usually molded into a cylinder (EPA-84/08).
Body fluid: The liquid emanating or derived from humans and limited to blood: cerebrospinal, synovial, pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial fluids; and semen and vaginal secretions (40CFR259.10-91).
BOD exertion: Oxygen requirement of a bio-system; biochemical oxygen demand equivalent (LBL-76107-water). BOD5 input: The biochemical oxygen demand of the materials entered into process. It can be calculated by multiplying the fats, proteins, and carbohydrates by factors of 0.890, 1.031, and 0.691 respectively. Organic acids (e.g., lactic acids) should be included as carbohydrates. Composition of input materials may be based on either direct analyses or generally accepted published values (40CFR405.11-91, see also 40CFR405.21; 405.3 1; 405.41; 405.5 1; 405.61; 405.71; 405.81; 405.91; 405.101; 405.1 11; 405.121-91). BOD5: A measure of biological decomposition of organic matter in a water sample. It is determined by measuring the oxygen required by microorganisms to oxidize the organic contaminants of a water sample under standard laboratory conditions. The standard conditions include incubation for five days at temperature 20 C (EPA-74/04). BOD5: Five-day biochemical oxygen demand (40CFR401.11-91).
Body resistance: The sum total of body mechanisms which glace barriers to the progress of invasion of pathogenic organisms (EPA-83). Body style: The level of commonality in vehicle construction as defined by number of doors and roof treatment (e.g., sedan, convertible, fastback, hatchback) (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Body type: The name denoting a group of vehicles that are either in the same car line or in different car lines provided the only reason the vehicles qualify to be considered in different car lines is that they are produced by a separate division of a single manufacturer (40CFR86.082.2-91). Bog: A nutrient-poor, acidic wetland dominated by a waterlogged, spongy mat of sphagum moss that ultimately forms a thick layer of acidic peat; generally has no inflow or outflow; fed primarily by rain water (CWNWbasics-04).
Bog: A type of wetland that accumulates appreciable peat deposits. Bogs depend primarily on precipitation for their water source, and are usually acidic and rich in plant residue with a conspicuous mat of living green moss (EPA-97/12). Boil out: A procedure, usually utilizing heat and chemicals, to clean equipment such as evaporators, heat-exchangers, and pipelines (EPA-87/10). Boiler and Industrial Furnaces Rule (BIF): Regulations passed by the U.S. EPA in 1991 that govern the actual burning of hazardous waste boilers and industrial furnaces including cement kilns (ETI-92). Boiler blowdown: Wastewater resulting from purging of solid and waste materials from the boiler system. A solids build up in concentration as a result of water evaporation (steam generation) in the boiler (cf. blowdown) (EPA-76/03).
Boiler: A vessel in which a liquid is vaporized, usually at constant pressure, as a result of the controlled application of heat (EPA-83). Boiler: An enclosed device that uses controlled flame combustion to recover and deliver energy in the f m of steam, heated fluid, or heated gases (RCRAihazardous-04). Boiler: You will find more related terms at the following: (1) Packaged boiler. (2) Wall fired boiler. (3) Waste heat boiler. Boiling point (BP): The temperature at which a liquid changes its phase to a vapor or gas. This is the temperature at which a liquid's vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure, so the liquid rapidly volatilizes (Navy/Env-04).
Boiler feedwater: Water supplied to a boiler (EPA-8211 If).
Boiling point temperature: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor. It is the temperature where the pressure of the liquid equals atmospheric pressure. The opposite change in phases is the condensation point temperature. See temperature for more related terms (Course 165.5).
Boiler major components: Fire wall or water wall; Superheater; Convection tubes and steam drum, Economizer; and Preheater (EPA-81/12, p7-6).
Boiling: The transition of a substance from the liquid to the gaseous phase usually at constant pressure and temperature (EPA83).
Boiler operating day: A 24-hour period during which fossil fuel is combusted in a steam generating unit for the entire 24 hours (40CFR60.41a-91, see also 40CFR60-AppIG-91).
Bolson: An extensive, flat, saucer-shaped, alluvium-floored basin or depression, almost or completely surrounded by mountains and from which drainage has no surface outlet; a term used in the desert regions of the Southwestern United States (CWMWbasics04).
Boiler scale: An incrustation of salts deposited on the waterside of a boiler as a result of the evaporation of water (EPA-8211 If). Boiler tube: Tubes contained in a boiler. For a water tube boiler, water passes through the tubes during its conversion into steam. For a fire tube boiler, flames pass the tubes and transfer the heat to the water outside the tubes (EPA-8211 If). Boiler water tube: A tube in a boiler having the water and steam on the inside and heat applied to the outside (EPA-83). Boiler water: The circulating water in a boiler after the generated steam has been separated and before the incoming feedwater or added chemical becomes mixed with it. See water for more related terms (EPA-83). Boiler: A solid fuel burning appliance used primarily for heating spaces, other than the space where the appliance is located, by the distribution through pipes of a gas or fluid heated in the appliance. The appliance must be tested and listed as a boiler under accepted American or Canadian safety testing codes. A manufacturer may request an exemption in writing from the Administrator by stating why the testing and listing requirement is not practicable and by demonstrating that his appliance is otherwise a boiler (40CFR60.531-91, see also 40CFR60.561; 60.61 1; 60.661; 260.10-91).
Bolt torque: The turning force in foot-pounds applied to a roof bolt to achieve an installed tension (CWMmining-04). Boltzmann's constant (k): k = the ratio of the universal gas constant to the Avogadro number = 1.380658 x JK. Bond fission (or bond homolysis): A unimolecular reaction cleavage of a chemical bond (typically the lowest energy bond in a molecule) between two atoms, a molecule and an atom, or two molecules produces two radical species (EPA-88/12). Bond homolysis: See bond fission. Bond paper: (1) A generic category of paper used in a variety of end use applications such as forms (see form bond), offset printing, copy paper, stationery, etc. In the paper industry, the term was originally very specific but is now very general (40CFR250.4-91). (2) The term originally meant paper used for printing bonds and stocks, now generally refers to high grade papers used for letters and high quality printed work. It is surface-sized for better writing and printing quality (EPA-83). (3) See paper for more related terms. Bond release: The time at which the appropriate regulatory authority returns a reclamation or performance bond based upon
its determination that reclamation work (including, in the case of underground mines, mine sealing and abandonment procedures) has been satisfactorily completed (40CFR434.11-91). Bond rupture: Same as bond fission (EPA-88/12). Bond: See chemical bond. Bonding: The process of uniting using an adhesive or fusible ingredient (EPA-83106a). Book paper: (1) A generic category of papers produced in a variety of forms, weights, and finishes for use in books and other graphic arts applications, and related grades such as tablet, envelope, and converting papers (40CFR250.4-91). (2) A general term for a group of papers of suitable quality for the printing trade, excluding newsprint (EPA-83). (3) See paper for more related terms. Boom: A floating device used to contain oil on a body of water (NavyIEnv-04). Boom: A piece of equipment used to apply pesticides from ground equipment such as a tractor or truck (see sonic boom) (EPA97/12). Boominess: Low frequency reflections. In small rooms, acoustical panels with air space behind can better help control low frequency reflectivity (NCNsound-04). Boost regulator: A voltage conversion device used to increase the voltage in a direct current power application. Booster charge: A charge that is ignited by the electric match and, in turn, initiates combustion or detonation in the propellant (EPA76/03). Booster cycle: The period during which additional hydraulic pressure is exerted to push the last charge of solid waste into a transfer trailer or a container attached to a stationary compactor (SW-10%~). Booster pump: A pump which is used to increase the pressure of liquid or gas in a pipe. Bore: Inside diameter of a cylinder. Boreal life zone: The living organisms in the zone of northern geographic regions. Boreal: A climatic zone having a definite winter with snow and a short summer that is generally hot, and which is characterized by a large annual range of temperature (CWAWbasics-04). Borehole: Any deep or long drill-hole, usually associated with a diamond drill (CWNmining-04).
Borehole: Hole made with drilling equipment (EPA-97/12). Boric acid (H3B03): A white or colorless solid used for weatherproofing wood and fireproofing fabrics. Boride: A class of boron-containing compounds, primarily calcium boride, used as a constituent in refractory materials. Metallic impurities that often accompany the use of these materials include titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, thorium, and uranium (EPA-85110a). Boring and turning: Scrap metals from machining of casting, rods, bars, and forgings (EPA-76/12). Boring: Enlarging a hole by removing metals with a single or occasionally a multiple point cutting tool moving parallel to the axis of rotation of the work or tool. Types of boring includes: (1) Single point boring: Cutting with a single point tool. (2) Precision boring: Cutting to tolerances held within narrow limits. (3) Gun boring: Cutting of deep holes. (4) Jig boring: Cutting of high precision and accurate location holes. (5) Groove boring: Cutting accurate recesses in hole walls (EPA-83106a). Boron (B): A nonmetallic element with atomic number 5; atomic weight 10.81; density 2.34 glcc; melting point 2030 C and boiling point 2550 C. The element belongs to group IIIA of the periodic table. Borosilicate recipe: The glass product composition of the following approximate ranges of weight proportions: 60 to 80% silicon dioxide, 4 to 10% total R20 (eg, Na20 and K20), 5 to 35% boric oxides, and 0 to 13% other oxides (40CFR60.291-91). Borosilicate vial: Glass vial used to store organic samples (EPA88/12). Bosque: A dense growth of trees and underbrush (CWAWbasics04). Boss: Any member of the managerial ranks who is directly in charge of miners (e.g., "shift-boss," "face-boss," and "fire-boss") (CWNmining-04). Botanical pesticide: (1) A pesticide produced from naturally occurring chemicals found in some plants. Examples include nicotine, pyrethrum, strychnine, and rotenone (EPA-85/10). (2) A pesticide whose active ingredient is a plant-produced chemical such as nicotine or strychnine. Also called a plant-derived pesticide (EPA-97/12). (3) See pesticide for more related terms. Botanical: Drugs made from a part of a plant, such as roots, bark, or leaves (EPA-83/09).
Bottle bill: A law requiring deposits on beverage containers (see container deposit legislation).
Botulinus organism: Those organisms that cause acute food poisoning. See organism for more related terms (EPA-74/06).
Bottle bill: Proposed or enacted legislation which requires a returnable deposit on beer or soda containers and provides for retail store or other redemption. Such legislation is designed to discourage use of throwaway containers (EPA-97/12).
Bounce: The unscheduled point contact opening(s) after initial closure and before scheduled reopening (40CFR85.2122(5)(ii)(B)91).
Bottom ash: Ash that collects at the bottom of a combustion chamber (RCRA/hazardous-04). Bottom ash: In fossil fuel combustion, the solid residue remaining from combustion of fuel in a boiler furnace (EPA-75102d). Economizer ash is included when it is collected with bottom ash (EPA-8211 la). Bottom ash: In waste incineration, the solid material that remains on a hearth or falls off the grate after thermal processing is complete (40CFR240.101-91).
Bound water: The water that is held by a system such as water in tissues or in soil. See water for more related terms. Boundary condition: A set of mathematical conditions which must be satisfied by the solutions of a differential equation on the boundaries of the region in which the solution is sought (NATO78/10). Boundary layer model: A mathematical model, mostly in the form of a set of partial differential equations, which describes the structure of the boundary layer as a function of time and space (NATO-78110).
Bottom ash: The ash that drops out of the furnace gas stream in the furnace and in the economizer sections. Economizer ash is included when it is collected with bottom ash (40CFR423.11-9 1).
Boundary layer: When a fluid passes a surface, the fluid tangential velocity at the immediate vicinity of the surface is zero. The velocity increases from zero to the velocity of the stream. The transition region between zero velocity and stream velocity is the boundary layer.
Bottom ash: The non-airborne combustion residue from burning pulverized coal in a boiler; the material which falls to the bottom of the boiler and is removed mechanically; a concentration of the non-combustible materials, which may include toxics (EPA97/12).
Bounding accident: A postulated accident that is defined to encompass the range of anticipated accidents and used to evaluate the consequences of accidents at facilities for fuel and target fabrication and processing, waste management, and hazardous materials handling (DOE-91/04).
Bottom blown furnace: Any basic oxygen process furnace (BOPF) in which oxygen and other combustion gases are introduced to the bath of molten iron through tuyeres in the bottom of the vessel or through tuyeres in the bottom and sides of the vessel. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.141a-91).
Bounding estimate: An estimate of exposure, dose, or risk that is higher than that incurred by the person in the population with the currently highest exposure, dose, or risk. Bounding estimates are useful in developing statements that exposures, doses, or risks are not greater than an estimated value (EPA-97/12).
Bottom land hardwood: Forested freshwater wetlands adjacent to rivers in the southeastern United States, especially valuable for wildlife breeding, nesting, and habitat (EPA-97/12).
Bourdon gage: A device for measuring the gas pressure in a system. The unit is usually denoted by psig (pound force per square inch gage) (Jones-60, p15).
Bottom land: See flood plain (CWNWbasics-04).
Boussinesq approximation: The assumption that a fluid, in which density variations are caused by temperature variations, can be considered as incompressible. The density variations are only taken into account when producing buoyancy forces (NATO78/10).
Bottom ash: See ash for more related terms.
Bottom receiver: A container or tank used to receive and collect the heavier bottoms fractions of the distillation feed stream that remain in the liquid phase (40CFR264.1031-91). Bottom: Floor or underlying surface of an underground excavation (CWNmining-04). Bottom-land forest: Low-lying forested wetland found along streams and rivers, usually on alluvial flood plains (CWANbasics-04).
Box model: A simulation model of atmospheric dispersion for which it is assumed that the concentration is uniformly distributed over a specified volume or a box. The height of the box is determined by the mixing height. The horizontal dimensions are determined by the size of the area in which the emissions take place. Across the sides of the box, transport of the air pollution takes place. For steady conditions, the concentration c in the box
becomes: c=Q/F, where Q is the total emission strength and F the ventilation factor (NATO-78/10).
Boxboard cuttings: The term consists of baled new cuttings of paperboard such as are used in the manufacture of folding paper cartons, set-up boxes, and similar boxboard products (EPA-83). Box-type magazine: A small, portable magazine used to store limited quantities of explosives or detonators for short periods of time at locations in the mine which are convenient to the blasting sites at which they will be used (CWNmining-04). Boyle's law: Boyle's law states that, when the temperature (T) is held constant, the volume (V) of a given mass of a perfect gas of a given composition varies inversely as the absolute pressure varies. See law for more related terms (EPA-81/12, p2-7). Brackish water: Water with a salinity intermediate between seawater and freshwater (containing from 1,000 to 10,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids) (CWAiWbasics-04). Brackish: Mixed fresh and salt water (EPA-97/12). Braided stream: A stream characterized by an interlacing or tangled network of several small branching and reuniting shallow channels (CWNWbasics-04). Braiding of river channels: Successive division and rejoining (of riverflow ) with accompanying islands is the important characteristic denoted by the synonymous terms, braided or anastomosing stream. A braided stream is composed of anabranches (CWA/hydrology-04). Braille paper: The paper designed to emboss well so that blind can read by touch. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Brake block: An asbestos-containing product intended for use as a friction material in drum systems for vehicles rated at 26,001 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) or more (40CFR763.163-91). Brake horsepower: The fan power the user pays for. It is the power to operate the unit. The term, gas horsepower, is used to describe the power delivered by the fan to the polluted gas stream. The efficiency of the fan is given by the ratio of the gas horsepower to the brake horsepower (EPA-84/09).
Brass aluminum: The brass to which aluminum has been added to improve resistance to corrosion (EPA-83). Brattice or brattice cloth: Fire-resistant fabric or plastic partition used in a mine passage to confine the air and force it into the working place. Also termed: Line brattice; Line canvas; or Line curtain (CWNmining-04). Brazing: Joining metals by flowing a thin layer, capillary thickness, of non-ferrous filler metal into the space between them. Bonding results from the intimate contact produced by the dissolution of a small amount of base metal in the molten filler metal, without fusion of the base metal. The term brazing is used where the temperature exceeds 425C (EPA-83106a). Breach of containment: The loss of containment through accidental means, deliberate means, or equipment failure causing the escape of recombinant organisms from containment barriers (EPA-88109a). Break line: The line that roughly follows the rear edges of coal pillars that are being mined. The line along which the roof of a coal mine is expected to break (CWNmining-04). Break point of chlorination (or chlorination break point): (1) The process in which chlorine is added to the media (water, sewage, or industrial wastes) in amounts large enough to cause all of the nitrogen in ammonia and ammonia-derivativespresent to be reduced to elemental nitrogen such that a free chlorine residual is available. See chlorination for more related terms (EPA-88109a). (2) Addition of chlorine to water until the chlorine demand has been satisfied (EPA-97/12). Break through point: The point at which impurities first appear in the effluent of a granular activated carbon adsorption bed (EPA8711Oa). Break through time: The elapsed time between initial contact of the hazardous liquid chemical with the outside surface of a protective clothing material and the time at which the chemical can be detected at the inside surface of the material by means of the chosen analytical technique (NIOSH-84/10). Break through: A crack or break in a filter bed that allows the passage of floc or particulate matter through a filter; will cause an increase in filter effluent turbidity (EPA-97/12).
Branched chain: See chain. Brass (or bronze): (1) Any metal alloy containing copper as its predominant constituent, and lesser amounts of zinc, tin, lead, or other metals (40CFR60.131-91). (2) Primarily an alloy of about 88% copper and 8 to 10% tin, plus zinc. The name is now used to describe other alloys such as aluminum bronze, manganese bronze, and beryllium bronze (EPA-83). Other brass-related terms include (1)Red brass and (2) Yellow brass.
Break water: A natural or artificial barrier that serves to break the force of waves and thereby shelters craft in a harbor or protects a beach from erosion. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104). Breakdown product: A compound derived by chemical, biological, or physical action upon a pesticide. The breakdown is a natural process that may result in a more toxic or a less toxic
compound and a more persistent or less persistent compound (CWNWbasics-04).
(3) Firebrick; (4) High duty fireclay brick; (5) Insulating brick; (6) Intermediate duty fireclay brick; and (7) Super duty fireclay brick.
Breakdown voltage: (1) The voltage level at which the capacitor fails (40CFR85.2122(a)-(6)(ii)(C)-91). (2) The voltage at which a discharge occurs between two electrodes (EPA-83/03).
Bridge carrier: A rubber-tiremounted mobile conveyor, about 10 meters long, used as an intermediate unit to create a system of articulated conveyors between a mining machine and a room or entry conveyor (CWNmining-04).
Breaker point: The mechanical switch operated by the distributor cam to establish and interrupt the primary ignition coil current (40CFR85.2 122(a)(5)(ii)(A)-91). Breakout tank: A tank used to: (1) Relieve surges in a hazardous liquid pipeline system, or (2) Receive and store hazardous liquid transported by a pipeline, for (3) Re-injection and continued transportation by pipeline (40CFR195.2-91). (4) See tank for more related terms. Breakover angle: The supplement of the largest angle, in the plan side view of an automobile, that can be formed by two lines tangent to the front and rear static loaded radii arcs and intersecting at a point on the underside the automobile (40CFR86.084.2-91). Breakthrough capacity: The adsorption capacity of a packed bed where traces of pollutants begin to appear in the exit gas stream. The same units as equilibrium capacity (ratio of the weight of the adsorbate retained to the weight of adsorbent) are employed for breakthrough capacity (EPA-84/09).
Bridge conveyor: A short conveyor hung from the boom of mining or lading machine or haulage system with the other end attached to a receiving bin that dollies along a frame supported by the room or entry conveyor, tailpiece. Thus, as the machine boom moves, the bridge conveyor keeps it in constant connection with the tailpiece (CWNmining-04). Bridge furnace wall: A partial partition between combustion chambers over which pass the products of combustion. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Bridge wall cover: Refractory blocks spanning the space between the bridge walls (EPA-83). Bright dipping: The immersion of all or part of a (metal) work piece in a medium designed to clean or brighten the surface and leave a protective surface coating on the work piece (EPA-83106a).
Breakthrough: A passage for ventilation that is cut through the pillars between rooms (CWNmining-04).
Brightness (or whiteness): The degree of whiteness of a pulp. The standard used is magnesium oxide with a reflectance of 100%. Pulp brightness is expressed as a percentage of the MgO reflectance measured at a dominant wave length of 458 millimicrons (EPA-83).
Breathing zone: Area of air in which an organism inhales (EPA97/12).
Brightness unit: An increment of measurement to assess the brightness of paper (EPA-87/10).
Breeching bypass: An arrangement whereby breechings and dampers permit the intermittent use of two or more passages to direct or divert the flow of the products of combustion (SW-108ts).
Brine mud: Waste material, often associated with well-drilling or mining, composed of mineral salts or other inorganic compounds (EPA-97/12).
Breeching: A passage that conducts the products of combustion to a stack or chimney (SW-108ts).
Brine: Water saturated with a salt (cf. brackish water) (EPA821110.
Breeder: A nuclear reactor that produces more fuel than it consumes (EPA-74/11).
Brine: Water that contains more than 35,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids (CWNWbasics-04).
Breeze: Breeze-related terms include (1) Land breeze and (2) Sea breeze.
Briquetter: A machine that compresses a material, such as metal turnings or coal dust, into small pellets (SW-108ts).
Brick veneer: A single layer or tier of masonry or similar materials securely attached to a wall for the purposes of providing ornamentation, protection, or insulation, but not bonded or attached to intentionally exert common action under load. See veneer for more related terms (EPA-88/08).
Bristols: Heavier papers, 0.006-inch or more in thickness (EPA83).
Brick: A rehctory brick made from fireclay. Other brick-related terms include (1) Alumina diaspore fireclay brick; (2) Basic brick;
British thermal unit: Unit of heat energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit at sea level (EPA-97/12). Brittleness: Point of breaking when bent (EPA-83).
Brix: A hydrometer scale calibrated to read percent sugar by weight in pure sugar (juice) solutions. Originated by Balling, improved and corrected by Brix (EPA-74101a; 74/03). Broadcast application: The spreading of pesticides over an entire area (EPA-97/12). Broker: An individual or group of individuals who act as agents or intermediaries between the sellers and buyers of recyclable materials or waste services (RCRAImanagement-04). Bromine (Br): A halogen element with atomic number 35; atomic weight 79.909; density 3.12 g/cc; melting point -7.2 C; and boiling point 58 C. The element belongs to group VIIA of the periodic table. Bromine (Br): A halogen that can substitute for hydrogen in many organic compounds, generally making the resultant compound more toxic (NavyIEnv-04).
Brown mud lake: The diked reservoir (tailing pond) used to impound brown mud (EPA-74103b). Brown mud: The final solid waste remaining after the alumina is leached (EPA-74103b). Brown oxide (UO*):Uranium dioxide, an intermediate product in the conversion of orange oxide to green salt (AENclosure-04). Brown paper: The paper usually made from unbleached kraft pulp and used for bags, sacks, wrapping paper, and so forth. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Brown stock washer system: The brown stock washers and associated knotters, vacuum pumps, and filtrate tanks used to wash the pulp following the digestion system. Diffusion washers are excluded from this definition (40CFR60.281-91). Brown stock: Unbleached pulp obtained from the digesters (EPA83, see also EPA-87/10).
Bromine water: A nonmetallic halogen liquid, normally deep red, corrosive and toxic, which is used as an oxidizing agent. See water for more related terms (EPA-83106a).
Brownian motion: Continuous random motion of microscopic particles in a gas or liquid medium.
Bromofenoxim (Cl3H7N3O6BrZ): A powder used as a herbicide to control weeds.
Brownout: A drop of electrical voltage for a short period of time due to an unexpected interference.
Bromofluorocarbons (halons): Inert, nontoxic chemicals that have at least one bromine atom in their chemical makeup. They evaporate without leaving a residue and are used in fire extinguishing systems, especially for large computer installations (CAA/C02gas-04).
Bruce Ames test: See Ames test.
Bronsted acid: A chemical substance which can act as a proton source. See acid for more related terms.
Brush or wipe coating: A manual method of applying a coating using a brush, cloth, or similar object (40CFR52.741-91). Brushing: Digging up the bottom or taking down the top to give more headroom in roadways (CWNmining-04). Btu: See British thermal unit.
Bronze: See brass. Brood stock: The animals which are cultured to produce test organisms through reproduction (40CFR797.1300-9 1, see also 40CFR797.1330-91). Brow: A low place in the roof of a mine, giving insufficient headroom (CWNmining-04). Brown earth: A type of soil which is rich in organic matter derived from the annual leaf fall of trees and shrubs. Brown fields: Abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities/sites where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination. They can be in urban, suburban, or rural areas. EPA's Brown fields initiative helps communities mitigate potential health risks and restore the economic viability of such areas or properties (EPA97/12).
BTX storage tank: Any tank, reservoir, or container used to collect or store benzenstoluene-xylene or other light-oil fractions (40CFR61.131-91). Bubble policy: An EPA policy that allows a plant complex with several facilities to decrease pollution from some facilities while increasing it from others, so long as total results are equal to or better than previous limits. Facilities where this is done are treated as if they exist in a bubble in which total emissions are averaged out. Complexes that reduce emissions substantially may bank their credits or sell them to other industries (cf. emission trading) (EPA97/12). Bubble: A system under which existing emissions sources can propose alternate means to comply with a set of emissions limitations; under the bubble concept, sources can control more than required at one emission point where control costs are
relatively low in return for a comparable relaxation of controls at a second emission point where costs are higher (EPA-97/12).
Bubbler: An absorber in which the sample gas is introduced below the surface of a liquid absorbent. For increased efficiency, the gas stream may be broken up into small bubbles by being forced through restricted openings as in the fritted gas tip (LBG 76107-air). Bubbling fluidized bed combustor: A fluidized bed combustor in which the majority of the bed material remains in a fluidized state in the primary combustion zone. See fluidized bed combustion for more related terms (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Bucket elevator: A conveying device for metallic minerals consisting of a head and foot assembly that supports and drives an endless single or double strand chain or belt to which buckets are attached (40CFR60.38 1-91, see also 40CFR60.671-91). Bucket: An open container affixed to the movable arms of a wheeled or tracked vehicle to spread solid waste and cover material, and to excavate soil; also a type of grapple used with an overhead crane (EPA-83). Budget request: The amount of funding the President requests the Congress appropriate in a given fiscal year. In formulating the President's budget request, the Administration identifies its major fimding themes and crosscutting issues and then makes decisions on agency budget requests, based on Presidential priorities, program performance, and budget constraints (OMBIReg-04). Budget target: The amount of a given fiscal year's discretionary funding apportioned to each federal agency, based on anticipated levels of appropriations. Agencies are expected to adhere to this target in their budget request to the Administration (OMBIReg-04). Budget, actual: The amount of funding Congress actually appropriates for spending in a given fiscal year (OMBIReg-04). Budget, enacted: This is the same as the "actual budget1'--the amount of funding Congress actually enacts through appropriations laws for spending in a given fiscal year (OMBIReg-04). Budget: The financial plan for the spending of all federal and matching funds (including in kind contributions) for a technical assistance grant project as proposed by the applicant, and negotiated with and approved by the Award Official (40CFR35.4010-91). Buffer strips: Strips of grass or other erosion-resisting vegetation between or below cultivated strips or fields (EPA-97/12). Buffer zone: Neutral area serving as a protective barrier separating two conflicting forces. An area that minimizes the impact of pollutants on the environment or public welfare. For
example, a buffer zone is established between a composting facility and neighboring residents to minimize odor problems (RCRAlmanagernent-04).
Buffer: A solution containing either a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt which thereby resists changes in acidity or basicity, i.e., resists changes in pH (stabilizes the pH values, acidity, or alkalinity) (EPA-87110a). Buffer: A solution or liquid whose chemical makeup neutralizes acids or bases without a great change in pH (EPA-97/12). Buffer: A substance that reduces the change in pH that would otherwise be produced by adding acids or bases to a solution. A pH stabilizer (NavyIEnv-04). Bufing dust: Small pieces of leather removed in the buffing operation. Buffing dust also includes small particles of abrasive used in the operation and is of a coarse powder consistency (EPA82111). Buffing: (1) In metal finishing, an operation to provide a high luster to a surface. The operation, which is not intended to remove much materials, usually follows polishing (EPA-83106a). (2) In leather finishing, a light sanding operation applied to the grain or underside of leather and also to splits. Buffing smoothes the grain surface and improves the nap of the underside of the leather (EPA82111). (3) In constructing a landfill liner, an inaccurate term often used to describe the grinding of polyethylene flexible membrane liners to remove surface oxides and waxes in preparation of extrusion seaming (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). Bug dust: The fine particles of coal or other material resulting form the boring or cutting of the coal face by drill or machine (CWAImining-04). Building block technique: A method of allocating effluent limitations guidelines to multi-subcategory plants where the effluent limitations guidelines for that given plant would represent a production-weighted sum of effluent limitations guidelines which apply to each specific subcategory (EPA-76/03). Building completion: The date when all but minor components of a project have been built, all equipment is operational and the project is capable of functioning as designed (40CFR35.2005-91). Building cooling load: The hourly amount of heat that must be removed from a building to maintain indoor comfort (measured in British thermal units [Btus]) (EPA-97/12). Building department records: Those records of the local government in whose jurisdiction the property is located indicating permission of the local government to construct, alter, or demolish improvements on the property. Often building permits are located in the building department of a municipality or county (USDNwater-04).
Building effects on dispersion: The influence by the flow patterns and turbulence around buildings on the dispersion of emissions from or in the neighborhood of these buildings. For instance, pollution can get trapped inside the flow separation region behind a building (NATO-78110). Building envelope: The exterior surface of a building's construction--the walls, windows, floors, roof, and floor. Also called building shell (EPA-97/12). Building insulation: A material, primarily designed to resist heat flow, which is installed between the conditioned volume of a building and adjacent unconditioned volumes or the outside. This term includes but is not limited to insulation products such as blanket, board, spray-in-place, and loose-fill that are used as ceiling, floor, foundation, and wall insulation (40CFR248.4-91). Building related illness: A discrete, identifiable disease or illness. It can be traced to a specific pollutant or source within a building (contrast with sick building syndrome) (EPA-88/09b). Building related illness: Diagnosable illness whose cause and symptoms can be directly attributed to a specific pollutant source within a building (e.g., Legionnaire's disease, hypersensitivity, pneumonitis). See sick building syndrome (EPA-97/12). Building, structure, facility, or installation: All of the pollutantemitting activities which belong to the same industrial grouping, are located on one or more contiguous or adjacent properties, and are under the control of the same person (or persons under common control) except the activities of any vessel. Pollutantemitting activities shall be considered as part of the same industrial grouping if they belong to the same Major Group (i.e., which have the same two-digit code) as described in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972, as amended by the 1977 Supplement (U.S. Government Printing Office stock numbers 4 101-0065 and 003-005-00176-0, respectively) (40CFR51.165491). Building: The erection, acquisition, alteration, remodeling, improvement, or extension of treatment works (40CFR35.2005-91, see also 40CFR60.671-91). Bulb: A glass envelope which encloses an incandescent lamp or an electronic tube (EPA-83/03).
while being sprayed by water or another scrubbing liquor (EPA85/10a).
Bulk container: A large container that can either be pulled or lifted mechanically onto a service vehicle or emptied mechanically into a service vehicle (40CFR246.101-91). Bulk density: The mass of bulky materials per unit volume. See density for more related terms (EPA-84/09). Bulk gasoline plant: A gasoline storage and distribution facility with an average throughput of 76,000 liters (20,000 gal) or less on a 30-day rolling average that distributes gasoline to gasoline dispensing facilities (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.111b91). Bulk gasoline terminal: Any gasoline facility which receives gasoline by pipeline, ship or barge, and has a gasoline throughput greater than 75,700 liters per day. Gasoline throughput shall be the maximum calculated design throughput as may be limited by compliance with an enforceable condition under federal, state, or local law and discoverable by the Administrator and any other person (40CFR60.501-91). Bulk resin: A resin which is produced by a polymerization process in which no water is used. See resin for more related terms (40CFR61.61-91). Bulk sample: A small portion (usually thumbnail size) of a suspect asbestos containing building material collected by an asbestos inspector for laboratory analysis to determine asbestos content (EPA-97/12). Bulk terminal: Any facility which receives liquid product containing benzene by pipelines, marine vessels, tank trucks, or railcars, and loads the product for further distribution into tank trucks, railcars, or marine vessels (40CFR61.301-91). Bulk: The term denotes thickness of a sheet of paper (EPA-83). Bulkhead: An air-restraining barrier constructed for a long-term control of radon-222 and radon-222 decay products. Bulking agent: A material used to add volume to another material to make it more porous to air flow. For example, municipal solid waste may act as a bulking agent when mixed with water treatment sludge (EPA-89/11).
Bulk asbestos: Any quantity of asbestos fiber of any type or grade, or combination of types or grades, that is mined or milled with the purpose of obtaining asbestos. This term does not include asbestos that is produced or processed as a contaminant or an impurity. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR763.63-91).
Bulking agent: A material used to add volume to another material to make the second material more porous, which increases airflow. For example, municipal solid waste may act as a bulking agent when mixed with water treatment sludge (RCWmanagement-04).
Bulk bed washer: A type of wet dust collector consisting of a bed of lightweight spheres through which the dust-laden air must pass
Bulking sludge: The sludge produced due to the inability of an activated sludge to settle. It is thus difficult to separate from the
effluent and affect the quality of wastewater treatment. See sludge for more related terms.
Bulky items: Large items of refuse including, but not limited to, appliances, furniture, large auto parts, nonhazardous construction and demolition materials, trees, branches, and stumps that cannot be handled by normal solid waste processing, collection, or disposal methods (RCWmanagement-04). Bulky waste (or oversize waste): (1) Large items of solid waste such as household appliances, furniture, large auto parts, trees, branches, stumps, and other oversize wastes whose large size precludes or complicates their handling by normal solid wastes collection, processing, or disposal methods. See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.101-91). (2) Large items of waste materials, such as appliances, furniture, large auto parts, trees, stumps (EPA-97/12). Bulldozer: A tracked vehicle equipped with an earth blade (SW108ts). Bump (or burst): A violent dislocation of the mine workings which is attributed to severe stresses in the rock surrounding the workings (CWAImining-04). Bundle: A structure composed of three or more fibers in a parallel arrangement with each fiber closer than one fiber diameter (40CFR763-AppIA-91). Bunker C oil: A general term used to indicate a heavy viscous fuel oil (OME-88/12). Bunker fuel: Fuel supplied to ships and aircraft in international transportation, irrespective of the flag of the carrier, consisting primarily of residual fuel oil for ships and distillate and jet fuel oils for aircraft (CAA/C02gas-04). Bunker fuel: Fuel supplied to ships and airmR, both domestic and foreign, consisting primarily of residual and distillate fuel oil for ships and kerosene-based jet fuel for aircraft. The term "intemational bunker fuels" is used to denote the consumption of fuel for international transport activities. Note: For the purposes of greenhouse gas emissions inventories, data on emissions from combustion of intemational bunker fuels are subtracted from national emissions totals. Historically, bunker fuels have meant only ship fuel. See vessel bunkering (CAA/C02gasl-04). Buoyancy: (1) The ability or tendency to float or rise in liquid or air. (2) An upward force upon a parcel of a fluid in a gravitational field due to a density difference between the parcel and surrounding fluid (NATO-78110). (3) The (buoyant) force exerted on a particle suspended in an air stream. The magnitude of the force is given by the weight of the fluid displaced by the particle. In air pollution calculations, this force is generally neglected (EPA-84/09).
Buret: A marked glass used to deliver variable volumes of liquid. Burial ground (graveyard): A disposal site for radioactive waste materials that uses earth or water as a shield (EPA-97/12). Burial operation: See trenching (40CFR257.3.6-91). Burn down period: The period of time in an incinerator's operating cycle during which no additional waste is charged to the incinerator and the primary combustion chamber temperature is maintained above a minimum temperature (using auxiliary burners as necessary) to facilitate the solid phase combustion of the waste bed (cf. cooldown period) (EPA-89103b). Burn off: The process of severing an unwanted portion of a glass article by fusing the glass (EPA-83). Burn rate (burning rate or combustion rate): (1) The rate at which test fuel is consumed in a wood heater. Measured in kilogram of wood (dry basis) per hour (kghr) (40CFR60App/A(method 28 & 28A)-91). (2) The quantity of solid waste incinerated or the amount of heat released during incineration. The rate is usually expressed in pounds of solid waste per square foot of burning area per hour or in Btus per square foot of burning area per hour (SW-108ts, see also EPA-89103b). Burn: (1) Combustion or incineration of substances. (2) Connection of terminals, posts, or connectors in a lead acid battery by welding (EPA-84/08). (3) In brick manufacturing, the degree of heat treatment to which refractory bricks are subjected when manufactured (SW-108ts). Burner block: A refractory block with one or more orifices through which fuel is admitted to a furnace (EPA-83). Burner component: The main components of a burner system include a forced air blower, a fuel train, pilot and main burners, and most importantly a flame safeguard system (EPA-89103b). Burner valve: A valve that is used to control the air or fuel flow rate for a burner. It is operated either manually or mechanically. Burner: A device that ignites a fuel or a mixture of fuels and air inside of combustion chambers. Burner: A triggering mechanism used to ignite and oxidize hydrocarbon fuels (AP-40). Burners: Handlers who bum used oil for energy m v e r y in boilers, industrial fbnaces, or hazardous waste incinerators (RCRAlhazardous-04). Burning agent: Those additives that, through physical or chemical means, improve the combustibility of the materials to which they are applied (40CFR300.5-91).
Burning area: The horizontal projection of a grate, a hearth, or both (SW-108ts). Burning for energy recovery: Burning hazardous waste for its heating value as a fuel, and using wastes to produce fuels or as ingredients in fuels (RCRA/hazardous-04). Burning hearth: A solid surface to support the solid fuel or solid waste in a furnace during drying, ignition, or combustion, without air openings in it. The surface upon which materials are placed for combustion. See hearth for more related terms (SW- 108ts).
Butt entry: A coal mining term that has different meanings in different locations. It can be synonymous with panel entry, submain entry, or in its older sense it refers to an entry that is "butt" onto the coal cleavage (that is, at right angles to the face) (CWAImining-04). Butterfly damper: A plate or blade installed in a duct, breeching, flue connection, or stack that rotates on an axis to regulate the gas flow. See damper for more related terms (OME-88/12). Button cell: A tiny, circular battery made for a watch or for other microelectronic applications (EPA-84/08).
Burning rate: See bum rate. Burnishing: A surface finishing process in which minute surface irregularities are displaced rather than removed (40CFR471.02-91).
Butyl rubber: A synthetic rubber made by the solution polymerization of isobutylene and isoprene. See rubber for more related terms (EPA-74112a).
Burnout: A measure of ash quality; it is the percentage of the ash that is inorganic materials (EPA-89103b).
Buy-back center: A facility to which individuals bring recyclables in exchange for payment (RCFWmanagement-04).
Burnt lime: Calcined limestone (CaO), MgO (dolomitie), or a mixture of these (cf. dolomite or limestone) (EPA-83).
Buy-back center: Facility where individuals or groups bring reyclables in return for payment (EPA-97/12).
Bursting strength: A measure of the ability of a paper sheet to resist rupture when pressure is applied to one of its sides. Bursting strength is tested by a specified instrument, under specified conditions--the Mullen or pop test (EPA-83).
By compound: By individual stream components, not carbon equivalents (40CFR60.611-91, see also 40CFR60.661-91).
Busbar: A heavy rigid, metallic conductor, usually uninsulated, used to carry a large current or to make a common connection between several circuits (EPA-83/03). Bushing: An insulating structure including a central conductor with provision for mounting on a barrier (conducting or otherwise), for the purpose of insulating the conductor from the barrier and conducting current from one side of the barrier to the other (EPA83/03). Business machine: A device that uses electronic or mechanical methods to process information, perform calculations, print or copy information, or convert sound into electrical impulses for transmission, such as: (1)Products classified as typewriters under SIC Code 3572; (2) Products classified as uilculating and accounting machines under SIC Code 3574; (3) Products classified as calculating and accounting machines under SIC Code 3574; (4) Products classified as telephone and telegraph equipment under SIC Code 3661; (5) Products classified as office machines, not elsewhere classified, under SIC Code 3579; and (6) Photocopy machines, a subcategory of products classified as photographic equipment under SIC Code 3861 (40CFR60.721-91). Butt cleat: A short, poorly defined vertical cleavage plane in a coal seam, usually at right angles to the long face cleat (CWAImining-04).
Bypass stack: The stack that vents exhaust gases to the atmosphere from the bypass control device. See stack for more related terms (40CFR60.61-91). Bypass the control device: To operate the glass melting furnace without operating the control device to which that furnace's emissions are directed routinely (40CFR61.161-91). Bypass: (1) Any system that prevents all or a portion of the kiln or clinker cooler exhaust gases from entering the main control device and ducts the gases through a separate control device. This does not include emergency systems designed to duct exhaust gases directly to the atmosphere in the event of a malfunction of any control device controlling kiln or clinker cooler emissions (40CFR60.61-91, see also 40CFR122.41; 403.1 7-91). (2) An act of intentional noncompliance during which waste treatment facilities are circumvented in emergency situations (EPA-85/10). Bypass: The intentional diversion of wastestreams from any portion of a treatment (or pretreatment) facility (CWAIwastewater-04). By-product coke process: A process in which coal is carbonized in the absence of air to permit recovery of the volatile compounds and to produce coke (EPA-74106a). By-product cokemaking: Those cokemaking operations in which coal is heated in the absence of air to produce coke. In this process, by-products may be recovered from the gases and liquids driven from the coal during cokemaking (40CFR420.11-91).
By-product material: (1) Any radioactive material (except special nuclear material) yielded in or made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or utilizing special nuclear material (10CFR20.3-91, see also 10CFR30.4; 40.4-91). (2) Byproduct material, which is any radioactive material that is made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or using special nuclear material (DOE-91/04). (3) See nuclear material for more related terms. By-product/waste: Any liquid or gaseous substance produced at chemical manufacturing plants or petroleum refineries (except natural gas, distillate oil, or residual oil) and combusted in a steam
generating unit for heat recovery or for disposal. Gaseous substances with carbon dioxide levels greater than 50% or carbon monoxide levels greater than 10% are not by-product/waste for the purposes of this subpart (40CFR60.41b-91). By-product: Material, other than the principal product, generated. as a consequence of an industrial process or as a breakdown product in a living system (EPA-97/12). By-products: Materials that are not one of the intended products of a production process and includes most wastes that are not spent materials or sludges (RCRAIhazardous-04).
CAA: Clean Air Act. See Act or CAA. Cab over axle or cab over engine: The cab which contains the operator-passenger compartment is directly above the engine and front axle and the entire cab can be tilted forward to permit access to the engine compartment (40CFR205.51-91).
Calandria evaporator: An evaporator using a calandria; the standard evaporator in current use in the sugar industry (EPA75/02d). Calandria vacuum pan: A vacuum pan using a calandria; the standard vacuum pan in current use in the sugar industry (EPA75102d).
Cab over engine: See cab over axle. Cable pullout unloading method: A procedure in which a landfill tractor empties a transfer trailer by pulling a cable network from the front to the rear within the vehicle (EPA-83). Cadmium (Cd): (1) The total cadmium present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater. treatment system (40CFR415.451-91, see also 40CFR415.63 1-91). (2) cadmium is a soft metallic element with atomic number 48; atomic weight 112.40; density 8.65 glee; melting point 320.9 C and boiling point 765 C and belongs to group IIB of the periodic table. (3) A heavy metal element that accumulates in the environment (EPA-97/12). Cadmium (Cd): A heavy metal element that accumulates in the environment (MWTNmedical-04).
Calandria: The steam belt or heating element in an evaporator or vacuum pan, consisting of vertical tube sheets constituting the heating surface (EPA-75/02d). Calcareous: A rock or substance formed of calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate by biological deposition or inorganic precipitation, or containing those minerals in sufficient quantities to effervesce when treated with cold hydrochloric acid (CWA/Wbasics-04). Calcination: (1) The formation of solid materials (e.g., calcium carbinate from hard water). (2) The conversion of wastes into solid materials at elevated temperature (800-2000 C) and atmospheric pressure, without any interactions with the gaseous phase (such as air oxidation which occurs during incineration). (3) FO; an aqueous waste, the first reaction that can occur during calcination is vaporization of the water, leaving the solid materials as the granular and free flowing or a compact solid. A similar process occurs in the initial treatment of a de-watered sludge (i.e., after filtration and centrifugation). In many instances, it is possible to proceed further with the calcination to drive off volatile materials from the partially calcined solid, e.g., a salt, to form an oxide that will be more stable or reusable.
Cadmium (Cd): A soft metal used in electroplating, pigments, plastic stabilizers, batteries, fusible alloys, soft solder, and solder for aluminum. Pollution sources include smelter fumes and dust, some incineration products, fertilizer, municipal wastewater, and sludge discharges. It is also an industrial by-product of the manufacturing of zinc, copper, and lead. Its mobility depends on the pH and redox state of the local environment. It can be adsorbed to sediments and soils or relatively soluble in surface water or groundwater depending on the conditions. Bioaccumulation in the environment is a concern. Ingestion can cause gastrointestinal problems, and inhalation can cause lung problems (NavyIEnv-04).
Calcination: A process in which a material is heated to a high temperature without fusing, so that hydrates, carbonates, or other compounds are decomposed and the volatile material is expelled (CAA1CO2gas-04).
Cage: In a mine shaft, the device, similar to an elevator car, that is used for hoisting personnel and materials (CWAImining-04).
Calcine: A chemical process where materials are roasted to change the chemical composition (AENclosure-04).
Cake: The solids discharged from a dewatering apparatus (cf. filter cake).
Calcine: The solid materials produced (40CFR60.161-91).
by
a
roaster
Calcined pozzolan: The materials that are produced by calcination of natural siliceous or alumino-siliceous earths for the
purpose of activation of pozzolanic properties. See pozzolan for more related terms. (EPA-83).
from the incursion of surface runoff from areas outside of the outer perimeter of the seepage ditch (40CFR418.11-91).
Calciner or nodulizing kiln: A unit in which phosphate rock is heated to high temperatures to remove organic material andlor to convert it to a nodular form. For the purpose of this subpart, calciners and nodulizing kilns are considered to be similar units (40CFR6 1.121-91).
Calcium sulfate: A white crystalline salt, insoluble in water. Used in Keene's cement, in pigments, as a paper filler, and as a drying agent (CAA/C02gas-04).
Calciner: A unit in which the moisture and organic matter of phosphate rock is reduced within a combustion chamber (40CFR60.401-91). Calcining zone: The thermal zone in the cement kiln in which carbon dioxide is liberated from carbonate species such as calcium carbonate (ETI-92). Calcining: Heating to a high temperature without melting or fusing, e.g., to heat unformed ceramic materials in a kiln, or to heat ores, precipitates, concentrates, or residues so that hydrates, carbonates, or other compounds are decomposed and volatile material is expelled, e.g., to heat limestone to make lime (EPA83/03). Calcium (Ca): An alkaline earth metal that is very abundant in the environment. Readily forms salts with various metals and halogens. When present in water, it can indicate salinity and alkalinity. Contributes to hard water when present in high concentrations. It is an essential nutrient for animals and humans. Not generally considered toxic (NavyIEnv-04).
Calcium sulfite: A white powder, soluble in dilute sulfuric acid. Used in the sulfite process for the manufacture of wood pulp (CAA/C02gas-04). Calculated level: The level of production, exports or imports of controlled substances determined for each Group of controlled substances by: (1) Multiplying the amount (in kilograms) of production, exports or imports of each controlled substance by that substance's ozone depletion weight listed in Appendix A to this Part; and (2) Adding together the resulting products for the controlled substances within each Group (40CFR82.3-91). Caldera: A large, more or less circular, basin-shaped volcanic depression whose diameter is many times greater than the volcanic vent (CWA/Wbasics-04). Calendar quarter: Not less than 12 consecutive weeks nor more than 14 consecutive weeks. The first calendar quarter of each year shall begin in January and subsequent calendar quarters shall be such that no day is included in more than one calendar quarter or omitted from inclusion within a calendar quarter. No licensee shall change the method observed by him of determining calendar quarters except at the beginning of a calendar year (10CFR20.391).
Calcium (Ca): An alkaline earth metal with atomic number 20; atomic weight 40.08; density 1.55 gkc; melting point 838 C and boiling point 1440 C. The element belongs to group IIA of the periodic table.
Calendering: Forming a continuous sheet by squeezing the material between two or more parallel rolls to impart the desired finish or to ensure uniform thickness (EPA-83106a).
Calcium carbide: The material containing 70 to 85% calcium carbide by weight (40CFR60.261-91).
Calgon (NaPO3),$ A corrosion inhibitor used as a water softening agent.
Calcium carbonate (CaC03): The major ingredient needed to manufacture cement (ETI-92).
Calibrated accuracy: The calibrated accuracy is the difference between the indicated parameter value and its actual value. It is determined by calibrating the measuring system with an uncontaminated sensor (cf. system calibration (LBL76107-water).
Calcium hypo-chlorite: A chemical commonly used in the paper industry for bleaching pulp, and in water treatment as a germicide (EPA-87/10). Calcium silicon: That alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A495-76 (incorporated by reference-see 40CFR60.17, see also 40CFR-60.261-91). Calcium sulfate storage pile runoff: The calcium sulfate transport water runoff from or through the calcium sulfate pile, and the precipitation which falls directly on the storage pile and which may be collected in a seepage ditch at the base of the outer slopes of the storage pile, provided such seepage ditch is protected
Calibration blank: A volume of deionized, distilled water acidified with HN03 and HCI (40CFR136-AppIC-91). A blank of known concentration which is used to establish the adequacy of samples taken. Examples of the calibration blank include a volume of Type I1 water acidified with the same amounts of acids as were the standards and samples. See blank for more related terms. Calibration blank: Usually an organic or aqueous solution that is as free of analyte as possible and prepared with the same volume of chemical reagents used in the preparation of calibration standards and diluted to the appropriate volume with the same solvent (water or organic). The calibration blank is used to give
the null reading for the instrument response versus concentration calibration curve. One calibration blank should be analyzed with each analytical batch or every method-specified number of samples, whichever is more frequent (NavyiEnv-04). Calibration check: Verification of the ratio of instrument response to analyte amount, a calibration check is done by analyzing for analyte standards in an appropriate solvent. Calibration check solutions are made from a stock solution which is different from the stock used to prepare standards (NavyJEnv04). Calibration curve: A graph or other systematic method of establishing the relationship between the analyzer response and the actual gas concentration introduced to the analyzer (40CFR60App/A(method 6C)-91). Calibration drift (deviation): (1) The difference in the measurement system output reading from the initial calibration response at a mid-range calibration value after a stated period of operation during which no unscheduled maintenance, repair, or adjustment took place (40CFR60-App/A(method 6C & 7E)-91, see also 40CFR60-ApplA(method 25A); AppiB; AppIF-91). (2) The change in response or output of an instrument from a reference value over a period of time. Drift is measured by comparing the responses to a reference standard over a period of time with no adjustment of instrument settings (EPA-90104). (3) See calibration for more related terms. Calibration drift test period: A monitoring system should be operated for some time before attempting drift checks, because most systems need a period of equilibration and adjustment before the performance is reasonably stable. At least one week (168 hours) of continuous operation is recommended before attempting drift tests. While a facility is operating at normal conditions, calibration drift test can be performed once each day. See calibration for more related terms. (EPA-90104). Calibration drift: The change in measurement system output over a stated period of time of normal continuous operation when the pollutant concentration at the time of the measurement is the same known upscale value (AENmixedW-04). Calibration equipment: Equipment used for calibration of instruments (EPA-83106a). Calibration error: (1) The difference between the gas concentration indicated by the measurement system and the known concentration of the calibration gas (40CFR60App/A(method 25A)-91, see also 40CFRAppiB-91). (2) A measure of the deviation of a measured value at the analyzer mid range from a reference value. (3) The difference between the gas concentration indicated by the measurement system and the known concentration of thk calibration gas (EPA-90104).
Calibration error: The difference between the pollutant concentration indicated by the measurement system and the known concentration of the test gas mixture (AENmixedW-04). Calibration gas: (1) A gas of known concentration which is used to establish the response curve of an analyzer (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR60-App/A(method 6C and 7E); method 21; method 25A-91). (2) A known concentration of a gas in an appropriate diluent gas. For total hydrocarbon (THC) measurement, the concentration is expressed in terms of propane (EPA-90104): (3) The calibration gas for THC measurement includes: fuel; zero gas; and low-, mid-, and high-level calibration gas. Calibration of air flow: The basic equipment required for calibrating air flow measuring instruments. The instruments include a standard meter, an air mover, and often a source of constant power. Air flow calibration methods include Primary standard; Intermediate standard; and Secondary standard (EPA83106). Calibration of equipment: The measurement of dispersal or output of application equipment and adjustment of such equipment to control the rate of dispersal, and droplet or particle size of pesticide dispersed by the equipment (40CFR171.2-91). Calibration precision: The degree of agreement between measurements of the same known value, expressed as the relative percentage of the average difference between the meter readings and the known concentration to the known concentration (40CFR60-App/A(method21)-91). Calibration reference: A standard for comparison with the measured values to determine the degree of accuracy of the measurement. Calibration standards: (1) A series of known standard solutions used by the analyst for calibration of the instrument (i.e., preparation of the analytical curve) (40CFR136-ApplC-91). (2) A standard used to quantitate the relationship between the output of a sensor and a property to be measured. Calibration standards should be traceable to Standard Reference Materials or primary standard (LBL-7176-air). (3) See standard for more related terms. Calibration standards: A series of known standard solutions used by the analyst for calibration of the instrument (i.e., preparation of the analytical curve) (NavyIEnv-04). Calibration valve assembly: A heated three-way assembly to direct the zero gas and calibration gases to the analyzers is recommended. Other methods, such as quick-connect lines, to route calibration gas to the analyzers are applicable. See total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system for more related terms. (EPA-90104).
Calibration: The establishment of an analytical curve based on the absorbance, emission intensity, or other measured characteristics of known standards. The calibration standards must be prepared using the same type of acid or concentration of acids as used in the sample preparation, i.e., the same matrix (Navy/Env-04).
Calomel electrode (saturated calomel electrode or standard calomel electrode): An electrode of known potential in a halfcell. The electrode is mercury and the electrolyte is a solution of potassium chloride and saturated mercury chloride (calomel). It is used as a standard or reference electrode to measure pH and electromotive force. See electrode for more related terms.
Calibration: The process of adjusting the instrument read-out so that it corresponds to the actual concentration. It involves checking the instrument with a known concentration of a gas or vapor to see that the instrument gives the proper response (Course 165.5). The process includes: (1) Initial calibration verification standard: A certified or independently prepared material or mixture used to verify the accuracy of the initial calibration. (2) Continuing calibration verification: Used to assure calibration accuracy during each analysis run. It must be run for each analyte at a frequency of 10% or every two hours during the run, whichever is more frequent. It must also be analyzed at the beginning of the run and after the last analytical sample. Its concentration must be at or near the mid-range levels of the calibration curve.
Calorific value: The quantity of heat that can be liberated from one pound of coal or oil measured in Btus (CWNmining-04). See also heat of combustion.
Calibration: Calibration-related terms include (1) Dynamic calibration and (2) Static calibration. Calibration: The set of specifications, including tolerances, unique to particular design, version, or application of a component or components assembly capable of functionally describing its operation over its working range (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Calibration: The set of specifications, including tolerances, unique to a particular design, version, or application of a component or component assembly capable of functionally describing its operation over its working range (AENmixedW-04). California list: Interim LDR treatment standards that ensured adequate protection of human health and the environment during the time EPA was promulgating final LDR treatment standards (RCRA/hazardous-04). California list waste: See California List Waste in Appendix B for complete list chemicals (52 Federal Register 25760, July 8, 1987). Californium (Cf): A radioactive metal with atomic number 98; atomic weight 249. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Calm: In meteorology, the absence of apparent motion of the air. It usually refers to wind speeds less than two knots. In the meteorological data used in air pollution modeling, the periods of calm are frequently determined by the threshold value of the anemometer (NATO-78110).
Calorimeter: (1) Any of several apparatuses used for measuring quantities of absorbed or evolved heat from a specific quantity of material (EPA-83). (2) A device for measuring heat quantities, such as combustion heat and specific heat. Can coating facility: A facility that includes one or more can coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-9 1). Can coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto the surface of cans or can components (40CFR52.741-91). Can coating: Any coating applied on a single walled container that is manufactured from metal sheets thinner than 29 gauge (0.0141 in.) (40CFR52.741-91). Can: Any metal container, with or without a top, cover, spout, or handles, into which solid or liquid materials are packaged (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR465.02-91). Canal: An artificial watercourse cut to facilitate transportation, drainage, or irrigation (cf. ship canal) (DOI-70104). Cancellation: Refers to Section 6 (b) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) which authorizes cancellation of a pesticide registration if unreasonable adverse effects to the environment and public health develop when a product is used according to widespread and commonly recognized practice, or if its labeling or other material required to be submitted does not comply with FIFRA provisions (EPA97112). Cancer potency slope factor (ql*): An indication of a chemical's human cancer-causing potential derived using animal studies or epidemiological data on human exposure. It is based on extrapolating high-dose levels over short periods of time to lowdose levels and a lifetime exposure period through the use of a linear model (EPA-9 1/03). Cancer risk: A theoretical risk for getting cancer if exposed to a substance every day for 70 years (a lifetime exposure). The true risk might be lower (SFhealth-04).
Cancer risk: Incremental probability of an individual's developing cancer over a lifetime as a result of exposure to a potential carcinogen (EPA-91/12). Cancer: (1) A disease characterized by the rapid and uncontrolled growth of aberrant cells into malignant tumors (Course 165.6). (2) The name given to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth (DOE-91/04). Cancer: Any one of a group of diseases that occur when cells in the body become abnormal and grow or multiply out of control (SFlhealth-04). Cancer: The development of a malignant tumor or abnormal formation of tissue (Navy/Env-04). Candidate method: A method of sampling and analyzing the ambient air for an air pollutant for which an application for a reference method determination or an equivalent method determination is submitted in accordance with 40CFR53.4, or a method tested at the initiative of the Administrator in accordance with 40CFR53.7. See method for more related terms (40CFR53.191). Canmaking: The manufacturing process or processes used to manufacture a can from a basic metal (40CFR465.02-91). Canned meat processor: An operation which prepares and cans meats (such as stew, sandwich spreads, or similar products) alone or in combination with other finished products at rates greater than 2730 kg (6000 Ib.) per day (40CFR432.91-91). Cannel coal: A massive, non-caking block coal with a fine, even grain and a conchoidal fracture which has a high percentage of hydrogen, bums with a long, yellow flame, and is extremely easy to ignite (CWNmining-04). Canopy angle: Generally, a measure of the openness of a stream to sunlight. Specifically, the angle formed by an imaginary line from the highest structure (for example, tree, shrub, or bluff) on one bank to eye level at midchannel to the highest structure on the other bank (CWA~Wbasics-04). Canopy: A protective covering of a cab on a mining machine (CWNmining-04). Canyon fill: A method of landfilling that is similar to area filling but is used primarily in mountainous terrain. Canyon fill landfills are typically much deeper than other types of landfills (RCRAlmanagement-04). Canyon technique: An area method in a depression where cover material is obtained within the depression. See sanitary landfill for more related terms. (EPA-83). CAO: Corrective Action Order (AENmixedW-04).
Cap block: A flat piece of wood inserted between the top of the prop and the roof to provide bearing support (CWNmining-04). Cap: A layer of clay, or other impermeable material installed over the top of a closed landfill to prevent entry of rainwater and minimize leachate (EPA-97/12). Cap: A miner's safety helmet. Also, a highly sensitive, encapsulated explosive that is used to detonate larger but less sensitive explosives (CWNmining-04). Cap: An impermeable earthen or concrete barrier used in environmental restoration. A cap is placed over a contaminated site to prevent further spread of contaminants through groundwater movement (OMBIReg-04). Cap: An impermeable layer that seals the top of a hazardous waste site (SF/Env-04). CAP: See Community Assistance Panel (SFlhealth-04). Capability margin: The difference between net system capability and system maximum load requirements (peak load). It is the margin of capability available to provide for scheduled maintenance, emergency outages, system operating requirements, and unforeseen loads. On a regional or national basis, it is the difference between aggregate net system capability of the various systems in the region or nation and the sum of system maximum (peak) loads without allowance for time diversity between the loads of the several systems. However, within a region, account is taken of diversity between peak loads of systems that are operated as a closely coordinated group (EPA-83). Capability: The maximum load which a generating unit, generating station, or other apparatus can carry under specified conditions for a given period of time, without exceeding approved limits of temperature and stress (EPA-83). Capacitance: (1) The property of a device which permits storage of electrically-separated charges when differences in electrical potential exist between the conductors and measured as the ratio of stored charge to the difference in electrical potential between conductors (40CFR85.2122(a)(6)(ii)(A)-91). (2) The ratio of the charge on one of the plates of a capacitor to the potential difference between the plates (EPA-83/03). Capacitorlcondenser: A device for the storage of electrical energy consisting of no oppositely charged conducting plates separated by a dielectric and which resists the flow of direct current (40CFR85.2 122(a)(6)(ii)(D)-91). Capacitor: A device for accumulating and holding a charge of electricity and consisting of conducting surfaces separated by a dielectric. Other capacitor-related terms include (1) Small capacitor; (2) Large high voltage capacitor; (3) Large low voltage
capacitor; (4) Variable capacitor; and (5) Wet capacitor (40CFR761.3).
Capacity assurance plan: A statewide plan which supports a state's ability to manage the hazardous waste generated within its boundaries over a twenty-year period (EPA-97/12). Capacity assurance plan: A written statement which ensures that a state has hazardous waste treatment and disposal capacity. This capacity must be for facilities that are in compliance with RCRA Subtitle C requirements and must be adequate to manage hazardous wastes projected to be generated within the state over 20 years (RCRA/hazardous-04). Capacity factor or plant factor: (1) The ratio between the actual electric output from a unit and the potential electric output from that unit (CAA402, see also 40CFR40CFR5 1.100-91). (2) The ratio of energy actually produced to that which would have been produced in the same period, if the unit had been operated continuously at rated capacity (EPA-8211 If). (3) (Net energy produced in megawatts)/(design power in megawatts)x(calendar year) (DOE-91/04). (4) The ratio (percent) of the average power output of an electric power source divided by its designed (rated) capacity over a selected period of time. Capacity: The cumulative rated capacity of all initial crushers that are part of the plant (40CFR60.671-91). Capillary action: Movement of water through very small spaces due to molecular forces called capillary forces (EPA-97/12). Capillary action: The means by which liquid moves through the porous spaces in a solid, such as soil, plant roots, and the capillary blood vessels in our bodies due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. Capillary action is essential in carrying substances and nutrients from one place to another in plants and animals (~~A/Wscience-04). Capillary action: Upward movement of water through very small spaces due to molecular forces and surface tension, called capillary forces (NavyIEnv-04). Capillary flow reactor: A tubular flow reactor with internal diameter of 1.0 mm like a capillary tube. It was used by the University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) to test the thermal stability index (incinerability ranking) of Appendix VIII compounds in 40CFR261 (EPA-88/12). Capillary fringe: A zone of porous material lying between the unsaturated and saturated zone, just above the water table, which may hold water by capillary action in the smaller void spaces (NavyEnv-04). Capillary fringe: The porous material just above the water table which may hold water by capillarity (a property of surface tension that draws water upwards) in the smaller void spaces (EPA-97/12).
Capillary fringe: The zone above the water table in which water is held by surface tension. Water in the capillary fringe is under a pressure less than atmospheric (CWAfWbasics-04). Capillary fringe: The zone above the water table within which the porous medium is saturated by water under less than atmospheric pressure (EPA-97/12). Capillary gas chromatography: An analytical method in which sample gases pass through a capillary tube (approximately 0.2-0.5 millimeter ID and 100 meter length), adsorption occurs on a medium that is spread on the inner wall of the tube. See chromatography for more related terms. Capillary pressure: The pressure difference due to capillary actions. Capillary water: Underground water that is held above the water table by capillary attraction (cf. zone of capillarity) (SW-108ts). Capillary: A small diameter tube. Capital cost: (1) An expenditure that results in the acquisition of, or the addition to, capital or fixed assets. Costs associated with the installation of such assets are included in capital costs (EPA79/12b). (2) The purchase price of a power plant or a fuel cell system, etc. Capital expenditure: An expenditure for a physical or operational change to an existing facility which exceeds the product of the applicable annual asset guideline repair allowance percentage specified in the latest edition of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Publication 534 and the existing facility's basis, as defined by section 1012 of the Internal Revenue Code. However, the total expenditure for a physical or operational change to an existing facility must not be reduced by any excluded additions as defined in IRS Publication 534, as would be done for tax purposes (40CFR60.2-91, see also 40CFR60.481; 60.561; 61.02-91). Capital recovery factor: Time factor in the analysis of various investment approaches. It is the time needed to recover the capital investment of a system such as a fuel cell system. Capital stock: Property, plant, and equipment used in the production, processing, and distribution of energy resources (CAA/C02gasl-04). Capitalization grant: The assistance agreement by which the EPA obligates and awards funds allotted to a state for purposes of capitalizing that state's revolving fund (40CFR35.3 105-91). Caprolactam by-product ammonium sulfate manufacturing plant: Any plant which produces ammonium sulfate as a byproduct from process streams generated during caprolactam manufacture (40CFR60.421-91).
Capsule: A gelatinous shell used to contain medicinal chemicals (EPA-83/09). Captive manufacturing site (or captive operation): A plant which only manufacturers items for internal use or use by other divisions of a parent organization (EPA-79112b). Captive scrap (or runaround scrap): Aluminum scrap metals retained by fabricator and remelted (EPA-74103f). Capture device: A hood, enclosed room floor sweep, or other means of collecting solvent or other pollutants into a duct. The pollutant can then be directed to a pollution control device such as an afterburner or carbon adsorber. Sometimes the term is used loosely to include the control device (40CFR52.741-91). Capture efficiency: (1) The fraction of all VOM generated by a process that are directed to an abatement or recovery device (40CFR52.741-91). (2) The fraction of organic vapors generated by a process that are directed to an abatement or recovery device (EPA-97/12). Capture rate: The tonnage of recyclables collected divided by total tonnage of MSW (municipal solid waste) generated by participating households or commercial establishments (OTA89110). Capture system: All equipment (including, but not limited to, hoods, ducts, fans, ovens, dryers, etc.) used to contain, collect, and transport an air pollutant to a control device (40CFR52.741-91). Capture: The containment or recovery of emissions from a process for direction into a duct which may be exhausted through a stack of sent to a control device. The overall abatement of emissions from a process with an add-on control device is a function both of the capture eficiency and of the control device (4OCFR52.741-91). Car coupling sound: A sound which is heard and identified by the observer as that of car coupling impact, and that causes a sound level meter indicator (FAST) to register an increase of at least ten decibels above the level observed immediately before hearing the sound (40CFR201.1-91). Car line: A name denoting a group of vehicles within a make or car division which has a degree of commonality in construction (e.g., body, chassis). Car line does not consider any level of decor or opulence and is not generally distinguished by characteristics as roof line, number of doors, seats, or windows, except for station wagons or light-duty trucks. Station wagons and light-duty trucks are considered to be different car lines than passenger cars (40CFR86.082.2). Car sealed: For purposes of these standards, a seal that is placed on the device used to change the position of a valve (e.g., from
opened to closed) such that the position of the valve cannot be changed without breaking the seal and requiring the replacement of the old seal once broken with a new seal (40CFR60.561-91, see also 40CFR6 1.301-91).
Car: A railway wagon, especially any of the wagons adapted to carrying coal, ore, and waste underground (CWNmining-04). Carbamate: A group of insecticides which act on the nervous system by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at the nerve synapse (EPA-85/10). Carbaryl (CloH700CNHCH3): A insecticide.
colorless,
crystalline
Carbide bit: More correctly, cemented tungsten carbide. A cutting or drilling bit for rock or coal, made by fusing an insert of molded tungsten carbide to the cutting edge of a steel bit shank (CWNmining-04). Carbide: A general class of pressed and sintered tungsten carbide cutting tools which contain tungsten carbide plus smaller amounts of titanium and tantalum carbides along with cobalt which acts as a binder. (It is also used to describe hard compounds in steels and cast irons) (EPA-83106a). Carbohydrate: A compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in which the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is usually two to one (EPA83/09). Carbon (C): A nonmetallic, chiefly tetravalent element found native or as a constituent of coal, petroleum, asphalt, limestone, etc. (see also carbon hot forming operation) (EPA-83/03). The element with atomic number 6; atomic weight 12.01; density 2.26 glcc; melting point 3727 C and boiling point 4830 C belongs to group IVA of the periodic table. Other carbon-related terms include (1) Activated carbon; (2) Fixed carbon; (3) Fly carbon; and (4) Total organic carbon (TOC). Carbon (C): An element, the presence of which can be used to separate organic from inorganic compounds (NavytEnv-04). Carbon absorber: An add-on control device that uses activated carbon to absorb volatile organic compounds from a gas stream. (The VOCs are later recovered from the carbon) (EPA-97/12). Carbon adsorption (or .carbon sorption): (1) A process used to remove pollutants from wastewater by contacting the wastewater with activated carbon (EPA-87110a). Carbon can adsorb but cannot absorb. (2) The process in which a substance (the sorbate) is brought into contact with a solid (the sorbent), usually activated carbon that can remove one or more of the gaseous contaminants (cf. activated carbon adsorption under adsorption). (3) A treatment system that removes contaminants from groundwater or surface water by forcing it through tanks containing activated carbon treated to attract the contaminants (EPA-97/12).
Carbon adsorption: A treatment system that removes contaminants from groundwater or surface water by forcing it through tanks containing activated carbon treated to attract the contaminants (NavyIEnv-04). Carbon bed catalytic destruction: A non-electrolytic process for the catalytic oxidation of cyanide wastes using filters filled with low-temperature coke (EPA-83106a). Carbon black: An amorphous form of carbon, produced commercially by thermal or oxidative decomposition of hydrocarbons and used principally in rubber goods, pigments, and printer's ink (CAA/C02gas-04). Carbon black: An intensely black, finely divided pigment obtained by burning natural gas or oil with a restricted air supply (cf. soot) (EPA-79112a). Carbon budget: The balance of the exchanges (incomes and losses) of carbon between carbon reservoirs (e.g., atmosphere and biosphere) in the carbon cycle (CAA/C02gas-04). Carbon chloroform extract (CCE): An organic compound removal method in which an organic compound in water is adsorbed on activated carbon and then extracted by the solvent chlorofonn. Carbon column A: A column filled with granular activated carbon whose primary function is the preferential adsorption of a particular type or types of molecules (EPA-8211If). Carbon cycle: All carbon reservoirs and exchanges of carbon from reservoir to reservoir by various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. Usually thought of as a series of the four main reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange. The four reservoirs, regions of the earth in which carbon behaves in a systematic manner, are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually includes freshwater systems), oceans, and sediments (includes fossil fuels). Each of these global reservoirs may be subdivided into smaller pools, ranging in size from individual communities or ecosystems to the total of all living organisms (biota) (CAA/C02gas-04). Carbon cycle: All carbon sinks and exchanges of carbon from one sink to another by various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. See carbon sink and carbon budget (CMC02gas1-04). Carbon cycle: The cycle of carbon (as carbon dioxide) in the biosphere system. Plants convert carbon dioxide to organic compounds by the photosynthesis. The organic compounds are then consumed by animals or other plants. By respiration of animals or decay of plants, the carbon dioxide is returned to the biosphere. Combustion of fossil fuel (e.g., oil) also releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide (COz): A colorless, odorless, nonpoisonous gas that is a normal part of earth's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a product of fossil fuel combustion as well as other processes. It is considered a greenhouse gas as it traps heat (infrared energy) radiated by the earth into the atmosphere and thereby contributes to the potential for global warming. The global warming potential (GWP) of other greenhouse gases is measured in relation to that of carbon dioxide, which by international scientific convention is assigned a value of one (1). See global warming potential and greenhouse gases (CAA/C02gasl-04). Carbon dioxide (COz): A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas, which results from fossil fuel combustion, (thermal degradation and microbial decomposition of wastes) and is normally a part of the ambient air (EPA-89/12). Some researchers have theorized that excess C02raises atmospheric temperatures (SW-108ts). Carbon dioxide absorption tube: The procedure in which an absorbent packed tube is used to capture C02 formed during the determination of carbon-hydrogen quantities. Carbon dioxide equivalent: The amount of carbon dioxide by weight emitted into the atmosphere that would produce the same estimated radiative forcing as a given weight of another radiatively active gas. Carbon dioxide equivalents are computed by multiplying the weight of the gas being measured (for example, methane) by its estimated global warming potential (which is 21 for methane). "Carbon equivalent units" are defined as carbon dioxide equivalents multiplied by the carbon content of carbon dioxide (i.e., 12/44) (CAA/C02gasl-04). Carbon dioxide recorder: An instrument that continuously monitors the volume concentration (in percent) of carbon dioxide in a flue gas (SW-108ts). Carbon flux: See carbon budget (CAA/C02gasl-04). Carbon hot forming operation (or carbon): Those hot forming operations which produce a majority, on a tonnage basis, of carbon steel products (40CFR420.71-91). Carbon intensity: The amount of carbon by weight emitted per unit of energy consumed. A common measure of carbon intensity is weight of carbon per British thermal unit (Btu) of energy. When there is only one fossil fuel under consideration, the carbon intensity and the emissions coefficient are identical. When there are several fuels, carbon intensity is based on their combined emissions coefficients weighted by their energy consumption levels. See emissions coefficient and carbon output rate (CAA/C02gas1-04). Carbon monoxide (CO): (1) The gas has density 1.25 g/m3, melting point 199 C and boiling point 192 C. (2) A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete fossil fuel combustion (EPA-97/12).
Carbon monoxide (CO): A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas, produced by incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels including gasoline, oil, and wood. Carbon monoxide is also produced from incomplete combustion of many natural and synthetic products. For instance, cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide. When carbon monoxide gets into the body, the carbon monoxide combines with chemicals in the blood and prevents the blood from bringing oxygen to cells, tissues, and organs. The body's parts need oxygen for energy, so high-level exposures to carbon monoxide can cause serious health effects, with death possible from massive exposures. Symptoms of exposure to carbon monoxide can include vision problems, reduced alertness, and general reduction in mental and physical functions. Carbon monoxide exposures are especially h m f u l to people with heart, lung, and circulatory system diseases (CMair-04). Carbon monoxide hourly rolling average calculations: Under the Omnibus Authority of HSWA, EPA has issued guidance to incinerator permit writers for the control of metals, HCI, and products of incomplete combustion (PICs) (see Omnibus Authority). CO and total hydrocarbon (THC) have been selected as surrogates to control PICs. The CO and THC controls are based on two-timed approach (EPA-90104). See hourly rolling average calculations in Appendix A for permitting procedures. Carbon Monoxide National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CO NAAQS): The standards for carbon monoxide promulgated by the Administrator under section 109, 42U.S.C.7409, of the Clean Air Act and found in 40CFR50.8 (40CFR51.138-91). Carbon nitrogen phosphorus ratio (CNP ratio): The average CNP ratio in a living matter is 106:10:1. In biological treatment, the ratio is usually expressed by BODS. Nitrogen or phosphorus deficiency can be corrected by adding ammonium salts or phosphates respectively. Carbon nitrogen ratio (CN) ratio: The ratio of the weight of carbon to the weight of nitrogen present in a compost or in materials that are being composted (SW-108ts). Carbon output rate: The amount of carbon by weight per kilowatthour of electricity produced (CMC02gas1-04). Carbon reduction: The process of using coke carbon as a reducing agent in a blast furnace (EPA-85110a). Carbon regeneration unit: Any enclosed thermal treatment device used to regenerate spent activated carbon (40CFR260.1091). Carbon regeneration: The process of reactivating exhausted or spent carbon by thermal means (cf. activated carbon regeneration) (EPA-85110).
Carbon sequestration: The fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide in a carbon sink through biological or physical processes (CAA/COZgas1-04). Carbon sink: A pool (reservoir) that absorbs or takes up released carbon from another part of the carbon cycle (CMC02gas-04). Carbon sink: A reservoir that absorbs or takes up released carbon from another part of the carbon cycle. The four sinks, which are regions of the earth within which carbon behaves in a systematic manner, are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually including freshwater systems), oceans, and sediments (including fossil fuels) (CAA/C02gasl-04). Carbon sorption: See carbon adsorption. Carbon steel: (1) Those steel products other than specialty steel products (40CFR420.71-91). (2) A steel which owes it properties chiefly to various percentage of carbon without substantial amounts of other alloying elements (EPA-83106a). Carbon tetrachloride (CCC): A compound consisting of one carbon atom and four chlorine atoms. Carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a raw material in many industrial uses, including the production of CFCs, and as a solvent. Solvent use ended when it was discovered to be carcinogenic. It is also used as a catalyst to deliver chlorine ions to certain processes. Its ozone depletion potential is 1.2 (CMozone-04 and EPA-97/12). Carbonaceous matter: Pure carbon or a compound containing or composed of carbon (SW-lO8ts). Carbonaceous oxygen demand (carbonaceous OD): Oxygen demand exerted by organic carbon compounds present; oxygen required to convert organic carbon to C02(LBL-76107-water). Carbonate hardness: (1) Hardness of water caused by the presence of carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium (EPA-8211If). (2) Hardness caused by the presence of carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium in water. Such hardness may be removed to the limit of solubility by boiling the water. When the hardness in numerically greater than the sum of the carbonate alkalinity and the bicarbonate alkalinity, that amount of hardness which is equivalent to the total alkalinity is called carbonate hardness. See hardness (LBL-76107-water). Carbonate rocks: Rocks (such as limestone or dolostone) that are composed primarily of minerals (such as calcite and dolomite) containing the carbonate ion (C032-) (CWAANbasics-04). Carbonate: A compound containing the anion radical of carbonic acid (C03- group) (EPA-83106a). Carbonation: The process of treatment with carbon dioxide gas (EPA-74/01a).
Carbonic acid (H2C03): The weak acid formed when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. Carbonyl: (O==C<).A radical CO consisting of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a double bond. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb): A compound formed by the combination of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin in the blood when carbon monoxide is inhaled. COHb reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Carboxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin in which the iron is associated with carbon monoxide (CO). The affinity of hemoglobin for CO is about 300 times greater than for oxygen (EPA-94/04). Carboxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin in which the iron is associated with carbon monoxide (CO) instead of oxygen (EPA-97/12). Carburetor: In automobile application, a device for mixing the incoming gas and air for proper combustion in the cylinders. The device is gradually replaced by the newer system, i.e., fuel injection. Carburizing: Increasing the carbon content of a metal by heating with a carburizing medium (which may be solid, liquid, or gas) usually for the purpose of producing a hardened surface by subsequent quenching (EPA-83106a).
Carcinogenesis: The origin or production of cancer, very likely a series of steps. The carcinogenic event so modifies the genome and/or other molecular control mechanisms in the target cells that these can give rise to a population of altered cells (EPA-92/12). Carcinogenic effect: Shall have the meaning provided by the Administrator under the EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment as of the date of enactment. Any revisions in the existing guidelines shall be subject to notice and opportunity for comment (CAM 12-42U.S.C.7412-91). Carcinogenic potency factor (CPF): The upper 95th percentile confidence limit of the slope of the dose-response curve; expressed in units of (mg/kg/day)-'. When derived from human epidemiological data, the carcinogenic potency factor may be a maximum likelihood estimate (NavyJEnv-04). Carcinogenic potential: In SDWA, EPA classifies compounds for carcinogenic potential according to the weight of evidence of carcinogenicity measured against the EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. A compound may be classified into one of five groups based on existing evidence (JMM-88). Carcinogenic: Cancer-producing (EPA-89/12). Carcinogenic: Causing or producing cancer (NavylEnv-04).
Carcinogen or carcinogenic: Capable of causing cancer. A suspected carcinogen is a substance that may cause cancer in humans or animals but for which the evidence is not conclusive (FFDCMpesticide-04).
Carcinogenicity: (1) Tumor frequency in tissues, detected by gross observation or histological examination. See endpoint for more related terms. (Course 165.6; EPA-92/12). (2) The potential of a substance to cause cancer (ETI-92).
Carcinogen: (1) Any substance that can cause, aggravate, or contribute to the production of cancer. (2) A chemical classification for the purpose of risk assessment based on the weight of evidence for human carcinogenicity according to EPA 1986 Guidelines for Risk Assessment, in which carcinogens are summarized as follows: Group A: Human carcinogen: Sufficient evidence from human epidemiological studies. Group B: Probable Human Carcinogen: B1: Limited evidence from human epidemiological studies. B2: Sufficient evidence from animal studies and inadequate or no data from human epidemiological studies. Group C: Possible Human Carcinogen: Limited evidence of carcinogenicity from animal studies in the absence of human data (NavyIEnv-04).
Car-dump: The mechanism for unloading a loaded car (CWMmining-04).
Carcinogen: A cancer-causing agent (CMAPC-04).
Carnivore: Animals (e.g., tigers and wolves) that eat meat for living. Carnot cycle: A hypothetical cycle which is supposed to be the most efficient heat engine to produce work. The cycle consists of four reversible processes: (1) Constant temperature expansion (heat addition or combustion process). (2) Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion (work process). (3) Constant temperature compression. (4) Isentropic compression. The thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle is E, = 1 - TL/TH,where: E, = efficiency of a Carnot cycle; TL = low temperature of a reservoir, TH = high temperature of a reservoir (Holman-pl70; Jones-p236; Warkp248).
Carcinogen: A substance or agent that may produce or increase the risk of cancer (SFIremedy-04).
Carnot efficiency: See thermal efficiency (Wark-p276).
Carcinogen: A substance that causes cancer (SF~health-04).
Carnot engine: A heat engine which is operated between two fixed (constant) temperature limits (Wark-p276).
Carcinogen: Any substance that can cause or aggravate cancer (EPA-97/12).
Carnot limit: Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) of France developed the limit. The limit is comprised of the following Carnot principles: (1) No engine can be more efficient than an externally reversible engine operating between two temperature limits. The temperature limits represent the temperatures of the two energy reservoirs with which the system exchanges heat. (2) All externally reversible engines operating between the same temperature limits have the same efficiency. Carotene (C4&=): Any member of carotenoid pigments. Some pigments, for example, color carrot roots and ripe tomato fruits. Carrier gas: The inert portion of the gas stream, usually air, from which the pollutant is to be moved (EPA-84/03). Carrier of contaminant: The dredged or fill material that contains contaminants (40CFR230.3-91). Carrier: (1) The inert liquid or solid material in a pesticide product that serves as a delivery vehicle for the active ingredient. Carriers do not have toxic properties of their own. (2) Any material or system that can facilitate the movement of a pollutant into the body or cells (EPA-97/12). Carry cloth: A large piece of canvas or burlap used to transfer solid waste from a residential solid waste storage area to a collection vehicle. See also carrying container (EPA-83). Carry over: The chemical solids and liquid entrained with the steam from a boiler. Carrying capacity: (1) In recreation management, the amount of use a recreation area can sustain without loss of quality. (2) In wildlife management, the maximum number of animals an area can support during a given period (EPA-97/12). See capacity for more related terms. Carrying container: (1) A barrel, can, or other receptacle carried by the collector in backyard canyout service. Usually of 30-55 gallon capacity and usually constructed of aluminum (EPA-83). (2) A receptacle of 35 to 50 gallons capacity, usually constructed of plastic or aluminum, that is camed by a collector in a backyard canyout service; frequently called a tote barrel (SW-108ts). (3) See container for more related terms. Carryout collection: (1) Carryout collection means collection of solid waste from a storage area proximate to the dwelling unit(s) or establishment (40CFR243.101-91). (2) The crew collection of solid waste from an on-premise storage area using a carrying container, carry-cloth, or a mechanical method (SW-108ts). (3) See waste collection for more related terms. Cartridge filter: A discrete filter unit containing both filter paper and activated carbon that traps and removes contaminants from petroleum solvent, together with the piping and ductwork used in
the installation of this device. See filter for more related terms (40CFR60.621-91). Carveout: A term used to designate an exemption from CERCLA law or regulations. Generally pertains to liability for site remediations (SFIEnv-04). CAS Number: Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (40CFR704.3-91, see also 40CFR721.3-9 1). CAS registration number: A number assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service to identify a chemical (EPA-97/12). CAS Registry Number: A unique identification number assigned to a chemical by the Chemical Abstracts Service, a division of the American Chemical Society (TSCAIchemical-04). Cascade aerator: There are two types of cascade aerators: (1) Bed cascade aerator: Air is circulating from the bottom through the packing materials. (2) Free fall cascade aerator: Water flows down the open aerated steps. (3) See aerator for more related terms. Cascade impactor: An impactor is a sampling device that employs the principle of impaction (impingement) to collect successively smaller sizes of particles. It is commonly used to determine the particle size distribution of exhaust streams from industrial sources. It can be directly attached to an EPA Method 5 sampling train and easily inserted into the stack of an industrial source. See particle size measurement device for more related terms. See cascade impactor in Appendix B for more information (Course 413, p4-8; EPA-84/09). Cascade process: (1) The basic process is turbulence by which turbulent energy generated on the largest space scale is transported successively across various space scales by the mechanism of vorticity stretching and eventually is dissipated at the smallest scales by viscous forces (NATO-78/10). (2) A process that occurs in several steps, because a single step is too inefficient to produce the desired result. Case hardening: A heat treating method by which the surface layer of alloys is made substantially harder than the interior. (Carburizing and nitriding are common ways of case hardening steels) (EPA-83106a). Case study: A brief fact sheet providing risk, cost, and performance information on alternative methods and other pollution prevention ideas, compliance initiatives, voluntary efforts, etc. (EPA-97/12). Case study: A medical or epidemiologic evaluation of one person or a small group of people to gather information about specific health conditions and past exposures (SFhealth-04). Case-control study: A study that compares exposures of people who have a disease or condition (cases) with people who do not
have the disease or condition (controls). Exposures that are more common among the cases may be considered as possible risk factors for the disease (SFihealth-04).
Casting core: A very firm shape of sand used to obtain a hollow section in a casting. The core is placed in a mold cavity to give interior shape to the casting (EPA-851lOa).
Case-control study: An epidemiologic study that looks back in time at the exposure history of individuals who have the health effect (cases) and at a group who do not (controls), to ascertain whether they differ in proportion exposed to the chemical under investigation (EPA-92/12).
Casting powder: Small particles of powder used in formulating cast propellant grains; contains nitrocellulose, stabilizer, plasticizer, and usually nitroglycerin.
Casein: Phosphoproteins found in milk. It is the protein of milk, a white solid soluble in acids. Casing: A pipe or tubing of appropriate material, of varying diameter and weight, lowered into a borehole during or after drilling in order to support the sides of the hole and thus prevent the walls from caving, to prevent loss of drilling mud into porous ground, or to prevent water, gas, or other fluid from entering or leaving the hole (40CFR146.3-91, see also 40CFR147.2902-91). Casing: Pipe used in water well construction generally extending from the land surface to the top of the well screen. The type and size of casing used will vary depending on well yield and other design requirements (NavyIEnv-04). Cask: A thick-walled container (usually lead) used to transport radioactive material. Also called a coffin (EPA-97/12). Cast coating: A process whereby coated paper is firmly pressed against a polished, steam-heated drum (EPA-83). Cast iron: An iron containing carbon in excess of the solubility in the austentite that exists in the alloy at the eutectic temperature. Cast iron also is defined here to include any iron-carbon alloys containing 1.2% or more carbon by weight (40CFR464.3 1-91, see also 40CFR471.02-91). Cast(ing): (1) A state of a substance after solidification of the molten substance (EPA-83106a). (2) Pouring a molten metal into a mold to produce an object of desired shape (40CFR471.02-91), e.g., the process by which grids for lead acid batteries are made by pouring molten lead into molds and allowing solidification (EPA84/08). Cast: A directed throw; in strip-mining, the overburden is cast from the coal to the previously mined area (CWAImining-04). Castable refractory: The hydraulic-setting, suitable for casting or being pneumatically formed into heat-resistant shapes or walls. See refractory for more related terms (EPA-83). Casthouse: The facility which melts metal, holds it in furnaces for degassing (fluxing) and alloying and then casts the metal into pigs, ingots, billets, rod, etc. (EPA-83106a).
Cat eye: An imperfection in glass; an elongated bubble containing a piece of foreign matter (EPA-83). Cat scratch: An imperfection; surface irregularities on glassware resembling the marks of a cat's claws (EPA-83). Catabolism: The process whereby energy is extracted from organic compounds by breaking them down into their component parts (NavyJEnv-04). Catalysis: A process of catalyzing or promoting a reaction by a chemical agent that does not participate in the reaction. It is a surface phenomenon like adsorption (EPA-84/09). Catalytic reactions can be divided into two general types; i.e., homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis. Other catalysis-related terms include (1) Homogeneous catalysis; (2) Heterogeneous catalysis; and (3) Radiation catalysis. Catalyst carrier: A porous material used to support catalysts. Catalysts are placed upon the porous surface or into the voids. Catalyst coated membrane (CCM): A membrane (typically in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell) whose surfaces are coated with a catalyst layer to form as the reaction zone of a fuel cell. Catalyst loading: The amount of catalysts used in a fuel cell per unit area on an electrode or a membrane. The typical unit for this term is mg/cm2. Catalyst: A substance that changes the speed or the yield of a chemical reaction without being consumed or chemically changed by the chemical reaction (EPA-97/12). In asphalt applications, a substance which, when added to the asphalt flux in a blowing still, alters the penetrating-softening point relationship or increases the rate of oxidation of the flux (40CFR60.471-91). In a fuel cell, a catalyst is used in a reformer to extract hydrogen from a fuel and in electrodes to break down hydrogen into electrons and protons. Catalyst: An inorganic substance that changes the speed, yield, or required temperature of a chemical reaction without being consumed or chemically changed by the chemical reaction (NavytEnv-04). Catalytic afterburner: See secondary burner. Catalytic bath: A bath containing a substance used to accelerate the rate of chemical reaction (EPA-83106a).
Catalytic combustion device: See catalytic converter. Catalytic combustion: (1) A process in which a catalyst is used to assist in burning or oxidizing hydrocarbons or odorous contaminants; the catalyst itself remains intact (unchanged). Generally, it oxidizes hydrocarbons at a lower temperature (in the range of 600-900 F) than that of a flame combustion process. Examples of catalysts include platinum or vanadium (EPA-84/09). (2) In air pollution control, catalytic combustion is one of the NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control). A catalyst is used to achieve oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons in a combustion system. Because of its low temperature oxidation nature, catalytic oxidation produces less nitrogen oxide, thus reducing NO, emissions. The process has been used in gas turbine systems to reduce NO, emissions well below 10 ppm (EPA-81/12, p7-13). (3) See combustion for more related terms. Catalytic converter (catalytic combustion device, catalytic oxidizer, or catalytic reactor): (1) A device installed in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine that utilizes catalytic action to oxidize hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions to carbon dioxide (C02) and water (HzO) (40CFR85.2122(a)(15)(ii)(A)-91). (2) An air pollution abatement device that removes pollutants fi-om motor vehicle exhaust, either by oxidizing them into carbon dioxide and water or reducing them to nitrogen and oxygen (EPA-97/12). (3) See aged catalytic converter for more information. Catalytic converter: A device containing a catalyst for converting automobile exhaust into mostly harmless products (CAA/C02gas1-04). Catalytic hydrocracking: A refining process that uses hydrogen and catalysts with relatively low temperatures and high pressures for converting middle boiling or residual material to high octane gasoline, reformer charge stock, jet fuel, andlor high grade fuel oil. The process uses one or more catalysts, depending on product output, and can handle high sulfur feedstocks without prior desulfurization (CAA/C02gasl-04). Catalytic incinerator: A control device that oxidizes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by using a catalyst to promote the combustion process. Catalytic incinerators require lower temperatures than conventional thermal incinerators, thus saving fuel and other costs (EPA-97/12). See incinerator for more related terms.
Catastrophic collapse: The sudden and utter failure of overlying strata caused by removal of underlying materials (40CFR146.391). Catch basin: An open basin which serves as a single collection point for a stormwater runoff received directly &om refinery surfaces and for refinery wastewater from process drains (40CFR60.691-91). Catchment area: See drainage basin (CWA/hydrology-04). Catchment basin: See watershed (DOI-70104). Categorical exclusion (CE): A class of actions which either individually or cumulatively would not have a significant effect on the human environment and therefore would not require preparation of an Environmental Assessment (EA) or Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (NavyIEnv-04). Categorical exclusion: A category of actions which do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment and for which, therefore, neither an EA or EIS is required (40CFR1508.4). (See Appendices A and B to Subpart D of lOCFR Part 021 for acceptable categorical exclusions) (SDWNradionuclide-04). Categorical exclusion: A class of actions which either individually or cumulatively would not have a significant effect on the human environment and therefore would not require preparation of an EA or EIS under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (EPA-97/12). See also 40CFR1508.4-91. Categorical industrial user (CIU): An industrial user subject to national categorical pretreatment standards (CWNwastewater-04). Categorical pretreatment standards: A technology-based effluent limitation for an industrial facility discharging into a municipal sewer system. Analogous in stringency to Best Availability Technology (BAT) for direct dischargers (EPA97/12). Categorical pretreatment standards: Limitations on pollutant discharges to publicly owned treatment works promulgated by EPA in accordance with Section 307 of the Clean Water Act that apply to specified process wastewaters of particular industrial categories (40CFR403.6 and Parts 405-471) (CWNwastewater04).
Catalytic oxidizer: See catalytic converter. Catalytic reactor: See catalytic converter. Catanadramous: Fish that swim downstream to spawn (EPA89/12).
Category I nonfriable asbestos-containing material (ACM): The asbestos-containingpackings, gaskets, resilient floor covering, and asphalt roofing products containing more than one percent asbestos as determined using the method specified in Appendix A, Subpart F, 40CFR763, Section 1, Polarized Light Microscopy (40CFR61.141-91).
Category I1 nonfriable ACM: Any material, excluding Category I nonfi-iable ACM, containing more than one percent asbestos as determined using the methods specified in Appendix A, Subpart F, 40CFR763, Section 1, Polarized Light Microscopy that, when dry, cannot be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure (40CFR61.14 1-91).
the anode). While complex multi-step processes occur at each electrode, the cathode is the electrode at which reduction occurs. Both electrodes contain catalysts (or electrocatalysts) to accelerate the fuellair ion reaction. Electrodes are usually seated upon electrode supports, which may be manufactured integral to the electrode itself.
Category of chemical substances: A group of chemical substance, the members of which are similar in molecular structure, in physical, chemical, or biological properties, in use, or in mode of entrance in to the human body or into the environment, or the members of which are in some other way suitable for classification as such for purposes of this Act, except that such term does not mean a group of chemical substances which are grouped together solely on the basis of their being new chemical substances (TSCA26, see also 40CFR723.50; 723.175; 723.25091).
Cathode: In an electron tube, the emitter of electrons. It is the negative pole of a conducting terminal or electrode in an electrochemical process and is connected to the negative terminal of the direct current source (cf. anode). In directly heated tubes, the filament is the cathode, and in indirectly heated tubes a coated metal cathode surrounds a heater.
Category of mixtures: A group of mixtures the members of which are similar in molecular structure, in physical, chemical, or biological properties, in use, or in the mode of entrance into the human body or into the environment, or the members of which are in some other way suitable for classification as such for purposes of this Act (TSCA26-15U.S.C.2625-91). Category of water: The applicability of the instrumentation to the analysis of a pollutant or parameter in fresh, waste, andlor saline water samples. See water for more related terms. (LBL-76107water). Category: (1) For compressor configurations, see 40CFR204.5 1; 205.5 1; 205.15 1; 205.165-91). (2) For hearing protectors, see 40CFR2 11.203-91. Cathode (or negative electrode): (1) The primary source of electrons in an electron tube; in directly heated tubes the filament is the cathode, and in indirectly heated tubes a coated metal cathode surrounds a heater (EPA-83/03). (2) The negative pole of an electrode or conducting terminal (cf. anode) (EPA-75/10). Cathode ray tube: The electronic devices in which electrons focus through a vacuum to generate a controlled image on a luminescent surface. This definition does not include receiving and transmitting tubes (40CFR469.3 1-91, see also 40CFR469.3291). Cathode ray tube: Vacuum tubes, made primarily of glass, which constitute the video display component of televisions and comptuer monitors. These tubes are generally hazardous for lead (RCRAkazardous-04). Cathode: In a fuel cell, a positively charged electrode at which oxygen (typically air) is fed and reduction of the oxygen takes place by combining with the electrons from the external circuit. The cathode is one of two conductive electrodes separated by an electrolyte within an individual fuel cell (the other electrode being
Cathodic inhibitor: An inhibitor of metal corrosion. The inhibitor such as calcium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate is deposited on the metal surface to reduce the rate of the cathodic reaction in a conducting medium. Cathodic polarization: An electrical connection of a nickel electrode plaque to promote deposition of active nickel materials (EPA-84/08). Cathodic protection tester: A person who can demonstrate an understanding of the principles and measurements of all common types of cathodic protection systems as applied to buried or submerged metal piping and tank systems. At a minimum, such persons must have education and experience in soil resistivity, stray current, structure-to-soil potential, and component electrical isolation measurements of buried metal piping and tank systems (40CFR280.12-91). Cathodic protection: (1) A technique to prevent corrosion of a metal surface by making that surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell. For example, a tank system can be cathodically protected through the application of either galvanic anodes or impressed current (40CFR280.12-91). (2) A technique to prevent corrosion of a metal surface by making that surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell (EPA-97/12). Cathodic protection: A form of corrosion protection for USTs that uses sacrificial anodes or a direct current sourceto protect steel by halting the naturally occurring electrochemical process that causes corrosion (RCRAlhazardous-04). Cathodic protection: A technique to prevent corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell (NavyIEnv-04). Catholyte: (1) In a two-solution electrolytic cell, the incoming cell feed containing a relatively high concentration of the metal to be plated on the cathode (cf. anolyte) (EPA-75102a). (2) The electrolytic phase in contact with the cathode of a fuel cell (cf. anolyte). Cation analysis: An analysis of cations in a solution.
Cation exchange capacity: A quantitative measure of surface charge of a cation, reported in equivalents of exchangeable ions per unit weight of the solid (NavyIEnv-04). Cation exchange capacity: The sum of exchangeable cations a soil can absorb expressed in milli-equivalents per 100 grams of soil as determined by sampling the soil to the depth of cultivation or solid waste placement, whichever is greater, and analyzing by the summation method for distinctly acid soils or the sodium acetate method for neutral, calcareous, or saline soils (Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy Monograph No.9. C.A. Black, ed., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin. pp 891-901, 1965) (40CFR257.3.5-91, see also 40CFR796.2700; 796.2750-91). Cation exchange material: A material capable of the reversible exchange of positively charged ions. Cation exchange process: The reversible exchange of positive ions between functional groups of the ion exchange medium and the solution in which the solid is immersed. Used as a wastewater treatment process for removal of cations, e.g., calcium (EPA8211 If). Cation: In an electrochemical reaction, the loss of an electron results in a positive ion (cation or positive charge), the gain of an electron results in a negative ion (anion or negative charge) and is call reduction. Thus, a cation is a positively charged ion such as Hf. In fuel cells, for example, cations of 2H+ in phosphoric acid fuel cells and cations of 2H+ in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells migrate through the electrolyte toward the cathode from the anode (cf. ion). Cationic collector: In flotation, amines and related organic compounds capable of producing positively charged hydrocarbonbearing ions for the purpose of floating miscellaneous minerals, especially silicates (EPA-82/05). Cationic dye: The colored component of dye which bears a positive charge (EPA-74106b). Cationic flocculant: In flocculation, surface active substances which have the active constituent in the positive ion. Used'to flocculate and neutralize the negative charge residing on colloidal particles (EPA-82/10). Cationic polymer: A polymer that contains one or more covalently linked subunits that bear a net positive charge (40CFR723.250-91). Cationic reagent: In flotation, surface active substances which have the active constituents in the positive ion. Used to flocculate and to collect minerals that are not flocculated by the reagents, such as oleic acid or soaps, in which the surface-active ingredient is the negative ion (EPA-82/05).
Cationic surfactant: A surfactant in which the hydrophilic groups are positively charged, usually a quaternary ammonium salt such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CeTAB), C16CH33N+ (CH3)3Br. Cationic surfactants, as a class, are poor cleaners but exhibit remarkable disinfectant properties (EPA-11182f). Caulking compound: A soft plastic material, consisting of pigment and vehicle, used for sealing joints in buildings and other structures where normal structural movement may occur (EPA79112b). Cause analysis: An analysis by which a relation is obtained between found concentration levels and emission sources. See analysis for more related terms. (NATO-78/10). Causeway: A raised way or road across wet or marshy ground, across the surface of a water body, or from a shore to an island (DOI-70104). Caustic alkalinity: Alkalinity caused by strongly alkaline compounds such as NaOH or Ca(OH)2. Caustic rinse: The cleaning of residue from a workpiece such as an ink or paint tub with a caustic solution (EPA-79112a; 79112b). Caustic scrubbing: Use of a caustic solution such as sodium hydroxide to wash or to remove residues or HCI. Caustic soda: Sodium hydroxide, a strong alkaline substance used as the cleaning agent in some detergents (EPA-89/12). Caustic system: Caustic system-related terms include (1) Closed loop caustic system; (2) Open caustic system; and (3) Partial recycle caustic system. Caustic: Capable of destroying or eating away by a chemical action. Applies to strong bases and characterized by the presence of hydroxyl ions in solution (EPA-83106a). Causticizing: In paper industry, a process of making white liquor fkom green liquor by addition of slaked lime. Most Na2C03 is thereby converted to NaOH (EPA-87/10). Cavitation: (I) Emulsification produced by rapid formation and collapse of vapor or gas bubbles. (2) The formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in a flowing liquid. Specifically, the formation and collapse of vapor cavities in a pump or compressor when there is sufficient resistance to flow at the inlet side (EPA-8187b). (3) The formation and collapse of gas pockets or bubbles on the blade of an impeller or the gate of a valve; collapse of these pockets or bubbles drives water with such force that it can cause pitting of the gate or valve surface (EPA-97/12). CBODS: (1) The five-day measure of the pollutant parameter carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBODS) (cf. BOD5 or oxygen demand, chemical) (40CFR133.101-91). (2) The
amount of dissolved oxygen consumed in five days from the carbonaceous portion of biological processes breaking down in an effluent. The test methodology is the same as for BOD5, except that nitrogen demand is suppressed (EPA-89/12).
CCA type (wood) preservative: Any one of several inorganic salt formulations based on salts of copper, chromium, and arsenic used for the purpose of protecting wood quality (EPA-74/04). CEEL: Community Emergency Exposure Level. A sort of PEL for a whole community; intended as a guideline for when evacuations are necessary in case of accidental releases (MWTA/infectious-04). Ceiling insulation: A material, primarily designed to resist heat flow, which is installed between the conditioned area of a building and an unconditioned attic as well as common ceiling floor assemblies between separately conditioned units in multi-unit structures. Where the conditioned area of a building extends to the roof, ceiling insulation includes such a material used between the underside and upperside of the roof (40CFR248.4-91). Cell height: The vertical distance between the top and bottom of the compacted solid waste enclosed by natural soil or cover material in a sanitary landfill (cf. cell thickness) (SW-108ts). Cell landfill: Compacted solid wastes that are enclosed by natural soil or cover material in a sanitary landfill (EPA-83). Cell membrane: See cell wall. Cell room: A structure(s) housing one or more mercury electrolytic chlor-alkali cells (40CFR61.5 1-91). Cell stabilization: See biological stabilization (LBL-76107-water). Cell synthesis: The formation of new cells by bacteria (EPA75110). Cell thickness: The perpendicular distance between the cover materials placed over the last working faces of two successive cells in a sanitary landfill (cf. cell height) (SW-lO8ts). Cell type incinerator: An incinerator whose grate areas are divided into cells, each of which has its own ash drop, underfire air control, and ash grate. See incinerator for more related terms. (SW-I Oats). Cell wall (or cell membrane): A semipermeable structure that forms the outer limit of a cell. The structure is made of cellulose, lignin, etc. Cell: (1) Compacted solid wastes that are enclosed by natural soil or cover material in a land disposal site (40CFR241.101-91). (2) The basic building block of a battery. It is an electrochemical device consisting of an anode and a cathode in a common
electrolyte kept apart with a separator. This assembly may be used in its own container as a single cell battery or be combined and interconnected with other cells in a container to form a multicelled battery (EPA-84/08). (3) (a) In solid waste disposal, holes where waste is dumped, compacted, and covered with layers of dirt on a daily basis. (b) The smallest structural part of living matter capable of functioning as an independent unit (EPA-97/12).
Cell: (1) In solid waste disposal, holes where waste is dumped, compacted, and covered with layers of dirt on a daily basis. (2) The smallest structural part of living matter capable of functioning as an independent unit (NavyEnv-04). Cellular polyisocyanurate insulation: The insulation produced principally by the polymerization of polymeric polyisocyanates, usually in the presence of polyhydroxl compounds with the addition of catalysts, cell stabilizers, and blowing agents (40CFR248.4-91). Cellular polystyrene insulation: An organic foam composed principally of polymerized styrene resin processed to form a homogenous rigid mass of cells (40CFR248.4-91). Cellular polyurethane insulation: The insulation composed principally of the catalyzed reaction product of polyisocyanurates and polyhydroxl compounds, processed usually with a blowing agent to form a rigid foam having a predominantly closed cell structure (40CFR248.4-9 1). Cellulose ((C6Hlo05)&(1) Vegetable fiber such as paper, wood, and cane (40CFR248.4-91). (2) The major polysaccharide component of the cell walls of all woods, straws, bast fibers, and seed hairs. It is the main solid constituent of wood plants and is the principal raw material of pulp, paper, and paperboard (EPA87/10). Cellulose fiber fiberboard: The insulation composed principally of cellulose fibers usually derived from paper, paperboard stock, cane, or wood, with or without binders (40CFR248.4-91). Cellulose fiber loose-fill: A basic material of recycled woodbased cellulosic fiber made from selected paper, paperboard stock, or ground wood stock, excluding contaminated materials which may reasonably be expected to be retained in the finished product, with suitable chemicals introduced to provide properties such as flame resistance, processing, and handling characteristics. The basic cellulosic material may be processed into a form suitable for installation by pneumatic or pouring methods (40CFR248.4-k-91). Celsius (C): A temperature scale in which water boiling point is 100 C and water freezing (or ice melting) point is 0 C. Celsius was a Swedish astronomer in the 17th century (cf. temperature). Cement-based process: Incorporation of common (Portland) cement as a stabilization agent for isolating hazardous wastes. Portland cement is produced by firing a charge of limestone and
clay or other silicate mixtures at high temperatures. The resulting clinker is then ground to a fine powder to yield a cement consisting of about 50% tricalcium and 25% dicalcium silicates, 10% tricalcium aluminate, and 10% calcium aluminoferrite. The cementation process, which is initiated by the addition of water to the anhydrous cement powder, first produces a colloidal calcium silicate hydrate gel of indefinite composition and structure. Hardening of the gel occurs slowly and gradually through the interlacing of thin, densely packed, silicate fibrils growing from the individual cement particles. This fibrillar matrix incorporates the added aggregates andor waste into a monolithic, rocklike mass. See solidification and stabilization for more related terms.
Cementation: (1) A process in which a metal is added to a solution to initiate the precipitation of another metals, e.g., iron may be added to a copper sulfate solution to precipitation copper (Cu). It can be expressed as Fe + CuS04 Cu + FeS04 (EPA83103a). (2) The electrochemical reduction of metal ions by contacting with a metal of higher oxidation potential. It is usually used for the simultaneous recovery of copper and reduction of hexavalent chromium with the aid of scrap iron (EPA-83106a).
+
Cementitious: Densely packed and nonfibrous friable materials (EPA-97/12).
Cement copper: Copper precipitated by iron from copper sulfate solutions (EPA-82/05).
Center drilling: Drilling a conical hole in the end of a workpiece. See drilling for more related terms. (EPA-83106a).
Cement kiln dust (CKD): The collection of particulate matter removed from the kiln gases by the air pollution control devices (ETI-92).
Center pivot irrigation: An automated sprinkler system involving a rotating pipe or boom that supplies water to a circular area of an agricultural field through sprinkler heads or nozzles (CWAIWbasics-04).
Cement kiln for waste destruction: In cement manufacturing, the kiln operates at higher temperatures and for longer residence times than those used in waste incinerators. It is also a common practice to add chlorides to the kiln to reduce the alkali concentration of the cement final product. Use of chlorinated hydrogen wastes in a cement kiln would provide useful recovery of chlorine and energy. A typical cement manufacturing process include that materials containing calcium, silicon, aluminum, and iron are ground to a fine powder called raw meal. The raw meals required for wet and dry cement processes are similar except that the raw meal for the wet process is in the form of a slurry containing approximately 35% water, while for the dry process, it contains less than 0.5% water. The raw meal is fed into the kiln and is burned in the kiln to produce an intermediate product called clinker. The kiln slopes towards the burning zone and rotates slowly, causing the raw material to gradually move into the burning zone. Reactions which occur during gradual heating include the combination of lime with silica, alumina, and iron to form the desired compounds in the clinker at a final temperature near 2650 F. Major clinker compounds are tricalcium silicate (3CaO-SO2), dicalcium silicate (2Ca0-SO2), tricalcium aluminate (3Ca0-N2o3),and tetracalcium ahminoferrite (4Ca0AI2o3-F&) (EPS-77/03). Cement kiln: Type of industrial furnace that receives hazardous waste to bum as fuel to run its cement process. Cement is produced by heating mixtures of limestone and other minerals or additives at high temperatures in a rotary kiln, followed by cooling, grinding, and finishmixing (RCRAhazardous-04).
Central collection point: (1) A location where a generator consolidates regulated medical waste brought together from original generation points prior to its transport off site or its treatment-site (e.g., incineration) (40CFR259.10-91). (2) A location where a generator of regulated medical waste consolidates wastes originally generated at various locations in his facility. The wastes are gathered together for treatment on site or for transportation elsewhere for treatment andor disposal. This term could also apply to community hazardous waste collections, industrial, and other waste management systems (EPA-97/12). Central collection point: Location where a generator of regulated medical waste consolidates wastes originally generated at various locations in his facility. The wastes are gathered together for treatment on site or for transportation elsewhere for treatment andor disposal. This term could also apply to community hazardous waste collections, industrial, and other waste management systems (EPA-97/12). Central garbage grinder: A conveniently located facility that mechanically (with flushing water) pulverizes food wastes collected from many sources (EPA-83). Central incinerator: A conveniently located facility that bums solid waste collected from many different sources. See incinerator for more related terms. (SW- 108ts).
Cement(ing): The operation whereby a cement sluny is pumped into a drilled hole andor forced behind the casing (40CFR146.39 1, see also 40CFR147.2902-91).
Central limit theorem: A statistical result which states that for a sufficiently large sample size, the distribution of means of random samples from a population with a finite variance will be approximately normal in forms, regardless of the form of the underlying population distribution (EPA-8711Oa).
Cement: Mixture of ground clinker and a small amount of gypsum (cf. Portland cement) (ETI-92).
Central nervous system (CNS): A portion of the nervous system which consists of the brain and spinal cord (Course 165.6).
Central nervous system: The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord (SFIhealth-04). Central treatment facility: A treatment plant which co-treats process wastewater from more than one manufacturing operation or w-treats process wastewater with non-contact cooling water or with non-process wastewater, e.g., utility blow-down, miscellaneous run-off, etc. See wastewater treatment for more related terms. (EPA-83/03). Centralized yard waste composting: A system utilizing a central facility within a politically defined area with the purpose of composting yard wastes (EPA-89/11). Centrate: The liquid fiaction that is separated from the solids fraction of a slurry through centrifugation (EPA-87110a). Centri-cleaners: Cone-shaped devices into which dilute pulp slurry is pumped under high pressure. By centrifugal action heavy foreign material is forced to the outside of the tube and is rejected out the bottom. Accepted stock rises up through the center position of the tube and passes out the top (EPA-83). Centrifugal collector: A mechanical system using centrifugal force to remove aerosols from a gas stream or to remove water from sludge (EPA-97/12). See also synonym, mechanical separator. Centrifugation: See mechanical separator. Centrifuge: (1) The machine used to separate solids by centrifugal force (EPA-87/10a). (2) The treatment process whereby solids such as sludge can be separated fi-om a liquid by the use of centrifugal force. CEQ Regulations: The regulations issued by the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) on November 29, 1978 (see 43 FR 55978), which implement Executive Order 11991. The CEQ Regulations will often be referred to throughout this regulation by reference to 40CFR1500 et a1 (40CFR6.101-91). CEQ: See Council on Environmental Quality (SDWAI radionuclide-04). Ceramic plant: A manufacturing plant producing ceramic items (40CFR61.3 1-91). Ceramic: (1) A product made by the baking or firing of a nonmetallic mineral such as tile, cement, refractories, and brick (EPA-83/03). (2) A hard brittle material made by firing clay and other similar substances. It is an inorganic, non-metallic material that is typically produced using clays and other minerals from the earth or chemically processed powders. Ceramics are typically crystalline in nature and are compounds formed between metallic and non-metallic elements such as aluminum and oxygen
(alumina-A1203),silicon and nitrogen (silicon nitride-Si3N4), and silicon and carbon (silicon carbide-Sic). Glass is often considered a subset of ceramics. Glass is somewhat different than ceramics in that it is amorphous, or has no long-range crystalline order. Ceramics make up one of three large classes of solid materials. The other material classes include metals and polymers. The combination of two or more of these materials together to produce a new material whose properties would not be attainable by conventional means is called a composite. Examples of composites include steel-reinforced concrete, steel belted-tires, glass or carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (so-called fiber-glass resins) used for boats, tennis rackets, skis, and racing bikes. CERCLA hazardous substance: A substance on the list defined in Section lOl(14) of CERCLA. Note: Listed CERCLA hazardous substances appear in Table 302.4 of 40CFR302. See hazardous substance for more related terms. (40CFR355.20-91). CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-510). See act or CERCLA for more information. CERCLIS 3: The newest version of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System, EPA's primary Superfund database. CERCLIS 3 enables SuperfUnd staff nationwide to share comprehensive and reliable data across EPA and eventually with other federal partners and the public (SFIriskA-04). CERCLIS: The CERCLA Information System, EPA's comprehensive data base and management system that inventories and tracks releases addressed or needing to be addressed by the Superfund program. CERCLIS contains the official inventory of CERCLA sites and supports EPA's site planning and tracking functions. Sites that EPA decides do not warrant moving further in the site evaluation process are given a "No Further Response Action Planned" (NFRAP) designation in CERCLIS. This means that no additional federal steps under CERCLA will be taken at the site unless future information so warrants. Sites are not removed from the database after completion of evaluations in order to document that these evaluations took place and to preclude the possibility that they be needlessly repeated. Inclusion of a specific site or area in the CERCLIS database does not represent a determination of any party's liability, nor does it represent a finding that any response action is necessary. Sites that are deleted from the NPL (National Priority List) are not designated WRAP sites. Deleted sites are listed in a separate category in the CERCLIS database (cf. record of decision) (40CFR300.5-91). Cerebellum: A large, dorsally projecting part of the brain having the special function of muscle coordination and maintenance of equilibrium (LBL76/07-bio). Cerebral anoxia: Relative lack of oxygen in the brain (LBL 76107-bio).
Ceremonial and religious water use: The activities involving traditional Native American spiritual practices which involve, among other things, primary (direct) contact with water (40CFR131.35-91). CERFA: See Community Environmental Response Facilitation Act (SDWNradionuclide-04). Cerium (Ce): A rare earth metal with atomic number 58; atomic weight 140.12; density 6.67 glcc; melting point 795 C and boiling point 3468 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Cerium metals: Any of a group of rare-earth metals separable as a group from other metals occurring with them and in addition to cerium, it includes lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, and sometimes europium (EPA-82/05). Cerium mineral: Rare earths; the important one is monazite (EPA-82/05). Cermet: An alloy of a heat-resistant ceramic compound and a metal (DOE-9 1/04). Certificate holder: The entity in whose name the certificate of conformity for a class of motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines has been issued (40CFR85.1502-91). Certificate of conformity: The document issued by the Administrator under section 206(a) of the Act (40CFR85.1502-91). Certificate of occupancy: A document containing a certified statement that a residence is habitable and meets all local and municipal codes (NCNnoise-04). Certification or audit test: A series of at least four test runs conducted for certification or audit purposes that meets the bum rate specifications in Section 5 (40CFR60-App/A(method28)-91). Certification vehicle emission margin for a certified engine family: The difference between the EPA emission standards and the average FTP emission test results of that engine family's emission-data vehicles at the projected applicable useful life mileage point (i.e., usehl life mileage for light-duty vehicles is 50,000 miles and for light-duty trucks is 120,000 miles for 1985 and later model years or 50,000 miles for 1984 and earlier model years) (40CFR85.2113-91). Certification vehicle: A vehicle which is selected under 40CFR86.084.24; (b)(l) and used to determine compliance under 40CFR86.084.30 for issuance of an original certificate of conformity (40CFR600.002.85; 91).
Certification: A statement of professional opinion based upon knowledge and belief (40CFR26.102-9 1, see also 40CFR163.2; 171.2; 260.10; 761.3-91). Certified aftermarket part: Any aftermarket part which has been certified pursuant to this subpart (40CFR85.2113-91). Certified applicator, etc. (or FIFRA applicator): (1) Certified applicator means any individual who is certified under section 4 as authorized to use or supervise the use of any pesticide which is classified for restricted use. Any applicator who holds or applies registered pesticides, or uses dilutions of registered pesticides consistent with section 2(ee) of this Act, only to provide a service of controlling pests without delivering any unapplied pesticide to any person so served is not deemed to be a seller or distributor of pesticides under this Act. (2) Private applicator means a certified applicator who uses or supervises the use of any pesticide which is classified for restricted use for purposes of producing any agricultural commodity on property owned or rented by him or his employer or (if applied without compensation other than trading of personal services between producers of agricultural commodities) on the property of another person. (3) Commercial applicator means an applicator (whether or not the applicator is a private applicator with respect to some uses) who uses or supervises the use of any pesticide which is classified for restricted use for any purpose or on any property other than as provided by paragraph (2). (4) "Under The Direct Supervision of A Certified Applicator1'--Unless otherwise prescribed by its labeling, a pesticide shall be considered to be applied under the direct supervision of a certified applicator if it is applied by a competent person acting under the instructions and control of a certified applicator who is available if and when needed, even though such certified applicator is not physically present at the time and place the pesticide is applied (FIFRA2-7U.S.C. 136). Certified applicator: A person who is authorized to apply "restricted-use" pesticides as result of meeting requirements for certification under FIFRA-mandated programs. Applicator certification programs are conducted by states, territories, and tribes in accordance with national standards set by EPA. "Restricted use pesticides" may be used only by or under the direct supervision of specially trained and certified applicators (FFDCNpesticide-04). Certified part: A part certified in accordance with the aftermarket part certification regulations contained in this subpart (40CFR85.2102-91). Certified pesticide applicator: Any individual who is certified under Section 4 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) as authorized to use or supervise the use of any pesticide which is classified for restricted use. Any applicator who applies registered pesticides, only to provide a service of controlling pests without delivering any additional pesticide supplies, is not deemed to be a seller or distributor of pesticides under FIFRA (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Certified reference material: See reference material. Certified: Describes a person who has passed an examination to do a required job (CWNmining-04). Certifying official: All applications, including NOIs, must be signed as follows: (1) For a corporation: By a responsible corporate officer. For the purpose of this Part, a responsible corporate officer means: (i) A president, secretary, treasurer, or vice-president of the corporation in charge of a principal business function, or any other person who performs similar policy- or decision-making functions for the corporation, or (ii) The manager of one or more manufacturing, production, or operating facilities, provided, the manager is authorized to make management decisions which govern the operation of the regulated facility including having the explicit or implicit duty of making major capital investment recommendations, and initiating and directing other comprehensive measures to assure long-term environmental compliance with environmental laws and regulations; the manager can ensure that the necessary systems are established or actions taken to gather complete and accurate information for permit application requirements; and where authority to sign documents has been assigned or delegated to the manager in accordance with corporate procedures. (2) For a partnership or sole proprietorship: By a general partner or the proprietor, respectively; or (3) For a municipality, state, federal, or other public agency: By either a principal executive officer or ranking elected official. For purposes of this Part, a principal executive officer of a federal agency includes (i) The chief executive officer of the agency, or (ii) A senior executive officer having responsibility for the overall operations of a principal geographic unit of the agency (e.g., Regional Administrator of EPA) (CWNwastewater-04). Cesium (Cs): An alkali metal that is the most electropositive element known. Used especially in photoelectric cells (EPA89/12). The element with atomic number 55; atomic weight 132.90; density 1.90 glcc; melting point 28.7 C and boiling point 690 belongs to group IA of the periodic table. Cesspool: An underground reservoir for liquid waste, typically household sewage (CMC02gas1-04). Cesspool: An underground structure designed to hold sewage from a residence. The waste is permitted to percolate from the cesspool into the surrounding soil (DOE70/04).
reactions which result in reduction of the stratospheric ozone layer, which protects the earth's surface from harmful effects of radiation from the sun. The 1990 Clean Air Act includes provisions for reducing releases (emissions) and eliminating production and use of these ozone-destroying chemicals (CMair-04). CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons): A family of inert, nontoxic, and easily liquefied chemicals used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, and insulation, or as solvents and aerosol propellants. Because CFCs are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere, they drift into the upper atmosphere where their chlorine components destroy ozone (AENmixedW-04). CFR: See Code of Federal Regulations (SDWNradionuclide-04). CFS: Abbreviation of cubic feet per second (CWAlhydrology-04). CFS-day: The volume of water represented by a flow of 1 cubic foot per second for 24 hours. It equals 86,400 cubic feet, 1.983471 acre-feet, or 646,3 17 gallons (CWAIhydrology-04). CFSM (cubic feet per second per square mile): The average number of cubic feet of water per second flowing from each square mile of area drained by a stream, assuming that the runoff is distributed uniformly in time and area (CWAthydrology-04). Chain conveyor: A conveyor on which the material is moved along solid pans (troughs) by the action of scraper crossbars attached to powered chains (CWNmining-04). Chain grate stoker: A stoker with a moving chain as a grate surface. The grate consists of links mounted on rods to form a continuous surface that is generally driven by a shaft with sprockets. See stoker for more related terms. (SW-108ts). Chain grate: A stoker which has a massive moving chain as a grate surface; the grate consisting of links mounted on rods to form a continuous belt like surface that is generally pulled by sprockets on the front shaft. See grate for more related terms. (EPA-83). Chain of custody: In QNQC, chain of custody includes: Sample safeguards; Sample subdivision; Laboratory records; and Sample custodian (ACS-87/11). Chain of infection: See infection process.
Cetane number: A number to rate the ignition characteristics of a diesel fuel combusted in a diesel engine (cf. octane number).
Chain pillar: The pillar of coal left to protect the gangway or entry and the parallel airways (CWNmining-04).
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons): These chemicals and some related chemicals have been used in great quantities in industry, for refrigeration and air conditioning, and in consumer products. CFCs and their relatives, when released into the air, rise into the stratosphere, a layer of the atmosphere high above the earth. In the stratosphere, CFCs and their relatives take part in chemical
Chain reaction: Sequential chemical reactions in which one initial chemical reaction results in (or activates) reactions of other chemicals. Chain: A chemical structure in which similar atoms are linked by bonds. Types of chemical chains include (1) Straight chain: A
chain to link single atoms, not groups, in a chemical structure. (2) Branched chain (or side chain): A chain to link side groups of atoms. (3) Closed chain: A ring of atoms in a molecule. (4) Open chain: If a molecule is not a closed chain, the molecule is an open chain (cf. chemical bond). Chalcocite: Copper sulfite, Cu2S(EPA-82/05). Chalcopyrite: A sulfide of copper and iron, CuFeSz (EPA-82/05). Challenge exposure: An experimental exposure of a previously treated subject to a test substance following an induction period, to determine whether the subject will react in a hypersensitive manner (40CFR798.4100-9 1). Chamber: An enclosed space inside an incinerator (OME-88/12). Change in service (of USTs): A method of closing a tank so as to allow the tank to be used to store fluids that are not hazardous substances or petroleum products (SDWNradionuclide-04). Change in service: Using a formerly regulated UST system to store a nonregulated substance (RCRAIhazardous-04). Change order: A written order issued by a recipient, or its designated agent, to its contractor authorizing an addition to, deletion from, or revision of, a contract, usually initiated at the contractors request (40CFR35.6015-91). Channel (watercourse): An open conduit either naturally or artificially created which periodically or continuously contains moving water, or which forms a connecting link between two bodies of water. River, creek, run, branch, anabranch, and tributary are some of the terms used to describe natural channels. Natural channels may be single or braided (see braiding of river channels). Canal and floodway are some of the terms used to describe artificial channels (CWAhydrology-04). Channel drain: See french drain. Channel scour: Erosion by flowing water and sediment on a stream channel; results in removal of mud, silt, and sand on the outside curve of a stream bend and the bed material of a stream channel (CWAIWbasics-04). Channel storage: The volume of water at a given time in the channel or over the flood plain of the streams in a drainage basin or river reach. Channel storage is great during the progress of a flood event (CWAhydrology-04). Channel: (1) The water-filled groove through which run-off water flows. In a narrow valley the channel may include the entire valley floor, but ordinarily it occupies only a small fraction of the valley (DOI-70104). (2) That part of a forehearth which canies the glass from the tank to the flow spout and in which temperature adjustments are made (EPA-83).
Channelization: Modification of a stream, typically by straightening the channel, to provide more uniform flow; often done for flood control or for improved agricultural drainage or imgation (CWAIWquality-04). Channelization: Straightening and deepening streams so water will move faster, a marsh-drainage tactic that can interfere with waste assimilation capacity, disturb fish and wildlife habitats, and aggravate flooding (EPA-97/12). Channelization: The straightening and deepening of a stream channel to permit the water to move faster or to drain a wet area for farming (CWNWbasics-04). Char: Carbonaceous material resulting from incomplete combustion (EPA-83). Character displacement: The change of morphology or characteristics of two species living in the same area to reduce the competition for food resources. Characteristic waste: Waste that is considered hazardous under RCRA because it exhibits any of four different properties: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity (RCMazardous04). Characteristic: Any one of the four categories used in defining hazardous waste: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity (MWTNinfectious-04). Characteristics: (1) In RCRA, EPA has identified four characteristics of a hazardous waste: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and extraction procedure (EP) toxicity. Any solid waste that exhibits one or more of these characteristics is classified as a hazardous waste (cf. definition under hazardous waste) (EPA86/01). (2) Any one of the four categories used in defining hazardous waste: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity (EPA-97/12). Characterization of ecological effects: Part of ecological risk assessment that evaluates ability of a stressor to cause adverse effects under given circumstances (EPA-97/12). Characterization of exposure: Portion of an ecological risk assessment that evaluates interaction of a stressor with one or more ecological entities (EPA-97/12). Characterization: Facility or site sampling, monitoring, and analysis activities to determine the extent and nature of a release. Characterization provides the basis for acquiring the necessary technical information to develop, screen, analyze, and select appropriate cleanup techniques (Navy/Env-04). Characterization: Site sampling, monitoring, and analysis to determine the extent and nature of releases. Characterization
provides the basis for acquiring the necessary technical information to develop, screen, analyze, and select appropriate cleanup techniques (OMBIReg-04). Charcoal: A product of the destructive distillation of wood. Used as a he1 and as a source of carbon in the foundry industry. Because of the nature of the destructive distillation process, charcoal may contain residuals of toxic pollutants such as phenol, benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and nitrosamines (EPA-85110a). Charge chrome: That alloy containing 52 to 70% by weight chromium, 5 to 8% by weight carbon, and 3 to 6% by weight silicon (40CFR60.261-91). Charge door: A door or an opening through which waste is charged to the incinerator (EPA-89103b). Charge rate: The quantity of waste materials loaded into an incinerator over a unit of time but which is not necessarily burned. Usually expressed in pounds of waste per hour (EPA-89103b).
Charles' law: The Charles' law states that, when the volume is held constant, the absolute pressure of a given mass of a perfect gas of a given composition varies directly as the absolute temperature varies. See law for more related terms. (EPA-81/12, p8-6) (EPA-81/12, p8). Check curtain: Sheet of brattice cloth hung across an airway to control the passage of the air current (CWNmining-04). Check sample: A blank that has been spiked with the analyte(s) from an independent source in order to monitor the execution of the analytical method. The level of the spike is at the regulatory action level when applicable. Otherwise, the spike should be at five times the estimate of the quantification limit. The matrix used should be phase matched with the samples and well characterized, e.g., reagent grade water is appropriate for an aqueous sample. See sample for more related terms. Check valve: A valve to limit a flow in a pipe to a single direction; i.e., no reverse flow direction may takes place.
Charge: (1) In iron industry, the addition of iron and steel scrap or other materials into the top of an electric arc furnace ( E M ) (40CFR60.271-91, see also 40CFR60.271a-91). (2) In incineration, the quantity of solid waste introduced into an incinerator or a furnace at one time (SW-108ts). (3) In battery industry, the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy within a cell battery. This restoration of active electronic materials is done by forcing a current through the cell battery in the opposite direction to that during discharge (EPA-84/08).
Checker: The firebrick, alternating with openings, in the chambers of regenqative furnace (EPA-83).
Charging chute: An overhead passage through which waste materials drop into an incinerator (SW-108ts).
Check-valve tubing pump: A water sampling tool also referred to as a water pump (EPA-97/12).
Charging cutoff gate: A modified charging gate used in continuous feed furnaces that do not have high temperatures near the charging hopper. A sliding steel plate at the bottom of the charging hopper closes on a machined seat at the top of the charging chute (SW- 108ts).
Chelate: A coordination complex in which more than one atom or molecule (often an organic compound) binds to a metal. In the environment, chelation effectively removes the metal: it is no longer available for chemical interactions or to biota. See complexation (NavyIEnv-04).
Charging gate: A horizontal, movable cover on a top charging furnace. The cover opens for waste feed and closes during incineration. It may also apply to similar devices on side charging furnaces (OME-88/12).
Chelated compound: A compound containing a metal as an integral part of a ring structure and is not readily ionized (EPA83106a).
Charging hopper: An enlarged opening at the top of a charging chute (SW-108ts). Charging period: The time period commencing at the moment an EAF starts to open and ending either three minutes after the E M roof is returned to its closed position or six minutes after commencement of opening of the roof, whichever is longer (40CFR60.271-91). Charging: The addition of a molten or solid material to a copper converter (40CFR6 1.171-91).
Check: An imperfection; a surface crack (EPA-83). Checker work: A pattern of multiple openings in a rehctory structure through which the products of combustion pass to accelerate the turbulent mixing of gases (SW-108ts).
Chelating agent: (1) A coordinate compound in which a central atom (usually a metal) is joined by covalent bonds to two or more other molecules or ions (called ligands) so that heterocyclic rings are formed with the central (metal) atom as part of each ring. Thus, the compound is suspending the metal in solution (EPA-83106a). (2) A chemical agent whose atoms form more than one coordinate bonds with metals in a solution. Chelating resin: In an ion-exchange solution, resins with high selectivity for certain specific cations.
Chelating: Forming a compound containing a metal ion in a ringlike molecular configuration (EPA-8711Oa). Chelation: The formation of coordinate covalent bonds between a central metal ion and a liquid that contains two or more sites for combination with the metal ion (EPA-83103a). Chelatometry: See complexometric analysis. See also tritation for more related terms.
Chemical coal cleaning: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Chemical coal cleaning methods that reduce the organic bound sulfur include two technologies: Microwave desulfurization and Hydrothermal desulfurization (EPA-81/12, p8-4). Chemical composition: The name and percentage by weight of each compound in an additive and the name and percentage by weight of each element in an additive (40CFR79.2-91).
Chemical adhesive fusion agent: A chemical fluid that may or may not contain a portion of the parent geomembrane and an adhesive that, after the application of pressure and after passage of a certain amount of time, results in the chemical fusion of two gwmembrane sheets, leaving behind an adhesive layer that is dissimilar from the parent liner material. (Manufacturers and installers should be consulted for the various types of chemical fluids used with specific geomembrane to inform workers and inspectors) (EPA-91/05).
Chemical compound: A distinct and pure substance formed by the union or two or more elements in definite proportion by weight (EPA-97/12).
Chemical agent: Those elements, compounds, or mixtures that coagulate, disperse, dissolve, emulsify, foam, neutralize, precipitate, reduce, solubilize, oxidize, concentrate, congeal, entrap, fix, make the pollutant mass more rigid or viscous, or otherwise facilitate the mitigation of deleterious effects or the removal of the pollutant from the water (40CFR300.5-91).
Chemical durability (or durability): The lasting quality (both physical and chemical) of a glass surface. Frequently evaluated, after prolonged weathering or storing, in terms of chemical and physical changes in the glass surface, or in the contents of a vessel (EPA-83).
Chemical analysis: The use of a standard chemical analytical procedure to determine the concentration of a specific pollutant in a wastewater sample. See analysis for more related terms. (EPA8211If). Chemical attack: The deliberate release of a toxic gas, liquid, or solid that can poison people and the environment (HAS-92). Chemical bond (or bond): The attraction force holding atoms together in a molecule or crystal (cf. chain). Other chemical bondrelated terms include (1) Coordinate bond; (2) Coordinate valence (see coordinate bond); (3) Covalent bond; (4) Double bond; (5) Electron pair bond (see covalent bond); (6) Electrovalent bond (see ionic bond); (7) Ionic bond; (8) Metallic bond; (9) Multiple bond; (10) Peptide bond; (11) Single bond; and (12) Triple bond.
Chemical deposition: A process used to deposit a metal oxide on a substrate. The film is formed by hydrolysis of a mixture of chlorides at the hot surface of the substrate. Careful control of the water mixture ensures that the oxide is formed on the substrate surface (EPA-83106a).
Chemical element: A fundamental substance comprising one kind of atom; the simplest form of matter (EPA-97/12). Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office (CEPPO): The Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office provides leadership, advocacy, and assistance to prevent and prepare for chemical emergencies; respond to environmental crises; and inform the public about chemical hazards in their community. To protect human health and the environment, CEPPO develops, implements, and coordinates regulatory and non-regulatory programs (SFIremedy-04). Chemical emergency preparedness program (CEPP): CEPP was developed by EPA to address accidental releases of acutely toxic chemicals (NRT-87/03). Chemical energy: Energy stored in a chemical compound.
Chemical brightening: A process utilizing an addition agent that leads to the formation of a bright plate or that improves the brightness of the deposit (EPA-83106a). Chemical case: For purposes of review and regulation, the grouping of chemically similar pesticide active ingredients (e.g., salts and esters of the same chemical) into chemical cases (EPA97/12). Chemical coagulation: The destabilization and initial aggregation of colloidal and finely divided suspended matter by the addition of a floc-forming chemical (EPA-83/03).
Chemical equilibrium: A chemical reaction condition in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction. Under this condition, the concentration of reactants and products reaches a steady state (cf. reversible reaction). Chemical etching: Dissolving a part of the surface of a metal or all of the metal laminated to a base (EPA-83106a). Chemical fixation: See solidification and stabilization.
Chemical formula: A formula containing symbols and numbers to represent a chemical cornposition (or structure) (e.g., C6H6for benzene). Chemical fusion agent: A chemical fluid that, after the application of the passage of a certain amount of time, results in the chemical fusion of two essentially similar geomembrane sheets without any other polymeric or adhesive additives. (Manufacturers and installers should be consulted for the various types of chemical fusion agents used with specific geomembranes to inform workers and inspectors) (EPA-91/05). Chemical fusion: The chemically induced reorganization in the polymeric structure of the surface of a polymer geomembrane that, after the application of pressure and the passage of a certain amount of time, results in the chemical fusion of two essentially similar geomembrane sheets being permanently joined together (EPA-9 1/05). Chemical glass: A chemically durable glass suitable for use in making laboratory apparatus. See glass for more related terms. (EPA-83). Chemical half-life: The time required to reduce 50% of the original concentration of a chemical in a specific medium (Course 165.6).
hydroquinone, linear alklylbenzene, nitrobenzene, resorcinol, sulfolane, or styrene (40CFR61.341-91).
Chemical metal cleaning waste: Any wastewater resulting from the cleaning of any metal process equipment with chemical compounds, including, but not limited to, boiler tube cleaning. See waste for more related terms. (40CFR423.11-91). Chemical metal coloring: The production of desired colors on metal surfaces by appropriate chemical or electrochemical actions (EPA-83106a). Chemical milling: Removing large amounts of stock by etching selected areas of complex workpieces. This process entails cleaning, masking, etching, and demasking (EPA-83106a). Chemical name: The scientific designation of a chemical substance in accordance with the nomenclature system developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry or the Chemical Abstracts Service's rules of nomenclature, or a name which will clearly identify a chemical substance for the purpose of conducting a hazard evaluation (40CFR721.3-91). Chemical oxidation demand (COD): See chemical oxygen demand. Chemical oxidation: See oxidation.
Chemical hazards response information systemlhazard assessment computer system (CHRISIHACS): CHRISJHACS was developed by the U.S. Coast Guard. HACS is a computerized model of the four CHRIS manuals that contain chemical-specific data. Federal OSCs use HACS to find answers to specific questions during a chemical spilllresponse. State and local officials and industry representatives may ask an OSC to request a HACS run for contingency planning purposes (NRT-87/03). Chemical inhibitor: A compound which is capable of reducing (or stopping) the rate of a chemical reaction. Chemical kinetics: A science dealing with the mechanisms and rates of chemical reactions. Chemical machining: A production of derived shapes and dimensions through selective or overall removal of metal by controlled chemical attack or etching (EPA-83106a). Chemical manufacturing plant: Any facility engaged in the production of chemicals by chemical, thermal, physical, or biological processes for use as a product, co-product, by-product, or intermediate including but not limited to industrial organic chemicals, organic pesticide products, pharmaceutical preparations, paint and allied products, fertilizers, and agricultural chemicals. Examples of chemical manufacturing plants include facilities at which process units are operated to produce one or more of the following chemicals: benzenesulfonic acid, benzene, chlorobenzene, cumene, cyclohexane, ethylene, ethylbenzene,
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) (or chemical oxidation demand): (1) A measure of the amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic and oxidizable inorganic compounds in water. The COD test, like the BOD test, is used to determine the degree of pollution in an effluent (EPA-74/11). (2) A measure of the oxygen required to oxidize all compounds, both organic and inorganic, in water (EPA-97/12). (3) See oxygen for more related terms. Chemical oxygen demand (COD): A measure of the oxygenconsuming capacity of inorganic and organic matter present in wastewater. COD is expressed as the amount of oxygen consumed in mg/l. Results do not necessarily correlate to the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) because the chemical oxidant may react with substances that bacteria do not stabilize (CWAIwastewater04). Chemical partitioning: The preferential separation of a chemical into different media or states. For example, many metals are more likely to partition to sediments than to remain in groundwater (NavyEnv-04). Chemical potential: In a thermodynamic system, the change of Gibbs free energy with respect to the change in the amount of a component. The rate of change can be expressed as (dG/dn), where dG is the differential change of the Gibbs free energy and dn is the differential change of a component in the system.
Chemical precipitation: (1) Formation of insoluble materials generated by addition of chemicals to a solution. (2) The process of softening water by addition of lime and soda ash as the precipitants (EPA-8313). Chemical prewash: A salt bath between the fix and final wash which chemically removes the fix from the emulsion at a faster rate than can be done by washing, thereby reducing the after fix wash water, time, and volume (EPA-10180). Chemical process: A particular method of manufacturing or making a chemical, usually involving a number of steps or operations (EPA-85/11). Chemical protective clothing: The items of clothing that provide a protective bamer to prevent dermal contact with chemical substances of concern. Examples can include, but are not limited to, full body protective clothing, boots, coveralls, gloves, jackets, and pants (40CFR721.3-91). Chemical pulping: A chemical method to dissolve the wood lignin to separate wood fibers for producing paper pulp. The lignin holds fibers together. Chemical reaction: A chemical change that a mixture of chemical compounds (called reactants) forms a new mixture of chemical compounds (called products). Other chemical reaction-related terms include (1) First order reaction; (2) Second order reaction; and (3) Third order reaction. Chemical reactor: A container such as a tank or a vessel where chemical reactions take place. Chemical recovery system: A chemical treatment system to remove metals or other materials from wastewater (EPA-83106a). Chemical reduction: See reduction. Chemical resistance: The ability of chemical protective clothing to maintain its integrity and protection qualities when it comes into contact with a hazardous material (NavyIEnv-04). Chemical resistance: The ability to resist chemical attack. (Note: The attack is dependent on the method of test and its severity is measured by determining the changes in physical properties. Time, temperature, stress, and reagent, may all be factors that affect the chemical resistance of a material) (NIOSH-84/10).
matter in a wastewater treatment process. See sludge for more related terms.
Chemical stratification: The formation of layers of water in a lake that are of different densities. This density difference is caused by changes in the concentrations of dissolved substances in the water at different depths (DOD-78/01). Chemical stress: The result of a chemical reaction of two or more materials. Examples include corrosive materials attacking a metal, the pressure or heat generated by the decomposition or polymerization of a substance, or any variety of corrosive actions (NavyIEnv-04). Chemical stressor: Chemicals released to the environment through industrial waste, auto emissions, pesticides, and other human activity that can cause illnesses and even death in plants and animals (EPA-97/12). Chemical structure: The molecular structure of a compound in an additive (40CFR79.2-91). Chemical substance: Any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including: (1) Any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature; and (2) Any element or uncombined radical (TSCA3-15U.S.C.2602) (6.new chemical substance). Chemical synthesis: The process of chemically combining two or more constituent substances into a single substance (EPA-83/09). Chemical thermodynamics: A branch of thermodynamics that applies thermodynamic principles to the chemical problems of concern. Chemical transportation emergency center (CHEMTREC): CHEMTREC is operated by the Chemical Manufacturers Association. Provides information and/or assistance to emergency responders. CHEMTREC contacts the shipper or producer of the material for more detailed information, including on-scene assistance when feasible. Can be reached 24 hours a day by calling 800-424-9300 (in the United States only). Also see HIT (hazard information transmission) (NRT-87/03). Chemical treatment: (1) A treatment process that alters the chemical structure of a toxic waste contaminant to reduce the waste's toxicity, mobility, or volume (EPA-89112a). (3) See treatment for more related terms.
Chemical sensitivity: A health problem characterized by effects such as dizziness, eye and throat irritation, chest tightness, and nasal congestion that appear whenever a person is exposed to certain chemicals. People may react to even trace amounts of chemicals to which they become sensitized (EPA-88109b).
Chemical treatment: Any one of a variety of technologies that use chemicals or a variety of chemical processes to treat waste (EPA-97/12).
Chemical sludge: The sludge produced due to the addition of chemical coagulation to help the sedimentation of suspended
Chemical waste landfill: A landfill at which protection against risk of injury to health or the environment from migration of PCBs
to land, water, or the atmosphere is provided from PCBs and PCB items deposited therein by locating, engineering, and operating the landfill as specified in 40CFR761.75 (40CFR761.3-91).
Chemical wood pulp: The wood pulp obtained by digestion of wood with solutions of various chemicals. The principal chemical processes are the sulfite, sulfate (kraft), and soda processes. See pulp for more related terms. (EPA-87/10). Chemical: A chemical substance or mixture (40CFR790.3-91). Chemicals of concern (COC): Specific constituents that are identified for evaluation in the risk assessment process (Navy/Env-04). Chemicals of potential concern (COPC): Chemicals identified in the initial stages of a site investigation that may pose a risk, and so are further investigated to gather data for a risk assessment (Navy/Env-04). Chemiluminescence analyzer (CA): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or luminescence analyzer for various types). Chemiluminescence is the emission of light energy that results from a chemical reaction. It has been proven reliable and is the most widely used method for source NOINO, analysis (EPA-84103a). Chemi-mechanical pulp: The pulp produced mechanically by grinding or refining after presoaking of wood with caustic sodahodium sulfite solution. See pulp for more related terms. (EPA-74105a). Chemisorption: (1) An adsorption where the forces holding the adsorbate to the adsorbent are chemical (valance) instead of physical (van der Waals) (EPA-82/11f). (2) Adsorption, especially when irreversible, by means of chemical forces in contrast with physical forces (LBL-76107-air). Chemnet: (1) A mutual aid network of chemical shippers and contractors. CHEMNET has more than 50 participating companies with emergency teams, 23 subscribers (who receive services in an incident from a participant and then reimburse response and cleanup costs), and several emergency response contractors. CHEMNET is activated when a member shipper cannot respond promptly to an incident involving that company's product(s) and requiring the presence of a chemical expert. If a member company cannot go the scene of the incident, the shipper will authorize a CHEMNET-contracted emergency response company to go. Communications for the network are provided by CHEMTREC, with the shipper receiving notification and details about the incident from the CHEMTREC communicator (NRT-87/03). (2) Mutual aid network of chemical shippers and contractors that assigns a contracted emergency response company to provide technical support if a representative of the firm whose chemicals are involved in an incident is not readily available (EPA-97/12).
Chemoautotroph: Any autotroph bacteria and protozoans that do not carry out photosynthesis. Chemosterilant: A chemical that controls pests by preventing reproduction (EPA-97/12). Chemosynthesis: Synthesis of organic compounds for energy by some microorganisms. Chemterc: The industry-sponsored Chemical Transportation Emergency Center; provides information andlor emergency assistance to emergency responders (EPA-97/12). CHEMTREC: The Chemical Transportation Emergency Center is a hotline operated by the Chemical Manufacturers Association. It provides advice on responding to chemical transportation emergencies (TSCAIchemical-04). Child resistant packaging (CRP): Packaging that protects children or adults from injury or illness resulting from accidental contact with or ingestion of residential pesticides that meet or exceed specific toxicity levels. Required by FIFRA regulations. Term is also used for protective packaging of medicines (EPA97/12). Child resistant packaging: The packaging that is designed and constructed to be significantly difficult for children under five years of age to open or obtain a toxic or harmful amount of the substance contained therein within a reasonable time, and that is not difficult for normal adults to use properly (40CFR157.21-91). Chill mark (or settle mark): A wrinkled surface condition on glassware resulting from uneven cooling in the forming process (EPA-83). Chilled water loop: Any closed cooling water system that transfers heat from air handling units or refrigeration equipment to a refigeration machine, or chiller (40CFR749.68-91). Chiller: A device that generates a cold liquid that is circulated through an air-handling unit's cooling coil to cool the air supplied to the building (EPA-97/12). Chilling effect: The lowering of the earth's temperature because of increased particles in the air blocking the sun's rays (cf. greenhouse effect) (EPA-97/12). Chimney effect: A phenomenon consisting of a vertical movement of a localized mass of air or other gases due to temperature differences (EPA-83/06). Chimney flue: A passage for conveying the flue or vent gases from a combustion chamber to atmosphere. Chimney: See stack.
China clay: Top quality, high-grade clay used for paper coating and filling (EPA-83). Chip: (1) An imperfection due to breakage of a small fragment out of an otherwise regular surface. (2) A small piece of wood produced by a chipper in a form suitable for processing into pulp or particle board. (3) A term used to designate a paperboard (chipboard) made from waste paper--usually mixed papers (EPA83). Chipped glass: A glass article with chipped surface produced intentionally. See glass for more related terms. (EPA-83). Chipper: A size-reduction device having sharp blades attached to a rotating shaft (mandrel) that shave or chip off pieces of certain objects, such as tree branches or brush. See size reduction machine for more related terms. (SW- 108ts). Chipping: The process of removing thin extra glass prior to grinding (EPA-83). Chisel plowing: Preparing croplands by using a special implement that avoids complete inversion of the soil as in with conventional plowing. Chisel plowing can leave a protective cover or crop residues on the soil surface to help prevent erosion and improve filtration (EPA-97/12). Chloramines: Compounds obtained by chlorine disinfection from the action of hypochlorite solutions (weak acidic easily decomposed) on compounds containing NH and NH2 groups (EPA-75/10).
Chlorinated aromatic: An aromatic compound containing a chlorine (Cl) atom(s) substituent; e.g., chlorobenzene (C6H5CI) (EPA-88/12). Chlorinated ethylene: An alkene containing a chlorine (Cl) atom(s) substituent; e.g., chloroethylene (C2H3CI)(EPA-88/12). Chlorinated hydrocarbons: (1) Chemicals containing only chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen. These include a class of persistent, broad-spectrum insecticides that linger in the environment and accumulate in the food chain. Among them are dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, lindane, endrin, Mirex, hexachloride, and toxaphene. Other examples include trichloroehtylene (TCE), used as an industrial solvent. (2) Any chlorinated organic compounds including chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane, trichloromethylene, chloroform (EPA-97/12). Chlorinated hydrocarbons: These include a class of persistent, broad-spectrum organic compounds that linger in the environment and accumulate in the food chain. Among them are the insecticides DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, lindane, endrin, mirex, hexachloride, and toxaphene. Other examples include tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, carbon tetrachloride, and trichloromethane, used as industrial solvents (NavyEnv-04). Chlorinated hydrocarbons: These include a class of persistent, broad-spectrum insecticides that linger in the environment and accumulate in the food chain. Among them are DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, lindane, endrin, mirex, hexachloride, and toxaphene. Other examples include TCE, used as an industrial solvent (MWTNmedical-04).
Chlordane (CloH6C18):A volatile liquid used as an insecticide. Chlordane: Octachloro-4,7-methanotetrahydroindane. An organochlorine insecticide no longer registered for use in the U.S. Technical chlordane is a mixture in which the primary components are cis- and trans-chlordane, cis- and trans-nonachlor, and heptachlor (CWAIWbasics-04). Chlorendic acid (C9H4Cl6O4):A white powder used in fungicides, insecticides, fire-resistant polyester resins. Chloride: See halide. Chlorides (CI-): Indicative of the concentration of saltwater. Concentrations above 250mglL are detectable by taste (NavyEnv04). Chlorinalysis: A process of converting chlorinated hydrocarbons into carbon tetrachloride at the temperatures around 500 C and pressure above 50 atm. It is not really a waste treatment process, but a carbon tetrachloride manufacturing process that can accept a large quantity of toxic waste.
Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE): Family of polymers produced by the chemical reaction of chlorine with polyethylene. The resultant polymers presently contain 25-45% chlorine by weight and 0-25% crystallinity (EPA-91/05). Chlorinated polyethylene-reinforced (CPE-R): Sheets of CPE with an encapsulated fabric reinforcement layer, called a scrim (EPA-91/05). Chlorinated solvent: A volatile organic compound containing chlorine. Some common solvents are trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride (CWAIWbasics-04). Chlorinated solvent: An organic hydrocarbon in which chlorine atoms substitute for one or more hydrogen atoms in the compound's structure, e.g., methylene chloride and 1,1,1trichloromethane. Commonly used in aerosol spray containers, in highway paint, for grease removal in manufacturing, dry cleaning, and other operations. The substituted chlorine makes the compound less flammable than the nonsubstituted equivalent, but more toxic (NavyIEnv-04).
Chlorinated solvent: An organic solvent containing chlorine atoms (e.g., methylene chloride and 1,l,l -trichloromethane). Uses of chlorinated solvents include aerosol spray containers, in highway paint, and dry cleaning fluids (EPA-97/12). Chlorinated terphenyl: A chemical substance, CAS No. 6178833-6, comprised of chlorinated ortho-, meta-, and paraterphenyl (40CFR704.45-91). Chlorinated waste: The wastes that are composed primarily of organic compounds containing chlorine (ETI-92). Chlorination break point: See break point of chlorination. Chlorination: Adding chlorine to water or wastewater, generally for the purpose of disinfection, but frequently for accomplishing other biological or chemical results. Chlorine also is used almost universally in manufacturing processes, particularly for the plastics industry (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Chlorination: The application of chlorine to drinking water, sewage, or industrial waste to disinfect or to oxidize undesirable compounds (EPA-97/12). Other chlorination-related terms include (1) Break point chlorination and (2) Free residual chlorination. Chlorinator: A device that adds chlorine, in gas or liquid form, to water or sewage to kill infectious bacteria (EPA-97/12). Chlorine (CI): (1) A halogen element with atomic number 17; atomic weight 35.45; density 1.56 glcc; melting point 101.0 C and boiling point -34.7 C. The element belongs to group VIIA of the periodic table. (2) The total residual chlorine present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.65 1-91). Chlorine (Cl): Chlorine-related terms include (1) Available chlorine; (2) Combined chlorine; (3) Combined available residual chlorine; (4) Free chlorine; (5) Free available chlorine; (6) Free residual chlorine; (7) Residual chlorine; (8) Total residual chlorine; and (9) Total residual oxidants for intake water with bromide (see total residual chlorine).
The difference between the amount of chlorine applied to a treated supply and the amount of free, combined, or total available chlorine remaining at the end of the contact period. The chlorine demand is determined by the amount of oxidizable material present in the water (DOI-70104). (3) The difference between the amount of chlorine added to water or wastewater and the amount of residual chlorine remaining at the end of a specified contact period (LBL-76107-water).
Chlorine dioxide (ClO3: A chemical used in pulp bleaching as a water solution, usually in one or more of the latter stages of a multistage sequence. It is prepared by a variety of processes at the plant site usually from sodium chlorate, acid, and a reducing agent (EPA-87/10). Chlorine dioxide with d. 3.09 glcc; melting point 59.5 C and boiling point 9.9 C is a poisonous green gas that is even a stronger oxidizing agent than chlorine. Chlorine emergency plan (CHLOREP): CHLOREP is operated by the Chlorine Institute. A 24-hour mutual aid program. Response is activated by a Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC) call to the designated CHLOREP contact, who notifies the appropriate team leader, based upon CHLOREP's geographical sector assignments for teams. The team leader in turn calls the emergency caller at the incident scene and determines what advice and assistance are needed. The team leader then decides whether or not to dispatch his team to the scene (NRT87/03). Chlorinity: A measurement of the content of chlorine and other halogen elements in a solution. Chlorofluorocarbon (CPC): (1) Organic compounds containing chlorine andlor fluorine atoms within the molecule (EPA-8187b). (2) A family of inert, nontoxic, and easily liquified chemicals used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, insulation, or as solvents and aerosol propellants. Because CFCs are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere they drift into the upper atmosphere where their chlorine components destroy ozone (EPA-97/12).
Chlorine contact tank: In leather industry, a detention basin designed to allow sufficient time for the diffusion and reaction of chlorine in a liquid for disinfection purposes (EPA-82/11).
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC): A compound consisting of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. CFCs are very stable in the troposphere. They move to the stratosphere and are broken down by strong ultraviolet light, where they release chlorine atoms that then deplete the ozone layer. CFCs are commonly used as refrigerants, solvents, and foam blowing agents. The most common CFCs are CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, and CFC-115. The ozone depletion potential (ODP) for each CFC is, respectively, 1, 1, 0.8, 1, and 0.6. A table of all ozone-depleting substances shows their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers. CFCs are numbered according to a standard scheme. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provides more detailed information about CFCs on their website (including graphs of their abundance in the atmosphere) (CAAIozone-04).
Chlorine demand: (1) The quantity of chlorine absorbed by wastewater (or water) in a given length of time (EPA-82111f). (2)
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC): A family of chemicals commonly used in air conditioners and refrigerators as coolants and also as
Chlorine (CI): A halogen that can substitute for hydrogen in many organic compounds. The resulting compounds are generally less flammable but highly toxic and persistent in the environment (NavyIEnv-04). Chlorine contact chamber: That part of a water treatment plant where effluent is disinfected by chlorine (EPA-97/12).
solvents and aerosol propellants. CFCs drift into the upper atmosphere where their chlorine components destroy ozone. CFCs are thought to be a major cause of the ozone hole over Antarctica (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC): A family of inert, nontoxic, and easily liquefied chemicals used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, and insulation, or as solvents and aerosol propellants. Because CFCs are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere they drift into the upper atmosphere where their chlorine components destroy ozone (MWTNmedical-04). Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC): Any of various compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine used as refrigerants. CFCs are now thought to be harmful to the earth's atmosphere (CAA/C02gas1-04). Chlorofluorocarbon:A class of volatile compounds consisting of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. Commonly called freons, which have been in refrigeration mechanisms, as blowing agents in the fabrication of flexible and rigid foams, and, until banned from use several years ago, as propellants in spray cans (CWAIWbasics-04). Chloroform (or trichloromathane, CHC13): A colorless solvent used in fire extinguishers. Chlorophenol: Any compounds resulting from the reaction of phenol and chlorine. Chlorophenoxy: A class of herbicides that may be found in domestic water supplies and cause adverse health effects (EPA97/12). Chlorophyll: One of two pigments (chlorophyll a (C55H7205N4Mg) and chlorophyll b (C55H7006N4Mg)) responsible for the green color of plants and for the process of photosynthesis. Chlorosis: Discoloration of normally green plant parts caused by disease, lack of nutrients, or various air pollutants (EPA-97/12). Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE): Family of polymers produced by the reaction of polyethylene with chlorine and sulphur dioxide. Present polymers contain 23.5 to 43% chlorine and 1.0 to 1.4% sulphur. A low water absorption grade is identified as significantly different from standard grades (EPA9 1/05). Chlorosulfonated polyethylene-reinforced(CSPE-R): Sheets of CSPE with an encapsulated fabric reinforcement layer, called a scrim (EPA-91/05). Chlorotrifluoromethane (monochlorotrifluoromethane, or trifluorochloromethane, CCIF3): A colorless gas used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants.
Chock: Large hydraulic jacks used to support roof in longwall and shortwall mining systems (CWNmining-04). Choke pull-OM:See vacuum break (40CFR85.2122(a)(l)(ii)(F)91). Cholinesterase: An enzyme found in animals that regulates nerve impulses. Cholinesterase inhibition is associated with a variety of acute symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps, and rapid heart rate (EPA-97/12). CHP: Chemical Hygiene Plan. Required by OSHA, a statement of laboratory work practices written by each employer (MWTAIinfectious-04). Chromate conversion coating: A protective coating formed by an immersing metal in an aqueous acidified solution consisting substantially of chromic acid or water soluble salts of chromic acid together with various catalysts or activators (EPA-83/06a). Chromate: See chromium. Chromatid type aberration: The damage expressed as breakage of single chromatids or breakage andlor reunion between chromatids (40CFR798.5300-91,see also 40CFR798.5385-91). Chromatizing: To treat or impregnate with a chromate (salt of ester of chromic acid) or dichromate, especially with potassium dichromate (EPA-83106a). Chromatography (or column chromatography): A method of separation (of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances), based on adsorbing the gases, vapors, or substances of a mixture and then driving each off, one by one. This permits the separation of the mixture into individual compounds. A detector is usually employed to identifylquantify the separated components (cf. mass spectrometer) (EPA-84/09). The method involves packing a tube with stationary phase materials (adsorbing materials; e.g., alumina). The sample (moving phase) is injected into the column and is continuously washed through with a solvent. Different components of the sample are adsorbed to different extends and move down the column at different rates. Chromatography (or column chromatography): For more related terms, see (1) Capillary gas chromatography; (2) Column chromatography (see chromatography); (3) Ion exchange chromatography; (4) Liquid chromatography; and (5) Thin layer chromatography. Chrome pickle process: A process of forming a corrosionresistant oxide film on the surface of magnesium base metals by immersion in a bath of an alkaline bichromate (EPA-83106a). Chrome pigment: The chrome yellow, chrome orange, molybdate chrome orange, anhydrous and hydrous chromium oxide, chrome green, and zinc yellow (40CFR415.341-91).
Chrome sand (or chrome-iron ore): A dark material containing dark brown streaks with sub-metallic to metallic luster. Usually found as grains disseminated in perioditite rocks. Used in the preparation of molds (EPA-85llOa). Chrome tan: The process of converting hide into leather using a form of chromium (40CFR425.02-91).
Chromogen: A reagent which produces a colored product (LBL 76107-water). Chromophore: An element that provides color in a dye. Chromosome mutation: The chromosomal changes resulting from breakage and reunion of chromosomes. Chromosomal mutations are also produced through nondisjunction of chromosomes during cell division (40CFR798.5955-91).
Chromic acid (H2Cr04):A hydrate of Cr03. Chromite flour: Chrome sand ground to 200 mesh or finer which can be used as a filler material for mold coatings for steel castings (EPA-8511Oa). Chromite: Chrome iron ore, FeCb04 (EPA-82/05). Chromium (Cr): (1) Chromium is a hard transition metal with atomic number 24; atomic weight 51.99; density 7.19 g/cc; melting point 1875 C and boiling point 2665 C and belongs to group VIB of the periodic table. (2) The total chromium present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (cf. heavy metals) (40CFR415.661-91, see also 40CFR420.02; 428.101-91). (3) See heavy metals (EPA-97/12).
Chromosome type aberration: The changes which result from damage expressed in both sister chromatids at the same time (40CFR798.5300-91,see also 40CFR798.5385-91). Chromosome: (1) Cellular elements regarded as the carriers of hereditary characteristics (LBL-76107-bio). (2) A rodlike structure in the nucleus of a cell that forms during mitosis; composed of DNA and protein; chromosomes contain the genes responsible for heredity. It is a gene carrier (Course 165.6). Chronic daily intake (CDI): Exposure expressed as mass of a substance contacted per unit body weight per unit time averaged over a long period of time (as a Superfund program guideline, seven years to a lifetime) mg/kg/day (NavyIEnv-04).
Chromium (Cr): A heavy metal that exists naturally as the trivalent (111) form and is man-made in the hexavalent (VI) form. It is used in making chrome-steel and chrome-nickel-steel alloys, chrome plating of metals, brick lining for high-temperature industrial furnaces, dyes, pigments, leather, wood preservatives, and cooling tower water treatment. The ultimate fate of chromium is to settle into sediments; however, it is slightly soluble and can persist in the water column for years before settling. In soil, chromium (111) tends to adhere to soil particles whereas chromium (VI) does not. This process depends on the pH and redox state of the soil. Chromium (111) is not very toxic because it does not bioaccumulate and generally does not penetrate biological membranes. However, chromium (VI) is considered more toxic because of its high oxidizing potential and it can penetrate biological membranes. Dermal contact with chromic acid or chromium salts can cause lesions and ulcers. Chromium is a Group B, human carcinogen by inhalation. See heavy metals (NavyIEnv-04).
Chronic effect: An adverse effect on a human or animal in which symptoms recur frequently or develop slowly over a long period of time (MWTNmedical-04).
Chromium (Cr): Major chromium compounds include chromate: A salt containing ion (cro4)-'; Dichromate (VI): A salt containing ion (Cr207)-;and cf. total chromium.
Chronic effect: An adverse effect on any living organism in which symptoms develop slowly over a long period of time or recur frequently (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Chromium catalyst: Plating bath constituent that in small amounts makes possible the continuing capability to electrodeposit chromium. Usually fluoride, fluorosilicate, andlor sulfate (EPA-74103d).
Chronic exposure (or chronic dose): (1) Doses repeatedly received by a body over a long period of time (Course 165.5). (2) Multiple exposures occumng over an extended period of time, or a significant fraction of the animal's or the individual's lifetime (EPA-90108; 92112).
Chromium VI (or hexavalent chromium): The value obtained by the method specified in 40CFR136.3 (40CFR420.02-91).
Chronic dose: See chronic exposure. Chronic effect: (1) An effect that is manifest after some time has elapsed from initial exposure (EPA-92/12). (2) Multiple exposures occumng over an extended period of time or over a significant fraction of an animal's or human's lifetime (usually seven years to a lifetime) (EPA-97/12). Chronic effect: Chronic effect-related terms include (1) Acute effect and (2) Serious chronic effect. Chronic effect: An adverse effect on a human or animal in which symptoms recur frequently or develop slowly over a long period of time (Navy/Env-04).
Chronic exposure: Contact with a substance that occurs over a long time (more than one year) (compare with acute exposure and intermediate duration exposure) (SFhealth-04). Chronic exposure: Continuous or repeated exposure to a hazardous substance over a long period of time (SFIremedy-04). Chronic exposure: Multiple exposures occurring over an extended period of time or over a significant fraction of an animal's or human's lifetime (usually seven years to a lifetime) (EPA-97/12). Chronic health effect: The possible result of exposure over many years to a drinking water contaminant at levels above its maximum contaminant level (SDWNReg-04). Chronic nephritis: Chronic inflammation of the kidneys (LBL 76107-bio). Chronic study: A toxicity study designed to measure the (toxic) effects of chronic exposure to a chemical (EPA-92/12). Chronic toxicity endpoints (CTE): Results, such as a no observed effect concentration, lowest observed effect concentration, effect concentration, and inhibition concentration based on observations of reduced reproduction, growth, andlor survival from life cycle, partial life cycle, and early life stage tests with aquatic animal species (EPA-91/03). Chronic toxicity test: A method used to determine the concentration of a substance in water that produces an adverse effect on a test organism over an extended period of time. In this test guideline, mortality and reproduction (and optionally, growth) are the criteria of toxicity (40CFR797.1330-91, see also 40CFR797.1950-91).
Chronic: (1) Chronic means long. Occurring over a long period of time, either continuously or intermittently; used to describe ongoing exposures and effects that develop only after a long exposure (Course 165.6). (2) Characterized by a slow progressive course of indefinite duration, usually especially of degenerative invasive diseases, some infections, psychoses, inflammations, and the carrier state (LBL76107-bio). Chronic: A stimulus that lingers or continues for a relatively long period of time, often one-tenth of the life span or more. Chronic should be considered a relative term depending on the life span of an organism. The measurement of a chronic effect can be reduced growth, reduced reproduction, etc., in addition to lethality (CWNwastewater-04). Chronic: Occurring over a long time (compare with acute) (SFhealth-04). Chrysene: See polycyclic (CWNWbasics-04).
aromatic hydrocarbon
(PAH)
Chrysocolla: Hydrated copper silicate, CuSi03.2H20 (EPA82/05). Chrysotile: A metamorphic mineral, an asbestos, the fibrous variety of serpentine. A silicate of magnesium, with silica tetrahedra arranged in sheets (EPA-82/05). Chute fed incinerator: An incinerator that is charged through a chute that extends two or more floors above it. See incinerator for more related terms. (SW-108ts). Cienaga: A marshy area where the ground is wet due to the presence of seepage or springs (CWNWbasics-04). CIH: Certified Industrial Hygienist (MWTNinfectious-04).
Chronic toxicity: (1) The lowest concentration of a constituent causing observable effects (i.e., considering lethality, growth, reduced reproduction, etc.) over a relatively long period of time, usually a 28-day test period for small fish test species (40CFR131.35-91, see also 40CFR300-App/A-91). (2) See toxicity for more related terms.
Cinchona: An alkaloid-containing bark of trees. Cinder: Another name for slag (cf. slag) (EPA-74106a). Cinnabar: Mercury sulfide, HgS (EPA-82/05).
Chronic toxicity: The ability of a toxic substance to cause adverse health effects from repeated exposure over a relatively prolonged period of time (TSCNchemical-04).
Circle of influence: The circular outer edge of a depression produced in the water table by the pumping of water from a well. See cone of influence, cone of depression (EPA-97/12).
Chronic toxicity: The capacity of a substance to cause long-term poisonous health effects in humans, animals, fish, and other organisms. See acute toxicity (cf. toxicity, acute) (EPA-97/12).
Circle of influence: The circular outer edge of the depression produced in the water table by pumping water from a well. See cone of influence, cone of depression (NavyIEnv-04).
Chronic toxicity: The effects of long term or repeated low level exposures to a toxic substance (cancer, liver damage, reproductive disorders, etc.) (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Circuit breaker: A device capable of making, carrying, and breaking currents under normal or abnormal circuit conditions (EPA-83/03).
Circulating bed combustor: The circulating bed combustor (CBC) uses high velocity air to entrain circulating solids in a highly turbulent combustion loop. The combustion chamber is typically 30 ft high and has a 12 in. thick ceramic liner. Solid feed is introduced into the combustor loop at the loop seal where it immediately contacts the hot re-circulating solids stream exiting the hot cyclone. Liquid feeds are typically injected directly into the combustion zone of the CBC. Upon entering the CBC, hazardous materials are rapidly heated and continue to be exposed to high temperatures (1450 to 1600 F) throughout their stay in the CBC. Residence times in the combustor range from 2 seconds for gases to 30 minutes for larger feed materials ( 4 . 0 in.). The high combustion air velocity for circulating solids create a uniform temperature (+I- 50 F) around the combustion loop (combustion chamber, hot cyclone, return leg), reportedly resulting in extremely efficient combustion and eliminating the need for an afterburner. During operation, ash is periodically removed from the CBC by means of a water-cooled ash removal system. The hot gas leaving the cyclone is cooled in a flue gas cooler and particulates escaping the cyclone are collected in fabric filter baghouses. See incinerator for more related terms. (Lee-88/08). Circulating fluidized bed combustor: A fluidized bed combustor in which the majority of the fluidized bed material is camed out of the primary combustion zone and is transported back to the primary zone through a re-circulation loop. See fluidized bed combustion for more related terms. (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Circulating water pump: A pump which delivers cooling water to the condensers of a power plant (EPA-8211 If). Circulating water system: A system which conveys cooling water from its source to the main condensers and then to the point of discharge. See cooling water for more related terms. (EPA8211If). Circumneutral: Said of water with a pH between 5.5 and 7.4; pH modifier used in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service wetland classification system (CWAIWbasics-04). Cirque: A deep, steep-walled, half-bowllike recess or hollow situated high on the side of a mountain and commonly at the head of a glacial valley; and produced by the erosive activity of mountain glaciers (CWAIWbasics-04). Cis 1,2-Dichloroethene, (or cis 1,2-DCE): A biological breakdown product of the more halogenated forms of ethene, tetrachloroethene, and trichloroethene. Also used as an industrial solvent and is volatile (NavyIEnv-04). Cis: In a chiral (directional) organic compound, the prefix cis indicates that the substituted atoms are on the same side of the compound. For example, in cis I ,2-Dichloroethene, the chlorine atoms are on the same side of the carbon to carbon double bond. The presence or absence of cis or trans compounds can indicate
whether biological activity or abiotic, chemical reactions have taken place in the environment. See trans (Navy/Env-04).
Cistern: Small tank or storage facility used to store water for a home or farm; often used to store rainwater (EPA-97/12). Citraturia: The presence in the urine of citric acid. The term usually implies the presence of increased quantities of citric acid in the urine (LBL-76107-bio). Citric acid (C6HsO7-H20):A white crystalline acid mainly present in citrus fruits. Citrus pulp (dried) citrus peel (dried): Chopped peel, seeds, and other non-juice parts of the fruit that have been limed and dried for cattle feed (EPA-74/03). City fuel economy test: See federal test procedure (40CFR610.11-91). City fuel economy: The fuel economy determined by operating a vehicle (or vehicles) over the driving schedule in the federal emission test procedure (40CFR600.002.85-91).
Ci action: A formal lawsuit, filed in court, against a person who has either failed to comply with a statutory or regulatory requirement or an administrative order, or against a person who has contributed to a release of hazardous waste or hazardous constituents (RCRAhazardous-04). Civil action: In RCRA, a law suit filed in court against a person who has either failed to comply with statutory or regulatory requirements or an administrative order or has contributed to a release of hazardous wastes or constituents. There are four types of civil actions: compliance, corrective, monitoring and analysis, and imminent hazard (cf administrative order) (EPA-86/01). Civil penalties: Financial or administrative penalties assessed on an entity for its failure to comply with legal requirements (OMBIReg-04). Cladding (or metal cladding): (1) The art of producing a composite metal containing two or more layers that have been metallurgically bonded together by roll bonding (co-rolling), solder application (or brazing), or explosion bonding (40CFR471.02-91). (2) In a reactor, the material that covers each tubular fuel and target assembly (DOE-91/04). Claim: (1) A request, made in writing for a sum certain, for compensation for damages or removal costs resulting from an incident (OPA1001-91, see also SF101; 40CFR14.2; 27.2; 35.6015; 211.203; 300.5; 304.12-91). (2) See business confidentiality claim (40CFR2.201-91).
Claimant: Any person or government who presents a claim for compensation under this title (OPA1001, see also SFIOI; 40CFR350.1-91). Clamshell bucket: A bucket attachment for a crane. The bucket has two sides that come together when picking up material (RCRAImanagement-04). Clamshell bucket: A vessel used to hoist and convey materials. It has two jaws that clamp together when the vessel is lifted by specially attached cables (SW- 108ts). Clarification: Clearing action that occurs during wastewater treatment when solids settle out. This is often aided by centrifugal action and chemically induced coagulation in wastewater (EPA97/12). Clarifier: A tank in which solids are settled to the bottom and are subsequently removed as sludge (EPA-97/12). Clarifier: For more related terms see Green liquor clarifier; (2) Mechanical clarifier; Primary clarifier; Primary sedimentation tank (see primary clarifier); Primary settling tank (see primary clarifier); Secondary clarifier; Secondary settling tank (see secondary clarifier); Secondary sedimentation tank (see secondary clarifier). Clarity: Degree of opacity due to the suspended particles in a solution (liquid). Clark process: One of methods for softening water in which calcium hydroxide is used to convert (neutralize) acid carbonates into normal carbonates. Class 1E: The safety classification of the electric equipment and systems that are essential to emergency reactor shutdown, containment isolation, reactor core cooling and containment, and reactor heat removal or that are otherwise essential in preventing a significant release of radioactive material to the environment (DOE-91/04). Class A facility: A facility engaged in administrative activities considered essential to the overall direction and continuity of the protection program; engaged in research and development, manufacture, production, assembly, or storage of nuclear weapons, weapon assemblies, or military reactors; engaged in major research and development in uranium enrichment or operation of major uranium enrichment facilities; involved in research and development, manufacture, production, or assembly of nonnuclear weapon components, assemblies, and parts essential to the weapons or military reactor programs; or receiving, handling, or storing Top Secret documents (exclusive of keying material for secure communications) over an extended period. Or, a facility that possesses specified quantities of special nuclear material (DOE-91/04).
Class A low-level radioactive waste: Radioactive wastes that lose their radioactive hazard through the process of natural radioactive decay in less than 100 years. They must be solid and packaged in strong, tight containers for disposal (Envirocare00109). Class B low-level radioactive waste: Radioactive wastes that lose their radioactive hazard through the process of natural radioactive decay in less than 300 years. They must be stabilized or packaged in High Integrity containers, certified for containment of the wastes for at least 300 years (Envirocare-00109). Class C low-level radioactive waste: Radioactive wastes that lose their radioactive hazard through the process of natural radioactive decay in less than 500 years. As is true with Class B wastes, they must be stabilized, or packaged in High Integrity containers, certified for containment of the wastes for at least 300 years. Additionally, special barriers are required at the disposal site to prevent inadvertent contact with the waste for 500 years (Envirocare-00109). Class I area: Under the Clean Air Act, a Class I area is one in which visibility is protected more stringently than under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards; includes national parks, wilderness area, monuments, and other areas of special national and cultural significance (EPA-97/12). Class I landfill disposal site: That complete protection is provided for all time for the quality of ground and surface waters from all wastes deposited therein and against hazard to public health and wildlife resources. See landfill for more related terms (EPA-83). Class I sludge management facility: Any POTW (public owned treatment works) identified under 40CFR403.8(a) as being required to have an approved pretreatment program (including such POTWs located in a state that has elected to assume local program responsibilities pursuant to 40CFR403.10(e)) and any other treatment works treating domestic sewage classified as a Class I sludge management facility by the Regional Administrator, or, in the case of approved state programs, the Regional Administrator in conjunction with the State Director, because of the potential for its sludge use or disposal practices to adversely affect public health and the environment (40CFR122.2-91). Class I substance: Each of the substances listed as provided in section 602(a) (CAA601-42U.S.C.7671-91). Class I substance: One of several groups of chemicals with an ozone-depletion potential of 0.2 or higher Class I substances listed in the CAA include CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform. EPA later added HBFCs and methyl bromide to the list by regulation. A table of class I substances shows their lifetime ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers (CAAIozone-04).
Class I substance: One of several groups of chemicals with an ozone depletion potential of 0.2 or higher, including: CFCs; Halons; Carbon tetrachloride; Methyl chloroform (listed in the Clean Air Act), HBFCs, and Ethyl bromide (added by EPA regulations). (See global warming potential) (EPA-97/12). Class I1 landfill disposal site: That protection is provided to water quality from Group 2 and Group 3 wastes. The types of physical features and the extent of protection of groundwater quality can divide class I1 sites into several categories. Mixed municipal refuse is usually in Class 11. See landfill for more related terms (EPA-83). Class I1 substance: A chemical with an ozone-depletion potential of less than 0.2. Currently, all of the HCFCs are class I1 substances. Lists of class I1 substances with their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers are available (CAAIozone-04). Class I1 substance: A substance with an ozone depletion potential of less than 0.2. All HCFCs are currently included in this classification. (See global warming potential) (EPA-97/12). Class I1 substance: Each of the substances listed as provided in section 602(b) (CAA601-42U.S.C.7671-91). Class I1 well: The wells which inject fluids: (1) Which are brought to the surface in connection with conventional oil or natural gas production and may be commingled with waste waters from gas plants which are an integral part of production operations, unless those waters would be classified as a hazardous waste at the time of injection; (2) For enhanced recovery of oil or natural gas; and (3) For storage of hydrocarbons which are liquid at standard temperature and pressure. (4) See well for more related terms. (40CFR147.2902-91).
Class: A group of vehicles which are identical in all material aspects with respect to the parameters listed in 40CFR205.155 of this subpart (40CFR86.402.78-91, see also 40CFR205.15 1-91). Classification of railroads: The division of railroad industry operating companies by the Interstate Commerce Commission into three categories. As of 1, Class I railroads must have annual revenues of $50 million or greater, Class I1 railroads must have annual revenues of between $10 and $50 million and Class 111 railroads must have less than $10 million in annual revenues (4OCFR201.1-91). Classification: The separation and rearrangement of waste materials according to composition (e.g., organic or inorganic), size, weight, color, shape, the like, etc. using specialized equipment (OME-88/12). Classified information: The official information which has been assigned a security classification category in the interest of the national defense or foreign relations of the United States (40CFR11.4-91). Classified material: Any document, apparatus, model, film, recording, or any other physical object from which classified information can be derived by study, analysis, observation, or use of the material involved (40CFR11.4-91). Classified waste: Waste material that has been given security classification in accordance with 50U.S.C.401 and Executive Order 11652. See waste for more related terms (40CFR246.10191).
Class T3: All aircraft gas turbine engines of the JT3D model family (40CFR87.1-91).
Classifier (or grit washer): (1) A machine or device for separating the constituents of a material according to relative sizes and densities; thus facilitating concentration and treatment. Classifiers are also used to separate sand from slime, water from sand, and water from slime. It is used in particular where an upward current of water is used to remove fine particles form coarser materials. (2) In mineral dressing, a device that takes the ball-mill discharge and separates it into two portions--the finished product, which is ground as fine as desired, and oversize material (EPA-82/05).
Class T8: All aircraft gas turbine engines of the JT8D model family (40CFR87.1-91).
Classifier (or grit washer): Classifier-related terms include (1) Air classifier; (2) Rake classifier; and (3) Spiral classifier.
Class TF: All turbofan or turbojet aircraft engines except engines of Class T3, T8, and TSS (40CFR87.1-91).
Clastic rock: A consolidated sedimentary rock composed of broken fragments that are derived from pre-existing rocks, e.g., sandstone, conglomerate, shale, etc. (Navy/Env-04).
Class I11 landfill disposal site: That protection is provided to water quality from Group 3 wastes (essentially the inert wastes) by location, construction, and operation which prevent erosion of deposited material. See landfill for more related terms. (EPA-83).
Class TP: All aircraft turboprop erines (40CFR87.1-91). Class TSS: All aircraft gas turbine engines employed for propulsion of aircraft designed to operate at supersonic flight speeds (40CFR87.1-91).
Clastic: Rock or sediment composed principally of broken fragments that are derived from preexisting rocks which have been transported from their place of origin, as in sandstone (CWANquality-04).
Clastic: Rock, such as sandstone, or sediment composed principally of broken fragments that are derived from preexisting rocks which have been transported from their place of origin (CWNWbasics-04). Claus sulfur recovery plant: A process unit which recovers sulfur from hydrogen sulfide by a vapor-phase catalytic reaction of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide (40CFR60.101-91). Clay mineral analysis: The estimation or determination of the kinds of clay-size minerals and the amount present in a sediment or soil (40CFR796.2750-91). Clay soil: Soil material containing more than 40% clay, less than 45% sand, and less than 40% silt (EPA-97/12). Clay vein: A body of clay-like material that fills a void in a coal bed (CWNmining-04). Clay: (1) Aluminum silicates less than 0.002 mm (2.0 micro meter) in size. Because of their size, most clay types can go into colloidal suspension (EPA-87/10a). (2) A natural, earthy, fine-grained material which develops plasticity (putty-like properties) when wetted, but is hard when baked or fired. Used as filler and for coating paper sheets (EPA-87/10, see also EPA-83; SW-108ts). Clay: (1) Natural material with plastic (flowing) properties; (2) A composition of particles of very fine size grades; and (3) A composition of crystalline fragments of hydrous-aluminum silicate or hydrous-magnesium silicate minerals (NavyEnv-04). Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1970: See Act or CAA. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990: A comprehensive set of amendments to the federal law governing the nation's air quality. The Clean Air Act was originally passed in 1970 to address significant air pollution problems in our cities. The 1990 amendments broadened and strengthened the original law to address specific problems such as acid deposition, urban smog, hazardous air pollutants, and stratospheric ozone depletion (CWNmining-04). Clean air standards: Any enforceable rules, regulations, guidelines, standards, limitations, orders, controls, prohibitions, or other requirements which are contained in, issued under, or otherwise adopted pursuant to the CAA or Executive Order 11738, an applicable implementation plan as described in section 110(d) of the CAA, and approved implementation procedure or plan under section 11l(c) or section I1 l(d), respectively, of the CAA or an approved implementation procedure under section 112(d) of the CAA (40CFR15.4-91). Clean air: The air of such purity that it will not cause h m or discomfort to an individual if it is inhaled for extended periods of time (29CFR1910.94a-91).
Clean alternative fuel: Any fuel (including methanol, ethanol, or other alcohols (including any mixture thereof containing 85% or more by volume of such alcohol with gasoline or other fuels), reformulated gasoline, diesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen) or power source (including electricity) used in a clean-fuel vehicle that complies with the standards and requirements applicable to such vehicle under this title when using such fuel or power source. In the case of any flexible fuel vehicle or dual fuel vehicle, the term "clean alternative fuel" means only a fuel with respect to which such vehicle was certified as a cleanfuel vehicle meeting the standards applicable to clean-fuel vehicles under section 243(d)(2) when operating on clean alternative fuel (or any CARB standards which replaces such standards pursuant to section 243(e)) (CAA24 1-42U.S.C.758 1). Clean area: A controlled environment which is maintained and monitored to assure a low probability of asbestos contamination to materials in that space. Clean areas used in this method have HEPA filtered air under positive pressure and are capable of sustained operation with an open laboratory blank which on subsequent analysis has an average of less than 18 structures/mm2 in an area of 0.057 mm2 (nominally 10 200-mesh grid openings) and a maximum of 53 structures/mm2for any single preparation for that same area (40CFR763-AA-5-91). Clean closure: The process of completely removing all waste that was treated, stored, or disposed in a hazardous waste unit (RCRAkazardous-04). Clean coal technologies: A number of innovative, new technologies designed to use coal in a more efficient and costeffective manner while enhancing environmental protection. Several promising technologies include fluidized-bed combustion, integrated gasification combined cycle, limestone injection multistage burner, enhanced flue gas desulfurization (or "scrubbing"), coal liquefaction, and coal gasification (CWNmining-04). Clean coal technology: Any technology not in widespread use prior to the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990. This Act will achieve significant reductions in pollutants associated with the burning of coal (EPA-97/12). Clean development mechanism (CDM): A Kyoto Protocol program that enables industrialized countries to finance emissionsavoiding projects in developing countries and receive credit for reductions achieved against their own emissions limitation targets. See Kyoto Protocol (CAA/C02gasl-04). Clean fuel vehicle: A vehicle in a class or category of vehicles which has been certified to meet for any model year the clean-fuel vehicle standards applicable under this part for that model year to clean-fuel vehicles in that class or category. See vehicle for more related terms. (CAA241-42U.S.C.7581-91).
Clean fuel: Blends or substitutes for gasoline fuels, including compressed natural gas, methanol, ethanol, and liquified petroleum gas (EPA-97/12). Clean fuel: Low-pollution fuels that can replace ordinary gasoline. These are alternative fuels, including gasohol (gasoline-alcohol mixtures), natural gas, and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) (CAAIair-04). Clean Water Act (CWA): See Act or CWA. Clean water standards: Any enforceable limitation, control, condition, prohibition, standard, or other requirement which is established pursuant to the CWA or contained in a permit issued to a discharger by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, or by a state under an approved program, as authorized by section 402 of the CWA, or by a local government to ensure compliance with pretreatment regulations as required by section 307 of the Clean Water Act (40CFRI 5.4-91). Cleaned steel can: Tin-coated or tin-free, hydraulically or mechanically compressed to the size, weight, and shape requirements of the customer. May include aluminum tops of beverage cans, but must be free of aluminum cans, loose tin or terne plate, dirt, garbage, non-ferrous metals (except those used in can construction), and non-metallics of any kind (EPA-83). Cleaner technologies substitutes assessment: A document that systematically evaluates the relative risk, performance, and cost trade-offs of technological alternatives; serves as a repository for all the technical data (including methodology and results) developed by a DfE or other pollution prevention or education project (EPA-97/12). Cleaner: A device which creates a cyclone effect to remove dirt and other rejects from pulp using the differences in density to aid in separation (EPA-87/10). Cleaning (or etching): (1) A chemical solution bath and a rinse or series of rinses designed to produce a desired surface finish on the workpiece. This term includes air pollution control scrubbers which are sometimes used to control fumes from chemical solution baths. Conversion coating and anodizing when performed as an integral part of the aluminum forming operations are considered cleaning or etching operations. When conversion coating or anodizing are covered here they are not subject to regulation under the provisions of 40CFR433, Metal Finishing (40CFR467.02-91). (2) A process where material is removed by chemical action (EPA-83106a). Cleaning agent and degreaser (or cleaning solvent): Solvents used to clean oil and grease or dirt from the surface of a metal. Common cleaning and degreasing agents include ethylene dichloride, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene (EPA-85110a). Cleaning solvent: See cleaning agent and degreaser.
Cleaning water: The process water used to clean the surface of an intermediate or final plastic product or to clean the surfaces of equipment used in plastics molding and forming that contact an intermediate or final plastic product. It includes water used in both the detergent wash and rinse cycles of a cleaning process. See water for more related terms (40CFR463.2-91). Cleanout door: Openings in the primary and secondary chamber that are used to remove ash. Cleanout/inspection door: A door in the primary or secondary combustion chamber which can be opened when an incinerator is shut down for either removing ash or inspecting refractory conditions (EPA-89103b). Cleanup level: The residual concentration of a hazardous substance in a medium that is determined to be protective of human health and the environment under specified exposure conditions (NavyJEnv-04). Cleanup technology: A technology that is the whole or part of a treatment train to clean up hazardous waste sites (Navy/Env-04). Cleanup: Actions taken to deal with a release or threat of release of a hazardous substance that could affect humans andlor the environment. The term cleanup is sometimes used interchangeably with the terms remedial action, removal action, response action, or corrective action (EPA-97/12). Clear coating: The coatings that lack color and opacity or are transparent using the undercoat as a reflectant base or undertone color (40CFR52.741-91). Clear cut: Harvesting all the trees in one area at one time; a practice that can encourage fast rainfall or snowmelt runoff, erosion, sedimentation of streams and lakes, and flooding, and destroys vital habitat (EPA-97/12). Clear topcoat: The final coating which contains binders, but not opaque pigments, and is specifically formulated to form a transparent or translucent solid protective film (40CFR52.741-91). Clear well: A reservoir for storing filtered water of sufficient quantity to prevent the need to vary the filtration rate with variations in demand. Also used to provide chlorine contact time for disinfection (EPA-97/12). Cleared reviews: The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) Science Reviews may contain information that registrants may claim as confidential, many times they must be cleared of this information before they can be released. Once they are cleared, OPP keeps them on file in case they are requested again and maintains a collection of 16,000 cleared science reviews collected from the different branches within OPP (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Clearing bath: A processing solution that removes most residual fixer from a processed film or paper prior to washing, minimizing the water requirement (EPA-80110).
Climatology: The science that deals with the climate and climatic phenomena (Navy/Env-04).
Clearinghouse: A location to serve as an information dissemination point (EPA-80108).
Climax community: A relatively stable ecological community in an area. The community will remain about the same under the current climate.
Cleat: The vertical cleavage of coal seams. The main set of joints along which coal breaks when mined (CWNmining-04).
Climograph: A climatic diagram to show climatic data such as annual rain and temperature distribution.
Climate change (also referred to as global climate change): The term "climate change" is sometimes used to refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, but because the earth's climate is never static, the term is more properly used to imply a significant change from one climatic condition to another. In some cases, "climate change" has been used synonymously with the term, "global warming;" scientists however, tend to use the term in the wider sense to also include natural changes in climate. (See global warming) (EPA-97/12).
Cline: The gradual change of characteristics exhibited by members of a series of adjacent populations of the same species.
Climate change: A term used to refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, but especially to significant change from one prevailing climatic condition to another. In some cases, "climate change" has been used synonymously with the term "global warming," scientists, however, tend to use the term in a wider sense inclusive of natural changes in climate, including climatic cooling (CAA/C02gas1-04).
Clinker: (1) Hard, sintered, or fused pieces of residue formed in a furnace by the agglomeration of ash, metals, glass, and ceramics (SW-108ts, see also EPA-83). (2) Lumps composed of tricalciumsilicate, dicalciumsilicate, tricalciumaluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite that form in the sintering zone of the cement kiln (ETI-92).
Clinical laboratory: A workplace where diagnostic or other screening procedures are performed on blood or other potentially infectious materials (29CFR1910). Clinical study: A study of humans suffering from symptoms induced by chemical exposure (Course 165.6).
Climate: The average course or condition of the weather over a period of years as exhibited by temperature, humidity, wind velocity, and precipitation (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Clinker: Powdered cement, produced by heating a properly proportioned mixture of finely ground raw materials (calcium carbonate, silica, alumina, and iron oxide) in a kiln to a temperature of about 2700 F (CAA/C02gas-04).
Climate: The sum total of the meteorological elements that characterize the average and extreme conditions of the atmosphere over a long period of time at any one place or region of the earth's surface (CWNWbasics-04).
Clinker: Powdered cement, produced by heating a properly proportioned mixture of finely ground raw materials (calcium carbonate, silica, alumina, and iron oxide) in a kiln to a temperature of about 2700 F (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Climate: The sum total of the meteorological elements that characterize the average and extreme condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time at any one place or region of the earth's surface. The collective state of the atmosphere at a given place or over a given area within a specified period of time (CWAhydrology-04).
Clipper: A machine which cuts veneer sheets to various sizes and also may remove defects (EPA-74/04).
Climatic year: A continuous 12-month period during which a complete annual cycle occurs, arbitrarily selected for the presentation of data relative to hydrologic or meteorological phenomena The climatic year is usually designated by the calendar year during which most of the 12 months occur (CWAhydrology-04). Climatological frequency distribution: A frequency distribution of climatological parameters such as wind direction sectors, wind speed classes, and diffusion categories, which is used in air quality simulation models for long term average (NATO-78110).
Clipping and forging: Metal scraps from industrial manufacturing plants such as aircraft and metal fabricators (EPA76/12). CLO: A unit to express the relative thermal insulation values of various clothing assemblies. 1 clo = 0.180 C m2 h C" (NIOSH84/10). Cloning: In biotechnology, obtaining a group of genetically identical cells from a single cell; making identical copies of a gene (EPA-97/12). Closed chain: See chain. Closed circuit apparatus: An apparatus of the type in which the exhalation is rebreathed by the wearer after the carbon dioxide has
been effectively removed and a suitable oxygen concentration restored from sources composed of compressed oxygen, chemical oxygen, or liquid-oxygen (NIOSH-84/10).
Closed circulating water system: (1) Any configuration of equipment in which any heat is transferred by circulating water that is contained within the equipment and not discharged to the air; chilled water loops are included. See cooling water for more related terms. (40CFR749.68-91). (2) A system which passes water through the condensers then through an artificial cooling device and keeps recycling it (EPA-8211If). (3) See cooling water for more related terms.
closed system, energy is allowed to cross its boundaries in various forms. When a closed system executes a cycle, the net amount of heat added to the system during the cycle is equal to the net amount of work done by the system. See thermodynamic system for more related terms. (Holman-69; Jones-p97).
Closed vent system: A system that is not open to the atmosphere and is composed of piping, connections, and, if necessary, flow inducing devices that transport gas or vapor from an emission source to a control device (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.481; 60.561; 60.691; 61.241; 61.341; 264.1031-91).
Closed course competition event: Any organized competition event covering an enclosed, repeated, or confined route intended for easy viewing of the entire route by all spectators. Such events include short track, dirt track, drag race, speedway, hillclimb, ice race, and the Bonneville Speed Trials (40CFR205.15 1-91).
Closeout: The final EPA or recipient actions taken to assure satisfactory completion of project work and to fulfill administrative requirements, including financial settlement submission of acceptable required final reports, and resolution of any outstanding issues under the cooperative agreement and/or Superfbnd State Contract (40CFR35.6015-91).
Closed formation: Formation of lead battery plates done with the plates already in the battery case (EPA-84/08).
Closing rpm: The engine speed in Figure 2 of Appendix I (40CFR205.15 1-91).
Closed loop caustic system: (1) A tank cleaning system which recycles and uses all of a secondary water rinse as make-up water for the caustic (EPA-79/12a). (2) A tank cleaning system which recycles a primary caustic rinse and uses all of a secondary water rinse as make-up water for the caustic (EPA-79/12b). (3) See caustic system for more related terms.
Closure period: The period of time beginning with the cessation, with respect to a waste impoundment, of uranium ore processing operations and ending with completion of requirements specified under a closure plan. See closure for more related terms. (40CFR192.31-91).
Closed loop evaporation system: A system used for the recovery of chemicals and water kom a chemical finishing process. An evaporator concentrates flow from the rinse water holding tank. The concentrates rinse solution is returned to the bath, and distilled water is returned to the final rinse tank. The system is designed for recovering 100% of chemicals normally lost in dragout for reuse in the process (EPA-83/06a). Closed loop recycling: Reclaiming or reusing wastewater for non-potable purposes in an enclosed process (EPA-97/12). Closed loop rinsing: The recirculation of rinse water without the introduction of additional make-up water (EPA-83/06a). Closed portion (facility): The portion of a facility which an owner or operator has closed in accordance with the approved facility closure plan and all applicable closure requirements (see facility for more related terms, see also active portion and inactive portion) (40CFR260.10-91). Closed steaming: A method of steaming in which the steam required is generated in the retort by passing steam through heating coils that are covered with water. The water used for this purpose is recycled (EPA-74/04). Closed system: A thermodynamic system that no mass crosses its boundaries as the system changes from one state to another. In a
Closure plan: Documentation prepared to guide the deactivation, stabilization, and surveillance of a waste management unit or facility under RCRA (NavyIEnv-04). Closure plan: The plan required under 40CFR264.112 of this chapter. See closure for more related terms. (40CFR192.3 1-91, see also 40CFR264.141; 265.141-91). Closure problem: In the Eulerian description for mean turbulent quantities, more unknown terms are present than the number of equations. These additional terms originate from cross correlations between turbulent quantities (e.g., Reynolds stresses). The term indicates that these extra terms must be expressed as function of the other terms in the equation in order to make a solution of the equation possible (NATO-78/10). Closure: The act of securing a Hazardous Waste Management facility pursuant to the requirements of 40CFR264 (40CFR270.291). Other closure-related terms include (1) Closure period; (2) Closure plan; (3) Final closure; (4) Partial closure; (5) Postclosure; (6) Post-closure plan; (7) Current closure cost estimate; and (8) Current post-closure cost estimate. Closure: The procedure a landfill operator must follow when a landfill reaches its legal capacity for solid waste: ceasing acceptance of solid waste and placing a cap on the landfill site (EPA-97/12).
Closure: The procedure that a solid or hazardous waste management facility undergoes to cease operations and ensure protection of human health and the environment in the future (RCRA/hazardous-04). Closure: The regulatory process of deactivating, stabilizing, and or decontaminating waste management units or facilities under RCRA (NavyIEnv-04). Cloud condensation nuclei: Aerosol particles that provide a platform for the condensation of water vapor, resulting in clouds with higher droplet concentrations and increased albedo (CAA/C02gas-04). Cloud seeding: A technique to add certain substances to an atmosphere to convert cloud into rain. Cloud: A visible dispersion occupying a discrete portion of space, with apparent boundaries (EPA-83/06). Cloud: In acoustical industry terms, an acoustical panel suspended in a horizontal position from ceiling/roof structure. Similar to baffle but in a horizontal position (NCAIsound-04). Cloudburst: A torrential downpour of rain, which by its spottiness and relatively high intensity suggests the bursting and discharge of a whole cloud at once (CWA/hydrology-04). Cluster analysis: A statistical procedure which solves the problem of separating objects into groups so that each object is more like objects in the same group than like objects in other groups (EPA-79112~).
Coagulation chemical: Hydrolyzable divalent and trivalent metallic ions of aluminum, magnesium, and iron salts. They include alum (aluminum sulfate), quicklime (calcium oxide), hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide), sulfuric acid, anhydrous ferric chloride. Lime and acid affect only the solution pH which in turn causes coagulant precipitation, such as that of magnesium (EPA76/03). Coagulation: (1) A process using coagulant chemicals and mixing by which colloidal and suspended materials are destabilized and agglomerated into flocs (40CFR141.2-91). (2) Clumping of particles in wastewater to settle out impurities, often induced by chemicals such as lime, alum, and iron salts (EPA-97/12). Coagulation: Clumping of particles in water to settle out impurities, often induced by chemicals such as lime, alum, and iron salts (NavyIEnv-04). Coagulator: A soluble substance, such as lime, which when added to a suspension of very fine solid particles in water causes these particles to adhere in clusters which will settle easily. Used to assist in reclaiming water used in flotation (EPA-82/05). Coal bunker: A single or group of coal trailers, hoppers, silos, or other containers that are physically attached to the affected facility and provide wal to the coal pulverizers (40CFR60-App/G-91). Coal cleaning technology: Precombustion process by which coal is physically or chemically treated to remove some of its sulfur so as to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions (EPA-97/12). Coal coke: A hard, porous product made by baking bituminous coal in ovens at temperatures as high as 2000 F. Used both as a fuel and as a reducing agent in blast furnaces. The term "coal coke" is used instead of "coke" to distinguish it from petroleum coke (CAA/C02gas-04).See coke (coal).
Cluster investigation: A review of an unusual number, real or perceived, of health events (for example, reports of cancer) grouped together in time and location. Cluster investigations are designed to confirm case reports; determine whether they represent an unusual disease occurrence; and, if possible, explore possible causes and contributing environmental factors (SFihealth-
Coal dust: Particles of coal that can pass a No. 20 sieve (CWAImining-04).
Cluster: A structure with fibers in a random arrangement such that all fibers are intermixed and no single fiber is isolated from the group. Groupings must have more than two intersections (40CFR763-AppIA-91).
Coal equivalent of fuel: The quantity of coal of stated kind and heating value which would be required to supply the Btu equivalent to the comparative fuel(s). The Btu content of fuels is generally divided by the representative heating value of coal (EPA-83).
w.
Clutch facing: An asbestos-containingproduct intended for use as a friction material or lining in the clutch mechanisms or manual transmission vehicles (40CFR763.163-91). Coagulant: A substance which forms a precipitate or floc when added to water. Suspended solids adhere to the large surface area of the floc; thus increasing their weight and expediting sedimentation (EPA-82/11).
Coal gas: A fuel gas obtained through coal gasification. Coal gasification is a general term that represents any process that is used to convert coal to gaseous fuels for cleaner combustion. Three basic steps are common to all coal gasification processes; they involve: (1) Coal pre-treatment; (2) Coal gasification; and (3) Gas cleaning. Typical coal gas mixtures include high concentrations of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Coal gasification: (1) One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Coal
,
gasification means any processes that are used to convert solid coals to gas fuels for cleaner combustion (EPA-81/12, p8-6). (2) Conversion of coal to a gaseous product by one of several available technologies (EPA-97/12). (3) Three basic steps are common to all coal gasification processes: Coal pre-treatment; Gasification; and Gas cleaning.
Coal gasification: The conversion of coal into a gaseous fuel (CWAImining-04). Coal laboratory: As used in subchapter VIII of this chapter, a university coal research laboratory established and operated pursuant to a designation made under section 1311 of this title
(SMCRA701-30U.S.C.1291-90). Coal liquefaction: One of SO2emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Coal liquefaction is a process for changing coal into synthetic oil. It is similar to coal gasification. Two basic approaches for liquefaction are used. One involves using a gasifier to convert coal to carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane; followed by condensation to convert the gases to oils. The second approach uses a solvent or slurry to liquefy pulverized coal and then processes this liquid into a heavy fuel oil. Some processes produce both a synthetic gas and synthetic oil. Hydrogen is used to convert sulfur in the coal to hydrogen sulfide gas. Hydrogen sulfide is partially oxidized to form elemental sulfur and water. More than 85% of the sulfur is removed from coal by liquefaction (EPA-81/12, p8-6). Coal mine drainage: Any water drained, pumped, or siphoned from a coal mine (EPA-82/10). Coal mine: An area of land and all structures, facilities, machinery, tools, equipment, shafts, slopes, tunnels, excavations, and other property, real or personal, placed upon, under, or above the surface of such land by any person, used in extracting coal from its natural deposits in the earth by any means or method, and the work of preparing the coal so extracted, including coal preparation facilities. British term is "colliery" (CWIVmining-04). Coal mine: An area of land with all property placed upon, under or above the surface of such land, used in or resulting from the work of extracting coal from its natural deposits by any means or method including secondary recovery of coal from refuse or other storage piles derived from mining, cleaning, or preparation of coal (EPA-82/10). Coal only heater: An enclosed, coal-burning appliance capable of space heating, or domestic water heating, which has all of the following characteristics: (1) An opening for emptying ash that is located near the bottom or the side of the appliance. (2) A system that admits air primarily up and through the fuel bed. (3) A grate or other similar device for shaking or disturbing the fuel bed or power-driven mechanical stoker (4) Installation instructions that state that the use of wood in the stove, except for coal ignition purposes, is prohibited by law. (5) The model is listed by a
nationally recognized safety-testing laboratory for use of coal only, except for coal ignition purposes (40CFR60.531-91).
Coal pile drainage: See coal pile runoff: Coal pile runoff (or coal pile drainage): The rainfall runoff from or through any coal storage pile (40CFR423.11-91). Coal preparation plant associated area: The coal preparation plant yards, immediate access roads, coal refuse piles, and coal storage piles and facilities (40CFR434.11-91). Coal preparation plant water circuit: All pipes, channels, basins, tanks, and all other structures and equipment that convey, contain, treat, or process any water that is used is coal preparation processes within a coal preparation plant (40CFR434.11-91). Coal preparation plant: Any facility (excluding underground mining operations) which prepares coal by one or more of the following processes: breaking, crushing, screening, wet or dry cleaning, and thermal drying (40CFR60.251-91, see also 40CFR434.11-91). Coal pretreatment: Coal pretreatment involves coal pulverizing and washing. See coal gasification for more related terms (EPA81/12, p8-6). Coal processing and conveying equipment: Any machinery used to reduce the size of coal or to separate coal from refuse, and the equipment used to convey coal to or remove coal and refuse from the machinery. This includes, but is not limited to, breakers, crushers, screens, and conveyor belts (40CFR60.251-91). Coal rate: The weight in pounds of coal (including the coal equivalent of other fuels) burned for steam or electric generation divided by the resulting net generation (cf. heat rate) (EPA-83). Coal RDF mixed fuel fired combustor: A combustor that fires coal and RDF simultaneously (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Coal refuse disposal pile: Any coal refuse deposited on the earth and intended as permanent disposal or long-term storage (greater than 180 days) of such material, but does not include coal refuse deposited within the active mining area or coal refuse never removed from the active mining area (40CFR434.11-91). Coal refuse: The waste products of coal mining, cleaning, and coal preparation operations (e.g., culm, gob) containing coal, matrix material, clay, and other organic and inorganic material (40CFR60.41-91, see also 40CFR60.41a; 60.41b; 60.41 c-91). Coal remining operation: A coal mining operation which begins after the date of the enactment of this subsection at a site on which coal mining was conducted before the effective date of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (CWA30l .p).
Coal reserves: Measured tonnages of coal that have been calculated to occur in a coal seam within a particular property (CWNmining-04). Coal storage system: Any facility used to store coal except for open storage piles (40CFR60.251-91). Coal washing: The process of separating undesirable materials fiom coal based on differences in densities. Pyritic sulfur, or sulfur combined with iron, is heavier and sinks in water; coal is lighter and floats (CWNmining-04). Coal: A solid, brittle, more or less distinctly stratified combustible carbonaceous rock, formed by partial to complete decomposition of vegetation; varies in color from dark brown to black; not fusible without decomposition and very insoluble (CWNmining-04). Coal: All solid fuels classified as anthracite, bituminous, subbiturninous, or lignite by the American Society and Testing and Materials, Designation D388-77 (incorporated by reference-see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.41-91, see also 40CFR60.41b; 60.41~; 60.251-91). As an example, anthracite coal has the following ultimate analysis: (1) Carbon (79.7%). (2) Hydrogen (2.9%). (3) Nitrogen (0.9%). (4) Oxygen (6.1%). (5) Sulfur (0.8%). (6) Ash (9.6%). (7) Heating value (12880 Btu/lb) (Marks, p7-4). Coal: For more related terms, see (1) Anthracite coal; (2) Bituminous coal; (3) Subbituminous coal; and (4) Lignite coal. Coalbed methane: Methane is generated during coal formation and is contained in the coal microstructure. Typical recovery entails pumping water out of the coal to allow the gas to escape. Methane is the principal component of natural gas. Coalbed methane can be added to natural gas pipelines without any special treatment (CAA/C02gasl-04). Coalbed methane: Methane produced from coalbeds in the same way that natural gas is produced from other strata. See methane (CAA/C02gas-04).
necessitates that the siting, construction, expansion, or operation of such equipment or facility be carried out in, or in close proximity to, the coastal zone of any coastal state: (a) Any outer Continental Shelf energy activity. (b) Any transportation, conversion, treatment, transfer, or storage of liquefied natural gas. (c) Any transportation, transfer, or storage of oil, natural gas, or coal (including, but not limited to, by means of any deepwater port, as defined in section 1502(10) of title 33). For purposes of this paragraph, the siting, construction, expansion, or operation of any equipment or facility shall be "in close proximity to" the coastal zone of any coastal state if such siting, construction, expansion, or operation has, or is likely to have, a significant effect on such coastal zone (CZMA304-16U.S.C. 1453).
Coastal plain: Any plain which has its margin on the shore of a large body of water, particularly the sea, and generally represents a strip of recently emerged sea floor (NavylEnv-04). Coastal resource of national significance: Any coastal wetland, beach, dune, barrier island, reef, estuary, or fish and wildlife habitat, if any such area is determined by a coastal state to be of substantial biological or natural storm protective value (CZMA304-16U.S.C. 1453-90). Coastal state: A state of the United States in, or bordering on, the Atlantic, Pacific, or Arctic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, Long Island Sound, or one or more of the Great Lakes. For the purposes of this chapter, the term also includes Puerto Riw, the Virgin Islands, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands, and American Samoa (CZMA304-16U.S.C. 1453-90). Coastal water: For the purposes of classifying the size of discharges, the waters of the coastal zone except for the Great Lakes and specified ports and harbors on inland rivers. See water for more related terms (40CFR300.5-91, see also CZMA304).
Coarse paper: The paper used for industrial purposes, as distinguished from those used for cultural or sanitary purposes. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91).
Coastal zone: As defined by the NCP, all U.S. waters subject to the tide, US. waters of the Great Lakes, specified ports and harbors on inland rivers, waters of the contiguous zone, other waters of the high seas subject to the NCP, and the land surface or land substrata, groundwaters, and ambient air proximal to those waters. The term coastal zone delineates an area of federal responsibility for response action. Precise boundaries are determined by EPANSCG agreements and identified in federal regional contingency plans (NavyIEnv-04).
Coast guard district response group: A Coast Guard District Response Group established under subsection (j) (CWA31133u.s.c.1321-91).
Coastal zone: Lands and waters adjacent to the coast that exert an influence on the uses of the sea and its ecology, or whose uses and ecology are affected by the sea (EPA-97/12).
Coastal energy activity: Any of the following activities if, and to the extent that: (1) The conduct, support, or facilitation of such activity requires and involves the siting, construction, expansion, or operation of any equipment or facility. (2) Any technical requirement exists which, in the determination of the Secretary,
Coastal: (1) Any body of water landward of the territorial seas as defined in 40CFR125.l(gg),l or (2) Any wetlands adjacent to such waters (40CFR435.41-91).
Coalescence: The merging of two droplets to form a larger droplet (NATO-78110).
Coated paper: The paper surface that has been treated with clay or other materials. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Coated: A term generally applied to a workpiece such as metal, wood, paper, and paperboard, whose surface has been treated with chemicals such as paint, varnish, clay or some other pigment and adhesive mixture, or other suitable materials, to improve the surface properties of the workpiece. Coating application station: That portion of the large appliance surface coating operation where a prime coat or a top coat is applied to large appliance parts or products (e.g., dip tank, spray booth, or flow coating unit) (40CFR60.451-91, see also 40CFR60.461-91).
Coating: Coating-related terms include (1) Fog coating; (2) Mist coating (see fog coating); and (3) Uniforming coating (see fog coating). Cobalt (Co): A hard, ductile, ferromagnetic metal. It is rare but produced primarily as a by-product of other metals. It is used in chemical agents, electroplating, ceramics, lamp filaments, catalysts, dryers in printing inks, paints and varnishes, and in high temperature alloys. Cobalt can be soluble in water, but depends mainly on the presence and characteristics of adsorbing clay minerals and hydrous oxides of iron, manganese, and aluminum in the local environment. Chelation is also possible (NavyIEnv-04).
Coating blow: The process in which air is blown through hot asphalt flux to produce coating asphalt. The coating blow starts when the air is turned on and stops when the air is turned off (40CFR60.471-91).
Cobalt (Co): The total cobalt present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.65191). Cobalt hard transition metal with atomic number 27; atomic weight 58.93; density 8.9 glcc; melting point 1495 C and boiling point 2900 C and belongs to group VIII of the periodic table. Major compounds include Anhydrous cobalt chloride (CoC12)blue crystals; and Hydrated cobalt chloride (CoC12-6H20)-red crystals.
Coating color: Coating mixture consisting mainly of pigments and adhesives (EPA-83).
Coburning: The burning of waste and a fuel at same time (EPA8 1/09).
Coating line: An operation consisting of a series of one or more coating applicators and any associated flash-off areas, drying areas, and ovens wherein a surface coating is applied, dried, or cured. (It is not necessary for an operation to have an oven, flash-off area, or drying area to be included in this definition) (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.441-91).
Cochlea: A snail shaped mechanism in the inner ear that contain hair cells of basilar membrane that vibrate to aid in frequency recognition (NCNsound-04).
Coating applicator: The equipment used to apply a coating (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.441; 60.71 1; 60.741-91).
Coating mix preparation equipment: All mixing vessels in which solvent and other materials are blended to prepare polymeric coatings (40CFR60.74 1-91, see also 40CFR60.711-91). Coating operation: Any coating applicator, flash-off area, and drying oven located between a base film unwind station and a base film rewind station that coat a continuous base film to produce magnetic tape (40CFR60.711-91, see also 40CFR60.721; 60.741; 466.02-91). Coating plant: Any plant that contains one or more coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-91). Coating solids applied: The solids content of the coated adhesive, release, or precoat as measured by Reference Method 24 (40CFR60.441-91, see also 40CFR60.721-91). Coating: (1) A material applied onto or impregnated into a substrate for protective, decorative, or functional purposes. Such materials include, but are not limited to, paints, varnishes, sealers, adhesives, .thinners, diluents, and inks (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.461-91). (2) Dipping, enrobing, glazing, icing, panning, and so forth (AP-40, p790).
Cocktail party effect: Sound in a noisy crowded room generated mostly by conversation. Levels rise and fall as people compete with one another to be heard. Perception of speech can be nearly impossible in high levels of noise (NCNsound-04). Co-composting: Simultaneous composting of two or more diverse feed stocks (wastestreams) (RCRiWmanagement-04). Cocurrent or concurrent: Flow of scrubbing liquid in the same direction as the gas stream (EPA-89103b). Code of conduct: A system of rules that dictate the way a contractor is to act or behave while construction is under way at a residence (NCNnoise-04). Code of Federal Regulation (CFR): The basic reference source for federal rules. Published annually, it is a compilation of the regulations of various federal agencies. The CFR is divided into 50 titles according to subject. For example, Title 7 deals with agriculture, Title 40 with the environment and Title 49 with transportation. Titles are divided into chapters, then to parts, sections, etc. The section is the basic unit of the CFR. Ideally, it consists of a short, concise presentation of a single point. It is important to note that the CFRs are changed daily by publication of the Federal Register (FR). The CFRs are the combination of
regulations published in the FR for the previous year (NavyIEnv04).
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR): A codification of the final rules published daily in the Federal Register. Title 40 of the CFR contains the environmental regulations (CWNwastewater-04).
Coefficient of variation: (1) A measure of relative dispersion. It is equal to the standard deviation divided by the mean and multiplied by 100 to give a percentage value (EPA-84/03). (2) A standard statistical measure of the relative variation of a distribution or set of data, defined as the standard deviation divided by the mean (EPA-91/03).
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR): Document that codifies all rules of the executive departments and agencies of the federal government. It is divided into fifty volumes, known as titles. Title 40 of the CFR (referenced as 40CFR) lists all environmental regulations (EPA-97/12).
Coenzyme A (CZ1H36016N7P3S): A complex organic compound that acts with enzymes involved in various biochemical reactions.
Code of Federal Regulations: The codification of rules and regulations that have been promulgated by federal agencies to implement statutory mandates (SDWNradionuclide04).
Coevolution: An evolutionary phenomena among major groups or organisms in the ecological system, e.g., plants and plant eaters.
Codification: The process by which final regulations are incorporated into the CFR, which is published annually (RCRA/hazardous-04). Co-disposal: (1) The disposal of two or more than two types of waste in one area, e.g., disposal of unprocessed MSW (municipal solid waste) and incinerator ash in the same landfill (OTA-89/10). (2) The technique in which sludge is combined with other combustible materials (e.g., refuse, or refuse-derived fuel) to form a furnace feed with a higher heating value than the original sludge. See land disposal for more related terms (OME-88/12). Coefficient of haze (COH): A measurement of visibility interference in the atmosphere (EPA-97/12). Coefficient of octanoVwater partition (Kow): An indicator for: (1) Bioaccumulation potential; and (2) Adsorption potential. Kow can be expressed as (Course 165.6): kow = [x] octanol/[x] aqueous = non-polar/polar. Coefficient of organic carbon partition (Koc): Tendency indication of an organic chemical to be adsorbed. It ranges from 1 to 10'; higher values reflect greater sorption potential. Koc = (mg compound adsorbedKg organic carbon)/(mg compound dissolved/liter solution) (Course 165.6). Coefficient of performance (COP): A measurement of a refrigeration cycle. A refrigeration cycle is the opposite of a Carnot cycle (Jones-p100). COP can be expressed as: COP = (refrigeration effect)/(work input) = Q f l = Qd(QOut- Q d ; For a reversed Carnot cycle, COP = l/(TH/TL- I), where: Qh = heat absorbed from a low temperature region; Q,, = heat rejected to a high temperature region; W = net work input of cycle; TL = low temperature of a reservoir; TH= high temperature of a reservoir. Coefficient of variation (CV): The standard deviation as a percent of the arithmetic mean (NavyIEnv-04).
Coenzyme: The non-protein portion of an enzyme system (LBG 76107-water).
Coexistence: The act or state of living peacefully among different species. Coffin: See cask. Co-fire: Burning of two fuels in the same combustion unit, e.g., coal and natural gas, or oil and coal (EPA-97/12). Cofired combustor: A unit combusting MSW or RDF with a non-MSW fuel and subject to a federally enforceable permit limiting the unit to combusting a fuel feed stream, 30% or less of the weight of which is comprised, in aggregate, of MSW or RDF as measured on a 24-hour daily basis. A unit combusting a fuel feed stream, more than 30% of the weight of which is comprised, in aggregate, of MSW or RDF shall be considered an MWC unit and not a cofired combustor. Cofired combustors which fire less than 30% segregated medical waste and no other municipal solid waste are not covered by this subpart (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Cogeneration appliance: A self-contained power apparatus that is capable of producing both electrical energy and thermal energy. Cogeneration steam generating unit: A steam-generating unit that simultaneously produces both electrical (or mechanical) and thermal energy from the same primary energy source (40CFR60.41C-91). Cogeneration system: A power system that simultaneously produces both electrical (or mechanical) and thermal energy from the same energy source. Cogeneration: Simultaneous generation of electricity and t h d energy (RCRAImanagement-04). Cogeneration: The consecutive generation of useful thermal and electric energy from the same fuel source (EPA-97/12). Coherence: The act or state of natural or logical connection.
Cohort study: An epidemiological study that observes subjects in differently exposed groups and compares the incidence of symptoms. Although ordinarily prospective in nature, such a study is sometimes carried out retrospectively, using historical data (EPA-92/12).
Coke breeze: Small particles of coke; these are usually used in the coke plants as boiler feed or screened for domestic trade (EPA74106a).
Coil coating facility: A facility that includes one or more coil coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-91).
Coke burn-off: The coke removed from the surface of the fluid catalytic cracking unit catalyst by combustion in the catalyst regenerator. The rate of coke burn-off is calculated by the formula specified in 40CFR60.106 (40CFR60.101-91).
Coil coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto the surface of flat metal sheets, strips, rolls, or coils for industrial or commercial use (40CFR52.741-91).
Coke by-product recovery plant: Any plant designed and operated for the separation and recovery of coal tar derivatives (by-products) evolved from coal during the coking process of a coke oven battery (40CFR61.131-91, see also 40CFR61.341-91).
Coil coating: Any coating applied on any flat metal sheet or strip that comes in rolls or coils (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR465.02-91).
Coke oven by-product ammonium sulfate manufacturing plant: Any plant which produces ammonium sulfate by reacting sulfuric acid with ammonia recovered as a by-product from the manufacture of coke (40CFR60.421-91).
Coil condensate: The- condensate formed in steam lines and heating coils (EPA-74/04). Coil core assembly: A unit made of the coil windings of a transformer placed over the magnetic core (EPA-83/03). Coil: (1) Any flat metal sheet or s t i p that is rolled or wound in concentric rings (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR85.2122(a)(ii) (A); 465.02-91). (2) A number of turns of a wire used to introduce inductance into an electric circuit, to produce magnetic flux, or to react mechanically to a changing magnetic flux (EPA-83/03). Coincident electric demand: The sum of two or more demands which occur in the same demand interval. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83). Coincineration: The joint incineration of hazardous waste, in any form, with refuse andor sludge. See incineration for more related terms. (EPA-81/09). Coke (coal): A solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in an oven at temperatures as high as 2000 F so that the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Coke from coal is grey, hard, and porous and has a heating value of 24.8 million Btu per ton (CAA/C02gasl04). Coke (petroleum): A residue high in carbon content and low in hydrogen that is the final product of thermal decomposition in the condensation process in cracking. This product is reported as marketable coke or catalyst coke. The conversion is 5 barrels (of 42 U.S. gallons each) per short ton. Coke from petroleum has a heating value of 6.024 million Btu per barrel (CAAICOgasl-04).
Coke oven: An industrial process which converts coal into coke, one of the basic materials used in blast furnaces for the conversion of iron ore into iron (EPA-97/12). Coke wharf: The place where coke is discharged from quench cars prior to screening (EPA-74106a). Coke: A hard, dry carbon substance produced by heating coal to a very high temperature in the absence of air (CWAfmining-04). Coke: The carbon residue lee when the volatile matter is driven off of coal by high temperature distillation (cf. coking) (EPA74106a). Other coke-related terms include (1) Foundry coke; (2) Furnace coke; (3) Petroleum coke; and (4) Pitch coke. Coking: (1) The conversion by heating in the absence or near absence of air, of a carbonaceous fuel, particularly certain bituminous coals, to a coherent, firm, cellular product known as coke. (2) A process for thermally converting the heavy residual bottoms of crude oil entirely to lower-boiling petroleum products and by-product petroleum coke (cf. coke) (EPA-83/03). Colburn chart: A graph providing a means for calculating overall gas transfer unit for absorbers (EPA-84/09). Cold air return: The registers and ducting which withdraw house air from various parts of the house and direct it to a central forced air furnace or heat pump. The return ducting is at low pressure relative to the house because the central furnace fan draws air out of the house through this ducting (EPA-88/08). Cold blooded animal (or poikilothermic animal): Animals that lack a temperature regulating mechanism that offsets external temperature changes. Their temperature fluctuates to a large degree with that of their environment. Examples are fish, shellfish, and aquatic insects (LBL-76107-water).
Cold cleaning: The process of cleaning and removing soils from surfaces by spraying, brushing, flushing, or immersion while maintaining the organic solvent below its boiling point. Wipe cleaning is not included in this definition (40CFR52.741-91).
Cold war: A conflict over ideological differences between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and their allies lasting from the late 1940s until the early 1990s (AEMclosure-04).
Cold crucible arc melting: Melting and purification of metals in a cold refractory vessel or pot (EPA-83103a).
Cold worked pipe and tube: Those cold forming operations that process unheated tube products using either water or oil solutions for cooling and lubrication (40CFR420.10 1-91).
Cold drawing: A process of forcing materials through dies or other mandrels to produce wire, rod, tubular, and some bars (EPA83106a).
Colic: A paroxysmal pain in the abdomen, due to spasm, distention, or obstruction of any one of the hollow viscera (LBL 76107-bio).
Cold drying hearth: A surface upon which unheated waste materials are placed to dry or bum; hot combustion gases are then passed over the materials. See hearth for more related terms (SW108ts).
Coliform (coliform bacterium, coliform organism, or colon bacillus): (1) Any organisms common to the intestinal tract of animals whose presence in wastewater is an indicator of pollution and of potentially dangerous bacterial contamination (EPA-74/11). (2) Microorganisms found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. Their presence in water indicates fecal pollution and potentially dangerous bacterial contamination by disease-causing microorganisms (EPA-89/12). (3) cf. total coliform.
Cold joint: The contact joint between two adjacent concrete slabs or parts of a slab that were poured at different times (EPA-88/08). Cold lime soda process: One of methods for softening water in which hydrated lime (sometimes in combination with soda ash) is used to dissolve calcium or magnesium in hard water to form settleable sludge for removal. Cold metal furnace: A furnace that is usually charged with two batches of (cold) solid material. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-74106a). Cold rolling: The process of rolling a workpiece below the recrystallization temperature of the copper or copper alloy (4OCFR468.02-91). Cold set resin: A resin that sets or hardens without the application of heat. Used in foundry operations as sand binders. See resin for more related terms (EPA-85110a). Cold setting refractory mortar: See air setting refractory mortar. Cold standby: Maintenance of protected reactor condition in which the fuel is removed, the moderator is stored in tanks, and equipment and system layup is performed to prevent deterioration, such that future refueling and restart are possible (DOE-91/04). Cold temperature CO: A standard for automobile emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions to be met at a low temperature (i.e., 20 F). Conventional automobile catalytic converters are not efficient in cold weather until they warm up (EPA-97/12). Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS): CVAAS uses a chemical reduction to reduce mercury selectively. The procedure is extremely sensitive but is subject to interferences from some volatile organics, chlorine, and sulfur compounds. See metal analyzer for more related terms (SW-846).
Coliform bacteria: A group of bacteria considered a reliable indicator of the adequacy of treatment for bacterial pathogens (NavyIEnv-04). Coliform bacterium: See coliform. Coliform group bacteria: A group of bacteria predominantly inhabiting the intestines of man or animal, but also occasionally found elsewhere. It includes all aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacilli that ferment lactose with production of gas. Also included are all bacteria that produce a dark, purplish-green colony with metallic sheen by the membrane-filter techniques used for coliform identification. The two groups are not always identical, but they are generally of equal sanitary significance (LBL76107-water). Coliform index: A rating of the purity of water based on a count of fecal bacteria (EPA-97/12). Coliform organism: Microorganisms found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. Their presence in water indicates fecal pollution and potentially adverse contamination by pathogens (EPA-97/12). See also synonym, coliform. Coliform: A group of bacteria found in the intestines of warmblooded animals (including humans), also in plants, soil, air, and water. Fecal coliforms are a specific class of bacteria which only inhabit the intestines of warm-blooded animals. The presence of coliform is an indication that the water is polluted and may contain pathogenic organisms (SDWMeducation-04). Coliform: A group of related bacteria whose presence in drinking water may indicate contamination by disease-causing microorganisms (SDWNReg-04).
Collar: The term applied to the timbering or concrete around the mouth or top of a shaft. The beginning point of a shaft or drill hole at the surface (CWNmining-04). Collecting sewer: A sewer that collects wastewater from lateral sewers and connects to a trunk sewer. See sewer for more related terms (DOI-70104). Collection center: Centers that accept used oil h m multiple sources, including both businesses and private citizens (RCRA/hazardous-04). Collection frequency: The number of times collection is provided in a given period of time (40CFR243.101-91). Collection method: See waste collection method. Collection stop: A stop made by a vehicle and crew to collect solid waste from one or more service sites (SW-lO8ts). Collection theory: The principal mechanisms by which liquids may be used to remove aerosols from gas streams are as follows: (1) Wetting of the particles by contact with a liquid droplet. (2) Impingement of wetted or unwetted particles on collecting surfaces followed by their removal from the surfaces by a flush with a liquid. (3) Mechanisms for wetting the particle include Impingement by spray droplets; Diffusion; Condensation; and Humidification and electrostatic precipitation (AP-40, p100). Collection: See waste collection. Collective CEDE: The committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) of radiation for a population (DOE-91/04). Collector sewer: Pipes used to collect and carry wastewater from individual sources to an interceptor sewer that will carry it to a treatment facility (EPA-97/12). Collector sewer: The common lateral sewers, within a publiclyowned treatment system, which are primarily installed to receive wastewaters directly from facilities which convey wastewater from individual systems, or from private property, and which include service Y connections designed for connection with those facilities including: (1) Crossover sewers connecting more than one property on one side of a major street, road, or highway to a lateral sewer on the other side when more cost effective than parallel sewers. (2) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(lO)(iii) of this section, pumping units and pressurized lines serving individual structures or groups of structures when such units are cost effective and are owned and maintained by the grantee. (3) This definition excludes other facilities which convey wastewater from individual structures, from private property to the public lateral sewer, or its equivalent and also excludes facilities associated with alternatives to conventional treatment works in small communities (40CFR35.2005-10).
Collector: (1) In the area of ore mining and dressing, a collector is a heteropolar compound containing a hydrogen carbon group and an ionizing group, chosen for the ability to adsorb selectively in froth flotation processes and render the adsorbing surface relatively hydrophobic. A promoter (EPA-82/05). (2) In the control of gaseous and particulate emissions, a collector is a device for removing and retaining contaminants from air or other gases. Usually this term is applied to cleaning devices in exhaust systems (cf. air pollution control equipment) (EPA-84/09). Collector: Public or private hauler that collects nonhazardous waste and recyclable materials from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources. See hauler (EPA-97/12). Collector: Types of collectors include Bag filter; Cyclone; Dust; Fly ash; Mechanical collector, and Multicyclone collector (EPA83). Colliery: British name for coal mine (CWNmining-04). Collision theory: In a chemical reaction, the product formation rate is proportional to the number of reactant molecule collisions. Colloid chemistry: A scientific study of colloid. Colloid: (1) Microscopic suspended particles (approximately 1 to 1000 nanometers) which do not settle in a standing liquid and can only be removed by coagulation or biological action (EPA-82/11). (2) Very small, finely divided solids (that do not dissolve) that remain dispersed in a liquid for a long time due to their small size and electrical charge (EPA-97/12). Colloidal dispersion: A mixture resembling a true solution but containing one or more substances that are finely divided but large enough to prevent passage through a semipermeable membrane. It consists of particles which are larger than molecules, which settle out very slowly with time, which scatter a beam of light, and which are too small for resolution with an ordinary light microscope (40CFR796.1840-9 1). Colloidal matter: In wastewater, fine suspended particles that do not settle out except very slowly, and hence require special treatment such as sedimentation with coagulants or dialysis (DOI70104j. Colloids: Very small, less than 1 mm, finely divided solids (that do not dissolve) that remain dispersed in a liquid for a long time due to their small size and electrical charge (NavyIEnv-04). Colon bacillus: See coliform (DOI-70104). Colony forming unit (CFU): A unit of enumeration used in microbiology, each of which represents the existence of one or more viable cells (EPA-88109a).
Colony: An aggregate of mother and daughter fronds attached to each other (40CFR797.1160-91).
Colorimetric (method): A procedure for establishing the concentration of impurities in water by comparing its color to a set of known color impurity standards (EPA-83106a).
Colophony rosin: See natural rosin. Colorimetric indicator tube: See toxic atmosphere monitor. Color coat: The coat applied to a part that affects the color and gloss of the part, not including the prime coat or texture coat. This definition includes fog coating, but does not include conductive sensitizers or electromagnetic interferencelradio frequency interference shielding coatings (40CFR60.72 1-91). Color coupler: A group of organic chemicals which reacts with the oxidized components of the developers to form color dyes. They are either incorporated in the film emulsion at the time of manufacture or they are included in the color developing solution (EPA-80110). Color film: Generally, a color film has three separate light sensitive emulsion layers, which after inclusion of the appropriate sensitizing dyes, record an image of the blue light components on one layer, the green light components on another, and the red light components on the third layer (EPA-80/10). Color plant: The portion of a fine paper-mill where pulp is dyed or colored prior to being made into paper (EPA-87/10). Color reversal P C ) process: A color reversal film process in which the color couplers are added during development (EPA80110). Color reversal (IC) process: A color reversal film and paper process in which the color couplers which form the color dye image are incorporated into the emulsion layers at the time of manufacture (EPA-80110). Color unit: A measure of color concentration in water (EPA87/10). Color: (1) A measure of the light-absorbing capacity of a wastewater after turbidity has been removed. One unit of color is that produced by one mg/L of platinum as K2PtC16(EPA-82/11). (2) Refers to standard Platinum Cobalt Test, using standards for color intensity of water samples. Commonly, standards are prepared at various concentrations which later may be referenced as units of color, derived from flow and concentration standard (EPA-87/10). Colorant: A concentrated coloring agent which is added to a base paint to produce the desired final color. Colorants are usually added to the paint by the retailer for the customer (EPA-79112b). Colorimeter: An instrument used for color measurement based on optical comparison with standard colors (LBL76107-air).
Colorimetry: See molecular absorption spectrophotometry (LBL76107-water). Coloring: In the leather industry, a process step in the tannery whereby the color of the tanned hide is changed to that of the desired marketable product by dyeing or painting (EPA-82/11). Column chromatography: See chromatography. Column dryer: Any equipment used to reduce the moisture content of grain in which the grain flows fkom the top to the bottom in one or more continuous packed columns between two perforated metal sheets (40CFR60.301-91). Column flotation: A precombustion coal cleaning technology in which coal particles attach to air bubbles rising in a vertical column. The coal is then removed at the top of the column (CWNmining-04). Column ozone: Ozone between the earth's surface and outer space. Ozone levels can be described in several ways. One of the most common measures is how much ozone is in a vertical column of air. The Dobson unit is a measure of column ozone. Other measures include partial pressure, number density, and concentration of ozone, and can represent either column ozone or the amount of ozone at a particular altitude (CMozone-04). Combination acid pickling: Those operations in which steel products are immersed in solutions of more than one acid to chemically remove scale and oxides, and those rinsing steps associated with such immersions (40CFR420.91-91). Combination tanned: Leathers tanned with more than one tanning agent, e.g., initially chromium tanned followed by a second tannage (called a RETAN) with vegetable materials (EPA82111). Combination: Those cold rolling operations which include recirculation of rolling solutions at one or more mill stands, and once through use of rolling solutions at the remaining stand or stands (40CFR420.101-91). Combined ash: The mixture of bottom ash and fly ash. See ash for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Combined available residual chlorine: The total residual chlorine remaining in water, sewage, or industrial wastes at the end of specified contact period which reacts chemically and biologically as chloramines or organic chloramines. See chlorine for more related terms (EPA-82/11f).
Combined chlorine: The chlorine present in solution in forms other than those free chlorine. These forms include the chloramines, organo-chlorarnines,and chlorinated organics as well as other compounds containing chlorine. See chlorine for more related terms (EPA-88109a). Combined cycle gas turbine: A stationary turbine combustion system where heat from the turbine exhaust gases is recovered by a steam generating unit. See turbine for more related terms (40CFR60.41a-91, see also 40CFR60.33 1-91). Combined cycle system: A system in which a separate source such as a gas turbine, internal combustion engine, kiln, etc., provides exhaust gas to a heat recovery steam generating unit (40CFR60.41b-9 1, see also 40CFR60.41c-91). Combined fuel economy: (1) The fuel economy value determined for a vehicle (or vehicles) by harmonically averaging the city and highway fuel economy values, weighted 0.55 and 0.45 respectively, for gasoline-fueled and diesel vehicles. (2) For electric vehicles, the term means the equivalent petroleumbased fuel economy value as determined by the calculation procedure promulgated by the Secretary of Energy (40CFR600.002.85-91). Combined metals: The total of gold, platinum, and palladium. See metal for more related terms (40CFR421.261-91). Combined sewer overflow (CSO): A discharge of untreated wastewater from a combined sewer system at a point prior to the headworks of a publicly owned treatment works. CSOs generally occur during wet weather (rainfall or snowmelt). During periods of wet weather, these systems become overloaded, bypass treatment works, and discharge directly to receiving waters (CWMwastewater-04). Combined sewer overflow: A discharge of untreated sewage and stormwater to a stream when the capacity of a combined stodsanitary sewer system is exceeded by storm runoff (CWAJWbasics-04). Combined sewer overflow: Discharge of a mixture of stormwater and domestic waste when the flow capacity of a sewer system is exceeded during rainstorms (EPA-97/12). Combined sewer system (CSS): A wastewater collection system which conveys sanitary wastewaters (domestic, commercial, and industrial wastewaters) and stormwater through a single pipe to a publicly owned treatment works for treatment prior to discharge to surface waters (CWMwastewater-04). Combined sewer: A sewer system that carries both sewage and stormwater runoff. Normally, its entire flow goes to a waste treatment plant, but during a heavy storm, the volume of water may be so great as to cause overflows of untreated mixtures of stormwater and sewage into receiving waters. Stormwater runoff
may also carry toxic chemicals from industrial areas or streets into the sewer system. See sewer for more related terms (EPA-97/12).
Combined wastewater: The wastewater from all sources in a facility, e.g., combined wastewater from pesticide industry may include pesticide, pesticide intermediate, and non-pesticide. See wastewater for more related terms (EPA-85/10). Combustibility: The ability of a material to act as a fuel (Course 165.5). Combustible atmosphere indicator: If air is contaminated with combustible gases, the indicator is to indicate if the combustible gases have proper concentration for combustion, if ignited. The gas will not combust, if it is either too lean or too rich. The indicator uses a combustion chamber containing a filament that combusts the flammable gas. To facilitate combustion the filament is heated or is coated with a catalyst (like platinum or palladium), or both. The filament is part of a balanced resistor circuit called a Wheatstone Bridge. The hot filament combusts the gas on the immediate surface of the element, thus raising the temperature of the filament. As the temperature of the filament increases so does its resistance. This change in resistance causes an imbalance in the Wheatstone Bridge which in turn measures the ratio of combustible gas present compared to the total required to reach the combustible level. See air analyzer for more related terms. Combustible rubbish: The miscellaneous burnable materials. In general, the organic component of rubbish. Also referred to as trash. See rubbish for more related terms (EPA-83). Combustible waste: Discarded material capable of combustion includes paper, cardboard, cartons, wood, boxes, excelsior, plastic, rags, bedding, leather, trimmings, and household waste. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83). Combustible: A material having a flashpoint higher than 100 F (MWTNmedical-04). Combustible: A term the NFPA, DOT, and others use to classify certain materials with low flash points that ignite easily. Both NFPA and DOT generally define combustible liquids as having a flash point of 100 F (38 C) or higher. The NFPA classifies nonliquid materials such as wood and paper as ordinary combustibles. OSHA defines combustible liquids within the Hazard Communication Law as any liquid with a flash point at or above 100 F (38 C) but below 200 F (93.3 C) (NavyIEnv-04). Combustible: The materials that can be ignited at a specific temperature in the presence of air to release heat energy (cf. total combustible) (40CFR240.101-91). Combustion (or incineration): The phenomena of burning or rapid oxidation. It is accompanied by the release of energy in the form of heat and light. Scientifically, the terms combustion and incineration, have the same definition and have been used
interchangeably in waste incineration documents. Combustion, however, is generally used more often in the area of fossil fuel burning for steam or power generation and incineration is used more often when referring to waste destruction.
Combustion air calculation: See Appendix A or (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations. Combustion air fuel ratio (air fuel ratio, air to fuel ratio, or combustion air to fuel ratio): The ratio of the mass of dry combustion air introduced into the firebox, to the mass of dry fuel consumed (grams of dry air per gram of dry wood burned) (40CFR60-App/A(method28A)-91). See Appendix A or see (Lee99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations. Combustion air to fuel ratio: See combustion air fuel ratio. Combustion air: The ambient air associated with oxygen needed for burning a fuel or waste materials. Air is a typical source of oxygen for combustion. It is considered as an ideal gas in many incineration calculations. Air is supplied through air ports by a forced draft fan, by an induced draft fan or by a natural draft. Generally, about 1 standard cubic foot of combustion air is required per 100 Btus heat input to an incinerator (SW-lO8ts; EPA-89103b). Combustion air: For more related terms, see (1) Deficient air (see substoichiometric wmbustion air); (2) Excess air (see excess combustion air); (3) Excess wmbustion air; (4) Primary air (see primary combustion air); (5) Primary combustion air; (6) Secondary air (see secondary combustion air); (7) Secondary combustion air; (8) Stoichiometric air: (see stoichiometric combustion air); (9) Stoichiometric combustion air; (10) Starved air (see substoichiometric combustion air; (11) Starved air combustion (see synonym; ubstoichiometric combustion air); (12) Starved air incineration (see substoichiometric combustion air); (13) Theoretical air (see stoichiometric combustion air); (14) Theoretical combustion air (see stoichiometric combustion air); and (15) Substoichiometriccombustion air. Combustion analysis (or incineration analysis): Combustion or incineration is a complicated subject. It involves: (1) Mass balance (it determines the amounts of the products formed the reactants). (2) Energy balance (it determines the energy transferred within a combustion system or how much auxiliary fuel is needed for an incinerator to reach a certain temperature). (3) Thermodynamic analysis (it reveals information about the changes of the chemical components of a combustion system; however, it does not reveal how rapidly these changes will occur). (4) Kinetic analysis (it provides information on how quickly changes can occur but does not predict the extent of change that is ultimately possible). (5) Heat transfer (it determines the temperature distribution within a combustion system). (6) Turbulent mixing (it determines whether the waste compounds are effectively put in contact with oxygen for reaction). (7) Residence time (it determines the volumetric size of a combustor) (Lee8811 1).
Combustion by-product: Any other compounds, other than the combustion products under the complete combustion process emitted from combustors, e.g., waste incinerators or fossil fuel boilers. In general, combustion by-products are the product species produced under the incomplete combustion process (cf. by-product) (Lee-11/90). Combustion chamber: An enclosed vessel in which chemical oxidation of fuel occurs (CAAK02gas1-04). Combustion chamber: The actual compartment where waste is burned in an incinerator (EPA-97/12). Combustion chamber: For more related terms, see (1) Primary chamber (see primary combustion chamber); (2) Primary combustion chamber; (3) Primary combustion chamber water spray; (4) Primary combustion chamber underfire steam injection; (5) Secondary chamber (see secondary combustion chamber); (6) Secondary combustion chamber; and (7) Secondary combustion chamber air port. Combustion component and incineration component: Fundamentally, there are three major components (namely (1) fuel; (2) oxidizer; and (3) diluent) in a combustion system and four major components (namely (1) fuel; (2) oxidizer; (3) diluent; and (4) waste) in an incineration system. Combustion component-diluent: A diluent is a substance that does not participate chemically in the combustion reaction either as a fuel substance or as an oxidizer. It is physically present and often does influence the combustion process. For example, diluents have heat capacity and while they do not make a positive contribution to the total energy released, they do act as a thermal sink and limit the temperature rise achieved by combustion. A diluent can be thought of as a substance that participates principally in the physical aspects of the combustion process. There are several possible diluents in an incineration system, some are: (1) Nitrogen: Nitrogen which comprises almost 79% of air, is the most common diluent. (2) Excess amount of oxygen: Incineration normally takes place at about 150 to 200% of the amount of theoretical air needed for combustion. The excess oxygen (the amount over 100% of theoretical air) will act as a diluent. That is, its participation in the combustion process will be physical but not chemical. (3) Water vapor contained either in combustion air or in the waste feed (or, for that matter, the amount formed during the incineration process). (4) Inorganic ash compounds such as trace heavy metals present in the waste or in the fuel. Combustion component-fuel: A fuel is a mixture of hydrocarbons containing energy-rich bonds such as the carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds. These hydrocarbons are a common source of chemical potential energy (see hydrocarbon for more information).
Combustion component-oxidizer: An oxidizer is the chemical species that reacts with the fuel or waste compounds during incineration. Its function is to transform the chemical potential energy stored in the fuel into thermal energy or to convert heavymolecule waste compounds into light, simple compounds such as C02, H20, and HCI. Most commonly, the oxidizer is molecular oxygen, a constituent of air. Combustion component-waste: The wastestreams that are incinerable include hazardous waste, municipal waste, toxic substances (PCB), medical waste, spent pesticides, sludges from both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment processes, and other unclassified waste such as non-hazardous military waste. Combustion control valve: An automatic valve that will automatically control the flow rate of a fuel to a combustion system. Combustion correction factor (or correction factor): For comparison purposes, it is sometimes necessary to correct a measured value of a compound's concentration at the stack to a certain desired concentration. The way to make such a correction follows. The correction factor (CF) for oxygen is defined as: CF = (21 - desired 02)/(21 - measured 02). See Appendix A or see (Lee99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations. Combustion efficiency (CE): Combustion efficiency is defined as: CE = C02/(C02+ CO), where: C02 = carbon dioxide; and CO = carbon monoxide. Combustion equivalence ratio or equivalence ratio (ER): The actual fuel-air ratio divided by the stoichiometric (theoretical) fuel-air ratio. The actual fuel-air ratio is that air which is supplied to a combustion system that is more or less than that of the amount required for theoretical combustion. This is a measure of whether the combustion is fuel rich or fuel lean combustion (ER>l is fuel rich while ER
It can include nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides, particles, and many other chemical pollutants (EPA-84/09). Combustion indicator: An instrument to monitor the quality of combustion. It includes: Opacity; Stack gas oxygen concentration; Stack gas CO concentration; Combustion temperature; and Ash combustible. Combustion limit: See explosive limit. Combustion mode: In general, combustion or incineration involves three simultaneous chemical reaction modes: (1) Strong oxidation; (2) Weak pyrolysis; and (3) Weak radical attack. Combustion mode-oxidation: The oxidation of waste is shown in the following example for which dichloromethane is oxidized to produce harmless products: CH2CI2+ O2 + 3.76N2 C02 + 2HC1 + 3.76N2.A generalized formula for the complete incineration of a typical waste, CxHyCIz,(i.e., "theoretical air combustion") can be expressed as follows for y > z: CxHyCI, + [x + (y - z)/4](02 + 3.76N2) xC02 + zHCl + (y-z)/2H20 +3.76[~+ (y - z)/4]N2, where: x, y, and z represent the relative number of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine respectively.
+
+
Combustion mode-pyrolysis: Pyrolysis is a thermal degradation process wherein carbonaceous materials are destroyed or chemically rearranged in the absence or near absence of oxygen or air. It uses heat to break the bonds of the elements contained in a compound. Although incineration requires about 50 to 150% excess air to ensure enough oxygen in the combustion chamber to effectively contact with the waste, some small fraction of the waste still may not have a chance to contact the oxygen. These small waste fractions that remain in the high-temperature environment may undergo pyrolysis, e.g., the pyrolysis of cellulose and PCB may follow: (1) Cellulose: C6Hl0O5 2C0 + CH4 + 3H20+ 3C. (2) PCB: Cl2H7CI3 12C + 3HC1+ 2H2. The degraded compounds generally produce simpler compounds such as CO, CH4, and H20, which will be in the gaseous phase, and carbon (C), char, which will be in the solid or liquid phase.
+
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Combustion mode-radical attack: During incineration, flames are characterized by temperatures usually in the neighborhood of 1000 C and a radical-rich gas flow. This gas flow consists primarily of atomic hydrogen (H), atomic oxygen (0), atomic chlorine (CI), hydroxyl radicals (OH), possibly methyl radicals (CH3) in carbon-hydrogen-oxygen systems, and chloroxy radicals (C10) in chlorine-containing systems. The radical attack on waste compounds facilitates the decomposition of the waste. Combustion modification: One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). Nitrogen oxide emissions result from operating conditions in the furnace, the amount of nitrogen in the combustion air, and the amount of nitrogen in the fuel. Combustion conditions in the furnace can be modified to reduce NO, emissions (EPA-81/12, p7-5).
Combustion of coal and limestone mixture: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur: xide emission control for control structure). Sulfur oxides can be removed by burning coal and limestone mixtures in a boiler. There are two potential burning technologies: fluidized bed combustion and limestone coal pellets as fuel (EPA-8 1112, p8-5). Combustion product: (1) The product species produced under the complete combustion process. In fossil fuel combustion, the combustion products are C02, H20, and N2. In waste incineration, the combustion products are C02, H20, N2, HCI, and C12 (cf. combustion by-product) (Lee-8511 1). (2) Material produced or generated during the burning or oxidation of a material (EPA85111). (3) Substance produced during the burning or oxidation of a material (EPA-97/12). (4) The constituents resulting from combustion. In fossil fuel combustion, the major combustion products include C02, H20, and N2. In waste incineration, the combustion products may include C02, H20, N2, HCl, C12, and a whole range of trace combustion byproducts. Combustion rate: See bum rate. Combustion residual oxygen in flue gas: Combustion or incineration of waste usually takes place at an excess air condition to ensure complete combustion of waste. Consequently, there will be some residual oxygen in flue gas. See Appendix A for an example calculation of residual oxygen in flue gas or see (Lee-99) for more related analyses. Combustion temperature: Rapid increases or decreases in combustion gas temperature indicate potential combustion problems. Rising temperatures indicate that the heat input is increasing andlor airtlow is decreasing which can lead to insufficient air for complete combustion. Falling temperatures indicate problems in sustaining combustion. See combustion indicator for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Combustion theory: Combustion involves heat and light. It is a process of burning resulting from the rapid oxidation of organic (fuel) compounds that can be expressed in terms of fundamental chemical reaction equations. Consider the oxidation of carbon: C + O2 C02, where C and O2 are the reactants and C02 is the products. This equation states that one mole of carbon reacts with one mole of oxygen to form one mole of carbon dioxide. This also means that 12 Ibs of carbon react with 32 lbs of oxygen to form 44 Ibs of carbon dioxide. All feed substances that undergo the combustion process are called the reactants, and the substances that result from the combustion process are called the products. Obviously, combustion has to follow the law of mass conservation and the law of energy conservation. Therefore, during combustion, chemical elements can react with each other but the mass and the energy level of the entire combustion system must remain the same. Mass and energy balance calculations are two key ways to define a combustion system. The mass balance determines the levels of products formed by the reactants and the energy balance
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determines the amount of energy transfer within of a combustion system. Combustion: Combustion- or incineration-related terms include (1) Autogenous (or autothermic) combustion; (2) Catalytic combustion; (3) Complete combustion; (4) Flame combustion; (5) Incomplete combustion; (6) Lean combustion; (7) Open combustion; (8) Rich combustion; (9) Stoichiometric combustion; (10) Suppressed combustion; and (11) Theoretical combustion (see stoichiometric combustion). Combustion: (1) Burning, or rapid oxidation, accompanied by release of energy in the form of heat and light. (2) Refers to controlled burning of waste, in which heat chemically alters organic compounds, converting into stable inorganics such as carbon dioxide and water (EPA-97/12). Combustion: Burning. Many important pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates (PM-10) are combustion products, often products of the burning of fuels such as coal, oil, gas, and wood (CMair-04). Combustion: Chemical oxidation accompanied by the generation of light and heat (CMC02gasl-04). Combustion: The controlled burning in an enclosed area as a means of treating or disposingof hazardous waste (RCRA/hazardous-04). Combustion: The controlled burning of municipal solid waste to reduce volume, and, commonly, to recover energy (RCRA/municipal-04). Cometabolism: A reaction in which microbes transform a contaminant even though the contaminant cannot serve as an energy source for the organisms. To degrade the contaminant, the microbes require the presence of other compounds (primary substrates) that can support their growth (NavyIEnv-04). Comfort cooling tower: The cooling towers that are dedicated exclusively to and are an integral part of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning or refrigeration systems (40CFR749.68-91). Comfortlstatus letter: Letters that provide any releasable information EPA has about a site, what that information means, and the likelihood that EPA will take Federal Superfund action. Comfort/status letters are used when: (1) They may facilitate cleanup and redevelopment of brownfields; (2) There is a realistic perception or probability of incurring Superfund liability; and (3) No other mechanism could adequately address a party's concerns (SF/reform-04). Command post: Facility located at a safe distance upwind from an accident site, where the on-scene coordinator, responders, and technical representatives make response decisions, deploy manpower and equipment, maintain liaison with news media, and handle communications(EPA-97/12).
Command-and-control regulation: Specific requirements prescribing how to comply with specific standards defining acceptable levels of pollution (EPA-97/12). Commence construction: To engage in a continuous program of onsite construction including site clearance, grading, dredging, or land filling specifically designed for a parking facility in preparation for the fabrication, erection, or installation of the building components of the facility. For the purpose of this paragraph, interruptions resulting from acts of God, strikes, litigation, or other matters beyond the control of the owner shall be disregarded in determining whether a construction or modification program is continuous (40CFR52.1135-91, see also 40CFR52.1135-91). Commence: As applied to construction of a major stationary source or major modification means that the owner or operator has all necessary preconstruction approvals or permits and either has: (1) Begun, or caused to begin, a continuous program of actual onsite construction of the source, to be completed within a reasonable time; or (2) Entered into binding agreements or contractual obligations, which cannot be cancelled or modified without substantial loss to the owner or operator, to undertake a program of actual construction of the source to be completed within a reasonable time (40CFR51.165-91, see also 40CFR51App/S; 51.166; 52.01; 52.21; 52.24; 52.2486; 60.2; 60.666; 61.0291). Commenced commercial operation: To have begun to generate electricity for sale (CAA402-42U.S.C.765 1a-91). Commencement of construction: Any clearing of land, excavation, or other substantial action that would adversely affect the natural environment of a site but does not include changes desirable for the temporary use of the land for public recreational uses, necessary borings to determine site characteristics or other preconstruction monitoring to establish background information related to the suitability of a site or to the protection of environmental values (10CFR30.4-91, see also 10CFR40.4; 70.491). Commensalism: An interaction (e.g., habitation together) of two species (animals or plants) in which one species benefits from the association while the other species is not affected. Comment period: Time provided for the public to review and comment on a proposed EPA action or rulemaking after publication in the Federal Register (EPA-97/12). Commerce clause: A constitutional clause granting Congress the power to regulate all commerce; the dormant commerce clause makes it explicit that state lines cannot be made barriers to the free flow of commerce (OTA-89/10).
Commerce: (1) Commerce between any place in any state and any place outside thereof; and (2) Commerce wholly within the District of Columbia (CAA216, see also 40CFR205.2; 710.2; 720.3; 747.1 15; 747.195; 747.200; 761.3; 763.163-91). Commercial activity: All activities of industry and trade, including but not limited to, the buying or selling of commodities and activities conducted for the purpose of facilitating such buying and selling. Provided, however, that it does not include exhibition of commodities by museum or similar cultural or historical organizations (ESA3-16U.S.C.1531-90). Commercial aircraft engine: Any aircraft engine used or intended for use by an air carrier (including those engaged in intrastate air transportation) or a commercial operator (including those engaged in intrastate air transportation) as these terms are defined in the Federal Aviation Act and the Federal Aviation Regulations. See engine for more related terms (40CFR87.1-91). Commercial aircraft gas turbine engine: A turboprop, turbofan, or turbojet commercial aircraft engine (40CFR87.1-91). Commercial and industrial friction product: An asbestoscontaining product, which is either molded or woven, intended for use as a friction material in braking and gear changing components in industrial and commercial machinery and consumer appliances. Major applications of this product include hand brakes; segments; blocks; and other components used as brake linings, rings, and clutches in industrial and commercial machinery and consumer appliances (40CFR763.163-9 1). Commercial applicator: A certified applicator (whether or not he is a private applicator with respect to some uses) who uses or supervises the use of any pesticide which is classified for restricted use for any purpose or on any property other than as provided by the definition of private applicator (40CFR171.2-91). Commercial applicator: A person applying pesticides as part of a business applying pesticides for hire or a person applying pesticides as part of his or her job with another (not for hire) type of business, organization, or agency. Commercial applicators often are certified, but need to be so only if they use restricted-use pesticides (FFDCNpesticide-04). Commercial arsenic: Any form of arsenic that is produced by extraction from any arsenic containing substance and is intended for sale or for intentional use in a manufacturing process. Arsenic that is a naturally occumng trace constituent of another substance is not considered commercial arsenic. See arsenic for more related terms (4OCFR61.I 61-91). Commercial asbestos: Any material containing asbestos that is extracted from ore and has value because of its asbestos content. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR61.141-91).
Commercial chemical product (CCP): Unused or off specification chemicals, spill or container residues, and other unused manufactured products that are not typically considered chemicals. For the purposes of hazardous waste listings, CCPs include only unused, pure chemical products, and formulations (RCRAhazardous-04). Commercial establishment: Stores, offices, restaurants, warehouses, and other non-manufacturing activities (40CFR246.101-91). Commercial hexane test substance: For purposes of this section, is a product which conforms to the specifications of ASTM D 1836 and contains no more than 40 liquid volume percent nhexane and no less than 10 liquid volume percent MCP (40CFR799.2155-91). Commercial hexane: For purposes of this section, is a product obtained from crude oil, natural gas liquids, or petroleum refinery processing in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials Designation D 1836-83 (ASTM D 1836), consists primarily of six-carbon alkanes or cycloalkanes, and contains at least 40 liquid volume percent n-hexane (CAS No. 110-543) and at least 5 liquid volume percent methylcyclopentane (MCP; CAS No. 96-377). ASTM D 1836, formally entitled "Standard Specification for Commercial Hexanes," is published in 1986 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Petroleum Products and Lubricants, ASTM D 1836-83, pp. 966-967, 1986, is incorporated by reference, and is available for public inspection at the Federal Register, 800 North. Capitol Street, NW, suite 700, Washington, DC (4OCFR799.2155-1-91). Commercial incinerator: A privately owned incinerator used to bum wastes from all sources for profit purposes. See incinerator for more related terms. Commercial item description: A series of simplified item descriptions under the federal specifications and standards program used in the acquisition of commercial off-the-shelf and commercial type products (40CFR248.4-91). Commercial operator (Ohio's defmition): All persons, firms, or corporations who own or operate stores, restaurants, industries, institutions, and other similar places, public or private, charitable or non-charitable, and includes all responsible persons other than householders, upon whose premises putrescible wastes, other refuse or both is, or are, created (EPA-83). Commercial paper: An asbestos-containing product which is made of paper intended for use as general insulation paper or muffler paper. Major applications of commercial papers are insulation against fire, heat transfer, and corrosion in circumstances that require a thin, but durable, barrier. See paper for more related terms (40CFR763.163-9 1).
Commercial real estate transaction: The purchase or lease of real property by persons or entities in the business of building or developing dwelling units for profit. A commercial real estate transaction does not include transfer of title to or possession of real property or the receipt of security interest in real property with respect to an individual dwelling or building containing fewer than five dwelling units, nor does it include the purchase of a lot or lots to construct a dwelling for occupancy by a purchaser (USDNwater-04). Commercial real estate: The term commercial real estate includes, but is not limited to, undeveloped real property and real property used for industrial, retail, office, medical, or educational purposes, property used for residential purposes that has more than four residential dwelling units, and property with no more than four dwelling units for residential use when it has a commercial function, as in the building of such dwellings for profit (USDNwater-04). Commercial refuse: All solid wastes originating in businesses and multiple unit rental structures, such as office buildings, apartment houses, stores, markets, theaters, and privately owned hospitals and other institutional units. See refuse for more related terms (EPA-83). Commercial solid waste (or commercial waste): All types of solid wastes generated by stores, offices, restaurants, warehouses, and other non-manufacturing activities, excluding residential and industrial wastes. See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.101-91, see aIso 40CFR245.101; 246.101 -9 1). Commercial storer of PCB waste: The owner or operator of each facility which is subject to the PCB storage facility standards of 40CFR761.65, and who engages in storage activities involving PCB waste generated by others, or PCB waste that was removed while servicing the equipment owned by others and brokered for disposal. The receipt of a fee or any other form of compensation for storage services is not necessary to qualify as a commercial storer of PCB waste. It is sufficient under this definition that the facility stores PCB waste generated by others or the facility removed the PCB waste while servicing equipment owned by others. A generator who stores only the generator's own waste is subject to the storage requirements of 40CFR761.65, but is not required to seek approval as a commercial storer. If a facility's storage of PCB waste at no time exceeds 500 liquid gallons of PCBs, the owner or operator is not required to seek approval as a commercial storer of PCB waste (40CFR761.3-91). Commercial use request: Refers to a request from or on behalf of one who seeks information for a use or purpose that furthers the commercial, trade, or profit interests of the requestor or the person on whose behalf the request is made. In determining whether a requestor properly belongs in this category, EPA must determine the use to which a requestor will put the documents requested. Moreover, where EPA has reasonable cause to doubt the use to which a requestor will put the records sought, or where that use is
not clear from the request itself, EPA may seek additional clarification before assigning the request to a specific category (40CFR2.100-e-91).
Commercial use: The use of a chemical substance or any mixture containing the chemical substance in a commercial enterprise providing saleable goods or a service to consumers (e.g., a commercial dry cleaning establishment or painting contractor) (40CFR721.3-91). Commercial vessel: Those vessels used in the business of transporting property for compensation or hire, or in transporting property in the business of the owner, lessee, or operator of the vessel. See vessel for more related terms (CWA31233u.s.c.1322-91). Commercial waste management facility: A treatment, storage, disposal, or transfer facility which accepts waste from a variety of sources, as compared to a private facility which normally manages a limited wastestream generated by its own operations (EPA97/12). Commercial waste: All solid waste emanating from business establishments such as stores, markets, office buildings, restaurants, shopping centers, and theaters (EPA-97/12). See also synonym, commercial solid waste. Commercial waste: Waste materials originating in wholesale, retail, institutional, or service establishments, such as office buildings, stores, markets, theaters, hotels, and warehouses (RCWmanagement-04). Commercial water use: Water used for motels, hotels, restaurants, office buildings, other commercial facilities, and institutions. Water for commercial uses comes both from public-supplied sources, such as a county water department, and self-supplied sources, such as local wells (CWNWscience-04). Commercial withdrawals: Water for use by motels, hotels, restaurants, office buildings, commercial facilities, and civilian and military institutions. The water may be obtained from a public supplier or it may be self-supplied (CWAIWbasics-04). Commingled recyclable: (1) A recyclable material separated from mixed MSW (municipal solid waste) at the point of generation. Further separation into individual components occurs at the collection vehicle or centralized processing facility (OTA89/10). (2) A mixture of several recyclable materials contained in one container (EPA-89/11). (3) Mixed recyclables that are collected together (EPA-97/12). Commingled recyclable: Two or more recyclable materials collected together (i.e., not separated). In some types of collection programs, recyclable materials may be commingled, as long as they do not contaminate each other. For example, glass and plastic
can be commingled, but glass and oil cannot (RCWmanagement04).
Comminuter: A machine that shreds or pulverizes solids to make waste treatment easier (EPA-97/12). Comminution: Mechanical shredding or pulverizing of waste. Used in both solid waste management and wastewater treatment (EPA-97/12). Comminution: The breaking, crushing, or grinding of coal, ore, or rock (CWNmining-04). Commission finishing: The finishing of textile materials, 50% or more of which are owned by others, in mills that are 5 1% or more independent (i.e., only a minority ownership by company(ies) with greige or integrated operations); the mills must process 20% or more of their commissioned production through batch, noncontinuous processing operations with 50% or more of their commissioned orders processed in 5000 yard or smaller lots (40CFR410.01-91). Commission scouring: The scouring of wool, 50% or more of which is owned by others, in mills that are 51% or more independent (i.e., only a minority ownership by company(ies) with greige or integrated operations); the mills must process 20% or more of their commissioned production through batch, noncontinuous processing operations (40CFR410.11-91). Committed effective dose equivalent: The sum of the predicted total dose equivalent to tissue or organ (over a 50-year period after a known internal intake of a radionuclide into the body), each multiplied by the appropriate weighing factor. The units are rem or sievert (SDWNradionuclide-04). Committee or local emergency planning committee: The local emergency planning committee appointed by the emergency response commission (40CFR355.20; 370.2-91). Common carrier by motor vehicle: Any person who holds himself out to the general public to engage in the transportation by motor vehicle in interstate or foreign commerce of passengers or property or any class or classes thereof for compensation, whether over regular or irregular routes (40CFR202.10-9 1). Common emission control device: A control device controlling emissions from the coating operation as well as from another emission source within the plant (40CFR60.711-91, see also 4OCFR60.741-91). Common exposure route: A likely way (oral, dermal, respiratory) by which a pesticide may reach andlor enter an organism (40CFRl71.2-91. Common law: Common law is derived from the application of natural reason, an innate sense of justice and the dictates of
conscience. It is not the result of legislative enactment. Rather, its authority is derived solely from usages and customs which have been recognized, affirmed, and enforced by the courts through judicial decisions. See environmental law system for more related terms (Sullivan-95/04, p6). Other common law-related terms include tort. Three types of torts most commonly encountered in the environmental field are: Negligence; Nuisance; and Trespass. Common mechanism of toxicity: Two or more chemicals or other substances that cause a common toxic effect(s) by the same, or essentially the same, sequence of major biochemical events (i.e., interpreted as mode of action) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Common metals: Copper, nickel, chromium, zinc, tin, lead, cadmium, iron, aluminum, or any combination thereof. See metal for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Common name: Any designation or identification such as code name, code number, trade name, brand name, or generic chemical name used to identify a chemical substance other than by its chemical name (40CFR72 1.3-91). Common pesticide name: A common chemical name given to a pesticide by a recognized committee on pesticide nomenclature. Many pesticides are known by a number of trade or brand names but have only one recognized common name, e.g., the common name for Sevin insecticide is carbaryl (EPA-85/10). Common rosin: See natural rosin. Common sense initiative: Voluntary program to simplify environmental. regulation to achieve cleaner, cheaper, smarter results, starting with six major industry sectors (EPA-97/12). Communicable disease: All illness due to an infectious agent or its toxic products which is transmitted directly or indirectly to a healthy person through the agency of an infected entity, intermediate host, vector, or inanimate environment (EPA-83). Communicable period: The time during which an infection may be transferred (EPA-83). Community (biotic): All plant and animal populations occupying a specific area under relatively similar conditions (DOE-91/04). Community Advisory Group (CAG): A committee, task force, or board comprised of citizens affected by a hazardous waste site. CAGs provide a public forum for community members to present and discuss their needs and concerns about the decision-making process at sites affecting them (SFIreform-04). Community Assistance Panel (CAP): A group of people from a community and from health and environmental agencies who work with ATSDR to resolve issues and problems related to hazardous substances in the community. CAP members work with ATSDR to gather and review community health concerns, provide
information on how people might have been or might now be exposed to hazardous substances, and inform ATSDR on ways to involve the community in its activities (SFhealth-04). Community Awareness and Emergency Response (CAER): Program developed by the Chemical Manufacturers Association. Guidance for chemical plant managers to assist them in taking the initiative in cooperating with local communities to develop integrated (communityhndustry) hazardous materials response plans (NRT-87/03). Community Based Environmental Protection (CBEP): Also known as Community Based Environmental Protection (CBEP), the Office of Sustainable Ecosystems and Communities (OSEC) fosters the implementation of integrated, geographic approaches to environmental protection with an emphasis on ecological integrity, economic sustainability, and quality of life. OSEC is involved in developing and supporting demonstration projects, tools, and policies that support CBEP activities (SFIremedy-04). Community component: A general term that may pertain to the biotic guild (fish, invertebrates, algae), the taxonomic category (order, family, genus, species), the feeding strategy (herbivore, omnivore, predator), or the organizational level (individual, population, assemblage) of a biological entity within the aquatic community (EPA-91/03). Community Environmental Response Facilitation Act (CERFA): A federal law which requires the Department of Defense to identify uncontaminated parcels of land or property that can be quickly turned over to communities for economic reuse. CERFA amends CERCLA, allowing 18 months to identify, document, and concur on all uncontaminated parcels of land or property at military installations undergoing closure (OMBIReg04). Community Environmental Response Facilitation Act of 1992 (CERFA): This law amends CERCLA and requires that the federal government identify real property which is not contaminated, and that offers the greatest opportunity for expedited reuse and redevelopment by the community on each facility. The identified parcels of real property must be either free from hazardous substances and petroleum products, including aviation fuel and motor oil, and their derivatives, or the remediation of contamination by those substances should be expedited to facilitate transfer to the public (NavyEnv-04). Community Environmental Response Facilitation Act: Enacted by Congress in 1992 to amend CERCLA Section 12001) for identifying parcels of uncontaminated land on federal real property to be reused by communities and for notifying states of leases of federal real property (SDWNradionuclide-04). Community relation (or public participation): EPA's program to inform and encourage public participation in the Superfund
process and to respond to community concerns (for complete definition, See 40CFR300.5-91).
Community relation: (1) EPA's program to inform and encourage public participation in the Superfund process and to respond to community concerns. The term "public" includes citizens directly affected by the site, other interested citizens or parties, organized groups, elected officials, and potentially responsible parties (40CFR300.5-91). (2) The EPA effort to establish two-way communication with the public to create understanding of EPA programs and related actions, to assure public input into decision-making processes related to affected communities, and to make certain that the Agency is aware of and responsive to public concerns. Specific community relations activities are required in relation to Superfund remedial actions (EPA-97/12). Community relation: The effort to establish two-way communication with the public to create understanding of Installation Restoration Program and related actions, to assure public input into decision-making processes related to affected communities, and to make certain that the Navy is aware of and responsive to public concerns. Specific community relations activities are required in relation to Superfund remedial actions. The term "public" includes citizens directly affected by the site, other interested citizens or parties, organized groups, elected officials, and potentially responsible parties (NavyIEnv-04). Community relations plan (CRP): A written plan of action that provides for interaction with the public, elected officials, and environmental groups, including obtaining their input at appropriate points during the Installation Restoration (IR) process. A CRP must be developed and implemented for removal actions and remedial actions at all IR sites. It will be based on research conducted by community interviews with state and local officials, citizen and community groups, interested residents, and local media representatives (Navy/Env-04). Community relations plan: Formal plan for EPA community relations activities at Superfund sites. It is designed to ensure citizens opportunities for public involvement at the sites, and to allow them the opportunity to learn more about the site (SF/Env04). Community reuse plan: The basis for the proposed action and alternatives addressed in the DOD Component's EIS or other NEPA analyses (NavyIEnv-04). Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986: See Act or EPCRA. Community water system: (1) A public water system which serves at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents (40CFR141.291, see also 40CFR191.12-91). (2) A public water system which serves at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents (EPA-97/12).
Community water system: A public water system which supplies drinking water to 25 or more of the same people year-round in their residences (SDWNReg-04). Community water system: In Virginia, as defined by the Virginia Department of Health, a water system serving at least 25 individuals or more than 15 residential connections (NavyIEnv04). Community: (1) An aggregation of species (plants or animals) living in the same area (habitat). (2) In ecology, a group of interacting populations in time and space. Sometimes, a particular subgrouping may be specified, such as the fish community in a lake or the soil arthropod community in a forest (EPA-97/12). Community: In ecology, a group of interacting populations in time and space. Sometimes, a particular subgrouping may be specified, such as the fish community in a lake or the soil arthropod community in a forest (NavyIEnv-04). Community: In ecology, the species that interact in a common area (CWA/Wbasics-04). Commuter: An employee who travels regularly to a place of employment (40CFR52.116 1-91, see also 40CFR52.2294; 52.2297-91). Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL): Small fluorescent lamps used as more efficient alternatives to incandescent lighting. Also called PL, CFL, Twin-Tube, or BIAX lamps (EPA-97/12). Compact: An agreement between or among two or more states for the common management of radioactive wastes generated within their borders. Compacts were authorized by congress in 1980 (Envirocare-00109). Compact: To reduce size or dimensions or increase density without adding or subtracting matter. To treat glass in a manner, such as by heat-treatment, to approach maximum density (EPA83). Compaction pit transfer system: A transfer system in which solid waste is compacted in a storage pit by a crawler tractor before being pushed into an open-top transfer trailer (SW-108ts). Compaction station: A type of transfer station in which waste is compacted as an intermediate step before sending it to a disposal site. Compaction: Reduction of the bulk of solid waste by rolling and tamping (EPA-97/12). Compactor collection truck: An enclosed vehicle provided with special mechanical devices for loading the refuse into the main
compartment of the body and for compressing and distributing the refuse within the body (EPA-83). Compactor collection vehicle (mobile): A vehicle with an enclosed body containing mechanical devices that convey solid waste into the main compartment of the body and compress it into a smaller volume of greater density. See compactor for more related terms (40CFR243.101-91). Compactor: A power-driven device used to compress materials to a smaller volume (EPA-89/11; SW-108ts). Other compactorrelated terms include (1) Compactor collection vehicle (mobile); (2) Sanitary landfill compactor; and (3) Stationary compactor. Comparability: A qualitative measure of the confidence with which one data set can be compared to another. Sample data should be comparable with other measurement data for similar samples and sample conditions (NavyIEnv-04). Comparability: See quality indicator. Comparative Effect Level (CEL): Dose by which potency of chemicals may be compared, e.g., the dose causing a maximum of 15% cholinesterase inhibition (FFDCNpesticide-04). Comparative method: A method in which characterization is based on chemical standards (i.e., comparison with such standards). See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Comparative risk assessment: Process that generally uses the judgement of experts to predict effects and set priorities among a wide range of environmental problems (EPA-97/12). Comparison value (CV): Calculated concentration of a substance in air, water, food, or soil that is unlikely to cause harmful (adverse) health effects in exposed people. The CV is used as a screening level during the public health assessment process. Substances found in amounts greater than their CVs might be selected for further evaluation in the public health assessment process (SFhealth-04). Compartment: A liquid-tight division of a delivery tank (40CFR60-App/A(method27)-91). Compartmentalized vehicle: A collection vehicle which has two or more comparhnents for placement of solid wastes or recyclable materials. The compartments may be within the main truck body or on the outside of that body as in the form of metal racks (40CFR246.101-91). Compatibility: (1) That property of a pesticide which permits its use with other chemicals without undesirable results being caused by the combination (40CFR171.2-91). (2) If two or more hazardous materials remain in contact indefinitely without reaction, they are compatible (cf. waste compatibility) (Course 165.5).
Compatible pollutant: The pollutants which can be adequately treated in publicly owned treatment works without upsetting the treatment process. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA83106a). Compatible: The ability of two or more substances to maintain their respective physical and chemical properties upon contact with one another for the design life of the tank system under conditions like to be encountered in the UST (40CFR280.12-91). Compensation point: The oxygen released in photosynthesis equals the amount used in respiration and the carbon dioxide released in respiration equals the amount used in photosynthesis. Competent rock: Rock which, because of its physical and geological characteristics, is capable of sustaining openings without any structural support except pillars and walls left during mining (stalls, light props, and roof bolts are not considered structural support) (CWAImining-04). Competent: Properly qualified to perform functions associated with pesticide application, the degree of capability required being directly related to the nature of the activity and the associated responsibility (40CFR171.2-91). Complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF): The CCDF is used to provide information on the ~equencyof consequence magnitudes exceeding specific value (DOE-91/04). Complete combustion: A combustion process where all carbon and hydrogen elements in reactants are converted into only carbon dioxide and water in products under a stoichiometric condition (or 100% combustion air). The conversion of carbon and hydrogen can be expressed as follows: C + O2 C02; and H2 + 112 O2 H20. An example of complete combustion of a propane gas is: 3C02 + 4H20 + 18.8 N2. A C3Hs + 5 x 1.0 (02 + 3.76N2) generalized formula for complete combustion of a conventional fuel, CxH, (theoretical air combustion), can be expressed as follows: CxHy+ (x + y/4)02 + 3.76(x + y/4)N2 xC02 + y/2H20 + 3.76(x + y/4)N2,where x and y represent the relative number of atoms of carbon and hydrogen, respectively. To obtain the optimum temperature during combustion, it is desirable to convert all the chemical energy stored in the reactants into thermal energy. To reach this goal, all carbon and hydrogen elements in a combustion system must be fully oxidized and become only carbon dioxide and water. See combustion for more related terms.
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Complete destruction of pesticides: An alteration (of pesticides) by physical or chemical processes to inorganic forms (40CFR165.1-91). Complete incineration: Also known as complete combustion. See Appendix B for complete incineration patterns.
Complete recycle: The complete re-use of a stream, with make up water added for evaporation losses. There is no blowdown stream from a totally recycled flow and the process water is not periodically or continuously discharged (EPA-8511Oa). Complete treatment: A method of treating water that consists of the addition of coagulant chemicals, flash mixing, coagulationflocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. Also called conventional filtration (EPA-97/12). Complete waste treatment system: Consists of all the treatment works necessary to meet the requirements of title 111 of the Act, involving: (1) The transport of wastewater from individual homes or buildings to a plant or facility where treatment of the wastewater is accomplished. (2) The treatment of the wastewater to remove pollutants. (3) The ultimate disposal, including recycling or reuse, of the treated wastewater and residues which result from the treatment process (40CFR35.2005-12-91). Complete wastewater treatment system: The system consists of all the treatment works necessary to meet the requirements of title I11 of the Act (for complete definition, see 40CFR35.905; 35.2005-91). Complete: In reference to an application for a permit, that the application contains all the information necessary for processing the application. Designating an application complete for purposes of permit processing does not preclude the reviewing authority from requesting or accepting any additional information (40CFR51.166-9 1, see also 40CFR52.2 1-91). Completed exposure pathway: See exposure pathway (SF1 health-04). Completely closed drain system: An individual drain system that is not open to the atmosphere and is equipped and operated with a closed vent system and control device complying with the requirements of 40CFR60.692-5 (40CFR60.691-91). Completely mixed batch reactor: A closed reactor system where the mixing is provided to ensure that no concentration gradient exists (EPA-88109a). Completely mixed condition: No measurable difference in the concentration of a pollutant exists across a transect of the water body (e.g., does not vary by 5%) (EPA-91/03). Completely mixed flow through reactor: A reactor system that allows the reaction fluids to flow in and out of the system, while inside the reactor, the fluids are completely mixed. Completeness: A measure of the amount of valid data obtained from a measurement system compared to the amount that was expected to be obtained under routine operating conditions (Navy/Env-04).
Completeness: See quality indicator. Complex compound: A compound capable of forming chemical bonds with metal atoms or ions, e.g., (CU(NH~))+*. Complex cyanide: Complex ions containing cyanide ions and a cation such as iron, e.g., ferrocyanide [ F ~ ( c N ) ~ ]andlor ~ ferricyanide (FHCN)~)". Complex manufacturing operation: The simple unit processes (desizing, fiber preparation, and dyeing) plus any additional manufacturing operations such as printing, water proofing, or applying stain resistance or other functional fabric finishes (cf. simple manufacturing operation) (40CFR410.41-91, see also 4OCFR410.51; 410.61-91). Complex salt: A metal salt in which there are no detectable metal ions in a solution, because the metal ions are strongly bound in the complex ion. Complex slaughterhouse: A slaughterhouse that accomplishes extensive by-product processing, usually at least three of such operations as rendering, paunch and viscera handling, blood processing, hide processing, or hair processing (40CFR432.21-91). Complex terrain: A terrain whose rise within 5 kilometers of a stack is greater than the physical stack height. See terrain for more related terms (EPA-90104). Complex: A collection of facilities dedicated to the same set of activities (DOE-91/04). Complexation: Electrostatic association of positively charged metal ions and negatively charged organic matter, usually with two or more points of attachment. See chelate (NavylEnv-04). Complexation: See complexing. Complexing (or complexation): Forming a compound containing a number of parts, often used to describe a metal atom associated with a set of organic ligands (EPA-87llOa). In chemistry, the process of incorporation into other compounds, such as through hydration, oxygenation, halogenation, and chelation (LBL-76107bio). Complexing agent: A compound that joins with a metal to form an ion which has a molecular structure consisting of a central atom (the metal) bonded to other atoms by coordinate covalent bonds (EPA-83106a). Complexometric analysis (complexometri titration or chelatometry): A method of volumetric analysis in which the formation of colored complex is used to indicate the result of a titration (cf. titration).
Complexometric titration: See complexometric analysis. See also titation for more related terms.
procedures by which a source will reduce emissions and, thereby, comply with a regulation (EPA-97/12).
Compliance actionlorder: See administrative order. Compliance coal: Any coal that emits less than 1.2 pounds of sulfur dioxide per million Btu when burned. Also known as low sulfur coal (EPA-97/12).
Compliance schedule: A schedule of remedial measures included in a permit or an enforcement order, including a sequence of interim requirements (for example, actions, operations, or milestone events) that lead to compliance with the CWA and regulations (CWNwastewater-04).
Compliance coating: A coating whose volatile organic compound content does not exceed that allowed by regulation (EPA-97/12).
Compliance: The act of meeting all state and federal drinking water regulations (SDWAIReg-04).
Compliance cycle: (1) The ninsyear calendar year cycle during which public water systems must monitor. Each compliance cycle consists of three three-year compliance periods. The first calendar year cycle begins January 1, 1993 and ends December 3 1, 2001; the second begins January 1, 2002 and ends December 31, 2010; the third begins January 1, 2011 and ends December 31, 2019 (40CFR141.2-91). (2) The nineyear calendar year cycle, beginning January 1, 1993, during which public water systems must monitor. Each cycle consists of three three-year compliance periods (EPA-97/12).
Compliance: The compliance with clean air standards or clean water standards. For the purpose of these regulations, compliance also shall mean compliance with a schedule or plan ordered or approved by a court of competent jurisdiction, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, or an air or water pollution control agency, in accordance with the requirements of the CAA or the CWA and regulations issued pursuant thereto (40CFR15.491).
Compliance level: An emission level determined during a Production Compliance Audit pursuant to Subpart L of this part (40CFR86.1002.84-91, see also 40CFR86.1102.87-91). Compliance monitoring: Collection and evaluation of data, including selfmonitoring reports, and verification to show whether pollutant concentrations and loads contained in permitted discharges are in compliance with the limits and conditions specified in the permit (EPA-97/12). Compliance monitoring: For purposes of RCRA TSDF groundwater monitoring, a program that seeks to ensure that the amount of hazardous waste that has leaked into the uppermost aquifer does not exceed acceptable levels (RCRAfhazardous-04). Compliance period: A three-year calendar year period within a compliance cycle. Each compliance cycle has three three-year compliance periods. Within the first compliance cycle, the first compliance period runs from January 1, 1993 to December 3 1, 1995; the second from January 1, 1996 to December 3 1, 1998; the third from January 1, 1999 to December 3 1, 2001 (40CFR141.291). Compliance plan: For purposes of the requirements of this title, either: (1) A statement that the source will comply with all applicable requirements under this title, or (2) Where applicable, a schedule and description of the method or methods for compliance and certification by the owner or operator that the source is in compliance with the requirements of this title (CAA40242U.S.C.7651a-91). Compliance schedule: A negotiated agreement between a pollution source and a government agency that specifies dates and
Composite board: Any combination of different types of board, either with another type board or with another sheet material. The composite board may be laminated in a separate operation or at the same time as the board is pressed. Examples of composite boards include veneer-faced particle board, hardboard-faced insulation board and particle board, and metal-faced hardboard (EPA-74/04). Composite liner: A liner system composed of an engineered soil layer overlain by a synthetic flexible membrane liner (OTA-89/10). Composite liner: A liner system that is composed of both natural soil liners and synthetic liners. The liner must be in direct and uniform contact with the clay (RCRNmanagement-04). Composite NO, standards: For a manufacturer which elects to average light-duty trucks subject to the NO, standard of 40CFR86.088.9(a)(iii)(A) together with those subject to the NOx standard of 40CFR86.088.9(a)(iii)(B)in the light-duty truck NO, averaging program, means that standard calculated according to the equation (set forth in 40CFR86.088.2) and rounded to the nearest one-tenth gram per mile (40CFR86.088.2-91). Composite particulate standards: For a manufacturer which elects to average diesel light-duty vehicles and diesel light-duty trucks with a loaded vehicle weight equal to or less than 3750 Ibs (LDDTls) together in the particulate averaging program, means that standard calculated according to the equation (set forth in 40CFR86.087.2 under this definition) and rounded to the nearest one-hundredth (0.01) gram per mile (40CFR86.087.2-91, see also 40CFR86.085.2; 86.090.2-91). Composite sample (or mixed sample): (1) A series of small samples taken over a given time period and combined as one sample in order to provide a representative analysis of the average constituent levels during the sampling period (EPA-82/11). (2) A
mixture of grab samples collected at the same sampling point at different times (EPA-87/10). (3) A sample composed of no less than eight grab samples taken over the compositing period (40CFR471.02-91). (4) See sample for more related terms. Composite sample: A representative sample created by the homogenization of multiple samples from multiple sampling locations within the same general area. A composite sample is generally taken to indicate the average concentration in a particle media. For example, composite samples are often taken of soil to characterize it for disposal. Typically, only one sample is necessary for every 100 cubic yards. Therefore, several grab samples from each roll-off containing the soil may be homogenized to form the composite sample. Taken in this way, the composite will represent an average concentration of the chemicals of concern for the soil (Navy/Env-04). Composite sample: A series of water samples taken over a given period of time and weighted by flow rate (EPA-97/12). Composite sample: Sample composed of two or more discrete samples. The aggregate sample will reflect the average water quality covering the compositing or sample period (CWNwastewater-04). Composite wastewater sample: A combination of individual samples of water or wastewater taken at selected intervals and mixed in proportion to flow or time to minimize the effect of the variability of an individual samples. See sample for more related terms (EPA-83/03).
Composting: Processes designed to optimize the natural decomposition or decay of organic matter, such as leaves and food. The end product of composting is a humus-like material that can be added to soils to increase soil fertility, d o n , and nutrient retention (RCRNhazardous-04). Composting: The controlled biological decomposition of organic material in the presence of air to form a humus-like material. Controlled methods of composting include mechanical mixing and aerating, ventilating the materials by dropping them through a vertical series of aerated chambers, or placing the compost in piles out in the open air and mixing it or turning it periodically (EPA97/12). Composting: Types of composting include Dano Biostabilizer system composting; Indore process composting; Mechanical composting method; Mechanical process composting; Ventilated cell composting; Windrow composting; and Municipal solid waste composting (SW-108ts). Composting: The controlled biological decomposition of organic solid materials under aerobic conditions (RCRAImanagement-04). Compound imbibition: The most common type of imbibition involves the addition and recirculation of water and juices to the bagasse at different points in a four mill network in order to dissolve sucrose (EPA-75102d). Comprehensive development: The basin wide development of water and land resources for optimum beneficial uses of a river system and its watershed (DOI-70104).
Composite: See ceramic. Compost toilet: A tank for holding domestic waste where anaerobic and aerobic digestion takes place. Compost: (1)The relatively stable decomposed organic materials resulting from the composting process. Also referred to as humus (cf. humus) (EPA-89/11). (2) The relatively stable humus material that is produced from a composting process in which bacteria in soil mixed with garbage and degradable trash break down the mixture into organic fertilizer (EPA-97/12). Compost: The relatively stable humus material that is produced from a composting process in which bacteria in soil mixed with garbage and degradable trash break down the mixture into organic fertilizer (NavyIEnv-04). Composting facilities: (1) An off-site facility where the organic component of municipal solid waste is decomposed under controlled conditions; (2) An aerobic process in which organic materials are ground or shredded and then decomposed to humus in windrow piles or in mechanical digesters, drums, or similar enclosures (EPA-97/12).
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA): See Act or CERCLA. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Information System (CERCLIS): An EPA database of information about Superfund sites. This information is intended for EPA employees to use for management of the Superfund program (SFIremedy-04). Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS): A database that supports EPA headquarters and regional implementation of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986. It contains information on site inspections, preliminary assessments, remedial information, and emergency and non-emergency cleanup activities for all hazardous substance/waste sites evaluated under the Superfund Program, including federal facilities. In addition, CERCLIS contains information about all potential Superfund sites, as well as "Proposed" and "Final" sites that have been listed on the National Priorities List (NPL) (SFIremedy-04).
Comprehensive performance testing: The initial and periodic evaluation procedure for demonstrating compliance with the national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants and establishes revised operating limits for hazardous waste combustm (RCRAIhazardous04). Comprehensive pharmaceutical database: Combined database containing the first 308 survey of PMA-member companies and the second, or supplemental 308 survey (EPA-83/09). Comprehensive procurement guidelines: A list, updated every two years, which designates items with recycled content that procuring agencies should aim to purchase. This list currently contains 54 items within 8 product categories (RCRAhazardous-04). Compressed liquid or subcooled liquid: The liquid at a temperature lower than the saturation temperature at a given pressure (Jones-pl43). Compressed natural gas (CNG): An alternative fuel for motor vehicles; considered one of cleanest because of low hydrocarbon emissions and its vapors are relatively non-ozone producing. However, it does emit a significant quantity of nitrogen oxides (EPA-97/12). Compressible fluid: A fluid for which the density varies. The factors causing the density change include the pressure and the temperature. See truck for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Compression: A process of using a force to reduce the volume of and to increase the pressure of gaseous materials in a confined space. Compressor configuration: The basic classification unit of a manufacturers product line and is comprised of compressor lines, models, or series which are identical in all material respects with regard to the parameters listed in 40CFR204.55.3 (40CFR204.5 191). Compressor type: Types of compressors include (1) Positive displacement compressors which produce pressure by reducing the gas volume. This type including reciprocating and rotary machines can discharge up to 35,000 psia pressure. (2) Dynamic compressors which produce pressure by accelerating the gas and converting the velocity into pressure in a receiving chamber. This type including centrifugal- or axial-flow machines can discharge up to 4200 psia pressure (cf. portable air compressor) (AP-40). Compressor: A mechanical device: (1) To provide the desired pressure for chemical and physical reactions; (2) To control boiling points of fluids, as in gas separation, refrigeration, and evaporation; (3) To evacuate enclosed volumes; (4) To transport gases or vapors; (5) To store compressible fluids as gases or liquids under pressure and assist in recovering them from storage or tank cars; (6) To convert mechanical energy to fluid energy for operating instruments, air agitation, fluidization, solid transport,
blowcases, air tools, and motors (AP-40, p67); and (7) To compress gaseous materials, resulting in the increase of pressure and density of the materials.
Computer paper: A type of paper used in manifold business forms produced in rolls and/or fan folded. It is used with computers and word processors to print out data, information, letters, advertising, etc. It is commonly called computer printout. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Computer printout paper: The paper consists of white sulphite or sulphate papers in forms manufactured for use in data processing machines. This grade may contain colored stripes and/or computer printing, and may contain not more than 5% of ground wood in the packing. All stock must be untreated and uncoated. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Concentrate: (1) In mining, the product of concentration: (a) To separate ore or metal from its containing rock or earth. (b) The enriched ore after removal of waste in a beneficiation mill, the clean product recovered in froth flotation (EPA-82/05). (2) In sampling, the enriched concentration of a substance which has been investigated. Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO): An AFO that is defined as a Large CAFO or as a Medium CAFO, or that is designated as a CAFO. Two or more AFOs under common ownership are considered to be a single AFO for the purposes of determining the number of animals at an operation, if they adjoin each other or if they use a common area or system for the disposal of wastes (40CFR122.23[b][2]) (CWNwastewater-04). Concentrated animal feeding operation: An animal feeding operation which meets the criteria in Appendix B of this part, or which the Director designates under paragraph (c) of this section (40CFRl22.23-91). Concentrated aquatic animal production facility: A hatchery, fish farm, or other facility which meets the criteria in Appendix C of this part, or which the Director designates under paragraph (c) of this section (40CFR122.24-91). Concentration cycle: The multiplicative factor by which the dissolved solids in cooling water are allowed to concentrate due to evaporation of the water (DOE-91/04). Concentration factor (or biological concentration factor): A factor which is the ratio of the concentration within the tissue or organism to the concentration outside the tissue or organism (EPA-82/11e). Concentration limit: For purposes of TSDF groundwater monitoring, the maximum levels of hazardous constituents allowed to be present in the groundwater (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Concentration of a solution: The amount of solute in a given amount of solvent and can be expressed as a weightlweight or weightlvolume relationship. The conversion from a weight relationship to one of volume incorporates density as a factor. For dilute aqueous solutions, the density of the solvent is approximately equal to the density of the solutions; thus, concentrations in mgL are approximately equal to 10.3g/103gor parts per million (ppm); ones in pgL are approximately equal to 10'6g/103gor parts per billion (ppb). In addition, concentration can be expressed in terms of molarity, normality, molality, and mole fraction. For example, to convert from weight/volume to molarity one incorporates molecular mass as a factor (40CFR796.1840-91, see also 40CFR796.1860-91). Concentration time product: The product of the residual biocide concentration and contact time for a given level of microbial inactivation (e.g., 99% inactivation) (EPA-88109a). Concentration time: See time of concentration (CWAIhydrology04). Concentration vs. time study: Results in a graph which plots the measured concentration of a given compound in a solution as a function of elapsed time. Usually, it provides a more reliable determination of equilibrium water solubility of hydrophobic compounds than can be obtained by single measurements of separate samples (40CFR796.1840-91). Concentration: The amount of a chemical in a given volume of air, water, or other medium. An example is 15 parts of carbon in a million parts of air (SFIremedy-04). Concentration: The amount of a substance present in a certain amount of soil, water, air, food, blood, hair, urine, breath, or any other media (SFthealth-04). Concentration: The amount or mass of a substance present in a given volume or mass of sample. Usually expressed as microgram per liter (water sample) or micrograms per kilogram (sediment or tissue sample) (CWAIWquality-04). Concentration: The ratio of the quantity of any substance present in a sample of a given volume or a given weight compared to the volume or weight of the sample (CWAIWbasics-04). Concentration: The relative amount of a substance mixed with another substance. An example is five ppm of carbon monoxide in air or 1 milligramlliter of iron in water (EPA-97/12). Other concentration-related terms include (1) Molal solution; (2) Molality; (3) Molar solution; and (4) Molarity. Concentrator: (1) A plant where ore is separated into values (concentrates) and rejects (tails). An appliance in such a plant, e.g., flotation cell, jig, electromagnet, shaking table. Also called mill. (2) In chemical analysis, an apparatus used to increase the concentration of substances under study, e.g., distillation, stripping.
Concentric winding: Transformer windings in which the low voltage winding is in the form of a cylinder next to the core, and the high voltage winding, also cylindrical, surrounds the lowvoltage winding (EPA-83/03). Conceptual design: Efforts to develop project scope that will satisfy program needs; ensure project feasibility and attainable performance levels of the project for congressional consideration and develop project criteria and design par meters for all engineering disciplines; and identify applicable codes and standards, quality assurance requirements, environmental studies, construction materials, space allowances, energy conservation features, health, safety, safeguards, and security requirements and any other features or requirements necessary to describe the project (DOE-91/04). Conceptual site model: A model of a site developed at scoping using readily available information. Used to identify all potential or suspected sources of contamination, types and concentrations of contaminants detected at the site, potentially contaminated media, and potential exposure pathways, including receptors. This model is also known as conceptual evaluation model (EPA-91/12). Concerted molecular elimination: A unimolecular reaction involving the elimination of a stable molecule from the initial reactant via a three-, four-, or six-center transition states (EPA88/12). Concordant flows: Flows at different points in a river system that have the same recurrence interval, or the same frequency of occurrence. It is most often applied to flood flows (CWAA~ydrology-04). Concrete curing compounds: Any coating applied to freshly poured concrete to retard the evaporation of water (40CFR52.74191). Concrete overpacks: Steel reinforced, concrete containers into which Envirocare plans to place the containers of Class B & C wastes received at their Clive, Utah, facility. This is not required, but is proposed as an additional protective measure (Envirocare00109). Concrete: A mixture of cement, sand, and gravel (ETI-92). Concurrent: The construction of a control device is commenced or completed within the period beginning six months prior to the date construction of affected coating mix preparation equipment commences and ending two years after the date construction of affected coating mix preparation equipment is completed (40CFR60.7 11-91, see also 40CFR60.741-91). Condensate knock-out tank: A tank that uses a series of baffles to remove vapor moisture from a gas (RCRAImanagement-04).
Condensate polisher: An ion exchanger used to adsorb minute quantities of cations and anions present in condensate as a result of corrosion and erosion of metallic surfaces (EPA-82/11f). Condensate return system: System that returns the heated water condensing within steam piping to the boiler and thus saves energy (EPA-97/12). Condensate stripper system: A column, and associated condensers, used to strip, with air or steam, TRS compounds from condensate streams from various processes within a kraf? pulp mill (40CFR60.281-91). Condensate: (1) Liquid formed when warm landfill gas cools as it travels through a collection system. (2) Water created by cooling steam or water vapor (EPA-97/12). Condensate: Volatile organic liquid separated from its associated gases, which condenses due to changes in the temperature or pressure and remains liquid at standard conditions (40CFR52.74191, see also 40CFR60.111; 60.1 1la; 60.1 11b-91). Condensation point temperature: The temperature at which a vapor changes to a liquid. It is the temperature where the pressure of the vapor equals atmospheric pressure. The opposite change in phases is the boiling point temperature. See temperature for more related terms (Course 165.5). Condensation sampling: A process consisting of the collection of one or several components of a gaseous mixture by simple cooling of the gas stream in a device that retains the condensate. See sampling for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Condensation: (1) The process of converting a material in its gaseous phase to a liquid or solid state by the removal of heat or by the application pressure, or by both. Usually in air sampling, only cooling is used (EPA-83/06). (2) The process of changing a substance from its vapor phase to its liquid phase. (3) See latent heat for more related terms. Condensation: The process by which water changes from the vapor state into the liquid or solid state. It is the reverse of evaporation (CWAhydrology-04). Condensation: The process of water vapor in the air turning into liquid water. Water drops on the outside of a cold glass of water are condensed water. Condensation is the opposite process of evaporation (CWAIWscience-04).
Condenser water: The water used for cooling in a condenser. See water for more related terms (EPA-75102d). Condenser: (1) A heat transfer device that reduces a thermodynamic fluid from its vapor phase to its liquid phase (40CFR264.1031-91). (2) A heat exchange device used for condensation. (3) Types of condensers include Barometric condenser, Surface condenser; Jet condenser; and Wet condenser (seejet condenser). Condensoid: The particles of a dispersion formed by condensation (EPA-83/06). Conditional registration: Under special circumstances, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) permits registration of pesticide products that is conditional upon the submission of additional data. These special circumstances include a finding by the EPA Administrator that a new product or use of an existing pesticide will not significantly increase the risk of unreasonable adverse effects. A product conthining a new (previously unregistered) active ingredient may be conditionally registered only if the Administrator finds that such conditional registration is in the public interest, that a reasonable time for conducting the additional studies has not elapsed, and the use of the pesticide for the period of conditional registration will not present an unreasonable risk (EPA-97/12). Conditionally exempt generators (CEG): Persons or enterprises which produce less than 220 pounds of hazardous waste per month. Exempt from most regulation, they are required merely to determine whether their waste is hazardous, notify appropriate state or local agencies, and ship it by permitted facility for proper disposal (see an authorized transporter to a small quantity generator and small quantity generator) (EPA-97/12). Conditionally exempt small quantity generator (CESQG): Persons or enterprises which produce less than 220 pounds of hazardous waste per month. Exempt from most regulation, they are required merely to determine whether their waste is hazardous, notify appropriate state or local agencies, and ship it by permitted facility for proper disposal. See Small Quantity Generator (MWTAImedical-04). Conditionally exempt small quantity generator: Facilities that produce less than 100 kg of hazardous waste, or less than 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste, per calendar month. A CESQG may only accumulate less than 1,000 kg of hazardous waste, 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste, or 100 kg of spill residue hacutely hazardous waste at any one time (RCRAIhazardous-04).
Condensation: The result of high humidity (moisture in the air) that produces a "fog" when it hits a colder surface, such as a glass window (NCAInoise-04).
Conditioned: Heated and/or mechanically cooled (40CFR248.491).
Condenser stack gases: The gaseous effluent evolved from the stack of processes utilizing heat to extract mercury metal from mercury ore (40CFR61.5 1-91).
Conditioning: (1) The exposure of construction materials, test chambers, and testing apparatus to dilution water or to test solutions prior to the start of a test in order to minimize the
sorption of the test substance onto the test facilities or the leaching of substances from the test facilities into the dilution water or test solution (40CFR797.1400-91, see also 40CFR797.1600-91). (2) In leather industry, introducing controlled amounts of moisture to the dried leather giving it varying degrees of softness (EPA-82/11). (3) In pulp industry, the practice of heating logs prior to cutting in order to improve the cutting properties of the wood and in some cases to facilitate debarking (EPA-74/04). (4) In mining industry, a stage of froth-flotation processes in which the surfaces of the mineral species present in a pulp are treated with appropriate chemicals to influence their reaction when the pulp is aerated (EPA-82/05).
Conductance: (1) A rapid method of estimating the dissolved solids content of a water supply by determining the capacity of a water sample to carry an electrical current (EPA-97/12). (2) See also synonym, electrical conductivity (EPA-83106a). Conductance: A rapid method of estimating the dissolved-solids content of a water supply by determining the capacity of a water sample to carry an electrical current (NavyIEnv-04). Conduction velocity: The speed at which the compound nerve action potential traverses a nerve (40CFR798.6850-91). Conduction: The transfer of heat from one part of a body to another part or to another body by short-range interaction of molecules andlor electrons. See heat transfer for more related terms (Markes-67). Conductive sensitizer: A coating applied to a plastic substrate to render it conductive for purposes of electrostatic application of subsequent prime, color, texture, or touch-up coats (40CFR60.721-91). Conductivity meter: An instrument which displays a quantitative indication of conductance (EPA-83106a). Conductivity surface: A surface that can transfer heat or electricity (EPA-83106a). Conductivity: (1) A measurement of electrolyte concentration by determining electrical conductance in a water sample (EPA87110a). (2) A measure of the ability of water in conducting an electrical current. In practical terms, it is used for approximating the salinity or total dissolved solids content of water (EPA-74/01a). (3) A measure of the ability of a solution to carry an electrical current (EPA-97/12). Conductivity: A measure of the ability of a solution or material to carry an electrical current (NavyIEnv-04). Conductometer: A device for measuring thennal conductivity. Conductometric titration: A titration technique in which the electrical conductivity of the reactant mixture is continuously
measured as the reactant is added. See titration for more related terms.
Conductor: A wire, cable, or other body or medium suitable for carrying electric current (EPA-83/03). Conduit: Tubing of flexible metals or other materials through which insulated electric wires are run (EPA-83/03). Cone of depression: (1) When a well is pumped, the water level in its vicinity declines to provide a gradient to drive water toward the discharged point. The gradient becomes steeper as the well is approached empty, because the flow is converging as a cone shape from all directions and the area through which the flow is occurring gets smaller. This results in a cone of depression around the well (EPA-87/03). (2) A depression in the water table that develops around a pumped well (EPA-97/12). Cone of depression: A conelike depression of the water table (or of a potentiometric surface of a confined aquifer) that is created in the vicinity of a well by pumping. The surface area included in the cone is known as the area of influence of the well (NavyIEnv-04). Cone of depression: The depression of heads around a pumping well caused by withdrawal of water (CWAIWbasics-04). Cone of influence: That area around the well within which increased injection zone pressures caused by injection into the hazardous waste injection well would be sufficient to drive fluids into a underground source of drinking water (USDW) (40CFR146.61-91). Cone of influence: The depression, roughly conical in shape, produced in the water table by the pumping of water from a well (EPA-97/12). Cone penterometer testing (CPT): A direct push system used to measure lithology based on soil penetration resistance. Sensors in the tip of the cone of the DP rod measure tip resistance and sidewall friction, transmitting electrical signals to digital processing equipment on the ground surface. (See direct push) (EPA-97/12). Conference of the parties (COP): The collection of nations that have ratified the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). The primary role of the COP is to keep implementation of the FCCC under review and make the decisions necessary for its effective implementation. See Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) (CAA/C02gasl-04). Confidence interval: The range of values which is believed, with a preassigned probability called the confidence level, to include the particular value of some parameter being estimated (NATO78/10).
Confidence limit: The limits within which, at some specified level of probability, the true value of a result lies (40CFR797.1350-91, see also 40CFR797.1440-91). Confidential business information (CBI): Material that contains trade secrets or commercial or financial information that has been claimed as confidential by its source (e.g., a pesticide or new chemical formulation registrant). EPA has special procedures for handling such information (EPA-97/12). Confidential statement of formula (CSF): A list of the ingredients in a new pesticide or chemical formulation. The list is submitted at the time for application for registration or change in formulation (EPA-97/12). Confidential Statement of Formula (CSF): A list showing the identity of the ingredients (both active and inert) contained in a pesticide formulation (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Confined flow: A fluid flowing through a bounded boundary such as a pipe. See flow for more related terms. Confined groundwater: The groundwater that is bounded by impermeable soil or rock. See groundwater for more related terms. Confinement: Confinement techniques are the actions necessary to confine a hazardous material release to a limited area. These actions occur remote from the spill or leak site and are therefore defensive (Navy/Env-04). Confining bed: A body of impermeable or distinctly less permeable material stratigraphically adjacent to one or more aquifers (40CFR146.3-91, see also 40CFR147.2902-91). Confining layer: A body of impermeable or distinctly less permeable (see permeability) material stratigraphically adjacent to one or more aquifers that restricts the movement of water into and out of the aquifers (CWMWbasics-04).
Confidential: See security classification category. Configuration management: The systematic evaluation, coordination, approval (or disapproval), documentation, implementation, and audit of all approved changes in the configuration of a product after formal identification of its configuration (DOE-91/04). Configuration: (1) A subclassification of an engine-system combination on the basis of engine code, inertia weight class, transmission type and gear ratios, final drive ratio, and other parameters which may be designated by the Administrator (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR86.602.84; 86.1002.84; 86.1 102.87; 205.5 1; 205.15 1-91). (2) The mechanical arrangement, calibration, and condition of a test automobile, with particular respect to carburetion, ignition timing, and emission control systems (40CFR610.11-91). (3) The functional or physical characteristics of hardware or software, as set forth in technical documentation and achieved in a project (DOE-91/04). Confined aquifer (artesian aquifer): An aquifer that is completely filled with water under pressure and that is overlain by material that restricts the movement of water (CWMWbasics-04). Confined aquifer: (1) An aquifer bounded above and below by impermeable beds or by beds of distinctly lower permeability than that of the aquifer itself; an aquifer containing confined groundwater (40CFR260.10-91). (2) An aquifer in which groundwater is confined under pressure which is significantly greater than atmospheric pressure (EPA-97/12). (3) See aquifer for more related terms. Confined aquifer: An aquifer in which groundwater is confined between two aquitards and is under pressure which is significantly greater than atmospheric pressure (Navy/Env-04).
Confining layer: A layer of sediment or lithologic unit of low permeability that bounds an aquifer (CWNWquality-04). Confining unit: A stratigraphic unit which, because of low permeability relative to the units above or below, prevents or impedes upward or downward movement of water and pressure (Navy/Env-04). Confining zone: A geological formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that is capable of limiting fluid movement above an injection zone (40CFR146.3-91, see also 40CFR147.2902-91). Confluence: The flowing together of two or more streams; the place where a tributary joins the main stream (CWAIWquality-04). Confluence: The flowing together of two or more streams; the place where a tributary joins the main stream (CWNWbasics-04). Confluence: The point at which one stream flows into another or where two streams converge and unite (DOI-70104). Confluent growth: A continuous bacterial growth covering the entire filtration area of a membrane filter, or a portion thereof, in which bacterial colonies are not discrete (40CFR141.2-91; EPA97112). Confluent: A tributary, a stream that joins another (DOI-70104). Confounder: A condition or variable that may be a factor in producing the same response as the agent under study. The effects of such factors may be discerned through careful design and analysis (EPA-92/12). Confounding factors: Variables other than the chemical exposure level which can affect the incidence or degree of a parameter
being measured, e.g., smoking confounds studies of occupational exposure to other agents (Course 165.6).
proposed penalty or proposed revocation or suspension acceptable to both complainant and respondent (40CFR22.03-91).
Congener: Any one particular member of a class of chemical substances. A specific congener is denoted by unique chemical 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran structure, for example (40CFR766.3-91).
Consent decree: A legal document submitted by the Department of Justice on behalf of the EPA for approval by a federal judge to settle a case. A consent decree can be used to formalize an agreement reached between EPA and potentially responsible parties (PRPs) for cleanup at a S u p h d site. Consent decrees also are signed by regulated facilities to cease or correct certain actions or processes that are polluting the environment and include payment of penalties. The Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Toxic Substances Control Act, and others all use consent decrees (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Congenital: Resulting from or developing during one's prenatal environment. The condition is acquired during development in the womb and is not inherited from the parents (EPA-165.5). Conglomerate: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of fragments larger than 2 millimeters in diameter (CWAlWbasics04). Conical burner (or teepee burner): A hollow, cone-shape combustion chamber that has an exhaust vent at its point and a door at its base through which waste materials are charged and air is delivered to the burning solid waste inside the cone. See burner for more related terms (SW-lO8ts). Coning: A type of dispersion of a stack plume under nearly neutral atmospheric conditions, with average to high wind speeds. The horizontal and vertical dispersions of the plume are comparable (NATO-78110). Conjugate acid and base pair: By definition, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. A conjugate acid and base pair refers to two compounds if they are related by loss or gain of a proton. Connate water: The water imprisoned in sedimentary rocks at the time of their formation and held there; sometimes called fossil water. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104). Connected load: The sum of the capacities or ratings of the electric power consuming apparatus connected to a supplying system, or any part of the system under consideration. See load for more related terms (EPA-83). Connected piping: All underground piping including valves, elbows, joints, flanges, and flexible connectors attached to a tank system through which regulated substances flow. For the purpose of determining how much piping is connected to any individual UST system, the piping that joins two UST systems should be allocated equally between them (40CFR280.12-91). Connector: The flanged, screwed, welded, or other joined fittings used to connect two pipelines or a pipeline and a piece of process equipment (40CFR60.48 1-91, see also 40CFR61.241; 264.103 191). Consent Agreement: Any written document, signed by the parties, containing stipulations or conclusions of fact or law and a
Consent decree: A legal document, approved and issued by a judge, that formalizes an agreement reached between EPA and potentially responsible parties where PRPs will conduct all or part of a cleanup action at a Superfund site; cease or correct actions or processes that are polluting the environment; or otherwise comply with EPA-initiated regulatory enforcement actions to resolve site contamination. The consent decree describes actions that PRPs are required to perform and may be subject to a public comment period (SFIreform-04). Consent decree: A legal document, approved by a judge, that formalizes an agreement reached between EPA and PRPs through which PRPs will conduct all or part of a cleanup action at a Superfund site; cease or correct actions or processes that are polluting the environment; or otherwise comply with EPA initiated regulatory enforcement actions to resolve the contamination at the Superfund site involved. The consent decree describes the actions PRPs will take and may be subject to a public comment period (EPA-97/12). Consent decree: In CWA, the Settlement Agreement entered into by EPA with the Natural Resources Defense council and approved by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on June 7, 1976 (8 ERC 2 120, D.D.C. 1976), modified on March 9, 1979 and again by Order of the Court dated October 26, 1982, August 2, 1983, January 6, 1984, July 5, 1984, January 7, 1985, April 24, 1986, and January 8, 1987. One of the principal provisions of the Settlement Agreement was to direct EPA to consider an extended list of 65 classes of toxic pollutants in 21 industrial categories in the development of effluent limitations guidelines and new source performance standards. This list has since limited to 126 specific toxic pollutants and expanded to 34 industrial categories (EPA-87110a). Consent decree: In Superfunds, a legal document, approved by a judge, that formalizes an agreement reached between EPA and PRPs through which PRPs will conduct all or part of a cleanup action at a Superfund site; cease or correct actions or processes that are polluting the environment; or otherwise comply with regulations where the PRP's failure to comply caused EPA to initiate regulatory enforcement actions. The consent decree
describes the actions PRPs will take and may be subject to a public comment period (EPA-89/12).
Consistency: A percentage of pulp present in any combination of water and pulp (EPA-83).
Conservation and management: The collection and application of biological information for the purposes of increasing and maintaining the number of animals within species and populations of marine mammals at their optimum sustainable population. Such terms include the entire scope of activities that constitute a modem scientific resource program, including, but not limited to, research, census, law enforcement, and habitat acquisition and improvement. Also included within these terms, when and where appropriate, is the periodic or total protection of species or populations as well as regulated taking (MMPA3- 16U.S.C. 1362-90).
Consistent removal: The average of the lowest 50% of the removal measured according to paragraph (b)(2) of this section. All sample data obtained for the measured pollutant during the time period prescribed in paragraph (b)(2) of this section must be reported and used in computing consistent removal. If a substance is measurable in the influent but not in the effluent, the effluent level may be assumed to be the limit of measurement, and those data may be used by POTW at its discretion and subject to approval by the Approval Authority. If the substance is not measurable in the influent, the date may not be used. Where the number of samples with concentrations equal to or above the limit of measurement is between 8 and 12, the average of the lowest 6 removals shall be used. If there are less than 8 samples with concentrations equal to or above the limit of measurement, the Approval Authority may approve alternate means for demonstrating consistent removal (40CFR403.7[b][l]).
Conservation easement: Easement restricting a landowner to land uses that are compatible with long-term conservation and environmental values (EPA-97/12). Conservation of energy: The total energy of a system remains constant. Conservation of mass: The total mass of a system remains constant.
Consolidated assistance: An assistance agreement awarded under more than one EPA program authority or funded together with one or more other federal agencies. Applicants for consolidated assistance submit only one application (40CFR30.200-91).
Conservation storage: Storage of water for later release for useful purposes such as municipal water supply, power, or irrigation in contrast with storage capacity used for flood control (CWAhydrology-04).
Consolidated PMN: See consolidated premanufacture notice (40CFR700.43-91). Consolidated premanufacture notice or consolidated PMN:
conservation: Preserving and renewing, when possible, human and natural resources. The use, protection, and improvement of natural resources according to principles that will assure their highest economic or social benefits (EPA-97/12).
Any PMN submitted to EPA that covers more than ore chemical
Conservative pollutant: The pollutants that do not decay, are persistent, and are not biodegradable. Examples include heavy metals and many pesticides. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-85/09).
Consolidated: A rock that is firm and rigid in nature due to the natural interlocking and/or cementation of its mineral grain components. The reverse is unconsolidated (NavyIEnv-04).
Conserve, conserving, and conservation: To use and the use of all methods and procedures which are necessary to bring any endangered species or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided pursuant to this chapter are no longer necessary. Such methods and procedures include, but are not limited to, all activities associated with scientific resources management such as research, census, law enforcement, habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live trapping, and transplantation, and, in the extraordinary case where population pressures within a given ecosystem cannot be otherwise relieved, may include regulated taking (ESA3-16U.S.C. 1531-90). Consignee: The ultimate treatment, storage, or disposal facility in a receiving country to which the hazardous waste will be sent (40CFR262.51-91).
substance (each being assigned a separate PMN number by EPA) as a result of a prenotice agreement with EPA. (See 4 FR 2134) (40CFR700.43-91).
Consortium: An association of manufacturers and/or processors who have made an agreement to jointly sponsor testing (40CFR790.3-91). Conspecific: Referring to the population of the same species. Constant control, control technology, and continuous emission reduction technology: The systems which limit the quantity, rate, or concentration, excluding the use of dilution, and emissions of air pollutants on a continuous basis (40CFR57.103-91). Constant dollar: A budget term that indicates that out year costs calculated from a set time baseline do not incorporate the time value of money, such as the effects of inflation. When using the current year as the time baseline, this is the same as "current dollars."
Constituent: A chemical or biological substance in water, sediment, or biota that can be measured by an analytical method (CWNWbasics-04).
Construction completion: The stage in cleanup when physical construction of all cleanup remedies is complete, all immediate threats have been addressed, and all long-term threats are under control. Though long-term cleanup actions may still be operating, the site is often ready for economic, social, or environmental reuse (SFIreform-04).
Constituent: Organic or inorganic material, dissolved gas, debris, or organisms present in fresh, saline, or wastewater (LBL-76107water).
Construction debris: Concrete, brick, asphalt, and other such building materials discarded in the construction of a building or other improvement to property (USDNwater-04).
Construction and demolition waste: (1) The waste building materials, packaging, and rubble resulting from construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition operations on pavements, houses, commercial buildings, and other structures (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR246.101-91). (2) Waste building materials, dredging materials, tree stumps, and rubble resulting from construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition of homes, commercial buildings, and other structures and pavements. May contain lead, asbestos, or other hazardous substances (EPA97/12). (3) See waste for more related terms.
Construction material: Any article, material, or supply brought to the construction site for incorporation in the building or work (40CFR35.936.1-91).
Constituent(s) of concern: Specific chemicals that are identified for evaluation in the site assessment process (EPA-97/12).
Construction and demolition waste: Materials resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair, or demolition of buildings, bridges, pavements, and other structures (RCWmanagement-04). Construction and demolition waste: Waste building materials, dredging materials, tree stumps, and rubble resulting from construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition of homes, commercial buildings, and other structures and pavements. May contain lead, asbestos, or other hazardous substances (Navy/Env04). Construction ban: If, under the Clean Air Act, EPA disapproves an area's planning requirements for correcting nonattainment, the Agency can ban the construction or modification of any major stationery source of the pollutant for which the area is in nonattainment (EPA-97/12). Construction Completion List (CCL): EPA has developed a construction completion list (CCL) to simplify its system of categorizing sites and to better communicate about the successful completion of cleanup activities. Inclusion of a site on the CCL has no legal significance (SFIremedy-04). Construction completion: Construction completion at sites refers to the point in the cleanup process at which physical construction is complete for all remedial and removal work required at the entire site. Construction is officially complete when a document has been signed by EPA stating that all necessary remediation has been finished. While no fkther construction is anticipated at the site, there may still be a need for long-term, on-site activity before specified clean-up levels are met (e.g., restoration of groundwater and surface water). Although physical construction may not be necessary at some sites, these sites are also included in this category to fully portray EPA's progress (SFIEnv-04).
Construction phase: A period of time from the selection of a contractor to perform the work at a residence and the final acceptance of the work (NCNnoise-04). Construction quality assurance (CQA): In constructing a landfill liner, an action that provides a means of controlling and measuring the characteristics of the manufactured and installed product. See quality assurance for more related terms (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-9 1/05). Construction quality assurance: A program required by EPA to ensure that a landfill, surface impoundment, or waste pile meets all of the technological requirements (RCRAhazardous-04). Construction quality control (CQC): In constructing a landfill liner, a planned system of activities whose purpose is to provide a continuing evaluation of the quality control program, initiating corrective action where necessary. See quality control for more related terms (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). Construction schedule: A timetable of specific events that occur during the construction phase with specified time frames (NCNnoise-04). Construction work: The construction, rehabilitation, alteration, conversion, extension, demolition, or repair of buildings, highways, or other changes or improvements to real property, including facilities providing utility services. The term also includes the supervision, inspection, and other on-site functions incidental to the actual construction (40CFR8.2-91). Construction: The erection, building, acquisition, alteration, remodeling, modification, improvement, or extension of any facility; provided, that it does not mean preparation or undertaking of plans to determine feasibility; engineering, architectural, legal, fiscal, or economic investigations or studies; surveys, designs, plans, writings, drawings, specifications, or procedures (40CFR21.2-91). Consumer product: A chemical substance that is directly, or as part of a mixture, sold or made available to consumers for their
use in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, in or around a school, or in recreation (CAA183.e, see also 40CFR302.3; 721.3; 721.1750-91).
Contact angle: The angle between a liquid surface and a solid surface. Contact bed: See sand filter.
Consumer waste: Materials which have been used and discarded by the buyer, or consumer, as opposed to house waste created in the manufacturing process. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83). Consumer: Any person who purchases a beverage in a beverage container for final use or consumption (40CFR244.101-91, see also 40CFR721.3; 721.1750-91). Consumptive use of water: The water use resulting in a large proportion of loss to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration (as in irrigation), or by combination with a manufactured product. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104). Consumptive use, net: The consumptive use decreased by the estimated contribution by rainfall toward the production of irrigated crops (Simons, 1953, p. 12.) (See effective precipitation (3)). Net consumptive use is sometimes called crop imgation requirement (CWAkydrology-04). Consumptive use: That part of water withdrawn that is evaporated, transpired by plants, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise removed from the immediate water environment. Also referred to as water consumed (CWA/Wscience-04). Consumptive use: The quantity of water that is not available for immediate reuse because it has been evaporated, transpired, or incorporated into products, plant tissue, or animal tissue (CWAIWbasics-04). Also referred to as "water consumption." Consumptive use: Water removed from available supplies without return to a water resource system (uses such as manufacturing, agriculture, and food preparation) (Navy/Env-04). Consumptive use: With respect to heating oil, means consumed on the premises (40CFR280.12-91). Consumptive waste: The water that returns to the atmosphere without benefiting man (CWAkydrology-04). Consumptive water use: Water removed from available supplies without return to a water resource system (uses such as manufacturing, agriculture, and food preparation) (EPA-97/12). Contact adsorption: The removal of pollutants in fluids by direct contact with adsorbents. See adsorption for more related terms. Contact aerator: An aerator in which compressed air is used to provide air for a variety of submerged bed aeration to assist biological digestion of waste. See aerator for more related terms.
Contact condenser: A heat exchanger unit where the coolant and vapor streams (high temperature medium) are physically mixed (EPA-84/09). Contact cooling and heating water: The process water that contacts the raw materials or plastic product for the purpose of heat transfer during the plastics molding and forming. See water for more related terms (40CFR463.2-91). Contact cooling water: Any wastewater which contacts the aluminum workpiece or the raw materials used in forming aluminum. See cooling water for more related terms (40CFR467.02-91, see also 40CFR471.02-91). Contact filter: See sand filter. Contact insecticide: See contact pesticide. Contact material: Any substance formulated to remove metals, sulfur, nitrogen, or any other contaminant from petroleum derivatives (40CFR60.101-91). Contact period: See contact time. Contact pesticide (or contact insecticide): A chemical that kills pests when it touches them, instead of by ingestion. Also, soil that contains the minute skeletons of certain algae that scratch and dehydrate waxy-coated insects. See pesticide for more related terms (EPA-97/12). Contact power theory: A theory predicting the collection efficiency of a scrubber system. The contact power theory assumes that the collection efficiency of a scrubber is solely a function of the total pressure loss for the unit (EPA-84/09). Contact process wastewater: The process-generated wastewater which has come in direct or indirect contact with the reactants used in the process. It includes such streams as contact cooling water, filtrates, centrates, wash waters, etc. See wastewater for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Contact recreation: Recreational activities, such as swimming and kayaking, in which contact with water is prolonged or intimate, and in which there is a likelihood of ingesting water (CWNWbasics-04). Contact resistance: The opposition to the flow of current between the mounting bracket and the insulated terminal (40CFR85.2 122(a)(s)(ii)(D)-91). Contact stabilization: Aerobic digestion (EPA-87110a).
Contact time (or contact period): The length of time for which a given disinfectant concentration must be maintained to assure a given level of inactivation (EPA-88109a). Contact water: The water or oil that comes into direct contact with the metal being cast, or with a mold that has been in direct contact with the metal. The metal contacted may be raw material, intermediate product, waste product, or finished product. See water for more related terms (EPA-85110a). Contact: The place or surface where two different kinds of rocks meet. Applies to sedimentary rocks, as the contact between a limestone and a sandstone, for example, and to metamorphic rocks; and it is especially applicable between igneous intrusions and their walls (CWA/mining-04). Contagion: The communication of a disease by direct or indirect contact. Contained-in determination for soil: Granted by EPA or an authorized state that certifies that soil is no longer considered a hazardous waste. You can apply for a contained-in determination if soil should not be managed as a hazardous waste because: (1) the soil does not exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste when generated; or (2) The soil contaminated with a listed hazardous waste has concentrations of hazardous constituents that are below health-based levels (RCRAIlandban-04). Contained-in policy: An EPA policy that determines the health threats posed by contaminated environmental media and debris, and whether such materials must be managed as RCRA hazardous wastes (RCRA/hazardous-04). Contained-in policy: The "contained-in" policy dates back to a 1986 memorandum which states that although groundwater is not a solid waste, it can be considered a hazardous waste if it "contains" a hazardous waste. This policy was then applied to soil and debris (RCRMandban-04). Container deposit legislation: Laws that require monetary deposits to be levied on beverage containers. The money is returned to the consumer when the containers are returned to the retailer. Also called Bottle Bills (EPA-89/11). Container glass: (1) A glass made of soda-lime recipe, clear or colored, which is pressed andor blown into bottles, jars, ampoules, and other products listed in Standard Industrial Classification 322 1 (SIC 3221) (40CFR60.291-91). (2) Container glass includes beverage containers such as food, liquor, wine, beer, soft drinks, medical, toiletries, and chemicals (EPA-83). (3) See glass for more related terms. Container train (or refuse train): Small trailers, hitched in series that are pulled by a motor vehicle. They are utilized to collect and transport solid waste (SW-108ts).
Container: (1) Any portable waste management unit in which a material is stored, transported, treated, or otherwise handled. Examples of containers are drums, barrels, tank trucks, barges, dumpsters, tank cars, dump trucks, and ships (40CFR61.34 1-91, see also 40CFR259.10; 260.10; 266.1 11-91). (2) Any package, can, bottle, bag, barrel, drum, tank, or other containing device (excluding sprag applicator tanks) used to enclose a pesticide or pesticide-related waste (40CFR165.1-91, see also 40CFR749.6891). Container: Container-related terms include (1) Carrying container; (2) Disposable container; (3) Lift and cany container; (4) Rollodroll-off container; and (5) Waste storage container. Containerboard: A general term designating: (1)The component materials used in the fabrication of corrugated paperboard and solid fiber paperboard: linerboard, cormgating medium, chipboard; and (2) Solid fiber or corrugated combined paperboard used in the manufacture of shipping containers and related products (EPA-83). Containers: Portable devices in which a material is stored, transported, treated, or otherwise handled (RCRA/hazardous-04). Containment building: A completely enclosed structureused to store or treat noncontainerized waste (RCRA/hazardous-04). Containment design basis: For a nuclear reactor, those bounding conditions for the design of the containment, including temperature, pressure, and leakage rate. Because the containment is provided as an additional barrier to mitigate the consequences of accidents involving the release of radioactive materials, the containment design basis may include an additional specified margin above those conditions expected to result from the plant design-basis accidents to ensure the containment design can mitigate unlikely or unforseen events (DOE-91/04). Containment integrity: The state in which bamers intended to prevent the escape of recombinant organisms are in sound unimpaired, or perfect conditions (EPA-88109a). Containmenffcontrol: A system to which toxic emissions from safety relief discharges are routed to be controlled. A caustic scrubber andlor flare can be containment/control devices. These systems may serve the dual function of destructing continuous process exhaust gas emissions (EPA-87107a; 86/12). Containment: A remediation method that seals off all possible exposure pathways between a hazardous disposal site and the environment, which generally includes capping and institutional controls (SFEnv-04). Containment: Response actions that involve construction of a barrier to prevent the migration of contaminated wastes (EPA89112a). Other containment-related terms include (1) Primary containment and (2) Secondary containment.
Contaminant hazard factor (CHF): A combined measure of contaminant concentrations in a given environmental medium (NavyIEnv-04). Contaminant level: A measure of how much of a contaminant is present (SFIremedy-04). Contaminant: (1) Any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter that has an adverse affect on air, water, or soil. (2) As defined by section 101(33) of CERCLA, shall include but not be limited to, any element, substance, compound or mixture, including disease-causing agents, which after release into the environment and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will or may reasonably be anticipated to cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutation, physiological malfunctions (including malfunctions in reproduction) or physical deformations, in such organisms or their offspring. Shall not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or designated as a hazardous substance and shall not include natural gas, liquified natural gas, or synthetic gas of pipeline quality (or mixtures of natural gas and such synthetic gas). (3) For purposes of the NCP, the term pollutant or contaminant means any pollutant or contaminant that may present an imminent and substantial danger to public health or welfare (NavyIEnv-04).
increase in the concentration of that substance in the groundwater where the existing concentration of that substance exceeds the maximum contaminant level specified in Appendix I (40CFR257.3.4-91).
Contaminated nonprocess wastewater: Any water which, during manufacturing or processing, comes into incidental contact with any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, byproduct or waste product by means of: (1) Rainfall runoff; (2) Accidental spills; (3) Accidental leaks caused by the failure of process equipment, which are repaired within the shortest reasonable time not to exceed 24 hours after discovery; and (4) Discharges from safety showers and related personal safety equipment; provided that all reasonable measures have been taken: (a) To prevent, reduce, and control such contact to the maximum extent feasible; and (b) To mitigate the effects of such contact once it has occurred (40CFR415.91-91). (4) See wastewater for more related terms. Contaminated public wells: Public wells used for drinking water which have been designated by a government entity as contaminated by toxic substances (e.g., chlorinated solvents), or as having water unsafe to drink without treatment (USDNwater-04). Contaminated runoff: The runoff which comes into contact with any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, byproduct, or waste product located on petroleum refinery property (4OCFR419.11-91).
Contaminant: A substance that is either present in an environment where it does not belong or is present at levels that might cause harmful (adverse) health effects (SFhealth-04).
Contaminated site: Any property, including but not limited to structures, sediment, soil, and water, that contains a contaminant resulting from a discharge or release (NavyIEnv-04).
Contaminant: Any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter in water (SDWA1401, see also 40CFR141.2; 142.2; 143.2; 144.3; 146.3; 147.2902; 149.101; 230.3-91).
Contaminated: The quality ascribed to a site that occurs when a substance which, after release into the environment (air, water, or ground) of the site and upon direct or indirect exposure, threatens the safety or health of living organisms (SDWNradionuclide-04).
Contaminant: Any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter that has an adverse affect on air, water, or soil (EPA-97/12). Contaminant: Anything found in water (including microorganisms, minerals, chemicals, radionuclides, etc.) which may be harmful to human health (SDWNReg-04). Contaminant: Harmful or hazardous matter introduced into the environment (SFIrernedy-04). Contaminants: Toxic or hazardous substances in soil, water, or air that may increase health risks, depending on likelihood of exposure and toxicity. Cadmium, dioxin, TCE, benzene, and carbon tetrachlorideare examples of contaminants (CAAIAPC-04). Contaminate: To introduce a substance that would cause: (1) The concentration of that substance in the groundwater to exceed the maximum contaminant level specified in Appendix I, or (2) An
Contamination reduction zone (CRZ): In hazardous waste health and safety operations, the forward control for operations outside the Hot Zone. Personnel protection may be required. Restricted to operations and support personnel essential to handson work performed in the Hot Zone (NavyIEnv-04). Contamination source inventory: An inventory of contaminant sources within delineated State Water-Protection Areas. Targets likely sources for further investigation (EPA-97/12). Contamination: (1) Presence of an alien organism on a body surface (EPA-83). (2) Intrusion of undesirable elements to air, water, or land (cf. pollution) (EPA-83106a). (3) Contamination is any fouling or sensor which causes its calibrated output to shift by a discernible amount (LBL-76107-water). (4) Introduction into water, air, and soil of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended use. Also applies to surfaces of objects
and buildings, and various household and agricultural use products (EPA-97/12).
Contamination: Degradation of water quality compared to original or natural conditions due to human activity (CWA/Wbasics-04). Contamination: Introduction into water, air, and soil of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended use. Also applies to surfaces or objects and buildings, and various household and agricultural use products (MWTAImedical-04). Content: The volume of water in a reservoir. Unless otherwise indicated reservoir content is computed on the basis of a level pool and does not include bank storage (CWAhydrology-04). Contiguous zone: A zone of the high seas, established by the U.S. under the Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, that is in contact with or touching the territorial sea and that extends 9 nautical miles seaward from the outer limit of the territorial sea (NavyIEnv-04). Contiguous zone: The entire zone established or to be established by the United States under article 24 of the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone (CWA311, see also CWA502; 40CFR110.1; 116.3; 117.1; 122.2; 300.5-91). Contingency costs: Costs added to the base cost of performing a specific work scope to cover potential deviations from that work scope (OMBIReg-04). Contingency plan: (1) A document setting out an organized, planned, and coordinated course of action to be followed in case of a fire, explosion, or release of hazardous waste or hazardous waste constituents which could threaten human health or the environment (40CFR260.10-91). (2) A plan which describes the actions that facility personnel will take to minimize the hazards to human health or the environment from fires, explosions, or accidental releases of hazardous materials (EPA-7187a). (3) A document developed to identify and catalog all the elements required to respond to an emergency, to define responsibilities and specific tasks, and to serve as a response guide (EPA-85/11). Contingency plan: A document setting out an organized, planned, and coordinated course of action to be followed in case of a fire, explosion, or other accident that releases toxic chemicals, hazardous waste, or radioactive materials that threaten human health or the environment (see National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan) (EPA-97/12). Continuing calibration verification: See calibration.
Continuing calibration: Analytical standard run every ten analytical samples or every two hours, whichever is more frequent, to verify the calibration of the analytical systems (Navy/Env-04). Continuity equation (or equation of continuity): According to the principle of mass conservation, mass can be neither created nor destroyed between sections Al and AZ Thus the continuity equation is: dlAIVl = d2A2V2,where: d = density; A = crosssectional area; and V = velocity (AP-40, p27). Continuous casting: The production of sheet, rod, or other long shapes by solidifying the metal while it is being poured through an open ended mold using little or no contact cooling water. Continuous casting of rod and sheet generates spent lubricants and rod casting also generates contact cooling water (40CFR467.02-91, see also 40CFR471.02-91). Continuous discharge: (1) A discharge which occurs without interruption throughout the operating hours of the facility, except for infrequent shutdowns for maintenance, process changes, or other similar activities. See discharge for more related terms (40CFR122.2-91). (2) A routine release to the environment that occurs without interruption, except for infrequent shutdowns for maintenance, process changes, etc. (EPA-97/12). Continuous disposal: A method of tailings management and disposal in which tailings are dewatered by mechanical methods immediately after generation. The dried tailings are then placed in trenches or other disposal areas and immediately covered to limit emissions consistent with applicable federal standards. See disposal and see discharge respectively for more related terms (40CFR61.251-91). Continuous emission monitor (CEM): CEM consists of many types. See Appendix B for more information. Continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS): (1) A CEMS is comprised of all the equipment used to generate data and includes the sampling extraction and transport hardware, the analyzer(s), and the data recording/processing hardware and software (EPA-90104). (2) The equipment as required by section 412, used to sample, analyze, measure, and provide on a continuous basis a permanent record of emissions and flow (expressed in pounds per million British thermal units (Ibs/mmBtu), pounds per hour (Ibshr) or such other form as the Administrator may prescribe by regulations under section 412) (CAA402, see also 40CFR60.5 1a-91). (3) The total equipment required for the determination of a gas concentration or emission rate (40CFR60-AppR-91). Continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS): Machines which measure, on a continuous basis, pollutants released by a source. The 1990 Clean Air Act requires continuous emission monitoring systems for certain large sources (CAAIair-04).
Continuous emission monitoring systems: A system that directly and continuously measures one or more pollutants exiting a combustion unit (RCRAihazardous-04).
Continuous noise: Noise with negligible small fluctuations of level within the period of observation (ANSI S3.20-1995: stationary noise; steady noise) (NCNsound-04).
Continuous emissions: Any gas stream containing VOC that is generated essentially continuously when the process line or any piece of equipment in the process line is operating. See emission for more related terms (40CFR60.561-91).
Continuous opacity monitoring system (COMS): Equipment used to sample and condition, analyze, and provide permanent record of emissions or process parameters that reduce the transmission of light and obscure the view of a background object (CMAPC-04).
Continuous feed incinerator: An incinerator into which waste is almost charged continuously to maintain a steady rate of burning. See incinerator for more related terms (SW- 108ts).
Continuous operation: That the industrial user introduces regulated wastewaters to the POTW throughout the operating hours of the facility, except for infrequent shutdowns for maintenance, process changes, or other similar activities (40CFR471.02-91).
Continuous filter: A type of filters used in wastewater treatment for filtration of suspended solids in a continuous basis. See filter for more related terms. Continuous flow stirred tank: A tank with a well-mixed flow.
See tank for more related terms. Continuous length processor: An automatic processing machine whereby long rolls of film or paper are fed into successive photoprocessing tanks via a series of appropriate crossover connections between racks. The starting end of the material to be processed is attached to a leader which guides the material through the machine (EPA-80/10).
Continuous process: (1) A process which has a constant flow of raw materials into the process and consequently a constant flow of product from the process (EPA-87110a). (2) With respect to polystyrene resin, a method of manufacture in which the styrene raw material is delivered on a continuous basis to the reactor in which the styrene is polymerized to polystyrene (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.561-91). Continuous recorder: A data recording device recording an instantaneous data value at least once every 15 minutes (40CFR60.611-91, see also 40CFR60.661; 264.103 1-91).
Continuous miner: A machine that constantly extracts coal while it loads it. This is to be distinguished from a conventional, or cyclic, unit which must stop the extraction process in order for loading to commence (CWNmining-04).
Continuous release: A release that occurs without interruption or abatement or that is routine, anticipated, and intermittent and incidental to normal operations or treatment processes (40CFR302.3-91).
Continuous monitoring system: A device which continuously samples the regulated parameter without intenuption, evaluates the detector response at least once every 15 seconds, and computes and records the average value at least every 60 seconds (RCRAihazardous-
Continuous sample (or sampling): (1) Withdrawal of a portion of a sample over a period of time with continuous analysis or with separation of the desired material continuously in a linear form. Examples include continuous withdrawal of the atmosphere accompanied by absorption of a component in a flowing stream of absorbent or by filtration on a moving strip or paper. Such a sample may be obtained with a considerable concentration of the contaminant, but it still indicates fluctuations in concentration that occur during the period of sampling (EPA-83/06). (2) Sampling without interruptions throughout an operation or for a predetermined time (EPA-83/06). (3) A flow of water from a particular place in a plant to the location where samples are collected for testing may be used to obtain grab or composite samples (EPA-97/12). (4) See sample for more related terms.
w.
Continuous monitoring system: The total equipment, required under the emission monitoring sections in applicable subparts, used to sample and condition (if applicable), to analyze, and to provide a permanent record of emissions or process parameters (40CFR60.2-91). Continuous monitoring: Monitoring without interruption throughout a given period. The sample to be analyzed passes the measurement section of the analyzer without interruption and which evaluates the detector response to the sample at least once each 15 seconds and records the average of these observations each and every minute (cf. rolling average). See monitoring for more related terms (EPA-90104).
Continuous simulation model: A fate and transport model that uses time series input data to predict receiving water quality concentrations in the same chronological order as that of the input variables (EPA-9 1/03).
Continuous monitoring: The taking and recording of measurement at regular and frequent intervals during operation of a facility (AENmixedW-04).
Continuous source: A source that emits pollution continuously over a time period much larger than the travel time to a point where concentration is considered. Usually it is assumed that
during this time period, the emission is constant. See source for more related terms.
Contract disposal: The disposal of waste products through an outside party for a fee (EPA-87110a).
Continuous stimulation model: A fate and transport model that uses time-series input data to predict receiving water quality concentrations in the same chronological order as that of the input variables (EPA-85/09).
Contract hauling: The collection of wastewater or sludge by a private disposal service, scavenger, or purveyor in tank trucks or by other means for transportation from the site (EPA-79112b).
Continuous treatment: The treatment of wastestreams operating without interruption (as opposed to batch treatment). Sometimes referred to as flow through treatment. See treatment for more related terms (EPA-85/10a). Continuous vapor processing system: A vapor processing system that treats total organic compounds vapors collected from gasoline tank trucks on a demand basis without intermediate accumulation in a vapor holder (40CFR60.501-91). Continuous: Those descaling operations that remove surface scale from the sheet or wire products in continuous processes (40CFR420.81-91, see also 40CFR420.91; 420.1 11-91). Contour line: An ideal line connecting all points at which the elevation is equal (DOI-70104). Contour plowing: Soil tilling method that follows the shape of the land to discourage erosion (EPA-97/12). Contour strip farming: A kind of contour farming in which row crops are planted in strips, between alternating strips of closegrowing, erosion-resistant forage crops (EPA-97/12). Contour: An imaginary line that connects all points on a surface having the same elevation (CWNmining-04). Contouring: Plowing and planting land across a slope, rather than up and down hill, in order to control erosion (DOI-70104). Contract carrier by motor vehicle: Any person who engages in transportation by motor vehicle of passengers or property in interstate or foreign commerce for compensation (other than transportation referred to in Paragraph (b) of this section) under continuing contracts with one person or a limited number of persons either: (1) For the furnishing of transportation services through the assignment of motor vehicles for a continuing period of time to the exclusive use of each person served; or (2) The furnishing of transportation services designed to meet the distinct need of each individual customer (40CFR202.10-91). (3) See vehicle for more related terms. Contract collection: The collection of solid waste carried out in accordance with a written agreement in which the rights and duties of the contractual parties are set forth. See waste collection for more related terms (SW- 108ts).
Contract laboratory program (CLP): An analytical program developed for CERCLA waste site samples to fill the need for legally defensible analytical results supported by a high level of quality assurance and documentation (40CFR300-AppIA-91). Contract laboratory program (CLP): EPA's Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) is a national network of EPA personnel, commercial laboratories, and support contractors whose fundamental mission is to provide data of known and documented quality. The CLP supports EPA's Superfund effort under the 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the 1986 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) (SFIremedy-04). Contract laboratory: A laboratory under contract to EPA, which analyzes samples taken from wastes, soil, air, and water or cany out research projects (EPA-97/12). Contract required detection limit (CRDL): The term equivalent to contract-required quantitation limit, but used primarily for inorganic substances (40CFR300-App/A-91). Contract required quantitation limit (CRQL): The substance specific level that a CLP laboratory must be able to routinely and reliably detect in specific sample matrices. It is not the lowest detectable level achievable, but rather the level that a CLP laboratory should reasonably quantify. The CRQL may or may not be equal to the quantitation limit of a given substance in a given sample. For HRS purposes, the term CRQL refers to both the contract-required quantitation limit and the contract-required detection limit (40CFR300-App/A-91). Contract specification: The set of specifications prepared for an individual construction project, which contains design, performance, and material requirements for that project (40CFR249.04-91). Contract: Any government contract or any federally assisted construction contract (40CFR8.2-91, see also 40CFR15.4; 31.3; 35.6015-91). Contractor pre-walk: Visit to a residence by the contractor and the construction manager within 48 hours prior to the start of construction (NCNnoise-04). Contractor removal: Disposal of oils, spent solutions, or sludge by a scavenger service (EPA-83106a).
Contractor: Unless otherwise indicated, a prime contractor or subcontractor (cf. prime contractor) (40CFR8.2-91, see also 40CFR15.4; 30.200; 33.005; 35.936.1; 35.4010; 35.6015-91). Contrail: Long, narrow clouds caused when high-flying jet aircraft disturb the atmosphere (EPA-89/12). Contribute: Resulting in measurably higher average eight-hour ambient CO concentrations over the NAAQS or an increased number of violations of the NAAQS in an area which currently experiences CO levels above the standard (40CFR51.138-91). Contributing area: The area in a drainage basin that contributes water to streamflow or recharge to an aquifer (CWAIWbasics-04). Contribution: A legal doctrine that enables parties sued under joint and separate liability to obtain compensation from other parties who may have been legally liable, but who were not proceeded against in the original court action (SFIEnv-04). Control chart: A wntrol chart is a tool for using statistically derived control limits as the basis for real-time data quality analysis and long-term trend analysis (SA-04). Control device efficiency: The ratio of pollution prevented by a control device and the pollution introduced to the control device, expressed as a percentage (40CFR52.741-91). Control device shutdown: The cessation of operation of a control device for any purpose (40CFR264.1031-91). Control device: The equipment (such as an afterburner or adsorber) used to remove or prevent the emission of air pollutants from a contaminated exhaust stream (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.261; 60.271; 60.271a; 60.381; 60.481; 60.561; 60.671; 60.691; 60.711; 60.741; 61.171; 61.181; 61.241; 61.301; 61.341; 264.1031-91). Control group: A group of subjects observed in the absence of agent exposure or, in the instance of a caselcontrol study, in the absence of an adverse response (EPA-92/12). Control including the terms controlling, controlled by, and under common control with: (1) The power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a person or organization, whether by the ownership of stock, voting rights, by contract, or otherwise (40CFR66.3-91). (2) Any remedial action intended to stabilize, inhibit future misuse of, or reduce emissions of effluents from residual radioactive materials (40CFR192.01-91, see also 40CFR192.31-91). (3) See possession (40CFR704.3; 720.3; 723.50; 723.250-91). (4) An exposure of test organisms to dilution water only or dilution water containing the test solvent or carrier (no toxic agent is intentionally or inadvertently added) (40CFR797.1600-91).
Control limit: A range within which specified measurement results must fall to be compliant. Control limits may be mandatory, requiring corrective action if exceeded, or advisory, requiring that noncompliant data be flagged (NavyIEnv-04). Control limit: Control limits may be specified in a reference method (either as mandatory or guidance limits), or may be developed by a laboratory using internal performance data. Control limits represent acceptance criteria for determining whether an analytical system is in control (SA-04). Control mass: The quantity of the mass within a thermodynamic system. See thermodynamic system for more related terms. Control method: A method of controlling andfor eliminating air pollutants. It may involve process modification but generally refers to a device specifically designed to reduce the substance from the exhaust (or stream) (EPA-84/09). Control rod: (1) The element of a nuclear reactor that absorb slow neutrons and are used to increase, decrease, or maintain the neutron density in the reactor (DOE-91/04). (2) A rod (e.g., boron or cadmium which are capable of absorbing neutrons) used to control the chain reactions of a nuclear reactor. The rod can be moved into or out of a reactor wre to control the rate of reaction. Control sample: A control sample is a QC sample introduced to the analytical process to allow evaluation of the performance of the measurement system (SA-04). Control strategy: A combination of measures designated to achieve the aggregate reduction of emissions necessary for attainment and maintenance of national standards including, but not limited to, measures such as: (1) Emission limitations. (2) Federal or state emission charges or taxes or other economic incentives or disincentives. (3) Closing or relocation of residential, commercial, or industial facilities. (4) Changes in schedules or methods of operation of commercial or industial facilities or transportation systems, including, but not limited to, short-term changes made in accordance with standby plans. (5) Periodic inspection and testing of motor vehicle emission control systems, at such time as the Administrator determines that such programs are feasible and practicable. (6) Emission control measures applicable to in-use motor vehicles, including, but not limited to, measures such as mandatory maintenance, installation of emission control devices, and conversion to gaseous fuels. (7) Any transportation control measure including those transportation measures listed in section 1O8(f) of the Clean Air Act as amended. (8) Any variation of, or alternative to any measure delineated herein. (9) Control or prohibition of a fuel or fuel additive used in motor vehicles, if such control or prohibition is necessary to achieve a national primary or secondary air quality standard and is approved by the Administrator under section 21 1(c)(4)(C) of the Act (40CFR51.100-n-91).
Control substance: Any chemical substance or mixture or any other material other than a test substance that is administered to the test system in the course of a study for the purpose of establishing a basis for comparison with the test substance for known chemical or biological measurements (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR792.3-91).
Controlled air: Controlling an air flow to attain desired rate of combustion which is used in starved air combustion processes.
Control system: A system designed to automatically maintain all controlled process variables within a prescribed range (EPA87/07a).
Controlled area: (1) A surface location, to be identified by passive institutional controls, that encompasses no more than 100 square kilometers and extends horizontally no more than five kilometers in any direction from the outer boundary of the original location of the radioactive wastes in a disposal system; and (2) The subsurface underlying such a surface location (40CFR191.1291).
Control technique guidelines (CTG): EPA documents issued to assist state and local pollution control authorities to achieve and maintain air quality standards for certain sources through reasonably available control technologies. CTGs can be quite specific, e.g., one was written to control organic emissions from solvent metal cleaning, known as degreasing (EPA-97/12).
Controlled burning dump: Refuse trucks are unloaded onto a prepared dirt bank, usually about 12 feet high, with a slope of approximately 40 degrees. The dump operator uses a hook to distribute any piles of refuse evenly and then lights each load on the downwind edge. Now considered illegal. See land disposal for more related terms (EPA-83).
Control technology; control measures: Equipment, processes, or actions used to reduce air pollution. The extent of pollution reduction varies among technologies and measures. In general, control technologies and measures that do the best job of reducing pollution will be required in the areas with the worst pollution. For example, the best available control technologyhest available control measures (BACT, BACM) will be required in serious nonattainment areas for particulates, a criteria air pollutant. A similar high level of pollution reduction will be achieved with maximum achievable control technology (MACT) which will be required for sources releasing hazardous air pollutants (CAAIair-04).
Controlled reaction: A chemical reaction under temperature and pressure conditions maintained within safe limits to produce a desired product or process (EPA-97/12).
Control valve: A valve that is used to control the flow rate of any medium. Control volume: A fixed, well-defined region of a space in which uniform conditions are assumed (EPA-88/09a). Control: A natural constriction of the channel, a long reach of the channel, a stretch of rapids, or an artificial structure downstream from a gaging station that determines the stage-discharge relation at the gage. A control may be complete or partial. A complete control exists where the stage-discharge relation at a gaging station is entirely independent of fluctuations in stage downstream from the control. A partial control exists where downstream fluctuations have some effect upon the stage-discharge relation at a gaging station. A control, either partial or complete, may also be shifting. Most natural controls are shifting to a degree, but a shifting control exists where the stage-discharge relation experiences frequent changes owing to impermanent bed or banks (CWA/hydrology-04). Controlled air incinerator: An incinerator with two or more combustion areas in which the amounts and distribution of air are controlled. Partial combustion takes place in the first zone, and hydrocarbon gases are burned in a subsequent zone or zones (cf. starved air incinerator and see incinerator for more related terms (EPA-83).
Controlled substance: A controlled substance in schedules I through V of the Controlled Substances Act (21U.S.C.812), and as fbrther defined by regulation at 21CFR1308.11 through 1308.15 (40CFR32.605-91, see also 40CFR82.3-91). Controlled surface mine drainage: Any surface mine drainage that is pumped or siphoned from the active mining area. See mine drainage for more related terms (40CFR434.11-91). Controlled vehicle: The light duty vehicles sold nationally (except in California) in the 1968 model year and later and light duty vehicles sold in California in the 1966 model year and later. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR51-AppIN-91). Controlling interest: The direct ownership of at least 50% of the voting stock of another entity (40CFR280.92-91). Convection: (1) In meteorology, it is the vertical transport and mixing of atmospheric properties (NATO-78/10). (2) In heat transfer, the transfer of heat by the combined mechanisms of fluid mixing and conduction. It can be natural (e.g., flow outside a pipe) or forced (e.g., flow inside a pipe). See heat transfer for more related terms (Markes-67). Convection: Convection-related terms include (1) Free convection; (2) Forced convection; (3) Local free convection; and (4) Natural convection. Convective movement: The bulk flow of radon-containing soil gas into the house as the result of pressure differences between the house and the soil. Distinguished from diffusive movement (EPA88/08).
Convention: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, signed on March 3, 1973, and the appendices thereto (ESA3-16U.S.C. 1531-90).
process usually requires repeated mobilization of equipment and staff in order to fully determine the extent of contamination (EPA97/12).
Conventional filtration treatment: A series of processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration resulting in substantial particulate removal. See filtration for more related terms (40CFR141.2-91).
Conventional system: Systems that have been traditionally used to collect municipal wastewater in gravity sewers and convey it to a central primary or secondary treatment plant prior to discharge to surface waters (EPA-97/12).
Conventional tiltration: See complete treatment (EPA-97/12).
Conventional technology: (1) A proven technology which is not alternative or innovative. (2) Wastewater treatment processes and techniques involving the treatment of wastewater at a centralized treatment plant by means of biological or physical/chemical unit processes followed by direct point source discharge to surface waters (40CFR35.2005-91). (3) Wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technology, dry FGD technology, atmospheric fluidized bed combustion technology, and oil hydrodesulfurization technology (40CFR60.41b-91, see also 40CFR60.41c-91).
Conventional fuel: The fossil fuels including: coal, oil, or gas. See fuel for more related terms (EPA-83). Conventional gasoline: Any gasoline which does not meet specifications set by a certification under this subsection. See gasoline for more related terms (CAA211.k-42U.S.C.7545-91). Conventional mine: An open pit or underground excavation for the production of minerals. See mine for more related terms (40CFR146.3-91). Conventional mining: The first fully-mechanized underground mining method involving the insertion of explosives in a coal seam, the blasting of the seam, and the removal of the wal onto a conveyor or shuttle car by a loading machine (CWNmining-04). Conventional pesticide (vs. biological pesticide): Any manmade chemical which can be used to kill pests (FFDCNpesticide04). Conventional pesticide: Pesticides that are chemicals or other substances developed and produced primarily or only for use as pesticides. The term is generally used in reference to active ingredients. An example is DDT, which was developed and used almost exclusively as a pesticide (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Conventional pollutant: Pollutants typical of municipal sewage, and for which municipal secondary treatment plants are typically designed; defined by Federal Regulation (40CFR401.16) as BOD, TSS, fecal coliform bacteria, oil and grease, and pH (CWNwastewater-04). Conventional pollutant: Statutorily listed pollutants understood well by scientists. These may be in the form of organic waste, sediment, acid, bacteria, viruses, nutrients, oil and grease, or heat (EPA-97/12). Conventional pollutant: The pollutants designated pursuant to section 304.a.4 of the CWA: (1) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); (2) Total suspended solids (nonfilterable) (TSS); (3) pH; (4) Fecal coliform bacteria; and (5) Oil and grease (40CFR401.1692). (6) See pollutant for more related terms. Conventional site assessment: Assessment in which most of the sample analysis and interpretation of data is completed off site;
Conventional tilling: Tillage operations considered standard for a specific location and crop and that tend to bury the crop residues; usually considered as a base for determining the cost effectiveness of control practices (EPA-97/12). Conventional wastewater treatment: Systems that have been traditionally used to collect municipal wastewater in gravity sewers and convey it to a central primary or secondary treatment plant prior to discharge to surface waters (EPA-89/12). The systems of wastewater treatment include screening, sedimentation, coagulation, rapid sand filtration, and disinfection with chlorine. See wastewater treatment for more related terms (DOI-70104). Convergence distance: The distance from the lidar to the point of overlap of the lidar receiver's field-of-view and the laser beam (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91). Convergence: The gain per unit of time of a property in a volume due to the transport of this property by fluid motions through the surface into the volume. The loss of a property is called divergence (NATO-78110). Convergent evolution: The development of similar characteristics in different species, because the species live in the similar environmental conditions. Conversion (or converting): Any process or operation applied to paper or paperboard after the normal papermaking operations. Printing, box making, waxing, envelope making, and the like, are all converting operations. A paper converter is an organization that manufactures products from paper (EPA-83). Conversion coating: A coating produced by chemical or electrochemical treatment of a metallic surface that gives a superficial layer containing a compound of the metal, e.g., chromate coating on zinc and cadmium, oxide coatings on steel (EPA-83106a).
Conversion efficiency: The measure of the catalytic converters ability to oxidize HC/CO to C02/H20 under fully warmed-up conditions stated as a percentage calculated by the formula set forth in Section 5.2 122(a)(1S)(ii)(B) (40CFR85.2122(a)(15)(ii) (B)-91). Conversion process: A process of chemical change in materials so that the identity of the original material is lost. Examples are the recovery of energy from organics by combustion and biological conversion of cellulose to sugars (cf. processing) (EPA83). Converter arsenic charging rate: The hourly rate at which arsenic is charged to the copper converters in the copper converter department based on the arsenic content of the copper matte and of any lead matte that is charged to the copper converters (4OCFR61.171-91). Converter: A company that creates a more usable material from a raw product (RCRNmanagement-04). Converter: Any vessel to which lead concentrate or bullion is charged and refined (40CFR60.18 1-91). Converting: (1) The process of blowing air through molten metal to oxidize impurities (EPA-83103a). (2) Any operation in which paper is made into a product, not necessarily the final product to be made (EPA-87/10). Conveyance loss: Water loss in pipes, channels, conduits, or ditches by leakage or evaporation (EPA-97/12). Conveyance loss: Water that is lost in transit from a pipe, canal, or ditch by leakage or evaporation. Generally, the water is not available for further use; however, leakage from an irrigation ditch, for example, may percolate to a groundwater source and be available for fbrther use (CWNWscience-04). Conveyer weighing system: One of solid or sludge flow rate meters. This method includes belt weighers, weigh beltdaugers, and loss-in-weight feeders. All conveyor weighing systems are fairly similar in operation, mainly differing because of placement locations of the weighing device. In general, the accuracy of these systems is around +/- 2% but tends to decrease as particles become larger and less uniform in size. Sludges can be monitored with the systems, provided that wet material does not drain off the conveyor belt. Screw augers, however, can often be used in such cases to replace the conventional conveyor belt. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-89/06). Conveyer: Types of conveyers include (1) Apron conveyer; (2) Belt conveyer; (3) Drag conveyer; (4) Flight conveyer; (5) Inclined plate conveyer; (6) Residue conveyer; and (7) Screw conveyer.
Conveying line: A conveyor belt assembly that is used in a facility such as a MRF or IPC, to move materials from the tipping floodpit to other areas of the facility (RCWmanagement-04). Conveying system: A device for transporting materials from one piece of equipment or location to another location within a plant. Conveying systems include but are not limited to the following: Feeders, belt conveyors, bucket elevators, and pneumatic systems (40CFR60.671-9 1). Conveyor belt transfer point: A point in the conveying operation where the metallic mineral or metallic mineral concentrate is transferred to or from a conveyor belt except where the metallic mineral is being transferred to a stockpile (40CFR60.381-91). Conveyor: An apparatus for moving material from one point to another in a continuous fashion. This is accomplished with an endless (that is, looped) procession of hooks, buckets, wide rubber belt, etc. (CWNmining-04). Conveyorized degreasing: The continuous process of cleaning and removing soils from surfaces utilizing either cold or vaporized solvents (40CFR52.741-91). Conviction: A finding of guilt (including a plea of nolo contendere) or imposition of sentence, or both, by any judicial body charged with the responsibility to determine violations of the federal or state criminal drug statutes (40CFR32.605-91, see also 40CFR32.105; 303.1 1-91). Cooking liquor: A mixture of chemicals and water used to dissolve lignin in wood chips. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Cooking: Heating of wood, water, and chemicals in a closed vessel under pressure to a temperature sufficient to separate the fibrous portion of wood by dissolving lignin and other non-fibrous constituents (EPA-87/10). Cookstove: A wood-fired appliance that is designed primarily for cooking food and that has the following characteristics: (1) An oven, with a volume of 0.028 cubic meters (1 cubic foot) or greater, and an oven rack; (2) A device for measuring oven temperatures; (3) A flame path that is routed around the oven; (4) A shaker grate; (5) An ash pan; (6) An ash clean-out door below the oven; and (7) The absence of a fan or heat channels to dissipate heat from the appliance (40CFR60.531-91). Coolant: (1) A liquid or gas used to reduce the heat generated by power production in various devices such as nuclear reactors, electric generators, various industrial and mechanical processes, and automobile engines (EPA-89/12). (2) A substance, either gas or water, circulated through nuclear reactor or processing plant to remove heat (DOE-91/04).
Cooldown period: The period of time at the end of an incinerator's operating cycle during which the incinerator is allowed to cool down. The cooldown period follows the burndown period (cf. burndown period) (EPA-89103b). Cooling air (or tempering air): The ambient air added for cooling by dilution. See air for more related terms (EPA-83). Cooling canal: A canal in which warm water enters at one end, is cooled by contact with air, and is discharged at the other end (EPA-8211 If). Cooling electricity use: Amount of electricity used to meet the building cooling load (see building cooling load) (EPA-97/12). Cooling pond: A water reservoir equipped with spray aeration equipment from which cooling water is drawn and to which it is returned. See pond for more related terms (EPA-74/04). Cooling spray: A water spray which is directed into flue gases to cool them and, in most cases, to remove some fly ash (SW-108ts). Cooling tower approach: The difference in temperature between the water off the tower and the design air inlet wet bulb (w.b.); for 75 F water outlet and 65 F w.b. air inlet, the approach is 10 F (Gurney-66). Cooling tower basin: A basin located at the bottom of a cooling tower for collecting the falling water (EPA-8211 If). Cooling tower packing: A media providing large surface areas for the purpose of enhancing mass and heat transfer, usually between a gas vapor and a liquid (EPA-8211 If). Cooling tower range: The difference in temperature between the water onto and water off the tower; for 90 F inlet and 75 F outlet water temperature, the range is 15 F (Gurney-66). Cooling tower: A structure that helps remove heat from water used as a coolant; e.g., in electric power generating plants (EPA97/12). Cooling tower: For more related terms, see: (1) Biological cooling tower; (2) Comfort cooling tower; (3) Dry cooling tower; (4) Dry tower (see dry cooling tower); (5) Natural draft cooling tower; and (6) Wet cooling tower. Cooling water load: The energy in the form of heat dissipated by cooling water (DOI-70104). Cooling water: Water used for cooling in an industrial or manufacturing process; since its temperature after use is normally higher than that of the lake or stream into which it is discharged, it may constitute a source of thermal pollution (DOI-70104).
Cooling water: For more related terms, see: (1) Circulating water system; (2) Closed circulating water system; (3) Closed cooling water system; (4) Contact cooling water; (5) Non-contact cooling water; (6) Non-contact cooling water system; (7) Non-process wastewater cooling water; (8) Once through cooling water; (9) Process wastewater cooling water; and (10) Recirculated cooling water. Cooling zone: In cement manufacturing, the last 10 to 20 feet of the cement kiln in which the clinker begins to cool (ETI-92). Cooperative agreement (CA): (1) Part of the DSMOA program. The CA assists in implementing the DSMOA. The CA provides reimbursement to states for cleanup activities at installations within the state. (2) An assistance agreement whereby EPA transfers money, property, services, or anything of value to a state for the accomplishment of CERCLA-authorized activities or tasks (NavyIEnv-04). Cooperative agreement: An agreement between a state and EPA which ensures that the state will spend money from the LUST Trust Fund for its intended purpose (RCRAIhazardous-04). Cooperative agreement: An assistance agreement whereby EPA transfers money, property, services, or anything of value to a state, university, non-profit, or not-for-profit organization for the accomplishment of authorized activities or tasks (EPA-97/12). Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA): The mechanism through which the federal government funds research and development of promising technologies (OMBIReg04). Coordinate bond (or coordinate valence): A chemical bond between two atoms in which only one atom provides a shared pair of electrons to form the chemical bond. See chemical bond for more related terms. Coordinate valence: See coordinate bond. Coordination chemistry: Chemistry that deals with the interaction of metal ions with other molecules by means of coordinate bonds. Coordination site: Chemical configuration of a molecule where interaction between it and another molecule occurs (LBL76107bio). Co-permittee: A permittee to a NPDES permit that is only responsible for permit conditions relating to the discharge for which it is operator (40CFR122.26-91). Copolymer: (1) A polymer that has two different repeat units in its chain (40CFR60.561-91). (2) The polymer obtained when two or more monomers are involved in the polymerization reaction (EPA-7510 1a).
Copper (Cu): (1) A common, reddish, chiefly univalent and bivalent metallic element that is ductile and malleable and one of the best conductors of heat and electricity (EPA-83/03). Copper is a transition metal with atomic number 29; atomic weight 63.54; density 8.96 glee; melting point 1083 C and boiling point 2595 C and belongs to group IB of the periodic table. (2) The total copper present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.36 1-91, see also 40CFR4 15.471; 415.651-91). (4) Total copper and is determined by the method specified in 40CFR136.3 (40CFR420.02-91). Copper (Cu): A ductile, malleable metal that occurs naturally in rock, soil, water, sediment, plants, and animals and can occur as copper (11) or (I). It is used in brass, copper alloys, electrical conductors, copper salts, art, in agriculture to treat plant diseases, for water treatment, and as preservatives for wood, leather, and fabrics. Most copper in water is in the (11) state and is bound to organic matter and not in a readily exchangeable form. In soil, copper will be strongly adsorbed. Copper salts are strong skin and mucous membrane irritants. When bio-available, copper is highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates (NavyIEnv-04). Copper (Cu): Major copper compounds include copper sulfate (CuS04), a compound used to eliminate blooms of algae. However, too much quantity of CuS04is harmful to water life (e.g., fish). Copper casting: The remelting of copper or a copper alloy to form a cast intermediate or final product by pouring or forcing the molten metal into a mold, except for ingots, pigs, or other cast shapes related to nonferrous (primary and secondary) metals manufacturing (40CFR421). Also excluded are casting of beryllium alloys in which beryllium is present at 0.1 or greater percent by weight and precious metals alloys In which the precious metal is present at 30 or greater percent by weight. Except for grinding scrubber operations which are covered here, processing operations following the cooling of castings are covered under the electroplating and metal finishing point source categories (40CFR413 and 433) (40CFR464.02-91). Copper converter department: All copper converters at a primary copper smelter (40CFR61.171-91). Copper converter: Any vessel to which copper matte is charged and oxidized to copper (40CFR60.161-91, see also 40CFR61.17191). Copper flash: Quick preliminary deposition of copper for making surface acceptable for subsequent plating (EPA-83106a). Copper matte: An impure sulfide mixture formed by smelting the sulfide ores in copper (EPA-83103a). Copper matte: Any molten solution of copper and iron sulfides produced by smelting copper sulfide ore concentrates or calcines (40CFR61.171-91).
Copper mineral: Those of the oxidized zone of copper deposits (zone of oxidized enrichment) which include azurite, chrysocolla, copper metal, cuprite, and malachite. Those of the underlying zone (that of secondary sulfide enrichment) include bomite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, covellite. The zone of primary sulfides (relatively low in grade) includes the unaltered minerals bomite and chalcopyrite (EPA-82/05). Copper: A naturally occurring metal that in moderate concentrations is lethal to fish and other aquatic life (SFIremedy04). Coppera: See ferrous sulfate. Coppering: The treatment of water with a copper compound to prevent algal growths that cause noxious taste and odor (DOI70104). Coprecipitation of metals: The precipitation of a metal with another metal. See metal for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Coprecipitation: Precipitation of more than one compounds simultaneously. Coproduct: A chemical substance produced for a commercial purpose during the manufacture, processing, use, or disposal of another chemical substance or mixture (40CFR704.3-91, see also 40CFR716.3-91). Copy of study: The written presentation of the purpose and methodology of a study and its results (40CFR716.3-91). Copy paper: See xerographic paper (40CFR250.4-91). Coral reef: A ridge of limestone, composed chiefly of coral, coral sands, and solid limestone resulting from organic secretion of calcium carbonate; occur along continents and islands where the temperature is generally above 18 C (CWAIWbasics-04). Cord: An attenuated glassy inclusion possessing optical and other properties differing from those of the surrounding glass (cf. stria) (EPA-83). Core and mold washes: A mixture of various materials, primarily graphite, used to obtain a better finish on castings, including smoother surfaces, less scabbing and buckling, and less metal penetration. The filler material for washes should be refractory type composed of silica flour, zircon flour, or chromite flour (EPA-85110a). Core binder accelerator: Used in conjunction with furan resins to cause hardening of the resin sand mixture at room temperature. The most commonly used accelerator is phosphoric acid (EPA85110a).
Core binder: Bonding and holding materials used in the formation of sand cores. The three general types consist of those that harden at room temperature, those that require baking, and the natural clays. Binders that harden at room temperature include sodium silicate, Portland cement, and chemical cements such as oxychloride. Binders that require baking include the resins, resin oils, pitch, molasses, cereals, sulfide liquor, and proteins. Fireclay and bentonite are the natural clay binders (EPA-W10a). Core damage: Damage to a reactor core that would result in exceeding core safety limits (DOE-91/04). Core drilling: Enlarging a hole with a chamer-edged, multipleflute drill. See drilling for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Core furnace wall: The center courses of brick in a battery wall, which are not exposed directly to furnace heat. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Core grade: The quality ratings, based on standard evaluation criteria established by the Office of Pesticide Programs, given to toxicological studies aRer submission by registrants (EPA-92/12). Core of the drawing with emulsions or soaps subcategory: Include drawing using emulsions or soaps, stationary casting, artificial aging, annealing, degreasing, sawing, and swaging (40CFR467.61-91). Core of the drawing with neat oils subcategory: Include drawing using neat oils, stationary casting, artificial aging, annealing, degreasing, sawing, and swaging (40CFR467.51-91, see also 40CFR467.6 1-91). Core of the extrusion subcategory: Include extrusion die cleaning, dummy block cooling, stationary casting, artificial aging, annealing, degreasing, and sawing (40CFR467.31-91). Core of the forging subcategory: Include forging, artificial aging, annealing, degreasing, and sawing (40CFR467.41-91). Core of the rolling with emulsions subcategory: Include rolling using emulsions, roll grinding, stationary casting, homogenizing, artificial aging, annealing, and sawing (40CFR467.21-91). Core of the rolling with neat oils subcategory: Include rolling using neat oils, roll grinding, sawing, annealing, stationary casting, homogenizing artificial aging, degreasing, and stamping (40CFR467.11-91). Core oil: Core oil is used in oil-sand cores as a parting agent to prevent the core material from sticking to the cast metal. Core oils are generally classified as mineral oils (refined petroleum oils) and are available as proprietary mixtures or can be ordered to specification. Typical core oils have specific gravities of 0.93 to 0.965 and contain a minimum of 70% non-volatiles at 177 C (350 F). See oil for more related terms (EPA-85110a).
Core program cooperative agreement: An assistance agreement whereby EPA supports states or tribal governments with funds to help defray the cost of non-item-specific administrative and training activities (EPA-97/12). Core program cooperative agreement: An assistance agreement whereby EPA supports states or tribal governments with funds to help defray the cost of nonitem-specific administrative and training activities (EPA-97/12). Core sample: A cylinder sample generally 1 to 5 inches in diameter drilled out of an area to determine the geologic and chemical analysis of the overburden and coal (CWAImining-04). Core sample: A sample of rock, soil, or other material obtained by driving a hollow tube into the undisturbed medium and withdrawing it with its contained sample (CWNWbasics-04). Core: The uranium-containing heart of a nuclear reactor, where energy is released (EPA-97/12). Coriolis acceleration: The apparent acceleration of a body in a relative coordinate system, which rotates with respect to an inertial coordinate system (NATO-78110). Coriolis flowmeter: See mass flowmeter. Corium: The layer of hide between the epidermis and the flesh. Also called the dermis (EPA-82/11). Corona discharge: A discharge of electricity appearing as a bluish-purple glow on the surface of and adjacent to a conductor when the voltage gradient exceeds a certain critical value; caused by ionization of the surrounding air by the high voltage (EPA83/03). Corona: A phenomenon of gaseous (electric) discharge in which there occurs ionization of gas molecules by electron collision in regions of a high electric field. The electric field is aided by the use of an irregular shaped discharge electrode which possesses pointed protrusions. These projections develop a high intensity point field and initiate corona. When electrons enter this area of high field strength, they are accelerated to high velocities and energy levels. These electrons, upon impact with gas molecules in the area, cause orbital electrons to be released from the gas molecules. These released electrons are also accelerated and continue the ionization process. This process continues until the electric field decreases to the point where there is insufficient energy to perpetuate ionization (Cheremisinoff-77). Corporate guarantee: The demonstration that a corporate grandparent, corporate parent, or sibling corporation can meet financial assurance requirements on behalf of a TSDF owner and operator, or the financial responsibility requirements on behalf of an UST owner and operator. Firms with a "substantial business
relationship" with an UST owner and operator can also make this demonstration (RCRAIhazardous-04).
Corpus striatum: A subcortical mass of gray and white substance in each cerebral hemisphere, containing the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus (LBL-76107-bio). CORRACTS List: EPA's list of treatment, storage, or disposal facilities subject to corrective action under RCRA (USDNwater04).
Corrective measures study (CMS): Evaluates the alternatives for cleanup technology in terms of the specific site characteristics such as contaminants, soil conditions, and hydrogeologic conditions in a RCRA Corrective Action cleanup. Equivalent to a CERCLA Feasibility Study (FS) (NavyIEnv-04). Correlation coefficient (r): A number which indicates the degree of dependence between two variables (concentration and absorbance). The more dependent they are, the closer the value of r to one. Determined on the basis of the least squares line (NavyIEnv-04).
Correction factor (CF): See combustion correction factor. Corrective action (CA): The sequence of actions that include site assessment, interim remedial action, remedial action, operation and maintenance of equipment, monitoring of progress, and termination of the remedial action (NavyIEnv-04). Corrective action management unit: A physical, geographical area designated by EPA or states for managing remediation wastes during corrective action (RCRAIhazardous-04). Corrective action plan (CAP): Associated with the Underground Storage Tank (UST) Program, it describes the appropriate corrective measures to be implemented at a site. Equivalent to a CERCLA Feasibility Study (FS) (NavyIEnv-04). Corrective action: Actions under RCRA or comparable state hazardous waste laws that require a permitted or interim status, hazardous waste management facility to identity and remediate hazardous waste releases from both active and inactive historic activities. Corrective Action Orders can suspend or revoke the authority to operate a treatment, storage, or disposal facility (OMBIReg-04). Corrective action: An EPA program to address the investigation and cleanup of contamination from solid waste facilities, hazadous waste facilities,and USTs (RCRAhazardous-04). Corrective action: Cleanup of hazardous waste contamination at non-Superfund sites. See also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (SFIremedy-04). Corrective action: EPA can require treatment, storage, and disposal (TSDF) facilities handling hazardous waste to undertake corrective actions to clean up spills resulting from failure to follow hazardous waste management procedures or other mistakes. The process includes cleanup procedures designed to guide TSDFs toward in spills (EPA-97/12). See also administrative order. Corrective measures implementation (CMI): The RCRA Corrective Action phase during which the selected cleanup technology is constructed, installed, implemented, andor operated until confirmatory sampling and analysis indicate that cleanup levels have been reached. Equivalent to a CERCLA Remedial Action (RA) (NavyIEnv-04).
Correlation coefficient: (1) In quality control, a number between -1 and 1 that indicates the degree of linear relationship between two sets of numbers (EPA-84/03). (2) In statistics, with respect to linear correlation between two variables, it indicates the dependence between the two variables. Complete dependence is given by a correlation coefficient of one and no dependence is given by a correlation coefficient of zero. The value of the correlation coefficient follows from the covariance divided by the product of the standard deviations of both variables (NATO78/10). Correlation function: In turbulence, the average relation between two quantities as a function of time andor space. It can be expressed both in a Eulerian frame of reference and a Lagrangian frame of reference (NATO-78110). Correlation: The process of establishing a relation between a variable and one or more related variables. Correlation is simple if there is only one independent variable; multiple, if there is more than one independent variable. For gaging station records, the usual variables are the short-term gaging-station record and one or more long-term gaging-station records (CWAkydrology-04). Correlative estimate: A discharge determined by correlation. A correlative estimate represents a likely value of the discharge for any particular period--commonly a month-according to a specified method of analysis (CWAkydrology-04). Correspondence: Any official letters, memorandums, notes, telecommunications, and any other forms of addressed, written communications sent and received by the EFDIEFA or other sources. Internal Department of Navy drafts and related internal memorandum should not be included in the Administrative Record (AR) unless they contain information found nowhere else that is considered or relied upon in the CERCLA response action decision. Drafts that are circulated outside of DON for review (e.g., to regulators or the public) shall be included in the AR as well as the comments received by DON from those entities (and DON response to those comments) (NavyIEnv-04). Corresponding onshore area: With respect to any OCS source, the onshore attainment or nonattainment area that is closest to the source, unless the Administrator determines that another area with more stringent requirements with respect to the control and
abatement of air pollution may reasonably be expected to be affected by such emissions. Such determination shall be based on the potential for air pollutants from the OCS source to reach the other onshore area and the potential of such air pollutants to affect the efforts of the other onshore area to attain or maintain any federal or state ambient air quality standard or to comply with the provisions of part C of title I (CAA328-42U.S.C.7627-91).
Corrosion expert: A person who, by reason of his knowledge of the physical sciences and the principles of engineering and mathematics, acquired by a professional education and related practical experience, is qualified to engage in the practice of corrosion control on buried or submerged metal piping systems and metal tanks. Such a person must be certified as being qualified by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) or be a registered professional engineer who has certification or licensing that includes education and experience in corrosion control on buried or submerged metal piping systems and metal tanks (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR280.12-91). Corrosion inhibitor: A chemical agent which slows down or prohibits a corrosion reaction (EPA-8211 lf). Corrosion resistant steels: The stainless steels with high nickel and chromium alloy content (EPA-83106a). Corrosion: Chemical or electrochemical oxidation of the surface of metal which can result in loss of material or accumulation of deposits (cf. abrasion or erosion) (EPA-83). Corrosion: The dissolution and wearing away of metal caused by a chemical reaction such as between water and the pipes, chemicals touching a metal surface, or contact between two metals (EPA-97/12). Corrosive to the tanklvalve: A lading meets the criteria for corrosivity specified in 40CFR173.240 of this subchapter, for the material of construction of the tank or valve; or the lading has been shown through experience to be corrosive to the tank or valve (40CFRl80.403-91). Corrosive waste: Aqueous wastes with a pH below 2 or above 12.5, or which corrode steel at a rate in excess of 0.25 inches per year. Corrosive wastes are classified as EPA Hazardous Waste No. DO02 (MWTNmedical-04).
Corrosivity: (1) One of the four U.S. EPA hazardous waste characteristics (ETI-92). (2) Aqueous and has a pH of less than or equal to 2.0 or greater than or equal to 12.5; or (3) A liquid and corrodes steel at a rate greater than 6.35 millimeters (.250 inches) per year under specified testing procedures. (4) See hazardous waste characteristicsfor more related terms. Corrugated box: A container for goods which is composed of an inner fluting of material (corrugating medium) and one or two outer liners of material (linerboard) (40CFR246.101-91, see also 40CFR250.4-91). Corrugated container waste: Discarded corrugated boxes. See waste for more related terms (40CFR246.101-91). Corrugated container wastepaper: See waste paper. Corrugated paper: (1) Paper or cardboard manufactured in a series of wrinkles or folds, or into alternating ridges and grooves (EPA-89/11). (2) An asbestos-containing product made of corrugated paper, which is often cemented to a flat backing, may be laminated with foils or other materials, and has a corrugated surface. Major applications of asbestos corrugated paper include thermal insulation for pipe coverings; block insulation; panel insulation in elevators; insulation in appliances; and insulation in low-pressure steam, hot water, and process lines (40CFR763.16391). (3) See paper for more related terms. Corrugated paper: Paper or cardboard having either a series of wrinkles or folds, or alternating ridges and grooves (RCRAImanagement-04). Corrugating medium furnish subdivision mills: The mills where only recycled corrugating medium is used in the production of paperboard (cf. noncomgating medium furnish subdivision mills) (40CFR430.51-91). Corrugating medium: A paperboard used at corrugating plants to form the corrugated or fluted (wave-like) member in making such products as corrugated combined board and corrugated wrapping materials (EPA-87/10, see also EPA-83). Cortical atrophy: Wasting away of the outer layer(s), e.g., of the brain or kidney (LBG76/07-bio).
Corrosive: A chemical agent that reacts with the surface of a material causing it to deteriorate or wear away (EPA-97/12).
Cosmetic: Shall have the meanings contained in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21U.S.C.321 et seq., and the regulations issued under it (40CFR710.2-91, see also 40CFR720.3-91).
Corrosivity characteristic: The characteristic which identifies wastes that are acidic or alkaline (basic) and can readily corrode or dissolve flesh, metal, or other materials (RCRAkazardous-04).
Cosmic radiation (or cosmic ray): High energy particles (e.g., electrons and atom nuclei) which impinge upon the earth from space with nearly the speed of light.
Corrosivity hazard: A material that causes visible destruction of or irreversible alterations to living tissue by chemical action at the point of contact (NavyIEnv-04).
Cosmic ray: See cosmic radiation.
Cosolvent effects: When more than one solvent is dissolved in aqueous solution, the solubility of each solvent can be increased due to the presence of other solvents (NavyIEnv-04). Cost analysis: The review and evaluation of each element of subagreement cost to determine reasonableness, allocability, and allowability (40CFR33.005-91, see also 40CFR35.6015-91).
project or program not borne by the federal government (4OCFR31.3-91). Cost sharing: A publicly financed program through which society, as a beneficiary of environmental protection, shares part of the cost of pollution control with those who must actually install the controls. In Superfund, the government may pay part of the cost of a cleanup action with those responsible for the pollution paying the major share (EPA-97/12).
Cost and profit center: (1) A cost center is a business whose objective is to accomplish its mission within cost or expenses parameters. A cost center realizes no income. (2) A profit center is a business whose objective is to contribute income over and above its expenditures and allocated charges (EPA-79112b).
Cost type contract: A contract or subcontract under a grant in which the contractor or subcontractor is paid on the basis of the costs it incurs, with or without a fee (40CFR31.3-91).
Cost benefit analysis: A quantitative evaluation of the costs which would have incurred by implementing an environmental regulation versus the overall benefits to society of the proposed action (EPA-97/12).
Costbenefit analysis: A quantitative evaluation of the costs which would be incurred versus the overall benefits to society of a proposed action such as the establishment of an acceptable dose of a toxic chemical (NavyEnv-04).
Cost benefit ratio: The ratio of the costs invested to the benefits gained.
Cost: The amount or equivalent amount paid or charged for something.
Cost effective alternative: An alternative control or corrective method identified after analysis as being the best available in terms of reliability, performance, and cost. Although costs are one important consideration, regulatory and compliance analysis does not require EPA to choose the least expensive alternative. For example, when selecting or approving a method for cleaning up a Superfund site the Agency balances costs with the long-term effectiveness of the methods proposed and the potential danger posed by the site (EPA-97/12).
Cost: For more related terms, see (1) Avoided cost; (2) Direct cost (see direct labor cost); (3) Direct labor cost; (4) Fixed cost; (5) Fixed capital cost; (6) Obligation cost; (7) Opportunity cost; and (8) Response cost.
Cost of capital: Capital recovery costs minus the depreciation (EPA-83106a). Cost per ton per minute: A unit that is often used in cost comparisons between transfer and direct haul operations (SW108ts). Cost recovery: A legal proceeding, authorized under CERCLA, that allows the government to proceed against PRPs for recovery of both administrative and actual cleanup costs expended in either emergency removal or remedial activities at hazardous waste sites (SFIEnv-04). Cost recovery: A legal process by which potentially responsible parties who contributed to contamination at a Superfund site can be required to reimburse the Trust Fund for money spent during any cleanup actions by the federal government (EPA-97/12). Cost share: The portion of allowable project costs that a recipient contributes toward completing its project (i.e., non-federal share, matching share) (40CFR30.200-91, see also 40CFR35.6015-91). Cost sharing or matching: The value of the third party in-kind contributions and the portion of the costs of federally assisted
Cost-benefit analysis: An analysis of the cost of an activity and the benefits (quantitative and/or qualitative) which would accrue fiom that activity. Used as a decision-making tool to determine whether or not to pursue the activity (OMBIReg-04). Cost-effective alternative: An alternative control or corrective method identified after analysis as being the best available in terms of reliability, performance, and cost. Although costs are one important consideration, regulatory and compliance analysis does not require EPA to choose the least expensive alternative. For example, when selecting or approving a method for cleaning up a Superfund site, the Agency balances costs with the long-term effectiveness of the methods proposed and the potential danger posed by the site (NavyEnv-04). Cost-effective alternative: An alternative control or corrective method identified as the best available in terms of reliability, permanence, and economic considerations (SFEnv-04). Cost-plus-award-fee contract: A contract which compensates a contractor for costs incurred to perform the contract work scope and also pays both a fixed "base fee" and a fee based on the contractor's performance (an incentive to perform well). Department of Energy management and operating contracts have historically been cost-plus-award-fee contracts (OMBIReg-04). Cost-reimbursement contract: Also known as a cost-plus-no-fee contract, this contract reimburses a contractor for incurred costs; there is no additional fee offered to the contractor (OMBJReg-04).
Cotton content: Paper that contains fibers from raw cotton, as compared to rag content (EPA-83). Cotton fiber content paper: The paper that contains a minimum of 25% and up to 100% cellulose fibers derived from lint cotton, cotton linters, and cotton or linen cloth cuttings. It is also known as rag content paper or rag paper. It is used for stationery, currency, ledgers, wedding invitations, maps, and other specialty papers. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Cotton fiber furnish subdivision mills: Those mills where significant quantities of cotton fibers (equal to or greater than 4% of the total product) are used in the production of fine papers (cf. wood fiber furnish subdivision mills) (40CFR430.181-91). Cotton kier liquor: Waste liquor from cotton processing. See liquor for more related terms (LBG76107-water). Cotton linter: Short fibers surrounding the cotton seed (EPA87/10). Couch roll: A roll primarily involved in dewatering and picking off, or couching, of the newly formed paper web from the wire on which it was formed and partially dewatered. The couch roll is involved in the transfer of the web to the wet press felt for further dewatering (EPA-87/10). Coulomb's law (or law of electrostatic attraction): The force (F, attraction or repulsion) between two charged particles is proportional to the charge of the particles (Q1 and Q2) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (d) between them. The relationship can be expressed as: (1) F = ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ) / ( 4 ( ~ifi )the c ~two d ~ charged ), particles are in a vacuum space, where pi is 3.1416; cl is the absolute permittivity or electric constant. (2) F = ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ) / ( 4 ( if~ the i ) ~two d ~charged ), particles are in a non-vacuum space, where ~2 is absolute permittivity. The relative permittivity c, = Q / C is ~ also called the dielectric constant. See law for more related terms.
Counter current cascade rinsing: A method of rinsing or washing using a segmented tank system in which water flows from one tank segment to the next, counter to the direction of movement of the material being washed (EPA-84/08). Counter current extraction: A liquid-liquid extraction technique in which liquid 1 containing solutes to be moved and liquid 2 (e.g., solvent) to extract the solutes from liquid 1 flow in opposite directions (cf. liquid-liquid extraction). Counter current washing: (1) A method of washing used on the bleach plant or brown-stock washers where fresh water is applied on the last stage showers, and the effluent from each stage is used on the washer showers of the preceding stage (EPA-87/10). (2) A method of washing film or paper using a segmented tank system in which water is cascaded progressively from one tank segment to the next, counter to the movement of the film paper (EPA80110). Counter current: (1) Opposite directions. (2) Two fluids flow in opposite directions) (cf. counter flow). Counter flow: A process in which two media flow through a system in opposite directions (EPA-82/11f). Counting: Totaling the hazardous wastes at a given facility for a particular month in order to determinehazardous waste generator status (RCRAihazardous-04). Covalent bond (or electron pair bond): A chemical bond between two atoms in which each atom contributes an electron to form the chemical bond. See chemical bond for more related terms. Covenant not-to-sue: CERCLA authorizes EPA to release responsible parties from liability to the United States under CERCLA, including future liability resulting from releases or threatened releases addressed by a remedial action (SFJEnv-04). Cover coat: The final coat of porcelain enamel (EPA-8211le).
Coulometer (or voltameter): A type of an electrolytic cell for measuring the electric charge by determining the deposition of metals on the cathode from a salt solution. Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ): An office within the Executive Office of the President, created by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to appraise and make recommendations on the implementation of NEPA, develop and recommend national policies to improve environmental quality, and prepare an annual national environmental quality report (SDWAIradionuclide-04). Count median size: A measurement of particle size for samples of particulate matter, consisting of that diameter of particle such that one half of the number of particles is larger and half is smaller (EPA-83/06).
Cover crop: A crop that provides temporary protection for delicate seedlings andlor provides a cover canopy for seasonal soil protection and improvement between normal crop production periods (EPA-97/12). Cover material: (1) Soil or other suitable material that is used to cover compacted solid wastes in a land disposal site (40CFR241.101-91). (2) Soil used to cover compacted solid waste in a sanitary landfill (EPA-97/12). Cover material: Material, either natural soil or geosynthetic material, used in a landfill to impede water infiltration, landfill gas emissions, and bird and rodent congregation. It is also used to control odors and make the site more visually attractive. Landfills
have three forms of cover: daily cover, intermediate cover, and final wver (RCRAImanagement-04).
Cover material: Soil used to cover compacted solid waste in a sanitary landfill (NavyIEnv-04). Cover stock or cover paper: A heavyweight paper commonly used for wvers, books, brochures, pamphlets, and the like (4OCFR250.4-91). Cover: (1) With respect to coating mix preparation equipment, a device that lies over the equipment opening to prevent VOC from escaping and that meets the requirements found in see also 40CFR60.712(c)(l)-(5) (40CFR60.711-91, 40CFR60.741-91). (2) A device or system which is placed on or over a waste placed in a waste management unit so that the entire waste surface area is enclosed and sealed to minimize air emissions. A cover may have openings necessary for operation, inspection, and maintenance of the waste management unit such as access hatches, sampling ports, and gauge wells provided that each opening is closed and sealed when not in use. Example of wvers include a fixed roof installed on a tank, a lid installed on a container, and an air-supported enclosure installed over a waste management unit (40CFR61.341-91). (3) Vegetation or other material providing protection as ground cover (EPA-89/12). Cover: Cover-related terms include (1) Daily cover; (2) Final cover; and (3) Intermediate cover. Cover: The overburden of any deposit (CWAImining-04). Coverage period: A time span which is one day less than two years, as identified in Subpart D, and is the time span which a person uses to determine hisher reporting year. Subject manufacturing or processing activities may or may not have occurred during the coverage period (40CFR704.203-91). Covered area: The nine ozone nonattainment areas having a 1980 population in excess of 250,000 and having the highest ozone design value during the period 1987 through 1989 shall be "covered areas" for purposes of this subsection. Effective one year after the reclassification of any ozone nonattainment area as a severe ozone nonattainment area under section 181(b), such severe area shall also be a "covered area" for purposes of this subsection (CAA21l .k-42U.S.C.7545-91). Covered federal action: Any of the following federal actions: (1) The awarding of any federal contract; (2) The making of any federal grant; (3) The making of any federal loan; (4) The entering into of any cooperative agreement; and (5) The extension, continuation, renewal, amendment, or modification of any federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement. Covered federal action does not include receiving from an agency a commitment providing for the United States to insure or guarantee a loan. Loan guarantees and loan insurance are addressed independently within this part (40CFR34.105-91).
Covered fleet operator: A person who operates a fleet of at least ten covered fleet vehicles (as defined in section 24 l(6) of the Act) and that fleet is operated in a single covered area (even if the covered fleet vehicles are garaged outside of it). For purposes of this definition, the vehicle types described in the definition of covered fleet (section 241(5) of the Act) as exempt from the program will not be counted toward the ten-vehicle criterion (40CFR88.302.94-91). Covered fleet vehicle: Only a motor vehicle which is: (1) In a vehicle class for which standards are applicable under this part; and (2) In a covered fleet which is centrally fueled (or capable of being centrally fueled). No vehicle which under normal operations is garaged at a personal residence at night shall be considered to be a vehicle which is capable of being centrally fueled within the meaning of this paragraph (CAA241-42U.S.C.758 1-91). (3) See vehicle for more related terms. Covered fleet: Ten or more motor vehicles which are owned or operated by a single person. In determining the number of vehicles owned or operated by a single person for purposes of this paragraph, all motor vehicles owned or operated, leased, or otherwise controlled by such person, by any person who controls such person, by any person controlled by such person, and by any person under common control with such person shall be treated as owned by such person. The term "covered fleet" shall not include motor vehicles held for lease or rental to the general public, motor vehicles held for sale by motor vehicle dealers (including demonstration vehicles), motor vehicles used for motor vehicle manufacturer product evaluations or tests, law enforcement and other emergency vehicles, or nonroad vehicles (including farm and construction vehicles) (CAA241-42U.S.C.758 1). Covered furnace: An electric furnace with a water-cooled cover over the top to limit the introduction of air which would bum the gases fiom the reduction process. The furnace may have sleeves at the electrodes (fixed seals or sealed furnaces) with the charge introduced through ports in the furnace cover, or the charge may be introduced through annular spaces surrounding the electrodes (mixed seals or semi-closed furnace). See furnace for more related terms (EPA-75/02). Covered states: States that participated in EPA's medical waste tracking program fiom June 22, 1989 to June 22, 1991, which included Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Riw (RCRAhazardous-04). Covered states: Those states that are participating in the demonstration medical waste tracking program and include Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Puerto Rico. Any other state is a non-covered state (40CFR259.10-91). CPG 1-3: Federal Assistance Handbook: Emergency Management, Direction and Control Programs, prepared by FEMA. Provides
states with guidance on administrative and programmatic requirements associated with FEMA finds (NRT-87/03).
Crane lift: Maximum safe vertical distance through which a crane bucket can move (EPA-83).
CPG 1-35: Hazard Identification, Capability Assessment, and Multi-Year Development Plan for Local Governments, prepared by FEMA. As a planning tool, it can guide local jurisdictions through a logical sequence for identifying hazards, assessing capabilities, setting priorities, and scheduling activities to improve capability over time (NRT-87/03).
Crane: (1) Bridge crane: A lifting unit that can maneuver horizontally in two directions (EPA-83). (2) Monorail crane: A lifting unit, suspended from a single rail, that can only move in one horizontal direction (EPA-83).
CPG 1-5: Objectives for Local Emergency Management, prepared by FEMA. Describes and explains functional objectives that represent a comprehensive and integrated emergency management program. Includes recommended activities for each objective (NRT-87/03). CPG 1-8: Guide for Development of State and Local Emergency Operations Plans, prepared by FEMA (see EOP below) (NRT87/03). CPG 1-8A: Guide for the Review of State and Local Emergency Operations Plans, prepared by FEMA. Provides FEMA staff with a standard instrument for assessing EOPs that are developed to satisfy the eligibility requirement to receive Emergency Management Assistance funding (NRT-87/03). Cr(+6): Hexavalent chromium (40CFR415.171-91). Cr(T): Total chromium (40CFR415.171-91). Cr,VI: Hexavalent chromium (40CFR413.02-91). Cracking: (1) The thermal decomposition of complex hydrocarbons into simpler compounds or elements. (2) A process wherein heat and pressure are used for the rearrangement of the molecular structure of hydrocarbons or low-octane petroleum fractions (EPA-8711Oa). Cracking: The refining process of breaking down the larger, heavier, and more complex hydrocarbon molecules into simpler and lighter molecules (CAA/C02gasl-04). Crackled: Glassware, the surface of which has been intentionally cracked by water immersion and partially healed by reheating before final shaping (EPA-83). Cradle to grave: The time period refemng to the initial generation of hazardous waste to its ultimate disposal (RCRAIhazardous-04). Cradle-to-grave or manifest system: A procedure in which hazardous materials are identified and followed as they are produced, treated, transported, and disposed of by a series of permanent, linkable, descriptive documents (e.g., manifests). Commonly referred to as the cradle-to-grave system (EPA-97/12).
Crankcase emissions: Airborne substances emitted to the atmosphere from any portion of the engine crankcase ventilation or lubrication. See emission for more related terms (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR86.402.78-91). Crankcase: The housing for an automobile crankshaft. Crawl space: In some types of houses which are constructed so that the floor is raised slightly above the ground, an area beneath the floor which allows access to utilities and other services. This is in contrast to slab-on-grade or basement construction houses (cf. basement) (EPA-89/12). Creasability: An ability of paper to be folded without cracking along the folded edge (EPA-83). Crease resistant: Fabrics that have been treated to make them resistant to wrinkling. One of the most common methods is to incorporate a resin (EPA-74106b). Creative checklist hazard and operability study: A hazard and operability study which uses a creative checklist to stimulate a systematic, yet creative search for hazards (EPA-87107a). Creative checklist: A list of major hazards and nuisances designed so that when an individual item from the list is associated with a particular material or a significant part of a unit, an image of a specific hazard or nuisance is generated as a stimulus to the imagination of members of a multi-disciplinary team (EPA-87107a). Credible accident: An accident that has a probability of occurrence greater than or equal to 1 0 . ~ /(DOE-91/04). ~r Creditor agency: The federal agency to which the debt is owed (40CFR13.2-91). Creep failure: Failure of a piece of metal as a result of creep. Creep is time dependent deformation as a result of stress. Metals will deform when exposed to stress. High levels of stress can result in rapid deformation and rapid failure. Lower levels of stress can result in slow deformation and protracted failure (EPA-818%). Creep: The forcing of pillars into soft bottom by the weight of a strong roof. In surface mining, a very slow movement of slopes downhill (CWNmining-04). Crenothrix: See iron bacteria.
Creosote: (1) A complex mixture of organic materials obtained as a by-product from coking and petroleum refining operations that is used as a wood preservative (EPA-74/04). (2) Distillate from tar (EPA-74106a). Creped: A light crinkled characteristic imparted to paper by a creping device to increase surface area, absorption, and elasticity. This is a customary procedure in tissue papers and fine decorative papers (EPA-87/10). Creslan fiber: A trademark of American Cyanamid for acrylic fibers. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Cresol (methylphenol, CH3C6H40H):A compound used as a germicide and antiseptic. There are three isomers, differing in the relative positions of the methyl and hydroxyl. Crest factor: Ten times the logarithm to the base ten of the square of the wideband peak amplitude of a signal to the time-meansquare amplitude over a stated time period. Unit dB (ANSI S3.201995: crest factor) (NCMsound-04). Crib: A buried structure, often of wood or concrete, filled with aggregate. Its function is to hold or disperse low-level liquids and of solutions for percolation into the ground (OMBIReg-04). Crib: A roof support of prop timbers or ties, laid in alternate cross-layers, log-cabin style. It may or may not be filled with debris. Also may be called a chock or cog (CWMmining-04). Cribbing: The construction of cribs or timbers laid at right angles to each other, sometimes filled with earth, as a roof support or as a support for machinery (CWMmining-04). Criminal action: A prosecutorial action taken by the United States government or a state towards any person(s) who has knowingly and willfully not complied with the law. Such an action can result in the imposition of fines or imprisonment (EPA-86/01). Criminal action: Enforcement action reserved for the most serious violations, which can result in fines or imprisonment (RCRA/hazardous-04). Criminal drug statute: A federal or non-federal criminal statute involving the manufacture, distribution, dispensing, use, or possession of any controlled substance (40CFR32.605-91). Criminal liability: The risk of being prosecuted, fined, and jailed for an act which violates a legal requirement (OMB/Reg-04). Criteria air pollutant: A group of very common air pollutants regulated by EPA on the basis of criteria (information on health andlor environmental effects of pollution). EPA has identified and set standards to protect human health and welfare for six pollutants: ozone, carbon monoxide, total suspended particulates,
sulfur dioxide (SOz), lead, and nitrogen oxide (NO,). It is on the basis of these criteria that standards are set or revised (CMAPC-04). Criteria continuous concentration (CCC): The EPA national water quality criteria recommendation for the highest in-stream concentration of a toxicant or an effluent to which organisms can be exposed indefinitely without causing unacceptable effects (EPA-85/09; 91/03). Criteria maximum concentration (CMC): The EPA national water quality criteria recommendation for the highest in-stream concentration of a toxicant or an effluent to which organisms can be exposed for a brief period of time without causing unacceptable effects (EPA-85/09; 91/03). Criteria pollutant: A pollutant determined to be hazardous to human health and regulated under EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act require EPA to describe the health and welfare impacts of a pollutant as the "criteria" for inclusion in the regulatory regime (CAA/C02gas-04). Criteria pollutant: The 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act required EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for certain pollutants known to be hazardous to human health. EPA has identified and set standards to protect human health and welfare for six pollutants: ozone, carbon monoxide, total suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, lead, and nitrogen oxide. The term, criteria pollutants derives from the requirement that EPA must describe the characteristics and potential health and welfare effects of these pollutants. It is on the basis of these criteria that standards are set or revised. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-97/12). Criteria: Descriptive factors taken into account by EPA in setting standards for various pollutants. These factors are used to determine limits on allowable concentration levels, and to limit the number of violations per year. When issued by EPA, the criteria provide guidance to the states on how to establish their standards (EPA-97/12). Criteria: Elements of state water quality standards, expressed as constituent concentrations, levels, or narrative statements, representing a quality of water that supports a particular use. When criteria are met, water quality will generally protect the designated use (40CFR131.3-91, see also 40CFR220.2; 256.0691). Criteria: The numeric values and the narrative standards that represent contaminant concentrations that are not to be exceeded in the receiving environmental media (surface water, groundwater, sediment) to protect beneficial uses (CWMwastewater-04). Criterion: A standard rule or test on which a judgment or decision can be based (CWAIWquality-04).
Criterion: A standard rule or test on which a judgment or decision can be based (CWAIWbasics-04). Critical aquatic organism: The aquatic organisms that are commercially or recreationally valuable, rare or endangered, of specific scientific interest, or necessary to the well-being of some significant species or to the balance of the ecological system. See organism for more related terms (EPA-76/04). Critical aquifer protection area: Either of the following: (1) All or part of an area located within an area for which an application or designation as a sole or principal source aquifer pursuant to section 1424(e), has been submitted and approved by the Administrator not later than 24 months after the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 and which satisfies the criteria established by the Administrator under subsection (d). (2) All or part of an area which is within an aquifer designated as a sole source aquifer as of the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 and for which an areawide groundwater quality protection plan has been approved under section 208 of the Clean Water Act prior to such enactment (SDWA1427-42U.S.C.30Oh.6-91). Critical diameter (or critical size): Particle diameters equal to or greater than this size are collected with 100% efficiency (EPA83/06). Critical effect: The first adverse effect, or its known precursor, that occurs as a dose rate increases. Designation is based on evaluation of overall database (EPA-97/12). Critical emission related component: Those components which are designed primarily for emission control, or whose failure may result in a significant increase in emissions accompanied by no significant impairment (or perhaps even an improvement) in performance, driveability, andlor fuel economy as determined by the Administrator (40CFR86.088.2-91). Critical emission related maintenance: That maintenance to be performed on critical emission related components (40CFR86.088.2-91). Critical habitat: (1) For a threatened or endangered species means: (a) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed in accordance with the provisions of section 1533 of this title, on which are found those physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the species and (11) which may require special management considerations or protection and (b) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it listed in accordance with the provisions of section 1533 of this title, upon a determination by the Secretary that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species. (2) Critical habitat may be established for those species now listed as threatened or endangered species for which no critical habitat has heretofore been established as set forth in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph. (3) Except in those
circumstances determined by the Secretary, critical habitat shall not include the entire geographical area which can be occupied by the threatened or endangered species (ESA3-16U.S.C. 1531).
Critical habitat: An area on which are found physical or biological features that (1) Are essential to the conservation of an endangered or threatened species, and (2) May require special management considerations or protection. Critical habitats are listed in 50 CFR Parts 17 and 226. In addition, DOE NEPA implementing regulations (10 CFR1021, Subpart D, Appendix B) require that the same considerations given for federally listed endangered and threatened species be given for state listed endangered and threatened species (SDWAJradionuclide-04). Critical humidity: A humidity condition above which a water soluble salt absorbs water vapor from the atmosphere and becomes damp and below which the salt releases water vapor and stays dry. See humidity for more related terms. Critical life stage: The period of time in an organism's life span in which it is the most susceptible to adverse effect caused by exposure to toxicants, usually during early development (egg, embryo, larvae). Chronic toxicity tests are often run on critical life stages to replace long duration, life cycle tests since the toxic effect occurs during the critical life stage (EPA-85/09; 91/03). Critical mass: (1) The smallest mass of fissionable material that will support a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction under specified conditions (DOE-91/04). (2) The minimum material needed to sustain the chain reaction of a nuclear reactor. Critical measurement: Those measurement, data gathering, or data generation activities that directly impact the technical objectives of a project (EPA-85/08). Critical organ: The most exposed human organ or tissue exclusive of the integumentary system (skin) and the cornea. See organ for more related terms (40CFR191.02-91). Critical point (or critical state): The conditions where the states (temperature, pressure, and specific volume) of saturated liquid and saturated vapor are identical. Critical point (or critical state): The conditions where the states (temperature, pressure, and specific volume) of saturated liquid and saturated vapor are identical. At the critical point, the difference of the following properties between the saturated liquid and saturated vapor is zero (cf. quality) (EPA-82/11f): (1) Enthalpy: hk = 0; (2) Entropy: sg = 0; (3) Internal energy: ufg= 0; and (4) Specific volume: vfg= 0. Critical pollutant: The pollutant with the highest subindex during the reporting period. See pollutant for more related terms (40CFR58-ApplG-91).
Critical pressure: The pressure of the critical point where the states (temperature, pressure, and specific volume) of saturated liquid and saturated vapor are identical. See pressure for more related terms. Critical size: See critical diameter.
Cross entry: An entry running at an angle with the main entry (CWNmining-04). Cross flow: (1) The flow running across another flow at an angle essentially perpendicular (normal) to one another. (2) The flow of scrubbing liquid normal (perpendicular) to the gas stream. See flow for more related terms (EPA-89103b).
Critical state: See critical point. Critical streamflow: The amount of water available for the generation of water power during the most adverse streamflow period (DOI-70104). Critical temperature: The temperature of the critical point where the states (temperature, pressure, and specific volume) of saturated liquid and saturated vapor are identical. See temperature for more related terms.
Cross link: A comparatively short connecting unit (such as a chemical bond or a chemically bonded atom or group) between neighboring polymer chains (EPA-75112a). Cross recovery furnace: A furnace used to recover chemicals consisting primarily of sodium and sulfur compounds by burning black liquor which on a quarterly basis contains more than 7 weight percent of the total pulp solids from the neutral sulfite semichemical process and has a green liquor sulfidity of more than 28%. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.281-91).
Critical velocity: The velocity above which fluid is turbulent. Critical volume: The volume at the critical point. Criticality: The condition in which a nuclear reactor sustains a chain reaction. Crop coal: Coal at the outcrop of the seam. It is usually considered of inferior quality due to partial oxidation, although this is not always the case (CWNmining-04). Crop consumptive use: The amount of water transpired during plant growth plus what evaporated from the soil surface and foliage in the crop area (EPA-97/12). Crop for direct human consumption: The crops that are consumed by humans without processing to minimize pathogens prior to distribution to the consumer (40CFR257.3.6-91). Crop residue: Organic residue remaining after the harvesting and processing of a crop (CAA/C02gasl-04). Crop rotation: Planting a succession of different crops on the same land area as opposed to planting the same crop time after time (EPA-97/12). Cross check editing: The determination of a value's validity based on the occurrence of a value of some other variables (cf. magnitude of entry editing) (EPA-79112~). Cross connection: Any actual ore potential connection between a drinking water system and an unapproved water supply or other source of contamination (EPA-97/12). Cross contamination: The movement of underground contaminants from one level or area to another due to invasive subsurface activities (EPA-97/12).
Cross section: A diagram or drawing that shows features transected by a given plane, usually a vertical plane so that the view shows features through the depth of the earth (NavylEnv-04). Cross wind: A direction perpendicular to the wind vector. Usually applied to the horizontal direction. See wind for more related terms (NATO-78110). Crossband: (1) Used as a noun, the layers of veneer whose grain direction is at right angles to that of the face piles, applied particularly to five-ply plywood and lumber core panels, and more generally to all layers between the core and the faces (EPA-74/04). (2) Used as a verb, to place the grain of the layers of veneer at right angles in order to minimize swelling and shrinking (EPA74/04). Crossbar: The horizontal member of a roof timber set supported by props located either on roadways or at the face (CWNmining04). Crossbedding: The disposition of rocks in layers with minor strata lying oblique to the main strata (DOI-70104). Crosscut: A passageway driven between the entry and its parallel air course or air courses for ventilation purposes. Also, a tunnel driven from one seam to another through or across the intervening measures; sometimes called "crosscut tunnel" or "breakthrough." In vein mining, an entry perpendicular to the vein (CWNmining04). Crown flint glass: An optical crown glass bordering on optical flint glass because of the addition of a substantial content of lead oxide and with somewhat higher dispersion than optical crown glass (EPA-83). Crucible furnace: A furnace fired with coal, coke, oil, or gas, in which metal contained in crucibles is melted (EPA-83).
Cryology: Science of ice and snow (CWAhydrology-04). Crucible furnace: Types of crucible furnaces include (1) Tilting furnace; (2) Pit crucible furnace; (3) Stationary crucible furnace; and (4) Pot furnace (AP-40, p238). (5) See furnace for more related terms. Crucible: A highly refractory vessel used to melt metals (EPA8YlOa). Crude intermediate plastic material: The plastic material formulated in an on-site polymerization process (40CFR463.2-91). Crude oil gathering: The transportation of crude oil or condensate after custody transfer between a production facility and a reception point (40CFR52.741-91). Crude oil: (1) A naturally occurring mixture which consists of hydrocarbons and sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen derivatives of hydrocarbons and which is a liquid at standard conditions (40CFR52.741-9 1). (2) Unrefined petroleum. (3) See oil for more related terms. Crude tall oil: A dark brown mixture of fatty acids, rosins, and neutral materials liberated by the acidification of soap skimmings. See oil for more related terms (EPA-79/12). Crumb rubber: Ground rubber fragments the size of sand or silt used in rubber or plastic products, or processed further into reclaimed rubber or asphalt products (EPA-97/12). Crusher: A machine for crushing rock or other materials. Among the various types of crushers are the ball mill, gyratory crusher, Handsel mill, hammer mill, jaw crusher, rod mill, rolls, stamp mill, and tube mill (CWNmining-04). Crusher: A machine used to crush any metallic mineral and includes feeders or conveyors located immediately below the crushing surfaces. Crushers include, but are not limited to, the following types: jaw, gyratory, cone, and hammermill (40CFR60.381-91, see also 40CFR60.671-91). Other crusherrelated terms include (1) Jaw crusher and (2) Roll crusher. Crustaceaen (pl. crustacea): The small animals ranging in size form 0.2 to 0.3 millimeters long which move very rapidly through the water in search of food. They have recognizable head and posterior sections and are a principal source of food for small fish (EPA-83/09). Cryogenic focusing: The process whereby gas phase solutes, which comprise a small fraction of a flowing gas stream, are deposited on a low (sub-ambient) temperature surface. In thermal decomposition experiments, thermal reaction products are produced in a gas stream (air or nitrogen) and are then deposited on the head of a capillary GC column held at cryogenic temperatures (EPA-88/12).
Cryptosporidium: A microorganism commonly found in lakes and rivers which is highly resistant to disinfection. Cryptosporidium has caused several large outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness, with symptoms that include diarrhea, nausea, andor stomach cramps. People with severely weakened immune systems are likely to have more severe and more persistent symptoms than healthy individuals (SDWAIReg-04). Cryptosporidium: A protozoan microbe associated with the disease cryptosporidiosis in man. The disease can be transmitted through ingestion of drinking water, person-to-person contact, or other pathways, and can cause acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, and can be fatal as it was in the Milwaukee episode (EPA-97/12). Crystal glass: A colorless glass, highly transparent, frequently used for art or tableware. See glass for more related terms (EPA83). Crystal structure: The geometrical arrangement of the molecules that occupy the space lattice of the crystalline portion of a polymer (EPA-9 1/05). Crystal: A clear, transparent natural mineral or man-made, glasslike material (cf. electronic crystal). Crystalline rock: Rocks (igneous or metamorphic) consisting wholly of crystals or fragments of crystals (CWNWbasics-04). Crystalline: A substance with regular arrangement of atoms in a space lattice, an ordered structure, such as a crystal--as opposed to amorphous (cf. amorphous) (EPA-83106a; 7510 1a). Crystallization (or suspension freezing): A freezing (dewatering) process used to separate substances because of their different freezing temperature. When an aqueous solution containing dissolved salts or suspended solids is frozen, fresh water ice crystals f o m and the salts are concentrated in the remaining brine solution. The ice crystals can be separated from the brine by mechanical means, washed, and melted to yield fresh water. The remaining brine may contain potentially hazardous substances which can be treated further or disposed of. The freezing process resembles the distillation process in that heat transfer is a very important element of the process, and a change of phase is involved. With a suitable means of separating the ice crystals from the mother liquor, freezing can be made into a process which yields a concentrated waste product stream and high-quality water (99+% pure). Theoretically, at least, these processes can be applied to non-aqueous streams as well.
CSB: The Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, commonly referred to as the Chemical Safety Board or CSB, is an independent, federal agency whose chief mission is to improve chemical safety by protecting workers, the public, and the
environment from the dangers of chemical related accidents. It was established under section 112(r)(6) of the Clean Air Act (TSCAIchernical-04).
CSP: Certified Safety Professional (MWTAIinfectious-04). CT or CTcalc: (1) (CTcalc)/(CT99.9) is the inactivation ratio. (2) The sum of the inactivation ratios, or total inactivation ratio shown as Z = (CTcalc)/(CT99.9) is calculated by adding together the inactivation ratio for each disinfection sequence. (3) A total inactivation ratio equal to or greater than 1.0 is assumed to provide a 3-log inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts (40CFR141.2-91). CT or CTcalc: The product of "residual disinfectant concentration." (C) in mg/l determined before or at the first customer, and the corresponding "disinfectant contact time" (T) in minutes, i.e., "C" x "T." If a public water system applies disinfectants at more than one point prior to the first customer, it must determine the CT of each disinfectant sequence before or at the first customer to determine the total percent inactivation or total inactivation ratio. In determining the total inactivation ratio, the public water system must determine the residual disinfectant concentration of each disinfection sequence and corresponding contact time before any subsequent disinfection application point(s). "CT99.9" is the CT value required for 99.9% (3-log) inactivation of Giardia larnblia cysts. CT99.9 for a variety of disinfectants and conditions appear in Tables 1.1-1.6, 2.1, and 3.1 of 40CFR141.74(b)(3). CT or CTcalc: The product of residual disinfectant concentration (C) in mglL determined before or at the first customer, and the corresponding disinfectant contact time (T) in minutes, i.e., C x T (for complete definition, see 40CFR141.2-91). Cubic feet or cubic meters of production in Subpart A: The cubic feet or cubic meters of logs from which bark is removed (40CFR429.11-91). Cubic feet per minute (CFM): A measure of the volume of a substance flowing through air within a fixed period of time. With regard to indoor air, refers to the amount of air, in cubic feet, that is exchanged with indoor air in a minute's time, i.e., the air exchange rate (NavyIEnv-04). Cubic feet per minute (CFM): A measure of the volume of a substance flowing through air within a fixed period of time. With regard to indoor air, refers to the amount of air, in cubic feet, that is exchanged with indoor air in a minute's time, i.e., the air exchange rate (EPA-97/12). Cubic feet per second (CFS): A rate of the flow, in streams and rivers, for example. It is equal to a volume of water one foot high and one foot wide flowing a distance of one foot in one second. One "cfs" is equal to 7.48 gallons of water flowing each second. As an example, if your car's gas tank is 2 feet by 1 foot by 1 foot
(2 cubic feet), then gas flowing at a rate of 1 cubic foothecond would fill the tank in two seconds (CWA~Wscience-04).
Cubic feet per second: A unit expressing rates of discharge. One cubic foot per second is equal to the discharge of a stream of rectangular cross section, 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep, flowing water an average velocity of 1 foot per second (CWNhydrology04). Cubic foot per second (ft3/s, or cfs): Rate of water discharge representing a volume of 1 cubic foot passing a given point during 1 second, equivalent to approximately 7.48 gallons per second or 448.8 gallons per minute or 0.02832 cubic meter per second. In a stream channel, a discharge of 1 cubic foot per second is equal to the discharge at a rectangular cross section, 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep, flowing at an average velocity of 1 foot per second (CWAIWbasics-04). Cullet (or glass cullet): (1) Any broken glass generated in the manufacturing process (40CFR426.2 1-91, see also 40CFR426.31; 426.41; 426.101; 61.161-91). (2) Waste or broken glass, usually suitable as an addition to raw glass melt materials. Types of cullets include (a) Foreign cullet--cullet from an outside source. (b) Domestic cullet (factory cullet)--cullet from within the plant. (a) The portion of a glass article which will later be cut off and discarded or remelted (EPA-83). (3) cf. raw cullet. Cullet water: The water which is exclusively and directly applied to molten glass in order to solidify the glass. See water for more related terms (40CFR426.11-91). Cullet: Clean, usually color-sorted, crushed glass used to make new glass products (RCWmanagernent-04). Cullet: Crushed glass (EPA-97/12). Cultivar: A horticulturally or agriculturally derived variety of a plant (CAA/C02gas-04). Cultural eutrophication: Increasing rate at which water bodies "die" by pollution from human activities (EPA-97/12). Cultural resource: Areas or objects that are of cultural significance to Native Americans and other defined ethnic groups (DOE-9 1/04). Culture: A mass of microorganisms growing in a medium (EPA83/09). Cultured product: Fermentation-type dairy products manufactured by inoculating different forms of milk with a bacterial culture. This designation includes yogurt, cultured buttermilk, sour cream, and cultured cream cheese, among other products (EPA-74/05).
Cultures and stocks: Infectious agents and associated biologicals including: cultures from medical and pathological laboratories; cultures and stocks of infectious agents from research and industrial laboratories; waste from the production of biologicals; discarded live and attenuated vaccines; and culture dishes and devices used to transfer, inoculate, and mix cultures (see regulated medical waste (EPA-97/12). Cumulative assessment group (CAG): A subset of chemicals selected from a common mechanism group for inclusion in a refined quantitative estimate of risk (FFDCNpesticide-04). Cumulative distribution curve: This is a curve that the particle size of each size range is plotted on the ordinate. The cumulative percent by weight (frequency) is plotted on the abscissa. The cumulative percent by weight can be given as cumulative percent less than stated particle size or cumulative percent larger than stated particle size. The cumulative percent by weight can be plotted on either a linear percentage or a probability percentage scale. The particle size range (ordinate) is usually a logarithmic scale. See particle size presentation for more related terms (Course 413, p4-15). Cumulative distribution: A type of (particle) size distribution, generated by plotting particle diameter versus cumulative percent. For log normal distributions, the particle diameter is plotted on logarithmic coordinates and percent less than stated size (% LTSS) or percent greater than stated size (% GTSS) is plotted on probability (normal) coordinates. Thus, if 10 percent of the particles have a size equal to or less than 3.2 micrometers (microns, p), the point (3.2 p, 10%) would fall on a cumulative distribution curve (cf. log-normal distribution) (EPA-84/09). Cumulative ecological risk assessment: Consideration of the total kzological risk from multiple stressors to a given eco-zone (EPA-97/12). Cumulative exposure: The summation of exposures of an organism to a chemical over a period of time (EPA-97/12). Cumulative impact: The impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (federal or non-federal) or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time (40CFR1508.5-91; DOE-91/04).
susceptible tissue. See toxicity for more related terms (40CFR795.260-91, see also 40CFR798.2250; 798.2450; 798.2650; 798.2675-91). Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs): Term used for injuries that occur over a period because of repeated trauma or exposure to a specific body part, such as the back, hand, wrist, and forearm. Muscles and joints are stressed, tendons are inflamed, nerves pinched, or the flow of blood is restricted. Common occupational induced disorders in this class include carpal tunnel syndrome, epicondylitis (tennis elbow), tendinitis, tenosynovitis, synovitis, stenosing tenosynovitis of the finger, DeQuervian's Syndrome, and low back pain (OSHNergonomics-04). Cumulative working level month (CWLM): The sum of lifetime exposure to radon working levels expressed in total working level months (EPA-97/12). Cunningham correction factor: A correction factor applied to Stokes law for particle less than 2.0 microns (or micrometers) in diameter. Particles below this size are affected by collisions by air molecules which alter the settling velocity of the particle. (See also Stokes law) (EPA-84/09). Cupelled: Refined by means of a small shallow porous bone cup that is used in assaying precious metals (EPA-83103a). Cupola or cupola furnace: (1) A vertical shaft furnace consisting of a cylindrical steel shell lined with refractories and equipped with air inlets at the base and an opening near the top for charging fuel and melting stock (EPA-85110a). (2) A melting furnace for producing gray iron. It is also used to melt or reduce copper, brasses, bronzes, and lead (AP-40, p234). (3) See furnace for more related terms. Cuprite: A secondary copper mineral, CuzO (EPA-82/05). Curb collection (or curbside collection): The collection of solid waste placed adjacent to a street. See waste collection for more related terms (40CFR243.10 1-91). Curb idle: For manual transmission code heavy-duty engines, the manufacturers recommended engine speed with the transmission in neutral or with the clutch disengaged. For automatic transmission code heavy-duty engines, curb-idle means the manufacturers recommended engine speed with the automatic transmission in gear and the output shaft stalled (40CFR86.082.291, see also 40CFR86.084.2-91).
Cumulative risk: The risk of a common toxic effect associated with concurrent exposure by all relevant pathways and routes of exposure to a group of chemicals that share a common mechanism of toxicity (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Curb mass: The actual or manufacturers estimated mass of the vehicle with fluids at nominal capacity and with all equipment specified by the Administrator (40CFR86.402.78-91).
Cumulative toxicity: The adverse effects of repeated doses occumng as a result of prolonged action on, or increased concentration of, the administered substance or its metabolites in
Curb stop: A water service shutoff valve located in a water service pipe near the curb and between the water main and the building (EPA-97/12).
Curbside collection: A method of collecting recyclable materials at individual homes or places of business by municipal or private parties for transfer to a designated collection site or recycling facility (RCRWmunicipal-04). Curbside collection: Method of collecting recyclable materials at homes, community districts, or businesses (EPA-97/12). See also definition under collection. Curbside collection: Programs in which recyclable materials are collected at the curb, often from special containers, and then taken to various processing facilities (RWmanagement-04). Curcumine or carmine method: A standard method of measuring the concentration of boron (B) within a solution (EPA83106a). Curie (Ci): (1) A rate of radioactive decay. One curie is the quantity of any radioactive nuclide which undergoes 3 . 7 ~ 1 0 ' ~ disintegrations per second. One curie is equal to 3.7x10I0 becquerel. See radiation unit for more related terms (40CFR302.4AppIB-91). (2) The amount of radioactive material which disintegrates at the rate of 37 billion atoms per second, i.e., 1 Ci = 3.7x101° (37 billion) transformations per second. This is a useful quantity, e.g., when comparing the relative rates of equal masses of different nuclides. Thus, one gram of Cesium-134 (half-life = 2.06 years) will decay fifteen times as fast as one gram of Cesium137 (half-life = 30.2 years). Cesium-134's activity is said to be 15 times as great, for equal weights. See radiation unit for more related terms (10CFR30.4; 192.01-91, see also 40CFR300-AppIA91;LBL76107-rad). Curie (Ci): Curierelated terms include (1) Millicurie (mCi); (2) Microcurie ($5); (3) Picocurie (pCi); and (4) Picocurie per liter @Cia).
Curium (Cm): A radioactive metal with atomic number 96; atomic weight 247; melting point 1340 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Currency paper: The paper used for printing currency, bonds, and other government securities. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Current asset: The cash or other assets or resources commonly identified as those which are reasonably expected to be realized in cash or sold or consumed during the normal operating cycle of the business. See asset for more related terms (40CFR144.61-91). Current carrying capacity: The maximum current that can be continuously carried without causing permanent deterioration of electrical or mechanical properties of a device or conductor (EPA83/03). Current closure cost estimate: The most recent of the estimates prepared in accordance with 40CFR264.142 (a), (b), and (c). See closure for more related terms (40CFR264.141-91, see also 40CFR265.141-91). Current collector: The electrode that conducts the electric current to the terminal. It is a conductive material in a fuel cell that disburses electrons (on the anode side) or collects electrons (on the cathode side). The current collectors are microporous (to allow for fluid flow through them) and lie in between the catalyst/electrolyte surfaces and the bipolar plates. Current collector: The grid portion of the electrode that conducts the current to the terminal (EPA-84/08). Current density: A parameter that describes the magnitude and direction of ion flow per unit area, generally expressed in amperes per square meter.
Curie: A common unit of measure of radioactivity that indicates the rate of radioactive decay. One curie is equivalent to the radioactivity of one gram (.035 ounces) of radium. It is named after Madame Curie who first studied the radioactivity of uranium (Envirocare-00109).
Current discharge: The volume, composition, and location of an applicant's discharge as of anytime between December 27, 1977, and December 29, 1982, as designated by the applicant (40CFR125.58-91).
Curing oven: A device that uses heat to dry or cure the coating(s) applied to large appliance parts or products (40CFR60.451-91, see also 40CFR60.461-91).
Current dollar: A budget term which indicates that out year costs calculated from the current year do not incorporate the time value of money, such as the effects of inflation (OMBIReg-04).
Curing time: The time required for full curing as indicated by no further increase in strength over time (EPA-91/05).
Current liability: The obligations whose liquidation is reasonably expected to require the use of existing resources properly classifiable as current assets or the creation of other current liabilities. See liability for more related terms (40CFR144.61-91, see also 40CFR264.141; 265.141-91).
Curing: (1) A heatingldrying process carried out in an elevated temperature enclosure (EPA-83/03). (2) The strength gain over time of a chemically fused, bodied chemically fused, or chemical adhesive geomembrane seam due primarily to evaporation of solvents or msslinking of the organic phase of the mixture (EPA91/05).
Current meter: A liquid velocity measuring meter in an open channel. Types of the current meter include (1) Pitot tube: For measuring clean gas and liquid velocity confined in pipes by
measuring the difference between impact pressure and static pressure. (2) Turbine flowmeter: Use magnetic detection to measure flow rotation speed. (3) See flow velocity meter for more related terms.
Current meter: An instrument for measuring the speed of flowing water. The Geological Survey uses a rotating cup meter (CWAIhydrology-04). Current plugging and abandonment cost estimate: The most recent of the estimates prepared in accordance with 40CFR144.62(a), (b), and (c) of this title (40CFR264.141-91, see also 40CFR265.141-91). Current plugging cost estimate: The most recent of the estimates prepared in accordance with 40CFR144.62(a), (b), and (c) (40CFR144.61-91). Current post closure cost estimate: The most recent of the estimates prepared in accordance with 40CFR264.144 (a), (b), and (c). See closure for more related terms (40CFR264.141-91, see also 40CFR265.141-91). Current production: The amount of planned production in the calendar year in which the pesticides report is submitted, including new products not previously sold or distributed (40CFR167.3-91). Current: (1) Movements or flows of water, set in motion by winds and waves or by differences in temperature (DOI-70104). (2) In physics, movements or flows of substances such as water set in motion by winds and waves or by differences in temperature. (3) In electricity, the flow of electric ions through a circuit, expressed as amperes. Currying: Incorporating oils into leathers in a low water system, classically used to lubricate the vegetable tanned leather (EPA82111). Curtail: To cease operations to the extent technically feasible to reduce emissions (40CFR61.181-91). Curtailment program: Restrictions on operation of fireplaces and woodstoves in areas where these home heat sources make major contributions to pollution (CAAIair-04). Curtain damper: A damper, composed of flexible materials, moving in a vertical plane as it is rolled. See damper for more related terms. Curtain furnace wall: A hanging or arched refractory construction or baffle that deflects combustion gases downward. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Cusec: This abbreviation for cubic foot per second, common in the British Commonwealth countries (except Canada), is not used
by the U.S. Geological Survey; instead, cfs is used (CWAI hydrology-04).
Custody transfer: The transfer of produced petroleum andor condensate after processing andor treating in the producing operations, from storage tanks or automatic transfer facilities to pipelines or any other forms of transportation (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.111; 60.1 11a; 60.1 11b-9 1). Custom blender: Any establishment which provides the service of mixing pesticides to customer's specifications, usually a pesticide(s)-fertilizer(s), pesticide-pesticide, or pesticide-animal feed mixture, when: (1)The blend is prepared to the order of the customer and is not held in inventory by the blender; (2) The blend is to be used on the customer's property (including leased or rented property); (3) The pesticide(s) used in the blend bears enduse labeling directions which do not prohibit use of the product in such a blend; (4) The blend is prepared from registered pesticides; (5) The blend is delivered to the end user along with a copy of the end-use labeling of each pesticide used in the blend and a statement specifying the composition of mixture; and (6) No other pesticide production activity is performed at the establishment (40CFR167.3-91). Custom molded device: A hearing protective device that is made to conform to a specific ear canal. This is usually accomplished by using moldable compound to obtain an impression of the ear and ear canal. The compound is subsequently permanently hardened to retain this shape (40CFR211.203-91). Custom territory of the United States: The 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia (40CFR720.3-91, see also 40CFR372.3; 763.63-91). Cut and fill: A method of disposing of refuse on land by utilizing the principles of engineering to confine the refuse to the smallest practical area, reducing it to the smallest practical volume and covering it with a layer of earth at the conclusion of each day's operation, or at more frequent intervals. See sanitary landfill (EPA-83). Cut diameter: See cut size. Cut glass: The glassware decorated by grinding figures or patterns on its surface by abrasive means, followed by polishing. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Cut off trench: A trench that is filled with barrier materials. The barrier is used to prevent the movement of gas or water (from landfill) or to intercept them and to direct them to another location (cf. gas barrier) (SW-108ts). Cut power rule: A generalized method of calculating overall efficiency of a wet scrubber. The method assumes the predominant collection mechanism is inertial impaction (EPA84/09).
Cut size (or cut diameter) and average particle size: The cut size is the diameter of those particles collected with 50% efficiency, e.g., cut diameter 0.2 micron meter (pm) means half of the 0.2 um particles are captured and half pass through the scrubber. Collection efficiency for particles larger than the cut size will be greater than 50% while that for smaller particles will be less. Average particle size is the average of the particle size range, e.g., if the size range is 10 to 15 microns, the average size is 12.5 microns (AP-40; Hesketh-79). Cut: The portion of a land surface or an area from which earth or rock has been or will be excavated. The distance between an original ground surface and an excavated surface (SW-I 08ts). Cutie-pie: An instrument used to measure radiation levels (EPA97/12). Cutout or by-pass or similar devices: The devices which vary the exhaust system gas flow so as to discharge the exhaust gas and acoustic energy to the atmosphere without passing through the entire length of the exhaust system, including all exhaust system sound attenuation components (40CFR202.10-91). Cutter; cutting machine: A machine, usually used in coal, that will cut a 10- to 15-cm slot. The slot allows room for expansion of the broken coal. Also applies to the man who operates the machine and to workers engaged in the cutting of coal by pick or drill (CWMmining-04). Cutting fluids: Lubricants employed to ease metal and machining operations, produce surface smoothness, and extend tool life by providing lubricity and cooling. Fluids can be emulsified oils in water, straight mineral oils when better smoothness and accuracy are required, or blends of both (EPA-83106a). Cutting: To penetrate with a sharp-edged instrument and includes sawing, but does not include shearing, slicing, or punching (40CFR61.141-91). Cuttings: Spoils left by conventional drilling with hollow stem auger or rotary drilling equipment (EPA-97/12). CWA: Clean Water Act. See Act or CWA for more details. Cyanic acid (HCNO): An unstable, poisonous, and explosive acid liquid. Cyanidation vat: A large tank, with a filter bottom, in which sands are treated with sodium cyanide solution to dissolve out gold (EPA-82/05). Cyanidation: A process of extracting gold and silver as cyanide slimes from their ores by treatment with dilute solutions of potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide (EPA-82/05).
Cyanide A: Those cyanides amenable to chlorination and is determined by the methods specified in 40CFR136.3 (40CFR415.91-91, see also 40CFR415.42 1-91). Cyanide destruction unit: A treatment system designed specifically to remove cyanide (40CFR439.1-91). Cyanide: The total cyanide and is determined by the method specified in 40CFR136.3 (40CFR420.02-91). It is a compound containing the CN ion. Other cyanide-related terms include (1) Free cyanide; (2) Oxidizable cyanide; and (3) Total cyanide. Cyaniding: A process of case hardening an iron-base alloy by the simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by heating in a cyanide salt. Cyaniding is usually followed by quenching to produce a hard case (EPA-83106a). Cyanogen (CN)2: A very toxic, colorless gas with a pungent odor. Cyanogen chloride (CICN): A toxic, colorless gas or liquid used in military poison gas. Cycle (or cyclic process): In thermodynamics, a process or a series of processes which returns the system to the state of the original conditions. See thermodynamic process for more related terms. Cycle mining: A system of mining in more than one working place at a time, that is, a miner takes a lift from the face and moves to another face while permanent roof support is established in the previous working face (CWMmining-04). Cycle of concentration: The average concentration of dissolved solids in cooling water due to the evaporative process in a cooling tower (DOE-9 1/04). Cycle: A regularly recurring succession of events such as the cycle of the seasons. Use of cycle to describe a group of wet years followed or preceded by a group of dry years is to be avoided (CWAIhydrology-04). Cycle: In acoustics, the cycle is the complete oscillation of pressure above and below the atmospheric static pressure (NCMsound-04). Cycles per second: The number of oscillations that occur in the time frame of one second. (See frequency). Low frequency sounds have fewer and longer oscillations (NCMsound-04). Cyclethrin (C21H2s03):A viscous, brown liquid used as an insecticide for flies, roaches, and grain pests. Cycling plant: An electrical generating facility which operates between peak load and base load conditions (EPA-8211 If).
Cyclo-: A prefix indicating a compound structure containing a ring made of carbon atoms. Cycloalkene: Unsaturated, monocyclic hydrocarbon with the formula CnH2n-2 (NavyEnv-04). Cyclone collector: (1) A device that uses centrifugal force to pull large particles from polluted air (EPA-97/12). (2) See also synonym, cyclone separator. Cyclone for pulp application: A classifying (or concentrating) separator into which pulp is fed, so as to take a circular path. Coarser and heavier fractions of solids report at the apex of long cone while finer particles overflow from central vortex (EPA82/05). Cyclone furnace: A water-cooled horizontal cylinder in which fuel is fired, heat is released at extremely high rates, and combustion is completed. The hot gases are then ejected into the main furnace. The fuel and combustion air enter tangential imparting a whirling motion to the burning fuel, hence the name cyclone furnace. Molten slag forms on the cylinder walls and flows off for removal. See furnace for more related terms (EPA821110. Cyclone furnace: The type of furnace used in the Minergy Clear Horizons process. It is where the wastewater sludge (and coal and limestone flux) is combusted to f m the glass aggregate (CMAPC04). Cyclone mist eliminator: A mist eliminator used to collect heavy liquid loadings. See mist eliminator for more related terms (EPA8 1/09). Cyclone separator (or cyclone collector): A cyclone is a typical mechanical separator. It obtains its name by similarity with natural atmospheric storms. It is one of the oldest types of inertial separator. A cyclone which is a conical shaped apparatus is an inertial separator without moving parts. It separates particulate matter from a carrier gas by transforming the velocity of an inlet streams into a double vortex confined within the cyclone. In the double vortex, the gas entering the tangential inlet near the top of the cylindrical body creates a vortex or spiral flow downward between the walls of the gas discharge outlet and the body of the cyclone. This vortex, called the main vortex, continues downward even below the walls of the gas outlet, and at some region near the bottom of the cone, the vortex reverses its direction of axial flow but maintains its direction of rotation, so that a secondary or inner vortex core is formed traveling upward to the gas outlet. The particulates, because of their inertia, tend to move toward the outside wall, from which they are let to a receiver. See separator for more related terms (AP-40, p91). Cyclone type scrubber: One of air pollution control devices. The scrubber ranges from a simple dry cyclone with a spray nozzle to specially constructed multistage devices. All feature a tangential
inlet to a cylindrical body, and many feature additional vanes that accentuate the cyclonic action and also act as impingement and collection surfaces. Since centrifugal force is the principal collecting mechanism, efficiency is promoted by comparatively high gas velocities. Pressure drops varies from 2 to 8 inches water gage, and water rates vary from 4 to 10 gpm per 1000 cfm gas handled. See scrubber for more related terms (AP-40). Cyclone: (1) In weather, a region of low pressure, winds blow counter-clockwise about the low pressure center in the northern hemisphere and blow clockwise about the low pressure center in the southern hemisphere. (2) In particle separation, an inlet gas stream is made to move vortically; centrifugal forces tend to drive suspended particles to the wall of the cyclone. See collector for more ;elated terms (EPA-83). Cyclone: A cyclone is known as a cyclone collector or a cyclone separator. It is a typical mechanical separator. A cyclone obtains its name by similarity with natural atmospheric storms. It is one of the oldest types of inertial separator. A cyclone which is a conical shaped apparatus is an inertial separator without moving parts. It separates particulate matter from a carrier gas by transforming the velocity of an inlet streams into a double vortex confined within the cyclone. In the double vortex, the gas entering the tangential inlet near the top of the cylindrical body creates a vortex or spiral flow downward between the walls of the gas discharge outlet and the body of the cyclone. This vortex, called the main vortex, continues downward even below the walls of the gas outlet, and at some region near the bottom of the cone, the vortex reverses its direction of axial flow but maintains its direction of rotation, so that a secondary or inner vortex core is formed travelling upward to the gas outlet. The particulates, because of their inertia, tend to move toward the outside wall, from which they are let to a receiver. See mechanical separator for more related terms (AP-40). Cyclone: An area of low pressure around which winds rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. See also tropical cyclone (CWN Wbasics-04). Cyclonic flow: A spiraling movement of exhaust gases within a duct or stack. See flow for more related terms (40CFR60.25 1-91). Cylinder condensate: The condensation that forms on the walls of the retort during steaming operations (EPA-74/04). Cylinder process: A process for manufacture of window glass wherein molten glass is blown and drawn into the form of a cylinder, which is subsequently split longitudinally, reheated in a flattening kiln, and flattened (EPA-83). Cypress dome: Small, isolated, circular, depressional, forested wetlands, in which cypress predominates, that have convex silhouettes when viewed from a distance (CWAIWbasics-04).
Cystine (C16H12NZS2): An amino acid, important in stabilizing the structure of protein molecules. Cytology: Branch of biology concerned with the study of cells as vital units with reference to their structure, function, multiplication, pathology, and life history (LBL-76107-bio).
Cytotoxic ,compounds: Substances that are generally used in chemotherapy (cancer treatment). The compounds are highly toxic to cells. They can impair, injure, or kill cells and can cause cell mutations, cancer, and birth defects. Seven cytotoxic compounds which are regulated under the "U Group" of the RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) are: (1) Chlorambucil. (2) Cyclophosphamide. (3) Duanamycin. (4) Mmelphalan. (5) Mitomycin. (6) Streptozotocin. (7) Uracil mustard (EPA-90106).
Dacron fiber: A trademark of Du Pont for polyester filaments and staple fibers. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b).
concentration derived fi-om all measurements taken that day (CWA/wastewater-04).
Dag (or aquadaq): A conductive graphite coating on the inner and outer side walls of some cathode-ray tubes (EPA-83/03).
Daily maximum limitation: A value that should not be exceeded by any one effluent measurement (40CFR429.11-11).
Daily cell: In landfills, a portion of refuse that has been compacted and then surrounded with cover material. Daily cover is placed over the landfilled materials at the end of each day to complete the cell (RCRAImanagernent-04).
Daily route method: A method in which each collection crew is assigned a weekly route that is divided into daily routes. See waste collection for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Daily cover material: Material, usually soil, that is used in a landfill to cover the refuse after it has been compacted at the end of each day. The cover is placed mainly to ward off animals and for odor control (RCRAImanagement-04). Daily cover: The cover material that is spread and compacted on the top and side slopes of compacted solid waste at least at the end of each operating day in order to control vectors, fire, moisture, and erosion and to assure an aesthetic appearance. See cover for more related terms (40CFR241.101-91). Daily data: The flow and pollutant measurements (BOD, COD, TOC, pH, etc.) taken by certain plants on a daily basis for extended periods of time (EPA-87110a). Daily discharge: The discharge of a pollutant measured during a calendar day or any 24-hour period that reasonably represents the calendar day for purposes of sampling. For pollutants with limitations expressed in units of mass, the daily discharge is calculated as the total mass of the pollutant discharged over the day. For pollutants with limitations expressed in other units of measurement, the daily discharge is calculated as the average measurement of the pollutant over the day. See discharge for more related terms (4OCFRl22.2-91. Daily flood peak: The maximum flow on any one day during a flood event. See flood for more related terms (DOI-70104). Daily maximum limit: The maximum allowable discharge of pollutant during a calendar day. Where daily maximum limitations are expressed in units of mass, the daily discharge is the total mass discharged over the course of the day. Where daily maximum limitations are expressed in terms of a concentration, the daily discharge is the arithmetic average measurement of the pollutant
Daily weighted average VOM content: The average VOM (volatile organic matter) content of two or more coatings as applied on a coating line during any day, taking into account the fraction of total coating volume that each coating represents, as calculated with the equation (provided in 40CFR52.741) (40CFR52.741-91). Dalton's atomic theory: Matter is made of atom particles. All atoms are alike in the same element and are different in different elements. Chemical reactions take place between atoms of elements. Dalton's law of partial pressure: When gases or vapors (having no chemical interaction) are present as a mixture in a given space, pressure exerted by a component of the gas mixture at a given temperature is the same as it would exert if it filled the whole space alone (Dalton model in mixture property). See law for more related terms (EPA-81112, p2-9). Dam: (1) An artificial banier for impounding water or sediment. (2) A natural barrier created by the lodgment of driftwood across a stream channel, by alluvial deposition, by a landslide, or by the work of beavers (DOI-70104). (3) cf. dry dam. Damage: The damages specified in section 1002(b) of this Act, and includes the cost of assessing these damages (OPA1001, see also SFlO1). Damaged friable miscellaneous ACM: The friable miscellaneous ACM (asbestos containing material) which has deteriorated or sustained physical injury such that the internal structure (cohesion) of the material is inadequate or, if applicable, which has delaminated such that its bond to the substrate (adhesion) is inadequate or which for any other reason lacks fiber cohesion or adhesion qualities. Such damage or deterioration may
be illustrated by the separation of ACM into layers; separation of ACM from the substrate; flaking, blistering, or crumbling of the ACM surface; water damage; significant or repeated water stains, scrapes, gouges, mars, or other signs of physical injury on the ACM. Asbestos debris originating from the ACBM (asbestos containing building material) in question may also indicate damage (40CFR763.83-91).
Damaged friable surfacing ACM: The friable surfacing ACM which has deteriorated or sustained physical injury such that the internal structure (cohesion) of the material is inadequate or which has delaminated such that its bond to the substrate (adhesion) is inadequate, or which, for any other reason, lacks fiber cohesion or adhesion qualities. Such damage or deterioration may be illustrated by the separation of ACM into layers; separation of ACM from the substrate; flaking, blistering, or crumbling of the ACM surface; water damage; significant or repeated water stains, scrapes, gouges, mars, or other signs of physical injury on the ACM. Asbestos debris originating from the ACBM in question may also indicate damage (40CFR763.83-91). Damaged or significantly damaged thermal system insulation ACM: The thermal system insulation ACM on pipes, boilers, tanks, ducts, and other thermal system insulation equipment where the insulation has lost its structural integrity, or its covering, in whole or in part, is crushed, water-stained, gouged, punctured, missing, or not intact such that it is not able to contain fibers. Damage may be further illustrated by occasional punctures, gouges or other signs of physical injury to ACM; occasional water damage on the protective coveringdjackets; or exposed ACM ends or joints. Asbestos debris originating from the ACBM in question may also indicate damage (40CFR763.83). Damper: A manually or automatically adjustable valve or plate installed in a breeching, duct, or stack to regulate the flow of air or other fluids (EPA-89103b). Damper: For more related terms, see (1) Barometric damper; (2) Butterfly damper; (3) Curtain damper; (4) Flap damper; (5) Guillotine damper; (6) Louvre damper; and (7) Sliding damper. Dano Biostabilizer system composting: An aerobic, thermophilic composting process in which optimum conditions of moisture, air, and temperature are maintained in a single, slowly revolving cylinder that retains the compostable solid waste for one to five days. The material is later windrowed. See composting for more related terms (SW-108ts). Darcy's law: An equation used to predict pressure drop across a filter, pipe, or fitting. The equation is "pressure drop = fabric resistance factor x filtration velocity." See law for more related terms (EPA-84/09). DASHO: Designed Agency Safety and Health OfXcial. The executive official of a federal department or agency who is responsible for safety and occupational health matters within a
federal agency, and is so designated or appointed by the head of the agency (AENmixedW-04).
Data auditing: The process of examining data after they have been stored or archived (NATO-78/10). Data bank: A collection of data files (cf. data file or data set) (NATO-78110). Data Call In: A part of the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) process of developing key required test data, especially on the long-term, chronic effects of existing pesticides, in advance of scheduled Registration Standard reviews. Data Call-In from manufacturers is an adjunct of the Registration Standards program intended to expedite re-registration (EPA-97/12). Data collection portfolio PCP): The written questionnaire used to survey the metal molding and casting industry (EPA-85110a). Data correlation: The process of the conversion of reduced data into a functional relationship and the development of the significance of both the data and the relationship for the purpose of process evaluation (EPA-82/11f). Data element dictionary @ED): Enables users to find specific data elements that are categorized under the following tables: site, action, alias, operable unit, and financial. The information contained in DED includes: element name, table name, common name, and field definition (SFIremedy-04). Data evaluation reviews @ERs): OPP's evaluation of data supporting registration of a pesticide. See also science review, cleared review (FFDCNpesticide-04). Data file: A collection of data sets (cf. data bank or data set) (NATO-78110). Data fleet: A fleet of automobiles tested at zero device-miles in baseline configuration, the retrofitted configuration and in some cases the adjusted configuration, in order to determine the changes in fuel economy and exhaust emissions due to the retrofitted configuration, and where applicable the changes due to the adjusted configuration, as compared to the fuel economy and exhaust emissions of the baseline configuration (40CFR610.1191). Data gap: The absence of any valid study or studies in the Agency files which would satisfy a specific data requirement for a particular pesticide product (40CFR152.83-91). Data precision (or relative precision): A measure of how exactly the result is determined, without reference to what the result means; measure of reproducibility of result; i.e., uncertainty in tams of a fraction of the value of the result (EPA-88/12).
Data processing: A systematic conversion of data (manual or automatic) from one state or condition to another (NATO-78/10). Data qualifiers: Symbols added as a suffix to analytical results used to flag data. See Appendix B for more information (NavyIEnv-04). Data quality objective (DQO): The sum of characteristics of a data set that describe its utility for satisfying a given purpose. Characteristics may be precision, accuracy, completeness, representativeness, and comparability, but they may also include experimental design and statistical confidence issues. The objectives for data quality, DQOs are established before the study is conducted. See quality for more related terms (EPA-89112a). Data quality objectives (DQOs): Qualitative and quantitative statements of the overall level of uncertainty that a decision maker will accept in results or decisions based on environmental data. They provide the statistical framework for planning and managing environmental data operations consistent with user's needs (EPA97112). Data quality objectives (DQOs): Quantitative and qualitative statements specified to ensure that data of appropriate quantity and quality is collected during field activities to support specific decisions or regulatory actions (NavyIEnv-04). Data quality: The total features and characteristics of data that bear on the ability to satisfy a given purpose. The characteristics of major importance are accuracy, precision, comparability, completeness, and representativeness and method detection limit. See quality for more related terms (EPA-86110a). Data recorder: (1) A strip chart recorder, analog computer, or digital recorder for recording measurement data from the analyzer output. See gas concentration measurement system for more related terms (40CFR60-App/A (method 6C), see also 40CFR60App/A(method 7E); 60-App/A(method 25A)-91). (2) The system that computes the hourly rolling averages, displays and reports a permanent record of the measurement values. The minimum data recording requirement is one measurement value per minute. A recorder can be a strip-chart, analog computer, or digital recorder. See total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system for more related terms (EPA-90104). Data reduction: The process from the conversion of raw field data into a systematic flow which assists in recognizing errors, omissions, and the overall data quality (EPA-82111f).
Data significance: The result of the statistical analysis of a data group or bank wherein the value or significance of the data receives a thorough appraisal (cf. statistical significance) (EPA82111f). Data storage: The process of placing data into an organized file or any other repository from which the data can be retrieved on demand (NATO-78110). Data submitters list: The current Agency list, entitled Pesticide Data Submitters by Chemical, of persons who have submitted data to the Agency (40CFR152.83-91). Data validation: A systematic effort to review data to identify any outliers or errors and thereby cause deletion or flagging of suspect values to assure the validity of the data to the user. This process may be done by manual or computer methods (NavyEnv04). Data validation: A systematic process for reviewing a body of data against a set of criteria to provide assurance that the data are adequate for their intended use. Data validation consists of data editing, screening, checking, auditing, verification, certification, and review (EPA-86110a). Data validation: Data validation is a process used to determine if the available project data satisfy the project Data Quality Objectives. The frequency and scope of the data validation process may vary, but should always be consistent with project DQOs. Data validation is performed by an appropriately qualified independent party that is not affiliated with the data generators or data users (SA-04). Date of completion: The date when all field work has been completed and all deliverables (e.g., lab results, technical expert reports) have been received by the local government (40CFR310.11-91). Datum plane: A horizontal plane to which ground elevations or water surface elevations are referenced (CWA/Wbasics-04). Datum: A base for reference (e.g., calculation or measurement). Daughter product: A compound that results directly from the biodegradation of another. For example, cis 1,2-dichloroethene (cis 1,2-DCE) is commonly a daughter product of trichloroethene (TCE) (NavyIEnv-04). Daughter product: See decay product.
Data retrieval: The process of recovering data previously stored (NATO-78110). Data set: A collection of individual items (cf. data bank or data file) (NATO-78110).
Daughter: See decay product. Daylnight sound level: The 24-hour time of day weighted equivalent sound level, in decibels, for any continuous 4-hour period, obtained after addition of ten decibels to sound levels produced in the hours from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m. (2200-000). It is
abbreviated as Ldn. See sound level for more related terms (40CFR201.1-91).
Day tank: Another name for deaerating tank. See age tank (EPA97/12). Day to day uncertainty: Precision of result, taken on different days (EPA-88/12). Daylnight noise level (DNL): The noise exposure at the airport, is presented in terms of the average annual DayNght Sound Level (DNL) for existing conditions. The DNL measure is the annual average of the total noise energy that occurs at a location. DNL is used in the Part 150 Studies and in documents prepared it demonstrates compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Noise levels were computed using the Integrated Noise Model (INM). The INM was developed under the auspices of the FAA for use in Part 150 studies. The distribution of the noise pattern on each map calculated by the INM is a function of the number of aircraft operations during the period evaluated, the types of aircraft flown, the time of day when they are flown the way they are flown, how frequently each runway is used for landing and takeoff, and the routes of flight used to and from the runways. All noise impacts associated with existing and future noise scenarios were automatically calculated by combination of the contour set with the Geographic Information System base map (NCAInoise-04).
in any use registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended (7U.S.C.135, et seq.) (40CFR129.101-91).
DDT manufacturer: A manufacturery excluding any source which is exclusively a DDT formulator, who produces, prepares, or processes technical DDT, or who uses DDT as a material in the production, preparation, or processing of another synthetic organic substance (40CFR129.10 1-91). DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane): An organochlorine insecticide no longer registered for use in the United States (CWNWbasics-04). De micromis party: Party whose contibution is equal to or less than (1) 0.002% of total volume or 110 gallons (such as two 55gallon drums) or 200 pounds of materials containing hazardous substances, whichever is greater; or (2) 0.2% of total volume, if the party sent only municipal solid waste. EPA will not pursue a de micromis party for recovery costs, and if a private party threatens a small party with litigation, EPA will settle with that de micromis party for $0 (SFIreform-04). De minimis party: Party whose contribution of hazardous substances to a facility is minimal, both in terms of volume and toxicity (or other hazardous effects) relative to the other hazardous substances at the site. EPA will often offer small settlements to de minimis parties (SFIreform-04).
Day: 24 hours (40CFR60.5 1-91). dB (or dB(A)): An abbreviation meaning A-weighted sound level in decibels, reference: 20 micropascals (cf. decibel) (4OCFR2O1.191, see also 40CFR202.10; 204.2; 205.2-91) DDD (2,2-bis(para-chloropheny1)-1,l-dichloroethane): secticide, also known as DDE (C14HIOC14).
De minimis: Very small amounts of hazardous waste that are discharged to wastewater treatment facilities and thus, are exempt from the mixture rule. De minimis also refers to small concentrations of regulated substances in an UST (RCRA/hazardous-04).
An in-
DDT ((CIC6H4)2CH(CC13)):(1) The compounds DDT, DDD, and DDE as identified by the chemical names: (DDT)-1,l ,l -tichloro2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane and some o,p-isomers; (DDD) or (TDE)- 1,l -dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane and some o,pisomers; (DDE)-1,l -dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (40CFR129.4-91). (2) The first chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide (chemical name: dichloro-diphenyl-tichloromethane). It has a half-life of 15 years (non-biodegradable) and can collect in fatty tissues of certain animals. EPA banned registration and interstate sale of DDT for virtually all but emergency uses in the United States in 1972 because of its persistence in the environment and accumulation in the food chain (EPA-97/12). DDT ambient water criterion: The ambient water criterion for DDT in navigable waters is 0.001 p g L (40CFR129.101-91). DDT formulator: A person who produces, prepares, or processes a formulated product comprising a mixture of DDT and inert materials or other diluents into a product intended for application
Deacidification: Reducing the acidity by adding base components. Deactivation: The removal of hazards from a facility in order to bring it to a safe shutdown, with a focus on minimizing surveillance and maintenance until it can be decontaminated and decommissioned (OMBJReg-04). Dead end: The end of a water main which is not connected to other parts of the distribution system (EPA-97/12). Dead plate grate: A stationary grate through which no air passes. See grate for more related terms (EPA-83).
Dead reservoir storage: The volume of water in a reservoir below the lowest outlet or operating level (DOI-70104). Dead rinse: A rinse step in which water is not replenished or discharged (EPA-83106a). Dead storage: The volume in a reservoir below the lowest controllable level (CWNhydrology-04).
Deadheading: Closing or nearly closing or blocking the discharge outlet or piping of an operating pump or compressor (EPA-818%). Deadmen: Anchors drilled or cemented into the ground to provide additional reactive mass for direct push (DP) sampling rigs (EPA97/12). Deaeration: (1) A process by which dissolved air and oxygen are stripped from water either by physical or chemical methods (EPA8211 If). (2) Removal of oxygen from commodities such as juices or fruit slices to prevent adverse effects on properties of the final products by aerobic decomposition (EPA-75/10). (3) See aeration for more related terms. Deaerator: A device for the removal of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases from water. See aerator for more related terms (EPA-82/11f). Deaf: Loss of auditory sensation with or without use of assistive listening device. Loss of hearing more severe than is generally characterized as "hearing impaired" (NCNsound-04). Dealkylation: The removal of an alkyl group (-R) from a molecule (EPA-8711Oa). Death: The lack of reaction of a test organism to gentle prodding (40CFR795.120-91, see also 40CFR797.1400; 797.1930; 797.1950; 797.1970-91). Debarker (or bag barker): A machine which removes bark from logs. A debarker may be wet or dry, depending on whether or not water is used in the operation. There are several types of debarkers including drum barkers, ring barkers, bag barkers, hydraulic barkers, and cutterhead barkers. With the exception of the hydraulic barker, all use abrasion or scraping actions to remove bark. Hydraulic barkers utilize high pressure streams of water. All types may utilize water, and all wet debarking operations may use large amounts of water and produce effluents with high solids concentrations (EPA-74/04). Debarment: An action taken by a debarring official in accordance with these regulations to exclude a person from participating in covered transactions. A person so excluded is debarred (40CFR32.105-9 1). Debris: A broad category of large manufactured and naturally occurring objects that are commonly discarded (e.g., construction materials, decommissioned industrial equipment, discarded manufactured objects, tree trunks, boulders) (RCRAhazardous04). Debris: Any solid material exceeding a 60 mm particle size that is intended for disposal and that is a manufactured object, or plant or animal matter, or natural geologic material (RCWlandban-04).
Debris: The woody material such as bark, twigs, branches, heartwood, or sapwood that will not pass through a 2.54 cm (1.0 in) diameter round opening and is present in the discharge from a wet storage facility (40CFR429.11-91, see also EPA-89112a). Decant structure: An apparatus for removing clarified water from the surface layers of tailings or setting points. Commonly used structure include towers in which surface waters flow over a gate (adjustable in height) and down the tower to a conduit generally buried beneath the tailings, decant weirs over which water flows to a channel external to the tailings pond, and floating decant barges which surface water out of the pond (EPA-82/05). Decant: To draw off the upper layer of liquid after the heaviest material (a solid or another liquid) has settled (EPA-97/12). Decantation: A method for mechanical dewatering of a wet solid by pouring off the liquid without disturbing the underlying sediment or precipitate (EPA-84/08). Decanting: Separating liquids from solids by drawing off the upper layer after the heavier material has settled (EPA-75102d). Decarbonate: To remove carbon by a chemical means. Decay (radioactive): The spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of an unstable atom, resulting in the emission of particles and energy (OMBIReg-04). Decay constant: A constant which expresses the probability that an atom or molecule of a chemical will decay in a given time interval (NavyIEnv-04). Decay product (daughter or daughter product): An isotope formed by the radioactive decay of some other isotope. This newly formed isotope possesses physical and chemical properties that are different from those of its parent isotope, and may also be radioactive (cf. fission) (40CFR300-App/A-91). Decay products: Degraded radioactive materials, often referred to as "daughters" or "progeny," radon decay products of most concern from a public health standpoint are polonium-214 and polonium-2 18 (EPA-94/04). Decay: (1) The decrease of chemical strength or physical quality with time, e.g., the decrease of an air pollutant concentration with time due to chemical and physical processes involving this pollutant (NATO-78/10). (2) Disintegration of wood substance due to action of wood-destroying fungi. It is also known as dote and rot (29CFR1910.25-91). (3) The transformation of a radioactive substance into a decay product by the relationship: I = I,exp(-ct). Where I is the radioactive intensity at time t, I, is the initial radioactive intensity; c is the decay constant. Decharacterize: Treat a characteristic waste so that it no longer exhibits a characteristic property. For characteristic wastes treated
in Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act systems, decharacterize means dilution (RCRNlandban-04). Dechlorination process: A process by which excess chlorine is removed from water to a desired level, e.g., 0.1 mgA maximum limit. Usually accomplished by passage through carbon beds or by aeration at a suitable pH value (EPA-8211 If). Dechlorination: Removal of chlorine and chemical replacement with hydrogen or hydroxide ions to detoxify a substance (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Dechlorination: Removal of chlorine from a substance (EPA97/12). Dechlorination: Removal of chlorine from a substance by chemically replacing it with hydrogen or hydroxide ions in order to detoxify the substance (NavyIEnv-04). Decibel (dB): (1) The unit measure of sound level, abbreviated as dB (40CFR201.1-91). (2) A unit of sound measurement. In general, a sound doubles in loudness for every increase of ten decibels (EPA-89/12). (3) A unit for describing the ratio of two powers or intensities, or the ratio of a power to a reference power. In the measurement of sound intensity (noise), the pressure of the reference sound is usually taken as 2 x lo4 dyneslcm, equal to 0.1 be1 or 1 dB (DOE-91/04). (4) cf. A-weighted decibel. Decibel (dB): Unit of level when the base of the logarithm is theloth root of 10 and the quantities concerned are proportional to power (ANSI S1.1-1994:decibel). Decibel (dBA): The unit of measurement of the intensity of sound. A higher decibel level is louder. For every ten decibels the noise level is doubled. If the noise level is decreased by ten decibels, it will only be half as loud (NCNnoise-04). Decibel, A-weighted (dBA): Unit representing the sound level measured with the A-weighting network on a sound level meter. (Refer to Table 4-1 for the characteristics of the weighting networks) (NCNsound-04). Decibel, C-weighted (dBC): Unit representing the sound level measured with the C-weighting network on a sound level meter. (Refer to Table 4-1 for the characteristics of the weighting networks) (NCAIsound-04). Decide-announce-defend strategy: In the decision-making process, a strategy in which decisions are made and announced without input from other affected parties. After announcing their decisions, policy makers defend them. This strategy does not allow for public participation in the deckion-making process (RCRAImanagement-04). Deciduous: Refers to plants that shed foliage at the end of the growing season (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Decimal percent: A percentage expressed in decimal form, i.e., 8.12% = 0.0812 decimal percent. See analytical parameters-fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Decision document (DD): Demonstrates that the response action chosen is consistent with, and meets the requirements of, CERCLA and the NCP; and documents NavyIMarine Corps decisions regarding response action selection. Equivalent to a Record of Decision for non-NPL sites (NavyIEnv-04). Decisional body: Any Agency employee who is or may reasonably be expected to be involved in the decisional process of the proceeding including the Administrator, Judicial Officer, Presiding Officer, Regional Administrator (if he does not designate himself as a member of the Agency trial staff), and any of their staff participating in the decisional process. In the case of a non-adversary panel hearing, the decisional body shall also include the panel members whether or not permanently employed by the Agency (40CFR57.809-2-91). Decker: A piece of equipment commonly used to thicken pulp. It consists of a wire-covered drum in a pulp vat. A vacuum is applied to the center of the drum, commonly by a barometric leg, to pull water out of the stock slurry (EPA-87/10). Decolorizer: A compound used for removing color from a material. Decommission: To remove (as a facility) safely from service and reduce residual radioactivity to a level that permits release of the property for unrestricted use and termination of license (10CFR30.4-91, see also 10CFR40.4; 70.4-91). Decommissioning: Removing facilities contaminated with radiation (such as processing plants, waste tanks, and burial grounds) from service and reducing or stabilizing radioactive contamination. Decommissioning includes the following concepts: (1) Decontamination, dismantling, and return of an area to its original condition without restrictions on use or occupancy; and (2) Partial decontamination, isolation of remaining residues, and continued surveillance and restrictions on use or occupancy (DOE-91\04). Decommissioning: The process of removing a facility from operation. This retirement of a facility includes decontamination andlor dismantlement (OMBIReg-04). Decomposition emissions: Those emissions released from a polymer production process as the result of a decomposition or during attempts to prevent a decomposition. See emission for more related terms (40CFR60.561-91). Decomposition product: Material produced or generated by the physical or chemical degradation of a parent material (EPA-85/11).
Decomposition: (1) For the purposes of these standards, an event in a polymerization reactor that advances to the point where the polymerization reaction becomes uncontrollable, the polymer begins to break down (decompose), and it becomes necessary to relieve the reactor instantaneously in order to avoid catastrophic equipment damage or serious adverse personnel safety consequences (40CFR60.561-91). (2) The chemical breakdown of organic waste materials by bacteria. Aerobic process refers to one using oxygen-breathing bacteria, while anaerobic refers to a process using bacteria which breathe in an inorganic oxidant. Total decomposition of organic waste produces carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic solids (EPA-83). (3) The breakdown of matter by bacteria and fungi, changing the chemical makeup and physical appearance of materials (EPA-97/12). Decomposition: The breakdown of matter by bacteria and fungi, changing the chemical makeup and physical appearance of materials (NavyIEnv-04). DECON: Equipment, structures, and portions of a facility and site containing radioactive contaminates are removed or decontaminated to a level that permits the facility to be released for unrestricted use shortly after cessation of operations (DOE91/04). Decontamination area: An enclosed area adjacent and connected to the regulated area and consisting of an equipment room, shower area, and clean room, which is used for the decontamination of workers, materials, and equipment contaminated with asbestos (40CFR763.121-91). Decontamination/detoxification: (1) Processes which will convert pesticides into nontoxic compounds (40CFR165.1-91). (2) A process which removes or destroys chemical, biological, or radiological contamination from, or neutralizing of it on, a person, object, or area (EPA-88/09a).
Decontamination: (1) The process of reducing or eliminating the presence of harmful substances, such as infectious agents, so as to reduce the likelihood of disease transmission from those substances (40CFR259.10-91). (2) The removal of radioactive contamination from facilities, equipment, or soils by washing, heating, chemical or electrochemical action, mechanical cleaning, or other techniques (DOE-91/04). (3) Those procedures taken to minimize contamination of personnel and equipment, minimize translocation of hazardous materials by external contamination, and reduce external contamination by removal, neutralization, or chelation (NOSH-84/10). (4) Removal of harmful substances such as noxious chemicals, harmful bacteria or other organisms, or radioactive material from exposed individuals, rooms and furnishings in buildings, or the exterior environment (EPA-97/12). Decontamination: The removal of unwanted radioactive material from plants, soil, or equipment by chemical or mechanical processes or other techniques (OMBIReg-04).
Decorating: Embossing, imprinting, sugaring, topping, and so forth (AP-40, p790). Decorative chrome: The multi-layer electroplate of copper, nickel, and chromium in that order on the basis material to provide the bright decorative appearance (EPA-74/03d). Dedicated incinerator: A privately owned incinerator used to bum only the owner's wastes. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA-81/09). Deed: A document transferring title to real estate. Deeds are usually under seal and must be recorded (SDWAIradionuclide-04). Deep bed filtration: The common removal of suspended solids from wastewater streams by filtering through a relatively deep (0.3-0.9m) granular bed. The porous bed formed by the granular media can be designed to remove practically all suspended particles by physical-chemical effects. See filtration for more related terms (EPA-83/06a). Deep mine: An underground mine. See mine for more related terms (EPA-82/10). Deep or shallow discharge: Large or small fraction of the usable energy capacity consumed. Deep shaft system: An activated sludge treatment system. Air is injected into a deep shaft 60-300 meter deep well. Because every 10 meter deep water column, the pressure increases approximately 1 atm. The high pressure results in high oxygen solubility; thus increasing treatment efficiency. Deep water port. A facility licensed under the Deepwater Port of Act of 1974 (33U.S.C.1501-1524) (OPA1001-91, see also 40CFR110.1-91). Deep well injection: (1) The disposal of raw or treated hazardous wastes by pumping them into deep wells for filtration through porous or permeable substance rock and then containment within surrounded layers of impermeable rock or clay for permanent storage. See well injection for more related terms (EPA-87110a). (2) Deposition of raw or treated, filtered hazardous waste by pumping it into deep wells, where it is contained in the pores of permeable subsurface rock (EPA-94/04). Deeper saturated zone: Groundwater occurs in this zone where all pores are filled with fluid that is under pressure greater than atmosphere. See water table for more related terms (EPA-87/03). Deepwater habitat: Permanently flooded lands lying below the deepwater boundary of wetlands (CWA/Wbasics-04). Defeat device: An AECD that reduces the effectiveness of the emission control system under conditions which may reasonably be expected to be encountered in normal urban vehicle operation
and use, unless: (1) Such conditions are substantially included in the federal emission test procedure; (2) The need for the AECD is justified in terms of protecting the vehicle against damage or accident; or (3) The AECD does not go beyond the requirements of engine starting (40CFR86.082.2-91).
Defiberize: Separating fibrous woody bundles into individual fibers (EPA-83). Deficient air :See substoichiometric combustion air.
Defense authorization act: The act through which Congress authorizes appropriations for the Department of Defense and Department of Energy (OMBIReg-04).
Definite working day collection method: A variation of the large route method. Definite routes are laid out and a crew assigned to each. Collection proceeds along a route for the length of time adopted for a working day. The next day, collection begins where the crew stopped the day before. This continues until the route is completely collected, whereupon the crew starts collection again at the beginning of the route, without interruption. See waste collection for more related terms (EPA-83).
Defense Environmental Network and Information Exchange (DENIX): A DOD-wide information exchange to facilitate and support communications and environmental awareness; consists of an integrated set of menus comprising a collection of application programs, databases, bulletin board forums, and UNIX utilities to complement other existing services available; provides access to a wide variety of information which can be downloaded to personal computers (NavyIEnv-04).
Definite working day method: A variation of the large-route method in which definite routes are laid out and a crew assigned to each. Collection proceeds along a route for the length of time adopted for a working day. The next day, collection begins where the crew stopped the day before. This procedure continues until the whole route is covered, whereupon the crew returns to the beginning of the route. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Defense Environmental Restoration Account (DERA): DODestablished account to pay the cost of DOD expenses to clean up hazardous waste sites; DOD transfers DERA funds to the services for uses consistent with the DERP; the DOD counterpart of the Superfund Program regulated under CERCLA and SARA and RCRA Corrective Action (NavyIEnv-04).
Deflagration: (1) The act of burning very suddenly and violently, but without a resultant shock wave (detonation) (EPA-81/09). (2) An explosion in which the fame propagates through the unburned gas-air mixture at subsonic velocities (cf. detonation or propagation rate) (EPA-83). (3) Rapid oxidation and burning with intense heat (DOE-91/04).
Defense Environmental Restoration Program (DERP): Formally established by Congress in 10U.S.C.2701-2707 and 2810; provides centralized management for the cleanup of DOD hazardous waste sites consistent with the provisions of CERCLA as amended by SARA, the NCP, and E.O. 12580 (NavyIEnv-04).
Deflaker: A high-speed mixing and agitating machine through which a fibrous stock suspension in water is pumped to obtain complete separation and dispersion of each individual fiber, and break up of any fiber lumps, knots, or bits of undefibered paper (EPA-87/10).
Defense Site Environmental Restoration Tracking System (DSERTS): A computer-based system used to track environmental restoration activities at active installations. The system is used to collect and maintain information about environmental remediation and provide reports that detail the information at the DOD component level. Data gathered by DSERTS will be submitted to RMIS for DOD processing and will be used as the principal source of information for each DOD component in the Annual Report to Congress (NavyIEnv-04).
Deflocculating agent: A material added to a suspension to prevent settling (EPA-97/12).
Defendant: Any person alleged in a complaint under 40CFR27.2 to be liable for a civil penalty or assessment under 40CFR27.2 (40CFR27.2-91).
DefenseIState Memorandum of Agreement (DSMOA): A grant program to support state participation in federal cleanups (NavyIEnv-04).
Defluoridation: The removal of excess fluoride in drinking water to prevent the staining of teeth (EPA-97/12). Defoliant: (1) Any substance or mixture of substances intended for causing the leaves or foliage to drop from a plant, with or without causing abscission (FIFRA2-7U.S.C.136-91). (2) A herbicide that removes leaves from trees and growing plants (EPA-94/04). Deforestation: The net removal of trees from forested land (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Deferrization: A removal of iron elements from a compound. Defiberization: The reduction of wood materials to fibers (EPA74/04).
Deforestation: The removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc., or by harvesting the trees for building materials or fuel (CAA/C02gas-04).
Deformation: Changes in form produced by external forces or loads on non-rigid bodies (Markes-67).
Degraded: Condition of the quality of water that has been made unfit for some specified purpose (CWAIWbasics-04).
Deformer: An agent used to reduce the formation of forms.
Degreaser: Any equipment or system used in solvent cleaning (40CFR52.741-91).
Degasification system: The methods employed for removing methane from a coal seam that could not otherwise be removed by standard ventilation fans and thus would pose a substantial hazard to coal miners. These systems may be used prior to mining or during mining activities (CAA/C02gasl-04). Degasification: (1) The removal of a gas from a liquid (EPA8211If). (2) A water treatment that removes dissolved gases from the water (EPA-97/12). Degassing: The removal of dissolved hydrogen from the molten aluminum prior to casting. Chemicals are added and gases are bubbled through the molten aluminum. Sometimes a wet scrubber is used to remove excess chlorine gas (40CFR467.02-91). Deglasser: A separator used to remove small particles of glass, metal, and other products from compost. In addition, it utilizes a pulsed, rising column of air to separate heavy items contained in compost (EPA-83). Degradable organic carbon: The portion of organic carbon, present in such solid waste as paper, food waste, and yard waste, that is susceptible to biochemical decomposition (CAA/C02gas-
Degreasing: (1) The removal of oils and greases from the surface of the metal workpiece. This process can be accomplished with detergents as in alkaline cleaning or by the use of solvents (40CFR471.02-91). (2) The process of removing greases and oils from sewage, waste, and sludge (EPA-87110a). (3) In leather industry, a solvent of detergent is added to the drum containing washed hides. Grease is removed from the hides and recovered as a by-product (EPA-82/11). Degree day: The difference between the mean temperature of a certain day and a reference temperature, expressed in degrees (NATO-78110). Degree of hazard: A relative measure of how much harm a substance can do (Course 165.5). Degree-day: A rough measure used to estimate the amount of heating required in a given area; is defined as the difference between the mean daily temperature and 65 F. Degree-days are also calculated to estimate cooling requirements (EPA-97/12).
w.
Dehalogenation: A removal of halogen elements from a compound.
Degradable: Capable of being reduced, broken down or chemically separated (EPA-83106a).
Dehydration: The removal of water from a material (EPA8711Oa).
Degradation products: Compounds resulting from transformation of an organic substance through chemical, photochemical, and/or biochemical reactions (CWAlWbasics-04).
Dehydrogenation: The removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from an organic molecule (EPA-87110a).
Degradation products: Those chemicals resulting from partial decomposition or chemical breakdown of pesticides (40CFR165.1-91). Degradation: (1) The process by which a chemical is reduced to a less complex form. (2) The physical destruction or decomposition of a clothing material due to exposure to chemicals, use, or ambient conditions (i.e., storage in sunlight). Degradation is noted by visible signs such as chamng, shrinking, dissolving, or by testing the clothing material for weight changes, loss of fabric tensile strength, etc. Important in assessing the continuing protection provided by protective clothing for hazardous waste operations (NavyIEnv-04). Degradation: (1) The process by which a chemical is reduced to a less complex form (EPA-89/12). (2) A deleterious change in the chemical structure of a plastic (NIOSH-84/10).
Dehydrohalogenation: Elimination of HX resulting in formation of an alkene (NavyIEnv-04). Deinking: (1) The operation of reclaiming fiber from waste paper by removing ink, coloring materials, and fillers (EPA-87/10). (2) Removing ink, filler, and other extraneous material from reusable paper by mechanical, hydraulic, and chemical treatment (EPA-83). Deionized water (type I1 water or demineralized water): (1) Reagent, analyte-free, or laboratory pure water means distilled or deionized water or Type I1 reagent water which is free of contaminants that may interfere with the analytical test in question. (2) Water treated to remove most of the cations (metal ions) and anions (EPA-75102~).(3) See water for more related terms. Deionizer (or demineralizer): A process for treating water by removal of cations and anions (EPA-8211 If). Delaney amendment: The amendment under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act prohibits adding a known carcinogen to food.
Delayed compliance order: An order issued by the state or by the Administrator to an existing stationary source, postponing the date required under an applicable implementation plan for compliance by such source with any requirement of such plan (CAA302, see also 40CFR65.01-91). Delayed health effect: A disease or an injury that happens as a result of exposures that might have occurred in the past (SFkealth-04).
system or from a bulk plant or service station into the tank (40CFR60-App/A(method 27)-91).
Delivery tank: Any container, including associated pipes and fittings, that is attached to or forms a part of any truck, trailer, or railcar used for the transport of gasoline (40CFR60App/A(method 27)-9 1). Delivery vessel: The tank trucks and tank trailers used for the delivery of gasoline (40CFR52.2285-91, see also 40CFR52.228691).
Delegated state: A state (or other governmental entity such as a tribal government) that has received authority to administer an environmental regulatory program in lieu of a federal counterpart. As used in connection with NPDES, UIC, and PWS programs, the term does not connote any transfer of federal authority to a state (EPA-97/12).
Delta: The low, nearly flat tract of land at or near the mouth of a river, resulting from the accumulation of sediment supplied by the river in such quantities that it is not removed by tides, waves, or currents. Commonly a triangular or fan-shaped plain (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Deliming: The manufacturing step in the tanyard that is intended to remove the lime from hides coming from the beam-house (EPA-82/11).
Delusterant: A compound (usually an inorganic mineral) added to reduce gloss or surface reflectivity of plastic resins or fibers (EPA75/01a).
Delinquent debt: Any debt which has not been paid by the date specified by the Government for payment or which has not been satisfied in accordance with a repayment agreement (40CFR13.291).
Demagging: Removing magnesium from aluminum alloys by chemical reaction (EPA-76/12).
Deliquescence: The process of changing a crystal from a solid state to a saturated solution by absorbing atmospheric moisture. Delist: Use of the petition process to have a facility's status on the National Priorities List rescinded (NavyIEnv-04). Delist: Use of the petition process to have a facility's toxic designation rescinded (EPA-97/12). Delisting petition: A petition to exclude a waste generated at a particular facility from listing as a hazardous waste (RCRA Sec. 3001). Delisting: A site-specific petition process whereby a handler can demonstrate to EPA that a particular wastestream generated at its facility that meets a listing description does not pose SUfFcienthazard to warrant RCRA regulation. Owners and operators can also use the delisting process for wastes that are hazardous under the mixture and derived from rules that pose minimal hazard to human health and the environment (RCRAhazardous-04). Delisting: The process by which a Superfund site is removed from the National Priorities List (NF'L) after it has been completely cleaned up (SFEnv-04). Delivery tank vapor collection equipment: Any piping, hoses, and devices on the delivery tank used to collect and route gasoline vapors either fiom the tank to a bulk terminal vapor control
Demand charge: The specified charge to be billed on the basis of the billing demand, under an applicable rate schedule or contract (EPA-83). Demand interval: The period of time during which the electric energy flow is averaged in determining demand, such as 60minute, 30-minute, 15-minute, or instantaneous (EPA-83). Demand limited material: A secondary material for which buyers are relatively scarce even though supplies may be available (OTA-89110). Demand type apparatus: An apparatus in which the pressure inside the facepiece in relation to the immediate environment is positive during exhalation and negative during inhalation (NIOSH-84/10). Demand-side waste management: Prices whereby consumers use purchasing decisions to communicate to product manufacturers that they prefer environmentally sound products packaged with the least amount of waste, made from recycled or recyclable materials, and containing no hazardous substances (EPA-97/12). Demanganization: The removal of manganese from water or a solution. Demineralization: (1) The process of removing dissolved minerals from water by ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, or other processes (EPA-82/11). (2) Removal of mineral impurities from a substance such as sugar (EPA-75102d).
(3) A treatment process that removes dissolved minerals from water (EPA-97/12).
Denitrification: The biological reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria in soil (EPA-97/12).
Demineralized water: See deionized water.
Dense media separation (heavy media separation or sink float): Separation of solid wastes into heavy and light fractions in a fluid medium whose density lies between theirs. See separation for more separation methods (SW-108ts).
Demineralizer: See deionizer (EPA-8211 If). Demister: A mechanical device used to remove entrained water droplets from a scrubbed gas stream (EPA-89103b). Demography: The study of the characteristics of human populations such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics (Course 165.6). Demolition debris: Concrete, brick, asphalt, and other such building materials discarded in the demolition of a building or other improvement to property (USDNwater-04). Demolition waste: See construction and demolition waste. Demolition: The wrecking or taking out of any load-supporting structural member of a facility together with any related handling operations or the intentional burning of any facility (40CFR61.141-91, see also 40CFR763.12 1-91). Demonstrated reserves: A collective term for the sum of coal in both measured and indicated resources and reserves (CWNmining-04). Demonstration: The initial exhibition of a new technology process or practice or a significantly new combination or use of technologies, processes or practices, subsequent to the development stage, for the purpose of proving technological feasibility and cost effectiveness (RCRAI 004-42U.S.C.6903-91). Demyelination: Destruction of the myelin, a fatlike substance forming a sheath around some nerve fibers (LBG76107-bio). Denitration: The chemical process where uranyl nitrate is calcined to produce orange oxide (AENclosureO4). Denitrification: A process by which oxidized forms of nitrogen such as nitrate (N03-) are reduced to form nitrites, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, or free nitrogen: commonly brought about by the action of denitrifying bacteria and usually resulting in the escape of nitrogen to the air (CWNWbasics-04). Denitrification: Bacterial mediated reduction of nitrate to nitrite. Other bacteria may further reduce the nitrite to ammonia and finally nitrogen gas. This reduction of nitrate occurs under anaerobic conditions. The nitrate replaces oxygen as an electron acceptor during the metabolism of carbon compounds under anaerobic conditions. The heterotrophic microorganisms which participate in this process include pseudomonades, achromobactersand bacilli (EPA-87110a).
Dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL): A liquid that does not dissolve in water, and so forms a separate phase from water, which is also denser than water and therefore sinks. Many chlorinated solvents are DNAPLs (NavyIEnv-04). Dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL): Generally organic wmpounds (or mixtures of such wmpounds) that are immiscible (do not mix) with water (SFIEnv-04). Dense non-aqueous phase Liquid (DNAPL): Liquid contaminants that are relatively insoluble and heavier than water; also known as sinkers because they will sink to the bottom of an aquifer, where they become especially difficult to detect and clean up (SFIremedy-04). Dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL): Non-aqueous phase liquids such as chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents or petroleum fractions with a specific gravity greater than 1.0 that sink through the water column until they reach a confining layer. Because they are at the bottom of aquifers instead of floating on the water table, typical monitoring wells do not indicate their presence (EPA97/12). Densified refuse derived fuel (d-RDF): A refuse-derived fuel that has been processed to produce briquettes, pellets, or cubes. See fuel for more related terms (EPA-89/11). Densified refuse-derived fuel (d-RDF): Refuse-derived fuel that has been compressed or compacted through such processes as pelletizing, briquetting, or extruding. Densifying materials makes them easier to handle or improves their burning characteristics (RCFWmanagement-04). Density: (1) The mass of a substance in the system divided by its volume or the mass per unit volume. It can be expressed as: d = (mass)/(volume) = mN. For water at temperature 60 F, the density is 62.4 lb/@ in British units and 1.0 glcm3 in cgs units (EPA-84/09, p23). (2) The mass of a unit volume of liquid, expressed as grams per cubic centimeter, kilograms per liter, or pounds per gallon, at a specified temperature (40CFR60.431-91, see also 40CFR796.1840; 796.1860-91). (3) In sanitary landfill, the ratio of the combined weight of solid waste and the soil cover to the combined volume of the solid waste and the soil cover (W, + WWfl)/(V, + Vmil) (SW-108ts). (4) cf. Bulk density. Density: A measure of how heavy a solid, liquid, or gas is for its size. Mathematically, it is the ratio of mass to volume of a material,
usually in grams per cubic centimeter or pounds per gallon (NavyIEnv-04). Density: A measure of how heavy a specific volume of a solid, liquid, or gas is in comparison to water depending on the chemical (EPA-97/12). Denuder: A horizontal or vertical container which is part of a mercury chlor-alkali cell and in which water and alkali metal amalgam are converted to alkali metal hydroxide, mercury, and hydrogen gas in a short-circuited, electrolytic reaction (40CFR61.5 1-91). Deodorant: A chemical used to remove odor. Deoxidizing: (1) Removing an oxide film from an alloy such as aluminium oxide (EPA-83106a). (2) Removing oxygen by any means; or reducing from the state of an oxide. Deoxygenation: Removal of oxygen from a solution or a substance. Deoxygenation is desirable in the feed water of a high pressure boiler but not undesirable in most biological treatment of wastewater (cf. reoxygenation). Deoxyribonucleic acid: See DNA (EPA-89/12). Department of Defense (DoD): See U.S. Department of Defense. Department of Energy (DOE): See U.S. Department of Energy. Department of Transportation (DOT): See U.S. Department of Transportation. Departure angle: The smallest angle, in a plan side view of an automobile, formed by the level surface on which the automobile is standing and a line tangent to the rear tire static loaded radius arc and touching the underside of the automobile rearward of the rear tire. This definition applies beginning with the 14 model year (40CFR86.084.2-91). Dependable yield, n-years: The minimum supply of a given water development that is available on demand, with the understanding that lower yields will occur once in n years, on the average (CWAkydrology-04). Dependent variable: A variable whose value is a function of one or more than one variables. See variable for more related terms (EPA-79112~). Dephenolizer: A facility in which phenol is removed from the ammonia liquor and recovers it as sodium phenolate; this is usually accomplished by liquid extraction and vapor recirculation (EPA-74106a). Depleted uranium: (1) The source material uranium in which the isotope uranium-235 is less than 0.71 1 weight percent of the total
uranium present. Depleted uranium does not include special nuclear material (10CFR40.4-91). (2) Uranium whose content of the isotope U-235 is less than 0.7%, which is the U-235 content of natural uranium (DOE-91/04). (3) See uranium for more related terms. Depleted uranium: Uranium that has been stripped of most of the uranium-235 isotope through the enrichment process so it has more uranium-238 than natural uranium (AEA/closure-04). Depletion curve: In hydraulics, a graphical representation of water depletion fkom storage-stream channels, surface soil, and groundwater. A depletion curve can be drawn for base flow, direct runoff, or total flow (EPA-97/12). Depletion of oxygen: Deficiency of dissolved oxygen in water because of oxygen consumption by organic substances. Depletion or depleted: Any case in which: (1) The Secretary, after consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission and the Committee of Scientific Advisors on Marine Mammals established under subchapter I11 of this chapter, determines that a species or population stock is below its optimum sustainable population; (2) A state, to which authority for the conservation and management of a species or population stock is transfmed under section 1379 of this title, determines that such species or stock is below its optimum sustainable population; or (3) A species or population stock is listed as an endangered species or a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) (MMPA3-16U.S.C. 1362-90). Depletion or loss: The volume of water which is evaporated, embodied in product, or otherwise disposed of in such a way that it is no longer available for reuse in the plant or available for reuse by another outside the plant (EPA-74101a). Depletion: The progressive withdrawal of water from surface or groundwater reservoirs at a rate greater than that of replenishment. See Recession curve and Streamflow depletion (CWAkydrology04). Depolarizer: (1) A substance used to reduce electrode polarization. Electrode polarization is mainly due to gas evolution at the electrode. The function of a depolarizer is to eliminate or prevent the polarization from occumng. (2) A term often used to denote the cathode active material (EPA-84/08). Deposit: (1) The sum paid to the dealer by the consumer when beverages are purchased in returnable beverage containers, and which is refunded when the beverage container is returned (40CFR244.101-91). (2) In mining, mineral or ore deposit is used to designate a natural occurrence of a useful mineral or an ore in sufficient extent and degree of concentration to invite exploitation (EPA-82/05). (3) In electroplating, the material formed on the electrode or workpiece, i.e., a metal in electroplating (EPA74103d).
Deposit: Mineral deposit or ore deposit is used to designate a natural occurrence of a useful mineral, or an ore, in sufficient extent and degree of concentration to invite exploitation (CWNmining-04). Deposition area: The area of the surface available for aerosol deposition in a control volume (EPA-88109a). Deposition: The adsorption or absorption of an air pollutant at a ground, vegetation, or water surface (NATO-78110). Depository site: A disposal site (other than a processing site) selected under section 104(b) or 105(b) of the Act (40CFR192.0191). Depreciation: The reduction in value of an item caused by the elapse of time between the date of acquisition and the date of loss or damage (40CFR14.2-91). Depressing agent (depressor or depressant): In the froth flotation process, a substance which reacts with particle surface to render it less prone to stay in the froth, thus causing it to wet down as a tailing product (contrary to activator) (EPA-82/05). Depression storage: The volume of water contained in natural depressions in the land surface, such as puddles (CWAhydrology04). Depression storage: The water contained in minor natural depressions in the land surface such as puddles (DOI-70104).
Depuration rate constant (Kz): The mathematically determined value that is used to define the depuration of test material from previously exposed test animals when placed in untreated dilution water, usually reported in units per hour (40CFR797.1560-91). Depuration: The elimination of a test substance from test organism (40CFR797.1520-91, see also 40CFR797.1830-9 1). Derate: To use a fraction of a hearing protectors noise reduction rating (NRR) to calculate the noise exposure of a worker wearing that hearing protector. (See NRR below) (NCNsound-04). Derby: Uranium metal mass formed during reduction process (AENclosure-04). Derivative: A substance extracted from another body or substance (EPA-76/03). Derived-from rule: A rule that regulates residues from the treatment of listed hazardous wastes (RCRNhazardous-04). Dermal absorption/penetration: Process by which a chemical penetrates the skin and enters the body as an internal dose (EPA97/12). Dermal contact: Contact with (touching) the skin (see route of exposure) (SFhealth-04). Dermal corrosion: The production of irreversible tissue damage in the skin following the application of the test substance (40CFR798.4470-91).
Depressurization: A condition that occurs when the air pressure inside a structure is lower that the air pressure outside. Depressurization can occur when household appliances such as fireplaces or furnaces, that consume or exhaust house air, are not supplied with enough makeup air. Radon may be drawn into a house more rapidly under depressurized conditions (EPA-97/12).
Dermal exposure: Contact between a chemical and the skin (EPA-97/12).
Depth of discharge: The percentage of the capacity to which a cell or battery has been discharged.
Dermal toxicity: The ability of a pesticide or toxic chemical to poison people or animals by contact with the skin (see contact pesticide). See toxicity for more related terms (EPA-97/12).
Depth: The word alone generally denotes vertical depth below the surface. In the case of incline shafts and boreholes it may mean the distance reached from the beginning of the shaft or hole, the borehole depth, or the inclined depth (CWNmining-04). Depuration or clearance or elimination: The process of losing test material from the test organisms (40CFR797.1560-91). Depuration phase: The portion of a bioconcentration test after the uptake phase during which the organisms are in flowing water to which no test substance is added (40CFR797.1520-91, see also 4OCFR797.1830-91).
Dermal irritation: The production of reversible inflammatory changes in the skin following the application of a test substance (40CFR798.4470-9 1).
Dermal: Referring to the skin. For example, dermal absorption means passing through the skin (SFhealth-04). DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol is used as a growth stimulant in food animals. Residues in meat are thought to be carcinogenic (EPA-97/12). Desalination (or desalinization): (1) Removing salts from ocean or brackish water by using various technologies. (2) Removal of salts from soil by artificial means, usually leaching (EPA-97/12). Desalinization: (1) Any mechanical procedure or process where some or all of the salt is removed from lake water and the
freshwater portion is returned to the lake (40CFR35.1605.7-91). (2) See also synonym, desalination.
Desalinization: The removal of salts from saline water to provide freshwater. This method is becoming a more popular way of providing freshwater to populations (CWAIWscience-04). Descaling: The removal of scale and metallic oxides from the surface of a metal by mechanical or chemical means. The former includes the use of steam, scale-breakers, and chipping tools, the latter method includes pickling in acid solutions (EPA-83106a). Descriptive epidemiology: The study of the amount and distribution of a disease in a specified population by person, place, and time (SFIhealth-04). Descriptive study epidemiology: The study describes the amount and distribution of disease in a population. See epidemiology for more related terms (Course 165.6). Desert: A large region where only a few forms of life can exist because of lack of water. Desiccant: (1) Any substance or mixture of substances intended for artificially accelerating the drying of plant tissue (FIFRA27U.S.C.136-91). (2) A chemical agent that absorbs moisture; some desiccants are able of drying out plants or insects, causing death (EPA-97/12). Desiccant: A chemical agent that absorbs moisture; some desiccants are capable of drying out plants or insects, causing death (NavyIEnv-04).
Requirements derived from analysis (based on calculation andlor experiments) of the effects of a postulated accident for which a structure, system, or component must meet its functional goals; or (3) Requirements derived from federal safety objectives, principles, goals, or requirements (DOE-91/04).
Design capacity (gross capacity, nameplate capacity, or net capacity): (1) (In an electric generating station), the maximum continuous electrical output (gross) for which a station is designed under specified conditions. Manufacturer's name plate rating usually verified by performance tests before commercial operation. Net output is less than gross because of electrical use by generating station auxiliaries. The station is usually operated below design capacity to avoid exceeding equipment warranties that may occur because of normal fluctuations in steam pressure and temperature (EPA-83). (2) (In a waste incineration facility), the weight of solid waste of a specified gross calorific value that a thermal processing facility is designed to process in 24 hours of continuous operation; usually expressed in tons per day (40CFR240.101-91). (3) (In a general system), the quantity of material that a designer anticipates his system will be able to process in a specified time period under specified conditions (EPA-83). (4) See capacity for more related terms. Design capacity: The average daily flow that a treatment plant or other facility is designed to accommodate (EPA-97/12). Design effluent level: The long-term average effluent level demonstrated or judged achievable for recommended treatment technologies (EPA-85/10). Design flow: The flow used for steady-state waste load allocation modeling (EPA-91/03; 85/09).
Desiccator: An apparatus for drying substances. Design basis accident (DBA): For nuclear facilities, a postulated abnormal event that is used to establish the performance requirements of structures, systems, and components that are necessary to: (1) Maintain them in a safe shutdown condition indefinitely; or (2) Prevent or mitigate the consequences of the DBA so that the general public and operating staff are not exposed to radiation in excess of appropriate guideline values (DOE-91/04). Design basis depressurization accident: Postulated accidents in a modular high-temperature, gas-cooled reactor in which a rapid reduction in primary coolant pressure occurs as a result of egress of a portion of the primary coolant system inventory from a breach of the primary coolant system boundary up to the maximum credible flow area (DOE-91/04). Design basis: For nuclear facilities, information that identifies the specific functions to be performed by a structure, system, or component and the specific values (or ranges of values) chosen for controlling parameters for reference bounds for design. These values may be: (1) Restraints derived from generally accepted state-of-the-art practices for achieving functional goals; (2)
Design life: The period for which equipment or an entire facility can be expected to perform adequately (EPA-80108). Design period: The number of years for which the planned facility is expected to provide service, generally twenty years under the construction grants program (EPA-8O/O8). Design phase: Period of time from the placement of a residence in a group to the designation of a contractor to perform the work at the residence (NCAInoise-04). Design power: The thermal power rating of a tritium-production reactor that, when combined with the anticipated capacity factor, will produce the goal tritium requirement (DOE-91104). Design value: The monitored reading used by EPA to determine an area's air quality status, e.g., for ozone, the fourth highest reading measured over the most recent three years is the design value, for carbon monoxide, the second highest non-overlapping eight-hour concentration for one year is the design value (EPA97/12).
Designated facility: (1) Any existing facility (see 40CFR60.2(aa)) which emits a designated pollutant and which would be subject to a standard of performance for that pollutant if the existing facility were an affected facility (see 40CFR60.2) (40CFR60.21-91). (2) A hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facility which: (a) Has received a permit (or interim status) in accordance with the requirements of Parts 270 and 124 of this chapter; (b) Has received a permit (or interim status) from a state authorized in accordance with Part 271 of this chapter; or (c) Is regulated under 40CFR261.6(~)(2)or Subpart F of Part 266 of this chapter; and (2) That has been designated on the manifest by the generator pursuant to 40CFR262.20. If a waste is destined to a facility in an authorized state that has not yet obtained authorization to regulate that particular waste as hazardous, then the designated facility must be a facility allowed by the receiving state to accept such waste (40CFR260.10-91). (3) The offsite disposer or commercial storer of PCB waste designated on the manifest as the facility that will receive a manifested shipment of PCB waste (40CFR761.39 1). (4) See facility for more related terms. Designated facility: A hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facility which has received a RCRA permit (or interim status), or is a recycling fiicility regulated under 40CFR Section 261.2(~)(2)or Subpart F, of Section 266, and has been designated on the manifest by the generator (RCRA/hazardous-04). Designated management agency (DMA): An agency identified by a WQM plan and designated by the Governor to implement specific control recommendations (40CFR130.2-91). Designated pollutant: (1) Any air pollutant, emissions of which are subject to a standard of performance for new stationary sources but for which air quality criteria have not been issued, and which is not included on a list published under section 108(a) or section 112(b)(l)(A) of the Act (40CFR60.21-91). (2) An air pollutant which is neither a criteria nor hazardous pollutant, as described in the Clean Air Act, but for which new source performance standards exist. The Clean Air Act does require states to control these pollutants, which include acid mist, total reduced sulfur (TRS), and fluorides (EPA-97/12). (3) See pollutant for more related terms. Designated project area: The portions of the waters of the United States within which the permittee or permit applicant plans to confine the cultivated species, using a method or plan or operation (including, but not limited to, physical confinement) which, on the basis of reliable scientific evidence, is expected to ensure that specific individual organisms comprising an aquaculture crop will enjoy increased growth attributable to the discharge of pollutants, and be harvested within a defined geographic area (40CFR122.2591). Designated representative: A responsible person or official authorized by the owner or operator of a unit to represent the owner or operator in matters pertaining to the holding, transfer, or disposition of allowances allocated to a unit, and the submission
of and compliance with permits, permit applications, and compliance plans for the unit (CAA402, see also 29CFR1910.2091).
Designated state agency: The state agency designated by state law or other authority to be responsible for registering pesticides to meet special local needs (40CFR172.21-91). Designated uses: Those uses specified in water quality standards for each water body or segment whether or not they are being attained (cf. existing uses) (40CFR131.3-91; EPA-91/03). Designated uses: Those water uses identified in state water quality standards that must be achieved and maintained as required under the Clean Water Act. Uses can include cold water fisheries, public water supply, and irrigation (EPA-97/12). Designer bugs: Popular term for microbes developed through biotechnology that can degrade specific toxic chemicals at their source in toxic waste dumps or in groundwater (EPA-97/12). Desizing facilities: For NSPS (40CFR410.45), those facilities that desize more than 50% of their total production. These facilities may also perform other processing such as fiber preparation, scouring, mercerizing, functional finishing, bleaching, dyeing, and printing (40CFR410.41-91). De-sludge: A centrifuge designed to remove the coarse particles from a peel oil emulsion. See sludge for more related terms (EPA74/03). Desmutting: The removal of smut (matter that soils or blackens) generally by chemical actions (EPA-83106a). Desorption (or regeneration): (1) Any process that accomplishes a partial or complete separation of either an adsorbed substance from an adsorbent or an absorbed substance from an absorbent (EPA-84/09). (2) The reverse of adsorption. A phenomenon where an adsorbed molecule leaves the surface of the adsorbent (EPA87110a). (3) The renewing or reuse of materials such as activated carbon, single ion exchange resins, and filter beds by appropriate means to remove organics, metals, solids, etc. (EPA-87110a). (4) The process of freeing from a sorbed state (LBL-76107-air). (5) The manipulation of individual cells or masses of cells to cause them to develop into whole plants (EPA-89112). Desorption efficiency of a particular compound applied to a sorbent and subsequently extracted with a solvent: The weight of the compound which can be recovered from the sorbent divided by the weight of the compound originally sorbed (40CFR796.1950-91). Desorption: The release of chemicals attached to solid surfaces. Antonym: Sorption (NavyIEnv-04).
Dessication: The loss of water by direct evaporation, by drainage or dredging, by escape of water through subterranean outlets, by a drop in the groundwater level, or by the removal or destruction of a dam (DOI-70104). Destination facilities: Facilities that treat, dispose of, or recycle a particular category of universal waste (RCMazardous-04). Destination facility: (1) The disposal facility, the incineration facility, or the facility that both treats and destroys regulated medical waste, to which a consignment of such is intended to be shipped, specified in Box 8 of the Medical Waste Tracking Form (40CFR259.10-91). (2) The facility to which regulated medical waste is shipped for treatment and destruction, incineration, andor disposal (EPA-97/12). Destratification: Vertical mixing within a lake or reservoir to totally or partially eliminate separate layers of temperature, plant, or animal life (EPA-97/12). Destroyed medical waste: Regulated medical waste that has been ruined, tom apart, or mutilated through thermal treatment, melting, shredding, grinding, tearing, or breaking, so that it is no longer generally recognized as medical waste, but has not yet been treated (excludes compacted regulated medical waste) (EPA97/12). Destroyed regulated medical waste: The regulated medical waste that is no longer generally recognizable as medical waste because the waste has been ruined, tom apart, or mutilated (it does not mean compaction) through: (1) Processes such as thermal treatment or melting, during which treatment and destruction could occur; or (2) Processes such as shredding, grinding, tearing, or breaking, during which only destruction would take place (40CFR259.10-91). (3) See medical waste or waste for more related terms. Destruction and removal efficiency @RE): (1) A parameter developed by the U.S. EPA to determine the ability of a combustion device to destroy andor remove the organic components of the hazardous waste feed (ETI-92). (2) This term refers to a required level of performance for permitted hazardous waste incinerators. Such incinerators must destroy and remove 99.99% of the principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs) to ensure the safe operation of the incinerators. The DRE required for incinerators burning dioxins, h n s , and PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) is 99.9999%. DRE is defined by the following equation: DRE = ((Wi - Wo)/Wi)lOO%, where: Wi = Mass feed rate of POHC; and Wo = Mass emission rate of POHC in flue gas (downstream of all air poilution control equipment). (3) A percentage that represents the number of molecules of a compound removed or destroyed in an incinerator relative to the number of molecules entered the system (e.g., a DRE of 99.99% means that 9,999 molecules are destroyed for every 10,000 that enter; 99.99% is known as "four nines." For some pollutants, the RCRA removal requirement may be a stringent as "six nines") (EPA-97/12). See
Appendix A or (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related information and calculations. Destruction and removal efficiency: Standard which verifies that a combustion unit is destroying the organic components found in hazardous waste (RCMazardous-04). Destruction efficiency (DE): Same as destruction and removal efficiency except Wo = mass emission rate of POHC leaving combustion zone of incinerator (upstream of all air pollution control equipment) (EPA-8 1 /09). Destruction facility: (1)A facility that destroys regulated medical waste by ruining or mutilating it, or tearing it apart (40CFR259.10-91). (2) A facility that destroys regulated medical waste (EPA-97/12). Destruction or adverse modification: A direct or indirect alteration of critical habitat which appreciably diminishes the likelihood of the survival and recovery of threatened or endangered species using that habitat (40CFR257.3.2-91). Destructive distillation: The airless heating of organic matter that results in the evolution of volatile substances and produces a solid char consisting of fixed carbon and ash (cf. Lantz process) (SW108ts). Destructive test: In seaming a landfill liner, a test performed on FML (flexible membrane liner) samples cut out of a field installation to verify specification performance requirements, e.g., shear and peel tests of FML seams during which the specimens are destroyed. See test for more related terms (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-9 1/05). Desulfurization: In air pollution control, removal of sulfur from fossil fuels (or removal of sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide from flue gases) to reduce pollution (EPA-97/12). Desulfurization: In fuel cell application, removal of sulfur from a fuel mixture. Desulfurization: The removal of sulfur, as from molten metals, petroleum oil, or flue gases (CAA/C02gas-04). Desulfurizer: A piece of equipment used for removing sulfur from a fuel mixture. Some fuels may contain sulfur that can be damaging to fuel cell performance. A desulfurizer may therefore be needed to remove sulfur from a fuel stream before it enters the fuel cell stack for maintaining peak electrical output. Detachable container rear loader: A detachable container system in which roll-out containers, typically 1 to 3 yard capacity are hoisted at the rear of .the collection vehicle and mechanically emptied. Container is lef? with the customer (EPA-83).
Detachable container side loader: System similar to rear loader except loaded at side of collection vehicle (EPA-83). Detachable container system: A partially mechanized selfservice refuse removal procedure with specially constructed containers and vehicles. It is mechanized in that special equipment is used to empty the containers and haul refuse to the disposal site. It is self-service when the customer deposits the refuse in the container (cf. rear loader, detachable container) (EPA-83). Detached house: Single family dwellings as opposed to apartments, duplexes, town houses, or condominiums. Those dwellings that are typically occupied by one family unit and that do not share foundations and/or walls with other family dwellings (EPA-88/08). Detailed analysis of alternative: A comparative analysis of all remedial alternatives that have successfully completed the technology-screening phase. Each alternative is assessed against EPA's nine evaluation criteria before final remedy selections are made (EPA-89112a). The nine evaluation criteria are as follows (EPA-89112a): (1) Overall protection of human health and the environment. (2) Compliance with ARARs. (3) Long-term effectiveness and permanence. (4) Reduction of toxicity, mobility, or volume. (5) Short-term effectiveness. (6) Implementability. (7) Cost. (8) State acceptance. (9) Community acceptance. Detect: To determine (CWNWbasics-04).
the
presence
of
a
compound
Detectable leak rate: The smallest leak (from a storage tank), expressed in terms of gallons- or liters-per-hour, that a test can reliably discern with a certain probability of detection or false alarm (EPA-97/12). Detection criterion: A predetermined rule to ascertain whether a tank is leaking or not. Most volumetric tests use a threshold value as the detection criterion (see volumetric tank tests) (EPA-97/12). Detection level: The minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured with a 99% confidence that the analytical concentration is greater than zero (EPA-88108a). Detection limit (or minimum detectable sensitivity): The minimum concentration of an analyte (substance) that can be measured and reported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero as determined by the procedure set forth at Appendix B of this part (cf. method detection limit) (40CFR136.2-91, see also 40CFR300-App/A-91). Other detection limit-related terms include (1) Instrument detection limit (IDL); Limit of detection (LOD) and (2) Method detection limit (MDL). Detection limit: The concentration below which a particular analytical method cannot determine, with a high degree of certainty, a concentration (CWNWquality-04).
Detection limit: The concentration of a constituent or analyte below which a particular analytical method cannot determine, with a high degree of certainty, the concentration (CWANbasics-04). Detection limit: The lowest concentration of a chemical that can reliably be distinguished from a zero concentration (EPA-97/12). Detection limit: The lowest concentration of a chemical that can reliably be distinguished from a zero concentration (SFhealth-04). Detection limit: The minimum concentrations which must be accurately and precisely measured by the laboratory and/or specified in the quality assurance plan (Navy/Env-04). Detection monitoring: For purposes of RCRA TSDF groundwater monitoring, the first step of monitoring at land disposal units, where the owner and operator monitors for indication of a leak h m the unit, looking for potential changes in the groundwater quality h m normal (background)levels (RCRA/hazardous-04). Detector: Specialized chemical or electronic instruments used to detect mine gases (CWNmining-04). Detention basin: An excavated area of land that is used to collect surface water runoff for the purpose of creating a constant outflow from the basin (RCRAImanagement-04). Detention period: See detention time. Detention tank: A tank used for temporarily holding the processing liquid (cf. tank or retention pond). Detention time (detention period or retention period): The time allowed for solids to collect in a setting tank. Theoretically, detention time is equal to the volume of the tank divided by the flow rate. The actual detention time is determined by the purpose of the tank. Also, the design resident time in a tank or reaction vessel which allows a chemical reaction to go to completion, such as the reduction of chromium +6 or the destruction of cyanide. See time for more related terms (EPA-8211 If). Detention time: (1) The theoretical calculated time required for a small amount of water to pass through a tank at a given rate of flow. (2) The actual time that a small amount of water is in a settling basin, flocculating basin, or rapid-mix chamber. (3) In storage reservoirs, the length of time water will be held before being used (EPA-97/12). Detention: The dwelling time of wastewater in a treatment unit (EPA-82/11). Detergent: Synthetic washing agent that helps to remove dirt and oil. Some contain compounds which kill useful bacteria and encourage algae growth when they are in wastewater that reaches receiving waters (EPA-97/12). Other detergent-related terms include (1)Biodegradable detergent and (2) Synthetic detergent.
Determination of equivalent treatment (DET): A type of variance from the treatment standards in 40CFR268.40; applicable when a technology is specified as the treatment standard. Allows an alternative technology to be used in lieu of the specified technology, if the petitioner can demonstrate that the alternative technology can achieve a measure of performance equivalent to that of the specified technology (RCWlandban-04). Deterministic analysis: Calculation and expression of health risks as single numerical values or "single point" estimates of risk. In risk assessments, the uncertainty and variability are discussed in a qualitative manner (SF/riskA-04). Deterministic model: A model which relates emission data directly to air quality data based on the simulation of a physical process (NATO-78110). Deterministic variable: A variable whose values are purely determined to be a function of physical facts. See variable for more related terms (EPA-79112~). Deterrent: A propellant additive that reduces the burning rate (EPA-76/03). Detinning: Recovering tin from "tin" cans by a chemical process that makes the remaining steel more easily recycled (RCWmanagement-04). Detinning: Recovering tin from tin cans by a chemical process which makes the remaining steel more easily recycled (EPA8911 1). Detonation: (1) The very rapid decomposition of an explosive. The reaction is propagated by a shock wave rather than by heating the area near to the flame (EPA-76/03). (2) Spontaneous combustion of such rapidity that the reaction pressure rise is virtually instantaneous and the flame rate exceeds the speed of sound, e.g., Advancing reaction zone is preceded by a shock wave (cf. deflagration, explosion, flame front) (EPA-83). Detonator: A device containing a small detonating charge that is used for detonating an explosive, including, but not limited to, blasting caps, exploders, electric detonators, and delay electric blasting caps (CWNmining-04). Detoxification: The reduction or removal of toxic or hazardous compounds before release of the contaminated waste to a receiving body (e.g., sewer, river, or further treatment) (cf. decontamination). Detritus: (1) The coarse cellular debris (e.g., dead or dying vegetation or animals). (2) The heavier mineral debris moved by natural watercourses, usually in bed-load form (LBL-76107-water).
Detrivorous: Organisms that use dead animals or decomposed organic matter as foods. Deuterium @): See heavy hydrogen. Developed country and developing country: (1) The developed country means the country with high living standards and good environmental protection. (2) The developing country means the country with low living standards and poor environmental protection. Developer: (1) A person, government unit, or company that proposes to build a hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facility (EPA-89/12). (2) A chemical processing solution containing a developing agent. This solution converts the exposed portions of the photographic emulsion to silver, creating images of metallic silver (EPA-80/10). Developing paper: See sensitized paper. Development and screening of alternatives: The identification and screening of potentially applicable treatment technologies for remedy selection (EPA-89112a). Development document: A report prepared during the development of an effluent limitation guideline by EPA that provides the data and methodology used to develop limitations guidelines and categorical pretreatment standards for an industrial category (CWNwastewater-04). Development effects: Adverse effects such as altered growth, structural abnormality, functional deficiency, or death observed in a developing organism (EPA-97/12). Development mining: Work undertaken to open up coal reserves as distinguished from the work of actual coal extmction (CWNmining-04). Development work: In mining, a work undertaken to open up ore bodies as distinguished from the work of actual ore extraction or exploration (EPA-82/05). Developmental toxicity: (1) The property of a chemical that causes in utero death, structural or functional abnormalities, or growth retardation during the period of development (40CFR798.4350-91, see also 40CFR798.4500; 798.4420-91). (2) The study of adverse effects on the developing organism (including death, structural abnormality, altered growth, or functional deficiency) resulting from exposure prior to conception (in either parent), during prenatal development, or postnatally up to the time of sexual maturation (EPA-92/12). (3) See toxicity for more related terms. Device integrity: The durability of a device and effect of its malfunction on vehicle safety or other parts of the vehicle system (4OCFR610.11-91).
Device: For pest control, any instrument or contrivance (other than a firearm) which is intended for trapping, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest or any other form of plant or animal life (other than man and other than bacteria, virus, or other microorganism on or in living man or other living animals); but not including equipment used for the application of pesticides when sold separately therefrom (FIFRA2-7U.S.C. 136-91, see also 40CFR167.3; 169.1; 610.1 1; 710.2; 720.3-91). Devitrification: Crystallization in glass (EPA-83). Dewlcanization: The softening of a vulcanizate by heat and chemical additives during reclaiming (EPA-74112a). Dew point pressure: The pressure corresponding to its dew point temperature. See pressure for more related terms. Dew point temperature: The saturation temperature of the water corresponding to its partial pressure in the mixture. It is thus the temperature at which condensation begins if the mixture is cooled at constant pressure. See Appendix A of this book for an example computation or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations. Dewater(ing): (1) Removing water from any products by mechanical or evaporative methods. In mining, to remove water from a mine usually by pumping, drainage, or evaporation (EPA82/05). (2) The removal of water by filtration, centrifugation, pressing, open air drying, or other methods. Dewatering sludge facilitates disposal by burning or landfilling. The term is also applied when removing water from pulp (EPA-83). (3) Pumping water from the soil to ensure proper soil characteristics for construction of facilities. May also be required during operation if the water table impinges foundations (DOE-91/04). Dewater: (1) Remove or separate a portion of the water in a sludge or sluny to dry the sludge so it can be handled and disposed. (2) Remove or drain the water from a tank or trench (EPA-97/12). Dewatered sludge: The dry sludge or sludge whose water has been removed. See sludge for more related terms. Dewatered: To remove the water from recently produced tailings by mechanical or evaporative methods such that the water content of the tailings does not exceed 30% by weight (40CFR61.25 1-91). Dextrose (glucose or grape sugar): A monosaccharide sugar with the formula C6HI2o6.Dextrose is a minor component of raw sugar (cf. fructose) (EPA-75102d). Diagenesis: The chemical and physical changes occurring in sediments before consolidation or while in the environment of deposition (NavyIEnv-04).
Diagnostic feasibility study: A two-part study to determine a lake's current condition and to develop possible methods for lake restoration and protection: (1) The diagnostic portion of the study includes gathering information and data to determine the limnological, morphological, demographic, socioeconomic, and other pertinent characteristics of the lake and its watershed. This information will provide recipients an understanding of the quality of the lake, specifying the location and loading characteristics of significant sources polluting the lake. (2) The feasibility portion of the study includes: (a) Analyzing the diagnostic information to define methods and procedures for controlling the sources of pollution; (b) Determining the most energy and cost efficient procedures to improve the quality of the lake for maximum public benefit; (c) Developing a technical plan and milestone schedule for implementing pollution control measures and in-lake restoration procedures; and (d) If necessary, conducting pilot scale evaluations (40CFR35.1605-8-91). Diakinesis and metaphase I: The stages of meiotic prophase scored cytologically for the presence of multivalent chromosome association characteristic of translocation carriers (40CFR798.5460-91). Dialysis membrane separation processes and functions: (1) Reverse osmosis: (a) Function of Membrane: Selective transport of water; (b) Driving Force: Pressure; (2) Ultra-filtration: (a) Function of Membrane: Discriminates on the basis of molecular size, shape, and flexibility; (b) Driving Force: Pressure; (3) Electro-dialysis: (a) Function of Membrane: Selective ion transport; (b) Driving Force: Electrical potential gradient; (3) Dialysis: (a) Function of Membrane: Selective solute transport; (b) Driving Force: Concentration; (4) Gel Permeation: (a) Function of Membrane: Retard high molecular; (b) Driving Force: Concentration; (5) Chromatography: (a) Function of Membrane: Weight solute penetration; (b) Driving Force: Concentration; (6) Liquid permeation: (a) Function of Membrane: Selective transport of liquids; (b) Driving Force: Concentration. Dialysis: One of several membrane separation procedures. The procedures usually consist of a barrier which will preferentially pass certain components of a fluid mixture or solution, and a driving force to cause such transfer to take place. It uses a semipermeable membrane capable of passing small solute molecules (such as salts and small organic species) while retaining colloids and solutes of higher molecular weight. The driving force for this transfer is the concentration gradient and the difference in chemical activity of the constituents on either side of the membrane. The transfer through the membrane is by diffusion, that is, the progress of individual molecules, rather than by the hydrodynamic flow that would occur through a porous medium. Diaminobenzidene: A chemical used in the standard method of measuring the concentrations of selenium in a solution (EPA83f06a).
Diapause: The period of suspended development or growth in some insects and mites (cf. dormancy). Diaphragm displacement: The distance through which the center of the diaphragm moves when activated. In the case of a nonmodulated stem, diaphragm displacement corresponds to stem displacement (40CFR85.2122(a)(l)(ii)(A)-91).
Dibenzofuran: (1) Any of a family of compounds which has as a nucleus a triple-ring structure consisting of two benzene rings connected through a pair of bridges between the benzene rings. The bridges are a carbon-carbon bridge and a carbon-oxygencarbon bridge at both substitution positions (40CFR766.3-91). (2) A group of highly toxic organic compounds, some of which are toxic (EPA-97/12).
Diaphragm pump: See accelerator pump. Diaphragm type valve: An automatic valve that is actuated by the application of fuel pressure upon a flexible diaphragm. Diatom: A general name for algae or any class (bacillariophyceae) of planktonic unicellular algae. Diatomaceous earth (or diatomite): (1) A filter medium used for filtration of effluents from secondary and tertiary treatments, particularly when a very high grade of water for reuse in certain industrial purposes is required. Also used as an adsorbent form oils and oily emulsions in some wastewater treatment designs (EPA-82/11f). (2) A chalk-like material (fossilized diatoms) used to filter out solid waste in wastewater treatment plants, also used as an active ingredient in some powdered pesticides (EPA-97/12).
Dibenzofuran: A group of highly toxic organic compounds (NavyIEnv-04). Dibenzo-p-dioxin (or dioxin): (1) Any of a family of compounds which has as a nucleus a triple-ring structure consisting of two benzene rings connected through a pair of oxygen atoms (40CFR766.3-91). (2) Any of a family of compounds known chemically as dibenzo-pdioxins. Concern about them arises from their potential toxicity and contaminants in commercial products. Tests on laboratory animals indicate that it is one of the more toxic man-made chemicals known (EPA-89/12). Dice: The more or less cubical fracture of tempered glass (EPA83). Dichlorodifluoromethane(CC12F3:A refrigerant.
Diatomaceous earth filtration: A process resulting in substantial particulate removal in which: (1) A prewat cake of diatomaceous earth filter media is deposited on a support membrance (septum); and (2) While the water is filtered by passing through the cake on the septum, additional filter media known as body feed is continuously added to the feed water to maintain the permeability of the filter cake (40CFR141.2-91). (3) See filtration for more related terms. Diatomite: See diatomaceous earth. Diatoms: Cellular or colonial photosynthetic protists most often in marine environments. They are very small in size and are components of plankton, a major food source at the bottom of the marine food chain (NavyJEnv-04).
Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane(DDT): The first chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. It has a half-life of 15 years and can accumulate in fatty tissues of certain animals. EPA banned registration and interstate sale of DDT for virtually all but emergency uses in the United States in 1972 because of its persistence in the environment and accumulation in the food chain (NavyIEnv-04). Dichloroethene-1,1 (or 1,l-DCE): A colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet, mild smell. It is an intermediate in production of vinylidene polymer plastics like SARAN, and is an irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. It is a Group C, probable human carcinogen (NavyIEnv-04). Dichlorophen (C13H10CIZ02): An insecticide.
Diatoms: Single-celled, colonial, or filamentous algae with siliceous cell walls constructed of two overlapping parts (CWANbasics-04). Diazinon: An insecticide. In 1986, EPA banned its use on open areas such as sod farms and golf courses because it posed a danger to migratory birds. The ban did not apply to its use in agriculture, or on lawns of homes and commercial establishment uses (EPA97/12).
Dichromate bleach: A bleach used in some black and white reversal and color film processing (EPA-80110). Dichromate reflux: A standard method of measuring the chemical oxygen demand of a solution (EPA-83106a). Dichromate: See chromium. Dicofol: A pesticide used on citrus fruits (EPA-97/12).
Diazotization: The conversion of an amine (-NH2) to a diazonium salt by reaction with nitrous acid (EPA-87110a). Dibasic acid: An acid capable of donating two protons (hydrogen ions) (EPA-83106a).
Die casting: (1) Casting is produced by forcing a molten metal under pressure into a metal mold (called die). (2) In hot chamber machines, the pressure cylinder is submerged in the molten metal resulting in a minimum of time and metal cooling during casting.
(3) Vacuum feed machines use a vacuum to draw a measured amount of melt from the molten bath into the feed chamber. (4) Pressure feed systems use a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder to feed molten metal to the die (EPA-83106a). Die coatings: Oil containing lubricants or parting compounds such as carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, methylene chloride, xylene, and hexamethylenetetramine. The coatings are used to prevent castings from adhering to the die and to provide a casting with a better finish. A correctly chosen lubricant will allow metal to flow into cavities that otherwise cannot be filled (EPA-85110a).
Diethylstilbestrol (DES): A synthetic estrogen, It is used as a growth stimulant in food animals. Residues in meat are thought to be carcinogenic (EPA-94/04). Differential equation: An equation expressing a relationship between functions and their derivatives. An ordinary differential equation is one with only one independent variable, and a partial differential equation is one with more than one independent variables (NATO-78110).
Die cutting (or blanking): Cutting of plastic or metal sheets into shapes by striking with a punch (EPA-83/03).
Differential flotation: The separation of a complex ore into two or more valuable minerals and gangue by flotation, also called selectively flotation. This type of flotation is made possible by the use of suitable depressors and activators (EPA-82/05).
Die: A tool or mold used to cut shapes to or form impressions on materials such as metals and ceramics (EPA-83/03).
Differential medium (or selective medium): A selected medium which is particularly favors the growth of certain organisms.
Dieldrin (CI2H8Cl60):An insecticide.
Differential settlement: The nonuniform subsidence of material from a fixed horizontal reference plane. See settlement for more related terms (EPA-83).
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide no longer registered for use in the United States. Also a degradation product of the insecticide aldrin (CWAIWbasics-04). Dielectric constant: See Coulomb's law. Dielectric material: A material that does not conduct direct electrical current. Dielectric coatings are used to electrically isolate UST systems from the surround soils. Dielectric bushings are used to electrically isolate portions of the UST system (e.g., tank from piping) (40CFR280.12-91). Dielectric strength: The ability of the material of the cap andlor rotor to resist the flow of electric current (40CFR85.2122(a)(7) (ii)(B)-91, see also 40CFR85.2122(a)(8)(ii)(E); 85.21 22(a)(9)(ii) (C)-91). Dielectric: A material that is highly resistant to the conductance of electricity; an insulator (EPA-83/03). Diesel engine vehicle: A vehicle which is powered by a diesel engine. See vehicle for more related t m s . Diesel: The type of engine with operating characteristics significantly similar to the theoretical Diesel combustion cycle. The non-use of a throttle during normal operation is indicative of a diesel engine. This definition applies beginning with the 10 model year (40CFR86.090.2-91). Dietary LC50: A statistically derived estimate of the concentration of a test substance in the diet that would cause 50% mortality to the test population under specified conditions (40CFR152.161-91).
Differentiation: The process by which single cells grow into particular forms of specialized tissue, e.g., root, stem, leaf (EPA89/12). Diffuse radiation: Sunlight received indirectly as a result of scattering due to clouds, fog, haze, dust, or other substances in the atmosphere. Diffused air (or aeration): A type of aeration that forces oxygen into sewage by pumping air through perforated pipes inside a holding tank (EPA-97/12). Diffused air: A type of aeration that forces oxygen into sewage by pumping air through perforated pipes inside a holding tank (NavyIEnv-04). Diffuser fan: A fan mounted on a continuous miner to assist and direct air delivery from the machine to the face (CWAImining-04). Diffuser: An apparatus into which water and cassettes are fed, the water extracting sugar from the sugar beet cells (EPA-74101a). Diffusion category: This is to characterize different turbulence intensities and therefore different dispersions in the atmospheric boundary layer (NATO-78110). Diffusion coefficient (kd): Provides a soil or sediment-specific measure of the extent of chemical partitioning between soil or sediment and water, unadjusted for dependency upon organic carbon. To adjust for the fraction of organic carbon (foc) present in soil or sediment use Kd = Koc * foc. The higher the Kd, the more likely a chemical is to bind to soil or sediment than to remain in water. This affects the efficiency of water-based remediation (NavyIEnv-04).
Diffusion current: A current which is controlled by the rate of diffusion of the species in the solution. Diffusion diameter: Diameter of a sphere having the same diffusion mobility as the particle in question. Dp < 0.5 pm (EPA90108). Diffusion equation: A parabolic partial differential equation which describes the process of diffusion as a function of time and space (NATO-78110). Diffusion flame: A flame produced by a combustion process in which the fuel and the air are not mixed prior to entering the combustion zone. Diffusion flame combustion, which primarily occurs in large-scale devices such as incinerators, boilers, and furnaces, involves very complicated processes such as precombustion, mixing, volatilization, vaporization, combustion, and post-flame reactions. See flame for more related terms. Diffusion layer: The layer with ion concentration gradient nearby the electrode. Diffusion model: A mathematical model describing the diffusion process (NATO-78110). Diffusion washing: Washing (wood) pulps with an open ended vessel by diffusing or passing the wash media through the pulp mass (EPA-87/10). Diffusion: (1) The movement of suspended or dissolved particles from a more concentrated to a less concentrated region as a result of the random movement of individual particles; the process tends to distribute them uniformly throughout the available volume (EPA-84/03b, pl-5). (2) The movement of a species under the influence of a gradient of chemical potential (i.e., a concentration gradient). (3) The movement of a chemical, usually under a pressure differential. Diffusion: Blending of a gas and air, resulting in a homogeneous mixture. Blending of two or more gases (CWNmining-04). Diffusion: In atmospheric diffusion, it is primarily caused by turbulent air motions. The concept of diffusion is also frequently denoted by the word dispersion (cf. dispersion) (NATO-78110). Diffusion: In fuel cells, diffusion may occur through a membrane to purify hydrogen or through the electrodes before the splitting of a hydrogen molecule into hydrogen ions. Diffusion: The movement of suspended or dissolved particles (or molecules) from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area. The process tends to distribute the particles or molecules more uniformly (EPA-97/12).
Diffusion: The scattering or random reflection of a sound wave from a surface. The direction of reflected sound is changed so that listeners may have sensation of sound coming from oil directions at equal levels (NCAIsound-04). Diffusive movement: The random movement of individual atoms or molecules, such as radon atoms, in the absence of (or independent of) bulk (convective) gas flow. Atoms of radon can diffise through tiny openings, or even through unbroken concrete slabs. Distinguished from convective movement (EPA-88/08). Diffusive transport. The process by which particles of liquids or gases move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (CAA/C02gas1-04). Diffusivity: A measurement of the movement of a molecule in a liquid or gas medium as a result of differences in concentration. It is used to calculate the rate of volatilization of a pure substance from a surface or in estimating a Henry's Law constant for chemicals with low water solubility. The higher the diffisivity, the more likely a chemical is to move in response to concentration gradients (NavyIEnv-04). Diffusivity: The coefficient of proportionality between the gradient of a property and its flux caused by molecular processes (NATO-78110). Digested sludge: (1) The sludge digested under anaerobic conditions until the volatile content has been reduced, usually by approximately 50% or more (EPA-83/09). (2) Sludge that has been treated by either anaerobic or aerobic digestion. (3) See sludge for more related terms. Digester (or sludge digestion tank): In wastewater treatment, a closed tank; in solid waste conversion, a unit in which bacterial action is induced and accelerated in order to break down organic matter and establish the proper carbon to nitrogen ratio (cf. stage digestion) (EPA-97/12). Digester system: Each continuous digester or each batch digester used for the cooking of wood in white liquor, and associated flash tank(s), below tank(s), chip steamer(s), and condenser(s) (40CFR60.281-91). Digestion chamber: A chamber or a tank used for the biochemical digestion of wastewater. Digestion: The biochemical decomposition of organic matter, resulting in partial gasification, liquefaction, and mineralization of pollutants (EPA-97/12). Dike: (1) An embankment or ridge of either natural or man-made materials used to prevent the movement of liquids, sludges, solids, or other materials (40CFR260.10-91). (2) A low wall that can act as a barrier to prevent a spill from spreading (EPA-97/12).
Dike: A low wall that can act as a barrier to prevent a spill from spreading (NavyIEnv-04). Diluent gas: A major gaseous constituent in a gaseous pollutant mixture. For combustion sources, C02 and O2 are the major gaseous constituents of interest (40CFR60-App/F-91). Diluent: (1) The material added to a pesticide by the user or manufacturer to reduce the concentration of active ingredient in the mixture (40CFR165.1-91). (2) Any liquid or solid material used to dilute or carry an active ingredient (EPA-97/12). Diluent: Any liquid or solid material used to dilute or carry an active ingredient (NavyIEnv-04). Dilute: To lower the concentration of a mixture; in this case the concentration of any hazardous gas in mine air by addition of fresh intake air (CWNmining-04).
and those of the basic parameters in the problem. Dimensional analysis is particularly useful for the derivation of similarity relations, where variables and parameters are grouped together in such a way that the problem can be described in terms of a few dimensionless numbers. See analysis for more related terms (NATO-78110).
Dimensional stability: Refers to ability of a paper to hold its lengthwise and crosswise dimensions under varying conditions (EPA-83). Dimitic: Lakes and reservoirs that freeze over and normally go through two stratification and two mixing cycles a year (EPA97/12). Dimorphism: The existence of different forms from a same species. Dinitrotoluene (DNT): See mononitrotoluene.
Dilution factor: A parameter following from model calculations or measurements. When multiplied with an emission strength, it leads to a concentration value (NATO-78/10). Dilution prohibition: The LDR requirement that prdu'bits the addition of soil or water to waste in order to reducethe concentrations of hazardous constituents instead of treatment by the appropriate LDR treatment standards (RCRAIhazardous-04).
Dinocap: A fungicide used primarily by apple growers to control summer diseases. EPA proposed restrictions on its use in 1986 when laboratory tests found it caused birth defects in rabbits (EPA-97/12). Di-n-octyl phthalate: A liquid dielectric that is presently being substituted for a PCB dielectric fluid (EPA-83/03).
Dilution ratio: The relationship between the volume of water in a stream and the volume of incoming water. It affects the ability of the stream to assimilate waste (EPA-97/12).
Dinoflagellates: Flagellated, photosynthetic, marine protists. They are very small in size and are components of plankton, a major food source at the bottom of the marine food chain (NavyIEnv-04).
Dilution water: The water to which the test substance is added and in which the organisms undergo exposure. See water for more related terms (40CFR797.1520-91, see also 40CFR797.1600-91).
Dinoseb: A herbicide that is also used as a fungicide and insecticide. It was banned by EPA in 1986 because it posed the risk of birth defects and sterility (EPA-97/12).
Dilution weight: A parameter in the HRS surface water migration pathway that reduces the point value assigned to targets as the flow or depth of the relevant surface water body increases (unitless) (40CFR300-AWA-91).
Diode (crystal diode or crystal rectifier): In semiconductor, a two-electrode semiconductor device that utilizes the rectifying properties of a p-n junction or point contact (EPA-83/03).
Dilution zone: See mixing zone. Dilution: The contamination of ore with barren wall rock in stopping (CWNmining-04). Dilution: The diminishing of the concentration of a pollutant by mixing it into an increasing volume (NATO-78/10). Dimension and unit: In engineering practice, (1) Dimensions include force, length, mass, time, temperature, electric charge, etc. (2) Units include pound, dyne, inch, cm, gram, second, etc. (Jones-p682). Dimensional analysis: An analysis of a physical problem using only the dimensions of the dependent and independent variables
Dioxin waste: Includes those RCRA wastes listed as EPA hazardous waste numbers F021, F022, F023, F026, and F027. It encornpasses the wastes from the production and manufacturing use of tri-, tetra-, and pentachlorophenols, wastes from the manufacturing use of tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chlorobenzene under alkaline conditions, and also discarded, unused formulations containing tri-, tetra-, and pentachlorophenols. See waste for more related terms (EPA-8611Ob, pl-2). Dioxinlfuran: (1) Dioxin is a generic term for a group of 75 polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs), and furan is a generic term for a group of 135 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Any member of the PCDD or PCDF family has one to eight chlorine substituents. One of the most toxic man-made substances, 2,3,7,8-TCDD (tetrachlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxin) is an unwanted by-product resulting chiefly from the manufacture of
the pesticide 2,4,5-TCP (trichlorophenol) (EPA-8/87a). (2) Total tetra-through octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (40CFR60.5 1a-91).
Dioxin: (1) The common name for polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins (PCDDs). Production of these compounds has been associated with low-temperature combustion processes and high exposure to these compounds has been associated with adverse health effects, particularly in laboratory animals (ETI-92). (3) See dibenzo-p-dioxin (40CFR766.3-91). Dioxin: Any of a family of compounds known chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. Concern about them arises from their potential toxicity and contaminants in commercial products. Tests on laboratory animals indicate that it is one of the more toxic manmade compounds (EPA-97/12). Dip coating: A method of applying coatings in which the part is submerged in a tank filled with the mating (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.311-91). Dip tank: Generally metal or concrete units that range in size from 50 to 500 gallons or more. The tanks are used to clean parts prior to treatment or to coat parts with various materials including metals and plastics (NavyEnv-04). Dip: The inclination of a geologic structure (bed, vein, fault, etc.) from the horizontal; dip is always measured downward at right angles to the strike (CWNmining-04). Diphenol ((C6H40H)2): A compound containing two phenol groups. Diploid: A cell with two sets of chromosomes, designated as 2n (cf. haploid). Dipolar ion: An ion with both positive and negative charges. Direct application: Those cold rolling operations which include once-through use of rolling solutions at all mill stands (40CFR420.101-91). Direct arc furnace: An electric furnace whose electrodes are spaced just below the surface of the slag cover. The current passes from one electrode through the slag, the metal charge, the slag, and back to the other electrode. Heat is generated by radiation from the arc as well as from the resistance heat effect within the bath. The slag serves as a protective function by shielding the metal charge from vaporized carbon and the extremely high temperature. See furnace for more related terms (AP-40, p236). Direct chill casting: The pouring of molten aluminium into a water-cooled mold. Contact cooling water is sprayed onto the aluminium as it is dropped into the mold, and the aluminium ingot falls into a water bath at the end of the casting process (40CFR467.02-91, see also 40CFR471.02-91).
Direct cost: Those wsts directly attributable to performing core program objectives, as opposed to indirect costs such as for administrative support and infrastructure maintenance (OMBIReg04). Direct current (dc): An electric current that its charge flows in one direction only (cf. alternating current). Direct discharge noncompaction station: A type of transfer station in which refuse goes directly from smaller collection vehicles into the larger transportation vehicles. This type of station has a waste storage capacity of less than one day (RCRNmanagement-04). Direct discharge: (1) The discharge of a pollutant. See discharge for more related terms (40CFR122.2-91). (2) A municipal or industrial facility which introduces pollution through a defined conveyance or system such as outlet pipes; a point source (EPA97/12). Direct discharges: Discharges from point sources into surface water pursuant to a CWA NPDES permit (RCRAmazardous-04). Direct dump transfer system: The unloading of solid waste directly from a collection vehicle into an open-top transfer trailer or container (SW-108ts). Direct economic effect: The initial increases in output from different sectors of the economy resulting from some new activity within a predefined geographic region (DOE-91104). Direct exposure pathway: An exposure pathway where the point of exposure is at the source, without a release to any other medium (NavyIEnv-04). Direct fed incinerator: An incinerator that accepts solid waste directly into its combustion chambers. See incinerator for more related terms (SW-108ts). Direct filtration: (1) A series of processes including coagulation and filtration but excluding sedimentation resulting in substantial particulate removal. See filtration for more related terms (40CFR141.2-91). (2) A method of treating water which consists of the addition of coagulant chemicals, flash mixing, coagulation, minimal flocculation, and filtration. Sedimentation is not used (EPA-97/12). Direct filtration: A method of treating water which consists of the addition of coagulant chemicals, flash mixing, coagulation, minimal flocculation, and filtration. Sedimentation is not used (NavyEnv-04). Direct fired heater: A heater in which heat is supplied by combustion, as distinguished from a heat exchanger where heat is supplied by a hot liquid or gas (EPA-74104b).
Direct fuel cell: A type of the fuel cells in which a hydrocarbon fuel, such as methanol, is fed directly to the fuel cell stack, without requiring a reformer to generate hydrogen. Direct hydrogen fuel cell: A fuel cell that is directly powered by pure hydrogen as the fuel rather than by the hydrogen that is produced from the reformation of hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline, diesel, propane, natural gas).
Direct toxicity: The toxicity that has an effect on organisms themselves instead of effecting an alteration of their habitat or interference with their food supply. See toxicity for more related terms (DOD-78/01). Direct transfer equipment: Any device (including, but not limited to, such devices as piping, fittings, flanges, valves, and pumps) that is used to distribute, meter, or control the flow of hazardous waste between a container (i.e., transport vehicle) and a boiler of industrial furnace (40CFR266.111-91).
Direct internal reforming: See internal reforming. Direct labor cost (or direct cost): Salaries, wages, and other direct compensations earned by the employee. See cost for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Direct methanol fuel cell @MFC): As the name implies, a DMFC is characterized by the direct use of liquid methanol as a fuel. See Appendix C for more information.
Directed analysis: The qualitative confirmation of compound presence and identity. Also, quantitative data of known quality for a set of constituents that might reasonably be expected to be present in the waste based on professional judgment and/or the results of proximate and survey analyses. See analysis for more related terms (EPA-82/02).
Direct photolysis: The direct absorption of light by a chemical followed by a reaction which transforms the parent chemical into one or more products. See photolysis for more related terms (40CFR796.3700-91).
Director: The Regional Administrator or State Director, as the context requires, or an authorized representative. When there is no approved state program, and there is an EPA administered program, Director means the Regional Administrator. When there is an approved state program, "Director" normally means the State Director (CWAIwastewater-04).
Direct push: Technology used for performing subsurface investigations by driving, pushing, and/or vibrating small-diameter hollow steel rods into the ground. Also known as direct drive, drive point, or push technology (EPA-97/12).
Direct-reading instrument: Provide information at the time of sampling. They are used to detect and monitor flammable or explosive atmospheres, oxygen deficiency, certain gases and vapors, ionizing radiation, and free product (NavyEnv-04).
Direct radiation: Sunlight received directly from the sun (also referred to as beam radiation).
Dirty bomb: The use of common explosives to spread radioactive materials over a targeted area. Also known as a radiation attack, a "dirty bomb" is not a nuclear blast, but rather an explosion with localized radioactive contamination (HAS-92).
Direct runoff: The runoff entering stream channels promptly after rainfall or snowmelt (CWAIWbasics-04). Direct runoff: The runoff entering stream channels promptly after rainfall or snowmelt. Superposed on base runoff, it forms the bulk of the hydrograph of a flood. See also surface runoff. The terms base runoff and direct runoff are time classifications of runoff. The terms groundwater runoff and surface runoff are classifications according to source (CWAIhydrology-04). Direct runoff: Water that flows over the ground surface or through the ground directly into streams, rivers, and lakes (EPA97/12).
Disc brake pad for heavy-weight vehicle: An asbestoscontaining product intended for use as a friction material in disc brake systems for vehicles rated at 26,001 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) or more (40CFR763.163-91). Disc brake pad for light- and medium-weight vehicle: An asbestos-containing product intended for use as a friction material in disc brake systems for vehicles rated at less than 26,001 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) (40CFR763.163-91). Disc pulper: A machine which produces pulp or fiber through the shredding action of rotating and stationary discs (EPA-74/04).
Direct shell evacuation control system @EC system): A system that maintains a negative pressure within the electric arc furnace above the slag or metal h d ducts emissions to the control device (40CFR60.271a-91).
Disc wheel: All power-driven rotatable discs faced with abrasive materials, artificial or natural, and used for grinding or polishing on the side of the assembled disc (29CFR1910.94b-91).
Direct shell evacuation system: Any system that maintains a negative pressure within the EAF above the slag or metal and ducts these emissions to the control device (40CFR60.271-91).
Discarded material: A discarded material is any material which is: (1) Abandoned, as explained in paragraph (b) of this section; (2) Recycled, as explained in paragraph (c) of this section; or (3)
Considered inherently wastelike, as explained in paragraph (d) of this section (40CFR261.2-91).
landclearing, ditching, channelization, or other excavation. For complete definition, see 40CFR232.2-91.
Discharge allowance: The amount of pollutant (mg per kg of production unit) that a plant will be permitted to discharge. For this category the allowances are specific to battery manufacturing operations (40CFR461.2-91).
Discharge of fill material: (1) The term discharge of fill material means the addition of fill material into waters of the United States. The term generally includes, without limitation, the following activities: placement of fill that is necessary for the construction of any structure in a water of the United States; the building of any structure or impoundment requiring rock, sand, dirt, or other material for its construction; sitedevelopment fills for recreational, industrial, commercial, residential, and other uses; causeways or road fills; dams and dikes; artificial islands; property protection and/or reclamation devices such as riprap, groins, seawalls, breakwaters, and revetments; beach nourishment; levees; fill for structures such as sewage treatment facilities, and intake and outfall pipes associated with power plants and subaqueous utility lines; and artificial reefs. (2) In addition, placement of pilings in waters of the United States constitutes a discharge of fill material and requires a Section 404 permit when such placement has or would have the effect of a discharge of fill material. Examples of such activities that have the effect of a discharge of fill material include, but are not limited to, the following: projects where the pilings are so closely spaced that sedimentation rates would be increased; projects in which the pilings themselves effectively would replace the bottom of a water body; projects involving the placement of pilings that would reduce the reach or impair the flow or circulation of waters of the United States; and projects involving the placement of pilings which would result in the adverse alteration or elimination of aquatic functions: (a) Placement of pilings in waters of the United States that does not have or would not have the effect of a discharge of fill material shall not require a Section 404 permit. Placement of pilings for linear projects, such as bridges, elevated walkways, and powerline structures, generally does not have the effect of a discharge of fill material. Furthermore, placement of pilings in waters of the United States for piers, wharves, and an individual house on stilts generally does not have the effect of a discharge of fill material. All pilings, however, placed in the navigable waters of the United States, as that term is defined in 33CFR Part 329, require authorization under section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of I899 (see 33CFR Part 322). @) [Reserved] (40CFR232.2-91).
Discharge area (groundwater): Area where subsurface water is discharged to the land surface, to surface water, or to the atmosphere (CWAIWbasics-04). Discharge area: An area in which subsurface water, including both groundwater and water in the unsaturated zone, is discharged to the land surface, to surface water, or to the atmosphere (Course 165.7). Discharge curve: A plot of a fuel cell or a battery voltage as a function of time, or of discharge capacity, under a defined discharge current or load. Discharge length scale: The square root of the cross-sectional area of any discharge outlet (EPA-91/03). Discharge monitoring report (DMR): The EPA uniform national form, including any subsequent additions, revisions, or modifications for the reporting of self-monitoring results by permittees. DMRs must be used by approved states as well as by EPA. EPA will supply DMRs to any approved state upon request. The EPA national forms may be modified to substitute the state agency name, address, logo, and other similar information, as appropriate, in place of EPA's (40CFR122.2-91). Discharge monitoring report (DMR): The form used (including any subsequent additions, revisions, or modifications) to report self-monitoring results by NPDES permittees. DMRs must be used by approved states as well as by EPA (CWAIwastewater-04). Discharge of a pollutant and the term discharge of pollutants: Each means: (1) Any addition of any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source. (2) Any addition of any pollutant to the waters of the contiguous zone or the ocean from any point source other than a vessel or other floating craft (cf. discharge of pollutants) (CWA502, see also 40CFR122.2; 401.1 1-91). Discharge of dredged material: Except as provided below in paragraph (2), the term discharge of dredged material means any addition of dredged material into, including any redeposit of dredged material within, the waters of the United States. The term includes, but is not limited to, the following: (a) The addition of dredged material to a specified discharge site located in waters of the United States; (b) The runoff or overflow, associated with a dredging operation, from a contained land or water disposal area; and (c) Any addition, including any redeposit, of dredged material, including excavated material, into waters of the United States which is incidental to any activity, including mechanized
Discharge or hazardous waste discharge: The accidental or intentional spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, or dumping of hazardous waste into or on any land or water (40CFR260.10-91). Discharge point: The point within the disposal site at which the dredged or fill material is released (40CFR230.3-91). Discharge rating curve: (CWA/hydrology-04).
See
stage discharge relation
Discharge: (1) Flow of surface water in a stream or canal or the outflow of groundwater from a flowing artesian well, ditch, or spring. (2) Discharge of liquid effluent from a facility or of
chemical emissions into the air through designated venting mechanisms. (3) As defined by section 31 1 (a)(2) of the CWA, includes but is not limited to, any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, or dumping of oil, but excludes discharges in compliance with a permit under section 402 of the CWA, discharges resulting from circumstances identified and reviewed and made a part of the public record with respect to a permit issued or modified under section 402 of the CWA, and subject to a condition in such permit, or continuous or anticipated intermittent discharges from a point source, identified in a permit or permit application under section 402 of the CWA, that are caused by events occurring within the scope of relevant operating or treatment systems. (4) For purposes of the NCP, discharge also means threat of discharge (NavyIEnv-04).
Discharge: As defined by section 3 1l (a)(2) the of CWA, includes, but is not limited to, any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, or dumping of oil, but excludes discharges in compliance with a permit under section 402 of the CWA, discharges resulting from circumstances identified and reviewed and made a part of the public record with respect to a permit issued or modified under section 402 of the CWA, and subject to a condition in such permit, or continuous or anticipated intermittent discharges from a point source, identified in a permit or permit application under section 402 of the CWA, that are caused by events occurring within the scope of relevant operating or treatment systems. For purposes of the NCP, discharge also means threat of discharge (40CFR300.5-91). Discharge: Flow of surface water in a stream or canal or the outflow of groundwater from a flowing artesian well, ditch, or spring. Can also apply to discharge of liquid effluent from a facility or of chemical emissions into the air through designated venting mechanisms (EPA-97/12). Discharge: In battery, release of electric power from a battery (EPA-84/08). Discharge: In flow measurement, the volume of water that passes through a given cross-section of a channel during a unit of time. This flow, measured in cubic feet per second, is the amount of water fed to the stream from surface and groundwater run-off. Discharge varies according to velocity of flow, which in turn depends upon gradient (down-stream slope, usually expressed in feet per mile), volume of water, load of rock particles being carried, shape of the channel, and cross-sectional area of the channel (DOI-70104).
Discharge: For more related terms, see (1) Continuous discharge; (2) Current discharge; (3) Daily discharge; (4) Direct discharge; (5) Improved discharge; (6) Indirect discharge; and (7) Modified discharge. Discounting: The process of analyzing future costs and revenues to consider the effects of interest and inflation, and make all dollar amounts comparable on an equivalent basis (EPA-80108). Discrete wet scrubbing device: A distinct, stand-alone device that removes particulates and fumes from a contaminated gas stream by bringing the gas stream into contact with a scrubber liquor, usually water, and from which there is a wastewater discharge. Examples of discrete wet scrubbing devices are: spray towers and chambers, venturi scrubbers (fixed and variable), wet caps, packed bed scrubbers, quenchers, and orifice scrubbers. Semi-wet scrubbing devices where water is added and totally evaporates prior to dry air pollution control are not considered to be discrete wet scrubbing devices. Ancillary scrubber operations such as fan washes and backwashes are not considered to be discrete wet scrubber devices. These ancillary operations are covered by the mass limitations of the associated scrubber. Aftercoolers are not considered to be discrete wet scrubbing devices, and water dischargers from after-cooling are not regulated as a process wastewater in this category (40CFR464.3 14-91). Discretionary downtime: The period during which equipment is not operating because of the operator's decision, rather than because of equipment failure. Discretionary funds: The category of U.S. government budget authority from which all federal facility environmental programs are funded. The President and Congress must decide how to spend this money; and Congress allocates these funds through appropriations acts. All other U.S. government funding is mandatory and includes entitlements (such as Social Security, Medicare, and Food Stamps) and interest on the national debt (OMBIReg-04). Disease prevention: Measures used to prevent a disease or reduce its severity (SFhealth-04). Disease registry: A system of ongoing registration of all cases of a particular disease or health condition in a defined population (SFhealth-04).
Discharge: In mining, any outflow from a pump, drill hole, piping system, channel, weir or other discernible, confined, or discrete conveyance (EPA-82/05).
Disease vector: (1) A canier, usually an arthropod, that is capable of transmitting a pathogen from one organism to another (cf. vermin) (SW-108ts). (2) Rodents, flies, and mosquitoes capable of transmitting disease to humans (40CFR257.3.6-91). (3) See vector for more related terms.
Discharge: The volume of fluid passing a point per unit of time, commonly expressed in cubic feet per second, million gallons per day, gallons per minute, or seconds per minute per day (CWNWbasics-04).
Disease: An interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs. (A disease, e.g., a genetic disorder may
manifest itself without the involvement of a microorganism (EPA90105).
microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa (SDWNReg-04).
Disinfect: (1) To inactivate virtually all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not necessarily all microbial forms (e.g., bacterial endospores) on inanimate objects (29CFR1910). (2) To destroy pathogens but not necessarily all microbial life (cf. pasteurize or sterilize) (EPA-83).
Disinfectant: A chemical or physical process that kills pathogenic organisms in water. Chlorine is often used to disinfect sewage treatment effluent, water supplies, wells, and swimming pools (MWTNmedical-04).
Disinfectant by-product: Chemicals that may form when disinfectants (such as chlorine), react with plant matter and other naturally occurring materials in the water. These by-products may pose health risks in drinking water (SDWA/Reg-04). Disinfectant contact time (T in CT calculations): The time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant application or the previous point of disinfectant residual measurement to a point before or at the point where residual disinfectant concentration ("C") is measured. Where only one "Cotis measured, "T" is the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant application to a point before or at where residual disinfectant concentration ("C") is measured. Where more than one "C" is measured, "T" is: (1) For the first measurement of "C," the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the first or only point of disinfectant application to a point before or at the point where the first "C" is measured; and (2) For subsequent measurements of "C," the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the previous "C" measurement point to the "C" measurement point for which the particular "T" is being calculated. Disinfectant contact time in pipelines must be calculated based on "plug flow" by dividing the internal volume of the pipe by the maximum hourly flow rate through that pipe. Disinfectant contact time within mixing basins and storage reservoirs must be determined by tracer studies or an equivalent demonstration (40CFR141.2-91). Disinfectant time: The time it takes water to move from the point of disinfectant application (or the previous point of residual disinfectant measurement) to a point before or at the point where the residual disinfectant is measured. In pipelines, the time is calculated by dividing the internal volume of the pipe by the maximum hourly flow rate; within mixing basins and storage reservoirs it is determined by tracer studies of an equivalent demonstration (EPA-97/12). Disinfectant: (1) Any oxidant, including but not limited to chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and ozone added to water in any part of the treatment or distribution process, that is intended to kill or inactivate pathogenic microorganisms (40CFR141.2-91). (2) A chemical or physical process that kills pathogenic organisms in water. Chlorine is often used to disinfect sewage treatment effluent, water supplies, wells, and swimming pools (EPA-97/12). Disinfectant: A chemical (commonly chlorine, chloramine, or ozone) or physical process (e.g., ultraviolet light) that kills
Disinfectant: A chemical that destroys vegetative forms of harmful microorganisms, but does not ordinarily kill bacterial spores (FFDCNpesticide-04). Disinfection by-product: A compound formed by the reaction of a disinfectant such as chlorine with organic material in the water supply; a chemical by-product of the disinfection process (EPA97/12). Disinfection: A process which inactivates pathogenic organisms in water by chemical oxidants or equivalent agents (40CFR141.291). Disintegrating: Breaking, chipping, chopping, crushing, cutting, grinding, milling, maturating, pulverizing, refining, shredding, slicing, and spraying (AP-40, p790). Disk colorirneter: A rotating color disk used for comparing the standard color against the color to be measured. Disk refiner: A motor-driven refiner whose working elements consist of one or more matched pairs of disks having a pattern of ribs machined into their faces and arranged so that one disk of the pair is rotated. The other disk is usually stationary, but may be driven in the opposite direction of rotation (EPA-87/10). Dispenser: The permanent (intended to be refilled) or disposable (discarded when empty) container designed to hold more than one complete set of hearing protector(s) for the express purpose of display to promote sale or display to promote use or both (40CFR211.203-91). Dispersal: The spreading of organisms or species from one place to more places. Dispersant: (1) Those chemical agents that emulsify, disperse, or solubilize oil into the water column or promote the surface spreading of oil slicks to facilitate dispersal of the oil into the water column (40CFR300.5-91). (2) A chemical agent used to break up concentrations of organic material such as spilled oil (EPA-97/12). Dispersant: A chemical agent used to break up concentrations of organic material such as spilled oil (NavyIEnv-04). Dispersed air flotation: The separation of low density contaminants from water using minute air bubbles attached to individual particles to provide or increase the buoyancy of the
particle. The bubbles are generated by introducing air through a revolving impeller or porous media (EPA-83106a). Disperser: A mixing machine that acts to distribute the components of paint or ink (EPA-79112b). Dispersing agent: A reagent added to flotation circuits to prevent flocculation, especially of objectionable colloidal slimes. Sodium silicate is frequently added for this purpose (EPA-82/05). Dispersion model: A dispersion model is a mathematical representation of the transport and turbulent diffision processes that occur in the atmosphere. See dispersion model in Appendix B for more information. Dispersion parameter: A parameter which describes the growth of the dimensions of a Gaussian plume or a Gaussian puff as a function of travel distance or travel time. The dispersion parameters are classified according to diffision categories, which describe the influence of different turbulence conditions in the atmospheric boundary layer on the dispersion (NATO-78110). Dispersion resin: A resin manufactured in such a way as to form fluid dispersions when dispersed in a plasticizer or plasticizer/diluent mixtures. See resin for more related terms (40CFR61.61-91). Dispersion technique: Any technique which attempts to affect the concentration of a pollutant in the ambient air by: (1) Using that portion of a stack which exceeds good engineering practice stack height; (2) Varying the rate of emission of a pollutant according to atmospheric conditions or ambient concentrations of that pollutant; or (3) Increasing final exhaust gas plume rise by manipulating source process parameters, exhaust gas parameters, stack parameters, or combining exhaust gases from several existing stacks into one stack; or other selective handling of exhaust gas streams so as to increase the exhaust gas plume rise. For complete definition, see (40CFR51.100-hh-91). Dispersion: In air modeling or transport phenomena, the air mass exchange between regions in space, in the lower atmosphere, dominated by eddy exchange due to turbulent air movements, the magnitude of which is generally relatable to atmospheric stability (EPA-88/09). Dispersion: In air pollution meteorology, the process of distributing air pollutant emissions by the combined action of advection and diffusion (NATO-78110).
coincident to and perpendicular to groundwater flow, causing the contaminant to become diluted, the sum of the effects of mechanical mixing and molecular diffusion on a dissolved contaminant that results in dilution of the contaminant. The mixing results from differences in flow path length and velocity for different molecules (NavyIEnv-04). Dispersion: In passive fluid contaminants, the growth of the dimensions of a cloud of passive particles in the fluid, which scatter due to turbulent or molecular fluid motions. The concept of dispersion in this sense is also frequently denoted by the word diffusion. Dispersion: In wave phenomena, variation of refractive index with wave length of light (EPA-83). Dispersion: The dilution or removal of a substance by diffusion, turbulence, etc. Technically, a two phase system involving two substances, the first of which is uniformly distributed in a finely divided state through the second (the dispersion medium) (EPA83). Dispersion: The extent to which a liquid substance introduced into a groundwater system spreads as it moves through the system (CWA/Wbasics-04). Dispersivity: A property that quantifies dispersion in a medium (NavyIEnv-04). Dispersoid: The particles of a dispersion system (EPA-83/06). Displacement work: See flow work. Displacement: (1) The relative movement of any two sides of a fault measured in any direction (40CFR264.18-91). (2) A bimolecular chemical reaction where an atom or radical is exchanged from one reactant to the other during the process (cf. abstraction) (EPA-88/12). Disposable container: Plastic or paper sacks designed for storing solid waste. See container for more related terms (SW-lO8ts). Disposable device: A hearing protective device that is intended to be discarded after one period of use (40CFR211.203-91).
Dispersion: In groundwater, the spreading and mixing of chemical constituents in groundwater caused by diffusion and by mixing due to microscopic variations in velocities within and between pores (Course 165.7).
Disposable pay: That part of current basic pay, special pay, incentive pay, retired pay, retainer pay, or in the case of an employee not entitled to basic pay, other authorized pay remaining after the deduction of any amount described in 5CFR581.105 (b) through (f). These deductions include but are not limited to: Social Security withholdings; federal, state, and local tax withholdings; health insurance premiums; retirement contributions; and life insurance premiums (40CFR13.2-h-91).
Dispersion: In hydrodynamic dispersion; the process whereby a contaminant dissolved in groundwater spreads out in the direction
Disposable: Consumer products, other items, and packaging used once or a few times and discarded (EPA-97/12).
Disposal (of hazardous substance): Discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any hazardous substance into or on any land or water so that such hazardous substance or any constituent thereof may enter the environment or be emitted into the air or discharged into any waters, including groundwater (40CFR373.4) (SDWAIradionuclide-04). Disposal (of real property): Permanent or temporary transfer of DOE control and custody of real property to a third party, who has the right to control, use, or relinquish control and custody of the property (SDWNradionuclide-04). Disposal area: (1) The region within the perimeter of an impoundment or pile containing uranium by-product materials to which the post-closure requirements of 40CFR192.32(b)(l) of this subpart apply (40CFR192.31-91). (2) A site, location, tract of land, area, building, structure, or premises used or intended to be used for partial or total refuse disposal (EPA-83). Disposal facility: A facility or part of a facility at which hazardous waste is intentionally placed into or on any land or water, and at which waste will remain after closure (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR270.2-91). Disposal facility: Repositories for solid waste, including landfills and combustors intended for permanent containment or destruction of waste materials. Excludes transfer stations and composting facilities (EPA-97/12). Disposal of incinerator ash: The principal rule governing the disposal of incinerator ash from hazardous waste is the "derived from" rule. Ash is a solid waste containing inorganic components of the waste feed that were not destroyed by burning. Some toxic metals may be concentrated in the ash although lead and cadmium may volatilize and emit through the stack. Basically, if a listed hazardous waste is incinerated, the ash from the waste is considered hazardous and must be disposed of in a licensed hazardous waste landfill. The "mixture" rule may also apply to disposal of ash. Under RCRA: (1) A mixture of listed waste is treated as hazardous waste unless the mixture qualifies for exemption or is delisted. (2) A mixture including a characteristic waste and a solid waste is deemed hazardous only if the entire mixture continues to exhibit the hazardous characteristic (Winthrop-89/09). Disposal prohibition: The LDR requirement that prohibits the land disposal of hazardous waste that has not been adequately treated to reduce the threat posed by such waste (RCRA/hazardous-04). Disposal site designation study: The collection, analysis, and interpretation of all available pertinent data and information on a proposed disposal site prior to use, including but not limited to, that from baseline surveys, special purpose surveys of other federal agencies, public data archives, and social and economic
studies and records of areas which would be affected by use of the proposed site (40CFR228.2-91). Disposal site evaluation study: The collection, analysis, and interpretation of all pertinent information available concerning an existing disposal site, including but not limited to, data and information from trend assessment surveys, monitoring surveys, special purpose surveys of other federal agencies, public data archives, and social and economic studies and records of affected areas (40CFR228.2-91). Disposal site: In dredged or fill material disposal under the Section 404 program, means that portion of the waters of the United States where specific disposal activities are permitted and consist of a bottom surface area and any overlying volume of water. In the case of wetlands on which surface water is not present, the disposal site consists of the wetland surface area (40CFR230.3-91). Disposal site: In hazardous solid waste disposal, see disposal facility, (secure) landfill, land treatment facility, and underground injection (well injection) in 40CFR260.10. Disposal site: In land disposal of solid waste, see open dump in 40CFR241.101. Disposal site: In non-hazardous solid waste disposal, see sanitary landfill in 40CFR257.2. Disposal site: In nuclear waste disposal, means the region within the smallest perimeter of residual radioactive material (excluding cover materials) following completion of control activities (40CFRl92.01-9, see also 40CFR192.31-91). Disposal site: In ocean dumping, means an interim for finally approved and precise geographical area within which ocean dumping of wastes is permitted under conditions specified in permits issued under sections 102 and 103 of the Act. Such sites are identified by boundaries established by (1) coordinates of latitude and longitude for each corner, or by (2) coordinates of latitude and longitude for the center point and a radius in nautical miles from that point. Boundary coordinates shall be identified as precisely as is warranted by the accuracy with which the site can be located with existing navigational aids or by the implantation of transponders, buoys, or other means of marking the site (40CFR228.2-91). Disposal system: Any combination of engineered and natural barriers that isolate spent nuclear fuel or radioactive waste after disposal (40CFR191.12-91). Disposal well: A well used for the disposal of waste into a subsurface. See well for more related terms (40CFR146.3-91, see also 40CFR147.2902-91).
Disposal: Final placement or destruction of toxic, radioactive, or other wastes; surplus or banned pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and drums containing hazardous materials from removal actions or accidental releases. Disposal may be accomplished through use of approved secure landfills, surface impoundments, land farming, deep-well injection, ocean dumping, or incineration (EPA-97/12). Disposal: In AEA, disposal means permanent isolation of spent nuclear fuel or radioactive waste from the accessible environment with no intent of recovery, whether or not such isolation permits the recovery of such fuel or waste. For example, disposal of waste in a mined geologic repository occurs when all of the shafts to the repository are backfilled and sealed (40CFR191.02-91). Disposal: In CWA, see sludge disposal. Disposal: In RCRA and TSCA, disposal means the discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any solid waste or hazardous waste into or on any land or water so that such solid waste or hazardous waste or any constituent thereof may enter the environment or be emitted into the air or discharged into any waters, including groundwaters (40CFR260.10-93). Methods of disposal include underground injection (D80); landfill (D81); land treatment (D82); ocean disposal (D83); surface impoundment (D84); and other (D85) (40CFR264AppA) (see also RCRA1004,40CFR245.101; 257.2; 270.2; 373.4; 761.3-91). Disposal: In Superfund, the transporters are required to report any spill or other release of a reportable quantity (RQ) of hazardous substance. Reportable quantities are based on toxicity, ignitability, reactivity, chronic toxicity, and susceptibility of the substance to degradation (Winthrop-89/09). Disposal: The discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any solid or hazardous waste on or in the land or water (RCRA/hazardous-04). Disposal: Waste emplacement designed to ensure isolation of the waste from the biosphere, with no intention of retrieval for the foreseeable future, and requiring deliberate action to regain access to the waste (OMBIReg-04). Disposal: For more related terms, see (1) Continuous disposal; (2) Phased disposal; (3) Safe disposal; (4) Solid waste disposal; and (5) Waste disposal. Disposer of PCB waste: As the term is used in subparts J and K of this part, it means any person who owns or operates a facility approved by EPA for the disposal of PCB waste which is regulated for disposal under the requirements of subpart D of this part. See PCB for more related terms (40CFR761.3-91). Dispute: Refers to a present controversy between parties subject to a test rule over the amount or method of reimbursement for the
cost of developing health and environmental data on the test chemical (40CFR791.3-91). Dissected: Cut by erosion into valleys, hills, and upland plains (CWNWbasics-04). Dissipation: The conversion of kinetic energy of a fluid into heat by molecular internal fluid friction (NATO-78/10). Dissociation: The reversible splitting into two or more chemical species which may be ionic. The process is indicated generally by the equation (provided in this subpart) (40CFR796.1370-91). The breakdown of a chemical species into smaller components. Dissolved air flotation: A flotation process that adds air to wastewater in the form of fine bubbles which become attached to suspended sludge particles, increasing the buoyancy of the particles and producing more positive flotation (EPA-8711Oa). Dissolved constituent: Operationally defined as a constituent that passes through a 0.45-micrometer filter (CWAIWbasics-04). Dissolved element: Those elements which will pass through a 0.45 pm membrane filter (cf. dissolved metal) (40CFR136-App/C91). Dissolved metals: Analyte elements which have not been digested prior to analysis and which will pass through a 0.45 m m filter (NavyIEnv-04). Dissolved metals: The concentration of metals determined in sample after the sample is filtered through a 0.45-pm filter. See metal for more related terms (Method 3005, SW 846). Dissolved oxygen (DO): The oxygen freely available in water. Dissolved oxygen is vital to fish and other aquatic life and for the prevention of odors. Traditionally, the level of dissolved oxygen has been accepted as the single most important indicator of a water body's ability to support desirable aquatic life. Secondary and advanced waste treatment are generally designed to protect DO in waste-receiving waters (EPA-97/12). See oxygen for more related terms. Dissolved oxygen unit: The units of measurement used are milligrams per liter (mg/L) and parts per million (ppm), where mg/L is defined as the actual weight of oxygen per liter of water and pprn is defined as the parts actual weight of oxygen dissolved in a million parts weight of water, i.e., a pound of oxygen in a million pounds of water is 1 ppm. For practical purposes in pollution control work, these two are used interchangeably; the density of water is so close to 1 g/cm3 that the error is negligible. Similarly, the changes in volume of oxygen with changes in temperature are insignificant. This, however, is not true if sensors are calibrated in percent saturation rather than in mg/L or ppm. In that case, both temperature and barometric pressure must be taken
into consideration. See oxygen for more related terms (EPA76/03).
Oils (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17). See oil for more related terms (40CFR60.4 1b-91, see also 40CFR60.41c-91).
Dissolved oxygen: Oxygen dissolved in water; one of the most important indicators of the condition of a water body. Dissolved oxygen is necessary for the life of fish and most other aquatic organisms (CWAIWbasics-04).
Distillate receiver: A container or tank used to receive and collect liquid material (condensed) from the overhead condenser of a distillation unit and from which the condensed liquid is pumped to larger storage tanks or other process units (40CFR264.1031-91).
Dissolved solid: (1) The total amount of dissolved materials, organic and inorganic, contained in water or wastes. Excessive dissolved solids can make water unsuitable for industrial uses, unpalatable for drinking, and even cathartic. Potable water supplies may have dissolved solid content from 20 to 1000 mg/L, but sources which have more than 500 mgL are not recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service (DOI-70104). (2) Disintegrated organic and inorganic material in water. Excessive amounts make water unfit to drink or use in industrial processes (EPA-97/12).
Distillate: A liquid product condensed from vapor during distillation.
Dissolved solid: Amount of minerals, such as salt, that are dissolved in water; amount of dissolved solids is an indicator of salinity or hardness (CWAIWquality-04). Dissolved solid: Minerals and organic matter dissolved in water (CWNWbasics-04). Dissolving pulp: A special grade of chemical pulp made from wood or cotton linters for use in the manufacture of regenerated cellulose (viscose rayon and cellophane) or cellulose derivatives such as acetate and nitrate. See pulp for more related terms (EPA87/10). Distance piece: An open or enclosed casing through which the piston rod travels, separating the compressor cylinder from the crankcase (40CFR60.48 1-91). Distance to endpoint: The estimated distance from a point of toxic release to the point where it is no longer considered hazardous to people (TSCNchemical-04). Distance weight: A parameter in the HRS air migration, groundwater migration, and soil exposure pathways that reduces the point value assigned to targets as their distance increases from the site (unitless) (40CFR300-App/A-91). Distillate fuel: A general classification for the petroleum fractions produced in conventional distillation operations. Included are products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils and No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 diesel fuels. Used primarily for space heating, onand off-highway diesel engine fuel (including railroad engine fuel and fuel for agricultural machinery), and electric power generation (CAAlC02gas-04). Distillate oil: The fuel oils that contain 0.05 weight percent nitrogen or less and comply with the specifications for fuel oils numbers 1 and 2, as defined by the American Society of Testing and Materials in ASTM D396-78, Standard Specifications for Fuel
Distillation bottom: Residues that form at the bottom of a distillation unit (RCRAfhazardous-04). Distillation operation: An operation separating one or more feed stream(s) into two or more exit stream(s), each exit stream having component concentrations different from those in the feed stream(s). The separation is achieved by the redistribution of the components between the liquid and vapor phase as they approach equilibrium within the distillation unit (40CFR60.661-91, see also 40CFR264.1031-91). Distillation refining: A metal with an impurity having a higher vapor pressure than the base metal can be refined by heating the metal to the point where the impurity vaporizes (EPA-83106a). Distillation silver nitrate titration: A standard method of measuring the concentration of cyanides in a solution. See titration for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Distillation SPADNS: A standard method of measuring the concentration of fluoride in a solution (EPA-83106a). Distillation unit: A device or vessel in which distillation operations occur, including all associated internals (such as trays or packing) and accessories (such as reboiler, condenser, vacuum pump, steam jet, etc.), plus any associated recovery system (40CFR60.661-91). Distillation: Distillation is the boiling of a liquid solution and condensation of the vapor for the purpose of separating the components. It involves two basic phases, the liquid phase and the vapor phase. The components which are to be separated by distillation are present in both phases but in different concentrations. If there are only two components in the liquid, one concentrates in the condensed vapor (condensate) and the other in the residual liquid. If there are more than two components, the less volatile components concentrate in the residual liquid and the more volatile in the vapor condensate (cf. steam distillation). Distillation: The act of purifying liquids through boiling, so that the steam condenses to a pure liquid and the pollutants remain in a concentrated residue (EPA-97/12). Distilled water: The water that has been distilled for removing impurity substances. See water for more related terms.
Distributed generation: Power systems that provide electric power at or near to the customer's site rather than centrally sited generation stations. The typical system is less than 30 MW. Examples of distributed generation technologies include fuel cells, gas turbines, reciprocating engines, biomass-based generators, concentrating solar power and photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, and micro-turbines. (DOE-02/12, pl-22). Applications of distributed generation systems include (1) Peak shaving: Power costs fluctuate hour by hour depending upon demand and generation, therefore customers would select to use distributed generation during relatively high-cost on peak periods. (2) Combined heat and power (CHP) (Cogeneration): The thermal energy created while converting fuel to electricity would be utilized for heat in addition to electricity in remote areas and electricity and heat for sites that have a 24-hour thermallelectric demand. (3) Grid support: Strategic placement of distributed generation can provide system benefits and preclude the need for expensive upgrades and provide electricity in regions where small increments of new base load capacity is needed. (4) Standby power: Power during system outages is provided by a distributed generation system until service can be restored. This is used for customers that require reliable back-up power for health or safety reasons, companies with voltage-sensitive equipment, or where outage costs are unacceptably high. (5) RemoteIStand-alone: The user is isolated from the grid either by choice or circumstance. The purpose is for remote applications (oftentimes, mobile units are to supply electricity where needed). Distribution coeficient (Kd): A measure of the extent of partitioning of a substance between geologic materials (for example, soil, sediment, rock) and water (or called partition coefficient). The distribution coefficient is used in the HRS in evaluating the mobility of a substance for the groundwater migration pathway (40CFR300-App/A-91). Distribution graph (distribution hydrograph): A unit hydrograph of direct runoff modified to show the proportions of the volume of runoff that occurs during successive equal units of time (CWAhydrology-04). Distribution line: A pipeline other than a gathering or transmission line (40CFRI92.3-91). Distribution reservoir (or service reservoir): A water reservoir to support the fluctuation of water demand and for emergency needs. Distribution system: A network of pipes leading from a treatment plant to customers' plumbing systems (SDWAIReg-04).
distribution voltage to a lower consumer voltage. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03).
Distributor firing angle: The angular relationship of breaker point opening from one opening to the next in the firing sequence (40CFR85.2122(a)(lI )(ii)(B)-91). Distributor, distributor product: A registrant may distribute or sell a registered product under a distributor's name. On the label of a distributor product, the EPA Registration Number will be followed by a dash and the distributor's company number (e.g., 1253-79-500) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Distributor: (1) A device for directing the secondary current from the induction coil to the park plugs at the proper intervals and in the proper firing order (40CFR85.2122(a)(lI )(ii) (A)-91). (2) See 40CFR52.137; 80.2; 244.101 -91). District heating: A central heat generating source which supplies heat by either steam or hot water to buildings in a district. Disturbance: Any event or series of events that disrupt ecosystem, community, or population structure and alters the physical environment (EPA-97/12). Disturbed area: An area which has had its natural condition altered in the process of mining coal, preparing coal, or other mine related activities. This includes but is not limited to all areas affected by topsoil removal; road construction; construction of mine facilities; coal mining, reclamation, and preparation activities; deposition of topsoil, overburden, coal or waste materials, etc. These areas are classified as "disturbed" until said areas have been returned to approximate original contour (or postmining land use) and topsoil (where appropriate) has been replaced (EPA-82/10). Diurnal breathing losses: The evaporative emissions as a result of the daily range in temperature (40CFR86.082.2-91). Diurnal cycle: Daily variation in the photosynthesis-respiration pattern of aquatic flora resulting in a dissolved oxygen maximum during the day and a minimum at night--usually just before dawn (LBL-76107-water). Diurnal flow curve: A curve which depicts flow distribution over the 24-hour day (EPA-8211If). Diurnal peak: The highest value of air pollution in daily variations.
Distribution system: The term may be used in both water supply system or electric distribution system.
Diurnal variation: The variation throughout the day of a quantity in the earth's atmosphere. Usually applied to daily recumng processes (NATO-78110).
Distribution transformer: An element of an electric distribution system located near consumers which changes primary
Diurnal: (1) Recumng daily. Applied to variations in concentration of air contaminants, diurnal indicates variations
following a distinctive pattern and recurring from day to day (EPA-83/06). (2) Pertaining to animals active during the day (DOE-9 1/04).
Divalent: Describing an atom (e.g., metal atom) which is capable of combining with two hydrogen atoms.
Divide (or drainage divide): The boundary between one drainage basin and another; the line separating two watersheds (DOI-70104). DNA hybridization: Use of a segment of DNA, called a DNA probe, to identify its complementary DNA; used to detect specific genes (EPA-97/12).
Divergence: See convergence. Diversion (of water): The taking of water from a water body by way of a canal, pipe, or other conduit (DOI-70104). Diversion rate (recovery rate or recycling rate): (1) A measure of the amount of waste material being diverted for recycling compared with the total amount that was previously thrown away (EPA-89/11). (2) The tonnage of recyclables collected and processed into new products divided by total tonnage of municipal waste (OTA-89/10). Diversion rate: The amount of material being diverted for recycling, compared to the total amount that was previously disposed of (RCRNmanagement-04). Diversion rate: The percentage of waste materials diverted from traditional disposal such as landfilling or incineration to be recycled, composted, or re-used (EPA-97/12). Diversion: (1) Use of part of a stream flow as a water supply. (2) A channel with a supporting ridge on the lower side constructed across a slope to divert water at a non-erosive velocity to sites where it can be used or disposed of. (3) Controlled movement of a hazardous material to an area where it will produce less harm (Navy/Env-04). Diversion: (1) Use of part of a stream flow as a water supply. (2) A channel with a supporting ridge on the lower side constructed across a slope to divert water at a non-erosive velocity to sites where it can be used or disposed of (EPA-97/12). Diversion: A turning aside or alteration of the natural course of a flow of water, normally considered physically to leave the natural channel. In some states, this can be a consumptive use direct from another stream, such as by livestock watering. In othei states, a diversion must consist of such actions as taking water through a canal, pipe, or conduit (CWA~Wbasics-04). Diversion: The taking of water from a stream or other body of water into a canal, pipe, or other conduit (CWA/hydrology-04). Diversity electric: The characteristic or variety of electric loads whereby individual maximum demands usually occur at different times. Diversity among customers' loads results in diversity among the loads. See electric for more related terms (EPA-83). Diversity: The number and abundance of species in a specified location (EPA-85/09; 91/03).
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule in which the genetic information for most living cells is encoded. Viruses, too, can contain RNA (EPA-89/12). DNT (dinitrotoluene): Added as a deterrent to propellant grains; reduces burning rate (EPA-76/03). Dobson Unit (DU): A measurement of column ozone levels. If 100 DU of ozone were brought to the earth's surface, it would form a layer 1 millimeter thick. In the tropics, ozone levels are typically between 250 and 300 DU year-round. In temperate regions, seasonal variations can produce large swings in ozone levels. For instance, measurements in Leningrad have recorded ozone levels as high as 475 DU and as low as 300 DU. These variations occur even in the absence of ozone depletion, but they are well understood. Ozone depletion refers to reductions in ozone below normal levels after accounting for seasonal cycles and other natural effects. For a graphical explanation, see NASA's TOMS site (CMozone-04). Dobson unit @U): Units of ozone level measurement. measurement of ozone levels. If, for example, 100 DU of ozone were brought to the earth's surface they would form a layer 1 millimeter thick. Ozone levels vary geographically, even in the absence of ozone depletion (EPA-97/12). Doctrine of appropriation (or priority of rights): The doctrine that whoever puts water to a beneficial use may continue to take it so long as the use does not conflict with use by someone with an earlier claim to the same source: "First in time, first in right." In the seventeen western states this doctrine applies either exclusively or as a hybrid appropriation-riparian right doctrine (DOI-70104). Document glass: An ultraviolet absorbing glass used for protecting documents. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). DOD priority categories: Priorities for DERP funding determined on the basis of relative risk (site priorities) and a hierarchy of site actions (action priorities) within each site priority (Navy/Env-04). DOD: See U.S. Department of Defense (SFhealth-04). DOE Office of New Production Reactors: An organization within the Department of Energy, reporting directly to the Secretary, that implements the Department's strategy to provide new production reactor capacity on an urgent schedule for an
Dog hairs: Defect of protruding fibers (EPA-83).
Domestic sewage sludge policy: In HSWA, this policy involves: (1) Setting concentration limits for a variety of metals and organics found in municipal sludge; and (2) Applying the Toxicity Concentration Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test to domestic sludges. If the sludges fail the TCLP test, they would be managed as a RCRA hazardous waste (OSWER-87).
Doghouse: A small boxlike vestibule on a glass furnace into which the batch is fed or which facilitates the introduction and removal of floaters (EPA-83).
Domestic sewage: Untreated sanitary wastes that pass through a sewer system. See sewage for more related terms (40CFR261.491).
Doilies: The paper place mats used on food service trays in hospitals and other institutions (40CFR250.4-91).
Domestic use of water: The water used in homes and on lawns, including use for laundry, washing cars, cooling, and swimming pools. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104).
ensured supply of nuclear materials, primarily tritium, to maintain the nation's nuclear deterrent capability (DOE-91/04). DOE: See U.S. Department of Energy.
Do-it-yourselfers: Individuals who generate used oil through the maintenance of their own personal vehicles and equipment and are not wnsidered used oil generators (RCRAIhazardous-04). Dollar base: A period in time in which all costs are related. Investment costs are related by the Sewage Treatment Plant Construction Cost Index. Supply costs are related by the Industrial Commodities Wholesale Price Index (EPA-83106a). Dolomite: A mineral having the empirical, composition, 1 mole of calcium carbonate and 1 mole of magnesium carbonate (CaC03MgC03) (cf. burnt lime or limestone) (EPA-83). Dolomite: A sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of magnesium carbonate (CWAlWbasics-04). Domestic application: Pesticide application in and around houses, office buildings, motels, and other living or working areas. See residential use (EPA-97/12).
Domestic water use: Water used for household purposes, such as drinking, food preparation, bathing, washing clothes, dishes, and dogs, flushing toilets, and watering lawns and gardens. About 85% of domestic water is delivered to homes by a public-supply facility, such as a county water department. About 15% of the nation's population supply their own water, mainly from wells (CWNWsciencsO4). Domestic withdrawals: Water used for normal household purposes, such as drinking, food preparation, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, and watering lawns and gardens. The water may be obtained from a public supplier or may be self-supplied. Also called residential water use (CWNWbasics04). Dominance hierarchy: The relative positions of forcefulness. Dominant lethal mutation: One occuning in a germ cell which does not cause dysfunction of the gamete, but which is lethal to the fertilized egg or developing embryo (40CFR798.5450-91).
Domestic construction material: An unmanufactured construction material which has been mined or produced in the United States, or a manufactured construction material which has been manufactured in the United States if the cost of its wmponents which are mined, produced, or manufactured in the United States exceeds 50% of the cost of all its wmponents (40CFR35.936.13-91).
Dopant: An impurity element added to semiconductor materials used in crystal diodes and transistors (EPA-83/03).
Domestic garbage: See domestic refuse.
Dope: Slang for mold lubricant (EPA-83).
Domestic municipal or household waste: See residential waste.
Dore: Gold and silver bullion remaining in a cupelling furnace after oxidized lead is removed (EPA-83103a).
Domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem: A coliform contamination problem in a public water system with more than one service connection that is limited to the specific service connection from which the coliform-positive sample was taken (40CFR141.2-91). Domestic refuse (or domestic garbage): The solid wastes which normally originate in residential household or multifamily units. See refuse for more related terms (EPA-83).
Dominant plant: The plant species controlling the environment (CWNWbasics-04).
Dormancy: The inactive period during the development of many animals and plants (cf. diapause, estivation or hibernation). Dosageldose: (1) The actual quantity of a chemical administered to an organism or to which it is exposed. (2) The amount of a substance that reaches a specific tissue (e.g., the liver). (3) The amount of a substance available for interaction with metabolic processes after crossing the outer boundary of an organism. See
Dosageldose: The actual quantity of a chemical administered to an organism or to which it is exposed (NavyIEnv-04).
water or ppm (1 liter water weighs 1000 g). Assumption: Water consumed by an individual each day: 2 liters; Concentration of a substance present in the water: 10 ppm; and Average weight of an individual: 70 Kg (154 pounds). Solution: The daily dose of the hypothetical case: 10 x 2/70 = 0.29 gKg-day (Course 165.6).
Dosage: The time integral of the concentration of a pollutant over a sampling time (NATO-78110).
Dose rate: In exposure assessment, dose per time unit (e (EPA97/12).g. mglday), sometimes also called dosage.
Dose (for chemicals that are not radioactive): The amount of a substance to which a person is exposed over some time period. Dose is a measurement of exposure. Dose is often expressed as milligram (amount) per kilogram (a measure of body weight) per day (a measure of time) when people eat or drink contaminated water, food, or soil. In general, the greater the dose, the greater the likelihood of an effect. An "exposure dose" is how much of a substance is encountered in the environment. An "absorbed dose" is the amount of a substance that actually got into the body through the eyes, skin, stomach, intestines, or lungs (SFhealth-04).
Dose response curve: A graphical presentation of the relationship between degree of exposure to a chemical (dose) and observed biological effect or response (Course 165.6).
absorbed dose, administered dose, applied dose, potential dose (EPA-97/12).
Dose (for radioactive chemicals): The radiation dose is the amount of energy from radiation that is actually absorbed by the body. This is not the same as measurements of the amount of radiation in the environment (SFhealth-04). Dose additivity: The Agency's assumption when evaluating the joint risk of chemicals that are toxicologically similar and act at the same target site. In other words, it is assumed that each chemical behaves as a concentration or dilution of every other chemical in the CAG (or chemical mixture). The response of the combination is the response expected from the equivalent dose of an index chemical. The equivalent dose is the sum of the component doses, scaled by each chemical's toxic potency relative to the index chemical (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Dose equivalent: The product of the absorbed dose from ionizing radiation and such factors as account for biological differences due to the type of radiation and its distribution in the body (EPA97/12). Dose equivalent: The product of the absorbed dose from ionizing radiation and such factors as account for differences in biological effectiveness due to the type of radiation and its distribution in the body as specified by the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU) (40CFR141.2-91, see also 40CFR190.02-91; EPA-4/91). Dose estimate (mg/Kg-day): (1) For inhalation, dose = (concentration in air x contact rate x exposure duration x absorbed fraction)/body weight; (2) For ingestion from drinking water, dose = (concentration in water x contact rate x exposure duration x absorbed fraction)/body weight; and (3) For dermal absorption, dose = (concentration in soil or water x contact rate x exposure duration x exposed area x absorbed fraction)/body weight. Example: Determine an individual's intake daily dose. Data: The concentration of intake amounts is usually expressed as mgfliter-
Dose response curve: Graphical representation of the relationship between the dose of a stressor and the biological response thereto (EPA-97/12). Dose response relationship: (1) A relationship between the amount of an agent (either administered, absorbed, or believed to be effective) and changes in certain aspects of the biological system (usually toxic effects), apparently in response to that agent (EPA-92/12). (2) The quantitative relationship between the amount of exposure to a substance and the extent of toxic injury or disease produced (EPA-97/12). Dose response: (1) The relationship between the dose and the proportion of a population sample showing a defined effect (40CFR798.1100-91, see also 40CFR798.1175; 798.1 150-91). (2) Dose response is a quantitative relationship between the dose of a chemical and an effect caused by the chemical. In general, a given amount of a toxic agent will elicit a given type and intensity of response. The dose response relationship is a fundamental concept in toxicology and the basis for measurement of the relative harmhlness of a chemical. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) defines a number of general dose response terms in the "Registry of Toxic Substances, 1983, p. xxxii" (Course 165.5). Dose response: How a biological organism's response to a toxic substance quantitatively shifts as its overall exposure to the substance changes (e.g., a small dose of carbon monoxide may cause drowsiness; a large dose can be fatal) (NavyJEnv-04). Dose response: How an organism's response to a toxic substance changes as its overall exposure to the substance changes. For example, a small dose of carbon monoxide may cause drowsiness; a large dose can be fatal (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Dose response: Shifts in toxicological responses of an individual (such as alterations in severity) or populations (such as alterations in incidence) that are related to changes in the dose of any given substance (EPA-97/12). Dose response: For more related terms, see (1) Infectious dose 50; (2) Infective dose; (3) Lethal concentration; (4) Lethal concentration fifty (LC50); (5) Lethal concentration low (LC LO);
(6) Lethal dose (LD); (7) Lethal dose fifty (LD50); (8) Lethal dose low (LD LO); (9) Lethal dose zero (LD 0); (10) Toxic concentration low; and (11) Toxic dose low.
Dose: (1) The amount of test substance administered. Dose is expressed as weight of test substance (g, mg) per unit weight of test animal (e.g., mgkg), or as weight of test substance per unit weight of food or drinking water (40CFR795.260-91, see also 40CFR798.1100; 798.1 175; 798.4900; 798.2250; 798.2450; 798.2650; 798.2675-91). (2) The energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation. The unit of absorbed dose is the rad, which is equal to 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material in any medium (cf. reference dose) (DOE-91104). Dose: In radiology, the quantity of energy or radiation absorbed (EPA-89/12). Dose: In terms of monitoring exposure levels, the amount of a toxic substance taken into the body over a given period of time (FFDCNpesticide-04). Dose: The amount of actual exposure relative to the amount of allowable exposure, and for which 100% and above represents exposures that are hazardous. The noise dose is calculated according to the following formula: D = (ClIT1 + C2/T2 +--------+ CnITn) H 100 where Cn = total time of exposure at a specified noise level Tn = exposure time at which noise for this level becomes hazardous (NCNsound-04). Dose: The measured quantity of a pesticide. Often the size of the dose determines the degree of effectiveness, or, in the case of poisoning of nontarget organisms, the degree of injury (FIFRAIWN-04). Dose: The quantity of a chemical to which an individual is exposed over a given period (TSCNchemical-04). Dose: For more related terms, see: (1) Absorbed dose; (2) Maximum tolerated dose (MTD); (3) Reference dose; (4) Risk specific dose; and (5) Threshold dose. Dosemeter: See dosimeter. Dose-response assessment: (1) Estimating the potency of a chemical. (2) In exposure assessment, the process of determining the relationship between the dose of a stressor and a specific biological response. (3) Evaluating the quantitative relationship between dose and toxicological responses (EPA-97/12). Dose-response relationship: The quantitative relationship between the amount of exposure to a substance and the extent of toxic injury or disease produced (NavyIEnv-04). Dose-response relationship: The relationship between the amount of exposure (dose) to a substance and the resulting changes in body function or health (response) (SFthealth-04).
Dosimeter (or dosemeter): An instrument that measures exposure to radiation (EPA-89/12). Dosimeter: An instrument to measure dosage; many so-called dosimeters actually measure exposure rather than dosage. Dosimetry is the process or technology of measuring and/or estimating dosage (EPA-97/12). Dosimetry processor: An individual or an organization that processes and evaluates personnel monitoring equipment in order to determine the radiation dose delivered to the equipment (10CFR20.3-91). Dosing tank: A sewage tank in which effluent is collected until there is enough in it to operate the next treatment process. Dosing tanks may have multiple dosing tanks for alternate applications. See tank for more related terms. DOT reportable quantity: The quantity of a substance specified in U.S. Department of Transportation regulation that triggers labelling, packaging, and other requirements related to shipping such substances (EPA-97/12). DOT: See U.S. Department of Transportation. Double base propellant: A propellant containing two energygiving ingredients; nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin (EPA-76/03). Double base: A propellant which is made from two explosive substances, e.g., nitroceullulose, gelatinized with nitroglycerin (EPA-76/03). Double block and bleed system: Two block valves connected in series with a bleed valve or line that can vent the line between the two block valves (40CFR60.481; 61.241 ; 264.1031-91). Double bond: Two atoms which share two pairs of electrons. See chemical bond for more related terms. Double column rectifier: A system of fractional distillation employed in the air-separation process to effectively separate compressed, purified air into liquefied components of nitrogen and oxygen (EPA-77/07). Double composite liner: A landfill liner system that uses synthetic and natural soil liners to prevent groundwater contamination. Two liners of each type are used, and each liner has several layers. See composite liner (RCRA/management-04). Double effect evaporators: Double effect evaporators are two evaporators in series where the vapors from one are used to boil liquid in the other (EPA-8711Oa). Double washlrinse: A minimum requirement to cleanse solid surfaces (both impervious and nonimpervious) two times with an
appropriate solvent or other material in which PCBs are at least 5% soluble (by weight). A volume of PCB-& fluid sufficient to cover the contaminated surface completely must be used in each washlrinse. The washlrinse requirement does not mean the mere spreading of solvent or other fluid over the surface, nor does the requirement mean a once-over wipe with a soaked cloth. Precautions must be taken to contain any runoff to dispose properly of wastes generated during the cleaning (40CFR761.12391).
Double-liner system: A system in which two liners are used in a landfill to protect against groundwater contamination. The liners may by either synthetic or natural, and may be composed of several layers each (RCRNmanagement-04). Double-mass curve: A plot on arithmetic cross-section paper of the cumulated values of one variable against the cumulated values of another or against the computed values of the same variable for a concurrent period of time (CWAIhydrology-04). Down draught: The capturing of a plume by the downward air motions behind buildings or other structures. The plume reaches ground level prematurely, which results in high concentrations there (NATO-78110). Down gradient: The direction that groundwater flows; similar to "downstream" for surface water (EPA-97/12). Down pass: A chamber or gas passage placed between two combustion chambers to carry the products of combustion downward (SW-108ts). Downstream processor: Industries dependent on crop production (e.g., canneries and food processors) (EPA-97/12). Downwash: The downward from a point of reference toward which the wind is blowing (NATO-78/10). DP hole: Hole in the ground made with DP equipment. See direct push (EPA-97/12). DPD (n,n-diethyl-paraphenylenediamine): An agent for testing the residual chlorine in drinking water. DPN ((diphosphopyridine nucleotide), or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD]): A coenzyme necessary for the alcoholic fermentation of glucose (LBL76107-water). Draft controller: An automatic device that maintains a uniform furnace draft by regulating a damper (SW-108ts). Draft equipment: Equipment for generating draft gas flow in a combustion system. Draft permit: (1) A document prepared under 40CFR124.6 indicating the Director's tentative decision to issue or deny,
modify, revoke and reissue, terminate, or reissue a permit. A notice of intent to terminate a permit, and a notice of intent to deny a permit, as discussed in 40CFR124.5, are types of draft permits. A denial of a request for modification, revocation and reissuance, or termination, as discussed in 40CFR124.5, is not a draft permit. A proposed permit is not a draft permit. See permit for more related terms (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR124.2; 124.41; 144.3; 270.2-91). (2) A preliminary permit drafted and published by EPA; subject to public review and comment before final action on the application (EPA-97/12).
Draft permit: A document prepared under 40CFR124.6 indicating the Director's tentative decision to issue, deny, modify, revoke and reissue, terminate, or reissue a permit. A notice of intent to terminate a permit, and a notice of intent to deny a permit application, as discussed in 40CFR124.5, are considered draft permits. A denial of a request for modification, revocation and reissuance, or termination, as discussed in 40CFR124.5, is not a draft permit (CWAIwastewater-04). Draft permit: A preliminary permit drafted and published by EPA; subject to public review and comment before final action on the application (NavyIEnv-04). Draft regulator: An automatic control device that is used to maintain a desired value of pressure (draft) in process equipment. Draft: (1) A gas flow resulting from pressure difference, e.g., the pressure difference between an incinerator and the atmosphere moves the products of combustion from the incinerator to the atmosphere (EPA-89103b). (2) (a) The act of drawing or removing water from a tank or reservoir. (b) The water which is drawn or removed (EPA-97/12). Draft: For more related terms, see (1) Forced draft; (2) Induced draft; (3) Natural draft; and (4) Balanced draft. Drag coefficient: (1) A coefficient used to calculate the drag force on a particle (EPA-84/09). (2) For an atmospheric boundary layer, a dimensionless number equal to the ratio of the square of the friction velocity to the square of the wind speed at a given height (NATO-78110). Drag conveyer: A conveyer that uses vertical steel plates fastened between two continuous chains to drag material across a smooth surface. See conveyer for more related terms (SW-108ts). Drag force: The force a particle experiences whenever there is relative motion between the particle and gas stream. It is a resistive force (EPA-84/09). Drag in: Water or solution carried into another solution by a workpiece such as a film and the associated handling equipment (EPA-83106a).
Drag out reduction: Minimization of the amount of materials (bath or solution) removed from a process tank by adhering to the part or its transfer device (EPA-83106a). Drag out: (1) The solution that adheres to the objects removed from a bath, more precisely defined as that solution which is carried past the edge of the tank (EPA-83106a). (2) Loss of process chemicals and solution onto products during processing which are made up by periodic fresh addition of chemicals and solution (EPA-82/11). Drag plate: A plate beneath a traveling or chain-grate stoker used to support the returning grates (SW- 108ts). Drag: (1) A normalized value for pressure drop which is obtained by dividing pressure drop by the gas velocity. This parameter allows comparison of one dustkilter medium to another on a common basis and at various times during the filtration cycle. (2) The lower half of a two-piece sand mold (EPA-85110a). Dragline: (1) A piece of excavating equipment which employs a cable-hung bucket to remove overburden (EPA-82/10). (2) A revolving shovel that carries a bucket attached only by cables and digs by pulling the bucket toward itself (SW-108ts). Dragline: A large excavation machine used in surface mining to remove overburden (layers of rock and soil) covering a coal seam. The dragline casts a wire rope-hung bucket a considerable distance, collects the dug material by pulling the bucket toward itself on the ground with a second wire rope (or chain), elevates the bucket, and dumps the material on a spoil bank, in a hopper, or on a pile (CWNmining-04). Dragline: A mobile crane that carries a bucket attached only by cables and digs and loads material by pulling the bucket toward itself (EPA-83). Drain: (1) To carry away or to empty liquid from a liquid source. (2) Withdrawal of electric current from a fuel cell or a battery. Drainage area: The drainage area of a stream at a specified location is that area, measured in a horizontal plane, which is enclosed by a drainage divide (CWAIWbasics-04). Drainage basin: A part of the surface of the earth that is occupied by a drainage system, which consists of a surface stream or a body of impounded surface water together with all tributary surface streams and bodies of impounded surface water (CWAhydrology04). Drainage basin: Land area where precipitation runs off into streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. It is a land feature that can be identified by tracing a line along the highest elevations between two areas on a map, often a ridge. Large drainage basins, like the area that drains into the Mississippi River, contain thousands of
smaller drainage basins. (CWA/Wscience-04).
Also
called
a
"watershed"
Drainage basin: The area of land that drains water, sediment, and dissolved materials to a common outlet at some point along a stream channel (EPA-97/12). Drainage basin: The land area drained by a river or stream (CWNWbasics-04). Drainage basin: The portion of the surface of the earth that contributes water to a stream through overland run-off, including tributaries and impoundments (CWNWquality-04). Drainage density: Length of all channels above those of a specified stream order per unit of drainage area (CWAhydrology04). Drainage divide: Boundary between adjoining drainage basins (CWNWbasics-04). Drainage divide: The rim of a drainage basin (CWAhydrology04). Drainage phase: A period in which the excess plating solution adhering to the part or workpiece is allowed to drain off (EPA83106a). Drainage water: The incidental surface waters from diverse sources such as rainfall, snow melt, or permafrost melt. See water for more related terms (40CFR440.141-9 1). Drainage well: A well drilled to carry excess water off agricultural fields. Because they act as a funnel from the surface to the groundwater below. Drainage wells can contribute to groundwater pollution (EPA-97/12). Drainage: (1) A device, e.g., a channel or a pipe, to carry away or to empty liquid from a liquid source. (2) Improving the productivity of some agricultural land by removing excess water from the soil by such means as ditches or subsurface drainage tiles (EPA-97/12). Drainage: The process of removing surplus ground or surface water either by artificial means or by gravity flow (CWNmining-
'w. Draught: Draught-related terms include (1) Forced draught and (2) Induced draught. Draw slate: A soft slate, shale, or rock from approximately 1 cm to 10 cm thick and located immediately above certain coal seams, which falls quite easily when the coal support is withdrawn (CWNmining-04).
Draw: A tributary valley or stream that usually discharges water only after a rainstorm (DOI-70104). Drawdown: (1) The drop in the water table or level of water in the ground when water is being pumped from a well. (2) The amount of water used from a tank or reservoir. (3) The drop in the water level of a tank or reservoir (EPA-97/12). Drawdown: A lowering of the groundwater surface caused by pumping (CWAIWscience-04). Drawdown: The difference between the water level in a well before pumping and the water level in the well during pumping. Also, for flowing wells, the reduction of the pressure head as a result of the discharge of water (CWNWbasics-04). Drawdown: The lowering of the water level in a well and in the adjacent water table as a result of withdrawal by pumping; a drop in the water level of a reservoir (DOI-70104). Drawing compound: Oils, waxes, or greases added to facilitate stamping and forming of metal (EPA-82111e). Drawing: The process of pulling a metal through a die or succession of dies to reduce the metal's diameter or alter its crosssectional shape (40CFR471.02-91, see also 40CFR467.02; 468.02-91). Dredge: (1) A self-contained combination of an elevating excavator (e.g., bucket line dredge), the beneficiation or goldconcentrating plant, and a tailings disposal plant, all mounted on a floating barge (40CFR440.141-91). (2) In mining, a large floating device for underwater excavation of materials using either a chain of buckets, suction pumps, or other devices to elevate and wash alluvial deposits and gravel for gold, tin, platinum, heavy minerals, etc. (EPA-82/05). (3) cf. suction dredge. Dredged material permit: A permit issued by the Corps of Engineers under section 103 of the Act (see 33CFR209.120) and any federal projects reviewed under section 103(e) of the Act. (See 33CFR209.145) (4OCFR220.2-91). Dredged material: The material that is excavated or dredged from waters of the United States (40CFR232.2-91). Dredging: Removal of mud from the bottom of water bodies. This can disturb the eoosystem and causes silting that kills aquatic life. Dredging of contaminated muds can expose biota to heavy metals and other toxics. Dredging activities may be subject to regulation under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (EPA-97/12). Dregs washer: A piece of equipment used to wash the green liquor (Na2C03)off the dregs prior to their disposal (EPA-87/10). Dregs: The inert rejects from the green liquor clarifier of a pulp mill (EPA-87/10).
Dressing: In mining, originally referred to the pickling, sorting, and washing of ores preparatory to reduction. The term now includes more elaborate processes of milling and concentration of ores (EPA-82/05). Drier: A composition which accelerates the drying of oil, paint, printing ink, or varnish. Driers are available in both solid and liquid forms (EPA-79112b). Drift loss: Water lost from a cooling water system due to the carry out of water drops or vapors by the rising cooling air stream. Drift mine: An underground coal mine in which the entry or access is above water level and generally on the slope of a hill, driven horizontally into a coal seam (CWNmining-04). Drift mining: A term applied to working alluvial deposits by underground methods of mining. The paystreak is reached through an adit or a shallow shaft. Wheelbarrows or small cars may be used for transporting the gravel to a sluice on the surface (EPA82/05). Drift organism: The benthic organisms temporarily suspended in the water and carried downstream by the current (DOD-78/01). Drift velocity (or particle migration velocity): Once a particle is charged in an electrostatic precipitator, the particle will migrate toward the collection electrode with a certain drift velocity. It represents the collectability of the particles within the confines of an electrostatic precipitator (EPA-84/09). Drift: (1) In sampling, it means deviation. (2) In cooling tower, entrained water camed from a cooling device by the exhaust air. Also known as carry-over (EPA-82/11f; Gurney-66). (3) In mining, a deep mine entry driven directly into a horizontal or near horizontal mineral seam or vein when it outcrops or is exposed at the ground surface (EPA-82/10). Drift: A horizontal passage underground. A drift follows the vein, as distinguished from a crosscut that intersects it, or a level or gallery, which may do either (CWNmining-04). Drift: For more related terms, see (1) Calibration drift; (2) Calibration drift test period; (3) Span drift; and (4) Zero drift. Drill: A machine utilizing rotation, percussion (hammering), or a combination of both to make holes. If the hole is much over 0.4m in diameter, the machine is called a borer (CWNmining-04). Driller's log: The driller's record of material drilled through in the process of drilling a well (NavyIEnv-04). Drilling and production facility: All drilling and servicing equipment, wells, flow lines, separators, equipment, gathering lines, and auxiliary nontransportation-related equipment used in
the production of petroleum, but does not include natural gasoline plants (40CFR60.111-91).
Drilling fluid: Fluid used to lubricate the bit and convey drill cuttings to the surface with rotary drilling equipment. Usually composed of bentonite slurry or muddy water. Can become contaminated, leading to cross contamination, and may require special disposal. Not used with DP methods (EPA-97/12). Drilling mud: A heavy suspension used in drilling an injection well, introduced down the drill pipe and through the drill bit (40CFR144.3-91). Drilling: Making a hole with a rotary end-cutting tool having one or more cutting lips and one or more helical or straight flutes or tubes for the ejection of chips and the passage of a cutting fluid (EPA-83106a).
Drinking water supply: As defined by section 101(7) of CERCLA, any raw or finished water source that is or may be used by a public water system as defined in the Safe Drinking Water Act, or as drinking water by one or more individuals (Navy/Env04). Drinking water: See potable water. Drinking water standard or guideline: A threshold concentration for a constituent or compound in a public drinking water supply, designed to protect human health. As defined here, standards are U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations that specify the maximum contamination levels for public water systems required to protect the public welfare; guidelines have no regulatory status and are issued in an advisory capacity (CWAIWbasics-04).
Drilling: For more related terms, see (1) Center drilling; (2) Core drilling; (3) Spade drilling; (4) Step drilling; (5) Gun drilling; and (6) Oil hole or pressurized coolant drilling.
Drinking water standard or guideline: A threshold concentration in a public drinking water supply, designed to protect human health. As defined here, standards are U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations that specify the maximum contamination levels for public water systems required to protect the public welfare; guidelines have no regulatory status and are issued in an advisory capacity (CWMquality-04).
Drinking water equivalent level (DWEL): Estimated exposure (in mg/L) which is interpreted to be protective for noncarcinogenic endpoints of toxicity over a lifetime of exposure. DWEL was developed for chemicals that have a significant carcinogenic potential (Group B) (SDWNeducation-04).
Drip irrigation: An imgation system in which water is applied directly to the root zone of plants by means of applicators (orifices, emitters, porous tubing, or perforated pipe) operated under low pressure. The applicators can be placed on or below the surface of the ground or can be suspended from supports (CWAtWbasics-04).
Drinking water equivalent level: Protective level of exposure related to potentially non-carcinogenic effects of chemicals that are also known to cause cancer (EPA-97/12).
Drip pad: An engineered structure consisting of a curbed, freedraining base, constructed of non-earthen materials and designed to convey preservative kick-back or drippage from treated wood, precipitation, and surface water run-on to an associated collection system at wood preserving plants (40CFR260.10-91).
Drilling: The use of such a machine to create holes for exploration or for loading with explosives (CWNmining-04).
Drinking water. standard (DWS): Concentration limits for certain elements and pollutants that may occur in drinking water; established by the Safe Drinking Water Act (NavyEnv-04). Drinking water standards: Standards are in terms of suspended matter, excess salts, unpleasant taste, and all harmful microbes. Specific standards are enforced by state regulations. Drinking water state revolving fund: The Fund provides capitalization grants to states to develop drinking water revolving loan funds to help finance system infrastructure improvements, assure source-water protection, enhance operation and management of drinking water systems, and otherwise promote local water-system compliance and protection of public health (EPA-97/12). Drinking water supply: Any raw or finished water source that is or may be used by a public water system (as defined in the Safe Drinking Water Act) or as drinking water by one or more individuals (SF101, see also 40CFR300.5-91).
Drip pad: Engineering structures consisting of a curbed, freedraining base, constructed of nonearthen materials, and designed to convey wood preservative chemical drippage from treated wood, precipitation, and surface water run-on to an associated collection system at wood-preserving plants (RCRA/hazardous-04). Drip time: The period during which a part is suspended over baths in order to allow the excessive dragout to drain off (EPA83106a). Drive casing: Heavy duty steel casing driven along with the sampling tool in cased DP systems. Keeps the hole open between sampling runs and is not removed until last sample has been collected (EPA-97/12). Drive point profiler: An exposed groundwater DP system used to collect multiple depth-discrete groundwater samples. Ports in the tip of the probe connect to an internal stainless steel or teflon tube that extends to the surface. Samples are collected via suction or
airlift methods. Deionized water is pumped down through the ports to prevent plugging while driving the tool to the next sampling depth (EPA-97/12).
Drive roller: In constructing a landfill liner, a knurled or rubber roller which grips the FML (flexible membrane liner) sheets via applied pressure and propel the seaming device at a controlled rate of travel (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). Drive system: Is determined by the number and location of drive axles (e.g., front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, four-wheel drive) and any other feature of the drive system if the Administrator determines that such other features may result in a fuel economy difference (40CFR600.002.85-91). Drive train configuration: The unique combination of engine code, transmission configuration, and mile ratio (40CFR86.082.291). Driving cycle (or driving mode): A standardized simulation of a real driving situation in order to establish vehicle emission factors (NATO-78110). Driving mode: See driving cycle. Drop arch: Any vertical refractory wall supported by arch construction (EPA-83).
Dross reverberatory furnace: A furnace used for the removal or refining of impurities from lead bullion. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.181-91). Dross: (1) Residues generated during the processing of molten metals or metal alloys by oxidation in air (EPA-76/12). (2) Oxidized impurities occumng on the surface of molten metal (EPA-83103a). Drought: A period of deficient precipitation or runoff extending over an indefinite number of days, but with no set standard by which to determine the amount of deficiency needed to constitute a drought. Thus, there is no universally accepted quantitative definition of drought; generally, each investigator establishes his own definition. The following paragraph (Hoyt, 1936, p. 2) discusses the problem of defining a drought: When in an area that is ordinarily classed as humid, natural vegetation becomes desiccated or defoliates unseasonably and crops fail to mature owing to lack of precipitation, or when precipitation is insufficient to meet the needs of established human activities, drought conditions may be said to prevail. Although water for irrigation or other uses in arid areas is always limited, special shortages in such areas are also regarded as droughts. Unsatisfactory distribution of precipitation throughout the year may be as effective a factor in causing a drought as a shortage in the total amount. Temperature and wind may also play an important part, especially in relation to the damage done (CWAhydrology-04).
Drop manhole: See manhole. Drop off center: A method of collecting recyclable or compostible materials in which the materials are taken by individuals to collection sites and deposited into designated containers (EPA-89/11). Drop off: (1) The transport of individual MSW (municipal solid waste) (e.g., newspaper, cans, and bottles) by individuals to a specified area for subsequent processing (OTA-89/10). (2) Recyclable materials collection method in which individuals bring them to a designated collection site (EPA-97/12). Droplet: A small liquid particle of such size and density as to fall under still conditions, but which may remain suspended under turbulent conditions (EPA-83/06). Drop-off collection: A method of collecting recyclable or compostable materials in which the materials are taken by individuals to collection sites, where they deposit the materials into designated containers (RCRAImanagement-04). Drop-off: A method of collecting recyclable materials where individuals transport the materials to a designated collection site (RCRAImunicipal-04). Drop-off: Recyclable materials collection method in which individuals bring them to a designated collection site (EPA-97/12).
Drought: A prolonged period of less-than-normal precipitation such that the lack of water causes a serious hydrologic imbalance (CWA/Wbasics-04). Drug abuse: (1) The use of any drug or substance listed by the Department of Justice in 21CFR1308.11, under authority of the Controlled Substances Act, 21U.S.C.801, as a controlled substance unavailable for prescription because: (a) The drug or substance has a high potential for abuse, (b) The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, (c) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision. (2) The misuse of any drug or substance listed by the Department of Justice in 21CFR1308.12-1308.15 under authority of the Controlled Substances Act as a controlled substance available for prescription (40CFR7.25-91). Drug dependent person: A person who is using a controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act) and who is in a state of psychic or physical dependence, or both, arising from the use of that substance on a continuous basis. Drug dependence is characterized by behavioral and other responses which include a strong compulsion to take the substance on a continuous basis in order to experience its psychic effects or to avoid the discomfort caused by its absence (PHSA2-q).
Drug-free workplace: A site for the performance of work done in connection with a specific grant at which employees of the grantee are prohibited -from engaging in the unlawful manufacture, distribution, dispensing, possession, or use of a controlled substance (40CFR32.605-91). Drug: Shall have the meanings contained in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21U.S.C.321 et seq., and the regulations issued under it (40CFR710.2; 720.3-91). Drum brake lining: Any asbestos-containing product intended for use as a friction material in drum brake systems for vehicles rated at less than 26,001 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) (40CFR763.163-91). Drum mill: A long, inclined steel drum that rotates and grinds solid wastes in its rough interior. Smaller ground materials fall through holes near the end of the drum and larger materials drop out of the end. The dnun mill is used in some composting operations (SW-108ts). Drum: A 55-gallon drum is a standard size industrial barrel used for storing and transporting raw materials, products, and wastes. One (1) 55-gallon drum = 7.3524 cubic feet = 0.20820 cubic meters. Drum: A container (typically, but not necessarily, holding 55 gallons of liquid) which may be used to store hazardous substances and petroleum products (USDNwater-04). Dry air: Air containing no water vapor. See air for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Dry ash free basis: Analytical data calculated to a theoretical base of no moisture or ash associated with the sample. Numerical values (air dry loss, residual moisture, and ash content) are used for converting the as determined data to a moisture and ash-free basis. See analytical parameters--fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Dry basis: Analytical data calculated to a theoretical base of no moisture associated with the sample. The numerical value (residual moisture value) is used for converting the as determined data to a dry basis. See analytical parameters--fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Dry bottom furnace: A furnace in which the ash leaves the boiler bottom as a solid (as opposed to a molten slag). See furnace for more related terms (EPA-82111f). Dry bulb temperature: The temperature measured by a thermometer whose bulb (mercury holder at the bottom of a thermometer) is dry (exposed to air). It is the temperature indicated by an ordinary thermometer placed in the mixture. See temperature for more related terms (EPA-89103b).
Dry cell or immobilized electrolyte: A fuel cell in which a dry electrolyte is used, being either in the form of a paste or gel or absorbed in a microporous separator material. Dry charge process: A process for the manufacture of lead acid storage batteries in which the plates are charged by electrolysis in sulfuric acid, rinsed, and drained or dried prior to shipment of the battery. Charging of the plates usually occurs in separate containers before assembly of the battery but may be accomplished in the battery case. Batteries produced by the dry charge process are shipped without acid electrolyte. Also referred to as dehydrated plate or dehydrated batteries (EPA-84/08). Dry cleaning operation: That process by which an organic solvent is used in the commercial cleaning of garments and other fabric materials (40CFR52.1088-91, see also 40CFR52.1107; 52.2440-91). Dry cooling tower (or dry tower): (1) A cooling tower in which the fluid to be cooled flows within a closed system which transfers heat to the environment using finned or extended surfaces (EPA8211If). (2) Similar to a regular cooling tower, except that when water is circulating through cooling tubes, it does not evaporate. Dry criticality: Nuclear reactor's criticality is reached without applying coolant. Dry dam: A retarding structure in the headwater area of a stream, designed for flash flood control, no permanent storage of water is involved, and the area can be farmed or grazed between flood periods. See dam for more related terms (DOI-70104). Dry electrolytic capacitor: An electrolytic capacitor with a paste rather than liquid electrolyte (EPA-83/03). Dry electrostatic precipitator (ESP): A process by which particles suspended in a gas flow are electrically charged and separated (attracted to a collecting electrode of an opposite charge) from the gas stream under the influence of an electrostatic field in the order of 40,000-100,000 volts. See electrostatic precipitator for more related terms (EPA-84/09). Dry farming: A method of farming without irrigation in an area of limited rainfall, the land being treated so as to conserve the moisture it contains (DOI-70104). Dry flue gas desulfurization technology: A sulfur dioxide control system that is located downstream of the steam generating unit and removes sulfur oxides from the combustion gases of the steam generating unit by contacting the combustion gases with an alkaline slurry or solution and forming a dry powder material. This definition includes devices where the dry powder material is subsequently converted to another form. Alkaline slurries or solutions used in dry flue gas desulfurization technology include but are not limited to lime and sodium (40CFR60.41b-91, see also 40CFR60.41C-91).
Dry gas: Gas containing no water vapor Dry impingement: The process or impingement carried out so that gases or particulate matter carried in the gas stream is retained upon the surface against which the stream is directed. The collecting surface may be treated with a film of adhesive. See impingement for more related terms (LBL-76107-air). Dry injection adsorption system: Major components of a dry injection system include (1) Dry sorbent storage tank. (2) Blower and pneumatic line for transfer of the sorbent. (3) Injector. (4) Particulate control device (fabric filter or ESP) for collection of the dry sorbent. (5) Expansion or reaction chamber (optional). In some cases, the expansion/reaction chamber is not included. Dry injection adsorption system: One of air pollution control devices. This type of scrubber uses finely divided calcium hydroxide for the adsorption of acid gases. The reagent feed has particle sizes with 90% by weight solids through 325 mesh screens. The calcium hydroxide is injected counter currently in the gas stream. The gas stream containing the entrained calcium hydroxide particles and fly ash is then vented to fabric filter. Adsorption of acid gases and organic compounds (if present) occurs primarily while the gas stream passes the dust cake on the surface of the filter bags. The calcium hydroxide feed rate for dry injection is three to four times the stoichiometricquantities needed, thus making the system unattractive for very large systems. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA-89/02).
cement manufacturing process in which the feed material enters the kiln system in dry powdered form. See process for more related terms (ETI-92). Dry saturated steam: See dry steam. Dry scrubber: One of air pollution control devices. A dry scrubber utilizes absorption and adsorption for the removal of acid gases, primarily hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and other acid gases. The scrubbers can be grouped into three major categories. The main differences between the various systems are the physical form of the alkaline reagent and the design of the vessel used for contacting the acid gas laden stream. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA-89/02; 89103b). Dry scrubbing: The removal of sulfur dioxide (S02) and toxics by using lime and minimal amounts of water to provide humidification (CANAPC-04). Dry sorption process: A process that involves contacting the gas stream with a solid phase that can remove one or more of the gaseous contaminants (EPA-81/09). Dry steam (or dry saturated steam): (1) Steam, a mixture of vapor and liquid, at the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure and containing no water in suspension, i.e., the liquid component is zero and the quality is 100%. (2) Steam containing no condensed moisture. (3) See steam for more related terms. Dry tower: See dry cooling tower.
Dry injection: The injection of a dry reagent such as lime powder into an incinerator or the original waste to aid in the control of acid gas emission during incineration (OTA-89/10). Dry lake: The site of a former lake, which needs not be literally dry, but may support marsh or even aquatic vegetation. See lake for more related terms (DOI-70104). Dry limestone process: A method of controlling air pollution caused by sulfur oxides. The polluted gases are exposed to limestone which combines with oxides of sulfur to form manageable residues (EPA-74/11). Dry lot: A confinement facility for growing ducks in confinement with a dry litter floor cover and no access to swimming areas (40CFR412.21-91). Dry nitrogen: The nitrogen which has been purified by removal of water vapor. See nitrogen for more related terms (EPA-88/12). Dry oxygen: The oxygen measured at the dry condition (without water vapor) (cf. combustion correction factor). See oxygen for more related terms. Dry process: (1) Processes which handle or process solid waste directly as received without the addition of water (EPA-83). (2) A
Dry transformer: A transformer having the core and coils neither impregnated with an insulating fluid nor immersed in an insulating oil. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Dry weather flow: The rate at which wastewater flows through sewage treatment plants during periods when no storm runoff enters the sewers. See flow for more related terms (DOI-70104). Dry weight: The weight of a sample based on percent solids. The weight after drying in an oven (Navy/Env-04). Dry well: A dry compartment of a pump structure at or below pumping level where pumps are located. See well for more related terms (EPA-8211If). Dry well: Underground areas where soil has been removed and replaced with pea gravel, coarse sand, or large rocks. Dry wells are used for drainage, to control storm runoff, for the collection of spilled liquids (intentional and non-intentional), and wastewater disposal (often illegal) (USDNwater-04). Dryer felt: Continuous blanket, generally made from cotton and asbestos, that holds the wet sheet of paper against the dryer rolls of the paper machine (EPA-83).
Dryer scum: A deposit of soluble salts present in the clay and carried to the surface by the water as it escapes during drying (EPA-83).
pesticide products with zero wastewater discharge (primary significance) and which lack adequate monitoring data to recommend regulation in other pesticide processes (secondary significance) (EPA-85/10).
Dryer: (1) Any facility in which a copper sulfide ore concentrate charge is heated in the presence of air to eliminate a portion of the moisture from the charge, provided less than 5% of the sulfur contained in the charge is eliminated in the facility (40CFR60.161-91). (2) A unit in which the moisture content of phosphate rock is reduced by contact with a heated gas stream (40CFR60.401-91, see also 40CFR60.621-91).
Duct burner: A device that combusts fuel and that is placed in the exhaust duct from another source (such as a stationary gas turbine, internal combustion engine, kiln) to allow the firing of additional fuel to heat the exhaust gases before the exhaust gases enter a steam generating unit. See burner for more related terms (40CFR60.41c-91, see also 40CFR60.4 1b-91).
Drying agent: An agent which is capable of absorbing water vapors from other substances.
Duct work: Any enclosed channel(s) which directs the movement of air or other gas (EPA-88/08).
Drying area: The area where VOC from applied cement or green tire sprays is allowed to evaporate (40CFR60.541-91).
Duct: A conduit, usually metal or fiberglass, round or rectangular in cross section, used for conveyance of air (OME-88/12).
Drying bed: In wastewater treatment, an area for dewatering of sludge by evaporation and seepage (EPA-83/03).
Ductile iron: A cast iron that has been treated while molten with a master alloy containing an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherules, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal (40CFR464.3 1-91).
Drying hearth: A surface within the primary combustion chamber upon which wet waste materials are deposited for drying, prior to burning. See hearth for more related terms (EPA-83). Drying oil: An oil which readily takes oxygen from the air and changes it to a relatively hard, tough, elastic substance, when exposed, to form a thin, dry film. Drying oils also act as binders for pigments used in coatings. See oil for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Drying oven: A chamber in which heat is used to bake, cure, polymerize, or dry a surface coating (40CFR60.711-91, see also 40CFR60.741-91). Dual detector: See GCIDD. Dual media filtration: A deep-bed filtration system utilizing two separate and discrete layers of dissimilar media (e.g., anthracite and sand) placed one on top of the other to perform the filtration function. See filtration for more related terms (EPA-87110a). Dual media: A deep-bed filtration system utilizing two separate and discrete layers of dissimilar media (e.g., anthracite and sand) placed one on top of the other to perform the filtration function (EPA-76/03). Dual nickel plate: Two layers of nickel electroplate with different properties to enhance corrosion resistance and appearance under chromium electroplate. Requires two different nickel plating baths (EPA-74103d). Dual significance: The classification of priority pollutants which are: (1) Manufactured pesticide products (primary significance) and are controlled by monitoring other pollutants of primary significance (secondary significance); or (2) Manufactured
Due diligence: The process of inquiring into the environmental characteristics or other conditions of a parcel of commercial real estate, usually in connection with a commercial real estate transaction. The degree and kind of due diligence vary for different properties and differing purposes (USDNwater-04). Dulong's formula: A formula for calculating the approximate heating value of a solid fuel based on its ultimate analysis (SW108ts). The formula is: Q = 14544(C) + 62028(H) - 7753.3(0) + 4050(S), Q is the heating value of the mixture; C, H, 0 , and S are ultimate analysis (% by weight) of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur respectively. Dummy variable: A symbol representing the statistical encoding of a qualitative value (EPA-79112~).Encoding means to transfer words into numbers, e.g., in a "0" and "1" system, "0" can be assigned as no, negative, or failure events; while "1" can be assigned as yes, positive, or successful events. See variable for more related terms. Dummy: A bag filled with sand, clay, etc., used for stemming a charged hole (CWNmining-04). Dump (open dump, open dumping, or surface dump): (1) A land disposal site at which solid wastes are disposed of in a manner that does not protect the environment, are susceptible to open burning, and are exposed to the elements, vectors, and scavengers. See land disposal for more related terms (40CFR240.101-91, see also RCRA1004; 40CFR165.1; 241.101; 257.2-91). (2) A site used to dispose of solid waste without environmental controls (EPA-97/12).
Dump energy: Energy generated by water power that cannot be stored or conserved when such energy is beyond the immediate needs of the producing system. See electric energy for more related terms (EPA-83). Dump leaching: A term applied to dissolving and recovering minerals from subore-grade materials from a mine dump. The dump is imgated with water, sometimes acidified, which percolates into and through the dump, and run-off from the bottom of the dump is collected, and a mineral in solution is recovered by chemical reaction. Often used to extract copper from low grade, waste material of mixed oxide and sulfide mineralization produced in open pit mining (EPA-82/05). Dump plate: a hinged plate in an incinerator that supports residue and from which residue may be discharged by rotating the plate (SW-108ts). Dump site: A site used to dispose of solid wastes, or other containerized wastes, without environmental controls. See dump for more related terms. Dump stack (or emergency safety stack): A quick opening, counter-balanced safety device to allow release of rapidly expanding gases (explosion) and pressure relief thereby preventing serious equipment damage. See stack for more related terms (CRWI-5/89). Dump: A site used to dispose of solid waste without environmental controls (NavyIEnv-04). Dump: To unload; specifically, a load of coal or waste; the mechanism for unloading, e.g., a car dump (sometimes called tipple); or, the pile created by such unloading, e.g., a waste dump (also called heap, pile, tip, spoil pike, etc.) (CWAJmining-04). Dumping: A disposition of material: Provided, that it does not mean a disposition of any effluent from any outfall structure to the extent that such disposition is regulated under the provisions of the FWPCA, under the provisions of section 13 of the River and Harbor Act of 1899, as amended (33U.S.C.407), or under the provisions of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42U.S.C.201 I), nor does it mean a routine discharge of effluent incidental to the propulsion of, or operation of motor-driven equipment on, vessels: Provided further, that it does not mean the construction of any fixed structure or artificial island nor the intentional placement of any device in ocean waters or on or in the submerged land beneath such waters, for a purpose other than disposal, when such construction or such placement is otherwise regulated by federal or state law or occurs pursuant to an authorized federal or state program; and provided further, that it does not include the deposit of oyster shells, or other materials when such deposit is made for the purpose of developing, maintaining, or harvesting fisheries resources and is otherwise regulated by federal or state law or occurs pursuant to an
authorized federal or state program. See land disposal for more related terms (40CFR220.2-e-91).
Duplexing: An operation in which a lower grade of steels is produced in the basic oxygen furnace or open hearth and is then alloyed in the electric furnace (EPA-74106a). Duplicate sample: See replicate sample. Duplicate: A duplicate is a QC sample which is used to determine the precision associated with all or part of the sample collection and measurement process. Field duplicates are used to determine the precision associated with the entire sample collection and measurement process. Field duplicates are two independent samples which are collected, as nearly as possible, from the same point in space and time. The two field duplicate samples are collected from the same source, using the same type of sampling equipment. Each field duplicate is collected and stored in separate sample containers and transported in the same shipping container. Field duplicates should not be used as a measure of laboratory performance. Types of laboratory duplicates include matrix duplicates, and matrix spike duplicates. A matrix duplicate (typically called a laboratory duplicate) is used to determine the precision of the intra-laboratory analytical process for a specific sample matrix. A laboratory sample and its associated matrix duplicate are prepared in the laboratory as split samples, and carried through the entire measurement process as independent samples. A matrix spike duplicate is also used to determine the precision of the intra-laboratory analytical process for a specific sample matrix. A matrix spike sample and its associated matrix spike duplicate are prepared in the laboratory as split samples, and each are spiked with identical, known concentrations of targeted analyte(s) (SA-04). Duplicate: A second aliquot or sample that is treated the same as the original sample in order to determine the precision of the analytical method. See aliquot (EPA-97/12). Duplicate: Identical splits of individual samples which are analyzed by the laboratory to test for method reproducibility. Samples may be split in the laboratory (NavytEnv-04). Duplicator paper: The writing papers used for masters or copy sheets in the aniline ink or hectograph process of reproduction (commonly called spirit machines). See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Durability fleet: A fleet of automobiles operated for mileage accumulation used to assess deterioration effects associated with the retrofit device (40CFR610.11-91). Durability: See chemical durability (EPA-83). Duration curve: See flow-duration curve for one type (CWAhydrology-04).
Duration: Duration is the length of exposure to a risk factor. It can be measured as the minutes or hours per day the worker is exposed to a risk. Duration can also be viewed as the years of exposure to a risk factor. In general, the greater the duration of exposure to a risk factor, the greater the degree of risk. However, specific duration guidelines have not been established for risk factors such as force, posture, and repetition (OSHNergonomics04).
Dwell time: The time required for a chemical fusion, bodied chemical fusion, or adhesive seam to take its initial tack, enabling the two opposing geomembranes to be joined together. See time for more related terms (EPA-91/05).
Dust box: A device to remove sugar dust from air, usually employing water sprays; a dust collector (EPA-74/01a).
Dwelling: Structure or portion thereof used for residential habitation (USDNwater-04).
Dust catcher: A part of the blast furnace through which the major portion of the dust is removed by mechanical separation (EPA74106a).
Dye image: A color image formed when the oxidized developer combines with the color couplers (EPA-80/10).
Dust collector: (1) A device or combination of devices for separating dust from the air handled by an exhaust ventilation system (29CFR1910.94a-91). (2) An air pollution control device for removing dust from air streams. Filtration, electrostatic precipitation, or cyclone principles may be utilized, but the term usually infers a dry system, not involving a water stream (cf. air pollution control equipment) (EPA-75102~).(3) Any device used to remove particulate from a gas stream. See collector for more related terms (EPA-83). Dust handling equipment: Any equipment used to handle particulate matter collected by the air pollution control device (and located at or near such device) serving any electric submerged arc furnace subject to this subpart (40CFR60.261-91, see also 40CFR60.271-91). Dust-handling system: The equipment used to handle particulate matter collected by the control device for an electric arc furnace or AOD vessel subject to this subpart. For the purposes of this subpart, the dust-handling system shall consist of the control device dust hoppers, the dust-conveying equipment, any central dust storage equipment, the dust-treating equipment (e.g., pug mill, pelletizer), dust transfer equipment (from storage to truck), and any secondary control devices used with the dust transfer equipment (40CFR60.271a-9 1). Dust loading: The total amount of dust in a gas stream. Dust concentration usually applied to the contents of collection ducts. and the emission from stacks. Its typical units include grains of dust per cubic foot of air or grams of dust per cubic meter. See loading for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Dust: Particles light enough to be suspended in air (EPA-89/12, see also EPA-83). Dustfall jar: An open container used to collect large particles from the air for measurement and analysis (EPA-97/12).
Dwell angle: The number of degrees of distributor mechanical rotation during which the breaker points are conducting current (40CFR85.2122(a)(S)(ii)(C); 85.2122(a)(l l)(ii)(C)-91).
Dye penetrant testing: A nondestructive method for finding discontinuities that are open to the surface of the metal. A dye is applied to the surface of metal and the excess is rinsed off. Dye that penetrates surface discontinuities will not be rinsed away; thus marking these discontinuities (40CFR471.02-91). Dye: A coloring material. Dynamic calibration: The calibration of a measurement system by use of calibration material having characteristics similar to the unknown material to be measured. For example, the use of a gas containing sulfur dioxide of known concentrations in an air mixture could be used to calibrate a sulfur dioxide bubbler system. See calibration for more related terms (LBL-76107-air). Dynamometer idle for automatic transmission code heavyduty engines: The manufacturer's recommended engine speed without a transmission that simulates the recommended engine speed with a transmission and with the transmission in neutral (40CFR86.082.2-91). Dynamometer: See shaft work. Dyne: A force unit. 1 dyne = 1 gram mass x 1 cm/sec2 acceleration. 1 dyne = 1u5newton. Dysprosium (Dy): A rare earth metal with atomic number 66; atomic weight 162.50; density 8.54 glee; melting point 1407 C and boiling point 2600 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Dystrophic lake: Acidic, shallow bodies of water that contain much humus andlor other organic matter; contain many plants but few fish (EPA-94/04). See lake for more related terms.
40CFR797.1330;
797.1800;
e: The base for the natural or Naperian logarithms which equals 2.71 828 (EPA-85/10).
(40CFR797.1300-91, see also 797.1830-91).
Ear insert device: A hearing protective device that is designed to be inserted into the ear canal, and to be held in place principally by virtue of its fit inside the ear canal (40CFR211.203-j-91).
ECD: Electron capture detector. See continuous emission monitor.
Ear muff device: A hearing protective device that consists of two acoustic enclosures which fit over the ears and which are held in place by a spring-like headband to which the enclosures are attached (40CFR211.203-k-91). Ear: An incredible hearing mechanism consisting of outer, middle, and inner ear segments that cause sound pressures to be picked up by the ear that are transmitted through auditory nerves where signals are interpreted by brain as sound (NCNsound-04). Early life stage toxicity test: A test to determine the minimum concentration of a substance which produces a statistically significant observable effect on hatching, survival, development, and/or growth of a fish species continuously exposed during the period of their early development (40CFR797.1600-91). Earth blade: A heavy, broad plate that is connected to the front of a tractor and is used to push and spread soil or other materials. See blade for more related terms (SW-108ts). Earthen pond: A pond constructed with or without filtration control measures for the purpose of detention, long-term storage, or land disposal of influent waste waters (EPA-74101a). Easement: The right to use land belonging to another for a specific purpose, with the owner retaining title. For example, such use may be for a road, railroad, pipeline, sidewalk, or utility line. The owner's use is restricted to activities that will not interfere with the right of another to use the easement (SDWNradionuclide-04). EBS: See environmental baseline survey (SDWNradionuclide04). EC50: The experimentally derived concentration of test substance in dilution water that is calculated to affect 50% of a test population during continuous exposure over a specified period of time. In this guideline, the effect measured is immobilization
Echo flutter: Short echoes in small reverberative spaces that produce a clicking, ringing, or hissing sound after the original sound signal has ceased. Flutter echoes may be present in long narrow spaces with parallel walls (NCNsound-04). Echo: Reflected sound producing a distinct repetition of the original sound. Echo in mountains is distinct by reason of distance of travel after original signal has ceased (NCNsound-04). Eco-efficiency: The aim of the eco-efficiency analysis is to compare similar products or processes. This involves carrying out an overall study of alternative solutions to include a total cost determination and the calculation of ecological impact over the entire lifecycle. The results are used for the comparison with competitors. They may increase market opportunities or assist product improvement. They also provide arguments for the sales department (http://www.basf.de/en/umwelt/oekoeffizienz/,2004). Ecological assessment: A qualitative and/or quantitative appraisal of the actual or potential effects of chernical(s) of concern on plants and animals other than people and domestic species (Navy~Env-04). Ecological entity: In ecological risk assessment, a general term referring to a species, a group of species, an ecosystem function or characteristic, or a specific habitat or biome (EPA-97/12). Ecological exposure: Exposure of a non-human organism to a stressor (EPA-97/12). Ecological function: Ecosystem properties that derive from the spatially structured interactions among many processes and the biological and physical/chemical components within a system. The term "ecosystem functions" may also be used interchangeably with "ecosystem services" (EPA-95/04). Ecological impact: The effect that a man-made or natural activity has on living organisms and their non-living (abiotic) environment (EPA-97/12).
Ecological indicator: A characteristic of an ecosystem that is related to, or derived from, a measure of biotic or abiotic variable, that can provide quantitative information on ecological structure and function. An indicator can contribute to a measure of integrity and sustainability (EPA-97/12).
Ecology: The study of the relationships between all living organisms and the environment, especially the totality or pattern of interactions; a view that includes all plant and animal species and their unique contributions to a particular habitat (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Ecological integrity: A living system exhibits integrity if, when subjected to disturbance, it sustains and organizes self-correcting ability to recover toward a biomass end-state that is normal for that system. End-states other than the pristine or naturally whole may be accepted as normal and good (EPA-97/12).
Economic poison: (1) The same meaning as it has under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7U.S.C.135135k) and the regulations issued thereunder (40CFR163.2-91). (2) The chemical used to control insects, rodents, plant diseases, weeds, and other pests, and also to defoliate economic crops such as cotton (EPA-74/11). (3) See poison for more related terms.
Ecological integrity: A living system exhibits integrity if, when subjected to disturbance, it sustains an organizing, self-correcting capability to recover toward an end-state that is normal and "good" for that system. End-states other than the pristine or naturally whole may be taken to be "normal and good." Another definition is as follows: Biological integrity refers to a system's wholeness, including presence of all appropriate elements and occurrence of all processes at appropriate rates. Whereas diversity is a collective property of system elements, integrity is a synthetic property of the system. Unlike diversity, which can be expressed simply as the number of kinds of items, integrity refers to conditions under little or no influence from human actions; a biota with high integrity reflects natural evolutionary and biogeographic processes (EPA-95/04). Ecological risk assessment: The application of a formal h e w o r k , analytical process, or model to estimate the effects of human actions(s) on a natural resource and to interpret the significance of those effects in light of the uncertainties identified in each component of the assessment process. Such analysis includes initial hazard identification, exposure and dose response assessments, and risk characterization (EPA-97/12). Ecological studies: Studies of biological communities and habitat characteristics in NAWQA Study Units to evaluate the effects of physical and chemical characteristics of water and hydrologic conditions on aquatic biota and to determine how biological and habitat characteristics differ among environmental settings (CWAIWbasics-04). Ecological sustainability: Maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations (EPA-95/04). EcologicaYenvironmental sustainability: Maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations (EPA97/12).
Economic poison: Chemicals used to control pests and to defoliate cash crops such as cotton (EPA-97/12). Economic redevelopment: The economically sustainable reusehedevelopment of a formerly contaminated federal facility for other than federal missions (OMBIReg-04). Economic user sectors (or markets): Estimates of quantities used and user expenditures for pesticides are broken out separately for the three general economic user sectors (or markets) as follows: agriculture, industrial/commerciaI/govemmental, and hornelgarden (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Economies of scale: Increases in production capacity that reduce the average cost per ton of output (OTA-89/10). Economizer ash: The carry-over ash from the boiler which due to its size and weight, settles in a hopper below the economizer. See ash for more related terms (EPA-8211 If). Economizer: A heat exchanger which uses the heat of combustion gases to raise the boiler feedwater temperature before the feedwater enters the boiler (EPA-8211 If). Economy energy: Energy produced and supplied from a more economical source in one system, substituted for that being produced by a less economical source in another system. See electric energy for more related terms (EPA-83). Ecoregion: An area of similar climate, landform, soil, potential natural vegetation, hydrology, or other ecologically relevant variables (CWAIWbasics-04). Ecoregion: Regions of relative homogeneity in ecological systems or in relationships between organisms and their environments (EPA-95/04).
Ecology: The relationship of living things to one another and their environment, or the study of such relationships (EPA-97/12).
Eco-shopping: See precycling (RCRNmanagement-04).
Ecology: The science of the interrelations between living organisms and their environment (cf. ecosystem) (EPA-76/03).
Ecosphere: The bio-bubble that contains life on earth, in surface waters, and in the air (cf. biosphere) (EPA-97/12).
Ecosystem structure: Attributes related to instantaneous physical state of an ecosystem; examples include species population density, species richness or evenness, and standing crop biomass (EPA-97/12). Ecosystem: (1) That set of ecological relationships resulting ftom a primary focus on an organism, group of organisms, or a portion of the earth's surface (LBL-76107-water). (2) A complex of the community of living things and the environment forming a functioning whole in nature (DOE-91/04) (cf. ecology). Ecosystem: A community of organisms considered together with the nonliving factors of its environment (CWNWbasics-04). Ecosystem: An area whose boundaries reflect ecological processes and patterns (e.g., community, population, biogeochemical, energy transfer, climate, physiography), and which provides sufficient area, diversity, and complexity for continued self-organization and maintenance in the absence of catastrophic external disturbances (EPA-95/04). Ecosystem: The interacting populations of plants, animals, and microorganisms occupying an area, plus their physical environment (CWNWquality-04). Ecosystem: The interacting synergism of all living organisms in a particular environment; every plant, insect, aquatic animal, bird, or land species that forms a complex web of interdependency. An action taken at any level in the food chain, use of a pesticide for example, has a potential domino effect on every other occupant of that system (FFDCNpesticide-04). Ecosystem: The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings (EPA-97/12). Ecotone: A habitat created by the juxtaposition of distinctly different habitats; an edge habitat; or an ecological zone or boundary where two or more ecosystems meet (EPA-97/12). Ecotox threshold (ET): Sufficient amounts of media-specific contaminant concentrations that indicate further site investigation is needed. Superfund site managers use ETs as screening tools to efficiently identify contaminants that may pose an ecological threat and to focus further site activities on those contaminants and the media in which they are found (SFIrernedy-04). Ecotoxicological study: Measurement of effects of environmental toxicants on indigenous populations of organisms (Course 165.6). Ectohumus: An accumulation of organic matter on the soil surface. It is also known as mor (cf. humus). EC-X, ECX, or Ecx: The experimentally derived chemical concentration that is calculated to effect X percent of the test criterion (40CFR797.1050-91, see also 40CFR797.1060; 797.1 160; 797.2750; 797.2800; 797.2850-91).
ED10 (10% effective dose): An estimated dose associated with a 10% increase in response over control groups. For HRS purposes, the response considered is cancer (milligrams toxicant per kilogram body weight per day (mgkg-day)) (40CFR300-App/A91). EDD: Enforcement decision document. A document that provides an explanation to the public of EPA's selection of the cleanup alternative at enforcement sites on the National Priorities List. Similar to a Record of Decision (AENmixedW-04). Eddy current separator: A device which passes a varying magnetic field through feed material, thereby inducing eddy currents in the nonferrous metals (e.g., aluminum) present in the feed. The eddy currents counteract the magnetic field and exert a repelling force on the metals, separating them fiom the field and the remainder of the feed. See separator for more related terms (EPA-83). Eddy diffusivity: The eddy diffusivity is the coefficient which describes the diffusive property of a turbulent flow in a form analogous to the molecular diffusion coefficient. However, molecular diffusion is a property of the fluid, while turbulent diffusion is a property of the flow and can therefore be a different function of space and time for each flow (NATO-78110). Eddy flow: A turbulent flow. Eddy viscosity: The internal friction in a fluid caused by turbulent motions (NATO-78110). Eddy: In a turbulent flow, a portion of fluid with an organized structure of its own. It can only exist for a certain time before being destroyed by breaking up into eddies of smaller size (NATO-78110). Edema: An abnormal accumulation of tissue fluid in the connective tissue of various cavities (LBL76107-bio). Effect concentration (EC): A point estimate of the toxicant concentration that would cause an observable adverse effect (such as death, immobilization, or serious incapacitation) in a given percentage of the test organisms (EPA-91/03). Effect: (1) Direct effects, which are caused by the action and occur at the same time and place. (2) Indirect effects, which are caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable. Indirect effects may include growth inducing effects and other effects related to induced changes in the pattern of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems. Effects and impacts as used in these regulations are synonymous. Effects includes ecological (such as the effects on natural resources and on the components, structures, and functioning of affected ecosystems), aesthetic,
historic, cultural, economic, social, or health, whether direct, indirect, or cumulative. Effects may also include those resulting from actions which may have both beneficial and detrimental effects, even if on balance the agency believes that the effect will be beneficial (40CFR1508.8-91).
Effective area: Available surface areas of absorbents contacted by gas or liquid to be treated. Effective date of a UIC program: The date that a state UIC program is approved or established by the Administrator (40CFR146.3-91). Effective date of an NSO: The effective date listed in the Federal Register publication of EPA's issuance or approval of an NSO (40CFR57.103-91). Effective date: The date of promulgation in the Federal Register of an applicable standard or other regulation under this part (40CFR61.02-91). Effective dose equivalent: (1) The sum of the products of the dose equivalent to the organ or tissue and the weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated. Weighting factors are: 0.25 or gonads, 0.15 for breast, 0.12 for red bone marrow, 0.12 for lungs, 0.03 for thyroid, 0.03 for bone surface, and 0.06 for each of the other five organs receiving the highest dose equivalent (10CFR30.4; 70.4; 40CFR61.21; 61.91; 61.101-91). (2) The radiation dose to the whole body that would have the same biological effect as a given dose equivalent to a particular organ or tissue (DOE-91/04). Effective dose equivalent: The summation of the products of the dose equivalent received by specified tissues of the body and a tissue specific weighting factor. This sum is a risk equivalent value and can be used to estimate the health-effects risk of the exposed individual. The tissuespecific weighting factor represents the fraction of the total health risk resulting from uniform wholebody irradiation that would be contributed by that particular tissue. The effective dose equivalent includes the committed effective dose equivalent (see separately) from internal deposition of radionuclides and the effective dose equivalent due to penetrating radiation from sources external to the body. The units are rem or sievert (SDWNradionuclide-04). Effective head: See pressure head. Effective kilogram: (1) For the source material uranium in which the uranium isotope uranium-235 is greater than 0.005 (0.5 weight percent) of the total uranium present: 10,000 kilograms. (2) For any other source material: 20.000 kilograms (10CFR40.4-91). Effective kilograms of special nuclear material: (1) For plutonium and uranium-233 their weight in kilograms; (2) For uranium with an enrichment in the isotope U-235 of 0.01 (1%) and above, its element weight in kilograms multiplied by the square of
its enrichment expressed as a decimal weight fraction; and (3) For uranium with an enrichment in the isotope U-235 below 0.01 (I%), by its element weight in kilograms multiplied by 0.0001 (10CFR70.4-91).
Effective leakage area: A parameter determined from blower door testing, giving a measure of the tightness of the house shell. Conceptually, this leakage area reflects the square inches of open area through the house shell, through which air can infiltrate or exfiltrate (EPA-88/08). Effective noise level: The estimated A-weighted noise level at the ear when wearing hearing protectors. Effective noise level is computed by: (1) Subtracting derated NRRs from C-weighted noise exposure levels; or (2) Subtracting derated NRRs minus 7 dB from A-weighted noise exposure levels (NCNsound-04). Effective porosity for flow (n, or nef): Represents the interconnected porosity of a material. In a porous material, some void spaces may be saturated but are not able to transmit water, and so are not available for flow. These spaces represent dead zones of immobile water. nef corrects the porosity (n) of a material to account for these dead spaces (NavyIEnv-04). Effective porosity: Interconnected pore volumes that permit the flow of water in a porous medium (DOE-91/04). Effective precipitation (rainfall): (1) That part of the precipitation that produces runoff. (2) A weighted average of current and antecedent precipitation that is "effective" in correlating with runoff. (3) As described by U.S. Bureau of Reclamation that part of the precipitation falling on an irrigated area that is effective in meeting the consumptive use requirements (CWA/hydrology-04). Effective source height: The sum of the physical source height, which is the height of the source above ground level, and the plume rise (NATO-78110). Effects range-low (ER-L): In aquatic systems, concentrations of contaminants that below which adverse biological effects would rarely occur. Concentrations of contaminants between the ER-L and the ER-M represent that adverse effects would occasionally occur (Navy/Env-04). Effects range-median (ER-M): In aquatic systems, concentrations of contaminants that above which adverse biological effects would probably occur (Navy/Env-04). Effects: Attributed relationships between two or more pressure, state, andlor societal response variables (EPA-95/04). Efficacy: The ability of a pesticide to produce a desired effect on a target organism (FIFRAMrN-04).
Efficiency: In air pollution control, the ratio of the weight of pollutant collected to the total weight of pollutant entering the collector. It can be expressed by the equation: EQ%) = 1OOx(inlet loading - outlet loading)/(inlet loading) (EPA-89103b). Example: Determine the collection efficiency. Data: Inlet loading = 2 grains/ft3and outlet loading = 0.1 grains/ft3.Solution: Eff = 100(2 - 0.1)/2 = 95%. Efficiency: In automobile emission control, the ability of the air cleaner or the unit under test to remove contaminant (40CFR85.2 122(a)(16)(ii)(C)-91). Efficiency: In power evaluation, a measure of the useful energy provided by a power supply system (such as a fuel cell engine) divided by the total energy supplied to it during a specific period of operation. Efficiency: In turbine engine evaluation, the gas turbine manufacturer's rated heat rate at peak load in terms of heat input per unit of power output based on the lower heating value of the fuel (40CFR60.331-91). Efflorescence: (1) A deposit of soluble salts that appear on the surface of building bricks. Salts derived from the bricks themselves can consist chiefly of CaS04, MgS04, K2S04, and Na2S04;soluble sulphates present in the raw clay can be rendered insoluble by the addition of BaC03 to the clay while it is being mixed; this precipitates the sulphate as insoluble BaS04. Efflorescence may arise from soluble salts in the mortar or, if a wall has no damp course or is backed by soil, from the soil itself (EPA-83). (2) A phenomena that a solid with hydrate components, loses its hydrate content and forms a powdery deposit on its surface, when the solid is exposed to the air. Effluence: See effluent. Effluent (effluence or efflux): (1) In general, any liquid or gas that enters the environment as a by-product of a man-made process. (2) Any solid, liquid, or gas that enters the environment as a by-product of a man-made process. The substances that flow out of a designated source (EPA-83). Effluent, effluence, and efflux have the same meaning. (3) Dredged material or fill material, including return flow from confined sites (40CFR232.291). (4) A gas or fluid discharged into the environment (DOE9 1104). Effluent (effluence or efflux): In combustion, the combustion products plus the excess air discharged from an internal combustion engine or from a combustor.
Effluent concentrations consistently achievable through proper operation and maintenance: For a given pollutant parameter: (1) The 95th percentile value for the 30-day average effluent quality achieved by a treatment works in a period of at least two years excluding values attributable to upsets, bypasses, operational errors, or other unusual conditions; and (2) A sevenday average value equal to 1.5 times the value derived under paragraph (f)(l) of this section (40CFR133.101-91). Effluent data: With reference to any source of discharge of any pollutant (as that term is defined in section 502(6) of the Act, 33U.S.C.1362(6)): (1) Information necessary to determine the identity, amount, frequency, concentration, temperature, or other characteristics (to the extent related to water quality) of any pollutant which has been discharged by the source (or of any pollutant resulting from any discharge from the source), or any combination of the foregoing; (2) Information necessary to determine the identity, amount, frequency, concentration, temperature, or other characteristics (to the extent related to water quality) of the pollutants which, under an applicable standard or limitation, the source was authorized to discharge (including, to the extent necessary for such purpose, a description of the manner or rate of operation of the source); and (3) A general description of the location and/or nature of the source to the extent necessary to identify the source and to distinguish it from other sources (including, to the extent necessary or such purposes, a description of the device, installation, or operation constituting the source). For complete definition, see 40CFR2.302-2. Effluent guidelines: Technical documents developed by EPA which set discharge limits for particular types of industries and specific pollutants (FFDCNpesticide-04). Effluent guidelines: Technical EPA documents which set effluent limitations for given industries and pollutants (EPA-97/12). Effluent limitation: (1) Any restriction established by a state or the Administrator on quantities, rates, and wncentrations of chemical, physical, biological, and other constituents which are discharged from point sources into navigable waters, the waters of the contiguous zone, or the ocean, including schedules of compliance (CWA502, see also 40CFR108.2; 122.2; 401.1 1-91). (2) Restrictions established by a state or U.S. EPA on quantities, rates, and concentrations in wastewater discharges (EPA-97/12). (3) Effluent limitation is also known as effluent standards.
Effluent (effluence or efflux): For more related terms, see (1) Primary effluent and (2) Secondary effluent.
Effluent limitation: Any restriction imposed by the Director on quantities, discharge rates, and wncentrations of pollutants which are discharged from point sources into waters of the United States, the waters of the contiguous zone, or the ocean (CWNwastewater-04).
Effluent biomonitoring: The measurement of the biological effects of effluents such as toxicity, biostimulation, and bioaccumulation (EPA-85/09).
Effluent limitations for industrial dischargers: CWA has a twopart approach to establishing effluent limitations for industrial dischargers: (1) Nationwide base-level treatment to be established
through an assessment of what is technologically and economically achievable for a particular industry; and (2) More stringent treatment requirements for specific plants where necessary to achieve water quality objectives for the particular body of water into which that plant dischargers. (3) Prior to 1977, EPA focused almost entirely on high-volume conventional pollutants such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), and acidity and alkalinity (pH) when it developed effluent limits required by the Act. In the 1977 amendments to the Act, EPA shifted to priority pollutants which are 129 specific toxic chemicals in 34 industry categories (Winthrop-89/09).
Effluent limitations guidelines (ELG): A regulation published by the Administrator under Section 304(b) of CWA that establishes national technology-based effluent requirements for a specific industrial category (CWNwastewater-04). Effluent limitations guidelines: A regulation published by the Administrator under section 304(b) of CWA to adopt or revise effluent limitations (40CFR122.2; 401.1 1-91).
Effluent: Water that flows from a sewage treatment plant after it has been treated (CWAIWscience-04). Efflux: An outward flow (CAA/C02gas-04). Eggs set: All eggs placed under incubation, i.e., total eggs minus cracked eggs and those selected for analysis of eggshell thickness. The number of eggs set, itself, is an artificial number, but it is essential for the statistical analysis of other development parameters (40CFR797.2 130-iii-91). EHS: Extremely hazardous substance (MWTNinfectious-04). Eight (8) hour time weighted average: The cumulative exposure for an eight-hour work shift computed as set forth in paragraph (a)(5) of this section (40CFR704.102-91). Einsteinium (Es): A radioactive metal with atomic number 99 and atomic weight 254. It belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table.
Effluent limitations: Limits on the amounts of pollutants which may be discharged by a facility; these limits are calculated so that water quality standards will not be violated even at low stream flows (FFDCNpesticide-04).
EIS: See environmental impact statement (SDWNradionuclide04).
Effluent seepage: Diffuse discharge onto the ground of liquids that have percolated through solid waste or another medium. They contain dissolved or suspended materials (SW-108ts).
Ejector: (1) A device that uses a fluid under pressure, such as steam, air, or, water, to move another fluid by developing suction. Suction is developed by discharging the fluid under pressure through a Venturi (EPA-83/06). (2) A device used to disperse a chemical solution into water being treated (EPA-97/12).
Effluent standards: Any effluent standard or limitation, which may include a prohibition of any discharge, established or proposed to be established for any toxic pollutant under section 307(a) of the Act (40CFR104.2-91, see also 40CFR129.2-91). Effluent standards: See effluent limitation (EPA-97/12). Effluent: In wastewater treatment, wastewater, treated or untreated, that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes discharged into surface waters (EPA-97/12). Effluent: Outflow from a particular source, such as a stream that flows from a lake or liquid waste that flows from a factory or sewage treatment plant (CWNWbasics-04). Effluent: Wastewater discharged from a point source, such as a pipe (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Ekman layer: The atmospheric transition layer between the surface layer and the free atmosphere, in which the air motion is primarily determined by pressure forces, Coriolis forces, and frictional forces due to the presence of the earth's surface (NATO78/10). Ekman spiral: In the Ekman layer, a balance of pressure, Coriolis and frictional forces results in a change of wind direction and speed with height. In the northern hemisphere, the wind direction change is clockwise with height. It depends primarily on the latitude and the atmospheric stability of the Ekman layer (NATO78/10). Elasticity: Ability of a material to return to original dimensions after deformation (EPA-83).
Effluent: Wastewater, treated or untreated, that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes discharged into surface waters (Navy/Env-04).
Electret passive environmental radon monitor (E-PERM): A device that uses an electrostatically charged plastic disk called an electret to sense radon in air. When radon decays, it produces ions, which are collected by the electred, resulting in a measurable decrease in the charge on the disk (EPA-88/08).
Effluent: Water or some other liquid--raw (untreated), partially or completely treated--flowing from a reservoir, basin, treatment process, or treatment plant (SDWAIeducation-04).
Electric arc furnace (EAF): A furnace that produces molten steel and heats the charge materials with electric arcs from carbon electrodes. Furnaces that continuously feed direct-reduced iron ore
pellets as the primary source of iron are not affected facilities within the scope of this definition. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.271-91, see also 40CFR60.271a-91).
Electric arc furnace steelmaking: The production of steel principally from steel scrap and fluxes in refractory lined furnaces by passing an electric current through the scrap or steel bath. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR420.41-91). Electric demand: The rate at which energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. The primary source of demand is the power-consuming equipment of the customers (cf. load) (EPA-83). Electric demand: Types of electric demand include (1) Annual maximum electric demand. (2) Annual system maximum electric demand. (3) Average electric demand. (4) Billing electric demand. (5) Coincident electric demand. (6) Instantaneous electric peak demand. (7) Integrated electric demand. (8) Maximum electric demand (peak demand or peak load). (9) Non-coincident electric demand. Electric dispatching: The operating control of an integrated electric generating system involving operations such as: (1) The assignment of load to specific generating stations, and other sources of supply to effect the most economical supply as the total or the significant area loads rise or fall. (2) The control of operations and maintenance of high-volume lines, substations, and equipment, including administration of safety procedures. (3) The operation of principal tie lines and switching. (4) The scheduling of energy transactions with connecting electric utilities (EPA-83). Electric distribution: The act or process of distributing electric energy from convenient points on the transmission or bulk power system to the consumers (EPA-83). Electric diversity factor: The ratio of the sum of the noncoincident maximum demands of two or more loads to their coincident maximum demand for the same period (EPA-83). Electric energy: Electric energy-related terms include (1) Dump energy; (2) Economy energy; (3) Interchange energy; (4) Net for distribution energy; (5) Off-peak energy; (6) On-peak energy; and (7) Surplus energy.
Electric generating plant (or generating station): A station at which are located electric generators, their drivers, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, thermal, or gravitational energy into electric power (cf. steam electric generating station) (EPA-83). Electric generating station use: The kilowatt hours used at an electric generating station for such purposes as excitation and operation of auxiliary and other facilities essential to the operation of the station. Energy used is the difference between the gross generation plus any supply fi-om outside the station and the net output of the station (EPA-83). Electric generating unit: An electric generator together with its mechanical driver (EPA-83). Electric generation total fuel expense: After residual credit, total cost (including freight and handling) of fuel used in the production of electric energy, less fuel portion of steam transfer credit, and residual credits, such as net credits fi-om the disposal of ashes, cinders, and nuclear by-products (EPA-83). Electric generation utility factor: The ratio of average load (kilowatts) over a designated period of time to the net capability of the system in the same period of time. This ratio represents the average use made of the net capability of equipment over a specific period of time. See also load factor and capacity factor (EPA-83). Electric generation: The act or process of transforming other forms of energy into electric energy; or to the amount to electric energy so produced, expressed in kilowatt hours. It includes: (1) Gross generation: The total amount of electric energy produced by the generating units in a generating station. (2) Net generation: Gross generation less kilowatt hours consumed out of gross generation for plant use (EPA-83). Electric heat rate: A measure of generating station thennal efficiency, generally expressed in Btu per net kilowatt hour. It is computed by dividing the total Btu content of fuel burned for electric generation by the resulting net kilowatt hour generation (cf. coal rate) (EPA-83). Electric load: The electric power delivered or required at any specified point or points on a system. Load originates primarily at the power consuming equipment of the customers. See load for more related terms (EPA-83).
Electric furnace: Any furnace which uses electricity to produce over 50% of the heat required in the production of refined brass or bronze (40CFR60.13 1-91, AP-40, p236). Electric furnace has three functions: (1) Synthesis of compounds not available in the natural state by fusing selected raw materials. (2) Purification of ores. (3) Alteration of crystalline structure of ores having a satisfactory chemical purity but an undesirable crystal structure.
Electric log: The log of a well or borehole obtained by lowering electrodes in the hole and measuring various electrical properties of the geologic formations traversed (NavyIEnv-04).
Electric furnace: Types of electric arc furnaces include (1) Direct arc furnace. (2) Indirect arc furnace. (3) Induction furnace. (4) Resistance furnace.
Electric losses: Other electric loss-related terms include (1) Average losses; (2) Energy losses; (3) Line losses; (4) Peak percent losses; and (5) System losses.
Electric losses: The general term applied to energy (kilowatt hours) and power (kilowatts) lost in the operation of an electric system. Losses occur principally as energy transformations from kilowatt hours to waste heat in electrical conductors and apparatus (EPA-83). Electric power: The time rate of generating, transfening, or using electric energy, usually expressed in kilowatts (EPA-83). Electric production: The act or process of generating electricity (EPA-83). Electric smelting furnace: Any furnace in which the heat necessary for smelting of the lead sulfide ore concentrate charge is generated by passing an electric current through a portion of the molten mass in the furnace. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.18 1-91). Electric submerged arc furnace: Any furnace wherein electrical energy is converted to heat energy by transmission of current between electrodes partially submerged in the furnace charge. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.261-91). Electric summer peak: The greatest load on an electric system during a prescribed demand interval in the summer (or cooling) season, usually between June 1 and September 30 (EPA-83).
electric output capacity and more than 25 MW electrical output to any utility power distribution system for sale. Any steam distribution system that is constructed for the purpose of providing steam to a steam electric generator that would produce electrical power for sale is also considered in determining the electrical energy output capacity of the affected facility. See turbine for more related terms (40CFR60.4 1a-9 1).
Electric utility company: The largest interconnected organization, business, or governmental entity that generates electric power for sale (e.g., a holding company with operating subsidiary companies) (40CFR60.4 1a-9 1). Electric utility stationary gas turbine: Any stationary gas turbine constructed for the purpose of supplying more than one third of its potential electric output capacity to any utility power distribution system for sale (40CFR60.331-91). Electric utility steam generating unit: Any fossil fuel fired combustion unit of more than 25 megawatts that serves a generator that produces electricity for sale. A unit that cogenerates steam and electricity and supplies more than onethird of its potential electric output capacity and more than 25 megawatts electrical output to any utility power distribution system for sale shall be considered an electric utility steam generating unit (CAA112, see also 40CFR60.41a-91).
Electric system net input: Net available energy that is put into a utility's system for sale within its own service area. The net energy generated in a system's own plants, plus energy received from other systems, less energy delivered to other systems (EPA-83).
Electric vehicle (EV): A vehicle that is powered by electricity instead of an internal combustion engine. A vehicle that is powered by fuel cells is also considered to be an electric vehicle. This is because the fuel cells directly produce electricity, which in turn is used to power the vehicle.
Electric system output: The net generation by the system's own plants plus purchased energy, plus or minus net interchange energy (EPA-83).
Electric wheeling service: The use of the transmission facilities of one system to transmit power to or from another system (EPA83).
Electric system: The physically connected electric generation, transmission, distribution, and other facilities operated as an integral unit under one control, management, or operating supervision (EPA-83).
Electric winter peak: The greatest load on an electric system during any prescribed demand interval in the winter or heating season (EPA-83).
Electric traction motor: An electrically powered motor which provides tractive energy to the wheels of a vehicle (4OCFR600.002.85-91). Electric transmission: The act or process of transporting electric energy in bulk from a source or sources of supply to other principal parts of the system or to other utility systems (EPA-83). Electric type valve: An automatic valve that is actuated by electrical energy for controlling the fuel supply. Electric utility combined cycle gas turbine: Any combined cycle gas turbine used for electric generation that is constructed for the purpose of supplying more than one-third of its potential
Electric: Electricity related phenomena. Other electric-related terms include (1)Diversity electric and (2) Thermal electric. Electrical aerosol analyzer (EAA): An aerosol size distribution measuring device. The EAA uses an electric field (which is set at an intensity dependent upon the size and mass of the particle) to measure the mobility of a charged aerosol. The analyzer operates by first placing a unipolar charge on the aerosol being measured, and measuring the resulting mobility distribution of the charged particles by means of a mobility analyzer. See particle size measurement device for more related terms (Course 4 13, pp. 4-5). The EAA has been used for source analysis by pulling a sample from the stack into the chamber and introducing the gas stream into the analyzer. The instrument requires that enough particles pass through the chamber so that a charge can be detected. The
Electrical grounding: To connect with the ground to make the earth part of the circuit (CWNmining-04).
concentration range for most efficient operation of the EAA is from 1 to 1000 @m3. Since stack gas concentrations usually exceed 1000 pglm3, sample dilution with clean air is required. No information on the chemical composition of the particles is possible since the particles are not collected. The major advantage of the EAA is that the instrument can measure particles from 0.003 to 1.0 Fm in diameter.
Electrical resistivity (or specific resistance): An indicator of a material to oppose an electric current flow. It can be expressed as RAIL, where R = resistance of the material, A = cross section area of the material, and L = length of the material.
Electrical capacitor manufacturer: A manufacturer who produces or assembles electrical capacitors in which PCB or PCBcontaining compounds are part of the dielectric (40CFR129.10591).
Electrical transformer manufacturer: A manufacturer who produces or assembles electrical transformers in which PCB or PCB-containing compounds are part of the dielectric (40CFRl29.105-91).
Electrical charging system: A device to convert 60Hz alternating electric current, as commonly available in residential electric service in the United States, to a proper form for recharging the energy storage device (40CFR600.002.85-91).
Electrical transient: Any electrical voltage or current that is not operated under the normal steady-state condition. It includes: (1) Lightning transient: Any electrical voltage or current that is not operated under the normal steady-state condition due to electrical disturbances in the atmosphere. (2) Line transient: Any electrical voltage or current that is not operated under the normal steadystate condition due to collapsing magnetic fields, solid-state switching, motor or inductive inrush, or momentary power losses. (3) Static voltage: Voltage buildup due to static charges.
Electrical conductivity (or conductance): The property which allows an electric current to flow when a potential difference is applied. It is the reciprocal of the resistance in ohms measured between opposite faces of a centimeter cube of an aqueous solution at a specified temperature. It is expressed as micromhos per centimeter at temperature degrees Celsius (EPA-83106a). Electrical current: See current. Electrical diagram: (1) Connection diagram: A diagram showing the connections of an electrical installation or its component devices or parts. It usually shows general physical arrangement of the electrical component devices or parts. (2) Schematic diagram: A diagram showing, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement. It facilitates tracing the circuit and its functions without regard to the actual physical size, shape, or location of the component devices or parts. (3) Schematic-ladder form diagram: A diagram drawn in the form of a vertical ladder. The outer vertical lines represent the electrical supply conductors. The horizontal steps represent each individual circuit with all component devices or parts. Electrical efficiency: The ratio (percent) of useful electrical real power output divided by the total electrical power input. Electrical equipment: (1) A general term of electrical items such as fittings, devices, appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like used as part of, or in connection with, an electrical installation. (2) The underground equipment that contains dielectric fluid that is necessary for the operation of equipment such as transformers and buried electrical cables (40CFR280.12-9 1). Electrical generating capacity: The full-load continuous power rating of electrical generating facilities, generators, prime movers, or other electric equipment (individually or collectively) (CAA/COzg~l -04).
Electrically heated choke: A device which contains a means for applying heat to the thermostatic coil by electrical current (40CFR85.2122(a)(2)(iii)(C)-91). Electro brightening: A process of reversed electro deposition which results in an anodic metal with a high polish surface (EPA83106a). Electro catalytic oxygen analyzer (EOA): One of electro analytical methods for continuous emission monitoring (see continuous emission monitor for various types). EOA is a method for the determination of oxygen which has developed as an outgrowth of fuel-cell technology. These so-called fuel-cell oxygen analyzers are not actually fuel cells, but simple electrolytic concentration cells that use a special solid catalytic electrolyte to aid the flow of electrons. These analyzers are available in both extractive and in-situ (in-stack) configurations. The instruments designed to continuously monitor oxygen concentrations utilize different concentrations of oxygen expressed in terms of partial pressures. A special porous material, zirconium oxide, serves both as an electrolyte and as a high temperature catalyst to produce oxygen ions (EPA-8 1/09). Electro chemical equivalent: The weight of metal electrodeposited (or other substance changed chemically by reduction or oxidation) per unit of time and unit of current; i.e., pound per ampere hour, grams per ampere-second (EPA-74103d). Electro chemical machining: Shaping of an anode by the following process: The anode and cathode are placed close together and electrolyte is pumped into the space between them. An electrical potential is applied to the electrodes causing anode
metal to be dissolved selectively, producing a shaped anode that complements the shape of the cathode (EPA-83/03).
through an external circuit to activate the electrochemical reactions.
Electro chemical process: The process of chemical change in a conducting solution when electric current passes the solution. It involves: (1) Discharge of the stored chemical energy to produce electricity (e.g., battery). (2) Charge of chemical energy by electricity (e.g., to charge a battery).
Electrode assembly: The assembly of components and parts, which are associated with the function of electrodes within a fuel cell or a battery. It may contain electrodes, insulators, wire lead terminals, etc.
Electro chemical reduction cell: A cell in which chemical reduction takes place at the cathode and chemical oxidation at the anode. Electro chemical transducer: See polarographic analyzer. Electro chemistry: A branch of chemistry that deals with the relation of electricity to chemical changes and with the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy. Electro cleaning: The process of anodic removal of surface oxides and scale from a workpiece (EPA-83106a). Electro coating: See electroplating. Electro deposition (EDP): (1) Deposition of a chemical species at the electrode of an electrolytic cell caused by the passage of electric current through the species. (2) A method of applying coatings in which the part is submerged in a tank filled with the coatings and in which an electrical potential is used to enhance deposition of the coatings on the part (40CFR60.3 11-91, see also 40CFR60.391; 60.45 1-91). Electro dialysis: A process that uses electrical current applied to permeable membranes to remove minerals from water. Often used to desalinize salty or brackish water (EPA-97/12). Electro dialysis: The separation of a substance from a solution through a membrane accomplished by the application of an electric potential across to the membrane (EPA-87110a). Electro dynamic separator: Utilizes a rotating drum or other moving pole in place of one or more fixed charged plates (poles). Can be used to separate electrical conductive material (e.g., nonferrous metal) from nonconductive material (e.g., organics) (EPA-83). Electro farming: The conversion of energy crops (biomass) via steam reforming and fuel cells into electricity. This way, in principle, electricity is "farmed." Electro forming: The production or reproduction of articles by electrodeposition upon a mandrel or mold that is subsequently separated from the deposit (EPA-74103d). Electrochemical potential: The potential differences when two electrodes are placed in a conducting solution and also connected
Electrode potential: The potential between an electrode and electrolyte in a half cell. Electrode: (1) A conducting material for passing an electric current into or out of a solution by adding electrons to or taking electrons from ions in the solution (EPA-83106a). (2) Long cylindrical rods made of carbon or graphite used in electric arc furnaces to conduct electricity into the metal charge (EPA-8511Oa). Electrode: For more related terms, see (1) Anode; (2) Calomel electrode; (3) Cathode; (4) Fuel cell electrode; (5) Hydrogen electrode; (6) Hydrogen half cell (see hydrogen electrode); (7) Glass electrode; (8) Negative electrode (see cathode); (9) pH electrode; (10) Plate (see anode); (11) Platinum electrode; (12) Positive electrode (see anode); (13) Quinhydrone electrode; (14) Reference electrode (see standard electrode); (15) Saturated calomel electrode (see calomel electrode); (16) Sintered plate electrode; (17) Standard calomel electrode (see calomel electrode); (18) Standard electrode; (19) Working electrode; and (20) Standard electrode potential. Electroless plating: The deposition of conductive material from an autocatalytic plating solution without application of electrical current (40CFR413.71-91). Electrolysis: (1) Refers to the reactions of oxidation or reduction that take place at the surface of conductive electrodes immersed in an electrolyte, under the influence of an applied potential. Electroplating and anodizing are examples of electrolysis. (2) Making chemical changes occur by passing an electrical current through an electrolyte. For example, considering water 2H20 as an electrolyte, when an electrical current passes the water, it dissociates the water into 2H2and 02.The process of dissociating the water is called electrolysis. Electrolyte: (1) A non-metallic electrical conductor in which current is carried by the movement of ions (EPA-83/03). (2) A liquid, most often a solution that will conduct an electric current (EPA-83106a). (3) Liquid or materials that permit conduction of ions between cell electrodes (EPA-84/08). (4) A non-metallic electrical conductor in which current is carried by the movement of ions. It can be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum in which the current is carried. The electrolyte in a fuel cell not only transports dissolved reactants to an electrode, but also conducts ionic charge between the electrodes and thereby completes the cell's electrical circuit. It can be an acidic or alkaline medium. It also provides a physical barrier to prevent the
fuel and oxidant gas streams from directly mixing (DOE-02/12, pl-3).
Electrolytic analysis: Analysis of reducible and oxidizable conducting solutions. Measurement is based on the weight of material plated onto the electrode.
Electrolytic silver recovery: The removal of silver from silverbearing solutions by application of a direct current to electrodes in the solution causing metallic silver to deposit on the cathode (EPA-80110). Electrolytic slime: Insoluble impurities removed from the bottom of an electrolytic cell during electrolytic refining (EPA-83103a).
Electrolytic cell: A unit apparatus in which electrochemical reactions are produced by applying electrical energy or which supplies electrical energy as a result of chemical reactions and which includes two or more electrodes and one or more electrolytes contained in a suitable vessel (EPA-83106a).
Electrolytic: Relating to a chemical change produced by passage of a current through a conducting substance (such as water) (EPA8711Oa).
Electrolytic chlorine: Chlorine produced as a result of electrochemical reactions.
Electrolyzer: A device that uses an electric current to split any substance into its component parts (such as splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen). It is the reverse process of what occurs in a fuel cell.
Electrolytic conductivity detector: See GCIECD. Electrolytic copper: Copper refined by the electrolytic method. This gives metal of high purity, over 99.94%, and enables precious metals, such as gold and silver, to be recovered. Used in refining most of the copper produced (EPA-83). Electrolytic decomposition: An electrochemical treatment used for the oxidation of cyanides. The method is practical and economical when applied to concentrated solutions such as contaminated baths, cyanide dips, stripping solutions, and concentrated rinses. Electrolysis is carried out at a current density of 35 amp/f? at the anode and 70 amp/ f? at the cathode. Metal is deposited at the cathode and can be reclaimed (EPA-83106a). Electrolytic oxidation: A reaction by an electrolyte in which there is an increase in valence resulting fi-om a loss of electrons (cf. electrolytic reduction) (EPA-83106a). Electrolytic precipitation: Making a powdered active material by electrodeposition, e.g., making silver powders from silver bars (EPA-84/08). Electrolytic process: A process that a low voltage direct current passes through an electrolyte containing metallic ions causing the metallic ions to plate on the cathode as free metal atoms. The process is used to produce chromium and manganese metal, which are included with the ferroalloys. Chromium metal produced by this process is 99+ percent pure (EPA-75102a). Electrolytic reduction: A reaction in which there is a decrease in valence resulting from a gain in electrons (cf. electrolytic oxidation) (EPA-83106a). Electrolytic refining: The method of producing pure metals by making the impure metal the anode in an electrolytic cell and by making the depositing a pure cathode. The impurities either remain undissolved at the anode or pass into solutions in the electrolyte (EPA-83106a).
Electromagnetic geophysical methods: Ways to measure subsurface conductivity via low-frequency electromagnetic induction (EPA-97/12). Electromagnetic interferencelradio frequency interference (EMItRFI) shielding coating: A conductive coating that is applied to a plastic substrate to attenuate EMVRFI signals (40CFR60.721-91). Electrometallurgical process: The application of electric current to a metallurgical process either for electrolytic deposition or as a source of heat (EPA-83106a). Electrometric titration: A standard method of measuring the alkalinity of a solution (EPA-83106a). Electromotive series of metals: A list of metals and alloys arranged according to their standard electrode potentials; which also reflects their relative corrosion potential (EPA-86/12). Electron acceptor: During the process of reduction and oxidation, an atom or part of a molecule joined by a covalent bond to an electron donor. Electron acceptor: Relatively oxidized compounds which gain electrons from electron donors during cellular respiration and oxidation-reduction reactions, resulting in the release of energy to the cell and the reduction of the electron acceptor. Microorganisms obtain energy by transferring electrons fi-om electron donors such as organic compounds (or sometimes reduced inorganic compounds such as sulfide) to an electron acceptor. Electron acceptors are compounds that are relatively oxidized and include oxygen, nitrate, iron (111), manganese (IV), sulfate, carbon dioxide, or in some cases the chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), dichloroethene (DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC) (NavyIEnv-04).
Electron beam lithography: Similar to photo-lithograph, a fine beam of electrons which is used to scan a pattern and to expose an electron-sensitive resistance in an unmasked area of an object surface (EPA-83/03).
Electronic optical sorter: Separates glass from stones and pieces of ceramics; sorts the glass according to color. Photoelectric detector determines the color or opacity of the material and blasts of air deflect the pieces into the proper containers (EPA-83).
Electron beam machining: The process of removing materials from a workpiece by a high velocity focused stream of electrons which melt and vaporize the workpiece at the point of impingerent (EPA-83106a).
Electroosmosis: The movement of a liquid out of or through a porous diaphragm or a biological membrane under the influence of an electrical field.
Electron beam melting: A melting process in which an electron beam is used as a heating source (EPA-83103a). Electron capture detector (ECD): See GCJECD. Electron discharge lamp: An electron lamp in which light is produced by passage of an electric current through a metallic vapor or gas (EPA-83103). Electron donor: Organic carbon, or reduced inorganic compounds, which give electrons to electron acceptors during cellular respiration and oxidation-reduction reactions, resulting in the release of energy to the cell, and the oxidation of the electron donor. Electron donors are relatively reduced and include fuel hydrocarbons, less chlorinated solvents like vinyl chloride, and native organic carbon (NavyJEnv-04). Electron gun: An electrode structure that produces and may control, focus, deflect, and converge one or more electron beams in an electron tube (EPA-83/03). Electron pair bond: See covalent bond. Electron tube: An electron device in which conduction of electricity is accomplished by electrons moving through a vacuum or gaseous medium within a gas-tight envelope (EPA-83/03). Electron: (1) A negatively charged particle which carries a negative charge of 1.602 x lo-'' coulomb. The number of electrons circulating around a nucleus is equal to the number of positive charges on the nucleus. See atom for more related terms. (2) A sub-atomic particle carrying a negative charge. (3) An element particle carrying a negative charge. Electron: A negatively charged subatomic particle that may be transferred between chemical species in chemical reactions. Every chemical molecule contains electrons and protons (positively charged particles) (NavyIEnv-04). Electronic crystals: Crystals or crystalline materials which because of their unique structural and electronic properties are used in electronic devices. Examples of these crystals are crystals comprised of quartz, ceramic, silicon, gallium arsenide, and idium arsenide. See crystal for more related terms (40CFR469.22-91).
Electroosmotic drag: In fuel cells, the resistance or force that a proton needs to overcome in order to migrate from an anode to cathode in an electrolyte. Electrophile: A reactive species that accepts an electron pair (NavyIEnv-04). Electrophoresis: The transport of electrically charged particles under the influence of a DC electric field. The charged particles migrate to collecting membranes, which are located between the two electrodes, for subsequent removal. Because the particles are not allowed to reach the electrode, reaction at the electrode with materials do not take place. Particles without charges, isoelectric particles are not collected. The membranes which stop the migration of particles are dialyzing membranes (e.g., cellulose) which allow only water and small ions to pass through (cf. gel electrophoresis). Electroplating (or electrocoating): (1) The electrodeposition of a metallic or nonmetallic coating onto the surface of a workpiece (40CFR471.02-91). (2) A process used to deposit, or plate, a coating of metal upon the surface of another metal by electrochemical reactions (AP-40, p829). Electroplating process wastewater: The process wastewater generated in operations which are subject to regulation under any of Subparts A through H of this part. See wastewater for more related terms (40CFR413.02-91). Electrostatic bell or disc spray: An electrostatic spray coating method in which a rapidly spinning bell- or disc-shaped applicator is used to create a fine mist and apply the coating with high transfer efficiency (40CFR52.741-91). Electrostatic precipitation mechanism: The process of electrostatic precipitation consists of: (1) Gas ions are formed by means of high-voltage corona discharge. (2) The solid or liquid particles are charged by bombardment by the gaseous ions or electrons. (3) The electrostatic field causes the discharged particles to migrate to a collecting electrode of opposite polarity. (4) The charge on a particle must be neutralized by the collecting electrode. (5) Reentrainment of the collected particles must be prevented. (6) The collected particles must be transferred from the collecting electrode to storage for subsequent disposal (AP-40, p140). Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) process: Particulate matter is first charged with electricity before it can be collected in an ESP.
Once the particles or liquid aerosols that make up the particulate matter are charged, they move towards an oppositely charged surface because of electrostatic attraction (opposite charges attract each other, the same charges repel each other). The collected particles are removed by rapping or washing the collecting surface. This charging, collecting, and removal process is commonly referred to as precipitation. ESP can be classified according to a number of design features. These features include the method of charging (single stage or two stage), the method of particle removal from collection surfaces (wet or dry), the temperature of operation (cold side or hot side), and the structural design and operation of the discharge electrodes (tubular or plate) (EPA89103b). Most ESPs used to reduce particulate matter emissions from boilers and other industrial processes are single-stage ESPs. These units use very high voltage to charge particles. The particles, once charged, move in a direction perpendicular to the gas flow and are collected on the oppositely charged collection surface. Because particle charging and collection occurs in the same stage, these ESPs are called single stage ESPs. Collected particles are removed fiom the unit by rapping the collection electrodes or by spraying water on the electrodes to wash the particles away. ESPs use either flat plates or cylindrical tubes to collect particulate matter. Most ESPs use plates as collection electrodes. In this arrangement, dirty gas flows into a chamber consisting of a series of small diameter discharge electrodes (wires) especially spaced between rows of plates. Discharge electrodes are approximately 0.05 to 0.15 inches (0.02 to 0.06 centimeters) in diameter. Collection plates are usually between 20 and 40 feet (6 and 12 meters) high and spaced from 4 to 12 inches (1.6 to 4.7 centimeters) apart. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) type: (1) Dry ESP, (2) Wet ESP, (3) Electrostatically augmented scrubber. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP): (1) An air pollution control device in which solid or liquid particulates in a gas stream are charged as they pass through an electric field and precipitated on a collection surface (40CFR60.471-91). (2) A unit used for separating dust particles and/or mist from a polluted air stream by an electrostatic field. The polluted air passes over a high voltage negative electrode, whose voltage is of the order of 40,000100,000 volts. An electrostatic field then imparts a charge on the particles, which are then attracted to a collecting electrode of an opposite charge (EPA-84/09). (3) A device that removes particles from a gas stream (smoke) after combustion occurs. The ESP imparts an electrical charge to the particles, causing them to adhere to metal plates inside the precipitator. Rapping on the plates causes the particles to fall into a hopper for disposal (EPA97/12). Electrostatic precipitator: Device for removing particulate matter from an incinerator facility's air emissions. It works by causing the particles to become electrostatically charged and then attracting them to an oppositely charged plate, where they are precipitated out of the flue gasses (RCRNmanagement-04).
Electrostatic separator: A device utilizing the principle that electrical conductors lose an induced static charge faster than insulators. In this way, an electrostatic sorter can separate conducting materials (e.g., aluminum) from non-conducting ones (e.g., glass) after the particles are charged in a high voltage direct current electrical field. See separator for more related terms (EPA83). Electrostatic spray application: A spray application method that uses an electrical potential to increase the transfer efficiency of the coatings (40CFR60.3 11-91, see also 40CFR60.391-91). Electrostatic spray: A spray coating method in which opposite electrical charges are applied to the substrate and the coating. The coating is attracted to the object due to the electrostatic potential between them (40CFR52.741-91). Electrostatically augmented scrubber: A control device that couples the mechanisms of electrostatic attraction and inertial separation by charging particles prior to entry into a wet collector. See electrostatic precipitator for more related terms (EPA-81/09). Electrovalent bond: See ionic bond. Electrowinning: The recovery of a metal from an ore by means of electrochemical processes, i.e., deposition of metal on an electrode by passing electric current through an electrolyte (EPA-82/05). Element: In a battery, a combination of negative and positive plates and separators to make a cell in a lead-acid storage battery (EPA-84/08). In chemistry, the particle which is theoretically the irreducible constituents of the material world. It includes electron, proton, and neutron. Elemental analysis: See ultimate analysis. Elemental phosphorus plant or plant: Any facility that processes phosphate rock to produce elemental phosphorus. A plant includes all buildings, structures, operations, calciners, and nodulizing kilns on one contiguous site (40CFR61.121-91). Elementary neutralization unit: A device which: (1) Is used for neutralizing wastes that are hazardous wastes only because they exhibit the corrosivity characteristic defined in 261.22 of this chapter, or they are listed in Subpart D of Part 261 of the chapter only for this reason; and (2) Meets the definition of tank, tank system, container, transport vehicle, or vessel in 40CFR260.10 of this chapter (40CFR260.10-9 1, see also 40CFR270.2-91). Elementary neutralization units: Containers, tanks, tank systems, transportation vehicles, or vessels which neutralize wastes that are hazardous only for exhibiting the characteristic of corrosivity (RCRAkazardous-04).
Elevation angle: The angle of inclination of the laser beam referenced to the horizontal plane (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91).
treatment steps or in sludge dewatering (EPA-87110a). (4) See separator for more related terms. EMA: Emergency Management Agency (MWTAlinfectious-04).
Eleven AA (11 AA): The chemical substance 11aminoundecanoic acid, CAS Number 2432-99-7 (40CFR704.2591). Eleven contiguous western states: The states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming (FLPMA10343U.S.C. 1702-90). Eligibility: Qualification of a property for participation in the Residential Sound Insulation Program by being located in a designated treatment area as defined by the Department of Port Control (NCAInoise-04). Eligible coastal state: A coastal state that for any fiscal year for which a grant is' applied for under this section: (1) Has a management program approved under section 1455 of this title; and (2) In the judgment of the Secretary, is making satisfactory progress in activities designed to result in significant improvement in achieving the coastal management objectives specified in section 1452(2)(A) through (I) of this title (CZMA306a16U.S.C. 1455a). Eligible costs: The construction costs for wastewater treatment works upon which EPA grants are based (EPA-97/12). Elimination: Chemical reaction where two groups such as chlorine and hydrogen are lost from adjacent carbon atoms and a double bond is formed in their place (NavyIEnv-04).
EMAP data: Environmental monitoring data collected under the auspices of the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. All EMAP data share the common attribute of being of known quality, having been collected in the context of explicit data quality objectives (DQOs) and a consistent quality assurance program (EPA-97/12). Embankment (or impoundment): A storage basin made to contain wastes from mines or preparation plants (EPA-82/10). Embryo cup: A small glass jar or similar container with a screened bottom in which the embryos of some species (i.e., minnow) are placed during the incubation period and which is normally oscillated to ensure a flow of water through the cup (40CFR797.1600-91). Embryo: The young spor ophytic plant before the start of germination (40CFR797.2750-91). EMCON Methane Generation Model: A model for estimating the production of methane from municipal solid waste landfills (CAA/C02gas1-04). Emergency (chemical): A situation created by an accidental release or spill of hazardous chemicals which poses a threat to the safety of workers, residents, the environment, or property (EPA97/12).
Eluate: A solution used to extract collected ions from an ion exchange resin or solvent and return the its active state (EPA82/05).
Emergency action plan: A plan for a workplace, or parts thereof, describing what procedures the employer and employees must take to ensure employee safety from fire or other emergencies (29CFR1910.35-91).
Eluent: A solution used to extract collected ions from an ion exchange resin or solvent and return the resin to its active state (EPA-82/10).
Emergency broadcasting system (EBS): EBS is to be used to inform the public about the nature of a hazardous materials incident and what safety steps they should take (NRT-87/03).
Elution: (1) The process of washing out or removing a substance through the use of a solvent. (2) In an ion exchange process, the stripping of adsorbed ions from an ion exchange resin by passing solutions containing other ions in relatively high concentrations through the resin (EPA-87110a).
Emergency condition: (1) For electric generation, see 40CFR60.41a-91. (2) For pesticide application, see 40CFR166.391. (3) For a nuclear facility, occurrences or accidents that might occur infrequently during start-up testing or operation of the facility. The equipment, components, and structures might be deformed by these conditions to the extent that repair is required prior to reuse (DOE-91/04).
Elutriation: (1) In air pollution control, a particle separation technique that is accomplished by particles settling out of a gas stream that is moving in an upward direction (EPA-84/09). (2) In solid waste treatment, separation of solid waste into heavy and light fractions by washing (SW-108ts). (3) In sludge conditioning, a process whereby the sludge is washed, either with fresh water or plant effluent, to reduce the sludge alkalinity and fine particles, thus decreasing the amount of required coagulant in further
Emergency episode: See episode (EPA-97/12). Emergency escape route: The route that employees are directed to follow in the event they are required to evacuate the workplace or seek a designated refuge area (29CFR1910.35-91).
Emergency exemption: Provision in FIFRA under which EPA can grant temporary exemption to a state or another federal agency to allow the use of a pesticide product not registered for that particular use. Such actions involve unanticipated and/or severe pest problems where there is not time or interest by a manufacturer to register the product for that use. (Registrants cannot apply for such exemptions) (EPA-97/12). Emergency fuel: A fuel fired by a gas turbine only during circumstances, such as natural gas supply curtailment or breakdown of delivery system, that make it impossible to fire natural gas in the gas turbine. See fuel for more related terms (40CFR60.33 1-91). Emergency gas turbine: Any stationary gas turbine which operates as a mechanical or electrical power source only when the primary power source for a facility has been rendered inoperable by an emergency situation. See turbine for more related terms (40CFR60.33 1-91). Emergency management institute (EMI): EM1 is a component of FEMA's National Emergency Training Center located in Emmitsburg, Maryland. It conducts resident and nonresident training activities for federal, state, and local government officials, managers in the private economic sector, and members of professional and volunteer organizations on subjects that range from civil nuclear preparedness systems to domestic emergencies caused by natural and technological hazards. Nonresident training activities are also conducted by State Emergency Management Training Offices under cooperative agreements that offer financial and technical assistance to establish annual training programs that fulfill emergency management training requirements in communities throughout the nation (NRT-87/03). Emergency operations plan (EOP): Developed in accord with the guidance in CPG 1-8. EOPs are multi-hazard, functional plans that treat emergency management activities generically. EOPs provide for as much generally applicable capability as possible without reference to any particular hazard; then they address the unique aspects of individual disasters in hazard-specific appendices (NRT-87/03). Emergency permit: A UIC permit issued in accordance with 40CFR144.34. See permit for more related terms (40CFR144.3-91, see also 40CFR270.2-91). Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) of 1986: See Act or EPCRA. Emergency procedure: The various special procedures necessary to protect the environment from wastewater treatment plant failures caused by power outages, chemical spills, equipment failures, major storms, floods, etc. (EPA-82111e). Emergency project: A project involving the removal, enclosure, or encapsulation of fkiable asbestos-containing material that was
not planned but results from a sudden unexpected event (40CFR763.121-91).
Emergency removal action: (1) Steps taken to remove contaminated materials that pose imminent threats to local residents (e.g., removal of leaking drums or the excavation of explosive waste). (2) The state record of such removals (EPA97/12). Emergency renovation operation: A renovation operation that was not planned but results from a sudden, unexpected event that, if not immediately attended to, presents a safety or public hazard, is necessary to protect equipment from damage, or is necessary to avoid imposing an unreasonable financial burden. This term includes operations necessitated by nonroutine failures of equipment (40CFR61.141-91). Emergency response (ER): The Emergency Response Program provides adequate and timely response measures in communities affected by hazardous substances and oil releases where state and local first responder capabilities have been exceeded or where additional support is needed (SFIremedy-04). Emergency response notification system (ERNS): The Emergency Response Notification System is a database used to store information on notifications of oil discharges and hazardous substance releases. ERNS is now part of the National Response Center (SFIremedy-04). Emergency response plan: A plan of action to be followed by source operators after a toxic substance has been accidentally released to the atmosphere. The plan includes notification of authorities and impacted population zones, minimizing the quantity of the discharge, etc. (EPA-87107a). Emergency response value: Concentrations of chemicals, published by various groups, defining acceptable levels for shortterm exposures in emergencies (EPA-97/12). Emergency safety stack: See dump stack. Emergency situation: For continuing use of a PCB Transformer exists when: (1) Neither a non-PCB transformer nor a PCBcontaminated transformer is currently in storage for reuse or readily available (i.e., available within 24 hours) for installation. (2) Immediate replacement is necessary to continue service to power users (40CFR761.3-91). Emergency suspension: Suspension of a pesticide product registration due to an imminent hazard. The action immediately halts distribution, sale, and sometimes actual use of the pesticide involved (EPA-97/12). Emergency vent stream: For the purposes of these standards, an intermittent emission that results from a decomposition, attempts to prevent decompositions, power failure, equipment failure, or
other unexpected cause that requires immediate venting of gases from process equipment in order to avoid safety hazards or equipment damage. This includes intermittent vents that occur from process equipment where normal operating parameters (e.g., pressure or temperature) are exceeded such that the process equipment cannot be returned to normal operating conditions using the design features of the system and venting must occur to avoid equipment failure or adverse safety personnel consequences and to minimize adverse effects of the runaway reaction. This does not include intermittent vents that are designed into the process to maintain normal operating conditions of process vessels including those vents that regulate normal process vessel pressure (40CFR60.561-91).
Emergency: A situation created by an accidental release or spill of hazardous chemicals which poses a threat to the safety of workers, residents, the environment, or property (EPA-85/11). Emergent (emersed) aquatic plants: Rooted plants, such as the bulrush and cattail that grow in shallow water with a portion of their stems and leaves rising above the water surface (DOI-70104). Emergent plants: Erect, rooted, herbaceous plants that may be temporarily or permanently flooded at the base but do not tolerate prolonged inundation of the entire plant (CWAWbasics-04). Emerging technology: A technology in the developmental stage (pilot-scale testing, bench-scale study) of production (NavyEnv04). Emerging technology: Any sulfur dioxide control system that is not defined as a conventional technology under this section, and for which the owner or operator of the facility has applied to the Administrator and received approval to operate as an emerging technology under 40CFR60.49b(a)(4) (40CFR60.4 1b-9 1, see also 40CFR60.41C-91).
Emission control system: The combination of an emission control device and a vapor capture system for the purpose of reducing VOC emissions from flexible vinyl and urethane rotogravure printing lines (40CFR60.581-91). Emission critical parameter: Those critical parameters and tolerances which, if equivalent from one part to another, will not cause the vehicle to exceed applicable emission standards with such parts installed (40CFR85.2113-91). Emission data: With reference to any source of emission of any substance into the air: (1) Information necessary to determine the identity, amount, frequency, concentration, or other characteristics (to the extent related to air quality) of any emission which has been emitted by the source (or of any pollutant resulting from any emission by the source), or any combination of the foregoing; (2) Information necessary to determine the identity, amount, frequency, concentration, or other characteristics (to the extent related to air quality) of the emissions which, under an applicable standard or limitation, the source was authorized to emit (including, to the extent necessary for such purposes, a description of the manner or rate of operation of the source); and (3) A general description of the location andlor nature of the source to the extent necessary to identify the source and to distinguish it from other sources (including, to the extent necessary for such purposes, a description of the device, installation, or operation constituting the source). For complete definition, see 40CFR2.301-2-9 1. Emission factor: The relationship between the amount of pollution produced and the amount of raw material processed. For example, an emission factor for a blast fumace making iron would be the number of pounds of particulates per ton of raw materials (AEAImixedW-04).
Emetic: An agent that induces vomiting (LBL-76107-bio).
Emission factor: The relationship between the amount of pollution produced and the amount of raw material processed. For example, an emission factor for a blast furnace making iron would be the number of pounds of particulates per ton of raw materials (EPA-97/12).
Eminent domain: Government taking--or forced acquisition--of private land for public use, with compensation paid to the landowner (EPA-89/12).
Emission flame photometry: A type of flame photometry. See photoluminescence under continuous inorganic compound analyzer, luminescence analyzer.
Emission cap: A limit designed to prevent projected growth in emissions from existing and future stationary sources from eroding any mandated reduction. Generally, such provisions require any emission growth from facilities under the restrictions be offset by equivalent reductions at other facilities under the same cap (see emissions trading) (EPA-97/12).
Emission frequency: The percentage of time that emissions are visible during the observation period (40CFR60-App/A(method 22)-91).
Emesis: Vomiting (LBL-76107-bio).
Emission control device: Any solvent recovery or solvent destruction device used to control volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions from flexible vinyl and urethane rotogravure printing lines (40CFR60.58 1-91).
Emission guideline: A guideline set forth in Subpart C of this part, or in a final guideline document published under 40CFR60.22(a), which reflects the degree of emission reduction achievable through the application of the best system of emission reduction which (taking into account the cost of such reduction) the Administrator has determined has been adequately demonstrated for designated facilities (40CFR60.21-91).
Emission short test: See Office Director--approved emission test. Emission inventory: A listing, by source, of the amount of air pollutants discharged into the atmosphere of a community; used to establish emission standards (EPA-97/12). Emission limitation and emission standards: A requirement established by the state or the Administrator which limits the quantity, rate, or concentration of emissions of air pollutants on a continuous basis, including any requirement relating to the operation or maintenance of a source of assure continuous emission reduction (CAA302, see also 40CFR51.100-91). Emission limitation: A requirement established by a state, local government, or the Administrator which limits the quantity, rate, or concentration of emissions of air pollutants on a continuous basis, including any requirements which limit the level of opacity, prescribe equipment, set fuel specifications, or prescribe operation or maintenance procedures for a source to assure continuous emission reduction (AEAImixedW-04). Emission measurement system: All of the equipment necessary to transport and measure the level of emissions. This includes the sample system and the instrumentation system (40CFR87.1-91). Emission performance warranty: The warranty given pursuant to this subpart and section 20(b) of the Act (40CFR85.2102-91). Emission rate: The amount of pollutants emitted per unit of time (OME-88/12). Emission related defect: A defect in design, materials, or workmanship in a device, system, or assembly described in the approved Application for Certification (required by 40CFR86.077.22 and like provisions of Part 85 and Part 86 of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations) which affects any parameter or specification enumerated in Appendix VIII (40CFR85.1902-91). Emission related maintenance: The maintenance which does substantially affect emissions or which is likely to affect the emissions deterioration of the vehicle or engine during normal inuse operation, even if the maintenance is performed at some time other than that which is recommended (40CFR86.088.2-91, see also 40CFR86.084.2-91). Emission related parts: Those parts installed for the specific purpose of controlling emissions or those components, systems, or elements of design which must function properly to assure continued vehicle emission compliance (40CFR85.2 102-91). Emission screen limit: In RCRA, emission screen limit is developed by back-calculating from the risk specific doses and the reference air concentrations, using dispersion coefficients for reasonable, worst case facilities (6.feed rate screen limit) (EPA90104).
Emission source and source: Any facility from which VOM is emitted or capable of being emitted into the atmosphere (40CFR52.741-91). Emission standard or limitation under this Act (CAA): (1) A schedule or timetable of compliance, emission limitation, standard of performance, or emission standard; (2) A control or prohibition respecting a motor vehicle fuel or fuel additive, which is in effect under this Act (including a requirement applicable by reason of section 118) or under an applicable implementation plan; or (3) Any condition or requirement of a permit under part C of title I (relating to significant deterioration of air quality) or part D of title I (relating to nonattainment), any condition or requirement of section 113(d) (relating to certain enforcement orders), section 119 (relating to primary nonferrous smelter orders), any condition or requirement under an applicable implementation plan relating to transportation control measures, air quality maintenance plans, vehicle inspection and maintenance programs or vapor recovery requirements, section 221 (e) and (f) (relating to fuels and fuel additives), section 169A (relating to visibility protection), any condition or requirement under part B of title I (relating to ozone protection), or any requirement under section 111 or 112 (without regard to whether such requirement is expressed as an emission standard or otherwise). [2] which is in effect under this Act (including a requirement applicable by reason of section 118) or under an applicable implementation plan. [I] So in original public law. Period probably should be a comma [2] So in original. Subsection (a) enacted without paragraph (2) (CAA30442U.S.C.7604). Emission standards: (1) A legally enforceable regulation setting forth an allowable rate of emissions into the atmosphere, or prescribing equipment specifications for control of air pollution emissions (40CFR60.21-91). (2) Legally enforceable limits on the quantities andlor kinds of air contaminants that can be emitted into the atmosphere (DOE-91/04). (3) The maximum amount of air polluting discharge legally allowed from a single source, mobile or stationary (EPA-97/12). Emission standards: The maximum amount of air polluting discharge legally allowed from a single source, mobile or stationary (CAAIAPC-04). Emission time: The accumulated amount of time that emissions are visible during the observation period (40CFR60App/A(method 22)-91). Emission unit: Any part of a stationary source which emits or would have the potential to emit any pollutant subject to regulation under the Act (40CFR51.165-91, see akro 40CFR5 1.166; 5 1-App/S; 52.2 1;52.24-91).
Emission warranty: Those warranties given by vehicle manufacturers pursuant to section 207 of the Act (40CFR85.211391). Emissions coefficient: A unique value for scaling emissions to activity data in terms of a standard rate of emissions per unit of activity (e.g., pounds of carbon dioxide emitted per Btu of fossil fuel consumed) (CAA/COzgas1-04). Emissions trading: The creation of surplus emission reductions at certain stacks, vents, or similar emissions sources and the use of this surplus to meet or redefine pollution requirements applicable to other emissions sources. This allows one source to increase emissions when another source reduces them, maintaining an overall constant emission level. Facilities that reduce emissions substantially may '%bankN their "credits" or sell them to other facilities or industries (CAAIAPC-04). Emissions trading: The creation of surplus emission reductions at certain stacks, vents, or similar emissions sources and the use of this surplus to meet or redefine pollution requirements applicable to other emission sources. This allows one source to increase emissions when another source reduces them, maintaining an overall constant emission level. Facilities that reduce emissions substantially may "bank" their "credits" or sell them to other industries (EPA-97/12) (cf. bubble policy). Emissions: (1) Gas-borne pollutants released to the atmosphere (40CFR240.101-91). (2) Material released into the air either by a discrete source (primary emission) or as the result of a photochemical reaction or chain of reactions (secondary emission). (3) The total of substances exhausted to the atmosphere (EPA-83). (4) Pollution discharged into the atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities; from residential chimneys; and from motor vehicle, locomotive, or aircraft exhausts (EPA-97/12). Emissions: Anthropogenic releases of gases to the atmosphere. In the context of global climate change, they consist of radiatively important greenhouse gases (e.g., the release of carbon dioxide during fuel combustion) (CMC02gasl-04). Emissions: Pollution discharged into the atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities; from residential chimneys; and from motor vehicle, locomotive, or aircraft exhausts (Navy/Env-04). Emissions: Release of pollutants into the air from a source. Pollution discharged into the atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities; h residential chimneys; and h m motor vehicle, locomotive, or aim& exhausts (CMAPC-04). Emissions: Release of pollutants into the air from a source. We say sources emit pollutants. Continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) are machines which some large sources are
required to install, to make continuous measurements of pollutant release (CMair-04).
Emissions: The release or discharge of a substance into the environment. Generally refers to the release of gases or particulates into the air (FFDCNpesticide-04). Emissions: For more related terms, see (1) Actual emission; (2) Air emission; (3) Allowable emission; (4) Continuous emission; (5) Crankcase emission; (6) Decomposition emission; (7) Evaporative emission; (8) Excess emission; (9) Exhaust emission; (10) Fugitive emission; (11) Intermittent emission; (12) Natural emission; (13) Primary emission; (14) Process emission; (15) Process fugitive emission; (16) Secondary emission; (17) Smoke emission; and (18) Stack emission. Emissive coating: An oxide coating applied to an electrode to enhance the emission of electrons (EPA-83/03). Emitter: Anything or anyone causing emissions (NATO-78/10). Employee exposure: That exposure to airborne asbestos would occur if the employee were not using respiratory protective equipment (40CFR763.12 1-91). Employee salary offset: The administrative collection of a debt by deductions at one or more officially established pay intervals from the current pay account of an employee without the employee's consent (40CFR13.2-91). Employee: An employee of an employer (OSHA3). EMR: Electro-Magnetic Radiation (MWTNinfectious-04). Emulsified oil and grease: An oil or grease dispersed in an immiscible liquid usually in droplets of larger than colloidal size. In general suspension of oil or grease within another liquid (usually water) (EPA-83106a). Emulsifier: An agent which promotes formation and stabilization of an emulsion, usually a surface active agent (EPA-75101a). Emulsifying agent: A material that increases the stability of a dispersion of one liquid in another (EPA-83106a). Emulsion breaking: Decreasing the stability of dispersion of one liquid in another (EPA-83106a). Emulsion cleaning: A cleaning process using organic solvents dispersed in an aqueous medium with the aid of an emulsifying agent (EPA-83106a). Emulsion: Stable dispersions of two immiscible liquids. In the aluminum forming category this is usually an oil and water mixture (40CFR467.02-91, see also 40CFR471.02-91).
Enamel: (1) A coating that cures by chemical cross-linking of its base resin. Enamels can be distinguished from lacquers because enamels are not readily resoluble in their original solvent (40CFR52.741-91). (2) A pigmented coating which is characterized by an ability to form an especially smooth film which is free from brush or other tool marks. Although most enamels are glossy, flat enamels are also available. Enamel is usually considered to be a relatively hard coating (EPA-79112b). Enameling iron: A type of steel made especially for application of porcelain enamel coatings (EPA-82111e). Encapsulate: To seal a pesticide, and its container if appropriate, in an impervious container made of plastic, glass, or other suitable material which will not be chemically degraded by the contents. This container then should be sealed within a durable container made from steel, plastic, concrete, or other suitable material of sufficient thickness and strength to resist physical damage during and subsequent to burial or storage (40CFR165.1-91). Encapsulation: (1) A complete enclosure of a waste in another material in such a way as to isolate it from external effects such as those of water or of air; e.g., casting toxic waste into something like concrete which is insoluble and thus inaccessible to water and other substances that might bring out the poison. (2) In 40CFR, the treatment of ACBM (asbestos containing building material) with a material that surrounds or embeds asbestos fibers in an adhesive matrix to prevent the release of fibers, as the encapsulant creates a membrane over the surface (bridging encapsulant) or penetrates the material and binds its components together benetrating encapsulant) (40CFR763.83-91). (3) The treatment of asbestos-containing material with a liquid that covers the surface with a protective coating or embeds fibers in an adhesive matrix to prevent their release into the air (EPA-97/12). Encephalitis: An inflammation of the brain caused by viruses and bacteria (FIFRAIWN-04). Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain (LBL-76107-bio). Enclose: To cover any VOL (volatile organic liquids) surface that is exposed to the atmosphere (40CFR52.741-91).
Enclosed truck or railcar loading station: The portion of a nonmetallic mineral processing plant where nonmetallic minerals are loaded by an enclosed conveying system into enclosed trucks or railcars (4OCFR60.671-91). Enclosure: (1) A structure that surrounds a VOC (cement, solvent, or spray) application area and drying area, and that captures and contains evaporated VOC and vents it to a control device. Enclosures may have permanent and temporary openings (40CFR60.541-91, see also 40CFR60.441-91). (2) An airtight, impermeable, permanent barrier around ACBM to prevent the release of asbestos fibers into the air (40CFR763.83-91). (3) Putting an airtight, impermeable, permanent barrier around asbestos-containing materials to prevent the release of asbestos fibers into the air (EPA-97/12). Encumbrance: A claim against the property (such as a compliance agreement, easement, lease, mortgage, treaty, or tribal agreement) which could prevent transfer of ownership. However, a property may be transferred or sold subject to an outstanding claim (SDWAIradionuclide-04). End box ventilation system: A ventilation system which collects mercury emissions from the end-boxes, the mercury pump sumps, and their water collection systems (40CFR61.51-91). End box: A container(s) located on one or both ends of a mercury chlor-alkali electrolyzer which serves as a connection between the electrolyzer and denuder for rich and stripped amalgam (40CFR61.51-91). End finisher: A polymerization reaction vessel operated under very low pressures, typically at pressures of 2 torr or less, in order to produce high viscosity poly(ethy1ene terephthalate). An end finisher is preceded in a high viscosity poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) process line by one or more polymerization vessels operated under less severe vacuums, typically between 5 and 10 tom. A high viscosity poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) process line may have one or more end finishers (40CFR60.561-91). End sealing compound coat: A compound applied to can ends which functions as a gasket when the end is assembled onto the can (40CFR52.741-91).
Enclosed process: A manufacturing or processing operation that is designed and operated so that there is no intentional release into the environment of any substance present in the operation. An operation with fugitive, inadvertent, or emergency pressure relief releases remains an enclosed process so long as measures are taken to prevent worker exposure to and environmental contamination from the releases (40CFR704.3-91, see also 40CFR704.25; 704.104; 721.350; 721.11 75-91).
End use product: A pesticide product whose labeling: (1) Includes directions for use of the product (as distributed or sold, or after combination by the user with other substances) for controlling pests or defoliating, desiccating, or regulating the growth of plants; and (2) Does not state that the product may be used to manufacture or formulate other pesticide products (40CFR152.3-91, see also 40CFR158.153-91).
Enclosed storage area: Any area covered by a roof under which metallic minerals are stored prior to further processing or loading (40CFR60.381-91).
End user: Consumer of products for the purpose of recycling. Excludes products for reuse or combustion for energy recovery (EPA-97/12).
Endangered species (rare species or threatened species): (1) Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range other than a species of the Class Insecta determined by the Secretary to constitute a pest whose protection under the provisions of this chapter would present an overwhelming and overriding risk to man (ESA3-16U.S.C.153190). (2) Any species listed as such pursuant to section 4 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA3; 40CFR257.3.2-91, see also 40CFR723.50-91). (3) Species of plants and animals that are threatened with either extinction or serious depletion in an area and that are formally listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (DOE-91/04). (4) Any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range (DOE-91/04). (5) Animals, birds, fish, plants, or other living organisms threatened with extinction by man-made or natural changes in their environment. Requirements for declaring a species endangered are contained in the Endangered Species Act (EPA-97/12). Endangered species: A species that is in imminent danger of becoming extinct (CWAfWbasics-04). Endangered species: Animals, birds, fish, plants, or other living organisms threatened with extinction by man-made or natural changes in their environment. Requirements for declaring a species endangered are contained in the Endangered Species Act (NavyIEnv-04). Endangered species: Animals, plants, birds, fish, or other living organisms threatened with extinction by man-made or natural changes in the environment (FFDCNpesticide-04). Endangerment assessment: A study to determine the nature and extent of contamination at a site on the National Priorities List and the risks posed to public health or the environment. U.S. EPA or the state conducts the study when a legal action is to be taken to direct potentially responsible parties to clean up a site or pay for it. An endangerment assessment supplements a remedial investigation (EPA-97/12). Endemic: The regular occurrence of a fairly constant number of cases within given area (EPA-83). Endocrine system: The collection of ductless glands in animals that secrete hormones, which influence growth, gender, and sexual maturity (CWNWbasics-04). End-of-pipe (EOP) technology: The final treatment process used to remove or alter selected constituents of the wastewater from manufacturing operations (EPA-8711Oa). End-of-pipe treatment: The reduction and/or removal of pollutants by a treatment process such as chemical treatment just prior to actual discharge (EPA-83/03).
End-of-the-pipe: Technologies such as scrubbers on smokestacks and catalytic convertors on automobile tailpipes that reduce emissions of pollutants after they have formed (EPA-97/12). Endogenous lead: The lead that has already entered the body. See lead for more related terms (LBL-76107-bio). Endogenous respiration: Respiration of cells by using the nutrients from dead cells. Endogenous state: The state of continuous physiological activity in a stationary phase, which may eventually enter a declining phase (LBL-76107-water). Endogenous urinary lead: Refers to the urinary excretion of lead that occurs normally in the absence of chelating agents. See lead for more related terms (LBL-76107-bio). Endogenous viruses: The viral genetic information that is a permanent part of the host cell DNA and is stably passed on to progeny (EPA-88109a). Endogenous: Endo = within; genesis = growth. The term describes growing due to internal causes; e.g., bacteria growth within an organism (cf. exogenous). The growth of bacterial cultures eventually becomes endogenous as the result of environmental constraints imposed on the system (e.g., disappearance of nutrient substrate, enzymes, etc.) (LBL-76107water). Endonuclease: An enzyme that intramolecularly (EPA-88109a).
degrades nucleic acid
Endothermic reaction: The reaction system that absorbs heat from the surroundings as the reaction takes place (cf. exothermic reaction). Endotoxin: Poison released by the degeneration (or death) of bacterial cells. Endpoint filtrate COD: The point at which the filtrate COD has become constant (in the mass culture aeration BOD method) (LBL-76107-water). Endpoint titration: The point indicating that a desired effect (or reaction, color change, etc.) in the titration has been reached. See titration for more related terms. Endpoint: A biological effect used as an index of the effect of a chemical on an organism (Course 165.6; EPA-92/12). Endpoint: For more related terms, see (1) Behavioral toxicity; (2) Carcinogenicity; (3) Hematologic toxicity; (4) Hepatoxicity; (5) Inhalation toxicity; (6) Mutagenicity; (7) Neurotoxicity; (8) Renal toxicity; (9) Reproductive toxicity; and (10) Teratogenicity.
Endrin (ClzHsOCls): (1) A pesticide insoluble in water. (2) In 4OCFR, it means the compound endrin as identified by the chemical name 1,2,3,4,10, 10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-l,4-endo-5,8-endodimethanonaphthalene (40CFR129.4-91, see also 40CFR704.102; 721.1 1509 1). (3) A pesticide toxic to freshwater and marine aquatic life that produces adverse health effects in domestic water supplies (EPA97112). Endrin ambient water criterion: The ambient water criterion for endrin in navigable waters is 0.004 p g k (40CFR129.101-91). Endrin formulator: A person who produces, prepares, or processes a formulated product comprising a mixture of endrin and inert materials or other diluents into a product intended for application in any use registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended (7U.S.C.135, et seq.) (40CFR129.101-91). Endrin manufacturer: A manufacturer, excluding any source which is exclusively an endrin formulator, who produces, prepares, or processes technical endrin or who uses endrin as a material in the production, preparation, or processing of another synthetic organic substance (40CFR129.101-91). Endrin: A pesticide toxic to freshwater and marine aquatic life that produces adverse health effects in domestic water supplies (NavyIEnv-04). End-use market: A company that purchases recycled materials for use as feedstock in manufacturing new products (RCRA/management-04). End-use product: A pesticide formulation for field or other end use. The label has instructions for use or application to control pests or regulate plant growth. The term excludes products used to formulate other pesticide products (EPA-97/12). Energy average level: A quantity calculated by taking ten times the common logarithm of the arithmetic average of the antilogs of one-tenth of each of the levels being averaged. The levels may be of any consistent type, e.g., maximum sound levels, sound exposure levels, and day-night sound levels (40CFR201.1-91). Energy balance: A concept based on a fundamental law of physical science (conservation of energy) known as the first law of thermodynamics which says that although energy may be transformed it may not be destroyed. Heat balance is a loose term applied to a special form of energy balance frequently used in processes which are associated with gaseous pollutant control by combustion (cf. heat balance or material balance) (EPA-84/09).
Energy crop: Plants that are grown for the purpose of energy production, not for food production. Energy density: The amount of energy that can be stored in a battery divided by the weight or the volume of the battery. Higher energy density results in a lighter battery. Energy facilities: Any equipment or facility which is or will be used primarily: (1) In the exploration for, or the development, production, conversion, storage, transfer, processing, or transportation of, any energy resource; or (2) For the manufacture, production, or assembly of equipment, machinery, products, or devices which are involved in any activity described in subparagraph (A). For complete definition, see CZMA30416U.S.C.1453). Energy form: Physical phases in which energy is stored in a chemical form. For example, a gaseous form such as natural gas or hydrogen; a liquid form such as petroleum or biofuels; and a solid energy form. Energy grade line: The line representing the total head (or total energy) of a flow from section to section. The total energy of a flow in any section with reference to some datum is the sum of the elevation head z, the pressure head y, and the velocity head ~ ' 1 2 ~ (M&EI-72). Energy head loss: The difference of total energy at any two flow sections (M&EI-72). Energy losses: The kilowatt hours lost in the operation of an electric system. See electric loss for more related terms (EPA-83). Energy management system: A control system capable of monitoring environmental and system loads and adjusting HVAC operations accordingly in order to conserve energy while maintaining comfort (EPA-97/12). Energy metabolism: Energy transformation due to the metabolism in a cell. Energy oxygen: Oxygen utilized by biota during their exponential growth phase for the synthesis of new cellular materials or biologically stable organic substances (LBL-76107-water). Energy recovery processes: Processes that recover the energy content of combustible wastes directly by burning, or indirectly by being converted to another fuel form such as gas or oil (EPA-83).
Energy band: An energy range that an electron has.
Energy recovery: (1) The retrieval of energy from waste by converting heat from incineration or methane gas from landfills (OTA-89/10). (2) Conversion of waste energy, generally through the combustion of processed or raw refuse to produce steam (EPA-89/11).
Energy conversion area: A facility that produces electricity from steam generated by reactor heat (DOE-91/04).
Energy recovery: Conversion of waste to energy, generally through the combustion of processed or raw refuse to produce
steam. See municipal (RCRAImanagement-04).
waste
combustion and
incineration
Energy recovery: Obtaining energy from waste through a variety of processes (EPA-97/12). Energy storage device: A rechargeable means of storing tractive energy on board a vehicle such as storage batteries or a flywheel (4OCFR600.002.85-9 1). Energy summation of level: A quantity calculated by taking ten times the common logarithm of the sum of the antilogs of onetenth of each of the levels being summed. The levels may be of any consistent type, e.g., day-night sound level or equivalent sound level (40CFR201.1-91). Energy: The capacity of a body to do work by its motion or configuration. Other energy-related terms include (1) Kinetic energy and (2) Potential energy. Enforceable requirement: Conditions or limitations in permits issued under the Clean Water Act, section 402 or 404 that, if violated, could result in the issuance of a compliance order or initiation of a civil or criminal action under federal or applicable state laws. If a permit has not been issued, the term includes any requirement which, in the Regional Administrator's judgement, would be included in the permit when issued. Where no permit applies, the term includes any requirement which the RA determines is necessary for the best practical waste treatment technology to meet applicable criteria (EPA-97/12). Enforceable Requirements of the Act (CWA): Those conditions or limitations of section 402 or 404 permits which, if violated, could result in the issuance of a compliance order or initiation of a civil or criminal action under section 30 of the Act or applicable state laws. If a permit has not been issued, the term shall include any requirement which, in the Regional Administrator's judgment, would be included in the permit when issued. Where no permit applies, the term shall include any requirement which the Regional Administrator determines is necessary for the best practicable waste treatment technology to meet applicable criteria (4OCFR35.2005-15-91). Enforcement decision document (EDD): A document that provides an explanation to the public of EPA's selection of the cleanup alternative at enforcement sites on the National Priorities List. Similar to a Record of Decision (EPA-97/12). Enforcement: U.S. EPA, state, or local legal actions to obtain compliance with environmental laws, rules, regulations, or agreements and/or obtain penalties or criminal sanctions for violations. Under CERCLA, EPA will seek to require potentially responsible parties to clean up a Superfund site or pay for the cleanup (SF/reform-04).
Enforcement: U.S. EPA, state, or local legal actions to obtain compliance with environmental laws, rules, regulations, or agreements and/or obtain penalties or criminal sanctions for violations. Enforcement procedures may vary, depending on the specific requirements of different environmental laws and related implementing regulatory requirements. Under CERCLA, for example, EPA will seek to require potentially responsible parties to clean up a Superfund site, or pay for the cleanup, whereas under the Clean Air Act the agency may invoke sanctions against cities failing to meet ambient air quality standards that could prevent certain types of construction or federal funding. In other situations, if investigations by EPA and state agencies uncover willful violations, criminal trials and penalties are sought (EPA-97/12). Enforcement: The legal methods used to make polluters obey the Clean Air Act. Enforcement methods include citations of polluters for violations of the law (citations are much like traffic tickets), fines and even jail terms. U.S. EPA and the state and local governments are responsible for enforcement of the Clean Air Act, but if they don't enforce the law, members of the public can sue EPA or the states to get action. Citizens can also sue violating sources, apart from any action EPA or state or local governments have taken. Before the 1990 Clean Air Act, all enforcement actions had to be handled through the courts. The 1990 Clean Air Act gave EPA authority so that, in some cases, EPA can fine violators without going to court first. The purpose of this new authority is to speed up violating sources' compliance with the law and reduce court time and cost (CANair-04). Engine code: The unique combination, within an engine system combination, of displacement, carburetor (or fuel injection) calibration, choke calibration, distributor calibration, auxiliary emission control devices, and other engine and mission control system components specified by the Administrator (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Engine configuration: See vehicle or engine configuration. Engine displacement system combination: An engine familydisplacement-emission control system cornbination (40CFR86.402.78-91). Engine displacement: The volumetric engine capacity as defined in 40CFR205.153 (40CFR205.15 1-91). Engine family group: A combination of engine families for the purpose of determining a minimum deterioration factor under the Alternative Durability Program (40CFR86.082.2-91). Engine family: The basic classification unit of a vehicle's product line for a single model year used for the purpose of emission-data vehicle or engine selection and as determined in accordance with 40CFR86.078-24 (40CFR85.2113-91, see also 40CFR86.082.2; 86.402.78-91).
Engine lubricating oils: The petroleum-based oils used for reducing friction in engine parts (40CFR252.4-91).
tampering with pollution control equipment, and increased repair waiver cost (EPA-97/12).
Engine model: All commercial aircraft turbine engines which are of the same general series, displacement, and design characteristics and are usually approved under the same type certificate (40CFR87.1-91).
Enriched uranium: Uranium that has an increased percentage of uranium-235. Enriched uranium at Fernald usually consisted of approximately 1.25% uranium-235. In some cases, uranium was enriched to 10% uranium-235 (AEAIclosure-04).
Engine sidescreen: A rugged screen that fits on the engine housing of a vehicle used at a sanitary landfill to keep paper and other objects from accumulating and damaging the engine (SW108ts).
Enrichment: The addition of nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon compounds) from sewage effluent or agricultural runoff to surface water, greatly increases the growth potential for algae and other aquatic plants (EPA-97/12).
Engine system combination: An engine family-exhaust emission control system combination (40CFR86.082.2-91).
Enrichment: The process of separating different isotopes of elements (AEA/closure-04).
Engine: A machine for converting thermal energy into mechanical power to produce force and motion.
Ensemble average: Considering a quantity which is a random function of time and/or space, the ensemble average is defined as the arithmetic average over N independent realizations of the process (N infinite). The average is calculated at same values of the time and space coordinates with respect to each realization (NATO-78110).
Engine: For more related terms, see (1) Aircraft engine; (2) Basic engine; (3) Commercial aircraft engine; (4) External combustion engine; (5) Flexible fuel engine: (see flexible fuel vehicle); (6) Heavy duty engine; (7) Internal combustion engine; (8) Light duty vehicle and engine; (9) Military engine; (10) New aircraft turbine engine; (11) Non-road engine; and (12) Test engine. Engineered controls: Method of managing environmental and health risks by placing a banier between the contamination and the rest of the site, thus limiting exposure pathways (EPA-97/12).
+
Enteric fermentation: A digestive process by which carbohydrates are broken down by microorganisms into simple molecules for absorption into the bloodstream of an animal (CAA/C02gas-04). Enteric virus: Any virus known to be excreted in quantity in feces; infectious hepatitis virus is such a virus (DOI-70104).
Engineered safety features: For a nuclear facility, features that prevent, limit, or mitigate the release of radioactive material from its primary containment (DOE-91/04).
Enterobacter: Bacteria usually found in the intestine of human or animal bodies.
Engineering control: Controls that isolate or remove the hazard from the workplace (29CFR1910).
Enterprise fund: A fund for a specific purpose that is selfsupporting from the revenue it generates (RCRAImanagement-04).
Engineering control: Physical changes to jobs that control exposure to risk. Engineering controls act on the source of the hazard and control employee exposure to the hazard without relying on the employee to take self-protective action or intervention. Examples include changing the handle angle of a tool, using a lighter weight part, and providing a chair that has adjustability (OSHAIergonomics-04).
Enthalpy (H): Because the combination of U + PV occurs frequently in many thermodynamic applications, the combination has been given a name as enthalpy. Mathematically, enthalpy is defined as, H = U + PV. Where H is enthalpy, U is internal energy, P is pressure, and V is volume. Enthalpy is an arbitrary combination of other properties and therefore it is a property. It should be noticed that enthalpy is not a form of energy. Enthalpy has a unit of Bllbm (Jones, p. 68). Mathematically, enthalpy has the following related equations: (1) By defmition: H = U + PV. (2) Applying the first thermodynamic law: Q = Hz- H1,where: Q = heat; HI = enthalpy value at state 1; and Hz = enthalpy value at state 2. (3) Applying the ideal gas law: Q = Hz - H1 = mCp(T2 TI), Where: m = mass; Cp = constant pressure specific heat; TI = temperature at state 1; and T2= temperature at state 2.
Engineering controls: Modifications to a site or facility (for example, slurry walls, capping, and point of use water treatment) to reduce or eliminate the potential for exposure to a chemical(s) of concern (NavyIEnv-04). Enhanced inspection and maintenance (I&M): An improved automobile inspection and maintenance program, aimed at reducing automobile emissions that contains, at a minimum, more vehicle types and model years, tighter inspection, and better management practices. It may also include annual computerized or centralized inspections, under-the-hood inspection, for signs of
Enthalpy of combustion: See heat of combustion. Enthalpy of formation: See heat of formation.
Enthalpy of hydration: See heat of formation. Enthalpy of reaction: See heat of formation. ENTOMB: Radioactive contaminates are encased (entombed) in a structurally sound and long-lived material (such as concrete), which is maintained and monitored until the radioactivity decays to levels permitting release of the facility for unrestricted use (DOE-91104).
Environment: (1) As defined by section 101(8) of CERCLA, includes the navigable waters, the waters of the contiguous zone, and the ocean waters of which the natural resources are under the exclusive management authority of the U.S., and any other surface water, groundwater, drinking water supply, land surface or subsurface strata, ambient air, or fish, wildlife or biota within the U.S. or under jurisdiction of the U.S. (2) The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism (NavyIEnv-04).
Entomology: A science dealing with the study of insects. Entomophilous: Describing the pollination coursed by insects. Entrain: To trap bubbles in water either mechanically through turbulence or chemically through a reaction (EPA-97/12). Entrainment separator: See mist eliminator. Entrainment: (1) Carry-over, e.g., the carry-over of liquid mist in air after scrubbering. Mist eliminators are used to reduce entrainment (EPA-84/09). (2) The involuntary capture and inclusion of organisms in streams of flowing water. Term often applied to the cooling water systems of power plants/reactors. The organisms involved depend on the intake screen mesh size; they may include phyto- and zooplankton, fish eggs and larvae (ichthyoplankton), shellfish larvae, and other forms of aquatic life (DOE-91/04). Entric: Organisms that inhabit the intestinal tract of vertebrates (EPA-88109a). Entropy of activation: The entropy difference between the intermediate compounds and the reactants. Entropy: In thermodynamics, the ratio of the heat added to a system to the absolute temperature at which it was added. For a reversible process, entropy is defined as: dS = dQ/T. where: S = entropy in differential amount; Q = heat in differential amount; T = temperature. Entropy is a measure of unavailable energy in a system. It shows that an increase of entropy is accompanied by a decrease in available energy. Entry loss: The loss in static pressure caused by air flowing into a duct or hood. It is usually expressed in inches of water gauge (29CFR1910.94b-91). Entry routes: Pathways by which soil gas can flow into a house. Openings through the flooring and walls where the house contacts the soil (EPA-88/08). Entry: An underground horizontal or near-horizontal passage used for haulage, ventilation, or as a mainway; a coal heading; a working place where the coal is extracted from the seam in the initial mining; same as "gate" and "roadway," both British terms (CWNmining-04).
Environment: (1) Includes water, air, and land and all plants and man and other animals living therein, and interrelationship which exists among these (FIFRA2, see also SFlO1; SF329; TSCA3; 40CFR6.1003; 171.2; 300.5; 302.3; 355.20; 370.2; 723.50; 723.175; 723.250; 762.3-91). (2) The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism (EPA-97/12). Environment: As defined by CERCLA $101(8): "(1) the navigable waters, the waters of the contiguous zone, and the ocean waters of which the natural resources are under the exclusive management authority of the United States under the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, and (2) any other surface water, ground water, drinking water supply, land surface or subsurface strata, or ambient air within the United States or under the jurisdiction of the United States" (SFIEnv-04). Environment: The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism (MWTAImedical04). Environment: For more related terms, see: (1) Accessible environment; (2) General environment; and (3) Human environment; (4) Marine environment. Environmental accumulation: The accumulation of pollutants in various sectors of the environment (cf. bioaccumulation). Environmental assessment (EA): An environmental analysis prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act to determine whether a federal action would significantly affect the environment and thus require a more detailed environmental impact statement (Navy/Env-04). Environmental assessment: (1) A written environmental analysis which is prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act to determine whether a federal action would significantly affect the environment and thus require preparation impact statement. (2) A concise public document of which a federal agency is responsible that serves to (a) Briefly provide sufficient evidence and analysis for determining whether to prepare an environmental impact statement or a finding of no significant impact. (b) Aid an agency's compliance with the Act when no environmental impact statement is necessary. (c) Facilitate preparation of a statement when one is necessary. (3) Shall include
brief discussions of the need for the proposal, of alternatives as required by Sec. 102(2)(E) of NEPA, of the environmental impacts of the proposed action and alternatives, and a listing of agencies and persons consulted (AENmixedW-04).
Environmental assessment: (1) A written environmental analysis which is prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act to determine whether a federal action would significantly affect the environment and thus require preparation of a more detailed environmental impact statement (40CFR1508.9-91). (2) An environmental analysis prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act to determine whether a federal action would significantly affect the environment and thus require a more detailed environmental impact statement (EPA-97/12). Environmental assessment: A concise public document that serves to briefly provide sufficient evidence and analysis for determining whether to prepare an EIS or issue a Finding of No Significant Impact. It includes a brief discussion of the need for the proposal, alternatives, the environmental impacts of the proposal and alternatives, and a listing of the persons and agencies consulted (40CFR1508.9) (SDWNradionuclide-04). Environmental assessment: Analysis and interpretation of environment-related data for use in decision making (EPA-95/04). Environmental audit: (1) An independent assessment of the current status of a party's compliance with applicable environmental requirements. (2) A documented assessment of a facility to monitor the progress of necessary corrective actions, to ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations, and to evaluate field organization practices and procedures (DOE91/04). (3) An independent assessment of the current status of a party's compliance with applicable environmental requirements or of a party's environmental compliance policies, practices, and controls (EPA-97/12). Environmental audit: An independent assessment (not conducted by EPA) of a facility's compliance policies, practices, and controls. Many pollution prevention initiatives require an audit to determine where wastes may be reduced or eliminated or energy conserved. Many supplemental environmental projects that offset a penalty use audits to identify ways to reduce the harmful effects of a violation (FFDCNpesticide-04). Environmental audit: An independent assessment of the current status of a party's compliance with applicable environmental requirements or of a party's environmental compliance policies, practices, and controls (NavyIEnv-04). Environmental audit: The investigative process to determine if the operations of an existing facility are in compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations (USDAIwater-04).
Environmental baseline survey for leaseltransfer (EBSLIEBST): An evaluation of the environmental suitability of a parcel for lease or transfer (NavyfEnv-04). Environmental baseline survey: An environmental site assessment, originally conducted by a prospective buyer to judge the suitability of a piece of land and liability associated with possession. Now also conducted by a seller to establish the marketability of a piece of land and limit the liability associated with disposal of the land (SDWNradionuclide-04). Environmental contamination: The release of hazardous substances, or the potential release of a discarded hazardous substance, in a quantity which is, or may become, injurious to the environment, or the public health, safety, or welfare (NavyIEnv04). Environmental document: Includes the documents specified in 40CFR1508.9 (environmental assessment), 40CFR1508.11 (environmental impact statement), 40CFR1508.13 (finding of no significant impact), and 40CFR1508.22 (notice of intent) (40CFRl508.10-91). Environmental economics: Questions of the social costs and benefits that accompany issues relating to pollution, resource depletion, and environmental degradation fall within the area of environmental economics. Few today would disagree that a factory emitting large amounts of smoke causes air pollution, which affects the health of local residents. A fundamental issue in environmental economics is the assessment of the costs of that pollution to the residents, in terms of illness; to society, in terms of health-care costs and lost work time; and, ultimately, to the world, as the factory smoke contributes to the formation of acid rain and may increase the likelihood of global warming. Equally important, however, is the inclusion in the cost equation, of the values created by the activities of the polluting factory: the usefulness of its products and the worth of the jobs it creates (AENmixedW-04). Environmental emergencies: Incidents involving the release (or potential release) of hazardous materials into the environment which require immediate corrective actions (Course 165.5). Environmental equityljustice: Equal protection from environmental hazards for individuals, groups, or communities regardless of race, ethnicity, or economic status. This applies to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies, and implies that no population of people should be forced to shoulder a disproportionate share of negative environmental impacts of pollution or environmental hazard due to a lack of political or economic strength levels (EPA-97/12). Environmental equity: Equal protection from environmental hazards for individuals, groups, or communities regardless of race, ethnicity, or economic status (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Environmental exposure: Human exposure to pollutants originating from facility emissions. Threshold levels are not necessarily surpassed, but low level chronic pollutant exposure is one of the most common forms of environmental exposure (see threshold level) (EPA-97/12). Environmental fate data: Data that characterize a pesticide's fate in the ecosystem, considering factors that foster its degradation (light, water, microbes), pathways, and resultant products (EPA97/l 2). Environmental fate: The destiny of a chemical after release to the environment; involves considerations such as transport through air, soil, and water, bioconcentration, degradation, etc. (Course 165.6). Environmental fate: The destiny of a chemical or biological pollutant after release into the environment (EPA-97/12). Environmental framework: Natural and human-related features of the land and hydrologic system, such as geology, land use, and habitat, that provide a unifying framework for making comparative assessments of the factors that govern water-quality conditions within and among Study Units (CWA/Wquality-04). Environmental framework: Natural and human-related features of the land and hydrologic system, such as geology, land use, and habitat, that provide a unifying framework for making comparative assessments of the factors that govern water-quality conditions within and among NAWQA Study Units (CWAIWbasics-04). Environmental hazard: A condition capable of posing an unreasonable risk to air, water, or soil quality, and to plants or wildlife (Course 165.5). Environmental impact appraisal: An environmental review supporting a negative declaration. It describes a proposed EPA action, its expected environmental impact, and the basis for the conclusion that no significant impact is anticipated (AENmixedW-04). Environmental impact statement (EIS): A document required of federal agencies by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for major projects or legislative proposals significantly affecting the environment. A tool for decision making, it describes the positive and negative effects of the undertaking and lists alternative actions (EPA-97/12, see also 40CFR6.201; 1508.1191). Environmental impact statement: A study prepared in accordance with National Environmental Policy Act guidelines. These studies evaluate and compare the environmental consequences of a proposed major action, such as the construction of a new facility or other alternatives to that action. The conclusion of an environmental impact statement is usually a
record of decision to select the preferred alternative (OMB/Reg('4).
Environmental impact statement: An environmental impact statement is a report on the probable environmental effects of proposed projects, such as highways, large-scale residential or commercial construction, power plants, or dams, which might significantly alter the environment. The National Environmental Policy Act, which became effective in 1970, requires every U.S. government agency to issue a statement on any project it plans to undertake, regulate, or fund. The Environmental Protection Agency reviews all federal environmental impact statements to ensure that they comply with the law. The use of environmental impact statements has spread to many state and local governments (AENmixedW-04). Environmental impact statement: The detailed written statement required by NEPA to address the environmental impacts of a "major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment" (see 40CFR1508.11) (SDWNradionuclide04). Environmental income tax: A tax on corporations imposed on their modified alternative minimum taxable income over $2 million, the proceeds of which go to the Hazardous Substance Superfind Trust Fund. The tax is 0.12% ($12 per $10,000 of income in excess of $2 million). It is the Fund's largest single source of revenue, and raised $612 million in FY 1995 (SFEnv04). Environmental indicator: A measurement, statistic or value that provides a proximate gauge or evidence of the effects of environmental management programs or of the state or condition of the environment (EPA-97/12). Environmental indicator: A parameter (i.e., a measured or observed property), or some value derived from parameters (e.g., via an index or model), which provides managerially significant information about patterns or trends (changes) in the state of the environment, in human activities that affect or are affected by the environment, or about relationships among such variables. As defined here, indicators include geographic (spatially referenced) information, and information used in environmental management at any scale, i.e., not just for high-level policy makers (EPA95/04). Environmental information document: Any written analysis prepared by an applicant, grantee, or contractor describing the environmental impacts of a proposed action. This document will be of sufficient scope to enable the responsible official to prepare an environmental assessment as described in the remaining subparts of this regulation (40CFR6.101-91). Environmental information system: A large array of environment-related data series and other types of information, collected through networks of monitoring programs at multiple
geographic scales which are integrated or coordinated at a number of levels. Such integration or coordination can include data integration, and coordination at the level of the societal values, goals, and priorities used to structure the system (EPA-95/04).
Environmental justice (EJ): The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people--regardless of race, color, national origin, or income--in the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies (SFIremedy-04). Environmental justice: The fair distribution of environmental risks across socioeconomic and racial groups (RCRAIhazardous04). Environmental justice: The fair treatment of people of all races, cultures, incomes, and educational levels with respect to the development and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Fair treatment implies that no population should be forced to shoulder a disproportionate share of exposure to the negative effects of pollution due to lack of political or economic strength (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Environmental justice: The principle, as stated in Executive Order 12898, that federal programs, policies, and activities should not pose disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority and low-income populations (OMB/Reg-04). Environmental law system: An organized way of using all of the laws in our legal system to minimize, prevent, punish, or remedy the consequences of actions which damage or threaten the environment, public health, and safety. Environmental law encompasses: (1) Laws: federal and state statutes and local ordinances. (2) Regulations promulgated by federal, state, and local agencies. (3) Court decisions interpreting these laws and regulations. (4) The common law. (5) United States constitution and state constitutions. (6) Treaties (Sullivan-95/04, pl). Environmental law: The U.S. Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency on December 2, 1970, and has passed various environmental laws since then. The purpose of the environmental laws is to protect human health and the environment. See the highlights of various environmental laws under the term Act or law acronym, e.g., Act or CAA means the highlight of the Clean Air Act. See law for more related terms. Environmental lien: A charge, security, or encumbrance on a property's title to secure payment of cost or debt arising from response actions, cleanup, or other remediation of hazardous substances or petroleum products (EPA-97/12). Environmental lien: A charge, security, or encumbrance upon title to a property to secure the payment of a cost, damage, debt, obligation, or duty arising out of response actions, cleanup, or other remediation of hazardous substances or petroleum products
on a given property. This includes (but is not limited to) liens imposed pursuant to CERCLA 42U.S.C.9607(1) and similar state or local laws (USDNwater-04).
Environmental media and transport mechanism: Environmental media include water, air, soil, and biota (plants and animals). Transport mechanisms move contaminants from the source to points where human exposure can occur. The environmental media and transport mechanism is the second part of an exposure pathway (SFhealth-04). Environmental media: Materials such as soil, groundwater, and sediment (RCRAIhazardous-04). Environmental media: Soil, water, air, biota (plants and animals), or any other parts of the environment that can contain contaminants (SFhealth-04). Environmental medium: A major environmental category that surrounds or contacts humans, animals, plants, and other organisms (e.g., surface water, groundwater, soil, or air) and through which chemicals or pollutants move. See ambient medium, biological medium (EPA-97/12). Environmental monitoring for public access and community tracking: Joint EPA, NOAA, and USGS program to provide timely and effective communication of environmental data and information through improved and updated technology solutions that support timely environmental monitoring reporting, interpreting, and use of the information for the benefit of the public. See real-time monitoring (EPA-97/12). Environmental noise: The intensity, duration, and the character of sounds from all sources. See noise for more related terms (NCA3-42U.S.C.4902-87-91,see also 40CFR40CFR205.2-91). Environmental persistence: The ability to resist biodegradation and to last, or survive, in the environment; e.g., DDT, whose halflife is 15 years, is an environmentally persistent substance. Environmental professional: A person possessing sufficient training and experience necessary to conduct a site reconnaissance, interviews, and other activities. This person has the ability to develop conclusions regarding recognized environmental conditions in connection with the property in question. An individual's status as an environmental professional may be limited to the type of assessment to be performed to specific segments of the assessment for which the professional is responsible. The person may be an independent contractor or an employee of the user (USDNwater-04). Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency.
(EPA):
See
U.S.
Environmental protection: Protection of human health and the environment.
Environmental receptors: As used in the CAA, a natural area that could be exposed to a chemical hazard as a result of an accidental release (e.g., national or state parks, forests, or monuments; wildlife sanctuaries and preserves; wildlife refuges; and federal wilderness areas) (TSCMchemical-04). Environmental regulations: The detailed procedures developed by U.S. EPA to implement the environmental laws enacted by U.S. Congress. Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration Authorization Act (ERDDAA) of 1980: See Act or ERDDAA. Environmental resistance: All constraint factors in the environment. Environmental response team (ERT): A group of highly specialized experts available through EPA 24 hours a day (NRT87/03). Environmental response team (ERT): EPA experts located in Edison, NJ, and Cincinnati, OH, who can provide around-the clock technical assistance to EPA regional offices and states during all types of hazardous waste site emergencies and spills of hazardous substances (EPA-97/12). Environmental response team (ERT): EPA hazardous waste experts who provide 24-hour technical assistance to EPA Regional Offices and states during all types of emergencies involving releases at hazardous disposal sites and spills of hazardous substances (SFIEnv-04). Environmental response team (ERT): EPA's group of highly trained scientists and engineers based in Edison, NJ and Cincinnati, OH who back up the federal On-Scene Coordinator. The ERTs capabilities include multimedia sampling and analysis, hazard assessment, hazardous substance and oil spill cleanup techniques, and technical support (FFDCMpesticide-04). Environmental Response Team (ERT): Established under Section 3 11 of the Clean Water Act to provide onsite expertise as required by the National Contingency Plan (NCP) section on Special Forces (SFIremedy-04). Environmental restoration (ER): Cleanup and restoration of sites contaminated with hazardous substances during past production or disposal activities (NavyIEnv-04). Environmental restoration, Navy (ER,N): The Navy established support funds for oversight of the IR Program. These support funds are intended to assist Installations in meeting oversight requirements. Replaced DERA Funding (Navy/Env-04). Environmental restoration: The cleanup, to accepted levels, of sites contaminated with hazardous substances (OMBIReg-04).
Environmental review: The process whereby an evaluation is undertaken by EPA to determine whether a proposed Agency action may have a significant impact on the preparation on the EIS (40CFR6.101-91). Environmental risk: The potential or likelihood of injury, disease, or death resulting from human exposure to a potential environmental threat (NavyIEnv-04). Environmental sample (or field sample): A representative sample of any material (aqueous, non-aqueous, or multimedia) collected from any source for which determination of composition or contamination is requested or required. See sample for more related terms. Environmental sample: A water sample collected from an aquifer or stream for the purpose of chemical, physical, or biological characterization of the sampled resource (CWA/Wbasics-04). Environmental setting: Land area characterized by a unique combination of natural and human-related factors, such as rowcrop cultivation or glacial-till soils (CWA/Wbasics-04). Environmental site assessment (ESA): The process by which a person or entity seeks to determine if a particular parcel of real property (including improvements) is subject to recognized environmental conditions (USDMwater-04). Environmental site assessment: The process of determining whether contamination is present on a parcel of real property (EPA-97/12). Environmental stress crack (ESC): External or internal stress propagation in a plastic caused by environmental conditions which are usually chemical or thermal in nature (cf. stress crack) (EPA91/05>. Environmental survey: A documented, multi-disciplined assessment (with sampling and analysis) of a facility to determine environmental conditions and to identify environmental problems requiring corrective action (DOE-9 1/04). Environmental sustainability: Long-term maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations (EPA97/12). Environmental system: The interaction of an organism or group of organisms with its natural and man-made surroundings (SW108ts). Environmental tobacco smoke: Mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar and smoke exhaled by the smoker. See passive smoking/secondhand smoke (EPA-97/12).
Environmental transformation product: Any chemical substance resulting from the action of environmental processes on a parent compound that changes the molecular identity of the parent compound (40CFR723.50-91). EnvironmentaYecological risk: The potential for adverse effects on living organisms associated with pollution of the environment by effluents, emissions, wastes, or accidental chemical releases; energy use; or the depletion of natural resources (EPA-97/12). Environmentally related measurements: Any data collection activity or investigation involving the assessment of chemical, physical, or biological factors in the environment which affect human health or the quality of life. The following are examples of environmentally related measurements: (1) A determination of pollutant concentrations from sources or in the ambient environment, including studies of pollutant transport and fate. (2) A determination of the effects of pollutants on human health and on the environment. (3) A determination of the riskbenefit of pollutants in the environment. (4) A determination of the quality of environmental data used in economic studies. (5) A determination of the environmental impact of cultural and natural processes (40CFR30.200-91). Environmentally sensitive resource: Examples include a floodplainlwetland, a threatened or endangered species or their habitat, refuge, or portion of a flyway for migratory birds, historic property (see separately), sacred site where religious rites or ceremonies are performed, area inhabited by sacred animals or plants, area that includes a Wild and Scenic River designation, ecologically pristine area, or Native traditional subsistence use area (SDWNradionuclide-04). Environmentally transformed: A chemical substance is environmentally transformed when its chemical structure changes as a result of the action of environmental processes on it (40CFR721.3-91). Enzyme: (1) A protein that acts as a catalyst in a chemical reaction. During the reaction, the enzyme becomes a part of the chemical reaction; but after the reaction is complete, the enzyme is usually split off unchanged, and ready to catalyze another reaction. Nearly all biochemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes which are specific to the substrate being acted upon. There are nearly 2000 known enzymes. No single species or cell has all of them. (2) A class of complex proteinaceous substances produced by living cells and essential to life processes. They act similarly to catalysts in that they promote a variety of usually reversible cellular reactions (e.g., oxidation, hydrolysis) at cell temperature without themselves undergoing permanent change. Frequently the presence of activators such as metal ions or coenzymes is required for reaction to occur (LBG76107-water). Enzyme: Biologically (NavyIEnv-04).
produced,
protein-based
catalyst
EP toxicity: Extraction procedure toxicity. See hazardous waste. EPA acknowledgment of consent: The cable sent to EPA from the U.S. Embassy in a receiving country that acknowledges the written consent of the receiving country to accept the hazardous waste and describes the terms and conditions of the receiving country's consent to the shipment (40CFR262.51-91). EPA hazardous waste number: The number assigned by EPA to each hazardous waste listed in Part 261, Subpart D, of this chapter and to each characteristic identified in Part 261, Subpart C, of this chapter (40CFR260.10-91). EPA identification number: (1) The number assigned by EPA to each generator, transporter, and treatment, storage, or disposal facility (40CFR260.10-9 1). (2) The 12-digit number assigned to a facility by EPA upon notification of PCB waste activity under 40CFR761.205 (40CFR761.3-91). EPA identification number: A unique number assigned by EPA to each hazardous waste generator, transporter, or treatment, storage, and disposal facility (RCRAlhazardous-04). EPA record or record: Any document, writing, photograph, sound or magnetic recording, drawing, or other similar thing by which information has been preserved, from which the information can be retrieved and copied, and over which EPA has possession or control. It may include copies of the records of other federal agencies (see 40CFR2.111 (d)). The term includes informal writings (such as drafts and the like), and also includes information preserved in a form which must be translated or deciphered by machine in order to be intelligible to humans. The term includes documents and the like which were created or acquired by EPA, its predecessors, its officers, and its employees by use of government hnds or in the course of transacting official business. However, the term does not include materials which are the personal records of an EPA officer or employee. Nor does the term include materials published by non-federal organizations which are readily available to the public, such as books, journals, and periodicals available through reference libraries, even if such materials are in EPA's possession (40CFR2.100-b-91). EPA registration number (EPA Reg. No): A two-part number assigned by EPA to identify each pesticide product registration (e.g., 1253-79). The first number is company number, the second number (after the dash) is the product number. This registration number must appear on the product's label (FFDCNpesticide-04). EPA risk assessor: The risk assessor responsible for reviewing the risk assessment on behalf of EPA. The individual may be an EPA employee or contractor, a state employee, or some other party, as appropriate for an individual site (SFIriskA-04). EPA. (1) The United States Environmental Protection Agency (40CFR2.100-91). (2) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; established in 1970 by Presidential Executive Order,
bringing together parts of various government agencies involved with the control of pollution (EPA-89/12).
identify and alleviate health problems and promote better health (Navy/Env-04).
EPA: See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of disease or health status in a population; the study of the occurrence and causes of health effects in humans (SFhealth-04).
EPCRA: Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. See Act or EPCRA. Ephemeral stream: A stream or part of a stream that flows only in direct response to precipitation or snowmelt. Its channel is above the water table at all times (CWNWquality-04). Ephemeral stream: A stream or part of a stream that flows only in direct response to precipitation; it receives little or no water from springs, melting snow, or other sources; its channel is at all times above the water table (CWNWbasics-04).
Epidemiology: For more related terms, see (1) Analytic study epidemiology and (2) Descriptive study epidemiology. Epidermis: The top layer of skin; animal hair is an epidermal outgrowth (EPA-82/11). Epilimnion: (1) The warmer layer of a water body due to mixing by wind actions and turbulence. (2) That region of a body of water that extends kom the surface to the thermocline and does not have a permanent temperature stratification (LBL-76107-water).
Ephemeral stream: See intermittent stream. Epilimnion: See thermal stratification (CWA/hydrology-04). Ephemeral: Lasting a short time, transitory (NavyIEnv-04). Ephippium: A resting egg which develops under the carapace in response to stress conditions in daphnids (40CFR797.1300; 797.1330-91). Epidemic: Widespread outbreak of a disease, or a large number of cases of a disease in a single community or relatively small area (EPA-89/12). Epidemiologic study: An investigation of elements contributing to disease or toxic effects in human populations. Epidemiology is an observational science not experimental. The study purpose is to (1) Discover and interpret the patterns and occurrences of diseases and related health conditions. (2) Develop quantitative assessments of these conditions. (3) Relate assessments of risk to personal and environmental characteristics which determine the degree of risk (Course 165.6). Epidemiologic suweillance: See public health surveillance (SFhealth-04). Epidemiologist: A medical scientist who studies the various factors involved in the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population (FFDCNpesticide-04). Epidemiology: (1) The study of the sources and distribution of disease in a population (ETI-92). (2) Study of the distribution of disease, or other health-related states and events in human populations, as related to age, sex, occupation, ethnic, and economic status in order to identify and alleviate health problems and promote better health (EPA-97/12). Epidemiology: Study of the distribution of disease, or other health-related states and events in human populations, as related to age, sex, occupation, ethnic, and economic status in order to
Epilimnion: Upper waters of a thermally stratified lake subject to wind action (EPA-97/12). Epiphyte: A plant that grows upon another object such as a plant or a building. Epiphyton: A non-parasitic secondary plant growth (LBL-76107water). Episode (air pollution episode or emergency episode): (1) Although episode is most commonly used in relation to air pollution, the term may also be used in connection with other kinds of environmental events such as a massive water pollution situation. (2) An air pollution incident in a given area caused by a concentration of atmospheric pollutants under meteorological conditions that may result in a significant increase in illnesses or deaths. May also describe water pollution events or hazardous material spills (EPA-97/12). Episode criteria: The conditions justifying the proclamation of an air pollution alert, air pollution warning, or air pollution emergency shall be deemed to exist whenever the Director determines that the accumulation of air pollutants in any place is attaining or has attained levels which could, if such levels are sustained or exceeded, lead to a substantial threat to the health of persons. In making this determination, the Director will be guided by the following criteria: (1) Air pollution forecast; (2) Alert; (3) Warning; (4) Emergency; and (5) Termination (40CFR51-AL-1.191). Episodic generation: The situation in which a generator's status changes from one month to the next, as determined by the amount of waste generated in a particular month. If a generator's status does in fact change, the generator is required to comply with the respective regulatory requirements for that class of generators for
the waste generated in that particular month (RCRAIhazardous-
04. Epoxidation: A reaction wherein an oxygen molecule is inserted in a carbon-carbon double bond and an epoxide is formed. Epoxy resin: A plastic or resinous material used for strong, fastsetting adhesives, as heat resistant coatings and binders, etc. See resin for more related terms (EPA-79112a). EPT richness index: An index based on the sum of the number of taxa in three insect orders, Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies), that are composed primarily of species considered to be relatively intolerant to environmental alterations (CWNWquality-04). EPT richness index: An index based on the sum of the number of taxa in three insect orders, Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies), that are composed primarily of species considered to be relatively intolerant to environmental alterations (CWNWbasics-04). Equal loudness contours: Curves represented in graph form as a function of sound level and frequency which listeners perceive as being equally loud. High frequency sounds above 2000 Hz are more annoying. Human hearing is less sensitive to low frequency sound. (See also phon). Equal opportunity clause: The contract provisions set forth in section 4 (a) or (b), as appropriate (40CFR8.2-91). Equal-energy hypothesis: A hypothesis stating that equal amounts of sound energy will produce equal amounts of hearing impairment, regardless of how the sound energy is distributed in time. Equalization basin: A holding basin in which variations in flow and composition of a liquid are averaged (EPA-87110a). Equalization: (1) The process whereby wastestreams from different sources varying in pH, chemical constituents, and flow rates are collected in a common container. The effluent stream from this equalization container will have a fairly constant flow and pH level and will help prevent unnecessary shock to the waste treatment system (EPA-83/03). (2) Any process for averaging variations in a flow andlor composition of wastewater so as to affect a more uniform discharge (EPA-79112b). Equalizing reservoir: A water reservoir located between the main supply and consumers to maintain the fluctuation of water use. Equal-width increment (EWI) sample: A composite sample across a section of stream with equal spacing between verticals and equal transit rates within each vertical that yields a representative sample of stream conditions (CWNWquality-04).
Equal-width increment (EWI) sample: A composite sample of water collected across a section of stream with equal spacing between verticals and equal transit rates within each vertical that yields a representative sample of stream conditions (CWA/Wbasics-04). Equation of continuity: See continuity equation. Equation of state: An equation to express the thermodynamic state of a substance. It relates pressure p, volume V, absolute temperature T and number of moles of a substance in an equation. For example, PV=mRT is an equation of state for an ideal gas. Where, P = pressure; V = volume; m = mass; R = gas constant; and T = absolute temperature (Jones-pl51). Equilibrium capacity: A term used in adsorption studies to describe the maximum amount of pollutant retained by an adsorbent at equilibrium and at a given operating condition. Common units are Ibllb adsorbent or lbI100 Ib adsorbent (EPA84/09). Equilibrium concentration: A state at which the concentration of chemicals in a solution remain in a constant proportion to one another (EPA-83106a). Equilibrium constant (K): A constant at a given temperature for which a reversible chemical reaction reaches its chemical equilibrium. For a reaction aA + bB = cC +dD, K = C ~ D ~ I A ~ B ~ . Equilibrium line: A plot describing the mole fraction of the solute (pollutant) in the gas phase in equilibrium with the mole fraction of solute in the liquid phase. This is often required in absorber calculations (EPA-84/09). Equilibrium partitioning (EP): A method for generating sediment criteria that focuses on the chemical interaction between sediments and contaminants (EPA-91/03). Equilibrium species: (1) Species whose population exists in equilibrium with resources and at a stable density. (2) A species that has a life history characterized by long life, long development time to reach maturity, low death rates, and few reproductive cycles per year (NavyIEnv-04). Equilibrium: A condition that exists in a system when the phases of the system do not undergo any change of properties with the passage of time; the state in which the action of multiple forces produces a steady balance, resulting in no change overall, over time (Navy/Env-04). Equilibrium: A thermodynamic state is in equilibrium when all its thermodynamic properties such as pressure, temperature, and density are uniform throughout its system (cf. thermodynamic equilibrium).
Equilibrium: In air pollution control, a state in which there is no tendency toward spontaneous change. Equilibrium exists when the net interchange of material between phases is zero. Thus, in the absorption process, equilibrium exists when gas molecules leave a liquid (desorption) at the same rate which they enter (absorption) (EPA-84/09). Equilibrium: In chemical reaction, the forward and reverse reactions are producing at the same rate; defined by the equilibrium constant, K (EPA-2/88). Equilibrium: In relation to radiation, the state at which the radioactivity of consecutive elements within a radioactive series is neither increasing nor decreasing (EPA-97/12). Equipment blank (field blank or trip blank): Equipment blanks, field blanks, and trip blanks are used to check on sample contamination originating from sample transport, shipping, and from site conditions. Equipment blanks are opened in the field and the contents are poured appropriately over or through the sample collection device, collected in a sample container, and returned to the laboratory as a sample. Equipment blanks are a check on sampling device cleanliness. Field blanks are also opened in the field and nearby the sampling platform. The purpose is to check surrounding conditions. Trip blanks are not opened in the field. The purpose is to check sample shipping conditions (see blank for more related terms. Equipment rinsate blank: An equipment rinsate blank is a sample of analyte-free water that is poured over or through decontaminated field sampling equipment that is considered ready to collect or process an additional sample. The purpose of the equipment rinsate blank is to assess the adequacy of the decontamination process (SA-04). Equipment rinsate: The final analyte-free water rinse from equipment cleaning collected daily during a sampling event (Navy/Env-04). Equipment room (change room): A contaminated room located within the decontamination area that is supplied with impermeable base or containers for the disposal of contaminated protective clothing and equipment (40CFR763.121-91). Equipment: The tangible, nonexpendable, personal property having a useful life of more than one year and an acquisition cost of $5,000 or more per unit. A grantee may use its own definition of equipment provided that such definition would at least include all equipment defined above (40CFR31.3-91, see also 40CFR35.6015; 60.481; 60.591; 60.631; 61.131; 61.241; 264.1031-91). Equipotential lines: Lines of equal potential (energy). Water flows from areas of higher potential toward areas of lower potential (NavyJEnv-04).
Equipotential: Equal potential (energy) (NavyEnv-04). Equivalence point: The point in a chemical titration at which the quantities of titrants and substances being titrated are equivalent. Equivalence ratio: See combustion equivalence ratio. Equivalent continuous sound level: Ten times the logarithm to the base ten of the ratio of time-mean-square instantaneous Aweighted sound pressure, during a stated time interval T, to the square of the standard reference sound pressure. Unit, dB; respective abbreviations, TAV and TEQ; respective letter symbols, LAT and LAeqT (ANSI S 1.1-1994: time-average sound level; time-interval equivalent continuous sound level; time-interval equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level; equivalent continuous sound level). Equivalent diameter: Four times the area of an opening divided by its perimeter (40CFR60.711-91, see also 40CFR60.741-91). Equivalent hide: A statistical term used to relate the production of tanneries using various types of raw materials. An equivalent hide is represented by 3.7 sq m of surface area and is the average size for a cattle-hide (EPA-1/82). Equivalent live weight killed (ELWK): The total weight of the total number of animals slaughtered at locations other than the slaughterhouse or packinghouse, which animals provide hides, blood, viscera or renderable materials for processing at that slaughterhouse, in addition to those derived from animals slaughtered on site (40CFR432.11-91, see also 40CFR432.21; 432.31; 432.41-91). Equivalent method: (1) Any method of sampling and analyzing for an air pollutant which has been demonstrated to the Administrator's satisfaction to have a consistent and quantitatively known relationship to the reference method, under specified conditions (40CFR-91, see also 40CFR50.1; 53.12; 60.2; 61.02; 260.10-91). (2) Any method of sampling and analyzing for air pollution which has been demonstrated to the EPA Administrator's satisfaction to be, under specific conditions, an acceptable alternative to the normally used reference methods (EPA-97/12). (3) See method for more related terms. Equivalent method: Any method of sampling and analyzing for chemicals which has been demonstrated to the EPA Administrator's satisfaction to be, under specific conditions, an acceptable alternative to normally used reference methods (NavyIEnv-04). Equivalent PtOS feed: The quantity of phosphorus, expressed as phosphorous pentoxide, fed to the process (40CFR60.201-91, see also 40CFR60.211; 60.221; 60.231; 60.241-91).
Equivalent petroleum-based fuel economy value: A number which represents the average number of miles traveled by an electric vehicle per gallon of gasoline (40CFR600.502.81-91). Equivalent sound level: (1) The level, in decibels, of the meansquare A-weighted sound pressure during a stated time period, with reference to the square of the standard reference sound pressure of 20 micropascals. It is the level of the sound exposure divided by the time period and is abbreviated as Lq (40CFR201.191). (2) The equivalent steady sound level that, if continuous during a specified time period, would contain the same total energy as the actual time-varying sound. For example, L, (1-h) and L, (24-h) are the 1-hour and 24-hour equivalent sound level, respectively (DOE-91/04). (3) See sound level for more related terms. Equivalent test weight: The weight, within an inertia weight class, which is used in the dynamometer testing of a vehicle and which is based on its loaded vehicle weight or adjusted loaded vehicle weight in accordance with the provisions of subparts A and B of this part (40CFR86.094.2-91). Equivalent weight: The weight of a compound (or element) that reacts with or displaces 1.008 grams of hydrogen (or 8 grams of oxygen or 35.5 grams of chlorine) (cf. gram equivalent weight). Equivalent: That a chemical substance or mixture is able to represent or substitute for another in a test or series of tests, and that the data from one substance can be used to make scientific and regulatory decisions concerning the other substance (40CFR790.3-91). Erbium (Er): A rare earth metal with atomic number 68; atomic weight 167.26; density 9.05 glcc; melting point 1497 C and boiling point 2900 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table.
ERNS: Emergency Response Notification System (USDMwater04). Erosion: (1) Physical wearing away of a surface (cf. abrasion or corrosion) (EPA-83). (2) The wearing away of land surface by wind or water, intensified by land-clearing practices related to farming, residential or industrial development, road building, or logging (EPA-97/12). Erosion: The process in which a material is worn away by a stream of liquid (water) or air, often due to the presence of abrasive particles in the stream (CWMWscience-04). Erosion: The process whereby materials of the earth's crust are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and simultaneously moved from one place to another (CWMWbasics-04). Erosion: The wearing away of land surface by wind or water, intensified by land-clearing practices related to farming, residential or industrial development, road building, or logging (NavyIEnv-04). Erosion: The wearing away of soil by wind or water, intensified by land-clearing practices related to farming, residential or industrial development, road building, or logging (FFDCNpesticide-04). Erosion: For more related terms, see (1)Accelerated erosion and (2) Refractory erosion. ERPG: Emergency Response Planning Guidelines. Developed by the American Industrial Hygiene Association, ERPG values provide estimates of maximum airborne concentrations of toxic chemicals that most people could be exposed for up to one hour without developing certain health effects (TSCMchemical-04). Error: See uncertainty.
Ergonomic program: A systematic process for anticipating, identifying, analyzing, and controlling ergonomic risk factors (OSHMergonomics-04). Ergonomics: According to Ergoweb: The science of work. Ergonomics removes barriers to quality, productivity, and safe human performance by fitting products, tasks, and environments to people (OSHMergonomics-04).
Eructation: An act or instance of belching (CAA/C02gasl-04). Erythroid hypoplasia: Decreased formation of erythroid elements of the blood (i.e., red blood cells) (LBL-76107-bio). Erythropoiesis: Formation of red blood cells (LBL-76107-bio). ESA: Environmental Site Assessment (USDNwater-04).
Ergonomics: The study of the relationship between workers and their environment, especially, the equipment they use. ERNS List: EPA's Emergency Response Notification System List of reported CERCLA hazardous substance releases or spills in quantities greater than the reportable quantity, as maintained at the National Response Center. Notification requirements for such releases or spills are codified in 40CFR Parts 302 and 355 (USDMwater-04).
Esparto: A grass whose bast fibers are used to produce high-class book and printing papers and medium-class writing papers (EPA87/10). Essential element: Elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., needed by living organisms to maintain their normal growth.
Essential oil: (1) Oils composed mainly of terpene hydrocarbons (turpentine), which are obtained by steam distillation of wood chips, bark, or leaves of selected trees (EPA-79/12). (2) The oil in citrus peel, peel oil (EPA-74/03). (3) See oil for more related terms. Established federal standards: Any operative occupational safety and health standard established by an agency of the United States and presently in effect, or contained in any Act of Congress in force on the date of enactment of this (OSHA3, see also 29CFR1910.2-91). Established treatment technologies: Technologies for which cost and performance data are readily available. See innovative treatment technologies (EPA-97/12). Establishment: Any place where a pesticide or device or active ingredient used in producing a pesticide is produced, or held, for distribution or sale (FIFRA2; 40CFR167.3; 372.3-91). Ester gum: A resin made from rosin or rosin acids and a polyhydric alcoho, such as glycerin or pentaerythritol (EPA79/12). Ester: An organic compound corresponding in structure to a salt in inorganic chemistry. Esters are considered as derived from the acids by the exchange of the replaceable hydrogen of the latter for an organic alkyl radical. Esters are not ionic compounds, but salts usually are (EPA-83106a). Esterification: (1) The production of esters from carboxylic acids by the replacement of the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group with a hydrocarbon group (EPA-87110a). (2) The combination of an alcohol and an organic acid to produce an ester and water. The reaction is carried out in the liquid phase, with aqueous sulfuric acid as a catalyst (EPA-83/09). Estimated environmental concentration: The pesticide concentration in an ecosystem (EPA-97/12).
estimated
Estimated exposure dose (EED): The measured or calculated dose to which humans are likely to be exposed considering exposure by all sources and routes (EPA-92/12). Estimated quantitation limit: This is the lowest concentration of an analyte that can be reliably quantitated in a particular matrix using the referenced method within specified limits of accuracy and precision. The EQL is generally 5-10 times the MDL, and is highly matrix dependent (SA-04). Estivation: Dormancy of animals during summer time (cf. dormancy or hibernation). Estuarine sanctuary: A research area which may include any part or all of an estuary and any island, transitional area, and upland in, adjoining, or adjacent to such estuary, and which constitutes to the extent feasible a natural unit, set aside to provide scientists and
students the opportunity to examine over a period of time the ecological relationships within the area (CZMA30416U.S.C.1453-90).
Estuarine wetlands: Tidal wetlands in low-wave-energy environments where the salinity of the water is greater than 0.5 part per thousand and is variable owing to evaporation and the mixing of seawater and freshwater; tidal wetlands of coastal rivers and embayrnents, salty tidal marshes, mangrove swamps, and tidal flats (CWNWbasics-04). Estuary: (1) A semi-enclosed coastal body of water that has a free connection with the open sea and within which seawater is measurably diluted with fresh water from land drainage. (2) Regions of interaction between rivers and near-shore ocean waters, where tidal action and river flow mix fresh and salt water. Such areas include bays, mouths of rivers, salt marshes, and lagoons. These brackish water ecosystems shelter and feed marine life, birds, and wildlife. See wetlands (NavyIEnv-04). Estuary: (1) That part of a river or stream or other body of water having unimpaired connection with the open sea, where the sea water is measurably diluted with fresh water derived from land drainage. The term includes estuary-type areas of the Great Lakes (CZMA304-16U.S.C.1453-90). (2) A confined body of water where fresh water flows mix with seawater due to tidal action (DOE-91/04). Estuary: A complex ecosystem between a river and near-shore ocean waters where fresh and salt water mix. These brackish areas include bays, mouths of rivers, salt marshes, wetlands, and lagoons and are influenced by tides and currents. Estuaries provide valuable habitat for marine animals, birds, and other wildlife (FFDCNpesticide-04). Estuary: A place where fresh and salt water mix, such as a bay, salt marsh, or where a river enters an ocean (CWAIWscience-04). Estuary: Area where the current of a stream meets the ocean and where tidal effects are evident; an arm of the ocean at the lower end of a river (CWAIWbasics-04). Estuary: Region of interaction between rivers and near-shore ocean waters, where tidal action and river flow mix fresh and salt water. Such areas include bays, mouths of rivers, salt marshes, and lagoons. These brackish water ecosystems shelter and feed marine life, birds, and wildlife. See wetlands (EPA-97/12). ETBE (ethyl tertiary butyl ether): (CH3)3COC2H: An oxygenate blend stock formed by the catalytic etherification of isobutylene with ethanol (CAA/C02gasl-04). Etchant: The material used in the chemical process of removing glass fibers and epoxy between neighboring conductor layers of a PC board for a given distance (EPA-83106a).
Etching: See cleaning. Ethanol blender: Any person who owns, leases, operates, controls, or supervises an ethanol blending plant (40CFR52.137; 80.2-91). Ethanol blending plant: Any refinery at which gasoline is produced solely through the addition of ethanol to gasoline, and at which the quality and quantity of gasoline is not altered in any other manner (40CFR52.137-91, see also 40CFR80.2-91). Ethanol: (1) An alternative automotive fuel derived from grain and corn; usually blended with gasoline to form gasohol (EPA97/12). (2) A chemical that is made from the fermentation of corn, starch, or sugar. It is a potential alcohol fuel for fuel cells. (3) See also synonym, alcohol. Ethanol: An alcohol used as an alternative automotive fuel derived from grain and corn; usually blended with gasoline to form gasohol (NavyIEnv-04). Ethene: See ethylene. Ether ((C2H5)20):A colorless solvent. Ethical products: Pharmaceuticals promoted by advertising to the medical, dental, and veterinary professions (EPA-83/09). Ethiofencarb (CllH1502NS): A yellow liquid used as an insecticide. Ethnic foods: The production of canned and frozen Chinese and Mexican specialties utilizing fresh and pre-processed bean sprouts, bamboo shoots, water chestnuts, celery, cactus, tomatoes, and other similar vegetables necessary for the production of the various characteristic product styles (40CFR407.8 1-91). Ethnography: A branch of anthropology dealing with the study of human culture (DOE-9 1/04). Ethyl alcohol: See alcohol.
Ethylene dichloride purification: Includes any part of the process of ethylene dichloride purification following ethylene dichloride formation, but excludes crude, intermediate, and final ethylene dichloride storage tanks (40CFR61.61-91). Ethylene dichloride: A colorless, oily liquid used as a solvent and fumigant for organic synthesis, and for ore flotation (CAA/C02gas-04). Ethylene dichloride: A colorless, oily liquid used as a solvent and fumigant for organic synthesis, and for ore flotation ( C A A / C 0 2 g ~-04). l Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA): A blend of ethylene vinyl acetate and polyvinyl chloride resulting in a thermoplastic elastomer (EPA-9 1/05). Ethylene interpolymer alloy-reinforced (EIA-R): Sheets of EIA with an encapsulated fabric reinforcement layer (EPA-91/05). Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA): A chemical commonly used in hot melt adhesives (EPA-83). Ethylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery or petrochemical processes (CAA/C02gas-04). Ethylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery processes or petrochemical processes. Ethylene is used as a petrochemical feedstock for numerous chemical applications and the production of consumer goods (CAA/COzgasl-04). Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) titration: A standard method of measuring the hardnes of a solution (EPA-83106a). It is a chelating agent which forms complex compounds with many cations, is used to determine the concentration of calcium or magnesium ions, and is thus used to measure the hardness of water. See titration for more related terms. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (HOOCCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2COOH)2): A chelating compound used in some bleach and bleach-fix solutions. It is also used in other solutions to sequester some ions present in hard water (EPA-80/10).
Ethylene (ethene or olefiant gas, CzH4):A colorless, flammable gas.
Ethylene dibromide (EDB): A chemical used as an agricultural fumigant and in certain industrial processes. Extremely toxic and found to be a carcinogen in laboratory animals, EDB has been banned for most agricultural uses in the United States (EPA97/12). Ethylene dichloride plant: Includes any plant which produces ethylene dichloride by reaction of oxygen and hydrogen chloride with ethylene (40CFR61.61-91).
Etiological agent: The pathogenic organism or its toxin causing a specific disease in a living body (EPA-83). Eukaryote: A cell with distinct nucleus. Eukaryotic cell: A complex cell type, characterized by having a nuclear membrane, mitochondria, and numerous chromosomes. All living cells except bacteria and blue green algae are eucaryotic (EPA-88109a). Eulerian frame of reference: A coordinate system in which the properties of a flow are described as a function of time and space where the coordinate system remains fixed (NATO-7811 0).
Eulittoral zone: The shore zone of a body of water between the limits of water-level fluctuation (LBL-76107-water). Euphotic zone: The lighted region that extends vertically from the water surface to the level at which photosynthesis fails to occur because of ineffective light penetration (LBL-76107-water). Europium (Eu): A rare earth metal with atomic number 63; atomic weight 151.96; density 5.26 glcc; melting point 826 C and boiling point 1439 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Eurytopic organisms: Organisms with a wide range of tolerance to a particular environmental factor. Examples are sludgeworms and bloodwoms (LBL-76107-water).
Evaluation program or program: The sequence of analyses and tests prescribed by the Administrator as described in 40CFR610.13 in order to evaluate the performance of a retrofit device (40CFR610.11-91). Evaluation: The work involved in gaining a knowledge of the size, shape, position, and value of coal (CWNmining-04). Evaporation chamber: In the steel industry, a method used for cooling gases to the precipitators in which an exact heat balance is maintained between water required and gas cooled, no effluent is discharged as all of the water is evaporated (EPA-74106a).
Eutectic: An alloy or solution of materials that has the lowest possible constant melting temperature (EPA-83).
Evaporation opportunity (relative evaporation): The ratio of the rate of evaporation from a land or water surface in contact with the atmosphere, to the evaporativity under existing atmospheric conditions. It is the ratio of actual to potential rate of evaporation, generally stated as a percentage. (Derived from Meinzer, 1923, p. 14.) The opportunity for a given rate of evaporation to continue is determined by the available moisture supply (CWAhydrology-04).
Eutrophic lake: A lake that exhibits any of the following characteristics: (1) Excessive biomass accumulations of primary producers; (2) Rapid organic andor inorganic sedimentation and shallowing; or (3) Seasonal andor diurnal dissolved oxygen deficiencies that may cause obnoxious odors, fish kills, or a shift in the composition of aquatic fauna to less desirable forms (40CFR35.1605.5-91).
Evaporation pan: An open tank used to contain water for measuring the amount of evaporation. The U.S. Weather Bureau class A pan is 4 feet in diameter, 10 inches deep, set up on a timber grillage so that the top rim is about 16 inches from the ground. The water level in the pan during the course of observation is maintained between 2 and 3 inches below the rim (CWAhydrology-04).
Eutrophic lake: Shallow, murky bodies of water that have excessive concentrations of plant nutrients causing excessive algal production (see dystrophic lakes) (EPA-97/12). See lake for more related terms.
Evaporation pond: (1) An open holding facility which depends primarily on climatic conditions such as evaporation, precipitation, temperature, humidity, and wind velocity to effect dissipation (evaporation) of wastewater. External means such as spray recirculation or heating can be used to increase the rate of evaporation (EPA-87110a). (2) Areas where sewage sludge is dumped and dried (EPA-97/12). (3) See pond for more related terms.
Eustacy: The fluctuation of the sea level.
Eutrophication: The increase in the nutrient levels of a lake or other body of water; this usually causes an increase in the growth of aquatic animal and plant life (SDWNeducation-04). Eutrophication: The process by which water becomes enriched with plant nutrients, most commonly phosphorus and nitrogen (CWMWbasics-04). Eutrophication: The slow aging process during which a lake, estuary, or bay evolves into a bog or marsh and eventually disappears. During the later stages of eutrophication the water body is choked by abundant plant life due to higher levels of nutritive compounds such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Human activities can accelerate the process (EPA-97/12). Evacuation: (1) Removal of residents from a danger area (EPA85111). (2) The process of leaving a potentially dangerous area (HAS-92). Evacuation: A prolonged precautionary stay away from an area affected by a hazardous material (NavyJEnv-04).
Evaporation, total: The sum of water lost from a given land area during any specific time by transpiration from vegetation and building of plant tissue; by evaporation from water surfaces, moist soil, and snow; and by interception. It has been variously termed evaporation, evaporation from land areas, evapotranspiration, total loss, water losses, and fly off (CWAhydrology-04). Evaporation: Evaporation is the process by which a substance changes from the liquid to the gas or vapor state. The opposite process is condensation. In phase separation, it is the vaporization of a liquid from a solution or a slurry for separation of liquid from a dissolved or suspended solid or liquid. The term evaporation can only be applied to a unit operation in which heat energy is transferred to a solution or suspension of a solid or liquid and where one of the components of the substance to which heat is applied is not appreciably volatile. The process and the equipment are similar to that of the stills or reboilers of distillation except, in
evaporation, no attempt is made to separate components of the vapor. The objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a non-volatile solute and a volatile solvent. Evaporation differs from drying in that the residue is usually a highly viscous liquid, rather than a solid; it differs from distillation in that the vapor is usually a single component, and even when the vapor is a mixture, no attempt is made in the evaporation step to separate the vapor into fractions; it differs from crystallization in that the emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals. Evaporation: The process of liquid water becoming water vapor, including vaporization from water surfaces, land surfaces, and snow fields, but not from leaf surfaces. See transpiration (CWAIWscience-04). Evaporative emission code: A unique combination, in an evaporative emission family evaporative emission control system combination, of purge system calibrations, fuel tank and carburetor bowl vent calibrations, and other fuel system and evaporative emission control system components and calibrations specified by the Administrator (40CFR86.082.2-91). Evaporative emissions: Hydrocarbons emitted into the atmosphere from a motor vehicle, other than exhaust and crankcase emissions. See emission for more related terms (40CFR86.082.2-91). Evaporative vehicle configuration: A unique combination of basic engine, engine code, body type, and evaporative emission code (40CFR86.082.2-91). Evaporativity (potential rate of evaporation): The rate of evaporation under the existing atmospheric conditions from a surface of water that is chemically pure and has the temperature of the atmosphere (CWAhydrology-04). Evaporite minerals (deposits): Minerals or deposits of minerals formed by evaporation of water containing salts. These deposits are common in arid climates (CWAIWbasics-04). Evaporites: A class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of minerals precipitated from a saline solution as a result of extensive or total evaporation of water (CWAIWbasics-04). Evapotranspiration, potential: See potential evapotranspiration (CWAhydrology-04). Evapotranspiration: A collective term that includes water lost through evaporation from the soil and surface-water bodies and by plant transpiration (CWAAVquality-04). Evapotranspiration: The combined processes by which water is transferred from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere; evaporation of liquid or solid water plus transpiration from plants (DOE9 1/04).
Evapotranspiration: The loss of water from the soil both by evaporation and by transpiration from the plants growing in the soil (EPA-97/12). Evapotranspiration: The process by which surface water, soils, and plants release water vapor to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration (NavyIEnv-04). Evapotranspiration: The process by which water is discharged to the atmosphere as a result of evaporation from the soil and surface-water bodies, and transpiration by plants (CWAIWbasics04). Evapotranspiration: The sum of evaporation and transpiration (CWAIWscience-04). Evapotranspiration: Water withdrawn fiom a land area by evaporation fiom water surfaces and moist soil and plant transpiration. It is a coined word; probably the first recorded use is on page 296 of the Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, part 2, 1934 (CWAhydrology-04). Evase duct. An expanding duct connection on the outlet of a fan or in an airlgas flow passage; its purpose is to convert kinetic energy into static pressure (EPA-83). Evase stack: An expanding connection on the outlet of a fan or in an air flow passage. Its purpose is to convert kinetic energy into static pressure. See stack for more related terms (SW- 108ts). Event tree: A logic diagram that depicts all pathways (success and failure) originating from an initiating event (EPA-87107a). Evidence: Any matter in the rule-making record (TSCA Sec. 19). Evoked response technique: A technique widely used in electrophysiology whereby a stimulus (e.g., electric shock, light flash, click) is applied peripherally to the electrode used to detect the response (LBL-76107-bio). Evolution: The gradual progress of living organisms. Ex parte communication: Any communication, written or oral, relating to the merits of the proceeding between the decisional body and an interested person outside the Agency or the Agency trial staff which was not originally filed or stated in the administrative record or in the hearing. Ex parte communications do not include (1) Communications between Agency employees other than between the Agency trial staff and the members of the decisional body; (2) Discussions between the decisional body and either: (a) Interested persons outside the Agency, or (b) The Agency trial staff, if all parties have received prior written notice of the proposed communications and have been given the opportunity to be present and participate therein (40CFR124.78-3).
Ex situ: Refers to a technology or process for which contaminated material must be removed from the site of contamination for treatment. For example, soil must be excavated or groundwater must be pumped to an above ground treatment system. Antonym: in situ (NavyIEnv-04).
retort design performs more efficiently than the in-line design in the capacity range of less than 750 l b h (cf. retort) (EPA-89103b). (3) See incinerator for more related terms.
Excavation zone: The volume containing the tank system and backfill material bounded by the ground surface, walls, and floor of the pit and trenches into which the UST system is placed at the time of installation (40CFR280.12-91).
Excess ammonia liquor storage tank: Any tank, reservoir, or container used to collect or store a flushing liquor solution prior to ammonia or phenol recovery (40CFR61.131-91).
Exceedance: Violation of the pollutant levels permitted by environmental protection standards (EPA-97/12). Exception report: A report, submitted by large quantity generators (LQGs) and small quantity generators (SQGs), detailing efforts to locate wastes when a signed copy of the manifest has not been received (RCMazardous-04). Exception report: In RCRA, a report that generators who transport waste off site must submit to the Regional Administrator if they do not receive a copy of the manifest signed and dated by owner or operator of the designated facility to which their waste was shipped within 45 days from the date on which the initial transporter accepted the waste (EPA-86/01). Excess activated sludge (excess sludge or surplus sludge): Activated sludge which is in excess of the return sludge and needs to be disposed of. See sludge for more related terms. Excess-air incinerator: An excess-air incinerator is also known as the multiple chamber incinerator because it consists of two or more combustion chambers; the primary chamber for solid phase combustion and the secondary chamber for gas phase combustion. Because its waste feed is always operated in a batch mode, an excess-air incinerator is also commonly referred as a batch or retort incinerator. As the name implies, an excess-air incinerator is operated with excess air levels well above stoichiometric (typically 60-200% excess air) in both the primary and secondary combustion chambers (cf. incinerator, starved-air) (OME-86/10). The traditional designs of excess-air incinerators include (1) Inline incinerator: The flow of combustion gases travels through different combustion chambers in a straight manner. To enter from one chamber to another, it turns in the vertical (upward and downward) direction only. This type of incinerator may have three chambers, i.e., primary chamber, mixing chamber, and secondary chamber. The combustion gases flow upward from primary chamber, pass the chamber wall, flow downward in mixing chamber, pass the chamber wall and flow upward in secondary chamber for further burning (EPA-89103b). (2) Retort incinerator: The flow of combustion gases turns in the vertical direction as in the in-line incinerator, but also turns sideways as it travels through the incinerator. Because the secondary chamber is adjacent to the primary chamber (they share a wall) and the gases turn in a "U" shape, the incinerator is more compact. In-line incinerators perform better in the capacity range greater than 750 lbhr. The
Excess air: See excess combustion air.
Excess capacity factor: A multiplier on a process size to account for shutdown for cleaning and maintenance (EPA-83106a). Excess combustion air (or excess air): The combustion air supplied in addition to that theoretically required (in excess of that necessary to bum compounds completely or greater than stoichiometric air requirements). The excessive amounts appear in the products of combustion. The amount of excess air is normally expressed as a percentage of the theoretical (stoichiometric) air required for complete combustion of the compound. Typically, a waste incinerator operates with an overall 140 to 200% excess air level. Calculations of theoretical and excess air are as follows: (1) TA (Percent of theoretical air) = aa/ta(%). (2) EA (Percent of excess air) = (aa - ta)/ta(%). (3) Where: aa = moles of actual air used in combustion; ta = moles of theoretical (stoichiometric) air used in combustion; and aa - ta = excess air. See combustion air for more related terms. Excess emissions and monitoring systems performance report: A report that must be submitted periodically by a source in order to provide data on its compliance with stated emission limits and operating parameters, and on the performance of its monitoring systems (40CFR60.2-91). Excess emissions: Emissions of an air pollutant in excess of an emission standard. See emission for more related terms (40CFR51.100-91). Excess lifetime risk: The additional or extra risk incurred over the lifetime of an individual by exposure to a toxic substance (EPA92/12). Excess lime softening: Excessive lime is added to remove various hard water salts and to maintain the required alkalinity. Excess pesticide: See pesticide (40CFR165.1-91). Excess property: Any property under the control of a federal agency that is not required for immediate or foreseeable needs and thus is a candidate for disposal (40CFR35.6015-91). Excess real property: Real property that has been screened and determined to be no longer required for DOE'S needs, also see surplus real property (SDWAIradionuclide-04).
Excess risk: Percentage with material impairment of hearing in an occupational-noise-exposed population after subtracting the percentage who would normally incur such impairment from other causes in a population not exposed to occupational noise (NCNsound-04).
Exchange coefficient hypothesis: The assumption that the turbulent flux of a property is proportional to its mean gradient. The coefficient of proportionality is called the exchange coefficient (NATO-78110).
Excess sludge: See excess activated sludge.
Exchange coefficient: See exchange coefficient hypothesis.
Excessive concentration: Is defined for the purpose of determining good engineering practice stack height under 40CFR5 1.100(ii)(3) and means: For sources seeking credit for stack height exceeding that established under 40CFR51.100(ii)(2) a maximum ground-level concentration due to emissions from a stack due in whole or part to downwash, wakes, and eddy effects produced by nearby structures or nearby terrain features which individually is at least 40% in excess of the maximum concentration experienced in the absence of such downwash, wakes, or eddy effects and which contributes to a total concentration due to emissions from all sources that is greater than an ambient air quality standard. For sources subject to the prevention of significant deterioration program (40CFR51.166 and 52.21), an excessive concentration alternatively means a maximum ground-level concentration due to emissions from a stack due in whole or part to downwash, wakes, or eddy effects produced by nearby structures or nearby terrain features which individually is at least 40% in excess of the maximum concentration experienced in the absence of such downwash, wakes, or eddy effects and greater than a prevention of significant deterioration increment. The allowable emission rate to be used in making demonstrations under this part shall be prescribed by the new source performance standard that is applicable to the source category unless the owner or operator demonstrates that this emission rate is infeasible. Where such demonstrations are approved by the authority administering the state implementation plan, an alternative emission rate shall be established in consultation with the source owner or operator. For complete definition, see 4OCFR51.100-kk-9 1.
Exchange rate: An increment of decibels that requires the halving of exposure time, or a decrement of decibels that requires the doubling of exposure time. For example, a 3-dB exchange rate requires that noise exposure time be halved for each 3-dB increase in noise level; likewise, a 5-dB exchange rate requires that exposure time be halved for each 5-dB increase (NCNsound-04).
Excessive infiltrationlinflow: The quantities of infiltration-inflow which can be economically eliminated from a sewerage system by rehabilitation, as determined in a cost effectiveness analysis that compares the costs for correcting the infiltratiodinflow conditions to the total costs for transportation and treatment of the infiltratiodinflow, subject to the provisions in Section 35.2. See infiltrationlinflow for more related terms (40CFR35.905-91, see also 40CFR35.2005-91). Excessive rainfall: See rainfall, excessive (CWA/hydrology-04). Excessive release: A discharge of more than 295 g (0.65 lbs) of mercaptans andor hydrogen sulfide into the atmosphere in any five-minute period (40CFR52.741-91). Exchange capacity: A quantitative measure of the surface charge of a substance, reported in equivalents of exchangeable ions per unit weight of the solid (NavyIEnv-04).
Excited state: The state that an ion has a higher energy level than that of its normal level. Exclusion zone (EZ): The area surrounding an operation which may be immediately dangerous to life and health. Requires complete, appropriate protective clothing and equipment. Entry requires approval by the Site Superintendent or a designated sector officer. Complete back-up and rescue teams must be in place at the perimeter before operations begin (NavyEnv-04). Exclusion zone: Area of site possessing the highest concentration of contaminants, also called the "hot" zone (EPA-89112a). Exclusion: In the asbestos program, one of several situations that permit a Local Education Agency (LEA) to delete one or more of the items required by the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA), e.g., records of previous asbestos sample collection and analysis may be used by the accredited inspector in lieu of AHERA bulk sampling (EPA-97/12). Exclusionary ordinance: Zoning that excludes classes of persons or businesses from a particular neighborhood or area (EPA-97/12). Exclusionary: Any form of zoning ordinance that tends to exclude specific classes of persons or businesses from a particular district or area (EPA-89/12). Exclusive use study: A study that meets each of the following requirements: (1) The study pertains to a new active ingredient (new chemical) or new combination of active ingredients (new combination) first registered after September 30, 1978; (2) The study was submitted in support of, or as a condition of approval of, the application resulting in the first registration of product containing such new chemical or new combination (first registration), or an application to amend such registration to add a new use; and (3) The study was not submitted to satisfy a data requirement imposed under FIFRA section 3(c)(2)(B); provided that, a study is an exclusive use study only during the ten-year period following the date of the first registration (40CFR152.83-c91).
Excretion: The discharge of excessive or unusable substances from living organisms. Excursion: An unintentional noncompliance occurring for reasons beyond the reasonable control of the permittee (cf. upset) (EPA85/10). Executive order: A rule or order having the force of law, issued by the President (OMBIReg-04). Exempt solvent: Specific organic compounds not subject to requirements of regulation because they are deemed by EPA to be of negligible photochemical reactivity (Navy/Env-04). Exempt solvent: The specific organic compounds that are not subject to requirements of regulation because they have been deemed by EPA to be of negligible photochemical reactivity (EPA-97/12). See solvent for more related terms.
economic factors; (2) The system was in operation on the effective date of the MCL or treatment technique requirement; and (3) The exemption will not result in an unreasonable public health risk. Also see variance (SDWNeducation-04).
Exemption: A state with primacy may relieve a public water system from a requirement respecting an MCL, treatment technique, or both by granting an exemption if the system cannot comply due to compelling economic or other factors; the system was in operation on the effective date of the requirement or MCL; and the exemption will not create an unreasonable public health risk (see variance) (EPA-97/12). Exemption: State or U.S. EPA permission for a water system not to meet a certain drinking water standard. An exemption allows a system additional time to obtain financial assistance or make improvements in order to come into compliance with the standard. The system must prove that: (1) There are compelling reasons (including economic factors) why it cannot meet U.S. EPA health standards (Maximum Contaminant Levels or Treatment Techniques); (2) It was in operation on the effective date of the requirement; and (3) The exemption will not create an unreasonable risk to public health. The state must set a schedule under which the water system will comply with the standard for which it received an exemption (SDWNReg-04).
Exempted aquifer: (1) An aquifer or its portion that meets the criteria in the definition of underground source of drinking water but which has been exempted according to the procedures in 40CFR144.7 (40CFR144.3-91). (2) Underground bodies of water defined in the Underground Injection Control program as aquifers that are sources of drinking water (although they are not being used as such) and that are exempted from regulations barring underground injection activities (EPA-97/12). (3) See aquifer for more related terms.
Exergonic: Describing a biochemical reaction in which the products possess less free energy than that of reactants.
Exempted aquifer: Underground bodies of water defined in the Underground Injection Control program as aquifers that are potential sources of drinking water though not being used as such, and thus exempted from regulations baning underground injection activities (NavyIEnv-04).
Exfiltration: (1) The opposite of infiltration. The exhaust of gases from a building or structure, due to wind velocity and thermal effects, through defects in the structure and normal leakage around openings (EPA-84/09). (2) The movement of indoor air out of the house (EPA-88108a).
Exemption application: Any application submitted to EPA under section 5(h)(2) of the Act (40CFR700.43-91).
Exhaust emissions: The substances emitted to the atmosphere from the exhaust discharge nozzle of an aircraft or aircraft engine. See emission for more related terms (40CFR87.1-91).
Exemption category: A category of chemical substances for which a person(s) has applied for or been granted an exemption under section 5(h)(4) of the Act (15U.S.C.2604) (40CFR723.17591). Exemption holder: Refers to a manufacturer or processor, subject to a test rule, that has received an exemption under sections 4(c)(l) or 4(c)(2) of TSCA from the requirement to conduct a test and submit data (40CFR791.3-91). Exemption notice: Any notice submitted to EPA under Section 40CFR723.15 of this chapter (40CFR700.43-91). Exemption: A state with primacy may relieve a public water system from a requirement respecting an MCL, treatment technique or both, by granting an exemption if certain conditions exist. These are: (1) The system cannot comply with a MCL or treatment technique due to compelling factors which may include
Exhaust fan: A fan oriented so that it blows indoor air out of the house. Exhaust fans cause outdoor air (and soil gas) to infiltrate at other locations in the house, to compensate for the exhausted air (EPA-88/08). Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)-air bleed: A system or device (such as modification of the engine's carburetor or positive crankcase ventilation system) that results in engine operation at an increased airfuel ratio so as to achieve reductions in exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide of 25% and 40%, respectively, from light-duty vehicles of model years 1968-1970 (4OCFR52.2491-91). Exhaust gas: Any offgas (the constituents of which may consist of any fluids, either as a liquid andlor gas) discharged directly or ultimately to the atmosphere that was initially contained in or was in direct contact with the equipment for which exhaust gas limits
are prescribed in 40CFR61.62(a) and (b); 40CFR61.63(a); 40CFR61.64(a)(l), (b), (c), and (d); 40CFR61.65(b)(l)(ii), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(5), (b)(6)(ii), (b)(7), and 01)(9)(ii); and 61.65W. A leak as defined in paragraph (w) of this section is not an exhaust gas. Equipment which contains exhaust gas is subject to 40CFR61.65@)(8), whether or not that equipment contains 10% by volume vinyl chloride (40CFR61.61-x-91).
Exhaust header pipe: Any tube of constant diameter which conducts exhaust gas from an engine exhaust port to other exhaust system components which provide noise attenuation. Tubes with cross connections or internal baffling are not considered to be exhaust header pipes (40CFR205.165-91). Exhaust heat or waste heat: Heat that is rejected from a mechanical, chemical, or electrochemical process. In many situations, the waste heat can be collected for reuse. Exhaust heat recovery: The re-use of waste heat. For example, a waste heat boiler can be used to recover heat generated from an incinerator for electricity production. Exhaust system: (1) A system consisting of branch pipes connected to hoods or enclosures, one or more header pipes, an exhaust fan, means for separating solid contaminants from the air flowing in the system, and a discharge stack to outside (29CFR1910.94b-91). (2) The system comprised of a combination of components which provides for enclosed flow of exhaust gas from engine parts to the atmosphere (40CFR202.10-91, see also 40CFR205.51; 205.151-91). Exhaust ventilation system: A system for removing contaminated air from a space, comprising two or more of the following elements: (1) Enclosure or hood. (2) Duct work. (3) Dust collecting equipment. (4) Exhauster. (5) Discharge stack (29CFR1910.94a-91). Exhaust wash: Water used to trap droplets and solubles from air passed to remove spray, vapor, and gasses from electroplating and process tanks (EPA-74103d). Exhauster: A fan located between the inlet gas flange and outlet gas flange of the coke oven gas line that provides motive power for coke oven gases (40CFR61.13 1-91). Existing class I1 well: Wells that were authorized by BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) and constructed and completed before the effective date of this program. See well for more related terms (40CFR147.2902-91). Existing control device is reconstructed: For the purposes of these standards, the capital expenditure of at least 50% of the replacement cost of the existing control device (40CFR60.561-9 1).
Existing control device is replaced: For the purposes of these standards, the replacement of an existing control device with another control device (40CFR60.561-91). Existing control device: For the purposes of these standards, an air pollution control device that has been in operation on or before September 30, 1987, or that has been in operation between September 30, 1987, and January 10,1989, on those continuous or intermittent emissions from a process section that is marked by an -- in Table 1 of this subpart (40CFR60.561-91). Existing facility: With reference to a stationary source, any apparatus of the type for which a standard is promulgated in this part, and the construction or modification of which was commenced before the date of proposal of that standard; or any apparatus which could be altered in such a way as to be of that type (40CFR60.2; 260.10-91). Existing hazardous waste management (HWM) facility or existing facility: A facility which was in operation or for which construction commenced on or before November 19, 1980. A facility has commenced construction if: (1) The owner or operator has obtained the federal, state, and local approvals or permits necessary to begin physical construction; and either (2)(i) A continuous on-site, physical construction program has begun; or (2) The owner or operator has entered into contractual obligations-which cannot be cancelled or modified without substantial loss-for physical construction of the facility to be completed within a reasonable time (40CFR260.10-91). Existing impoundment: Any uranium mill tailings impoundment which is licensed to accept additional tailings and is in existence as of December 15,1989 (40CFR61.251-91). Existing indirect discharger: Only those two iron blast furnace operations with discharges to publicly owned treatment works prior to May 27, 1982 (40CFR420.31-91). Existing injection well: An injection well other than a new injection well. See well for more related terms (40CFR144.3-91, see also 40CFR146.3-91). Existing OCS source: Any OCS (outer continental shelf) source other than a new OCS source. See source for more related terms (CAA328-42U.S.C.7627-91). Existing portion: (1) For uranium waste, the land surface area of an existing surface impoundment on which significant quantities of uranium by-product materials have been placed prior to promulgation of this standard (40CFR192.11-91). (2) For hazardous waste, the land surface area of an existing waste management unit, included in the original Part A permit application, on which wastes have been placed prior to the issuance of a permit (40CFR260.10-91).
Existing solid waste incineration unit: A solid waste unit which is not a new or modified solid waste incineration unit. See solid waste incineration unit for more related terms (CAA129.g42U.S.C.7429-91). Existing source: In CAA, any stationary source other than a new source (CAA111, see also CAA112; 40CFR61.02; 122.29; 129.291). Existing source: In CWA, an existing source is any facility from which there is or may be a discharge of pollutants, the construction of which is commenced before the publication of proposed regulations prescribing a standard of performance under Section 306 of CWA (EPA-87110a).
Existing underground storage tanks (USTs): USTs that were in service, or for which installation had commenced on or before December 22,1988 (RCRAIhazardous-04). Existing unit: A unit (including units subject to section 111) that commenced commercial operation before the date of enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Any unit that commenced commercial operation before the date of enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 which is modified, reconstructed, or repowered after the date of enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 shall continue to be an existing unit for the purposes of this title. For the purposes of this title, existing units shall not include simple combustion turbines, or units which serve a generator with a nameplate capacity of 25 MWe or less (CAA402-42U.S.C.765la).
Existing source: See source for more related terms. Existing stationary facility: Any of the following stationary sources of air pollutants, including any reconstructed source, which was not in operation prior to August 7, 1962, and was in existence on August 7, 1977, and has the potential to emit 250 tons per year or more of any air pollutant. In determining potential to emit, fugitive emissions, to the extent quantifiable, must be counted: (1) Fossil-fuel fired steam electric plants of more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input. (2) Coal cleaning plants (thermal dryers). (3) Kraft pulp mills. (4) Portland cement plants. (5) Primary zinc smelters. (6) Iron and steel mill plants. (7) Primary aluminum ore reduction plants. (8) Primary copper smelters. (9) Municipal incinerators capable of charging more than 250 tons of refuse per day. (10) Hydrofluoric, sulfuric, and nitric acid plants. (11) Petroleum refineries. (12) Lime plants. (13) Phosphate rock processing plants. (14) Coke oven batteries. (15) Sulfur recovery plants. (16) Carbon black plants (furnace process. (17) Primary lead smelters. (18) Fuel conversion plants. (19) Sintering plants, (20) Secondary metal production facilities. (21) Chemical process plants. (22) Fossil-fuel boilers of more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input. (23) Petroleum storage and transfer facilities with a capacity exceeding 300,000 barrels. (24) Taconite ore processing facilities. (25) Glass fiber processing plants. (26) Charcoal production facilities (40CFR51.301-691). Existing tank system or existing component: A tank system or component that is used for the storage or treatment of hazardous waste and that is in operation or for which installation has commenced on or prior to July 14, 1986. Installation will be considered to have commenced if the owner or operator has obtained all federal, state, and local approvals or permits necessary to begin physical construction of the site or installation of the tank system and if either: (1) A continuous on-site physical construction or installation program has begun, or (2) The owner or operator has entered into contractual obligations--which cannot be canceled or modified without substantial loss for physical construction of the site or installation of the tank system to be completed within a reasonable time (40CFR260.10-91).
Existing uses: Those uses actually attained in the water body on or after November 28, 1975, whether or not they are included in the water quality standards (cf. designated uses) (40CFR131.3-91). Existing vapor processing system: A vapor processing system (capable of achieving emissions to the atmosphere no greater than 80 milligrams of total organic compounds per liter of gasoline loaded), the construction or refurbishment of which was commenced before December 7, 1980, and which was not constructed or refurbished after that date (40CFR60.501-91). Existing vessel: Existing vessel includes every description of watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on the navigable waters, the construction of which is initiated before promulgation of standards and regulations under this section. See vessel for more related terms (CWA3 12). Existing well: A Class I well which was authorized prior to August 25, 1988, by an approved state program, or a U.S. EPAadministered program or a well which has become a Class I well as a result of a change in the definition of the injected waste which would render the waste hazardous under 40CFR261.3 of this Part. See well for more related terms (40CFR146.6 1-91). Exit velocity: The velocity of the effluent at the exit of a source (NATO-78110). Exo: A prefix showing outside or outer. Exogenous: (1) Derived or developed from external causes or locations. (2) For bioremediation, microorganisms from other locations, whose effectiveness has been tested and added to a site for remediation (NavyIEnv-04). Exogenous: Growing due to external causes (cf. endogenous). Exotherm: The curve (e.g., temperature vs. time) of an exothermic reaction.
Exothermic reaction: The reaction system that liberates heat to the surroundings as the reaction takes place (cf. endothermic reaction). Exothermic: A term used to characterize the evolution of heat. Specifically refers to chemical reactions from which heat is evolved (EPA-87107a). Exotic species: A species that is not indigenous to a region (EPA97/12). Exotic species: Plants or animals not native to the area (CWANbasics-04). Exotic stream: A perennial stream that flows through a desert region but has its source in an area outside the desert. Typically it loses volume through evaporation and seepage, and has few or no tributaries as it crosses the desert. Examples include the Nile and the Colorado River (DOI-70104). Expandable polystyrene: A polystyrene bead to which a blowing agent has been added using either an in-situ suspension process or a post-impregnation suspension process (40CFR60.561-91). Expander: For a battery, it is a substance added in small amount to the active materials of a lead-acid battery to improve the service life and capacity of the electrodes. In particular, an expander prevents the increase in crystal grain size of lead in the negative electrode. Expanding pilot: A continuous pilot that is automatically expanded so as to reliably ignite the main burner. This pilot may be turned down at the end of the main burner flame-establishing period. Expanding plume: The situation where a groundwater plume is continuing to move outward or downgradient from the source area (NavyIEnv-04). Expansion chamber: Any chamber designed to reduce the velocity of the products of combustion and promote the settling of fly ash from the gas stream. See settling chamber (EPA-83). Experimental animal: The individual animals or groups of animals, regardless of species, intended for use and used solely for research purposes and does not include animals intended to be used for any food purposes (40CFR172.1-91). Experimental flame failure mode: Generally based on an experimental determination of destruction efficiency (or flame failure) in bench-scale flame systems; compound ranking dependent on failure mode of flame. Example of failure modes includes temperature distribution, oxygen availability in the combustion chamber (EPA-88/12).
Experimental furnace: A glass melting furnace with the sole purpose of operating to evaluate glass melting processes, technologies, or glass products. An experimental furnace does not produce glass that is sold (except for further research and development purposes) or that is used as a raw material for nonexperimental furnaces. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.291-91). Experimental process line: A polymer or copolymer manufacturing process line with the sole purpose of operating to evaluate polymer manufacturing processes, technologies, or products. An experimental process line does not produce a polymer or resin that is sold or that is used as a raw material for nonexperimental process lines (40CFR60.561-91). Experimental start date: The first date the test substance is applied to the test system (40CFR160.3; 792.3-91). Experimental technology: A technology which has not been proven feasible under the conditions in which it is being tested (40CFR146.3-91). Experimental termination date: The last date on which data are collected directly from the study (40CFR792.3-91). Experimental use permit review: The review of an application for a permit pursuant to section 5 of FIFRA to apply a limited quantity of a pesticide in order to accumulate information necessary to register the pesticide. The application may be for a new chemical or for a new use of an old chemical. The fee applies to such experimental uses of a single unregistered active ingredient (no limit on the number of other active ingredients, in a tank mix, already registered for the crops involved) and no more than three crops. This fee does not apply to experimental use permits required for small-scale field testing of microbial pest control agents (40CFR172.3) (40CFRl52.403-f-91). Experimental use permit: A permit granted by EPA that allows a producer to conduct tests of a new pesticide, product andlor use outside the laboratory. The testing is usually done on ten or more acres of land or water surface (EPA-97/12). Experimental use permit: Obtained by manufacturers for testing new pesticides or uses thereof whenever they conduct experimental field studies to support registration on ten acres or more of land or one acre or more of water (EPA-97/12). Exploitation: The extraction of useful substances following the exploration. Exploration: The location of the presence of economic deposits and establishing their nature, shape, and grade and the investigation may be divided into: (1) Preliminary. (2) Final (EPA-82/05).
Exploration: The search for mineral deposits and the work done to prove or establish the extent of a mineral deposit. Alt: Prospecting and subsequent evaluation (CWNmining-04).
Exponential growth: The growth of a population (e.g., bacteria) in accordance with the power of a variable (ct) or an exponential function (et), where c is a constant and t time.
Explosion suppression: A technique by which burning in a confined space is detected and arrested during incipient stages, preventing development of pressure which could result in an explosion (EPA-83).
Exports : In solid waste program, municipal solid waste and recyclables transported outside the state or locality where they originated (EPA-97/12).
Explosion venting: The provision. of an opening for the release of pressure and heated (explosion) gases, thus preventing the development of destructive pressure (EPA-83). Explosion: A chemical reaction or change of state occumng virtually instantly with the release of high temperature and generally a large quantity of gas. Also see deflagration, detonation, and flame front (EPA-83). Explosive gas: (1) Gases that can react and produce a large amount of heat in a very short period of time causing a sudden increase in pressure. (2) In 40CFR, it means methane (CH4) (40CFR257.3.8-91). Explosive limits: The amounts of vapor in air that form explosive mixtures. These limits are expressed as lower and upper values and give the range of vapor concentrations in air that will explode if an ignition source is present (FFDCNpesticide-04). Explosive limits: The amounts of vapor in the air that form explosive mixtures; limits are expressed as lower and upper limits and give the range of vapor concentrations in air that will explode if an ignition source is present (EPA-97/12). Explosive limits: Also known as combustion limit. Its related terms include (1) Lower explosive limit (LEL) and (2) Upper explosive limit (UEL). Explosive waste: The waste which is unstable and may readily undergo violent chemical change or explode. Such waste may react violently on contact with air or water, or form explosive mixtures, or generate toxic fumes when mixed with water (OME12/88). Explosive: A substance (mixture) capable of rapid conversion into more stable products, with the liberation of heat and usually the formation of gases (EPA-76/03). Explosive: Any rapidly combustive or expanding substance. The energy released during this rapid combustion or expansion can be used to break rock (CWNmining-04). Exponential decay: The decay of physical properties in accordance with an exponential function (e-'), where t denotes time. Exponential means a variable which varies as the power of another variable. For an equation y = ct, y varies exponentially with t.
Exposure assessment: (1) An assessment to determine the extent of exposure of, or potential for exposure of, individuals to chemical substances based on such factors as the nature and extent of contamination and the existence of or potential for pathways of human exposure (including ground or surface water contamination, air emissions, a d food chain contamination), the size of community within the likely pathways of exposure, and the comparison of expected human exposure levels to the short-term and long-term health effects associated with identified contaminants and any available recommended exposure or tolerance limits for such contaminants. Such assessment shall not delay corrective action to abate immediate hazards or reduce exposure (cf. risk assessment) (RCRA9003). (2) Identifying the pathways by which toxicants may reach individuals, estimating how much of a chemical an individual is likely to be exposed to, and estimating the number likely to be exposed (EPA-97/12). Exposure assessment: The determination or estimation (qualitative or quantitative) of the method, magnitude, frequency, duration, and route of exposure (NavyIEnv-04). Exposure assessment: The process of finding out how people come into contact with a hazardous substance, how often and for how long they are in contact with the substance, and how much of the substance they are in contact with (SFfhealth-04). Exposure coefficient: A term which combines information on the frequency, mode, and magnitude of contact with contaminated medium to yield a quantitative value of the amount of contaminated medium contacted per day (Course 165.6). Exposure concentration: The concentration of a chemical or other pollutant representing a health threat in a given environment (EPA-97/12). Exposure dosage: See exposure level. Exposure event: An incident of contact with a chemical or physical agent. An exposure event can be defined by time (e.g., day, hour) or by the incident (e.g., eating a single meal of contaminated fish) (NavyEnv-04). Exposure incident: A specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties (29CFR1910).
Exposure indicator: A characteristic of the environment measured to provide evidence of the occurrence or magnitude of a response indicator's exposure to a chemical or biological stress (EPA-97/12). Exposure investigation: The collection and analysis of sitespecific information and biologic tests (when appropriate) to determine whether people have been exposed to hazardous substances (SFhealth-04). Exposure level (or exposure dosage): The concentration of the contaminant to which the population in question is exposed (LBG 76107-bio). Exposure level: The amount (concentration) of a chemical at the absorptive surfaces of an organism (EPA-97/12). Exposure medium: The contaminated environmental medium to which an individual is exposed. Includes the transfer of contaminants from one medium to another (SFIriskA-04). Exposure or exposed: An employee is subjected to a toxic substance or harmful physical agent in the course of employment through any route of entry (inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, or absorption, etc.), and includes past exposure and potential (e.g., accidental or possible) exposure, but does not include situations where the employer can demonstrate that the toxic substance or harmful physical agent is not used, handled, stored, generated, or present in the workplace in any manner different from typical nonoccupational situations (29CFR1910.20-91). Exposure parameters: Variables used in the calculation of intake (e.g., exposure duration, inhalation rate, average body weight) (EPA-9 1112). Exposure pathway: Route of contaminants from the source of contamination to potential contact with a "receptor" (any living organism, including humans). For example, gasoline leaking h m an underground storage tank to surrounding soil is an exposure pathway (CAAJAPC-04). Exposure pathway: The course a chemical or physical agent takes from a source to an exposed organism. An exposure pathway describes a unique mechanism by which an individual or population is exposed to chemicals or physical agents at or originating from a site. Each exposure pathway includes a source or release from a source, an exposure point, and an exposure route. If the exposure point differs from the source, a transportlexposure medium (e.g., air) or media (in cases of intermedia transfer) also would be indicated (EPA-9 1/12). Exposure pathway: The course a chemical takes from the source to the exposed individual. An exposure pathway analysis links the sources, locations, and types of environmental releases with population locations and activity patterns to determine the significant pathways of human exposure (SFIriskA-04).
Exposure pathway: The path from sources of pollutants via, soil, water, or food to man and other species or settings (EPA-97/12). Exposure pathway: The route a substance takes from its source (where it began) to its end point (where it ends), and how people can come into contact with (or get exposed to) it. An exposure pathway has five parts: a source of contamination (such as an abandoned business); an environmental media and transport mechanism (such as movement through groundwater); a point of exposure (such as a private well); a route of exposure (eating, drinking, breathing, or touching), and a receptor population (people potentially or actually exposed). When all five parts are present, the exposure pathway is termed a completed exposure pathway (SFIhealth-04). Exposure period (or exposure time): (1) The time that a person is exposed to a toxic substance. (2) In 40CFR, it is the five-day period during which test birds are offered a diet containing the test substance (40CFR797.2050-91). Exposure point concentration: The value that represents a conservative estimate of the chemical concentration available from a particular medium or route of exposure. See medium EPC and route EPC (SFIriskA-04). Exposure point: A location of potential contact between an organism and a chemical or physical agent (EPA-91/12). Exposure point: An exact location of potential contact between a person and a chemical within an exposure medium (SFIriskA-04). Exposure registry: A system of ongoing followup of people who have had documented environmental exposures (SFhealth-04). Exposure route: (1) Any route of exposure entry such as inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, or absorption, etc. (2) The way a chemical or physical agent comes in contact with an organism (i.e., by ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact) (EPA-91/12). Exposure route: The manner in which a chemical or physical agent comes in contact with an organism (i.e., by ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact) (NavytEnv-04). Exposure route: The way a chemical comes in contact with a person (e.g., by ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact) (SFIriskA04). Exposure route: The way a chemical or pollutant enters an organism after contact; i.e. by ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption (EPA-97/12). Exposure scenario: A set of conditions or assumptions about sources, exposure pathways, concentrations of toxic chemicals and populations (numbers, characteristics, and habits) which aid the
investigator in evaluating and quantifying exposure in a given situation (Course 165.6).
include mass, volume, weight, energy, enthalpy, entropy, etc. (Jones-pl2; Wark-p5). (3) See property for more related terms.
Exposure time: See exposure period.
Extensor muscles: The muscles under voluntary control that, when contracted, extend the limbs (LBL-76107-bio).
Exposure: Contact of an organism with a chemical or physical agent. Exposure is quantified as the amount of the agent available at the exchange boundaries of the organism (e.g., skin, lungs, or gut) and available for absorption (NavyEnv-04). Exposure: Contact with a substance by swallowing, breathing, or touching the skin or eyes. Exposure may be short-term (acute exposure), of intermediate duration, or long-term (chronic exposure) (SFhealth-04). Exposure: Radiation or pollutants that wme into contact with the body and present a potential health threat. The most common routes of exposure are through the skin, mouth, or by inhalation (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Exposure: The amount of radiation or pollutant present in a given environment that represents a potential health threat to living organisms (EPA-97/12), (cf. occupational exposure). Exposure: Whether and how a human or other organism comes into contact with a chemical, usually by eating or drinking it, inhaling it, or touching it and having it penetrate the skin (TSCA/chemical-04). Exposure-dose reconstruction: A method of estimating the amount of people's past exposure to hazardous substances. Computer and approximation methods are used when past information is limited, not available, or missing (SFhealth-04). Exposure-response relationship: The relationship between exposure level and the incidence of adverse effects (EPA-97/12). Extended aeration: A modification of the activated sludge process that employs long retention time of wastewater in the presence of activated sludge and air, usually for greater than 24 hours. See aeration for more related terms (EPA-75/10). Extender: (1) A pigment which is usually inexpensive and inert in nature, used to give opacity and extend or increase the bulk of a paint, thus reducing its unit cost, and modifying its consistency (EPA-79112b). (2) A low specific gravity substance used in rubber formulations chiefly to reduce costs (cf. filler) (EPA-74112a). Extensive property: (1) A thermodynamic property which is derived from an inherent property, e.g., the total pressure of a multi-component system equals the sum of the pressure of each component in the system. The total pressure is the extensive property and the pressure of each component is the inherent property. (2) Also known as the extrinsic property. It is a property whose value for a system equals to the sum of its values for the various parts of the system. Examples of the extensive property
Extent of chlorination: The percent by weight of chlorine (40CFR704.43; 704.45-91). Exterior base coat: A mating applied to the exterior of a can body, or flat sheet to provide protection to the metal or to provide background for any lithographic or printing operation (40CFR52.741-91). Exterior base coating operation: The system on each beverage can surface coating line used to apply a coating to the exterior of a two-piece beverage can body. The exterior base coat provides corrosion resistance and a background for lithography or printing operations. The exterior base coat operation consists of the coating application station, flashoff area, and curing oven. The exterior base coat may be pigmented or clear (unpigmented) (40CFR60.491-91). Exterior end coat: A coating applied to the exterior end of a can to provide protection to the metal (40CFR52.741-91). Exterior paint: A coating for the outside surfaces of a structure (EPA-79112b). External combustion engine: An engine in which heat is supplied from external sources such as a furnace or a reactor. See engine for more related terms. External floating roof: A cover over an open top storage tank consisting of a double deck or pontoon single deck which rests upon and is supported by the volatile organic liquid being contained and is equipped with a closure seal or seals to close the space between the roof edge and tank shell (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR61.341-91). External radiation: The radiation originating from a source outside the body, such as cosmic radiation. The source of external radiation can be either natural or man-made. See radiation for more related terms (EPA-88108a). External reference material: See reference material. External reforming: The component (known as a reformer) for producing hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels is not incorporated within the fuel cell itself. For an external reforming fuel cell, its reformer is separated from its stack unit. Extinction lake (or senescent lake): The gradual permanent loss of the water or water surface of a lake by the encroachment of vegetation, transforming the lake into a bog, marsh, or swamp. See lake for more related terms (DOI-70104).
Extra risk: The added risk to that portion of the population that is not included in measurement of background tumor rate; ER(d) = [P(d) -P(O)]/[ I -P(O)] (EPA-92/12). Extractable metals: The concentration of metals in an unfiltered sample following digestion with hot dilute mineral acid. See metal for more related terms (Ref. 19, LBL76). Extractable: A compound that can be partitioned into an organic solvent from the sample matrix and is amenable to gas chromatography. Extractables include semivolatile (BNA) and pesticidePCB compounds (Navy/Env-04). Extraction column: A column such as a vertical tank where the desired products are extracted from raw materials. Extraction plant: A facility chemically processing beryllium ore to beryllium metal, alloy, or oxide, or performing any of the intermediate steps in these processes (40CFR61.3 1-91). Extraction procedure (EP toxic): Determining toxicity by a procedure which simulates leaching; if a certain concentration of a toxic substance can be leached from a waste, that waste is considered hazardous, i.e., "EP Toxic" (EPA-97/12). Extraction procedure (EP toxic): Determining toxicity by a procedure which stimulates leaching; if certain concentration of a toxic substance can be leached from a waste that waste is considered hazardous, i.e., "EP Toxic" (MWTAIinfectious-04). Extraction procedure toxicity (EP toxicity): (1) One of the four U.S. EPA hazardous waste characteristics (ETI-92). (2) A test that is designed to identify wastes likely to leach hazardous concentrations of particular toxic constituents into the ground water as a result of improper management (EPA-86/01). (3) See hazardous waste characteristics for more related terms. Extraction site: The place from which the dredged or fill material proposed for discharge is to be removed (40CFR230.3-91). Extraction water: The water removed during a wood pulp manufacturing process. See water for more related terms (EPA87/10). Extraction well: A discharge well used to remove groundwater or air (EPA-97/12). Extraction: In mining: (1) The process of mining and removal of ore from a mine. (2) The separation of metal or valuable mineral from an ore or concentrate. (3) Used in relation to all processes that are used in obtaining metals from their ores. Broadly, these processes involve the breaking down of the ore both mechanically (crushing) and chemically (decomposition), and the separation of the metal from the associated gangue (EPA-82/05).
Extraction: In waste treatment, extraction is to extract hazardous constituents from contaminated soil, thus circumventing the need to incinerate or otherwise treat the soil itself. In principal, extraction can be done by physical or chemical means. Preferably, this can be done in situ to eliminate the costs and risks associated with excavating the soils. Several new extraction applications are under development for actual applications. A conceptual in-situ vacuum extraction of volatile contaminants from soils and groundwater uses wells which are placed in the unsaturated soil zone above the water table. A vacuum source is applied to the well and volatile organic compounds are drawn off for further treatment. Extraction: The chemical process where uranyl nitrate is purified (AEAIclosure-04). Extraction: The process of mining and removal of cal or ore from a mine (CWAImining-04). Extraction: The separation of specific constituents from a matrix of solids or a solution, employing mechanical andlor chemical methods (cf. waste minimization) (EPA-83). Extractor column: The column is used to extract the solute from the aqueous solution produced by the generator column (40CFR796.1720-91, see also 40CFR796.1860-91). Extraneous ash: After combustion, that portion of the residue (ash non-combustible) which is derived from entrained materials which were mixed with the combustible material. See ash for more related terms (EPA-83). Extrapolation: (1) An estimation of a numerical value of an empirical (measured) function at a point outside the range of data which were used to calibrate the function. The quantitative risk estimates for carcinogens are generally low-dose extrapolations based on observations made at higher doses. Generally one has a measured dose and measured effect (EPA-92/12). (2) Estimation of unknown values by extending or projecting from known values. Extreme environmental conditions: The exposure to any or all of the following: ambient weather conditions; temperatures consistently above 95 C (203 F); detergents; abrasive and scouring agents; solvents; or corrosive atmospheres (40CFR52.741-91). Extreme performance coating: Any coating which during intended use is exposed to extreme environmental conditions (40CFR52.741-91). Extremely hazardous substance: A substance identified under EPCRA whose release may be of immediate concern to the community because of its irreversible health effects (TSCAIchemical-04). Extremely hazardous substance: Any of 406 chemicals identified by EPA on the basis of toxicity, and listed under SARA
Title 111. The list is subject to revision (EPA-97/12, see also SF329; 40CFR355.20; 370.2-91). See hazardous substance for more related terms.
Extrusion seam: A seam between two geomembrane sheets achieved by heat-extruding a polymer material between or over the overlap areas followed by the application of pressure. See seam for more related terms (EPA-91/05).
Extrudate: In constructing a landfill liner, the molten polymer which is emitted from an extruder during seaming using either extrusion fillet or extrusion flat methods. The extrudate is initially in the form of a ribbon, rod, bead, or pellets (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-9 1/05).
Extrusion: The application of pressure to a billet of aluminum, forcing the aluminum to flow through a die orifice. The extrusion subcategory is based on the extrusion process (40CFR467.02-91, see also 40CFR468.02; 471.02-91).
Extruded propellant: Any propellant made by pressing solventsoftened or gelatinized nitrocellulose through a dye to form grains (EPA-76/03).
Extrusion: The process by which billets are converted into tubes of various inner-diameter and outer-diameter dimensions (AEA/closure-04).
Extruder: (1) A machine producing a densified product by forcing the material under pressure, through a die, into the desired shapes or form (EPA-83). (2) In factory, a stationary machine with a driver screw for continuous forming of polymeric compounds by forcing through a die. It is used to manufacture films and sheeting (EPA-89/09). (3) In landfill liner, a portable device with a driver screw for continuous forming of a ribbon, rod, or bead of extrudate for making FML (flexible membrane liner) seams (EPA89/09).
Exxon thermal DeNO, process: One of NOx emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). Ammonia is injected into the post combustion zone of the boiler. The ammonia reacts with NO, (which is 95% NO) to reduce the oxides to molecular nitrogen and water: 4NH3 + 4N0 + o2 4N2 + 6H20. This reaction is extremely temperature dependent. In a boiler, this reaction successfully takes place at approximately 950 C (1740 F). At higher temperatures (above 1090 C) the ammonia is oxidized, forming additional NO,. At lower temperatures (below 850 C) the ammonia passes through the boiler unreacted (EPA-8 1/12, p7-13).
Extrusion die cleaning: The process by which the steel dies used in extrusion of aluminum are cleaned. The term includes a dip into a concentrated caustic bath to dissolve the aluminum followed by a water rinse. It also includes the use of a wet scrubber with the die cleaning operation (40CFR467.31-91).
Eye corrosion: The production of irreversible tissue damage in the eye following application of a test substance to the anterior surface of the eye (40CFR798.4500-91).
Extrusion heat treatment: The spray application of water to a workpiece immediately following extrusions for the purpose of heat treatment (40CFR468.02-91).
Eye irritation: The production of reversible changes in the eye following the application of a test substance to the anterior surface of the eye (40CFR798.4500-91).
FAA: See U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Fabric coating facility: A facility that includes one or more fabric coating lines (40CFR52.741-91). Fabric coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating or reinforcing material is applied on or impregnated into a textile fabric (40CFR52.741-91). Fabric coating: Any coating applied on textile fabric. Fabric coating includes the application of coatings by impregnation (4OCFR52.741-91). Fabric filter (baghouse): A cloth device that catches dust particles h m industrial emissions (CAAIAPC-04). Fabric filter: (1) A cloth device that catches dust particles from industrial emissions (EPA-97/12). (2) See also synonym, bag filter.
Facial tissue: A class of soft absorbent papers in the sanitary tissue group (40CFR250.4-91). Facilities information management system: An interactive complex-wide database operated by FM-20 for providing easy access to information on DOE-owned, DOE-leased, GSA-assigned, and contractor-leased land, buildings, trailers, structures, and facilities (SDWNradionuclide-04). Facility component: Any part of a facility including equipment (40CFR61.141-91). Facility emergency coordinator: Representative of a facility covered by environmental law (e.g, a chemical plant) who participates in the emergency reporting process with the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) (EPA-97/12). Facility mailing list: The mailing list for a facility maintained by EPA in accordance with 40CFR124.10(c)(viii) (40CFR270.2-91).
Fabric filter: See bag filter. Fabric: A collective term applied to cloth (cf. fiber). Fabricating: Any processing (e.g., cutting, sawing, drilling) of a manufactured product that contains commercial asbestos, with the exception of processing at temporary sites (field fabricating) for the construction or restoration of facilities. In the case of friction products, fabricating includes bonding, debonding, grinding, sawing, drilling, or other similar operations performed as part of fabricating (40CFR61.14 1-91). Face cleat: The principal cleavage plane or joint at right angles to the stratification of the coal seam (CWNmining-04). Face conveyor: Any conveyor used parallel to a working face which delivers coal into another conveyor or into a car (CWNmining-04). Face: The exposed area of a coal bed from which coal is being extracted (CWNmining-04). Face: The working side of a landfill or mining operation (EPA83).
Facility or activity: Any NPDES (national pollutant discharge elimination system) point source or any other facility or activity (including land or appurtenances thereto) that is subject to regulation under the NPDES program (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR124.2; 124.41; 144.3; 144.3; 144.70; 146.3; 270.2-91). Facility or equipment: The buildings, structures, process, or production equipment or machinery which form a permanent part of the new source and which will be used in its operation, if these facilities or equipment are of such value as to represent a substantial commitment to construct. It excludes facilities or equipment used in connection with feasibility, engineering, and design studies regarding the source or water pollution treatment for the source (40CFR122.29-91). Facility plan: Plans and studies related to the construction of treatment works necessary to comply with the Clean Water Act or RCRA. A facilities plan investigates needs and provides information on the cost effectiveness of alternatives, a recommended plan, an environmental assessment of the recommendations, and descriptions of the treatment works, costs, and a completion schedule (EPA-97/12). Facility structure: Any buildings and sheds or utility or drainage lines on the facility (40CFR257.3.8-91).
Facility: Any structure, group of structures, equipment, or device (other than a vessel) which is used for one or more of the following purposes: exploring for, drilling for, producing, storing, handling, transferring, processing, or transporting oil. This term includes any motor vehicle, rolling stock, or pipeline used for one or more of these purposes (OPA1001, see also RCRA9003). Facility: As defined by CERCLA §101(9): (1) Any building, structure, installation, equipment, pipe or pipeline (including any pipe into a sewer or publicly owned treatment works), well, pit, pond, lagoon, impoundment, ditch, landfill, storage container, motor vehicle, rolling stock, or aircraft; or (2) Any site or area where a hazardous substance has been deposited, stored, disposed of, or placed, or otherwise come to be located, but does not include any consumer product in consumer use or any vessel (SFEnv-04). Facility: As defined by CERCLA, any building, structure, installation, pipe or pipeline, well, pit, pond, lagoon, impoundment, ditch, landfill, storage container, motor vehicle, rolling stock, or aircraft; or any site or area where hazardous substances have been deposited, stored, disposed of, placed, or otherwise come to be located (NavyIEnv-04). Facility: For more related terms, see (1) Active portion (facility); (2) Closed portion (facility); (3) Designated facility; (4) Existing stationary facility; (5) Inactive facility; (6) Inactive portion (facility); (7) Off-shore facility; (8) Off-site facility; (9) On-shore facility; and (10) On-site facility. Fact sheet: A document that must be prepared for all draft individual permits for NPDES major dischargers, NPDES general permits, NPDES permits that contain variances, NPDES permits that contain sewage sludge land application plans and several other classes of permittees. The document summarizes the principal facts and the significant factual, legal, methodological, and policy questions considered in preparing the draft permit and tells how the public may comment (40CFR124.8 and 124.56). Where a fact sheet is not required, a statement of basis must be prepared (40CFRl24.7) (CWAJwastewater-04).
Facultative anaerobe: (1) An organism that although fundamentally an aerobe can grow in the absence of free oxygen (cf. obligate anaerobe) (LBL-76107-water). (2) Bacteria that grow under aerobic conditions by utilizing oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor (oxygen respiration), but under anaerobic conditions utilize an organic compound as a terminal electron acceptor (fermentation)(EPA-88109a). Facultative anaerobe: Microorganisms that use and prefer oxygen when it is available, but can also use alternate electron acceptors such as nitrate under anaerobic conditions when necessary (NavyiEnv-04). Facultative anaerobic bacteria: See facultative bacteria. Facultative bacteria (or facultative anaerobic bacteria): (1) Bacteria which can grow (exist and reproduce) under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions (under the presence or absence of dissolved oxygen) (EPA-75/01). It is either anaerobic or aerobic according to the conditions around it. (2) Bacteria that can live under aerobic or anaerobic conditions (EPA-97/12). Facultative bacteria: Bacteria that grow equally well under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (CAA/C02gas-04). Facultative decomposition: The decomposition of organic matter by facultative microorganisms (EPA-75/01). Facultative lagoon (or facultative pond): A combination of the aerobic and anaerobic lagoons. It is divided by loading and thermal stratifications into an aerobic surface and an anaerobic bottom; therefore the principles of both the aerobic and anaerobic processes apply (EPA-76/03). Facultative: A microbial trait enabling aerobic or anaerobic respiration, depending on environment (NavyEnv-04). Facultative: Able to live and grow with or without free oxygen (SW-I 08ts). Facultative: Having the ability to live under both aerobic (with
Factor of safety: The ratio of the ultimate breaking strength of the material to the force exerted against it. If a rope will break under a load of 6000 Ibs., and it is carrying a load of 2000 Ibs., its factor of safety is 6000 divided by 2000 which equals 3 (CWAImining-04). Factory seam: In constructing a landfill liner, the seaming of FML (flexible membrane liner) rolls together to make large panels for transportation and field installation: Note that this is rarely done for polyethylene which is made in relatively wide sheets (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). Facultative aerobe: An organism that although fundamentally an aerobe can grow in the presence of free oxygen (cf. obligate aerobe) (EPA-74106).
free oxygen) and anaerobic (without free oxygen) conditions (EPA-8711Oa). Fahrenheit (F): A temperature scale in which water boiling point is 212 F and water freezing (or ice melting) point is 32 F (cf. temperature). Failing compressor: The measured noise emissions of the compressor, when measured in accordance with the applicable procedure, exceeds the applicable standard. See compressor for more related terms (40CFR204.51-91). Failing exhaust system: When installed on any federally regulated motorcycle for which it is designed and marketed, that
motorcycle and exhaust system exceed the applicable standards (40CFR205.165-91).
program, expressed to one-tenth of a gram per mile accuracy. See nitrogen oxide for more related terms (40CFR86.088.2-91).
Failing vehicle: The measured emissions of the vehicle, when measured in accordance with the applicable procedure, exceeds the applicable standard. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR205.51-91, see also 40CFR205.15 1-91).
Fan efficiency: The efficiency of a fan is given by the ratio of the gas (air) horsepower to the brake horsepower. Gas horsepower is the power delivered to the moving gas. Brake horsepower is the power delivered to the fan. The fan efficiency term accounts for irreversibilities in fan operation; it must be taken into account in fan calculation since no fan is 100% efficient (EPA-84/09).
Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA): A process to identify failures and excursions that are away from the normal operating conditions of a device and to recommend corrective actions for as many potential failures as is reasonably possible. Failure mode: An excursion from normal operating conditions which controls incineration efficiency (EPA-88/12). Fair market value: The amount at which property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or sell and both having reasonable knowledge of the relevant facts. Fair market value is the price in cash, or its equivalent, for which the property would have been sold on the open market (40CFR35.6015-91). Fall line: Imaginary line marking the boundary between the ancient, resistant crystalline rocks of the Piedmont province of the Appalachian Mountains, and the younger, softer sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain province in the eastern United States. Along rivers, this line commonly is reflected by waterfalls (CWNWbasics-04). Fall time: (1) The time interval between initial response and 95% of final response after a step decrease in input concentration (40CFR53.23-91). (2) The time interval between the initial response and a 90% response (unless otherwise specified) after a step decrease in the inlet concentration. This measurement is usually, but not necessarily, the same as the rise time (LBL-76107water). (3) See time for more related terms. Fall: A mass of roof rock or coal which has fallen in any part of a mine (CWA/mining-04). Falling head test: A type of Slug Test where a solid or known volume of water is quickly added to an aquifer so that the falling head (water level in the well) can be monitored to determine the hydraulic conductivity (NavyIEnv-04). Fallout: The sedimentation of dust or fine particle in the atmosphere. Especially used with reference to radioactive debris (NATO-78110). Fallow: Cropland, tilled or untilled, allowed to lie idle during the whole or greater part of the growing season (CWA/Wbasics-04). Family NO, emission limit: The NO, emission level to which an engine family is certified in the light-duty truck NO, averaging
Fan law: A law used to predict how a change in one fan variable can affect other fan variables. Fan laws are based on the premise that if two fans are geometrically similar (homologous) their performance curves are similar and the ratio of fan variables can then be related through the fan laws. See law for more related terms (EPA-84/09). Fan signal: Automation device designed to give alarm if the main fan slows down or stops (CWNmining-04). Fan: (1) A device powered by electricity to move air or gas from one point to another at a relatively low-pressure difference. It generally consists of a rotor and housing. (2) A device to move air from one point to another. It has two major types: (a) Radial flow or centrifugal type, in which the airflow is at right angles to the axis of rotation of the rotor; and (b) Axial flow or propeller type, in which the airflow is parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor w - 4 0 , $0). Fan: For more related terms, see (1) Forced draft fan; (2) Induced draft fan; (3) Overfire air fan; (4) Overfire fan (see overfire air fan); (5) Primary air fan; (6) Secondary air fan; (7) Auxiliary fan; and (8) Booster fan. Fanconi syndrome: There are several Fanconi syndromes. As used in this document, the term refers to the triad of glycosuria, hyperaminoaciduria, and hypophosphatemia in the presence of hyperphosphaturia. This triad is associated with injury to proximal renal tubular cells (LBL-76107-bio). Fanning: The fanning of a stack plume is characterized by very slow vertical diffusion during stable conditions (NATO-78/10). Far region: The region of the atmosphere's path along the lidar line-of-sight beyond or behind the plume being measured (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91). Faraday shield: A network of parallel wires connected to a common conductor at one end to provide electrostatic shielding without affecting electromagnetic waves. The common conductor is usually grounded. Faraday: (1) Named after Michael Faraday (1904). It is the quantity of electricity transferred in electrolysis per equivalent weight of an element or ion equal to about 96,500 coulombs. (2)
The number of coulombs (96,490) required for an electrochemical reaction involving one chemical equivalent (EPA-74103d).
Fat: The glycerol esters of long chain fatty acids of animal or vegetable (EPA-74104~).
Faraday's law of electrolysis: The amount of chemical change in an electrolysis process is proportional to the electrical charge passed. See law for more related terms.
Fatliquoring: A process by which oils and related fatty substances replace natural oils lost in the beam-house and chromium tanning processes. It regulates the softness and pliability of the leather (EPA-82111).
Farm pond: A shallow structure for the impoundment of water to meet agricultural needs, such as irrigation, stock watering, spraying, and fire protection; the pond site may be a natural depression deepened to store surface run-off or utilize groundwater, or it may be created by building a dam on a small stream; it may be temporary or permanent, and may provide collateral recreational benefits such as fishing, boating, bathing, wildlife habitat, picnicking, and aesthetic values (DOI-70104). Farm tank: A tank located on a tract of land devoted to the production of crops or raising animals, including fish, and associated residences and improvements. A farm tank must be located on the farm property (40CFR280.12-91). Fast meter response: That the fast response of the sound level meter shall be used. The fast dynamic response shall comply with the meter dynamic characteristics in paragraph 5.3 of the American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters, ANSI S1.4-1971. This publication is available from the American National Standards Institute, Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 1001 (cf. slow meter response) (40CFR201.1-91, see also 40CFR202.10; 205.2-91). Fast track cleanup: An approach to the cleanup of contamination at closing bases or sites where the transfer of property is required quickly. Parcels with contamination below cleanup levels will be identified quickly and made available for transfer (NavylEnv-04). Fast turnaround operation of a spray drying tower: The operation involving more than six changes of formulation in a 30consecutive-day period that are of such degree and type (e.g., high phosphate to no phosphate) as to require cleaning of the tower to maintain minimal product quality (40CFR417.151-91). Fast turnaround operation of automated fill lines: An operation involving more than eight changes of formulation in a 30consecutive-day period that are of such degree and type as to require thorough purging and washing of the fill line to maintain minimal product quality (40CFR417.161-91). Fastness: Resistance to change in color (EPA-83). Fat refining: Purifying fats by treatment with clay, caustic, etc. (EPA-74104~). Fat splitting: Splitting fatty triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerine by hydrolysis (EPA-74104~).
Fatty acid: (1) An organic acid obtained by the hydrolysis (saponification) of natural fats and oils, e.g., stearic and palmitic acids. These acids are monobasic and may not contain some double bonds. They usually contain sixteen or more carbon atoms (EPA-75112a). (2) A naturally occumng organic compound of wood (EPA-87/10). (3) See acid for more related terms. Fatty oil: The triglycerides which are liquid at room temperature. See oil for more related t m s (EPA-74104~). Fault plane: A surface along which a fault takes place (DOI70104). Fault tree analysis: A means of analyzing hazards. Hazardous events are first identified by other techniques such as HAZOP. Then all combinations of individual failures that can lead to that hazardous event are shown in the logical format of the fault tree. By estimating the individual failure probabilities, and then using the appropriate arithmetical expressions, the top-event frequency can be calculated (NRT-87/03). Fault tree: A logic diagram which depicts the inter-relationships of various primary events and sub-events to an undesired top event (EPA-87107a). Fault zone: A fault, instead of being a single clean fracture, may be a zone hundreds or thousands of feet wide. The fault zone consists of numerous interlacing small faults or a confused zone of gouge, breccia, or mylonite (CWNmining-04). Fault: A slip-surface between two portions of the Earth's surface that have moved relative to each other. A fault is a failure surface and is evidence of severe earth stresses (CWNmining-04). Fault: A surface or zone of rock fracture along which there has been displacement (40CFR146.3-91, see also 40CFR147.2902; 264.1 8; 147.2902-91). Faulted condition: Occurrences or accidents that are not expected to occur during the start-up testing or operation of nuclear facilities, but that are postulated because of their consequences and because they represent upper bounds on failures or accidents with a probability of occumnce sufficiently high to require a consideration in design. The equipment, components, and structures might be grossly deformed by these conditions without a loss of their nuclear safety function. It is likely that damage would be extensive enough that repair would be, required prior to reuse (DOE-91/04).
Feasibility study: See RIIFS (SF/reform-04). Fauna: (1) The animal life adapted for living in a specified environment (EPA-83/09). (2) The entire animal life of a region (LBL-76107-water). FDA action level: A regulatory level recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for enforcement by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when pesticide residues occur in food commodities for reasons other than the direct application of the pesticide. Action levels are set for inadvertent pesticide residues resulting from previous legal use or accidental contamination. Applies to edible portions of fish and shellfish in interstate commerce (CWA/Wbasics-04). FDA: See U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Feasibility study (FS): (1) A study undertaken by the lead agency to develop and evaluate options for remedial action. The FS emphasizes data analysis and is generally performed concurrently and in an interactive fashion with the remedial investigation (RI), using data gathered during the Rl. The RI data are used to define the objectives of the response action, to develop remedial action alternatives, and to undertake an initial screening and detailed analysis of the alternatives. The term also refers to a report that describes the results of the study (40CFR300.5-91). Feasibility study (FS): (1) Analysis of the practicability of a proposal; e.g., a description and analysis of potential cleanup alternatives for a site such as one on the National Priorities List. The feasibility study usually recommends selection of a costeffective alternative. It usually starts as soon as the remedial investigation is underway; together, they are commonly referred to as the "RliFS." (2) A small-scale investigation of a problem to ascertain whether a proposed research approach is likely to provide useful data (EPA-97/12). Feasibility study (FS): Based on data collected during the remedial investigations, options for final cleanup actions or remediation are developed and evaluated. The most feasible option that satisfies the applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements for mitigating confirmed environmental contamination is then recommended. The FS is divided into two phases: initial screening of alternatives, and detailed analysis of alternatives. The detailed analysis considers the following nine criteria required by the NCP: (1) Overall Protection of Human Health and the Environment; (2) Compliance with ARARs; (3) Long-Term Effectiveness and Permanence; (4) Reduction of Toxicity; Mobility, and Volume Through Treatment; (5) ShortTerm Effectiveness; (6) Implementability; (7) Cost; (8) Community Acceptance; and (9) State Acceptance (NavyEnv-04). Feasibility study: A study by EPA to determine the best way to clean up environmental contamination. A number of factors are considered, including health risk, costs, and what methods will work well (SFihealth-04).
Fecal bacteria: Microscopic single-celled organisms (primarily fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci) found in the wastes of warm-blooded animals. Their presence in water is used to assess the sanitary quality of water for body-contact recreation or for consumption. Their presence indicates contamination by the wastes of warm-blooded animals and the possible presence of pathogenic (disease producing) organisms (CWAIWbasics-04). Fecal coliform bacteria: (1) Those organisms associated with the intestines of warm-blooded animals that are commonly used to indicate the presence of fecal material and the potential presence of organisms capable of causing human disease (4OCFR140.1-91). (2) Bacteria found in the intestinal tracts of mammals. Their presence in water or sludge is an indicator of pollution and possible contamination by pathogens (EPA-97/12). Fecal coliform bacteria: Bacteria found in the intestinal tracts of mammals. Their presence in water or sludge is an indicator of pollution and possible contamination by pathogens (NavyIEnv-04). Fecal coliform bacteria: Found in the intestinal tracts of mammals, this bacteria in water or sludge is an indicator of pollution and possible contamination by pathogens (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Fecal coliform: See fecal bacteria (CWAlWbasics-04). Fecundity: The potential reproductivity of organisms. Federal act: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, 33U.S.C. 1151, et seq (4OCFRlO9.2-91). Federal agency hazardous waste compliance docket: Established by Congress under SARA to identify federal facilities that must be evaluated for potential inclusion on the NPL and compile and maintain information on the cleanup status of these sites (NavyIEnv-04). Federal agency: Any department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States (ESA3, see also NCA3; RCR.41004; SDWA1401). Federal class I area: Any federal land that is classified or reclassified Class I (40CFR51.301-91). Federal cooperative agreement: A cooperative agreement entered into by an agency (40CFR34.105-91). Federal delayed compliance order: A delayed compliance order issued by the Administrator under section 113(d) (I), (3), (4), or (5) of the Act (40CFR65.01-91). Federal emission test procedure: Refers to the dynamometer driving schedule, dynamometer procedure, and sampling and
analytical procedures described in Part 6 for the respective model year, which are used to derive city fuel economy data for gasoline fueled or diesel vehicles (40CFR600.002.85-91). Federal facilities agreement (FFA): Intended to establish roles and responsibilities and to improve communication between all parties by allowing EPA and the state to review all work in support of remedy selection; at an NPL site, the FFA outlines the working relationship between states, EPA, and the Navy. The FFA is a legal agreement governing the CERCLA and RCRA administrative process for cleanup. An FFA will become an Interagency Agreement (IAG) when the statutory requirements are incorporated after the Record of Decision (ROD) (NavyIEnv-04). Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO): EPA's FFRRO facilitates faster, more effective, and less costly cleanup and reuse of federal facilities. FFRRO works with the DOD, DOE, and other federal entities to help them develop creative, cost-effective solutions to their environmental problems (SFIremedy-04) Federal Facility Compliance Act (FFCA): See Act or FFCA. Federal facility: A facility that is owned or operated by a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States (40CFR35.4010-91, see also 40CFR61.101; 243.101; 244.101; 246.101-91). Federal financial assistance: Any financial benefits provided directly as aid to a project by a department, agency, or instrumentality of the federal government in any form including contracts, grants, and loan guarantees. Actions or programs canied out by the federal government itself such as dredging performed by the Army Corp of Engineers do not involve federal financial assistance. Actions performed for the federal government by contractors, such as construction of roads on federal lands by a contractor under the supervision of the Bureau of Land Management, should be distinguished from contracts entered into specifically for the purpose of providing financial assistance, and will not be considered programs or actions receiving federal financial assistance. Federal financial assistance is limited to benefits earmarked for a specific program or action and directly awarded to the program or action. Indirect assistance, e.g., in the form of a loan to a developer by a lending institution which in turn receives federal assistance not specifically related to the project in question, is not federal financial assistance under section 1424(e) (40CFRl49.101--991). Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA): See Act or FFDCA. Federal government: Includes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the government of the United States, and the government of the District of Columbia (NCAI5, see also 40CFR40CFR203.1-91).
Federal grant: An award of financial assistance in the form of money, or property in lieu of money, by the federal government or a direct appropriation made by law to any person. The term does not include technical assistance which provides service instead of money, or other assistance in the form of revenue sharing, loans, loan guarantees, loan insurance, interest subsidies, insurance, or direct United States cash assistance to an individual (40CFR34.105-e91). Federal highway fuel economy test procedure: Refers to the dynamometer driving schedule, dynamometer procedure, and sampling and analytical procedures described in Subpart B of this part and which are used to derive highway fuel economy data for gasolinefueled or diesel vehicles (40CFR600.002.85-91). Federal implementation plan: (1) A plan (or portion thereof) promulgated by the Administrator to fill all or a portion of a gap or otherwise correct all or a portion of an inadequacy in a state implementation plan, and which includes enforceable emission limitations or other control measures, means, or techniques (including economic incentives, such as marketable permits or auctions of emissions allowances), and provides for attainment of the relevant National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CAA30242U.S.C.7602-91). (2) Under current law, a federally implemented plan to achieve attainment of air quality standards, used when a state is unable to develop an adequate plan (EPA-97/12). Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA): See Act or FIFRA. Federal motor vehicle control program: All federal actions aimed at controlling pollution from motor vehicles by such efforts as establishing and enforcing tailpipe and evaporative emission standards for new vehicles, testing methods development, and guidance to states operating inspection and maintenance programs (EPA-97/12). Federal on-scene coordinator: A federal On-Scene Coordinator designated in the National Contingency Plan (CWA31133u.s.c.1321-91). Federal procurement program: A program that sets minimum recycled content standards for certain designated items and requires procuring agencies to purchase those items composed of the highest percentage of recovered materials practicable (RCRAIhazardous-04). Federal Register (FR): Publication of the United States government published daily (except for federal holidays and weekends) containing all proposed and final regulations and some other activities of the federal government. When regulations become final, they are included in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), as well as published in the Federal Register. Federal Register (FR): The daily publication containing all federal government actions. The Federal Register is the formal
method of communication for any Notice, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), or Final Rulemaking (FRM) issued by the U.S. government. Once published in the FR, rules are collected in the Code of Federal Regulations. The FR is available at many libraries. FR cites are similar in form to 11 FR 12345, where 11 is a number corresponding to the year (e.g., 62 is 1997) and 12345 represents the page number (pages are numbered continuously through the year; the first page published in each year is page number 1). Thus, a Notice whose cite is 62 FR 10700 was published beginning at page 10700 in 1997. It is usually helpful to obtain the date as well, since it is difficult to guess the date solely on the page number (CAA/ozone-04).
Federal Register (FR): A daily publication that acts as the official notice board for Presidential and federal agency documents. It contains documents of general applicability and legal effect (e.g., meeting notices and agency requests for information); documents required to be published by statute or regulation (proposed rules, final rules); and certain Presidential documents (e.g., proclamations and executive orders). Documents published in the FR as codified regulations keep the CFR current. These documents make changes to the corresponding CFR volumes (NavyIEnv-04). Federal Register document: A document intended for publication in the Federal Register and bearing in its heading an identification code including the letters FRL (40CFR23.1-91). Federal Register: A periodical published by the National Archives and Records Administration for the dissemination of official public notices (such as advance notices of proposed rulemaking, interim rules, final rules) of the federal government (SDWNradionuclide-04). Federal standards: For the purpose of this subpart, the standards specified in 40CFR205.152(a)(l), (2), and (3) (40CFR205.165-91). Federal test procedure (FTP) or city fuel economy test: The test procedures specified in 40CFR86, except as those procedures are modified in these protocols (40CFR610.11-6). Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972: See Act or FWPCA. Federal, state, and local approvals or permits necessary to begin physical construction: The permits and approvals required under federal, state, or local hazardous waste control statutes, regulations, or ordinances (40CFR260.10; 270.2-91). Federally enforceable: All limitations and conditions which are enforceable by the Administrator, including those requirements developed pursuant to 40CFR60 and 61, requirements within any applicable state implementation plan, and any permit requirements established pursuant to 40CFR52.21 or under regulations approved pursuant to this section, 40CFR51 subpart I, including operating permits issued under an EPA-approved program that is
incorporated into the state implementation plan and expressly requires adherence to any permit issued under such program (4OCFR51-AS-12-9 1).
Federally permitted release: Discharges in compliance with a permit under section 402 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. For complete definition, see SF101-42U.S.C.9601. Federally recognized Indian tribal government: The governing body or a governmental agency of any Indian tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community (including any Native village as defined in section 3 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 85 Stat 688) certified by the Secretary of the Interior as eligible for the special programs and services provided by him through the Bureau of Indian Affairs (40CFR31.3-91). Federally registered: Currently registered under Section 3 of the Act, after having been initially registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947 (Pub. L. 86139; 73 Stat. 286; June 25, 1947) by the Secretary of Agriculture or under FIFRA by the Administrator (40CFR162.15 1-91). Federally regulated motorcycle: For the purpose of this subpart, any motorcycle subject to the noise standards of Subpart D of this part. See motorcycle for more related terms (40CFR205.165-91). Fee: Fee-related terms include (1) Product fee and (2) Tipping fee. Feed gas: The chemical composition of the exhaust gas measured at the converter inlet (40CFR85.2 122(a)(l5)(ii)(E)-91). Feed material production center: The name of the Fernald site during its uranium metal production mission (AENclosure-04). Feed material: Purified and formed uranium metal that is machined to exact specifications for use at other DOE sites (AENclosure-04). Feed rate screen limit: In RCRA, feed rate screen limit is developed by back calculating from the emission screen limits, assuming that all metals and chlorine fed to the device are emitted (i.e., no partitioning or removal by air pollution control equipment) (cf. emission screen limit) (EPA-90104). Feed water heater: Heat exchangers in which boiler feed water is preheated by steam extracted from the turbine (EPA-8211 If). Feeder: A machine that feeds coal onto a conveyor belt evenly (CWNmining-04). Feedlot: (1) A new concentrated confined animal or poultry growing operation for meat, milk, or egg production, or stabling, in pens or houses wherein the animals or poultry are fed at the place of confinement and crop or forage growth or production is not sustained in the area of confinement (40CFR412.11-91, see also 40CFR412.21-91). (2) A confined area for the controlled
feeding of animals. Tends to concentrate large amounts of animal waste that cannot be absorbed by the soil and, hence, may be carried to nearby streams or lakes by rainfall runoff (EPA-97/12).
Fermium (Fm): A radioactive metal with atomic number 100 and atomic weight 253. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table.
Feedstock tax: An excise tax that is levied on 42 chemical raw materials, the proceeds of which go to the Hazardous Substance Superfund Trust Fund. The taxes range from $0.24 to $4.87 per ton. In FY 19% it supplied $291 million (SFIEnv-04).
Fernald closure project: The name of the Fernald site to reflect its closure mission (AENclosure-04).
Feedstock: Raw material supplied to a machine or processing plant from which other products can be made. For example, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene are raw chemicals used to produce plastic tiles, mats, fenders, cushions, and traffic cones (FFDCNpesticide-04). Feedstock: The crude oil and natural gas liquids fed to the topping units (40CFR419.11-91). Felt: Endless woven belt, usually of wool, used as a conveyor during paper formation and provides a cushion between drying press rolls of the papermaking machine (EPA-83). FEMA: See U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Fen: A type of wetland that accumulates peat deposits. Fens are less acidic than bogs, deriving most of their water from groundwater rich in calcium and magnesium. See wetlands (EPA97/12). Fen: Peat-accumulating wetland that generally receives water fkom surface runoff and (or) seepage from mineral soils in addition to direct precipitation; generally alkaline; or slightly acid (CWNWbasics-04). Fence: The hearing threshold level above which a material impairment of hearing is considered to have occurred (NCAIsound-04). Fermentation: (1) Chemical reactions accompanied by living microbes that are supplied with nutrients and other critical conditions such as heat, pressure, and light that are specific to the reaction at hand (EPA-89/12). (2) In anaerobic biodegradation, a large molecule is transformed to smaller ones with the extraction of energy (e.g., sugar is converted into alcohol). Fermentation: Microbial metabolism in which a particular compound is used both as an electron donor and an electron acceptor resulting in the production of oxidized and reduced daughter products (NavyIEnv-04). Fermentor broth: A sluny of microorganisms in water containing nutrients (carbohydrates, nitrogen) necessary for the microorganisms' growth (EPA-83/09).
Fernald environmental management project: The name of the Fernald site to reflect its environmental rernediation (cleanup) mission (AENclosure-04). Ferric arsenate (FeAs04-2HzO): A green powder used as an insecticide. Ferric chloride (FeC13): A brown crystal used in coagulants, photography, pigments, and ink. Ferric sulfate (Fez(S04)3-9H20):A yellow crystal used in textile dyeing, disinfectant, and soil conditioners. Ferricyanide bleach: A processing solution containing the ferricyanide ion. This is used to convert metallic silver to ionic silver, which is removed in the fixing step (EPA-80110). Ferricyanide: The ion, usually in the form of potassium ferricyanide, is used as a bleach for oxidizing metallic silver to ionic silver in some color processes. Ferricyanide is reduced to ferrocyanide as it oxidizes silver in the film emulsions (EPA80110). Ferrite: (1) A chemical compound containing iron (EPA-87110a). (2) A solid solution in which alpha iron is present (EPA-83106a). Ferroalloy: An intermediate material, used as an addition agent or charge material in the production of steel and other metals. Historically, these materials were ferrous alloys, hence the name. In modern usage, however, the term has been broadened to cover such materials as silicon metal, which are produced in a manner similar to that used in the production of ferroalloys (EPA-75/02). Ferrochrome silicon: The alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A482-76 (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.261-91). Ferrocyanide: The ion that results when ferricyanide oxidizes silver or reacts with various reducing agents (EPA-80110). Ferrofluids: A stable suspension of magnetic particles in a liquid medium which, when placed in a magnetic field of sufficient magnitude, causes the apparent density of the fluid to increase. Controlling the magnetic field enables the selective separation of materials according to their density (EPA-83). Ferromanganese blast furnace: Those blast furnaces which produce molten iron containing more than fifty percent manganese. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR420.31-91).
Ferromanganese silicon: The alloy containing 63 to 66% by weight manganese, 28 to 32% by weight silicon, and a maximum of 0.08% by weight carbon (40CFR60.261-91). Ferrosilicon: The alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A10069 (Reapproved 1974) (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17) grades A, B, C, D, and E, which contains 50 or more% by weight silicon (40CFR60.261-91). Ferrous arsenate (Fe3(As04)2-6H20):A green powder used in insecticides.
Fertile water body: A water body that has a prolific growth of aquatic plants and an abundance of aquatic fauna; extreme acidity, alkalinity, salinity, or the presence of toxic matter may interfere with the population of a water body (DOI-70104). Fertility: The capacity of reproductivity. Fertilizer: Any of a large number of natural or synthetic materials, including manure and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compounds, spread on or worked into soil to increase its fertility (CWANbasics-04).
Ferrous casting: The remelting of ferrous metals to form a cast intermediate or finished product by pouring the molten metal into a mold. Except for grinding scrubber operations which are covered here, processing operations following the cooling of castings are covered under the electroplating and metal finishing point source categories (40CFR413 and 433) (40CFR464.02-91).
Fertilizer: Materials such as nitrogen and phosphorus that provide nutrients for plants. Commercially sold fertilizers may contain other chemicals or may be in the form of processed sewage sludge (EPA-89/12).
Ferrous chloride (FeCI2-4H20): A green crystal used as a mordant in dyeing.
FFDCA: The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is the law which controls pesticide residues in food and feed, along with FIFRA.
Ferrous metals: Magnetic metals derived from iron or steel; products made from ferrous metals include appliances, furniture, containers, and packaging like steel drums and barrels. Recycled products include processing tinlsteel cans, strapping, and metals from appliances into new products (EPA-97/12). Ferrous metals: Metals derived from iron. They can be removed from commingled materials using large magnets at separation facilities (RCRAImanagernent-04). Ferrous metals: The metals that are derived from iron. They can be removed using large magnets at separation facilities (EPA89111). Iron and steel are ferrous metals. See metal for more related terms. Ferrous sulfate (coppera or green vitriol, FeS04-7H20): A blue-green crystal used in wood preservative, weed killers, etc. Ferrous: Relating to or containing iron (EPA-83106a). Ferruginous chert: A sedimentary deposit consisting of chalcedony or of fine-grained quartz and variable amounts of hematite, magnetite, or limonite (EPA-82/05). Ferruginous deposit: A sedimentary rock containing enough iron to justify exploitation as iron ore. The iron is present, in different cases, in silicate, carbonate, or oxide form, occumng as the minerals chamosite, thuringite, siderite, hematitie, limonite, etc. (EPA-82/05).
Fescue: Grasses cultivated for meadows or lawns (EPA-75/10).
FGD citrate process: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). The citrate process is a regenerable FGD process. It was developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The citrate process uses sodium citrate and citric acid as buffering agents to attain a higher solubility of the SO2 in an aqueous absorbent solution. The chemistry of this process is very complex. The absorption of SO2 is pH dependent, increasing with higher pH. SO2 forms H2SO3when absorbed by water, resulting in decreasing pH values. This creates a more acidic solution that inhibits additional absorption of SO2 gas. By using a buffering agent to prevent a pH drop, a substantially higher amount of SO2can be absorbed (EPA-8 1/12, p8-22). Fiber bed mist eliminator: A mist eliminator used to collect fine acid mists. See mist eliminator for more related terms (EPA81/09). Fiber or fiberboard box: The boxes made from containerboard, either solid fiber or corrugated paperboard (general term) or boxes made from solid paperboard of the same material throughout (specific term) (40CFR250.4-91). Fiber preparation: The reduction of wood to a fibrous condition for hardboard manufacture, utilizing mechanical, thermal, or explosive methods (EPA-74/04). Fiber release episode: Any uncontrolled or unintentional disturbance of ACBM resulting in visible emission (40CFR763.83-91).
Ferruginous mine drainage: See acid mine drainage. Ferruginous: Containing iron.
Fiber resource: Sources of fiber available to the paper industry for the manufacture of paper and paperboard (EPA-83).
Fiber: (1) The dry wool and other fibers as received at the wool finishing mill for processing into wool and blended products (40CFR410.21-91, see also 40CFR763-App/A; 763.121-91). (2) The slender thread-like elements of wood or similar cellulosic materials, which, when separated by chemical and/or mechanical means, as in pulping, can be formed into fiberboard (cf. fabric) (EPA-74/04). (3) An individual filament made by attenuating molten glass. A continuous filament is a glass fiber of great or indefinite length. A staple fiber is a glass fiber of relatively short length (generally less than 17 in.) (432 mm) (EPA-83). Fiber: For more related terms, see (1) Acetate fiber; (2) Acrilan fiber; (3) Amel fiber; (4) Avicron fiber; (5) Avril fiber; (6) Creslan fiber; (7) Dacron fiber; (8) Fortrel fiber; (9) Herculon fiber; (10) Kodel fiber; (11) Leaf fiber; (12) Lycra fiber; (13) Mitin fiber; (14) Nylon fiber; (15) Orlon fiber; (16) Polyester fiber; (17) Rayon fiber; and (18) Synthetic fiber. Fiberboard: A sheet material manufactured from fibers of wood or other ligno-cellulosic materials with the primary bond deriving from the arrangement of the fibers and their inherent adhesive properties. Bonding agents or other materials may be added during manufacture to increase strength, resistance to moisture, fire, insects, or decay, or to improve some other property of the product. Alternative spelling: fibreboard (EPA-74/04). Fiberglass insulation: The insulation which is composed principally of glass fibers, with or without binders (40CFR248.491). Fibre fuel: A process where the combustible fraction of solid waste is extracted, shredded, and used as a fuel. See fuel for more related terms (EPA-83). Fibrosis producers: See toxicant and effect. Fibrosis: A condition marked by the formation of thread-like tissue. Fickian diffusion: A diffusion described by the diffusion equation in which the diffusivities or exchange coefficients can be considered as constant with respect to the time and space coordinates (NATO-78110). Fick's law: The diffusion rate across a plane is proportional to the negative rate of the concentration change. FID analyzer: A flame ionized detector (FID) analyzer senses the organic concentration and generates an output proportional to the gas concentration. See total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system for more related terms (EPA-90104). FID: Flame ionization detection, see continuous emission monitor.
Field blank: A field blank is a sample of analyte-free water transferred, at the project site, into an appropriate container for the purpose of distinguishing ambient air contamination from in-situ sample contamination (SA-04). Field blank: Blanks are collected and analyzed to determine the level of contamination introduced into the sample due to sampling technique. They may consist of the source water used in decontamination and steam cleaning. At minimum, one sample from each event and each source of water must be collected and analyzed (NavyIEnv-04). Field blank: See equipment blank. Field capacity of solid waste (or moisture holding capacity): The amount of water retained in solid waste after it has been saturated and has drained freely (beyond which the application of additional water will cause it to drain rapidly to underlying material). Also known as moisture-holding capacity (SW-lOdts, see also EPA-83). Field duplicatelsplit: (1) Samples that have been divided into two or more portions while in the field. Each portion is then carried through the remaining steps in the measurement process. A sample may be duplicated in the field or at different points in the analytical process. For field-duplicated samples, precision information would be gained on homogeneity, handling, shipping, storage, preparation, and analysis. (2) Duplicate samples divided into two parts and sent to different laboratories and subjected to the same environmental conditions and steps in the measurement process to test the labs (Navy/Env-04). Field effect transistor: A transistor made by the metal-oxidesemiconductor (MOS) technique, differing from bipolar ones in that only one kind of charge carrier is active in a single device. Those that employ electrons are called n-MOS transistors; those that employ holes are p-MOS transistors (EPA-83/03). Field gas: The feedstock gas entering the natural gas processing plant (40CFR60.63 1-91). Field matrix spike: A sample created by spiking target analytes into a portion of a sample in the field at the point of sample acquisition. This data quality assessment provides information on the target analyte stability after collection, during transport, and storage, as well as on losses, etc., during sample preparation and on error of analysis. See spike for more related terms (EPA-84/03). Field method: A method applicable to non-laboratory situations. See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Field operation: Usually denotes the use of portable equipment capable of analysis under a wide range of environmental conditions. See instrument use for more related terms (LBL-76107water).
Field sample: See environmental sample. Field seam: In constructing a landfill liner, the seaming of FML rolls or panels together in the field making a continuous liner system (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). Field testing: The practical and generally small-scale testing of innovative or alternative technologies directed to verifying performance and/or refining design parameters not sufficiently tested to resolve technical uncertainties which prevent the funding of a promising improvement in innovative or alternative treatment technology (40CFR35.2005-9 1). Field: Any area treated land area, or part thereof, upon which one or more pesticides are used for agricultural purposes, all as specified by this part (40CFR170.2-91). Field-moisture capacity: The quantity of water which can be permanently retained in the soil in opposition to the downward pull of gravity (CWAhydrology-04). Field-moisture deficiency: The quantity of water, which would be required to restore the soil moisture to field-moisture capacity (CWAhydrology-04). FIFRA applicator: See certified applicator. FIFRA pesticide ingredient: An ingredient of a pesticide that must be registered with EPA under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Products making pesticide claims must register under FIFRA and may be subject to labeling and use requirements (EPA-97/12). FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. See Act or FICRA. FIFRA. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act was enacted in June 25, 1947. The Act instructs the EPA to regulate: (1) The registration of all pesticides used in the United States; (2) The licensing of pesticide applicators; (3) R e registration of all pesticide products; (4) The storage, transportation, disposal, and recall of all pesticide products. FIFRA's home page provides many more details (FFDCNpesticide-04). Filament: (1) A metallic wire which is heated in an incandescent lamp to produce light by passing an electron current through it. (2) A cathode in a fluorescent lamp that emits electrons when electric current is passed through it (EPA-83/03).
Fill dirt: Dirt, soil, sand, or other earth, which is obtained from somewhere off-site, that is used to fill holes or depressions, create mounds, or otherwise artificially change the grade or elevation of real property. It does not include material that is used in limited quantities for normal landscaping activities (USDNwater-04). Fill material: Any pollutant which replaces portions of the waters of the United States with dry land or which changes the bottom elevation of a water body for any purpose (40CFR232.2-91). Fill: Any material that is put back in place of the extracted ore to provide ground support (CWNmining-04). Fill: Deposits made by man of natural soils and/or waste materials (cf. sanitary landfilling) (EPA-83). Fill: Man-made deposits of natural soils or rock products and waste materials (EPA-97/12). Fill: The introduction of Volatile Organic Liquid (VOL) into a storage vessel but not necessarily to complete capacity (cf. packing) (40CFR60.111b-91). Filler: (1) An inert substance in a composition to increase the bulk, strength, and/or lower the cost, etc. (EPA-79112a). (2) A high specific gravity (2 - 4.5) compound used in rubber mixtures to provide a certain degree of stifhess and hardness and used to decrease costs. Fillers have neither reinforcing nor coloring properties and are similar to extenders in their cost-reducing function (cf. extender) (EPA-74112a). (3) A material, such as clay, added to paper (EPA-83). Filling: Depositing dirt, mud, or other materials into aquatic areas to create more dry land, usually for agricultural or commercial development purposes, often with ruinous ecological consequences (EPA-97/12). Film badge: A piece of masked photographic film worn like a badge by nuclear workers to monitor an exposure to radiation. Nuclear radiation darkens the film (EPA-74/11). Film stripping: A separation of silver-bearing materials from scrap photographic films (EPA-83/03a). Filter aid (or filtration aid): A coagulant or flocculant that is added to a sludge to enhance its filterability.
Filamentous organism: Lean or thread organisms such as algae and fungi which may result in bulking sludge.
Filter background level: The concentration of structures per square millimeter of filter that is considered indistinguishable from the concentration measured on a blank (filters through which no air has been drawn). For this method the filter background level is defined as 70 structureslmm2 (40CFR763-App/A-91).
Filamentous sludge: Sludge with filamentous organisms. See sludge for more related terms.
Filter bed: A device for removing suspended solids from water, consisting of granular material placed in a layer(s) and capable of
being cleaned hydraulically by reversing the direction of the flow (EPA-82/11f).
that has been added to aid in the filtration (cf. baghouse) (EPA8711Oa).
Filter cake washing: Washing of a filter cake to remove unwanted residuals.
Filter: For more related terms, see (1) Activated carbon filter; (2) Bag filter; (3) Bacteria bed (see trickling filter); (4) Biofilter (see trickling filter); (5) Biological filter (see trickling filter); (6) Fabric filter (see bag filter); (7) Cartridge filter; (8) Contact bed (see sand filter); (9) Contact filter (see sand filter); (10) Continuous filter; (11) Granular filter; (12) High rate filter; (13) Intermittent filter; (14) Liquid filter; (15) Low rate filter; (16) Mud filter; (17) Multimedia filter; (18) Negative pressure fabric filter; (19) Percolating filter; (20) Positive pressure fabric filter; (21) Precoat filter; (22) Preliminary filter; (23) Pressure filter; (24) Rapid sand filter; (25) Rotary vacuum filter; (26) Sand filter; (27) Solvent filter; (28) Sprinkling filter (see trickling filter); (29) Stage trickling filter; (30) Trickling filter; and (31) Vacuum filter.
Filter cake: (1) The accumulation of dust on the surface of a baghouse. (2) Wet solids generated by the filtration of solids from a liquid (EPA-871lOa). Filter cloth: A fabric cloth used for filtration. Filter dam: A pervious barrier of loose stones, or stones and brush, placed in the outlet of a water body to prevent fish from moving out or in the inlet of a water body to prevent fish from entering (DOI-70104). Filter loading: (1) The flow of wastewater per unit area per day applied to a sand filter. (2) The amount (or rate) of organics (e.g., kg of BOD) in wastewater applied to a trickling filter (cf. loading, hydraulic). (3) See loading for more related terms. Filter media: The permeable barrier employed in the filtration process to separate the particles from the fluid stream and also to act as the substrate for dust cake development. Filter press cake: A residual waste product (e.g., from the process of grease recovery following the wool scouring process); filterpress cake may contain organic matter, dirt, grit, or other residue (DOI-70104).
Filterability: (1) The ability for a substance to pass through a filter. (2) The ability of removing suspended solid from an effluent by a filter. Filterable (dissolved) metals: Those metals which will pass through a 0.45 um membrane filter (LBL-76107-water). Filtering capacitor: A capacitor used in a power-supply filter system to provide a low-reactant path for alternating currents and thereby suppress ripple currents, without affecting direct currents (EPA-83/03). Filtrate: Liquid afker passing through a filter (EPA-83106a).
Filter press: In the past, the most common type of filter used to depart solids from sludge. It consists of a simple and efficient plate and frame filter which allows filtered juice to mix with clarified juice and be sent to the evaporators (EPA-75102d).
Filtrate: Liquid that has been passed through a filter (CWAIWbasics-04).
Filter rate: The volume (or weight) of wastewater that passes through a filter per unit time.
Filtration: A process for removing particulate matter from water by passage through porous media (40CFR141.2-91).
Filter run: The duration between two backwashings in a filter.
Filtration: A treatment process, under the control of qualified operators, for removing solid (particulate) matter from water by means of porous media such as sand or a man-made filter; ofken used to remove particles that contain pathogens (EPA-97/12).
Filter strip: Strip or area of vegetation used for removing sediment, organic matter, and other pollutants from runoff and wastewater (NavyIEnv-04). Filter strip: Strip or area of vegetation used for removing sediment, organic matter, and other pollutants from runoff and wastewater (EPA-97/12). Filter: A porous device through which a media such as a gas or a liquid is passed to remove suspended particles or dust contained in the media. Filter: Wet solids generated by the filtration of solids from a liquid. This filter cake may be a pure material (product) or a waste material containing additional fine solids (i.e., diatomaceous earth)
Filtration aid: See filter aid.
Filtration: Filtration is a physical process whereby particles suspended in a fluid are separated by forcing the fluid through a porous medium. As the fluid passes through the medium, the suspended particles are trapped on the surface of the medium and/or within the body of the medium. Filter media can be a thick barrier of a granular material, such as sand, coke, coal, or porous ceramic. The pressure differential to move the fluid through the medium can be induced by gravity, positive pressure, or vacuum. The intended application has a great influence on both the type of filter and its physical features.
Filtration: For more related terms, see (1) Alternating double filtration; (2) Conventional filtration treatment; (3) Deep bed filtration; (4) Diatomaceous earth filtration; (5) Direct filtration; (6) Dual media filtration; (7) Gravity filtration; (8) Membrane filtration; (9) Micro filtration (see synonym, ultra filtration); (10) Pressure filtration; (11) Sand filtration; (12) Slow sand filtration; (13) Ultra filtration; and (14) Vacuum filtration. Final acceptance: The act of the construction manager inspecting and certifying that all work at a residence has been completed in accordance with the contract (NCNnoise-04). Final action: Those removal actions that achieve the final cleanup objectives, considering long-term effectiveness and permanence, for the particular site, media, or operable unit. Except for Operation and Maintenance (O&M) and possibly a five-year review, final actions require no additional study or action after the final actions are complete (Navy/Env-04). Final acute value (FAV): (1) An acute toxicity limit in which the measured acute toxicity expressed as an LC50 of an effluent or a toxicant is adjusted by a factor (0.3 is recommended) to eliminate mortality (EPA-85/09). (2) An estimate of the concentration of the toxicant corresponding to a cumulative probability of 0.05 in the acute toxicity values for all genera for which acceptable acute tests have been conducted on the toxicant (EPA-91/03).
Final cover: The cover material that serves the same functions as daily cover but, in addition, may be permanently exposed on the surface. See cover for more related terms (40CFR241.101-91). Final inspection: A visit by the contractor and the construction manager at a residence for the purpose of inspecting the work that has been performed to ensure that the work has been performed satisfactorily to designate a date of final acceptance of the work (NCNnoise-04). Final measurements: The contractor and a representative will visit each residence to take final measurements for materials that will be used during construction (NCAInoise-04). Final order: (1) An order issued by the Administrator after an appeal of an initial decision, accelerated decision, decision to dismiss, or default order, disposing of a matter in controversy between the parties; or (2) An initial decision which becomes a final order (AENmixedW-04). Final order: (1) An order issued by the Administrator after an appeal of an initial decision, accelerated decision, decision to dismiss, or default order, disposing of a matter in controversy between the parties; or (2) An initial decision which becomes a final order under 40CFR22.2(c) (40CFR22.03-91).
Final approval: The approval received by a state program that meets the requirements in 40CFR281.1 1(b). See approval for more related terms (40CFR281.12-91).
Final printed labeling: The label or labeling of the product when distributed or sold. Final printed labeling does not include the package of the product, unless the labeling is an integral part of the package (40CFR152.3-91).
Final authorization: Authorization by EPA that indicates that a state's program is equivalent to, or no less stringent than, as well as consistent with, federal hazardous waste regulations (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Final product: A new chemical substance (as new chemical substance is defined in 40CFR720.3 of this chapter) that is manufactured by a person for distribution in commerce, or for use by the person other than as an intermediate (40CFR700.43-91).
Final authorization: The approval by EPA of a state program which has met the requirements of section 3006(b) of RCRA and the applicable requirements of Part 271, Subpart A (40CFR270.291).
Final remediation level: Chemical-specific clean-up levels that are documented in the Record of Decision (ROD). They may differ from preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) because of modifications resulting from consideration of various uncertainties, technical and exposure factors, as well as all nine selection-ofremedy criteria outlined in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) (EPA-91/12).
Final closure: The closure of all hazardous waste management units at the facility in accordance with all applicable closure requirements so that hazardous waste management activities under Parts 264 and 265 of this Chapter are no longer conducted at the facility unless subject to the provisions in 40CFR262.34. See closure for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91). Final contour: The surface shape or contour of a surface mine (or section thereof) after all mining and earth moving (regrading) operations have been completed (EPA-82/10). Final cooler: In the steel industry, a hurdle-packed tower that cools the coke oven gas by direct contact. The gas must be cooled to 30 C for recovery of light oil (EPA-74106a).
Final repair coat: The repainting of any topcoat which is damaged during vehicle assembly (40CFR52.741-91). Final sedimentation: The settling of partly settled, flocculated, or oxidized sewage in a final tank (the term settling is preferred) (EPA-76/03). Financial assurance for closure: Documentation or proof that an owner or operator of a facility such as a landfill or other waste repository is capable of paying the projected costs of closing the facility and monitoring it afterwards as provided in RCRA regulations (EPA-97/12).
Financial assurance: Under RCRA Subtitle C, the requirements designed to ensure that treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF) owners and operators will have the financial resources to pay for closure, post-closure, and liability costs. Under RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) Subtitle D, the requirements designed to ensure that MSWLF (municipal solid waste landfill) owners and operators will have the financial resources to pay for closure, post-closure, and corrective action costs (RCRA/hazardous-04). Financial test: A test of self-insurance which demonstrates that an owner and operator has sufficient financial strength to satisfy TSDF financial assurance or UST (underground storage tank) financial responsibility requirements (RCRA/hazardous-04). Finding of no significant impact (FNSI): A brief document presenting the reasons why an action will not have a significant effect on the human environment and for which an EIS therefore will not be prepared (40CFR1508.13) (SDWNradionuclide-04). Finding of no significant impact (FNSI): A document prepared by a federal agency that presents the reasons why a proposed action would not have a significant impact on the environment and thus would not require preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement. An FNSI is based on the results of an environmental assessment (EPA-97/12, see also 40CFR1508.13-91). Fine paper: Fine paper includes printing, writing, and cover papers. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Fine rack: Fine screen with approximately 25 mm square openings. Fine sand: Sand particles with approximately 0.25 millimeter in diameter. Fine: Very short pulp fibers or fiber hgrnents and ray cells. They are sometimes referred to as flour or wood flour (cf. flour) (EPA87110). Finger lake: A long narrow glacial lake (DOI-70104). Finish coat operation: The coating application station, curing oven, and quench station used to apply and dry or cure the final coating(s) on the surface of the metal coil. Where only a single coating is applied to the metal coil, that coating is considered a finish coat (40CFR60.461-91). Finished product: The final manufactured product as fresh meat cuts, hams, bacon or other smoked meats, sausage, luncheon meats, stew, canned meats, or related products (40CFR432.5 1-91, see also 40CFR432.61; 432.71; 432.81; 432.91-91).
Finished water: Water is "finished" when it has passed through all the processes in a water treatment plant and is ready to be delivered to consumers (EPA-97/12). Finished water: Water that has been treated and is ready to be delivered to customers. See source water (SDWNReg-04). Finishing water: The processed water used to remove waste plastic material generated during a finishing process or to lubricate a plastic product during a finishing process. It includes water used to machine or assemble intermediate or final plastic products. See water for more related terms (40CFR463.2-91). Finite difference method: A numerical method of solving differential equations by expressing the derivatives of the function as differences between values of the function at discrete points, usually called grid points (NATO-78/10). Fire damp: The combustible gas, methane, CH4. Also, the explosive methane-air mixtures with between 5% and 15% methane. A combustible gas formed in mines by decomposition of coal or other carbonaceous matter, and that consists chiefly of methane (CWNmining-04). Fire engine: A truck that uses water to extinguish fires. Fire extinguisher: Portable fire extinguishers are classified by the National Fire Protection Association according to the types of burning materials they are designed to extinguish. Classes of the fire extinguisher are as follows: (1) Class A: Ordinary combustibles, such as wood, paper, textiles; (2) Class B: Flammable liquids, such as oil, grease, paint; (3) Class C: Fires involving electrical wiring and equipment where safety requires the use of electrically non-conductive extinguishing media; and (4) Class D: Combustible metals, such as magnesium, sodium, zinc, powdered aluminum (Course 165.5). Fire fighting turbine: Any stationary gas turbine that is used solely to pump water for extinguishing fires (40CFR60.331-91). Fire hydrant: A water supply device to provide water for a fire engine. Fire insurance map: Maps produced for private fire insurance map companies that indicate uses of properties at specified dates and that encompass the property. These maps are often available at local libraries, from historical societies, from private resellers, or from the map companies that produced them. Fire insurance maps must show the property and adjoining properties. Fire monitor: A mechanical device holding a rotating nozzle, which emits a stream of water for use in fire-fighting. Fire monitors may be fixed in place or may be portable. A fire monitor allows one person to direct water on a fire whereas a hose of the same flow-rate would require more than one person (EPA-87107a).
Fire point temperature: The lowest temperature at which an oil vaporizes readily enough to bum at least five seconds after ignition. See temperature for more related terms (OME-88/12). Fire polish: To make glass smooth, rounded, or glossy by heating in a fire (EPA-83). Fire retardant: A formulation of inorganic salts that imparts fire resistance when injected into wood in high concentrations (EPA74/04). Fire tube boiler: See boiler tubes. Fire: The phenomenon of combustion manifested in light, flame, and heat. It may involve: (1) Constructive burning of a raw material for purposes of synthesizing a final product; (2) Constructive burning of a fuel for purposes of releasing usable energy; or (3) Destructive burning of a waste for purposes of destroying specific constituent(s) (CRWI-89/05). Firebox: The chamber or compartment of a boiler or furnace in which materials are burned, but not the combustion chamber of afterburner of an incinerator (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60-App/A(method 28 & 28A)-9 1). Firebrick: A refractory brick made from fireclay. See brick for more related terms (OME-88/12). Fireclay mortar: A mortar made of high-fusion-point fireclay and water. It is often used to fill joints in refractory walls to stop air or gas leaks without forming a strong bond. See mortar for more related terms (EPA-83). Fireclay: A sedimentary clay containing only small amounts of fluxing impurities, high aluminium silicate, and capable of withstanding high temperature (EPA-83). Fireside cleaning: Cleaning of the outside surface of boiler tubes and combustion chamber refractories to remove deposits formed during the combustions (EPA-8211 If). Firing valve: A valve of the plug- and barrel-type designed for use with gas, and equipped with a level handle for manual operation and a dial to indicate the percent of opening (Waukee). Firm capacity (maximum capability or peak capability): (1) In an electric generating station, the maximum continuous electrical output of a generating station as determined by demonstration tests and assured by the station owner/operator. Firm capacity in older stations is less than the design capacity because of equipment degeneration, change in fuel character or type. Derating of newer stations may occur because of deficiencies in the original design andlor installed equipment (EPA-83). (2) In a general system, an assumed facility processing capacity accounting for equipment vulnerability (EPA-83). (3) See capacity for more related terms.
Firn (firn snow): Old snow on the top of glaciers, granular and compact but not yet converted into ice. It is a transitional stage between snow and ice. Also called ne've' (CWAhydrology-04). Firn line: The highest level to which the fresh snow on a glacier's surface retreats during the melting season. The line separating the accumulation area from the ablation area (CWAhydrology-04). First attempt at repair: To take rapid action for the purpose of stopping or reducing leakage of organic material to atmosphere using best practices (40CFR60.481, see also 40CFR61.241; 264.1031-91). First draw: The water that immediately comes out when a tap is first opened. This water is likely to have the highest level of lead contamination from plumbing materials (EPA-97/12). First federal official: The first federal representative of a participating agency of the National Response Team to arrive at the scene of a discharge or a release. This official coordinates activities under the NCP and may initiate, in consultation with the. OSC, any necessary actions until the arrival of the predesignated OSC. A state with primary jurisdiction over a site covered by a cooperative agreement will act in the stead of the first federal official for any incident at the site (40CFR300.5-91). First food use: Refers to the use of a pesticide on a food or in a manner which otherwise would be expected to result in residues in a food, if no permanent tolerance, exemption from the requirement of a tolerance, or food additive regulation for residues of the pesticide on any food has been established for the pesticide under section 408 (d) or (e) or 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (40CFR166.3-9 1). First order inactivation kinetics: The rate of microbial inactivation (-dN1dt) is directly proportional to the concentration of surviving organisms (N) at a given time (t) (EPA-88109a). First order reaction: A chemical reaction in which an increase (or decrease) in reactant concentration results in a proportional increase (or decrease) in the rate of the reaction (NavyIEnv-04). First order reaction: A reaction in which the rate of disappearance of a chemical is directly proportional to the concentration of the chemical and is not a function of the concentration of any other chemical present in the reaction mixture (cf. chemical reaction) (40CFR796.3700-91). First order reaction: The rate of concentration C decrease with time for a compound is proportional to concentration C, i.e., dC/dt = -kc, where d is the differential symbol, t is the time, and k is a constant. See chemical reaction for more related terms.
First responder: The first trained personnel to arrive on the scene of a hazardous material incident. Usually officials from local emergency services, firefighters, and police (Course 165.5).
nucleus into smaller parts. The smaller parts are the so-called fission products (cf. fusion).
Fission product: See fission (cf. decay product). Fish community: See community (CWAIWbasics-04). Fish eyes: Translucent spots in the finished paper. These imperfections are caused by under-fibered portions of stock (EPA83). Fish kill: The destruction of fish in a water body--in winter, due to prolonged ice and snow cover or freezing of the water; in summer, due to oxygen deficiency resulting from excessive organic matter; in any season, due to toxic pollutants or disease (DOI-70104).
Fissure: An extensive crack, break, or fracture in the rocks (CWAImining-04). Five (5)-year, dhour precipitation event: The maximum sixhour precipitation event with a probable recurrence interval of once in five years as established by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, or equivalent regional or rainfall probability information (40CFR440.141-91). Five-day BOD (BODS): See biochemical oxygen demand.
Fish ladder: A device to facilitate the movement of migrating fish over a dam; it may consist of a stairlike series of small ponds connected by flowing water (DOI-70104). Fish meal: A ground, dried product made from fish or shellfish or parts thereof, generally produced by cooking raw fish or shellfish with steam and pressing the material to obtain the solids which are then dried (EPA-74/06). Fish or wildlife: Any member of the animal kingdom, including without limitation any mammal, fish, bird (including any migratory, nonmigratory, or endangered bird for which protection is also afforded by treaty or other international agreement), amphibian, reptile, mollusk, crustacean, arthropod, or other invertebrate, and includes any part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (ES.43-16U.S.C. 1531). Fish solubles: A product extracted from the residual press liquor (stick water) after the solids are removed for drying (fish meal) and the oil extracted by centrifuging. This residue is generally condensed to 50% solids and marketed as condensed fish solubles (EPA-74/06). Fish: Fish-related terms include (1) Game fish and (2) Rough fish. Fishmouth: The uneven mating of two geomembranes to be joined wherein the upper sheet has excessive length that prevents it from being bonded flat to the lower sheet. The resultant opening is often referred to as a fishmouth (EPA-91/05). Fissile material: Material capable of being split by a low-energy neutron. The most common fissile materials are uranium 235 and plutonium 239 (OMBIReg-04). Fission (or nuclear fission): (1) The splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into two nuclei of lighter elements, accompanied by the release of energy and generally one or more neutrons. Fission can occur spontaneously or be induced by neutron bombardment (DOE-91/04). (2) The division of a heavy radioactive atomic
F i x a sample: A sample is "fixed" in the field by adding chemicals that prevent water quality indicators of interest in the sample from changing before laboratory measurements are made (EPA-97/12).
Fix: A step in photoprocessing whereby the silver halides are removed from the emulsion using a solvent such as sodium thiosulfate (EPA-80/10). Fixed bed: A filter or adsorption bed where the entire media is exhausted before any of the media is cleaned (EPA-75102d). Fixed capacitor: A capacitor having a definite capacitance value that cannot be adjusted (cf. capacitor) (EPA-83/03). Fixed capital cost of the new components: As used in 40CFR60.15, includes the fixed capital cost of all depreciable components which are or will be replaced pursuant to all continuous programs of component replacement which are commenced within any two-year period following December 30, 1983 (40CFR60.666-9 1). Fixed capital cost: The capital needed to provide all of the depreciable components. See cost for more related terms (40CFR5 1.301-91). Fixed carbon: (1) The ash free carbonaceous material that remains after volatile matter is driven off a dry solid sample (OME-88/12). (2) The non-volatile organic portion of waste. For fixed carbon, the combustion reaction is a solid-phase reaction that occurs primarily in the waste bed (although some materials may bum in suspension). Key parameters are bed parameters, solid retention time, and mechanical turbulence in the bed. The solid retention time is the time that the waste bed remains in the primarily chamber. Mechanical turbulence of the bed is needed to expose all the solid waste to oxygen for complete burnout. Without mechanical turbulence, the ash formed during combustion can cover the unburned waste and prevent the oxygen necessary
for combustion from contacting the waste (cf. volatile matter) (EPA-89103b). (3) See carbon for more related terms.
Fixed carbon: The part of the carbon that remains behind when coal is heated in a closed vessel until all of the volatile matter is driven off (CWAImining-04). Fixed cost: The cost that does not vary with level of output of a production facility (e.g., administrative costs, building rent, and mortgage payments). See cost for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Fixed film biological process (or fixed film reactor): A layer of a biological film that is adhered to a solid medium in a wastewater treatment reactor. Fixed grate (or stationary grate): A grate without moving parts, also called a stationary grate (OME-88/12). A fixed grate through which no air passes is called a dead plate. See grate for more related terms. Fixed hearth incinerator: See starved air incinerator. Fixed onshore and offshore oil well drilling facilities: Including all equipment and appurtenances related thereto used in drilling operations for exploratory or development wells, but excluding any terminal facility, unit or process integrally associated with the handling or transferring of oil in bulk to or from a vessel (cf. mobile onshore) (40CFR112, App.). Fixed packer: An adjunct of a refuse container system which compacts refuse at the site of generation into a detachable container (EPA-83). Fixed plant: Any nonmetallic mineral processing plant at which the processing equipment specified in 40CFR60.670(a) is attached by a cable, chain, turnbuckle, bolt, or other means (except electrical connections) to any anchor, slab, or structure including bedrock (40CFR60.671-91). Fixed roof tank: A cylindrical shell with a permanently affixed roof (40CFR52.741-91). Fixed roof: A cover that is mounted to a tank or chamber in a stationary manner and which does not move with fluctuations in wastewater levels (40CFR60.691-91, see also 40CFR61.341-91). Fixed sample: A sample is "fixed" in the field by adding chemicals that prevent water quality indicators of interest in the sample from changing before laboratory measurements are made (Navy/Env-04). Fixed source: For the purpose of these guidelines, a stationary facility that converts fossil fuel into energy, such as steam, hot water, electricity, etc. See source for more related terms (40CFR247.101-91).
Fixed-location monitoring: Sampling of an environmental or ambient medium for pollutant concentration at one location continuously or repeatedly (EPA-97/12). Fixed-price contract: A contract for goods or services in which a contractor receives a firm, fixed price to perform the contracted work scope. Because any additions to the work scope result in additional payments to the contractor, these contracts are most suitable for routine or well-defined scopes of work (OMBIReg-04). Flame and non-flame destruction: An incineration process involves two fundamental modes, namely the flame mode and the non-flame mode of thermal decomposition. Flame destruction of waste involves reaction and destruction within the flame itself, while for the non-flame mode, the flame serves as the heat source for the hot combustion gas to continue decomposition beyond the flame. The high temperatures required to promote flame or nonflame mode reactions may be generated from actual combustion of the organic constituents in the waste or of co-fired auxiliary fuel. The non-flame zone of an incinerator surrounds and extends beyond the flame. This non-flame zone is characterized by temperatures generally between 650 F and the flame temperature. It is also a reacting gas flow consisting of a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, organic compounds, intermediates, and radicals. Although the reaction conditions are much less severe compared to flame conditions, the time spent by the reactants under the non-flame thermal decomposition conditions is much greater than the time spent in the flame (a few seconds versus milliseconds). Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS): FAAS or direct aspiration determinations, as opposed to ICP, are normally completed as single element analyses and are relatively free of inter element spectral interferences. Either a nitrous oxide acetylene or air-acetylene flame is used as an energy source for dissociating the aspirated sample into the free atomic state making analyte atoms available for absorption of light. In the analysis of some elements the temperature or type of flame used is critical. If the proper flame and analytical conditions are not used, chemical and ionization interferences can occur. See metal analyzer for more related terms (SW-846). Flame combustion: Flame combustion includes yellow flame and blue flame: (1) Yellow flame: When mixing fuel and air, two different mechanisms of combustion can occur. A luminous (yellow) flame results when air and fuel flowing through separate ports are ignited at the burner nozzle. The yellow flame results from thermal cracking of the fuel. Cracking occurs when hydrocarbons are intensely heated before they have a chance to combine with oxygen. The cracking releases both hydrogen and carbon which diffise to the flame to form C02 and H20. The carbon particles give the flame the yellow appearance. If incomplete combustion occurs from temperature cooling or if there is insufficient oxygen, soot and black smoke will form. (2) Blue flame: Blue flame combustion occurs when the fuel and air are premixed in front of the burner nozzle. This produces a short,
intense, blue flame. The reason for the different flame is that the fuel-air mixture is gradually heated. The hydrocarbon molecules are slowly oxidized, going from aldehydes and ketones to C02 and H20. No cracking occurs and no carbon particles are formed. Incomplete combustion results in the release of the intermediate, partially oxidized compounds. Blue haze and odors are emitted from the stack (EPA-81/12, p3-7). (3) See combustion for more related terms.
Flame front: The hypothetical moving plane across which rapid combustion is occumng (cf. deflagration or detonation) (EPA-83). Flame hardened: A surface hardened by controlled torch heating followed by quenching with water or air (EPA-83106a). Flame incineration: Burning of combustible pollutants whose concentration is in the flammability limit. Operating temperatures are in the 2000-2500 F range (cf. flare) (EPA-84/09). Flame ionization detector (FID): See GCIFID. Flame photometric analyzer: See photoluminescence. Flame port: An opening between the primary chamber and mixing chamber of a multiple chamber incinerator through which combustion gases pass (EPA-89103b). Flame safeguard: The device that controls the burner ignition process. When the burner is first started, the burner blower starts and when it reaches full speed, a purge timer starts. When the purge timer times out, the flame safeguard energizes the pilot relay that opens the pilot fuel supply and ignitor. When the pilot lights, a flame detector (either an ultraviolet scanner [gas or oil] or flame rod circuit [gas only]) detects the pilot flame and causes the main flame relay to activate the fuel supply to the main burner. The pilot then ignites the main burner. The flame detector continues to operate and shuts the burner down if the main burner fails. Additionally, if the air supply is lost, both pilot and flame relays shut off the fuel supply. The pilot usually is ignited for no more than 15 seconds (interrupted pilot). If the main burner does not ignite during the pilot ignition period, the flame safeguard system shuts the entire system down by closing the solenoid shut-off valve and turning off the burner blower. See burner component for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Flame spraying: The process of applying a metallic coating to a workpiece whereby finely powdered fragments or wire, together with suitable fluxes, are projected through a wne of flame onto the workpiece (EPA-83106a). Flame zone: (1) That portion of the combustion chamber in a boiler occupied by the flame envelope (40CFR60.561-91, see also 40CFR60.611; 60.661 ; 264.1031-91). (2) A three-dimensional space in an incinerator where emission of visible light is accompanied by large exothermic chemical reaction, radical
concentrations, temperature gradient, and rapid reaction rate (EPA-88/12).
Flame: (1) A visible radiation emitted from the rapid oxidation of materials. When oxidation is rapid, the temperature of the material rises rapidly due to the inability of transferring heat to the surroundings as rapidly as it is produced by the oxidation reaction. The material thus emits visible radiation (light) which is referred as a flame. (2) A chemically reacting, radical-rich gas flow which propagates through space at temperatures generally above 1800 F. This gas flow may consist of atomic hydrogen (H), atomic oxygen (0), atomic chlorine (Cl), hydroxyl radicals (OH-), and methyl radicals (CH3] in carbon-hydrogen-oxygen systems, and chloroxy radicals (C10-) in chlorine-containing systems. There are always several sequential reaction pathways with the reaction rate controlled by many chemical and physical factors such as chemical kinetics, mixing, air-fuel ratio, etc. Flame: For more related terms, see (1) Diffusion flame; (2) Laminar flame; (3) Premixed flame; and (4) Turbulent flame. Flammable liquid: A liquid that gives off vapors readily ignitable at room temperature. Defined by the NFPA and DOT as a liquid with a flash point below 100 F (38 C) (Navy/Env-04). Flammable: A material having a flashpoint lower than 100 degrees Fahrenheit (MWTNmedical-04). Flammable: Any material that ignites easily and will bum rapidly (EPA-97/12). Flammable: Describes any material that can be ignited easily and that will bum rapidly (FFDCNpesticide-04). Flammable: Describes any solid, liquid, vapor, or gas that ignites easily and bums rapidly (NavyIEnv-04). Flange: A rib or a rim for strength, for guiding, or for attachment to another object (e.g., on a pipe) (CAA/C02gasl-04). Flap damper: A damper consisting of one or more blades each pivoted about one edge. See damper for more related terms. Flare: A (tall) stack for burning excess quantities of waste combustible gases typically present at oil refineries (EPA-84/09). Flares are simply burners that have been designed to handle varying rates of fuel while burning srnokelessly. In general, flares can be classified as either elevated or ground level (EPA-81/12, p3-16). Flares are widely used in the petroleum and chemical industries to dispose of waste gases. Increased emphasis on potentially hazardous (volatile organic compound) emission will require high flare efficiencies. Flare: A control device that bums hazardous materials to prevent their release into the environment; may operate continuously or intermittently, usually on top a stack (EPA-97/12).
Flareback: A burst of flame from a furnace in a direction opposed to the normal gas flow. It usually occurs when accumulated combustible gases ignite (SW-108ts). Flared natural gas: Natural gas burned in flares on the well site or at gas processing plants (CAA/C02gas-04). Flared: Gas disposed of by burning in flares usually at the production sites or at gas processing plants (CAA/C02gasl-04). Flaring: The burning of methane emitted from collection pipes at a landfill (OTA-89/10). Flash dry: The process of drying a wet organic material by passing through a high temperature zone at such a rate that the water is rapidly evaporated but the organic material, protected by the boiling point of water, is not overheated (OME-88/12).
Flashoff area: The portion of a surface coating operation between the coating application area and bake oven (40CFR60.311-91, see also 40CFR60.391; 60.441; 60.451; 60.71 1; 60.741-91). Flashover: The discharge of ignition voltage across the surface of the distributor cap andlor rotor rather than at the spark plug gap (40CFR85.2122 (a)(7)(ii)(A)-91, see also 40CFR85.2122(a)(S)(ii) (F); 85.2 122(a)(9)(ii)(B)-91). Flask: (1) A rectangular frame open at top and bottom used to retain molding sand a pattern (EPA-85/10a). (2) A unit of measurement for mercury, 76 pounds (EPA-82/05). Flat flame burner: A burner terminating in a substantially rectangular nozzle, from which fuel and air discharged in a flat stream. See burner for more related terms.
Flash evaporation: An evaporation using steam heated tubes with feed material under high vacuum. The feed material flashes off when it enters the evaporation chamber (EPA-83106a).
Flat glass: (1) A glass made of soda-lime recipe and produced into continuous flat sheets and other products listed in SIC 321 1 (40CFR60.291-91). (2) Included in this category are sheet or window glass, plate glass, and laminated glass (EPA-83). (3) See glass for more related terms.
Flash flood: A sudden and violent flood after a heavy rain. See flood for more related terms (DOI-70104).
Flat mill: Those steel hot forming operations that reduce heated slabs to plates, strip and sheet, or skelp (40CFR420.71-91).
Flash point (nP): The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors that will ignite and flash-over but will not continue to bum without the addition of more heat (NavyIEnv-04).
Flat plate array: A type of the sunlight collectors. In photovoltaic applications, it is a photovoltaic array in which the incident solar radiation strikes a flat surface (and therefore no direct focusing of the sunlight is involved).
Flash point temperature: The lowest temperature at which a material (a liquid or solid) gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable vapor-air mixture near the surface of the liquid or solid (to flash into a momentary flame when,ignited)(OME-88/12). Flash point temperature: The minimum temperature at which the vapor-air mixture above a volatile substance ignites when exposed to a flame (ETI-92). See temperature for more related terms. Flash point: The lowest temperature at which evaporation of a substance produces sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air (EPA-97/12). Flashing: In constructing a landfill liner, the molten extrudate or sheet material which is extruded beyond the die edge or molten edge, also called squeeze-out (EPA-89/09). Flashing: In die casting, the fin of metal that results from leakage between the mating die surfaces (EPA-85110a). Flashing: In molding, the molten extrudate or sheet material which is extruded beyond the die edge or molten edge, also called squeeze-out (EPA-91/05).
Flat plate cell: A fuel cell that has a structurally planar shape. Flat terrain: A terrain whose rise within 5 kilometers of a stack is less than or equal to 10% of the physical stack height. See terrain for more related terms (EPA-90104). Flat-lying: Said of deposits and coal seams with a dip up to 5 degrees (CWMmining-04). Flatus: Gas generated in the intestines or the stomach of an animal (CAA/C02gas-04). Fleshing: The mechanical removal of flesh and fatty substances from the underside of a hide prior to tanning. In the case of sheepskin tanning, fleshing is often accomplished after the tanning process (EPA-82/11). Flexi fuel cell: A fuel cell that is flexible or capable of using more than one type of fuel. For example, the fuel cell might be designed to use both direct hydrogen fuel and methanol fuel. Flexible fuel engine: See flexible fuel vehicle. Flexible fuel vehicle (or flexible fuel engine): Any motor vehicle (or motor vehicle engine) engineered and designed to be operated
on a petroleum fuel, a methanol fuel, or any mixtures of the two.
See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR86.090.2-91). Flexible membrane liner (FML): A synonymous term for geomembrane, generally, a high density polyethylene sheet used in the containment of solid, liquid, and vapor materials of landfill waste. See liner for more related terms (EPA-89/09). Flexible vinyl and urethane product: Those products, except for resilient floor coverings (977 Standard Industry Code 3996) and flexible packaging, that are more than 50 micrometers (0.002 inches) thick, and that consist of or contain a vinyl or urethane sheet or a vinyl or urethane coated web (40CFR60.581-91). Flexographic ink: A quick drying, low viscosity ink based on volatile solvents that are used in the flexographic printing process. Flexographic inks can be water based. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Flexographic printing line: A printing line in which each roll printer uses a roll with raised areas for applying an image such as words, designs, or pictures to a substrate. The image carrier on the roll is made of rubber or other elastomeric material (40CFR52.741-91). Flexographic printing: The application of words, designs, and pictures to a substrate by means of a roll printing technique in which the pattern to be applied is raised above the printing roll and the image carrier is made of elastomeric materials (40CFR52.74191). Flight conveyer: A drag conveyer that has rollers interspersed in its pull chains to reduce friction. See conveyer for more related terms (SW-108ts). Flight: The metal strap or crossbar attached to the drag chain-andflight conveyor (CWMmining-04). Flint glass cutlet: A particulate glass material that contains no more than 0.1 weight percent Fe03, or 0.0015 weight percent Cr203as determined by chemical analysis (EPA-83). Flint glass: (1) Clear glass (OTA-89/10). (2) A lead-containing colorless glass (EPA-83). (3) See glass for more related terms. Float dust: Fine coal-dust particles carried in suspension by air currents and eventually deposited in return entries. Dust consisting of particles of coal that can pass through a No. 200 sieve (CWMmining-04). Float gauge: A device for measuring the elevation of the surface of a liquid, the actuating element of which is a buoyant float that rests on the surface of the liquid and rises or falls with it. The elevation of the surface is measured by a chain or tape attached to the float (EPA-83/03).
Float: The lighter materials present in petroleum refinery wastewater. As components of oily waste, float rises to the surface in the first step of wastewater treatment (RCRAmazardous-04). Float: The proper level or volume of chemicals, and water that is maintained in any wet process unit (vats, drums, or processors) within the tannery (EPA-82/11). Floating aquatic plants: Rooted plants that wholly or partly float on the surface of the water, e.g., water lilies, water hyacinth, and duckweed (DOD-78/01; LBL76107-water). Floating matter: In wastewater, it includes froth, oil, and floating solids. Froth results from detergent cleaning, certain mineral flotation processes, pulp and paper manufacture, and municipal sewage. Oil results from chemical processes, refining, machinery lubrication, and metal-working. Floating solids can be pulp or textile fibers, fine coke, food pulps, bark, or sawdust (DOE-70104). Floating roof: A roof on a stationary tank, reservoir, or other container which moves vertically upon change in volume of the stored material (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.111; 61.341; 60.691-91). Floc: A clump of solids formed in sewage by biological or chemical action (EPA-97/12). Flocculant flocculating agent: A substance which produces flocculation (EPA-82/05). Flocculant: An agent that induces or promotes flocculation or produces floccules or other aggregate formation, especially in clays and soils (flocculant flocculating agent) (EPA-82/05). Flocculate: To cause to aggregate or to coalesce into small lumps or loose clusters, e.g., the calcium ion tends to flocculate clays (EPA-82/05). Flocculation (or coagulation): A process to enhance agglomeration or collection of smaller floc particles into larger, more easily settleable particles through gentle stirring by hydraulic or mechanical means (40CFR141.2-91). Flocculation: Process by which clumps of solids in water or sewage aggregate through biological or chemical action so they can be separated from water or sewage (EPA-97/12). Flocculator: An apparatus designed for the formation of floc in water or sewage (EPA-83/03). Flock: A natural or synthetic fiber added to lead-acid battery paste as a stiffening agent (EPA-84/08). Flood (or flooding): (1) A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of inland and/or tidal waters, and/or runoff of surface
waters from any source, or flooding from any other source (40CFR6-ApplA-91). (2) A stream flow that greatly exceeds the average stream flow, whether or not it overtops the channel banks (DOI-70104). (3) The excessive entrainment of liquid in a packed column or tray tower. This leads directly to a condition of high pressure drop (EPA-84/09).
offshore islands, including at a minimum, that area subject to a one percent or greater chance of flooding in any given year. The base floodplain shall be used to designate the 100-year floodplain (one percent chance floodplain). The critical action floodplain is defined as the 500-year floodplain (0.2% chance floodplain) (40CFR6-AppIA-91, see also 40CFR257.3.1-91).
Flood attenuation: A weakening or reduction in the force or intensity of a flood (CWAIWbasics-04).
Flood plain: The portion of a river valley that becomes covered with water when the river overflows its banks at flood stage (DOE-9 1\04).
Flood coating: The generous application of a bodied chemical compound, or chemical adhesive compound to protect exposed yarns in scrim reinforced geomembranes (EPA-91/05). Flood crest: The highest elevation reached by flood waters in a flood event. It is commonly measured in feet above an accepted datum, such as flood stage (DOI-70104). Flood damage: The economic loss caused by flood, including inundation, erosion, and sediment deposition; the loss may be evaluated in terms of cost of replacement, repair, or rehabilitation; decrease in market or sales value; or resulting decrease in income or production (DOI-70104). Flood event: A series of flows constituting a distinct progressive rise culminating in a crest, together with the recession that follows the crest (DOI-70104). Flood irrigation: The application of imgation water whereby the entire surface of the soil is covered by ponded water (CWAIWbasics-04). Flood peak: The highest value of the stage or discharge attained by a flood; thus, peak stage or peak discharge. Flood crest has nearly the same meaning, but since it connotes the top of the flood wave, it is properly used only in referring to stage; thus, crest stage, but not crest discharge (CWAhydrology-04). Flood plain: A region of land around a body of water, usually a river or stream, that is flooded on a regular basis, usually annually (RCRAImanagernent-04). Flood plain: A strip of relatively flat land bordering a stream channel that is inundated at times of high water (CWAIWbasics04). Flood plain: Mostly level land along rivers and streams that may be submerged by floodwater. A 100-year floodplain is an area which can be expected to flood once in every 100 years (FFDCNpesticide-04). Flood plain: The flat or nearly flat land along a river or stream or in a tidal area that is covered by water during a flood (EPA-97/12). Flood plain: The lowland and relatively flat areas adjoining inland and coastal waters and other floodprone areas such as
Flood plane: The position occupied by the water surface of a stream during a particular flood. Also, loosely, the elevation of the water surface at various points along the stream during a particular flood (CWAhydrology-04). Flood profile: A graph of elevation of the water surface of a river in flood, plotted as ordinate, against distance, measured in the downstream direction, plotted as abscissa. A flood profile may be drawn to show elevation at a given time, crests during a particular flood, or to show stages of concordant flows (CWAhydrology-04). Flood routing: The process of determining progressively the timing and shape of a flood wave at successive points along a river (CWAhydrology-04). Flood stage: The elevation at which overflow of the natural banks of a stream or body of water begins in the reach or area in which the elevation is measured (CWANscience-04). Flood stage: The elevation of the water surface (selected by local usage or by an investigator) above which the stream is considered to be in flood. Commonly it is the stage at which damage begins (DOI-70104). Flood stage: The gage height of the lowest bank of the reach in which the gage is situated. The term "lowest bank" is, however, not to be taken to mean an unusually low place or break in the natural bank through which the water inundates an unimportant and small area. The stage at which overflow of the natural banks of a stream begins to cause damage in the reach in which the elevation is measured. (U.S. Weather Bur.) See also bankfull stage (CWAhydrology-04). Flood wave: A distinct rise in stage culminating in a crest and followed by recession to lower stages (CWAhydrology-04). Flood way: A part of the flood plain otherwise leveed, resaved for emergency diversion of water during floods. A part of the flood plain which, to facilitate the passage of floodwater, is kept clear of encumbrances. The channel of a river or stream and those parts of the flood plains adjoining the channel, which are reasonably required to carry and discharge the floodwater or floodflow of any river or stream (CWAhydrology-04).
Flood zone: The land bordering a stream which is subject to floods of about equal frequency; for example, a strip of the flood plain subject to flooding more often that once but not as frequently as twice in a century (CWAhydrology-04). Flood, 100-year: A 100-year flood does not refer to a flood that occurs once every 100 years, but to a flood level with a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year (CWNWscience-04). Flood, maximum probable: The largest flood for which there is any reasonable expectancy in this climatic era (CWAhydrology04). Flood: An overflow of water onto lands that are used or usable by man and not normally covered by water. Floods have two essential characteristics: The inundation of land is temporary; and the land is adjacent to and inundated by overflow from a river, stream, lake, or ocean (CWNWscience-04). Flood: Any relatively high streamflow that overflows the natural or artificial banks of a stream (CWNWbasics-04). Flood: For more related terms, see (1) Annual flood; (2) Average annual; (3) Base flood; (4) Base floodplain; (5) Based flood; (6) Daily flood peak; (7) Flash flood; and (8) Momentary flood peak. Flood-control storage: Storage of water in reservoirs to abate flood damage. See retarding reservoir (CWAhydrology-04). Flood-frequency curve: (1) A graph showing the number of times per year on the average, plotted as abscissa, that floods of magnitude, indicated by the ordinate, are equaled or exceeded. (2) A similar graph but with recurrence intervals of floods plotted as abscissa (CWAhydrology-04). Flooding velocity: The gas velocity or narrow range of gas velocities in a packed bed or plate tower scrubber at which (for a given packing or plate design and liquid flow rate) the liquid flow down the column is impeded, and a liquid layer is formed at the tip of the column. Eventually, liquid is blown out of top of the column (EPA-8 1/09). Floodproofing: The modification of individual structures and facilities, their sites, and their contents to protect against structural failure, to keep water out or to reduce effects of water entry (40CFR6-AppIA-91). Floor insulation: A material, primarily designed to resist heat flow, which is installed between the first level conditioned area of a building and an unconditioned basement, a crawl space, or the outside beneath it. Where the first level conditioned area of a building is on a ground level concrete slab, floor insulation includes such a material installed around the perimeter of or on the slab. In the case of mobile homes, floor insulation also means
skirting to enclose the space between the building and the ground (40CFR248.4-p-9 1).
Floor sweep: Capture of heavier-than-air gases that collect at floor level (EPA-97/12). Floor: That part of any underground working upon which a person walks or upon which haulage equipment travels; simply the bottom or underlying surface of an underground excavation (CWAImining-04). Flooring felt: An asbestos-containing product which is made of paper felt intended for use as an underlayer for floor coverings, or to be bonded to the underside of vinyl sheet flooring (40CFR763.163-91). Flora: (1) The plant life characteristic of a region (EPA-76/03). (2) The entire plant life of a region (LBL-76107-water). Flotation agent: A substance or chemical which alters the surface tension of water or which makes it froth easily. The reagents used in the flotation process include pH regulators, slime dispersants, resurfacing agents, wetting agents, conditioning agents, collectors, and frothers (EPA-82/10). Flotation: (1) In wastewater treatment, an EPA listed treatment technology, list code, T42. Flotation is the collection of substances immersed in wastewater by taking advantage of differences in specific gravities, or else by entrapment of solid particles with air causing them to rise to the surface for subsequent disposal (DOI70104). (2) In mining, the process is a physical-chemical method (carried out in a wet environment) for concentrating finely ground ores. A necessary and important step to prepare the ore for flotation is crushing and grinding, which is designed for each particular application to separate the individual mineral particles that make up the ore by reducing them to their natural grain size. Also, in some cases, the removal of slimes is necessary before flotation. (3) cf. gravity flotation. Flour: A term applied to the fine fibers or fiber fragments of a pulp. They are also known as fines (cf. fine) (EPA-87/10). Flow (hydraulic) jump: When water moving at a high velocity in a comparatively shallow stream strikes water having a substantial depth, there is likely to be a rise in the water surface of the stream, forming the so-called hydraulic jump (M&EI-72). Flow backwater: The surface curve of a stream of water when backed up by a dam or other obstruction (M&EI-72). Flow channel: The appendages used for conditioning and distributing molten glass to forming apparatuses and are a permanently separate source of emissions such that no mixing of emissions occurs with emissions from the melter cooling system prior to their being vented to the atmosphere (40CFR60.291-91).
Flow chute: A chute is a channel with so deep in a grade that a uniform flow can take place at a depth less than the flow critical depth (M&EI-72). Flow coating: A method of applying coatings in which the part is carried through a chamber containing numerous nozzles which direct unatomized streams of coatings from many different angles onto the surface of the part (40CFR60.311-91). Flow control ordinance: The ordinance that requires delivery of collected MSW (municipal solid waste) to a specific management facility (OTA-89/10). Flow control: A legal or economic means by which waste is directed to particular destinations. For example, an ordinance requiring that certain wastes be sent to a combustion facility is waste flow control (EPA-89/11). Flow critical depth: The depth of a flow at the discharge outlet either from a free discharge or a channel. This depth has the minimum specific energy (M&EI-72). Flow drawdown: The transition from a condition of a uniform flow in the conduit to the discharge at a free outlet (M&EI-72). Flow field plate: A flat plate that is made of metal, ceramic, graphite or composite, typically with channels. The channels are to direct hydrogen and oxygen reactants to the membrane electrode assembly, disperse waste heat, and capture the electricity generated by a fuel cell. Flow head meter: The meter uses Bernoulli's theorem to calculate the pipe flow pressure head. Its types include Critical flow nozzle; Elbow meter; Flow nozzle; Orifice meter; Venturi meter. Flow indicator: A device which indicates whether gas flow is present in a vent stream (40CFR60.611-91, see also 40CFR60.661; 264.1031-91). Flow line (or streamline): The path that a particle of water follows in its movement (Course 165.7). Flow line: The idealized path followed by particles of water (CWAIWbasics-04). Flow measurement: The direct-discharge and velocity-area are two major methods used for the measurements of flowing fluids. For the direct-discharge measurements, the following methods and apparatuses have been used, the choice depending on the flow conditions encountered: (1) Weighing the discharge. (2) Volumetric discharge measurement. (3) Orifice. (4) Standard weirs. Flow meter: An instrument for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid moving through a pipe or duct system. The instrument is
calibrated to give volume or mass rate of flow (cf. flow rate meter) (LBL-76107-air).
Flow model: A mathematical model of the effluent wastewater flow, developed through the use of multiple linear regression techniques (EPA-82/10). Flow nozzle meter: A water meter of the differential medium type in which the flow through the primary element or nozzle produces a pressure difference or differential head, which the secondary element or float tube then uses as an indication of the rate of flow (EPA-8211 If). Flow proportional composite sample: Composed of grab samples collected continuously or discretely in proportion to the total flow at time of collection or to the total flow since collection of the previous grab sample. The grab volume or frequency of grab collection may be varied in proportion to flow (40CFR471.02-91). Flow rate meter (or flowmeter): An instrument for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid moving through a pipe or duct system. The instrument is calibrated to give volume or mass rate of a flow (EPA-83/06). A flow can be expressed in volumetric or weight units per unit time. Thus, gases are generally measured in cubic feet per minute, steam in pounds per minutes, liquid in gallons per minute. The flow rate may be measured directly by attaching a rate device such as tachometer to volumetric meter (cf. liquid rate meter or gas rate meter). Flow rate meter: Types of the flow rate meter include (1) Liquid flow rate meter: (a) Coriolis flowmeter (see mass flowmeter) (b) Mass flowmeter (c) Orifice meter (d) Positive displacement meter (e) Rotameter (f) Vortex shedding meter (2) Gaseous flow rate meter; (3) Solid (sludge) rate meter: (a) Conveyer weighing system (b) Level indicator (c) Momentum flowmeter (d) Nuclear absorption (e) Stationary weight indicator (0Volumetric method. Flow rate: The rate, expressed in gallons- or liters-per-hour, at which a fluid escapes from a hole or fissure in a tank. Such measurements are also made of liquid waste, effluent, and surface water movement (EPA-97/12). Flow rate: The volume per time unit given to the flow of gases or other fluid substance which emerges from an orifice, pump, turbine, or passes along a conduit or channel (40CFR146.3-91). Flow regime: A term applied to describe the characteristics of particle motion in a fluid flow. It includes (cf. Reynolds Number) (EPA-84/09): (1) Laminar (Stokes) flow. (2) Transition (intermediate) flow. (3) Turbulent (Newton) flow. Flow through process tank: A tank that forms an integral part of a production process through which there is a steady, variable, recumng, or intermittent flow of materials during the operation of the process. Flow through process tanks do not include tanks used
for the storage of materials prior to their introduction into the production process or for the storage of finished products or byproducts from the production process (40CFR280.12-91).
Flow through test: A toxicity test in which water is renewed continuously in the test chambers, the test chemical being transported with the water used to renew the test medium (40CFR797.1350-91, see also 40CFR797.1350-91). Flow through: A continuous or an intermittent passage of test solution or dilution water through a test chamber or a holding or acclimation tank, with no recycling (40CFR795.120-91, see also 4OCFR797.1300; 797.1330; 797.1400; 797.1930; 797.1950; 797.1600; 797.1970-91). Flow velocity meter: For more related terms, see (1) Anemometa, (2) Current meter; and (3) Lysimeter. Flow work (or displacement work): The work which is required to push the fluid across the system boundary or to push the fluid in or out of a control volume (Jones-p98; Wark-p124). Flow: Moving along in a stream as water or different liquid. Flow: For more related terms, see (1) Confined flow; (2) Open channel flow; (3) Cross flow; (4) Cyclonic flow; (5) Dry weather flow; (6) Pipe flow; (7) Saturated flow; (8) Steady and unsteady flow; (9) Stoke flow; and (10) Uniform and non-uniform flow. Flowable: Pesticide and other formulations in which the active ingredients are finely ground insoluble solids suspended in a liquid. They are mixed with water for application (EPA-97/12). Flow-duration curve: A cumulative frequency curve that shows the percentage of time that specified discharges are equaled or exceeded (CWAhydrology-04). Flowing weWspring: A well or spring that taps ground water under pressure so that water rises without pumping. If the water rises above the surface, it is known as a flowing well (CWAJWscience-04). Flowing well: A well having sufficient artesian pressure head to discharge water above the land surface (NavyIEnv-04). Flowmeter: (1) A gauge that shows the speed of wastewater moving through a treatment plant. Also used to measure the speed of liquids moving through various industrial processes (EPA97112). (2) See also synonym, flow rate meter. Flowpath study: Network of clustered wells located along a flowpath extending from a recharge zone to a discharge zone, preferably a shallow stream. The studies examine the relations of land-use practices, groundwater flow, and contaminant occurrence and transport. These studies are located in the area of one of the land-use studies (CWNWquality-04).
Flowpath: An underground route for ground-water movement, extending from a recharge (intake) zone to a discharge (output) zone such as a shallow stream (CWNWbasics-04). Flue collar: A device provided on a fuel cell system to accommodate the vent connector. Flue dust: Solid particles (smaller than 100 microns) carried in the products of combustion (SW-108ts). Flue fed incinerator: An incinerator that is charged through a shaft that functions as a chute for charging waste and has a flue to cany the products of combustion. See incinerator for more related terms (SW-I 08ts). Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by dry injection: One of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). In dry injection systems, a dry alkaline material is injected into a flue gas stream. This is accomplished by pneumatically injecting the dry sorbent into a flue gas duct, or by precoating or continuously feeding sorbent onto a fabric filter surface. Most dry injection systems use pneumatic injection of dry alkaline material in the boiler furnace area or in the duct that precedes the ESP or baghouse. Sodiumbased sorbents are used more frequently than lime. Many dry injection systems have used nahcolite, a naturally occurring mineral which is 80% sodium bicarbonate found in large reserves in Colorado. Sodium carbonate (soda ash) is also used but is not as reactive as sodium bicarbonate. The major problem of using nahcolite is that it is not presently being mined on a commercial scale. Large investments must be made before it will be mined commercially. Other natural minerals such as raw trona have been tested; trona contains sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate (EPA-8 1/12, p8-27). Flue gas desulfurization by dry scrubbing process: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). In dry FGD, the flue gas containing SO2 is contacted with an alkaline material to produce a dry waste product for disposal. This technology includes: (1) FGD spray dryer with a baghouse or ESP: Injection of an alkaline slurry in a spray dryer with collection of dry particles in a baghouse or electrostatic precipitator (ESP). (2) FGD dry injection: Dry injection of alkaline material into the flue gas stream with collection of dry particles in a baghouse or ESP. (3) FGD other dry SO2 processes: Addition of alkaline material to the fuel prior to combustion. These technologies are capable of SO2emission reduction ranging from 60 to 90% depending on which system is used (EPA-81/12, p8-23). Flue gas desulfurization by lime scrubbing process: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Lime scrubbing uses an alkaline slurry made by adding lime (CaO), usually 90% pure, to water. The alkaline slurry is sprayed in the absorber and reacts with the SO2in the flue
gas. Insoluble calcium sulfite (CaS03) and calcium sulfate (CaS04) salts are formed in the chemical reaction that occurs in the scrubber and are removed as sludge. The sludge produced can be stabilized to produce an inert landfill material or can be stored in sludge ponds. See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses.
Flue gas desulfurization by limestone scrubbing process: One of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Limestone scrubbers are very similar to lime scrubbers. Limestone scrubbing uses an alkaline slurry from limestone (CaC03) in an absorber to react with SO2 in the flue gas. Calcium sulfite (CaS03) and calcium sulfate (CaS04) salts are formed in the reaction and are removed as sludge. Two major equipment differences between lime and limestone scrubbing are: (1) Their uses of feed preparation equipment; and (2) Their higher liquid-to-gas ratios (since limestone is less reactive than lime). Even with these differences, the processes are so similar that an FGD system can be set up to use either lime or limestone in the scrubbing liquid (EPA-81/12, p8-1 I). See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Flue gas desulfurization by magnesium oxide process: One of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Magnesium oxide scrubbing is a regenerable FGD process used to remove SO2 from combustion exhaust gas. Magnesium oxide (MgO) slurry absorbs SO2 and forms magnesium sulfite. Magnesium sulfite solids are separated by centrifugation and dried to remove moisture. The mixture is calcined to regenerate magnesium oxide and produce concentrated SO2 gas for production of sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur (EPA81/12, p8-21). See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Flue gas desulfurization by nonregenerable (throwaway) process: One of the SO2emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Nonregenerable FGD processes, also known as throwaway FGD processes, are those which generate a sludge or waste product as a result of SO2 emission reduction. The sludge is not reusable and must be disposed of properly in a pond or landfill (EPA-81/12, p8-7). Types of FGD nongenerable (throwaway) processes include (1) FGD lime scrubbing (EPA-84/03b, p8-6). (2) FGD limestone scrubbing (EPA-81/12, p8-1 I). (3) FGD double alkali scrubbing (EPA-84/03b, p8-15). (4) FGD sodium-based oncethrough scrubbing (EPA-84/03b, p8-20). Flue gas desulfurization by other dry SO2 process: One of the SOz emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Coal and limestone fuel mixture has been tested as a method for reducing SO2 emissions. This technology uses limestone injection with a low NO, burner. Another promising dry process, the Shell UOP process, uses a copper oxide catalyst for SO2 emission reduction. Shell UOP is a dry process that simultaneously removes both NO, and SO,
emissions. This process can also be designed to remove either compound separately (EPA-8 1112, p8-28).
Flue gas desulfurization by regenerable process: One of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Regenerable FGD processes are wet scrubbing processes that remove SO2 from the flue gas and generate salable (usable) products. Regenerable products include elemental sulfur, sulfuric acid, or in the case of lime or limestone scrubbing, gypsum (used for wallboard). Regenerable processes do not produce a sludge, thereby eliminating the sludge disposal problem (EPA-8 1112, p8-17). Types of FGD regenerable processes include (1) FGD Wellman-Lord (EPA-84/03b, p8-27). (2) FGD magnesium oxide (EPA-81/12, p8-21). (3) FGD citrate (EPA-81/12, p8-22 and EPA-84/03b, p8-26). Flue gas desulfurization by sodium-based once-through scrubbing: One of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Sodium-based throwaway (once-through) scrubbing systems are the overwhelming choice for FGD systems installed on industrial boilers. These systems use a clear liquid absorbent of either sodium carbonate (Na2C03), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHSO,). See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Flue gas desulfurization by spray dryer with a baghouse or ESP: One of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). In a FGD spray process, alkaline is injected into a spray dryer with dry particle collection in a baghouse or ESP. Spray dryers have been used in the chemical, food processing, and mineral preparation industries over the past 40 years. Spray dryers are vessels where hot flue gases are contacted with a finely atomized wet alkaline spray. The high temperatures of the flue gas, 250 to 400 F, evaporate the moisture from the wet alkaline sprays, leaving a dry powdered product. The dry product is collected in a baghouse or ESP. See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Flue gas desulfurization by Wellman-Lord process: One of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). The Wellman-Lord process is a regenerable FGD process used to reduce SO2 emissions from utility and industrial boilers and produces a usable or salable product. This process is sometimes referred to as the WellmanLordIAllied Chemical process, Allied Chemical is referring to the regeneration step. See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Flue gas desulfurization by wet scrubbing process: One of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Wet scrubbing processes use a liquid absorbent to absorb the SO2 gases. Wet scrubbing can be further categorized into: (1) FGD nongenerable (throwaway) process (EPA-81/12, p8-7). (a) FGD lime scrubbing (EPA-84/03b, p8-6). (b) FGD limestone scrubbing (EPA-81/12, p8-11). (c) FGD
double alkali scrubbing (EPA-84/03b, p8-15). (d) FGD sodiumbased once-through scrubbing (EPA-84/03b, p8-20). (2) FGD regenerable process (EPA-8 1/12, p8- 17). (a) FGD Wellman-Lord (EPA-84/03b, p8-27). (b) FGD magnesium oxide (EPA-81/12, p821). (c) FGD citrate (EPA-81/12, p8-22).
Flue gas desulfurization double by alkali process: One of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Dual-, or double-, alkali scrubbing is a nonregenerable or throwaway FGD process that uses a sodium based alkali solution to remove SO2from combustion exhaust gas. The sodium alkali solution absorbs SO2, and the spent absorbing liquor is regenerated with lime or limestone. Calcium sulfites and sulfates are precipitated and discarded as sludge. The regenerated sodium scrubbing solution is returned to the absorber loop. The dual-alkali process has reduced plugging and scaling problems in the absorber because sodium scrubbing compounds are very soluble. Dual-alkali systems are capable of 95% SO2 reduction. Particulate matter is removed prior to SO2 scrubbing by an electrostatic precipitator or a venturi scrubber. This is done to prevent fly ash erosion of the absorber internals and to prevent any appreciable oxidation of the sodium solution in the absorber due to catalytic elements in the fly ash (EPA-84/03b, p8-15). See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Flue gas desulfurization system comparison: See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Flue gas desulfurization: A technology that employs a sorbent, usually lime or limestone, to remove sulfur dioxide from the gases produced by burning fossil fuels. Flue gas desulfurization is current state-of-the art technology for major SO2 emitters, like power plants (EPA-97/12). Flue gas desulfurization: Any of several forms of chemical/physical processes that remove sulfur compounds formed during coal combustion. The devices, commonly called "scrubbers," combine the sulfur in gaseous emissions with another chemical medium to form inert "sludge" which must then be removed for disposal (CWAImining-04). Flue gas desulfurization: Equipment used to remove sulfur oxides from the combustion gases of a boiler plant before discharge to the atmosphere. Also referred to as scrubbers. Chemicals such as lime are used as scrubbing media (CAA/C02gas-04). Flue gas desulfurization: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). FGD refers to the removal of SO2from the process exhaust stream. It is the most popular technology used for controlling sulfur oxide emissions from combustion sources. The majority of FGD systems have been applied to combustion sources such as utility and some industrial coal-fired boilers. FGD systems are also used to reduce SO2 emissions from some industrial plants such as smelters, acid
plants, refineries, and pulp and paper mills. FGD scrubbing processes can either be wet or dry.
Flue gas recirculation (FGR): One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). A portion (10 to 30%) of the flue gas exhaust is recycled back into the main combustion chamber by removing it from the stack breeching and mixing it with the secondary air windbox. The gas enters directly into the combustion zone. This recirculated gas lowers the flame temperature and dilutes the oxygen content of the combustion air, thus lowering thermal NO, emissions (EPA-81/12, p7-10). Flue gas scrubber or washer: A type of equipment that removes fly ash and other objectionable materials from flue gases by the use of sprays, wet baffles, or other means that require water as the primary separation mechanism (SW-108ts). Flue gas washer or scrubber (or gas washer): Equipment for removing objectionable constituents from the products of combustion by means of spray, wet baffles, etc. (EPA-83). Flue gas: (1) Any gaseous effluent or combustion gas that is exiting a system. The combustion gas usually contains particulates and entire range of constituents such as N2, C02, and lesser quantities of SOx, NO,, CO, HCI, etc. (2) See also synonym, combustion gas. Flue gas: All gasses and products of combustion that leave a furnace by way of a flue or duct @CRA/management-04). Flue gas: The air coming out of a chimney after combustion in the burner it is venting. It can include nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides, particles, and many chemical pollutants (EPA-97/12). Flue loss: The loss of sensible heat and latent heat that is associated with a flue gas that is exiting from a combustor. Flue outlet: The exit port of a combustor for the escape of the flue gases. Flue: Any passage designed to carry combustion gases and entrained particulates (cf. stack) (SW-10th). Fluid bed roaster: A type of roasters in which the material is suspended in air during roasting (EPA-83103a). Fluid catalytic cracking unit catalyst regenerator: One or more regenerators (multiple regenerators) which comprise that portion of the fluid catalytic cracking unit in which coke bum-off and catalyst or contact material regeneration occurs, and includes the regenerator combustion air blower(s) (40CFR60.101-91). Fluid catalytic cracking unit: A refinery process unit in which petroleum derivatives are continuously charged; hydrocarbon
molecules in the presence of a catalyst suspended in a fluidized bed are fractured into smaller molecules, or react with a contact material suspended in a fluidized bed to improve feedstock quality for additional processing; and the catalyst or contact material is continuously regenerated by burning off coke and other deposits. The unit includes the riser, reactor, regenerator, air blowers, spent catalyst or contact material stripper, catalyst or contact material recovery equipment, and regenerator equipment for controlling air pollutant emissions and for heat recovery (40CFR60.101-91). Fluid potential: The mechanical energy per unit mass of water or other fluid at any given point in space and time, with respect to an arbitrary state and datum (Course 165.7). Fluid statics: Fluid statics is concerned with the static properties and behavior of fluids. In the case of liquids, this subject is known as hydrostatics; in the case of gases, it is called pneumatics (Perry73). Fluid temperature: The temperature at which a standard ash cone fuses down into a flat layer on the test base, when heated in accordance with a prescribed procedure. See temperature for more related terms. Fluid: Any material or substance which flows or moves whether in a semisolid, liquid, sludge, gas, or any other form or state (40CFR144.3-91, see also 40CFR144.3; 146.3; 147.2902-91). Other fluid-related terms include (1) Compressible fluid and (2) Incompressible fluid. Fluidized bed combustion (FBC): Oxidation of combustible materials within a bed of solid, inert (non-combustible) particles which under the action of vertical hot air flow will act as a fluid. Fluidized bed combustion technology: The combustion of fuel in a bed or series of beds (including but not limited to bubbling bed units and circulating bed units) of limestone aggregate (or other sorbent materials) in which these materials are forced upward by the flow of combustion air and the gaseous products of combustion (40CFR60.41b-91, see also 40CFR60.41c-91). Fluidized bed combustion: A combustion process in which heat is transferred from finely divided particles, such as sand, to combustible materials in a combustion chamber. The materials are supported and fluidized by a column of moving air (SW-108ts). Fluidized bed combustion: A method of burning particulate fuel, such as coal, in which the amount of air required for combustion far exceeds that found in conventional burners. The fuel particles are continually fed into a bed of mineral ash in the proportions of 1 part fuel to 200 parts ash, while a flow of air passes up through the bed, causing it to act like a turbulent fluid (CAA/C02gas-04). Fluidized bed combustion: A process with a high degree of ability to remove sulfur from coal during combustion. Crushed coal and limestone are suspended in the bottom of a boiler by an
upward stream of hot air. The coal is burned in this bubbling, liquid-like (or "fluidized") mixture. Rather than released as emissions, sulfur from combustion gases combines with the limestone to form a solid compound recovered with the ash (CWNmining-04). Fluidized bed combustion: For the control of SO2 emissions (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure), a grid supports a bed of coal and limestone (or dolomite) in the .firebox of the boiler. Combustion air is forced upward through the grid suspending the coal and limestone bed in a fluid-like motion. Natural gas is used to ignite the pulverized coal. Once the coal is ignited, the gas is turned OK The sulfur in the coal is oxidized to SOz and consequently combined with the limestone to form calcium sulfate (CaS04). The CaS04 and flyash particulate matter are usually collected in a baghouse or electrostatic precipitator (EPA-8 1/12, p8-5). Fluidized bed combustion: For more related terms, see: (1) Bubbling fluidized bed combustor and (2) Circulating fluidized bed combustor; Fluidized bed combustor: A type of RDF combustor that bums materials directly on a layer of material having a high melting point, such as sand (RCRA/management-04). Fluidized bed incinerator: An incinerator that uses a bed of hot sand or other granular material to transfer heat directly to waste. Used mainly for destroying municipal sludge (EPA-97/12). Fluidized bed incinerator: Fluidized bed incinerators may be either circulating or bubbling bed designs. Both types consist of a single refractory lined combustion vessel partially filled with inert granular materials such as sand, alumina, calcium carbonate, or other materials. Combustion air is supplied through a distributor plate at the base of the combustor at a rate sufficient to fluidize (bubbling bed) or entrain the bed material (circulating bed). In the circulating bed design, air velocities are higher and the solids are blown overhead, separated in a cyclone, and returned to the combustion chamber. Operating temperatures are normally maintained in the 760 to 870 C (1400 to 1600 F) range and excess air requirements range from 20 to 40% (40CFR60.51a-91). Fluidized bed reactor: A process in which heat is transferred from a churning suspension of finely divided particles, such as sand, to the suspended particles of introduced materials for calcining, heat treatment, regeneration, or combustion (cf. incinerator, fluidized bed) (EPA-83). Fluidized: A mass of solid particles that is made to flow like a liquid by injection of water or gas is said to have been fluidized. In water treatment, a bed of filter media is fluidized by backwashing water through the filter (EPA-97/12).
Flume wastewater: The discharge of flume water which is employed to convey beets into the beet sugar processing plant. See wastewater for more related terms (EPA-74/01a). Flume: A natural or man-made channel that diverts water (EPA97/12). Fluorescence analysis: See fluorometric analysis. Fluorescence analyzer: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or luminescence analyzer for various types). Fluorescence is a photoluminescent process in which light energy of a given wavelength is absorbed and light energy of a different wavelength is emitted. In this process, the molecule that is excited by the light energy typically remains excited for about to lo4 second. This period of time is sufficient for the molecule to dissipate some of this energy in the form of vibrational and rotational motions. When the remaining energy is re-emitted as light, the energy of the light will be lower and the light of a longer wavelength (shorter frequency) will be observed (EPA-84103a). Fluorescent lamp: An elechic discharge lamp in which phosphor materials transform ultraviolet radiation from mercury vapor ionization to a visible light (EPA-83/03).
Fluorine (F): A halogen element with atomic number 9; atomic weight 18.9984; density 1.505 glcc; melting point 219.6 C and boiling point -188.2 C. The element belongs to group VIIA of the periodic table. Fluorine (F): The lightest of the halogens that can substitute for hydrogen in many organic compounds. The resulting compounds are generally less flammable but more toxic and persistent in the environment (NavyIEnv-04). Fluorocarbon (FC): Any of a number of organic compounds analogous to hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine. Once used in the United States as a propellant for domestic aerosols, they are now found mainly in coolants and some industrial processes. FCs containing chlorine are called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). They are believed to be modifying the ozone layer in the stratosphere, thereby allowing more harmful solar radiation to reach the earth's surface (EPA97/12). Fluorometric analysis (fluorescence analysis or fluorometry): A method of chemical analysis by comparing the radiation intensity of a sample with a given radiation intensity of a fluorescing material. Fluorometry: See fluorometric analysis.
Fluorescent light ballast: A device that electrically controls fluorescent light fixtures and that includes a capacitor containing 0.1 kg or less of dielectric (40CFR761.3-91). Fluoridation: (1) The addition of a chemical to increase the concentration of fluoride ions drinking water to reduce the incidence of tooth decay (EPA-97/12). (2) The process of adding fluorine salts (e.g., NaF) to drinking water supplies to prevent dental decay. Fluoride formation: A chemical that in concentration of approximately 1.0 mglL is a preventive of tooth decay. Fluoride may occur naturally in water, or may be added in controlled amounts. Waters that contain excessive fluoride require defluoridation to reduce the fluoride content to an acceptable level (DOI-70104). Fluoride: A general reference to compounds containing fluorine. Presence of about 1.0 mg/L is beneficial for reduction of dental cavities. Concentrations greater than 1.8 mg/L may cause mottling of teeth (NavyEnv-04). Fluoride: Gaseous, solid, or dissolved compounds containing fluorine that result from industrial processes. Excessive amounts in food can lead to fluorosis (cf. total fluoride) (EPA-97/12). Fluorination: A chemical reaction of a fluorine with other compounds.
Fluorosis: An abnormal condition caused by excessive intake of fluorine, characterized chiefly by mottling of the teeth (EPA89/12). Flush: (1) To open a cold-water tap to clear out all the water which may have been sitting for a long time in the pipes. In new homes, to flush a system means to send large volumes of water gushing through the unused pipes to remove loose particles of solder and flux. (2) To force large amounts of water through liquid to clean out piping or tubing, storage, or process tanks (EPA97/12). Flushing liquor circulation tank: Any vessel that functions to store or contain flushing liquor that is separated from the tar in the tar decanter and is recirculated as the w o l d liquor to the gas collection system. See liquor for more related terms (40CFR61.131-91). Flushing liquor: In the steel industry, the water recycled in the collecting main for the purpose of cooling the gas as it leaves the ovens. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-74106a). Flushing: A method of transferring pigments from dispersions in water to dispersions in oil by displacement of the water by oil. The resulting dispersions are known as flushed colors (EPA-79112a). Fluvial deposit: A sedimentary deposit consisting of material transported by suspension or laid down by a river or stream (CWA/Wbasics-04).
FluviaUdeltaic: Pertaining to rivers, streams, ponds, or river deltas (Navy/Env-04).
Fly ash: The ash that is carried out of the furnace by the gas stream and collected by mechanical precipitators, electrostatic precipitators,, and/or fabric filters. Economizer ash is included when it is collected with fly ash (40CFR423.11-91).
Fluvial: Found or produced in a river (DOE-91/04). Fluvial: Pertaining to a river or stream (CWAIWbasics-04). Flux material: A substance used to promote fusion; e.g., of metals or minerals (CAA/C02gasl-04). Flux: A flowing or flow. For example, the flow of water through a pumping well can be called the flux (NavyEnv-04). Flux: A substance used to help metals fuse together (EPA-97/12). Flux: Materials added to a fusion process (molten metal) (in a furnace to promote melting) for the purpose of removing impurities from the hot metal (EPA-74106a). Flux: The rate of transport of a (air) quantity (NATO-78/10).
Fly ash: The ash that is noncombustible particles formed primarily during the combustion of coal and is carried out of the h a c e by the stream and collected by air pollution control equipment such as mechanical precipitators, electrostatic precipitators, and/or fabric filters. Economizer ash is included when it is collected with fly ash (EPA-84/09; EPA-8211 la). Fly ash: The component of coal which results from the combustion of coal, and is the finely divided mineral residue which is typically collected from boiler stack gases by electrostatic precipitator or mechanical collection devices (40CFR249.04-9 1). Fly ash: The finely divided particles of ash suspended in gases resulting from the combustion of fuel. Electrostatic precipitators are used to remove fly ash from the gases prior to the release from a power plant's smokestack (CWMmining-04).
Fluxing salt (or covering flux): Sodium chloride or a mixture of equal parts of sodium and potassium chlorides containing varying amounts of cryolite. Used to remove and gather contaminants at the surface of molten scrap (EPA-76/12).
Fly carbon: Fine particles of carbon carried by gases leaving a combustion system; usually also contain ash. See carbon for more related terms (EPA-83).
Fluxing: Dissolving or melting of a substance by chemical actions (cf. degassing) (SW-108ts).
Flyway: A specific air route taken by birds during migration (CWMWbasics-04).
Fly ash collector: (1) Equipment for removing fly ash (particulates) from the combustion gases prior to their discharge to the atmosphere (EPA-83). (2) A device for removing fly ash from combustion gases. See collector for more related terms (EPA-83).
Foam fractionation: See froth flotation. Foam separation: See froth flotation. Foam: A layer of bubbles on the surface of molten glass (EPA-83).
Fly ash reinjection: Recycling of fly ash (usually containing significant carbon) to the furnace complete burnout of remaining combustibles. See ash for more related terms (EPA-83). Fly ash: Non-combustible residual particles expelled by flue gas (EPA-97/12). Fly ash: Particles of ash, such as particulate matter which may also have metals attached them, that are carried up the stack of a combustion unit with gases during combustion (RCRA/hazardous04). Fly ash: Small, solid particles of ash and soot generated when coal, oil, or waste materials are burned. Fly ash is suspended in the flue gas after combustion and is removed by pollution control equipment (RCRAImanagement-04). Fly ash: Suspended particles, charred paper, dust, soot, and other partially oxidized matter carried in the products of combustion (40CFR240.101-91).
Foam-in-place insulation foam: The rigid cellular foam produced by catalyzed chemical reactions that hardens at the site of the work. The term includes spray-applied and injected applications such as spray-in-place foam and pour-in-place (40CFR248.4-91). Fodder: Coarse food for domestic livestock (CAA/C02gasl-04). Fog coating (mist coating or uniforming coating): A thin coating applied to plastic parts that have molded-in color or texture or both to improve color uniformity. See coating for more related terms (40CFR60.721-91). Fog: A loose term applied to visible aerosols in which the dispersed phase is liquid. Formation by condensation is usually implied. In meteorology, a dispersion of water or ice (LBL-76107air). Fog: Water droplets suspended in the atmosphere near the earth surface, which reduce the horizontal visibility (NATO-78110).
Fogging: Applying a pesticide by rapidly heating the liquid chemical so that it forms very fine droplets that resemble smoke or fog. Used to destroy mosquitoes, black flies, and similar pests (EPA-97/12). FOIA: Freedom of Information Act, 5 USC 552 et seq (USDM water-04). Folding boxboard: A paperboard suitable for the manufacture of folding cartons (40CFR250.4-91). Folding stock: Paper made from long pulp fibers (EPA-83). Folding strength: A test which indicates the physical resistance of the paper to creasing and recreasing (EPA-83). Fomite: An inanimate object that can harbor or transmit pathogenic organisms (SW- 108ts). Food additive regulation: A regulation issued pursuant to FFDCA section 409 that states the conditions under which a food additive may be safely used. A food additive regulation under this part ordinarily establishes a tolerance for pesticide residues in or on a particular processed food or a group of such foods. It may also specify: (1) The particular food or classes of food in or on which a food additive may be used. (2) The maximum quantity of the food additive which may be used in or on such food. (3) The manner in which the food additive may be added to or used in or on such food. (4) Directions or other labelling or packaging requirements for the food additive (40CFR177.3-91). Food additive: Any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its becoming a component of or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food (including any such substance intended for use in producing, manufacturing, packing, processing, preparing, treating, packaging, transporting, or holding food), except that such term does not include (1) A pesticide chemical in or on a raw agricultural commodity. (2) A pesticide chemical to the extent that it is intended for use or is used in the production, storage, or transportation of any raw agricultural commodity. (3) A color additive. (4) Any substance used in accordance with a sanction or approval granted prior to September 6, 1958, pursuant to the FFDCA, the Poultry Products Inspection Act, or the Federal Meat Inspection Act. (5) A new animal drug. (6) A substance that is generally recognized, among experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate its safety, as having been adequately shown through scientific procedures (or, in the case of a substance used in food prior to January, 1, 1958, through either scientific procedures or experience based on common use in food) to be safe under the conditions of its intended use (40CFR177.391). Food and Drug Administration Action Level (FDAAL): Under section 408 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as
amended, concentration of a poisonous or deleterious substance in human food or animal feed at or above which FDA will take legal action to remove adulterated products from the market. Only FDAALs established for fish and shellfish apply in the HRS (40CFR300-App/A-91). Food chain crops: The tobacco, crops grown for human consumption, and animal feed for animals whose products are consumed by humans (40CFR257.3.5-91, see also 40CFR260.1091). Food chain: (1) A sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next, lower member of the sequence as a food source (EPA-97/12). (2) The pathways by which any material entering the environment passes from the first absorbing organism through plants and animals to humans (DOE-91/04). Food chain: A sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next, lower member of the sequence as a food source (Navy/Env04). Food processing waste: Food residues produced during agricultural and industrial operations (EPA-97/12). Food processing waste: The waste resulting from operations that alter the form or composition of agriculture products for marketing purposes. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83). Food to microorganism ratio (F:M ratio): The ratio of organic material (food) to mixed liquid (microorganisms) in an aerated sludge aeration basin (EPA-85/10). Food may be expressed in pounds of suspended solids, COD, or BOD5 added per day to the aeration tank, and microorganisms may be expressed as mixed liquor suspended solids or mixed liquor volatile suspended solids in the aeration tank (EPA-74/05). Food waste disposer: See garbage grinding (EPA-83). Food waste: The organic residues generated by the handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking, and serving of foods; commonly called garbage. See waste for more related terms (40CFR246.101-91). Food waste: Uneaten food and food preparation wastes from residences and commercial establishments such as grocery stores, restaurants, produce stands, institutional cafeterias and kitchens, and industrial sources like employee lunchrooms (EPA-97/12). Food web: A relationship of food chains. Food web: The feeding relationships by which energy and nutrients are transferred from one species to another (EPA-97/12). Foot: The residues of refining fats or oils which contain color bodies, insolubles, suspended matter, etc. (EPA-74104~).
Footing: A concrete or stone base which supports a foundation wall and which is used to distribute the weight of the house over the soil or subgrade underlying the house (EPA-88/08).
operating problem. This reduction in power level is not voluntary and cannot be delayed.
Force account work: The use of the recipients own employees or equipment for construction, construction-related activities (including A and E services), or for repair or improvement to a facility (40CFR30.200-91).
Forced draft burner: The positive pressure created by the action of a fan or a blower, which supplies the primary or secondary combustion air to a burner. A forced draft burner is a burner for which air for combustion is supplied by a fan or a blower located upstream of the burner.
Force main: A pipe in which wastewater is carried under pressure (DOI-70104).
Forced draft fan: A fan to push air or gases. See fan for more related terms (EPA-83).
Force majeure: Those events which, by their uncontrollable nature, legally nullify and void commitments made. In environmental cleanup, failure of Congress to appropriate sufficient funds to allow the federal government to meet its legal cleanup commitments is often termed a "force majeure," which would require renegotiation of commitments (OMBIReg-04).
Forced draft tower: See mechanical draft tower.
Force: The action of one body on another which causes acceleration of the second body. See force in Appendix B for more information. Force: The amount of muscular effort required to perform a task. Generally, the greater the force, the greater the degree of risk. High force has been associated with work related musculoskeletal disorders at the shoulderlneck, the low back, and the foreadwristhand (OSHA/ergonomics-04). Forced air blower: The forced air blower provides the combustion air needed to bum the oil or gas fuel and, if oil is used, the atomizing air. See blower or burner component for more related terms (EPA-89103b). For an incinerator, it includes: (1) Primary combustion chamber air blower. (2) Secondary combustion chamber air blower. Forced air furnace: A central unit (air conditioner or heat pump) that functions by recirculating the house air through a heat exchanger. A forced-air furnace is distinguished from a central hot-water space heating system, or electric resistance heating. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-8/88). Forced convection: In atmosphere: (1) The vertical transport of atmospheric properties, e.g., caused by orographic lifting or horizontal wind convergence, which results in an ascending air motion. (2) The vertical mixing of atmospheric properties by mechanical turbulence (NATO-78/10). (3) See convection for more related terms. Forced convection: In liquid, a fluid flow caused by using a pump or another similar device (EPA-88109a). Forced derating hour: Time that is measured in hours that a generating unit is required to operate at less than full power (and, therefore, in a derating mode) because of a maintenance or
Forced draft: The positive pressure created by the action of a fan or a blower, which supplies the primary or secondary combustion air in an incinerator. See draft for more related terms (OME-88/12). Forced draught: The system used in mechanical-draught cooling towers whereby the air is forced into the tower by a fan. See draught for more related terms (Gurney-66). Forced expiratory volume (FEVI) at one second: The volume of air which can be forcibly exhaled during the first second of expiration following a maximal inspiration (EPA-90108). Forced outage rate: The mean number downtime hours due to the failures of a component per unit operating time. Usually operating exposure time is expressed in years. Forced outage: A power failure due to unexpected power interruption (including the failures of a system component, improper operation, or human error). Forced vital capacity (FVC): The maximal volume of air which can be exhaled as forcibly and rapidly as possible after a maximal inspiration (EPA-90108). Foreign offshore unit: A facility which is located, in whole or in part, in the territorial sea or on the continental shelf of a foreign country and which is or was used for one or more of the following purposes: exploring for, drilling for, producing, storing, handling, transferring, processing, or transporting oil produced from the seabed beneath the foreign country's territorial sea or form the foreign country's continental shelf (OPA1001-91). Forest influence: Effects resulting from the presence of forest or brush upon climate, soil water, runoff, streamflow, floods, erosion, and soil productivity (CWAA~ydrology-04). Forest residue: Refers to all residues left in the forest after harvesting. Forest residues include logging residues, cull trees and partially rotten trees left standing after logging, and branches left on the forest floor. See solid waste (EPA-83).
Forest: A concentration of trees and related vegetation in nonurban areas sparsely inhabited by and infrequently used by humans; characterized by natural terrain and drainage patterns (40CFR171.2-91). Forging: The exertion of pressure on dies or rolls surrounding heated aluminum stock, forcing the stock to change shape and in the case where dies are used to take the shape of the die. The forging subcategory is based on the forging process (40CFR467.02-91, see also 40CFR471.02-91). Form bond: A lightweight commodity paper designed primarily for business forms including computer printout and carbonless paper forms. See manifold business forms (40CFR250.4-91). Formal action: An enforcement action, frequently in the form of an administrative order, that is taken when a serious violation is detected, or when the owner and operator does not respond to an informal action (RCRAhazardous-04). Formal amendment: A written modification of an assistance agreement signed by both the authorized representative of the recipient and the award official (40CFR30.200-91). Formal hearing: Any evidentiary hearing under subpart E or any panel hearing under subpart F but does not mean a public hearing conducted under 40CFR124.12 (40CFR124.2-c-91). Formaldehyde (CH20): A colorless, pungent, initating gas, CH20, used chiefly as a disinfectant and preservative and in synthesizing other compounds and resins (EPA-97/12). Formalin: A solution of formaldehyde in water (EPA-75101a). Formation (forming): (1) A body of consolidated or unconsolidated rock characterized by a degree of lithologic homogeneity which is prevailingly, but not necessarily, tabular and is mappable on the earth's surface or traceable in the subsurface (40CFR144.3-91, see also 40CFR146.3; 147.2902-91). (2) An electrochemical process which converts the battery electrode material into the desired chemical condition; e.g., in a silver-zinc battery the silver applied to the cathode is converted to silver oxide and the zinc oxide applied to the anode is converted to elemental zinc. Formation is generally used interchangeably with charging, although it may involve a repeated charge-discharge cycle (EPA-84/08). (3) Application of voltage to an electrolytic capacitor, electrolytic rectifier or semiconductor device to produce a desired permanent change in electrical characteristics as part of the manufacturing process (EPA-83/03). (4) Arrangement of the fibers in a sheet of paper. An irregular arrangement is termed wild and a uniform arrangement is called close (EPA-83). Formation fluid: The fluid present in a formation under natural conditions as opposed to introduced fluids, such as drilling mud (40CFR144.3; 146.3-91).
Formation: A unit of geologic mapping consisting of an identifiable rock material that also has lateral or vertical continuity (NavyIEnv-04). Formation: Any assemblage of rocks which have some character in common, whether of origin, age, or composition. Often, the word is loosely used to indicate anything that has been formed or brought into its present shape (CWAImining-04). Formazan (triphenyltetrazolium chloride): A color indicator used in the quantitative estimation of oxidation-reduction equilibria involving hydrogen transfer (LBL-76107-water). Former: A machine which transforms pulp into a sheet of paper or paperboard (EPA-83). Formerly used Defense sites (FUDS): FUDS are properties formerly owned by, leased to, used by, or otherwise under the operational control of the Department of Defense (OMBReg-04). Formic acid (or mathanoic acid, HCOOH): A toxic, corrosive liquid used in tanning, electroplating, and coagulating rubber latex. Forming: A set of manufacturing operations in which metals and alloys are made into semifinished products by hot or cold working (40CFR471.02-9 1). Formula quantity: The strategic special nuclear material in any combination in a quantity of 5000 grams or more computed by the formula, grams=(grams contained uZ3') + 2.5(grams uZ3'+ grams plutonium) (10CFR70.4-91). Formulating and packaging: The physical mixing of technical grade pesticide ingredients into liquids, dusts and powders, or granules and their subsequent packaging into marketable containers (40CFR455.41-91). Formulation: (1) The process of mixing, blending, or dilution of one or more active ingredients with one or more other active or inert ingredients, without an intended chemical reaction, to obtain manufacturing use product or an end use product; or (2) The repackaging of any registered product (40CFR158.153-91). Formulation: The pesticide product as purchased, containing a mixture of one or more active ingredients, carriers (inert ingredients), and other additives diluted for safety and ease of application (FIFRAIWN-04). Formulation: The substance or mixture of substances which is comprised of all active and inert ingredients in a pesticide (EPA97/12). Fortrel fiber: The trademark of fiber industries for polyester fiber. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b).
Forward mutation assay: To detect a gene mutation from the parental type to the mutant form which gives rise to a change in an enzymatic or functional protein (40CFR798.5300-91). Forward mutation: A gene mutation from the wild (parent) type to the mutant condition (cf. reverse mutation) (40CFR798.5 140-91, see also 40CFR798.5250-91). Forward stepping multiple linear regression: A multiple linear regression procedure in which the order that the independent variables enter into the regression model is determined by the respective contribution of each variable to explain the variability of the dependent variables. See regression for more related terms (EPA-79112~). Fossil fuel and wood residue fired steam generating unit: A furnace or boiler used in the process of burning fossil fuel and wood residue for the purpose of producing steam by heat transfer (40CFR60.4 1-91).
foundations, and at common foundation wall assemblies between conditioned basement volumes (40CFR248.4-91).
Foundry coke by-product recovery plant: A coke by-product recovery plant connected to coke batteries whose annual coke production is at least 75% foundry coke (40CFR61.131-91). Foundry coke: Coke that is produced from raw materials with less than 26% volatile material by weight and that is subject to a coking period of 24 hours or more. Percent volatile material of the raw materials (by weight) is the weighted average percent volatile material of all raw materials (by weight) charged to the coke oven per coking cycle (40CFR61.13 1-91). Foundry coke: The residue from the destructive distillation of coal. A primary ingredient in the making of cast iron in the cupola. Because of the nature of the destructive distillation process and impurities in the coal, the coke may contain residuals of toxic pollutants such as phenol, benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and nitrosamines (EPA-8511Oa).
Fossil fuel fired steam generating unit: A furnace or boiler used in the process of buming fossil fuel for the purpose of producing steam by heat transfer (40CFR60.41-91).
Foundry: A facility engaged in the melting or casting of beryllium metal or alloy (40CFR61.31-91).
Fossil fuel fired steam generator: A furnace or boiler used in the process of burning fossil fuel for the primary purpose of producing steam by heat transfer (40CFR51.100-91).
Fountain solution: The solution which is applied to the image plate to maintain hydrophilic properties of the non-image areas (40CFR52.741-91).
Fossil fuel: Any naturally occumng fuel of an organic nature, such as coal, crude oil, and natural gas (CWAImining-04).
Four (4) 9s: 99.99% destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) for hazardous waste incineration standards required by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (cf. six 9s).
Fossil fuel: Any naturally occumng organic fuel formed in the earth's crust, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas (CAA/C02gas-04). Fossil fuel: Fuel derived from ancient organic remains, e.g., peat, coal, crude oil, and natural gas (EPA-97/12). Fossil fuel: Fuels such as coal and oil that are generated by the decay of plant andlor animal matter under conditions of heat and pressure (ETI-92). Fossil fuel: Natural gas, petroleum, coal, and any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such materials for the purpose of creating useful heat (40CFR60.41; 60.41a; 60.161-91). Fouling: Material accumulates in flow passages or on heat absorbing surfaces in an incinerator or other combustion chambers. Fouling causes impedance to the flow of fluids or heat (cf. slag) (SW-108ts). Foundation insulation: A material, primarily designed to resist heat flow, which is installed in foundation walls between conditioned volumes and unconditioned volumes and the outside or surrounding earth, at the perimeters of concrete slab-on-grade
Four (4) Rs: Four major activities for waste minimization, namely, reduction; reuse; recycle; and regeneration. Four (4)-AAP colorimeteric method: An analytical method used to detect and quantify total phenols and total phenolic compounds. The method involves the reaction of phenols with a color developing agent, 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) (cf. phenols 4AAP) (EPA-85110a). Four center transition state: A transition state where four partial (one electron or three electron) bonds are formed; primarily results in the elimination of a stable molecule from the reactant (EPA88/12). Four-hour block average or 4-hour block average: The average of all hourly emission rates when the affected facility is operating and combusting MSW measured over four-hour periods of time from 12 midnight to 4 a.m., 4 a.m. to 8 a.m., 8 a.m. to 12 noon, 12 noon to 4 p.m., 4 p.m. to 8 p.m., and 8 p.m. to 12 midnight (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Four-wheel drive general utility vehicle: A four-wheel drive, general purpose automobile capable of off-highway operation that has a wheelbase not more than 110 inches and that has a body
shape similar to a 1977 Jeep CJ-5 or CJ-7, or the 1977 Toyota Land Cruiser, as defined by the Secretary of Transportation at 49CFR553.4 (40CFR600.002.85-42-91).
at specific boiling point ranges (EPA-87llOa). (2) The process of separating a mixture into components having different properties (as by distillation, precipitation, or screening) (LBL-76107-air).
Fourcault process: The method of making sheet glass by drawing vertically upward from a slotted debiteuse block (EPA-83).
Fractionation operation: A distillation operation or method used to separate a mixture of several volatile components of different boiling points in successive stages, each stage removing from the mixture some proportion of one of the components (40CFR264.1031-91).
Fourdrinier: A machine for the continuous manufacture of paper. It consists essentially of a wide endless wire mesh belt on which the pulp is dewatered and a drying section to form the paper web (EPA-83). Fourier analysis: The representation of physical or mathematical data by Fourier series or by a Fourier integral (NATO-78/10). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyzer (FTS-IR): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). The analyzer uses a rapid scanning interferometer consisting of two mirrors, one movable and one fixed, and a beam splitter. The beam splitter reflects back 50% and transmits 50% of the incoming infrared radiation. These two beams are then reflected back towards the beam splitter by the two mirrors. Depending on the position of the moving mirror, these two beams recombine at the beam splitter with a specific path difference between them. This produces the interferogram. The interferogram is generated by the interferometer modulating the infrared beam as the moving mirror is translated. The modulation frequencies depend on the wavelength of the incident radiation and the velocity of the moving mirror. The interferogram is produced after absorption by a sample, the modulated radiation reaches the detector where intensity is recorded as a function of path difference. The FTS-IR is capable of measurement ranges from the near visible to less than 10 an-'and is compatible with gas chromatograph systems. Its analysis can be performed in close to real time (EPA-84103a). Four-zereone (401) (a) certification: A requirement of Section 401(a) of the Clean Water Act that all federally issued permits be certified by the state in which the discharge occurs. The state certifies that the proposed permit will comply with state water quality standards and other state requirements (CWAIwastewater04).
Fracture: A break in a rock formation due to structural stresses; e.g., faults, shears, joints, and planes of fracture cleavage (EPA97/12). Fracture: A general term to include any kind of discontinuity in a body of rock if produced by mechanical failure, whether by shear stress or tensile stress. Fractures include faults, shears, joints, and planes of fracture cleavage (CWAImining-04). Fracture: Generally any break in a rock, whether or not it causes displacement, due to mechanical failure by stress; includes cracks, joints, and faults (Navy/Env-04). Frameshift mutagens: The agents which cause the addition or deletion of single or multiple base pairs in the DNA molecule (4OCFR798.5265; 798.5300-91). Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC): An agreement opened for signature at the "earth ~umrnit"in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on June 4, 1992, which has the goal of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent significant anthropogenically forced climate change. See climate change (CAA/C02gasl-04). Framework: At the simplest level, a framework provides a means of categorizing information about a subject. Three important kinds of frameworks for environmental information collection, analysis and reporting are: models of a decision-making process or strategy, conceptual models of the "causal flow" of human-environment interactions, and spatial frameworks, i.e., ecosystem or land classification systems. These three types of frameworks are complementary and actually represent three dimensions of the information generation process (EPA-95/04).
FQPA: The Food Quality Protection Act. See Act or FQPA. Fraction: A sample fraction may contain numerous analytes which are amenable to analysis using a common analytical technique. Navy PE sample fractions include volatile organics, semivolatile organics, pesticides, PCBs, and metals. Typical sample fractions for specialty PE analyses include total petroleum hydrocarbons for gasoline; total petroleum hydrocarbons for diesel fuel; and dioxins (SA-04). Fractionation (or fractional distillation): (1) The separation of constituents, or group of constituents, of a liquid mixture of miscible and volatile substances by vaporization and recondensing
Franchise collection: The solid waste collection made by a private firm that is given exclusive right to collect for a fee paid by customers in a specific territory or from specific types of customers. See waste collection for more related terms (SW-108ts). Franchising: The exclusive right granted a contractor to collect andor dispose of solid wastes from a district or community, generally conferred by a governing political body (EPA-83). Francium (Fr): A alkali, radioactive metal with atomic number 87; atomic weight 223; density 2.4 g/cc; melting point 27 C and
boiling point 677 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table.
cyanide are steam distilled and returned to the gas stream (cf. lime leg) (EPA-74106a).
Frank-effect level (FEL): Exposure level which produces unmistakable adverse effects, such as irreversible functional impairment or mortality, at a statistically or biologically significant increase in frequency or severity between an exposed population and its appropriate control (EPA-90108; 92/12).
Free liquid: The liquids which readily separate from the solid portion of a waste under ambient temperature and pressure (40CFR260.10-91).
Frazil (frazil ice): A French-Canadian term for fine spicular ice, derived from the French for cinders which this variety of ice most resembles. When formed in salt water, it is known as lolly ice. It is composed of fine particles which, when first formed, are colloidal and not seen in the water in which they are floating (CWAIhydrology-04). Free atmosphere: The portion of the atmosphere above the planetary boundary layer. It is no longer influenced by the presence of the Earth's surface. See atmosphere for more related terms (NATO-87110). Free available chlorine: The value obtained using the amperometric titration method for free available chlorine described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, page 112 (13th edition). See chlorine for more related terms (40CFR423.11-91).
Free moisture: The liquid that will drain freely by gravity from solid materials (40CFR240.101; 241.101-91). Free product: A petroleum hydrocarbon in the liquid free or nonaqueous phase. See non-aqueous phase liquid (EPA-97/12). Free product: Organic contaminant existing as a separate liquid phase (Navy/Env-04). Free product: Refers to a regulated substance that is present as a non-aqueous phase liquid (e.g., liquid not dissolved in water) (40FR280.12-91). Free radical (or radical): (1) A molecule or atom with at least one unpaired valence electron (EPA-88/12). (2) An atom or a group of atoms, such as triphenyl methyl (C&-)$-, characterized by the presence of at least one unpaired electron. Free radicals are effective in initiating many polymerizations (EPA-75/01a).
Free chlorine: The chlorine present in solutions in the aqueous (Cld, hypochlorous acid (HOCI), or hypochlorite ion (OCT) forms. See chlorine for more related terms (EPA-88109a).
Free residual chlorination: The application of chlorine to water, sewage, or industrial wastes to produce directly or through the destruction of ammonia, or of certain organic nitrogenous compounds, free chlorine residual. See chlorination for more related terms (EPA-8211 If).
Free convection: In atmosphere: (1) The vertical transport of atmospheric properties caused by the vertical air motions induced by buoyancy forces; and (2) The vertical mixing of atmospheric properties by thermal turbulence (NATO-78/10). (3) See convection for more related terms.
Free residual chlorine: The unreacted hypochlorous acid (HOCI), or hypochlorite ibn (OCV forms. See chlorine for more related terms.
Free cyanide: (1) True: The actual concentration of cyanide radical or equivalent alkali cyanide not combined in complex ions with metals in solutions. (2) Calculated: The concentration of cyanide or alkali cyanide present in solution in excess of that calculated as necessary to form a specified complex ion with a metal or metals present in solution. (3) Analytical: The free cyanide content of solution as determined by a specified analytical method (EPA-83106a). (4) See cyanide for more related terms. Free field: Sound waves from a source outdoors where there are no obstructions (NCAIsound-04). Free groundwater: The groundwater in aquifers that are not bounded by or confined in impervious strata. See groundwater for more related terms (SW-108ts). Free leg: In the steel industry, a portion of the ammonia still from which ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen
Free stall barn shaly: The specialized facilities wherein producing cows are permitted free movement between resting and feeding areas (40CFR412.11-91). Free surface: The boundary between atmosphere and water. Free water: The suspended water on a surface that is free to move as distinguished from absorbed or inherent water. See water for more related terms (EPA-83). Freeboard: (1) Vertical distance from the normal water surface to the top of the confining wall. (2) The vertical distance from the sand surface to the underside of a trough in a sand filter (EPA97/12). Freeboard: The vertical distance between the top of a tank or surface impoundment dike, and the surface of the waste contained therein (40CFR260.10-91).
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): The Act that grants private parties the right to obtain information in the government's possession. FOIA requires each federal agency to establish procedures for handling requests regarding government statutes, regulations, standards, permit conditions, requirements, orders, and policies (RCRAlhazardous-04). Freeness tester: Instrument use for the measurement of the rate at which water drains from a suspension of water and pulp on a wire mesh (EPA-83). Freeness: A measure of the rate with which water drains from a stock suspension through a wire mesh screen or a perforated plate. It is also known as slowness or wetness (EPA-87/10). Freeze area: That portion of the Boston Intrastate Region enclosed within the following boundaries: the City of Cambridge; that portion of the City of Boston from the Charles River and the Boston Inner Harbor on north and northeast of pier 4 on Northern Avenue; by the east side of pier 4 to B Street, B Street extension of B Street to B Street, B Street, Dorchester Avenue, and the Preble Street to Old Colony Avenue, then east to the water, then by the water's edge around Columbia Point on various courses generally easterly, southerly, and westerly to the center of the bridge on Monissey Boulevard, on the east and southeast; then due west to Freeport Street, Freeport Street, Dorchester Avenue, Southeast Expressway, Southampton Street, Reading Street, Island Street, Chadwick Street, Carlow Street, Albany Street, Hunneman Street, Madison Street, Windsor Street, Cabot Street, Ruggles Street, Parker Street, Ward Street, Huntington Avenue, BrooklineBoston municipal boundary, Mountford Street to the Boston University Bridge on the southwest and west; and the Logan International Airport. Where a street or roadway forms a boundary the entire right-of-way of the street is within the freeze area as defined (40CFR52.1128-4-91). Freeze drying (or lyophilization): A concentration process that relies on a refrigeration cycle with vacuum. At temperatures below 0 C, water is removed by sublimation as long as the partial pressure of moisture in the gas phase over the sample is less than the vapor pressure of water in the sample. The drying operation usually proceeds in two stages. In the first, most of the water as ice is sublimed from the frozen sample in a high-vacuum system. The temperature is kept well below 0 C. In the second stage, the nearly dry product is dried at a higher temperature, depending on stability, in order to attain a minimum moisture level in the shortest time. Removal of water vapor under high vacuum must be efficient to maintain low vapor pressure in the system. Freeze: See 40CFR52.1135-91. Freezing out: A process consisting of the collection of one or several components of a gaseous mixture by simple cooling of the gas stream in a device which retains the condensate (LBL-76107air).
Freezing point temperature: The temperature at which a given liquid substance will solidify or freeze on removal of heat. Freezing point of water is 0 C. See temperature for more related terms. Freezing thawing: Method ASTM C-67 for determining brick durability (EPA-83). French drain (perimeter drain, channel drain, or floating slab): A water drainage technique installed in basements of some houses during initial construction. If present, typically consists of a 1- or 2-in. gap between the basement wall and the concrete floor slab around the entire perimeter inside the basement to allow water to drain to aggregate under the slab and then soak away (EPA-88/08). Freon: A trade name for a group of chemical compounds, typically chloroflurocarbons, used as refrigerants (EPA-88/12). Frequency (hertz, cycles per sound): Measures the rate of vibration of sound. High frequencies have a high pitch, like a whistle, while low frequency sounds are more like the rumble of a truck or airplane (NCNnoise-04). Frequency analysis: An analysis of sound to determine the character of the sound by determining the amount of sounds of various frequencies that make up the overall sound spectrum. i.e. Higher frequency sound or pitch vs. low frequency (NCNsound04). Frequency distribution curve: This curve is usually plotted on regular coordinate (linear) paper. The curve describes the amount of material (particles) failing within each size range. When gas borne particles produced in industrial operations are measured, the data has a tendency to show a preferential particle size. A plot of percent mass versus particle size on a linear scale gives a curve with a peak at the preferential size. See particle size presentation for more related terms (Course 4 13, p4- 12). Frequency: For a function periodic in time, the reciprocal of the period. Unit, hertz (HZ) (ANSI S1.l-1994: frequency) (NCNsound-04). Frequency: How often criteria can be exceeded without unacceptably affecting the community (EPA-85/09; 91/03). Frequency: Number of cycles per unit time (LBL-76107-bio). Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): Superfund's Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) provides the public with explanations of some commonly misunderstood concepts and answers to some basic and general questions about the Superfund program (SFIremedy-04). Fresh feed: Any petroleum derivative feedstock stream charged directly into the riser or reactor of a fluid catalytic cracking unit
except for petroleum derivatives recycled within the fluid catalytic cracking unit, fractionator, or gas recovery unit (40CFR60.101-91).
Fresh granular triple superphosphate: The granular triple superphosphate produced no more than 10 days prior to the date of the performance test (40CFR60.241-91). Fresh sludge: See green sludge. Fresh water: (1) Underground source of drinking water (40CFR147.2902-91). (2) Water that generally contains less than 1000 milligrams-per-liter of dissolved solids (EPA-89/12). (3) See water for more related terms. Fresh water: Water that generally contains less than 1000 mg/L of dissolved solids (NavyIEnv-04). Fresh water: Water that generally contains less than 1000 milligrams-per-liter of dissolved solids (EPA-97/12).
Friable asbestos material: Any material containing more than one percent asbestos by weight which, when dry, may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure (40CFR763.12 1-91, see also 40CFR61.14 1-91). Friable asbestos: Any material containing more than one percent asbestos, and that can be crumbled or reduced to powder by hand pressure (may include previously non-friable material which becomes broken or damaged by mechanical force) (EPA-97/12). Friable asbestos-containing material: Any asbestos-containing material applied on ceiling, walls, structures members, piping, duct work, or any other part of a building which when dry may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure. The term includes non-friable asbestos-containing material after such previously non-friable material becomes damaged to the extent that when dry it may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure (TSCA202-15U.S.C.2642-91).
Fresh water: Water that generally contains less than 1000 milligrams-per-liter of dissolved solids (SDWNeducation-04).
Friable material: Any material applied onto ceilings, walls, structural members, piping, ductwork, or any other part of the building structure which, when dry, may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure (40CFR763.103-91).
Freshwater chronic criteria: The highest concentration of a contaminant that freshwater aquatic organisms can be exposed to for an extended period of time (4 days) without adverse effects. See also water-quality criteria (CWAiWbasics-04).
Friable: Capable of being crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure (EPA-97/12).
Freshwater lake: Any inland pond, reservoir, impoundment, or other similar body of water that has recreational value, that exhibits no oceanic and tidal influences, and that has a total dissolved solids concentration of less than one percent (40CFR35.1605.2-9 1). Freshwater: Water that contains less than 1000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of dissolved solids; generally, more than 500 mg/L of dissolved solids is undesirable for drinking and many industrial uses (CWA/Wscience-04). Fresnel Lens: A lens that has a surface consisting of a concentric series of simple lens sections so that a thin lens with a short focal length and large diameter is possible and that is used especially for spotlights. In photovoltaics (PV), it is used for sunlight collection. A concentrating lens positioned above and concave to a PV material to concentrate light on the material. Freundlich equation: Valid for monomolecular physical and chemical adsorption. It is an empirical relationship. When it is valid, it gives a concise analytical equation for experimental facts, rather than an accurate description of the mechanism of adsorption. It is the oldest isotherm equation and is widely employed in industrial design. The equation is (Calvert-84): In v = In k + (I/n)ln P, where: v = the volume adsorbed, P = pressure; in = natural logarithm; and k = constant.
Friable: Descriptive of a rock or mineral that crumbles naturally or is easily broken, pulverized, or reduced to powder (CWNWbasics-04). Friable: Easy to break, or crumbling naturally. Descriptive of certain rocks and minerals (CWNmining-04). Friable: Material (usually in the context of asbestos) that can be crumbled with hand pressure (and therefore, in the case of asbestos, is likely to release fibers) (SDWNradionuclide-04). Friable: When referring to material in a school building means that the material, when dry, may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure, and includes previously nonfriable material after such previously nonfriable material becomes damages to the extent that when dry it may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure (40CFR763.83-9 1). Frit seal: A seal made by fusing together metallic powders with a glass binder for such applications as hermatically sealing ceramic packages for integrated circuits (EPA-83/03). Prit: Specially formulated glass in a granular or flake form (EPA82111e). Frond mortality: The dead fronds which may be identified by a total discoloration (yellow, white, black, or clear) of the entire frond (40CFR797.1160-91).
Frond: A single Lemna leaf-like structure (40CFR797.1160-91). Front end loader: A collection vehicle with arms that engage a detachable container, move it up over the cab, empty it into the vehicle's body, and return it to the ground (SW-lO8ts). Front end recovery: Mechanical processing of as discarded solid wastes into separate constituents (cf. back end system) (EPA-83). Front end system or process: Size reduction, separation, andlor physical modification of solid wastes to afford practical use or reuse (cf. material recovery) (EPA-83). Froth flotation (foam fractionation or foam separation): A process for separating, in aqueous suspension, finely divided particles that have different surface characteristics. Reagents are selected which, when added to the mixture, will coat only the desired material and make their surfaces water-repellent (hydrophobic). When air is bubbled through the solution, the coated particles become affixed to the air bubbles and are buoyed to the surface where they can be removed as froth (EPA-83). Froth: In the flotation process, a collection of bubbles resulting from agitation, the bubbles being the agency for raising (floating) the particles of ore to the surface of the cell (EPA-82/05). Frother: A substance used in flotation processes to make air bubbles sufficiently permanent principally by reducing surface tension. Common frothers are pine oil, creyslic acid, and amyl alcohol (EPA-82/05). Frothing clarifier: A flotation device that separates tricalcium phosphate precipitate from the liquor (EPA-75102d). Fructose (C6HI2o6):A fruit sugar (cf. dextose).
or de-ionization reactions can take place. In order to increase the rates of reactions, the electrodematerial should be catalytic as well as conductive, porous rather than solid. The catalytic function of electrodes is more important in lower temperature fuel cells and less so in high-temperature fuel cells because ionization reaction rates increase with temperature. It is also a corollary that the porous electrodes must be permeable to both electrolyte and gases, but not such that the media can be easily "flooded" by the electrolyte or "dried" by the gases in a one-sided manner. (2) To conduct ions away 6-om or into the three-phase interface once they are formed (so an electrode must be made of materials that have good electrical conductance). (3) To provide a physical banier that separates the bulk gas phase and the electrolyte (DOE-02/12, pl3).
Fuel cell stack: A unit which consists of several individual fuel cells which are adjacent to and connected with one another. Normally, the individual fuel cells are connected in series. Fuel cell type: Types of fuel cells are determined by their electrolyte (solid or liquid), operating temperature, and fuel preferences. It includes: (1) Alkaline fuel cells (AFC). (2) Direct hydrogen fuel cells (DHFC). (3) Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). (4) Metalliclair fuel cells (MAFC, such as aluminurnlair or zinclair). (5) Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC). (6) Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC). (7) Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). (8) Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). (9) Zinclair fuel cells (ZAFC). Fuel cell vehicle (FCV) or fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV): Both FCV and FCEV are vehicles that are powered by fuel cells directly or in hybrid configuration with internal combustion engines or microturbines. Fuel cell: A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electrical energy. See Appendix C for more fuel cell related information.
Fructosuria: The presence in the urine of fructose, a monosaccharide formed from the breakdown of more complex sugars and normally converted ultimately (during metabolism) to carbon dioxide and water (LBL-76107-bio).
Fuel combustion emission source: Any furnace, boiler, or similar equipment used for the primary purpose of producing heat or power by indirect heat transfer (40CFR52.741-91).
Frugivore: Animals that eat fruits.
Fuel control: A device used to regulate fuel flow rate.
Fuel bed: The layer of solid fuel or solid waste on a furnace grate or hearth. See fuel for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Fuel core: The target material in DOE'S production reactors ( AENclosure-04).
Fuel cell efficiency: Fuel cell efficiency is defined as: E = (useful energy of a fuel)/(stored chemical energy of a fuel or thermal energy) = (Gibbs energy of a fuel)/(stored chemical energy of a fuel or thermal energy) (DOE-02/12, p2-7).
Fuel cycle: The entire set of sequential processes or stages involved in the utilization of fuel, including extraction, transformation, transportation, and combustion. Emissions generally occur at each stage of the fuel cycle (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Fuel cell electrode: An electronic conductor through which electrons are exchanged with the chemical reactants in an electrochemical cell. The functions of porous electrodes in fuel cells are: (1)To provide a surface site where gaslliquid ionization
Fuel denitrogenation: One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). It is to remove the nitrogen contained in the fuel. Amounts of nitrogen vary in a fossil fuel. Coal, shale, and residual fuel oil contain a
larger amount of nitrogen than either distillate oil or natural gas. The nitrogen in the fuel can be emitted as NO, when the fossil fuel is burned in the furnace. Nitrogen is removed from coal, shale, or heavy fuel oil by liquefying the fuels and mixing with hydrogen gas. The mixture is heated and a catalyst is used to cause the nitrogen in the fuel and the hydrogen to unite. This reaction produces two products; ammonia and a cleaner fuel. Researchers are developing better catalysts and finding ways to reduce the deposition of carbon on the catalyst surface. Carbon deposits reduce the effectiveness of the catalyst life. This technology can reduce the nitrogen content in both natural fuels and synthetic liquid or gaseous fuel (made from shale and coal). This could become an increasingly important technology with the development and use of synthetic fuels in the future (EPA-81/12, ~7-4).
Fuel desulfurization: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Fuel desulfurization means to remove or reduce the sulfur content of coal before it is burned. Coal contains sulfur in two forms: (1) Mineral sulfur in the form of inorganic pyrite: The amount of inorganic (and organic) sulfur in coal varies from 10 to 90%. Mineral sulfur can be removed by physical coal cleaning. (2) Organic sulfur which is chemically bound to the coal: Organic sulfur requires chemical cleaning. (3) The techniques for fuel desulfurization include (a) Physical coal cleaning. (b) Chemical coal cleaning by microwave desulfurization and by hydrothermal desulfurization (EPA-81/12, p8-4). Fuel economy data vehicle: A vehicle used for the purpose of determining fuel economy which is not a certification vehicle (4OCFR600.002.85-91). Fuel economy data: Any measurement or calculation of fuel economy for any model type and average fuel economy of a manufacturer under section 503(d) of the Act, 15U.S.C.2003(d) (40CFR2.311-91). Fuel economy standards: The Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standard (CAFE) effective in 1978. It enhanced the national fuel conservation effort imposing a miles-per-gallon floor for motor vehicles (EPA-97/12). Fuel economy: (1) The average number of miles traveled by an automobile or group of automobiles per gallon of gasoline or diesel fuel consumed as computed in 40CFR600.113 or 40CFR600.207; or (2) The equivalent petroleum-based fuel economy for an electrically powered automobile as determined by the Secretary of Energy (40CFR600.002.85-91, see also 40CFR2.311; 610.1 1-91). Fuel economy: For more related terms, see (1) Highway fuel economy and (2) Highway fuel economy test.
Fuel efficiency: The proportion of the energy released on combustion of a fuel that is converted into useful energy (EPA97/12). Fuel element: Elements of nuclear fuel materials. Fuel evaporative emissions: The vaporized fuel emitted into the atmosphere from the fuel system of a motor vehicle (40CFR86.082.2-91). Fuel fabrication facility: The land, buildings, equipment, and processes used to make reactor fuel from raw material. This facility may also be used to assemble the fuel with other materials into components for use in reactors (DOE-91/04). Fuel gas combustion device: Any equipment, such as process heaters, boilers, and flares used to combust fuel gas, except facilities in which gases are combusted to produce sulfur or sulfuric acid (40CFR60.101-91). Fuel gas compressor: A compressor used to compress a fuel gas. Fuel gas system: A system for collection of refinery fuel gas including, but not limited to, piping for collecting tail gas from various process units, mixing drums and controls, and distribution piping (40CFR52.741-91). Fuel gas: Any gas which is generated at a petroleum refinery and which is combusted. Fuel gas also includes natural gas when the natural gas is combined and combusted in any proportion with a gas generated at a refinery. Fuel gas does not include gases generated by catalytic cracking unit catalyst regenerators and fluid coking burners (40CFR60.101-91). Fuel manufacturer: Any person who, for sale or introduction into commerce, produces or manufactures a fuel or causes or directs the alteration of the chemical composition of, or the mixture of chemical compounds in, a bulk fuel by adding to it an additive (40CFR79.2-91). Fuel pretreatment: A process that removes a portion of the sulfur in a fuel before combustion of the fuel in a steam generating unit (40CFR60.41b; 60.41c-9 1). Fuel processing facility: The land, buildings, equipment, and processes used to extract uranium and other materials from used (spent) reactor fuel. This facility may also be used to treat materials that can not be recycled for transfer to waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities (DOE-91/04). Fuel processing: Conversion of a commercially available gas, liquid, or solid fuel to a fuel gas reformate suitable for the fuel cell anode reaction. Fuel processing encompasses the cleaning and removal of harmful species in the fuel, the conversion of the fuel to the fuel gas reformate, and downstream processing to alter the fuel gas reformate according to specific fuel cell requirements.
Examples of these processes include (1) Fuel Cleaning: Removal of sulfur, halides, and ammonia to prevent fuel processor and fuel cell catalyst degradation. (2) Fuel Conversion: Converting a fuel (primarily hydrocarbons) to a hydrogen-rich gas reformate. (3) Reformate gas alteration: Converting carbon monoxide (CO) and water (H20) in the fuel gas reformate to hydrogen (Hz) and carbon dioxide (COZ)via the water-gas shift reaction; selective oxidation to reduce CO to a few ppm, or removal of water by condensing to increase the Hz concentration. A fuel processor is an integrated unit consisting of one or more of the above processes, as needed for the fuel cell requirements and the fuel, that function together to be cost effective for the application. Design considerations may include high thermal efficiency, high hydrogen yield (for some fuel cells hydrogen plus carbon monoxide yield), multi-cycling, compactness, low weight, and quick starting capability, depending on the application (DOE-02/12, p8-2).
Fuel: (1) Any material, which is capable of releasing energy or power by combustion or other chemical or physical reaction (40CFR79.2-91). (2) (a) Gasoline and diesel fuel for gasoline- or diesel-powered automobiles; or (b) Electrical energy for electrically powered automobiles (40CFR600.002.85-91). (2) For calibration gas application, a 40% Hz and 60% He or 40% Hz and 60% NZ gas mixture is recommended to avoid an oxygen synergism effect that reportedly occurs when oxygen concentration varies significantly from a mean value. See calibration gas for more related terms (EPA-90104).
Fuel processor efficiency: The function of a fuel processor in a fuel system is to convert a fuel to hydrogen. The fuel conversion efficiency is defined as E = (lower heating value of anode fuel produced)/(lowerheating value of fuel used) (DOE-02/12, p8-16).
Fugitive dust, mist, or vapor: The dust, mist, or vapor containing a toxic pollutant regulated under this part which is emitted from any source other than through a stack (40CFR129.2-91).
Fuel rod: A nuclear fuel rod. Fuel switching: (1) A prscombustion process whereby a lowsulfur coal is used in place of a higher sulfur coal in a power plant to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. (2) Illegally using leaded gasoline in a car designed to use only unleaded (EPA-97/12). Fuel system: The combination of fuel tank(s), fuel pump, fuel lines, and carburetor or fuel injection components, and includes all fuel system vents and fuel evaporative emission control system components (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR86.402.78-91). Fuel train: The series of components that controls the flow of fuel to the burner. The fuel train set up for gas and oil burners is basically the same. Each'fuel train has a pressure gauge, a manual shutoff valve, and a solenoid shut-off valve. The only difference between the gas and oil fuel trains is the device used to control fuel flow; the oil fuel train utilizes a needle flow valve while the gas fuel train utilizes a gas orifice union. See burner component for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Fuel utilization: Determination on how a fuel is used (e.g., for power or heat generation). In fuel cells, a fuel is utilized by electrochemically oxidizing it at the anode electrode. Fuel venting emissions: The raw fuel, exclusive of hydrocarbons in the exhaust emissions, discharged from aircraft gas turbine engines during all normal ground and tight operations (40CFR87.1-91). FueUoxygen stoichiometry: Quotient of (ratio of moles [or mass] of fuel divided by moles [or mass] of oxygen) for stoichiometric oxidation (EPA-2/88).
Fuel: For more related terms, see (1) Auxiliary fuel; (2) Clean alternative fuel; (3) Conventional fuel; (4) Densified refuse derived fuel; (5) Emergency fuel; (6) Fibre fuel; (7) Motor fuel; (8) Refuse derived fuel; (9) Solid derived fuel (see solid waste derived fuel); and (10) Solid waste derived fuel.
Fugitive emissions equipment: Each pump, compressor, pressure relief device, sampling connection system, open-ended valve or line, valve, and flange or other connector in VOC service and any devices or systems required by subpart W of this part (40CFR60.561-91). Fugitive emissions: (1) Those emissions which could not reasonably pass through a stack, chimney, vent, or other functionally equivalent opening (40CFR51.165-91, see also 40CFR51.166; 51.301; 51-AppIS; 52.21; 52.24; 57.103; 60.301; 60.671; 60-App/A(method 22)-91). (2) Emissions not caught by a capture system (EPA-97/12). (3) Emissions to the atmosphere from pumps, valves, flanges, seals, and other process points not vented through a stack. Also includes emissions from area sources such as ponds, lagoons, landfills, and piles of stored material (DOE-91/04). (3) Nonstack emissions usually associated with normal plant operations or leaks at the facility (ETI-92). (4) See emission for more related terms. Fugitive emissions: Air pollutants released to the air other than those from stacks or vents; typically small releases from leaks in plant equipment such as valves, pump seals, flanges, sampling connections, etc. (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Fugitive emissions: Unintended leaks of gas from the processing, transmission, andlor transportation of fossil fuels (CAA/C02gas04). Fugitive source: Any source of emissions not controlled by an air pollution control device. See source for more related terms (40CFR61.141-91). Fugitive volatile organic compounds: Any volatile organic compounds which are emitted from the coating applicator and flashoff areas and are not emitted in the oven (40CFR60.441-91).
Full boil process: A soap-making process where the neat soap is completed in the kettle and the by-product glycerine drawn off (EPA-74104~). Full capacity: The operation of the steam generating unit at 90% or more of the maximum steady-state design heat input capacity (40CFR60.4 1b-9 1). Full composite storage: A storage tank that is produced entirely from composite materials. Presently, the market introduction of full composite compressed gas storage has just taken place. Full cost accounting: An accounting approach that helps local governments identify all direct and indirect costs, as well as the past and future costs, of a municipal solid waste management program (RCRAIhazardous-04). Full load torque: The torque necessary for a motor to produce its rated horsepower at full load speed. See torque for more related terms (EPA-83). Full-time equivalent (FTE) employment: The basic measure of the levels of U.S. government employment. It is the number of hours worked (or to be worked) divided by the total number of compensable hours in a fiscal year (OMBIReg-04). Fully penetrating well: A well in which the screened length is equal to the saturated thickness of the aquifer (NavyIEnv-04). Fume incinerator: See secondary burner. Fume scrubber: (1)One of air pollution control devices. A fume scrubber is a device that removes pollutant constituents from an air stream by dissolving them in a liquid solvent, specifically water (EPA-74112a). (2) Those pollution control devices used to remove and clean fumes originating in pickling operations (40CFR420.91-91, see also 40CFR420.121-91). (3) See scrubber for more related terms. Fume suppression system: The equipment comprising any system used to inhibit the generation of emissions from steel making facilities with an inert gas, flame, or steam blanket applied to the surface of molten iron or steel (40CFR60.141a-91). Fume: (1) Tiny particles trapped in vapor in a gas stream (EPA97/12). (2) Suspended particles in a gas, one micron or less in diameter (SW-1O8ts). Fumigant: A pesticide vaporized to kill pests. Used in buildings and greenhouses (EPA-97/12). Fumigant: A substance or mixture of substances that produces gas, vapor, fume, or smoke intended to destroy insects, bacteria, or rodents (CWANbasics-04).
Fumigant: Produce gas or vapor intended to destroy pests in the house or in the ground (FFDCNpesticide-04). Fumigation: The rapid downward mixing of the plume as it flows from a layer of stable air into an area of moderate to strong turbulence. It typically occurs when a source is located near a shoreline of a relatively cool lake or ocean. It also occurs when the morning temperature inversion is rapidly dissipated by solar heating of the ground surface. The effect of fumigation is to produce a short period (30-60 minutes) of very high concentrations within several kilometers or two of a source (EPA88/09). Functional equivalent: Term used to describe EPA's decisionmaking process and its relationship to the environmental review conducted under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). A review is considered functionally equivalent when it addresses the substantive components of a NEPA review (EPA-94/04). Functional finish chemical: A substance applied to a fabric to provide desirable properties such as wrinkle-resistance, waterrepellency, flame-resistance, etc. (EPA-82/09). Functional space: A room, group of rooms, or homogeneous area (including crawl spaces or the space between a dropped ceiling and the floor or roof deck above), such as classroom(s), a cafeteria, gymnasium, hallway(s), designated by a person accredited to prepare management plans, design abatement projects, or conduct response actions (40CFR763.83-91). Functionally equivalent component: A component which performs the same function or measurement and which meets or exceeds the performance specifications of another component (40CFR270.2-9 1). Fund (or trust fund): A fund set up under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) to help pay for cleanup of hazardous waste sites and for legal action to force those responsible for the sites to clean them up (cf. oil pollution fund) (EPA-89/12, see also SFlOl42U.S.C.9601; 40CFR300.5-91). Fund: (1) The Coastal Energy Impact Fund established by section (2) The Oil 1456a(h) of this title (CZMA304-16U.S.C.1453-90). Spill Liability Trust Fund, established by section 9509 of the Internal Revenue code of 1986 (26U.S.C.9509) (OPA1001-91). (3) The Abandoned Mine Reclamation Fund established pursuant to section 1231 of this title (SMCRA701-30U.S.C. 1291-90). Fundamentally different factors (FDF): Those components of a petitioner's facility that are determined to be so unlike those components considered by EPA during the effluent limitation guideline and pretreatment standards rulemaking that the facility is worthy of a variance from the effluent limitations guidelines or categorical pretreatment standards (CWNwastewater-04).
Fungi (singular, fungus): (1) Any non-chlorophyll-bearing thallophyte (that is, any non-chlorophyll-bearing plant of a lower order than mosses and liverworts), as for example, rust, smut, mildew, mold, yeast, and bacteria, except those on or in living man or other animals and those on or in processed food, beverage, or pharmaceuticals (FIFRA2-7U.S.C.136-91). (2) Simple plants that lack a photosynthetic pigment (SW-108ts). (3) Molds, mildews, yeasts, mushrooms, and puffballs, a group organisms lacking in chlorophyll (i.e., are not photosynthetic) and which are usually non-mobile, filamentous, and multicellular. Some grow in soil, others attach themselves to decaying trees and other plants whence they obtain nutrients. Some are pathogens, others stabilize sewage and digest composted waste (EPA-97/12). Fungi (singular fungus): Molds, mildews, yeasts, mushrooms, and puffballs, a group of organisms lacking in chlorophyll (i.e., are not photosynthetic) and which are usually non-mobile, filamentous, and multicellular. Some grow in soil, others attach themselves to decaying trees and other plants whence they obtain nutrients. Some are pathogens, others stabilize sewage and digest composted waste (NavyJEnv-04). Fungicide: A pesticide used to control fungi (FFDCNpesticide04). Fungicide: A pesticide used to control or destroy fungi on food or grain crops (FFDCNpesticide-04). Fungicide: Pesticides which are used to control, deter, or destroy fungi (EPA-97/12). Fungicide: Substances or a mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, or mitigate any fungi (<~~-76/07-water). Fungistat: A chemical that keeps fungi from growing (EPA97/12). Fungus: Funguses, or fungi, are types of plants that have no leaves, flowers, or roots. Both words, funguses and fungi, are the plural of fungus (FFDCNpesticide-04). Fungus: See fungi. Funnel access: A small parcel of riparian land deeded collectively to a group of land owners who have no frontage bordering the water, so as to give them legal access to the water (DOI-70104). Funnel: The rear, funnel-shaped portion of the glass enclosure of a cathode ray tube (EPA-83/03). Furan resin: A heaterocyclic ring compound formed from dime and cyclic vinyl ether. Its main use is as a cold set resin in conjunction with acid accelerators such as phosphoric or toluene sulfonic acid for making core sand mixtures that harden at room temperature. Toluene could be formed during thermal degradation
of furan resins during metal pouring. See resin for more related terms (EPA-8511Oa).
Furan: (1) The common name for polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Generation of these compounds has been associated with low-temperature combustion processes and high exposure to these compounds has been associated with adverse health effects, particularly in laboratory animals (ETI-92). (2) See dioxin/furan. Furfuryl alcohol: A synthetic resin used to formulate core binders. Furnace arch: A nearly horizontal structure that extends into a furnace and serves to deflect gases (SW-108ts). Furnace charge: Any material introduced into the electric submerged arc furnace, and may consist of, but is not limited to, ores, slag, carbonaceous material, and limestone (40CFR60.26191). Furnace coke by-product recovery plant: A coke by-product recovery plant that is not a foundry coke by-product recovery plant (40CFR61.13 1-91). Furnace coke: The coke produced in by-product ovens that is not foundry coke. See coke for more related terms (40CFR61.131-91). Furnace cycle: The time period from completion of a furnace product tap to the completion of the next consecutive product tap (40CFR60.261-91). Furnace power input: The resistive electrical power consumption of an electric submerged arc furnace as measured in kilowatts (40CFR60.26 1-91). Furnace pull: That amount of glass drawn from the glass furnace or furnaces (40CFR426.8 1;426.101;426.1 11;426.12 1-91). Furnace volume: The total internal volume of combustion chambers (SW-108ts). Furnace wall: Furnace wall-related terms include (1) Air cooled furnace wall; (2) Battery furnace wall; (3) Bridge furnace wall; (4) Core furnace wall; (5) Curtain furnace wall; (6) Gravity furnace wall; (7) Insulated furnace wall; (8) Refractory furnace wall; (9) Sectionally supported furnace wall; (10) Unit suspended furnace wall; and (11) Water cooled furnace wall. Furnace: Other furnace-related terms include (1) Acid furnace; (2) Arc furnace; (3) Basic furnace; (4) Basic oxygen process furnace (BOPF); (5) Basic oxygen furnace steelmaking; (6) Blast furnace; (7) Bottom blown fumace; (8) Cold metal furnace; (9) Covered fumace; (10) Cross recovery furnace; (11) Crucible furnace; (12) Cupola furnace; (13) Cyclone furnace; (14) Dross reverberatory furnace; (15) Dry bottom furnace; (16) Electric furnace: (a) Direct arc furnace; (b) Indirect arc furnace; (c) Induction furnace; (d)
Resistance furnace; (17) Electric arc furnace; (18) Electric arc furnace steelmaking; (19) Electric submerged arc furnace; (20) Experimental furnace; (21) Ferromanganese blast furnace; (22) Forced-air furnace; (23) Halogen acid furnace (HAF); (24) Hand glass melting furnace; (25) Hot metal furnace; (26) Industrial furnace; (27) Iron blast furnace; (28) Muffle furnace; (29) Open arc furnace; (30) Open furnace; (31) Open hearth furnace; (32) Open hearth furnace steelmaking; (33) Outokurnpu furnace; (34) Pit crucible furnace; (35) Pot furnace; (36) Reverberatory furnace: (a) Stationary; (b) Rotating; (c) Rocking; (d) Tilting; (37) Reverberatory smelting furnace; (38) Slag tap furnace; (39) Smelting electric furnace; (40) Smelting furnace; (41) Stationary crucible furnace; (42) Straight kraft recovery furnace; (43) Submerged arc furnace; (44) Tilting furnace; (45) Top blown furnace; and (46) Traveling grate furnace.
Fused silica capillary column: A very small internal diameter (< 1 mm) fused silica tube coated with a stationary phase; in the presence of flowing inert gas, this tube acts to separate or resolve organic compounds (order of elution dependent of specific physical properties) when the tube is uniformly heated to elevated temperatures (250-300 C) (EPA-88/12). Fusible plug type valve: A device which opens and keeps open a relief vent by the melting or softening of a fusible plug or cartridge at a predetermined temperature (Waukee-03). Fusible plug: A device that is used to open a relief vent or a safety valve by the melting or softening of a plug or cartridge at a predetermined temperature. Fusion point temperature: The temperature at which a particular complex mixture of minerals can flow under the weight of its own mass. Because most refractory materials have no definite fusion points but soften gradually over a range of temperature, the conditions of measurement have been standardized by the ASTM (cf. pyrometric cone equivalent and see temperature for more related terms) (SW-108ts).
Furnace: A chamber where drying, ignition, and combustion of fuels occurs (EPA-83). In CAA, it is a solid fuel burning appliance that is designed to be located outside the ordinary living areas and that warms spaces other than the space where the appliance is located, by the distribution of air heated in the appliance through ducts. The appliance must be tested and listed as a furnace under accepted American or Canadian safety testing codes unless exempted from this provision by the Administrator. A manufacturer may request an exemption in writing from the Administrator by stating why the testing and listing requirement is not practicable and by demonstrating that his appliance is otherwise a furnace (40CFR60.53 1-91, see also 40CFR240.10191).
Fusion: In thermodynamics, the change of a pure substance from a solid phase to its liquid phase. Fusion is an endothermic process that is energy must be added to a solid substance (solid phase) to convert it to a liquid (liquid phase). This energy is commonly referred to as the latent heat of fusion. See latent heat for more related terms.
Furnish: The pulp used as raw materials in a paper mill (OTA89/10).
Fusion: The heating of an enamel coated item to a continuous, uniform glass film (EPA-82111e).
Furrow irrigation: A type of surface irrigation whereby water is applied at the upper (higher) end of a field and flows in furrows to the lower end (CWNWbasics-04).
Fusion: The union of two chemical species by melting (cf. fission) (EPA-77/07).
Furrow irrigation: Irrigation method in which water travels through the field by means of small channels between each row or groups of rows (EPA-97/12). Fuse: A cord-like substance used in the ignition of explosives. Black powder is entrained in the cord and, when lit, bums along the cord at a set rate. A fuse can be safely used to ignite a cap, which is the primer for an explosive (CWNmining-04). Fuse: An over-current protective device with a circuit-opening fusible part that would be heated and severed by over-current passage (EPA-83/03).
Fusion: For more related terms, see (1) Nuclear fusion and (2) Thermal fusion. Future land use: The present day determination of how currently contaminated lands will be used in the future (e.g., residential, recreational, industrial uses). Used to assist in setting in order to decide appropriate cleanup levels (OMBIReg-04). Future liability: Potentially responsible parties' obligations to pay for additional response activities beyond those specified in the Record of Decision or Consent Decree. (SFIreform-04). Future liability: Refers to potentially responsible parties' obligations to pay for additional response activities beyond those specified in the Record of Decision or Consent Decree (EPA97/12).
Gadolinium (Gd): A rare Earth metal with atomic number 64; atomic weight 157.25; density 7.89 glcc; melting point 1312 C and boiling point 3000 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Gage height: The height of the water surface above the gage datum (zero point). Gage height is often used interchangeably with the more general term, stage, although gage height is more appropriate when used with a gage reading (CWAIWscience-04). Gage height: The water-surface elevation referred to some arbitrary gage datum. Gage height is often used interchangeably with the more general term stage although gage height is more appropriate when used with a reading on a gage (CWAhydrology04). Gage pressure: See gauge pressure. Gaging station: A particular site on a stream, canal, lake, or reservoir where systematic observations of hydrologic data are obtained (CWA/Wbasics-04). Gaging station: A site on a stream, lake, reservoir, or other body of water where observations and hydrologic data are obtained. The U.S. Geological Survey measures stream discharge at gaging stations (CWNWscience-04). Gall: A layer of molten sulfates floating upon glass in a tank (EPA-83). Gallery: A horizontal or a nearly horizontal underground passage, either natural or artificial (CWNmining-04). Gallium (Ga): A soft metallic element with atomic number 31; atomic weight 69.72; density 5.91 g/cc; melting point 29.8 C and boiling point 2237 C. The element belongs to group IIIA of the periodic table. Galvanic series (electro chemical series): A sequential ranking of metal properties changing from cathodic (less corroded) to anodic (more corroded) end in a medium. The ranking is: silver (cathodic), copper, brass, cast-iron, mild steel, aluminum (anodic).
Galvanized basis material: The zinc coated steel, galvalum, brass, and other copper base strip which is processed in mil coating (4OCFR465.02-91). Galvanizing: Coating steel products with zinc by the hot dip process including the immersion of the steel product in a molten bath of zinc metal, and the related operations preceding and subsequent to the immersion phase (40CFR420.121-91). Galvanizing: The deposition of zinc on the surface of steel for corrosion protection (EPA-83/06a). Game fish: Species like trout, salmon, or bass, caught for sport. Many of them show more sensitivity to environmental change than "rough" fish (EPA-97/12). Gamma emitter: An emitter of gamma rays. Gamma rays are waves of electromagnetic energy that travel at the speed of light and are very penetrating. Thick walls of concrete or lead are required for shielding against gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is extremely biologically harmful because of its ability to penetrate deep within the body from an external source (SDWAIradionuclide-04). Gamma multi-hit model: A dose-response model that is used to predict the probability of cancer from a dose. See the one-hit model (EPA-92/12). Gamma radiation (or gamma ray): True rays of energy in contrast to alpha and beta radiation. The properties are similar to x-rays and other electromagnetic waves. They are the most penetrating waves of radiant nuclear energy but can be blocked by dense materials such as lead (EPA-89/12). Gamma radiation: A form of electromagnetic, high-energy radiation emitted from a nucleus. Gamma rays are essentially the same as x-rays and require heavy shieldings, such as concrete or steel to be stopped (EPA-88108a). Gamma radiation: Electromagnetic radiation of extremely short wavelength (0.001 to 0.1 micrometer) emitted from the nucleus in many radioactive decay processes, e.g., from the decay of 1-125. The gamma ray is the most penetrating wave of radiant nuclear energy. It does not contain particles but may be emitted along with
both alpha and beta particles and it can be stopped by dense materials like lead (EPA-88109a).
proportional to its concentration. See gas concentration measurement system for more related terms.
Gamma radiation: High-energy, short-wavelength, electromagnetic radiation accompanying fission and emitted from the nucleus of an atom. Gamma rays are very penetrating and can be stopped only by dense materials (such as lead) or a thick layer of shielding materials (DOE-91/04). See radiation for more related terms.
Gas barrier: Any device or material used to divert the flow of gases produced in a sanitary landfill or by other disposal techniques (cf. cut-off trench) (SW-108ts).
Gamma ray log: A method of logging wells or boreholes by observing the natural radioactivity of rocks through which the hole passes (NavyIEnv-04). Gamma ray: See gamma radiation. Gap location: The position of the electrode gap in the combustion chamber (40CFR85.2122 (a)(8)(ii)(D)-91). Gap spacing: The distance between the center electrode and the ground electrode where the high voltage ignition arc is discharged (40CFR85.2 122 (a)(8)(ii)(C)-91). Garbage grinding (or food waste disposer): A method of grinding food waste by a household disposal and washing it into the sewer system. Ground garbage then must be disposed of as sewage sludge. See size reduction machine for more related terms (EPA-74/11, see also EPA-83). Garbage: Animal and vegetable waste resulting from the handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking, and serving of foods (EPA97/12). Garbage: Food waste (animal and vegetable) resulting from the handling, storage, packaging, sale, preparation, cooking, and serving of foods (FFDCNpesticide-04). Garbage: Spoiled or waste food that is thrown away, generally defined as wet food waste. It is used as a general term for all products discarded (EPA-89/11). Garrison facility: (40CFR60.331-91).
Any
permanent
military
installation
Gas absorption: The taking in of a gas or vapor by a liquid. It includes both physical and chemical absorption processes. One of key factors in designing an absorber is the determination of the maximum concentration that a gas can be dissolved in a liquid. It is generally governed by: (1) Raoult's law, used to calculate the maximum concentration of a dissolved gas in a concentrated solution. (2) Henry's law, used to calculate the maximum concentration of a dissolved gas in a dilute solution (Hesketh-79, p143). Gas analyzer: The portion of the gas concentration measurement system that senses the gas to be measured and generates an output
Gas burner: A burner which is used to burn gas. See burner for more related terms (AP-40). Gas burst agitation: This is the most common method of automatic agitation found in automatic processing machines. Gas is released at controlled intervals through tiny holes in a distributor plate in the bottom of the solution tank. The gas bubbles formed during release provide the random agitation pattern necessary for uniform results (EPA-80/10). Gas carburizing: The introduction of carbon into the surface layers of mill steel by heating in a current of gas high in carbon (EPA-83/06a). Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer: Instrument that identifies the molecular composition and concentrations of various chemicals in water and soil samples (EPA-97/12). Gas chromatography (GC)--compound separator: One of the three continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). GC is a common technique used for separating and analyzing mixtures of gases and vapors. GC is an instrument that uses the gas chromatography separation technique to segregate the components of organic substances in a mixture (cf. chromatograph). A gas mixture is percolated through a column of porous solids or liquid coated solids which selectively retard sample components. A carrier gas is used to bring the discreet bands to a detector and through analysis of the detector response and the component retention time, the sample can be identified and quantified. Gas chromatography has been in use in the laboratory since 1905; however, it has only recently been used in continuous monitoring applications. See Appendix B or see (Lee99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Gas cleanup: In coal gasification, a scrubbing process removes H2S during the gas-cleaning step, generally. H2S is converted to elemental sulfur by partial oxidation and catalytic conversion. The synthetic gas produced is sulfur free and can be burned without releasing harmful pollutants. See coal gasification for more related terms (EPA-8 1/12, p8-6). Gas cleanup: In fuel cells, when a fuel is reformed, the reformate gas stream generally contains carbon monoxide which has a negative impact upon fuel cell performance. Gas cleanup is used to remove this CO. Gas cleanup: Removal of unwanted pollutants from contaminated gaseous streams by a physical or chemical process.
Gas collection: The process of dissolving gaseous pollutants in a liquid is referred to as absorption. Absorption is a mass transfer operation. Mass transfer can be compared to heat transfer in that both occur because a system is trying to reach equilibrium conditions. For example, in heat transfer, if a hot slab of metal is placed on top of a cold slab, heat energy will be transferred from the hot slab to the cold slab until both are at the same temperature (equilibrium). In absorption, mass instead of heat is transferred as a result of a concentration difference, rather than a heat-energy difference. Absorption continues as long as a concentration differential exists between the liquid and the gas from which the contaminant is being removed. In absorption, equilibrium depends on the solubility of the pollutant in the liquid. To remove a gaseous pollutant by absorption, the exhaust stream must be passed through (brought in contact with) a liquid. Three steps involve in absorption. In the first step, the gaseous pollutant diffises from the bulk area of the gas phase to the gas-liquid interface. In the second step, the gas moves (transfers) across the interface to the liquid phase. This step occurs extremely rapidly once the gas molecules (pollutant) arrive at the interface area In the third step, the gas diffises into the bulk area of the liquid, thus making room for additional gas molecules to be absorbed. The rate of absorption (mass transfer of the pollutant from the gas phase to the liquid phase) depends on the diffusion rates of the pollutant in the gas phase (first step) and in the liquid phase (third step) (EPA-84/03b, pl -7). Gas concentration measurement system: The total equipment required for the determination of gas concentration. The measurement system consists of the following major subsystems: (1) Sample interface. (2) Gas analyzer. (3) Data recorder. (4) See measurement for more related terms.
Gas monitoring probe: Probes placed in the soil surrounding a landfill above the groundwater table. The probes are used to determine if landfill gases are migrating away from the landfill (RWmanagement-04). Gas nitriding: A process of hardening metals by heating and diffising nitrogen gas into the surface (EPA-83106a). Gas phase process: A polymerization process in which the polymerization reaction is carried out in the gas phase; i.e., the monomer(s) are gases in a fluidized bed of catalyst particles and granular polymer (40CFR60.561-9 1). Gas phase separation: The process of separating volatile constituents from water by the application of selective gas permeable membranes (EPA-83106a). Gas phase thermal decomposition kinetics: A generic term applied to high-temperature thermal decomposition (oxygen concentrations less than the stoichiometric value) in absence of significant exothermic chemical reactions radical concentrations, and temperature gradients (EPA-88/12). Gas phase thermal oxidation kinetics: A generic term applied to high-temperature thermal decomposition in the presence of excess oxygen (greater than the stoichiometric value) without large exothermic chemical reaction, radical concentrations, and temperature gradients (EPA-88/12). Gas service: That the component contains process fluid that is in the gaseous state at operating conditions (40CFR52.741-91). Gas side pressure drop: See pressure drop.
Gas control and recovery system: A series of vertical wells or horizontal trenches containing permeable materials and perforated piping. The systems are designed to collect landfill gases for treatment or for use as an energy source (RCWmanagement-04). Gas diffusion electrode (GDE), gas diffusion layer (GDL), gas diffusion medium (GDM): A thin layer surrounding an electrode through which gas diffises to contact with catalysts that have been coated on the electrode. Gas filter correlation analyzer (GFC): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). GFC offers improved specificity over NDIR. GFC spectroscopy is based upon comparison of the detailed structure of the infrared absorption spectrum of the measured gas to that of other gases also present in the sample being analyzed. The technique is implemented by using the measured gas itself, in high concentration, as a filter for the infrared radiation transmitted through the analyzer (EPA-84103a). Gas meter: An instrument for measuring the quantity of a gas passing through the meter (LBL-76107-air).
Gas solubility coefficient: The amount of gas that a unit water can absorb under 1 atmospheric pressure and a given temperature. Gas tight syringe: Commercially available syringe which isolates and delivers a gases sample (cf. hypodermic syringe) (EPA-88/12). See also syringe, gas-tight. Gas tight: Operated with no detectable emissions (40CFR60.69191). Gas turbine model: A group of gas turbines having the same nominal air flow, combuster inlet pressure, combuster inlet temperature, firing temperature, turbine inlet temperature, and turbine inlet pressure. See turbine for more related terms (40CFR60.33 1-91). Gas turbine: A system to convert heat contained in combustion gases into work by means of an expander known as a turbine. As the combustion gas expands through the turbine blades, the gas causes the turbine to turn, thus the turbine can drive a shaft or an electrical generator. See turbine for more related terms.
Gas utilization equipment: Equipment used for gas combustion. Gas vent or vent: An opening through which there is a mechanically induced flow of gas for the purpose of exhausting from a reaction system (or a building) of a flue gas carrying particulate matter and other types of emissions from one or more affected facilities (40CFR60.671-91, see also EPA-84/09). Gas viscosity: In a gas, the molecules are too far apart for intermolecular cohesion to be effective. Thus, shear stress is predominantly the result of an exchange of momentum between flowing strata caused by molecular activity. Because molecular activity increases with temperature increases, the shear stress increases with a rise in the temperature. Therefore, gas viscosity is increased when the temperature increases. See viscosity for more related terms (EPA-8 1112, p2-6). Gas washer or scrubber: See flue gas washer or scrubber (EPA83). Gas washer: An apparatus used to remove entrained solids and other substances from carbon dioxide gas from a lime kiln (EPA74/O 1a). Gas well: Any well which produces natural gas in a ratio to the petroleum liquids produced greater than 15,000 cubic feet of gas per 1 barrel (42 gallons) of petroleum liquids. See well for more related terms (40CFR435.61-91). Gaslgas method: Either of two methods for determining capture which rely only on gas phase measurements. The first method requires construction of a temporary total enclosure (VE) to ensure that all would be fugitive emissions are measured. The second method uses the building or room which houses the facility as an enclosure. The second method requires that all other VOM sources within the room be shut down while the test is performed, but all fans and blowers within the room must be operated according to normal procedures (40CFR52.741-91). Gas: One of three states of aggregation of matter, having neither independent shape nor volume and tending to expand indefinitely (EPA-83/06). Gaseous flow rate meter: The best types of flowmeters for gases are the orifice meter and the vortex shedding meter. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-89/06). Gasification: A method for exploiting poor-quality coal and thin coal seams by burning the coal in place to produce combustible gas that can be collected and burned to generate power or processed into chemicals and fuels (CAA/C02gas-04). Gasification: Any of various processes by which coal is turned into low, medium, or high Btu gases (CWAImining-04).
Gasification: Conversion of solid material such as coal into a gas for use as a fuel (EPA-97/12). Gasification: The gas produced contains carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (Hz), carbon dioxide (COz), water (H20),methane (CH4), and contaminants such as hydrogen sulfide and char. Low and medium Btu gas contains more CO and H, than high Btu gas which contains a higher coal content. Methane gas produces more heat when burned. The sulfur in the coal is converted to H2S during gasification (EPA-8 1112, p8-6). Gasification: The pulverized coal is gasified in a reactor with limited oxygen. Gasification produced either a low, medium, or high Btu gas by applying heat and pressure or by using a catalyst to break down the components of coal (EPA-80108). Gasket: A rubber, metal, or other material used to place around a joint to make the joint gas or liquid tight (cf. beater add gasket). Gasohol: (1) Mixture of gasoline and ethanol derived &om fermented agricultural products containing at least nine percent ethanol. Gasohol emissions contain less carbon monoxide than those from gasoline. (2) A blending fuel of gasoline (90%) and alcohol (10%) (EPA-97/12). Gasoline blending stock or component: Any liquid compound which is blended with other liquid compounds or with lead additives to produce gasoline (40CFR80.2-91). Gasoline dispensing facility: Any site where gasoline is transferred from a stationary storage tank to a motor vehicle gasoline tank used to provide fuel to the engine of that motor vehicle (40CFR52.741-91). Gasoline service station: Any site where gasoline is dispensed to motor vehicle fuel tanks &om stationary storage tanks (40CFR60.111b-91). Gasoline tank truck: A delivery tank truck used at bulk gasoline terminals which is loading gasoline or which has loaded gasoline on the immediately previous load (40CFR60.501-91). Gasoline volatility: The property of gasoline whereby it evaporates into a vapor. Gasoline vapor is a volatile organic compound (EPA-97/12). Gasoline: Any petroleum distillate or petroleum distillate/alcohol blend having a Reid vapor pressure of 27.6 kPa or greater which is used as a fuel for internal combustion engines (40CFR52.741-91). Gasoline: For more related terms, see: (1) Base gasoline; (2) Baseline gasoline; (3) Conventional gasoline; (4) Leaded gasoline; and (5) Reformulated gasoline. Gasometer: An apparatus employing a calibrated volume which is used to calibrate gas measuring devices (LBL-76107-air).
Gasometric: Pertaining to measurement of a gas parameter (LBL 76107-water). Gate station: Location where the pressure of natural gas being transferred from the transmission system to the distribution system is lowered for transport through small diameter, low pressure pipelines (CAA/C02gas1-04). Gate volume: The amount of waste, measured by volume, that enters a landfill (RCRAlmanagement-04). Gate: An entry passage for molten metal into a mold (EPA851lOa). Gate: One of the electrodes in a field effect transistor (EPA83103). Gathering conveyor; gathering belt: Any conveyor which is used to gather coal from other conveyors and deliver it either into mine cars or onto another conveyor. The term is frequently used with belt conveyors placed in entries where a number of room conveyors deliver coal onto the belt (CWAImining-04). Gathering line: A pipeline that transports gas from a current production facility to a transmission line or main (40CFR192.3-91, see also 40CFR195.2; 280.12-91). Gauge pressure (or gage pressure) (psig): A measure of pressure expressed as a quantity above atmospheric pressure or some other reference pressure (EPA-84/09). Gauge pressure: The difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure in a particular system and is normally measured by an instrument which has atmospheric pressure as a reference, i.e., zero gauge pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure (EPA-83/06). See pressure for more related terms. Gauging station: A location on a stream or conduit where measurements of discharge are customarily made. The location includes a stretch of channel through which the flow is uniform and a control downstream from this stretch. The station usually has a recording or other gauge for measuring the elevation of the water surface in the channel or conduit (EPA-8211 If). Gaussian plume model: An approximation of the dispersion of a plume from a continuous point source. The concentration distribution perpendicular to the plume axis is assumed to be Gaussian. The plume travels with a uniform wind velocity downwind from the source. Its dimensions perpendicular to the wind direction are described by dispersion parameters as a function of distance or travel time from the source. The dispersion coefficients depend on diffusion categories and sometimes also on the source height and the surface roughness. The basic assumption underlying the Gaussian plume model is that the dispersion takes place in a stationary and homogeneous atmosphere, with a
sufficient wind speed (greater than or equal to 1 meterlsecond) (NATO-78110).
Gaussian puff model: An approximation of the dispersion of a puff from an instantaneous point source. The concentration distribution inside the puff is assumed to be Gaussian. The dimensions of the puff are described by dispersion parameters as a function of travel time of the puff. These dispersion coefficients depend on diffusion categories and sometimes also on the source height and the surface roughness (NATO-78110). Gaylord box: A heavy corrugated box (4 feet square) that is used as a dumpster for collecting wastes and other materials (RCWmanagement-04).
GClAFID (gas chromatography/alkali flame ionization detector): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). AFID is used to analyze pesticides. For AFID, a small pellet of Cs, Br, or Rb2S04is placed at the tip of a typical FID burner which is operated in a starved oxygen mode. The sensitivity of the detector to phosphorous containing compounds is enhanced 5000 to 1 over normal hydrocarbons. Different salt pellets have been used to enhance sensitivity to different elements, the next most common application being nitrogen compounds (EPA-84103a). GCIDD (gas chromatography/dual detector): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). Combining the high sensitivity of the FID detector to easily pyrolyzed, low boiling organic compounds with the high sensitivity of ECD detectors to higher boiling aromatics, etc., is one method for more complete quantification of organic emissions from an incinerator. One instrument could be chosen with two columns, each specified to enhance the separation of a response time associated with the appropriate organic compounds. One or both detector(s) could be used at a given time, depending on the waste being burned. The non-destructive nature of the PID detector allows its use in series with other GC detectors. PIDIFID, PIDIECD, and PID/NPD combinations have all been used for specific applications. A typical PIDIFID application is the identification of hydrocarbon classes. The PID response increases with increasingly degrees of unsaturation and the FID response is mostly unaffected by double bonds. By comparison of the relative response of these two detectors, alkanes, olefins, and aromatic compound classes can be identified in complex sample matrices (EPA-84103a). GC/ECD (gas chromatography/electrolytic conductivity detector): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). A device which measures the conductivity of an electrolyte, e.g, it can be used to measure mineral ionic concentration in a solution (cf. thermal conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a). GCIECD (gas chromatography/electron capture detector): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission
monitor for various types). ECD measures the loss of electrical signal rather than the produced electrical current. Carrier gas molecules are excited by a radioactive source to produce a steady background current under a fixed applied voltage. When a sample is introduced that absorbs electrons, the current is reduced and this reduction is indicated by an amplifying electrometer. The source of the electron current in an ECD is usually the radioactive decay of nickel 63 or tritium. The high energy electrons emitted interact with the carrier gas which in turn interact with sample constituents. Usually, a small amount of methane is added to the carrier gas (argon) to deactivate further reactions by excited molecules. However, this dilution of sample gas results in reduced sensitivity. Pure nitrogen carrier gases have been used in laboratory studies with mixed success. The ECD is well adapted for use in the analysis of lo-'' to 10.12levels of pollutants incinerator effluents. The ECD may be operated above 350 C if the Ni63 source is used. However, it is highly sensitive to temperature changes. Baseline drifts of 50% have been reported for a 2 C room temperature change. This detector is extremely sensitive to sub-picogram quantities of pesticides, alkyl halides, conjugated carbonyls, nitrides, and organometallics, and is quite insensitive to hydrocarbons, alcohols, and ketones. In summary, the ECD is highly sensitive, not very linear, and is very sensitive to surrounding conditions. Therefore probably not well suited to the rigorous demands of continuous monitoring (EPA-84103a). GC/FID (gas chromatographylflame ionization detector): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). FID uses a hydrogen flame as the means to ionize organic (toxic) vapors. It responds to virtually all organic compounds, that is, compounds that contain carbonhydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds. The flame detector analyzes the mechanisms of breaking-bonds as the following reaction indicates: Rh + 0 RHO' + e- C02 + H20. Inside the detector chamber, the sample is exposed to a hydrogen flame which ionizes the organic vapors. When most organic vapors burn, positively charged carbon-containing ions are produced which are collected by a negatively charged collecting electrode in the chamber. An electric field exists between the conductors surrounding the flame and a collecting electrode. As the positive ions are collected, a current proportional to the hydrocarbon concentration is generated on the input electrode. This current is measured with a preamplifier which has an output signal proportional to the ionization current. A signal conducting amplifier is used to amplify the signal from the preamp and to condition it for subsequent meter or external recorder display. When this is compared to a photoionization device (PID), a major difference should be noted between the detectors. PID detection is dependent upon the ionization potential (eV) and the ease in which an electron can be ionized (displaced) from a molecule. This mechanism is variable, highly dependent on the individual characteristics of a particular substance. This results in a more variable response factor for the vast majority of organics that are ionizable. Therefore, in general, one does not see large sensitivity shifts between different substances when using an FID as compared to a PID. Flame ionization detectors are the most
+
+
sensitive for saturated hydrocarbons, alkanes, and unsaturated hydrocarbons alkenes. Substances that contain substituted functional groups such as hydroxide (OH-), and chloride (CI-), tend to reduce the detector's sensitivity; however, overall, the detectabilities remain good (Course 165.5). GCIHECD (gas chromatography/hall electrolytic conductivity detector): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). HECD is particularly sensitive to nitrogen, sulfur and halogen containing compounds and is more discriminating than the ECD (EPA-84103a). GCDR (gas chromatographylinfrared absorption spectrometer): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or hybrid chromatograph monitor for various types). Combining the separation and detection power of a GC with the identification capabilities of an IR absorption spectrometer produces a more specific instrumental technique for identification of organic compounds. To date, the major problem with combining these techniques has been the development of suitable equipment to interface the two instruments. The volume of sample from the GC is traditionally only a tiny fraction of the volume of sample usually required by an IR instrument. Reducing the cell volume of the IR decreases sensitivity unless additional passes through the cell are provided. IR cells (light pipes) have been developed that are compatible with capillary GC instruments and through the development of computer software, WAR and GCRTS-IR are gaining popularity as the "poor man's" GCMS. Within the next few years, this technology will be developed to the point where it will be applicable to continuous air pollutant monitoring. At present, only 55 toxic substances have been detected in the laboratory with the GCRTS-IR technique with minimum detectable quantities on the order of 1 to 10 micrograms (EPA-84103a). GCMS (gas chromatographylmass spectrometry): One of
continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or hybrid chromatograph monitor for various types). A compound in a gas matrix can be more fully identified through analysis of retention time in a GC and the mass spectrum. Identity can be established by comparing the total ion current profile of an eluted compound to a published standard spectrum. GCMS techniques are particularly suited for analysis of organics in water through a concentration step. GCMS has been used to identify organic ambient air contaminants. The concentration step involves passing the air sample through an absorber column that traps the organic material followed by thermal or solvent desorption of that material into the GC. This technique is semi-continuous and overall response times of a GCMS are typically greater than three minutes. This powerful research tool could be adapted to identify and quantitate organic compounds in incinerator effluents in close to real time. At present, no GCMS instrumentation is in routine use as a continuous monitor. Double mass spectrometry (MSMS) and laser multi-photon ionization mass spectrometry have been identified as potential online or real time instruments for the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These
instruments do not use the GC for separation of components and therefore do not involve the same delays in response time. A GCMS or MSMS technique is a rather complicated instrument, i.e., the mass spectra produced is a complex and close to real time results can only be provided through a computer with extensive library searching capabilities. The MS can scan for certain compounds within seconds; however, full spectrum scans usually take greater than three minutes. These disadvantages should be weighed against the high sensitivity and resolution capabilities of the GCMS system (EPA-84103a). GCPID (gas chromatographylphotoionization detector): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). All atoms and molecules are composed of particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons, negatively charged particles, rotate in orbit around the nucleus, the dense inner core. The nucleus consists of an equal number of protons (positively charged particles) as electrons found in the orbital cloud. The interaction of the oppositely charged particles and the laws of quantum mechanics keep the electrons in orbits outside the nucleus. The energy required to remove the outermost electron from the molecule is called the ionization potential (IP) and is specific for any compound or atomic species. Ionization potentials are measured in electron volts (eV). High frequency radiation (ultraviolet and above) is capable of causing ionization and is hence called ionizing radiation. When a photon of ultraviolet radiation strikes a chemical compound, it ionizes the molecule if the energy of the radiation is equal to or greater than the IP of the compound. Since ions are charged particles, they may be collected on a charged plate and produce a current. The measured current will be directly proportional to the number of ionized molecules. The photoionization process can be illustrated as: R + hv 3 R" + e-, where R is an organic or inorganic molecule and hv represents a photon of UV light with energy equal to or greater than the ionization potential of that particular chemical species. R+ is the ionized molecule (Course 165.5). GCJTCD (gas chromatography/thermal conductivity detector): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). A detector which measures thermal conductivity. It is a common detector that is sensitive to all compounds. Since pollutants at trace levels are of interest in hazardous waste incinerators, the other components of the sample would pose an insurmountable selectivity problem with this analyzer. Highly selective detectors have been developed where sensitivity to certain compounds or elements in compounds has been enhanced (cf. electrolytic conductivity detector) (EPA84103a). GCITSD (gas chromatography/thermionic specific detector): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). TSD is also a highly sensitive detector that is specific for nitrogen containing compounds. These detectors usually achieve selectivity and sensitivity at the expense of durability and reliability (EPA-84103a).
GC: Gas chromatograph. See continuous emission monitor. Gear forming: A process for making small gear by rolling the gear material as it is pressed between hardened gear shaped dies (EPA-83106a). Gear oils: The petroleum-based oils used for lubricating machinery gears (40CFR252.4-91). Geiger counter: An electrical device that detects the presence of certain types of radioactivity (EPA-89/12). Gel chromatography: A type of chromatography column in which the stationary phase is a gel and the moving phase is a liquid. Gel electrophoresis: Electrophoresis takes place in a gel medium. See electrophoresis for more related terms. Gel: A colloidal, jelly-like solid. Gelation: The process of forming a gel. Gelled electrolyte: An electrolyte which may or may not be mixed with electrode material, that has been gelled with a chemical agent to immobilize it (EPA-84/08). Gelling: A process for producing dried pulp for cattle feed from the peelings, cores, and trimmings of cannery wastes. The sediment is pressed and dried and used as cattle feed (EPA-83). Gene flow: The passage of genes from one population to an another population. Gene library: A collection of DNA fragments from cells or organisms. So far, no simple way for sorting the contents of gene libraries has been devised. However, DNA pieces can be moved into bacterial cells where sorting according to gene function becomes feasible (EPA-89/12). Gene: A length of DNA that directs the synthesis of a protein (EPA-89/12). Gene: A sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein such as an inherited trail (EPA-88109a). General counsel: The General Counsel of the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, or his or her designee (40CFR15.4-91, see also 40CFR23.1-9 1). General duty clause: The section of the CAA that directs owners and operators of facilities producing, using, handling, or storing hazardous substances (whether or not they are regulated under the RMP Rule) to design and maintain a safe facility, to prevent accidental releases, and to minimize the consequences of any that occur (TSCA/chemical-04).
General environment: The total terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic environments outside sites upon which any operation which is part of a nuclear fuel cycle is conducted. See environment for more related terms (40CFR190.02-91, see also 40CFR191.0291). General obligation ((2.0.) bond: A method of financing in which bonds are backed by the faith and credit of a municipality (RCWmanagement-04). General permit: A permit applicable to a class or category of dischargers (EPA-97/12, see also 40CFR122.2; 124.2; 232.2-91). See permit for more related terms. General permit: An NPDES permit issued under 40CFR122.28 that authorizes a category of discharges under the CWA within a geographical area. A general permit is not specifically tailored for an individual discharger (CWNwastewater-04). General processing: The internal subdivision of the low water use processing subcategory for facilities described in 40CFR410.30 that do not qualify under the water jet weaving subdivision (40CFR410.3 1-91). General purpose incinerator: An incinerator that bums miscellaneous types of wastes, usually from numerous sources and customers. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA-8 1/09). General reporting facility: A facility having one or more hazardous chemicals above the 10,000 pound threshold for planning quantities. Such facilities must file material safety data sheets (MSDS) and emergency inventory information with the SERC and LEPC and local fire departments (EPA-97/12). General Services Administration: See U.S. General Services Administration (GSA). General use pesticide: A pesticide which can be purchased and used by the general public (FIFWWN-04). Generally recognized as safe (GRAS): Designation by the FDA that a chemical or substance (including certain pesticides) added to food is considered safe by experts, and so is exempted from the usual FFDCA food additive tolerance requirements (EPA-97/12). Generating capacity: The maximum amount of electric power produced by an electrical generator. Generation of wastewater: The process whereby wastewater results from the manufacturing process. Wastewater may be generated but not discharged. See wastewater for more related terms (EPA-79112a).
Generation rate: The amount of waste that is produced over a given amount of time. For example, a district may have a generation rate of 100 tons per day (RCWmanagement-04). Generation: The act or process of producing solid waste (40CFW43.101-91, see also 40CFR246.101-91). Generation: The branching pattern of the airways. Each division into a major daughter (larger in diameter) and minor daughter airway is termed a generation. Numbering begins with the trachea (EPA-90108). Generation: The conversion of chemical or mechanical energy into electrical energy (EPA-8211 If). Generator column: Is used to partition the test substance between the octanol and water phases (40CFR796.1720-91, see also 40CFR796.1860-91). Generator of PCB waste: Any person whose act or process produces polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that are regulated for disposal under subpart D of this part, or whose act first causes PCBs or PCB Items to become subject to the disposal requirements of subpart D of this part, or who has physical control over the PCBs when a decision is made that the use of the PCBs has been terminated and therefore is subject to the disposal requirements of subpart D of this part. Unless another provision of this part specifically requires a site-specific meaning, "generator of PCB waste" includes all of the sites of PCB waste generation owned or operated by the person who generates PCB waste (40CFR761.3-91). Generator: (1) A facility or mobile source that emits pollutants into the air or releases hazardous waste into water or soil. (2) Any person, by site, whose act or process produces regulated medical waste or whose act first causes such waste to become subject to regulation. In a case where more than one person (e.g., doctors with separate medical practices) is located in the same building, each business entity is a separate generator (EPA-97/12). Generator: A device that produces electricity and which is reported as a generating unit pursuant to Department of Energy Form 860 (CAA402-42U.S.C.765 1a-9 1). Generator: A facility or mobile source that emits pollutants into the air; any person who produces a hazardous waste that is listed by EPA and therefore subject to regulation (FFDCNpesticide-04). Generator: Any person whose act first creates or produces a hazardous waste, used oil, or medical waste, or first brings such materials into RCRA regulation (RCRA/hazardous-04). Generator: Any person, by site location, whose act or process produces hazardous waste identified or listed in 40CFW61 (40CFR144.3-91, see also 40CFR146.3; 260.10; 270.10-91).
Generator: Any person, by site, whose act or process produces regulated medical waste as defined in Subpart D of this part, or whose act first cause a regulated medical waste to become subject to regulation. In the case where more than one person (e.g., doctors with separate medical practices) are located in the same building, each individual business entity is a separate generator for the purposes of this part (40CFR259.10-91). Generic process chemistry: A class of chemical reactions which share a common mechanism or yield related products (e.g., chlorination, oxidation, ammoxidation cracking and reforming, and hydrolysis). Forty-one major generic processes have been identified in the organic chemical and plastics/synthetic fibers industries (EPA-8711Oa). Generic technology: A group of technologies which use different methods to perform the same task (EPA-80108). Genetic engineering: A process of inserting new genetic information into existing cells in order to modify a specific organism for the purpose of changing one of its characteristics. Geographic Information System (GIs): A computer system designed for storing, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying data in a geographic context (EPA-97/12). Genetic engineering: The use of laboratory methods to alter a cell's genetic code so that it will produce desired chemicals or perform desired functions (EPA-88109a). Genetically engineered microorganism (GEM): A microorganism that has undergone external processes by which its basic set of genes has been altered (EPA-88109a). Genetics: A science (a branch of biology) dealing with the study of biological heredity and variation. Genome: The total genetic information needed to reproduce a cell or a virus. In bacteria, it is equivalent to one chromosome (EPA88109a). Genotoxic chemical: Chemicals that are toxic to genetic materials, including carcinogens, teratogens, and mutagens (EPA-3/80). Genotoxic: The ability of a substance to damage an organism's genetic material (DNA) (EPA-91/03).
include county boundaries, land use, and pollution-monitoring locations (SFIremedy-04).
Geographic information system (GIs): A mapping system that uses computers to collect, store, manipulate, analyze, and display data For example, GIs can show the concentration of a contaminant within a community in relation to points of reference such as streets and homes (SFIhealth-04). Geographic information system (GIs): A system, usually computerized, that includes locations of all geographical characteristics of an area of land. Items may include elevation, houses, public utilities, or the location of bodies of water, aquifers, and flood plains (RCRAlmanagement-04). Geologic repository: A mined facility for disposal of radioactive waste that uses natural geologic barriers to provide waste containment for geologic time periods (millions of years) (OMBIReg-04). Geological log: A detailed description of all underground features (depth, thickness, type of formations) discovered during the drilling of a well (EPA-97/12). Geologist: One who studies the constitution, structure, and history of the Earth's crust, conducting research into the formation and dissolution of rock layers, analyzing fossil and mineral content of layers, and endeavoring to fix historical sequence of development by relating characteristics to known geological influences (historical geology) (CWNmining-04). Geology: The science that deals with (the study of) the Earth: the materials, processes, environments, and history of the planet, especially the lithosphere, including the rocks and their formation and structure (DOE-9 1/04). Geomembrane: An essentially impermeable membrane used as a solid, liquid, or vapor bamer with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering-related material as an integral part of a human-made project, structure, or system (ASTM definition). See liner for more related terms (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-9 1/05).
Geographic information system (GIs): A computer system designed for storing, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying data in a geographic context (EPA-94/04).
Geometric mean diameter or median diameter: The calculated aerodynamic diameter which divides the particles of an aerosol in half based on the weight of the particles. Fitly percent of the particles by weight will be larger than the median diameter and 50% of the particles will be smaller than the median diameter. The median diameter describes the particle size distribution of any aerosol based on the weight and size of the particles (40CFR798.2450-91).
Geographic Information System (GIs): A GIs electronically manages geographically referenced data. Through GIs, such data can be displayed, assembled, stored, and manipulated, and is frequently displayed in a map format. Examples of the use of GIs
Geometric mean: The nib root of a production of n factors (40CFR131.35-91). In a sample of N discrete values, the geometric mean (G) is defined as: In(G) = [sum In (Xi)]/N, i = l....N, where: G = geometric mean; In = natural logarithm; N =
Genotype: The composition of a gene in an organism.
number of samples; Xi = discrete values at i th sample. See mean for more related terms (NATO-87110).
Geometric standard deviation: A measure of the variation or dispersion of data. The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an average value is called the variation or dispersion of the data. Various measures of dispersion or variation are available, the most common being the (geometric) standard deviation (EPA-84/09). Geomorphic: Pertaining to the form or general configuration of the earth or of its surface features (CWNWbasics-04). Geomorphology: The science that treats the general configuration of the earth's surface; the description of landforms (CWNWbasics-04). Geonet: A synthetic liner component that facilitates drainage. A geonet is analogous to the sand component in natural liners (RCRAlmanagement-04). Geophysical log: A record of the structure and composition of the earth encountered when drilling a well or similar type of test hold or boring (EPA-97/12). Geophysical log: Methods of logging by lowering a sensing device into a well to make a record which can be interpreted in terms of the rock's characteristics, the contained fluids, and of the construction of the well (NavyIEnv-04). Geoprobe: A vehicle-mounted, hydraulically-powered, soil probing device that utilizes static force and percussion to advance small diameter sampling tools into the subsurface for collecting soil core, soil gas, or groundwater samples. A registered trademark of Kejr Engineering, Inc., Salina, Kansas (NavyIEnv-04). Geostrophic wind: The horizontal wind velocity, for which the horizontal component of the Coriolis acceleration exactly balances the horizontal pressure force. See wind for more related terms (NATO-78110). Geotextile: A synthetic component that is used as a filter to prevent the passing of finegrained material such as silt or clay. A geotextile may be placed on top of a drainage layer to prevent the layer from becoming clogged with fine material (RCWmanagement-04). Geotextile: Any permeable textile used with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering-related material as an integral part of a human-made project, structure, or system (ASTM definition). See liner for more related terms (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). Geothermal energy: Energy (or heat) within the interior of the Earth.
GeothermaYground source heat pump: These heat pumps are underground coils to transfer heat from the ground to the inside of a building. See heat pump, water source heat pump (EPA-97/12). Geothermal: Pertaining to heat within the earth (CAA/C02gas04). Geothermal: Relating to the earth's internal heat; commonly applied to springs or vents discharging hot water or steam (CWNWbasics-04). Germ cells: Reproductive cells including sperm (spermatozoon) and egg (ovum) cells. Germ line: Is comprised of the cells in the gonads of higher eukaryotes, which are the carriers of the genetic information for the species (40CFR798.5195-91, see also 40CFR798.5200-91). Germanium (Ge): A metalloid element with atomic number 32; atomic weight 72.59; density 5.32 glcc; melting point 937.4 C and boiling point 2830 C. The element belongs to group IVA of the periodic table. Germicide: Any compound microorganisms (EPA-97/12).
that
kills
diseasecausing
Germination: The resumption of active growth by an embryo (40CFR797.2800-91, see also 40CFR797.2750-91). Getter: A material capable of capturing gases. In an NPR lightwater reactor, a material incorporated into the tritium target to prevent buildup of pressure in the target and prevent loss of tritium (DOE-91/04). Getter: A metal coating inside a lamp which is activated by an electric current to absorb residual water vapor and oxygen (EPA83/03). Geyser: A geothermal feature of the earth where there is an opening in the surface that contains superheated water that periodically erupts in a shower of water and steam (CWNWscience-04). Geyser: A thermal spring that erupts intermittently (DOI-70104). Giardia lamblia: A microorganism frequently found in rivers and lakes, which, if not treated properly, may cause diarrhea, fatigue, and cramps after ingestion. People with severely weakened immune systems are likely to have more severe and more persistent symptoms than healthy individuals (SDWNReg-04). Giardia Iamblia: Flagellate protozoan which is shed during its cyst stage into the feces of man and animals. When water containing these cysts is ingested, the protozoan causes a severe gastrointestinal disease called giardiasis (SDWNeducation-04).
Giardia lamblia: Protozoan in the feces of humans and animals that can cause severe gastrointestinal ailments. It is a common contaminant of surface waters (EPA-97/12). Giardiasis: A disease that results from an infection by the protozoan parasite Giardia Intestinalis, caused by drinking water that is either not filtered or not chlorinated. The disorder is more prevalent in children than in adults and is characterized by abdominal discomfort, nausea, and alternating constipation and diarrhea (CWAAVscience-04). Gibbs-Dalton law: Also known as the Dalton law. The law states that in a mixture of ideal gases, the properties of each component behaves as if it existed alone in the system at the volume and the temperature of the mixture (Holman-p3 12; Wark-p323). Gigawatt year: Refers to the quantity of electrical energy produced at the busbar of a generating station. A gigawatt is equal to one billion watts. A gigawatt-year is equivalent to the amount of energy output represented by an average electric power level of one gigawatt sustained for one year (4OCFR190.02-91. Gilsonite: A material used primarily for sand binders. It is one of the purest natural bitumens (99.9%) and is found in lead mines. Lead may be present as an impurity in Gilsonite (EPA-85110a). Glacial acetic acid (CH3COOH): A caustic liquid used as a solvent. Glacial drift: A general term for rock material transported by glaciers or icebergs and deposited directly on land or in the sea (CWNWbasics-04). Glacial lake: A lake that derives its water, or much of its water, from the melting of glacial ice; also a lake that occupies a basin produced by glacial erosion (CWNWbasics-04). Glacial outwash: Stratified detritus (chiefly sand and gravel) "washed out" from a glacier by meltwater streams and deposited in front of or beyond the end moraine or the margin of an active glacier (CWA/Wbasics-04). Glacial: Of or relating to the presence and activities of ice or glaciers (CWAIWbasics-04). Glacier: A huge mass of ice, formed on land by the compaction and recrystallization of snow, that moves very slowly downslope or outward due to its own weight (CWNWscience-04).
Gland: A device of soft wear-resistant material used to minimize leakage between a rotating shaft and the stationary portion of a vessel such as a pump (EPA-83/09). Glass aggregate: An inert material used in applications such as road construction, roofing shingles, and landscaping materials. It is prepared by hsing the minerals contained in wastewater solids in. a h a c e and rapidly quenching (cooling) the molten material (CAA/APC-04). Glass blowing: The shaping of hot glass by air pressure (EPA-83). Glass container: For recycling purposes, containers like bottles and jars for drinks, food, cosmetics, and other products. When being recycled, container glass is generally separated into color categories for conversion into new containers, construction materials or fiberglass insulation (EPA-97/12). Glass container: General term applied to glass bottles and jars (EPA-83). Glass cullet: See cullet. Glass electrode: A glass tube (or bulb) containing an acidic solution which is used as an electrode or as a half cell. The tube wall is so thin that hydrogen ions can diffuse through. See electrode for more related terms. Glass fiber filtration: A standard method of measuring total suspended solids (EPA-83106a). Glass fiber reinforced polyisocyanurate/polyurethane foam: The cellular polyisocyanurate or cellular polyurethane insulation made with glass fibers within the foam core (40CFR248.4-91). Glass melting furnace: A unit comprising a refractory vessel in which raw materials are charged, melted at high temperature, refined, and conditioned to produce molten glass. The unit includes foundations, superstructure and retaining walls, raw material charger systems, heat exchangers, melter cooling system, exhaust system, refractory brick work, fuel supply and electrical boosting equipment, integral control systems and instrumentation, and appendages for conditioning and distributing molten glass to forming apparatuses. The forming apparatuses, including the float bath used in flat glass manufacturing and flow channels in wool fiberglass and textile fiberglass manufacturing, are not considered part of the glass melting furnace (40CFR60.291-91, see also 40CFR61.161-91).
Glacier: Bodies of land ice that consist of recrystallized snow accumulated on the surface of the ground, and that move slowly downslope (CWAihydrology-04).
Glass produced: The weight of the glass pulled from the glass melting hrnace (40CFR60.291-91, see also 40CFR61.161-91).
Gland water: The water used to lubricate a gland. Sometimes called packing water. See water for more related terms (EPA87/10).
Glass pull rate: The mass of molten glass utilized in the manufacture of wool fiberglass insulation at a single manufacturing line in a specified time period (40CFR60.681-91).
Glass: A hard, amorphous, inorganic, usually transparent, brittle substance made by fusing silicates, and sometimes borates and phosphates, with certain basic oxides and then rapidly cooling to prevent crystallization (EPA-83/03). Glass: For more related terms, see (1) Bent glass; (2) Chemical glass; (3) Chipped glass; (4) Container glass; (5) Crystal glass; (6) Cut glass; (7) Document glass; (8) Flat glass; (9) Flint glass; (10) Hard glass; (11) Heat absorbing glass; (12) Heat resisting glass; (13) High transmission glass; (14) Lead glass; (15) Molded glass; (16) Opal glass; (17) Ophthalmic glass; (18) Optical crown glass; (19) Optical flint glass; (20) Oven glass; (21) Phosphate glass; (22) Plate glass; (23) Polished plate glass (see plate glass); (24) Polished wire glass; (25) Pressed glass; (26) Pressed and blown glass; (27) Quartz glass; (28) Rolled glass; (29) Safety glass; (30) Sheet glass; (31) Silica glass; (32) Slab glass; (33) Square cut; (34) Structural glass; (35) Tempered glass; (36) Water glass; and (37) Window glass. Glassification: See vitrification. Glassine paper: The paper used as protective wrapping of foodstuffs and products including tobacco products, chemicals, metal parts, as well as for purposes where its transparent features are useful (i.e., window envelopes). This paper is grease resistant and has high resistance to the passage of air and any essential oil vapors. See paper for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Glassine: Highly hydrated, transparent, calendered paper used for envelope windows (EPA-83). Glassphalt: A mixture of asphalt that includes a small amount of finely crushed glass as an admixture (RCRA/management-04). Glassphalt: An asphalt product that uses crushed glass as a partial substitute for aggregate in the mix (OTA-89/10). Glaze (glaze ice, glazed frost, verglas): A coating of ice, generally clear and smooth but usually containing some air pockets, formed on exposed objects by the freezing of a film of supercooled water deposited by rain, drizzle, or fog or possibly condensed from supercooled water vapor (DOE-91/04). Glazed paper: The paper with a high gloss or polished finish. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Global climate change: This term usually refers to the gradual warming of the earth caused by the greenhouse effect. Many believe this is the result of man-made emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), and methane (CWA/mining-04). Global common: That area (land, air, water) outside the jurisdiction of any nation (40CFR6.1003-91).
Global radiation: The sum of the direct solar radiation and the diffise sky radiation received on a unit horizontal surface. See radiation for more related terms (NATO-78110). Global scale: A space scale which is of the order of magnitude of the Earth's circumference (roughly 10,000 km)(NATO-78110). Global warming potential (GWP): An index used to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without directly calculating the changes in atmospheric concentrations. GWPs are calculated as the ratio of the radiative forcing that would result from the emission of one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to that from the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide over a fixed period of time, such as 100 years (CAA/C02gasl-04). Global warming potential (GWP): The instantaneous radiative forcing that results from the addition of 1 kilogram of a gas to the atmosphere, relative to that of 1 kilogram of carbon dioxide (CAA/C02gas-04). Global warming potential: A number that refers to the amount of global warming caused by a substance. The GWP is the ratio of the warming caused by a substance to the warming caused by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. Thus, the GWP of C02 is defined to be 1.0. CFC-12 has a GWP of 8500, while CFC-1 I has a GWP of 5000. Various HCFCs and HFCs have GWPs ranging from 93 to 12,100. Water, a substitute in numerous end-uses, has a GWP of zero. A table of all ozone-depleting substances shows their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers, and another table shows the GWPs for many non-ozone-depleting substances (CANozone-04). Global warming potential: The ratio of the warming caused by a substance to the warming caused by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. CFC-12, for example, has a GWP of 8500, while water has a GWP of zero. See Class I Substance and Class I1 Substance (EPA-97/12). Global warming: An increase in the near surface temperature of the earth. Global warming has occurred in the distant past as the result of natural influences, but the term is most often used to refer to the warming predicted to occur as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases. Scientists generally agree that the earth's surface has warmed by about one degree Fahrenheit in the past 140 years. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recently concluded that increased concentrations of greenhouse gases are causing an increase in the earth's surface temperature and that increased concentrations of sulfate aerosols have led to relative cooling in some regions, generally over and downwind of heavily industrialized areas. See climate change (EPA-97/12). Global warming: An increase in the near surface temperature of the earth. Global warming has occurred in the distant past as the result of natural influences, but the term is today most often used to refer to the warming that some scientists predict will occur as a
result of increased anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. See climate change (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Gooseneck: A portion of a service connection between the distribution system water main and a meter. Sometimes called a pigtail (EPA-97/12).
Gloss: Surface quality that reflects light (EPA-83). Gouty diathesis: Predisposition to gout (LBL-76107-bio). Glossary: An alphabetical list of terms and definitions used in an area of interest. Glove bag: A sealed compartment with attached inner gloves used for the handling of asbestos-containing materials. Properly installed and used, glove bags provide a small work area enclosure typically used for small-scale asbestos stripping operations. Information on glove-bag installation, equipment and supplies, and work practices is contained in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA's) final rule on occupational exposure to asbestos (Appendix G to 29CFR1926.58) (4OCFR61.141-91). Glovebag: A . polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride bag-like enclosure affixed around an asbestos-containing source (most often thermal system insulation) permitting the material to be removed while minimizing release of airborne fibers in the surrounding atmosphere (EPA-97/12). Gloveboxes: Chambers designed for operators to work with radioactive materials through ports, wearing special gloves that protect them from radioactivity (DOE-91/04). Glucose: See dextrose. Glycosuria: The presence in the urine of glucose, a monosaccharide formed from more complex sugars and normally retained in the body as a source of energy (LBL76107-bio). Gob: The term applied to that part of the mine from which the coal has been removed and the space more or less filled up with waste. Also, the loose waste in a mine. Also called goaf (CWNmining-04). Gold (Au): A transition metal with atomic number 79; atomic weight 196.96; density 19.3 glcc; melting point 1063 C and boiling point 2970 C. The element belongs to group IB of the periodic table. Gooch crucible: A porcelain dish used for filtration. Good combustion practices (GCP): The set of conditions that minimize emission of organic compounds (from municipal waste combustors) (CST-90, Vol. 74, No. 1-6, p230). Good engineering practice (GEP): A generally acceptable procedure based upon engineering experience and judgment (CRWI-89/05).
Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA): A 1993 federal law which requires government-wide performance measurement, budgeting, and results monitoring (OMB/Reg-04). GPS: Global Positioning System. A system that, using one or more receivers one could determine accurate positioning in the xyz axes by means of signals from satellites (AENmixedW-04). Grab sample: A sample which is taken from a wastestream on a one-time basis without consideration of the flow rate of the wastestream and without consideration of time (CWAJwastewater04). Grab sample: A single sample collected at a particular time and place that represents the composition of the water only at that time and place (EPA-97/12). See sample for more related terms. Grab sample: A single sample collected at a particular time and place that represents the composition of the media only at that time and place (NavyIEnv-04). Grab sample: A single sample of soil or of water taken without regard to time or flow (FFDCNpesticide-04). Grab sample: A single sample which is collected at a time and place most representative of total discharge (40CFR471.02-91). Grab sample: Instantaneous sampling, or a sample taken at a random location and at a random time (EPA-87/10a). Grade of resin: The subdivision of resin classification which describes it as a unique resin, i.e., the most exact description of a resin with no further subdivision. See resin for more related terms (40CFR61.61-91). Grade: A term applied to a paper or pulp which is ranked (or distinguished from other papers or pulps) on the basis of its use, appearance, quality, manufacturing history, raw materials, performance, or a combination of these factors (EPA-83). Grade: The level of the ground surrounding a house. In construction, it typically refers to the surface of the ground. Things can be located at grade, below grade, or above grade relative to the surface of the ground (EPA-88/08). Graded: An engineering term pertaining to the variation of sizes in soil or an unconsolidated sediment; a soil consisting of particles of several or many sizes or having a uniform or equable distribution of particles from coarse to fine. Well-graded materials
have many sizes, whereas poorly graded materials are more uniform in size (NavyEnv-04).
Grader: An earth-moving equipment. It is a gas- or dieselpowered, pneumatic-wheeled machine equipped with a centrally located blade that can be to level the surface of the ground (SW108ts). Gradient (i, dHIdX): In an aquifer, the rate of change in head per unit distance of flow at a given point and in a given direction (NavyIEnv-04). Gradient wind: The horizontal wind velocity tangent to the isobars on a geopotential surface for which the centripital acceleration and the Coriclis acceleration balance the horizontal pressure force. See wind for more related terms (NATO-78/10).
manufacturers, pet food manufacturers, cereal manufacturers, breweries, and livestock feedlots (ca. = capacity) (40CFR60.30191).
Grain unloading station: The portion of a grain elevator where the grain is transferred from a truck, railcar, barge, or ship to a receiving hopper (40CFR60.301-91). Grain: In agriculture, corn, wheat, sorghum, rice rye, oats, barley, and soybeans (40CFR60.301-91). Grain: In explosive, a single piece of formed propellant, regardless of size (EPA-76/03). Grain: In leather tanning, the epidermal side of the tanned hide. The grain side is the smooth side of the hide where the hair is located prior to removal (EPA-82/11).
Gradient: The degree of slope or a rate of change (SW-10th). Grain alcohol: See alcohol. Grain elevator: Any plant or installation at which grain is unloaded, handled, cleaned, dried, stored, or loaded (40CFR60.301-91). Grain handling operations: Include bucket elevators or legs (excluding legs used to unload barges or ships), scale hoppers and surge bins (garners), turn heads, scalpers, cleaners, trippers, the headhouse, and other such structures (40CFR60.301-91). Grain loading station: The portion of a grain elevator where the grain is transferred from the elevator to a truck, railcar, barge, or ship (40CFR60.301-91). Grain loading: The rate at which particles are emitted from a pollution source. Measurement is made by the number of grains per cubic foot of gas emitted (EPA-97/12). See loading for more related terms. Grain paper: The paper with machine direction. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Grain size distribution: A method of categorizing soils in which soil particles are separated according to size. A well-graded soil has a uniform grain size distribution while a poorly graded soil has a non-uniform grain size distribution (RCRNmanagement-04). Grain storage elevator: Any grain elevator located at any wheat flour mill, wet corn mill, dry corn mill (human consumption), rice mill, or soybean oil extraction plant which has a permanent grain storage capacity of 35,200 m3 (ca 1 million bushels) (ca = capacity) (40CFR60.301-91). Grain terminal elevator: Any grain elevator which has a permanent storage capacity of more than 88,100 m3 (ca. 2.5 million U.S. bushels), except those located at animal food
Grain: In measurement, a unit of mass weight equivalent to 65 milligrams, 211000 of an ounce, or 117000 of a pound (EPA84109-91;7411 1). Grain: In petrology, that factor of the texture of a rock composed of distinct particles or crystals which depends upon their absolute size (CWNmining-04). Grain: In plywood manufacture, the direction, size, arrangement, and appearance of the fibers in wood or veneer (EPA-74/04). Gram atomic weight: The atomic weight of an element expressed in grams. Similarly, it can be expressed in pounds (cf. pound atomic weight). Gram equivalent weight: The equivalent weight of an element or a compound expressed in grams. Similarly, it can be expressed in pounds (cf. equivalent weight). Gram molecular weight: The molecular weight of a compound expressed in grams. Similarly, it can be expressed in pounds. Grand fathering: A term used to describe an exemption from an Air Use Permit for equipment that meets two requirements: 1) installed prior to the passage of Michigan Air Quality Rule 201 in August 15,1%7, and 2) has never been modified (CAAIAPC-04). Grand rounds: Training sessions for physicians and other health care providers about health topics (SFfhealth-04). GraniteIGranitic rock: (CWNWbasics-04).
A
coarse-grained igneous rock
Granitic rock: A coarse-grained igneous rock (CWAlWquality04). Granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment: A filtering system often used in small water systems and individual homes to
remove organics. GAC can be highly effective in removing elevated levels of radon from water (EPA-97/12).
Granular activated carbon treatment: A filtering system often used in small water systems and individual homes to remove organics. GAC can be highly effective in removing elevated levels of radon from water (NavyEnv-04). Granular diammonium phosphate plant: Any plant manufacturing granular diammonium phosphate by reacting phosphoric acid with ammonia (40CFR60.22 1-91). Granular filter: A device for removing suspended solids from water, consisting of granular material placed in a layer(s) and capable of being cleaned by reversing the direction of the flow. See filter for more related terms (EPA-82/10). Granular triple superphosphate storage facility: Any facility curing or storing granular triple superphosphate (40CFR60.24191). Granulated blast furnace slag: The solid product of a predominantly glassy nature formed by the water granulation of blast-furnace slag. Some granulated blast-furnace slags are used as lightweight aggregates for concrete or are finely ground to make a cementitious ingredient of concrete. See slag for more related terms (EPA-83). Granulated slag: In the steel industry, a product made by dumping liquid blast furnace slags past a high pressure water jet and allowing it to fall into a pit of water. The material looks like light tan sand. See slag for more related terms (EPA-74106a). Granulation: The process of forming small masses. Granulation: The process which removes remaining moisture from sugar, and thus also separates the crystals from one another (EPA-75102d). Granulator: A rotary dryer used in sugar refineries to remove free moisture from sugar crystals prior to packaging or storing (EPA-75102d). Grape sugar: See dextrose. Graphical exposure modeling system (GEMS): See dispersion model. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS): GFAAS replaces the flame with an electrically heated graphite furnace. The furnace allows for gradual heating of the sample aliquot in several stages. Thus, the processes of desolvation, drying, decomposition of organic and inorganic molecules and salts, and formation of atoms which must occur in a flame or ICP in a few milliseconds may be allowed to occur over a much longer time period and at controlled temperatures in the furnace. This
allows an experienced analyst to remove unwanted matrix components by using temperature programming andlor matrix modifiers. The major advantage of this technique is that it affords extremely low detection limits. It is the easiest to perform on relatively clean samples. Because this technique is so sensitive, interferences can be a real problem; finding the optimum combination of digestion, heating times and temperatures, and matrix modifiers can be a challenge for complex matrices. See metal analyzer for more related terms (SW-846).
Graphite storage: Carbon has a feature to adsorb hydrogen. The amount of hydrogen to be adsorbed depends on temperature, pressure, and the quality/structure of the carbon used. Microscopic carbon structures can be in the nanometers range (one nanometer ~ corresponds to 1o - meters). Graphite: A soft black lustrous form of the element carbon and is a constituent of coal, petroleum, asphalt, etc. It is capable of conducting electricity, does not bum easily or fuse at high temperatures, and is an important material in the construction of phosphoric acid fuel cells (EPA-83/03). Grapple: A clamshell-type bucket having three or more jaws, also called a star or orange peel bucket (SW-108ts). Grass waterway: An area of grass over which runoff water can move in a thin sheet across the land surface and thus proceed more slowly than it does when it moves across cultivated crops, hence causing less erosion (DOI-70104). Grasscycling: Source reduction activities in which grass clippings are left on the lawn after mowing (EPA-97/12). Grassed waterway: Natural or constructed watercourse or outlet that is shaped or graded and established in suitable vegetation for the disposal of runoff water without erosion (EPA-97/12). Grassland: An area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses. Grate sifting: See sifting. Grate: A device used to support solid waste or solid fuel in a furnace during the drying, igniting, and burning process. Its openings (tuyeres) permit air to pass through it (cf. stoker) (SW-lO8ts). Grate: For more related terms, see (1) Chain grate; (2) Dead plate grate; (3) Fixed grate; (4) Movable grate; (5) Oscillating grate; (6) Reciprocating grate; (7) Rocking grate; (8) Traveling grate; (9) and Stationary grate (see fixed grate). Gravel pack: Gravel placed around the outside of the well screen to increase the effective diameter of the well and therefore the well efficiency (NavyIEnv-04).
Gravel: Rock fragments from 2 mm to 64 mm (.08 to 2.5 inches) in diameter; gravel mixed with sand, cobbles, boulders, and containing no more than 15% of fines (SW-108ts). Gravimetric 103-105C: A standard method of measuring total solids in aqueous solutions (EPA-83106a). Gravimetric 550C: A standard method of measuring total volatile solids in aqueous solutions (EPA-83106a). Gravimetric analysis: (1) A quantitative (weighing) analysis of a chemical component. (2) The analysis of a gas mixture is based on the mass or weight of each component in the system. (3) See property for more related terms. Gravitational fall: The downward settling of particles in the atmosphere due to the effects of gravity. The rate of descent of a particle depends on the balance between the aerodynamic drag and the gravitational acceleration (Stokes law). For particles with approximately the density of water and a diameter of less than 20 micro-meter the fall velocity is too small compared with the vertical velocities in the atmosphere, so that these particles can remain aloft (NATO-78/10). Gravitational water: The water that flows downward due to the gravitational force. See water for more related terms. Gravity filtration: The settling of heavier and rising of lighter constituents within a solution. See filtration for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Gravity flotation: The separation of water and low density contaminants such as oil or grease by reduction of the wastewater flow velocity and turbulence for a sufficient time to permit separation due to difference in specific gravity. The floated material is removed by some skimming technique (EPA-83106a). Gravity furnace wall: A furnace wall supported directly by the foundation or floor of a structure. See furnace wall for more related terms (EPA-83). Gravity separation method: The treatment of mineral particles which exploits differences between their specific gravities. The separation is usually performed by means of sluices, jigs, classifiers, spirals, hydrocyclones, or shaking tables (40CFR440.141-91). Gravity separation: A separation method which uses density differences and gravitational pull to separate mixed materials into various components (see separation for more separation methods) (EPA-82/05; 87110a). Gravity settler: See settling chamber.
Gravity sewer: A collection system where gravity is used to transport wastewater from the homes to a centralized treatment or disposal facility. Periodically the wastewater may be pumped to a higher elevation, but energy costs are generally low since water flows downhill. Most gravity sewers are conventional technologies. See sewer for more related terms (EPA-80108). Gravity thickening: See sludge thickening. Gravity: The gravitational force by which terrestrial bodies tend to fall toward the center of the earth. In accordance with Newton's second law of motion, F = ma, F is the force producing an acceleration "a" on a body of mass "m" (cf. specific gravity). Gravure cylinder: A printing cylinder with an intaglio image consisting of minute cells or indentations specially engraved or etched into the cylinder's surface to hold ink when continuously revolved through a fountain of ink (40CFR60.431-91, see also 4OCFR60.581-91). Gravure ink: A quick drymg, low viscosity ink based on volatile solvents. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Gray cast iron: Alloys primarily of iron, carbon, and silicon along with other alloying elements in which the graphite is in flake form. These irons are characterized by low ductility but have many other properties such as good castability and good damping capacity (EPA-83106a). Gray iron: A cast iron that gives a gray fracture due to the presence of flake graphite (40CFR464.31-91). Gray water: All non-toilet household wastewater (EPA-80108). Gray water: Domestic wastewater composed of wash water from kitchen, bathroom, and laundry sinks, tubs, and washers (EPA97/12). See water for more related terms. Gray water: Galley, bath, and shower water (CWA312). Grazing permit and lease: Any document authorizing use of public lands or lands in national forests in the eleven contiguous western states for the purpose of grazing domestic livestock (FLPMA103-43U.S.C. 1702-90). Grease interceptor (or grease trap): A device in a drain to remove grease before it enters into a wastewater treatment system (cf. grease skimmer). Grease proof paper: Paper which is resistant to oil and grease penetration (EPA-87110). Grease skimmer: A device for removing grease or scum fkom the surface of wastewater in a tank (EPA-83/03).
Gravity settling tank: See settling chamber. Grease trap: See grease interceptor.
Grease: A solid or semi-solid composition made up of animal fats, alkali, water, oil, and various additives (EPA-74104b). Grease: In wastewater, a group of substances including fats, waxes, free fatty acids, calcium and magnesium soaps, mineral oil, and certain other non-fatty materials. The type of solvent and method used for extraction should be stated for quantification. The grease analysis will measure both free and emulsified oils and greases. Generally expressed in mg/L (EPA-83/03). Great Lakes: Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron (including Lake St. Clair), Lake Michigan, and Lake Superior, and the connecting channels (Saint Mary's River, Saint Clair River, Detroit River, Niagara River, and Saint Lawrence River to the Canadian Boarder) (CWA118-33U.S.C. 1268-91).
Green liquor: Liquor made by dissolving the smelt from the kraft process water and weak liquor preparatory to causticizing (EPA87/10). Green liquor: The aluminum-bearing solution from the bauxite digesters before further processing (EPA-74103b). See liquor for more related terms. Green paper: The incompletely dried or seasoned paper. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Green salt (UF4): Uranium tetrafluoride, an intermediate product in the uranium metal production process (AEA/closure-04). Green sludge (or fresh sludge): The raw sludge before treatment.
See sludge for more related terms. Great Lake states: The states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin (CWAl18-33U.S.C.1268-91). Great Lake Water Quality Agreement: The bilateral agreement, between the United States and Canada which was signed in 1978 and amended by the Protocol of 1987 (CWA118-33U.S.C.126891). Green algae: Algae that have pigments similar in color to those of higher green plants. Common forms produce algal mats or floating "moss" in lakes (LBL-76107-water). Green belt: Certain areas restricted from being used for buildings and houses; they often serve as separating buffers between pollution sources and concentrations of population (EPA-74/11). Green body: An unbaked carbon rod or piece that is usually soft and quite easily broken (EPA-83/03). Green clipper: A clipper which clips veneer prior to being dried (EPA-74/04). Green function: A function associated with a given boundary value problem, which is a differential equation defined in a certain region and required to meet given boundary conditions. The green function appears as the kernel in the integral representation of the solution of the equation (NATO-78/10). Green hide: A hide which may be cured but has not been tanned.
See hide for more related terms (EPA-82/11). Green liquor clarifier: A piece of equipment used to separate the dregs from the green liquor, allowing recovery of the green liquor for processing into white "cooking" liquor. See clarifier for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Green liquor sulfidity: The sulfidity of the liquor which leaves the smelt dissolving tank (40CFR60.28 1-91).
Green stock: Unseasoned wood (EPA-74/04). Green tire spraying operation: The system used to apply a mold release agent and lubricant to the inside andor outside of green tires to facilitate the curing process and to prevent rubber from sticking to the curing press. A green tire spraying operation consists of a booth where spraying is performed, the spray application station, and related equipment, such as the lubricant supply system (40CFR60.541-91). Green tire: An assembled, uncured tire (40CFR60.541-91). Green vitriol: See ferrous sulfate. Green water: The water that shows green color due to the growth of green algae which flourish, particularly, fast under the sunlight in summer. See water for more related terms. Greenhouse effect: A popular term used to describe the roles of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases in keeping the earth's surface warmer than it would otherwise be. These radiatively active gases are relatively transparent to incoming shortwave radiation, but are relatively opaque to outgoing longwave radiation. The latter radiation, which would otherwise escape to space, is trapped by greenhouse gases within the lower levels of the atmosphere. The subsequent reradiation of some of the energy back to the earth maintains higher surface temperatures than would occur if the gases were absent. There is concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbons, may enhance the greenhouse effect and cause global warming (CAA/C02gas-04). Greenhouse effect: The heating effect of the atmosphere upon the Earth. Light waves from the sun pass through the air and are absorbed by the Earth. The Earth then re-radiates this energy as heat waves that are absorbed by the air, specifically by carbon dioxide. The air thus behaves like glass in a greenhouse, allowing the passage of light but not of heat. Thus many scientists theorize
that an increase in the atmospheric concentration of COz can eventually cause an increase in the Earth's surface temperature (cf. chilling effect) (EPA-74/11).
Greenhouse effect: The result of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other atmospheric gases trapping radiant (infrared) energy, thereby keeping the Earth's surface warmer than it would otherwise be. Greenhouse gases within the lower levels of the atmosphere trap this radiation, which would otherwise escape into space, and subsequent re-radiation of some of this energy back to the earth maintains higher surface temperatures than would occur if the gases were absent. See greenhouse gases (CAA/C02gasl-04). Greenhouse effect: The warming of the earth's atmosphere attributed to a build-up of carbon dioxide or other gases; some scientists think that this build-up allows the sun's rays to heat the earth, while infra-red radiation makes the atmosphere opaque to a counterbalancing loss of heat (EPA-97/12). Greenhouse gas impact or impact: Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea level, and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climate could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. It could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts may expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks may be permanently altered. Most of the United States is expected to warm, although sulfates may limit warming in some areas. Scientists currently are unable to determine which parts of the United States will become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils. Unfortunately, many of the potentially most important impacts depend upon whether rainfall increases or decreases, which can not be reliably projected for specific areas (http://yosemite. epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsE/content/Impacts.htm,2004). Greenhouse gas sink or sink: A sink is a reservoir that uptakes a chemical element or compound from another part of its cycle. For example, soil and trees tend to act as' natural sinks for carbon. Each year hundreds of billions of tons of carbon in the form of C02 are absorbed by oceans, soils, and trees (http://yosemite. epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsE/content.Emissions.html). Greenhouse gas: (1) Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. (2) Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. (3) Certain human activities, however, add to the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases: (a) Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere when solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), and wood and wood products are burned. (b) Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills, and the raising of livestock. (c) Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste
and fossil fuels. (d) Very powerful greenhouse gases that are not naturally occurring include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which are generated in a variety of industrial processes. Each greenhouse gas differs in its ability to absorb heat in the atmosphere. HFCs and PFCs are the most heat-absorbent. Methane traps over 21 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide absorbs 270 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide. Ofien, estimates of greenhouse gas emissions are presented in units of millions of metric tons of carbon equivalents (MMTCE), which weights each gas by its GWP value (http://yosemite. epagov/oar/globalwarming.nsWcontent~Emissions.h,2004).
Greenhouse gas: A gas, such as carbon dioxide or methane, which contributes to potential climate change (EPA-97/12). Greenhouse gases: Those gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, HFCs, PFCs, and sulfur hexafluoride, that are transparent to solar (short-wave) radiation but opaque to long-wave (infrared) radiation, thus preventing long-wave radiant energy from leaving the earth's atmosphere. The net effect is a trapping of absorbed radiation and a tendency to warm the planet's surface (CAA/C02gasl-04). Greywater: Wastewater from clothes washing machines, showers, bathtubs, hand washing, lavatories, and sinks (CWAIWsciencs ("9.
Grid casting facility: The facility which includes all lead melting pots and machines used for casting the grid used in battery manufacturing (40CFR60.371-91). Grid connected operation: Operation of the power plant in which its electricity is connected to a utility grid. Grid connected: A grid-connected fuel cell. That is, the electricity generated from fuel cells is connected to utility grid systems. In other words, the electricity generated from fuel cells is sold to utility power companies. Grid independent operation: Operation of the power plant in which its electricity is not connected to a utility grid. Grid isolated or grid-independent: A grid-independent fuel cell. That is, the electricity generated from fuel cells is only used in its own power distribution grid. Grid model: The numerical solution, usually by finite difference methods, of a problem in a Eulerian frame of a reference at discrete points in space, which are called grid points. The solution at each grid point is calculated as a function of time (NATO78/10). Grid parallel: A grid-parallel fuel cell. That is, the electricity generated from fuel cells can be connected to utility systems or can be used in its own power distribution grid.
Grid: A power transmission structure that conducts current from a power source to end users. Grid: A stationary support or retainer for a bed of packing in a packed bed scrubber (EPA-89/03b). Grid: An electrode located between the cathode and anode of an electron tube, which has one or more openings through which electrons or ions can pass, and which controls the flow of electrons fkom cathode to anode (EPA-83/03). Grid: An open structure for mounting on the sample to aid in its examination in the TEM. The term is used here to denote a 200mesh copper lattice approximately 3 mm in diameter (40CFR763AppIA-9 1). Grid: The support for the active materials and a means to conduct current from the active materials to the cell terminals; usually a metal screen, expanded metal mesh, or a perforated metal plate (EPA-84/08).
Grinding: In constructing a landfill liner, the removal of oxide layers and waxes from the surface of a polyethylene sheet in preparation of extrusion fillet or extrusion flat seaming (EPA89/09, see also EPA-91/05). Grinding: In mining, size reduction into relatively fine particles. It is arbitrarily divided into dry grinding performed on mineral containing only moisture as mined, and wet grinding, usually done in rod, ball, or pebble mills with added water (EPA-82/05). Grinding: The process of removing stock from a workpiece by the use of a tool consisting of abrasive grains held by a rigid or semi-rigid grinder. Grinding includes surface finishing, sanding, and slicing (40CFR471.02-91). Grinding: To reduce to powder or small fragments and includes mechanical chipping or drilling (40CFR61.141-91). Grindstone: A natural or artificial stone which is channeled or grooved and used for the manufacture of mechanical, chemimechanical, and groundwood pulp (EPA-87/10).
Gridding of water: The distribution of water by pipeline. On a regional basis this may be done so as to achieve a more efficient adjustment between supply and demand than is found in nature. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104).
Grit chamber: See grit removal chamber.
Grinder pump: A mechanical device that shreds solids and raises sewage to a higher elevation through pressure sewers (EPA-97/12).
Grit removal chamber (or grit chamber): A small detention chamber or an enlargement of a sewer designed to reduce the velocity of a liquid flow and permit the separation of mineral from organic solids by differential sedimentation (EPA-87/10a).
Grinder: A unit which is used to pulverize dry phosphate rock to the final product size used in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizer and does not include crushing devices used in mining (40CFR60.401-91). Grinder: Equipment for the size reduction of a material (cf. shredder) (EPA-83).
Grit channel: Similar to the grit removal chamber, grit channel is a channel used for extracting grits from sewage.
Grit removal chamber: A chamber used for settling out stones, cinders, and sands (DOI-70104). Grit washer: See classifier. Grit: Large size materials.
Grinding fluid: Water based, straight oil, or synthetic based lubricants containing mineral oil, soaps, or fatty materials lubricants serve to cool the part and maintain the abrasiveness of the grinding wheel face (EPA-83106a). Grinding mill: A machine used for the wet or dry fine crushing of any nonmetallic mineral. Grinding mills include, but are not limited to, the following types: hammer, roller, rod, pebble and ball, and fluid energy. The grinding mill includes the air conveying system, air separator, or air classifier, where such systems are used (40CFR60.671-9 1). Grinding wheel: All power-driven rotatable grinding or abrasive wheels, except disc wheels as defined in this standards, consisting of abrasive particles held together by artificial or natural bonds and used for peripheral grinding (29CFR1910.94b-91).
Grizzly screen: Screen made of heavy fixed bars, used to remove oversized stones, tree stumps, etc. (EPA-88108a). Grizzly: Course screening or scalping device that prevents oversized bulk material form entering a material transfer system; constructed of rails, bars, beams, etc. (CWNmining-04). Grog: Calcined fireclay or clean broken fireclay brick, ground to suitable fineness. It is added to a refractory batch to reduce shrinkage in drying and firing (EPA-83). Gross alpha particle activity: The total radioactivity due to alpha particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample (40CFR141.2-91). Gross alpha particle activity: Total activity due to emission of alpha particles. Used as the screening measurement for
radioactivity generally due to naturally-occurring radionuclides. Activity is commonly measured in picocuries (EPA-89/12).
Gross alphdbeta particle activity: The total radioactivity due to alpha or beta particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample (EPA-97/12). Gross available head: The pressure difference between two points in a water channel. Gross beta particle activity: Total activity due to emission of beta particles. Used as the screening measurement for radioactivity from man-made radionuclides since the decay products of fission are beta particle and gamma ray emitters. Activity is commonly measured in picocuries (EPA-89/12). Gross boat particle activity: The total radioactivity due to beta particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample (40CFR141.2-91).
Gross ton: See ton. Gross vehicle weight (GVW): The manufacturer's gross weight rating for the individual vehicle (40CFR52.741; 86.082.2-91). Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR): The value specified by the manufacturer as the maximum design loaded weight of a single vehicle (40CFR52.741-91). Grotthus Draper law: The first law of photochemistry; states that only light which is absorbed can be effective in reducing a chemical transformation. See law for more related terms (40CFR796.3700-91). Ground based inversion: A temperature inversion based at the ground surface. This type of inversion often forms during night time, when, due to radiation losses, the temperature of the surface drops, inducing the cooling of the air close to the surface (NATO78/10).
Gross calorific value: See high heating value. Ground coat: The first coat of porcelain enamel (EPA-8211le). Gross cane: That amount of crop material as harvested, including field trash and other extraneous material (40CFR409.41; 409.61; 409.81-91).
Ground control: The regulation and final arresting of the closure of the walls of a mined area. The term generally refers to measures taken to prevent roof falls or coal bursts (CWNmining-04).
Gross capacity: See design capacity. Gross combination weight rating (GCWR): The value specified by the manufacturer as the loaded weight of a combination vehicle (40CFR202.10; 205.5 1-91). Gross gas withdrawal: The full-volume of compounds extracted at the wellhead, including nonhydrocarbon gases and natural gas plant liquids (CAA/C02gasl-04). Gross heating value: See high heating value.
Ground cover: Plants grown to keep soil from eroding (EPA97/12). Ground level concentration: Applied to the concentration, calculated or observed, in the neighborhood of the ground surface (NATO-78110). Ground phosphate rock handling and storage system: A system which is used for the conveyance and storage of ground phosphate rock from grinders at phosphate rock plants (40CFR60.401-91).
Gross national product (GNP): The total productivity of a nation. Gross power: The total amount of power from an energy source prior to any conditioning and losses associated with the production of power suitable for the connected load. Gross production of fiberboard product: The air dry weight of hardboard or insulation board following formation of the mat and prior to trimming and finishing operations (40CFR429.11-91). Gross sample: A sample representing one lot and composed of a number of increments on which neither reduction nor division has been performed. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Gross sampling: A sample representing one lot and composed of a number of increments on which neither reduction nor division has been performed (EPA-83).
Ground pressure: The pressure to which a rock formation is subjected by the weight of the superimposed rock and rock material or by diastrophic forces created by movements in the rocks forming the Earth's crust. Such pressures may be great enough to cause rocks having a low compressional strength to deform and be squeezed into and close a borehole or other underground opening not adequately strengthened by an artificial support, such as casing or timber (CWAImining-04). Ground pressure: The weight of a machine divided by the area in square inches of the ground directly supporting it (EPA-83). Groundwater monitoring: Sampling and analysis of groundwater for the purpose of detecting the release of contamination from a solid or hazardous waste land-based unit. Groundwater monitoring is also a method of UST release
detection which senses the presence of liquid product floating in groundwater (RCRAkazardous-04).
Groundwater, confined: Groundwater under pressure significantly greater than atmospheric, with its upper limit the bottom of a bed with hydraulic conductivity distinctly lower than that of the material in which the confined water occurs (CWNWscience-04). Groundwater, unconfined: Water in an aquifer that has a water table that is exposed to the atmosphere (CWNWscience-04). Groundwater: (1) Water that flows or seeps downward and saturates soil or rock, supplying springs and wells. The upper surface of the saturate zone is called the water table. (2) Water stored underground in rock crevices and in the pores of geologic materials that make up the earth's crust (CWAJWscience-04). Groundwater: As defined by CERCLA $101(12): "water in a saturated zone or stratum beneath the surface of land or water" (SFEnv-04). Groundwater: In general, any water that exists beneath the land surface, but more commonly applied to water in fully saturated soils and geologic formations (CWNWquality-04). Groundwater: In the broadest sense, all subsurface water; more commonly that part of the subsurface water in the saturated zone (CWNWbasics-04). Groundwater: The supply of fresh water found beneath the Earth's surface, usually in aquifers, which is often used for supplying wells and springs. Because groundwater is a major source of drinking water there is growing concern over areas where leaching agricultural or industrial pollutants or substances from leaking underground storage tanks are contaminating groundwater (SDWNeducation-04). Groundwater: The water that systems pump and treat from aquifers (natural reservoirs below the earth's surface) (SDWNReg-04). Groundwater: Water found below the surface of the land, usually in porous rock formations. Groundwater is the source of water found in wells and springs and is used frequently for drinking (FFDCNpesticide-04). Groundwater: Water in the ground that is in the zone of saturation, from which wells, springs, and groundwater runoff are supplied (CWAihydrology-04). Ground-penetrating radar: A geophysical method that uses high frequency electromagnetic waves to obtain subsurface information (EPA-97/12).
Groundwater (GW): The supply of fresh water found beneath the earth's surface in the interstices between soil grains, in fractures, or in porous formations. Because groundwater is a major source of drinking water, there is growing concern over contamination from leaching agricultural or industrial pollutants or leaking underground storage tanks (NavyIEnv-04). Groundwater contaminant movement mechanism: Including: (1) Advection: Movement caused by the flow (advection) of groundwater. (2) Dispersion: Movement caused by the irregular mixing (dispersion) of waters during advection. (3) Retardation: Chemical or physical mechanisms which can retard, delay, or slow the movement of constituents in groundwater (EPA-87/03). Groundwater contamination mechanism: The contamination mechanisms include (1) Infiltration: A portion of the water which has fallen to the earth slowly infiltrates the soil through pore spaces in the soil matrix. As the water moves downward under the influence of gravity, it dissolves materials such as contaminants, organics, and inorganics with which it comes into contact and forms leachate. (2) Direct migration: Contaminants can migrate directly into groundwater from below ground sources (e.g., storage tanks, pipelines) which lie within the saturated zone. (3) Interaquifer exchange: Contaminated groundwater cam mix with uncontaminated groundwater through a process known as interaguifer exchange in which one water-bearing unit communicates hydraulically with another. (4) Recharge from surface water: Groundwater may be drawn for many applications, the contaminated surface water can then enter and contaminate the groundwater system (EPA-87/03). Groundwater contamination source: Major sources include (1) Septic tanks and injection wells that are intentionally designed to discharge substances. (2) Landfills and open dumps that are not designed to release contaminants to the subsurface. (3) Pipelines and transportation that are designed to retain substances during transmission or transport. Any pipeline breakage or traffic accident may result in contamination (EPA-87/03). Groundwater contamination: The degradation of the natural quality of groundwater as a result of man's activities (EPA-87/03). Groundwater discharge: Groundwater entering near coastal waters which has been contaminated by landfill leachate, deep well injection of hazardous wastes, septic tanks, etc. (EPA-97/12). Groundwater disinfection rule: A 1996 amendment of the Safe Drinking Water Act requiring EPA to promulgate national primary drinking water regulations requiring disinfection as for all public water systems, including surface waters and groundwater systems (EPA-97/12). Groundwater divide: A ridge in the water table or other potentiometric surface from which groundwater moves away in both directions normal to the ridge line (Course 165.7).
Groundwater flow system: The underground pathway by which groundwater moves from areas of recharge to areas of discharge (CWANbasics-04). Groundwater flow velocity: A measure of the direction and speed of Groundwater Flow (NavyIEnv-04). Groundwater flow: Flow of water in an aquifer or soil. That portion of the discharge of a stream which is derived from groundwater (EPA-83). Groundwater infiltration: In 40CFR440.131 means that water which enters the treatment facility as a result of the interception of natural springs, aquifers, or run-off which percolates into the ground and seeps into the treatment facility's tailings pond or wastewater holding facility and that cannot be diverted by ditching or grouting the tailings pond or wastewater holding facility (40CFR440.132.-91). Groundwater model: Simulated representation of a groundwater system to aid definition of behavior and decision making (Course 165.7). Groundwater monitoring well: A well placed at an appropriate location and depth for taking water samples to determine groundwater quality in the area surrounding a landfill or other site (RCRAImanagement-04). Groundwater outflow: That part of the discharge from a drainage basin that occurs through the groundwater. The term "underflow" is often used to describe the groundwater outflow that takes place in valley alluvium (instead of the surface channel) and thus is not measured at a gaging station (CWAhydrology-04). Groundwater pollution boundary: The lines at which the concentration of all pollutants have fallen below the maximum permissible concentration for potable water, or where all water properties have taken on the normal values of the environment concerned (EPA-87/03). Groundwater recharge: Inflow of water to a groundwater reservoir from the surface. Infiltration of precipitation and its movement to the water table is one form of natural recharge (CWMWscience-04). Also, the volume of water added by this process. Groundwater remediation: Treatment of groundwater to remove pollutants (Navy/Env-04). Groundwater reservoir: All rocks in the zone of saturation (cf. aquifer) (Course 165.7). Groundwater run-off: Groundwater that is discharged into a stream channel as spring or seepage water (EPA-74/11).
Groundwater runoff: That part of the runoff which has passed into the ground, has become groundwater, and has been discharged into a stream channel as spring or seepage water. See also base runoff and direct runoff (CWA/hydrology-04). Groundwater system: A groundwater reservoir and its contained water; includes hydraulic and geochemical features (Course 165.7). Groundwater under the direct influence (UDI)of surface water: Any water beneath the surface of the ground with: (1) Significant occurrence of insects or other macroorganisms, algae, or large-diameter pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, or (2) Significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity, or pH which closely correlate to climatological or surface water conditions. Direct influence must be determined for individual sources in accordance with criteria established by the state. The state determination of direct influence may be based on sitespecific measurements of water quality andlor documentation of well construction characteristics and geology with field evaluation (40CFR141.291). Groundwater under the direct influence (UDI) of surface water: Any water beneath the surface of the ground with: (1) Significant occurrence of inserts or other microorganisms, algae, or large-diameter pathogens. (2) Significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity, or pH which closely correlate to climatological or surface water conditions. Direct influence must be determined for individual sources in accordance with criteria established by the state (EPA-97/12). Groundwater: The supply of fresh water found beneath the earth's surface, usually in aquifers, which supply wells and springs. Because groundwater is a major source of drinking water, there is growing concern over contamination from leaching agricultural or industrial pollutants or leaking underground storage tanks (EPA97112). Groundwater: The supply of water under the Earth's surface in aquifer (DOE-91/04). Groundwater: Water beneath the Earth's surface in the spaces between soil particles and between rock surfaces [compare with surface water] (SFIhealth-04). Groundwater: Water in a saturated zone or stratum beneath the surface of land or water (SFlOl, see also 40CFR144.3; 146.3; 147.2902; 191.12; 241.101; 257.3.4; 260.10; 270.2; 300.5-91). Groundwater: Water occumng beneath the Earth's surface that supplies wells and springs. Groundwater: For more related terms, see (1) Confined groundwater, (2) Free groundwater; (3) Significant source of
groundwater; (4) Special source of groundwater; and (5) Unconfined groundwater.
such title as in effect on March 31, 1986 (TSCA20215U.S.C.2642-91).
Groundwood paper: A general term for a variety of papers, mainly printing, containing a large proportion of mechanical pulp along with chemical pulps. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83).
Guidance manual: A supplemental document to EPA regulations. It provides a detailed procedure for EPA permit writers on how to implement regulations and for industry on how to comply with regulations (cf. hazardous waste incineration guidance series).
Groundwood pulp: A wood pulp produced mechanically by a grinding action that separates wood fibers from resinous binders. It is used principally for newsprint and printing papers. See pulp for more related terms (EPA-83).
Guide coat operation: The guide coat spray booth, flash-off area, and bake oven(s) which are used to apply and dry or cure a surface coating between the prime coat and topcoat operation on the components of automobile and light-duty truck bodies (40CFR60.391-91).
Group task method: A method in which the responsibility for collecting on assigned routes is shared by more than one crew. Any crew that finishes a particular route works on another until all are completed. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW-108ts). Grouser: A ridge or cleat that extends across a crawler tractor track to improve its traction (SW-108ts). Grout: A cementing or sealing mixture of cement and water to which sand, sawdust, or other fillers (additives) may be added (SW-108ts). Growing season: The (CWA/Wbasics-04).
frost-free period
of
the
year
Growth rate: An increase in biomass or cell numbers of algae per unit time (40CFR797.1060-91). Growth: A relative measure of the viability of an algal population based on the number andlor weight of algal cells per volume of nutrient medium or test solution in a pacified period of time (40CFR797.1050-91). GSA: See U.S. General Services Administration. Guaranteed loan program: The program established pursuant to Pub. L. 4-55 which amended the Act by adding section 213 (4OCFR39.105-91). Guarantor: Any person, other than the responsible party, who provides evidence of financial responsibility for a responsible party under this Act (OPA1001, see also SF101-91). Guarantor: As defined by CERCLA $101(13): "any person, other than the owner or operator, who provides evidence of financial responsibility for an owner or operator under this Act" (SFJEnv04). Guidance (how to): See law related terms. Guidance for controlling asbestos-containing material in buildings: The Environmental Protection Agency document with
Guide specification: A general specification--often referred to as a design standard or design guideline-which is a model standard and is suggested or required for use in the design of all of the construction projects of an agency. See specification for more related terms (40CFR249.04-91). Guide word hazard and operability study: A hazard and operability study which uses guide words to stimulate a systematic yet creative search for hazards (EPA-87107a). Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment: U.S. EPA guidelines intended to guide Agency evaluation of suspect carcinogens in line with statutory policies and procedures. See FR 33992-34003, September 24, 1986 (EPA-92/12). Guidelines for exposure assessment: U.S. EPA guidelines intended to guide Agency analysis of exposure assessment data in line with statutory policies and procedures. See 51 FR 3404234054, September 24, 1986 (EPA-92/12). Guidelines for health assessment of suspect developmental toxicants: U.S. EPA guidelines intended to guide Agency analysis of developmental toxicity data in line with statutory policies and procedures. See 51 FR 34028-34040, September 24, 1986 (EPA92/12). Guidelines for mutagenicity risk assessment: U.S. EPA guidelines intended to guide Agency analysis of mutagenicity data as related to heritable mutagenic risks, in line with statutory policies and procedures. See 51 FR 34006-34012, September 24, 1986 (EPA-92/12). Guidelines for the health risk assessment of chemical mixtures: U.S. EPA guidelines intended to guide Agency analysis of information relating to health effects data on chemical mixtures in line with statutory policies and procedures. See 51 FR 3401434025, September 24, 1986 (EPA-92/12). Guillotine damper: An adjustable plate, utilized to regulate the flow of gases, installed vertically in a breeching. See damper for more related terms (SW-lO8ts).
Gully erosion: Severe erosion in which trenches are cut to a depth greater than 30 centimeters (a foot). Generally, ditches deep enough to cross with farm equipment are considered gullies (EPA97/12). Gully erosion: The widening, deepening, and cutting back of small channels and waterways due to erosion (DOI-70/04). Gum rosin: See natural rosin. Gun drilling: Using special straight flute drills with a single lip and cutting fluid at high pressures for deep hole drilling. See drilling for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Gun: In constructing a landfill liner, a synonymous term for hand held extrusion fillet device (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). Gunite: A cement applied by spraying to the roof and sides of a mine passage (CWAImining-04). Gustiness: The fluctuation of wind speed over a specified time interval (NATO-78110).
Guttation: The loss of water in liquid form from the uninjured leaf or stem of the plant, principally through water stomata (CWAhydrology-04). Gyp pond: In fertilizer phosphate plants, a pond receiving wastewater and acting as a recirculation, cooling, and water reuse pond (EPA-6/76). Gypsum cement: A group of cements consisting primarily of calcium sulfate and produced by the complete dehydration of gypsum. It usually contains additives such as aluminum sulfate or potassium carbonate. It is used in sand binder formulation (EPA8511Oa). Gypsum: Calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaS04(2H20), a sludge constituent from the conventional lime scrubber process, obtained as a by-product of the dewatering operation and sold for commercial use. Gypsum: The common name for calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaS04(2H20);an essential ingredient of cement that controls the rate of setting (ETI-92). Gypsum: The most common sulfate mineral. Used in wallboard (CAA/C02gas-04).
Habitable: Livable area that is occupied year round and meets all code and building construction requirements with respect to mechanical and electrical systems, foundation, wall, ceiling, and roof materials and structure (NCAInoise-04). Habitat indicator: A physical attribute of the environment measured to characterize conditions necessary to support an organism, population, or community in the absence of pollutants, e.g., salinity of esturine waters or substrate type in streams or lakes (EPA-97/12). Habitat indicator: The place or type of site where a plant or animal normally lives or grows (DOE-91/04). Habitat: The part of the physical environment in which a plant or animal lives (CWAJWbasics-04). Habitat: The place where a population (e.g., human, animal, plant, microorganism) lives and its surroundings, both living and nonliving (EPA-97/12). Habit-forming narcotic drug or narcotic: Opium and coca leaves and the several alkaloids derived therefrom, the best known of these alkaloids being morphia, heroin, and codeine, obtained from opium, and cocaine derived from the coca plant; all compounds, salts, preparations, or other derivatives obtained either from the raw material or from the various alkaloids; Indian hemp and its various forms; isonipecaine and its derivatives, compound, salts and preparations; opiates (as defined in section 3228(f) of the Internal Revenue Code) (PHSA2-j). Hafnium (Hf): A transition metal with atomic number 72; atomic weight 178.49; density 13.1 glee; melting point 2222 C and boiling point 5400 C. The element belongs to group IVB of the periodic table. Hahnium (Ha): A transactinide element (atomic number greater than 103). The element with atomic number 105 is unstable, has very short half life, and belongs to group VB of the periodic table. Hair pulp: The removal of hair by chemical dissolution (40CFR425.02-9 1).
Hair save: The physical or mechanical removal of hair which has not been chemically dissolved, and either selling the hair as a byproduct or disposing of it as a solid waste (40CFR425.02-91). Half cell potential: The relative potential between one electrode and its electrolyte. The total potential of a cell is the sum of two half cell potentials, i.e., cathodic and anodic potential. Half cell: A cell with one electrode which is immersed in an electrolyte solution. For a cathode and anode electrode cell, the cell can be considered as two half cells. Half life of a chemical: The time required for the concentration of the chemical being tested to be reduced to one-half its initial value (40CFR796.3700-9 1). Half life: (1) The time required for a pollutant to lose one-half of its original concentration. For example, the biochemical half-life of DDT in the environment is 15 years. (2) The time required for half of the atoms of a radioactive element to undergo selftransmutation or decay (half-life of radium is 1620 years). (3) The time required for the elimination of half a total dose from the body (EPA-97/12). Half life: Length of time required for an initial concentration of a substance to be halved as a result of loss through decay. The Hazard Ranking System (HRS) considers five decay processes: biodegradation, hydrolysis, photolysis, radioactive decay, and volatilization (40CFR300-AppIA-91). Half life: The time it takes for one-half of any given number of unstable atoms to decay. Each isotope has its own characteristic half-life. They range from small fractions of a second to billions of years (the half-life for plutonium is 24,000 years) (OMBIReg-04). Half life (t%): The time it takes for half the original amount of a substance to disappear. In the environment, the half life is the time it takes for half the original amount of a substance to disappear when it is changed to another chemical by bacteria, fungi, sunlight, or other chemical processes. In the human body, the half life is the time it takes for half the original amount of the substance to disappear, either by being changed to another substance or by leaving the body. In the case of radioactive material, the half life is the amount of time necessary for one half the initial number of radioactive atoms to change or transform into another atom (that is
normally not radioactive). After two half lives, 25% of the original number of radioactive atoms remain (SFkealth-04).
halogens of 20 ppmv (by compound) or greater (40CFR60.611; 40CFR60.661-91).
Halide: The compound resulted from the reaction of a halogen compound (e.g., chlorine) with another element or group, e.g., reaction of chlorine with other compounds will result in chloride.
Halogenated: Organic compounds containing one or more halogens substituted for hydrogen. The resulting substituted compound is generally less flammable but more toxic (NavyIEnv04).
Hall electrolytic conductivity detector: See GCIHECD. Halocarbon: A chemical compound such as CFC13 and CF2C12 containing both carbon and one or more than one halogen elements. Halocarbons may cause the reduction of ozone concentration in the stratosphere. Halocarbon: The chemical compounds CFCI3 and CF2CI2 and such other halogenated compounds as the Administrator determines may reasonably be anticipated to contribute to reductions in the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere (CAAI 11-42U.S.C.7411-91). Haloethanes: Halogenated ethanes; e.g., trichloro-trifluoroethane (EPA-88/12). Haloform: A chemical compound with a CHX3 format, where X is a halogen element; e.g., CHC13. Halogen acid furnace (HAF): An industrial furnace specific to the production of halogen acids, e.g., HCl kom halogenated secondary materials. See furnace for more related terms (CRWI89/05). Halogen: Any of a group of five chemically related nonmetallic elements that includes bromine, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, and astatine (EPA-89/12). Halogen: Any of a group of five chemically related, nonmetallic elements that includes bromine, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, and astatine. Can combine with metals to form salts or substitute for hydrogen in many organic compounds. The resultant halogenated compound is generally less flammable but more toxic (NavyIEnv04). Halogen: One of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine, or iodine (40CFR141.2-91). Halogenated organic compounds (HOCs): Those compounds having a carbon-halogen bond which are listed under appendix I11 to this part (4OCFR268.2-91). Halogenated substance: A volatile compound containing halogens, such as chlorine, fluorine, or bromine (CMC02gasl04). Halogenated vent stream: Any vent stream determined to have a total concentration (by volume) of compounds containing
Halogenation: The incorporation of one of the halogen elements (bromine, chlorine, or fluorine) into a chemical compound (EPA8711Oa). Halomethane: A halogenated fluoromethane (EPA-88/12).
methane;
e.g.,
trichloro-
Halon: A compound consisting of bromine, fluorine, and carbon. The halons are used as fire extinguishing agents, both in built-in systems and in handheld portable fire extinguishers. Halon production in the U.S. ended on 12/31/93because they contribute to ozone depletion. They cause ozone depletion because they contain bromine. Bromine is many times more effective at destroying ozone than chlorine. At the time the current U.S. tax code was adopted, the ozone depletion potentials of halon 1301 and halon 1211 were observed to be 10 and 3, respectively. These values are used for tax calculations. Recent scientific studies, however, indicate that the ODPs are at least 12 and 6, respectively. Note: technically, all compounds containing carbon and fluorine and/or chlorine are halons, but in the context of the Clean Air Act, "halon" means a fire extinguishing agent as described above. A table of class I substances shows their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers. Halons are numbered according to a standard scheme (CMozone-04). Halon: Bromine-containing compounds with long atmospheric lifetimes whose breakdown in the stratosphere causes depletion of ozone. Halons are used in firefighting (EPA-97/12). Halons: See bromofluorocarbons. Hammer forging: Heating and pounding a metal to shape it into a desired form (EPA-83106a). Hammer mill: A high-speed machine that hammers and cuts to crush, grind chip, or shred solid wastes (EPA-97/12). See size reduction machine for more related terms. Hammer provision: A statutory requirement that goes into effect automatically if EPA fails to issue regulations by certain dates specified in the statute (EPA-86/01). Hammer provision: Requirements written directly into RCRA by Congress, as in the case of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, that would automatically become regulations if EPA failed to issue its own regulations by certain dates (RCMazardous-04).
Hammermill: A type of crusher or shredder used to break materials up into smaller pieces (RCRAlmanagement-04). Hand auger drilling: Hand drilling by rotating a spiral channel supported on a shaft (Navy/Env-04). Hand glass melting furnace: A glass melting furnace where the molten glass is removed from the furnace by a glassworker using a blowpipe or a pontil. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.291-91). Hand sheet: Test sample sheet of paper made from stock on a sheet mold (EPA-83). Handicapped person: Handicapped person means any person who: (1) Has a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more major life activities, (2) Has a record of such an impairment, or (3) Is regarded as having such an impairment. For purposes of employment, the term handicapped person does not include any person who is an alcoholic or drug abuser whose current use of alcohol or drugs prevents such individual from performing the duties of the job in question or whose employment, by reason of such current drug or alcohol abuse, would constitute a direct threat to property or the safety of others. For complete definition, see 40CFR7.25-9 1. Hang up: Refers to the process of hydrocarbon molecules being adsorbed, condensed, or by any other method removed from the sample flow prior to reaching the instrument detector. It also refers to any subsequent desorption of the molecules into the sample flow when they are assumed to be absent (40CFR86.082.2-91). Haploid: A cell with a single set of unpaired chromosomes (cf. diploid). Hard chrome: A chromium electroplate applied for nondecorative use such as wear resistance in engineering applications (EPA-74103d). Hard glass: A glass with: (1) Exceptionally high viscosity at elevated temperatures; (2) High softening point; (3) Difficult to melt; and (4) Hard to scratch (EPA-83). (5) See glass for more related terms. Hard lead: The antimonial lead, containing 6 to 28% antimony used for roofing, gutters, chemical tank linings. See lead for more related terms (EPA-83). Hard water: Alkaline water containing dissolved salts that interfere with some industrial processes and prevent soap from sudsing (EPA-97/12). See water for more related terms. Hard water: Water containing dissolved minerals such as calcium, iron, and magnesium. The most notable characteristic of hard water is its inability to lather soap. Some pesticide chemicals will curdle or settle out when added to hard water (EPA-74/11).
Hardboard press: A machine which completes the re-assembly of wood particles and welds them into a tough, durable, grainless board (EPA-74/04). Hardboard: A panel manufactured from interfelted lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and pressure to a density of 0.5 glcu crn (31 lb/cu ft) or greater (40CFR429.11-91). Hardener: A chemical present in some photographic solutions that reacts with gelatin in the emulsion to protect the film from damage during or after processing. Common hardeners are potassium aluminum sulfate, potassium chromium sulfate, and formaldehyde solution (EPA-80/10). Hardness (water): Characteristic of water caused by presence of various salts. Hard water may interfere with some industrial processes and prevent soap from lathering (EPA-94/04). Hardness of water: A characteristic of water, imparted by calcium, magnesium, and ion salts such as bicarbonates, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates. These cause curdling of soap, deposition of scale in boilers, damage in some industrial processes and sometimes objectionable taste. Hardness may be determined by standard laboratory procedure or computed from the amounts of calcium and magnesium as well as iron, aluminum, manganese, barium, strontium, and zinc, and is expressed as equivalent calcium carbonate (EPA-83/03). See water for more related terms. Hardness of water: A measure of the calcium and magnesium salts present in water. Soft water is that with less than 60 ppm (parts of salts per million parts of water); temporary water is that with 60 to 120 ppm of salts; permanent water is that with salts in excess of 120 ppm. Other salts that may occur in water include those of iron, aluminum, manganese, strontium, zinc (DOI-70104). Hardness paper: The paper with resistance to indentation. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Hardness: A property of water that causes the formation of an insoluble residue when the water is used with soap and a scale in vessels in which water has been allowed to evaporate. It is due primarily to the presence of ions of calcium and magnesium. Generally expressed as milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate (CaC03). A general hardness scale follows: (1) Description Milligrams per liter as CaC03; (2) Soft 0-60; (3) Moderately hard 61-120; (4) Hard 121-180; (5) Very hard more than 180 (CWAIWbasics-04). Hardness: A water-quality indication of the concentration of alkaline salts in water, mainly calcium and magnesium. If the water you use is "hard" then more soap, detergent, or shampoo is necessary to raise a lather (CWAIWscience-04).
Hardness: Characteristic of alkaline water caused by the presence of various salts. Hard water may interfere with some industrial processes and prevent soap from lathering (NavyJEnv-04).
These two compounds react with impurities in the molten metal forming a slag that floats to the top of the molten metal (EPA83/03a).
Hardness: The total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions in water expressed as calcium carbonate (mg CaC03/liter)(cf. hard water) (40CFR797.1600-91).
Hatch: The eggs or young birds that are the same age and that are derived from the same adult breeding population, where the adults are of the same strain and stock (40CFR797.2050-91, see also 40CFR797.2175-91).
Hardness: For more related terms, see (1) Temporary hardness and (2) Permanent hardness. Hardpan: A hardened, compacted, or cemented soil layer (SW108ts). Hardpan: A relatively hard, impervious, and usually clayey layer of soil lying at or just below land surface; produced as a result of cementation by precipitation of insoluble minerals (CWNWbasics-04). Hardwood veneer: Hardwood veneer can be categorized according to use. The three most important ones are: (1) Face veneer: the highest quality used to make panels employed in furniture and interior decoration; (2) Commercial veneer: used for crossbands, cores, backs of plywood panels and concealed parts of furniture; and (3) Container veneer: inexpensive veneers used in the making of crates, hampers, baskets, kits, etc. (4) See veneer for more related terms (EPA-74/04) Hardwood: The wood obtained from trees of the angiosperm class, such as birch, gum, maple, oak, and poplar. Hardwoods are also known as porous woods (cf. softwood) (EPA-87/10). Harmonic current or voltage sinewave: See harmonic distortion. Harmonic distortion: In three-phase and single-phase electrical power systems, the flow of current waveforms that are distorted. These distorted current waveforms result from the use of nonlinear loads. The distorted current waveform is made up of the fundamental sinewave or 1st order 60 hertz current and multiple frequency currents such as the 3rd (180 hertz), 5th order (300 hertz) current sinewaves which all add to make up the distorted current waveform. The multiples of the 1st order fundamental 60 hertz sinewave are referred to as the harmonic current or voltage sinewaves (http://www.optimumpower.com/pqharmonicl.htm, 2004). Harmonic mean flow: The number of daily flow measurements divided by the sum of the reciprocals of the flows. It is the reciprocal of the mean of reciprocals (EPA-91/03).
Hatchability: The embryos that mature, pip the shell, and liberate themselves fiom the eggs on day 23 or 24 of incubation. Values are expressed as percentage of viable embryos (fertile eggs) (40CFR797.2130-91, see also 40CFR797.2150-91). Hatchback: A passenger automobile where the conventional luggage compartment, i.e., trunk, is replaced by a cargo area which is open to the passenger compartment and accessed vertically by a rear door which encompasses the rear window (4OCFR600.002.85-91). Haul distance: (1) The distance a collection vehicle travels from its last pickup stop to the solid waste transfer station, processing facility, or sanitary landfill. (2) The distance a vehicle travels from a solid waste transfer station or processing facility to a point of final disposal. (3) The distance that cover materials must be transported from an excavation or stockpile to the working face of a sanitary landfill (SW- 108ts). Haul time: The elapsed or cumulative time spent transporting solid waste between two specific locations (SW- 108ts). Haulage way: Any underground entry or passageway that is designed for transport of mined material, personnel, or equipment, usually by the installation of track or belt conveyor (CWNmining-04). Haulage: The horizontal transport of ore, coal, supplies, and waste. The vertical transport of the same is called hoisting (CWNmining-04). Hauler: Garbage collection company that offers complete refuse removal service; many also will also collect recyclables (EPA97/12). Hauler: Waste collection company that offers refuse or waste removal service; many will also collect recyclables (NavyEnv-04).
Harmonic mean: Is defined as: (1M) = (l/N)[sum(l/Xi)], i = 1....N, where: H = harmonic mean; N = number of sample; Xi = Discrete value at i~ sample. See mean for more related terms.
Hazard analysis: The procedures involved in: (1) Identifying potential sources of release of hazardous materials fiom fixed facilities or transportation accidents; (2) Determining the vulnerability of a geographical area to a release of hazardous materials; and (3) Comparing hazards to determine which present greater or lesser risks to a community (EPA-89/12).
Harris process: A process in which sodium hydroxide and sodium nitrate are added to molten lead to soften or refine it.
Hazard assessment: Evaluating the effects of a stressor or determining a margin of safety for an organism by comparing the
concentration which causes toxic effects with an estimate of exposure to the organism (EPA-97/12).
Hazard category: Any of the following: (1) "Immediate (acute) health hazard," including "highly toxic," "toxic," "initant," "sensitizer," "corrosive," (as defined under 40CFR910.1200 of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations) and other hazardous chemicals that cause an adverse effect to a target organ and which effect usually occurs rapidly as a result of short-term exposure and is of short duration; (2) "Delayed (chronic) health hazard," including "carcinogens" (as defined under 40CFR910.1200 of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations) and other hazardous chemicals that cause an adverse effect to a target organ and which effect generally occurs as a result of long-term exposure and is of long duration; (3) "Fire hazard," including "flammable," combustible liquid," "pyrophoric," and "oxidizer" (as defined under 40CFR910.1200 of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations); (4) "Sudden release of pressure," including "explosive" and "compressed gas" (as defined under 40CFR910.1200 of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations); and (5) "Reactive," including "unstable reactive," "organic peroxide," and "water reactive" (as defined under 40CFR910.1200 of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations) (40CFR370.2-91). Hazard class: A series of nine descriptive terms that have been established by the United Nations Committee of Experts to categorize the hazardous nature of chemical, physical, and biological materials. These categories are: flammable liquids, explosive, gases, oxidizers, radioactive materials, corrosives, flammable solids, poisonous and infectious substances, and dangerous substances (Course 165.5). Hazard communication standards: An OSHA regulation that requires chemical manufacturers, suppliers, and importers to assess the hazards of the chemicals that they make, supply, or import, and to inform employers, customers, and workers of these hazards through MSDSs (EPA-97/12). Hazard communication standards: The OSHA standard that provides workers with access to information about the hazards and identities of the chemicals they are exposed to while working, as well as the measures they can take to protect themselves (RCRA/hazardous-04). Hazard evaluation: A component of risk evaluation that involves gathering and evaluating data on the types of health injury or disease that may be produced by a chemical and on the conditions of exposure under which such health effects are produced (EPA97/12). Hazard evaluation: The impact or risk evaluation that a hazardous substance poses to public health and the environment (Course 165.5).
Hazard identification: Determining if a chemical can cause adverse health effects in humans and what those affects might be (EPA-97/12). Hazard index (HI): The sum of more than one hazard quotient for multiple substances andlor multiple exposure pathways. The HI is calculated separately for chronic, subchronic, and shorterduration exposures. The HI indicates the risk from the presence of multiple substances at one site, or exposures to the same chemicals through multiple media and pathways (NavyIEnv-04). Hazard index (HI): The sum of two or more hazard quotients for multiple substances andlor multiple exposure pathways (EPA91/12). Hazard index, total (HIT): Sum of media specific hazard quotients for non-carcinogens (NavyEnv-04). Hazard information transmission (HIT): HIT program provides a digital transmission of the CHEMTREC emergency chemical report to first responders at the scene of a hazardous materials incident. The report advises the responder on the hazards of the materials, the level of protective clothing required, mitigating action to take in the event of a spill, leak or fire, and first aid for victims. HIT is a free public service provided by the Chemical Manufacturers Association. Reports are sent in emergency situations only to organizations that have preregistered with HIT. Brochures and registration forms may be obtained by writing: Manager, CHEMTRECICHEMNET, 2501 M Street, N.W, Washington, DC 20037 (NRT-87/03). Hazard quotient: The ratio of a single substance exposure level over a specified time period to a reference dose for that substance derived from a similar exposure period (EPA-91/12). Hazard quotient: The ratio of estimated site-specific exposure to a single chemical from a site over a specified period to the estimated daily exposure level, at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur (EPA-97/12). Hazard ranking system (HRS) scoring and National Priority List (NPL): An assessment of the relative degree of risk to human health and the environment posed by sites and facilities subject to review. The scoring process includes: (1) If preliminary assessmentkite investigation (PAISI) indicates potential or actual contamination problem, site is assigned an HRS score. (2) HRS score calculation is based on: (a) Observed releases of contaminants. (b) Quantity and toxicity of contaminants. (c) Potential for human exposure. (d) Size of population affected. (3) Sites with HRS scores above threshold value and proposed for NPL listing become eligible for Superfund funding (SF105). Hazard ranking system (HRS): A scoring system used to evaluate potential relative risks to public health and the environment from releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances. EPA and states use the HRS to calculate a site score
(0-100) based on the actual or potential release of hazardous substances from a site through air, surface water, or groundwater. A score of 28.5 places the site on the NPL (SFIEnv-04). Hazard ranking system (HRS): The HRS is the principal tool EPA uses to place waste sites on the NPL. It is a numerically based screening system that uses information from initial, limited investigations (preliminary assessment) and the site inspection to assess the relative potential of sites posing a threat to human health or the environment (SFIremedy-04). Hazard ranking system (HRS): The method used by EPA to evaluate the relative potential of hazardous substance releases to cause health or safety problems, or ecological or environmental damage (40CFR300.5-91). Hazard ranking system (HRS): The principal screening tool used by EPA to evaluate risks to public health and the environment associated with abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The HRS calculates a score based on the potential of hazardous substances spreading from the site through the air, surface water, or groundwater, and on other factors such as density and proximity of human population. This score is the primary factor in deciding if the site should be on the National Priorities List and, if so, what ranking it should have compared to other sites on the list (SFIreform-04). Hazard ranking system: A model devised under CERCLA that determines the relative risk to public health and the environment posed by hazardous substances in groundwater, surface water, air, and soil. Only those sites with a score of 28.5 (on a scale of 0 to 100) are eligible for placement on the NPL (national priorities list) (RCRA/hazardous-04). Hazard ratio: A term used to compare an animal's daily dietary intake of a pesticide to its LD 50 value. A ratio greater than 1.0 indicates that the animal is likely to consume a dose amount which would kill 50% of animals of the same species. See LD 50Aethal dose (EPA-97/12). Hazard source: Hazard sources are classified by the type of energy transferred. The sources include (1) Kineticlmechanical: Striking or struck by injuries. (2) Thermal: Fires, explosions, hot environment. (3) Electrical: Faulty wiring, downed power lines. (4) Chemical: Effects from corrosives, or toxic chemicals, etc. (5) Acoustic: Explosions, loud machinery. (6) Biological: Poisonous or, disease producing organisms, plants, or animals. (7) Radioactive: Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation (Course 165.5). Hazard: A probability that a given pesticide will have an adverse effect on man or the environment in a given situation, the relative likelihood of danger or ill effect being dependent on a number of interrelated factors present at any given time (40CFR171.2-91). Hazard: A source of danger. The potential for death, injury, or other forms of damage to life and property (EPA-87107a).
Hazard: A source of potential harm from past, current, or future exposures (SFhealth-04). Hazard: Any situation that has the potential for doing damage to life, property, and/or the environment (EPA-8511 I). Hazard: In the pesticide program, the inherent toxicity of a compound. Hazard identification of a given substance is an informed judgment based on verifiable toxicity data from animal models or human studies (EPA-97/12). Hazard: Potential for radiation, a chemical or other pollutant to cause human illness or injury. Hazard: Something that is capable of causing harm. For chemicals, the inherent properties that represent the potential for personal injury or environmental damage that can result from exposure. The severity of the hazard often depends on its concentration and exposure (TSCAIchemical-04). Hazard: For more related terms, see (1) High-hazard content; (2) Low-hazard content; and (3) Ordinary hazard content. Hazardous agent: Including: (1) Biological agent: Living organisms that can cause sickness or death to exposed individuals. (2) Biological agent: Living organisms that can cause sickness or death to exposed individuals. (3) Biological agent: Living organisms that can cause sickness or death to exposed individuals. (4) Radiological material: Radiation intensity that may be harmful to response personnel. (5) Chemical compound: Chemicals that are toxic, corrosive, and active. Hazardous air pollutant (HAP): A list of hazardous air pollutants was provided in CAA112.b (EPA-89/12, see also CAAl12-91). See pollutant for more related terms. Hazardous air pollutant (HAP): Air pollutants which are not covered by ambient air quality standards but which, as defined in the Clean Air Act, may reasonably be expected to cause or contribute to irreversible illness or death. Such pollutants include asbestos, beryllium, mercury, benzene, coke oven emissions, radionuclides, and vinyl chloride (EPA-97/12). Hazardous air pollutants (HAP): Chemicals that cause serious health and environmental effects. Health effects include cancer, birth defects, nervous system problems, and death due to massive accidental releases such as occurred at the pesticide plant in Bhopal, India. Hazardous air pollutants are released by sources such as chemical plants, dry cleaners, printing plants, and motor vehicles (cars, trucks, buses, etc.) (CANair-04). Hazardous and Solid Waste Act (HSWA) of 1984: See Act or HSWA.
Hazardous chemical: A chemical which is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, reactive, or radioactive and requires special care in handling because of the hazards it poses to public health and the environment (EPA-85/11).
Hazardous location: A location where explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, reactive, or radioactive chemicals are or may be present in quantities that are sufficient to pose public health and environmental hazards (EPA-8511 1).
Hazardous chemical: An EPA designation for any hazardous material requiring an MSDS under OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard. Such substances are capable of producing fires and explosions or adverse health effects like cancer and dermatitis. Hazardous chemicals are distinct from hazardous waste. See hazardous waste (EPA-97/12).
Hazardous material: A substance or material which has been determined by the Secretary of Transportation to be capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce, and which has been so designated (Course 165.5).
Hazardous chemical: An EPA designation for any hazardous material requiring an MSDS under OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard. Such substances are capable of producing fires and explosions or adverse health effects like cancer and dermatitis. Hazardous chemicals are distinct from hazardous waste. See hazardous waste (MWTNmedical-04). Hazardous chemical: Any hazardous chemical as defined under 29CFR1910.1200(~) of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations, except that such term does not include the following substances: (1) Any food, food additive, color additive, drug, or cosmetic regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. (2) Any substance present as a solid in any manufactured item to the extent exposure to the substance does not occur under normal conditions of use. (3) Any substance to the extent it is used for personal, family, or household purposes, or is present in the same form and concentration as a product packaged for distribution and use by the general public. (4) Any substance to the extent it is used in a research laboratory or a hospital or other medical facility under the direct supervision of a technically qualified individual. (5) Any substance to the extent it is used in routine agricultural operations or is a fertilizer held for sale by a retailer to the ultimate customer. (6) Other identical or similar definitions are provided in 40CFR370.2. (See also 40CFR355.20-91). Hazardous chemical: EPA's designation for any hazardous material that requires a Material Safety Data Sheet. Such substances are capable of producing adverse physical effects (fire, explosion, etc.) or adverse health effects (cancer, dermatitis, etc.) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Hazardous constituent or constituents: Those constituents listed in appendix VIII to part 261 of this chapter (40CFR268.2-91). Hazardous constituent: For purposes of RCRA TSDF groundwater monitoring, those constituents that have been detected in the uppermost aquifer and are reasonably expected to be in or derived from the waste contained in the unit (where RCRA = Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and TSDF = treatment, storage, and disposal facility) (RCRA/hazardous-04). Hazardous liquid: The petroleum, petroleum products, or anhydrous ammonia (4OCFRl95.2-91.
Hazardous material: Any material which, because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may pose a substantial hazard to human health or the environment when released or spilled (NavyIEnv-04). Hazardous material: Any materials capable of causing an acute or chronic human illness or injury as result of an acute exposure (NIOSH-84/10). Hazardous material: Refers generally to hazardous substances, petroleum, natural gas, synthetic gas, acutely toxic chemicals, and other toxic chemicals (NRT-87/03). Hazardous materials incident: A release of a hazardous material to the extent that human exposure could result in acute or chronic injury or illness (NIOSH-84/10). Hazardous materials response (haz-mat team): An organized group of employees, designated by the employer, who are expected to perform work to handle and control actual or potential leaks or spills of hazardous substances requiring possible close approach to the substance. The team members perform responses to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances for the purpose of control or stabilization of the incident. A haz-mat team is not a fire brigade, nor is a typical fire brigade a haz-mat team; however, it may be a separate component of a fire brigade or fire department (MWTNmedical-04). Hazardous ranking system (HRS): The principal screening tool used by EPA to evaluate risks to public health and the environment associated with abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The HRS calculates a score based on the potential of hazardous substances spreading from the site through the air, surface water, or groundwater, and on other factors such as density and proximity of human population. This score is the primary factor in deciding if the site should be on the National Priorities List and, if so, what ranking it should have compared to other sites on the list (EPA-97/12). Hazardous ranking system, revised (HRS 2): The method used by EPA to evaluate the relative potential of hazardous substance releases to cause health or safety problems, or ecological or environmental damage. It is the primary mechanism used by EPA to place sites on the NPL. The EPA bases the score on evaluation of three contaminant migration pathways. A score of 28.50 or
above will require the site to be placed on the NPL. The score is based on such factors as amount and toxicity of contaminants, potential mobility, pathways for human exposure and proximity of population centers. EPA issued the HRS in 1990, and it became effective in March 1991. The revised HRS (HRS 2) incorporates SARA requirements and improvements identified by EPA and the public, including an assessment of ecological effects (Navy~Env04).
Hazardous sample: A sample that is considered to contain high concentrations of contaminants (Course 165.5). Hazardous substance (HS): (1) Any material that poses a threat to human health and/or the environment. Typical hazardous substances are toxic, corrosive, ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. (2) Any substance designated by EPA to be reported if a designated quantity of the substance is spilled in the waters of the United States or if otherwise released into the environment (NavyIEnv-04). Hazardous Substance Release and Health Effects Database (HazDat): The scientific and administrative database system developed by ATSDR to manage data collection, retrieval, and analysis of site-specific information on hazardous substances, community health concerns, and public health activities (SFihealth-04). Hazardous Substance Research Centers (HSRC): The Hazardous Substance Research Centers (HSRC) oversees basic and applied research, technology transfer and training involving problems relating to hazardous substance management. These activities are conducted regionally by five multi-university centers, which focus on different aspects of hazardous substance management (SFIremedy-04) Hazardous substance UST system: An underground storage tank system that contains a hazardous substance defined in section lOl(14) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (but not including any substance regulated as a hazardous waste under subtitle C) or any mixture of such substances and petroleum, and which is not a petroleum UST system (40CFR280.12-91). Hazardous substance: (1) Any material that poses a threat to human health and/oi the environment. Typical hazardous substances are toxic, corrosive, ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. (2) Any substance designated by EPA to be reported if a designated quantity of the substance is spilled in the waters of the United States or if otherwise released into the environment (MWTNinfectious-04). Hazardous substance: (1) Any material that poses a threat to human health and/or the environment. Typical hazardous substances are toxic, corrosive, ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. (2) Any substance designated by EPA to be reported if a designated quantity of the substance is spilled in the waters of the
United States or if otherwise released into the environment (EPA97/12).
Hazardous substance: A comprehensive designation under CERCLA for RCRA hazardous wastes as well as other toxic pollutants regulated by CAA, CWA, and TSCA. EPA has the authority under CERCLA to designate any additional element, compound, mixture, or solution as a hazardous substance. The definition of hazardous substance specifically excludes petroleum and natural gas (RCRAIhazardous-04). Hazardous substance: A substance defined as hazardous pursuant to CERCLA 42U.S.C.9601(14). As interpreted by EPA regulations and the courts: (A) Any substance designated pursuant to section 1321(b)(2)(A) of Title 33, (B) Any element, compound, mixture, solution, or substance designated pursuant to section 9602 of this title, (C) Any hazardous waste having the characteristics identified under or listed pursuant to section 3001 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42U.S.C.6921) (but not including any waste the regulation of which under the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42U.S.C.6901 et seq.) has been suspended by Act of Congress), @) Any toxic pollutant listed under section 1317(a) of Title 33, (E) Any hazardous air pollutant listed under section 112 of the Clean Air Act (42U.S.C.7412), and (F) Any imminently hazardous chemical substance or mixture with respect to which the EPA administrator has taken action pursuant to section 2606 of Title 15. The term does not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or designated as a hazardous substance under subparagraphs (A) through (F) of this paragraph, nor does it include natural gas, natural gas liquids, liquefied natural gas, or synthetic gas usable for fuel (or mixtures of natural gas and such synthetic gas) (USDNwater-04). Hazardous substance: Any material that poses a threat to public health or the environment. Typical hazardous wastes are toxic, corrosive, ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. Petroleum, crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids, or synthetic gas usable for fuel are not considered hazardous substances (CMAPC-04). Hazardous substance: Any substance, other than oil, which, when discharged in any quantities into waters of the United States, presents an imminent and substantial danger to the public health or welfare, including but not limited to fish, shellfish, wildlife, shorelines, and beaches (Section 31 1 of the CWA); identified by EPA as the pollutants listed under 40CFR Part 116 (CWNwastewater-04). Hazardous substance: As defined by CERCLA $101(14), any substance designated or listed under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, CERCLA, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Clean Air Act, and the Toxic Substances Control Act. The term excludes petroleum, or any fraction thereof, unless it is specifically listed under one of the mentioned laws; it also excludes natural gas, natural gas liquids, liquefied natural gas, and
synthetic gas usable for fuel (or mixtures of natural gas and such synthetic gas) (SF/Env-04).
undergoing treatability studies of laboratories and testing facilities (40CFR261.20-9 1).
Hazardous substance: Those substances defined as hazardous under CERCLA $ 101 (14), which appear in 40CFR Part 302, Table 302.4. In the context of underground storage tanks, hazardous substances are defined as those listed in 40CFR300.5 (SDWNradionuclide-04).
Hazardous waste generation: The act or process of producing hazardous waste (RCRAI 004-42U.S.C.6903-91).
Hazardous substance: For more related terms, see (1) CERCLA hazardous substance; (2) Extremely hazardous substance; and (3) Unregulated hazardous substance. Hazardous waste (HW): (1) A solid waste or combination of solid wastes which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may: (a) Cause or (CAA/C02gasl-04) contribute to an increase in mortality or to a serious, irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or @) Pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of or otherwise managed. Hazardous wastes may be listed (named on a list within a regulation) or characteristic (exhibits one of the four characteristics: corrosive, toxic, ignitable, or reactive). (2) By-products of society that can pose a substantial or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly managed (NavyIEnv-04). Hazardous waste characteristics: See Subpart C in 40CFR261.20-91. Hazardous waste characteristics-related terms include (1) Corrosivity; (2) Ignitability; (3) Reactivity; and (4) Extraction procedure (EP) toxicity. Hazardous waste classification: (1) Listed hazardous waste (40CFR261.31-261.33): (a) Nonspecific waste source, F waste (b) Specific waste source, K waste (c) Toxic waste (T), U waste. (d) Acute hazardous waste (H), P waste. (2) Characteristic hazardous waste (40CFR261.20-261.24): (a) Ignitable waste (I), D waste. (b) Corrosive waste (C), D waste. (c) Reactive waste (R), D waste. (d) EP toxicity waste (E), D waste. Hazardous waste constituent: A constituent that caused the Administrator to list the hazardous waste in Part 261, Subpart D, of this chapter, or a constituent listed in Table 1 of 40CFR261.24 of this chapter (40CFR260.10-91). Hazardous waste discharge: See discharge or hazardous waste discharge. Hazardous waste exclusion: (1) Materials which are not solid wastes. (2) Solid wastes which are not hazardous wastes. (3) Hazardous wastes which are exempted from certain regulations. (4) Samples, a sample of solid waste or a sample of water, soil, or air, which is collected for the sole purpose of testing to determine its characteristics or composition, is not subject to any requirements of this part. (5) Treatability study samples. (6) Samples
Hazardous Waste Identification Rule for Contaminated Media (HWIR-media): Rule that proposes provisions for streamlined permits for managing remediation wastes, increased flexibility for staging wastes prior to off-site treatment or shipment, an exclusion for dredged material, and streamlined RCRA state authorization procedures (RCRAIhazardous-04). Hazardous Waste Identification Rule for Waste (HWIRwaste): Rule that proposes exit levels for hazardous constituents in listed wastes (RCRAIhazardous-04). Hazardous waste landfill: A specially permitted, excavated, or engineered area in which hazardous waste is deposited and covered. Proper protection of the environment from the materials to be deposited in such a landfill requires careful site selection, the cataloging of types of wastes, good design (including a liner and a leachate collection and treatment system), proper operation, and thorough final closure (FFDCNpesticide-04). Hazardous waste landfill: An excavated or engineered site where hazardous waste is deposited and covered (EPA-97/12). Hazardous waste leachate: The liquid that has percolated through or drained from hazardous waste disposed of in or on the ground. See leachate for more related terms (OME-88/12). Hazardous waste 4OCFR26l. 11-91.
listing
criteria: See
Subpart B
in
Hazardous waste management facility (HWM facility): All contiguous land, and structures, other appurtenances, and improvements on the land used for treating, storing, or disposing of hazardous waste. A facility may consist of several treatment, storage, or disposal operational units (for example, one or more landfills, surface impoundments, or combination of them) (40CFR144.3; 146.3; 270.2-91). Hazardous waste management unit shutdown: A work practice or operational procedure that stops operation of a hazardous waste management unit or part of a hazardous waste management unit. An unscheduled work practice or operational procedure that stops operation of a hazardous waste management unit or part of a hazardous waste management unit for less than 24 hours is not a hazardous waste management unit shutdown. The use of spare equipment and technically feasible bypassing of equipment without stopping operation are not hazardous waste management unit shutdowns (40CFR264.103 1-91). Hazardous waste management unit: A contiguous area of land on or in which hazardous waste is placed, or the largest area in
which there is significant likelihood of mixing hazardous waste constituents in the same area. Examples of hazardous waste management units include a surface impoundment, a waste pile, a land treatment area, a landfill cell, an incinerator, a tank and its associated piping and underlying containment system, and a container storage area. A container alone does not constitute a unit; the unit includes containers and the land or pad upon which they are placed (40CFR260.10-91).
Hazardous waste management: The systematic control of the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, processing, treatment, recovery, and disposal of hazardous wastes (cf. management) (RCRA1004; 40CFR260.10-91). Hazardous waste minimization: Reducing the amount of toxicity or waste produced by a facility via source reduction or environmentally sound recycling (EPA-97/12). Hazardous waste operations and emergency response worker protection standards: The OSHA standard that protects the health and safety of workers engaged in operations at hazardous waste sites, hazardous waste treatment facilities, and emergency response locations (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Hazardous waste: A waste with properties that make it dangerous, or capable of having a harmful effect on human health and the environment. Under the RCRA program, hazardous wastes are specifically defined as wastes that meet a particular listing description or that exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste (RCRA/hazardous-04). Hazardous waste: Any hazardous substances having the characteristics identified under or listed pursuant to Section 3001 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42U.S.C.6921) (but not including any waste the regulation of which under the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42U.S.C.6901 et seq.) has been suspended by Act of Congress). The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1980 amended RCRA. RCRA defines a hazardous waste, in 42U.S.C.6903, as a solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may: (1) Cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or (2) Pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed (USDNwater-04).
Hazardous waste/contaminated sites: Sites on which a release has occurred, or is suspected to have occurred, of any hazardous substance, hazardous waste, or petroleum products, and which release or suspected release has been reported to a government entity (USDNwater-04).
Hazardous waste: Any waste or combination of wastes which pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or living organisms because such wastes are nondegradable or persistent in nature or because they can be biologically magnified, or because they can be lethal, or because they may otherwise cause or tend to cause detrimental cumulative effects (AENmixedW-04).
Hazardous waste: A solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may: (1) Cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or (2) Pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed (RCRA1004, see also 40CFR2.305; 144.3; 146.3; 240.101; 241.101; 243.101; 260.10; 261.3; 270.2; 302.3-91).
Hazardous waste: As defined in RCRA, a solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, that because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics, may cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed (OMBIReg-04).
Hazardous waste: A subset of hazardous substances regulated under RCRA and defined in the implementing regulations at 40CFR261 Subparts C and D. A hazardous waste may be one that is either identified as exhibiting a hazardous characteristic (Subpart C) or is listed (Subpart D) (SDWNradionuclide-04). Hazardous waste: A subset of solid wastes that pose substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment and meet any of the following criteria: (1) Is specifically listed as a hazardous waste by EPA, (2) Exhibits one or more of the characteristics of hazardous wastes (ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity, andlor toxicity); (3) Is generated by the treatment of hazardous waste; or (4) Is contained in a hazardous waste (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Hazardous waste: By-products of society that can pose a substantial or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly managed. Possesses at least one of four characteristics (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity), or appears on special EPA lists. Hazardous waste, because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infections characteristics may: (1) Cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or (2) Pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed. The EPA is responsible for regularly updating the lists of hazardous wastes (MWTNmedical-04). Hazardous waste: By-products of society that can pose a substantial or potential hazard to human health or the environment
when improperly managed. Possesses at least one of four characteristics (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity), or appears on special EPA lists (EPA-97/12). Hazardous waste: Potentially harmful substances that have been released or discarded into the environment (SFIhealth-04). Hazardous waste: Those wastes that are regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (40CFR Part 261) either because they are "listed" or because they are ignitable, corrosive, chemically reactive, or toxic. As such, they are hazardous substances under CERCLA (SFIEnv-04). Hazardous waste: Waste material that exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste as defined in RCRA (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity), is listed specifically in RCRA 261.3 Subpart D, is a mixture of either, or is designated locally or by the state as hazardous or undesirable for handling as part of the municipal solid waste and would have to be treated as regulated hazardous waste if not from a household (RCRNmanagement-04). Hazardous wastes stream: The material containing CERCLA hazardous substances (as defined in CERCLA section 10l(14) that was deposited, stored, disposed, or place in, or that otherwise migrated to, a source (40CFR300-App/A-91). Hazards analysis: Procedures used to: (1) Identify potential sources of released hazardous materials from fixed facilities or transportation accidents; (2) Determine the vulnerability of a geographical area to a release of hazardous materials; and (3) Compare hazards to determine which present greater or lesser risks to a community (NavyIEnv-04). Hazards analysis: Procedures used to: (1) Identify potential sources of release of hazardous materials from fixed facilities or transportation accidents; (2) Determine the vulnerability of a geographical area to a release of hazardous materials; and (3) Compare hazards to determine which present greater or lesser risks to a community (EPA-97/12). Hazards identification: Providing information on which facilities have extremely hazardous substances, what those chemicals are, how much there is at each facility, how the chemicals are stored, and whether they are used at high temperatures (EPA-97/12). Haze: Fine particles suspended in the atmosphere. Hazen number (hazen unit): Unit of water color. One hazen unit is the color exhibited by a solution with 1 m g L of chloroplatinic acid and 2 mg/L of cobaltous chloride. HCS: Hazard Communication Standard Policy of communicating to employees the potential hazards of substances with which they work (MWTNinfectious-04).
HDD or 2,3,7,8-HDD: Any of the dibenzo-p-dioxins totally chlorinated or totally brominated at the following positions on the molecular structure: 2,3,7,8; 1,2,3,7,8; 1,2,3,4,7,8; 1,2,3,6,7,8; 1,2,3,7,8,9; and 1,2,3,4,7,8,9 (40CFR766.3-91). HDF or 2,3,7,8-HDF: Any of the dibenzofurans totally chlorinated or totally brominated at the following positions on the molecular structure: 2,3,7,8; 1,2,3,7,8; 2,3,4,7,8; 1,2,3,4,7,8; 1,2,3,6,7,8; 1,2,3,7,8,9; 2,3,4,6,7,8; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8; and 1,2,3,4,7,8,9 (40CFR766.3-91). Head frame: The structure surmounting the shaft which supports the hoist rope pulley, and often the hoist itself (CWNmining-04). Head of navigation: The farthest point up a river to be reached by vessels for the purpose of trade (DOI-70104). Head race: The pipe or chute by which water falls into the turbine of a power plant (DOI-70104). Head section: A term used in both belt and chain conveyor work to designate that portion of the conveyor used for discharging material (CWAImining-04). Head: (1) The elevation of the groundwater table above a specified point. (2) The height above a standard reference (datum) of the surface of a column of water or other liquid Head is the sum of three components at a point: (a) Elevation head, which is equal to the elevation of the point above a datum, (b) Pressure head, which is the height of a column of static water that can be supported by static pressure at the point, and (c) Velocity head, which is the height the kinetic energy of the liquid is capable of lifting the liquid (NavytEnv-04). Head: In hydraulics, the height above a standard datum of the surface of a column of water (or other liquid) that can be supported by the static pressure at a given point (Course 165.7). Head: In leather industry, the part of the hide which is cut off at the flare into the shoulder; i.e., the hide formerly covering the head of the animal (EPA-82/11). Headband: The component of hearing protective device which applies force to, and holds in place on the head, the component which is intended to acoustically seal the ear canal (40CFR211.203-91). Headend fuel-processing facility: The part of a reactor fuelprocessing facility used for the first stage of fuel processing in which fuel is mechanically andor chemically treated prior to uranium extraction for recovery purposes. The headend facility may be separated from, but adjacent to, the rest of the fuel processing facility (DOE-91/04). Headend plutonium-target processing facility: The part of a plutonium-target processing facility used for the first stage of
target processing, in which targets are mechanically and/or chemically treated prior to plutonium extraction for recovery purposes. The headend facility may be separated from, but adjacent to, the rest of the plutonium-target processing facility (DOE-9 1/04). Headend: That portion of a reactor-fuel or plutonium-target processing system in which the initial preparation, up to and including dissolution, is conducted (DOE-91/04). Header: A pipe used to supply and distribute liquid to downstream outlets (EPA-89103b). Heading: A vein above a drift. An interior level or airway driven in a mine. In longwall workings, a narrow passage driven upward from a gangway in starting a working in order to give a loose end (CWAImining-04). Headset web offset lithographic printing line: A lithographic printing line in which a blanket cylinder is used to transfer ink from a plate cylinder to a substrate continuously feed from a roll or an extension process and an oven is used to solidify the printing inks (40CFR52.741-91). Headset: A class of web-offset lithography which requires a heated dryer to solidify the printing inks (40CFR52.741-91). Headspace: The unfilled space in a glass container fitted with a closure device (EPA-83). Headspace: The vapor mixture trapped above a solid or liquid in a sealed vessel (EPA-97/12). Headwater: (1) The source and upper reaches of a stream; also the upper reaches of a reservoir. (2) The water upstream from a structure or point on a stream. (3) The small streams that come together to form a river. Also may be thought of as any and all parts of a river basin except the mainstream river and main tributaries (CWAIWscience-04). Headwater: The source and upper part of a stream (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Health Advisory is not a legally enforceable federal standard, but serves as technical guidance to assist federal, state, and local officials (EPA-92/12). Health advisory: Nonregulatory levels of contaminants in drinking water that may be used as guidance in the absence of regulatory limits. Advisories consist of estimates of concentrations that would result in no known or anticipated health effects (for carcinogens, a specified cancer risk) determined for a child or for an adult for various exposure periods (CWA/Wbasics-04). Health and safety plan: A plan that specifies the procedures that are sufficient to protect on-site personnel and surrounding communities from the physical, chemical, and/or biological hazards of the site. The health and safety plan outlines: (1) Site hazards; (2) Site hazards; (3) Work areas and site control procedures; (4) Air surveillance procedures; (5) Levels of protection; (6) Decontamination and site emergency plans; (7) Arrangements for weather-related problems; and (8) Responsibilities for implementing the health and safety plan (40CFR35.6015-91). Health and safety study: Any study of any effect of a chemical substance or mixture on health or the environment or on both, including underlying data and epidemiological studies, studies of occupational exposure to a chemical substance or mixture, toxicological, clinical, and ecological studies of a chemical substance or mixture, and any test performed pursuant to this Act (TSCA3, see also 40CFR716.3; 720.3; 723.50-91). Health assessment: An evaluation of available data on existing or potential risks to human health posed by a Superfund site. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is required to perform such an assessment at every site on the National Priorities List (EPA-97/12). Health based cleanup goal: A media-specific contaminant concentration derived from the risk assessment process; used as the goal for cleanup (NavyIEnv-04).
Health advisory level: A non-regulatory health-based reference level of chemical traces (usually in ppm) in drinking water at which there are no adverse health risks when ingested over various periods of time. Such levels are established for oneday, 10-day, long-term, and lifetime exposure periods. They contain a large margin of safety (EPA-97/12).
Health consultation: A review of available information or collection of new data to respond to a specific health question or request for information about a potential environmental hazard. Health consultations are focused on a specific exposure issue. Health consultations are therefore more limited than a public health assessment, which reviews the exposure potential of each pathway and chemical (compare with public health assessment) (SFkealth-04).
Health advisory: An EPA document that provides guidance and information on contaminants that can affect human health and that may occur in drinking water (SDWAIReg-04).
Health education: Programs designed with a community to help it know about health risks and how to reduce these risks (SFkealth-04).
Health advisory: An estimate of acceptable drinking water levels for a chemical substance based on health effects information; a
Health effects assessment summary tables (HEAST): A tabular presentation of toxicity information and values for chemicals that
is updated quarterly. It summarizes interim and verified RfDs and slope factors as well as other toxicity information for specific chemicals. It contains the most current sources of supporting toxicity information for chemicals that cannot be found in the IRIS (NavyrEnv-04). Health hazard type: (1) Acute toxicity: The older term used to describe immediate toxicity. Its former use was associated with toxic effects that were severe (e.g., mortality) in contrast to the term subacute toxicity that was associated with toxic effects that were less severe. The term acute toxicity is often confused with that of acute exposure. (2) Allergic reaction: Adverse reaction to a chemical resulting from previous sensitization to that chemical or to a structurally similar one. (3) Chronic toxicity: The older term used to describe delayed toxicity. However, the term chronic toxicity also refers to effects that persist over a long period of time whether or not they occur immediately or are delayed. The term chronic toxicity is often confused with that of chronic exposure. (4) Idiosyncratic reaction: A genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical. (5) Immediate versus delayed toxicity: Immediate effects occur or develop rapidly after a single administration of a substance, while delayed effects are those that occur after the lapse of some time. These effects have also been referred to as acute and chronic, respectively. (6) Reversible versus irreversible toxicity: Reversible toxic effects are those that can be repaired, usually by a specific tissue's ability to regenerate or mend itself after chemical exposure, while irreversible toxic effects are those that cannot be repaired. (7) Local versus systemic toxicity: Local effects refer to those that occur at the site of first contact between the biological system and the toxicant; systemic effects are those that are elicited after absorption and distribution of the toxicant from its entry point to a distant site (EPA-92/12). Health hazard: A chemical, mixture of chemicals, or a pathogen for which there is statistically significant evidence, based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles, that acute or chronic effects may occur in exposed personnel (NavyIEnv-04). Health investigation: The collection and evaluation of information about the health of community residents. This information is used to describe or count the occurrence of a disease, symptom, or clinical measure and to evaluate the possible association between the occurrence and exposure to hazardous substances (SFkealth-04). Health physics: The science of radiation protection (OMBmeg04). Health promotion: The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health (SFkealth-04). Health statistics review: The analysis of existing health information (i.e., from death certificates, birth defects registries, and cancer registries) to determine if there is excess disease in a specific population, geographic area, and time period. A health
statistics review is a descriptive epidemiologic study (SFkealth04). Heap leaching: A process used in the recovery of copper from weathered ore and material from mine dumps. The liquor seeping through the beds is led to tanks, where it is treated with scrap iron to precipitate the copper from solution. This process can also be applied to the sodium sulfide leaching of mercury ores (EPA82/05). Hearing impairment: A degree of hearing loss, temporary or permanent, due to many causes. Hearing loss can be caused by illness, disease, or by exposure to excessively high noise levels. Affects 25 to 50 million people in the U.S. of all ages. Hearing impairment as generally used means a hearing loss of mild, moderate, or severe degree as opposed to "deafness" which is generally described as little or no residual hearing with or without the aid of an assistive listening device. Hearing impaired persons are particularly adversely affected by long reverberation times (NCAIsound-04). Hearing protective device: Any device or material, capable of being worn on the head or in the ear canal, that is sold wholly or in part on the basis of its ability to reduce the level of sound entering the ear. This includes devices of which hearing protection may not be the primary function, but which are nonetheless sold partially as providing hearing protection to the user. This term is used interchangeably with the terms hearing protector and device (40CFR211.203-91). Hearing range: 16 - 20000 Hz (speech intelligibility); 600 - 4800 Hz (speech privacy); 250 - 2500 Hz (typical small table radio) (NCAkound-04). Hearing threshold level (HTL): For a specified signal, amount in decibels by which the hearing threshold for a listener, for one or both ears, exceeds a specified reference equivalent threshold level. Unit, dB (ANSI S1.l-1994: hearing level; hearing threshold level) (NCNsound-04). Hearing: A hearing conducted as specified in this subpart to enable the Agency to decide whether to impose sanctions on a respondent for violations of the Executive Order and rules, regulations, and orders thereunder (40CFR8.33-91, see also 40CFR22.03; 123.64; 164.2-91). Hearth: The bottom of a furnace on which waste materials are exposed to the flame (EPA-89103b). Other hearth-related terms include (1) Buming hearth; (2) Cold drylng hearth' (3) Drying hearth; and (4) Hot drying hearth. Heat (or heat load): Heat is also known as heat load. It is an interactive flow of energy between a system and its surroundings which is caused by a temperature difference between the system and the surroundings. Typical heat units include Btu and calorie. The conventional signs of heat are as follows: (1) Heat added to
the system is positive. (2) Heat liberated from the system is negative (cf. work). See Appendix A for an example computation or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations. Heat absorbing glass: A glass having the property of absorbing a substantial percentage of radiant energy. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Heat and work conversion factor: (1) 1 Btu = 778 ft-lbf = 113413 kwhr = 112545 hp-hr. (2) 1 hp = 33000 ft-lblmin = 0.746 kw. (3) 1 calorie = 4.184 joules. (4) 1 Btu/((lb-mole)(F)) = 1 cal/((g-mole)(C)) (Wark-p75). (5) 1 Btu/((lb)(F)) = 1 cal/((g)(C)) (Wark-p75). Heat balance: An accounting of the distribution of the heat input and output of an incinerator, usually on an hourly basis (cf. energy balance) (SW-1O8ts). Heat budget, annual (of a lake): The amount of heat necessary to raise the water from the minimum temperature of winter to the maximum temperature of summer (CWAIhydrology-04). Heat capacity: Heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of substance by one degree (molar heat capacity) or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of substance by one degree (EPA-84/09). Heat capacity and specific heat are interchangeable. Heat cycle: The period beginning when scrap is charged to an empty EAF and ending when the EAF tap is completed or beginning when molten steel is charged to an empty AOD vessel and ending when the AOD vessel tap is completed (40CFR60.271a-91). Heat engine: A device which receives heat and produces work while executing a cycle (Jones-p91; Wark-p276). Heat exchanger: A device that is used to transfer heat from one stream to another without allowing them to mix. In an air-to-air heat exchanger for residential use, heat from exhausted indoor air is transferred to incoming outdoor air, without mixing the two streams (EPA-88/08). Heat exchanging cyclone: A unit used in the cement production process that utilizes the kiln's hot exit gases to heat the raw materials prior to entering the kiln (ETI-92). Heat exhaustion (heat prostration): A mild form of shock caused when the circulatory system begins to fail as a result of the body's inadequate effort to give off excessive heat (NavyIEnv-04). Heat flux: In air pollution modeling, the heat discharged by sources causing plume rise (NATO-78110). Heat flux: In meteorology, the heat transfer between the surface and the atmosphere.
Heat input: Heat derived from combustion of he1 in a steam generating unit and does not include the heat input from preheated wmbustion air, recirculated flue gases, or exhaust gases from other sources, such as gas turbines, internal combustion engines, kilns, etc. (40CFR60.41b-91, see also 40CFR60.41c-91). Heat input: The total gross calorific value (where gross calorific value is measured by ASTM Method D2015-66, D240-64, or Dl 826-64) of all fuels bumed (40CFR52.01-91). Heat island effect: A dome of elevated temperatures over an urban area caused by structural and pavement heat fluxes, and pollutant emissions from the area below the dome (EPA-89/12). Heat island effect: A "dome" of elevated temperatures over an urban area caused by structural and pavement heat fluxes, and pollutant emissions (EPA-97/12). Heat island: An area, generally an urban or industrial complex, where the temperature is higher than that of its normally rural surroundings. It is generally an air circulation problem peculiar to cities. Tall buildings, heat from pavements, and concentrations of pollutants create a haze dome that prevents rising hot air from being cooled at its normal rate. The heat island effect may lead to a local circulation pattern in which air pollution can get trapped. The general effect of a heat island on the dispersion conditions is that the atmosphere is less stable over the urban or industrial complex than over the rural surroundings. It can also trap high concentrations of pollutants and present a serious health problem (EPA-74/11; NATO-78110). Heat load: See heat. Heat of activation: See activation energy. Heat of adsorption: The heat given off when molecules are adsorbed (EPA-8211If). Heat of combustion (calorific value, enthalpy of combustion, heat of reaction, or heating value): The energy liberated when a compound experiences complete combustion with oxygen with both the reactants starting, and the products ending at the same condition, usually 25 C or 60 F and 1 atm. Since all combustion processes result in a decrease of enthalpy of the system, energy in the form of heat is released during the reaction. The adopted convention is for the values of heat of combustion to be negative in sign (EPA-84/09). Heat of combustion: Heating value is measured in units of Btu/lb (Jkg). A heating value of about 5000 Btu/lb ( 1 1 . 6 ~ 1 0Jkg) ~ or greater is needed to sustain wmbustion. Wastes with lower heating values can be bumed, but they will not maintain adequate temperature without the addition of auxiliary fuel. The heating value of the waste also is needed to calculate total heat input to the incinerator where: Heat Input (Btuih) = Feed Rate (Ibih) x Heating
Value (Btullb). Moisture is evaporated from the waste as the temperature of the waste is raised in the wmbustion chamber; it passes through the incinerator, unchanged, as water vapor. This evaporation of moisture uses energy and reduces the temperature in the wmbustion chamber. The water vapor also increases the combustion gas flow rate, which reduces combustion gas residence time. Heat of combustion has been proposed as one of the criteria to determine the ranking of hazardous waste incinerability. The rationale is that if a compound has more heat of combustion or can release more heat than other compounds during combustion, the compound would be easier to be incinerated. For example, dichloromethane would release 1.7 kcallgram during combustion as shown in the following equation: CH2Clz+ 0 2 + 3.76N2 C02 + 2HC1 + 3.76N2 + 1.70 kcallgram. The heat of combustion is normally written with a negative sign. This is a thermodynamic convention and indicates that energy flows out of the system. The heat of combustion of any compound at standard conditions can be calculated from the standard heats of formation of the compound and of the oxidation products. If a fuel is only partially oxidized, the entire heat of combustion is not released, some of this heat remains bound up as potential chemical energy in the bonds of the partial oxidation species. Therefore, the final or peak temperature produced will be lower than if the fuel were completely oxidized.
+
Heat of combustion: The heating value can be determined experimentally by calorimeters in which the products of combustion are cooled to the initial temperature and the heat adsorbed by the cooling medium is measured. The heating value of a waste is a measure of the energy released when the waste is burned. The heat transfer of the heating value during a combustion reaction can be computed by using the thermodynamic first law (Markes-67). Heat of formation (enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of hydration, or enthalpy of reaction): The quantity of heat transferred during the formation of a compound from its elements at standard conditions (temperature = 25 C (77 F) and pressure = 1 atm) where the energy level of all elements (reactants, in this case) is assigned to be zero. Heat of formation can be determined from the change in enthalpy resulting when a compound is formed from its elements at constant temperature and pressure conditions. See Appendix A for an example computation or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations. Heat of fusion: Latent heat involved in changing between the solid and the liquid states. Heat of reaction: See heat of combustion. Heat pipe: A circular-cross-section tube which is used to continuously transfer latent heat without the help of external work. The structural elements of the heat pipe include a closed outer vessel, a porous capillary wick, and a working fluid. The concept is that heating one region of the heat pipe evaporates working fluid from the wick and drives the vapor to other regions where it
condenses, giving up the latent heat of the working fluid. Within the wick, capillary forces return the condensate to the evaporator region. Typical heat pipe operation is characterized by nearly isothermal conditions along its length.
Heat pump: An electric device with both heating and cooling capabilities. It extracts heat from one medium at a lower (the heat source) temperature and transfers it to another at a higher temperature (the heat sink), thereby cooling the first and warming the second. See geothermal, water source heat pump (EPA-97/12). Heat rating: The measurement of engine indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) value obtained on the engine at a point when the supercharge pressure is 25.4 mm (one inch) Hg below the preignition point of the spark plug, as rated according to SAE J549A Recommended Practice (40CFR85.2122(a)(8)(ii)(B)-91). Heat recovery ventilator: Also known as air-to-air heat exchangers (EPA-88108). Heat release rate: The amount of heat liberated in a chamber during complete combustion; it is usually expressed in Btu per hour per cubic foot of the internal volume of the furnace where the combustion takes place (EPA-83). Heat release rate: The steam generating unit design heat input capacity (in MW or Btuhour) divided by the furnace volume (in cubic meters or cubic feet); the furnace volume is that volume bounded by the front furnace wall where the burner is located, the furnace side waterwall, and extending to the level just below or in front of the first row of convection pass tubes (40CFR60.41b-91). Heat resistant steel: Steels with high resistance to oxidation and moderate strength at high temperatures above 500 C (EPA-83106a). Heat resisting glass: A glass able to withstand high thermal shock, generally because of low expansion coefficient. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Heat set ink: A letterpress and lithographic ink which dries under the action of heat by evaporation of their high boiling solvent. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Heat setting refractory mortar: A mortar in which the bond is developed by the application of relatively high temperatures, which vitrify part of its constituents. Also known as hot setting refractory mortar. See mortar for more related terms (EPA-83). Heat stroke: Breakdown of the body's heat regulating mechanism (Course 165.5) Heat time: The period commencing when scrap is charged to an empty EAF and terminating when the E M tap is completed (40CFR60.271-91).
Heat transfer medium: Any material which is used to transfer heat from one point to another point (40CFR60.41b-91, see also 40CFR60.41C-91).
compound experiences a complete combustion with oxygen with both the reactants starting, and the products ending, at the same condition, usually 25 C or 60 F and 1 atrn.
Heat transfer: The transfer of heat from a higher temperature point to a lower temperature point.
Heating value: For more related terms, see (1) Gross calorific value (see high heating value); (2) Gross heating value (see high heating value); (3) High heating value; (4) Higher heating value (see high heating value); (5) Low heating value; (6) Lower heating value (see low heating value); and (7) Net heating value (see low heating value).
Heat transfer: For more related terms, see (1) Conduction; (2) Convection, also known as mass transfer; and (3) Radiation. Heat treatment: The application of heat of specified temperature and duration to change the physical properties of the metal (40CFR467.02-91, see also 40CFR471.02; 468.02-91). Heat utilization fluid: A fluid that is used as heat transfer media For example, a heat transfer fluid is used to take thermal energy from heat exchangers and transfers it to customized equipment to provide hot water, space heating, and other thermal loads. Heat value: Heat generated per unit weight or volume of combustible material completely burned (RCRAImanagement-04). Heat: For more related terms, see (1) Available heat; (2) Latent heat; (3) Sensible heat; and (4) Specific heat. Heated airless spray: An airless spray coating method in which the coating is heated just prior to application (40CFR52.741-91). Heating degree-days (HDD): A measure of how cold a location is over a period of time relative to a base temperature, most commonly specified as 65 F. The measure is computed for each day by subtracting the average of the day's high and low temperatures from the base temperature (65 F), with negative values set equal to zero. Each day's heating degree-days are summed to create a heating degree-day measure for a specified reference period. Heating degree-days are used in energy analysis as an indicator of space heating energy requirements or use (CAA/C02gasl-04). Heating element: An electrical part that provides heat to a medium. Heating oil: The petroleum that is No. 1, No. 2, No. 4--light, No. 4--heavy, No. 5--light, No. 5--heavy, and No. 6 technical grades of fuel oil; other residual fuel oils (including Navy Special Fuel Oil and Bunker C); and other fuels when used as substitutes for one of these fuel oils. Heating oil is typically used in the operation of heating equipment, boilers, or furnaces. See oil for more related terms (40CFR280.12-91). Heating season: The coldest months of the year when pollution emissions are higher in some areas because of increased fossil fuel consumption (EPA-74/11). Heating value: Also known as the heat of combustion or energy content of a chemical compound. It is the energy liberated when a
Heatstroke: A severe and sometimes fatal condition resulting from the failure of the temperature-regulating capacity of the body. It is caused by prolonged exposure to the sun or high temperatures. Reduction or cessation of sweating is an early symptom. Body temperatures of 105 F or higher, rapid pulse, hot and dry skin, headache, confusion, unconsciousness, and convulsions may occur. Heatstroke is a TRUE MEDICAL EMERGENCY, requiring immediate transport to a medical facility (NavyIEnv-04). Heaving: Applied to the rising of the bottom after removal of the coal; a sharp rise in the floor is called a "hogsback" (CWNmining-04). Heavy duty engine: Any engine which the engine manufacturer could reasonably expect to be used for motive power in a heavyduty vehicle. See engine for more related terms (40CFR86.082.291). Heavy duty vehicle: A truck, bus, or other vehicle manufactured primarily for use on the public streets, roads, and highways (not including any vehicle operated exclusively on a rail or rails) which has a gross vehicle weight (as determined under regulations promulgated by the Administrator) in excess of six thousand pounds. Such term includes any such vehicle which has special features enabling off street or off highway operation and use. See vehicle for more related terms (CAA202, see also 40CFR86.082.2-91). Heavy gas: A mixture of a gaseous air pollutant and air, where the density of this mixture is considerably greater than that of pure air. The dispersion of a heavy gas is influenced by gravity effects. See gas for more related terms (NATO-7811 0). Heavy hydrogen (or deuterium): Heavy hydrogen is a hydrogen isotope with atomic weight 2.0144; density 2.0 glcc; melting point. 254 C and boiling point -249 C. Heavy hydrogen: A non-radioactive isotope of the element hydrogen with one neutron and one proton in the atomic nucleus (DOE-91/04). See hydrogen for more related terms. Heavy light duty truck: Any light duty truck rated greater than 6000 lbs GVWR. See truck for more related terms (40CFR86.094.2-91).
Heavy liquid: The liquid with a true vapor pressure of less than 0.3 Wa (0.04 psi) at 294.3 K (70 F) established in a standard reference text or as determined by ASTM method D2879-86 (incorporated by reference as specified in 40CFR52.742); or which has 0.1 Reid Vapor Pressure as determined by ASTM method D323-82 (incorporated by reference as specified in 40CFR52.742); or which when distilled requires a temperature of 421.95 K (300 F) or greater to recover 10% of the liquid as determined by ASTM method D86-82 (incorporated by reference as specified in 40CFR52.742). See liquid for more related terms (40CFR52.741-91). Heavy media separation: See dense media separation. Heavy media separator: A unit process used to separate materials of differing density by floatkink in a colloidal suspension of a finely ground dense mineral. This suspension, or media, usually consists of a water-suspension of magnetite, galena, or ferrosilicon. See separator for more related terms (EPA-83). Heavy metal (or toxic metal): Metallic elements of higher atomic weights, including but not limited to arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, manganese, zinc, chromium, tin, thallium, and selenium (40CFR165.1-91).
and the components of such equipment or engines (40CFR52.74 191). Heavy passenger cars: For the 1984 model year only, a passenger car or passenger car derivative capable of seating 12 passengers or less, rated at 6000 pounds GVW or more and having an equivalent test weight of 5000 pounds or more (40CFR86.084.2-91). Heavy water (DzO): A form of water (a molecule with two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom) in which the hydrogen atoms consist largely or completely of the deuterium isotope. Heavy water has almost identical chemical properties, but quite different nuclear properties, as light water (common water) (DOE91/04). Heavy water (D20): Deuterium oxide ( 4 0 ) with melting point 4 C and boiling point 101 C is the water (H20) whose hydrogen Hz is replaced by a heavier hydrogen isotope deuterium 4.See water for more related terms. Heavy water reactor (HWR): A nuclear reactor in which circulating heavy water is used to cool the reactor core and to moderate (reduce the energy of) the neutrons created in the core by the fission reactions (DOE-91/04).
Heavy metals: A common hazardous waste; can damage organisms at low concentrations and tends to accumulate in the food chain (FFDCMpesticide-04).
Heel tap: An imperfection in which the base or bottom of a bottle is very thick in one area and very thin in another (EPA-83).
Heavy metals: A group of toxic metals including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc (CAAIAPC-04).
Heel: In air pollution control, the amount of pollutant retained by the adsorbent after regeneration (or desorbing) (EPA-84/09).
Heavy metals: All uranium, plutonium, or thorium placed into a nuclear reactor (40CFR191.12-91).
Heel: In metallurgy, the part of the molten metal alloy remaining in the furnace to facilitate melting of scrap being charged (EPA76/12).
Heavy metals: Metallic elements with high atomic weights, e.g., mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, and lead; can damage living things at low concentrations and tend to accumulate in the food chain (EPA-97/12). See metal for more related terms. Heavy nickel deposition: Deposition of 0.07 grams per square foot or more of total nickel on the basis metal (EPA-8211le). Heavy off-highway vehicle products coating facility: A facility that includes one or more heavy off-highway vehicle products coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-91). Heavy off-highway vehicle products coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto the surface of heavy off-highway vehicle products (40CFR52.741-91). Heavy off-highway vehicle products: For the purpose of paragraph (e) of this section, heavy construction, mining, farming, or material handling equipment; heavy industrial engines; dieselelectric locomotives and associated power generation equipment;
Helical spray nozzle: For this type of nozzle, it has a descending spiral impingement surface that breaks up the sprayed liquid into a cone of tiny droplets. The cones can be full or hollow with spray angles from 50 degrees to 180degrees. There are no internal parts, which helps reduce nozzle plugging. These nozzles can be made of stainless steel, brass, alloys, and plastic materials (see spray nozzle for more types) (EPA-84/03b, p2-2). Helium (He): A noble gaseous element with atomic number 2; atomic weight 4.0026; density 0.126 glcc; melting point 269.7 C and boiling point -268.9 C. The element belongs to group VIIIA of the periodic table. HELP (hydrologic evaluation of landfill performance) model: A specialized computer program that performs the water balance equation and aids in modeling by predicting leachate generation. By selecting different covers and liners, an optimum combination can be achieved (RCWmanagernent-04).
Hematite: One of the most common ores of iron, F%03, which contains about 70% metallic iron and 30% oxygen. Most of the iron produced in North America comes from the iron ranges of the Lake Superior district, especially the Mesabi Range, Minnesota. The hydrated variety of this ore is called limonite (EPA-82/05). Hematologic toxicity: Hematocrit, hemoglobin levels, changes in cellular components (erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets), plasma components, and foreign substances. See endpoint for more related terms (Course 165.6; EPA-92/12).
compounds, serum enzyme activities). See endpoint for more related terms (Course 165.6; EPA-92/12).
Heptachlor: An insecticide that was banned on some food products in 1975 and all food products in 1978. It was allowed for use in seed treatment until 1983. More recently it was found in milk and other dairy products in Arkansas and Missouri where dairy cattle were illegally fed treated seed (NavyIEnv-04).
Hematopoietic system: The system of cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes concerned with formation of the cellular element of the blood (LBL-76107-bio).
Heptachlor: An insecticide that was banned on some food products in 1975 and all of them 1978. It was allowed for use in seed treatment until 1983. More recently it was found in milk and other dairy products in Arkansas and Missouri where dairy cattle were illegally fed treated seed (EPA-97/12).
Hemoglobin: A molecules of red blood cells. It contains iron and carries oxygen.
Herbaceous: With characteristics of an herb; a plant with no persistent woody stem above ground (CWAIWbasics-04).
Hemogram: A clinical term used to encompass several hematologic indices, including hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count (LBL-76107-bio).
Herbicide: A chemical or other agent applied for the purpose of killing undesirable plants. See also pesticide (CWAIWquality-04).
Hemp: A tall plant with a strong base fiber used to make cord or rope. Also the cord or rope made from hemp fiber (EPA-83). Henry's law constant (If): Provides a measure of the extent of chemical partitioning between air and water at equilibrium. The higher the constant, the more likely a chemical is to volatilize than to remain in water (NavyEnv-04). Henry's law: The measure of the volatility of a substance in a dilute solution of water at equilibrium. It is the ratio of the vapor pressure exerted by a substance in the gas phase over a dilute aqueous solution of that substance to its concentration in the solution at a given temperature. For HRS purposes, use the value reported at or near 25 C (atmosphere-cubic meters per mole [atmm3/mole]) (40CFR300-AppIA-91). See gas absorption for more related terms and see Appendix A for an example computation, or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations.
Herbicide: A chemical pesticide designed to control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses (EPA-97/12). Herbicide: A pesticide designed to control or kill plants, weeds, or grasses. Almost 70% of all pesticide used by farmers and ranchers are herbicides. These chemicals have wide-ranging effects on non-target species (FFDCNpesticide-04). Herbicide: A type of pesticide designed to kill plants (CWNWbasics-04). Herbivore: A plant-eating animal (CANCO2gasl-04). Herbivore: An animal that feeds on plants (EPA-89/12). Herbivore: An animal that feeds on plants (EPA-97/12). Herbivore: An organism that feeds on vegetation (LBL-76107water).
Hepatic porphyria: An inborn error of metabolism characterized by increased formation and accumulation of pyrroles in the liver (LBL76107-bio).
Herculon fiber: A trademark of Hercules for polypropylene fibers. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b).
Hepatocellular carcinomas: Malignant tumors of the cells comprising the outer layer of the liver (EPA-85/10).
Heredity: The translocation of genetics from one generation to the next generation.
Hepatocellular injury: Injury to the cells of the liver (LBL 76107-bio).
Heritable translocation: Reciprocal translocations transmitted from parent to the succeeding progeny (40CFR798.5955-91, see also 40CFR798.5460-91).
Hepatoma: A malignant tumor occurring in the liver (Course 165.6). Hepatoxicity: Gross and microscopic examination, organ weight, liver function (bile formation, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, metabolism of foreign
Hermaphrodite (or bisexual): An animal or a plant with both male and female reproductive organs present in the same individual. Herpetofauna: Reptiles and amphibians (DOE-91/04).
Hertz (Hz): Frequency of sound expressed by cycles per second. See cycle (NCNsound-04).
HFPO: The chemical substance hexafluoropropylene oxide, CAS Number 428-59-1. (Listed in TSCA Inventory as oxirane, trifluoro(trifluoromethy1))(40CFR704.104-91).
Hess's law: The total energy change in converting reactants to end products is independent of intermediate steps taken.
Hibernation: Dormancy of animals during wintertime (cf. dormancy or estivation).
Heteroallelic diploids: The diploid strains of yeast canying two different, inactive alleles of the same gene locus causing a nutritional requirement (40CFR798.5575-91).
Hide: Any animal pelt or skin as received by a tannery as raw material to be processed (cf. green hide) (40CFR425.02-91).
Heterogeneity: The conditions of being different in different populations. Heterogeneous catalysis: This process consists of transformations of multi-phase systems containing at least one solid phase which is generally the catalyst, or at least a kinetically active component of the catalyzed system. The most important common examples of heterogeneous catalysis are those in which gaseous or liquid reaction systems are placed in the presence of a solid catalyst. See catalysis for more related terms. Heterogeneous reaction: A reaction is heterogeneous if it requires the presence of at least two phases of substances to proceed (cf. homogeneous reaction). Heterogeneous: Pertaining to a substance having different characteristics in different locations. Non-uniform. For example, sand with intermittent clay lenses. Antonym: homogeneous (NavyIEnv-04). Heterotrophic organism: Consumers such as humans and animals, and decomposers such as bacteria and fungi that are dependent on organic matter for food (NavyIEnv-04). Heterotrophic organism: Organisms that are dependent on organic matter for food (LBL-76107-water). Heterotrophic organism: Species that are dependent on organic matter for food (EPA-97/12).
Hexachlor0-cy~lohe~ane-1,2,3,4,5,6(C6H6C16):A white powder used in insecticide for flies, cockroaches, aphids, and boll weevils. Hexane (C6HI4): A colorless liquid used in filling for thermometers instead of mercury. Hexane solubles (or extractables): Fats, oils, and greases in wastewaters that are quantified by an analytical technique involving hexane extraction (EPA-75/04). Hexavalent chromium: See chromium VI (40CFR420.02-91). HEX-BCH: The chemical substance 1,2,3,4,7,7-hexachloronorbomadiene, CAS Number 3389-71-7 (40CFR704.102-91).
Hierarchy: A body of data organized according to a rank (EPA88/12). High altitude conditions: A test altitude of 1620 meters (5315 feet), plus or minus 100 meters (328 feet), or equivalent observed barometric test conditions of 83.3 plus or minus 1 kilopascals (40CFR86.082.2-91). High altitude reference point: An elevation of 1620 meters (5315 feet) plus or minus 100 meters (32 feet), or equivalent observed barometric test conditions of 83.3 kPa (24.2 inches Hg), plus or minus 1 kPa (0.30 Hg) (40CFR86.082.2-91). High altitude: Any elevation over 1219 meters (4000 feet) (40CFR86.082.2-91). High alumina refractory: A product containing 4.5% more alumina than typical refractories. See refractory for more related terms (EPA-83). High carbon ferrochrome: The alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A10 1-73 (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17) grades HCI through HC6 (40CFR60.261-91). High concentration PCBs: The PCBs that contain 500 ppm or greater PCBs, or those materials which EPA requires to be assumed to contain 500 ppm or greater PCBs in the absence of testing (40CFR761.123-91). Low-concentration PCBs means PCBs that are tested and found to contain less than 500 ppm PCBs, or those PCB-containing materials which EPA requires to be assumed to be at concentrations below 500 ppm (i.e., untested mineral oil dielectric fluid). See PCB for more related terms (40CFR761.123-91). High-contact industrial surface: A surface in an industrial setting which is repeatedly touched, often for relatively long periods of time. Manned machinery and control panels are examples of high-contact industrial surfaces. High-contact industrial surfaces are generally of impervious solid materials. Examples of low-contact industrial surfaces include ceilings, floors, walls, roofs, roadways, and side walks in industrial areas, utility poles, unmanned machinery, concrete pads beneath electrical equipment, curbing, exterior structural building components, indoor vaults, and pipes (under TSCA) (40CFR761.l23-91).
High contact residential commercial surface: A surface in a residential-commercial area which is repeatedly touched, often for relatively long periods of time. Doors, wall areas below 6 feet in height, uncovered flooring, windowsills, fencing, banisters, stairs, automobiles, and children's play areas such as outdoor patios and sidewalks are examples of high-contact residential-commercial surfaces. Examples of low-contact residential-commercial surfaces include interior ceilings, interior wall areas above 6 feet in height, roofs, asphalt roadways, concrete roadways, wooden utility poles, unmanned machinery, concrete pads beneath electrical equipment, curbing, exterior structural building components, (e.g., aluminum/vinyl siding, cinder block, asphalt tiles), and pipes (40CFR761.123-91). High density polyethylene (HDPE): (1) A thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50% ethylene by weight and having a density of greater than 0.940 g/cm3 (cf. polyethylene) (40CFR60.561-91). (2) A polymer prepared by low-pressure polymerization of ethylene as the principal monomer and having the characteristics of ASTM Dl34 Type 111 and IV polyethylene. Such polymer resins have density greater than or equal to 0.41 g/cc as noted in ASTM Dl24 (EPA-91/05). (3) A material used to make plastic bottles and other products that produces toxic fumes when burned (EPA-97/12). (4) See polyethylene for more related terms. High density polyethylene (HDPE): A material used to make plastic bottles and other products that produces toxic fumes when burned (NavyIEnv-04). High dose: Not exceed the lower explosive limit (LEL) and ideally should induce minimal toxicity (cf. low dose) (40CFR795.232-91).
High energy forming: A process where parts are formed at a rapid rate by using extremely high pressures, e.g., explosive forming, electrohydraulic forming (EPA-83106a). High energy rate forging (HEW): A closed die process where hot or cold deforming is accomplished by a high velocity ram (EPA-83106a). High grade electrical paper: An asbestos-containing product that is made of paper and consisting of asbestos fibers and hightemperature resistant organic binders and used in or with electrical devices for purposes of insulation or protection. Major applications of this product include insulation for hightemperature, low voltage applications such as in motors, generators, transformers, switch gears, and other heavy electrical apparatus. See paper for more related terms (40CFR763.163-91). High grade paper: The letterhead, dry copy papers, miscellaneous business forms, stationery, typing paper, tablet sheets, and computer printout paper and cards, commonly sold as white ledger, computer printout, and tab card grade by the wastepaper industry. See paper for more related terms (40CFR246.101-91). High hazard content: High hazard contents shall be classified as those which are liable to bum with extreme rapidity or from which poisonous fumes or explosions are to be feared in the event of fire. See hazard for more related terms (29CFR1910.35-91). High heat release rate: A heat release rate greater than 730,000 ~/sec-m3(70,000 ~tuhour-ft3)(40CFR60.41b-91).
High duty fireclay brick: A fireclay brick that has a pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) not lower than Cone 31-23, or does not deform more than 1.5% at 2460 F in the standard local test. See brick for more related terms (SW- 108ts).
High heating value (HHV) (gross calorific value, gross heating value, or higher heating value): Heat liberated when waste is burned completely and the products of combustion are cooled to the initial temperature of the waste. Usually expressed in Btus per pound (40CFR240.101-91).
High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter: A filter capable of trapping and retaining at least 99.97% of all monodispersed particles of 0.3 micrometer in diameter or larger (40CFR763.12 191).
High heating value: The enthalpy change or heat released when a gas is stoichiometrically combusted at 60 F, with the final (flue) products at 60 F and any water present in the liquid state. Usually expressed as Btu/lb or Btu/scf fuel (EPA-84/09).
High efficiency particulate air (HEPA): Refers to a filtering system capable of trapping and retaining at least 99.97% of all monodispersed particles 0.3 um in diameter or larger (40CFR763.83-91).
High heating value: The heating value produced from the combustion of a waste under the condition that the water vapor in combustion gas has condensed into the liquid state. Any fuel containing hydrogen yields water as one product of combustion. At atmospheric pressure, the partial pressure of the water vapor in the resulting combustion gas mixture is usually sufficient high to cause water to condense out if the temperature is allowed to fall below 120 to 140 F. This causes liberation of the heat of vaporization of any water condensed. Thus, HHV is the heat transfer with liquid water in the products. See heating value for more related terms.
High end exposure (dose) estimate: An estimate of exposure, or dose level received anyone in a defined population that is greater than the 90th percentile of all individuals in that population, but less than the exposure at the highest percentile in that population. A high end risk descriptor is an estimate of the risk level for such individuals. Note that risk is based on a combination of exposure and susceptibility to the stressor (EPA-97/12).
High integrity container: Specially designed containers which have been approved by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for containment of Class B and C wastes for 300 years. Containers are required to meet stringent standards for structural stability, durability, and resistance to water. Containers which have been approved include containers made of high-density polypropylene, specially formulated concrete, and certain steel alloys (Envirocare00109).
High rate filter: A trickling filter operated at high average daily dosing rate. All between 10 and 30 mgdlacre, sometimes including recirculation of effluent. See filter for more related terms (EPA82111f).
High intensity discharge: A generic term for mercury vapor, metal halide, and high pressure sodium lamps and fixtures (EPA97/12).
High risk community: A community located within the vicinity of numerous sites or facilities or other potential sources of environmental exposurehealth hazards which may result in high levels of exposure to contaminants or pollutants (EPA-97/12). In determining risk or potential risk, factors such as total weight of toxic contaminants, toxicity, routes of exposure, and other factors may be used.
High level nuclear waste facility: Plant designed to handle disposal of used nuclear fuel, high-level radioactive waste, and plutonium waste (EPA-97/12).
High temperature aluminum coating: A coating that is certified to withstand a temperature of 537.8 C (1000 F) for 24 hours (40CFR52.741-9 1).
High level of volatile impurity: A total smelter charge containing more than 0.2 weight percent arsenic, 0.1 weight percent antimony, 4.5 weight percent lead, or 5.5 weight percent zinc, on a dry basis (40CFR60.161-91).
High terrain: Any area having an elevation 900 feet or more above the base of the stack of a source. See terrain for more related terms (40CFR51.166-91, see also 40CFR52.21-91).
High level radioactive waste (HLRW): High-level radioactive waste as defined in the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (Pub. L. 97-425) (40CFR191.02-91, see akio 40CFR227.30-91). High level radioactive waste (HLRW): Waste generated in the fuel of a nuclear reactor, found at nuclear reactors or nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. It is a serious threat to anyone who comes near the wastes without shielding (cf. low level radioactive waste) (EPA-89/12). See radioactive waste or waste for more related terms. High level waste: The highly radioactive waste material that results from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, including liquid waste produced directly in reprocessing and any solid waste derived from the liquid. High-level waste contains a combination of transuranic waste and fission products in concentrations requiring permanent isolation (cf. radioactive waste, high level and see waste for more related terms) (DOE-91/04). High pressure distribution system: A distribution system in which the gas pressure in the main is higher than the pressure provided to the customer (40CFR192.3-91). High pressure process: The conventional production process for the manufacture of low density polyethylene in which a reaction pressure of about 15,000 psig or greater is used (40CFR60.56191). High processing packinghouse: A packinghouse which processes both animals slaughtered at the site and additional carcasses from outside sources (cf. low processing packinghouse) (40CFR432.4191).
High transmission glass: A glass which transmits an exceptionally high percentage of the visible light. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). High velocity air filter (HVAF): An air pollution control filtration device for the removal of sticky, oily, or liquid aerosol particulate matter from exhaust gas streams (40CFR60.471-91). High viscosity poly(ethy1ene terephtbalate): The poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) that has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.9 or higher and is used in such applications as tire cord and seat belts (40CFR60.561-91). High volume air sampling: See high volume sampler. High volume sampler (or high volume air sampling): A device used in the measurement and analysis of ambient suspended particulate pollution (EPA-74/11). Approximately 3,000 ft3 of air is filtered through a filter for a period of time. The filter is then weighed for determining the amount of particles collected. Higher aquatic plant: Flowering aquatic plants. (These are separately categorized as emergent, floating, and submerged aquatic plants) (LBL-76107-water). Higher heating value: (1) The heat produced by combustion of a unit quantity at constant volume, in an oxygen bomb calorimeter under specified conditions. Also known as gross calorific value. See analytical parameters--fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). (2) See high heating value. Highest dose tested: The highest dose of a chemical or substance tested in a study (EPA-97/12).
High-level radioactive waste (HLRW): Waste generated in core fuel of a nuclear reactor, found at nuclear reactors or by nuclear fuel reprocessing; is a serious threat to anyone who comes near the waste without shielding. See low-level radioactive waste (EPA97/12). High-level waste: Material generated by chemical reprocessing of spent fuel and irradiated targets. High-level waste contains highly radioactive, short-lived fission products, hazardous chemicals, and toxic heavy metals. High-level waste is usually found in the form of a liquid, a solid salt cake, a sludge, or a dry powdery calcine (OMBIReg-04). High-line jumper: Pipes or hoses connected to fire hydrants and laid on top of the ground to provide emergency water service for an isolated portion of a distribution system (EPA-97/12). Highly enriched uranium (HEU): Uranium with more than 20% of the uranium 235 isotope, used for making nuclear weapons and also as fuel for some isotope-production, research, and power reactors. Weapons-grade uranium is a subset of this group (OMBIReg-04). Highly volatile liquid or HVL: A hazardous liquid which will form a vapor cloud when released to the atmosphere and which has a vapor pressure exceeding 276 kPa (40 psia) at 37.8 C (100 F) (40CFR195.2-91).
Highway: The streets, roads, and public ways in any state (40CFR202.10; 205.2-91). Hindered settling: The settling speed of particles in a highly polluted liquid is hindered by other particles due to the density of suspended solids. Histology: The study of the structure of cells and tissues; usually involves microscopic examination of tissue slices (Course 165.6). Historic property: A building, structure, or site that is already on or is eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. Archeological sites and resources can be included (SDWNradionuclide-04). Historic resource: The sites, districts, structures, and objects considered limited and nonrenewable because of their association with historic events, persons, or social or historic movements (DOE-91/04). Hog feeding: The utilization of heat-treated food wastes as a livestock feed (SW-10th). Hogsback: A sharp rise in the floor of a seam (CWA/mining-04). Hoist: A drum on which hoisting rope is wound in the engine house, as the cage or skip is raised in the hoisting shaft (CWNmining-04).
High-to-Low Dose Extrapolation: Prediction of low exposure risk to humans from the measured high exposure, high risk data involving rodents (NavyJEnv-04).
Hoisting: The vertical transport coal or material (CWNmining04).
High-to-low-dose extrapolation: The process of prediction of low exposure risk to humans and animals from the measured highexposure-high-risk data involving laboratory animals (EPA-97/12).
Holding of a copper converter: The suspending blowing operations while maintaining in a heated state the molten bath in the copper converter (40CFR61.171-91).
Highwall miner: A highwall mining system consists of a remotely controlled continuous miner which extracts wal and conveys it via augers, belt, or chain conveyors to the outside. The cut is typically a rectangular, horizontal cut from a highwall bench, reaching depths of several hundred feet or deeper (CWNmining04).
Holding pond: A pond or reservoir, usually made of earth, built to store polluted runoff (EPA-97/12). Holding tank: A reservoir to contain preparation materials so as to be ready for immediate service. See tank for more related terms (EPA-83/03).
Highwall: The unexcavated face of exposed overburden and coal in a surface mine or in a face or bank on the uphill side of a contour mine excavation (CWNmining-04).
Holding time: The elapsed time expressed in days from the date of receipt of the sample by the contractor until the date of its analysis (NavyIEnv-04).
Highway fuel economy test: The test procedure described in 40CFR600.111(b). See fuel economy for more related terms (40CFR610.11-91).
Holding time: The maximum amount of time a sample may be stored before analysis (EPA-97/12).
Highway fuel economy: The fuel economy determined by operating a vehicle (or vehicles) over the driving schedule in the federal highway fuel economy test procedure. See fuel economy for more related terms (40CFR600.002.85-91).
Hollow block wall (or block wall): A wall constructed using hollow rectangular masonry blocks. The blocks might be fabricated using a concrete base (concrete block), using ash from combustion of solid fuels (cinder block), or expanded clays. Walls constructed using hollow blocks form an interconnected network
with their interior hollow cavities unless the cavities are filled with concrete (EPA-88/08).
Hollow stem auger drilling: Conventional drilling method that uses augurs to penetrate the soil. As the augers are rotated, soil cuttings are conveyed to the ground surface via augur spirals. DP tools can be used inside the hollow augers (EPA-97/12). Holmium (Ho): A rare earth metal with atomic number 67; atomic weight 164.93; density 8.80 glcc; melting point 1461 C and boiling point 2600 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Holocene: The most recent epoch of the quaternary period, extending from the end of the Pleistocene to the present (40CFR264.18-91). Home and garden user sector (or market): Involves pesticides applied by homeowners to homes and gardens, including lawns; single and multiple unit housing. Does not include pesticides for homelgarden applications by professional applicators (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Home range: The general activity range (or area) of organisms. Home scrap (or revert scrap): The scrap that never leaves the manufacturing plant and is reprocessed there. Also known as revert scrap. See scrap for more related terms (SW-108ts). Homeostasis: Maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism (Course 165.6). Homeostatic plateau: The point or place at which homeostasis occurs (LBL-76107-water). Homeostatis: (homeo = same; stasis = condition) Condition of equilibrium or stability (LBL-76107-water). Homeowner water system: Any water system which supplies piped water to a single residence (EPA-97/12).
Homogeneous catalysis: A chemical reaction process under the condition that all the reactants are contained in a single phase. The primary groupings in this category are reactions between gases and vapors that are catalyzed by other gases and vapors, and reactions in a liquid medium containing a liquid catalyst or a catalyst in solution. See catalysis for more related terms. Homogeneous reaction: A reaction is homogeneous if it takes place in a single phase (cf. heterogeneous reaction). Homogeneous turbulence: The turbulence for which the statistical properties are independent of the location in the flow field. See turbulence for more related terms (NATO-78110). Homogeneous: Pertaining to a substance having uniform characteristics throughout. Uniform. Antonym: Heterogeneous (Navy/Env-04). Homolog: A group of isomers that have the same degree of halogenation. For example, the homologous class of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins consists of all dibenzo-p-dioxins containing four chlorine atoms. When the homologous classes discussed in this part are referred to, the following abbreviations for the prefix denoting the number of halogens are used: tetra-, T (4 atoms); penta-, Pe (5 atoms); hexa-, Hx (6 atoms); hepta-, Hp (7 atoms) (40CFR766.3-91). Homologous chromosomes: The chromosomes that have the same structural features. Homologous group: A group of chemicals that have the same degree of halogenation, e.g., the homologous class of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (TCDD) consists of those PCDDs which have four chlorine atoms. Isomer is a particular member of a homologous group, e.g., 2,3,7,8-TCDD is the tetra-isomer which has chlorine atoms at the 2-, 3-, 7-, and 8- positions (EPA-8187a). Homologous: Pertaining to a structure relation between parts of different organisms (e.g., bird wing vs. fish fin).
Hometherm: Maintenance of constant body temperatures in an organism.
Homology: A group of chemicals or organisms that have some degree of similarity (e.g., chemicals in the same group of the periodic table).
Homogeneity: A condition or process of which the properties are independent of a space coordinate (NATO-78110).
Homopolymer: A polymer containing only units of one single monomer (EPA-75/01a).
Homogeneous area: An area of surfacing material, thermal system insulation material, or miscellaneous material that is uniform in color and texture (40CFR763.83-91).
Hood and enclosures: The partial or complete enclosure around the wheel or disc through which air enters an exhaust system during operation (29CFR1910.94b-91).
Homogeneous area: In accordance with Asbestos Hazard and Emergency Response Act (AHERA) definitions, an area of surfacing materials, thermal surface insulation, or miscellaneous material that is uniform in color and texture (EPA-97/12).
Hood capture efficiency: Ratio of the emissions captured by a hood and directed into a control or disposal device, expressed as a percent of all emissions (EPA-97/12).
Hood capture efficiency: The emissions from a process which are captured by the hood and directed into a control device, expressed as a percentage of all emissions (40CFR52.741-91). Hood or enclosure: Any device used to capture fugitive volatile organic compounds (40CFR60.441-91). Hood: A partial enclosure or canopy for capturing and exhausting, by means of a draft, the organic vapors or other fumes rising from a coating process or other source (40CFR52.741-91). Hook blade: A shielded knife blade confined in such a way that the blade cuts upward or is drawn toward the person doing the cutting to avoid damage to underlying sheets (EPA-91/05). Hook blade: A shielded knife blade confined in such a way that the blade cuts upward or is drawn toward the person doing the cutting (EPA-89/09). Horizon: In geology, any given definite position or interval in the stratigraphic column or the scheme of stratigraphic classification; generally used in a relative sense (CWNmining-04). Horizontal double-spindle disc grinder: A grinding machine canying two power-driven, rotatable, coaxial, horizontal spindles upon the inside ends of which are mounted abrasive disc wheels used for grinding two surfaces simultaneously (29CFR1910.94b91).
cloned and the vehicle (vector) that carries the gene into the host (EPA-88109a). Host: Any plant or animal on or in which another lives for nourishment, development, or protection (40CFR171.2-91). Host: In genetics, the organism, typically a bacterium, into which a gene from another organism is transplanted. Host: In medicine, an animal infected or parasitized by another organism (EPA-97/12). Hot compression molding: In plastic processing, a technique of thermoset molding in which preheated molding compound is closed and heat and pressure (in the form of a downward moving ram) are applied until the material has cured (EPA-83106a). Hot dip coating: The process of coating a metallic workpiece with another metal by immersion in a molten bath to provide a protective film (EPA-83106a). Hot drying hearth: A surface upon which waste materials are placed to dry or bum. Hot combustion gases first pass over the wastes and then under the hearth. See hearth for more related terms (SW-10th). Hot forming: The hot form whose steel operations in which solidified, heated steel is shaped by rolls (40CFR420.71-91).
Horizontal single-spindle disc grinder: A grinding machine canying an abrasive disc wheel upon one or both ends of a powerdriven, rotatable single horizontal spindle (29CFR1910.94b-91).
Hot metal furnace: A furnace that is initially charged with (cold) solid materials followed by a second charge of melted liquid. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-74106a).
Hormone: A chemical substance secreted in one part of an organism and transported to another part of that organism where it has a specific effect (Course 165.6).
Hot metal transfer station: The facility where molten iron is emptied from the railroad torpedo car or hot metal car to the shop ladle. This includes the transfer of molten iron from the torpedo car or hot metal car to a mixer (or other intermediate vessel) and fiom a mixer (or other intermediate vessel) to the ladle. This facility is also known as the reladling station or ladle transfer station (40CFR60.141a-91).
Horn: In seaming a landfill liner, the vibration device used with ultrasonic seaming which vibrates at high frequency causing friction and a subsequent melting of the surfaces that it contacts (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-9 1/05). Horseback: A mass of material with a slippery surface in the roof; shaped like a horse's back (CWA/mining-04). Hosiery product: For New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) (40CFR410.55), the internal subdivision of the knit fabric finishing subcategory for facilities that are engaged primarily in dyeing or finishing hosiery of any type (40CFR410.5 1-91). Hospital waste: Waste generated from hospitals and clinics. See medical waste for more related terms. Host vector system: In the context of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, the particular organism (host) into which the gene is
Hot mix asphalt facility: Any facility, as described in 40CFR60.90, used to manufacture hot mix asphalt by heating and drying aggregate and mixing with asphalt cements (40CFR60.9191). Hot pressing: Forming a powder metallurgy compact at a temperature high enough to effect concurrent sintering (40CFR471.02-9 1). Hot rolled: A term used to describe alloys which are rolled at temperatures above the recrystallization temperature. Many alloys are hot rolled, and machinability of such alloys may vary because of differences in rolling conditions from lot to lot (EPA-83106a). Hot setting refractory mortar: See heat setting refractory mortar.
Hot soak losses: The evaporative emissions after termination of engine operation (40CFR86.082.2-91). Hot stamping: Engraving operation for marking plastics in which roll leaf is stamped with heated metal dies onto the face of the plastics. Ink compounds can also be used (EPA-83/06a). Hot strip and sheet mill: Those steel hot forming operations that produce flat hot-rolled products other than plates (40CFR420.7191). Hot water seal: A heated water bath (heated to approximately 180 F) used to seal the surface coating on formed aluminum which has been anodized and coated. In establishing an effluent allowance for this operation, the hot water seal shall be classified as a cleaning or etching rinse (40CFR467.02-91). Hot well: The reservoir of a condensing unit receiving the condensate from a barometric condenser. See well for more related terms (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR264.1031-91).
Household hazardous waste: Hazardous products used and disposed of by residential as opposed to industrial consumers. Includes paints, stains, varnishes, solvents, pesticides, and other materials or products containing volatile chemicals that can catch fire, react or explode, or that are corrosive or toxic (EPA-97/12). Household hazardous waste: Products containing hazardous substances that are used and disposed of by individual rather than industrial consumers. These products include some paints, solvents, and pesticides (RCRAImunicipal-04). Household hazardous waste: The product used at residences that is discarded in MSW (municipal solid waste) and that contains substances already regulated under RCRA as hazardous waste. See waste for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Household or domestic waste: Solid waste, composed of garbage and rubbish, which normally originates from residential, private households, or apartment buildings. Domestic waste may contain a significant amount of toxic or hazardous waste from improperly discarded pesticides, paints, batteries, and cleaners (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Hot zone: See exclusion zone (Navy/Env-04). Household solid waste: See household waste. Hot: A colloquial term meaning highly radioactive (EPA-74/11). Hourly rolling average: See rolling average. House air: See indoor air. House sewer connection: The sewer that connects a house to the sewer in the adjacent street (DOI-70104). Housed lot: Totally roofed buildings which may be open or completely enclosed on the sides wherein animals or poultry are housed over solid concrete or dirt floors, slotted (partially open) floors over pits or manure collection areas in pens, stalls or cages, with or without bedding materials and mechanical ventilation. For the purposes hereof, the term housed lot is synonymous with the terms slotted floor buildings (swine, beef), barn (dairy cattle) or stable (horses), houses (turkeys, chickens), which are terms widely used in the industry (40CFR412.11-91). Household hazardous waste (HHW): A wide range of household products, including pesticides and herbicides, oil-based paints and stains, automobile fluids (antifreeze, motor oil, transmission, steering and brake fluids, gasoline), batteries (automotive and household), pool chemicals, hobby chemicals, darkroom chemicals, and small quantities of asbestos, which have the characteristics of hazardous waste when discarded. Federal law specifically exempts household hazardous waste from regulation. Nevertheless, some local and state governments have implemented programs to educate the public about household hazardous waste and to operate waste collection programs (MWTNmedical-04).
Household waste (domestic waste): Solid waste, composed of garbage and rubbish, which normally originated in a private home or apartment house. Domestic waste may contain a significant amount of toxic or hazardous waste (EPA-97/12). Household waste: Any material (including garbage, trash, and sanitary wastes in septic tanks) derived from households (including single and multiple residences, hotels and motels, bunkhouses, ranger stations, crew quarters, campgrounds, picnic grounds, and day-use recreation areas). See waste for more related terms (40CFR261.4-9 1). HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography. HRS factor category: A set of HRS factors (that is, likelihood of release [or exposure], waste characteristics, targets) (40CFR300AppIA-9 1). HRS factor: The primary rating elements internal to the HRS (40CFR300-App/A-9 1). HRS migration pathways: HRS groundwater, surface water, and air migration pathways (40CFR300-App/A-91). HRS pathway: A set of HRS factor categories combined to produce a score to measure relative risks posed by a site in one of four environmental pathways (that is, groundwater, surface water, soil, and air) (40CFR300-AppIA-91). HRS site score: The composite of the four HRS pathway scores (40CFR300-AppIA-91).
HSO: Health & Safety Officer (MWTNinfectious-04). HSWA: Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments. See Act or HSWA. Hue: Colored light due to the variation of its wavelength. Human ecology: The study of the relationship between human beings and their environment. Human environment: Shall be interpreted comprehensively to include the natural and physical environment and the relationship of people with that environment. See the definition of effects (40CFR1508.8). This means that economic or social effects are not intended by themselves to require preparation of an environmental impact statement. When an environmental impact statement is prepared and economic or social and natural or physical environmental effects are interrelated, then the environmental impact statement will discuss all of these effects on the human environment. See environment for more related terms (40CFRI508.14-91). Human equivalent concentration: Exposure concentration for humans that has been adjusted for dosimetric differences between experimental animal species and humans to be equivalent to the exposure concentration associated with observed effects in the experimental animal species. If occupational human exposures are used for extrapolation, the human equivalent concentration represents the equivalent human exposure concentration adjusted to a continuous basis (EPA-92/12). Human equivalent dose: A dose which, when administered to humans, produces an effect equal to that produced by a dose in animals (EPA-97/12). Human exposure evaluation: Describing the nature and size of the population exposed to a substance and the magnitude and duration of their exposure. The evaluation could concern past, current, or anticipated exposures (EPA-97/12). Human exposure model (HEM): See dispersion model. Human factor: A term synonymous with "ergonomics," is the branch of this science that began in the U.S. and focuses on cognitive performance of humans (OSHNergonomics-04). Human health advisory: Guidance provided by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, state agencies, or scientific organizations, in the absence of regulatory limits, to describe acceptable contaminant levels in drinking water or edible fish (CWA/Wbasics-04). Human health risk: The likelihood that a given exposure or series of exposures may have or will damage the health of individuals (EPA-97/12).
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HW): The virus that can cause AIDS. Human subject: A living individual about whom an investigator (whether professional or student) conducting research obtains: (1) Data through intervention or interaction with the individual; or (2) Identifiable private information (for complete definition, see 4OCFR26.102-91). Human subject: A living individual about whom an investigator (whether professional or student) conducting research obtains: (1) Data through intervention or interaction with the individual; or (2) Identifiable private information. Intervention includes both physical procedures by which data are gathered (for example, venipuncture) and manipulations of the subject or the subject's environment that are performed for research purposes. Interaction includes communication or interpersonal contact between investigator and subject. "Private information" includes information about behavior that occurs in a context in which an individual can reasonably expect that no observation or recording is taking place, and information which has been provided for specific purposes by an individual and which the individual can reasonably expect will not be made public (for example, a medical record). Private information must be individually identifiable (i.e., the identity of the subject is or may readily be ascertained by the investigator or associated with the information) in order for obtaining the information to constitute research involving human subjects (40CFR26.102-f-91). Humane: In the context of the taking of a marine mammal means that method of taking which involves the least possible degree of pain and suffering practicable to the mammal involved (MMPA316U.S.C.1362). Humane: In the context of the taking of a marine mammal means that method of taking which involves the least possible degree of pain and suffering practicable to the mamma involved (MMP.4316U.S.C. 1362-90). Humectant: An agent which absorbs water. It is often added to resin formulations in order to increase water absorption and thereby minimize problems associated with electrostatic charge (EPA-75/01a). Humic acid: Organic acids derived from humus. Humidification chamber: A chamber in which the water vapor content of a gas is increased (EPA-83103a). Humidification: The seasoning operation to which newly pressed hardboard is subjected to prevent warpage due to excessive dryness (EPA-74/04). Humidifier fever (air conditioner fever or ventilation fever): A respiratory illness that may be caused by exposure to toxins from
microorganisms found in wet or moist areas in humidifiers or air conditioners (EPA-88109b). Humidifier: A device to add moisture to air. Humidity indicator: A device which shows different colors as the surrounding humidity changes. Humidity ratio (HR) (absolute humidity or specific humidity): HR = [water vapor mass (m,) in air-vapor mixture]/[air mass (ma) in air-vapor mixture] = [vapor molecular weight (M,) x vapor partial pressure (p,)]/[air molecular weight (Ma) x air partial pressure (p,)] = O.622pJpa = 0.622 x RH x p,/p, where: RH = relative humidity and p, = saturation vapor pressure. See Appendix A for an example computation or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations. Humidity: Water vapor within a space. Other humidity-related terms include: (1) Absolute humidity (see humidity ratio); (2) Critical humidity; (3) Psychrometric chart; (4) Relative humidity; and (5) Specific humidity (see humidity ratio). Humus: Decomposed organic materials (cf. ectohurnus) (EPA89/12). Humus: Organic materials resulting from decay of plant or animal matter. Also referred to as compost (RCWmanagement-04).
the capital costs are orders of magnitude higher than the simple GC (EPA-84103a). Types of hybrid chromatograph monitors include (1) GCIIR (gas chromatography/infrared absorption spectrometer) (EPA-84103a). (2) GCIMS (gas chromatography/massspectrometry) (EPA-84103a). Hybrid electric vehicle: A vehicle that has more than one power system to provide the drive. For example, the vehicle could be driven by a fuel cell engine and by an internal combustion engine. Hybrid integrated circuit: A circuit that is part integrated and part discrete (EPA-83/03). Hybrid system: A power system, which consists of two or more power generating subsystems (e.g., the combination of a wind turbine and a photovoltaic system). Hybrid: A cell or organism resulting from a cross between two unlike plant or animal cells or organisms (EPA-89/12). Hybridization: The information of a duplex between two complementary DNA molecules or between RNA molecule (EPA88109a). Hybridoma: A hybrid cell that produces monoclonal antibodies in large quantities (EPA-89/12). Hydrapulper: See pulper (EPA-83).
HVAC system: The heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system for a house. Generally refers to a central furnace and air conditioner (EPA-88/08).
HWM facility: Hazardous Waste Management (40CFR144.3; 146.3, see also 40CFR270.2-91).
Hydrate: A solid or crystalline compound formed by combination of the compound with water (e.g., copper sulfate, CuS04-5H20) (cf. anhydride).
facility
Hybrid cell: An electrochemical cell in which one of the two active reagents is in the gas phase and may be supplied from an external source. Hybrid chromatograph monitor: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). The combination of a GC and other instrumentation. A basic gas chromatograph consists of a series of sample separation and detection equipment. Many combinations of these basic components are possible which would allow virtually any organic compound to be identified. Numerous columns can be used in parallel or in series to tailor the sample separation and retention time to a particular need. Various detectors could be used in parallel or in series to enhance sensitivity and selectivity to compounds of interest. Since gas chromatography involves both a separation and detection step, in some cases only one of these steps may be needed. A variety of other instrumental methods; GCMS, GCIIR, and GC/FTS-IR combines a chromatographic separation with an instrumental identification of the components of the eluted materials. The combination of a GC and other instrumentation results in more of a research oriented monitor and
Hydration: Property imparted to pulp fibers by mechanical means which slows the degree of water drainage from the pulp mass (EPA-83). Hydraulic barking: A wood processing operation that removes bark from wood by the use of water under a pressure of 6.8 atm (I 00 psia) or greater (40CFR429.11-91). Hydraulic conductivity (K): A measure of the ability of an aquifer to transmit a fluid; it is expressed as the volume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will move in a unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured at right angles to the direction of flow (Navy/Env-04). Hydraulic conductivity: A measurement of how fast a liquid can pass through the pores of a solid. Typically, the liquid is water and the solid is a soil of some type (RCRA/management-04). Hydraulic conductivity: The capacity of a rock to transmit water. It is expressed as the volume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will move in unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured at right angles to the direction of flow (CWAWbasics-04).
Hydraulic conductivity: The constant of proportionality in Darcy's Law of fluid flow that describes the ease with which a porous medium permits fluids to flow and the ease with which the fluid flows given its physical properties (cf. permeability) (DOE9 1104). Hydraulic conductivity: The rate at which water can move through a permeable medium. (i.e. the coefficient of permeability) (EPA-97/12). Hydraulic cyclone: A fluid classifying device that separates heavier particles from a sluny (EPA-8511Oa). Hydraulic fluids: (40CFR252.4-91).
The petroleum-based
hydraulic fluids
Hydraulic grade line: The line connecting the points to which the liquid would rise at various places along any pipe or conduit, if piezometer tubes were inserted in the liquid. It is a measure of the pressure head available at these points. In the case of water flowing in a canal or open channel, as opposed to flow in a pipe under pressure, the hydraulic grade line corresponds with the profile of the water surface (M&EI-72). Hydraulic gradient: The gradient or slope of the water table, or of the potentiometric surface, in the direction of the greatest slope, generally expressed in feet per mile (Navy/Env-04). Hydraulic gradient: In general, the direction of groundwater flow due to changes in the depth of the water table (EPA-97/12). Hydraulic gradient: The change of hydraulic head per unit of distance in a given direction (CWNWbasics-04). Hydraulic gradient: The direction of groundwater flow due to changes in the depth of the water table (FFDCNpesticide-04). Hydraulic gradient: The slope of the water table or the change in water level (static head) per unit of distance along the direction of the flow (EPA-87/03; Course 165.7). Hydraulic head: The height of the free surface of a body of water above a given point beneath the surface (CWNWbasics-04). Hydraulic lift tank: A tank holding hydraulic fluid for a closedloop mechanical system that uses compressed air or hydraulic fluid to operate lifts, elevators, and other similar devices (40CFR280.12-91). Hydraulic loading: In the activated sludge process, the food to microorganisms (FM) ratio defined as the amount of biodegradable material available to a given amount of microorganisms per unit of time. See loading for more related terms (EPA-87llOa).
Hydraulic mining: (1) Mining by washing sand and soil away with water which leaves the desired mineral. (2) The process by which a bank of gold-bearing earth and rock is excavated by a jet of water, discharged through the converging nozzle of a pipe under great pressure. The debris is carried away with the same water and discharged on lower levels into water courses below (EPA-82/05). Hydraulic overload: A condition when the quantity of wastewater flowing into a facility exceeds its design capacity (EPA-80108). Hydraulic scooper: A self-propelled crawler vehicle equipped with hydraulically operated arms that lift, empty, and replace containers canied on a transfer trailer bed (SW-108ts). Hydraulic setting mortar: A mortar that hardens or sets as a result of hydration, a chemical reaction with water. In an incinerator, the water in the mortar evaporates and a ceramic bond develops when the working furnace temperature is applied. See mortar for more related terms (EPA-83). Hydraulic tipper: A device that unloads a transfer trailer by raising its front end to a 70 degree angle (SW-108ts). Hydraulic: Of or pertaining to fluids in motion. Hydraulic cement has a composition which permits it to set quickly under water. Hydraulic jacks lift through the force transmitted to the movable part of the jack by a liquid. Hydraulic control refers to the mechanical control of various parts of machines, such as coal cutters, loaders, etc., through the operation or action of hydraulic cylinders (CWNmining-04). Hydraulics of sewer: The principle of sewer hydraulics. Its main factors that affect the flow of wastewater and sewage in sewers are: (1) Slope; (2) Cross-sectional area; (3) Roughness of interior pipe surface; (4) Conditions of flow, i.e., full, partly full, steady or varied flow; (5) Presence of absence of obstructions, bends, etc.; and (6) Character, specific gravity, and viscosity of the liquid (M&EI-72). See sewer for more related terms. Hydrazine treatment: An application of a reducing agent to form a conductive metal film on a silver oxide cathode (EPA-84/08). Hydric soil: Soil that is wet long enough to periodically produce anaerobic conditions, thereby influencing the growth of plants (CWNWbasics-04). Hydrite atomic absorption spectrometry (HAAS): HAAS utilizes a chemical reduction to reduce and separate arsenic or selenium selectively from a sample digestate. The technique therefore has the advantage of being able to isolate these two elements from complex samples which may cause interferences for other analytical procedures. Significant interferences have been reported when any of the following is present: (1) Easily reduced metals (Cu, Ag, Hg); (2) High concentrations of
transition metals (>200 mg/L); and (3) Oxidizing agents (oxides of nitrogen) remaining following sample digestion (SW-846). See metal analyzer for more related terms. Hydrobromofluorocarbon (HBFC): A wmpound consisting of hydrogen, bromine, fluorine, and carbon. Although they were not originally regulated under the Clean Air Act, subsequent regulation added HBFCs to the list of class I substances. A table of class I substances shows their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers (CMozone-04). Hydrocarbon (HC): A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons include methane, ethane, propane, cyclopropane, butane, and cyclopentane. Although they are highly flammable, HCs may offer advantages as ODs substitutes because they are inexpensive to produce and they have zero ozone depletion potential, very low global warming potential, and low toxicity. HCs are numbered according to a standard scheme (CMozone-04). Hydrocarbon (HC): Chemical compounds that consist entirely of carbon and hydrogen (MWTNmedical-04). Hydrocarbon family: Hydrocarbon is a vast family of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in various combinations, found especially in fossil fuels. It contains energyrich bonds such as the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds. While some hydrocarbons are a common source of chemical potential energy and is a major component of a fuel, some hydrocarbons are major air pollutants, some may be carcinogenic, and others contribute to photochemical smog. Hydrocarbon family: Several important families of hydrocarbons Saturated are summarized as follows: (1) Paraffin (CnH(2n+21): chain. (2) Olefin (CnH2n): Not saturated chain. (3) Diolefin (CnH(2n-2)): Not saturated chain. (4) Naphthene (CnH2n):Saturated Not saturated ring. (b) ring. (5) Aromatic: (a) Benzene (CnH(2n-6)): Naphthalene (CnH(2,12)):Not saturated ring. Hydrocarbon family: For more related terms, see (1) Unsaturated hydrocarbon; (2) Saturated hydrocarbon; and (3) Isomer. Hydrocarbon: (1) Any organic compound consisting predominantly of carbon and hydrogen (40CFR60.111-91). (2) Chemical compounds that consist entirely of carbon and hydrogen (EPA-97/12). (3) A chemical compound consisting predominantly of hydrogen and carbon which is formed in a variety of bondstructures, such as oil, methane, propane, butane, etc.
methane, a constituent of natural gas) to the very heavy and very complex (CMCO2gas-04). Hydrocarbon: An organic chemical compound of hydrogen and carbon in either gaseous, liquid, or solid phase. The molecular structure of hydrocarbon compounds varies from the simple (e.g., methane, a constituent of natural gas) to the very heavy and very complex (CMC02gas1-04). Hydrocarbon: An organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen and often found occumng in petroleum, natural gas, and coal (CMAPC-04). Hydrocarbon: Chemicals that consist entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons contribute to air pollution problems like smog (FFDCNpesticide-04). Hydrocephalus (exvacuo): Increased volume of cerebral spinal fluid within the cranial vault, associated with decreased volume of cortical tissue, as in severe cortical atrophy (LBL76107-bio). Hydrochloric acid (or hydrogen chloride, HCI): A by-product from the combustion of chlorinated compounds. It is a corrosive compound. Hydrochloric acid pickling: Those operations in which steel products are immersed in hydrochloric acid solutions to chemically remove oxides and scale, and those rinsing operations associated with such immersions (40CFR420.91-9 1). Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC): A wmpound consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. The HCFCs are one class of chemicals being used to replace the CFCs. They contain chlorine and thus deplete stratospheric ozone, but to a much lesser extent than CFCs. HCFCs have ozone depletion potentials ranging from 0.01 to 0.1. Production of HCFCs with the highest ODPs will be phased out first, followed by other HCFCs. A table of ozonedepleting substances shows their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers. HCFCs are numbered according to a standard scheme. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provides more detailed information about HCFCs on their web site (CMozone04). Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC): Chemicals composed of one or more carbon atoms and varying numbers of hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine atoms (CMC02gas-04). Hydroclassifier: A machine which uses an upward current of water to remove fine particles from coarser materials (EPA-82/10).
Hydrocarbon: A family of chemical compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms in various combinations, found especially in fossil fuels (CWNmining-04).
Hydrocyclone: A cyclone separator in which a spray of water is used (EPA-82/10).
Hydrocarbon: An organic chemical compound of hydrogen and carbon in either gaseous, liquid, or solid phase. The molecular structure of hydrocarbon compounds varies from the simple (e.g.,
Hydroelectric power water use: The use of water in the generation of electricity at plants where the turbine generators are driven by falling water (CWAIWscience-04).
Hydrofluoric acid: Hydrogen fluoride in an aqueous solution (EPA-83106a). Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC): A compound consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon. The HFCs are a class of replacements for CFCs. Because they do not contain chlorine or bromine, they do not deplete the ozone layer. All HFCs have an ozone depletion potential of 0. Some HFCs have high GWPs. HFCs are numbered according to a standard scheme. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provides more detailed information about HFCs on their web site (CAAIozone-04).
Hydrogen electrode (or hydrogen half cell): A half cell with a noble metal (e.g., platinum) foil as the electrode and a solution of hydrogen gas as the electrolyte. The standard hydrogen electrode, which uses a platinum foil with a 1.0 M solution of hydrogen ions under 1 atmospheric pressure and 25 C temperature, is used to measure standard electrode potentials. See electrode for more related terms. Hydrogen gas stream: A hydrogen stream formed in the chloralkali cell denuder (40CFR61.51-91). Hydrogen half cell: See hydrogen electrode.
Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC): A group of man-made chemicals composed of one or two carbon atoms and varying numbers of hydrogen and fluorine atoms. Most HFCs have 100-year global warming potentials in the thousands (CAA/C02gasl-04). Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC): Chemicals composed of one or two carbon atoms and varying numbers of hydrogen and fluorine atoms (CAA/C02gas-04). Hydroformylation: An addition of a formyl molecule (U-CHO) across a double bond to form an aldehyde (EPA-87110a). Hydrogen (H): (1) A colorless gaseous element with atomic number 1; atomic weight 1.0079; density 0.071 glcc; melting point -259.2 C and boiling point -252.7 C. The element belongs to group IA of the periodic table (cf. heavy hydrogen). (2) The first element (IA) in the periodic table. H is the chemical symbol for the hydrogen atom. Its chemical atom consists of one proton and one electron. Two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen atom to form a molecule of water. Hydrogen is the most abundant element of the universe. In general, hydrogen will be found in molecular form, i.e., as a hydrogen molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms H2. It is a nonmetallic element and is the simplest and lightest of all elements. Hydrogen is colorless and odorless and is a highly flammable diatomic gas with the following properties: atomic number 1; atomic weight 1.0079; density. 0.071 glee; melting point -259.2 C and boiling point -252.7 C. Hydrogen (H, H2): The lightest of the chemical elements, it forms organic compounds with carbon. The amount of dissolved hydrogen in groundwater can also indicate the redox state and pH of the local environment (NavyEnv-04). Hydrogen chloride: See hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen economy or hydrogen energy economy: (1) Economy where hydrogen is the primary fuel for energy production. (2) In contrast with the fossil fuel economy, the hydrogen economy is one in which the hydrogen represents the predominant fuel rather than oil or fossil fuels. For example, hydrogen would be used to heat homes and power vehicles. Eventually, it is hoped that hydrogen will be generated from renewable energy, leading to no emissions.
Hydrogen ion concentration: The weight of hydrogen ions in grams per liter of solution. Commonly expressed as the pH value that represents the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration (EPA-84108). Hydrogen jet engine: In aviation, a jet engine that is powered by hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen liquefaction: The process of converting gaseous hydrogen to liquid hydrogen; this process occurs at temperatures nearing -260 C. Hydrogen motor: A motor that uses hydrogen as a fuel. Hydrogen peroxide (Hz02):Unstable liquid used as an antiseptic. Hydrogen propulsion: A mobile propulsion system that uses hydrogen as fuel. The propulsion energy is produced in a fuel cell. Hydrogen storage: A device for storing hydrogen. It includes compressed gas storage, cryoadsorption storage, graphite storage, iron sponge storage, liquid hydrogen storage, metal hydride storage. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S): A poisonous gas with the odor of rotten eggs that is produced from the putrefaction of sulfur-containing organic material. Odorous in concentrations as small as parts per billion (EPA-83). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S): Gas emitted during organic decomposition. Also a by-product of oil refining and burning. Smells like rotten eggs and, in heavy concentration, can kill or cause illness (EPA-97/12). Hydrogen sulphate (or bisulfate): A compound (or salt) that contains the ion (HS04)-or an ester of the type RHS04, where R is an organic group. Hydrogenation: A reaction of hydrogen with an organic compound (EPA-8711Oa).
Hydrogenolysis: A reductive reaction in which a carbon-halogen bond is broken, and hydrogen replaces the halogen substituent (NavyEnv-04). Hydrogeologic cycle: The natural process recycling water from the atmosphere down to (and through) the earthy and back to the atmosphere again (EPA-97/12). Hydrogeology: The geology of groundwater, with particular emphasis on the chemistry and movement of water (EPA-97/12). Hydrogeology: The geology of groundwater, and related geological aspects of surface water, with particular emphasis on the chemistry and movement of water (NavyiEnv-04). Hydrogeology: The study of surface and subsurface water (EPA89111). Hydrograph: A graph showing stage, flow, velocity, or other property of water with respect to time (CWA/hydrology-04). Hydrograph: Graph showing variation of water elevation, velocity, streamflow, or other property of water with respect to time (CWAIWbasics-04). Hydrolization: The addition of H20 to a molecule. In sugar production hydrolization of sucrose results in an inversion into glucose and fructose and represents lost production (EPA-75102d). Hydrologic budget: An accounting of the inflow to, outflow from, and storage in, a hydrologic unit, such as a drainage basin, aquifer, soil zone, lake, reservoir, or inigation project (CWAhydrology04). Hydrologic cycle: A convenient term to denote the circulation of water from the sea, through the atmosphere, to the land; and thence, with many delays, back to the sea by overland and subterranean routes, and in part by way of the atmosphere; also the many short circuits of the water that is returned to the atmosphere without reaching the sea (CWAhydrology-04). Hydrologic cycle: Movement or exchange of water between the atmosphere and the earth (EPA-97/12). Hydrologic cycle: Movement or exchange of water between the atmosphere and the earth (NavyIEnv-04). Hydrologic cycle: The circulation of water from the sea, through the atmosphere, to the land, and thence back to the sea by overland and subterranean routes (CWAIWbasics-04). Hydrologic cycle: The continual exchange of moisture between the earth and the atmosphere, consisting of evaporation, condensation, precipitation (rain or snow), stream run-off, absorption into the soil, etc. (DOI-70104).
Hydrologic cycle: The cyclic transfer of water vapor from the earth's surface via evapotranspiration into the atmosphere, from the atmosphere via precipitation back to earth, and through runoff into streams, rivers, and lakes, and ultimately into the oceans (CWNWscience-04). Hydrologic equation: The equation balancing the hydrologic budget (CWAhydrology-04). Hydrologic regime: The characteristic behavior and total quantity of water involved in a drainage basin (CWAWbasics-04). Hydrologic unit: A geographic area representing part or all of a surface drainage basin or distinct hydrologic feature as delineated by the U. S. Geological Survey on state hydrologic unit maps. Each hydrologic unit is assigned a hierarchical hydrologic unit code consisting of two digits for each successively smaller drainage basin unit (CWAWbasics-04). Hydrology: The science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of natural water systems (DOE-91/04). Hydrology: The science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water (EPA-97/12). Hydrology: The science encompassing the behavior of water as it occurs in the atmosphere, on the surface of the ground, and underground. The science that relates to the water of the Earth. The science treating of the waters of the Earth, their occurrence, distribution, and movements. In practice the study of the water of the oceans and the atmosphere is considered part of the sciences of oceanography and meteorology (CWAhydrology-04). Hydrology: The science that deals with water as it occurs in the atmosphere, on the surface of the ground, and underground (CWANbasics-04). Hydrolysate (or hydrolyzate): In mining, a sediment consisting partly of chemically un-decomposed, finely ground rock powder and partly of insoluble matter derived from hydrolytic decomposition during weathering (EPA-82/05). Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction of water with another substance in which hydrogen (H) and hydroxyl (OH) are added to the other substance, forming usually two or more new compounds. The general formula is: XY + H20 HY + XOH. Examples of water reacting with an organic and inorganic substances are: (1) Reacting with organic substance: CHllCl + H20 HCI + C5H110H.(2) Racting with inorganic substance: KCN + H20 HCN + KOH.
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Hydrolysis: The chemical reaction of a substance with water (40CFR300-App/A-9 1). Hydrolysis: The decomposition of organic compounds by interaction with water (EPA-97/12).
Hydrolyzing: The reaction involving the decomposition of organic materials by interaction with water. Poultry feathers for example, are hydrolyzed to a proteinaceous product by heating under pressure (EPA-75/04). Hydro-metallurgical process: The treatment of ores by wet processes such as leaching (EPA-83106a). Hydrometallurgical: The use of wet processes to treat metals (EPA-83103a). Hydro-metallurgy: The treatment of ores, concentrates, and other metal-bearing materials by wet processes, usually involving the solution of some component, and its subsequent recovery from the solution (EPA-82/05). Hydrometer: An instrument for determining specific gravity. It can also be used as a grain size test, because grain size distribution affects the specific gravity of fluids according to the distribution present (NavyIEnv-04). Hydrometer: An instrument responsive to humidity conditions (usually relative humidity) of the atmosphere. Hydronic: A ventilation system using heated or cooled water pumped through a building (EPA-97/12). Hydrophilic: "Water-liking"; having a strong affinity for water. Substances that can interact favorably with polar water molecules (Navy/Env-04). Hydrophilic: A surface or a functional group having a strong affinity for water or being readily wettable (EPA-83106a). Hydrophilic: Having a strong affinity for water (EPA-97/12). Hydrophobic: "Water-fearing"; having a strong aversion for water. Substances that tend not to dissolve in water (NavyIEnv-04). Hydrophobic: A surface which is non-wettable or not readily wettable (EPA-83106a).
Hydropneumatic: A water system, usually small, in which a water pump is automatically controlled by the air pressure in a compressed air tank (EPA-97/12). Hydroquinone: A developing agent used to form a conductive metal film on a silver oxide cathode (EPA-84/08). Hydroscopic: Water adsorbing (EPA-76/03). Hydrostatic equilibrium: A condition which is realized when complete balance exists between vertical pressure forces and gravity forces (NATO-78/10). Hydrostatic pressure: The force per unit area measured in terms of the height of a column of water under the influence of gravity (EPA-83/06a). Hydrostatic pressure: The pressure exerted by the water at any given point in a body of water at rest (CWNWbasics-04). Hydrotesting: The testing of piping or tubing by filling with water and pressurizing to test for integrity (40CFR471.02-91). Hydrothermal desulfurization: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). In hydrothermal desulfurization, coal is crushed and mixed with a solution of sodium and calcium hydroxides [NaOH and Ca(OH)*]. When this mixture is heated to 275 C in a pressurized vessel, most of the pyritic sulfur and 20 to 50 percent of the organic sulfur is converted to sodium and calcium sulfites (Na2S03 and CaS03). The coal is rinsed to remove the sulfites and the water is processed to recycle the sodium and calcium hydroxides. This process is an expensive but effective method for removing sulfur fiom coal (EPA-8 1/12, p8-5). Hydroxide: A chemical compound containing the radical group OH- (EPA-8711Oa). Hydroxyl radical (OH): An important chemical scavenger of many trace gases in the atmosphere that are greenhouse gases. Atmospheric concentrations of OH affect the atmospheric lifetimes of greenhouse gases, their abundance, and, ultimately, the effect they have on climate (CAA/C02gas-04).
Hydrophobic: Having a strong aversion for water (EPA-97/12). Hydrophobic: Not capable of uniting with or absorbing water (CWNWbasics-04). Hydrophyte: Any plant growing in water or on a substrate that is at least periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of excessive water content (CWNWbasics-04). Hydrophytes: Plants that grow only in water or very wet earth (DOI-70104).
Hydroxyl radical (OH): An important chemical scavenger of many trace gases in the atmosphere that are greenhouse gases. Atmospheric concentrations of OH affect the atmospheric lifetimes of greenhouse gases, their abundance, and, ultimately, the effect they have on climate (CAA/COzgasl-04). Hyetograph: Graphical representation of rainfall intensity against time (CWA/hydrology-04). Hygroscopic: (1) Readily absorbing and retaining moisture, usually in reference to readily absorbing moisture from the air
(EPA-86/12). (2) Readily taking up and retaining moisture (water) (EPA-87107a).
Hygroscopicity: An act of attracting moisture from the air (EPA8 1/09). Hyperaminoaciuria: Presence in the urine of above-normal amounts of amino acids (LBL-76107-bio).
Hypodermic syringe: Commercially available syringe which isolates and delivers a liquid sample (cf. gas tight syringe) (EPA88/12). Hypolimnion: Bottom waters of a thermally stratified lake. The hypolimnion of a eutrophic lake is usually low or lacking in oxygen (EPA-97/12). Hypolimnion: See thermal stratification (CWAhydrology-04).
Hypercar: A vehicle that is ultralight in weight and uses ultralow drag by utilizing advanced composite materials. Hypereutrophy: Excessively enriched with nutrients. A hypereutrophic body of water may be inundated with algae, and is generally oxygen-deficient (LBL76107-water). Hypergolic: Two substances which will self-ignite on contact (EPA-76/03). Hyperphosphaturia: Above-normal amounts of phosphate compounds in the urine (LBL-76107-bio). Hypersensitivity diseases: Diseases characterized by allergic responses to pollutants; diseases most clearly associated with indoor air quality are asthma, rhinitis, and pneumonic hypersensitivity (EPA-97/12).
Hypolimnion: The region of a body of water that extends from the thermocline to the bottom of the lake and is removed from surface influence (LBL-76107-water). Hypophosphatemia: Abnormally low amount of phosphate compounds in the blood (LBL-76/07bio). Hypothalamus: The posterior portion of the forebrain that includes the nuclei of nerve cells that exert control over visceral activities, water balance, temperature, sleep, etc. (LBL-76107-bio). HypoxialHypoxic waters: Waters with dissolved oxygen concentrations of less than 2 ppm, the level generally accepted as the minimum required for most marine life to survive and reproduce. Hypoxia: A deficiency of oxygen (Course 165.6).
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: A group of respiratory diseases, including humidifier fever that involves inflammation of the lungs. Most forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis are thought to be caused by an allergic reaction triggered by repeated exposure to biological contaminants. Humidifier fever may be an exception, distinguished from other forms of pneumonitis by the fact it does not appear to involve an allergic reaction (EPA-88109b). Hypertrophic water: The water with high nutrient contents. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104). Hyperuricemia: Abnormal amounts of uric acid in the blood (LBL-76107-bio). Hypochromic anemia: A condition characterized by a disproportionate reduction of red cell hemoglobin, compared with the volume of packed red cells (LBL-76107-bio). Hypocotyl: The portion of the axis of an embryo or seedling situated between the cotyledons (seed leaves) and the radicle (40CFR797.2750-91).
Hypoxia: "Low oxygen." In estuaries, lakes, and coastal waters low oxygen usually means a concentration of less than 2 parts per million. In many cases, hypoxic waters do not have enough oxygen to support fish and other aquatic animals. Hypoxia can be caused by the presence of excess nutrients in water. Excess nutrients can cause intensive growth of algae. The consequences of this enhanced growth are reduced sunlight penetrating the water, a decreased amount of oxygen dissolved in the water, and a loss of habitat for aquatic animals and plants. The decrease in dissolved oxygen is caused by the degradation of dead plant material (algae), which consumes available oxygen. The overall effect is called eutrophication. Nutrients can come from many sources, such as fertilizers applied to agricultural fields, golf courses, and suburban lawns; deposition of nitrogen from the atmosphere; erosion of soil containing nutrients; and sewage treatment plant discharges (http://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/hypoxia.htrnl, 2004).
Ice fog: An atmospheric suspension of highly reflective ice crystals (40CFR60.331-91). ICRP: See International Commission on Radiological Protection (SDWNradionuclide-04). Ideal gas law: A law or an equation that describes the relationship among pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas. See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related analyses. Ideal gas: Imaginary (or hypothetical) gases or vapors which obey the ideal gas law at the pressure approaching to zero (0) (very low density). No real gas obeys the ideal gas exactly over all ranges of temperature and pressure. Although the lighter gases (hydrogen, oxygen, air, etc.) at ambient conditions approach ideal gas law behavior, the heavier gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrocarbons, particularly at high pressures and low temperatures, deviate considerably from the ideal gas law. Despite these deviations, the ideal gas law is routinely used in all air pollution calculations (EPA-84/09). Ideal solution: A solution which obeys Raoult's law. The law means that the vapor partial pressure of a solvent in a mixture solution is proportional to its mole fraction. Identification code or EPA ID Number: The unique code assigned to each generator, transporter, and treatment, storage, or disposal facility by regulating agencies to facilitate identification and tracking of chemicals or hazardous waste (EPA-97/12). Identification: The recognition of a situation, its causes and consequences relating to a defined potential, e.g., hazard identification (EPA-87107a). Identifying characteristics: A description of asbestos or asbestos containing material, including: (1) The mineral or chemical constituents (or both) of the asbestos or material by weight or volume (or both). (2) The types or classes of the product in which the asbestos or material is contained. (3) The designs, patterns, or textures of the product in which the asbestos or material is contained, and (4) The means by which the product in which the asbestos or containing asbestos or asbestos-containing material (TSCA-AIAl-91).
Identity: Any chemical or common name used to identify a chemical substance or a mixture containing that substance (40CFR721.3-91). Idle adjustment: A series of adjustments which include idle revolutions per minute, idle airlhel ratio, and basic timing (40CFR51-App/N-9 1). Idle emission test: A sampling procedure for exhaust emissions which requires operation of the engine in the idle mode only. At a minimum, the idle test must consist of the following procedures carried out on a fully warmed up engine: A verification that the idle revolutions per minute is within manufacturer's specified limits and a measurement of the exhaust carbon monoxide andlor hydrocarbon concentrations during the period of time from 15 to 25 seconds after the engine either was used to move the car or was run at 2000 to 2500 rlmin with no load for 2 or 3 seconds (40CFR51,-App/N-91). Idle power or standby power: Minimum power needed to maintain a device hnctioning without producing work (external loading). For example, standby power for a vehicle is the minimum power needed to maintain the engine running without engaging the transmission. Idle time: The time when a system is maintained at a ready mode but not producing work. Idle: The condition where all engines capable of providing motive power to the locomotive are set at the lowest operating throttle position; and where all auxiliary non-motive power engines are not operating (40CFR201.1-91). IDLH: Immediately dangerous to life and health values are the maximum airborne concentrations of chemicals to which healthy adult workers can be exposed for 30 minutes and escape without suffering irreversible health effects or symptoms that impair escape. IDLH values are set by NIOSH (TSCAkhemical-04). Igneous rocks: Rocks that have solidified from molten or partly molten material (CWA/Wbasics-04). Ignitability characteristic: The characteristic which identifies wastes that can readily catch fire and sustain combustion (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Ignitability: (1) One of the four U.S. EPA hazardous waste characteristics (ETI-92). (2) The waste which is capable, during routine handling, of causing a fire or exacerbating a fire once started. (3) The ability of a material to generate enough combustion vapors for ignition. (4) See hazardous waste characteristics for more related terms.
Illicit discharge: Any discharge to a municipal separate storm sewer that is not composed entirely of stormwater except discharges pursuant to a NPDES permit (other than the NPDES permit for discharges from the municipal separate storm sewer) and discharges resulting from fire fighting activities (40CFR122.26-91).
Ignitable wastes: Liquids with a flashpoint below 60 C, or solids capable of causing fire under standard temperature and pressure. Ignitable wastes are assigned an EPA Hazardous Waste No. DO01 (MWTNmedical-04).
IM240: A high-tech, transient dynamometer automobile emissions test that takes up to 240 seconds.
Ignitable: (1) A liquid that has a flash point less than 140 F. (2) Capable of burning or causing a tire (NavyIEnv-04). Ignitable: Capable of burning or causing a fire (EPA-97/12). Igniter: A device that is used to initiate burning or to cause burning (EPA-76/03).
Imbibition (or maceration): The use of water in the milling process to dissolve sucrose. Identical, in this connotation, to maceration and saturation (EPA-75102d). Imhoff cone: (1) A clear cone-shaped container used to measure the volume of settleable solids in a specific volume of water (EPA-97/12). (2) A cone shaped glass vessel of 1 liter volume. It is used to measure the settleable solids. Imhoff tank sludge: Sludge produced from the Imhoff tank.
Ignition arch: A refkctory furnace arch or surface located over a fuel bed to radiate heat and to accelerate ignition (SW-108ts). Ignition delay time: The interval between an initial exposure to a step function change in temperature and the principal exothermicity of the reaction as indicated by a rapid increase in the temperature and pressure of the mixture. See time for more related terms (EPA-88/12). Ignition device: A device (usually a burner) for the initiation of burning or combustion. The burner may be a pilot or an igniter. Ignition temperature: The lowest temperature of a fuel at which combustion becomes self-sustaining. See temperature for more related terms (SW- 108ts). Ignition type: There are three ignition types: (1) Continuous ignition: An ignition device which, once placed in operation, remains ignited or energized continuously until it is manually turned off. For example, the pilot light for the household heater is generally maintained ignited. It is turned off when winter season ends or when maintenance is needed. (2) Intermittent ignition: An ignition device which is automatically ignited or energized when the equipment is called upon to operate and which remains continuously ignited or energized during each period of main burner operation. The ignition source is automatically extinguished or de-energized when each main burner operating cycle is completed. (3) Interrupted ignition: An ignition device which is automatically ignited or energized when the equipment is called upon to operate and which remains ignited or energized during the main burner flame-establishing period. The ignition source is automatically extinguished or de-energized when each main burner flame-establishing period is completed. Ignition: The initiation of combustion.
Imhoff tank: A combination wastewater treatment tank which allows sedimentation to take place in its upper compartment and digestion to take place in its lower compartment (EPA-871lOa). Immediate dissolved oxygen demand (IDOD): The oxygen demand of reduced forms of N, P, S, some metallic species, and some easily oxidizable organic compounds (e.g., formaldehyde: CH20). See oxygen for more related terms (LBL-76107-water). Immediate removal: An action undertaken to prevent or mitigate immediate and significant risk of harm to human life or health or to the environment. As set forth in the National Contingency Plan, the action shall be terminated after $1 million has been obligated or six months have elapsed from the date of initial response (Course 165.5). Immediate roof: The roof strata immediately above the coalbed, requiring support during the excavation of coal (CWNmining-04). Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH): Conditions that pose an immediate threat to life or health or conditions that pose an immediate threat of severe exposure to contaminants, such as radioactive materials, which are likely to have adverse cumulative or delayed effects on health (NIOSH-84/10). Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH): The maximum level to which a healthy individual can be exposed to a chemical for 30 minutes and escape without suffering irreversible health effects or impairing symptoms. Used as a "level of concern" (see level of concern) (EPA-97/12). Immersed area: The total area wetted by the solution or plated area plus masked area (EPA-83106a).
Immersion dose: Dose resulting from being surrounded by a medium (air or water) that contains radionuclides (DOE-91/04). Immersion plate: A metallic deposit produced by a displacement reaction in which one metal displaces another from a solution, e.g., Fe + C U + ~ CU+ ~ e " .
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Immersion sampling: The collection of a liquid sample by immersing a container in the liquid and by filling the container with the desired quantity. See sampling for more related terms. Imminent danger to the health and safety of the public: The existence of any condition or practice, or any violation of a permit or other requirement of this chapter in a surface coal mining and reclamation operation, which condition, practice, or violation could reasonably be expected to cause substantial physical harm to persons outside the permit area before such condition, practice, or violation can be abated. A reasonable expectation of death or serious injury before abatement exists if a rational person, subjected to the same conditions or practices giving rise to the peril, would not expose himself or herself to the danger during the time necessary for abatement (SMCRA701-30U.S.C. 1291-90).
Immiscibility: The inability of two or more substances or liquids to readily dissolve into one another, such as soil and water. (EPA97/12). Immiscible: Refers to liquids which do not form a single phase when mixed, e.g., oil and water. Synonym: Non-aqueous phase liquid. Antonym: Miscible (NavyIEnv-04). Immission level: A descriptor for noise exposure, in decibels, representing the total sound energy incident on the ear over a specified period of time (e.g., months, years) (NCNsound-04). Immission: The transfer of contaminants from the atmosphere into an acceptor such as into the lungs. It does not mean ground level concentration (NATO-78110). Immobilization: The lack of movement by the test organisms except for minor activity of the appendages (40CFR797.1300-91, see also 40CFR797.1330-91). Immobilize: To hold by (CWNWbasics-04).
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Imminent hazard order: See administrative order.
Immobilized electrolyte: See dry cell.
Imminent hazard: A situation which exists when the continued use of a pesticide during the time required for cancellation proceedings would be likely to result in unreasonable adverse hazard to the survival of a species declared endangered by the Secretary of the Interior under Pub. L. 91-135 (FIFRA2, see also 40CFR165.1-91).
Immune response: Not susceptible to some disease because of the presence of the specific antibody protection.
Imminent hazard: One that would likely result in unreasonable adverse effects on humans or the environment or risk unreasonable hazard to an endangered species during the time required for a pesticide registration cancellation proceeding (EPA-97/12). Imminent threat: A high probability that exposure is occumng (EPA-97/12). Imminent threat: A threat posed by a site if human exposure in excess of applicable human health or environmental criteria is predictable prior to implementation of an effective remedial action or an operable unit thereof (NavyIEnv-04). Imminently hazardous chemical substance or mixture: A chemical substance or mixture which presents an imminent and unreasonable risk of serious or widespread injury to health or the environment. Such risk to health or the environment shall be considered imminent if it is shown that the manufacture, processing, distribution in commerce, use, or disposal of the chemical substance or mixture, or that any combination of such activities, is likely to result in such injury to health or the environment before a final rule under TSCA Section 6 can protect against such risk (TSCA Sec. 7).
Immuno competence: The ability to resist infection (immune response). Impact deformation: The process of applying an impact force to a workpiece such that the workpiece is permanently deformed or shaped. Impact deformation operations include shot peening, forging, high energy forming, heading, or stamping (EPA-83106a). Impact extrusion: A cold extrusion process for producing tubular components by striking a slug of the metal, which has been placed in the cavity of the die, with a punch moving at high velocity (EPA-83/03). Impact mill: A machine that grinds materials by throwing them against heavy metal projections rigidly attached to a rapidly rotating shaft. See size reduction machine for more related terms (SW-108ts). Impact: Single collision of one mass in motion with a second mass that may be in motion or at rest (ANSI S1.l-1994: impact) (NCNsound-04). Impaction: In a wet scrubbing system, dust particles will tend to follow the streamlines of the exhaust stream. However, when liquid droplets are introduced into the exhaust stream, particles cannot always follow these streamlines as they diverge around the droplet. The particle's mass causes it to break away from the streamlines and impact on the droplet. Impaction is the
predominant collection mechanism for scrubbers having gas stream velocities greater than 0.3 d s (1 Etlsec). Most scrubbers do operate with gas stream velocities well above 0.3 mls. Therefore, at these velocities, particles having diameters greater than 1.0 pm are collected by this mechanism. As the velocity of the particles in the exhaust stream increases relative to the liquid droplets' velocity, impaction increases. Impaction also increases as the size of the liquid droplet decreases. This is because there will be more droplets (for the same amount of liquid) within the vessel, consequently increasing the likelihood that the particles will impact on the droplets (see also particle collection mechanisms for wet scrubbing systems) (EPA-84/03b, pl-4).
Impaction: In air sampling, impingement refers to a process for the collection of particulate matter in which the gas being sampled is directed forcibly against a surface (EPA-83/06). Impaction: The act of bringing matter forcibly in contact. The term is often used synonymously with impingement. Impactor: A sampling device that employs the principle of impaction (impingement). The cascade impactor impactions in series to collect successively smaller sizes of particles (EPA83/06). Impaired: Condition of the quality of water that has been adversely affected for a specific use by contamination or pollution (CWAIWbasics-04). Impedance: The rate at which a substance can absorb and transmit sound (EPA-74/11). Impermeability: The incapacity of a rock to transmit a fluid (CWAIWbasics-04). Impermeable barrier: A durable material (usually clay or a gwtextile) which serves as a barrier to contaminant and water movement (OMBIReg-04). Impermeable layer: A layer of solid material, such as rock or clay, which does not allow water to pass through (CWAIWscience-04). Impermeable rock (or impervious rock): A rock which, being non-porous (e.g., un-fissured granite) or practically so (e.g., clay), does not allow water to soak into it or pass through it freely. A non-porous rock may be pervious, however, owing to joints and fissures (DOI-70104). Impermeable: Not easily penetrated. The property of a material or soil that does not allow, or allows only with great difficulty, the movement or passage of water (EPA-97/12). Impermeable: Resistant to the flow of water or other fluid (EPA83).
Impervious chemical protective clothing: Impervious to a chemical substance if the substance causes no chemical or mechanical degradation, permeation, or penetration of the chemical protective clothing under the conditions of, and the duration of, exposure (40CFR721.3-91). Impervious solid surface: The solid surfaces which are nonporous and thus unlikely to absorb spilled PCBs within the short period of time required for cleanup of spills under this policy. Impervious solid surfaces include, but are not limited to, metals, glass, aluminum siding, and enameled or laminated surfaces (40CFR761.123-91). Impervious: Impermeable. See impermeability (CWAtWbasics04). Impervious: Resistant to penetration by fluids or gases (SW108ts). Impingement nozzle: For this type of nozzle, highly pressurized liquid passes through a hollow tube in the nozzle and strikes a pin or plate at the nozzle tip. A very fine fog of tiny, uniform-sized droplets approximately 25 to 40 pm in diameter is produced. Because there are no internal parts in the nozzle, it will not plug as long as particles larger than the opening are filtered out by a strainer. These nozzles are usually made of stainless steel or brass (see spray nozzle for more types) (EPA-84/03b, p2-2). Impingement separator: A device used to remove particles from the air; a typical one is made of closely-spaced louvers (baffles), where the air stream is caused to change directions, and the particles hit and adhere to the plates. See separator for more related terms (EPA-84/09). Impingement: The act of bringing matter forcibly in contact. As used in air sampling, impingement refers to a process for the collection of gases or particulate matter in which the gas stream being sampled is directed forcibly against a surface (LBL-76107air). Impingement: The process by which aquatic organisms too large to pass through the screens of water intake system become caught on the screens and are unable to escape (DOE-91/04). Impingement: For more related terms, see (1) Dry impingement and (2) Wet impingement. Impinger: Broadly, a sampling instrument employing impingement for the collection of particulate matter. Commonly, this term is applied to specific instruments, the midget and standard impinger (EPA-83/06). Other impinger-related terms include (1)Midget impinger and (2) Standard impinger. Implantation: A process of introducing impurities into the near surface regions of solids by directing a beam of ions at the solid (EPA-83/03).
Implementation plan: A document of the steps to be taken to ensure attainment of environmental quality standards within a specified time period. Implementation plans are required by various laws (EPA-74/11). Implementation: For purposes of federal financial assistance (other than rural communities assistance), the term implementation does not include the acquisition, leasing, construction, or modification of facilities or equipment or the acquisition, leasing, or improvement of land (RCRA1004, see also 40CFR249.04; 256.06-91). Import: Municipal solid waste and recyclables that have been transported to a state or locality for processing or final disposition (but that did not originate in that state or locality) (EPA-97/12). Impounding lake: See impounding reservoir. Impounding reservoir (or impounding lake): A reservoir for water storage. The purpose is to store water for future use and for flood control. Impoundment (or surface impoundment): A waste management unit which is a natural topographic depression, man-made excavation, or diked area formed primarily of earthen materials (although it may be lined with man-made materials), which is designed to hold an accumulation of liquid wastes or waste containing free liquids, and which is not an injection well. Examples of surface impoundments are holding, storage, settling, and aeration pits, ponds, and lagoons (40CFR61.341-91, see also 40CFR260.10; 280.12-91). Impoundment: A body of water or sludge confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or other barrier (EPA-97/12). Impregnate: To force a liquid substance into the space of a porous solid in order to change its properties (EPA-83/03). Impregnating compound: Materials of low viscosity and surface tension, used primarily for the sealing of castings. Polyester resins and sodium silicate are the two types of materials used. Phthalic anhydride and diallyl phthalate are used in the formulation of the polyester resins (EPA-8511Oa). Impregnation: Method of making an electrode by precipitating active material on a sintered nickel plaque (EPA-84/08). Impregnation: The process of filling pores of a formed powder part, usually with a liquid such as a lubricant, or mixing particles of a nonmetallic substance in a matrix of metal powder (40CFR471.02-91). Impregnation: The process of treating a sheet or web of paper or paperboard with a liquid such as hot asphalt or wax, a solution of some material in a volatile solvent, or a liquid such as an oil. It is
also used as a term to describe a treatment in which fibrous raw materials are infused with a chemical solution prior to a digesting or fiberizing process. Sometimes called pre-impregnation (EPA87/10). Improved discharge: The volume, composition, and location of an applicant's discharge following: (1) Construction of planned outfall improvements, including, without limitation, outfall relocation, outfall repair, or diffiser modification; or (2) Construction of planned treatment system improvements to treatment levels or discharge characteristics; or (3) Implementation of a planned program to improve operation and maintenance of an existing treatment system or to eliminate or control the introduction of pollutants into the applicant's treatment works (40CFR125.58-91). (4) See discharge for more related terms. Impulse: Product of a force and the time during which the force is applied; more specifically, impulse is the time integral of force from an initial time to a final time, the force being time-dependent and equal to zero before the initial time and after the final time (ANSI S1.1-1994: impulse) (NCNsound-04). Impulsive noise: An acoustic vent characterized by very short rise time and duration (40CFR211.203-91). Impulsive noise: Impulsive noise is characterized by a sharp rise and rapid decay in sound levels and is less than 1 second in duration. For the purposes of this document, it refers to impact or impulse. Impurity associated with an active ingredient: (1) Any impurity present in the technical grade of active ingredient; and (2) Any impurity which forms in the pesticide product through reactions between the active ingredient and any other component of the product or packaging of the product (40CFR158.153-91). Impurity: (1) Unwanted matter that has been mixed in a desirable substance or mixture. (2) Any chemical element present in an additive that is not included in the chemical formula or identified in the breakdown by element in the chemical composition of such additive (40CFR79.2-91, see also 40CFR704.3; 158.153; 710.2; 712.3; 716.3; 720.3; 723.50; 723.175; 723.250; 747.1 15; 747.195; 747.200; 761.3; 790.3; 791.3-91). In-line filtration: Pre-treatment method in which chemical coagulants are added directly to the filter inlet pipe. The chemicals are mixed by the flowing water. Commonly used in pressure filtration installations. Eliminates need for flocculation and sedimentation (NavyIEnv-04). In-situ remediation: A treatment process that can be operated within the site of contamination without bulk excavation. Antonym: Ex situ (NavyEnv-04).
In-situ remediation: Any environmental remediation technique which is applied at the site of the contamination, rather than moving the contaminants to a separate treatment facility (OMBIReg-04). In-situ respiration test: Test used to provide rapid field measurement of in-situ biodegradation rates to determine the potential applicability of bioventing at a contaminated site and to provide information for a full-scale bioventing system design (Navy/Env-04). In-situ stripping: Treatment system that removes or "strips" volatile organic compounds ftom contaminated ground or surface water by forcing an airstream through the water and causing the compounds to volatilize/evaporate (NavyIEnv-04).
Inactive waste disposal site: Any disposal site or portion of it where additional asbestos-containing waste material will not be deposited within the past year (40CFR61.141-91). In-benzene service: A piece of equipment either contains or contacts a fluid (liquid or gas) that is at least 10 percent benzene by weight as determined according to the provisions of 40CFR61.245(d). The provisions of 40CFR61.245(d) also specify how to determine that a piece of equipment is not in benzene service (40CFR61.111-91, see also 40CFR61.131-91). Inby: In the direction of the working face (CWNmining-04). Inch w.c.: Inches water column, a unit to express liquid pressure.
In situ: In its original place; unmoved, unexcavated; remaining at the site or in the subsurface (EPA-97/12).
Incidence rate: The ratio of the number of new cases over a period of time to the population at risk (EPA-92/12).
In situ: In the natural or original position. Applied to a rock, soil, or fossil when occurring in the situation in which it was originally formed or deposited (CWNmining-04).
Incidence: The number of new cases of a disease within a specified period of time (EPA-92/12).
In vitro: In an artificial environment outside a living organism or body. For example, some toxicity testing is done on cell cultures or slices of tissue grown in the laboratory, rather than on a living animal (compare with in vivo) (SFhealth-04). In vitro: Testing or action outside an organism (e.g., inside a test tube or culture dish) (EPA-97/12). In vivo: Testing or action inside an organism (EPA-97/12). In vivo: Within a living organism or body. For example, some toxicity testing is done on whole animals, such as rats or mice (compare with in vitro) (SFhealth-04). Inactivation: The irreversible loss of ability of an organism to propagate under any conditions or the irreversible loss of ability for biological material (organism, enzymes, viruses) to conduct its natural biological function (EPA-88109a). Inactive facility: A facility which no longer receives solid waste. See facility for more related terms (40CFR256.06-91). Inactive portion (facility): The portion of a facility which is not operated after the effective date of Part 261 of this chapter (see facility for more related terms, see also active portion and closed portion) (40CFR260.10-91). Inactive stack: A stack to which no further routine additions of phosphogypsum will be made and which is no longer used for water management associated with the production of phosphogypsum. If a stack has not been used for either purpose for two years it is presumed to be inactive. See stack for more related terms (40CFR6 1.201-91).
Incidence: The number of new cases of disease in a defined population over a specific time period (contrast with prevalence) (SFIhealth-04). Incident characterization: The process of identifjmg the substance(s) involved in an incident, determining exposure pathways and projecting the effect it will have on people, property, wildlife, and plants, and the disruption of services (Course 165.5). Incident command post: A facility located at a safe distance ftom an emergency site, where the incident commander, key staff, and technical representatives can make decisions and deploy emergency manpower and equipment (EPA-97/12). Incident command system (ICS): The combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications operating within a common organizational structure with responsibility for management of assigned resources to effectively accomplish stated objectives at the scene of an incident (NRT-87/03). Incident command system (ICS): The organizational arrangement wherein one person, normally the Fire Chief of the impacted district, is in charge of an integrated, comprehensive emergency response organization and the emergency incident site, backed by an Emergency Operations Center staff with resources, information, and advice (EPA-97/12). Incident evaluation: The process of assessing the impact of released or potentially released substances on public health and the environment (Course 165.5). Incident response: All activities that are required when responding to incidents. The activities can be divided into five broad, interacting elements (Course 165.5): (1) Recognition:
Identification of the substance involved and the characteristics which determine its degree of hazard. (2) Evaluation: Impact or risk the substance poses to the public health and the environment. (3) Control: Methods to eliminate or reduce the impact of the incident. (4) Information: Knowledge acquired concerning the conditions or circumstances particular to an incident. (5) Safety: Protection of responders from harm.
Incident: Any occurrence or series of occurrences having the same origin, involving one or more vessels, facilities, or any combustion thereof, resulting in the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil (OPAI 001-91). Incidental take: The number of animals that are harmed or killed as a result of pesticide application (FFDCMpesticide-04). Incinerability: See thermal stability index. Incineration (or thermal incineration): The controlled process which combustible solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes are burned and changed into noncombustible gases (40CFR240.10 1-91) (cf. combustion).
Incinerator analysis: Analysis of parameters that affect the performance of incinerators. Key parameters include (1) Furnace temperature. (2) Supplemental fuel requirement. (3) Combustion air requirement. (4) Flue gas discharge quantity. (5) Residence time. (6) Turbulence/mixing. (7) From these parameters, sizes of equipment associated with the incinerator system can be calculated. The analysis requires two major assumptions: (a) The total heat leaving (exiting) a system is equal to the heat entering that system. Heat entering a system includes the potential heat release of a waste, andlor fuel that is fired with that system. (b) Flue gas from an incinerator is composed of moisture plus dry air. Actual incinerator off-gas contains more carbon dioxide and less oxygen than is found in air. The assumption that dry flue gas has the properties of air, however, greatly simplifies calculations while introducing a relatively small error (less than 3 percent) in calculated temperatures and heat requirements. Incinerator design capacity: The number of tons of solid waste that a designer anticipates his incinerator will be able to process in a 24-hour period if specified criteria are met (SW-108ts).
Incineration at sea: Disposal of waste by burning at sea on specially-designed incinerator ships (EPA-97/12).
Incinerator gases: Combustion gases which may contain water vapor and excess or dilution air added a& the combustion chamber (EPA-83).
Incineration vessel: Any vessel which carries hazardous substances for the purpose of incineration of such substances, so long as such substances or residues of such substances are on board (SF101-42U.S.C.9601-91).
Incinerator operating temperature: In general, different types of incinerators are operated at different temperatures. See Appendix B for operating temperatures in various incinerator types-
Incineration: A treatment technology involving destruction of waste by controlled burning at high temperatures, e.g., burning sludge to remove the water and reduce the remaining residues to a safe, non-burnable ash that can be disposed of safely on land, in some waters, or in underground locations (EPA-97/12).
Incinerator operation mode: Including: (1) Continuous duty: The incinerator can be continuously operated 24 hours per day. The system is designed so that waste can be continuously fed and ash can be continuously removed without shut down the operation of the incinerator (EPA-89103b). (2) Intermittent duty: The incinerator is intermittently loaded with batches of waste, one after another, over a period of time, usually one to two work shifts. The batches might be fed at uneven intervals, when waste is available. In any event, the incinerator must be shut down to remove ash from the system, thus its operation is intermittent (EPA-89103b). (3) Single batch duty: The incinerator is loaded with a batch of waste, sealed, and turned on. After combustion is completed, the incinerator is allowed to cooled and the ash is removed. Usually, ash is not removed until the next day (EPA-89103b).
Incineration: A treatment technology involving destruction of waste by controlled burning at high temperatures, e.g., burning sludge to remove the water and reduce the remaining residues to a safe, non-burnable ash that can be disposed of safely on land, in some waters, or in underground locations (MWTMrnedical-04). Incineration: The destruction of solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes by controlled burning at high temperatures. Hazardous organic compounds are converted to ash, carbon dioxide, and water. Burning destroys organics, reduces the volume of waste, and vaporizes water and other liquids the wastes may contain. The residue ash produced may contain some hazardous material, such as non-combustible heavy metals, concentrated from the original waste (FFDCMpesticide-04). Incineration: For more related terms, see (1)Co-incineration; (2) At sea incineration (see ocean incineration); (3) Complete incineration; (4) Ocean incineration; and (5) Oxygen enriched incineration.
Incinerator residue: All of the solid material collected after an incineration process is completed (EPA-83). Incinerator stoker: A mechanically operable moving grate arrangement for supporting, burning, and transporting solid waste in a furnace and discharging the residue. See stoker for more related terms (SW-108ts). Incinerator: A combustion apparatus in which refuse (or waste) is burned (40CFR52.741-91).
Incinerator: A facility in which solid waste is combusted (RCRAImanagement-04).
continued until the mean increase in mortality does not exceed 10% in any concentration over a 24-hour period (40CFR797.140091).
Incinerator: A furnace for burning waste under controlled conditions (EPA-97/12).
Incipient lethal level: The concentration or level of an abiotic factor beyond which an organism could not survive (DOD-78/01).
Incinerator: A furnace for the routine burning of waste materials using controlled flame combustion (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Incline: Any entry to a mine that is not vertical (shaft) or horizontal (adit). Often incline is reserved for those entries that are too steep for a belt conveyor (+I7 degrees -18 degrees), in which case a hoist and guide rails are employed. A belt conveyor incline is termed a slope. Alt: Secondary inclined opening, driven upward to connect levels, sometimes on the dip of a deposit; also called "inclined shaft" (CWNmining-04).
Incinerator: An enclosed device that uses controlled flame combustion and does not meet the criteria for classification as a boiler, industrial furnace, sludge dryer (a unit that dehydrates hazardous sludge), or carbon regeneration unit (a unit that regenerates spent activated carbon). Incinerators also include infrared incinerators (units that use electric heat followed by a controlled flame afterburner) and plasma arc incinerators (units that use electrical discharge followed by a controlled flame afterburner) (RCRA/hazardous-04). Incinerator: An engineered apparatus used to bum waste substances and in which all the factors of combustion-temperature, retention time, turbulence, and combustion air--can be controlled (EPA-83). Incinerator: For more related terms, see: (1) Batch fed incinerator; (2) Catalytic incinerator; (3) Cell type incinerator; (4) Central incinerator; (5) Chute fed incinerator; (6) Circulating bed incinerator, (7) Circulating fluidized bed combustor: (see circulating bed combustor); (8) Commercial incinerator; (9) Continuous feed incinerator; (10) Controlled air incinerator (see starved air incinerator); (11) Dedicated incinerator; (12) Direct fed incinerator; (13) Excess-air incinerator; (14) In-line incinerator; (15) Retort incinerator (see excess-air incinerator); (16) Fixed hearth incinerator (see starved air incinerator); (17) Flue fed incinerator; (18) Fluidized bed incinerator; (19) General purpose incinerator; (20) Industrial incinerator; (21) Infrared incinerator; (22) Liquid injection incinerator; (23) Mass bum incinerator; (24) Medical waste incinerator; (25) Mobile incinerator system; (26) Modular combustion unit (see modular incinerator); (27) Modular incinerator; (28) Molten salt combustion (see molten salt incinerator); (29) Molten salt incinerator; (30) Molten salt reactor; (31) Multiple chamber incinerator; (32) Multiple hearth incinerator; (33) Municipal incinerator (see municipal waste in-cinerator); (34) Municipal waste incinerator; (35) On-site incinerator; (36) Open pit incinerator; (37) Pesticide incinerator; (38) Plasma arc incinerator; (39) Pyrolytic incinerator (see starved air incinerator); (40) Qualified incinerator; (41) Refuse derived fuel (RDF) incinerator; (42) Residential incinerator; (43) A rotary kiln incinerator; (44) Similar incinerator; (45) Single chamber incinerator; (46) Spreader stoker incinerator; (47) Starved air incinerator; and (48) Waterwall incinerator. Incipient LC50: That test substance concentration, calculated from experimentally derived mortality data, that is lethal to 50% of a test population when exposure to the test substance is
Inclined plate conveyer: A separating device that operates by feeding material onto an inclined steel plate belt conveyer so that heavy and resilient materials, such as glass, bounce down the conveyer, and light and inelastic materials are camed upward by the motion of the belt. See conveyer for more related terms (SW108ts). Inclusive bodies: Insoluble dense clusters of (recombinant) cell products (e.g., proteins) found in the cell's cytoplasm that are protected somewhat from degradation and are easily collected and purified upon cell lysis (EPA-88109a). Incombustible waste: The materials such as metals and stones that do not bum under the normal incinerator operating conditions. See waste for more related terms. Incompatible pollutant: The pollutants which would cause harm to, would adversely affect the performance of, or would be inadequately treated in publicly owned sewage treatment works. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-76/12). Incompatible waste: A hazardous waste which is unsuitable for: (1) Placement in a particular device or facility because it may cause corrosion or decay of containment materials (e.g., container inner liners or tank walls); or (2) Commingling with another waste or material under uncontrolled conditions because the commingling might produce heat or pressure, fire or explosion, violent reaction, toxic dusts, mists, fumes, or gases, or flammable fumes or gases (40CFR260.10-91). Incompatible waste: A waste unsuitable for mixing with another waste or material because it may react to form a hazard (EPA97/12). See waste for more related terms. Incompetent: Applied to strata, a formation, a rock, or a rock structure not combining sufficient firmness and flexibility to transmit a thrust and to lift a load by bending (CWNmining-04). Incomplete combustion: The combustion which is not a complete combustion. See combustion for more related terms.
Incomplete gasoline-fueled heavy-duty vehicle: Any gasolinefueled heavy-duty vehicle which does not have the primary loadcarrying device, or passenger compartment, or engine compartment or fuel system attached (40CFR86.085.2-91). Incomplete truck: Any truck which does not have the primary load carrying device or container attached. See truck for more related terms (40CFR86.082.2-91). Incompressible fluid: A fluid for which the density is independent of the pressure and the temperature (NATO-78/10). Incorporated into the soil: The injection of solid waste beneath the surface of the soil or the mixing of solid waste with the surface soil (40CFR257.3.5-91, see also 40CFR257.3.6-91). Incorporated place: The District of Columbia, or a city, town, township, or village that is incorporated under the laws of the state in which it is located (under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act) (40CFR122.26-91). Incorporation by reference: This occurs when the regulatory language in a state's regulation actually cite, or refer to, the federal regulations (RCRAihazardous-04). Incremental carcinogenic risk level (ICR): The potential for incremental carcinogenic human health effects due to exposure to the chemical(s) of concern (NavyIEnv-04). Increments of progress: The steps toward compliance which will be taken by a specific source, including: (1)Date of submittal of the source's final control plan to the appropriate air pollution control agency; (2) Date by which contracts for emission control systems or process modifications will be awarded, or date by which orders will be issued for the purchase of component parts to accomplish emission control or process modification; (3) Date of initiation of on-site construction or installation of emission control equipment or process change; (4) Date by which on-site construction or installation of emission control equipment or process modification is to be completed, and (5) Date by which final compliance is to be achieved (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR60.21-91). Incubate: To maintain cultures, bacteria, or other microorganisms at the most favorable temperature for development (EPA-76/03). Incubation period: The time interval between the infection of a susceptible person or animal and the appearance of signs or symptoms of the disease (EPA-83). Indemnification: In the pesticide program, legal requirement that EPA pay certain end-users, dealers, and distributors for the cost of stock on hand at the time a pesticide registration is suspended (EPA-97/12).
Independent commercial importer (ICI): An importer who is not an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or does not have a contractual agreement with an OEM to act as its authorized representative for the distribution of motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines in the U.S. market (40CFR85.1502-91). Independent laboratory: A test facility operated independently of any motor vehicle, motor vehicle engine, or retrofit device manufacturer capable of performing retrofit device evaluation tests. Additionally, the laboratory shall have no financial interests in the outcome of these tests other than a fee charged for each test performed (40CFR610.11-91). Independent printed circuit board manufacturer: A facility which manufacturers printed circuit boards principally for sale to other companies (40CFR433.11-91). Independent variable: A variable whose value is not dependent on the value of any other variables and can be arbitrarily specified. See variable for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Independently audited: Refers to an audit performed by an independent certified public accountant in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. See audit for more related terms (40CFR144.61-91). Indeterminate public health hazard: The category used in ATSDR's public health assessment documents when a professional judgment about the level of health hazard cannot be made because information critical to such a decision is lacking (SFheal th-04). Index (or index mark): A mark on a choke thermostat housing, located in a fixed relationship to the thermostatic coil tang position to aid in assembly and service adjustment of the choke (40CFR85.2 122(a)(2)(iii)(H)-91). Index chemical: A chemical used as the point of reference for standardizing the common toxicity of the chemical members of the CAG (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Index mark: See index. Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI): An aggregated number, or index, based on several attributes or metrics of a fish community that provides an assessment of biological conditions (CWAIWbasics04). Index of mobility: A number that is proportional to the contaminant probability of escaping its point of origin and migrating through air and water. It can be expressed as: Mobility index = log[(water solubility x vapor pressure)iKoc], where Koc = coefficient of organic carbon partition (Course 165.6). Index of pollution: See biological indicator.
Index organism: See biological indicator. Index: An aggregation of statistics and/or indicators, which summarizes often large quantities of related information by using some systematic procedure to weight, scale, and aggregate multiple variables into a single summary output (EPA-95/04). Indian country: Defined at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 122.2 to mean: (1) All land within the limits of any Indian reservation under the jurisdiction of the United States government, notwithstanding the issuance of any patent, and, including rightsof-way running through the reservation; (2) All dependent Indian communities with the borders of the United States whether within the originally or subsequently acquired territory thereof, and whether within or without the limits of a state; and (3) All Indian allotments, the Indian titles to which have not been extinguished, including rights-of-ways running through the same (CWNwastewater-04). Indicated coal resources: Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality, and quantity have been computed partly from sample analyses and measurements and partly from reasonable geologic projections. The points of observation are % to 1 % miles apart. Indicated coal is projected to extend as an % mile wide belt that lies more than ?4mile from the outcrop or points of observation or measurement (CWAImining-04). Indicator sites: Stream sampling sites located at outlets of drainage basins with relatively homogeneous land use and physiographic conditions; most indicator-site basins have drainage areas ranging from 20 to 200 square miles (CWAlWquality-04). Indicator: (1) In biology, an organism, species, or community whose characteristics show the presence of specific environmental conditions (2) In chemistry, a substance that shows a visible change, usually of color, at a desired point in a chemical reaction (EPA-97/12). Indicator: A device that indicates the result of a measurement, e.g., a pressure gauge or a moveable scale. Indicator: In biology, an organism, species, or community whose characteristics show the presence of specific environmental conditions (EPA-89/12).
electrodes and above the charge. See fumace for more related terms (AP-40, p236).
Indirect costs: Costs not related to achieving core program objectives; it includes such site-wide costs as administrative support, utilities, infrastructure maintenance, and security (OMBIReg-04). Indirect discharge or discharge: Introduction of pollutants from a non-domestic source into a publicly owned waste-treatment system. Indirect dischargers can be commercial or industrial facilities whose wastes enter local sewers (EPA-97/12). See discharge for more related terms. Indirect discharge or discharge: The introduction of pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) from any nondomestic source regulated under section 307(b), (c), or (d) of the Act (40CFR403.3-91). Indirect discharge: The introduction of pollutants into a municipal sewage treatment system from any nondomestic source (i.e., any industrial or commercial facility) regulated under Section 307(b), (c), or (d) of the CWA (CWNwastewater-04). Indirect discharge: Wastewater that is first sent to a POTW, and then after treatment by the POTW, discharged pursuant to an NPDES permit that is sent to a POTW before being discharged as allowed by a NPDES permit (where POTW = publicly owned treatment works and NPDES = National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) (RCRNhazardous-04). Indirect discharger: A nondomestic discharger introducing pollutants to a publicly owned treatment works (cf. new discharger) (40CFR122.2-91). Indirect economic effect: Indirect effects result from the need to supply industries experiencing direct economic effects with additional outputs to allow them to increase their production. The additional output from each directly affected industry requires inputs from other industries within a region (that is, purchases of goods and services). This results in a multiplier effect to show the change in total economic activity resulting from a new activity in a region (DOE-9 1/04).
Indigenous: (1) Living or occurring naturally in a specific area or environment, native. (2) For bioremediation, microorganisms already living at a site (NavyIEnv-04).
Indirect exposure pathway: An exposure pathway with at least one intermediate release to any media between the source and the point(s) of exposure (for example, chemicals of concern from soil through groundwater to the point(s) of exposure) (NavyIEnv-04).
Indirect ammonia recovery system: Those systems which recover ammonium hydroxide as a by-product from coke oven gases and waste ammonia liquors (40CFR420.11-91).
Indirect heat transfer: The transfer of heat in such a way that the source of heat does not come into direct contact with process materials (40CFR52.741-91).
Indirect arc furnace: An electric fumace whose metal charge is placed below the electrodes, and the arc is formed between the
Indirect impact: See secondary impact.
Indirect internal reforming: The reformer unit is separated, but adjacent to, the fuel cell anode. By this arrangement, the thermal energy released from the fuel cell exothermic reaction can be used to support the reformer endothermic reaction. Indirect labor costs: Labor-related costs paid by the employer other than salaries, wages, and other direct compensation such as social security and insurance (EPA-83/06a). Indirect source: Any facility or building, property, road, or parking facility that attracts motor vehicle traffic and, indirectly, causes pollution (EPA-97/12). Indirect toxicity: The toxicity that affects organisms by interfering with their food supply or modifying their habitat instead of directly acting on the organisms themselves (cf. direct toxicity) (DOD-7810 1). Indium (In): A soft metallic element with atomic number 49; atomic weight 114.82; density 7.31 glcc; melting point 156.2 C and boiling point 2000 C. The element belongs to group IIIA of the periodic table. Individual drain system: All process drains connected to the first common downstream junction box. The term includes all such drains and common junction box, together with their associated sewer lines and other junction boxes, down to the receiving oil water separator (40CFR60.69 1-9 1, see also 40CFR6 1.341-9 1). Individual generation site: The contiguous site at or on which one or more hazardous wastes are generated. An individual generation site, such as a large manufacturing plant, may have one or more sources of hazardous waste but is considered a single or individual generation site if the site or property is contiguous (40CFR260.10-91). Individual risk: The probability that an individual person will experience an adverse effect. This is identical to population risk unless specific population subgroups can be identified that have different (higher or lower) risks (EPA-92/12). Individual system: The privately owned alternative wastewater treatment works (including dual waterless/gray water systems) serving one or more principal residences, or small commercial establishments. Normally these are on-site systems with localized treatment and disposal of wastewater, but may be systems utilizing small diameter gravity, pressure, or vacuum sewers conveying treated or partially treated wastewater. These systems can also include small diameter gravity sewers carrying raw wastewater to cluster systems (40CFR35.2005-91). Indo: A prefix showing within or inside a chemical formula. Indoor air (or house air): (1) The air that occupies the space within the interior of a house or other buildings. See indoor
climate (EPA-88/08). (2) The breathing air inside a habitable structure or conveyance (EPA-97/12).
Indoor air pollution: Chemical, physical, or biological contaminants in indoor air (EPA-97/12). See pollution for more related terms. Indoor air: Breathing air inside a habitable structure, often highly polluted because of lack of exchange with fresh oxygen from outdoors. Solvents, smoke, paints, furniture glues, carpet padding, and other synthetic chemicals trapped inside contribute to an often unhealthy environment (FFDCNpesticide-04). Indoor air: The breathing air inside a habitable structure or conveyance (NavyIEnv-04). Indoor climate: Temperature, humidity, lighting, and noise levels in a habitable structure or conveyance. Indoor climate can affect indoor air pollution (EPA-97/12). Indoor process composting: An anaerobic composting method that originated in India. Organic wastes are placed in alternate layers with human or animal excreta in a pit or pile. The piles are turned twice in six months and drainage is used to keep the compost moist. See composting for more related terms (EPA-83). Induced draft burner: A burner for which combustion air is drawn into the system by a fan located downstream of the burner. Induced draft fan: (1) A fan that exhausts hot gases from heatabsorbing equipment such as dust collectors or scrubbers (SW108ts). (2) A device designed to pull combustion air and combustion products through an incinerator and associated air pollution control devices. The facility is operated under negative pressure (less than atmospheric) to reduce intermittent and fugitive releases (CRWI-89/05). (3) See fan for more related terms. Induced draft tower: See mechanical draft tower. Induced draft: The negative pressure created by the action of a fan, blower, or other gas moving device located between an incinerator and a stack. See draft for more related terms (OME88/12). Induced draught: The system used in mechanical-draught cooling towers whereby the air is drawn through the tower by a fan. See draught for more related terms (Gurney-66). Induced economic effect: The spending of households resulting from direct and indirect economic effects. Increases in output from a new economic activity that leads to an increase in household spending throughout the economy as firms increase their labor inputs (DOE-91/04).
Induction exposure: An experimental exposure of a subject to a test substance with the intention of inducing a hypersensitive state (40CFR798.4100-91). Induction furnace: (1) An electric furnace consisting of a crucible within a water-cooled copper coil. An alternating current in the coil around the crucible induces eddy currents in the metal charge and thus develops heat within the mass of the charge (AP40, p236). (2) A furnace that induction heating is obtained by inducing an electric current in the charge and may be considered as operating on the transformer principle. Induction furnaces, which may be low frequency or high frequency, are used to produce small tonnages of specialty alloys through remelting of the required constituents (EPA-74102a). (3) See furnace for more related terms. Induction period: A period of at least one week following a sensitization exposure during which a hypersensitive state is developed (40CFR798.4100-9 1). Inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrometry (ICP): An atomic emission spectrometric method. The basis of the method is the measurement of atomic emission by an optical spectroscopic technique. Samples are nebulized and the aerosol that is produced is transported to the plasma torch where excitation occurs. Characteristic atomic-line emission spectra are produced by radio-frequency inductively coupled plasma. The spectra are dispersed by a grating spectrometer and the intensities of the lines are monitored by photomultiplier tubes. The photocurrents from the photomultiplier tubes are processed and controlled by a computer system. A background correction technique is required to compensate for variable background contribution to the determination of trace elements (40CFR136AppIC-91). ICP's primary advantage is that it allows simultaneous or rapid sequential determination of many elements in a short time. The primary disadvantage of ICP is background radiation from other elements and the plasma gases. Although all ICP instruments utilize high-resolution optics and background correction to minimize these interferences, analysis for traces of metals in the presence of a large excess of a single metal is difficult. Examples would be traces of metals in an alloy or traces of metals in a limes (high calcium) waste. ICP and Flame AA have comparable detection limits (within a factor of 4) except that ICP exhibits greater sensitivity for refractories (Al, Ba, etc.) Furnace AA, in general, will exhibit lower detection limits than either ICP or FLAA. See metal analyzer for more related terms (SW-846). Indurated: Cemented, hardened, or a rocklike condition (CWNWbasics-04). Industrial alcohol: Alcohol that has been treated with acetates, ketones, or gasoline to make it unfit for human drinking. Industrial building: A building directly used in manufacturing or technically productive enterprises. Industrial buildings are not generally or typically accessible to other than workers. Industrial
buildings include buildings used directly in the production of power, the manufacture of products, the mining of raw materials, and the storage of textiles, petroleum products, wood and paper products, chemicals, plastics, and metals (40CFR761.3-91). Industrial cost recovery period: That period during which the grant amount allocable to the treatment of wastes from industrial users is recovered from the industrial users of such works (40CFR35.905-91). Industrial cost recovery: (1) The grantees recovery from the industrial users of a treatment works of the grant amount allocable to the treatment of waste from such users under section 204(b) of the Act and this subpart. (2) The grantees recovery from the commercial users of an individual system of the grant amount allocable to the treatment of waste from such users under section 20101) of the Act and this subpart (40CFR35.905-91). Industrial effluent: See industrial wastewater. Industrial furnace: An enclosed unit that is an integral part of a manufacturing process and uses thermal treatment to recover materials or energy from hazardous waste (RCRAlhazardous-04). Industrial furnace: Any of the following enclosed devices that are integral components of manufacturing processes and that use thermal treatment to accomplish recovery of materials or energy: (1) Cement kilns. (2) Lime kilns. (3) Aggregate kilns. (4) Phosphate kilns. (5) Coke ovens. (6) Blast furnaces. (7) Smelting, melting, and refining furnaces (including pyrometallurgical devices such as cupolas, reverberator furnaces, sintering machine, roasters, and foundry furnaces). (8) Titanium dioxide chloride process oxidation reactors. (9) Methane reforming furnaces. (10) Pulping liquor recovery furnaces. (11) Combustion devices used in the recovery of sulfur values from spent sulfuric acid. (12) Halogen acid furnaces (HAFs). (13) Such other devices as the Administrator may, after notice and comment, add to this list on the basis of one or more of the following factors: (a) The design and use of the device primarily to accomplish recovery of material products; (b) The use of the device to bum or reduce raw materials to make a material product; (c) The use of the device to bum or reduce secondary materials as effective substitutes for raw materials, in processes using raw materials as principal feedstocks; (d) The use of the device to burn or reduce secondary materials as ingredients in an industrial process to make a material product; (e) The use of the device in common industrial practice to produce a material product; and (0 Other factors, as appropriate (40CFR260.10-91). (14) See furnace for more related terms. Industrial furnace: Any of the following enclosed devices that are integral components of manufacturing processes and that use thermal treatment to accomplish recovery of materials or energy (40CFR260.10-91): (1) Cement kilns. (2) Lime kilns. (3) Aggregate kilns. (4) Phosphate kilns. (5) Coke ovens. (6) Blast furnaces. (7) Smelting, melting, and refining furnaces (including pyrometallurgical devices such as cupolas, reverberator furnaces,
sintering machine, roasters, and foundry furnaces). (8) Titanium dioxide chloride process oxidation reactors. (9) Methane reforming furnaces. (11) Pulping liquor recovery furnaces. (10) Combustion devices used in the recovery of sulfur values from spent sulfuric acid. (12) HAFs for the production of acid from halogenated hazardous waste generated by chemical production facilities where the furnaces are located on the site of a chemical production facility. The acid product has a halogen acid content of at least 3%, the acid product is used in a manufacturing process, and, except for hazardous waste burned as fuel, hazardous waste fed to the furnace has a minimum halogen content of 20% as generated.
Industrial hygiene: Science of industrial safety. Industrial incinerator: (1) An incinerator designed to bum industrial waste (SW-108ts). (2) An incinerator owned and operated for private use by an individual waste generator (CRWI5/89). (3) See incinerator for more related terms. Industrial pollution prevention: The terms "industrial pollution prevention" and "pollution prevention" refer to the combination of industrial source reduction and toxic chemical use substitution. It does not include any recycling or treatment of pollutants, nor does it include substituting a nontoxic product made with nontoxic chemicals for a nontoxic product made with toxic chemicals (cf. pollution prevention) (EPA-91/10, p7). Industrial pollution prevention: Combination of industrial source reduction and toxic chemical use substitution (EPA-97/12). Industrial process waste: Residues manufacturing operations (EPA-97/12).
produced
during
Industrial source reduction: Industrial source reduction is defined in the Federal Pollution Prevention Act as any practice which: (1) Reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste (pollutant) stream or otherwise released into the environment (including fugitive emissions) prior to recycling, treatment, and disposal; and (2) Reduces the hazards to public health and the environment associated with the release of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants. (3) The term includes equipment or technology modifications, process or procedure modifications, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution of raw materials, and improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory control. Source reduction does not entail any form of waste management (e.g., recycling and treatment). The Act excludes from the definition of source reduction any practice which alters the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics or volume of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant through a process or activity which itself is not integral to and necessary for the production of a product or the providing of a service (EPA-91/10, p6). Industrial source reduction: Practices that reduce the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any wastestream or otherwise released into the environment; Also reduces the threat to public health and the environment associated with such releases. Term includes equipment or technology modifications, substitution of raw materials, and improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory control (EPA97112). Industrial source: A unit that does not serve a generator that produces electricity, a "nonutility unit" as defined in this section, or a process source as defined in section 410(e). See source for more related terms (CAA402).
Industrial refuse: See industrial solid waste. Industrial sales paint: The paint which is primarily sold to other manufacturers for factory application to such products as aircraft, appliances, furniture, machinery, etc. See paint for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Industrial sludge: Semi-liquid residue or slurry remaining from treatment of industrial water and wastewater (EPA-97/12). Industrial solid waste (industrial refuse or industrial waste): The solid waste generated by industrial processes and manufacturing. See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.10191, see also 40CFR246.101-91). Industrial source complex model for long term (ISCLT): See dispersion model. Industrial source complex model for short term (ISCST): See dispersion model.
Industrial source: Non-municipal, or industrial sources, often generate wastewater that is discharged to surface waters. The types of wastewaters generated at a facility depend on the specific activities undertaken at a particular site, and may include manufacturing or process wastewaters, cooling waters, sanitary wastewater, and stormwater runoff (CWAIwastewater-04). Industrial user: (1) Any industry that introduces pollutants into public sewer systems and whose wastes are treated by a publicly owned treatment facility (EPA-83106a). (2) Those industries identified in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, Bureau of the Budget, 1967, as amended and supplemented, under the category Division D Manufacturing and such other classes of significant waste products as, by regulation, the Administrator deems appropriate (CWA502, see also 40CFR35.905; 35.2005; 403.3-91). Industrial waste pollution: A broad category of wastes from manufacturing operations or processes defined by government as noxious. They include floating matter, settleable solids, colloidal
matter, dissolved solids, toxic substances, and sludge. See pollution for more related terms (DOI-70104).
Industrial waste: (1) Unwanted materials from an industrial operation; may be liquid, sludge, solid, or hazardous waste (EPA97/12). (2) See also synonym, industrial solid waste. Industrial waste: Materials discarded from industrial operations or derived from manufacturing processes (RCRNmanagement-04). Industrial waste: Unwanted materials from an industrial operation; may be liquid, sludge, solid, or hazardous waste (NavyIEnv-04). Industrial waste: Unwanted materials produced in or eliminated from an industrial operation and categorized under a variety of headings, such as liquid wastes, sludge, solid wastes, and hazardous wastes (FFDCNpesticide-04). Industrial wastewater (or industrial effluent): The wastewater discharged by an industry. See wastewater for more related terms. Industrial water use: Water used for industrial purposes in such industries as steel, chemical, paper, and petroleum refining. Nationally, water for industrial uses comes mainly (80%) from self-supplied sources, such as a local wells or withdrawal points in a river, but some water comes from public-supplied sources, such as the countytcity water department (CWNWscience-04). Industrial wiper: Paper towels especially made for industrial cleaning and wiping (40CFR250.4-91).
Inert gas (noble gas or rare gas): A gas that does not react with other substances under ordinary conditions (EPA-84/09). All inert gases belong to group VIII (group 0) in the periodic table and are all monatomic elements such as helium and neon. Inert ingredient: An inactive material in a pesticide formulation which does not have pesticidal activity (FIFRAtWN-04). Inert ingredient: An ingredient which is not active (FIFR.42, see also 40CFR152.3; 158.153-91). Inert ingredient: Pesticide components such as solvents, carriers, dispersants, and surfactants that are not active against target pests. Not all inert ingredients are innocuous (EPA-97/12). Inert ingredient: Substances that are not "active," such as water, petroleum distillates, talc, corn meal, or soaps. When discussing pesticides, inert ingredients do not attack a particular pest, but some are chemically or biologically active, causing health and environmental problems (FFDCNpesticide-04). Inert material: Materials lacking active thermal, chemical, or biological properties (EPA-83). Inert: Innocuous, undamaging, nontoxic. Something that is not detrimental to health or the environment (CAAIAPC-04). Inertia weight class: The class, which is a group of test weights, into which a vehicle is grouped based on its loaded vehicle weight in accordance with the provisions of Part 86 (40CFR86.082.2; 600.002.85-91).
Industrial withdrawals: Water withdrawn for or used for thermoelectric power (electric utility generation) and other industrial and manufacturing uses such as steel, chemical and allied products, paper and allied products, mining, and petroleum refining. The water may be obtained from a public supplier or may be self-supplied (CWAIWbasics-04).
Inertial force: The resistance which a body experiences when its motion changes in a given coordinate system (NATO-78110).
IndustriaUcommerciaVgovernmentaluser sector (or market): Involves pesticides applied by professional applicators (by owner/operators/employees and custom/wmmercial applicators) to industrial, commercial and governmental facilities, buildings, sites, and land; plus custom/commercial applications to homes and gardens, including lawns. May also be referred to as "professional market" for pesticides (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Inertial grate stoker: A stoker consisting of a fixed bed of plates that are carried on rollers and activated by an electrically driven mechanism. It draws the bed slowly back against a spring and then releases it so that the entire bed moves forward until stopped abruptly by another spring. The inertia of the solid waste carries it a small distance forward along the stoker surface, and then the cycle is repeated. See stoker for more related terms (SW-lO8ts).
Inert atmosphere: A gas incapable of supporting combustion (EPA-83).
Inertial separator: (1) A device that uses centrifugal force to separate waste particles (EPA-97/12). (2) See also synonym, mechanical separator.
Inert contaminant: (1) A gaseous or liquid contaminant that does not react with surrounding substances under ordinary circumstances. (2) A contaminant that does not influence the fluid motions by which it is dispersed (NATO-78/10).
Inertial coordinate system: A coordinate system, in which the momentum of a body is conserved when no external forces are applied (NATO-78110).
Inertial sub-range: The region in the energy spectrum of turbulence for which the wavelengths are small compared to the largest scales of turbulence where turbulent energy is generated, and large compared to the small scales, where turbulent energy is dissipated by viscous forces. The spectrum in this region is only
determined by the wave number and the dissipation rate, which leads to a -513 power law for the spectrum (NATO-78/10). In existence: That the owner or operator has obtained all necessary preconstruction approvals or permits required by federal, state, or local air pollution emissions and air quality laws or regulations and either has: (1) Begun, or caused to begin, a continuous program of physical on-site construction of the facility; or (2) Entered into binding agreements or contractual obligations, which cannot be cancelled or modified without substantial loss to the owner or operator, to undertake a program of construction of the facility to be completed in a reasonable time (40CFR51.30191). Infauna: (1) Benthic organisms that live in or burrow through the bottom sediment. (2) Organisms living within a substrate (NavyIEnv-04). Infection process (or chain of infection): The relationships between the infectious agent, the host, and the mechanism by which the agent is transmitted. The entire chain has four requirements (p2.7-ATSDR-90109): (1) The presence of an infectious agent; (2) A sufficient number of infectious agents to cause infection; (3) The availability of a susceptible host; and (4) An appropriate portal of entry into that susceptiblehost. Infection: The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animals. Infection is not synonymous with infectious disease; the result may be in apparent. The presence of living infectious agents on exterior surfaces of the body, or upon articles of apparel or soiled articles, is not infection, but contamination of such surfaces and articles. In addition, it should be pointed out that antibody production, i.e., seroconversion, does not necessarily mean that "infection" has occurred (EPA-90105). Infectious agent: Any organism (such as a virus or a bacteria) that is capable of being communicated by invasion and multiplication in body tissues and capable of causing disease or adverse health impacts in humans (40CFR259.10-91). Infectious agent: Any organism, such as a virus or bacterium, that is pathogenic and capable of being communicated by invasion and multiplication in body tissues (EPA-97/12). Infectious dose 50 (ID50): A dose of microorganisms that is required to infect 50% of the exposed population. See dose response for more related terms (EPA-88109a). Infectious waste: (1) Equipment, instruments, utensils, and fomites of a disposable nature from the rooms of patients who are suspected to have or have been diagnosed as having a communicable disease and must, therefore, be isolated as required by public health agencies; (2) Laboratory wastes such as pathological specimens (e.g., all tissues, specimens of blood elements, excreta, and secretions obtained from patients or
laboratory animals) and disposable fomites (any substance that may harbor or transmit pathogenic organisms) attendant thereto; (3) Surgical operating room pathologic specimens and disposable fomites attendant thereto and similar disposable materials from outpatient areas and emergency rooms (40CFR240.101-91, see also 40CFR241.101; 243.101; 245.101; 246.101-91). Infectious waste: Hazardous waste with infectious characteristics, including: contaminated animal waste; human blood and blood products; isolation waste, pathological waste; and discarded sharps (needles, scalpels, or broken medical instruments) (EPA-97/12). See waste for more related terms. Infective dose: The infective dose is the number of microorganisms required to produce infection in humans. A great deal of uncertainty is associated with infective dose estimates, due to the variable contribution of a number of factors, including host sensitivity, pathogen virulence, assay technique, etc. See dose response for more related terms (EPA-88/12). Infectivity: The capacity of the organism to proliferate at the site of invasion (EPA-88109a). Inference guideline: An explicit statement of a predetermined choice among alternative methods (inference options) that might be used to infer human risk from data. The data are not fully adequate or are not drawn directly from human experience, e.g., a guideline might specify the mathematical model to be used to estimate the effects of exposure at low doses on the basis of the effects of exposure at high doses (NAC-83). Inferred coal resources: Coal in unexplored extensions of the demonstrated resources for which estimates of the quality and size are based on geologic evidence and projection. Quantitative estimates are based largely on broad knowledge of the geologic character of the deposit and for which there are few, if any, samples or measurements. The estimates are based on an assumed continuity or repletion of which there is geologic evidence; this evidence may include comparison with deposits of similar type. Bodies that are completely concealed may be included if there is specific geologic evidence of their presence. The points of observation are 1 % to 6 miles apart. Infiltration air: The air that leaks into the chambers or ducts of an incinerator. See air for more related terms (SW-108ts). Infiltration bed: A device for removing suspended solids from water consisting of natural deposits of granular material under which a system of pipes collect the water after passage through the bed (EPA-76/04). Infiltration capacity: The maximum rate at which the soil, when in a given condition, can absorb falling rain or melting snow (CWAihydrology-04).
Infiltration gallery: A subsurface groundwater collection system, typically shallow in depth, constructed with open-jointed or perforated pipes that discharge collected water into a water-tight chamber from which the water is pumped to treatment facilities and into the distribution system. Usually located close to streams or ponds (EPA-97/12).
connections, or manholes. Infiltration does not include, and is distinguished from, inflow (40CFR35.905-91, see also 40CFR35.2005-91). (2) cf. non-excessive infiltration.
Infiltration gallery: Covers a wide range of subsurface groundwater collection systems. They are typically shallow in depth, constructed with open-jointed or perforated pipes that discharge collected water into a water-tight chamber from which the water is pumped to treatment facilities and into the distribution system. Usually located close to streams or ponds. Can also be used to collect water for remediation purposes after it has passed through an area of contamination as a type of washing method (NavyIEnv-04).
Infiltration: Movement of water, typically downward, into soil or porous rock (CWAMrquality-04).
Infiltration index: An average rate of infiltration, in inches per hour, equal to the average rate of rainfall such that the volume of rain fall at greater rates equals the total direct runoff (CWA/hydrology-04). Infiltration layer: A low hydraulic conductivity layer in a landfill, usually a component in the cover that is placed to minimize liquid infiltration to the waste layers (RCRA/management-04). Infiltration rate: The quantity of water than can enter the soil in a specified time interval (NavyIEnv-04). Infiltration rate: The quantity of water than can enter the soil in a specified time interval (EPA-97/12). Infiltration water: The water which permeates through the earth into the plant site. See water for more related terms (40CFR440.141-91). Infiltrationlinflow (In):(1) The total quantity of water from both infiltration and inflow without distinguishing the source (40CFR35.905-91). (2) The quantity of water entering a sewer system. Infiltration means entry through such sources as defective pipes, pipe joints, connections, or manhole walls. Inflow signifies discharge into the sewer system through service connections from such sources as area or foundation drainage, springs and swamps, stormwaters, street wash waters, or sewers (EPA-74/11). (3) cf. excessive infiltrationlinflow. Infiltration: (1) The penetration of water through the ground surface into sub-surface soil or the penetration of water from the soil into sewer or other pipes through defective joints, connections, or manhole walls. (2) The technique of applying large volumes of wastewater to land to penetrate the surface and percolate through the underlying soil. See percolation (EPA-97/12). Infiltration: (1) Water other than wastewater that enters a sewerage system (including sewer service connections) from the ground through such means as defective pipes, pipe joints,
Infiltration: Flow of water from the land surface into the subsurface (CWAMrscience-04).
Infiltration: The downward movement of water from the atmosphere into soil or porous rock (CWANbasics-04). Infiltration: The flow of a fluid into a substance through pores or small openings. It connotes flow into a substance in contradistinction to the word percolation, which connotes flow through a porous substance (CWAhydrology-04). Inflow: (1) Water other than wastewater that enters a sewerage system (including sewer service collections). It is ikom sources such as roof leaders, cellar drains, yard drains, area drains, foundation drains, drains from springs and swampy areas, manhole covers, cross connections between storm sewers and sanitary sewers, catch basins, cooling towers, stormwaters, surface runoff, street wash waters, or drainage. Inflow does not include, and is distinguished from, infiltration (40CFR35.905-91, see also 40CFR35.2005-91). (2) Entry of extraneous rain water into a sewer system from sources other than infiltration, such as basement drains, manholes, storm drains, and street washing (EPA-89/12). (3) cf. non-excessive inflow. Inflow: Entry of extraneous rain water into a sewer system from sources other than infiltration, such as basement drains, manholes, storm drains, and street washing (EPA-97/12). Influent stream: Stream or portion of stream that contributes water to the groundwater supply (EPA-83). Influent water: The water contributing to the zone of saturation and thereby sustaining or raising the water table. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104). Influent: Water, wastewater, or other liquid flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment plant (EPA-97/12). Informal administrative action: Any communication from EPA or a state agency that notifies the handler of a problem (RCRA/hazardous-04). Information collection request (ICR): A description of information to be gathered in connection with rules, proposed rules, surveys, and guidance documents that contain informationgathering requirements. The ICR describes what information is needed, why it is needed, how it will be collected, and how much collecting it will cost. The ICR is submitted by the EPA to the
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for approval (EPA97/12).
Information file: In the Superfund program, a file that contains accurate, up-to-date documents on a Superfund site. The file is usually located in a public building (school, library, or city hall) convenient for local residents (EPA-97/12). Information repository: A file containing current information, technical reports, reference documents, and technical assistance grants application information on a Superfund site. The information repository is usually located in a public building (often a library) that is convenient for local residents (SFIEnv-04). Information repository: A set of information, technical reports and reference documents regarding a Superfund site; it usually is located in a public building that is convenient for local residents, such as a public school, city hall, or public library (SFIremedy-04). Information repository: Collections of site information that include items which are related to the site, but may or may not be suitable for incorporation in the administrative record (NavyIEnv04). Infoterra (INFOTERRA): Infoterra is an international environmental referral and research network made up of 177 countries coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The services offered by UNEPInfotendUSA include responding to requests from the international community for environmental information through document delivery, database searching, bibliographic products, purchasing information, and referrals to experts. In addition, UNEP-InfoterraAJSA assists U.S. residents in identifying sources of international environmental information (SFIremedy-04). Infrared absorption spectrometer: See GCIIR. Infrared absorption: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or radiation emission-absorption instrumentation for various types). The infrared portion (IR) of the spectrum ranges from wavelengths of 2.4 to 14 microns and the near infrared (NIR) ranges from 1 to 2.5 microns. Most organic species absorb radiation in the IR region and the concentration of species can be determined by the nature of the transmitted radiation. The concentration of an absorbing compound is inversely proportional to the sample cell path length and proportional to the energy transmitted through the sample divided by the logarithm of the energy entering the sample (Beers law). Sensitivity can be increased through increasing the cell path length and by including multiple radiation passes through the sample. High radiation energy sources such as C02 lasers are finding increased use (EPA-84103a). Infrared incinerator: Any enclosed device that uses electric powered resistance heaters as a source of radiant heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace (40CFR260.10-91). In general,
an infrared system has the following major components: (1) Primary combustion chamber (PCC): The electric powered PCC utilizes a high temperature alloy wire mesh belt for waste feed conveyance and is capable of achieving temperatures up to 1850 F by exposure to infrared radiant heat provided by horizontal rows of electric-powered silicon carbide rods located above the conveyer belt. (2) Secondary combustion chamber (SCC): The gas-fired SCC is capable of reaching temperatures of 2300 F; it provides residence time, turbulence, and supplemental energy, if required, to destroy gaseous volatiles emanating from the waste (Lee-88/08). (3) See incinerator for more related terms.
Infrared radiation: The electromagnetic radiation whose wavelengths lie between red light (approximately 0.75 micrometer) and radio waves (approximately 1000 micrometer). See radiation for more related terms. Infrared spectrometer: An instrument used to measure the concentration of compounds. It is based on the principles that molecular vibrations occur in the infrared region. Infrared spectrophotometer (IS): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). IS a compound-specific instrument. Each compound being analyzed will absorb radiation at a discrete infrared wavelength. The unit measures how much of the infrared energy (IR) is absorbed and gives readings of percent IR absorbed or ppm of chemical. Molecules are composed of atoms which are held together by bonds of various types and lengths. These arrangements, as in the ball and spring configurations establish finite locations and discrete movements for each atom (ball) and bond (spring). These movements can be either vibrational, rotational, stretching, or bending of the chemical bonds. The frequencies of these movements are on the order of infrared radiation. A given bond movement can be initiated by stimulating the molecule with IR of varying frequency. As the bond moves, it absorbs the characteristic energy associated with that movement. The frequencies and intensity of IR absorbed are specific for a compound and its concentration, providing a "fingerprint" which can be used as an analytical tool (Course 165.5). Infrared spectroscopy: The determination of material structure by means of their interaction with infrared radiation. See spectroscopy for more related terms. Infrared spectrum analysis: Analysis of infrared wavelengths. Infrared: Pertaining to the region of the electromagnetic spectrum from approximately 0.78-1000 um (micrometers). Near infrared is below 10 um and far infrared above 10 um (LBL-76107-air). Infrastructure: Establishment of a network of systems on a very large-scale basis. For fuel cells, the network may include refueling stations and retrained mechanics needed to support a switch from petroleum-based internal combustion engines to hydrogen-based fuel cells.
In-gaslvapor service: That the piece of equipment contains process fluid that is in the gaseous state at operating conditions (cf in liquid service) (40CFR60.481; 61.241; 264.1031-91). Ingestion: The act of swallowing something through eating, drinking, or mouthing objects. A hazardous substance can enter the body this way (see route of exposure) (SFIhealth-04). Ingestion: The introduction of a chemical into the body through the mouth. Inhaled chemicals may be trapped in saliva and swallowed. Exposed personnel should be prohibited from smoking, eating, or drinking except in designated rest areas after being decontaminated (NavyJEnv-04). Ingot: A mass of metals or metal alloys shaped for convenience in storage and handling. Sizes according to weight are 15, 30, 50, and 1000 pounds (EPA-76/12). Ingot: The cylindrical-shaped form of pure uranium metal that, once machined to exact specifications, was the basic end product of the feed material production process (AEAIclosure-04).
Toxins may be absorbed into the bloodstream and canied to other internal organs, or they may affect the upper andlor lower respiratory tract. Resulting respiratory injuries include pulmonary edema and respiratory congestion. Inhalation is the most common exposure route and often the most damaging (NavyIEnv-04). In-heavy liquid service: That the piece of equipment is not in gadvapor service or in light liquid service (cf. in light liquid service) (40CFR60.481-91, see also 40CFR264.103 1-91). Inherent ash: The portion of the ash of a material found after combustion which is chemically bound to the molecules of the combustible, as distinguished from extraneous non-combustible materials from other sources or which may be mechanically entrained with the combustible. See ash for more related terms (EPA-83). Inherently waste-like: For purposes of defining a material as a solid waste under RCRA Subtitle C, a material, such as dioxincontaining wastes, that is always considered a solid waste because of its intrinsic threat to human health and the environment (RCRAhazardous-04).
Ingredient statement: A statement that contains: (1) The name and percentage of each active ingredient, and the total percentage of all inert ingredients, in the pesticide; and (2) If the pesticide contains arsenic in any form, a statement of the percentages of total and water soluble arsenic, calculated as elementary arsenic
Inhibition concentration (IC): A point estimate of the toxicant; concentration that would cause a given percent reduction (e.g., ICZ5)in a nonlethal biological measurement of the test organisms, such as reproduction or growth (EPA-91/03).
(FIFR.42-7U.S.C.136-91).
Inhibition: The slowing down or stoppage of chemical or biological reactions by certain compounds or ions (EPA-83106a).
Inground tank: A device meeting the definition of tank in 40CFR260.10 whereby a portion of the tank wall is situated to any degree within the ground, thereby preventing visual inspection of that external surface area of the tank that is in the ground. See tank for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91). Inhalable diameter: Refers to that aerodynamic diameter of a particle which is considered to be inhalable for the organism. It is used to refer to particles which are capable of being inhaled and may be deposited anywhere within the respiratory tract from the trachea to the alveoli. For man, the inhalable diameter is considered as 15 micrometers or less (40CFR798.2450-02, see also 40CFR798.4350-02).
Inhibitor: A chemical that can inhibit or retard a chemical reaction. For example: (1) A coating on a propellant grain which prevents burning at that point (EPA-76/03). (2) A substance added to an electrolyte in a fuel cell system that slows down or prevents a process from taking place. In-hydrogen service: That a compressor contains a process fluid that meets the conditions specified in 40CFR60.593(b) (40CFR60.591-91). Initial calibration verification standards: See calibration.
Inhalable particles: All dust capable of entering the human respiratory tract (EPA-97/12).
Initial compliance period (water): The first full three-year compliance period which begins at least 18 months after promulgation (EPA-97/12).
Inhalation toxicity: Gross anatomy, microscopic and ultrastructural anatomy, changes in function. See endpoint for more related terms (EPA-92/12).
Initial compliance period: The first full three-year compliance period which begins at least 18 months after promulgation (40CFR141.2-91).
Inhalation: The act of breathing. A hazardous substance can enter the body this way (see route of exposure) (SFhealth-04).
Initial condition: The prescribing of all dependent variables in a differential equation at the initial time (NATO-78/10).
Inhalation: The introduction of chemical vapors or toxic products of combustion into the body by way of the respiratory system.
Initial crusher: Any crusher into which nonmetallic minerals can be fed without prior crushing in the plant (40CFR60.671-91).
Initial drain: Current that a cell or battery supplies when first placed on a fixed load.
information into a report on the site such as the nature and estimated quantity of release; surrounding populations; water quality, use, and well locations; stomwater/wastewater systems; climatology; land use; results of the site check and initial abatement measures; and results of any free product removals. Equivalent to a CERCLA Preliminary Assessment (PA) (NavyIEnv-04).
Initial failure rate: The percentage of vehicles rejected because of excessive emissions of a single pollutant during the first inspection cycle of an inspectiodmaintenance program. If inspection is conducted for more than one pollutant, the total failure rate may be higher than the failure rates for each single pollutant (40CFR5 1-AppM-91).
Initial threshold screening level (ITSL): A Michigan health-based screening level designed to be protective for non-carcinogenic effects (an illness that threatens health but is not cancer). It is based on toxicological data. It is a value for a compound that was determined from the recommended exposure level established by toxiwlogists at various government offices (CMAPC-04).
Initial mixing: Is defined to be that dispersion or diffusion of liquid, suspended particulate, and solid phases of a waste which occurs within four hours after dumping. The limiting permissible concentration shall not be exceeded beyond the boundaries of the disposal site during initial mixing, and shall not be exceeded at any point in the marine environment after initial mixing. The maximum concentration of the liquid, suspended particulate, and solid phases of a dumped material after initial mixing shall be estimated by one of these methods, in order of preference: (1) When field data on the proposed dumping are adequate to predict initial dispersion and diffusion of the waste, these shall be used, if necessary, in conjunction with an appropriate mathematical model acceptable to EPA or the District Engineer, as appropriate. (2) When field data on the dispersion and diffusion of a waste of characteristics similar to that proposed for discharge are available, these shall be used in conjunction with an appropriate mathematical model acceptable to EPA or the District Engineer, as appropriate. (3) When no field data are available, theoretical oceanic turbulent diffusion relationships may be applied to known characteristics of the waste and the disposal site (40CFR227.2991).
Initial vacuum (Vd: The vacuum applied to the delivery tank at the beginning of the static vacuum test, as specified in the appropriate regulation, in mm H20(40CFR60-App/A(method27)91).
Initial decision: The decision issued by the Presiding Officer based upon the record of the proceedings out of which it arises (40CFR22.03-91, see also 40CFR27.2; 164.2-91).
Initial pressure (Pi): The pressure applied to the delivery tank at the beginning of the static pressure test, as specified in the appropriate regulation, in mm H20(40CFR60-App/A(method 27)91). Initial rate of absorption (IRA): The gain in weight of a brick whose surface was in contact with water for sixty seconds (ASTM C-6; EPA-83). Initial risk screening level (IRSL): A Michigan health-based level for a carcinogenic effect that is defined as an increased cancer risk of one in one million (i.e., 'ten to the minus six' or loa). This applies only to new or modified source subject to the permit application. It is designed to be protective for carcinogenic effects (CMAPC-04). Initial site characterization (ISC): Completed after discovery of a release from a UST and after any initial abatement measures and the site check have been completed. The ISC should assemble
Initiation of operation date: Specified by the grantee means the on which use of the project begins or the purpose for which it was planned, designed, and built (40CFR35.2005-91). Initiation: The ability of an agent to induce a change in a tissue that leads to the induction of tumors after a second agent, called a promoter, is administered to the tissue repeatedly. See also promoter (EPA-92/12). Injectables: Medicinals prepared in a sterile (buffered) f o m suitable for administration by injection (EPA-83/09). Injection aerator: An aerator in which air is directly injected into wastewater treatment ponds to avoid pressure loss that occurs with a spray aerator. See aerator for more related terms. Injection burner: A burner that employs fuel gas jet energy to induce (draw in) air into the burner and mix it with the he1 gas for combustion. Injection interval: That part of the injection zone in which the well is screened, or in which the waste is otherwise directly emplaced (40CFR146.61; 148.2-91). Injection well: A well into which fluids are being injected (40CFRl44.3-91). Injection well: A well into which fluids are injected for purposes such as waste disposal, improving the recovery of crude oil, or solution mining (EPA-97/12). See well for more related terms. Injection well: Refers to a well constructed for the purpose of injecting treated wastewater directly into the ground. Wastewater is generally forced (pumped) into the well for dispersal or storage into a designated aquifer. Injection wells are generally drilled into
aquifers that don't deliver drinking water, unused aquifers, or below freshwater levels (CWA/Wsciencs04).
measured and those waters outside such baseline which are a part of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (CWA3 11-33U.S.C.1321-91).
Injection well: You will find more related terms at the following: (1) New underground injection well. (2) Underground injection.
Inland zone: The environment inland of the coastal zone excluding the Great Lakes and specified ports and harbors of inland rivers. The term inland zone delineates the area of federal responsibility for response action. Precise boundaries are determined by EPAAJSCG agreement and identified in federal regional contingency plans (40CFR300.5-91).
Injection zone: A geological formation receiving fluids through a well (EPA-97/12). Injection zone: A geological formation, group of formations, or part of a formation receiving fluids through a well (40CFR144.3; 146.3; 147.2902-91). Injunctive relief: The ability to order an entity to re£rain from doing a specified act. In federal cleanup, state and local regulators have the ability to seek injunctive relief against a federal agency, ordering the agency to stop activities which violate environmental laws (OMBIReg-04).
In-light liquid service: That the piece of equipment contains a liquid that meets the conditions specified in 60.485(e) (cf. in heavy liquid service) (40CFR60.48 1-91, see also 40CFR60.63 1; 60.591; 264.1031-91). In-line filtration: Pretreatment method in which chemicals are mixed by the flowing water; commonly used in pressure filtration installations. Eliminates need for flocculation and sedimentation (EPA-97/12).
Ink receptivity: Ability to absorb ink (EPA-83). In-line incinerator: See excess air incinerator. Ink solids: The solids content of an ink as determined by Reference Method 24, ink manufacturer's formulation data, or plant blending records (40CFR60.581-91). Ink: A coating used in printing, impressing, or transferring an image onto a substrate (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.58191). Ink: For more related terms, see (1) Flexographic ink; (2) Gravure ink; (3) Heat set ink; (4) Letterpress ink; (5) Lithographic ink; (6) Metallic ink, (7) Moisture set ink; (8) News ink; (9) Oil base ink; (10) Opaque ink; (11) Printing ink; (12) Silk screen ink; (13) Solvent base ink; (14) Thermosetting ink; and (15) Water base ink (paint). In-kind contribution: The value of a non-cash contribution to meet a recipients cost sharing requirements. An in-kind contribution may consist of charges for real property and equipment or the value of goods and services directly benefiting the EPA-funded project (40CFR30.200-91, see also 40CFR35.4010; 35.6015-91). Inland oil barge: A non-self-propelled vessel carrying oil in bulk as cargo and certificated to operate only in the inland waters of the United States, while operating in such waters (CWA31133u.s.c. 1321-91). Inland water: For the purposes of classifying the size of discharges, inland water means those waters of the United States in the inland zone, waters of the Great Lakes, and specified ports and harbors on inland rivers. See water for more related terms (40CFR300.5-91). Inland waters of the United States: Those waters of the United States lying inside the baseline from which the territorial sea is
In-liquid service: That a piece of equipment is not in gadvapor service (cf. in gaslvapor service) (40CFR6 1.241-91). Inner liner: A continuous layer of material placed inside a tank or container which protects the construction materials of the tank or container from the contained waste or reagents used to treat the waste. See liner for more related terms (40CFR260.10-9 1). Innocent landowner defense: That defense to CERCLA liability provided in 42U.S.C.9601(35) and 9607(b)(3). One of the requirements to qualify for this defense is that the party make "all appropriate inquiry into the previous ownership and uses of the property consistent with good commercial or customary practice." There are additional requirements to qualify for this defense (USDAIwater-04). Innovative control technology: Any system of air pollution control that has not been adequately demonstrated in practice, but would have a substantial likelihood of achieving greater continuous emissions reduction than any control system in current practice or of achieving at least comparable reductions at lower cost in terms of energy, economics, or non-air quality environmental impacts (40CFR51.166-91, see also 40CFR52.2191). Innovative technology: The developed wastewater treatment processes and techniques which have not been fully proven under the circumstances of their contemplated use and which represent a significant advancement over the state of the art in terms of significant reduction in life cycle cost or significant environmental benefits through the reclaiming and reuse of water, otherwise eliminating the discharge of pollutants, utilizing recycling techniques such as land treatment, more efficient use of energy and resources, improved or new methods of waste treatment
management for combined municipal and industrial systems, or the confined disposal of pollutants so that they will not migrate to cause water or other environmental pollution (40CFR35.2005-91, see also 40CFR125.22-91).
Innovative technology: A technology considered promising but not yet demonstrated sufficiently to be considered proven and thus widely used for cleanups (OMB/Reg-04). Innovative technology: New or inventive methods to treat effectively hazardous waste and reduce risks to human health and the environment (EPA-97/12). Innovative treatment technologies: New and creative methods used to effectively treat hazardous waste (SFIremedy-04). Innovative treatment technology: Newly invented processes that have been tested and used as treatments for hazardous waste or other contaminated materials, but still lack enough information about their cost and how well they work to predict their performance under a variety of operating conditions. They are often used because they can offer cost-effective, long-term solutions to cleanup problems, they may provide an alternative to land disposal or incineration, and are ofken more acceptable to surrounding communities than some established treatment technologies (NavyIEnv-04). Innovative treatment technology: Technologies whose routine use is inhibited by lack of data on performance and cost. See established treatment technologies (EPA-97/12). Inoculum: (1) Bacteria or fungi injected into compost to start biological action. (2) A medium containing organisms, usually bacteria or a virus, that is introduced into cultures or living organisms (EPA-97/12). In operation: Engaged in activity related to the primary design function of the source (40CFR.5 1.301-91, see also 40CFR260.10; 270.2-9 1). Inorganic acid: A chemical containing hydrogen and nonmetal elements or nonmetal radicals such as hydrogen chloride HCI, sulfuric acid H2S04, and carbonic acid H2C03 (cf. organic acid and see acid for more related terms). Inorganic arsenic: The oxides and other noncarbon compounds of the element arsenic included in particulate matter, vapors, and aerosols. See arsenic for more related terms (40CFR61.171-91). Inorganic chemical (inorganic material or inorganic matter): (1) Chemical substances of mineral origin, not of basically carbon structure (EPA-97/12). (2) A chemical that does not contain carbon. However, some carbon containing compounds such as CO, C02, CS2, carbonates, and cyanides are usually considered as inorganic chemicals.
Inorganic chemistry: A branch of chemistry dealing with the chemical reactions and properties of all inorganic matter. Inorganic compounds: Molecules that consist of chemical combinations of two or more elements that are not carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen (SFIremedy-04) Inorganic contaminants: Mineral-based compounds such as metals, nitrates, and asbestos. These contaminants are naturally occurring in some water, but can also get into water through farming, chemical manufacturing, and other human activities. EPA has set legal limits on 15 inorganic contaminants (SDWAmeg-04). Inorganic material: See inorganic chemical. Inorganic matter: See inorganic chemical. Inorganic pesticide: See pesticide. Inorganic pigment: A class of pigments used in printing inks consisting of compounds of the various metals, e.g., chrome yellow (EPA-79112a). Inorganic refuse: Solid waste composed of matter other than plant, animal, and certain carbon compounds, e.g., metals and glass. Inorganic soil: Soil with less than 20% organic matter in the upper 16 inches (CWANbasics-04). Inorganic solid debris: The nonfriable inorganic solids contaminated with D004-DO11 hazardous wastes that are incapable of passing through a 9.5 mm standard sieve; and that require cutting, or crushing, and grinding in mechanical sizing equipment prior to stabilization; and are limited to the following inorganic or metal materials: (1) Metal slags (either dross or scoria). (2) Glassified slag. (3) Glass. (4) Concrete (excluding cementitious or pozzolanic stabilized hazardous wastes). (5) Masonry and refractory bricks. (6) Metal cans, containers, drums, or tanks. (7) Metal nuts, bolts, pipes, pumps, valves, appliances, or industrial equipment; and (8) Scrap metal as defined in 40CFR261.1(~)(6)(40CFR268.2-9 1). Inorganic waste: The waste composed of matter other than plant or animal (i.e., contains no carbon). See waste for more related terms (EPA-89/11). Inorganic: A substance that contains ingredients other than only carbon and hydrogen. Metals, rocks, and asbestos are inorganic substances (CAAIAPC-04). Inorganic: Containing no carbon matter other than plant or animal (CWAIWbasics-04).
In-plant measure (in-plant source control, internal control, or internal measure): (1) A technology applied within the manufacturing process to reduce or eliminate pollutants in the raw wastewater (EPA-76/03). (2) Controls or measures applied at the source of a waste to reduce or eliminate the necessity for further treatment (EPA-8711Oa). In-plant source control: See in-plant measure. In-process control technology: (1) The conservation of chemicals and water throughout the production operations to reduce the amount of wastewater to be discharged (40CFR467.02; 471.02-91). (2) The regulation and the conservation of chemicals and the reduction of water usage throughout the operations as opposed to end-of-pipe treatment (EPA-83106a). In-process tank: A container used for mixing, blending, heating, reacting, holding, crystallizing, evaporating, or cleaning operations in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. See tank for more related terms (40CFR52.741-91). In-process wastewater: Any water which during manufacturing or processing, comes into direct contact with vinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride or results from the production or use of any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, by-product, or waste product containing vinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride but which has not been discharged to a wastewater treatment process or discharged untreated as wastewater. Gasholder seal water is not in-process wastewater until it is removed from the gasholder. See wastewater for more related terms (40CFR61.61-91). Input rating: The gas-burning capacity of equipment in Btus per hour as specified by the manufacturer. The input rating is based on sea level operation and need not be changed for operation up to 2000 feet (610 m) elevation. For operation at elevations above 2000 feet (610 m), the rating should be reduced at the rate of four (4) percent for each 1000 feet (305 m) above sea level. Insect attractant: A substance that lures insects to trap or poisonbait stations. Usually classed as food, oviposition, and sex attractants (EPA-85/10). Insect growth regulator (IGR): A chemical substance that disrupts the action of insect hormones controlling molting, maturity from pupal stage to adult, and others (EPA-85/10). Insect: Any of the numerous small invertebrate animals that generally have the body more or less obviously segmented. For the most part, belonging to the class insecta, comprising sixlegged, usually winged forms, as for example, beetles, bugs, bees, flies, and to other allied classes of arthropods whose members are wingless and usually have more than six legs, as for example, spiders, mites, ticks, centipedes, and wood lice (FIFRA27U.S.C.136-91).
Insecticide: A pesticide compound specifically used to kill or prevent the growth of insects (EPA-97/12). Insecticide: A pesticide that controls insects and other related pests such as mosquitoes and ticks. Insecticide: A substance or mixture of substances intended to destroy or repel insects (CWA/Wbasics-04). Insecticide: In according to method of action, insecticide can be classified: (1) Stomach poisons, which act in the digestive system; (2) Contact poisons, which act by direct external contact with the insect at some stage of its life cycle; and (3) Fumigants, which attack the respiratory system (AP-40, p832). Inside spray coating operation: The system on each beverage can surface coating line used to apply a coating to the interior of a two-piece beverage can body. This coating provides a protective film between the contents of the beverage can and the metal can body. The inside spray coating operation consists of the coating application station, flash off area, and curing oven. Multiple applications of an inside spray coating are considered to be a single coating operation (40CFR60.491-9 1). In-situ flushing: Introduction of large volumes of water, at times supplemented with cleaning compounds, into soil, waste, or groundwater to flush hazardous contaminants from a site (EPA97/12). In-situ leach method: The processes involving the purposeful introduction of suitable leaching solutions into a uranium ore body to dissolve the valuable minerals in place and the purposeful leaching of uranium ore in static or semi-static condition either by gravity through an open pile, or by flooding confined ore pile. It does not include the natural dissolution of uranium by groundwaters, the incidental leaching of uranium by mine drainage, nor the rehabilitation of aquifers and the monitoring of these a q u i f a (40CFR440.132.-91). In-situ leach: A leaching of broken ore in the subsurface as it occurs, usually in abandoned underground mines which previously employed block-caving mining methods (EPA-82/05). In-situ oxidation: Technology that oxidizes contaminants dissolved in groundwater, converting them into insoluble compounds (EPA-97/12). In-situ sampling systems: The nonextractive samplers or in-line samplers (40CFR60.48 1-91, see also 40CFR61.241; 264.1031-91). In-situ stripping: A treatment system that removes or "strips" volatile organic compounds from contaminated ground or surface water by forcing an air stream through the water and causing the compounds to evaporate (EPA-97/12).
In-situ suspension process: A manufacturing process in which styrene, blowing agent, and other raw materials are added together within a reactor for the production of expandable polystyrene (40CFR60.561-91). In-situ treatment: The process of treating a contaminated matrix (soil, sludge, or groundwater) in place. In s i t - processes may use physical, chemical, thermal, or biological technologies to treat the site. See treatment for more related terms (EPA-89112a). In-situ vitrification: Technology that treats contaminated soil in place at extremely high temperatures, at or more than 3000 F (EPA-97/12). Insolation: The amount of solar energy reaching a solar collector, usually expressed in watts per square meter per day. Insolation: The solar radiation at the Earth surface (cf. global radiation) (NATO-78110).
Instability: The property of a system whereby small disturbances introduced into it increase in magnitude (cf. numerical instability) (NATO-78110). Instant photographic film article: A self-developing photographic film article designed so that all the chemical substances contained in the article, including the chemical substances required to process the film, remain sealed during distribution and use (40CFR723.175-91). Instantaneous discharge: The volume of water that passes a point at a particular instant of time (CWANquality-04). Instantaneous discharge: The volume of water that passes a point at a particular instant of time (CWMWbasics-04). Instantaneous electric peak demand: The maximum demand at the instant of greatest load, usually determined from the readings of indicating or graphic meters. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83).
Insoluble: Unable to be dissolved in a different material. Inspection and maintenance program (VM program): Auto inspection programs are required for some polluted areas. These periodic inspections, usually done once a year or once every two years, check whether a car is being maintained to keep pollution down and whether emission control systems are working properly. Vehicles which do not pass inspection must be repaired. As of 1992, 111 urban areas in 35 states already had I/M programs. Under the 1990 Clean Air Act, some especially polluted areas will have to have enhanced inspection and maintenance programs, using special machines that can check for such things as how much pollution a car produces during actual driving conditions (CAAIair-04). Inspection and maintenance program: A program to reduce emissions from in-use vehicles through identifylng vehicles that need emission control related maintenance and requiring and such maintenance be performed (40CFR51.731;52.1 161;52.2485-91). Inspection criteria: The pass and fail numbers associated with a see also particular sampling (40CFR86.602.84-91, 40CFR86.1002.84; 204.51; 205.51-91). Inspection/maintenance (VM): (1) Activities to assure proper emissions-related operation of mobile sources of air pollutants, particularly automobile emissions controls. (2) Also applies to wastewater treatment plants and other anti-pollution facilities and processes (EPA-97/12). Inspectionlmaintenance (VM): A program to reduce emissions from in-use vehicles through identifylng vehicles that need emissions control related maintenance and requiring that maintenance be performed (40CFR51-App/N-91).
Instantaneous maximum limit: The maximum allowable concentration of a pollutant determined from the analysis of any discrete or composite sample collected, independent of the flow rate and the duration of the sampling event (CWMwastewater-04). Instantaneous sampling: Obtaining a sample in a very short period of time such that this sampling time is insignificant in comparison with the duration of the operation or the period being studied. See sampling for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Instantaneous source: A source which emits pollution over a time period much shorter than the travel time of the emission to a point where its concentration is considered. See source for more related terms (NATO-78110). Institutional controls: Measures, such as access restrictions and deed restrictions, that separate people from the source of contamination. More than one institutional control may be used at a site (SFIEnv-04). Institutional controls: The restriction on use or access (for example, fences, deed restrictions, restrictive zoning) to a site or facility to eliminate or minimize potential exposure to a chemical(s) of concern (Navy/Env-04). Institutional factor: The social, economic, and political impact that can be exerted by groups of persons, industries, political bodies, or public organizations to further their respective goals (EPA-83). Institutional solid waste: See institutional waste. Institutional use: Any application of a pesticide in or round any property or facility that functions to provide service to the general public or to public or private organizations, including but not
limited to: (1) Hospitals and nursing homes. (2) Schools other than preschool and day care facilities. (3) Museums and libraries. (4) Sports facilities. (5) Office buildings (40CFR152.3-91). Institutional waste (or institutional solid waste): The solid wastes generated by educational, health care, correctional, and other institutional facilities. See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR245.101; 246.101-91). Institutional waste: Waste generated at institutions such as schools, libraries, hospitals, prisons, etc. (EPA-97/12). Institutional waste: Waste materials originating in schools, hospitals, prisons, research institutions, and other public buildings (RCIWmanagernent-04). Instream use: Water use taking place within a stream channel, e.g., hydroelectric power generation, navigation, water quality improvement, fish propagation, recreation (EPA-97/12). Instrument check standards: A multi-element standard of known concentrations prepared by the analyst to monitor and verify instrument performance on a daily basis. See standard for more related terms (40CFR136-AppIC-91). Instrument class: (1) Portable: Instrument can be readily hand carried for field use (LBL-76107-bio). (2) Mobile: Instrument can be readily transported in a van, ruggedized, 12 V d.c. operation (LBL-76107-bio). (3) Stationary: Instrument cannot be readily transported. This may be because of size, weight, the need to operate in a protected environment, fragility, or high maintenance requirements (LBL-76107-bio). (4) Continuous-sensor type: Instruments measure a constituent or parameter on an uninterrupted basis. These instruments may be used in the field or laboratory (LBL-76107-water). (5) Batch-sampling type: Instruments measure a constituent or parameter on an interrupted or discrete sampled basis; the analysis is then performed on this sample. These instruments are usually used in the laboratory, but may be used in the field (LBL-76107-water). (6) Laboratory analysis: Instrumentation ordinarily operates in the laboratory due to the constraints of operator intervention, operational environment, fragility, or high maintenance requirements (LBL76107-water). Instrument detection limit (IDL): (1) The smallest signal an instrument can reliably detect (ACS-87/11). (2) The concentration equivalent to a signal, due to the analyte, which is reliably differentiated from zero (or background). Ofien defined as three times background noise (40CFR136-AppIC). (3) See detection limit for more related terms. Instrument detection limit: (1) Under ideal conditions, that concentration of analyte which produces an output signal twice the root mean square of the background noise. (2) Three times the standard deviation obtained for the analysis of a standard solution (each analyte in reagent water) at a concentration of 3x-5x
instrument detection limit, on three nonconsecutive days with seven consecutive measurements per day (NavyJEnv-04). Instrument detection limit: The instrument detection limit is the minimum concentration of an analyte that a particular instrument can measure and report with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero (SA-04). Instrument range: The maximum and minimum concentration that can be measured by a specific instrument. The minimum is often stated or assumed to be zero (0) and the range expressed only as the maximum. If a single analyzer is used for measuring multiple ranges (either manually or automatically), the performance standards expressed as a percentage of full scale apply to all ranges (EPA-90104). Instrument use: Instrument use-related terms include (1) Field operation and (2) Laboratory operation. Instrumental detection limit: The concentration equivalent to a signal, due to the analyte, which is equal to three times the standard deviation of a series of ten replicate measurements of a reagent blank signal at the same wavelength (40CFR136-AppIC91). Insulated furnace wall: A furnace wall behind which insulation material is installed. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW108ts). Insulating block: A shaped product having a very low thermal conductivity, suitable for backing up the furnace lining (EPA-83). Insulating brick: A firebrick having a low thermal conductivity and a bulk density of less than 70 pounds per cubic foot, suitable for lining industrial furnaces. Also called insulating block. See brick for more related terms (SW- 108s). Insulating paper: A standard material for insulating electrical equipment, usually consisting of bond or kr& paper coated with black or yellow insulating varnish on both sides. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Insulation board: A panel manufactured from interfelted lignocellulosic fibers consolidated to a density of less than 0.5 glcu cm (less than 3 1 Iblcu fi) (40CFR429.11-91). Insulation: (1) A material used to prevent a heat loss or gain between two different temperature systems. (2) A material having high electrical resistivity and therefore suitable for separating adjacent conductors in an electric circuit or preventing possible future contact between conductors (EPA-83/03). Insulator: A non-conducting support for an electric conductor (EPA-83/03).
Insurance: A policy to cover the TSDF (treatment, storage, and disposal facility) financial assurance or UST financial responsibility requirements (RCRAlhazardous-04). Insurance: The primary insurance, excess insurance, reinsurance, surplus lines insurance, and any other arrangement for shifting and disturbing risk which is determined to be insurance under applicable state or federal law (SF401; 42U.S.C.9671-91). Intake water: The gross water minus reuse water. See water for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Intake: A measure of exposure expressed as mass of a substance in contact with the exchange boundary per unit body weight per unit time (e.g., mg chemicalkglday). Also termed the normalized exposure rate; administered dose, and applied dose (NavyIEnv-04). Intake: The amount of materials inhaled, ingested, or absorbed dermally during a specified period of time (Course 165.6). Intake: The passage through which fresh air is drawn or forced into a mine or to a section of a mine (CWNmining-04). Integral vista: A view perceived from within the mandatory Class I Federal area of a specific landmark or panorama located outside the boundary of the mandatory Class I Federal area (40CFR51.301-91). Integrated chemical treatment: A waste treatment method in which a chemical rinse tank is inserted in the plating line between the process tank and the water rinse tank. The chemical rinse solution is continuously circulated through the tank and removes the dragout (EPA-83106a). Integrated circuit (IC): (1) A combination of interconnected circuit elements inseparably associated on or within a continuous substrate. (2) Any electronic device in which both active and passive elements are contained in a single package. Methods of making an integrated circuit are by masking process, screening, and chemical deposition (EPA-83106a). Integrated drainage: Drainage developed during gwmorphic maturity in an arid region, characterized by coalescence of drainage basins as a result of headward erosion in the lower basins or spilling over from the upper basins (CWA/Wbasics-04). Integrated electric demand: The demand averaged over a specified period, usually determined by an integrating demand meter or by the integration of a load curve. It is the average of the continuously varying instantaneous demands during a specified demand interval. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83). Integrated emergency management system (IEMS): Developed by FEMA in recognition of the economies realized in planning for all hazards on a generic functional basis as opposed to developing
independent structures and resources to deal with each type of hazard (NRT-87/03). Integrated exposure assessment: (1) A summation over time, in all media, of the magnitude of exposure to a toxic chemical (Course 165.6). (2) Cumulative summation (over time) of the magnitude of exposure to a toxic chemical in all media (EPA97/12). Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children (IEUBK): The Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children (IEUBK) attempts to predict bloodlead concentrations (PbBs) for children exposed to lead in their environment. Measured PbBs is not only an indication of exposure, but is a widely used index to anticipate future health problems (SFIremedy-04). Integrated facility: A facility that performs electroplating as only one of several operations necessary for manufacture of a product at a single physical location and has significant quantities of process wastewater from non-electroplating manufacturing operations. In addition, to qualify as an integrated facility one or more plant electroplating process wastewater lines must be combined prior to or at the point of treatment (or proposed treatment) with one or more plant sewers carrying process wastewater from non-electroplating manufacturing operations (40CFR413.02-91). Integrated pest management (IPM): (1) A system of managing pests by using biological, cultural, and chemical means (EPA7411 1). (2) A mixture of chemical and other, non-pesticide, methods to control pests (EPA-97/12). Integrated pest management (IPM): The use of pest and environmental information in conjunction with available pest control technologies to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means and with the least possible hazard to persons, property, and the environment (FFDCNpesticide-04). Integrated pest management (IPM): Various methods used to limit pest damage (FIFRNWN-04). Methods include cultural practices (routine cleaning), use of biological, physical, and genetic control agents and the selective use of pesticides (FIFRAIWN-04). Integrated risk information system (IFUS): A EPA database containing verified RfDs, slope factors and up-to-date health risk and EPA regulatory information for numerous chemicals. IRIS is EPA's preferred source for toxicity information for SuperfUnd (NavyIEnv-04). Integrated sample: (1) A composite of a series of samples or a continuous flow of samples collected over a finite time period and representing an average sample for that period (LBL-76107-air). (2) See sample for more related terms.
Integrated sample: A sample obtained over a period of time with: (1) The collected atmosphere being retained in a single vessel; or (2) With a separated component accumulating into a single whole. Examples are dust sampling in which all the dust separated from the air is accumulated in one mass of fluid; the absorption of acid gas in an alkaline solution; and collection of air in a plastic bag or gasometer. Such a sample does not reflect variations in concentration during the period of sampling (EPA-83/06). Integrated solid waste management: A practice of using several alternative waste management techniques to manage and dispose of specific components of the municipal solid wastestream. Waste management alternatives include source reduction, recycling, composting, energy recovery, and landfilling (EPA-89/11). Integrated solid waste management: A practice using several alternative waste management techniques to manage and dispose of specific components of the municipal solid wastestream. Waste management alternatives include source reduction, recycling, composting, energy recovery, and landfilling (RCRAI management-04). Integrated system: A process for producing a pesticide product that: (1) Contains any active ingredient derived from a source that is not an EPA-registered product; or (2) Contains any active ingredient that was produced or acquired in a manner that does not permit its inspection by the Agency under FIFRA section 9(a) prior to its use in the process (40CFR158.153-91). Integrated waste management: The complementary use of a variety of practices to handle municipal solid waste safely and effectively. Integrated waste management techniques include source reduction, recycling, composting, combustion, and landfilling (RCRA/municipal-04). Integrated waste management: Using a variety of practices to handle municipal solid waste; can include source reduction, recycling, incineration, and landfilling (EPA-97/12). Integrated woolen mill: One in which all functions of wool processing are carried out from beginning to end--opening and scouring, spinning, dyeing, and finishing (DOI-70104). Integrator or mixed-use site: Stream sampling site located at an outlet of a drainage basin that contains multiple environmental settings. Most integrator sites are on major streams with relatively large drainage areas (CWNWquality-04). Intelligence: Information obtained from existing records or documents, placards, labels, signs, special configuration of containers, visual observations, technical records, eye witnesses, and others (Course 165.5). Intensity of turbulence: A measure of the strength of the turbulence in a flow. Formally defined as the ratio of the standard
deviation of a turbulent velocity component to the mean flow velocity (NATO-78110).
Intensity: See loudness (NCNsound-04). Intensive fured sites: Basic Fixed Sites with increased sampling frequency during selected seasonal periods and analysis of dissolved pesticides for one year. Most NAWQA Study Units have one to two integrator Intensive Fixed Sites and one to four indicator Intensive Fixed Sites (CWA/Wbasics-04). Intensive property: (1) A thermodynamic property which is independent of the quantity or the shape of the system under consideration, e.g., temperature, pressure, or composition. (2) Also known as the intrinsic property. It is a property whose value is the same for any part of a homogeneous system as it does for the whole system. Examples of the intensive property include pressure, temperature, density, etc. (Jones-pl2; Wark-p5). (3) See property for more related terms. Inter route relief method: A method in which regular crews help collect on other routes when they finish their own. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW-108ts). Interagency Agreements (IAGs): Legally binding agreements between regulatory agencies and regulated parties setting standards and schedules (marked by milestone activities) for compliance with environmental laws. CERCLA requires IAGs for all sites on the National Priorities List (OMBJReg-04). Interception: Temporary retention of water (e.g., rainfall) by tree leaves or branches. Interception: The process and the amount of rain or snow stored on leaves and branches and eventually evaporated back to the air. Interception equals the precipitation on the vegetation minus stem flow and through fall (CWAhydrology-04). Interceptor sewer: (1) A sewer whose primary purpose is to transport wastewaters from collector sewers to a treatment facility (40CFR21. M I , see also 40CFR35.905; 35.2005-91; EPA-89/12; EPA-74/11). As the name implies, it means that the sewers intercept polluted drains flowing into any uncontrolled areas such as a river. See sewer for more related terms. (2) Large sewer lines that, in a combined system, control the flow of sewage to the treatment plant. In a storm, they allow some of the sewage to flow directly into a receiving stream, thus keeping it from overflowing onto the streets. Also used in separate systems to collect the flows from main and trunk sewers and carry them to treatment points (EPA-97/12). Interchange energy: Kilowatt hours delivered to or received by one electric utility system from another for economy purposes. They may be returned in kind at a later time or may be accumulated as energy balances until the end of a stated period.
Settlement may be by payment or on a pooling basis. See electric energy for more related terms (EPA-83).
response due to the pollutant of concern in ppm; (z) concentration of interference in ppm (LBL-76107-bio).
Interconnect: For utility power, linkage among power systems such that power can be drawn on one another's reserves in time of need. For fuel cells, it is the components that attach individual fuel cells to each other in a fuel cell stack. In a proton electrolyte membrane fuel cell, the flow field and bipolar plates serve this function.
Interference response: The output response of the measurement system to a component in the sample gas, other than the gas component being measured (40CFR60-App/A(method 7E)-91).
Interconnected: Two or more electric generating units that are electrically tied together by a network of power transmission lines and other power transmission equipment (40CFR60.41 a-91). Intercooler: A heat exchanger that provides cooling for various stages of a multistage compressor with a consequent savings in power. Interested partieslgroups: Community members that live andlor work in the affected community that would be impacted by the release or potential release of a hazardous substance prior to, or as part of restoration activities at an IR site (NavyIEnv-04). Interface: In air pollution control, the area where the gas phase and the absorbent contact each other (EPA-84103b). Interface: In hydrology, the contact zone between two different fluids (Course, 165.7). Interface: In hydrology, the contact zone between two fluids of different chemical or physical makeup (CWA~Wbasics-04). Interface: The common boundary between two substances such as water and a solid, water and a gas, or two liquids such as water and oil (EPA-97/12). Interference check sample: A solution containing both interfering and analyte elements of known concentration that can be used to verify background and inter-element comtion factors (40CFRl36-AppIC-91). Interference check: A method for detecting analytical interferences and excessive biases through direct comparison of gas concentrations provided by the measurement system and by a modified Method 6 procedure. For this check, the modified Method 6 samples are acquired at the sample bypass discharge vent (40CFR60-App/A(method 6C)-91).
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Interference: A discharge which, alone or in conjunction with a discharge or discharges from other sources, both: (1) Inhibits or disrupts the POTW, its treatment processes or operations, or its sludge processes or operations, use or disposal; and (2) Therefore, is a cause of a violation of any requirement of the POTWs NPDES permit (including an increase in the magnitude or duration of a violation) or of the prevention of sewage sludge use or disposal in compliance with the following statutory provisions and regulations or permits issued thereunder (or more stringent state or local regulations): section 405 of the Clean Water Act, the Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) (including Title 11, more commonly referred to as the RCRA, and including state regulations contained in any state sludge management plan prepared pursuant to Subtitle D of the SWDA), the Clean Air Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, and the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (40CFR403.3-i-91). Interference: Any substance or species which causes a deviation of instrument output from the value which would result from the presence of only the desired constituent (e.g., pollutant of concern) under test. Interference ranges include (1) Appreciable interferences are those greater than 10%; (2) Moderate interferences are those between 5% and 10%; and (3) Slight or no interferences are those less than 5%. (4) Where the interference percent is: [(X) - (C)]/(I)x100 = percent interference, (X) = total response due to constituent and interference, (C) = response due to constituent under test, (I) = concentration of interference. (5) The unit of response or concentration must be common to all parameters and should be indicated (LBG76107-water). Interflow: That portion of precipitation that infiltrates into the soil and moves laterally under its surface until intercepted by a stream channel or until it resurfaces down slope from its point of infiltration (SW-108ts). Interfluve: The ridge between two adjacent river valleys (DOI70104).
Interference equivalent: Positive or negative response caused by a substance other than the one being measured (40CFR53.23-91).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): A panel established jointly in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Program to assess the scientific information relating to climate change and to formulate realistic response strategies (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Interference percentages: The positive or negative percentages indicating the interferences caused by substances other than the one being measured. The interference percent is defined as: [(x) (y)]l(z) x 100 = percent interference, where: (x) = Total response due to the pollutant of concern plus interference in ppm; (y) =
Interim (permit) status: Period during which treatment, storage, and disposal facilities coming under RCRA in 1980 are temporarily permitted to operate while awaiting a permanent permit. Permits issued under these circumstances are usually called "Part A" or "Part B" permits (EPA-97/12).
Interim action: Removal actions and interim remedial actions that accelerate the reduction of risk to human health and the environment. Interim actions remove or stabilize contaminant sources and thereby reduce or eliminate immediate risks until final remediation (OMB/Reg-04).
Interim remedial action (IRA): A response action under CERCLA to mitigate fire and safety hazards and to prevent further migration of the contaminant(s). It may be identified and implemented at any time during the study or design phase; limited in scope and addresses only areas or media for which a final remedy will be developed by the RUFS process; should be consistent with the final remedy for a site (NavyEnv-04).
Interim action: Those removal actions that only partially address a problem or only address the problem for a short time. Interim actions require further study and possibly action, in addition to the interim action. Interim actions are most appropriate to mitigate immediate threats while allowing time for studies to be conducted, as necessary to determine a final solution (Navy/Env-04).
Interim status facilities: TSDFs that were already in operation when the RCRA standards were established, and that are operating under less stringent standards until they receive a permit (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Interim approval: The approval received by a state program that meets the requirements in 40CFR281.11(~)(1) and (2) for the time period defined in 40CFR281.11(~)(3).See approval for more related terms (40CFR281.12-91). Interim authorization: A temporary mechanism that is intended to promote continued state participation in hazardous waste management while encouraging states to develop programs that are fully equivalent to the federal program and will qualify for final authorization (RCRA/hazardous-04). Interim authorization: The approval by the U.S. EPA of a state hazardous waste program which has met the requirements of section 3006(c) of RCRA and applicable requirements of Part 271, Subpart B (40CFR270.2-91).
Interim status: In RCRA, a temporary permit that allows owners and operators of TSDs (treatment, storage, and disposal facilities) that were in existence, or for which construction had commenced, prior to November 19, 1980 to continue to operate without a permit after this date. Owners and operators of TSDs are eligible for interim status on ongoing basis if the TSD is in existence on the effective date of regulatory changes under RCRA that cause the facility to be subject to Subtitle C regulation. Owners and operators in interim status are subject to and must comply with the applicable standards in 40CFR265. Interim status is gained through the notification process and by submitting Part A of the permit application (EPA-86/01; RCRA3005). Interior body spray coat: A coating applied by spray to the interior of a can body (40CFR52.741-91). Interior drainage: See internal drainage.
Interim corrective measure: A response action under RCRA to mitigate fire and safety hazards and to prevent further migration of the contaminant(s). It may be identified and implemented at any time during the study or design phase; limited in scope and addresses only areas or media for which a final remedy will be developed by the RI/FS process; should be consistent with the final remedy for a site (NavyEnv-04). Interim deliverables: A series of standard tables, worksheets, and supporting information, identified in the work plan for each site, that should be developed by the risk assessment author, and evaluated by the EPA risk assessor, prior to development of the Draft Baseline Risk Assessment Report. After review and revision, as necessary, these documents should be included in the Baseline Risk Assessment Report. The standard tables should be prepared for each site to achieve standardization in risk assessment reporting. The worksheets and supporting information should also be prepared to further improve transparency, clarity, consistency, and reasonableness of risk assessments (SF/riskA-04). Interim measures: Under RCRA Subtitle C corrective action, short-term actions to control ongoing risks while site characterization is underway or before a final remedy is selected (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Interior paint: A coating for the inside surfaces of a structure (EPA-79112b). Interleaved winding: An arrangement of winding coils around a transformer core in which the coils are wound in the form of a disk, with a group of disks for the low-voltage windings stacked alternately with a group of disks for the high-voltage windings (EPA-83/03). Interlock: (1) A part of an automatic control system that ties together operation of different incinerator components (EPA89103b). (2) An arrangement in which the operation of one part or mechanism automatically brings about or prevents the operation of another. For example, an incinerator will automatically shut down, if its combustion temperature exceeds its designed limit. The mechanism to initiate the shut down process is the interlock. Intermediate cover (or middle cover): The cover material that serves the same functions as daily cover, but must resist erosion for a longer period of time, because it is applied on areas where additional cells are not to be constructed for extended periods of time. See cover for more related terms (40CFR241.101-9 1).
Intermediate cover soil: The soil materials placed on completed lifts in areas where there is clear intention to place another lift on top within one year. See soil for more related terms (OME-88/12). Intermediate duration exposure: Contact with a substance that occurs for more than 14 days and less than a year (compare with acute exposure and chronic exposure) (SFhealth-04). Intermediate duty fireclay brick: A fireclay brick that has a PCE above Cone 29 or does not deform more than 3% at 2460 F in the standard local test. See brick for more related terms (SW-lO8ts). Intermediate handler: A facility that either treats regulated medical waste or destroys regulated medical waste but does not do both. The term, as used in this Part, does not include transporters (40CFR259.10-91). Intermediate premanufacture notice or intermediate PMN: Any PMN submitted to EPA for a chemical substance which is an intermediate (as intermediate is defined in 40CFR720.3 of this chapter) in the production of a final product, provided that the PMN for the intermediate is submitted to EPA at the same time as, and together with, the PMN for the final product and that the PMN for the intermediate identifies the final product and describes the chemical reactions leading from the intermediate to the final product. If PMNs are submitted to EPA at the same time for several intermediates used in the production of a final product, each of those is an intermediate PMN if they all identify the final product and every other associated intermediate PMN and are submitted to EPA at the same time as, and together with, the PMN for the final product (40CFR700.43-91). Intermediate processing center (IPC): Usually refers to the type of materials recovery facility (MRF) that processes residentially collected mixed recyclables into new products available for markets; often used interchangeably with MRF ( R C W management-04). Intermediate section: A term used in belt and chain conveyor network to designate a section of the conveyor frame occupying a position between the head and foot sections (CWAImining-04).
Intermediate wastewater treatment (or intermediate wastewater treatment): The wastewater treatment such as aeration or chemical treatment, supplementary to primary treatment. Such treatment removes substantial percentages of very finely divided particulate matter, in addition to the suspended solids removed by primary treatment. Supplementary processing improves the efficiency of treatment so that about 60% of both BOD and suspended solids are removed. See wastewater treatment for more related terms (DOI-70104). Intermediate: Any chemical substance that is consumed, in whole or in part, in chemical reactions used for the intentional manufacture of other chemical substances or mixtures, or that is intentionally present for the purpose of altering the rates of such chemical reactions (40CFR704.3-91, see also 40CFR710.2; 712.3; 720.3; 723.175-91). Intermittent control system (ICS): A dispersion technique which varies the rate at which pollutants are emitted to the atmosphere according to meteorological conditions andlor ambient concentrations of the pollutant, in order to prevent ground-level concentrations in excess of applicable ambient air quality standards. Such a dispersion technique is an ICS whether used alone, used with other dispersion techniques, or used as a supplement to continuous emission controls (i.e., used as a supplemental control system) (40CFR51.100-91). Intermittent emissions: Those gas streams containing VOC that are generated at intervals during process line operation and includes both planned and emergency releases. See emission for more related terms (40CFR60.561-91). Intermittent filter: A natural or artificial bed of sand or other fine-grained material onto which sewage is intermittently flooded and through which it passes, with time allowed for filtration and the maintenance of aerobic conditions. See filter for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Intermittent noise: Noise levels that are interrupted by intervals of relatively low sound levels (NCAIsound-04).
Intermediate speed: The peak torque speed if peak torque speed occurs between 60 and 75% of rated speed. If the peak torque speed is less than 60% of rated speed, intermediate speed means 60% of rated speed. If the peak torque speed is greater than 75% of rated speed, intermediate speed means 75% of rated speed (40CFR86.082.2-91).
Intermittent pilot: A pilot that is automatically lighted each time there is a signal for initialization. It bums during the entire period that the main burner is firing.
Intermediate standards: For calibration application, those standards cannot be calibrated by measuring physical dimensions, but accuracy of +/- 1 to 2% can be reached. Intermediate standards are calibrated against primary standards. See calibration of airflow for more related terms (EPA-83/06).
Intermittent sampling: Sampling successively for a limited period of time throughout an operation or for a predetermined period of time. The duration of sampling periods i d of the intervals between are not necessarily regular and are not specified. See sampling for more related terms (EPA-83/06).
Intermediate treatment: See intermediate wastewater treatment.
Intermittent operations: The industrial user does not have a continuous operation (40CFR471.02-9 1).
Intermittent stream (or ephemeral stream): (1) A channel that carries water run-off only in times of rainfall and remains as a dry channel during the rest of the year (DOI-70104). (2) A stream whose flow is intermittent (DOE-91/04). Intermittent stream: A stream that flows only when it receives water from rainfall runoff or springs, or from some surface source such as melting snow (CWA/Wbasics-04). Intermittent vapor processing system: A vapor processing system that employs an intermediate vapor holder to accumulate total organic compounds vapors collected from gasoline tank trucks, and treats the accumulated vapors only during automatically controlled cycles (40CFR60.501-91). Intermittent: Not continuous. Intermontane: Situated between or surrounded by mountains, mountain ranges, or mountainous regions (CWAIWbasics-04). Intermunicipal agency: An agency established by two or more municipalities with responsibility for planning or administration of solid waste (RCRAI 004; 40CFR40.115.2-91). Internal boundary layer: In boundary layer meteorology, an interface in the atmospheric boundary layer between flows with different turbulence characteristics. The interface usually starts at a discontinuous change of the surface characteristics. The height of the interface, which defines the internal boundary layer height, grows with the distance down wind of the discontinuity. On both sides of the interface, different dispersion conditions are generally present (NATO-78/10). Internal combustion engine: An engine in which fuel is combusted in cylinders within the engine and the combustion gas is used to convert combustion heat into work. See engine for more related terms. Internal compaction transfer system: A reciprocating action of a hydraulically powered bulkhead contained within an enclosed trailer packs solid waste against the rear doors (EPA-83). Internal control: See in-plant measure. Internal dose: In exposure assessment, the amount of a substance penetrating the absorption barriers (e.g., skin, lung tissue, gastrointestinal tract) of an organism through either physical or biological processes. See absorbed dose (EPA-97/12). Internal drainage (or interior drainage): Drainage in which the waters have no outlet and so do not reach the sea (DOI-70104). Internal drainage: Surface drainage whereby the water does not reach the ocean, such as drainage toward the lowermost or central part of an interior basin or closed depression (CWAIWbasics-04).
Internal floating roof: A cover or roof in a fixed-roof tank which rests upon and is supported by the volatile organic liquid being contained and is equipped with a closure seal or seals to close the space between the roof edge and tank shell (40CFR52.74 1-91, see also 40CFR61.34 1-91). Internal measure: See in-plant measure. Internal radiation: The radiation originating from a source within the body as a result of the inhalation, ingestion, or implantation of natural or man-made radionuclides in body tissues. See radiation for more related terms (EPA-88108a). Internal redistribution of energy: A dynamic process which occurs during a unimolecular reaction where the chemical structure of a molecule is altered to compensate for a thermal effect (EPA-88/12). Internal reference material: See reference material. Internal reforming: The component (known as a reformer) for producing hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels is incorporated within the fuel cell itself. For an internal reforming fuel cell, fuels are fed to a reformer for producing hydrogen molecules. The hydrogen molecules (Hz) are then fed to a stack unit (electrode unit) for producing electrons (e-) and protons (Hf). Internal reforming: The component (known as a reformer) for producing hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels is incorporated within the fuel cell itself. For an internal reforming fuel cell, fuels are fed to a reformer for producing hydrogen molecules. The hydrogen molecules (Hz) are then fed to a stack unit (electrode unit) for producing electrons (e-) and protons (Hf). Internal resistance: Resistance to the flow of current flow within a battery or a fuel cell. Internal standard spike: An analyte which has the same characteristics as the surrogate, but is added to a sample just prior to analysis. It provides a short term indication of instrument performance, but it may also be an integral part of the analytical method in a non-quality control sense, i.e., to normalize data for quantitation purposes. See spike for more related terms (EPA84/03). Internal standards: Compounds added to every standard, blank, matrix spike, matrix spike duplicate, sample (for volatile), and sample extract (for semivolatile) at a known concentration prior to analysis. Internal standards are used as the basis for quantitation of the target compounds (NavyIEnv-04). Internal subunit: A subunit that is covalently linked to at least two other subunits. Internal subunits of polymer molecules are chemically derived from monomer molecules that have formed covalent links between two or more other molecules (40CFR704.25-91, see also 40CFR721.350; 723.250-91).
Internal: Any structure or component within a reactor vessel that is not part of the reactor core (DOE-91/04). International air pollution: Canada and Mexico, the United States' neighbors, share the air at U.S. borders. Pollution moves across the national borders; this international pollution can be serious. The 1990 Clean Air Act includes provisions for cooperative efforts to reduce pollution that originates in one country and affects another (CMair-04). International Commission on Radiological Protection: The international organization that sets guidelines to protect workers and the public against radiation (SDWNradionuclide-04). International shipment: The transportation of hazardous waste into or out of the jurisdiction of the United States (40CFR260.1091). Interrupted pilot: A pilot that is automatically lighted each time there is a signal for initialization. The pilot fuel is cut off automatically at the end of the main burner flame-establishing period. Intersection: The nonparallel touching or crossing of fibers, with the projection having an aspect ratio of 5:I or greater (40CFR763AppIA-91). Interspecies dose conversion: The process of extrapolating from animal doses to equivalent human doses (EPA-92/12). Interstate agency: An agency of two or more states established under an agreement or compact approved by the Congress, or any other agency of two or more states, having substantial powers or duties pertaining to the control of water (40CFR35.905-91). Interstate air pollution control agency: (1) An air pollution control agency established by two or more states; or (2) An air pollution control agency of two or more municipalities located in different states (cf. air pollution control agency) (CAA30242U.S.C.7602-91). Interstate air pollution: In many areas, two or more states share the same air. We say these states are in the same air basin defined by geography and wind patterns. Often, air pollution moves out of the state in which it is produced into another state. Some pollutants, such as the power plant combustion products that cause acid rain, may travel over several states before affecting health, the environment, and property. The 1990 Clean Air Act includes many provisions, such as interstate compacts, to help states work together to protect the air they share. Reducing interstate air pollution is very important since many Americans live and work in areas where more than one state is part of a single metropolitan area (CMAPC-04).
Interstate air pollution: In many areas, two or more states share the same air. We say these states are in the same air basin defined by geography and wind patterns. Often, air pollution moves out of the state in which it is produced into another state. Some pollutants, such as the power plant combustion products that cause acid rain, may travel over several states before affecting health, the environment, and property. The 1990 Clean Air Act includes many provisions, such as interstate compacts, to help states work together to protect the air they share. Reducing interstate air pollution is very important since many Americans live and work in areas where more than one state is part of a single metropolitan area (CMair-04). Interstate carrier water supply: A source of water for drinking and sanitary use on planes, buses, trains, and ships operating in more than one state. These sources are federally regulated (EPA97112). Interstate commerce clause: A clause of the U.S. Constitution which reserves to the federal government the right to regulate the conduct of business across state lines. Under this clause, for example, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that states may not inequitably restrict the disposal out-of-state wastes in their jurisdictions (EPA-97/12). Interstate commerce: The commerce between any place in a state and any place in another state, or between places in the same state through another state, whether such commerce moves wholly by rail or partly by rail and partly by motor vehicle, express, or water. This definition of interstate commerce for purposes of this regulation is similar to the definition of interstate commerce in section 203(a) of the Interstate Commerce Act (4U.S.C.303(a)) (40CFR201.I-n-91). Interstate pipeline: A pipeline or that part of a pipeline that is used in the transportation of hazardous liquids in interstate or foreign commerce (40CFR195.2-91). Interstate waters: Waters that flow across or form part of state or international boundaries, e.g., the Great Lakes, the Mississippi River, or coastal waters (EPA-97/12). Interstices: The opening or pore spaces in a soil or rock formation. In an aquifer, they are filled with water (Navy/Env-04). Interstices: The openings or pore spaces in rock; in an aquifer, they are filled with water (DOI-70104). Interstices: The spaces between the cobble and gravel particles in the bed of stream (SFIremedy-04). Interstitial fibrosis: A progressive formation of fibrous tissue in the interstices in any structure; in the lungs, it reduces aeration of the blood (LBL-76107-bio).
Interstitial monitoring: The continuous surveillance of the space between the walls of an underground storage tank. See monitoring for more related terms (EPA-97/12). Interstitial monitoring: UST release detection method that involves the use of secondary containment, such as a barrier, outer wall, vault, or liner around the UST or piping to prevent leaking product from escaping into the environment. If product escapes from the inner tank or piping, it will then be directed toward an interstitial monitor located between the walls (RCRAihazardous04).
containment of Class B & C wastes for 300 years. Containers are required to meet stringent standards for structural stability, durability, and resistance to water. Containers which have been approved include containers made of high-density polypropylene, specially formulated concrete, and certain steel alloys (Envirocare00109). Intrusive: An intruding or perturbing force in a chemical reaction system (EPA-88/12).
Interstitial water: The water contained in pore spaces of rocks or soils. See water for more related terms.
In-vacuum service: For the purpose of paragraph (i) of this section, equipment which is operating at an internal pressure that is at least 5 kPa (0.73 psia) below ambient pressure (4OCFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.481; 61.241; 264.1031-91).
Intertidal: Alternately (CWNWbasics-04).
tides
Invasiveness: The ability of a microorganism to penetrate the body tissue (EPA-88109a).
Intervener: The person who files a motion to be made party under 40CFR209.15 or 40CFR209.16, and whose motion is approved (40CFR85.1807; 209.3-91).
Inventory control: An UST release detection method that involves taking measurements of tank contents, recording the amount of product pumped each operating day, and reconciling this data at least once a month to determine if a tank is leaking (RCRAhzardous-04).
flooded
and
exposed
by
Interviews: Those questions to be asked of owners and occupants of the property and questions to be asked of local government officials (USDNwater-04). Intolerant organisms: Organisms that are not adaptable to human alterations to the environment and thus decline in numbers where human alterations occur. See also tolerant species (CWNWquality-04). Intolerant organisms: Organisms that are not adaptable to human alterations to the environment and thus decline in numbers where alterations occur. See also tolerant species (CWNWbasics-04). Intranuclear inclusion bodies: Round, oval, or irregularly shaped bodies appearing in the nuclei of cells (LBL-76107-bio). Intrastate pipeline: A pipeline or that part of a pipeline to which this part applies that is not an interstate pipeline (40CFR195.2-91). Intrastate product: Pesticide products once registered by states for sale and use only in the state. All intrastate products have been converted to full federal registration or canceled (EPA-97/12). Intrinsic bioremediation: The in-situ reduction of contaminant concentrations resulting from the destruction, loss, or dilution of contaminant mass (without human intervention) to levels that do not pose a risk to human health or the environment (NavyIEnv-04). Intrinsic: (1) Originating or due to causes within something. (2) Originating and occurring wholly within something (NavyIEnv04). Intruder barrier: Specially designed containers which have been approved by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for
Inventory form: The Tier I and Tier I1 emergency and hazardous chemical inventory forms set forth in Subpart D of this Part Material Safety Data Sheet or MSDS means the sheet required to be developed under 40CFR900.1200(g) of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40CFR370.2-91). Inventory of open dump: The inventory required under section 4005(b) and is defined as the list published by EPA of those disposal facilities which do not meet the criteria (40CFR256.0691). Inventory system: A method of physically accounting for the quantity of ink, solvent, and solids used at one or more affected facilities during a time period. The system is based on plant purchase or inventory records (40CFR60.581-91). Inventory: (1) The list of chemical substances manufactured or processed in the United States that EPA compiled and keeps current under section 8(b) of the Act (40CFR720.3-91, see also 40CFR723.250; 747.1 15; 747.195; 747.200-91). (2) Inventory of chemicals produced pursuant to Section 8 (b) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (EPA-97/12). Inverse square law: Sound levels full off with distance traveled. Sound level drops off 6 dB from source point for every doubling of distance (NCNsound-04). Inversion: A layer of warm air preventing the rise of cooling air and pollutants trapped beneath it. Can cause an air pollution episode (EPA-97/12).
Inversion: For more related terms, see: (1) Radiation inversion and (2) Subsidence inversion. Invertebrate: An animal having no backbone or spinal column. See also benthic invertebrate (CWANbasics-04). Invertebrate: Animals without backbones (LBL76107-water). Inverted siphon: In a sewer design, any dip or sag introduced into a sewer to pass under structures encountered, such as conduits or subways, or under a stream or across a valley. Inverter: A device used to convert direct current electricity produced by a fuel cell (or other source) to alternating current. In-vessel composting: A composting method in which the compost is continuously and mechanically mixed and aerated in a large, contained area (EPA-89/11).
In vivo: In the living body of a plant or animal. In vivo tests are those laboratory experiments camed out on whole animals or human volunteers (EPA-89/12). In-VOC service: That the piece of equipment contains or contacts a process fluid that is at least 10% VOC by weight. (The provisions of 40CFR60.485(d) specify how to determine that a piece of equipment is not in VOC service) (40CFR60.48 1-91, see also 40CFR61.241-91). In-well aeration: The process of injecting gas into a well to produce an in-well airlift pump effect (NavyIEnv-04). In-wet gas service: That a piece of equipment contains or contacts the field gas before the extraction step in the process (40CFR60.631-91). Iodide: A chemical containing iodine.
In-vessel composting: A method in which compost is continuously and mechanically mixed and aerated in a large, contained area (RCRAImanagement-04). Investment cost: The capital expenditure required to bring the treatment or control technology into operation (EPA-83106a). Investment tax credit: A tax credit that allows businesses to subtract a portion of the cost of qualifying capital purchases from their federal or state tax liability, thus reducing the net after-tax cost of capital (OTA-89/10). In pollution abatement, reduction in a company's tax by a given percent of the sum invested in pollution abatement equipment and facilities (DOI-70104). In-VHAP service: That a piece of equipment either contains or contacts a fluid (liquid or gas) that is at least 10% by weight a volatile hazardous air pollutant (VHAP) as determined according to the provisions of 40CFR61.245(d). The provisions of 40CFR61.245(d) also specify how to determine that a piece of equipment is not in VHAP service (40CFR61.241-91). In-vinyl chloride service: That a piece of equipment either contains or contacts a liquid that is a least 10% vinyl chloride by weight or a gas that is at least 10% by volume vinyl chloride as determined according to the provisions of 40CFR61.67(h). The provisions of 40CFR61.67(h) also specify how to determine that a piece of equipment is not in vinyl chloride service. For the purposes of this subpart, this definition must be used in place of the definition of in VHAP service in Subpart V of this part (40CFR61.61-91). Invitation for bid: The solicitation for prospective suppliers by a purchaser requesting their competitive price quotations (40CFR248.4-91). In vitro: (1) In glass; a test-tube culture. (2) Any laboratory test using living cells taken from an organism (EPA-89/12).
Iodine (I): A halogen element with atomic number 53; atomic weight 126.904; density 4.94 gkc; melting point 113.7 C and boiling point 183 C. The element belongs to group VIIA of the periodic table. Ion concentration (or ion density): Number of ions per unit volume. Ion density: See ion concentration. Ion detector: An instrument for measuring ion concentration in a solution. Ion exchange chromatography: A chromatographic technique in which the stationary phase materials are ion exchange resins. See chromatography for more related terms. Ion exchange resin: A synthetic resin containing active groups (usually sulfonic, carboxylic, phenol, or substituted amino groups) that gives the resin the ability to combine with or exchange ions with a solution. See resin for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Ion exchange treatment: A common water-softening method often found on a large scale at water purification plants that remove some organics and radium by adding calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide to increase the pH to a level where the metals will precipitate out (EPA-97/12). Ion exchange: In radiation, the reversible exchange of ions contained in a crystal for different ions in solution, without destroying the crystal structure or disturbing the electrical neutrality (EPA-88/08a). Ion exchange: In waste treatment, ion exchange involves the interchange of ions between an aqueous solution and a solid material (the ion exchanger). After removal of the solution, the
exchanger is then exposed to a second aqueous solution of different composition which removes the ions picked up by the exchanger. The process is most frequently carried out by pumping the solutions through one or more fixed beds of exchanger which involves the following four steps: (1) Service (or exhaustion): The solution containing the ions (polluting ions such as the ions in chromic acid) to be removed is contacted with ion exchanger (R-). The ions are removed from the feed during the service step by passing the solution downflow the resin column. To recover chrome from chromic acid from plating rinsewater, ion exchange is very suitable for this purpose as follows: ~R-(OH)+ + H2Cr04 R2Cr04 + 2H20. (2) Backwash: The reaction bed is washed (generally with water) in a reverse direction to the service cycle in order to expand and resettle the resin bed. The flow is adjusted to the amount sufficient to fluidize the resin bed 50 to 100%. (3) Regeneration: Passing a dilute (i.e., 1 to 5 normal) solution of either acid (for cation) or caustic (for anion) down through the reaction bed to convert (regenerate) ion exchanger (R-) back to its original form: R2Cr04 + 2NaOH 2ROH + Na2Cr04. This equation shows that ROH is in its original form and the chromic acid in the service stage becomes now a chromic salt which can be further processed for chrome recovery. (4) Rinse: This step removes the excess regeneration solution prior to the next service step (cf. Liquid ion exchange).
+
+
Ion flotation technique: A treatment for electroplating rinse waters (containing chromium and cyanide) in which ions are separated from solutions by flotation (EPA-83106a). Ion: (1) An atom that carries a positive or negative charge due to the loss or gain of an electron. (2) An electrically charged atom or group of atoms, when a neutral atom or group of atoms loses or gains one or more electrons during chemical reactions by the action of certain forms of radiant energy, etc. The loss of an electron results in a positive ion (cation or positive charge), the gain of an electron results in a negative ion (anion or negative charge). (3) See atom for more related terms. Ion: A positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms (CWA/Wbasics-04). Ion: An atom, group of atoms, or molecule that has acquired or is regarded as having acquired a net electric charge by gaining electrons in or losing electrons from an initially electrically neutral configuration (AEAImixedW-04). Ion: An electrically charged atom or group of atoms (EPA-97/12). Ion: An electrically charged atom that can be drawn from wastewater during electrodialysis (Navy/Env-04). Ionic bond (or electrovalent bond): A chemical bond between two atoms. The bond is established by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom. See chemical bond for more related terms.
Ionic exchange: In mining, the replacement of ions on the surface, or sometimes within the lattice, of materials such as clay (EPA82/05). Ionic strength: A measure of the concentration and charge of ions in solution. The ionic strength of a solution affects the solubility of compounds, most often increasing the solubility. This means that in the environment, chemicals could be more soluble in a "salt" solution than in pure water (NavyIEnv-04). Ionic strength: The strength can be expressed as the summation of mici2.Where mi is the molality of different ions, and ci is the charge of each mi. It is a measure of electrostatic interactions among ions in an electrolyte. Ionization chamber: A device that measures the intensity of ionizing radiation (EPA-97/12). Ionization radiation: The energy that breaks a compound into ions. It is an electromagnetic radiation, such as gamma or Xradiation, having wavelengths less than approximately 10 Angstroms. See radiation for more related terms (EPA-88/09a). Ionization: The process by which, at the molecular level, atoms or groups of atoms acquire a charge by the loss or gain of one or more electrons (EPA-82/11). Ionize: To convert totally or partially into ions (AENmixedW-04). Ionizing radiation: Radiation that can displace electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby producing ions (DOE-91/04). See radiation for more related terms. Ionizing radiation: Radiation that can strip electrons from atoms, i.e., alpha, beta, and gamma radiation (EPA-97/12). Ionizing radiation: Radiation that is capable of breaking apart molecules or atoms. The splitting or decay of unstable atoms typically emits ionizing radiation (OMBiReg-04). Ionizing wet scrubber (IWS): One of air pollution control devices. IWS is a device for removing very fine solids from gaseous emissions by attracting them to electrically charged surfaces that are flushed with water. See scrubber for more related terms (CRWI-89/05). IR loss or IR drop (ohmic polarization): Power loss due to the current (I) flow through the resistance (R) of a conductor. In fuel cells, decrease in the voltage or power losses due to the resistance to the flow of ions in the electrolyte and resistance to flow of electrons through the electrode and bipolar plate materials. Because both the electrolyte and fuel cell electrodes obey Ohm's law, the ohmic losses can be expressed by the equation, ohm loss (voltage drop) = IR, where I = current and R = resistance.
Iridium (Ir): A hard transition metal with atomic number 77; atomic weight 192.2; density 22.5 g/cc; melting point 2454 C and boiling point 5300 C. The element belongs to group VIII of the periodic table.
IRIS: EPA's Integrated Risk Information System, an electronic data base containing the Agency's latest descriptive and quantitative regulatory information on chemical constituents (EPA-97/12). Iron (Fe): A malleable metal that is the fourth most abundant by weight of the elements that compose the earth's crust. It is naturally very abundant in the environment. Mobility of iron in water depends on its oxidation state, whether it is in the reduced form (11) or oxidized form (111). Iron (11) is generally more mobile in waters void of dissolved oxygen. Iron (111) is generally insoluble but can exist in natural organometallic or humic compounds and colloidal forms. The presence or lack of dissolved oxygen has little effect on iron (111), and this form of iron has little effect on aquatic life. The majority of iron is likely to settle and partition to bottom sediments. It can be transported great distances adsorbed to sediments however. Iron in soil has low mobility potential. Iron is an essential nutrient to humans (Navy/Env-04). Iron (Fe): The product made by the reduction of iron ore. Iron in the steel mill sense is impure and contains up to 4% dissolved carbon along with other impurities (cf. steel) (EPA-74106a). Iron with atomic number 26; atomic weight 55.847; density 7.86 g/cc; melting point 1536 C and boiling point 3000 C is a hard transition metal and belongs to group VIII of the periodic table (cf. malleable iron). Iron and steel: Those by-product coke-making operations other than merchant coke-making operations (40CFR420.11-91). Iron bacteria (or crenothrix): Bacteria that either utilize iron as a source of energy or cause its dissolution or deposition. The former obtain energy by oxidizing ferrous iron to ferric iron, which is precipitated as ferric hydrate; the latter, without oxidizing ferrous iron, alter environmental conditions in such a way as to cause it to be dissolved or deposited (DOI-70104). Iron bacteria grow well in a water with high iron content. Iron blast furnace: All blast furnaces except ferromanganese blast furnaces (40CFR420.3 1-b-91). Iron formation: A sedimentary low grade, iron ore body consisting mainly of chert and fine-grained quartz and femc oxide segregated in bands or sheets irregularly mingled (cf. taconite) (EPA-82/05). Iron ore: The raw material from which iron is made. It is primarily iron oxide with impurities such as silica (EPA-74106a). Iron oxide: F%03; one of the necessary ingredients in the production of cement (ETI-92).
Iron sponge storage: Iron sponge can be used as a hydrogen storage material. Hydrogen and rust (Fe304) are converted into pure iron (iron sponge), which is delivered to the hydrogen consumption site. In the reverse reaction (oxidation), rust is produced liberating the hydrogen. The iron sponge storage can also be filledlloaded with synthesis gas (mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) also liberating pure hydrogen in the reverse reaction. Iron sponge storage is in an early stage of development. Irony aluminium: A high iron content aluminium alloy recovered from old scrap containing iron. Prepared in the sweating furnace operating at temperatures sufficiently high to melt only the aluminium (EPA-76/12). Irradiated food: Food subject to brief radioactivity, usually gamma rays, to kill insects, bacteria, and mold, and to permit storage without refrigeration (EPA-97/12). Irradiated food: Food that has been briefly exposed to radioactivity (usually gamma rays) to kill insects, bacteria, and mold. Irradiated food can be stored without refrigeration or chemical preservatives and hao a long "~helf life'' (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Irradiation: Exposure to radiation of wavelengths shorter than those of visible light (gamma, x-ray, or ultraviolet), for medical purposes, to sterilize milk or other foodstuffs, or to induce polymerization of monomers or vulcanization of rubber (EPA97/12). Irreparable harm: The significant undesirable effects occurring after the date of permit issuance which will not be reversed after cessation or modification of the discharge (40CFR125.121-91). Irreversible effect: Effect characterized by the inability of the body to partially or fully repair injury caused by a toxic agent (EPA-97/12). Irreversible effect: The effect characterized by the inability of the body to partially or fully repair injury caused by a toxic agent (Course 165.6). Irreversible reaction: A chemical process which can only progress in one direction and is incapable of progressing in a reverse direction. Irrigated area: The gross farm area upon which water is artificially applied for the production of crops, with no reduction for access roads, canals, or farm buildings (CWA/hydrology-04). Irrigation district: In the United States, a cooperative, selfgoverning public corporation set up as a subdivision of the state, with definite geographic boundaries, organized to obtain and distribute water for irrigation of lands within the district; created under authority of the state legislature with the consent of a
designated hction of the land owners or citizens and the taxing power (CWNWbasics-04).
Irrigation efficiency: The amount of water stored in the crop root zone compared to the amount of imgation water applied (EPA97112). Irrigation efficiency: The percentage of water applied that can be accounted for in soil-moisture increase (CWA/hydrology-04). Irrigation requirement: The quantity of water, exclusive of precipitation, that is required for crop production. It includes surface evaporation and other economically unavoidable wastes (CWAhydrology-04). Irrigation return flow: Surface and subsurface water which leaves the field following application of irrigation water (EPA97/12). Irrigation return flow: The part of irrigation applied to the surface that is not consumed by evapotranspiration or uptake by plants and that migrates to an aquifer or surface-water body (CWAIWbasics-04). Irrigation water use: Water application on lands to assist in the growing of crops and pastures or to maintain vegetative growth in recreational lands, such as parks and golf courses (CWA/Wscience-04). Irrigation withdrawals: Withdrawals of water for application on land to assist in the growing of crops and pastures or to maintain recreational lands (CWAlWbasics-04). Irrigation, supplemental: (CWAhydrology-04).
See
supplemental
Irritant: A substance that can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, or respiratory system. Effects may be acute from a single high level exposure, or chronic from repeated low-level exposures to such compounds as chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid (Navy/Env-04). Irritant: A substance that can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, or respiratory system. Effects may be acute from a single high-level exposure, or chronic from repeated low-level exposures to such compounds as chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid (MWTNmedical-04). Irritant: A substance that can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, or respiratory system. An irritant can cause an acute effect from a single high-level exposure, or chronic effects from repeated, lowlevel exposures. Some examples of imtants are chlorine, nitric acid, and various pesticides (FFDCNpesticide-04). Irrotational: A flow field in which no vorticity is present throughout the whole field (NATO-78/10). Isentropic process: A thermodynamic process which is reversible and adiabatic (no heat transfer through a system boundary). Its pressure volume relation can be expressed as: P V ~= constant, where: k = CpICv; specific heat ratio; P = pressure; V = volume; Cp = constant pressure specific heat; and Cv = constant volume specific heat. For PVn = constant, where: n = 0, the process is isobaric; n = 1, the process is isothermal; n = k, the process is isentropic; n = infinite, the process is isometric. Islanding: The action of separating a power source from the electrical grid. When a fuel cell is grid-connected, islanding of the fuel cell is required to allow safe work on the grid.
irrigation
Irrigation: Applying water or wastewater to land areas to supply the water and nutrient needs of plants (EPA-97/12). Irrigation: Controlled application of water to arable land to supply requirements of crops not satisfied by rainfall (CWNWbasics-04). Irrigation: The controlled application of water for agricultural purposes through manmade systems to supply water requirements not satisfied by rainfall. (CWNWscience-04). Irrigation: The controlled application of water to arable lands to supply water requirements not satisfied by rainfall (CWAhydrology-04). Irritant: A substance that can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, or respiratory system. Effects may be acute from a single high level exposure, or chronic from repeated low-level exposures to such compounds as chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid.
IS0 14000: The IS0 14000 series is a family of environmental management standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The IS0 14000 standards are designed to provide an internationally recognised hmework for environmental management, measurement, evaluation, and auditing. They do not prescribe environmental performance targets, but instead provide organisations with the tools to assess and control the environmental impact of their activities, products, or services. The standards address the following subjects: environmental management systems; environmental auditing; environmental labels and declarations; environmental performance evaluation; and life cycle assessment. See International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Appendix B for more information. I S 0 9000: IS0 9000 is a series of standards, developed and published by the ISO, that define, establish, and maintain an effective quality assurance system for manufacturing and service industries. The IS0 9000 standard is the most widely known and has perhaps had the most impact of the 13,000 standards published by the ISO. It serves many different industries and organizations as a guide to quality products, service, and management. See
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Appendix B for more information.
Isolated operation: A fuel cell power plant is operated by itself. It is not grid-connected to utility power systems.
I S 0 acronym: See IS0 acronym in Appendix B. IS0 standard day conditions: 288 degrees Kelvin, 60% relative humidity, and 101.3 kilopascals pressure (40CFR60.33 1-91).
Isolated system: In thermodynamics, a system which does not interacts with its surroundings (or crosses its boundaries). An isolated system must be a closed system. See thermodynamic first law for more related terms.
iso-: A prefix indicating equal or same. Isoabsorptive point: A wavelength at which the absorptivities of two or more substances are equal (LBL-76107-air). Isobar: A graphical representation (plot) of the amount of vapor adsorbed versus temperature at a particular (constant) pressure. Also used in absorption studies (EPA-84/09). Isobestic point: Wavelength at which the percent transmission or optical density of a substance is independent of the isomeric form or oxidation state: a point of intersection for all spectral curves of the compound independent of the concentrations of its forms. For each pair of forms there will be one such isobestic point (LBL 76107-water). Isoconcentration: More than one sample point exhibiting the same isolate concentration (EPA-97/12). Isodrin: The pesticide 1,4,5,8-dimethanonaphthalene,l,2,3,4,lO, (1alpha, 4alpha, 4abeta, 10-hexacholoro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-, Sbeta, 8 beta, gabeta)-, CAS Number 465-73-6 (40CFR704.10291, see also 40CFR721.1150-91). Isoelectric point: (1) The pH value of a solution at which the soluble protein becomes insoluble and precipitates out (EPA75/04), or at which acidic ionization balances basic ionization so that an electrolyte will not migrate in an electrical field (EPA8211 1). (2) The pH value at which zero charge occurs on a colloidal particle (e.g., bacteria or algae). Isoelectric precipitation: Precipitation occurs at the isoelectric point. Isohyet: See isohyetal line (CWAkydrology-04). Isohyetal line (isohyet): A line drawn on a map or chart joining points that receive the same amount of precipitation (CWA/hydrology-04). Isokinetic sampling: The sampling in which the linear velocity of the gas entering the sampling nozzle is equal to that of the undisturbed gas stream at the sample point (40CFR60.2-91). Isokinetic: A term describing a condition of sampling, in which the flow of gas into the sampling device (at the opening or face of the inlet) has the same flow rate and direction as the ambient atmosphere being sampled (LBL76107-air).
Isolation procedure: The process of limiting the number of civilian and public service personnel exposed to a hazardous material (NavyIEnv-04). Isolation: The segregation of waste for separate treatment andlor disposal (EPA-83106a). Isomer: (1) Chemical substances with the same number of characteristic atoms which are electronically arranged differently, producing compounds with distinguishable physical and chemical properties; e.g., the atoms in dichloroethane can be arranged as I, l -dichloroethane or 1,2-dichloroethane (cf. homologous group) (EPA-88/12). (2) Two hydrocarbons with the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms but different structures are called isomers, e.g., there are several different octanes, the C8HI8series, each having 8 carbon atoms and 18 hydrogen atoms, but each has a different structure; these different structures are called the isomers of octane. (3) See hydrocarbon family for more related terms. Isomer: A compound with the same atomic composition and molecular weight as another compound but differing in molecular structure and chemical or physical properties. For example, graphite (pencil lead) and diamond are isomers of carbon. Both are composed of pure carbon, but exhibit very different physical properties (NavyIEnv-04). Isomeric ratio: The relative amounts of each isomeric chlorinated naphthalene that composes the chemical substance; and for each isomer the relative amounts of each chlorinated naphthalene designated by the position of the chlorine atom(s) on the naphthalene (40CFR704.43; 704.45-91). Isopach: A line, on a map, drawn through points of equal thickness of a designated unit. Synonym for isopachous line; isopachyte (CWAImining-04). Isopleth: On a map, a line of constant value of a certain property of quantity, e.g., in air pollution, modeling frequently used with respect to maps on which lines of constant concentration values are shown (NATO-78110). Isopleth: The line or area represented by an isoconcentration (EPA-97/12).
Isosbestic point: The wavelength at which the absorptivities of two substances, one of which can be converted into the other, are equal (LBL76107-air). Isostere: A graphical representation of the log (or natural log, In) of the partial pressure of the solute of adsorbate (pollutant) in the gas phase versus the reciprocal of the absolute temperature (1.O/T) for a fixed quantity of adsorbed vapor (EPA-84/09). Isotherm: A graphical representation of adsorbent capacity versus the partial pressure of the adsorbate (pollutant) at a particular temperature. Also used in absorption studies (EPA-84/09). Isotope: (1) An atom of a chemical element with a specific atomic number and atomic mass. Isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons and different atomic masses (DOE-91/04). (2) A variation of an element that has the same atomic number of protons but a different weight because of the number of neutrons. Various isotopes of the same element may have different radioactive behaviors. Some are highly unstable. Isotope: A variation of an element that has the same atomic number of protons but a different weight because of the number of neutrons. Various isotopes of the same element may have different radioactive behaviors, some are highly unstable (EPA-97/12). Isotope: Different forms of the same chemical element that differ only by the number of neutrons in their nucleus. Most elements have more than one naturally occurring isotope. Many more isotopes have been produced in reactors and scientific laboratories (OMBIReg-04).
Isotope: Forms of the same chemical element that differ only by the number of neutrons in their nucleus (AEAIclosure-04). Isotropic soil: The soils that have the same property or properties, e.g., permeability, in all directions. See soil for more related terms (EPA-83). Isotropic tracer: An isotope of an element which is incorporated into the element and is used to follow the change of the element throughout the desired processes. Isotropic turbulence: The turbulence for which the statistical properties are independent of the orientation of the coordinate axes. See turbulence for more related terms (NATO-78110). Isotropic/isotropy: Having identical properties in all directions (NavyIEnv-04). Isotropic: A condition or process of which the properties are independent of direction (NATO-78/10). Isotropy: The condition in which the hydraulic or other properties of an aquifer are the same in all directions (EPA-97/12). Issuance of an NSO (Nonferrous Smelter Orders): The final transmittal of the NSO pursuant to 40CFR57.107(a) by an issuing agency (other than EPA) to EPA for approval, or the publication of an NSO issued by EPA in the Federal Register (40CFR57.103n-91).
Jacket water: The water in the engine jacket space for cooling purposes. See water for more related terms.
type jet fuel is a fuel in the heavy naphtha range used primarily for military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines (CkAIC02gas-04).
Jackleg: A percussion drill used for drifting or stopping that is mounted on a telescopic leg which has an extension of about 2.5 m. The leg and machine are hinged so that the drill need not be in the same direction as the leg (CWNmining-04).
Jig: A (mining) machine in which the feed is stratified in water by means of a pulsating motion and from which the stratified products are separately removed, the pulsating motion being usually obtained by alternate upward and downward currents of the water (EPA-82/05).
Jackrock: A caltrop or other object manufactured with one or more rounded or sharpened points, which when placed or thrown present at least one point at such an angle that it is peculiar to and designed for use in puncturing or damaging vehicle tires. Jackrocks are commonly used during labor disputes (CWNmining-04). Jackson turbidimeter: A meter to measure the turbidity in water. Jar test: (1) A laboratory procedure that simulates a water treatment plant's coagulation~flocculationunits with differing chemical doses, mix speeds, and settling times to estimate the minimum or ideal coagulant dose required to achieve certain water quality goals (EPA-97/12). (2) A technique used for testing the correct chemical dose in wastewater. Jaw crusher: (1) A primary crusher designed to reduce large rocks or ores to sizes capable of being handled by any of the secondary crushers (EPA-82/05). (2) A primary crusher designed to reduce the size of materials by impact or crushing between a fixed plate and an oscillating plate or between two oscillating plates, forming a tapered jaw (EPA-82/10). (3) See crusher for more related terms. Jet condenser (or wet condenser): A condenser which makes use of high-velocityjets of water to both condense the vapor and force the non-condensable gases out of a system. See condenser for more related terms. Jet fuel: A refined petroleum product used in jet aircraft engines. It includes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type jet fuel (CAA/C02gas1-04). Jet fuel: Kerosene- and naphtha-type fuels for jet engines. Kerosene-typejet fuel is a kerosene-quality product used primarily for commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines. Naphtha-
Jigging: The separation of the heavy fractions of an ore from the light fractions by means of a jig (EPA-82/05). Job safety analysis (JSA): A job breakdown that gives a safe, efficient job procedure (CWNmining-04). Job shop: A facility which owns not more than 50% (annual area basis) of the materials undergoing metal finishing (40CFR433.1191). Jobs through recycling: A program EPA launched in 1994 to support recycling markets. The goal of the program is to foster markets for recycled goods by promoting and assisting the development of businesses using recovered materials, creating new recycling jobs, and spurring innovative technologies. Johnstone equation: An equation used to describe collection efficiency in a venturi scrubber (EPA-84/09). Joint and several liability: A concept which dictates that parties who contribute to a site's pollution are each liable as if they alone polluted that site. Under this concept any one party may be held liable for all cleanup costs. In such a case, this one party may be responsible for identifjmg others to share the liability (SFIreform04). Joint and several liability: A legal standard, where any involved party can have the legal responsibility for cleaning up the entire site, regardless of its degree of involvement, unless there is a reasonable basis for apportioning liability (SFIEnv-04). Joint and several liability: Under CERCLA, this legal concept relates to the liability for Superfund site cleanup and other costs on the part of more than one potentially responsible party (i.e., if there were several owners or users of a site that became
contaminated over the years, they could all be considered potentially liable for cleaning up the site) (EPA-97/12). Joint Implementation (JI): Agreements made between two or more nations under the auspices of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) whereby a developed country can receive "emissions reduction units7' when it helps to finance projects that reduce net emissions in another developed country (including countries with economies in transition) (CAA/C02gasl-04). Joint treatment: A treatment, in publicly owned treatment works, of combined municipal wastewaters of domestic origin and wastewaters from other sources. See treatment for more related terms (EPA-74103d). Joint: A divisional plane or surface that divides a rock and along which there has been no visible movement parallel to the plane or surface (CWNmining-04). Joint: The contact or connection point between two parts or among several parts. For example, the connection point could be between heat transfer surfaces; between positive and negative pressure zones within components of a power plant; or between power plant components. Joist: Any of the parallel horizontal beams set fiom wall to wall to support the floor or ceiling (EPA-88/08). Joule: An energy unit. Judicial officer: An officer or employee of the Agency appointed as a Judicial Officer by the Administrator pursuant to this section who shall meet the qualifications and perform functions as follows: (1) Officer. There may be designated for the purposes of this section one or more Judicial Officers. As work requires, there may be a Judicial Officer designated to act for the purposes of a particular case. (2) Qualifications. A Judicial Officer may be a permanent or temporary employee of the Agency who performs other duties for the Agency. Such Judicial Officer shall not be employed by the Office of Enforcement or have any connection with the preparation or presentation of evidence for a hearing held pursuant to this subpart. (3) Functions. The Administrator may consult with a Judicial Officer or delegate all or part of his authority to act in a given case under this section to a Judicial Officer: Provided, that this delegation shall not preclude the Judicial Officer from referring any motion or case to the Administrator when the Judicial Officer determines such referral to be appropriate (40CFR164.2-1-91).
Jumbo roll: Roll of paper greater than 25" in diameter (EPA-83). Junction box: (1) A manhole or access point to a wastewater sewer system line (40CFR60.691-91). (2) A protective enclosure into which wires or cables are led and connected to form joints (EPA-83/03). Junction: A region of transition between two different semiconducting regions in a semiconductor device such as a p-n junction, or between a metal and a semiconductor (EPA-83/03). Junk battery: A spent battery. This term usually refers to spent automotive lead-acid batteries, which are purchased by secondary lead smelters. The standard form of shipment is in the whole and undrained state to meet environmental regulations. Lead metal constitutes around half the weight of a junk battery. Other parts, including the plastic case, also are recycled. Junk collector: Accepts discarded materials but offers them for sale to processors for reuse or recycling (EPA-83). Junk: (1) Unprocessed or processed materials suitable for reuse or recycling (SW-108ts). (2) Old or scrap copper, brass, rope, rags, batteries, gaper, rubber, junked, dismantled or wrecked automobiles or parts thereof; iron, steel and other old or scrap ferrous or materials which are not held for sale for remelting purposes (EPA-83). Jurisdiction by law: The agency authority to approve, veto, or finance all or part of the proposal (4OCFR1508.15-91). Jute: The glossy fibers of two types of East Indian plants which are used to make sacking, burlap, and twine. In the paper industry, this largely obsolete term has been used to refer to linerboard made of waste paper--jute linerboard (EPA-83).
k cu m: 1000 cubic meter(s) (40CFR401.11-91).
K factor: (1) A dimensionless term used to determine the proper flow regime for a settling particle in a gas (EPA-84/09). (2) The thermal conductivity of a material, expressed as Btu per sq ft per hour in degrees Fahrenheit and inches (cf. thermal conductivity) (SW-lO8ts). Kaolin: A type of clay minerals. Karbutilate (CI4HZ1N3OJ): A white solid used as a herbicide. Karst: A geologic formation of irregular limestone deposits with sinks, underground streams, and caverns (EPA-97/12). Karst: A type of topography that results from dissolution and collapse of carbonate rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum, and that is characterized by closed depressions or sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage (CWA/Wbasics-04). Karst: The terrain with characteristics of relief and drainage arising from a high degree of rock solubility in natural waters. The majority of karst occurs in limestones, but karst may also form in dolomite, gypsum, and salt deposits. Features associated with karst terrains typically include irregular topography, sinkholes, vertical shafts, abrupt ridges, caverns, abundant springs, andlor disappearing streams. Karst aquifers are associated with karst terrain (40CFR300-App/A-91).
recovery point, a final boiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit, and a minimum flash point of 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Included are No. 1-K and No. 2-K, the two grades recognized by ASTM Specification D 3699 as well as all other grades of kerosene called range or stove oil, which have properties similar to those of No. 1 fuel oil. See kerosenstype jet fuel (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Kerosene: A petroleum distillate that has a maximum distillation temperature of 401 F at the 10% recovery point, a final boiling point of 572 F, and a minimum flash point of 100 F. Used in space heaters, cookstoves, and water heaters, and suitable for use as an illuminant when burned in wick lamps (CAA/C02gas-04). Kerosene-type jet fuel: A kerosene-based product having a maximum distillation temperature of 400 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10% recovery point and a final maximum boiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit and meeting ASTM Specification D 1655 and Military Specifications MILT-5624P and MIL-T-83133D (Grades JP-5 and JP-8). It is used for commercial and military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines (CAA/C02gasl-04). Ketene (C2H20):A colorless toxic gas used in the manufacturing of cellulose acetate and aspirin. Keto-: A prefix indicating a keto or a carbonyl radical (C:O) in a compound. Ketone: A solvent which contains -CO- group and is linked to two hydrocarbon groups.
Kelvin: See absolute temperature. Kerf: The undercut of a coal face (CWMmining-04). Kerma (K): The unit used to quantify neutral particle effects in matter with units of (ergdg). Kerma (K) is the sum of the initial kinetic energies (E) of all charged particles liberated by indirectly ionizing particles in a volume element of the specified material (E in ergs/cm3) divided by the mass (m) of the matter in that volume element (m in grams/cm3): K = Elm, in ergs per gram. See radiation unit for more related terms (LBL76107-rad). Kerosene: A light petroleum distillate that is used in space heaters, cook stoves, and water heaters and is suitable for use as a light source when burned in wick-fed lamps. Kerosene has a maximum distillation temperature of 400 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10%
Ketone-alcohol (cyclohexanol): An oily, colorless, hygroscopic liquid with a camphor-like odor. Used in soapmaking, dry cleaning, plasticizers, insecticides, and germicides (CAA/C02gas04). Ketone-alcohol (cyclohexanol): An oily, colorless, hygroscopic liquid with a camphor-like odor. Used in soapmaking, dry cleaning, plasticizers, insecticides, and germicides (CAA/C02gasl-04). Kettle bottom: A smooth, rounded piece of rock, cylindrical in shape, which may drop out of the roof of a mine without warning. The origin of this feature is thought to be the remains of the stump of a tree that has been replaced by sediments so that the original form has been rather well preserved (CWMmining-04).
Kettle lake: A body of water occupying a kettle, as in a pitted outwash plain or in a kettle moraine (CWANbasics-04). Kettle: A steep-sided hole or depression, commonly without surface drainage, formed by the melting of a large detached block of stagnant ice that had been buried in the glacial drift (CWANbasics-04).
Kinetic energy: Energy possessed by a moving object or water body (EPA-97/12). Kinetic rate coefficient: A number that describes the rate at which a water constituent such as a biochemical oxygen demand or dissolved oxygen rises or falls, or at which an air pollutant reacts (EPA-97/12). Kjeldahl process: See total Kjeldahl nitrogen.
Key site manager: The key site manager is the person identified by the owner of a property as having good knowledge of the uses and physical characteristics of the property (USDNwater-04). Kid finish paper: The vellum finish resembling kid leather on soft paper. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Kill tank: A contact chamber in which wastewater or sludge is treated with an inactivation agent to decontaminate waste materials (EPA-88109a).
Klystron: An evacuated electron-beam tube in which an initial velocity modulation imparted to electrons in the beam results subsequently in density modulation of the beam; used as an amplifier in the microwave region or as an oscillator (EPA-83/03). Knife hog: A size-reduction device relying primarily on the shearing, cutting, or chipping action produced by sharp-edged blades attached to a rotating shaft (mandrel) to shave or chip off pieces of the charged object. See size reduction machine for more related terms (EPA-83).
Kill: Dutch term for stream or creek (CWNWbasics-04). Kiln drying: A method of preparing wood for treatment in which the green stock is dried in a kiln under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity (EPA-74/04). Kiln scum: A deposit formed during kiln firing, either from soluble salts in the clay or by reaction between the sulphur gases in the kiln atmosphere and minerals in the clay (EPA-83).
Knot: (1) A unit of wind velocity, usually applied in meteorology, one knot is defined as one nautical mile (1853 meter) per hour (NATO-78/10). (2) An imperfection in paper or lumps in paper stock resulting fiom incompletely defibered textile materials; the term applies especially to rag paper manufacture (EPA-87/10). (3) Small undefibered clusters of wood pulp (EPA-87/10). (4) The basal portion of a branch or limb which has become incorporated in the body of the tree (EPA-87/10).
Kilogram: One thousand grams (CWANscience-04).
Known human effects: (1) Means a commonly recognized human health effect of a particular substances or mixture as described either in: (a) Scientific articles or publication abstract in standard reference sources. (b) The firm's product labeling or MSDSs. (2) However, an effect is not a "known human effect" if it: (a) Was a significantly more severe toxic effect than previously described. (b) Was a manifestation of a toxic effect after a significantly shorter exposure period or lower exposure level than described. (c) Was a manifestation of a toxic effect by an exposure route different from that described (40CFR717.3-c-91).
Kilowatthour (KWH): A power demand of 1000 watts for one hour. Power company utility rates are typically expressed in cents per kilowatt-hour (CWANscience-04).
Knuckleboom crane: A crane with a bending or pivot point in the boom, which enables it to reach over a longer horizontal distance (RCRAImanagement-04).
Kilowatt-hour (kwh): An energy consumption unit, which is defined as 1000 watts of electric energy that is consumed within one hour (1000 watts are equivalent to 3413 Btu).
Kodel fiber: A trademark of Eastman for polyester yams and fibers. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b).
Kiln: (1) A large cylindrical mechanized type of fumace (EPA83106a). Kilns have multiple usages, e.g., it is used in the pulp and paper industry to bum lime and calcium carbonate to produce CaO, which is used again with green liquor to form white liquor (cf. incinerator, rotary kiln) (EPA-87/10). (2) The manufacturing unit in which clinker is formed (ETI-92). Kilogram equivalent weight: 1000 x gram equivalent weight.
Kinematic viscosity: Kinematic viscosity = Viscosityldensity.See viscosity for more related terms. Kinetic energy: (1) Energy that is possessed by a body as a consequence of its motion (NATO-78/10). (2) See energy for more related terms.
Kraft paper: (1) A comparatively coarse paper noted for its strength and used primarily as a wrapper or packaging material (OME-88/12). (2) A paper made predominantly from wood pulp produced by a modified sulfate pulping process. It is a comparatively coarse paper particularly noted for its strength, and in unbleached grades is used primarily as a wrapper or packaging material (EPA-83). (3) See paper for more related terms.
Kraft pulp mill: Any stationary source which produces pulp fiom wood by cooking (digesting) wood chips in a water solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide (white liquor) at high temperature and pressure. Regeneration of the cooking chemicals through a recovery process is also considered part of the krafl pulp mill (40CFR60.28 1-91).
kW, MW, gW, mW: An electric power unit. kilowatt (1000 watts), megawatt (lo6 watts), gigawatt (1 0' watts or billion watts), milliwatt (0.001 watts or one one thousandth [1/1000] of a watt). These are the units of electrical power capacity. Kyanize: A process that mercuric chloride is used to treat wood to prevent its decay.
Kraft pulp: See sulfate pulp. Kraft: A descriptive term for the (alkaline) sulfate pulping process, the resulting pulp, and paper or paperboard made there from (EPA-87/10). Krypton (Kr): A noble gaseous element with atomic number 36; atomic weight 83.80; density 2.6 glcc; melting point 157.3 C and boiling point -152 C. The element belongs to group VIIIA of the periodic table.
Kyoto Protocol: The result of negotiations at the third Conference of the Parties (COP-3) in Kyoto, Japan, in December of 1997. The Kyoto Protocol sets binding greenhouse gas emissions targets for countries that sign and ratify the agreement. The gases covered under the Protocol include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), pduorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Lab packs: Drums filled with many small containers packed in nonbiodegradable absorbent materials (RCRA/hazardous-04). Label: In fuel economy, it means a sticker that contains fuel economy information and is affixed to new automobiles in accordance with Subpart D of this part (40CFR600.002.85-91). Label: In noise control, it means that item, as described in this regulation, which is inscribed on, affixed to, or appended to a product, its packaging, or both for the purpose of giving noise reduction effectiveness information appropriate to the product (40CFR2 11.203-91). Label: In pesticide control, it means the written, printed, or graphic matter on, or attached to, the pesticide or device or any of its containers or wrappers (FIFRA2-7U.S.C. 136-91). Labeling: All labels and all other written, printed, or graphic matter: (1) Accompanying the pesticide or device at any time; or (2) To which reference is made on the label or in literature accompanying the pesticide or device, except to current official publications of the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States Department of Agricultural and Interior, the Department of Health and Human Services, state experiment stations, state agricultural colleges, and other similar federal or state institutions or agencies authorized by law to conduct research in the field of pesticides (FIFRA2-7U.S.C. 136-91). Laboratory animal studies: Investigations using animals as surrogates for humans (EPA-97/12). Laboratory blank: A blank for evaluating contamination of laboratory measurement. See blank for more related terms (ACS8711 1). Laboratory control sample: A control sample of known composition. Aqueous and solid lab control samples are analyzed using the same sample preparation, reagents, and analytical methods employed for samples received (Navy/Env-04). Laboratory control sample (LCS):An LCS is a quality control sample that consists of a known matrix spiked with a known amount of targeted analytes. The LCS is carried through the entire sample preparation and analysis procedure, and is used to monitor the overall accuracy of the analytical measurement process.
Control limits for LCS recovery, typically expressed as a percent recovery, serve as acceptance criteria for determining whether an analytical run is in control (SA-04).
Laboratory matrix spike: A sample created by spiking target analytes into a portion of a sample when it is received in the laboratory. It provides bias information regarding sample preparation and analysis and is the most common type of matrix spike. See spike for more related terms (EPA-84/03). Laboratory operation: Usually denotes use of fixed equipment capable of analysis only under restricted environmental conditions, this may include mobile laboratories used in the field. See instrument use for more related terms (LBL-76107-water). Laboratory sample coordinator: That person responsible for the conduct of sample handling and the certification of the testing procedures (40CFR763-App/A-91). Laboratory sample: A representative portion of the gross sample received by the laboratory for further analysis. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Laboratory screening: A treatability study designed to establish the validity of an alternative for treating an operable unit and to identify parameters for investigation in later bench- and pilot-scale testing (EPA-89112a). Laboratory: Any research, analytical, or clinical facility that performs health care related analysis or service. This includes medical, pathological, pharmaceutical, and other research, commercial, or industrial laboratories (40CFR259.10-91, see also 40CFR761.3-91). Lachrymator: A substance which increases the flow of tears (EPA-87107a). Lacquers: Any clear wood finishes formulated with nitrocellulose or synthetic resins to dry by evaporation without chemical reaction, including clear lacquer sanding sealers (40CFR52.741-91). Lacustrine wetlands: Wetlands within a lake or reservoir greater than 20 acres or within a lake or reservoir less than 20 acres if the water is greater than 2 meters deep in the deepest part of the basin;
ocean-derived salinity is less than 0.5 part per thousand (CWA/Wbasics-04).
aerated lagoon); (4) Aerobic lagoon; (5) Anaerobic lagoon; and (6) Recycle lagoon.
Lacustrine: Found or formed in lakes (DOE-91104).
Lagrangian frame of reference: A coordinate system in which the properties of a flow are described as a function of time and space where the coordinate system is attached to a fluid particle (cf. eulerian frame for comparison) (NATO-78/10).
Lacustrine: Pertaining to, produced by, or formed in a lake (CWA/Wbasics-04). Ladle: A vessel used to hold or pour molten metal (EPA-85110a). Lag time: (1) The time interval between a step change in input concentration and the first observable corresponding change in response (40CFR53.23-91). (2) The time interval from a step change in the input concentration at the instrument inlet to the first corresponding change in the instrument output (LBL-76107-water). (3) See time for more related terms. Lag: Variously defined as time from beginning (or center of mass) of rainfall to peak (or center of mass) of runoff (CWA/hydrology04). Lagoon (stabilization lagoon, stabilization pond, or waste stabilization pond): A man-made or natural pond (or lake) for holding wastewater where sunlight, bacterial action, and oxygen work to remove suspended solids for stabilization of organic matter by biological oxidation (cf. sewage lagoon) (EPA-83/03). Lagoon: (1) A shallow pond where sunlight, bacterial action, and oxygen work to purify wastewater; also used for storage of wastewater or spent nuclear fuel rods. (2) Shallow body of water, often separated from the sea by coral reefs or sandbars (EPA97/12). Lagoon: A shallow stretch of seawater (or lakewater) near or communicating with the sea (or lake) and partly or completely separated from it by a low, narrow, elongate strip of land (CWNWbasics-04).
Lake: A large kesh or salt water body completely surrounded by land. Lake: For more related terms, see (1) Dry lake; (2) Dystrophic lake; (3) Eutrophic lake; (4) Extinction lake; (5) Meromictic lake; (6) Oligotrophic lake; (7) Publicly owned freshwater lake; (8) Senescent lake (see extinction lake); and (9) Stormwater lake. Lakewide management plan: A written document which embodies a systematic and comprehensive ecosystem approach to restoring and protecting the beneficial uses of the open waters of each of the Great Lakes in accordance with-qticle VI and Annex 2 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (CWA11833U.S.C. 1268-91). Laminar diffusion: An aerosol moving mechanism due to the random motion of fluid particles (EPA-88109a). Laminar flame: A flame in which the transport of heat, mass, and momentum occurs by molecular conductivity, density, and viscosity gradients. Under these relatively quiescent conditions, diffusion occurs only by the driving forces of the concentration gradients. See flame for more related terms. Laminar flow (Stokes) flow: In a laminar flow, the fluid is constrained to motion in layers (or laminae) by the action of viscosity. The layers of fluid move in parallel paths that remain distinct from one another; any agitation is of a molecular nature only. A laminar flow (compressible flow) occurs when Reynolds Number is usually < 2 100 in a tube, pipe, stack, equipment, room, etc., that is characterized by the absence of eddies, i.e., the flow is smooth. For an in compressible flow, Reynolds number less than 2.0. See flow regime for more related terms (EPA-84/09).
Lagoon: A shallow, artificial treatment pond where sunlight, bacterial action, and oxygen work to purify wastewater; a stabilization pond. An aerated lagoon is a treatment pond that uses oxygen to speed up the natural process of biological decomposition of organic wastes. A lagoon is regulated as a point source under the Clean Water Act if there is a direct surface water discharge. Some lagoons that discharge into groundwater also are regulated if they have a direct hydrogeologic connection to surface water. In other areas, lagoons were historically used to dump various liquid, solid, and hazardous wastes from manufacturing or industrial processes. These wastes typically flooded and polluted surrounding environs or seeped underground. Such lagoons are now regulated under RCRA but some must be cleaned up under Superfund (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Laminated glass: Two or more pieces of glass held together by an intervening layer or layers of plastic materials. It will crack and break under sufficient impact but the pieces of glass tend to adhere to the plastic and not to fly. If a hole is produced, the edges are likely to be less jagged than would be the case with ordinary glass. See safety glass for more related terms (EPA-83).
Lagoon: For more related terms, see (1) Aerated aerobic lagoon (see aerated lagoon); (2) Aerated lagoon; (3) Aerated pond (see
Lampworking: Forming glass articles from tubing and cane by heating in a gas flame and shaping (EPA-83).
Lamp: The electric cap lamp worn for visibility. Also, the flame safety lamp used in coal mines to detect methane gas concentrations and oxygen deficiency (CWNmining-04).
Land application: Discharge of wastewater onto the ground for treatment or reuse. See irrigation (EPA-97/12). See land treatment for more related terms.
Land farming (of waste): A disposal process in which hazardous waste deposited on or in the soil is degraded naturally by microbes (EPA-97/12).
Land ban: Phasing out of land disposal of most untreated hazardous wastes, as mandated by the 1984 RCRA amendments (EPA-97/12).
Land farming (of waste): A disposal process in which hazardous waste deposited on or in the soil is naturally degraded by microbes. See land treatment for more related terms (EPA-89/12).
Land ban: Phasing out of land disposal of most untreated hazardous wastes, as mandated by the 1984 RCRA amendments (MWTAIinfectious-04).
Land spreading: See land treatment.
Land breeze: The breeze due to a local circulation near a shore line, which blows from the land towards the water. This local circulation is caused by a temperature difference between the water (warm) and the land surface (cold). The land breeze usually blows at night and alternates with the sea breeze. See breeze for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Land disposal methods: Methods of land disposal include (1) Co-disposal. (2) Controlled burning dump. (3) Dump. (4) Dumping. (5) Land treatment. (6) Open dump (see dump). (7) Open dumping (see dump). (8) Surface dump (see dump). (9) Water dumping. Land disposal restriction policy: In HSWA, this policy prohibits the land disposal of certain hazardous wastes unless the wastes are treated or they can be demonstrated that there will be "no migration as long as the wastes remain hazardous." Also prohibited from land disposal are bulk or non-containerized liquid hazardous wastes, certain dioxin-containing hazardous wastes, and some solvent wastes (OSWER-87). Land disposal restrictions: Rules that require hazardous wastes to be treated before disposal on land to destroy or immobilize hazardous constituents that might migrate into soil and groundwater (EPA-97/12). Land disposal: When used with respect to a specified hazardous waste, land disposal shall be deemed to include, but not be limited to, any placement of such hazardous waste in a landfill, surface impoundment, waste pile, injection well, land treatment facility, salt dome formation, salt bed formation, or under ground mine, or cave (RCRA3004.k, see also 40CFR268.2-91). Land disposal and clean-up of hazardous waste is governed primarily by RCRA (42U.S.C.6901-6991i), the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (49U.S.C. 1801-18 13) and Superfund (42U.S.C.9601-9675). Land disposal: For purposes of RCRA Subtitle C regulation, placement in or on the land, except in a corrective action unit, and includes, but is not limited to, placement in a landfill, surface impoundment, waste pile, injection well, land treatment facility, salt dome formation, salt bed formation, underground mine, or cave, or placement in a concrete vault, or bunker intended for disposal purposes (RCRAIhazardous-04).
Land subsidence: See land subsidence. Land treatment (land spreading or sludge farming): The process is a biological treatment in which the large population of microorganisms present in soil is employed to degrade organic wastes. In addition, the large surface area and the sorptive characteristics of the soil particles serve to retain biodegradable organics for microbial assimilation and to attenuate the movement of inorganics such as heavy metals and refractory organics. Methods of land treatment include (1) Land application. (2) Land disposal. (3) Land farming (of waste). (4) Soil irrigation (see spray irrigation). (5) Soil percolation (see spray irrigation). (6) Spray irrigation. (7) Surface irrigation. Land treatment facility: A facility or part of a facility at which hazardous waste is applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface; such facilities are disposal facilities if the waste will remain after closure (40CFR260.10-91). Land treatment units: Also known as land farms, land treatment units involve the application of hazardous waste on the soil surface, or the incorporation of waste into the upper layers of the soil in order to degrade, transform, or immobilize hazardous constituents present in hazardous waste (RCRAIhazardous-04). Land use classification: (1) Type 11--urban: Heavy industrial; (2) Type 12--urban: Lightlmoderate industrial; (3) type C1--urban: Commercial; (4) Type R1--urban: Compact residential (single family); (5) Type R2--urban: Compact residential (multi-family); (6) Type R3--rural: Common residential (Normal easements); (7) Type R4--rural: Estate residential (multi-acre plots); (8) Type Al-rural: Metropolitan natural; (9) Type A2--rural: Agricultural; (10) Type A3--rural: Undeveloped (grasses/woods); (11) Type A4-rural: Undeveloped (heavily wooded); and (12) Type AS--rural: Water surfaces (EPA-90104). Land use: The activities which are conducted in, or on the shorelands within, the coastal zone, subject to the requirements outlined in section 1456(g) of this title (CZMA304-16U.S.C. 145390). Land: Any surface or subsurface land that is not part of a disposal site and is not covered by an occupiable building (40CFR192.1191).
Landfarming: (1) A disposal process in which hazardous waste deposited on or in the soil is naturally degraded by microbes. (2) A bioremediation technology in which contaminated soil or sediment is excavated and spread on a pan with a built-in system to collect any leachate. The soils are periodically turned over to mix air into the waste. Moisture, nutrients, temperature, and pH are also controlled to optimize the biodegradation occurring (NavyIEnv-04). Landfill blade: A U-blade with an extension on top that increases the volume of solid wastes that can be pushed and spread, and protects the operator 6-om any debris thrown out of the solid waste. See blade for more related terms (SW-lO8ts). Landfill cell: A discrete volume of a hazardous waste landfill which uses a liner to provide isolation of wastes from adjacent cells or wastes. Examples of landfill cells are trenches and pits (40CFR260.10-91). Landfill gas: A mixture of primarily methane and carbon dioxide that is generated in landfills by the anaerobic decomposition of organic wastes (RCWmanagement-04). Landfill gas: The gas that emits from a landfill site. The gas mainly includes CH4 and C 4 . Landfill machine: Any machine that is used on a sanitary landfill; generally considered to be dozers, tractors, loaders, compactors, and/or scrapers (EPA-83). Landfill mining: A process of removing reusable resources 6-om old landfills for recycling. Landfill: (1) Sanitary landfills are disposal sites for nonhazardous solid wastes spread in layers, compacted to the smallest practical volume, and covered by material applied at the end of each operating day. (2) Secure chemical landfills are disposal sites for hazardous waste, selected and designed to minimize the chance of release of hazardous substances into the environment (EPA97/12). Landfill: A disposal facility or part of a facility where hazardous waste is placed in or on land and which is not a pile, a land treatment facility, a surface impoundment, an underground injection well, a salt dome formation, a salt bed formation, an underground mine, or a cave (40CFR260.10-91). Landfill: A disposal facility or part of a facility where regulated medical waste is placed in or on the land and which is not a land treatment facility, a surface impoundment, or an injection well (40CFR259.10-91). Landfill: A land disposal site for nonhazardous solid wastes (CAAIAPC-04).
Landfill: A method for final disposal of solid waste on land. The refuse is spread and compacted and a cover of soil applied so that effects on the environment (including public health and safety) are minimized. Under current regulations, landfills are required to have liners and leachate treatment systems to prevent contamination of groundwater and surface waters. An industrial landfill disposes of non-hazardous industrial wastes. A municipal landfill disposes of domestic waste including garbage, paper, etc. This waste may include toxins that are used in the home, such as insect sprays and powders, engine oil, paints, solvents, and weed killers (FFDCAIpesticide04). Landfill: A place, location, tract of land, area, or premises used for the landfill disposal of solid wastes as defined by state solid waste regulations. The term is synonymous with the term Solid Waste Disposal Site and is also known as a garbage dump (USDNwater-04). Landfill: For purposes of RCRA Subtitle C, a disposal unit where nonliquid hazardous waste is placed in or on the land (RCRAIhazardous-04). Landfill: For more related terms, see (1) Class I landfill disposal site; (2) Class I1 landfill disposal site; (3) Class I11 landfill disposal site; (4) Sanitary landfill; (5) Secure chemical landfill (see secure landfill); (6) Secure landfill; and (7) Especially designated landfill. Landfilling: The disposal of solid waste at engineered facilities in a s&es of compacted layers on land and the eequent daily covering of the waste with soil. Fill areas are carefully prepared to prevent nuisances or public health hazards, and clay and/or synthetic liners are used to prevent releases to groundwater (RCRAImunicipal-04). Landscape characterization: Documentation of the traits and patterns of the essential elements of the landscape (EPA-97/12). Landscape ecology: The study of the distribution patterns of communities and ecosystems, the ecological processes that affect those patterns, and changes in pattern and process over time (EPA97/12). Landscape indicator: A measurement of the landscape, calculated from mapped or remotely sensed data, used to describe spatial patterns of land use and land cover across a geographic area Landscape indicators may be useful as measures of certain kinds of environmental degradation such as forest fragmentation (EPA-97/12). Landscape: The traits, patterns, and structure of a specific geographic area, including its biological composition, its physical environment, and its anthropogenic or social patterns. An area where interacting ecosystems are grouped and repeated in similar form (EPA-97/12).
Land-use study: A network of existing shallow wells in an area having a relatively uniform land use. These studies are a subset of a NAWQA Study-Unit Survey and have the goal of relating the quality of shallow groundwater to land use (CWNWbasics-04). Langelier index (LI): An index reflecting the equilibrium pH of a water with respect to calcium and alkalinity; used in stabilizing water to control both corrosion and scale deposition (EPA-97/12). Lanthanum (La): A rare earth metal with atomic number 57; atomic weight 138.91; density 6.17 glcc; melting point 920 C and boiling point 3470 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Lantz process: A destructive distillation technique in which the combustible components of waste are converted into combustible gases, charcoal, and a variety of distillates (cf. destructive distillation) (SW-108ts). Laparotomy: Surgical incision through the abdominal wall (LBL76107-bio). Lapple's method: A method used to calculate cyclone efficiency for a given particle size (EPA-84/09). Lapse rate: In meteorology, the change of temperature with height (NATO-78110). Large appliance coating facility: A facility that includes one or more large appliance coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-91). Large appliance coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto the surface of large appliances (40CFR52.741-91). Large appliance coating: Any coating applied to the component metal parts (including, but not limited to, doors, cases, lids, panels, and interior support parts) of residential and commercial washers, dryers, ranges, refrigerators, freezers, water heaters, dish washers, trash compactors, air conditioners, and other similar products (40CFR52.741-91). Large appliance part: Any organic surface-coated metal lid, door, casing, panel, or other interior or exterior metal part or accessory that is assembled to form a large appliance product. Parts subject to in-use temperatures in excess of 250 F are not included in this definition (40CFR60.451-91). Large appliance product: Any organic surface-coated metal range, oven, microwave oven, refrigerator, freezer, washer, dryer, dishwasher, water heater, or trash compactor manufactured for household, commercial, or recreational use (40CFR60.451-91). Large appliance surface coating line: That portion of a large appliance assembly plant engaged in the application and curing of
organic surface coatings on large appliance parts or products (40CFR60.451-91). Large appliance: Any residential and commercial washers, dryers, ranges, refrigerators, freezers, water heaters, dish washers, trash compactors, air conditioners, and other similar products (40CFR52.741-91). Large concentrated animal feeding operation (large CAFO): An AFO is defined as a large CAFO if it stables or confines as many or more than the numbers of animals specified in any of the following categories: (1) 700 mature dairy cows, whether milked or dry; (2) 1000 veal calves; (3) 1000 cattle other than mature dairy cows or veal calves. Cattle includes but is not limited to heifers, steers, bulls, and cow/calf pairs; (4) 2500 swine, each weighing 55 pounds or more; (5) 10,000 swine, each weighing less than 55 pounds; (6) 500 horses; (7) 10,000 sheep or lambs; (8) 55,000 turkeys; (9) 30,000 laying hens or broilers, if the AFO uses a liquid manure handling system; (10) 125,000 chickens (other than laying hens), if the AFO uses other than a liquid manure handling system; (11) 82,000 laying hens, if the AFO uses other than a liquid manure handling system; (12) 30,000 ducks (if the AFO uses other than a liquid manure handling system); or (13) 5000 ducks (if the AFO uses a liquid manure handling system) (40CFR122.23@)(4)) (CWAiNPDES-03). Large construction activity: As defined at 40CFR122.26 @)(14)(x), a large construction activity includes clearing, grading, and excavating resulting in a land disturbance that will disturb equal to or more than five acres of land or will disturb less than five acres of total land area but is part of a larger common plan of development or sale that will ultimately disturb equal to or more than five acres. A large construction activity does not include routine maintenance that is performed to maintain the original line and grade, hydraulic capacity, or original purpose of the site. (Source: Appendix A of the 2003 Construction General Permit [PDF Format]) (CWNwastewater-04). Large high voltage capacitor: A capacitor which contains 1.36 kg (3 Ibs.) or more of dielectric fluid and which operates at 2000 volts (a.c. or d.c.) or above. See capacitor for more related terms (40CFR761.3-91). Large low voltage capacitor: A capacitor which contains 1.36 kg (3 Ibs.) or more of dielectric fluid and which operates below 2000 volts (a.c. or d.c.). See capacitor for more related terms (40CFR761.3-91). Large municipal separate storm sewer system: All municipal separate storm sewers that are either: (1) Located in an incorporated place with a population of 250,000 or more as determined by the latest Decennial Census by the Bureau of Census (appendix F); or (2) Located in the counties listed in Appendix H, except municipal separate storm sewers that are located in the incorporated places, townships, or towns within such counties; or (3) Owned or operated by a municipality other
than those described in paragraph (b)(4)(i) or (ii) of this section and that are designated by the Director as part of the large or medium municipal separate storm sewer system due to the interrelationship between the discharges of the designated storm sewer and the discharges from municipal separate storm sewers described under paragraph (b)(4)(i) or (ii) of this section. In making this determination the Director may consider the following factors: (a) Physical interconnections between the municipal separate storm sewers; (b) The location of discharges from the designated municipal separate storm sewer relative to discharges from municipal separate storm sewers described in paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this section; (c) The quantity and nature of pollutants discharged to waters of the United States; (d) The nature of the receiving waters; and (e) Other relevant factors; or (4) The Director may, upon petition, designate as a large municipal separate storm sewer system, municipal separate storm sewers located within the boundaries of a region defined by a stormwater management regional authority based on a jurisdictional, watershed, or other appropriate basis that includes one or more of the systems described in paragraph (b)(4)(i), (ii), (iii) of this section (4OCFR122.26-4-91).
Large MWC plant: An MWC plant with an MWC plant capacity greater than 225 megagrams per day (250 tons per day) but less than or equal to 1000 megagrams per day (1 100 tons per day) of MSW (cf MWC plant) (40CFR60.3 1a-9 1, see also 40CFR60.5 1a91). Large quantity generator: Facilities that generate more than 1000 kg of hazardous waste per calendar month, or more than 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste per calendar month (RCRA/hazardous04). Large quantity generator: Person or facility generating more than 2200 pounds of hazardous waste per month. Such generators produce about 90% of the nation's hazardous waste, and are subject to all RCRA requirements (EPA-97/12). Large quantity handlers of universal waste: Handlers that accumulate a total of 5000 kg or more of universal waste at any one time (RCRAhazardous-04). Large release: A release of radioactive material that would result in doses greater than 25 rem to the whole body or 300 rem to the thyroid at 1.6 km from the control perimeter (security fence) of a reactor facility (DOE-9 1/04). Large route method: A method in which each crew is assigned a weekly route. The crew works each day without a fixed stopping point or work time, but it completes the route within the working week. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW108ts). Large sized plants: The plants which process more than 10,430 kg/day (23,000 lbdday) raw materials (40CFR428.71-91).
Large water system: A water system that serves more than 50,000 customers (EPA-97/12). Large (large point source): A point source that processes a total annual raw material production of fruits, vegetables, specialties, and other products that exceeds 9080 kkg (10,000 tons) per year (40CFR407.61-91, see also 40CFR407.71; 407.81-91). Larvicide: Product introduced to the larvae stage of mosquitoes. Through ingestions, toxins are released and larvae die (FIFRAfWN-04). Laser beam machining: The use of a highly focused monofrequency collimated beam of light to melt or sublime material at the point of impingement on a work piece (EPA-83106a). Laser induced fluorescence: A method for measuring the relative amount of soil andor groundwater with an in-situ sensor. Latching type valve: A valve with dual functions, namely as a lock and a regular valve. Normally, it requires at least two separate actions or movements to turn on the valve. For example, pushing in on the valve handle to unlatch (unlock) the valve before the valve handle can be rotated to turn on the tiel. Latency of response: The time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of the response to that stimulus (LBL76107-bio). Latency period: The time between the initial induction of a health effect and the manifestation (or detection) of the health effect; crudely estimated as the time (or some fraction of the time) from first exposure to detection of the effect (EPA-92/12). Latency: Time from the first exposure of a chemical until the appearance of a toxic effect (EPA-97/12). Latent heat (Btuflb or Btu/[lb mole]): (1) The heat released or absorbed by a change of phase (cf. sensible heat) (EPA-84/09). (2) Change of enthalpy during a change of state at the same pressure and temperature. (3) See heat for more related terms. Latent heat of condensation or evaporation (specific latent heat of condensation or evaporation): Thermodynamically, latent heat of condensation or evaporation is the enthalpy difference of a pure condensable fluid between its dry saturated vapor state and its saturated liquid state at the same pressure and temperature. Latent heat: Amount of heat given up or absorbed when a substance changes from one state to another, such as from a liquid to a solid (CWAWbasics-04). Latent heat: For more related terms, see (1) Condensation: A change of phase from vapor to liquid; (2) Fusion: A change of phase from solid to liquid; (3) Solidification: A change of phase
from liquid to solid; (4) Sublimation: A change of phase from solid to vapor; and (5) Vaporization: A change of phase from liquid to vapor.
signed by the President or it is not vetoed within ten days. At this stage, the law is generally referred to as a public law or statute (COCO-85).
Lateral moraine: A low ridgelike moraine carried on, or deposited near, the side margin of a mountain glacier (CWNWbasics-04).
Law of electrostatic attraction: See Coulomb's law.
Lateral pipe: A pipe used to connect wells or trenches in a landfill (RCRAImanagement-04). Lateral sewer: (1) A sewer which connects the collector sewer to the interceptor sewer (40CFR21.2-91). (2) Pipes that run under city streets and receive the sewage from homes and businesses, as opposed to domestic feeders and main trunk lines (EPA-97/12). (3) See sewer for more related terms. Laterite: The red residual soil developed in humid, tropical, and subtropical regions of good drainage. It is iron oxides and hydroxides and aluminum, manganese, or nickel (EPA-82/05). Latex paint: A paint containing a stable aqueous dispersion of synthetic resin, produced by emulsion polymerization, as the principal constituent of the binder (EPA-79112b).
Law related terms: (1) Act: Act is a law (statute) which describes the kind of waste management program that the Congress wants to establish. It also provides the EPA Administrator or his designee with the authority to implement the Act. (2) Regulation: The legal mechanism that spells out how a statute's broad policy directives are to be carried out. Regulations are published in the Federal Register and then codified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (EPA-86/01). (3) Policy (must do): A document that specifies operating policies that must be followed. It is used by program offices (such as EPA's Office of Solid Waste) to outline the manner in which pieces of an environmental program are to be carried out (EPA-86/01). (4) Guidance (how to): A document developed by the U.S. EPA or states outlining a position on a topic or giving instructions on how a procedure must be conducted. It explains how to do something and provides EPA's interpretations on an Act (EPA-86/01) Law: In electrostatic application, it includes: (1) Coulomb's law (or law of electrostatic attraction). (2) Faraday's law of electrolysis.
Latex resin: A resin which is produced by a polymerization process which initiates from free radical catalyst sites and is sold undried. See resin for more related terms (40CFR61.61-91).
Law: In environmental application, see Act, environmental law, etc.
Latex: A suspension of rubber particles in a water solution. Coagulation of the rubber is prevented by protective colloids. A protective colloid is a surface-active substance that prevents a dispersed phase of a suspension from coalescing by forming a thin layer on the surface of each particle (EPA-74112a).
Law: In gas management, it includes: (1) Gas related laws. (2) Beer Lambert law. (3) Beer's law. (4) Boyle's law. (5) Charles' law. (6) Dalton's law. (7) Darcy's law. (8) Ideal gas law. (9) Fluidrelated laws. (10) Fan law. (11) Stokes law. (12) Newton's viscosity law.
Launder: (1) A trough, channel, or gutter usually of wood, by which water is conveyed, specially in mining, a chute or trough for conveying powdered ore, or for carrying water to or from the crushing apparatus. (2) A flume (EPA-82/05).
Law: In Photochemistry, it includes: (1) Grotthus Draper law (the first law of photochemistry). (2) Stark Einstein law (the second law of photochemistry).
Laundering weir: Sedimentation basin overflow weir (EPA97112). Law development: A federal law is also known as the statute. It is enacted by the United States Congress by three major steps, namely, bill; act; and law: (1) A bill is introduced in either of the two houses, the Senate or House of Representatives. The bill is debated, read a third time and then voted on. If it passes in one house, it goes to the other house. ARer passage in one house, the legislation is called an Act. (2) The Act goes through the same steps in the second house. Often the Act is amended which means the Act is returned to the originating house for study and a vote on the amendments. If the second house passes the Act, it is signed by the Vice President (head of the Senate) and the House Speaker (head of the House of Representative) and then sent to the President for consideration. (3) The Act becomes law, if it is
Law: In solution application, it includes: (1) Henry's law. (2) Raoult's law. Law: In thermodynamic application, it includes: (1) Thermodynamic zeroth law. (2) Thermodynamic first law. (3) Thermodynamic second law. (4) Thermodynamic third law. Lawrencium (Lw): A radioactive metal with atomic number 103 and atomic weight 257. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Layout: The design or pattern of the main roadways and workings. The proper layout of mine workings is the responsibility of the manager aided by the planning department (CWAImining-04). LC5Onethal concentration: Median level concentration, a standard measure of toxicity. It tells how much of a substance is
needed to kill half of a group of experimental organisms in a given time. See LD50 (EPA-97/12). LC50: Lethal concentration that kills 50% of the test animals (SFIremedy-04). LDSOnethal dose: The dose of a toxicant that will kill 50% of the test organisms within a designated period. The lower the LD50, the more toxic the compound (EPA-97/12). LDlo: Lethal dose low; the lowest dose in an animal study at which lethality occurs (EPA-97/12). LDN: Day-Night Average Sound Level (NCAhoise-04). Leach ion-exchange flotation process: A mixed method of extraction developed for treatment of copper ores not amenable to direct flotation. The metal is dissolved by leaching, e.g., with sulfuric acid, in the presence of an ion exchange resin. The resin recaptures the dissolved metal and is then recovered in a mineralized froth by the flotation process (EPA-82/05). Leach precipitation float: A mixed method of chemical reaction plus flotation developed for such copper ores as chrysocolla and the oxidized minerals. The value is dissolved by leaching with acid, and the copper is re-precipitated on finely divided particles of iron, which are then recovered by flotation, yielding an impure concentrate in which metallic copper predominates (EPA-82/05). Leach: The process by which substances are released from the soil by dissolving in fluids, usually rain and surface water, and are carried down through the soil. To pass through the soil due to rain or groundwater moving through contaminated materials. Leaching can cause hazardous substances to enter the soil, surface water, or groundwater (CAAIAPC-04). Leachate collection system: A network of pipes or geotextiles/geonets placed at low areas of the landfill liner to collect leachate from a landfill for storage and treatment. Flow of leachate along the liner is facilitated by the use of a soil drainage blanket or geonet (RCFWmanagement-04). Leachate collection system: A system that gathers leachate and pumps it to the surface for treatment (EPA-97/12). Leachate: A contaminated liquid resulting when water percolates, or trickles, through waste materials and collects components of those waters (SFIEnv-04). Leachate: A liquid produced as water percolates through wastes, collecting contaminants (CMC02gas-04). Leachate: A liquid that has percolated through soil containing soluble substances and that contains certain amounts of these substances in solution (CWNWbasics-04).
Leachate: Any liquid, including any suspended components in the liquid that has percolated through or drained from waste (RCRAhazardous-04). Leachate: Liquid (mainly water) that percolates through a landfill and has picked up dissolved, suspended, andor microbial contaminants from the waste. Leachate can be compared to coffee: water that has percolated down through the ground coffee. Leachate: Liquid that has percolated through solid waste and has extracted dissolved or suspended materials from it (cf. percolate) (40CFR241.101-91, see also 40CFR257.2; 260.10-91). Leachate: Liquid that has percolated through solid waste or another medium and has extracted, dissolved, or suspended materials from it. Because leachate may include potentially harmful materials, leachate collection and treatment are crucial at municipal waste landfills (RCWmanagement-04). Leachate: Water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes, pesticides, or fertilizers. Leaching may occur in farming areas, feedlots, and landfills, and may result in hazardous substances entering surface water, groundwater, or soil (EPA97/12). Cf. hazardous waste leachate. Leached: Subjected to the action of percolating water or other liquid that removes the soluble parts (LBL-76107-bio). Leaching field: (1) An area of ground to which wastewater is discharged. Not considered an acceptable treatment method for industrial wastes (EPA-83106a). (2) The most commonly used on site disposal technique consisting of tiles which distribute septic tank eMuent for subsurface land application. This is a type of soil absorption system (EPA-80108). Leaching: In mining: (1) The removal in solution of the more soluble minerals by percolating waters. (2) Extracting a soluble metallic compound from an ore by selectively dissolving it in a suitable solvent and is usually recovered by precipitation of the metal or by other methods (EPA-82/05). Leaching: The passing of a soluble constituent or contaminant through a permeable substance, such as soil (OMBIReg-04). Leaching: The process by which a soluble component is "washed" from a solid material typically by percolation of a liquid through the solid material. The solution which contains the soluble components is known as the leachate (ETI-92). Leaching: The process by which soluble constituents are dissolved and filtered through the soil by a percolating fluid. See leachate (EPA-97/12). Leaching: The process by which soluble materials in the soil, such as salts, nutrients, pesticide chemicals, or contaminants, are
washed into a lower layer of soil or are dissolved and carried away by water (CWAlWscience-04).
Lead additive: Any substance containing lead or lead compounds (40CFR80.2-91).
Leaching: The removal of materials in solution from soil or rock; also refers to movement of pesticides or nutrients from land surface to groundwater (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Lead agency: The federal agency (or state agency operating pursuant to a contract or cooperative agreement) that has primary responsibility for coordinating response actions under the National Contingency Plan. A federal lead agency provides the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) or Remedial Project Manager (RPM). A state lead agency carries out the same responsibilities delineated for OSCs/RPMs except coordinating and directing federal agency response actions (40CFR300.5) (SFEnv-04).
Lead (Pb): A ductile, heavy metal. It occurs naturally as a trace constituent in rocks, soils, water, plants, animals, and air. It is used widely in industry because of its softness, resistance to corrosion and radiation, and high density. It is used in storage batteries, gasoline additives, pigments, alloys, ammunition, and solder. Its use has been sharply restricted or eliminated by federal laws and regulations. Most lead entering natural waters will precipitate to the sediment bottom as carbonate or hydroxide compounds. However, at low pH and low organic conditions, it is in its most soluble, bioavailable, and mobile form. Sorption is the dominant influence in soil. Mobility of lead in soil is low and therefore leaching to groundwater or runoff is not a predominant factor. Lead is not readily taken up by plants and does not appear to significantly bioaccumulate in most fish. Inhalation or ingestion of lead can cause neurological, cardiac and gastrointestinal problems. It is a Group B2, possible human carcinogen (NavyIEnv-04). Lead (Pb): A heavy metal that is hazardous to health if breathed or swallowed. Its use in gasoline, paints, and plumbing compounds has been sharply restricted or eliminated by federal laws and regulations (cf. heavy metals) (EPA-97/12). Lead (Pb): A heavy metal that is hazardous to health if breathed or swallowed. Its use in gasoline, paints, and plumbing compounds has been sharply restricted or eliminated by federal laws and regulations. See heavy metals (MWTNmedical-04).
Lead agency: The federal agency, state agency, political subdivision, or Indian Tribe that has primary responsibility for planning and implementing a response action under CERCLA (40CFR35.6015-91, see also 40CFR300.5; 1508.16-91). Lead agency: The location where the master copy of the Administrative Record File/Adrninistrative Record is established and maintained, generally the Engineering Field DivisiodEngineering Field Activity (EFDIEFA) (NavyEnv-04). Lead free: (1) When used with respect to solders and flux refers to solders and flux containing not more than 0.2% lead; and (2) When used with respect to pipes and pipe fittings refers to pipes and pipe fittings containing not more than 8.0% lead (SDWA1417, see also 40CFR141.43-91). Lead glass: A glass containing a substantial proportion of lead oxide, PbO. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Lead matte: Any molten solution of copper and other metal sulfides produced by reduction of sinter product from the oxidation of lead sulfide ore concentrates (40CFR61.171-91).
Lead (Pb): Elemental lead or alloys in which the predominant component is lead (40CFR60.12 1-91, see also 40CFR4 15.6 1; 415.671; 420.02-91). Lead is a soft metallic element with atomic number 82; atomic weight 207.19; density 11.4 glcc; melting point 327.4 C and boiling point 1725 C. The element belongs to group IVA of the periodic table.
Lead mineral: The most important industrial one is galena (PbS), which is usually argentiferous. In the upper parts of deposits the mineral may be altered by oxidation to cerussite (PbC03) or anglesite (PbS04). Usually galena occurs in intimate association with sphalerite(ZnS) (EPA-82/05).
Lead (Pb): Major lead compounds include lead arsenate (Pb3(As0&): A toxic white crystal used as an insecticide.
Lead oxide manufacturing facility: A facility that produces lead oxide from lead, including product recovery (40CFR60.371-91).
Lead (Pb): For more related terms, see (1) Endogenous lead; (2) Endogenous urinary lead; (3) Hard lead; and (4) Soft lead.
Lead oxide: An active material used for manufacture of lead-acid battery plates consisting of a mixture of lead oxides and finely divided elemental lead (EPA-84/08).
Lead acid battery manufacturing plant: Any plant that produces a storage battery using lead and lead compounds for the plates and sulfuric acid for the electrolyte (40CFR60.371-91).
Lead pigment: Lead compounds (e.g., white lead 2PbC03Pb(OH)2and lead carbonate PbC03) used for paint color materials.
Lead additive manufacturer: Any person who produces a lead additive or sells a lead additive under his own name (40CFR80.291).
Lead poisoning: Poisoning caused by the accumulation of lead over a long period of time. The poisoning may result in brain disease, anemia, etc.
Lead recipe: The glass product composition of the following ranges of weight proportions: 50 to 60% silicon dioxide, 18 to 35% lead oxides, 5 to 20% total R20 (e.g., NazM and K20), 0 to 8% total R2O3(e.g., d2O3),0 to 15% total RO (e.g., CaO, MgO), other than lead oxide, and 5 to 10% other oxides (40CFR60.29191). Lead reclamation facility: The facility that remelts lead scrap and casts it into lead ingots for use in the battery manufacturing process, and which is not a furnace affected under Subpart L of this part (40CFR60.371-91). Lead service line: A service line made of lead which connects the water main to the building inlet and any lead fitting connected to it (EPA-97/12). Leaded gasoline: (1) Gasoline which is produced with the use of any lead additive or which contains more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon or more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon (40CFR80.2-91). (2) Gasoline to which lead (tetraethyllead, [Pb(C2H&]) has been added to raise the octane level (EPA-89/12). (3) See gasoline for more related terms. Leaf fiber: A natural fiber, usually sisal, used in twine and rope. A contaminant in papa products. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-83). Leak definition concentration: The local VOC concentration at the surface of a leak source that indicates that a VOC emission (leak) is present. The leak definition is an instrument meter reading based on a reference compound (40CFR60-App/A(method 211-91). Leak detection system: A system capable of detecting the failure of either the primary or secondary containment structure or the presence of a release of hazardous waste or accumulated liquid in the secondary containment structure. Such a system must employ operational controls (e.g., daily visual inspections for releases into the secondary containment system of aboveground tanks) or consist of an interstitial monitoring device designed to detect continuously and automatically the failure of the primary or secondary containment structure or the presence of a release of hazardous waste into the secondary containment structure (40CFR260.10-91). Leak or leaking: Any instance in which a PCB article, PCB container, or PCB equipment has any PCBs on any portion of its external surface (40CFR761.3-91). Leak tight: That solids or liquids cannot escape or spill out. It also means dust-tight (40CFR61.141-91). Leak: Any of several events that indicate interruption of confinement of vinyl chloride within process equipment. Leaks include events regulated under Subpart V of this part such as: (1) An instrument reading of 10,000 ppm or greater measured
according to Method 21 (see Appendix A of 40CFR60-91); (2) A sensor detection of failure of a seal system, failure of a banier fluid system, or both, (3) Detectable emissions as indicated by an instrument reading of greater than 500 ppm above background for equipment designated for no detectable emissions measured according to Test Method 21 (see Appendix A of 40CFR60); and (4) In the case of pump seals regulated under 40CFR61.242-2, indications of liquid dripping constituting a leak under 40CFR61.242-2. Leaks also include events regulated under 40CFR61.65@)(8)(i) for detection of ambient concentrations in excess of background concentration. A relief valve discharge is not a leak (40CFR61.61-91, see also 40CFR61.301-91).
Leakance: The ratio of vertical hydraulic conductivity and the thickness of a confining bed; this term is used in the flow equations for leaky aquifers with vertical movement (NavyEnv04). Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund: A fund created by SARA that provides money for overseeing corrective action taken by a responsible party, and provides money for cleanups at UST sites where the owner and operator is unknown, unwilling, or unable to respond (RCMazardous-04). Leaky aquifer: An aquifer bounded above and below by a semipermeable layer so that water from the aquifer flows or leaks from the aquifer (NavyIEnv-04). Lean combustion: A combustion condition that a combustible mixture contains excess oxidant (oxygen or combustion air) for the complete combustion of the mixture. See combustion for more related terms. Lease: An agreement which gives exclusive possessory interest in the property for a specified time in exchange for payment of rent to the owner (SDWNradionuclide-04). Least detectable quantity: The smallest amount of a chemical that will produce a reliable instrument reading greater than zero or background. The terms sensitivity and the least detectable quantity are fkequently used interchangeably and often they are numerically equal (cf. instrumental detection limit). Least square method: A technique of fitting a curve to a set of given points by minimizing the sum of the squares of the deviations of the given points from the curve (NATO-78110). Ledge plate: A plate that is adjacent to or overlaps the edge of a stoker (SW-108ts). Ledger paper: (1) A type of paper generally used in a broad variety of recordkeeping type applications such as in accounting machines (40CFR250.4-91). (2) Strong, smooth, writing paper used for accounting and bookkeeping records (EPA-83). (3) See paper for more related terms.
Legacy waste: Waste products generated during the Department of Energy's production of nuclear weapons from 1943 until 1989. The Department's Environmental Management Program is responsible for cleaning up, treating, and disposing of this legacy waste, much of which has simply been stored for the past 50 years (OMBIReg-04). Legal agreement: A means of setting project milestones; current DON environmental cleanup program funding policy requires incorporating relative risk evaluations and DON environmental restoration funding controls (NavyRnv-04). Legionella: (1) A genus of bacteria, some species of which have caused a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease (40CFR141.2-91). (2) A genus of bacteria, some species of which have caused a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease (EPA-97/12). Legislation: Includes a bill or legislative proposal to Congress developed by or with the significant cooperation and support of a federal agency, but does not include requests for appropriations. The test for significant cooperation is whether the proposal is in fact predominantly that of the agency rather than another source. Drafting does not by itself constitute significant cooperation. Proposals for legislation include requests for ratification of treaties. Only the agency which has primary responsibility for the subject matter involved will prepare legislative environmental impact statement (40CFRl508.17-91). Lehr (LEER): A long, tunnel-shaped oven for annealing glass by continuous passage (EPA-83). Lentic waters: Ponds or lakes (standing water) (CWNWscience04). LEPC: Local emergency planning committees are groups established by EPCRA to coordinate the development of community chemical emergency plans and coordinate to communicate the plans to local stakeholders (TSCNchemical-04). Lessee: A person holding a leasehold interest in an oil or gas lease on lands beneath navigable waters (as that term is defined in section 2(a) of the Submerged Lands Act (43U.S.C.l301(a)) or on submerged lands of the outer Continental Shelf, granted or maintained under applicable state law or the Outer Continental Self Lands Act (43U.S.C.1331 wt seq.) (OPA1001-91). Lethal concentration fifty (LC50): A calculated concentration of a substance in air, exposure to which for a specified length of time is expected to cause the death of 50% of an entire defined experimental animal population. See dose response for more related terms. Lethal concentration fifty (LC50): A concentration of a pollutant or effluent at which 50% of the test organisms die; a common measure of acute toxicity (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Lethal concentration fifty (LC50): A median level concentration, a standard measure of toxicity. It tells how much of a substance is needed to kill half of a group of experimental organisms at a specific time of observation. See LD50 (EPA-89/12). Lethal concentration fifty (LC50): That concentration of material which is lethal to one-half (50%) of the test population of aquatic animals upon continuous exposure for 96 hours or less (40CFR116.3; 795.120; 797.1350; 797.1440; 797.1400; 797.1970; 797.2050; 797.1930; 797.1950 & 300-AppIA-91). Lethal concentration low (LCLO): The lowest concentration of a substance in air, other than lethal concentration fifty, which has been reported to have caused death in humans or animals. See dose response for more related terms. Lethal concentration: The point estimate of the toxicant concentration that would be lethal to a given percentage of the test organisms during a specific period. See dose response for more related terms (EPA-91/03). Lethal dose (LD): A measured quantity administrated to test fish or animals. For direct feeding experiments or injections, the median toxic dosage is noted as LD50, or the lethal dose for 50% of the animals. The time of observation may or may not be a criterion for single feedings or injections. See dose response for more related terms (LBL-76107-water). Lethal dose fifty (LD50): The dose of a toxicant that will kill 50% of the test organisms within a designated period of time. The lower the LD50, the more toxic the compound (EPA-89/12). Lethal dose fifty (LD50): A dose of a substance in ppm of medium which is expected to cause the death of 50% of an entire defined experimental animal population. The substance refers to a pure chemical, to a chemical containing impurities, or to a mixture of chemicals. It is determined from the exposure to the substance by any route other than inhalation. A group of well-known chemicals and their LD50 values (concentration mg/Kg) are listed in the following list. The list shows approximate oral LD50 in rats in the unit of mgkg. The lower LDSOs are more acutely toxic than those with higher values: (1) Sucrose (table sugar) 29,700. (2) Vitamin A 2000. (3) Aspirin 1000. (4) Caffeine 192. (5) DDT 113. (6) Sodium cyanide 6.4. Lethal dose fifty (LD50): See dose response for more related terms. Lethal dose fifty (LD50): The dose of a toxicant that will kill 50% of test organisms within a designated period of time. The lower the LD50, the more toxic the compound (FFDCNpesticide 04). Lethal dose fifty (LD50): The empirically derived dose of the test substance that is expected to result in mortality of 5% of a
population of birds which is treated with a single oral dose under the conditions of the test (40CFR797.2175-91, see also 40CFR300-AppIA-91).
Lethal dose low (LDLO): (1) The lowest dose, other than lethal dose fifty, of a substance introduced by any route, other than inhalation, which has been reported to have caused death in humans or animals (Course 165.5). (2) The lowest dose at which death occurred (EPA-92/12). (3) See dose response for more related terms.
Level of quantitation or LOQ: The lowest concentration at which HDDsIHDFs can be reproducibly measured in a specific chemical substance within specified confidence limits, as described in this part (40CFR766.3-91). Levelized cost: The amortization of all major items of power costs equally over the life of the power plant unit. It is the cost of power, expressed in either nominal or real dollars, taking into account the capital cost of the generating unit, the fuel and other operating and maintenance costs, and any transmission and distribution costs applicable to the particular situation.
Lethal dose zero (LD 0): The highest concentration of a toxic substance at which none of the test organisms die. See dose response for more related terms (EPA-89/12).
Lewis acid: A chemical that can accept a pair of electrons from a base (e.g., SO3).See acid for more related terms.
Lethal mutation: A change in the genome which, when expressed, causes death to the carrier (40CFR798.5275-91).
Lewis base: A chemical that can donate a pair of electrons (e.g., OH). See base for more related terms.
Letter of credit: A credit document issued to an owner and operator to cover TSDF financial assurance or UST financial responsibility requirements (RCRAJhazardous-04).
LFL: The lower flammability limit is the lowest concentration in the air at which a substance will ignite (TSCNchemical-04). LH2 storage: Liquid hydrogen storage.
Letterpress ink: An ink used for typographic (raised type) printing which is a viscous, tacky ink which cures by oxidation. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Leukogen: A substance that causes leukemia (NavyIEnv-04). Levee: A bank of material, usually earth, constructed to form a barrier. Also called a dike (EPA-83). Levee: A natural or manmade earthen barrier along the edge of a stream, lake, or river. Land alongside rivers can be protected from flooding by levees (CWAIWsciencs04). Level indicator: One of solid or sludge flow rate meters. This includes methods based upon mechanical, ultrasonic, nuclear, and radio frequency principles of operation. Nearly all tank level indicators will perform better with somewhat uniform (freeflowing) particles. This will aid in distributing the level of material evenly within the vessel, allowing for more accuracy in whatever monitoring system is used. Typically, these methods can monitor tank levels to within +/- 1%. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-89/06). Level of concern (LOC): The concentration in air of an extremely hazardous substance above which there may be serious immediate health effects to anyone exposed to it for short periods (EPA-97/12).
Liabilities: Damages that may result from an unexpected release of contaminants into the environment (RCRAIhazardous-04). Liability: The probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transactions or events (cf. current liability) (40CFR144.61-91, see also 40CFR264.141; 265.141-91). Liability: Under Superfund, a party responsible for the presence of hazardous waste at a site is also legally responsible for acting and paying to reduce or eliminate the risks posed by the site (SFIremedy-04). Liable or liability: Shall be construed to be the standard of liability which obtains under section 31 1 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33U.S.C.1321) (OPA1001, see also SFlOl42U.S.C.9601-91). License (for real property): A privilege granted to a private party to use or pass over real property for a specific purpose (SDWNradionuclide-04). License or permit: Any license or permit granted by an agency of the federal government to conduct any activity which may result in any discharge into the navigable waters of the United States (40CFR121.1-91).
Level of detection: See quantifiable level. Level of protection: Equipment to protect the body against contact with known or anticipated toxic chemicals. See action level for four levels of protection (Course 165.5).
License: For nuclear reactor operation, see 10CFR20.3; 30.4; 40.4; 70.4-91. Licensed material: The source material, special nuclear material, or by-product material received, possessed, used, or transferred
under a general or specific license issued by the Commission pursuant to the regulations in this chapter (10CFR20.3-91).
Licensed site: The area contained within the boundary of a location under the control of persons generating or storing uranium by-product materials under a license issued pursuant to section 84 of the Act. For purposes of this subpart, "licensed site" is equivalent to "regulated unit" in Subpart F of Part 264 of this chapter. See dump for more related terms (40CFR192.3 1-91). Licensing or permitting agency: Any agency of the federal government to which application is made for a license or permit (40CFR121.1-91). Lidar range: The range or distance from the lidar to a point of interest along the lidar line-of-sight (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91). Lidar: Light detection and ranging (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91). Life cycle assessment: The concept of life cycle assessment is to evaluate the environmental effects associated with any given activity from the initial gathering of raw material from the Earth until the point at which all residuals are returned to as the Earth. Major concepts of life cycle assessment include (1) Life cycle assessment is a tool to evaluate the environmental consequences of a product or activity holistically, across its entire life. (2) There is a trend in many countries toward more environmentally benign products and processes. (3) A complete life cycle assessment consists of three complementary components: Inventory, Impact, and Improvement Analysis. (4) Life cycle inventories can be used both internally to an organization and externally, with external applicators requiring a higher standard of accountability. (5) Life cycle inventory analyses can be used in process analyses, material selection, product evaluation, product comparison, and policy making (EPA-93/02, pl).
no less than 30 years, including contracts that permit an election for early termination; or (3) For a period equal to or greater than 25 years or 70% of the economic useful life of the unit determined as of the time the unit was built, with option rights to purchase or release some portion of the nameplate capacity and associated energy generated by the unit at the end of the period (40CFR72.291).
Life zone: Major area of plant and animal life; region characterized by particular plants and animals and distinguished by temperature differences (CWAIWbasics-04). Lifetime average daily dose: Figure for estimating excess lifetime cancer risk (EPA-97/12). Lifetime exposure: Total amount of exposure to a substance that a human would receive in a lifetime (usually assumed to be 70 years) (EPA-97/12). Lift and carry container: A large container that can be lifted onto a service vehicle and transported to a disposal site for emptying; also called a detachable container or drop-off box. See container for more related terms (SW-108ts). Lift depth: Vertical thickness of a compacted volume of solid wastes and the cover material immediately above it in a sanitary landfill (EPA-83). Lift: In a sanitary landfill, a compacted layer of solid waste and the top layer of cover material (cf. cell) (EPA-97/12). Lift: In landfilling, a lift is a completed layer of adjacent cells (RCRAImanagement-04). Lift: The amount of coal obtained from a continuous miner in one mining cycle (CWAlmining-04). Lifting station: See pumping station (EPA-97/12).
Life cycle of a product: All stages of a product's development, from extraction of fuel for power to production, marketing, use, and disposal (EPA-97/12). Life cycle: (1) The phases, changes, or stages an organism passes through during its lifetime (from the fertilized egg to death of the mature organism) (EPA-74/11). (2) The series of stages in the form and mode of life of an organism; i.e., the stages between successive recurrences of a certain primary stage such as the spore, fertilized egg, seed, or resting cell (LBL76107-water). Life of the unit, firm power contractual arrangement: A unit participation power sales agreement under which a utility or industrial customer reserves, or is entitled to receive, a specified amount or percentage of nameplate capacity and associated energy generated by any specified generating unit and pays its proportional amount of such unit's total costs, pursuant to a contract: (1)For the life of the unit; (2) For a cumulative term of
Ligand: (1) The molecules attached to a central atom by coordinate covalent bonds (EPA-83106a). (2) A molecule, ion, or atom that is attached to the central atom of a coordination compound, a chelate, or other complex (LBL76107-bio). Ligand: The molecules surrounding a metal ion in a complex ion. See chelate and complexation (NavyIEnv-04).
Light duty truck (LDT): Any motor vehicle rated at 3850 kg gross vehicle weight or less, designed mainly to transport property. See truck for more related terms (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.391; 86.082.2-91). Light duty truck 1: Any light light duty truck up through 3750 Ibs loaded vehicle weight. See truck for more related terms (40CFR86.094.2-91).
Light duty truck 2: Any light light duty truck greater than 3750 Ibs loaded vehicle weight. See truck for more related terms (40CFR86.094.2-91). Light duty truck 3: Any heavy light duty truck up through 5750 Ibs adjusted loaded vehicle weight. See truck for more related terms (40CFR86.094.2-91). Light duty truck 4: Any heavy light duty truck greater than 5750 lbs adjusted loaded vehicle weight. See truck for more related terms (40CFR86.094.2-91). Light duty vehicle and engine: The new light duty motor vehicles and new light duty motor vehicle engines, as determined under regulations of the Administrator. See engine for more related terms (CA.4202-42U.S.C.7521-91).
decanter also may be known as a light oil separator (40CFR61.131-91).
Light oil storage tank: Any tank, reservoir, or container used to collect or store crude or refined light oil (40CFR61.13 1-9 1). Light oil sump: Any tank, pit, enclosure, or slop tank in light oil recovery operations that functions as a wastewater separation device for hydrocarbon liquids on the surface of the water (40CFR61.131-91). Light water reactor: A nuclear reactor in which circulating light water is used to cool the reactor core and to moderate (reduce the energy of) the neutrons created in the core by the fission reactions (DOE-91/04).
Light duty vehicle: A gasoline powered motor vehicle rated at 6000 Ib. gross vehicle weight (GVW) or less. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR5 1.731-91, see also 40CFR52.1161; 52.2039; 52.2485,52.2490; 52.2491; 86.082.2-91).
Light water: The common form of water (a molecule with two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom) in which the hydrogen atoms consist largely or completely of the normal hydrogen isotope (one proton and one neutron). See water for more related terms (DOE-91/04).
Light light duty truck: Any light-duty truck rated up through 6000 Ibs GVW (40CFR86.094.2-91).
Light-emitting diode: A long-lasting illumination technology used for exit signs which requires very little power (EPA-97/12).
Light liquid: The VOM in the liquid state which is not defined as heavy liquid. See liquid for more related terms (40CFR52.741-91).
Lighting: The level of illumination in the workplace. Poor lighting can lead to visual symptoms of eye strain, eye focusing breakdown, eye coordination abnormalities, and eye fatigue while performing select activities such as video display terminal tasks (OSHNergonomics-04).
Light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL): A liquid that does not dissolve in water, and so forms a separate phase, which is also lighter than water and therefore floats on the surface. Many petroleum products are LNAPLs (NavyIEnv-04). Light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL): A non-aqueous phase liquid with a specific gravity less than 1.0. Because the specific gravity of water is 1.0, most LNAPLs float on top of the water table. Most common petroleum hydrocarbon fuels and lubricating oils are LNAPLs (EPA-97/12). Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL): Liquid contaminants that are relatively insoluble and lighter than water; also known as floaters because they will float on top of an aquifer (SFIremedy-04). Light off time (LOT): The time required for a catalytic converter (at ambient temperature 68-86 F) to warm up sufficiently to convert 50% of the incoming HC and CO to C02 and H20
(40CFR85.2122(a)(l5)(ii)(C)-91). Light oil condenser: Any unit in the light oil recovery operation that functions to condense benzene containing vapors (40CFR61.131-91). Light oil decanter: Any vessel, tank, or other type of device in the light oil recovery operation that functions to separate light oil from water downstream of the light oil condenser. A light oil
Lignin: An organic polymer that cements celluloses together to form plant cell walls. Lignite coal: Consolidated lignitic coal having less than 8300 British thermal units per pound, moist and mineral matter free (SMCRA701-30U.S.C. 1291-90). Lignite: The coal that is classified as lignite A or B according to the American Society of Testing and Materials' (ASTM) Standard Specification for Classification of Coals by Rank D388-77 (incorporated by reference-see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.41a-9 1, see also 40CFR60.4 1b-91). See coal for more related terms. Lignite: The lowest rank of coal, often referred to as brown coal, used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It is brownish-black and has a high inherent moisture content, sometimes as high as 45%. The heat content of lignite ranges ffom 9 to 17 million Btu per ton on a moist, mineralmatter-free basis. The heat content of lignite consumed in the United States averages 13 million Btu per ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter) (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Likelihood of release: Relative likelihood of a hazardous substance migrating from the site through the specific pathway medium (groundwater, surface water, air) (USDNwater-04). Lime based process: Waste fixation techniques based on lime products usually depend on the reaction of lime with fine-grained siliceous (pozzolNic) material and water to produce a concretelike solid. The most common pozzolanic materials used in waste treatment are fly ash, ground blast-furnace slag, and cement-kiln dust. See solidification and stabilization for more related terms. Lime kiln: A unit used to calcine lime mud, which consists primarily of calcium carbonate, into quicklime, which is calcium oxide (40CFR60.281-91). Lime leg: In the steel industry, the fixed leg of the ammonia still to which milk of lime is added to decompose ammonium salts; the liberated ammonia is steam distilled and returned to the gas stream (cf. free leg) (EPA-74106a). Lime manufacturing plant: Any plant which uses a rotary lime kiln to produce lime product from limestone by calcination (40CFR60.341-91). Lime mud slurry: The product resulting from the addition of water to lime cake to facilitate pumping of the material for further handling andor disposal (EPA-7410 1a). Lime mud: In the wood industry, a solid residue generated from the white liquor clarifier in the lime recoverylwhite liquor preparation process (EPA-87/10). Lime pond: An earthen diked area to which the lime mud slurry or waste filter cake is transported and held (EPA-74101a). Lime product: The product of the calcination process including, but not limited to, calcitic lime, dolomitic lime, and dead-burned dolomite (40CFR60.341-91). Lime slurry: A form of calcium hydroxide in aqueous suspension that contains considerable freewater (EPA-82/05). Lime softening: A water softening method in which lime is used to react with calcium bicarbonate to form calcium carbonate for precipitation. Lime: Calcium oxide (CaO), or a mixture of calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). All classes of quicklime and hydrated lime both calcitic (high calcium) and dolomitic (EPA-83). In general, lime is calcium oxide (CaO), but often it means calcium hydroxide Lime: Quicklime (calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH),]) obtained by calcining limestone or other forms of calcium carbonate. Loosely used for hydrated or ground calcium carbonate in agricultural lime
and for calcium in such expressions as carbonate of lime, chloride of lime, and lime feldspar (EPA-82/05). See also settle lime. Lime: The common name for calcium oxide (CaO); formed in the calcining zone of the cement kiln (ETI-92). Limestone coal pellets as fuel: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Limestone coal pellets as fuel is an another way to reduce SO2 emissions from combustion processes by burning pellets made of limestone and coal. Pellets are made by pulverizing coal and limestone and adding a binder forming small, cylinder shaped pellets which are about half the size of a charcoal briquette. These consist of approximately two-thirds coal, and one-third limestone. As the pellet bums, the calcium in the limestone absorbs the SO2 generated by coal combustion and forms calcium sulfate. Calcium sulfate emissions are subsequently collected in a baghouse or electrostatic precipitator (EPA-8 1112, p8-5). Limestone flux: The addition of calcium chloride (limestone) to the combustion process to reduce the formation of acid rain contaminates (SO2and NOx, also see acid rain) (CAAIAPC-04). Limestone scrubbing: Use of a limestone and water solution to remove gaseous stack-pipe sulfur before it reaches the atmosphere (EPA-97/12). Limestone: A sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate, primarily in the form of the mineral calcite (CWNWbasics-04). Limestone: Either calcitic limestone (CaC03) or dolomitic limestone (CaC03, MgC03) (EPA-83). Liming: An operation in the beam-house where a lime solution comes in contact with the hide. Liming in conjunction with the use of sharpeners such as sodium sulfiydrate is used to either chemically bum hair from the hide or to loosen it for easier mechanical removal. Hair pulping normally utilizes higher chemical concentrations (EPA-82/11). Limit of detection (LOD): The minimum concentration of a substance being analyzed test that has a 99% probability of being identified (EPA-97/12). Limit of detection (LOD): The smallest amount of analyte that can be reliably reported as detected in a sample. See detection limit for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Limitation: See standard. Limited degradation: An environmental policy permitting some degradation of natural systems but terminating at a level well beneath an established health standard (EPA-97/12).
Limited evidence: According to the U.S. EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, limited evidence is a collection of facts and accepted scientific inferences which suggests that the agent may be causing an effect, but this suggestion is not strong enough to be considered established fact (EPA-92/12). Limited water-soluble substance: The chemicals which are soluble in water at less than 1000 mg/L (cf. readily water-soluble substances) (40CFR797.1060-9 1). Limiting chemical: The chemicals that are the last to be removed (or treated) from a medium by a given technology. In theory, the cumulative residual risk for a medium may approximately equal the risk associated with the limiting chemicals (EPA-91/12). Limiting factor: A condition whose absence or excessive concentration, is incompatible with the needs or tolerance of a species or population and which may have a negative influence on their ability to thrive or survive (EPA-97/12). Limiting orifice: A device that limits flow by constriction to a relatively small area. A constant flow can be obtained over a wide range of upstream pressures (EPA-83/03). Limiting permissible concentration (LPC) of the liquid phase of a material: (1) That concentration of a constituent which, after allowance for initial mixing as provided in 40CFR227.29, does not exceed applicable marine water quality criteria; or, when there are no applicable marine water quality criteria. (2) That concentration of waste or dredged material in the receiving water which, after allowance for initial mixing, as specified in 40CFR227.29, will not exceed a toxicity threshold defined as 0.01 of a concentration shown to be acutely toxic to appropriate sensitive marine organisms in a bioassay carried out in accordance with approved EPA procedures. (3) When there is reasonable scientific evidence on a specific waste material to justify the use of an application factor other than 0.01 as specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, such alternative application factor shall be used in calculating the LPC (40CFR227.27-a-91). Limiting permissible concentration of the suspended particulate and solid phases of a material: That concentration which will not cause unreasonable acute or chronic toxicity or other sublethal adverse effects based on bioassay results using appropriate sensitive marine organisms in the case of the suspended particulate phase, or appropriate sensitive benthic marine organisms in the case of the solid phase; and which will not cause accumulation of toxic materials in the human food chain. These bioassays are to be conducted in accordance with procedures approved by EPA, or, in the case of dredged material, approved by EPA and the Corps of Engineers (40CFR227.27-91). Limnetic zone: The open-water region of a lake. This region supports plankton and fish as the principal plants and animals (LBL-76107-water).
Limnetic: The deepwater zone (greater than 2 meters deep); a subsystem of the Lacustrine System of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service wetland classification system (CWA/Wbasics-04). Limnology: That branch of hydrology pertaining to the study of lakes (CWA/hydrology-04). Limnology: The study of the physical, chemical, hydrological, and biological aspects of fresh water bodies (EPA-97/12). Lindane: A pesticide that causes adverse health effects in domestic water supplies and is toxic to freshwater fish and aquatic life (EPA-97/12). Linde process: An alternative technology to produce high-purity oxygen by compressing air and then purifying and separating it through a series of vessels containing granular adsorbent (molecular sieve) (EPA-77/07). Line losses: Kilowatt hours and kilowatts lost in transmission and distribution lines under specified conditions. See electric loss for more related terms (EPA-83). Line section: A continuous run of pipe between adjacent pressure pump stations, between a pressure pump stations, between a pressure pump station and terminal or breakout tanks, between a pressure pump station and a block valve, or between adjacent block valves (40CFR195.2-91). Line source: A one-dimensional source. An example of a line source is the particular emissions from a dirt road. See source for more related terms (EPA-88/09). Linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS): A surface-active compound in synthetic detergents that decomposes readily by bacterial action where oxygen is present (DOI-70104). Linear dynamic range: The concentration range over which the analytical curve remains linear (40CFR136-App/C-91). Linear regression: A method to fit a line through a set of points such that the sum of squared vertical deviations of the point values from the fitted line is a minimum, i.e., no other line, no matter how it is computed, will have a smaller sum of squared distances between the actual and predicted values of the dependent variable. Linear regression can be expressed as y = a + bx (EPA-79112~). Linearity: (1) Expresses the degree to which a plot of instrument response versus known pollutant concentration falls on a straight line. A quantitative measure of linearity may be obtained by performing a regression analysis on several calibration points (LBL-76107-bio). (2) The maximum deviation between an actual instrument reading and the reading predicted by drawing a straight line between the upper and lower calibration points (LBL-76107water).
Linearized multistage procedure: The modified form of the multistage mode (see multistage model). The constant ql is forced to be positive (>O) in the estimation algorithm and is also the slope of the dose-response curve at low doses. The upper confidence limit of ql (called ql *) is called the slope factor (EPA-92/12). Liner (or lining): (1) A continuous layer of natural or man-made materials, beneath or on the sides of a surface impoundment, landfill, or landfill cell, which restricts the downward or lateral escape of hazardous waste, hazardous waste constituents, or leachate (40CFR260.10-91). (2) The material used on the inside of a furnace wall or stack (chimney); usually of high-grade rehctory tiles or bricks or a plastic refractory material. It may have insulating, abrasion, corrosion, water resistant, andor temperature tolerant properties (EPA-83). Liner (or lining): For more related terms, see (1) Flexible membrane; (2) Geomembrane; (3) Geotextile; (4) Inner liner; (5) Missile liner; (6) Sanitary landfill liner; and (7) Soil liner. Liner: (1) A relatively impermeable bamer designed to keep leachate inside a landfill. Liner materials include plastic and dense clay. (2) An insert or sleeve for sewer pipes to prevent leakage or infiltration (NavyIEnv-04). Liner: (1) A relatively impermeable barrier designed to keep leachate inside a landfill. Liner materials include plastic and dense clay. (2) An insert or sleeve for sewer pipes to prevent leakage or infiltration (EPA-97/12). Liner: A system of low-permeability soil andor geosynthetic membranes used to collect leachate and minimize contaminant flow to groundwater. Liners may also adsorb or attenuate pollutants to further reduce contamination (RCRAImanagement-04).
Liquefied gas storage tank: Tank that is used for the storage of liquids that are gaseous under normal conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure). The substances are kept in the liquid phase either by applying a slight over-pressure (e.g., liquefied petroleum gas; 0.5 - 1.5 MPa) or by storing it at low temperatures in super insulated devices (e.g., hydrogen at -253 C). Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): (1) A hydrocarbon mixture that usually contains portions of propane, butane, isobutane, propylene, and butylene. The most common commercial products are propane, butane or some mixture of the two. Liquefied petroleum gas is one of a number of hydrocarbon fuels, which can be used to operate fuel cells. (2) Liquefied petroleum gas (LP gas or LPG): A hydrocarbon mixture of propane, butane, isobutane, propylene, or butylene. The most common commercial products are propane, butane, or some mixture of the two. Liquefied petroleum gases: A group of hydrocarbon-based gases derived from crude oil refining or natural gas hctionation. They include ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane, and isobutylene. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization (CAA/C02gasl-04). Liquid chromatography: A chromatographic technique in which the stationary phase materials are liquids. See chromatography for more related terms. Liquid dripping: Any visible leakage from the seal including spraying, misting, clouding, and ice formation (40CFR60.481-91). Liquid filter: A filter used to remove solids from a liquid stream. See filter for more related terms. Liquid flow rate meter: See flow rate meter.
Lipid solubility: The maximum concentration of a chemical that will dissolve in fatty substances. Lipid soluble substances are insoluble in water. They will very selectively disperse through the environment via uptake in living tissue (EPA-97/12).
Liquid hydrogen storage: Storage of liquefied cryogenic hydrogen at atmospheric pressure and cryogenic temperatures below -253 C or 20 K.
Lipid: A large group of organic compounds which are insoluble in water but are soluble in organic solvents.
Liquid hydrogen: When hydrogen gas is below -253 C or 20 K, hydrogen is in its liquid phase.
Lipophilic: A high affinity for lipids (fats) (EPA-91/03).
Liquid injection incinerator: (1) As the name implies, liquid injection incinerators are applicable almost exclusively for pumpable liquid waste. These incinerators are usually simple, refractory-lined cylinders (either horizontally or vertically aligned) equipped with one or more waste burners. Liquid wastes are injected through the bumer(s), atomized to fine droplets, and bumed in suspension. Burners as well as separate waste injection nozzles may be oriented for axial, radial, or tangential firing. Improved utilization of combustion space and higher heat release rates, however, can be achieved with the utilization of swirl or vortex burners or designs involving tangential entry. See incinerator for more related terms (Oppelt-87/05). (2) Commonly used system that relies on high pressure to prepare liquid wastes
Lipoprotein: A weak combination of lipid and protein (EPA88109a). Liquefaction: Changing a solid into a liquid (cf. gasification) (EPA-97/12). Liquefaction: The process of converting coal into a synthetic fuel, similar in nature to crude oil andlor refined products, such as gasoline (CWAImining-04).
for incineration breaking them up into tiny droplets to allow easier combustion (EPA-97/12).
Liquid ion exchange (LIE): The basic principle underlying the LIE reactions is the concept of distribution or partition between phases. When two immiscible phases are placed in contact, a substance that is soluble in both will be partitioned between those phases in a definite proportion. If the substance is much more soluble in one phase than the other, then the partition will favor the first phase. In the liquid ion exchange process, a water-soluble, ionic species is caused to become more soluble in an organic solvent (by salt formation, complexation, etc.) thus promoting the partition or extraction of that species into the solvent. LIE involves: (1)Loading: This is to transfer a species of interest from the aqueous phase into a miscible organic phase. The extracted aqueous phase is then termed the raffinate. (2) Stripping: This is to transfer the species of interest from the loaded organic phase into a second aqueous phase, whose composition is such that the species of interest will now transfer to this new aqueous phase. The second aqueous is often referred as the stripping liquor. Thus the LIE produces two aqueous streams, the raffinate or cleaned stream and the loaded (or pregnant) stripping liquor. The organic phase is virtually always run in a closed loop (cf. ion exchange).
Liquid phase process: A polymerization process in which the polymerization reaction is camed out in the liquid phase; i.e., the monomer(s) and any catalyst are dissolved, or suspended in a liquid solvent (40CFR60.561-91). Liquid phase refining: A metal with an impurity is refined by heating the metal to the point of melting of the low temperature metal. It is separated by sweating out (EPA-83106a). Liquid phase slurry process: A liquid phase polymerization process in which the monomer(s) are in solution (completely dissolved) in a liquid solvent, but the polymer is in the form of solid particles suspended in the liquid reaction mixture during the polymerization reaction; sometimes called a particle form process (40CFR60.561-91). Liquid phase solution process: A liquid phase polymerization process in which both the monomer(s) and polymer are in solution (completely dissolved) in the liquid reaction mixture (40CFR60.561-91). Liquid saturation line: The curve line which separates the liquid region from the liquid-vapor region (Wark-p56).
Liquid liquid extraction (or solvent extraction): Liquid liquid extraction is the removal of a solute from another liquid by mixing that combination with a solvent preferential to the substance to be removed (EPA-87110a). The process involves: (1) Extraction: Feed and solvent, two immiscible liquids, are mixed to allow the solute to transfer from the feed to the solvent. The mixing can be accomplished either by force or by a countercurrent flow caused by density differences. (2) Solute removal: This process can be via a second solvent extraction step, distillation, or some other methods. (3) Solvent recovery: This can be accomplished by stripping, distillation, adsorption, or other methods.
Liquid to gas ratio: In flue gas desulfurization systems, the ratio of scrubber sluny to gas flow (UG ratio). For a given set of system variables, a minimum L/G ratio is required to achieve the desired SO2absorption, based on the solubility of SO2in the liquid. High LIG ratios require more piping and structural design considerations, resulting in higher costs (EPA-84103b-p8.3).
Liquid metal reactor: A nuclear reactor in which liquid metal, usually sodium or sodium potassium, is used to cool the reactor core (DOE-9 1/04).
Liquid to gas ratio: In wet scrubbers (absorbers), the ratio of scrubbing liquid (in gallons per minute) to the inlet gas flow rate (in acfm) (EPA-89103b).
Liquid mounted seal: A foam or liquid-filled primary seal mounted in contact with the liquid between the tank wall and the floating roof continuously around the circumference of the tank (40CFR60.111a-91, see also 40CFR61.341-9 1).
Liquid to gas ratio: The amount of liquid injected into a wet scrubber per given volume of exhaust flow (with units of ga1/1000 acf or gpmI1000 acfm) (EPA-84103b-p2.1).
Liquid nitriding: A process of case hardening a metal in a molten cyanide bath (EPA-83106a). Liquid phase of a material: Subject to the exclusions of paragraph (b) of this section, is the supernatant remaining after one hour undisturbed settling, after centrifugation and filtration through a 0.45 micron filter. The suspended particulate phase is the supernatant as obtained above prior to centrifugation and filtration. The solid phase includes all material settling to the bottom in one hour. Settling shall be conducted according to procedures approved by EPA (40CFR227.32-91).
Liquid service: That the equipment or component contains process fluid that is in a liquid state at operating conditions (40CFR52.741-91).
Liquid trap: The sumps, well cellars, and other traps used in association with oil and gas production, gathering, and extraction operations (including gas production plants), for the purpose of collecting oil, water, and other liquids. These liquid traps may temporarily collect liquids for subsequent disposition or reinjection into a production or pipeline stream, or may collect and separate liquids from a gas stream (40CFR280.12-91). Liquid viscosity: In a liquid, transfer of momentum between strata having different velocities is small, compared to the cohesive forces between the molecules. Hence, shear stress is predominantly the result of intermolecular cohesion. Because
forces of cohesion decrease with an increase in temperature, the shear stress decreases with an increase in temperature. Therefore, liquid viscosity decreases when the temperature increases. See viscosity for more related terms (EPA-81/12, p2-6).
Liquidlgas method: Either of two methods for determining capture which require both gas phase and liquid phase measurements and analysis. The first method requires construction of a Temporary Total Enclosure (TTE). The second method uses the building or room which houses the facility as an enclosure. The second method requires that all other VOM sources within the room be shut down while the test is performed, but all fans and blowers within the room must be operated according to normal procedures (40CFR52.741-91). Liquid: (1) A substance neither solid nor gaseous. An example of liquid is water or petroleum. (2) A pumpable material of naturally occumng or man-made origin possessing a relatively fixed volume and a solids content of less than 10% (EPA-89112a). Liquid: For more related terms, see (1) Heavy liquid; (2) Light liquid; (3) Petroleum liquid; (4) Saturated liquid; and (5) Saturated liquid state. Liquidus temperature: The maximum temperature at which equilibrium exists between the molten glass and its primary crystalline phase. See temperature for more related terms (EPA83). Liquor: A solution of dissolved substance in a liquid (as opposed to a sluny, in which the materials are insoluble) (EPA-89103b). Other liquor-related terms include (1) Ammonia liquor; (2) Black liquor; (3) Cooking liquor; (4) Cotton kier liquor; (5) Flushing liquor; (6) Flushing liquor circulation tank; (7) Green liquor; (8) Malt liquor; (9) Mixed liquor; (10) Mother liquor; (11) Pickle liquor; (12) Pregnant liquor; (13) Press liquor; (14) Scrubber liquor; (15) Spent cooking liquor; (16) Sulfite cooking liquor; and (17) White liquor. List of violating facilities: A list of facilities which are ineligible for any agency contract, grant, or loan (40CFR15.4-91). List official: An EPA official designated by the Assistant Administrator to maintain the List of Violating Facilities (40CFR15.4-91). List Rule: The List of Regulated Substances and Thresholds for Accidental Release Prevention (40CFR68.130) identifies acutely toxic substances and highly volatile, flammable substances that are regulated under the RMP Rule (TSCNchemical-04). List: Shorthand term for EPA list of violating facilities or firms debarred from obtaining government contracts because they violated certain sections of the Clean Air or Clean Water Acts. The list is maintained by The Office of Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring (EPA-97/12).
Listed mixture: Any mixture listed in (40CFR7 16.3-91).
40CFR7 16.120
Listed specification: A specification listed in section I of Appendix B of this part. See specification for more related terms (4OCFRl92.3-91). Listed waste: In RCRA, hazardous wastes that have been placed on one of three lists developed by EPA. Non-specific source wastes; Specific source wastes; Commercial chemical products. These lists were developed by examining different types of waste and chemical products to see if they exhibit one of the four characteristics, meet the statutory definition of hazardous waste, are acutely toxic or acutely hazardous, or are otherwise toxic (EPA-86/01). See waste for more related terms. Listed waste: Wastes listed as hazardous under RCRA but which have not been subjected to the Toxic Characteristics Listing Process because the dangers they present are considered selfevident (EPA-97/12). Listed waste: Wastes listed as hazardous under RCRA but which have not been subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Listing Procedure because the dangers they present are considered selfevident (NavyIEnv-04). Listed waste: Wastes listed as hazardous under RCRA but which have not been subjected to the Toxic Characteristics Listing Process because the dangers they present are considered selfevident (MWTNinfectious-04). Listed waste: Wastes that are considered hazardous under RCRA because they meet specific listing descriptions (RCRA/hazardous04). Listing proceeding: An informal hearing, conducted by the Case Examiner, held to determine whether a facility should be placed on the List of Violating Facilities (40CFR15.4-9 1). Listwise and paimise deletion of missing data: (1) Listwise deletion of missing data is a procedure to handle the absence of some of the information in a regression analysis by eliminating any data point with absent information from all calculations. (2) Pairwise deletion of missing data is a procedure to handle the absence of some of the information in a regression analysis by eliminating the data point from only those calculations which use the absent figures (EPA-79112~). Lithic: Pertaining to stone or a stone tool (DOE-91/04). Lithium (Li): A alkali metal with atomic number 3; atomic weight 6.939; density 0.53 glcc; melting point 180.5 C and boiling point 1330 C. The element belongs to group IA of the periodic table.
Lithographic ink: An ink used in the lithographic process. The principal characteristic of a good lithographic ink is its ability to resist excessive emulsification by a reservoir of dampering solution. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Lithographic printing line: A printing line, except that the substrate is not necessarily fed from an unwinding roll, in which each roll printer uses a roll where both the image and non-image areas are essentially in the same plane (planographic) (40CFR52.741-91). Lithologic: Structure and wmposition of a rock (DOE-91/04). Lithology: Mineralogy, grain size, texture, and other physical properties of granular soil, sediment, or rock (EPA-97/12). Lithology: The character of a rock described in terms of its structure, color, mineral composition, grain size, and arrangement of its component parts; all those visible features that in the aggregate impart individuality of the rock. Lithology is the basis of correlation in coal mines and commonly is reliable over a distance of a few miles (CWNmining-04). Lithology: The description of rocks on the basis of their physical and chemical characteristics (40CFR146.3-91, see also 40CFR147.2902; 147.2902-91). Lithology: The large scale physical characteristics of rocks and sediments (NavyIEnv-04). Lithosphere: (1) The solid part of the earth below the surface, including any groundwater contained within it (40CFR191.12-91). (2) The outer part of the solid earth composed of rock essentially like that explored at the surface and believed to be about 50 miles in thickness (LBL-76107-water). Lithotroph: An organism that uses inorganic carbon such as carbon dioxide or bicarbonate as a carbon source and an external energy source (NavyIEnv-04). Litter: (1) The highly visible portion of solid waste carelessly discarded outside the regular garbage and trash collection and disposal system. (2) Leaves and twigs fallen from forest trees (EPA-97/12). Litter: Carelessly discarded materials (SW-108ts).
Littoral: The shallow water zone (less than 2 meters deep); a subsystem of the Lacustrine System of the US. Fish and Wildlife Service wetland classification system (CWNWbasics-04). Littoral: The shallow waters that extend along the edge of a lake or sea (DOI-70104). Livable space: Any enclosed space that residents now use or could reasonably adapt for use as living space (EPA-88/08). Live 18 day embryos: Embryos that are developing normally after one day of incubation. This is determined by candling the eggs. Values are expressed as a percentage of viable embryos (fertile eggs) (40CFR797.2130-91). Live 21 day embryos: Embryos that are developing normally after 21 days of incubation. This is determined by candling the eggs. Values are expressed as a percentage of viable embryos (fertile eggs) (40CFR797.2150-91). Live bottom bin: A storage bin for shredded or granular material whereby controlled discharge is by a mechanical or vibrating device across the bin bottom (EPA-83). Live bottom pit: A storage pit, usually rectangular, receiving truck unloaded material, utilizing a push platen or bulkhead, reciprocating rams or mechanical conveyor across the pit floor for controlled discharge (retrieval) of the material (EPA-83). Live tank: A metal, wood, or plastic tank with circulating seawater for the purpose of keeping a fish or shellfish alive until processed. See tank for more related terms (EPA-9/75). Live weight killed (LWK): The total weight of the total number of animals slaughtered during the time to which the effluent limitations apply; i.e., during any one day or any period of thirty consecutive days (40CFR432.11; 432.21; 432.31; 432.41-91). Livestock water use: Water used for livestock watering, feed lots, dairy operations, fish farming, and other on-farm needs (CWAIWscience-04). Load (or loading): An amount of matter or thermal energy that is introduced into a receiving water; to introduce matter or thermal energy into a receiving water. Loading may be either man caused (pollutant loading) or natural (natural background loading)
Littoral zone: (1) That portion of a body of fresh water extending from the shoreline lakeward to the limit of occupancy of rooted plants. (2) The strip of land along the shoreline between the high and low water levels (EPA-97/12). Littoral zone: (1) The shoreward region of a body of water (LBL 76107-water).
(40CFR130.2-91).
Load (or loading): In electricity, electrical power consumed at any given moment. The load that an electric generating system supplies varies greatly with time of day and to some extent season of year.
Load (or loading): The concentration of pollutant, usually expressed in grains of pollutant per cubic foot of contaminated gas stream (EPA-84/09).
Load: General term that refers to a material or constituent in solution, in suspension, or in transport; usually expressed in terms of mass or volume (CWMWquality-04).
Load (or loading): For more related terms, see (1) Base load; (2) Connected load; (3) Electric load; (4) Peak load; and (5) Pollution load; (6) System load.
Load: Material that is moved or carried by streams, reported as weight of material transported during a specified time period, such as tons per year (CWNWbasics-04).
Load allocation (LA): The portion of a receiving water's loading capacity that is attributed either to one of its existing or future nonpoint sources of pollution or to natural background sources. Load allocations are best estimates of the loading, which may range from reasonably accurate estimates to gross allotments, depending on the availability of data and appropriate techniques for predicting the loading. Wherever possible, natural and nonpoint source loads should be distinguished (cf. waste load allocation) (40CFR130.2-91).
Load: To place explosives in a drill hole. Also, to transfer broken material into a haulage device (CWNmining-04).
Load bearing resistance: The degree to which a refractoty resists deformation when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature and time (SW-lO8ts). Load cell: A device external to the locomotive, of high electrical resistance, used in locomotive testing to simulate engine loading while the locomotive is stationary. Electrical energy produced by the diesel generator is dissipated in the load cell resistors instead of the traction motors (40CFR201.1-91). Load curve: A curve on a chart showing power (kilowatts) supplied, plotted against time of occurrence, and illustrating the varying magnitude of the load during the period covered (EPA-83). Load diversity: Load diversity is the difference between the sum of the maxima of two or more individual loads and the coincident or combined maximum load, usually measured in kilowatts (EPA83). Load duration curve: A curve of power demand. It is plotted in ascending or descending order of magnitude, against time intervals for a specified period. Load factor: The ratio of the average load in kilowatts supplied during a designated period to the peak or maximum load occumng in that period (EPA-83). Load following: In fuel cells, a load-following fuel cell means a fuel cell that generates a variable amount of electrical power depending on the load demand at a given time. Load leveling: The adjustment of electric power demand to reduce non-uniform conditions. An example of load-leveling is to store energy when demand is low and to use it to meet peak demand.
Loaded emissions test: A sampling procedure for exhaust emissions which requires exercising the engine under stress (i.e., loading) by use of a chassis dynamometer to stimulate actual driving conditions. As a minimum requirement, the loaded emission test must include running the vehicle and measuring exhaust emissions at two speeds and loads other than idle (40CFR51-App/N-91). Loaded vehicle mass: The curb mass plus 80 kg (176 Ib.), average driver mass (40CFR86.402.78-91). Loaded vehicle weight: The vehicle curb weight plus 300 pounds (40CFR86.082.2-91). Loading: The introduction of waste into a waste management unit but not necessarily to complete capacity (or referred to as filling). See also load (40CFR61.341-91). Loading capacity: The greatest amount of loading that a water can receive without violating water quality standards (40CFRl30.2-91). Loading cycle: The time period from the beginning of filling a tank truck, railcar, or marine vessel until flow to the control device ceases, as measured by the flow indicator (40CFR61.301-91). Loading machine: Any device for transferring excavated coal into the haulage equipment (CWMmining-04). Loading pocket: Transfer point at a shaft where bulk material is loaded by bin, hopper, and chute into a skip (CWMmining-04). Loading rack: The loading arms, pumps, meters, shutoff valves, relief valves, and other piping and valves necessary to fill delivery tank trucks (40CFR60.501-9 1, see also 40CFR6 1.301-91). Loading: The ratio of the biomass of gammarids (grams, wet weight) to the volume (liters) of test solution in either a test chamber or passing through it in a 24-hour period (40CFR795.120-91, see also 40CFR797.1400; 797.1520; 797.1600; 797.1 830; 797.1300; 797.1330; 797.1930; 797.1950; 797.1970-91). Loading: For more related terms, see (1) Dust loading; (2) Filter loading; (3) Grain loading; (4) Hydraulic loading; (5) Organic
loading; (6) Particulate loading; (7) Pollutant loading; (8) Splash loading; and (9) Waste loading. Loam: A soft, easily worked soil containing sand, silt, and clay (SW-I 08ts). Loan guarantee: A government funded insurance that protects lenders against the failure of a project to pay back the principal and interest on a loan (OTA-89/10). Loan: An agreement or other arrangement under which any portion of a business, activity, or program is assisted under a loan issued by an agency and includes any subloan issued under a loan issued by an agency (cf. low interest loan) (40CFR15.4-91). Local comprehensive emergency response plan: The emergency plan prepared by the local emergency planning committee as required by section 303 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986 (SARA Title 111) (40CFR310.11-91). Local education agency (LEA): In the asbestos program, an educational agency at the local level that exists primarily to operate schools or to contract for educational services, including primary and secondary public and private schools. A single, unaffiliated school can be considered an LEA for AHERA purposes (EPA-97/12). Local emergency planning committee (LEPC): A committee appointed by the state emergency response commission, as required by SARA Title 111, to formulate a comprehensive emergency plan for its jurisdiction (EPA-97/12; see also 4OCFR35O.1-91).
Locomotive load cell test stand: The load cell 40CFR201.1(0) and associated structure, equipment, trackage, and locomotive being tested (40CFR201.1-91). Locomotive: For the purpose of this regulation, a self-propelled vehicle designed for and used on railroad tracks in the transport of rail cars, including self-propelled rail passenger vehicles (40CFR201.1-91). Lode: A tabular deposit of valuable minerals between definite boundaries. Lode, as used by miners, is nearly synonymous with the term vein as employed by geologists (EPA-82/05). Loess: A widespread, homogeneous, commonly nonstratified, porous, friable, slightly coherent, fine-grained blanket deposit of wind-blown and wind-deposited silt and fine sand (CWANbasics-04). Loess: Homogeneous, fine-grained sediment made up primarily of silt and clay, and deposited over a wide area (probably by wind) (CWA/Wquality-04). Loft drying: Form of air drying (EPA-83). Lofting: The situation when air pollution is prevented from reaching the surface by a stable layer near ground level. Lofting can occur during the transition from unstable to inversion conditions and is mostly observed near sunset (NATO-78/10).
Local government agencies: Those agencies of municipal or county government having jurisdiction over the property. Municipal and county government agencies include, but are not limited to, cities, parishes, townships and similar entities (USDNwater-04).
Log normal distribution: (1) Particle size distribution when a linear relationship exists on a logarithmic/probability (normal) plot of particle size/cumulative distribution (cf. cumulative distribution) (EPA-84/09). (2) A fkequency distribution in which the logarithm of the variable in question is normally distributed (NATO-78110). (3) When measuring dusts from industrial sources, the graph of the particle size distribution often displays the logarithmic variation of the normal distribution. If the distribution follows the log-normal relationship, then the plot will result in a straight line. The linearity of the relationship allows one to describe the distribution statistically with a minimum of individual observations. The distribution is completely specified by two parameters, the geometric mean and the geometric standard deviation. See particle size presentation for more related terms (Course 413, p4-16).
Local limits: Conditional discharge limits imposed by municipalities upon industrial or commercial facilities that discharge to the municipal sewage treatment system (CWNwastewater-04).
Log normal probabilistic dilution model: A dilution model that calculates the probability distribution of receiving water quality concentrations from the log-normal probability distributions of the input variables (EPA-85/09).
Local street directories: Directories published by private (or sometimes government) sources that show ownership and/or use of sites by reference to street addresses. Often local street directories are available at libraries, local governments, colleges or universities, or historical societies (USDAIwater-04).
Log P (also expressed as log 16, or as n-octanallwater partition coefficient): The ratio, in a two-phase system of noctanol and water at equilibrium, of the concentration of a chemical in the n-octanol phase to that in the water phase (EPA9 1/03).
Local free convection: A condition in the atmospheric boundary layer when forced convection should be assumed near the surface where mechanical turbulence is important and free convection at higher altitudes where thermal turbulence is important. See convection for more related terms (NATO-78/10).
Log sorting and log storage facilities: The facilities whose discharges result from the holding of unprocessed wood, for example, logs or roundwood with bark or after removal of bark held in self-contained bodies of water (mill ponds or log ponds) or stored on land where water is applied intentionally on the logs (wet decking). See 40CFR429, Subpart I, including the effluent limitations guidelines (40CFR122.27-91). Logarithm: Logarithms based either 10 and e are related as follows: (1) logloe= M = 0.4343; (2) loglox= 0.43431oe; (3) In 10 = log,lO = 1/M = 2.3026; (4) In x = log, x = 2.302610gl,,x (Marks-p.2-26). Logarithm: Logarithms which are based on "e" are called natural or Napierian Logarithms. "e" is further defined as: e = 1 + 1 + 1/2! + 1/3! + 1/4! + ....= 2.718281828459. If the subscript 10 or e is omitted, the base must be inferred from the context, the base 10 being used in numerical computation, and the base e in theoretical work. In either system, (1) log (xy) = log (x) + log (y); (2) log (xly) = log (x) - log (y); (3) log (xy) = ylog (x); (4) log (llx) = -log (x). Logarithm: The common logarithm of a number is equal to the exponential to which 10 must be raised to get the number. Logarithms which are based on 10 are called common, denary, or Briggsian Logarithms. For example: (1) 10' = 100 can be expressed as log(100) = 2; (2) 10' = y can be expressed as log(y) = X.
Logarithmic wind profile: The variation of the wind speed (u) with height (z) following a logarithmic equation of the form: u = (Uk)ln((z-d)/Z), where: U = friction velocity; k = Von Karman constant; d = zero-plane displacement; and Z = the roughness length. The logarithmic velocity profile occurs in the turbulent flow near the Earth's surface in neutral conditions. See wind for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Logging residues: The unused portions of pole and sawtimber trees felled in land clearing (EPA-83). Logit model: A dose-response model of the form: P(d) = 1/11 + exp -(a + b log d)]; where: P(d) is the probability of toxic effects from a continuous dose rate d, and a and b are constants (EPA92112). Lognormal probabilistic dilution model: A model that calculates the probability distribution of receiving water quality concentrations from the lognormal probability distributions of the input variables (EPA-91/03). Long lead time procurement items: Equipment andlor construction materials that must be ordered before the estimated start of construction to ensure their availability at the time needed (DOE-91/04).
Long range transport: The transport of air pollutants by the wind field over distances of the order of a 1000 km (NATO-78/10). Long stock: Paper with relatively long fibers (EPA-83). Long term average: The concentration value calculated or measured as an average over a period greater than one month (usually one year) (NATO-78/10). Long term stabilization: The addition of material on a uranium mill tailings pile for purpose of ensuring compliance with the requirements of 40CFR192.02(a) or 192.32(b)(i). These actions shall be considered complete when the Nuclear Regulatory Commission determines that the requirements of 40CFR192.02(a) or 192.32(b)(i) have been met (40CFR61.221-91). Long wall mining: One of three major underground coal mining methods currently in use. Employs a steal plow, or rotation drum, which is pulled mechanically back and forth across a face of coal that is usually several hundred feet long. The loosened coal falls onto a conveyor for removal from the mine (CWAImining-04). Longitudinal study: An effect study over a long period of time (EPA-165.5). Long-period variations: Secular when a cycle or a change in trend is completed within a century; climatic when the period of change runs through centuries or a few millenia; geologic when the period runs into geological time (CWAhydrology-04). Long-term cleanup: A response action that eliminates or reduces a release or threatened release of hazardous substances that is a serious but not an immediate danger to people or the environment. This action, also known as a Remedial Action (RA), may take years to complete (SFIremedy-04) Long-term monitoring (LTM): Site sampling and analysis required to confirm that site cleanup requirements continue to be met after the RA has been accomplished or that site contaminant levels continue to be below concentrations which require RA. LTM does not overlap (in time) with the RA nor with LTO (monitoring is included in RA or LTO in years where either of those phases is programmed) (NavyIEnv-04). Long-term monitoring: The collection of data over a period of years or decades to assess changes in selected hydrologic conditions (CWAIWbasics-04). Long-term operation (LTO) or long-term O&M: See remedial action operation (NavyIEnv-04). Looping: The vertical meandering of a plume during very unstable conditions caused by large turbulent eddies. The plume may reach the ground close to the source resulting in very high concentration there (NATO-78/10).
Loose coal: Coal fragments larger in size than coal dust (CWAlmining-04).
Low dose: Should correspond to 1/10 of the high dose (cf. high dose) (40CFR795.232-91).
Loose fill insulation: The insulation in granular, nodular, fibrous, powdery, or similar form, designed to be installed by pouring, blowing, or hand placement (40CFR248.4-91).
Low emission vehicle (LEV): A light duty passenger vehicle, which meets strict specific emission regulations. Vehicles meeting even tighter standards are described as ultra-low emissions vehicles (ULEV), super-ultra-low emissions vehicles (SULEV), partial zero emissions vehicles (PZEV) or zero emission vehicles (ZEV).
Loss of coolant accidents: A postulated accident that results from the loss of reactor coolant (at a rate that exceeds the capability of the reactor coolant makeup system) from breaks in the reactor coolant pressure boundary, up to and including a break equivalent in size to the double-ended rupture of the largest pipe of the reactor coolant system (DOE-91/04). Lot size: In quality control, the number of units in a particular lot (EPA-84/03). Lot: A definite quantity of a material derived under similar conditions of production. See gross sample under analytical parameters--laboratory (EPA-83). Lotic waters: Flowing waters, as in streams and rivers (CWAlWscience-04). Loudness: A listener's auditory impression of the strength of a sound. The average deviation above and below the static value due to sound wave is called sound pressure. The energy expended during the sound wave vibration is called intensity and is measured in intensity units. Loudness is the physical resonance to sound pressure and intensity (NCAIsound-04). Louvre damper: A damper consisting of several blades each pivoted about its center and linked together for simultaneous operation. See damper for more related terms. Low altitude condition: A test altitude less than 549 meters (1,800 feet) (40CFR86.082.2-91). Low altitude: Any elevation less than or equal to 1,219 meters (4,000 feet) (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR86.1602-91). Low concentration PCB: The PCBs that are tested and found to contain less than 500 ppm PCBs, or those PCB- containing materials which EPA requires to be assumed to be at concentrations below 500 ppm (i.e., untested mineral oil dielectric fluid). See PCB for more related terms (40CFR761.123-91). Low density polyethylene (LDPE): A thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50% ethylene by weight and having a density of 0.940 g/cm3 or less. See polyethylene for more related terms (40CFR60.561-91). Low density polyethylene (LOPE): Plastic material used for both rigid containers and plastic film applications (EPA-97/12).
Low emissivity (low-E) windows: New window technology that lowers the amount of energy loss through windows by inhibiting the transmission of radiant heat while still allowing sufficient light to pass through (EPA-97/12). Low excess air: One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). In a combustion system, a certain amount of excess air is required to ensure complete combustion. The more efficient the burners are for air and fuel mixing, the less amount of excess air is required for complete combustion. Because the local flame zone concentration of oxygen is reduced, thus reducing both thermal and fuel NO, (EPA-8 1112, p7-9). Low flow prewash: A system which concentrates most of the fix carryout in a low volume after-fix prewash tank. The system consists of segmenting the after-fix prewash tank to provide a small prewash section with separate wash water make-up and overflow (EPA-80110). Low hazard content: Low hazard contents shall be classified as those of such low combustibility that no self-propagating fire therein can occur and that consequently the only probable danger requiring the use of emergency exits will be from panic, fumes, or smoke, or fire from some external source. See hazard for more related terms (40CFR1910.35-91). Low heat release rate: A heat release rate of 730,000 Jlsec-m3 (70,000 Btuhour-ft3) or less (40CFR60.41b-91). Low heating value (net heating value or lower heating value): Similar to HHV, except that the water produced by the combustion is not condensed but retained as vapor. See heating value for more related terms (EPA-84/09). Low interest loan: A government subsidy that allows a loan for a specific purpose to be offered at below a market rate. See loan for more related tenns (OTA-89/10). Low level radioactive waste (LLRW): Wastes less hazardous than most of those generated by a nuclear reactor. Usually generated by hospitals, research laboratories, and certain industries. The Department of Energy, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and EPA share responsibilities for managing them. See high-level radioactive wastes (EPA-97/12). See waste for more related terms.
Low level waste: The waste that contains radioactivity but is not classified as high level waste, transuranic waste, spent nuclear fuel, or "lle(2) by-product material" as defined by DOE Order 5820.2A. Test specimens of fissionable material irradiated for research and development only, and not for the production of power or plutonium, may be classified as low-level waste, provided the concentration of transuranic waste is less than 100 nCilg. See waste for more related terms (DOE-91/04).
Low temperature rendering: A rendering process in which the cooking is conducted at a low temperature which does not evaporate the raw material moisture. Normally used to produce a high-quality edible product such as lard. See rendering for more related terms (EPA-75/01). Low terrain: Any area other than high terrain. See terrain for more related terms (40CFR51.166-91, see also 40CFR52.21-91).
Low noise emission product determination: The Administrators determination whether or not a product, for which a properly filed application has been received, meets the low-noise-emission product criterion (40CFR203.1-91).
Low viscosity poly(ethy1ene terephthalate): A poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) that has an intrinsic viscosity of less than 0.75 and is used in such applications as clothing, bottle, and film production (40CFR60.561-91).
Low voltage: Up to and including 660 volts by federal standards Low noise emission product: Any product which emits noise in (CWNmining-04). amounts significantly below the levels specified in noise emission standards under regulations applicable under section 6 at the time of procurement to that type of product (NCA15-42U.S.C.4914-87). Low volume waste source: Taken collectively as if from one source, wastewater from all sources except those for which Low NO, burner: One of NO, emission reduction techniques specific limitations are otherwise established in this part. Low volume wastes sources include, but are not limited to: wastewaters (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). This fiom wet scrubber air pollution control systems, ion exchange technique includes: (1) Burners are designed to control mixing of fuel and air in a pattern to keep flame temperature low and water treatment system, water treatment evaporator blowdown, dissipate the heat quickly. (2) Burners are designed to control the laboratory and sampling streams, boiler blowdown, floor drains, flame shape to minimize the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen at cooling tower basin cleaning wastes, and recirculating house peak flame temperature. (3) Burners are designed to have fuel rich service water systems. Sanitary and air conditioning wastes are not and air rich regions to reduce flame temperature and oxygen included (40CFR423.11-91). availability (EPA-81/12, p7-12). (4) One of several combustion Low-, mid-, and high-level calibration gas: For calibration gas technologies used to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) application, the corresponding low-, mid-, and high-level of (EPA-97/12). propane calibration gas (in air or nitrogen) is a concentration Low pressure distribution system: A distribution system in equivalent to 20-30, 45-55 and 80-90% of the applicable span value. See calibration gas for more related terms (EPA-90104). which the gas pressure in the main is substantially the same as the pressure provided to the customer (40CFR192.3-91). Low-enriched uranium: Uranium that has been enriched until it Low pressure process: A production process for the manufacture consists of about 3% uranium 235 and 97% uranium 238. Used as of low density polyethylene in which a reaction pressure markedly nuclear reactor fuel (OMBIReg-04). below that used in a high pressure process is used. Reaction Lower detectable limit: The minimum pollutant concentration pressure of current low pressure processes typically go up to about which produces a signal of twice the noise level (40CFR53.23-91). 300 psig (4OCFR60.561-91). Low processing packinghouse: A packinghouse that processes no more than the total animals killed at that plant, normally processing less than the total kill (cf. high processing packinghouse) (40CFR432.3 1-91).
Lower detectable limit: The smallest quantity or concentration of sample which causes a response equal to twice the noise level (not to be confused with sensitivity, which is response per unit of concentration) (cf. detection limit) (LBL-76107-bio).
Low rate filter: A trickling filter designed to receive a small load of BOD per unit volume of filtering material and to have a low dosage rate per unit of surface area (usually 1 to 4 mgdlacre). Also called standard rate filter. See filter for more related terms (EPA82111f).
Lower detection limit: The smallest signal above background noise an instrument can reliably detect (EPA-97/12).
Low stream flow augmentation: The release of water from damcontrolled reservoirs when the stream level is low (DOI-70104).
Lower explosive limit: The concentration of a compound in air below which the mixture will not catch on fire (EPA-97/12).
Lower explosive limit (LEL): The concentration of a compound in air below which the mixture will not ignite (Navy/Env-04).
Lower explosive limit: The concentration of fuel (organic) below which combustion will not occur in the presence of a flame or spark. See combustion limit for more related terms (EPA-81/12, p3-6; 84/09). Lower explosive limit: The lowest percent by volume of a mixture of explosive gases which will propagate a flame in air at 25 C and atmospheric pressure (40CFR257.3.8-91).
Lowest obsewed adverse effect (LOAEL): The lowest dose in an experiment which produced an observable effect (Course 165.6). Lowest obsewed adverse effect level (LOAEL): In doseresponse experiments, the lowest exposure level at which there are statistically or biologically significant increases in frequency or severity of adverse effects between the exposed population and its appropriate control group (NavyIEnv-04).
Lower heating value: See low heating value. Lower secondary voltage network PCB Transformer: A transformer with the following characteristics: a secondary coil rated with a capacity of less than 480 volts, connected in an electrical distribution network, and having a dielectric fluid with a concentration of 500 ppm or more of PCBs. Also, see PCB transformer (SDWNradionuclide-04). Lowest acceptable daily dose: The largest quantity of a chemical that will not cause a toxic effect, as determined by animal studies (EPA-97/12). Lowest achievable emission rate (LAER): For any source, that rate of emissions which reflects: (1) The most stringent emission limitation which is contained in the implementation plan of any State for such class or category of source, unless the owner or operator of the proposed source demonstrates that such limitations are not achievable; or (2) The most stringent emission limitation which is achieved in practice by such class or category of source, whichever is more stringent. In no event shall the application of this term permit a proposed new or modified source to emit any pollutant in excess of the amount allowable under applicable new source standards of performance (CAA171, see also 40CFR5 1.165; 5 1-App/S-91). Lowest achievable emission rate (LAER): The best available control technology (BACT), as defined in CAA169, shall be substituted for the lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) (CAAAI 82(c)(7)). Lowest achievable emission rate (LAER): Under the Clean Air Act, this is the rate of emissions which reflects: (1) The most stringent emission limitation which is contained in the implementation plan of any state for such source unless the owner or operator of the proposed source demonstrates such limitations are not achievable; or (2) The most stringent emissions limitation achieved in practice, whichever is more stringent. Application of this term does not permit a proposed new or modified source to emit pollutants in excess of existing new source standards (EPA97/12).
Lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL): The lowest dose in a toxicity study resulting in adverse health effects (FFDCNpesticide-04). Lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL): The lowest exposure level at which there are statistically or biologically significant increases in frequency or severity of adverse effects between the exposed population and its appropriate control group (EPA-90108). Lowest obsewed adverse effect level (LOAEL): The lowest level of a stressor that causes statistically and biologically significant differences in test samples as compared to other samples subjected to no stressor (EPA-97/12). Lowest observed adverse effect level (or lowest effect level): The lowest concentration of an effluent or toxicant that results in statistically significant adverse health effects as observed in chronic or subchronic human epidemiology studies or animal exposure (EPA-91/03). Lowest temperature in the surroundings: See sink temperature. Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL): The lowest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to cause harmful (adverse) health effects in people or animals (SFIhealth-04). Low-flow frequency curve: A graph showing the magnitude and frequency of minimum flows for a period of given length. Frequency is usually expressed as the average interval, in years, between recurrences of an annual minimum flow equal to or less than that shown by the magnitude scale (CWA/hydrology-04). Low-level waste: A catchall term for any radioactive waste that is not spent fuel, high-level, or transuranic waste (OMBlReg-04). Low-level waste: Any radioactive waste that is not spent fuel, high-level waste, transuranic waste, or by-product material (AENclosure-04). LQG:.Large Quantity Generator.
Lowest effect level (LEL): See lowest observed adverse effect level (EPA-90108b).
Lubricant: A substance added to resin-sand mixtures to permit the easy release of molds from patterns. Calcium stearate, zinc stearate, and carnauba wax are common lubricating agents (cf. spent lubricant) (EPA-85llOa).
Luminous flame: See flame combustion. Lubricant: A substance used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces or as a process material, either incorporated into other materials used as aids in manufacturing processes or as carriers of other materials. Petroleum lubricants may be produced either from distillates or residues. Other substances may be added to impart or improve useful properties. Does not include by-products of lubricating oil from solvent extraction or tars derived from deasphalting. Lubricants include all grades of lubricating oils from spindle oil to cylinder oil and those used in greases. Lubricant categories are paraffinic and naphthenic (CAA/C02gas-04). Lubricanting oil: The fraction of crude oil which is sold for purposes of reducing friction in any industrial or mechanical device. Such term includes re-refined oil. See oil for more related terms (RCRA1004-42U.S.C.6903-91). Lubricants: Substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces, or incorporated into other materials used as processing aids in the manufacture of other products, or used as carriers of other materials. Petroleum lubricants may be produced either from distillates or residues. Lubricants include all grades of lubricating oils, from spindle oil to cylinder oil to those used in greases (CAA/C02gas1-04). Lubricated plug valve: A valve of the plug-and-barrel type that maintains a lubricant between the bearing surfaces. In other words, the bearing surfaces can be relubricated without disassembly of the valve (Waukee-03). Luggin probe or Luggin-Haber capillary: A device used to measure the potential of an electrode with a significant current density imposed on its surface. The probe minimizes the IR drop that would otherwise be included in the measurement and without significantly disturbing the current distribution on the specimen. Luminescence analyzer: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). Luminescence is the emission of light which results from a molecule returning from an elevated energy state to the ground state. Types of luminescence analyzers include (1) Chemiluminescence analyzer (CA). (2) Fluorescence analyzer. (3) Photoluminescence(or flame photometric). Luminescent material: The materials that emit light upon excitation by such energy sources as photons, electrons, applied voltage chemical reactions, or mechanical energy and which are specifically used as coatings in fluorescent lamps and cathode ray tubes. Luminescent materials include, but are not limited to, calcium halophosphate, yttrium oxide, zinc sulfide, and zinccadmium sulfide (40CFR469.4 1-91, see also 40CFR469.42-9 1).
Luminous or yellow flame: In combustion, a yellow flame can result from thermal cracking of the fuel. Cracking occurs when hydrocarbons are intensely heated before they have a chance to combine with oxygen. The cracking releases both hydrogen and carbon, which diffuse through the flame to form C02 and HzO. The carbon particles give the flame the yellow appearance. If incomplete combustion occurs from temperature cooling or if there is insufficient oxygen, soot and black smoke will form. LUST sites: State lists of leaking underground storage tank sites. Section 900301) of Subtitle I of RCRA gives EPA (and states, under cooperative agreements with EPA) the authority to clean up releases from underground storage tank systems or require owners and operators to do so (USDAIwater-04). LUST: Leaking Underground Storage Tank (USDNwater-04). Lutetium (Lu): A rare earth metal with atomic number 71; atomic weight 174.97; density 9.84 glcc; melting point 1652 C and boiling point 3327 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Lycra fiber: A trademark of Du Pont for polyurethane multifilament elastic yarns. See fiber for more related terms (EPA74106b). Lye dump: Spent water from the lye bath that is used to remove the inner membrane of sectionizing fruit. The spent lye solution is discharged periodically (EPA-74/03). Lye rinse: Rinse water used to remove from the fruit, lye solution carried out of the lye bath in sectionizing operations (EPA-74/03). Lye: A strong alkaline solution. Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) is the most common lye (EPA-74/03). Lysimeter: (1) A device used to measure the quantity or rate of water movement through or from a block of soil or other material, such as solid waste, or used to collect percolated water for quality analysis. See flow velocity meter for more related terms (SW108ts). (2) A device used to measure the quantity or rate of water movement through or from a block of soil or other material, such as used to collect percolated water for quality analysis (EPA-83). Lysimeter: Structure containing a mass of soil, and designed to permit the measurement of water draining through the soil (CWAlhydrology-04).
1987 Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol, as originally adopted by the parties in 1987 (under the Clean Air Act) (40CFR82.3-y).
Macro nutrient: The essential elements (such as nitrogen and potassium) needed in a large quantity for the growth of organisms. See nutrient for more related terms.
M10: Those offshore facilities continuously manned by ten (10) or more persons (40CFR435.11-91, see also 40CFR435.41-91).
Macro organism: (1) Plants, animals, or fungal organisms visible to the unaided eye (LBL76107-water). (2) Those invertebrates visible to the unaided eye and which are retained on a U.S. standard sieve No. 30 (openings of 0.589 mm) (cf. benthic macroorganism) (DOD-78/01). (3) See organism for more related terms.
M5: See method 5. M9IM: Those offshore facilities continuously manned by nine (9) or fewer persons or only intermittently manned by any number of persons (40CFR435.11-91, see also 40CFR435.41-91). Maceration water: The water applied to the bagasse during the milling process to dissolve sucrose, which is later reclaimed. See water for more related terms (EPA-75102d). Maceration: See imbibition. Mach number: The ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound under the same temperature and pressure conditions. Machine finish: Any finish produced on the papermaking machine versus off machine coating or finish (EPA-83).
Macro scale: In meteorology, a length scale of the order of ten thousand kilometers. Applicable to large scale phenomena in the atmosphere, e.g., tidal waves (cf. meso scale or micro scale) (NATO-78110). Macrofauna: A general term referring to benthic organisms more than 1 mm in size (NavyIEnv-04). Macropores: Secondary soil features such as root holes or desiccation cracks that can create significant conduits for movement of NAPL and dissolved contaminants, or vapor-phase contaminants (EPA-97/12).
Machine glazed: High gloss finish produced mechanically on the papermaking machine (EPA-83).
Macrorouting (route balancing): Creating collection routes by dividing a collection area into smaller areas representing one day of work for one crew (RCRNmanagement-04).
Machine shop: A facility performing cutting, grinding, turning, honing, milling, debuning, lapping, electrochemical machining, etching, or other similar operations (40CFR61.3 1-91).
Macroscopic thermodynamics (or classical thermodynamic): The consideration of a matter is in the level of a large scale (cf. microscopic thermodynamic).
Machining: Machining operations include turning, milling, drilling, boring, tapping, planning, broaching, sawing and filing, and chamfering (EPA-83106a).
Magazine paper: A variety of coated and uncoated papers used in magazines and similar periodicals. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83).
Macro encapsulation: The isolation of a waste by embedding it in or surrounding it with a material which acts as a barrier to water or air (OME-88/12).
Magnaflux inspection: The trade name for magnetic particle test (EPA-83/03).
Macro method: A method requiring more than milligram amounts of sample. See method for more related terms (ACS8711 1).
Magnesium (Mg): An alkaline earth metal that is very abundant in the environment. Readily forms salts with various metals and halogens. When dissolved in water, it can be used to indicate salinity and alkalinity. Contributes to hard water in high concentrations. It is an essential nutrient for animals and humans. Not generally considered toxic (NavyIEnv-04).
Magnesium (Mg): An alkaline earth metal with atomic number 12; atomic weight 24.312; density 1.74 gkc; melting point 650 C and boiling point 1107 C. The element belongs to group IIA of the periodic table. Magnet wire coating facility: A facility that includes one or more magnet wire coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-91). Magnet wire coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto the surface of a magnet wire (40CFR52.741-91). Magnet wire coating: Any coating or electrically insulating varnish or enamel applied to magnet wire (40CFR52.741-91). Magnet wire: The aluminum or copper wire formed into an electromagnetic coil (40CFR52.741-91). Magnetic fraction: That portion of municipal ferrous scrap remaining after the non-magnetic contaminants have been manually removed and the magnetic fraction washed with water and dried at ambient temperature or as required by ASTM C29 (EPA-83). Magnetic separation: A system to remove ferrous metals fiom other materials in a mixed municipal wastestream. Magnets are used to collect the ferrous metals (RCRA.management-04). Magnetic separation: Use of magnets to separate ferrous materials from mixed municipal wastestream (EPA-97/12). Magnetic separator: (1) A device that removes ferrous metals by means of magnets (SW-108ts). (2) A technique for separating magnet or weakly paramagnetic particles and other non-magnetic materials (down to colloidal particle size) from slurries, sludges, and (after chemical treatment) from solutions. The feed stream is passed through a fine ferromagnetic filter which, when magnetized, collects the magnetic material. The filter is periodically cleaned, with the magnetic material then recovered by a simple wash procedure. The removal of non-magnetic material requires the feed to be treated with a magnetic seed (e.g., magnetite). (3) A separation process by which a permanent magnet or electromagnet is used to attract magnet materials away from mixed waste. In mining, it is an important process in the beneficiation of iron ores in which the magnetic mineral is separated from non-magnetic material, e.g., magnetite from other minerals, roasted pyrite fiom sphalerite (EPA-82/05). (4) See separator for more related terms. Magnetic tape: Any flexible substrate that is covered on one or both sides with a coating containing magnetic particles and that is used for audio or video recording or information storage (40CFR60.711-91). Magnetic wind instrument: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or paramagnetic
oxygen analyzer for various types). This instrument is based on the principle that paramagnetic attraction of the oxygen molecule decreases as the temperature increases. A typical analyzer utilizes a cross-tube wound with filament wire heated to 200 C. A strong magnetic field covers one half of the coil. Oxygen contained in the sample gas is attracted to the applied field and enters the crosstube. The oxygen then heats up and its paramagnetic susceptibility is reduced. This heated oxygen then is pushed out by the colder gas jet entering the cross-tube. A wind or flow of gas, therefore, continuously passes through the cross-tube. This gas flow, however, effectively cools the heated filament coil and changes its resistance. The change in resistance detected in the Wheatstone bridge circuit is proportional to the oxygen concentration (EPA84103a).
Magnetite (or magnetic iron ore): The natural black oxide of iron (Fe304). As black sand, magnetite occurs in placer deposits, and also as lenticular bands. Magnetite is used widely as a suspension solid in dense-medium washing of coal and ores (EPA82/05). Magneto-dynamic instrument: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or paramagnetic oxygen analyzer for various types). This instrument utilizes the paramagnetic property of the oxygen molecule by suspending a specially constructed torsion balance in a magnetic field. Here, a dumbbell will be slightly repelled from the magnetic field. When a sample containing oxygen is added, the magnet attracts the oxygen and field lines surrounding the dumbbell are changed. The dumbbell swings to realign itself with the new field. Light reflected from a small mirror placed on the dumbbell is used to indicate the degree of swing of the dumbbell, and hence, the oxygen concentration (EPA-84103a). Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD): The study of the interactions of a magnetic field and a conducting fluid for electrical power generation. Magnetopneumatic instrument: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or paramagnetic oxygen analyzer for various types). This instrument utilizes the paramagnetic property of the oxygen molecule by introducing oxygen into a disproportional magnetic field. The paramagnetic gaseous substance is attracted to the magnetic field to cause the pressure in that field to rise. The pressure elevation is picked out of the magnetic field by using a non-paramagnetic gas (nitrogen). The electromagnet is alternately magnetized and the pressure change is converted into an electrical signal by a condenser microphone. All of the commercial paramagnetic analyzers are extractive systems. Water and particulate matter have to be removed before the sample enters the monitoring system. It should be noted that NO and NO2 are also paramagnetic and may cause some interferences in the monitoring method if high concentrations are present (EPA-84103a).
Magnitude of entry editing: The determination of a value's validity based solely on the size of the figure, and is a test typically performed on raw input data (cf. cross check editing) (EPA-79112~). Magnitude: The amount of a pollutant (or pollutant parameter such as toxicity), expressed as a concentration or toxic unit is allowable (EPA-85/09; 91/03). Main burner control valve: A valve that controls the gas supply to the main burner manifold (Waukee-03). Main burner or primary burner: A burner that is installed at the main combustion chamber or primary combustion chamber. The burner is generally designed for preheating the combustion chamber, igniting waste, and maintaining temperature in the primary chamber. Main entry: A main haulage road. Where the coal has cleats, main entries are driven at right angles to the face cleats (CWNmining-04). Main fan: A mechanical ventilator installed at the surface; operates by either exhausting or blowing to induce airflow through the mine roadways and workings (CWNmining-04). Main stem: The principal trunk of a river or a stream (CWAIWbasics-04). Main: A distribution line that serves as a common source of supply for more than one service line (40CFR192.3-91). Major disaster: Any humcane, tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave, earthquake, drought, fire, or other catastrophe in any part of the United States which, in the determination of the President, is or threatens to become of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant disaster assistance by the federal government to supplement the efforts and available resources of states and local governments and relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused thereby (40CFR109.2-d-91). Major emitting facility: Any of the following stationary sources of air pollutants which emit, or have the potential to emit, 100 tons per year or more of any air pollutant from the following types of stationary sources: fossil-fuel fired steam electric plants of more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input, coal cleaning plants (thermal dryers), haft pulp mills, Portland Cement plants, primary zinc smelters, iron and steel mill plants, primary aluminum ore reduction plants, primary copper smelters, municipal incinerators capable of charging more than 250 tons of refuse per day, hydrofluoric, sulfuric, and nitric acid plants, petroleum refineries, lime plants, phosphate rock processing plants, coke oven batteries, sulfur recovery plants, carbon black plants (fumace process) primary lead smelters, fuel conversion plants, sintering plants, secondary metal production facilities, chemical
process plants, fossil-fuel boilers of more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input, petroleum storage and transfer facilities with a capacity exceeding 300,000 barrels, taconite ore processing facilities, glass fiber processing plants, charcoal production facilities. Such term also includes any other source with the potential to emit 250 tons per year or more of any air pollutant. This term shall not include new or modified facilities which are nonprofit health or education institutions which have been exempted by the state (CAM 69-42U.S.C.7479).
Major facility: Any NPDES facility or activity classified as such by the Regional Administrator, or in the case of approved state programs, the Regional Administrator in conjunction with the State Director. Major municipal dischargers include all facilities with design flows of greater than one million gallons per day and facilities with EPNstate approved industrial pretreatment programs. Major industrial facilities are determined based on specific ratings criteria developed by EPNstate (CWNwastewater-04). Major facility: Any NPDES facility or activity classified as such by the Regional Administrator, or, in the case of approved state programs, the Regional Administrator in conjunction with the State Director (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR124.2; 144.3; 270.2-91). Major federal action: Includes actions with effects that may be major and which are potentially subject to federal control and responsibility. Major reinforces but does not have a meaning independent of significantly (40CFR1508.27). Actions include the circumstance where the responsible officials fail to act and that failure to act is reviewable by courts or administrative tribunals under the Administrative Procedure Act or other applicable law as agency action: (1) Actions include new and continuing activities, including projects and programs entirely or partly financed, assisted, conducted, regulated, or approved by federal agencies; new or revised agency rules, regulations, plans, policies, or procedures; and legislative proposals (40CFR1506.8, 1508.17). Actions do not include funding assistance solely in the form of general revenue sharing funds, distributed under the State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act of 1972, 3 lU.S.C.1221 et seq., with no federal agency control over the subsequent use of such funds. Actions do not include bringing judicial or administrative civil or criminal enforcement actions. (2) Federal actions tend to fall within one of the following categories: (a) Adoption of official policy, such as rules, regulations, and interpretations adopted pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act, 5U.S.C.551 et seq.; treaties and international conventions or agreements; formal documents establishing an agency's policies which will result in or substantially alter agency programs. (b) Adoption of formal plans, such as official documents prepared or approved by federal agencies which guide or prescribe alternative uses of federal resources, upon which future agency actions will be based. (c) Adoption of programs, such as a group of concerted actions to implement a specific policy or plan; systematic and connected agency decisions allocating agency resources to implement a
specific statutory program or executive directive. (2d) Approval of specific projects, such as construction or management activities located in a defined geographic area. Projects include actions approved by permit or other regulatory decision as well as federal and federally assisted activities (40CFR1508.18-91). Major ion: Constituents commonly present in water in concentrations exceeding 1.0 milligram per liter. Major cations are calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium; the major anions are sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and those contributing to alkalinity (see alkaline), most generally assumed to be bicarbonate and carbonate (CWA/Wbasics-04). Major modification: (1) Any physical change in or change in the method of operation of a major stationary source that would result in a significant net emissions increase of any pollutant subject to regulation under the Act. (2) Any net emissions increase that is considered significant for volatile organic compounds shall be considered significant for ozone. For complete definition, see 40CFR5 1.165-V-91. Major modification: This term is used to define modifications of major stationary sources of emissions with respect to Prevention of Significant Deterioration and New Source Review under the Clean Air Act (EPA-97/12). Major municipal separate storm sewer outfall (or major outfall): A municipal separate storm sewer outfall that discharges from a single pipe with an inside diameter of 36 inches or more or its equivalent (discharge from a single conveyance other than circular pipe which is associated with a drainage area of more than 50 acres); or for municipal separate storm sewers that receive stormwater from lands zoned for industrial activity (based on comprehensive zoning plans or the equivalent), an outfall that discharges from a single pipe with an inside diameter of 12 inches or more or from its equivalent (discharge from other than a circular pipe associated with a drainage area of 2 acres or more) (cf. outfall or sewer outfall) (40CFR122.26-91). Major occupants: Those tenants, subtenants, or other persons or entities, each of which uses at least 40% of the leasable area of the property, or any anchor tenant when the property is a shopping center (USDNwater-04). Major outfall: See major municipal separate storm sewer outfall. Major PSD modification: A major modification as defined in 40CFR52.2 1 (40CFR124.41-91). Major PSD stationary source: A major stationary source as defined in 40CFR52.21(b)(l) (40CFR124.41-91). Major source baseline date: (1) (la) In the case of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide, January 6, 1975, and (1b) In the case of nitrogen dioxide, February 8, 1988. (2) Minor source baseline date: The earliest date after the trigger date on which a major stationary
source or a major modification subject to 40CFR52.21 or to regulations approved pursuant to 40CFR51.166 submits a complete application under the relevant regulations. The trigger date is: (a) In the case of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide, August 7, 1977, and (b) In the case of nitrogen dioxide, February 8, 1988. (3) The baseline date is established for each pollutant for which increments or other equivalent measures have been established if (a) The area in which the proposed source or modification would construct is designated as attainment or unclassifiable under section 107(d)(i) (D) or (E) of the Act for the pollutant on the date of its complete application under 40CFR52.21 or under regulations approved pursuant to 40CFR51.166; and (b) In the case of a major stationary source, the pollutant would be emitted in significant amounts, or, in the case of a major modification, there would be a significant net emissions increase of the pollutant. (4) Any minor source baseline date established originally for the TSP increments shall remain in effect and shall apply for purposes of determining the amount of available PM-10 increments, except that the reviewing authority may rescind any such minor source baseline date where it can be shown, to the satisfaction of the reviewing authority, that the emissions increase from the major stationary source, or the net emissions increase from the major modification, responsible for triggering that date did not result in a significant amount of PM-10 emissions (40CFR51.166-14). Major source: Any stationary source (or any group of stationary sources located within a contiguous area and under common control) that is either of the following: (1) A major source as defined in section 112. (2) A major stationary source as defined in section 302 or part D of title I (CAA501, see also CAA112). (3) See source for more related terms. Major stationary source and major emitting facility: Except as otherwise expressly provided, the terms major stationary source and major emitting facility mean any stationary facility or source of air pollutants which directly emits, or has the potential to emit, one hundred tons per year or more of any air pollutant (including any major emitting facility or source of fugitive emissions of any such pollutant, as determined by rule by the Administrator) (CAA302-42U.S.C.7602-91). Major stationary source and major modification: The major stationary source and major modification, respectively, as defined in 40CFR5 1.166 (40CFR51.301-91). Major stationary source: Term used to determine the applicability of Prevention of Significant Deterioration and new source regulations. In a nonattainment area, any stationary pollutant source with potential to emit more than 100 tons per year is considered a major stationary source. In PSD areas the cutoff level may be either 100 or 250 tons, depending upon the source (EPA-97/12). Major stationary source: The following types of stationary sources with the potential to emit 250 tons or more of any
pollutant; fossil-fuel fired steam electric plants of more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input, coal cleaning plants (thermal dryers), kt-aft pulp mills, Portland Cement plants, primary zinc smelters, iron and steel mill plants, primary aluminum ore reduction plants, primary copper smelters, municipal incinerators capable of charging more than 250 tons of refuse per day, hydrofluoric, sulfuric, and nitric acid plants, petroleum refineries, lime plants, phosphate rock processing plants, coke oven batteries, sulfur recovery plants, carbon black plants (furnace process), primary lead smelters, fuel conversion plants, sintering plants, secondary metal production facilities, chemical process plants, fossil-fuel boilers of more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input, petroleum storage and transfer facilities with a capacity exceeding 300,000 barrels, taconite ore processing facilities, glass fiber processing plants, charcoal production facilities (CAA169A-42U.S.C.7491).
Major stationary sources: Term used to determine the applicability of Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and new source regulations. In a nonattainment area, any stationary pollutant source with potential to emit more than 100 tons per year is considered a major stationary source. In PSD areas the cutoff level may be either 100 or 250 tons, depending upon the source (CMAPC-04). Majors: Larger publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) with flows equal to at least one million gallons per day (mgd) or servicing population equivalent to 10,000 persons; certain other POTWs having significant water quality impacts (see minors) (EPA-97/12). Make or buy: A decision as to whether to produce (make) or to purchase (buy) goods or services, based on an analysis of costs and long-term strategic objectives (OMBlReg-04). Makeup solvent: The solvent introduced into the affected facility that compensates for solvent lost from the affected facility during the manufacturing process. See solvent for more related terms (40CFR60.601-91). Makeup water: The water added to compensate for water losses resulting from evaporation and water disposal. See water for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Malathion (Cl0Hl9O6PS2):A light yellow liquid used as an insecticide. Malathion: An insecticide applied at very low rates to kill adult mosquitoes (FIFRAiWN-04). Malfunction: Any sudden and unavoidable failure of air pollution control equipment, process equipment, or a process to operate in a normal or usual manner. Failures that are caused entirely or in part by poor maintenance, careless operation, or any other preventable upset condition or preventable equipment breakdown shall not be considered malfunctions (40CFR52.741-91, see also
Malignant: Tending to become progressively worse and to result in death if not treated, having the properties of anaplasia, invasiveness, and metastasis (EPA-92/12). Malleable iron: A cast iron made by a prolonged anneal of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. Graphite is present in the form of temper carbon. See iron for more related terms (40CFR464.31-91). Malt liquor: The molten sugar which has been added a small amount of water (half the weight of the sugar). See liquor for more related terms (EPA-75102d). Man-made (anthropogenic) beta particle and photon emitters: All radionuclides emitting beta particles and/or photos listed in Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and Water for Occupational Exposure (EPA-97/12). Man-made beta particle and photon emitters: All radionuclides emitting beta particles and/or photons listed in Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in Air or Water for Occupational Exposure, NBS Handbook 69, except the daughter products of thorium-232, uranium-235, and uranium-238 (40CFR141.2-91). Man trip: A camer of mine personnel, by rail or rubber tire, to and from the work area (CWAImining-04). Management and operating (M&O) contractor: Contractors hired by the Department of Energy to manage and operate its sites, including research and development laboratories and nuclear weapons production facilities (OMBIReg-04). Management of migration: The actions that are taken to minimize and mitigate the migration of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants and the effects of such migration. Measures may include, but are not limited to, management of a plume of contamination, restoration of a drinking water aquifer, or surface water restoration (40CFR300.5-91). Management plan: Under the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA), a document that each Local Education Agency is required to prepare, describing all activities planned and undertaken by a school to comply with AHERA regulations, including building inspections to identify asbestos-containing materials, response actions, and operations and maintenance programs to minimize the risk of exposure (EPA-97/12). Management system audit: An on-site audit of an organization's quality assurance management system. The audit is used to verify the existence and evaluate the adequacy of the internal
management systems necessary for the successful implementation of quality assurance program (EPA-85/08).
Management: (1) In AEA, any activity, operation, or process (except for transportation) conducted to prepare spent nuclear fuel or radioactive waste for storage or disposal, or the activities associated with placing such fuel or waste in a disposal system (40CFR191.02-91). (2) In RCRA, see hazardous waste management (40CFR260.10-91). Managerial controls: Methods of nonpoint source pollution control based on decisions about managing agricultural wastes or application times or rates for agrochemicals (EPA-97/12). Mandatory class I federal areas: The federal areas which may not be designated as other than class I under this part (CAM 69A, see also 40CFR51.301-91). Mandatory recycling: (1) Programs which by law require consumers to separate trash so that some or all recyclable materials are not burned or dumped in landfills (EPA-89/11). (2) Programs which by law require consumers to separate trash so that some or all recyclable materials are recovered for recycling rather than going to landfills (EPA-97/12). Mandatory standards: Standards adopted by the U.S. Department of Energy that define the minimum requirements that DOE and its contractors must comply with standards may be classified as mandatory because of applicable federal or state statutes or implementing requirements, or as a matter of DOE policy (DOE-91/04). Mandrel: A form used as a cathode in electroforming; a mold or matrix (EPA-74103d). Manganese (Mn): A brittle metal usually occurring in nature with other metals like iron. It is used in steel alloys, dry-cell batteries, electrical coils, other metallic fabrication applications, oxidizing agents, and as a food additive. It is an essential nutrient but can be harmful to the central nervous system in excessive amounts (NavyIEnv-04). Manganese (Mn): A brittle transition metal with atomic number 25; atomic weight 54.938; density 7.43 glcc; melting point 1245 C and boiling point 2150 C. The element belongs to group VIIB of the periodic table. Manganese minerals: Those in principal production are pyrolusite, some psilomelane, and wad (impure mixture of manganese and other oxides) (EPA-82/05). Manganese nodules: The concretions, primarily of manganese salts, covering extensive areas of the ocean floor. They have a layer configuration and may prove to be an important source of manganese (EPA-82/05).
Manganese ore: A term used by the Bureau of Mines for ore containing 35% or more manganese and may include concentrate, nodules, or synthetic ore (EPA-82/05). Manganiferous iron ore: A term used by the Bureau of Mines for ores containing 5 to 10% manganese (EPA-82/05). Manganiferous ore: A term used by the Bureau of Mines for any ore of importance for its manganese content containing less than 35% manganese but not less than 5% manganese (EPA-82/05). Manhattan project: The U.S. government project that produced the first nuclear weapons during World War 11. The project started in 1942 and ended in 1946 (AEMclosure-04). Manhole (drop manhole or sewer manhole): A hole in a tank, boiler, or sewer system which is big enough for a person to pass through. Manhole: A safety hole constructed in the side of a gangway, tunnel, or slope in which miner can be safe from passing locomotives and car. Also called a refuge hole (CWMmining-04). Manifest document number: The U.S. EPA 12-digit identification number assigned to the generator plus a unique fivedigit document number assigned to the manifest by the generator for recording and reporting purposes (40CFR260.10-91). Manifest system: A procedure in which hazardous materials are identified and tracked as they are produced, treated, transported, and disposed of by a series of permanent, linkable, descriptive documents (e.g., manifests) (NavyIEnv-04). Manifest system: Tracking of hazardous waste fiom "cradle to grave" (generation through disposal) with accompanying documents known as manifests (see cradle to grave) (EPA-97/12). Manifest: A one-page form used by haulers transporting waste that lists EPA identification numbers, type and quantity of waste, the generator it originated fiom, the transporter that shipped it, and the storage or disposal facility to which it is being shipped. It includes copies for all participants in the shipping process (EPA97/12). Manifest: Paperwork that accompanies hazardous waste from the point of generation to the point of ultimate treatment, storage, or disposal. Each party involved in the waste's management retains a copy of the RCRA manifest, which contains specific information about the waste (RCRAihazardous-04). Manifest: The form (shipping document) used for identifying the quantity, composition, and the origin, routing, and destination of hazardous waste during its transportation fiom the point of generation to the point of disposal, treatment, or storage (RCRA1004-91, see also 40CFR144.3; 260.10; 270.2; 761.3-91).
Manifold business form: A type of product manufactured by business forms manufacturers that is commonly produced as marginally punched continuous forms in small rolls or fan folded sets with or without carbon paper interleaving. It has a wide variety of uses such as invoices, purchase orders, office memoranda, shipping orders, and computer printout (40CFR250.4-91). Manifold: A pipe fitting with several lateral outlets for connecting one pipe with others. For example, the fitting could be used to supply fuel gas to one or more burners. In automobiles, a pipe fitting on an internal combustion engine that receives combustion gases from several cylinders. Manila paper: Manila paper indicates color and finish and not the use of manila hemp. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Manmade air pollution: The air pollution which results directly or indirectly from human activities. See pollution for more related terms (CAA169A-42U.S.C.7491-91). Manned control center: An electrical power distribution control room where the operating conditions of a PCB transformer are continuously monitored during the normal hours of operation (of the facility), and, where the duty engineers, electricians, or other trained personnel have the capability to deenergize a PCB transformer completely within one minute of the receipt of a signal indicating abnormal operating conditions such as an overtemperature condition or overpressure condition in a PCB transformer (40CFR761.3-91). Manning equation: An equation used to calculate the average ) l n ; u = average open channel flow u = ( 1 . 4 8 6 ~ ~ O ~ ~where: velocity; M = hydraulic mean depth; G = hydraulic gradient; and n = Manning's coefficient of roughness. Manometer: (1) A pressure gauge which measures pressure according the relationship p = density x height of liquid. It usually consists of a U-shaped tube containing a liquid, the surface of which moves proportionally with changed in pressure on the liquid in the other end. Also, a tube type of differential pressure gauge (EPA-82/11f). (2) A device for measuring the liquid pressure in a system. A manometer measures a pressure difference between a measurable length of a fluid column against the pressure difference. For a fluid in static equilibrium, the relationship between the pressure and elevation within the fluid is expressed as: pressure difference = (specific weight of a fluid)x(height of a fluid column). The unit is usually denoted by psig (pound force per square inch gage) (Jones-60, p15). (3) See pressure gauge for more related terms. Mantlerock: The layer of loose rock fragments, the surface part of which is called soil, that covers most of the Earth's land area and varies in thickness from place to place (DOI-70104).
Manual burner: A burner which is purged, started, ignited, modulated, and stopped manually. See burner for more related terms (EPA-83). Manual gas valve: A valve of the plug- or barrel-type designed for use with gas, operated manually to control or shut off gas supply (Waukee-03). Manual material handling: Lifting, carrying, and moving materials without mechanical aide (OSHAIergonomics-04). Manual method: A method for measuring concentrations of an ambient air pollutant in which sample collection, analysis, or measurement, or some combination thereof, is performed manually (40CFR53.1-91). Manual plating: The plating in which the workpieces are conveyed manually through successive cleaning and plating tanks (EPA-83/06a). Manual separation: (1) The separation of recyclable or compostable materials from waste by hand sorting (EPA-89/11). (2) Hand sorting of recyclable or compostable materials in waste (EPA-97/12). Manual tank gauging: A method of UST leak detection that requires keeping the tank undisturbed for at least 36 hours per week, during which time the contents of the tank are measured to determine if the tank is leaking (RCRA/hazardous-04). Manufacture of electronic crystals: The growing of crystals andlor the production of crystal wafers for use in the manufacture of electronic devices (40CFR469.22-91). Manufacture of semiconductors: Those processes, beginning with the use of crystal wafers, which lead to or are associated with the manufacture of semiconductordevices (40CFR469.12-91). Manufacture: Any person engaged in the manufacturing, assembling, or importation of marine sanitation devices or of vessels subject to standards and regulations promulgated under this section (CW.43 12). Manufacturer of pesticide active ingredients: The chemical and/or physical conversion of raw materials to technical grade ingredients intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest (EPA-85110). Manufacturer of pesticide intermediates: The manufacture of materials resulting from each reaction step in the creation of pesticide active ingredients, except for the final synthesis step. According to this definition an excess of materials need not be produced (EPA-85/10). Manufacturer of products other than pesticides: The manufacture of products not specifically defined in the scope of
coverage (e.g., organic chemicals, plastics and synthetics, pharmaceuticals, etc.) (EPA-85/10).
combination into a product. Chlorine production is considered a part of manufacturing (40CFR61.141-91).
Manufacturer: Includes an importer and the term manufacture includes importation (CAM 11.o).
Manure: Primarily the excreta of animals; may contain some spilled feed or bedding (SW-108ts).
Manufacturer's formulation: A list of substances or component parts as described by the maker of a coating, pesticide, or other product containing chemicals or other substances (EPA-97/12).
Manway: An entry used exclusively for personnel to travel form the shaft bottom or drift mouth to the working section; it is always on the intake air side in gassy mines. Also, a small passage at one side or both sides of a breast, used as a traveling way for the miner, and sometimes, as an airway, or chute, or both (CWAImining-04).
Manufacturer's proving ground: A facility whose sole purpose is to develop complete advanced vehicles for an automotive manufacturer (40CFR52.136; 52.137-91). Manufacturer's rated dryer capacity: The dryer's rated capacity of articles, in pounds or kilograms of clothing articles per load, dry basis, that is typically found on each dryer on the manufacturer's nameplate or in the manufacturer's equipment specifications (40CFR60.62 1-91). Manufacturing activities: All those activities at one site which are necessary to produce a substance identified in Subpart D of this Part and make it ready for sale or use as the listed substance, including purifjmg or importing the substance (40CFR704.20391). Manufacturing line: The manufacturing equipment comprising the forming section, where molten glass is fiberized and a fiberglass mat is formed; the curing section, where the binder resin in the mat is thermally set; and the cooling section, where the mat is cooled (40CFR60.681-91). Manufacturing process: A method whereby a process emission source or series of process emission sources is used to convert raw materials, feed stocks, subassemblies, or other components into a product, either for sale or for use as a component in a subsequent manufacturing process (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR761.391).
Margin of exposure (MOE): The ratio of the no-observed adverse-effect-level to the estimated exposure dose (EPA-97/12). Margin of safety (MOS): (1) The older term used to describe the margin of exposure (EPA-92/12). (2) Maximum amount of exposure producing no measurable effect in animals (or studied humans) divided by the actual amount of human exposure in a population (EPA-97/12). Mariculture: Growth of marine organisms including marine animals and plants. Marine bays and estuaries: The semi-enclosed coastal waters which have a free connection to the territorial sea (40CFR35.2005-91). Marine environment: That territorial seas, the contiguous zone, and the oceans. See environment for more related terms (40CFR125.121-91). Marine mammal product: Any item of merchandise which consists, or is composed in whole or in part, of any marine mammal (MMPA3-16U.S.C. 1362-90).
Manufacturing stream: All reasonable anticipated transfer, flow, or disposal of a chemical substance, regardless of physical state or concentration, through all intended operations of manufacture, including the cleaning of equipment (40CFR721.3-91).
Marine mammal: Any mammal which: (1) Is morphologically adapted to the marine environment (including sea otters and members of the orders Sirenia, Pinnipedia, and Cetacea); or (2) Primarily inhabits the marine environment (such as the polar bear); and, for the purposes of this chapter, includes any part of any such marine mammal, including its raw, dressed, or dyed h r or skin (MMPA3-16U.S.C. 1362-90).
Manufacturing use product: Any pesticide product that is not an end-use product (40CFR152.3-91, see also 40CFR158.153; 162.151-91).
Marine paint: A varnish specially designed to withstand immersion in water and exposure to marine atmosphere (EPA79112b).
Manufacturing use product: Any product intended (labeled) for formulation or repackaging into other pesticide products (EPA97/12).
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) of 1972: See Act or MPRSA.
Manufacturing: The combining of commercial asbestos--or, in the case of woven friction products, the combining of textiles containing commercial asbestos--with any other material(s), including commercial asbestos, and the processing of this
Marine sanitation device: Any equipment or process installed on board a vessel to receive, retain, treat, or discharge sewage (EPA97/12).
Marine sanitation device: Includes any equipment for installation on board a vessel which is designed to receive, retain, treat, or discharge sewage, and any process to treat such sewage (CWA312, see also 40CFR140.1-91). Marine vessel: Any tank ship or tank barge which transports liquid product such as benzene (40CFR61.301-91). Marine wetland: Wetlands that are exposed to waves and currents of the open ocean and to water having a salinity greater than 30 parts per thousand; present along the coastlines of the open ocean (CWAIWbasics-04). Market pulp: A pulp manufactured explicitly for purchase (EPA87/10). Marketers: Used oil handlers who either: (1)Direct shipments of used oil to be burned as fuel in regulated devices; or (2) Claim that used oil to be burned for energy recovery is on-specification (RCRAlhazardous-04). Markov process: A process in which the future state of the process is only dependent on the present state and not any past states (NATO-78110). MARPOL 73/78: The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, Annex 1, which regulates pollution from oil and which entered into force on October 2, 1983 (40CFR110.1-91). Marsh: A type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation. Marshes may be either fresh or saltwater, tidal or non-tidal (see wetlands) (EPA-97/12). Marsh: A water-saturated, poorly drained area, intermittently or permanently water covered, having aquatic and grasslike vegetation (CWNWbasics-04). Marsh: An area of low-lying wetland, dominated by grasslike plants (DOE-91/04). Masking: Blocking out one sight, sound, or smell with another (OME-88/12). Masking: The process by which the threshold of hearing of one sound is raised due to life presence of another (NCNsound-04). Mass and weight meter: Mass is the measure of the quantity of matter and weight is the measure of the gravity force acting on a mass. Since this force is in fixed proportion to the mass, the two terms are not often distinguished in engineering and physical calculations. Indeed, almost all practical measures of mass are based on weight. The meter includes various scales and weighers (cf. solid rate meter).
Mass balance (or material balance): An accumulation of the annual quantities of chemicals transported to a facility, produced at a facility, consumed at a facility, used at a facility, accumulated at a facility, released from a facility, and transported from a facility as a waste or as a commercial product or by-product or component of a commercial product or by-product (SF3 11.I, see also 40CFR797.2850-9 1). Mass balance: A concept based on a fundamental law of physical science (conservation of mass) which says that matter can not be created or destroyed. It is used to calculate all input and output streams of a given substance in a system (cf. energy balance) (EPA-84/09). Mass balance: An accounting of the weights of materials entering and leaving a processing unit, such as an incinerator, usually on an hourly basis (SW-108ts). Mass burn incinerator: An incinerator which bums unprocessed, mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) in a single combustion chamber under conditions of excess air. MSW is stored in a pit and is fed into the incinerator by a crane, which also can remove oversized items. It is burned in a sloping, moving grate. The movement (e.g., vibrating, reciprocating, or pulsing) helps agitate the MSW and mix it with air, and causes it to tumble down the slope. Many proprietary grates have been designed. Some systems use a rotating (or rotary) kiln rather than grates to agitate the waste and mix it with air. Many new mass bum incinerators use computer systems to precisely control grate movement, underfire air, and overfire air. See incinerator for more related terms (OTA89/10). Mass burn refractory MWC: A combustor that cornbusts MSW in a refractory wall furnace. This does not include rotary combustors without waterwalls (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Mass burn rotary waterwall MWC: A combustor that combusts MSW in a cylindrical rotary waterwall furnace. This does not include rotary combustors without waterwalls (40CFR60.51a-91). Mass burn waterwall MWC: A combustor that combusts MSW in a conventional waterwall furnace (40CFR60.51a-91). Mass concentration: Concentration expressed in terms of mass of substance per unit volume of gas or liquid (EPA-83/06). Mass curve: A graph of the cumulative values of a hydrologic quantity (such as precipitation or runoff), generally as ordinate, plotted against time or date as abscissa (CWAIhydrology-04). Mass feed stoker steam generating unit: A steam generating unit where solid fuel is introduced directly into a retort or is fed directly onto a grate where it is combusted (40CFR60.41b-91).
Mass flowmeter (or coriolis flowmeter): One of liquid flow rate meters. This instrument applies to liquids of widely varying viscosity and density and most slumes. It has been advertised for use with gases, but that application may be rare. The reported accuracy is within +/- 1% (EPA-89/06). See flow rate meter for more related terms. Mass flux: See mass velocity. Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD): Mass median of the distribution of mass with respect to aerodynamic diameter. Graphs for these distributions are constructed by plotting frequency against aerodynamic diameters (EPA-90108; 92/12). Mass median size: A measurement of particle size for samples of particulate matter, consisting of that diameter such that the mass of all larger particles is equal to the mass of all smaller particles (EPA-83/06). Mass of pollutant that can be discharged: The pollutant mass calculated by multiplying the pollutant concentration times the average process water usage flow rate (40CFR463.2-91). Mass selective detector: A bench top, low resolution mass spectrometer; the basic principle underlying a mass spectrometer is that substances in the gaseous or vapor state, when subjected to high voltage electric current, lose electrons and form positively charged ions (cations); these cations are accelerated and deflected by magnetic and/or electric fields; the deflection of an ion depends on its mass, charge, and velocity; if charge, velocity, and deflection force are constant, the deflection is less for a heavy particle and more for a light one; mass spectrum can be created and recorded according to the mass to change ratio of the ions (EPA-88/12). Mass specroscopy: A technique used to analyze relative atomic masses, isotopes, and ion reactions. See spectroscopy for more related terms. Mass spectrometer: An instrument that analyzes samples by sorting molecular or atomic ions according to their masses and electrical charges. A MS can be used to detect very low concentrations of a chemical (cf. chromatography) (EPA-81/09).
Mass transfer zone (MTZ): An adsorbent bed where the concentration gradient is present (a concentration gradient zone across which mass transfer takes place). It exists between the location where the concentration is saturated (100%) and a value approaching zero (0%) (i.e., the concentration gradient ranges from a bulk concentration to a value approaching to zero across a very small distance). MTZ in activated carbon applications are in the 2-4 inch range. The MTZ is dependent on the adsorbent, packing size, bed depth, gas velocity, temperature, and total pressure of the gas stream (EPA-84/09). Mass transfer: For more related terms, see (1) Convective mass transfer and (2) Diffusional mass transfer which is also known as diffusion. See diffusion. Mass velocity (or mass flux): The mass flow rate divided by the cross-sectional area through which the mass is flowing. In absorption practice, the mass velocity is expressed in pounds per seconds per square foot, pounds per hour per square foot, or kilograms per second per square meter. An advantage of using mass velocity is that it is independent of temperature and pressure when the flow is steady (constant mass flow rate) and the cross section is unchanged (EPA-84/09). Mass-based standards: A discharge limit that is measured in a mass unit such as pounds per day (CWNwastewater-04). Mass-burn system: A municipal waste combustion technology in which solid waste is burned in a controlled system without prior sorting or processing (RCRAImanagement-04). Master inventory file: EPA's comprehensive list of chemical substances which constitute the Chemical Substances Inventory compiled under section 8(b) of the Act. It includes substances reported under Subpart A of this part and substances reported under Part 720 of this chapter for which a Notice of Commencement of Manufacture or Import has been received under 40CFR720.120 of this chapter (40CFR710.23-91). Master record identification number (MRID): A unique cataloging number assigned to an individual pesticide study at the time of its submission to the Agency (FFDCNpesticide-04). Mat: A glass-fiber product of felt-like nature (EPA-83).
Mass spectrometry: The use of mass spectrometer to analyze chemical elements and their structures (cf. spectrometry or GCIMS). Mass spectroscope: A technique to analyze the masses of atoms or molecules based on the variation of ion deflections from different masses (cf. spectroscope).
Matching funds: The portion of allowable project costs that a recipient contributes toward completing the technical assistance grant project using non-federal funds or federal funds if expressly authorized by statute. The match may include in-kind as well as cash contributions (40CFR35.40 10-91). Material balance: See mass balance.
Mass spectroscopy (MS): MS Identifies compounds by breaking them up into all combinations of ions and measuring mass-tocharge ratios at detector (MWTNinfectious-04).
Material category: In the asbestos program, broad classification of materials into thermal surfacing insulation, surfacing material, and miscellaneous material (EPA-97/12).
Material handling: Conveying, elevating, pumping, packing, and shipping (AP-40, p790). Material management: A municipal solid waste management approach that would: (1) Coordinate product manufacturing with different management methods (e.g., design products for recyclability); and (2) Manage MSW on a material-by-material basis, by diverting discarded materials to a most appropriate management method based on their physical and chemical characteristics(OTA-89/10). Material recovery facility: (1) A facility for separating recyclables from mixed waste or for separating commingled recyclables (OTA-89/10). (2) A facility that processes residentially collected mixed recyclables into new products available for market (EPA-97/12). Material recovery section: The equipment that recovers unreacted or by-product materials from any process section for retum to the process line, off-site purification or treatment, or sale. Equipment designed to separate unreacted or by-product material from the polymer product are to be included in this process section, provided at least some of the material is recovered for reuse in the process, off-site purification or treatment, or sale, at the time the process section becomes an affected facility. Otherwise, such equipment are to be assigned to one of the other process sections, as appropriate. Equipment that treats recovered materials are to be included in this process section, but equipment that also treats raw materials are not to be included in this process section. The latter equipment are to be included in the raw materials preparation section. If equipment is used to return unreacted or by-product material directly to the same piece of process equipment from which it was emitted, then that equipment is considered part of the process section that contains the process equipment. If equipment is used to recover unreacted or by-product material from a process section and retum it to another process section or a different piece of process equipment in the same process section or sends it offsite for purification, treatment, or sale, then such equipment is considered part of a material recovery section. Equipment used for the on-site recovery of ethylene glycol from poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) plants, however, is not included in the material recovery section, but is covered under the standards applicable to the polymerization reaction section (40CFR60.562-l(c)(l)(ii)(A) or (2)(ii)(A)) (40CFR60.561-91). Material recovery: (1) Retrieval of materials from waste (OTA89/10). (2) The concept of resource recovery, emphasis is on separating and processing waste materials for beneficial use or reuse. Materials recovery usually refers to paper, glass, metals, rubber, plastics, or textiles (cf. front-end system) (EPA-83). Material safety data sheet (MSDS): A compilation of information required under the OSHA Communication Standard on the identity of hazardous chemicals, health, and physical hazards, exposure limits, and precautions. Section 31 1 of SARA
requires facilities to submit MSDSs under certain circumstances (EPA-97/12).
Material safety data sheet (MSDS): Printed material concerning a hazardous chemical, or Extremely Hazardous Substance, including its physical properties, hazards to personnel, fire and explosion potential, safe handling recommendations, health effects, fire fighting techniques, reactivity, and proper disposal. Originally established for employee safety by OSHA (FFDCA/pesticide-04). Material safety data sheet (MSDS): The sheet required to be developed under section 1901.1200(g) of title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as that section may be amended from time to time (SF329, see also 40CFR370.2; 721.3-91). Material safety data sheet (MSDS): Written or printed material concerning a hazardous substance prepared by chemical manufacturers, importers, and employers for hazardous chemicals pursuant to OSHA's Hazard Communication System, 29CFR9 10.1200(g) (USDAlwater-04). Material safety data sheets (MSDS): Product safety information sheets prepared by manufacturers and marketers of products containing toxic chemicals. These sheets can be obtained by requesting them from the manufacturer or marketer. Some stores, such as hardware stores, may have material safety data sheets on hand for products they sell (CAAIair-04). Material safety data sheets (MSDS): The product safety information sheets prepared by manufacturers and marketers of products containing toxic chemicals. These sheets can be obtained by requesting them from the manufacturer or marketer. Some stores, such as hardware stores, may have material safety data sheets on hand for products they sell. Material specification: A specification that stipulates the use of certain materials to meet the necessary performance requirements. See specification for more related terms (40CFR247.101-91, see also 40CFR249.04-91). Material type: Classification of suspect material by its specific use or application, e.g., pipe insulation, fireproofing, and floor tile (EPA-97/12). Material: Matter of any kind or description, including, but not limited to: dredged material; solid waste; incinerator residue; garbage; sewage; sewage sludge; munitions; radiological, chemical, and biological warfare agents; radioactive materials; chemicals; biological and laboratory waste; wreck or discarded equipment; rock; sand; excavation debris; industrial, municipal, agricultural, and other waste. Such term does not mean sewage from vessels within the meaning of section 312 of the FWPCA. Oil within the meaning of section 311 of the FWPCA shall constitute "material" for purposes of this Subchapter H only to the extent that it is taken on board a vessel or aircraft for the primary purpose of dumping (40CFR220.2-d-91). It includes: (1)
Combustible: Material that can be ignited at a specific temperature in the presence of air to release heat energy. The combustible materials include fuels, woods, plastics, etc. (40CFR240.101-91). (2) Noncombustible: Material that is not capable of being ignited and burned. Noncombustible materials include stones, metals, concrete, etc.
Material: For more related terms, see (1) Primary material; (1) Secondary material; (2) Spent material; and (3) Virgin material.
Matrix: In fuel cells, a h supports an electrolyte.
e structure within a fuel cell that
Matrix: In quality control, the material in which the analyte(s) of primary interest is embedded (EPA-84/03). Matrix: The predominant material comprising the sample to be analyzed. The most common matrices are water, soillsediment, and sludge (Navy/Env-04).
Mathanoic acid: See formic acid. Mathematical model: (1) A mathematical simulation of a real process, expressed as a set of equations (NATO-78/10). (2) A quantitative equation or system of equations formulated in such a way as to reasonably depict the structure of a situation and the relationships among the relevant variables (EPA-82/10). Mathieson process: A process of producing chlorine dioxide, using SO2as a reducing agent (EPA-87/10). Matrix specific: Matrix specific refers to an attribute that is not generally applicable, but is associated with a specific sample matrix. Matrix specific QC samples are used to measure the impact of sample matrix on method performance, but because matrix specific QC results are highly dependent on the nature of the sample matrix, they are not generally indicative of laboratory performance. Examples of matrix specific QC include laboratory duplicate, matrix spike, matrix spike duplicate, and surrogate (SA04). Matrix spike duplicate (MSD): A second matrix spike is compared to the results of the first matrix spike to assess precision of the analysis (NavyEnv-04). Matrix spike duplicate: A matrix spike duplicate is used to determine the precision of the intra-laboratory analytical process of a specific sample matrix. A matrix spike sample and its associated matrix spike duplicate are prepared in the laboratory as split samples, and each are spiked with identical, known concentrations of targeted analyte(s) (SA-04). Matrix spike: A matrix spike is an aliquot of sample that is spiked with a known concentration of target analyte(s) prior to sample preparation. The recovery of target analyte(s) from the matrix spike sample is used to determine the bias of the method in the specific sample matrix (SA-04). Matrix spike: The process of adding a known amount of analyte to a sample and analyzing the sample. The amount of analyte recovered is calculated as a percent recovery. This technique is used to assess accuracy of analysis (NavyEnv-04). Matrix: A fiber or fibers with one end free and the other end embedded in or hidden by a particulate. The exposed fiber must meet the fiber definition (40CFR763-App/A-91).
Matrix: The sample matrix is the component or substrate which contains the analyte(s) of interest. Examples include groundwater, high clay content soil, concrete, drinking water, brine, sediment, and sludge. Matrix QC samples are used to assess the impact of the sample matrix on recovery of the analyte(s) of interest (SA-04). Matte: A metal sulfide mixture produced by smelting sulfide ores (EPA-83103a). Maturity (stream): The stage in the development of a stream at which it has reached its maximum efficiency, when velocity is just sufficient to carry the sediment delivered to it by tributaries; characterized by a broad, open, flat-floored valley having a moderate gradient and gentle slope (CWA/Wbasics-04). Maturity: A stage in the evolutionary erosion of land areas in which the flat uplands have been widely dissected by deep river valleys (CWA/Wbasics-04). Maximally (or most) exposed individual: The person with the highest exposure in a given population (EPA-97/12). Maximum 30 day average: The maximum average of daily values for 30 consecutive days (40CFR439.1-91). Maximum acceptable toxic concentration: For a given ecological effects test, the range (or geometric mean) between the No Observable Adverse Effect Level and the Lowest Observable Adverse Effects Level (EPA-97/12). Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration: The maximum concentration at which a chemical can be present and not be toxic to the test organism (4CFR797.1330-91, see also 40CFR797.1950-91). Maximum achievable control technology process: Technologybased concentration limits developed under CAA to limit emissions of individual constituents from hazardous waste combustion units (RCRA/hazardous-04). Maximum achievable/available control technology (MACT): Technology based standards for reducing emissions of these hazardous air pollutants. The emission standard for sources of air pollution requiring the maximum reduction of hazardous emissions, taking cost and feasibility into account. Under the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the MACT must not be less than the average emission level achieved by controls on the best performing 12% of existing sources, by category of industrial and utility sources(CAAIAPC-04).
Maximum actual operating pressure: The maximum pressure that occurs during normal operations over a period of one year (40CFRI 92.3-91). Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP): The maximum pressure at which a pipeline or segment of a pipeline may be operated under this part (40CFR192.3-91). Maximum available control technology (MACT): The emission standard for sources of air pollution requiring the maximum reduction of hazardous emissions, taking cost and feasibility into account. Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the MACT must not be less than the average emission level achieved by controls on the best performing 12% of existing sources, by category of industrial and utility sources (EPA-97/12). Maximum capability: See firm capacity. Maximum capacity: In wastewater treatment, either the maximum wastewater can be put through a plant hydraulically, or some lower rate established by the management (such as the maximum rate at which wastewater can be treated without seriously interrupting the treatment process) (DOI-70104). Maximum contaminant level (MCL): For purposes of RCRA groundwater monitoring, contaminant-specific levels borrowed from SDWA that are the maximum levels of hazardous waste or hazardous constituents allowed to be present in the groundwater (RCRA/hazardous-04). Maximum contaminant level (MCL): Maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water that is delivered to any user of a public water system. MCLs are enforceable standards established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (CWNWbasics-04) Maximum contaminant level (MCL): The designation given by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to water-quality standards promulgated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. The MCL is the greatest amount of a contaminant that can be present in drinking water without causing a risk to human health (CWAIWscience-04). Maximum contaminant level (MCL): The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLG as feasible using the best available treatment technology and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards (SDWAJReg-04). Maximum contaminant level (MCL): The maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water delivered to any user
of a public system. MCLs are enforceable standards (NavyIEnv04).
Maximum contaminant level (MCL): The maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to the free flowing outlet of the ultimate user of a public water system, except in the case of turbidity where the maximum permissible level is measured at the point of entry to the distribution system. Contaminants added to the water under circumstances controlled by the user are excluded from this definition, except those contaminants resulting from the corrosion of piping and plumbing caused by water quality (SDWNeducation-04). Maximum contaminant level (MCL): The maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water system (SDWA1401-91, see also 40CFR142.2; 300-AppIA-91). Maximum contaminant level (MCL): The maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water delivered to any user of a public water system. MCLs are enforceable standards (EPA97112). Maximum contaminant level (MCL): Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water delivered to any user of a public water system (SFIEnv-04). Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG): The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety. MCLGs are non-enforceable health goals (SDWAIReg-04). Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG): The maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Maximum contaminant level goals are non-enforceable health goals (SDWNeducation-04). Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG): The maximum level of a contaminant that is associated with no adverse health effects from drinking water containing that contaminant over a lifetime. For chemicals believed to cause cancer, the MCLGs are set at zero. MCLGs are not enforceable, but are ideal, health-based goals which are set in the National Primary Drinking Water Standards developed by EPA. MCLs are set as close to MCLGs as possible, considering costs and technology (FFDCNpesticide-04). Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG): Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, a non-enforceable concentration of a contaminant, set at the level at which no known or anticipated adverse effects on human health occur and which allows an adequate safety margin. The MCLG is usually the starting point for determining the regulated Maximum Contaminant Level. See maximum contaminant level (NavyIEnv-04).
Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG): Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on human health would occur, and which includes an adequate margin of safety (SFIEnv-04). Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG): Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, a non-enforceable concentration of a drinking water contaminant, set at the level at which no known or anticipated adverse effects on human health occur and which allows an adequate safety margin. The MCLG is usually the starting point for determining the regulated Maximum Contaminant Level. See maximum contaminant level (EPA-97/12). Maximum credible accident: The most serious accident that can occur as a result of a feasible sequence of equipment failures. The design should be aimed at minimizing the risks resulting from such an accident (NATO-78110). Maximum daily discharge limitation: The highest allowable daily discharge. Maximum day limitation: The effluent limitation value equal to the maximum for one day and is the value to be published by the EPA in the Federal Register (cf. maximum thirty limitation) (EPA-76/03). Maximum demonstrated MWC unit load: The maximum 4hour block average MWC unit load achieved during the most recent dioxin.furan test demonstrating compliance with the applicable standard for MWC organics specified under 40CFR60.53a (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Maximum demonstrated particulate matter control device temperature: The maximum 4-hour block average temperature measured at the final particulate matter control device inlet during the most recent dioxinlikran test demonstrating compliance with the applicable standard for MWC organics specified under 40CFR60.53a. If more than one particulate matter control device is used in series at the affected facility, the maximum 4-hour block average temperature is measured at the final particulate matter control device (40CFR60.5 1a-91 ). Maximum design heat input capacity: The ability of a steam generating unit to combust a stated maximum amount of fuel (or cornbination of fuels) on a steady state basis as determined by the physical design and characteristics of the steam generating unit (40CFR60.41C-91). Maximum electric demand (peak demand or peak load): The greatest of all of the demands of the load under consideration which has occurred during a specified period of time. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83).
Maximum emission concentration: Regulatory standard(s) for maximum concentration of air pollutant emission from stationary or moving sources, including opacity, gravimetric emission, standards (expressed as weight of emitted pollutant or percent of gaseous pollutant by volume in the emitted gas or as parts per volume in specific parts of effluent gas). See emissions (EPA-83). Maximum exposed individual (MEI) risk: The risk at the point where the maximum concentration occurs regardless of the actual population distribution. EPA is proposing that ME1 risk of less than 10" (1 cancer per 100,000 people exposed to any metal emissions) (EPA-89/09). Maximum exposed individual (MEI): (1) EPA's hypothetical limit to ensure that emissions of individual metals and HCL do not exceed ambient health-based levels (EPA-89/09). (2) A hypothetical individual that receives the maximum possible exposure to a chemical from all possible sources and pathways (ETI-92). Maximum exposure range: Estimate of exposure or dose level received by an individual in a defined population that is greater than the 98th percentile dose for all individuals in that population, but less than the exposure level received by the person receiving the highest exposure level (EPA-97/12). Maximum for any one day and average of daily values for thirty consecutive days: Shall be based on the daily average mass of material processed during the peak thirty consecutive day production period (40CFR407.61-91, see also 40CFR407.71; 407.81-91). Maximum for any one day limitations: Effluent limitations determined by multiplying long-term average effluent concentration by appropriate variability factors (EPA-8711Oa). Maximum heat input capacity: The ability of a steam generating unit to combust a stated maximum amount of fuel on a steady state basis, as determined by the physical design and characteristics of the steam generating unit (40CFR60.41b-91). Maximum mixing height: The maximum height of the mixing layer, usually attained over a land surface near sunset. In practice, it is calculated from the temperature profile by determining the height of the intersection of this profile with the dry adiabatic starting from the maximum ground level temperature (NATO78/10). Maximum monthly for average limitations: Effluent limitations determined by multiplying long-term average effluent concentration by appropriate variability factors (EPA-87110a). Maximum operating pressure (MOP): The limit of allowable working pressure. A system or a process will fail, if its operating pressure exceeds its pressure limit. The MOP is usually kept at a suitable level below the setting of the pressure limit. A relief
device is usually installed to prevent exceeding the pressure limit. The relief device will activate itself to relieve the pressure, when the pressure reaches its pressure setting.
Maximum probable flood: See flood, maximum probable (CWA/hydrology-04). Maximum production capacity: Either the maximum demonstrated rate at which a smelter has produced its principal metallic final product under the process equipment configuration and operating procedures prevailing on or before August 7, 1977, or a rate which the smelter is able to demonstrate by calculation is attainable with process equipment existing on August 7, 1977. The rate may be expressed as a concentrate feed rate to the smelter (40CFR57.103-91). Maximum rated capacity: That the portable air compressor, operating at the design full speed with the compressor on load, delivers its rated cfm output and pressure, as defined by the manufacturer (40CFR204.51-91). Maximum rated horsepower: The maximum brake horsepower output of an engine as stated by the manufacturer in his sales and service literature and his application for certification under 40CFR86.082.21 (40CFR86.082.2-91). Maximum rated RPM: The engine speed measured in revolutions per minute (RPM) at which peak net brake power (SAE 5-245) is developed for motorcycles of a given configuration (40CFR205.15 1-91). Maximum rated torque: The maximum torque produced by an engine as stated by the manufacturer in his sales and service literature and his application for certification under 40CFR86.082.21. See torque for more related terms (40CFR86.082.2-91). Maximum residue level: Comparable to a U.S. tolerance level, the Maximum Residue Level is the enforceable limit on food pesticide levels in some countries. Levels are set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, a United Nations agency managed and funded jointly by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization (EPA-97/12). Maximum sound level: The greatest A-weighted sound level in decibels measured during the designated time interval or during the event, with either fast meter response 40CFR201.1(1) or slow meter response 40CFR201.l(ii) as specified. It is abbreviated as L,(40CFR201.1-91). Maximum theoretical emissions: The quantity of volatile organic material emissions that theoretically could be emitted by a stationary source before add on controls based on the design capacity or maximum production capacity of the source and 8760 hours per year. The design capacity or maximum production capacity includes use of coating(s) or ink(s) with the highest
volatile organic material content actually used in practice by the source (40CFR52.741-91).
Maximum thirty day limitation: The eMuent limitation value for which the average of daily values for thirty consecutive days shall not exceed and is the value to be published by the EPA in the Federal Register (cf. maximum day limitation) (EPA-76/03). Maximum tolerated dose (MTD): The maximum dose that an animal species can tolerate for a major portion of its lifetime without significant impairment of growth or observable toxic effect other than carcinogenicity (Course 165.6). Maximum tolerated dose (MTD): The maximum doses that an animal species can tolerate for a major portion of its lifetime without significant impairment or toxic effect other than carcinogenicity (EPA-97/12). See dose for more related terms. Maximum total trihalomethane potential (MTP): The maximum concentration of total trihalomethanes produced in a given water containing a disinfectant residual after 7 days at a temperature of 25 C or above (40CFR141.2-91). Maximum true vapor pressure: The equilibrium partial pressure exerted by the stored VOL at the temperature equal to the highest calendar-month average of the VOL storage temperature for VOLs stored above or below the ambient temperature or at the local maximum monthly average temperature as reported by the National Weather Service for VOLs stored at the ambient temperature, as determined: (1) In accordance with methods described in American Petroleum Institute Bulletin 2517, Evaporation Loss From External Floating Roof Tanks (incorporated by reference--4OCFR0.17); or (2) As obtained from standard reference texts; or (3) As determined by ASTM Method D2879-83 (incorporated by reference-40CFR0.17); or (4) Any other method approved by the Administrator (40CFR60.111b-f91). Mean discharge (MEAN): The arithmetic mean of individual daily mean discharges of a stream during a specific period, usually daily, monthly, or annually (CWAIWbasics-04). Mean fork length: The length of a fish measured from the head to the point where the tail begins to fork (EPA-76/04). Mean high tide: The average altitude of all high tides recorded at a given place over a 19-year period (CWNWbasics-04). Mean low tide: The average altitude of all low tides recorded at a given place over a 19-year period (CWAJWbasics-04). Mean of emission limitation: A system of continuous emission reduction (including the use of specific technology or fuels with specified pollution characteristics) (CAA302-42U.S.C.7602-91).
Mean particle diameter (or average particle diameter): In air pollution control, the mean is always based on mass. Thus, if a particle size distribution has a mean of 7.2 microns, 50% of the particles by mass have a size equal to or less than 7.2 microns (EPA-84/09). Mean retention time: The time obtained by dividing a reservoir's mean annual minimum total storage by the non-zero 30-day, tenyear low-flow from the reservoir (40CFR131.35-91). Mean spectral response: The wavelength that is the arithmetic mean value of the wavelength distribution for the effective spectral response curve of the transmissometer (40CFR60-AppIB91).
Meander breadth: The distance between the lines used to define the meander belt (CWAhydrology-04). Meander length: Distance in the general course of the meanders between corresponding points of successive meanders of the same phase. Twice the distance between successive points of inflection of the meander wave (CWAhydrology-04). Meander: One of the curves in a river course that swings from side to side in wide loops as it progresses across flat country. A meander is continually being accentuated by the river itself, the concave bank being worn away by the current while solid material is being deposited at the convex bank (DOI-70104). Meander: The winding of a stream channel (CWAhydrology-04).
Mean time between failures (MTBF): The average operating time between consecutive failures of a piece of equipment. It can be estimated by dividing operating time by the number of failures in that period. Mean time between forced outage (MTBFO): A measure of the reliability of a power source, equal to its average operating time between forced outages, as calculated on a statistical basis from the known failure rates of various components of the power source. Mean time to repair (MTR): The average time interval (hours) that may be required to return failed equipment to proper operating conditions. Mean value: With respect to a set of data varying within a certain range, the mean value is representative for the center value of the set (NATO-78/10). Mean velocity: The average velocity of a stream flowing in a channel or conduit at a given cross section or in a given reach. It is equal to the discharge divided by the cross sectional area of the reach. Also called average velocity (EPA-82111f). Mean: The arithmetic average of a set of observations, unless otherwise specified (CWAIWbasics-04). Mean: The arithmetic average of the individual sample values (EPA-76/03). Other mean-related t m s include (1) Arithmetic mean; (2) Geometric mean; and (2) Harmonic mean. Mean: The average of a set of observations, unless otherwise specified (CWNWquality-04). Meander amplitude: Distance between points of maximum curvature of successive meanders of opposite phase in a direction normal to the general course of the meander belt, measured between centerlines of channels (CWAhydrology-04). Meander belt: Area between lines drawn tangential to the extreme limits of hlly developed meanders (CWAhydrology-04).
Measure of effectlmeasurement endpoint: A measurable characteristic of ecological entity that can be related to an assessment endpoint; e.g., a laboratory test for eight species meeting certain requirements may serve as a measure of effect for an assessment endpoint, such as survival of fish, aquatic, invertebrate, or algal species under acute exposure (EPA-97/12). Measure of exposure: A measurable characteristic of a stressor (such as the specific amount of mercury in a body of water) used to help quantify the exposure of an ecological entity or individual organism (EPA-97/12). Measure: To ascertain the extent, degree, quantity, dimensions, or capability with respect to a standard, hence to estimate (ACS87111). Measured coal resources: Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality, and quantity have been computed from sample analyses and measurements from closely spaced and geologically wellknown sample sites, such as outcrops, trenches, mine workings, and drill holes. The points of observation and measurement are so closely spaced and the thickness and extent of coals are so well defined that the tonnage is judged to be accurate within 20% of true tonnage. Although the spacing of the points of observation necessary to demonstrate continuity of the coal differs from region to region according to the character of the coal beds, the points of observation are no greater than '/z mile apart. Measured coal is projected to extend as a %-mile wide belt from the outcrop or points of observation or measurement (CWNmining-04). Measurement endpoint: Quantitative expressions of an observed or measured effect of Environmental Contaminants of Concern. They may be identical to assessment endpoints (e.g., measurement of abundance of fish), or they may be used as surrogates for assessment endpoints (e.g., toxicity test endpoints) (NavyIEnv-04). Measurement period: A continuous period of time during which noise of railroad yard operations is assessed, the beginning and finishing times of which may be selected after completion of the measurements (40CFR201.1-91).
Measurement system performance specification: For hazardous waste incineration, see Appendix B for recommended measurement specifications. Measurement: Refers to the ability of the analytical method or protocol to quantify as well as identify the presence of the substance in question (40CFR403.7-91). Other measurementrelated terms include (1) Gas concentration measurement system and (2) Total hydrocarbon measurement. Meat cutter: An operation which fabricates, cuts, or otherwise produces fresh meat cuts and related finished products from livestock carcasses, at rates greater than 2730 kg (6000 Ib) per day (40CFR432.61-91). Mechanical aeration: Use of mechanical energy to inject air into water to cause a wastestream to absorb oxygen (EPA-97/12). See aeration for more related terms. Mechanical agitation: The agitation of a liquid medium through the use of mechanical equipment such as impellers or paddles (EPA-83106a). Mechanical and thermal integrity: The ability of a converter to continue to operate at its previously determined efficiency and light-off time and be &ee from exhaust leaks when subject to thermal and mechanical stresses representative of the intended application (40CFR85.2 122(a)(15)(ii)(G)-91). Mechanical clarifier: A man-made device designed specifically for the detention of wastewater for the purpose of removal of the settleable solids from the waste water under controlled operating conditions. See clarifier for more related terms (EPA-74/01a). Mechanical collector: A device which uses inertial and gravitational forces to separate dry dust from gas. See collector for more related terms (EPA-83). Mechanical composting method: A composting procedure characterized by continuous mechanical mixing and forced aeration. Also called high rate composting and continuous-mix composting (EPA-83). Mechanical draft tower: A cooling tower in which the air flows through the tower is maintained by fans. In forced draft towers, the air is forced through the tower by fans located at its base; whereas in induced draft towers, the air is pulled through the tower by fans mounted on top of the tower (cf. natural draft cooling tower) (EPA-8211If). Mechanical finish: Final operations on a product performed by a machine or tool. They include polishing, buffing, barrel finishing, shot peening, power brush finishing (EPA-83106a).
Mechanical interrupter: A device which provides for mechanical closure of the fuel flow to the main burner by positive means such as an applied manual force through a linkage, lever handle, spring, or similar mechanical means. Mechanical plating: Providing a coating wherein fine metal powders are peened onto the part by tumbling or other means. See plating for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Mechanical process composting: A method in which the compost is continuously and mechanically mixed and aerated. See composting for more related terms (SW- 108ts). Mechanical pulp: The pulp produced by physical means without the use of chemicals or heat, often referred to as groundwood. See pulp for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Mechanical scrubber: One of air pollution control devices. A mechanical scrubber is a mechanically aided scrubber which incorporates a motor-driven device such as fan blades which cause gas flows and on which particles collect by impaction. When liquid is introduced at the hub of the rotating fan blades, some atomizes upon impact with the fan and some runs over, and washes the blades. The liquid is recaptured by the fan housing, which drains into a sump. As with the orifice types, the water is usually recirculated. See scrubber for more related terms (AP-40; Calvert-84). Mechanical separation: (1) Separation of waste into various components using mechanical means, such as cyclones, trommels, and screens (see separation for more separation methods) (EPA8911 1). (2) Using mechanical means to separate waste into various components (EPA-97/12). Mechanical separation: The separation of waste into components using mechanical means, such as cyclones, trommels, and screens (RCWmanagement-04). Mechanical separator (centrifugal collector, centrifugation, or inertial separator): (1) A physical process whereby the components of a fluid mixture are prepared mechanically by the application of centrifugal force, which is applied by rapidly rotating the mass of fluid within a confined rigid vessel. Centrifugal forces acting on the revolving mass of fluid cause the solids suspended in the fluid to Migrate to the periphery of the vessel where they can be separated. The particles are removed as a liquidsolid mixture significantly more concentrated than the original liquid. (2) A mechanical system using a centrifugal andor gravitational force to remove particulate matter or aerosols from a gas stream or to dewater sludge. This includes those designed with no moving parts, such as settling chambers and cyclones where the collection energy comes from the inlet gas stream. An inertial separator operates by the principle of imparting centrifugal force to the particle to be removed fi-om the carrier gas stream. This force is produced by directing the gas in a circular path or effecting an abrupt change in direction. Although an inertial
separator is suitable for medium-sized particulates (15 to 40 microns), it is generally unsuitable for fine dusts or metallurgical fumes. Dusts with a particle size ranging from 5 to 10 microns are normally too fine to be collected efficiently (AP-40, p91). (3) See separator for more related terms.
Mechanical separator type: Types of mechanical separators include (1) Cyclone. (2) Cyclone collector (see cyclone). (3) Cyclone separator (see cyclone). (4) Multi-cyclone. Mechanical stress: The result of a transfer of energy when one object physically contacts or collides with another. Indications would be punctures, gouges, breaks, or tears in the container (NavyIEnv-04). Mechanical torque rate: A term applied to a thermostatic coil, defined as the torque accumulation per angular degree of deflection of a thermostatic coil. See torque for more related terms
(4OCFR85.2122(a)(2)(iii)(F)-91). Mechanical turbulence: Random irregularities of fluid motion in air caused by buildings or other non-thermal processes (EPA97/12). See turbulence for more related terms. Mechanism: An administrative procedure, guideline, manual, or written statement (40CFR56.1-91). Mechanisms of toxicity: The biochemical method by which a chemical reacts in a living organism (FFDCNpesticide-04). Mechanistic model: A mathematical description of a process based on understanding relevant phenomena as opposed to empirical modeling (EPA-88109a). Media: Specific environments (e.g., air, water, and soil) which are the subject of regulatory concern and activities (EPA-97/12).
Median: The middle or central value in a distribution of data ranked in order of magnitude. The median is also known as the 50th percentile (CWA/Wquality-04). Median: The middle or central value in a distribution of data ranked in order of magnitude. The median is also known as the 50th percentile (CWAIWbasics-04). Media-specific half-life: Provides a relative measure of the persistence of a chemical in a given medium, although actual values can vary greatly depending on site-specific conditions. The greater the half-life, the more persistent a chemical is likely to be (Navy/Env-04). Medical device: Any device (as defined in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21U.S.C.321)), diagnostic product, drug (as defined in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act), and drug delivery system: (1) If such device, product, drug, or drug delivery system utilizes a class I or class I1 substance for which no safe and effective alternative has been developed, and where necessary, approved by the Commissioner; and (2) If such device, product, drug, or drug delivery system, has, after notice and opportunity for public comment, been approved and determined to be essential by the Commissioner in consultation with the Administrator (CAA601-42U.S.C.7671-91). Medical emergency: Any unforeseen condition which a health professional would judge to require urgent and unscheduled medical attention. Such a condition is one which results in sudden andlor serious symptom(s) constituting a threat to a person's physical or psychological well-being and which requires immediate medical attention to prevent possible deterioration, disability, or death (40CFR350.40-91). Medical monitoring: A set of medical tests and physical exams specifically designed to evaluate whether an individual's exposure could negatively affect that person's health (SFJhealth-04).
Median diameter: See geometric mean diameter. Median lethal dose (LDSO): The dose lethal to 50% of a group of test organisms for a specified period. The dose material may be ingested or injected (EPA-76/03). Median tolerance limit (TLM): In toxicological studies, the concentration of pollutants at which 50% of the test animals can survive for a specified period of exposure (EPA-76/03). Median value: A data observation located at the 50th percentile or the mid-range (EPA-82/10). Median: In a statistical array, the value lying in the middle of an increasing or decreasing series of numbers such that the same number of values appears above the median as do below it (EPA8711Oa).
Medical surveillance: A periodic comprehensive review of a worker's health status; acceptable elements of such surveillance program are listed in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards for asbestos (EPA-97/12). Medical use: The intentional internal or external administration of by-product material, or the radiation therefrom, to human beings in the practice of medicine in accordance with a license issued by a state or territory of the United States, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (10CFR30.4-91). Medical waste incinerator: An incinerator operated for the purpose of burning hospital and medical waste. There are three basic types of incinerators used for medical waste incineration. They are: (1) Controlled air. (2) Multiple chamber. (3) Rotary kiln incinerators (EPA-89103b). (4) See incinerator for more related terms.
Medical Waste Tracking Act (MWTA) of 1988: See Act or MWTA. Medical waste: All wastes from hospitals, clinics, or other health care facilities ("red bag waste") that contain or have come into contact with diseased tissues or infectious microorganisms. Also referred to as infectious waste which is hazardous waste with infectious characteristics, including: contaminated animal waste, human blood and blood products, pathological waste, and discarded sharps (needles, scalpels, or broken medical instruments) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Medical waste: Any solid waste generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals, excluding hazardous waste identified or listed under 40CFR Part 261 or any household waste as defined in 40CFR Sub-section 261.4 (b)(l)) (EPA-97/12). Medical waste: Any solid waste generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals, excluding hazardous waste identified or listed under 40CFR Part 261 or any household waste as defined in 40CFR Subsection 261.4@)(1) (MWTNmedical-04). Medical waste: Culture and stocks of infectious agents, human pathological wastes, human blood and blood products, used sharps, certain animal wastes, certain isolation wastes, and unused sharps (RCRAIhazardous-04). Medical waste: Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, the term, medical waste, means any solid waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals. Such term does not include any hazardous waste identified or listed under subtitle C or any household waste as defined in regulations under subtitle C (CWA502, see also RCRAlOO4; 40CFR60.5 1a; 259.10-91). Medical waste: See waste for more related terms. Medical waste: For more related terms, see (1) Biomedical waste; (2) Destroyed regulated medical waste; (3) Hospital waste; (4) Oversized regulated medical waste; (5) Regulated medical waste; (6) Treated regulated medical waste; and (7) Untreated regulated medical waste. Medium concentrated animal feeding operation (medium CAFO): The term medium CAFO includes any AFO with the type and number of animals that fall within any of the ranges listed below and which has been defined or designated as a CAFO. An AFO is defined as a medium CAFO if: (1) The type and number of animals that it stables or confines falls within any of the following ranges: (la) 200 to 699 mature dairy cows, whether milked or dry; (lb) 300 to 999 veal calves; (lc) 300 to 999 cattle
other than mature dairy cows or veal calves. Cattle includes but is not limited to heifers, steers, bulls and cowlcalf pairs, etc. For complete definition, see (40CFR122.23@)(6))(CWAINPDES-04).
Medium density polyethylene (MDPE): A polymer prepared by low-pressure polymerization of ethylene as the principal monomer and having the characteristics of ASTM Dl34 Type I1 polyethylene. Such polymer resins have density less than 0.41 g/cc as noted in ASTM Dl24 (EPA-91/05). Medium duty vehicle: A gasoline powered motor vehicle rated at more than 6000 Ib GVW and less than 10,000 Ib GVW. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR52.1161-91, see also 40CFR52.2485; 52.2490-91). Medium EPC: The EPC, based on either a statistical derivation of measured data or modeled data. The medium EPC differs from the route EPC in that the medium EPC does not consider the transfer of contaminants from one medium to another (SFIriskA-04). Medium municipal separate storm sewer system: All municipal separate storm sewers that are either: (1) Located in an incorporated place with a population of 100,000 or more but less than 250,000, as determined by the latest Decennial Census by the Bureau of Census (appendix G); or (2) Located in the counties listed in Appendix I, except municipal separate storm sewers that are located in the incorporated places, townships, or towns within such counties; or (3) Owned or operated by a municipality other than those described in paragraph @)(4)(i) or (ii) of this section and that are designated by the Director as part of the large or medium municipal separate storm sewer system due to the interrelationship between the discharges of the designated storm sewer and the discharges from municipal separate storm sewers described under paragraph (b)(4)(i) or (ii) of this section. For complete definition, see 40CFR122.26-7. Medium sized plant: The plants which process between 3720 kg/day (8200 Ibslday) and 10,430 kg/day (23,000 Ibslday) of raw materials (40CFR428.61-91). Medium (medium point source): A point source that processes a total annual raw material production of fruits, vegetables, specialties, and other products that is between 1816 kg (2000 tons) per year and 9080 kg (10,000 tons) per year (cf. media) (40CFR407.61-91, see also 40CFR407.71; 407.8 1-91). Medium: Air, water, or soil that is the subject of regulatory wncem and activities (CANAPC-04). Medium: The environmental substance (e.g, air, water, soil) originally contaminated (SFIriskA-04). Medium-size water system: A water system that serves than 3300 to 50,000 persons (EPA-97/12).
Megawatt (MW): A unit of power equal to or 1 million watts (1000 kilowatts). Megawatt thermal (MWt) is commonly used to define heat produced, while megawatt electric (MWe) defines electricity produced (DOE-9 1/04). Megawatt hour (Mwh): The megawatt hour(s) of electrical energy consumed in the smelting process (furnace power consumption) (40CFR424.11-91, see also 40CFR424.21-91).
Membrane electrode assembly (MEA): A structure consisting of anode electrode, electrolyte membrane, and cathode electrode. For a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, the membrane resembles multiple layers of an extremely thin film, ranges in thickness from 50 to 175 microns, and is water absorptive, appearing similar to a moist piece of plastic wrap.
Melt (or melting): (1) That amount of raw material (raw sugar) contained within aqueous solution at the beginning of the process for production of refined cane sugar (40CFR409.21-91, see also 40CFR409.31-91). (2) A specific quantity of glass made at one time (EPA-83).
Membrane filtration: (1) A filtration at pressures ranging from 50 to 100 psig with the use of membranes or thin film. The membranes have accurately controlled pore sites and typically low flux rates (EPA-83106a). (2) A method of quantitative or qualitative analysis of bacterial or particulate matter in a water sample filtration through a membrane capable of retaining bacteria (LBL-76107-water). (3) See filtration for more related terms.
Melt test: Technique of melting sample in an induction furnace under a blanket of argon gas as the first step in determining chemical analysis of municipal ferrous scrap (EPA-83).
Membrane process: Such as reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration. They are used primarily in the metal industry to remove solutes from wastewater (EPA-85/10).
Meltdown and refining period: The time period commencing at the termination of the initial charging period and ending at the initiation of the tapping period, excluding any intermediate charging periods (40CFR60.271-91).
Membrane: A thin sheet of synthetic polymer through the apertures of which small molecules can pass, while larger ones are retained (EPA-83106a).
Meltdown and refining: That phase of the steel production cycle when charge material is melted and undesirable elements are removed from the metal (40CFR60.271-91). Meltdown: The melting of the scrap and other solid metallic elements of the charge (EPA-74106a). Melting: (1) That phase of steel production cycle during which the iron and steel scrap is heated to the molten state (40CFR60.271a-91). (2) The thermal process by which the charge is completely converted into molten glass free from undissolved batch (EPA-83). See also melt. Melting point (MP): The temperature at which a solid changes its phase to a liquid. This temperature is also the freezing point depending on the direction of the change. For mixtures, a melting point range may be given (NavyIEnv-04). Melting point temperature: For a given pressure, the temperature at which a solid changes phase to a liquid phase. That is the solid and liquid phases of the substance are in equilibrium. The opposite change in phases is the freezing point. See temperature for more related terms (Course 165.5). Melting point: The range of h a c e temperatures within which melting takes place at a commercially desirable rate, and at which the resulting glass generally has a viscosity of 10 to 25 poises. See temperature for more related terms (EPA-83). Membrane barrier: A thin layer of a material impermeable to the flow of gas or water (SW-108ts).
Membrane: In fuel cells, membrane refers to the electrolyte membrane. The membrane acts as an electrolyte to allow hydrogen protons (H') to pass. The membrane also acts a banier to not allow electrons (6) to pass. As a result, the electron is forced to go through 4external circuit. Memorandum of agreement: An agreement between a state's director and its EPA Regional Administrator outlining the nature of the responsibilities to enforce a regulatory program and defining the level of coordination and oversight between EPA and the state agency (RCRA/hazardous-04). Mendelevium (Md): A radioactive metal with atomic number 101 and atomic weight 256. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Meniscus: (1) The curved edge of a liquid at its plane of contact with a perpendicular surface (usually a glass tube) (EPA-83). (2) The curved top of a column of liquid in a small tube (EPA-97/12). Mercaptan: Various compounds with the general formula R-SH that are analogous to the alcohols and phenols but contain sulfur in place of oxygen and often have disagreeable odors (EPA-85/10). Merchant: Those by-product cokemaking operations which provide more than 50% of the coke produced to operations, industries, or processes other than iron making blast furnaces associated with steel production (40CFR420.11-91). Mercury (Hg): Exists as a silvery, heavy liquid or as a heavy metal. It forms various insoluble salts and complex compounds with organic and inorganic chemicals. It is used for amalgams, catalysts, electrical apparatuses, instruments such as thermometers
Azimuths are angles measured clockwise from any meridian (CWNmining-04).
and barometers, and in nuclear power plants. Mercury released to the environment will remain indefinitely. It does not biodegrade but can be biotransformed into various different states. Its solubility and state depends heavily on the pH and redox state of the local environment. The toxicity, mobility, solubility, and other properties depend upon the state the mercury is in, for example whether it forms an insoluble salt with another element or whether it has formed a complex organometallic compound like methyl mercury, which is the most hazardous and stable state of mercury. Bioaccumulation is a major concern. See heavy metals (NavyIEnv04).
Meromictic lake: A lake in which some water remains partly or wholly unmixed with the main water mass at circulation periods is said to be meromictic. The process leading to a meromictic state is termed meromixis The perennially stagnant deep layer of a meromictic lake is called the monimolimnion. The part of a meromictic lake in which free circulation can occur is called the mixolimnion. The boundary between the monimolimnion and the mixolimnion is called thechemocline (CWAhydrology-04).
Mercury chlor alkali cell: A device which is basically composed of an electrolyzer section and a denuder (decomposer) section and utilizes mercury to produce chlorine gas, hydrogen gas, and alkali metal hydroxide (40CFR61.5 1-91).
Meromictic lake: The lakes in which dissolved substances create a gradient of density differences in depth, preventing complete mixing or circulation of the water. See lake for more related terms (LBL-76107-water).
Mercury chlor alkali electrolyzer: An electrolytic device which is part of a mercury chlor-alkali cell and utilizes a flowing mercury cathode to produce chlorine gas and alkali metal amalgam (40CFR61.5 1-91).
Mesh size: The particle size of granular activated carbon as determined by the U.S. Sieve series. Particle size distribution within a mesh series is given in the specification of the particular carbon (EPA-82/11f).
Mercury minerals: The main source is cinnabar (HgS) (EPA82/05).
Mesh: Number of wires per inch in a screen (EPA-88108a).
Mercury ore processing facility: A facility processing mercury ore to obtain mercury (40CFR61.5 1-91). Mercury ore: A mineral mined specifically for its mercury content (40CFR61.51-91). Mercury: A liquid metallic element with atomic number 80; atomic weight 200.59; density 13.6 glee; melting point 38.4 C and boiling point 357 C. The element belongs to group IIB of the periodic table. Mercury: An element mercury, excluding any associated elements, and includes mercury in particulates, vapors, aerosols, and compounds (40CFR61.5 1-91). Mercury: Heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed (see heavy metals) (EPA-97/12).
Meso scale: In meteorology, a length scale of the order of a hundred kilometers. Applicable to phenomena such as land sea breeze, mountain valley wind, etc. (cf. macro scale) (NATO78/10). Mesophile: Grow best at medium temperatures, 25 to 40 degrees C (EPA-83). Mesophilic digestion means that the anaerobic digestion temperature is maintained this temperature. See thermophile for more related terms. Mesophyte: Any plant growing where moisture and aeration conditions lie between the extremes of "wet" and "dry" (CWNWbasics-04). Mesosphere: The atmospheric region between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. Mesotrophic: Reservoirs and lakes which contain moderate quantities of nutrients and are moderately productive in terms of aquatic animal and plant life (EPA-97/12).
Mercury: Major mercury compounds include (1) Mercuric chloride (HgCI*): A toxic crystal used in preserving wood and disinfecting. (2) Mercuric sulfide (HgS): (2a) A toxic black powder used in pigment for rubber, etc. (2b) A toxic red powder (Chinese red) used in plastics coloring and pigment.
Metabolic by-product: A product of the reaction between an electron donor and an electron acceptor. Metabolic by-products include volatile fatty acids, daughter products of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, methane, and chloride (NavyIEnv-04).
Mercury: The total mercury present in the process wastewater stream exiting the mercury treatment system (40CFR415.61-91).
Metabolic intermediate: A chemical produced by one step in a multistep biotransformation (Navy/Env-04).
Meridian: A surveying term that establishes a line of reference. The bearing is used to designate direction. The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and the line.
Metabolism: The chemical reactions in living cells that convert food sources to energy and new cell mass (NavyiEnv-04).
Metabolism: The conversion or breakdown of a substance from one form to another by a living organism (SFihealth-04).
Metal cladding: See cladding.
Metabolism: The study of the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled in the body and includes absorption, tissue distribution, biotransformation, and excretion (40CFR795.228-91, see also 40CFR795.228; 795.231; 795.23291).
Metal cleaning waste: Any wastewater resulting from cleaning (with or without chemical cleaning compounds) any metal process equipment including, but not limited to, boiler tube cleaning, boiler fireside cleaning, and air preheater cleaning. See waste for more related terms (40CFR423.11-91).
Metabolism: The sum of the chemical reactions occurring within a cell or a whole organism; includes the energy-releasing breakdown of molecules (catabolism) and the synthesis of new molecules (anabolism) (Course 165.6).
Metal coil surface coating operation: The application system used to apply an organic coating to the surface of any continuous metal strip with thickness of 0.15 millimeter (mm) (0.006 in.) or more that is packaged in a roll or coil (40CFR60.461-91).
Metabolism: The sum of the processes concerned in the building up of protoplasma and its destructive incidental to life: The chemical changes in living cells by which energy is provided for the vital process and activities and new material is assimilated to repair the waste (LBL-76107-bio).
Metal furniture coating facility: A facility that includes one or more metal furniture coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-91).
Metabolite: A chemical entity produced by one or more enzymatic or nonenzymatic reactions as a result of exposure of an organism to a chemical substance (40CFR723.50-91). Metabolite: A substance produced in or by biological processes (CWAIWbasics-04). Metabolite: Any product of metabolism (SFihealth-04). Metabolite: Any substances produced by biological processes, such as those from pesticides (EPA-97/12). Metabolite: Any substances produced by biological processes, such as those from pesticides (NavytEnv-04). Metabolizable: May be utilized by organisms in respiratory andlor growth processes (LBL-76107-water). Metal air fuel cell (MAFC): As the name implies, a MAFC is characterized by the use of metals as fuels. See Appendix C for more information. Metal analyzer: Types of metal analyzers include (1)Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). (2) Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). (3) Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). (4) Hydrite atomic absorption spectrometry (HAAS). (5) Inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrometry (ICP). Metal and hydrogen chloride controls from hazardous waste incineration: Under RCRA activities, EPA issued regulations to control metals, HCL, and products of incomplete combustion (PICs). The regulations entitled, "Buming of Hazardous Waste in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces; Final Rule," were codified in 40CFR260,261,264,265,266,270, and 271 and were published in Federal Register Vo1.56, No.35, February 21, 1991.
Metal furniture coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto the surface of metal furniture (40CFR52.741-91). Metal furniture coating: Any non-adhesive coating applied to any furniture piece made of metal or any metal part which is or will be assembled with other metal, wood, fabric, plastic, or glass parts to form a furniture piece including, but not limited to, tables, chairs, waste baskets, beds, desks, lockers, benches, shelving, file cabinets, lamps, and room dividers. This definition shall not apply to any coating line coating miscellaneous metal parts or products (40CFR52.741-91). Metal furniture: A furniture piece including, but not limited to, tables, chairs, waste baskets, beds, desks, lockers, benches, shelving, file cabinets, lamps, and room dividers (40CFR52.74191). Metal hydride storage device: A metal alloy that is used to store hydrogen. The hydrogen is absorbed into the alloy like into a sponge and fills the spaces in the crystal lattice of the alloy. The spaces are filled by applying a modest over-pressure. The process is usually operated in the temperature range of 20 to 80 F. Metal ion: An atom or radical that has lost or gained one or more electrons and has thus acquired an electric charge. Positively charged ions are cations, and those having a negative charge are anions. An ion often has entirely different properties from the element (atom) from which it was formed (EPA-83106a). Metal modifiers: Metals used in explosives or propellants to modify their property, e.g., aluminum increases the energy of an explosion (EPA-76/03). Metal oxidation refining: A refining technique that removes impurities from the base metal because the impurity oxidizes more readily than the base. The metal is heated and oxygen supplied. The impurity upon oxidizing separates by gravity or volatilizes (EPA-83106a).
Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) device: A metal insulator semiconductor structure in which the insulating layer is an oxide of the substrate material; for a silicon substrate, the insulating layer is silicon dioxide ( S i 4 ) (EPA-83/03). Metal paste production: The manufacture of metal pastes for use as pigments by mixing metal powders with mineral spirits, fatty acids, and solvents. Grinding and filtration are steps in the process (EPA-83106a). Metal powder production: (1) Operations are mechanical process operations which convert metal to a finely divided form (40CFR471.02-91). (2) The production of metal particles for such use as pigments either by milling and grinding of scrap or by atomization of molten metal (EPA-83106a). Metal preparation: Any and all of the metal processing steps preparatory to applying the enamel slip. Usually this includes cleaning, picking, and applying a nickel flash or chemical coating (40CFR466.02-9 1). Metal separation: A metallic ion removal method from wastewater by conversion to an insoluble form using such agents as lime, soda ash, or caustic followed by a separation process, usually clarification of filtration (see separation for more separation methods) (EPA-85/10). Metal spraying: Coating metal objects by spraying molten metal upon the surface with gas pressure (EPA-83106a). Metalimnion: The middle layer of a thermally stratified lake or reservoir. In this layer there is a rapid decrease in temperature with depth. Also called thermocline (EPA-97/12). Metallic bond: A chemical bond that holds metal or alloy atoms together. See chemical bond for more related terms. Metallic element: An element whose atoms are held together by metallic bonds. It shows luster, electrical conductivity, and malleability. Metallic ink: Ink composed of aluminium or bronze powders in varnish to produce gold or silver color effects. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a).
material to be considered a metallic mineral concentrate to be covered by the standards (40CFR60.381-91).
Metallic mineral processing plant: Any combination of equipment that produces metallic mineral concentrates from ore. Metallic mineral processing commences with the mining of ore and includes all operations either up to and including the loading of wet or dry concentrates or solutions of metallic minerals for transfer to facilities at non-adjacent locations that will subsequently process metallic concentrates into purified metals (or other products), or up to and including all material transfer and storage operations that precede the operations that produce refined metals (or other products) from metallic mineral concentrates at facilities adjacent to the metallic mineral processing plant. This definition shall not be construed as requiring that mining of ore be conducted in order for the combination of equipment to be considered a metallic mineral processing plant (cf. metallic mineral concentrate) (40CFR60.38 1-91). Metallic replacement: This occurs when a metal such as iron comes in contact with a solution containing dissolved ions of a less active metal such as silver. The dissolved silver ions react with solid metal (iron). The more active metal (iron) goes into solution as an ion and ions of the less active metal become solid metal (silver) (EPA-80110). Metallic shoe seal: Includes but is not limited to a metal sheet held vertically against the tank wall by springs or weighted levers and is connected by braces to the floating roof. A flexible coated fabric (envelope) spans the annular space between the metal sheet and the floating roof (40CFR60.111a-91). Metallic shoe type seal: A primary or secondary seal constructed of metal sheets (shoes) which are joined together to form a ring, springs, or levels which attach the shoes to the floating roof and hold the shoes against the tank wall, and a coated fabric which is suspended from the shoes to the floating roof (40CFR52.741-91). Metallic yield: The weight percent of municipal ferrous scrap which is generally recoverable as metal or alloy (EPA-83). Metallo organic active ingredient: The carbon containing active ingredients containing one or more metallic atoms in the structure (40CFR455.31-91). Metallo organic pesticide: See pesticide.
Metallic mineral concentrate: A material containing metallic compounds in concentrations higher than naturally occurring in ore but requiring additional processing if pure metal is to be isolated. A metallic mineral concentrate contains at least one of the following metals in any of its oxidation states and at a concentration that contributes to the concentrate's commercial value: aluminium, copper, gold, iron, lead, molybdenum, silver, titanium, tungsten, uranium, zinc, and zirconium. This definition shall not be construed as requiring that material containing metallic compounds be refined to a pure metal in order for the
Metalloid (semi metal): A chemical whose properties are between metals and nonmetals and can be used as electric semiconductors. Typical metalloids include boron and silicon. Metals: Metal includes all ferrous, nonferrous and alloy materials (EPA-83). In the secondary materials industry, it includes all nonferrous materials, copper, brass, aluminum, and zinc, lead, but not iron and steel (EPA-83).
Metals: For more related terms, see (1) Co-precipitation of metal; (2) Combined metal; (3) Common metal; (4) Dissolved metal; (5) Extractable metal; (6) Ferrous metal; (7) Heavy metal; (8) MWC (municipal waste combustion) metal; (9) Non-ferrous metal; (10) Precious metal; (11) Rare earth; (12) Trace metal; (13) Refractory metal; (14) Scrap metal; (15) Silicon metal; (16) Suspended metal; (17) Total metal; (18) Total recoverable metal; and (19) Toxic metal. Metalworking fluid: A liquid of any viscosity or color containing intentionally added water used in metal machining operations for the purpose of cooling, lubricating, or rust inhibition (40CFR72 1.3; 747.115; 747.1 95; 747.200-91). Metamorphic rock: Rock that has formed in the solid state in response to pronounced changes of temperature, pressure, and chemical environment (CWNWquality-04). Metamorphic rocks: Rocks derived from preexisting rocks by mineralogical, chemical, or structural changes (essentially in a solid state) in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress, and chemical environment at depth in the earth's crust (CWA/Wbasics-04). Metamorphosis: A structural transformation during the life cycle of many animals (e.g., the change from a tadpole to a frog and from a pupa to an insect). Metaphysis @lural, metaphyses): The wider part at the end of the shaft of a long bone, which during development contains the growth zone and consists of spongy bone (LBL-76107-bio). Metastasis: The transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it; adj., metastatic (EPA92/12). Metathesis: See abstraction. Meteorological conditions: The complex of meteorological parameters which are relevant when studying a phenomenon in the atmosphere (NATO-78110). Meteorological data: The data required for input to a dispersion model that characterizes the transport and turbulent dispersion properties of the atmosphere and mixing depth. The parameters that are commonly used to characterize these processes are wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric stability, and mixing height. Wind direction determines the direction of the plume movement, i.e., its advection. Wind speed affects the speed of transport, and therefore the initial dilution of the pollutant as it is emitted from the stack. Atmospheric stability determines the rate of turbulent dispersion of the plume as it moves downward. Mixing height determines the depth of the atmosphere through which pollutants can be dispersed in the vertical (EPA-88/09).
Meteorological precipitation: The precipitation of water from the atmosphere in the form of hail, mist, rain, sleet, and snow. Deposits of dew, fog, and frost are excluded. See precipitation for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Meteorology: The science that deals with the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena; the study of weather (NavyIEnv-04). Metering rod: In the paper industry, a rod used to apply coating to the surface of a sheet, metering even thickness coating layers on the surface (EPA-87/10). Methane (or marsh gas, CH3: A colorless, nonpoisonous, flammable gas created by anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds. A major component of natural gas used in the home (EPA-97/12). Methane fermentation: The bacteria action in which CJ& and C02 are formed during the anaerobic digestion of organic materials. The rate is approximately 1 m3 {Ch4 [(70%) + C02 (30%)]} gas produced per 1 kg solid digested. Methane monitor: An electronic instrument often mounted on a piece of mining equipment that detects and measures the methane content of mine air (CWNmining-04). Methanogen: A microorganism that exists in anaerobic environments and produces methane as the end product of its metabolism. Methanogens use carbon dioxide or simple carbon compounds such as methanol as an electron acceptor (NavyIEnv04). Methanol fueled: Any motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine that is engineered and designed to be operated using methanol fuel (i.e., a fuel that contains at least 50% methanol (CH30H) by volume) as fuel. Flexible fuel vehicles are methanol-fueled vehicles (40CFR86.090.2-91). Methanol: An alcohol that can be used as an alternative fuel or as a gasoline additive. It is less volatile than gasoline; when blended with gasoline it lowers the carbon monoxide emissions but increases hydrocarbon emissions. Used as pure fuel, its emissions are less ozone-forming than those from gasoline. Poisonous to humans and animals if ingested (EPA-97/12). Methanotrophs: Bacteria that use methane as food and oxidize it into carbon dioxide (CAA/C02gas-04). Method (analytical) qualifiers: Symbols added as a suffix to analytical results to identify the analytical method used to measure the analyte. See method (analytical) qualifiers in Appendix B for more information (NavyJEnv-04). Method 18: An EPA test method which uses gas chromatographic techniques to measure the concentration of volatile organic compounds in a gas stream (EPA-97/12).
Method 24: An EPA reference method to determine density, water content, and total volatile content (water and VOC) of coatings (EPA-97/12).
Method detection limit: The minimum concentration of a substance that can be accurately identified and measured with current laboratory technologies (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Method 25: An EPA reference method to determine the VOC concentration in a gas stream (EPA-97/12).
Method of standard addition: The standard addition technique involves the use of the unknown and the unknown plus a known amount of standard (40CFR136-AppIC-91, see also Method 7000 in SW-846).
Method 5 (M5): Used to capture particulates from combustion stack gases (SW-846). Method blank: Contaminant free water, or appropriate matrix, that is taken through the entire analytical process to determine if there is any contamination associated with the analytical procedures (Navy/Env-04). Method detection limit (MDL): Defined as the minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from analysis of a sample in a given matrix containing the analyte (CWAIwastewater-04). Method detection limit (MDL): See limit of detection (EPA97/12). Method detection limit (MDL): The lowest concentration of analyte that a method can detect reliably in either a sample or blank (40CFR300-App/A-91). Method detection limit (MDL): The minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from analysis of a sample in a given matrix containing the analyte (4OCFRI 36-AppIB). Method detection limit (MDL): The minimum concentration of a substance (analyte) that a measurement system can consistently detect and/or measure in replicated field samples. There have been many terms used to designate detection limits and they have been defined in various ways such as (a) detection sensitivity, @) lower limits of detection (LLD), (c) minimum detection amount (EPA84/03). Method detection limit (MDL): The minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from analysis of a sample in a given matrix containing the analyte (NavyIEnv-04). Method detection limit: An MDL is the minimum concetration of an analyte that can be measured and reported with 99% confidence that the actual analyte concentration in the sample is greater than zero. A matrix-specific MDL is experimentally determined through analysis of replicate samples containing the target analyte. The reference for determination of MDL is provided in 40CFR Part 136, Appendix B (SA-04).
Method of standard addition: The standard addition technique involves the use of the unknown and the unknown plus a known amount of standard (40CFR136-App/C-91). Method quantification limit (MQL): The minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported. Method: A published sample preparation andlor analysis method. Reference methods for environmental analytical methods are published by a number of regulatory agencies or associations, including EPA, ASTM, AIHA, and state agencies. A laboratory that implements a reference method must have copies of the relevant reference method on file (SA-04). Method: In air pollution control, a method means mostly sampling and analyzing methods. Other method-related terms include (1) Absolute method; (2) Alternative method; (3) Comparative method; (4) Candidate method; (5) Equivalent method; (6) Field method; (7) Macro method; (8) Micro method; (9) Reference method; (10) Routine method; (11) Standard method; (12) Standard reference; (13) Trace method; and (14) Ultra trace method. Methoprene: An insect growth regulator (IGR) which controls insects by interfering with normal metamorphosis, preventing the immature insect from emerging into an adult (FIFRA/WN-04). Methoxychlor: Pesticide that causes adverse health effects in domestic water supplies and is toxic to freshwater and marine aquatic life (EPA-97/12). Methyl alcohol (CH30H): A toxic liquid used in antifreeze for autos. Methyl blue (C37H27N303S):A deep blue powder used in coloring dye for cotton and silk. Methyl bromide (CH3Br): A compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and bromine. Methyl bromide's chemical formula is CH3Br. An effective pesticide, this compound is used to fumigate soil and many agricultural products. Because it contains bromine, it depletes stratospheric ozone and has an ozone depletion potential of 0.6. Production of methyl bromide will end in the U.S. on 12/31/2000. Much more information is available (CAAIozone04).
Methyl chloroform (CH3CC13): A compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine. Methyl chlorofonn is used as an industrial solvent. Its ozone depletion potential is 0.11 (CMozone-04).
Micro method: A method requiring milligram or smaller amounts of sample. See method for more related terms (ACS-8711I).
Methyl chloroform (trichloroethane): An industrial chemical (CH3CC13) used as a solvent, aerosol propellant, and pesticide and for metal degreasing (CAA/C02gas-04).
Micro nutrient: A relatively small amount of nutrient required by organisms to maintain their lives. See nutrient for more related terms.
Methyl orange alkalinity: A measure of the total alkalinity in a water sample in which the color of methyl orange reflects the change in level (EPA-97/12). Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE): A colorless, flammable, liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon containing 18.15% oxygen (CMC02gasl-04).
Micro organism: (1) Living organisms so small that individually they can usually only be seen through a microscope (EPA-89/12). (2) Generally any living things microscopic in size, including the bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, simple fungi, some algae, rickettsiae, spirochetes, slime molds, protozoans, and some of the simpler multicellular organisms (Benthic microorganism) (EPA83). (3) See organism for more related terms.
Methylene chloride: A colorless liquid, nonexplosive, and practically nonflammable. Used as a refrigerant in centrifugal compressors, a solvent for organic materials, and a component in nonflammable paint removers (CAA/C02gas-04).
Micro scale: In meteorology, a length scale of the order of the predominant scale of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. Values of this scale vary between a few meters and several kilometers (cf. macro scale or micro climate) (NATO-78/10).
mg/cm2: Milligram per square centimeter (of a surface) (SF/health-04).
Micro straining: A process for removing solids from water, which consists of passing the water stream through a micro screen (the openings are about 15 to 65 micrometer) with the solids being retained on the screen (EPA-83106a).
mglkg: Milligram per kilogram (SFhealth-04). mg/m3: Milligram per cubic meter; a measure of the concentration of a chemical in a known volume (a cubic meter) of air, soil, or water (SFhealth-04).
Micro filtration: See ultra filtration.
Micro: (1) Symbol p. (2) 10". (3) A prefix indicating a very small size.
mho (or Siemens): A reciprocal of ohm. Ohm is the unit or electrical resistance and mho is a former unit of electrical conductance (now also known as Siemens).
Microbe (microbiota or microorganism): Microscopic organisms such as algae, animals, viruses, bacteria, fungus, and protozoa, some of which cause diseases (cf. microorganism) (EPA-89/12).
Mica: A group of aluminium silicate minerals that are characterized by their ability to split into thin, flexible flakes because of their basal cleavage (EPA-83/03).
Microbead: Beads with a diameter of approximately 100 um (micro meter) (polystyrene, sephadex, or polyacrylamide) used to maximize surface for culturing monolayer cells (EPA-88109a).
Micelle: An agglomeration of molecules.
Microbes (microorganisms): Tiny living organisms that can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. Some microbes can cause acute health problems when consumed (see pathogens) (SDWNReg-04).
Micro aerophile: A bacteria that grows in a low level of oxygen. Micro capsule: Capsules in the size approximately from 0.02 meter.
to
Micro climate: The local climate (cf. micro-scale). Micro densitomer: An instrument used in spectroscopy to detect spectrum lines so that the spectrum lines can be seen by human eyes. Micro encapsulation: The isolation of a waste from external effects by mixing it with a material which then cures or converts it to a solid, non-leaching barrier (OME-88/12).
Microbial film: See biological film. Microbial growth: The activity and growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, diatoms, plankton, and fungi (NavyIEnv04). Microbial growth: The amplification or multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, diatoms, plankton, and fungi (EPA-97/12). Microbial pesticide: A microorganism that is used to control a pest, but of minimum toxicity to humans (EPA-97/12).
Microbial pesticides: Microorganisms that kill or inhibit pests, including insects or other microorganisms. Sometimes microorganisms get rid of pests simply by growing larger in numbers, using up the pests' food supply, and invading the pests' environment (FFDCNpesticide-04). Microbial: Of or pertaining to microbes, single-celled organisms (e.g., bacteria) (EPA-87110a). Microbiological aerosol: An airborne particle either exclusively or partially composed of micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses (EPA-83). Microbiology: The science of microorganisms including bacteriology, cytology, enzymology, mycology, and virology.
most streamwater and groundwater. One thousand micrograms per liter equals one milligram per liter (CWNWbasics-04). Microgramdliter (m/l): Measure of the concentration of chemicals in fluids. Roughly equivalent to "parts per billion" or ppb (CMAPC-04). Micrometer: 1u6meter, also known as micron. Micron efficiency curve: A curve showing how well a collector (air pollution control device) traps micron-size particles (SW108ts). Micron: A unit of length equal to one millionth Also called a micrometer (NavyIEnv-04).
of a meter.
Micron: See micrometer. Microbiota: See microbe. Microclimate: (1) Localized climate conditions within an urban area or neighborhood. (2) The climate around a tree or shrub or a stand of trees (EPA-97/12). Microclimate: The localized climate conditions within an urban area or neighborhood (NavylEnv-04). Microcosm: A laboratory vessel set up to resemble as closely as possible the conditions of a natural environment (NavyIEnv-04). Microcurie (pCi): means that amount of radioactive material which disintegrates at the rate of 37 thousand atoms per second (10CFR30.4-91). 1 pCi = (10~~)x(37x10~) = 37x10~ transformations per second. See curie for more related terms. Microcytic anemia: A condition in which the majority of the red cells are smaller than normal (LBL-76107-bio). Microenvironmental method: A method for sequentially assessing exposure for a series of microenvironments that can be approximated by constant concentrations of a stressor (EPA97/12). Microenvironments: Well-defined surroundings such as the home, office, or kitchen that can be treated as uniform in terms of stressor concentration (EPA-97/12). Micrograms per liter (pg/L.): A unit expressing the concentration of constituents in solution as weight (micrograms) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water; equivalent to one part per billion in most streamwater and groundwater. One thousand micrograms per liter equals 1 mg/L (CWAIWquality-04). Micrograms per liter (pg/L): A unit expressing the concentration of constituents in solution as weight (micrograms) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water; equivalent to one part per billion in
Micronuclei: The small particles consisting of acentric fragments of chromosomes or entire chromosomes, which lag behind at anaphase of cell division. After telophase, these fragments may not be included in the nuclei of daughter cells and form single or multiple micronuclei in the cytoplasm (40CFR798.5395-91). Microorganism: Living organisms so small that individually they can usually only be seen through a microscope (NavyIEnv-04). Microorganism: See microbe. Microorganisms: Bacteria, yeasts, simple fungi, algae, protozoans, and a number of other organisms that are microscopic in size. Most are beneficial but some produce disease. Others are involved in composting and sewage treatment (FFDCNpesticide04). Microrem per hour: See radiation unit. Microrem: See radiation unit. Microrouting: Takes the smaller areas created in macrorouting and defines specific route paths for collection crews to follow (RWmanagement-04). Microscopic thermodynamics: The consideration of a matter is in the level of a molecular or atomic scale (cf. macroscopic thermodynamic). Microscopy: The microscope is one common instrument used in particle size analysis. The microscope measures the geometric diameter of each individual particle. The determination of particle size analysis is carried out by measuring the size of a number of particles. Particles are sized as they are traversed past the eyepiece micrometer. Each particle presented in a fixed area of the eyepiece, is sized and tallied into a number of size class. The number of particles sized may range from 100 to several thousand depending on the accuracy desired. This method can be time consuming and
extremely tedious. See particle size measurement device for more related terms (Course 413, p4-3). The particles can be collected by deposition on a glass slide or on a filter by using an EPA Method 5 sampling train. The glass slide or filter would subsequently be analyzed by a microscope in a laboratory. The analysis of size distribution of particles collected in the field and transported to the laboratory must be viewed with great caution. It is difficult to collect a representative sample in the first place, and it is almost impossible to maintain the original size distribution under laboratory conditions. For example, laboratory measurements cannot determine whether some of the particles existed in the process stream as agglomerates of smaller particles. In spite of the limitations of the microscopic method, this method is useful in the determination of some properties of interest. The optical microscope can measure particles from about 0.5 pm to about 100 pm in diameter. Electron microscopes can measure particles with diameters as small as 0.001 pm. This could be useful for examining extremely minute particles.
Microsome: One of the finer granular elements of protoplasm (LBG76107-bio). Microwave desulfurization: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). In microwave desulfurization, coal is crushed, then heated for 30 to 60 seconds by exposure to microwaves. Mineral sulfur selectively absorbs this radiation forming hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S). The H2Sis usually reduced to elemental sulfur by the Claus process. Another microwave process adds calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) to crushed coal. The organic sulfur converts calcium sulfite (CaS03) when exposed to this radiation. The coal is washed with water to remove the CaS03 and other impurities. As much as 70% of the sulfur can be removed by the microwave process (EPA-8 1/12, p8-4). Microwave discharge: A microwave discharge, also known as microwave plasma, in the treatment of hazardous wastes is a special application in the general field of plasma chemistry. Microwave is an electro-magnetic wave that has a wavelength between about 0.3 to 30 cm, corresponding to a frequency of 1 to 100 GHz. The technology uses microwave energy to excite the molecules of a carrier gas, such as helium or air, thus raising electron energy levels and essentially forming very reactive free radicals. The gas in this high energy condition is called plasma. The excited electrons transfer this energy to break chemical bonds of materials. Carbon-carbon bonds are among those most susceptible. Thus, theoretically, any organic waste (liquid, solid, or gas) placed into the plasma can be degraded to intermediate or ultimate products, perhaps destroying their toxic properties. Residence time within the plasma varies from 0.1 to 1.0 second. The temperature for plasma destruction can be as low as 150 C (300 F). See plasma arc for more related terms (EPA-76/11; 81/09; 88109a). Microwave plasma: See microwave discharge.
Middle cover: See intermediate cover. Midge: A small fly in the family Chironomidae. The larval ('juvenile) life stages are aquatic (CWNWbasics-04). Midget impinger: A specific instrument employing wet impingement, typically using a liquid volume of 10 ml and a gas flow of 0.1 ft3 per min. See impinger for more related terms (EPA83/06). Migration pathway factor (MPF): A measure of the movement or potential movement of contamination away from the original source (NavyIEnv-04). Migration pathway: A pathway by which a hazardous material is transported at, or from, a disposal site (NavyEnv-04). Migration pathway: The routes a contaminant may move around in the environment (e.g., soil, groundwater, surface water, and air) (SF/remedy-04). Migration velocity: The velocity which a particle migrates (drifts) toward the collection plate in an electrostatic precipitator (EPA84/09). Migration: Moving from one location to another (SFhealth-04). Migration: The movement of a contaminant from one place to another (SFIremedy-04). Mil: A unit of thickness, 0.001 inch (EPA-8211 le). Mild steel: Carbon steel containing a maximum of about 0.25% carbon. Mild steel is satisfactory for use where severe corrodants are not encountered or where protective coatings can be used to prevent or reduce corrosion rates to acceptable levels (EPA-86/12). Mildews: Thin coatings of powdery fungi that can grow on damp surfaces like bathroom tiles and corners of the bathtub (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Milestone: An important or critical event that must occur in a project cycle in order to achieve the project objectives. It must be clearly defined and easily measurable, leaving no doubt as to when it is achieved (DOE-91/04). Milestones: See Interagency Agreements (OMBIReg-04). Military engine: Any engine manufactured solely for the Department of Defense to meet military specifications. See engine for more related terms (40CFR86.082.2-91). Military munitions: For purposes of defining a material as a solid waste under RCRA Subtitle C, ammunition products and components produced for or used by the military for national defense and security (RCRAhazardous-04).
Milk equivalent: The quantity of milk (in pounds) to produce one pound of product (cf. whey and raw, skim, or whole milk) (EPA74/05). Milkiness: A condition of pronounced cloudiness in glass (EPA83). Milking center: A separate milking area with storage and cooling facilities adjacent to a free stall barn or cowyard dairy operation (40CFR412.11-91). Milkroom: The milk storage and cooling rooms normally used for stall barn dairies (40CFR412.11-91). Mill broke: Any paper waste generated in a paper mill prior to completion of the papermaking process. It is usually returned directly to the pulping process. Mill broke is excluded from the definition of recovered materials (40CFR250.4-91). Mill: (1) A preparation facility within which the metal ore is cleaned, concentrated, or otherwise processed before it is shipped to the customer, refiner, smelter, or manufacturer. A mill includes all ancillary operations and structures necessary to clean, concentrate, or otherwise process metal ore, such as ore and gangue storage areas and loading facilities (40CFR440.132-91). (2) A monetary unit equal to one-tenth of a cent (DOE-91/04). Millboard: An asbestos-containing product made of paper and similar in consistency to cardboard produced in sections rather than as a continuous sheet. Major applications of this product include thermal protection for large circuit breakers; barriers from flame or heat; linings in floors, partitions, and fire doors; linings for stoves and heaters; gaskets; table pads; trough liners; covers for operations involving molten metal; and stove mats (40CFR763.163-91). Milled refuse: The solid waste that has been mechanically reduced in size. See refuse for more related terms (SW-108ts). Millicurie (mCi): means that amount of radioactive material which disintegrates at the rate of 37 million atoms per second (10CFR30.4-91). 1 mCi = (10")~(37x10~) = 37x10~ transformations per second. See curie for more related terms. Milligram (mg): A mass equal to 1o - grams ~ (CWNWbasics-04). Milligram (mg): One-thousandth of a gram (CWAWscience-04). Milligrams per liter (mgn): A unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as weight (milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water; equivalent to one part per million in most streamwater and groundwater (CWAlWbasics-04). Milling: (1) The mechanical treatment of a nonferrous metal to produce powder, or to wat one component of a powder mixture
with another (40CFR471.02-91). (2) Using a rotary tool with one or more teeth which engage the workpiece and remove material as the workpiece moves past the rotating cutter. (a) Face milling: Milling a surface perpendicular cutting edges remove the bulk of the material while the face cutting edges provide the finish of the surface being generated. @) End milling: Milling accomplished with a tool having cutting edges on its cylindrical surfaces as well as on its end. In end milling--peripheral, the peripheral cutting edges on the cylindrical surface are used; while in end milling slotting, both end and peripheral cutting edges remove metal. (c) Slide and slot milling: Milling of the side or slot of a workpiece using a peripheral cutter. (d) Slab milling: Milling of a surface parallel to the axis of a helical, multiple-toothed cutter mounted on an arbor. Million gallons per day (Mgd): A rate of flow of water equal to 133,680.56 cubic feet per day, or 1S472 cubic feet per second, or 3.0689 acre-feet per day. A flow of one million gallons per day for one year equals 1120 acre-feet (365 million gallons) (CWNWscience-04). Million gallons per day (mgd): A unit of flow commonly used for wastewater discharges. One mgd is equivalent to 1.547 cubic feet per second (CWNwastewater-04). Million-gallons per day (MGD): A measure of water flow (EPA97/12). Milltown Dam: Built in 1906 and 1907, Milltown Dam is a timber-crib, concrete-reinforced structure at the confluence of the Big Blackfoot and Clark Fork Rivers. The dam produces on average less than 2 megawatts of power and will undergo FERC relicensing as a High Hazard dam if left in place. The dam itself is not part of the Clark Fork River Superfund site (SF/remedy-04). Mimeo paper: A grade of writing paper used for making copies on stencil duplicating machines. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Minable: (1) Capable of being mined. (2) Material that can be mined under present day mining technology and economics (EPA82/05). Mine area: The land area from which overburden is stripped and ore is removed prior to moving the ore to the beneficiation area (40CFR440.14 1-91). Mine development: The term employed to designate the operations involved in preparing a mine for ore extraction. These operations include tunneling, sinking, cross-cutting, drifting, and raising (CWNmining-04). Mine dewatering: Any water that is impounded or that collects in the mine and is pumped, drained, or otherwise removed from the mine through the efforts of the mine operator. However, if a mine is also used for treatment of process generated wastewater,
discharges of commingled water from the facilities shall be deemed discharges of process generated wastewater (40CFR436.21-91, see also 40CFR436.31; 436.41; 436.181-91).
Mine drainage: Any drainage, and any water pumped or siphoned, from an active mining area or a post-mining area (40CFR434.1191, see also 40CFR440.132; 440.141-91). Mine drainage: For more related terms, see (1) Acid mine drainage; (2) Fermginous mine drainage (see acid mine drainage); (3) Alkaline mine drainage; and (4) Controlled surface mine drainage. Mine mouth electric plant: A coal-burning electric-generating plant built near a coal mine (CWNmining-04). Mine mouth plant: A steam electric powerplant located within a short distance of a coal mine and to which the coal is transported from the mine by a conveyer system, slurry pipeline, or truck (EPA-8211If). Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA): The federal agency which regulates coal mine health and safety (CWNmining-04). Mine tailings: The materials left over from separating a recoverable resource from its ore (OMB/Reg-04). Mine: An area of land, surface or underground, actively mined from the production of crushed and broken tone from natural deposits (40CFR436.21-91, see also 40CFR436.31; 436.41; 436.181; 440.132; 440.141-91). Mine: For more related terms, see: (1) Abandoned mine; (2) Active mine; (3) Active mining area; (4) Conventional mine; and (5) Deep mine. Miner of asbestos: A person who produces asbestos by mining or extracting asbestos-containing ore so that it may be further milled to produce bulk asbestos for distribution in commerce, and includes persons who conduct milling operations to produce bulk asbestos by processing asbestos-containing ore. Milling involves the separation of the fibers from the ore, grading and sorting the fibers, or fiberizing crude asbestos ore. To mine or mill is to "manufacture" for commercial purposes under TSCA. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR763.63-91).
Mineral handling and storage facility: The areas in asphalt roofing plants in which minerals are unloaded from a carrier, the conveyor transfer points between the carrier and the storage silos, and the storage silos (40CFR60.471-91). Mineral oil PCB transformer: Any transformer originally designed to contain mineral oil as the dielectric fluid and which has been tested and found to contain 500 ppm or greater PCBs (40CFR761.3-91). Mineral processing (ore processing or mineral dressing): The dry and wet crushing and grinding of ore or other mineral-bearing products for the purpose of raising concentrate grade, removal of waste and unwanted or deleterious substances from an otherwise useful products, separation into distinct species of mixed minerals, chemical attack, and dissolution of selected values (EPA-82/05). Mineral soil: Soil composed predominantly of mineral rather than organic materials; less than 20% organic material (CWNWbasics04). Mineral spirit: A petroleum derivative used as a vehicle for inks and varnishes. It usually boils in the range of 149 to 204 C and has a flash point just about 27 C (EPA-79112a). Mineral water: The water containing either artificially or naturally supplied minerals required by living organisms. See water for more related terms. Mineral: An inorganic compound occurring naturally in the Earth's crust, with a distinctive set of physical properties, and a definite chemical composition (CWNmining-04). Mineral: An inorganic substance occurring in nature, though not necessarily of inorganic origin, which has: (1) A definite chemical composition, or commonly a characteristic range of chemical composition, and (2) Distinctive physical properties, or molecular structure. With few exceptions, such as opal (amorphous) and mercury (liquid), minerals are crystalline solids (cf. other mineral) (EPA-82/05). Mineralization: In wastewater treatment, it refers to the relative increase in the ratio of minerals to organic materials, because organic materials are continuously digested by bacteria and are converted to CH4 or C02.
Miner: One who is engaged in the business or occupation of extracting ore, coal, precious substances, or other natural materials from the Earth's crust (CWNmining-04).
Mineralization: The complete conversion of an organic compound to inorganic products (principally water and carbon dioxide) (NavyEnv-04).
Mineral dressing: See mineral processing.
Mineralogy: A science (branch of geology) dealing with the study of minerals.
Mineral fiber insulation: The insulation (rock wool or fiberglass) which is composed principally of fibers manufactured from rock, slag, or glass, with or without binders (40CFR248.4-91).
Minimal risk level (MRL): An ATSDR estimate of daily human exposure to a hazardous substance at or below which that
substance is unlikely to pose a measurable risk of harmful (adverse), noncancerous effects. MRLs are calculated for a route of exposure (inhalation or oral) over a specified time period (acute, intermediate, or chronic). MRLs should not be used as predictors of harmful (adverse) health effects (see reference dose) (SFhealth-04).
Minimal risk: That the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests (40CFR26.102-91). Minimization: A comprehensive program to minimize or eliminate wastes, usually applied to wastes at their point of origin (see waste minimization) (EPA-97/12). Minimization: Measures or techniques that reduce the amount of wastes generated during industrial production processes; this term also is applied to recycling and other efforts to reduce the volume of waste going to landfills. This term is interchangeable with waste reduction and waste minimization (FFDCNpesticide-04). Minimize: To reduce to the smallest possible amount or degree (40CFR6-App/A-91). Minimum detectable sensitivity: See detection limit. Minimum level (ML): Refers to the level at which the entire analytical system gives recognizable mass spectra and acceptable calibration points when analyzing for pollutants of concern. This level corresponds to the lowest point at which the calibration curve is determined (EPA-91/03). Minimum reporting level (MRL): The smallest measured concentration of a constituent that may be reliably reported using a given analytical method. In many cases, the MRL is used when documentation for the method detection limit is not available (CWNWbasics-04). Mining (coal): Coal mining employs basically the same traditional mining techniques used in hard rock mining-underground and surface ("strip") mining. One of the more efficient but environmentally destructive methods for mining coal involves strip mining. This technique is analogous to the open pit mining techniques used in hard rock mining whereby the soil and rock above the coal seam are removed to expose the seam. The seam is then blasted and the coal is scooped up by huge front end loaders or electric shovels and transported to a coal processing plant. These coal preparation plants use a variety of physical (e.g., screening) and chemical (e.g., flotation using high gravity liquids) methods to separate the raw coal from all of the non-combustible waste rock and minerals (e.g., pyrite). The coarser waste rock is piled up adjacent to the mined out area and the finer coal tailings coming from the preparation plant are discharged as a thick slurry into a man-made impoundment. After coal mining operations have
ceased, the mine is reclaimed by dumping the waste rock into the pit, regrading the area to approximate the original contours of the land and then replanting the area using native grasses and trees (CWNwastewater-04).
Mining (hardrock): Traditional hardrock mining usually involves digging tunnels and adits (horizontal entrances into hillsides) to reach lodes of mineral-rich ore. Traditional underground mining and open pit mining require that the ore-bearing rock be removed and then put through a milling and extraction plant to extract the desired minerals. After the ore body is exhausted, miners move on leaving behind huge mounds of finely ground tailings and coarser waste rock, as well as an underground tunnel complex and/or open pit (CWNwastewater-04). Mining (mountaintop): A relatively new variant of strip mining technology. This mining technique is common West Virginia and eastern Kentucky where there is enough topographic relief that is highly dissected such that the adjacent valleys can serve as repositories for overburden (soil and waste rock). Bulldozers remove all topsoil and vegetation from the top of the mountain. The bedrock above the coal is then blasted to break it up for removal. Huge draglines (the bucket can hold 15 to 20 pickup trucks) then remove the overburden from on top of the coal seam and dump the waste rock ("spoil") into adjacent valleys. Once exposed, the coal seam is then blasted and front end loaders scoop up the coal and load it into huge dump trucks (capable of carrying 100 tons) that haul the raw coal to the coal preparation plant (CWNwastewater-04). Mining (non-metals): Non-metallic minerals include salt, gypsum, potash, phosphate, borax, and other minerals used in the chemical industry. Sand and gravel extracted for glass making and construction (highways, buildings, and dams) is also regarded as a form of non-metal mining activity. These minerals are extracted primarily using open pit mining techniques, but may also employ underground mining techniques when the deposit is located hundreds or thousands of feet below the surface. Non-metal minerals and associated waste rock are generally of lower toxicity and more manageable than hardrock and coal mining wastes, but still have the potential to create environmental pollution from rainwater running off the piles (CWNwastewater-04). Mining engineer: A person qualified by education, training, and experience in mining engineering. A trained engineer with knowledge of the science, economics, and arts of mineral location, extraction, concentration, and sale, and the administrative and financial problems of practical importance in connection with the profitable conduct of mining (CWNmining-04). Mining of an aquifer: Withdrawal of groundwater over a period of time that exceeds the rate of recharge of the aquifer (EPA97/12). Mining overburden returned to the mine site: Any material overlying an economic mineral deposit which is removed to gain
access to that deposit and is then used for reclamation of a surface mine (40CFR260.10-91).
Mining runoff: The water drained from mining. Mining waste: Residues resulting from the extraction of raw materials from the Earth (EPA-97/12). Mining waste: The residues which result from the extraction of raw materials from the Earth (or residues left after ore beneficiation). See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.10191, see also 40CFR246.101-91; EPA-83). Mining water use: Water use during quarrying rocks and extracting minerals from the land (CWA/Wscience-04). Mining: The depletion of a resource without making any provision for replenishment (DOI-70104). In reference groundwater, withdrawals in excess of natural replenishment and capture. Commonly applied to heavily pumped areas in semiarid and arid regions, where opportunity for natural replenishment and capture is small. The term is hydrologic and excludes any connotation of unsatisfactory water management practice (cf. active mining area) (Course, 165.7). Minor source baseline date: See major source baseline date. Minor source: New emissions sources or modifications to existing emissions sources that do not exceed NAAQS emission levels (EPA-97/12). Minors: Publicly owned treatment works with flows less than 1 million gallons per day (see majors) (EPA-97/12). Misbranded: A pesticide is misbranded if (1) Its labeling bears any statement, design, or graphic representation relative thereto or to its ingredients which is false or misleading in any particular; (2) It is contained in a package or other container or wrapping which does not conform to the standards established by the Administrator pursuant to section 25(c)(3); (3) It is an imitation of, or is offered for sale under the name of, another pesticide; (4) Its label does not bear the registration number assigned under section 7 to each establishment in which it was produced; (5) Any work, statement, or other information required by or under authority of this Act to appear on the label or labeling is not prominently placed thereon with such conspicuousness (as compared with other words, statements, designs, or graphic matter in the labeling) and in such terms as to render it likely to be read and understood by the ordinary individual under customary conditions of purchase and use; (6) The labeling accompanying it does not contain directions for use which are necessary for effecting the purpose for which the product is intended and if complied with, together with any requirements imposed under section 3(d) of this Act, are The label does adequate to protect health and the environment; not contain a warning or caution statement which may be necessary and if complied with, together with any requirements
(n
imposed under section 3(d) of this Act, is adequate to protect health and the environment; or (8) In the case of a pesticide not registered in accordance with section 3 of this Act and intended for export, the label does not contain, in words prominently placed thereon with such conspicuousness (as compared with other words, statements, designs, or graphic matter in the labeling) as to render it likely to be noted by the ordinary individual under customary conditions of purchase and use, the following: "Not Registered for Use in the United States of America." For complete definition, see FIFRA2-7U.S.C. 136-91.
Miscellaneous ACM: (1) The miscellaneous material that is ACM in a school building (40CFR763.83-91). (2) Interior asbestos containing building material or structural components, members, or fixtures, such as floor and ceiling tiles; does not include surfacing materials or thermal system insulation (EPA97/12). Miscellaneous fabric product manufacturing process: (1) A manufacturing process involving one or more of the following applications, including any drying and curing of formulations, and capable of emitting VOM: (a) Adhesives to fabricate or assemble components or products. (b) Asphalt solutions to paper or fiberboard. (c) Asphalt to paper or felt. (d) Coatings or dye to leather. (e) Coatings to plastic. (f) Coatings to rubber or glass. (g) Disinfectant material to manufactured items. (h) Plastic foam scrap or "fluff' from the manufacture of foam containers and packaging material to form resin pallets. (i) Resin solutions to fiber substances. fj) Viscose solutions for food casings. (2) The storage and handling of formulations associated with the process described above, and the use and handling of organic liquids and other substances for clean-up operations associated with the process described in this definition (40CFR52.741-91). Miscellaneous formulation manufacturing process: (1) A manufacturing process which compounds one or more of the following and is capable of emitting VOM: (a) Adhesives. (b) Asphalt solutions. (c) Caulks, sealants, or waterproofing agents. (d) Coatings, other than paint and ink. (e) Concrete curing compounds. (f) Dyes. (g) Friction materials and compounds. (h) Resin solutions. (i) Rubber solutions. fj) Viscose solutions. (2) The storage and handling of formulations associated with the process described above, and the use and handling of organic liquids and other substances for clean-up operations associated with the process described in this definition (40CFR52.741-91). Miscellaneous material: (1) The building material on structural components, structural members, or fixtures, such as floor and ceiling tiles. The term does not include surfacing material or thermal system insulation (TSCA-AIAI, see also 40CFR763.8391). (2) Interior building materials on structural components, such as floor or ceiling tiles (EPA-97/12). Miscellaneous metal parts and products coating: Any coating applied to any metal part or metal product, even if attached to or combined with a nonmetal part or product, except cans, coils,
metal furniture, large appliances, and magnet wire. Prime coat, prime surfacer coat, topcoat, and final repair coat for automobiles and light-duty trucks are not miscellaneous metal parts and products coatings. However, underbody anti-chip (e.g., underbody plastisol) automobile, and light-duty truck coatings are miscellaneous metal parts and products coatings. Also, automobile or light-duty truck refinishing coatings, coatings applied to the exterior of marine vessels, coatings applied to the exterior of airplanes, and the customized topcoating of automobiles and trucks if production is less than 35 vehicles per day are not miscellaneous metal parts and products coatings (40CFR52.74191).
Miscellaneous metal parts or products coating facility: A facility that includes one or more miscellaneous metal parts or products coating lines (40CFR52.74 1-91). Miscellaneous metal parts or products coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto the surface of miscellaneous metal parts of products (40CFR52.741-91). Miscellaneous metal parts or products: Any metal part or metal product, even if attached to or combined with a nonmetal part or product, except cans, coils, metal furniture, large appliances, magnet wire, automobiles, ships, and airplane bodies (40CFR52.741-91). Miscellaneous oil spill control agent: Any product, other than a dispersant, sinking agent, surface collecting agent, biological additive, or burning agent, that can be used to enhance oil sill cleanup, removal, treatment, or mitigation (40CFR300.5-91). Miscellaneous organic chemical manufacturing process: (1) A manufacturing process which produces by chemical reaction, one or more of the following organic compounds or mixtures of organic compounds and which is capable of emitting VOM: (a) Chemicals listed in appendix A of this section. @) Chlorinated and sulfonated compounds. (c) Cosmetic, detergent, soap, or surfactant intermediaries or specialties and products. (d) Disinfectants. (e) Food additives. (f) Oil and petroleum product additives. (g) Plasticizers. (h) Resins or polymers. (i) Rubber additives. 6) Sweeteners. (k) Varnishes. (2) The storage and handling of formulations associated with the process described above and the use and handling of organic liquids and other substances for clean-up operations associated with the process described in this definition (40CFR52.741-91). Miscellaneous unit: A hazardous waste management unit where hazardous waste is treated, stored, or disposed of and that is not a container, tank, surface impoundment, pile, land treatment unit, landfill, incinerator, boiler, industrial furnace, underground injection well with appropriate technical standards under 40CFR146, or unit eligible for a research, development, and demonstration permit under 40CFR270.65 (40CFR260.10-91).
Miscellaneous units: Hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal units regulated under RCRA that do not meet any of the other definitions of regulated units (RCRAhazardous-04). Miscellaneous wastestream: The following additional wastestreams related to forming copper: hydrotesting, sawing, surface milling, and maintenance (40CFR468.02-91). Miscellaneous wastewater stream: The combined wastewater streams from the process operations listed below for each subcategory. If a plant has one of these streams then the plant receives the entire miscellaneous wastestream allowance: (1) Cadmium subcategory. Cell wash, electrolyte preparation, floor and equipment wash, and employee wash. (2) Lead subcategory. Floor wash, wet air pollution control, battery repair, laboratory, hand wash, and respirator wash. (3) Lithium subcategory. Floor and equipment wash, cell testing, and lithium scrap disposal. (4) Zinc subcategory. Cell wash, electrolyte preparation, employee wash, reject cell handling, floor and equipment wash (40CFR461.2-91). Mischmetals: Refers to a rare earth metal alloy comprised of the natural mixture of rare earths to about 94-99%. The balance of the alloy includes traces of other elements and one to two percent iron (40CFR421.271-91). Miscible liquids: Two or more liquids that can be mixed and will remain mixed under normal conditions (EPA-97/12). Miscible: Two or more liquids or gases that can be mixed and will remain mixed under normal conditions, e.g., alcohol and water. Antonym: Immiscible (NavyIEnv-04). Misfire: The complete or partial failure of a blasting charge to explode as planned (CWAImining-04). Missed detection: The situation that occurs when a test indicates that a tank is "tight" when in fact it is leaking (EPA-97/12). Missile liner: An asbestos containing product used as a liner for coating the interior surfaces of rocket motors. See liner for more related terms (40CFR763.163-91). Mist coating: See fog coating. Mist eliminator (or entrainment separator): A control device used to remove entrained water droplets downstream from a scrubber (EPA-8 1/09. Mist eliminator: For more related terms, see (1) Cyclone mist eliminator; (2) Fiber bed mist eliminator; and (3) Wire mesh eliminator. Mist: Liquid particles measuring 40 to 500 microns (pm), are formed by condensation of vapor. By comparison, fog particles are smaller than 40 microns (pm) (EPA-97/12).
I
Mites: Tiny eight-legged animals that live off plants, animals, or stored food (FFDCNpesticide-04). Miticide: A chemical substance used to destroy mites, acaricides (EPA-85/10). Miticides: Kills mites that feed on plants and animals (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Mitigation: (1) Includes: (a) Avoiding the impact altogether by not taking certain action or parts of an action. (b) Minimizing impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude of the action and its implementation. (c) Rectifying the impact by repairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the affected environment. (d) Reducing or eliminating the impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations during the life of the action. (e) Compensating for the impact by replacing or providing substitute resources or environments (40CFR1508.20-91). (2) Any measure taken to reduce the severity of the adverse effects associated with the accidental release of a hazardous chemical (EPA-86/12). (3) Measures taken to reduce adverse impacts on the environment (EPA-97/12). Mitigation: Actions taken to avoid, reduce, or compensate for the effects of human-induced environmental damage (CWAIWbasics04). Mitigation: Measures taken to reduce adverse effects on the environment (FFDCNpesticide-04). Mitigator: A building trades professional who works for profit to correct radon problems; a person experienced in radon remediation. At present, training programs are underway to provide working professionals with the knowledge and experience necessary to control radon exposure problems. Some state radiological health offices have lists of qualified professionals (EPA-88/08).
process results in reduced smelting rates and heating costs (EPA83103a).
Mixed fertilizer: A mixture of wet andlor dry straight fertilizer materials, mixed fertilizer materials, fillers, and additives prepared through chemical reaction to a given formulation (cf. blend fertilizer) (40CFR418.71-91). Mixed funding: Settlements in which potentially responsible parties and EPA share the cost of a response action (EPA-97/12). Mixed glass: Recovered container glass not sorted into categories (e (EPA-97/12).g. color, grade). Mixed kraft bag: The bag consists of used kraft bags free from twisted or woven stock and other similar objectionable materials (EPA-83). Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS): The dry suspended solids in mixed liquor (mfliter). It is a measure of the concentration of matter in a biological treatment process (EPA8711Oa). Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS): The dry volatile suspended solids in mgfliter of mixed liquor. Mixed liquor: A mixture of activated sludge and water containing organic matter undergoing activated sludge treatment in an aeration tank (EPA-97/12). See liquor for more related terms. Mixed media filtration: A filter which uses two or more filter materials of differing specific gravities selected so as to produce a filter uniformly grade from coarse to fine (EPA-83/03). Mixed metals: Recovered metals not sorted into categories such as aluminum, tin, or steel cans or fmous or non-ferrous metals (EPA-97/12). Mixed municipal refuse: See mixed municipal solid waste.
Mitin fiber: A trademark of Geigy for a moth-repellent finish for woolens. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Mitochondria: Small granules or rod-shaped structures seen by differential staining in the cytoplasm of cells (LBL76107-bio). Mitosis: A cell division involving exact separation of chromosomes so that each of the two daughter cells carries the same chromosome from the mother cell. Mitotic gene conversion: Is detected by the change of inactive alleles of the same gene to wild-type alleles through intragenic recombination in mitotic cells (40CFR798.5575-91). Mitsubishi process: A process used in primary copper refining which incorporates three furnaces to combine roasting, smelting, and converting into one continuous process. The Mitsubishi
Mixed municipal solid waste (or mixed municipal refuse): The trash that is not sorted into categories of materials. See waste for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Mixed municipal waste: Solid waste that has not been sorted into specific categories (such as plastic, glass, yard trimmings, etc.) (EPA-97/12). Mixed paper: Recovered paper not sorted into categories such as old magazines, old newspapers, old corrugated boxes, etc. (EPA97/12). Mixed plastic: Recovered plastic unsorted by category (EPA97/12).
Mixed radioactive and other hazardous substances: The material containing both radioactive hazardous substances and nonradioactive hazardous substances, regardless of whether these types of substances are physically separated, combined chemically, or simply mixed together (see also waste, mixed) (40CFR300AppIA-9 1). Mixed sample: See composite sample. Mixed waste: Radioactive waste that is also a hazardous waste under RCRA. Such wastes are jointly regulated by RCRA and Atomic Energy Act (RCRAkazardous-04).
Mixing: (1) Agitating, beating, blending, diffusing, dispersing, emulsifying, homogenizing, kneading, stirring, whipping, working, and so forth (AP-40, p790). (2) The incorporation of ingredients into a coating with the use of little or no shearing energy (EPA79112a). (3) One of very important factors in promoting the contact between oxygen and organic compounds for incineration (cf. three Ts). Mixolimnion: The upper layer of a lake. It has a lower density and free circulation because of wind effects (cf. monimolimnion). Mixture property: See Appendix B for details.
Mixed waste: The waste that is both hazardous waste and radioactive waste as defined in this glossary (see also mixed radioactive and other hazardous substances). See waste for more related terms (DOE-91/04). Mixed waste: Waste that contains both chemically hazardous and radioactive materials (OMBIReg-04). Mixing chamber: A chamber or zone in an excess air incinerator between the primary and secondary chamber where combustion gases and secondary combustion air are mixed (EPA-89103b). Mixing depth (or mixing height): (1) The thickness of the atmospheric layer near the surface in which air pollutants are dispersed by turbulence. At the top of the mixing layer, a barrier to the dispersion is often formed by a temperature inversion (NATO78/10). (2) A layer of stable air frequently bound above the turbulent air near the ground. The distance from the ground to the bottom of the stable layer is the mixing height. The stable layer prevents substantial vertical dispersion above the mixing height (EPA-88/09). (3) cf. mixing layer. Mixing height: See mixing depth. Mixing layer: The layer above the surface through which relatively vigorous vertical mixing occurs (cf. mixing depth) (DOE-91/04). Mixing zone (or dilution zone): (1) A limited area or volume of water where initial dilution of a discharge takes place; and where numeric water quality criteria can be exceeded but acutely toxic conditions are prevented from occurring (40CFR131.35-91, see also 40CFR125.121; 230.3-91). (2) An area where an effluent discharge undergoes initial dilution and is extended to cover the secondary mixing in the ambient water body. A mixing zone is an allocated impact zone where water quality criteria can be exceeded as long as acutely toxic conditions are prevented (EPA-91/03). Mixing zone: An area where an effluent discharge undergoes initial dilution and is extended to cover the secondary mixing in the ambient water body. A mixing zone is an allocated impact zone where water quality criteria can be exceeded as long as acutely toxic conditions are prevented (CWAIwastewater-04).
Mixture rule: A rule that is intended to ensure the regulation of mixtures of listed wastes with nonhazardous solid wastes (RCRAkazardous-04). Mixture: Any combination of two or more chemical substances if the combination does not occur in nature and is not, in whole or in part, the result of a chemical reaction; except that such term does include any combination which occurs, in whole or in part, as a result of a chemical reaction if none of the chemical substances comprising the combination is a new chemical substance and if the combination could have been manufactured for commercial purposes without a chemical reaction at the time the chemical substances comprising the combination were combined (TSCA3, see also 40CFR2.306; 116.3; 355.20; 372.3; 710.2; 720.3; 723.250; 712.3; 761.3-91). Mobile incinerator system: Hazardous waste incinerators that can be transported from one site to another (EPA-97/12). See incinerator for more related terms. Mobile offshore drilling unit: A vessel (other than a selfelevating lift vessel) capable of use as an offshore facility (OPA1001-91). Mobile source: (1) Any vehicle, rolling stock, or other means of transportation which contains or canies a reportable quantity of a hazardous substance (or other pollutant). See source for more related terms (40CFR117.1-91). (2) Any non-stationary source of air pollution such as cars, trucks, motorcycles, buses, airplanes, locomotives (EPA-97/12). Mobile source: Any non-stationary source of air pollution such as cars, trucks, motorcycles, buses, airplanes, locomotives, etc. (NavyIEnv-04). Mobile source: Moving objects that release pollution; mobile sources include cars, trucks, buses, planes, trains, motorcycles, and gasolinspowered lawn mowers. Mobile sources are divided into two groups: road vehicles, which include cars, trucks, buses, and non-road vehicles, which includes trains, planes, and lawn mowers (CAA/air-04).
Mobile treatment unit: Any equipment or device for the treatment of solid or hazardous waste which is designed or fabricated so as to be moved from one location to another. Mobility: Ability of contaminants to move. A highly mobile contaminant will spread quickly (CMAPC-04). Mobility: The ability of a contaminant to migrate from its source (EPA-89112a). Model calibration: An adjustment of the results of an air pollution simulation model to fit measured concentration data. This is usually done by specifying some free constants in the model (NATO-78110). Model plant: A hypothetical plant design used for developing economic, environmental, and energy impact analyses as support for regulations or regulatory guidelines; first step in exploring the economic impact'of a potential NSPS (EPA-97/12). Model sensitivity: In biosafety, an extent to which model predictions are affected by a small change in input information, unknown parameter, or by an assumption (EPA-88109a). Model specific code: The designation used for labeling purposes in Sections 205.15 and 205.16 for identifying the motorcycle manufacturer, class, and advertised engine displacement, respectively (40CFR205.151-91). Model type: The meaning given it in section 501(11) of the Act, 15U.S.C.2001(11) (40CFR2.311-91, see also 40CFR86.082-2; 600.002.85-91). Model year: The manufacturers annual production period (as determined by the Administrator) which includes January 1 of such calendar year; however, if the manufacturer has no annual production period, the term model year shall mean the calendar year (40CFR85.2102-91, see also CAA202; 40CFR85.1502; 86.082.2; 86.402.78; 204.51; 205.51; 205.151; 600.002.85; 763.163-91). Model: (1) A specific combination of car line, body style, and drive-train configuration (40CFR86.082.2-91). (2) A quantitative or mathematical representation or computer simulation which attempts to describe the characteristics or relationships of physical events (EPA-88/09). (3) A mathematical function with parameters which can be adjusted so that the function closely describes a set of empirical data. A mathematical or mechanistic model is usually based on biological or physical mechanisms, and has model parameters that have real world interpretation. In contrast, statistical or empirical models are curve-fitting to data where the math function used is selected for its numerical properties. Extrapolation from mechanistic models (e.g., pharmacokinetic equations) usually carries higher confidence than extrapolation using empirical models (e.g., logit) (EPA-92/12).
Modeling: An investigative technique using a mathematical or physical representation of a system or theory that accounts for all or some its known properties. Models are often used to test the effect of changes of system components on the overall performance of the system (EPA-89/12). Modem: A device that converts signals. For computer applications, the modem is connected to a telephone line for transmission and reception of information. Modification: Any alteration in the terms and conditions of a contract, including supplemental agreements, amendments, and extensions (40CFR8.2-91). Modification: Any change to a parking facility that increases or may increase the motor vehicle capacity of, or the motor vehicle activity associated with, such parking facility (40CFR52.2486-91). Modification: Any change to the original design and construction of a cargo tank or a cargo tank motor vehicle which affects its structural integrity or lading retention capability. Excluded from this category are the following: (1) A change to motor vehicle equipment such as lights, truck or tractor power train components, steering and brake systems, and suspension parts, and changes to appurtenances, such as fender attachments, lighting brackets, ladder brackets; and (2) Replacement of components such as valves, vents, and fittings with a component of a similar design and of the same size (40CFRI 80.403-91). Modification: Any physical change in, or change in the method of operation of, an existing facility which increases the amount of any air pollutant (to which a standard applies) emitted into the atmosphere by that facility or which results in the emission of any air pollutant (to which a standard applies) into the atmosphere not previously emitted (40CFR60.2-91, see also CAA111; CAA11291). Modified bin method: Way of calculating the required heating or cooling for a building based on determining how much energy the system would use if outdoor temperatures were within a certain temperature interval and then multiplying the energy use by the time the temperature interval typically occurs (EPA-97/12). Modified discharge: The volume, composition, and location of the discharge proposed by the applicant for which a modification under section 301(h) of the Act is requested. A modified discharge may be a current discharge, improved discharge, or altered discharge. See discharge for more related terms (40CFR125.5891). Modified method 5 (MM5) sampling train (or semi-VOST): MM5 is based on the sampling unit under EPA method 5. It is used to capture both particulates and semi-volatile compounds during sampling. During operation, the MM5 collects a 4 to 6 dry standard cubic meter sample over three to four hours. Its major components include (cf. source assessment sampling system)
(EPA-82/02; SW-846): (1) A probe: Either medium wall Pyrex glass (for probes less than 7 feet in length) or 1.6 cm OD Incology 825 tubing (for probes greater than 7 ft long) are wrapped with heating wire and a stainless steel jacket. Samples are collected while the probe is heated to a gas temperature above the dew point of the stack gas. If sampling of combustion zone vapors is necessary, a water cooled, quarts-lined sampling probe is used. (2) An optional glass cyclone with an attached collection flask: The cyclone is to remove large quantities of particulates to prevent plugging of the downstream filter. (3) Filter: The filter is to further remove particulates in the collected gas. The cyclone, flask, and filter holder are contained in an electrically heated enclosed box at a temperature of approximately 120 C. (4) Sorbent module: Downstream of the filter, the sampled gas passes through a watercooled module and then to a sorbent module that is filled with XAD-2 resin which is a porous polymer resin with the capability of adsorbing a broad range of organic species with boiling points >/ = 100 C. (5) Four impingers: The four impingers are connected in series and immersed in an ice bath. The first impinger, connected to the outlet of the sorbent module, is empty and is used to collect the condensate which percolates through the sorbent resin module. The second and third impingers have long stems which are immersed in the appropriate scrubbering solution. The sampled gas bubbled through the solution. The selection of the solution is contingent upon the type of vapors that are suspected of being contained in the sampled gas. A caustic solution such as sodium hydroxide or sodium acetate is used to collect acid gases such as HCL. The fourth impinger is typically filled with silica gel to absorb any moisture in the sampled gas. Moisture removal is important to ensure accurate gas flow measurements and to prevent damage to the pumping system. (6) The downstream of the four impingers are an air tight pump and a dry gas meter.
Modified rosin: A rosin that has been treated with with heat or catalysts, or both; with or without added chemical substances, so as to cause substantial change in the structure of the rosin acids. See rosin for more related terms (EPA-79/12). Modified solid waste incineration unit: A solid waste incineration unit at which modifications have occurred after the effective date of a standard under subsection (a) if (1) The cumulative cost of the modifications, over the life of the unit, exceed 50 per centum of the original cost of construction and installation of the unit (not including the cost of any land purchased in connection with such construction or installation) updated to current costs, or (2) The modification is a physical change in or change in the method of operation of the unit which increases the amount of any air pollutant emitted by the unit for which standards have been established under this section or section 111 (CAA129.g-42U.S.C.7429). (3) See solid waste incineration unit for more related terms. Modified source: (1) The enlargement of a major stationery source is often referred to as modification, implying that more emissions will occur (EPA-97/12). (2) See also synonym, modification source.
Modified steaming: A technique for conditioning (wood) logs which is a variety of the steam vat process in that steam is produced by heating water with coils set in the bottom of the vat (EPA-74/04). Modifier: (1) In froth flotation, reagents used to control alkalinity and to eliminate harmful effects of colloidal material and soluble salts. (2) Chemicals which increase the specific attractive between collector agents and particle surfaces or conversely which increase the wettability of those surfaces (EPA-82/05). A substance added to a propellant to reduce the dependence of burning rate on pressure (EPA-76/03). Modifying factor (MF):An uncertainty factor that is greater than zero and less than or equal to 10; its magnitude reflects professional judgement regarding scientific uncertainties of the database or study design not explicitly treated by the uncertainty factors (e.g., the number of animals tested). The default value for the MF is 1 (EPA-90108; 92/12). Modifying factor (MF): In toxicity assessments, a number that reflects a professional assessment of additional uncertainties in the critical study and in the entire database for the chemical not explicitly addressed by the uncertainty factors (NavyIEnv-04). Modular combustion unit: See modular incinerator. Modular concept: Ability to add to or close down separate subsystems of the process without interruption to the whole operation. The assembly of a system from component subassemblies such that the resulting system is regarded as a unit (EPA-83). Modular excess air MWC: A combustor that combusts MSW and that is not field-erected and has multiple combustion chambers, all of which are designed to operate at conditions with combustion air amounts in excess of theoretical air requirements (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (MHTGR): A relatively small nuclear reactor of standardized design in which graphite (a compound of electrical carbon) is used to moderate (reduce the energy of) the neutrons created in the core by fission reactions and a gas (helium) is used to cool the reactor core. The MHTGR concept proposed for the NPR consists of a complex of eight separate reactor modules, each with its own core, vessel, cooling system, and containment structure (DOE-91/04). Modular incinerator (or modular combustion unit): (1) Smaller-scale waste combustion units prefabricated at a manufacturing facility and transported to the waste combustion sites (EPA-89/11). (2) One of a series of incinerator units designed to operate independently (OME-88/12). When applied to municipal waste incineration, it is similar to a mass bum incinerator in that it bums unprocessed municipal solid waste. However, it features two combustion chambers and feeds MSW
with a hydraulic ram. Its primary chamber is operated in a slightly oxygen deficient condition. Wastes are vaporized in this chamber and the resulting gases are sent to the secondary chamber, which is operated in an excess condition, for complete combustion. One disadvantage of the two chamber system is that waste burnout is not always complete which increases ash quantities and reduces the efficiency of energy recovery. In general, a modular incinerator is a small, factory fabricated plant, usually custom designed to fit a particular application. It is also used for industrial and medical waste combustion (OTA-89/10). (3) See incinerator for more related terms. Modular incinerator: Small, self-contained incinerators designed to handle small quantities of solid waste. Modules may be combined as needed, to match plant capacity with the quantity of waste to be processed (RCRAImanagement-04).
porosity. (2) Water equivalent of snow on the ground; an indicator of snowmelt flood potential (EPA-97/12). Moisture content: The fraction or percentage of a substance or soil that is water (RCRA/management-04). Moisture content: The weight loss (expressed in percent) when a sample of material is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 105 C. Conventionally expressed as a percentage of the total mass of the wet material (EPA-83). Moisture equivalent: The ratio of (1) The weight of water which the soil, after saturation, will retain against a centrifugal force 1000 times the force of gravity, to (2) The weight of the soil when dry. The ratio is stated as a percentage (CWAhydrology-04). Moisture holding capacity: See field capacity of solid waste.
Modular starved air MWC: A combustor that combusts MSW and that is not field-erected and has multiple combustion chambers in which the primary combustion chamber is designed to operate at substoichiometricconditions (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Modulated stem displacement force: The amount of force required to start and finish a modulated stem displacement (40CFR85.2 122(a)(l)(ii)(D)-91). Modulated stem displacement: The distance through which the modulated stem may move when actuated independent of diaphragm displacement (40CFR85.2122(a)(l)(ii)(C)-91). Modulated stem: The stem attached to the vacuum break diaphragm in such a manner as to allow stem displacement independent of diaphragm displacement (40CFR85.2122 (a)(l )(ii)(G)-91). Modulating valve or throttling valve: A valve that controls from its maximum to minimum position in either predetermined steps or increments of movements as caused by its actuating medium (Waukee-03). Module: For fuel cells, it is a standardized unit such as a stack that can be replaced readily if needed, or that can be connected in series for use together. Moisture content of solid waste: The weight loss (expressed in percent) when a sample of solid waste is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 100 C to 105 C. The percent of moisture contained in a solid waste sample can be calculated on a dry or wet basis as follows: (1) Wet percent = (water content)/(dry weight + water content). (2) Dry percent = (water content)/(dry weight of sample) (SW-108ts). Moisture content: (1) The amount of water lost from soil upon drying to a constant weight, expressed as the weight per unit of dry soil or as the volume of water per unit bulk volume of the soil. For a fully saturated medium, moisture content indicates the
Moisture penetration: The depth to which irrigation water or rain penetrates soil before the rate of downward (penetration) movement becomes negligible (SW- 108ts). Moisture set ink: Ink that dries or sets principally by precipitation. The vehicle consists of a water insoluble resin dissolved in a hygroscopic solvent. Drying occurs when the hygroscopic solvent has absorbed sufficient moisture either from the atmosphere, substrate, or external application to precipitate the binder. An important characteristic of these inks is their low odor. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79/12a). Moisture: The water content of substances or matters such as air, wood, or a timber product expressed as a percentage of total weight. Moisture: Water diffused in the atmosphere or the ground (CWAhydrology-04). Molal concentration: See molarity. Molal solution: The number of moles of solute per 1000 grams of solvent. See concentration for more related terms. Molal unit: The molecular weight of a compound or an element is simply the sum of all the atomic weights (from the Periodic Chart) of all the atoms in the molecule. A mole of any pure substance is defined as the amount of substance that numerically equals the molecular weight of that compound. Therefore, by definition, a gram mole or pound mole of oxygen weighs 32 grams or pounds depending on the units used (EPA-81/12, p2-5). Molality: The number of moles per 1000 grams of solvent. See concentration for more related terms. Molar absorptivity (e,.): (1) Is defined as the proportionality constant in the Beer-Lambert law when the concentration is given in terms of moles per liter (i.e., molar concentration). Thus, A =
qC1, where A and e, represent the absorbance and molar absorptivity at wavelength r and 1 and C are defined in (3). The units of e, are molar-' an". Numerical values of molar absorptivity depend upon the nature of the absorbing species (other identical or similar definitions are provided in 40CFR796.3780-iv) (40CFR796.3700-iv-91). (2) The product of the absorptivity and the molecular weight of the substance. See absorptivity for more related terms (LBL-76107-bio).
Molar analysis: The analysis of a gas mixture is based on the number of moles of each component in the system. See property for more related terms. Molar solution: A solution containing 1 mole (gram-molecular weight) of solute in 1 liter of the solution. See concentration for more related terms. Molarity (mole fraction or molal concentration): The number of gramdmolecular weights of a compound dissolved in 1 liter of solvent. See concentration for more related terms. Mold: A form made of sand, metal, or refractory material that contains the cavity into which molten metal is poured to produce a casting of definite shape and outline (EPA-85/10a).
of gas flow rates and other factors which are a part of control equipment design (EPA-84/09).
Mole fraction: A ratio employed in expressing concentrations of solutions and mixtures. The mole fraction of any component of a mixture or solution is defined as the number of moles of that component divided by the sum of the number of moles of all components. See concentration for more related terms (EPA84/09). Mole: The quantity of a compound or element that has a weight in grams numerically equal to its molecular weight. Also referred to as gram molecule or gram molecular weight (CAA/C02gas-04). Molecular absorption spectrometry (or colorimetry): The measurement of color naturally present in samples or developed therein by the addition of reagents (LBL-76107-water). Molecular absorption: Refers to the measurement of the absorption of specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation by molecules (LBL-76107-bio).
Molded glass: A glass which is formed in a mold, as distinct from cast, rolled, drawn, or offhand ware. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83).
Molecular diffusion: (1) The diffusion of a property within a fluid by molecular processes. In a turbulent flow, molecular diffusion is often negligible compared to diffusion by turbulence (NATO-78/10). (2) A process of spontaneous intermixing of different substances, attributable to molecular motion and tending to produce uniformity of concentration (LBL-76107-air).
Molded pulp product: Contoured products, such as egg packaging items, food trays, plates, and bottle protectors, made by depositing fibers from a pulp slurry onto a forming mold of the contour and shape desired in the product (EPA-87/10).
Molecular formula: A formula representing the numbers of atoms and the composition of a chemical compound by a specific symbols (e.g., CH4 represents 4 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of carbon for a methane compound).
Molds: Furry fungi that grow on damp surfaces.
Molecular weight (MW) (mass): The sum of atomic masses (in atomic mass units 1 amu = mass of 12C atom as standard) of the atoms present in a molecule (NavyIEnv-04).
Mole (mol): A mass of a compound defined as Avogadro's of atoms or molecules (NavyJEnv-04). Number (6.022 X Mole (n): The quantity of a pure substance whose weight (any unit of mass) is numerically equal to its molecular weight (e.g., one g-mole of oxygen would be 32 g and 1 Ib-mole of oxygen would be 32 lb). In engineering calculations, the pound mole is the most commonly used. A pound mole of hydrogen (Hz, molecular weight 2) is 2 pounds and a pound mole of oxygen (02, molecular weight 32) 32 pounds. Number of moles can be calculated by n=m/M, where m = weight of a substance and M = molecular weight of the substance. For example: for 64 pounds of 4 , n = 64 lbI(32 Ib/(lb-mole)) = 2 Ib-mole. The measure applies to mixtures of gases, e.g., a pound mole of air is approximately 29 pounds. A pound mole of the gases just mentioned or any gas or mixture occupies the same volume under standard conditions at 60 F and 1 atm, i.e., 379 cu ft. This important fact, based on Avogadro's principle (the number of molecules per mole is 6.025 x loz3;it is known as Avogdro's Number), establishes the basis for calculation
Molecular weight: The sum of the weight of the atoms which comprise the molecular. Therefore, the molecular weight of a substance would be equal to the sum of the atomic weight of each atom in its molecule, e.g., a molecule of hydrogen (2 atoms, Hz) has a molecular weight of 2, a molecular of oxygen (2 atoms, 4 ) has a molecular weight of 32, and water has a molecular weight of 18 (cf. atomic weight) (EPA-84/09). Molecule: (1) A chemical unit composed of one or more atoms (EPA-83106a). (2) The smallest division of a compound that still retains or exhibits all the properties of the substance (EPA-97/12). Molecule: The smallest division of a compound that still retains or exhibits all the properties of the substance (NavyIEnv-04). Molluscicide: A chemical used to kill or control snails and slugs (EPA-85/10).
Molluscicides: Kill snails and slugs Mollusk (molluscs): A large animal group including those forms popularly called shellfish (but not including crustaceans). All have a soft unsegmented body protected in most instances by a calcareous shell. Examples are snails, mussels, clams, and oysters (LBL-76107-water). Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC):As the name implies, an AFC is characterized by a molten carbonate electrolyte. See Appendix C for details.
2%. Sludges are not recommended because of their viscosity and splashing effects. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-89/06). Momentum: The quantity of motion measured by the product of the mass and the velocity of a body (NATO-78/10). Monimolimnion: The bottom layer of a lake. It has a higher density and no circulation because of no wind effects (cf. mixolimnion). Monitor (n): See analyzer.
Molten salt combustion (MSC): See molten salt incinerator Monitor (v): To measure and record (40CFR52.741-91). Molten salt incinerator (or molten salt combustion): Molten salt destruction is a method of combusting organic material while, at the same time, scrubbing in-situ objectionable by-products of the combustion and thus preventing their emission in the effluent gas stream. This process of simultaneous combustion and scrubbing is accomplished by injecting the material to be burned with air, or oxygen enriched air, under the surface of a pool of (generally) molten carbonate salts. The melt is maintained at temperatures on the order of 1650 F (900 C) to promote rapid oxidation of organic waste. Halogen species in the waste form halide salts and phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic or silicon (from glass or ash in the waste) form the oxygenated salts such as sodium phosphate, sulfate, arsenate, or silicate, respectively. These products are retained in the melt as inorganic salts rather than released to the atmosphere as volatile gases. See incinerator for more related terms (Lee-83/07). Molten salt reactor: A thermal treatment unit that rapidly heats waste in a heat-conducting fluid bath of carbonate salt (EPA97112). See incinerator for more related terms. Molybdenite concentrate: A commercial molybdenite ore after the first processing operations. It contains about 90% (MoS2) along with quartz, feldspar, water, and processing oil (EPA-82/05).
Monitoring (monitor): Measurement of air pollution is referred to as monitoring. U.S. EPA, state, and local agencies measure the types and amounts of pollutants in community air. The 1990 Clean Air Act requires certain large polluters to perform enhanced monitoring to provide an accurate picture of their pollutant releases. Enhanced monitoring programs may include keeping records on materials used by the source, periodic inspections, and installation of continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS). Continuous emission monitoring systems will measure, on a continuous basis, how much pollution is being released into the air. The 1990 Clean Air Act requires states to monitor community air in polluted areas to check on whether the areas are being cleaned up according to schedules set out in the law (CAAIair-04). Monitoring (or air monitoring): (1) Periodic or continuous surveillance or testing to determine the level of compliance with statutory requirements andlor pollutant levels in various media or in humans, plants, and animals (EPA-97/12). (2) The process of measuring andlor sampling the amount of pollutants or radioactive contamination present in the environment on a continuous, periodical, or random basis for spatial and time variations (EPA84/09; 74111). (3) cf. interstitial monitoring. Monitoring and analysis order: See administrative order.
Molybdenite: The most common ore of molybdenum (MoSz) (EPA-82/05). Molybdenum (Mo): A hard transition metal element with atomic number 42; atomic weight 95.94; density 10.2 g/cc; melting point 2610 C and boiling point 5560 C. The element belongs to group VIB of the periodic table. Momentary flood peak: The maximum rate of flow during a flood event; usually this is the flow at the time flood crest is reached. See flood for more related terms (DOI-70104). Momentum flowmeter: One of solid or sludge flow rate meters. Two types of these solid flowmeters are available, based upon either impact or torque. This device works fairly well with dry, flowable materials but is less accurate if feed particles are very large, nonuniform, or viscous. Typical accuracies are within +/-
Monitoring device: The total equipment, required under the monitoring of operations sections in applicable subparts, used to measure and record (if applicable) process parameters (40CFR60.2-91). Monitoring system types: There are three basic types of monitoring systems: cross stack, extractive, and in-situ. Carbon monoxide monitoring systems generally are extractive or cross stack, while oxygen monitors are either extractive or in-situ (EPA90104): (1) Cross stack analyzer: An analyzer which measures the parameter of interest by placing a source beam on one side of the stack and either the detector (in single pass instruments) or a retroreflector (in double pass instruments) on the other side and measuring the parameter of interest (e.g., CO) by the attenuation of the beam by the gas in its path. (2) Extractive analyzer: An analyzer which uses a pump or other mechanical, pneumatic, or
hydraulic means to draw a small portion of the stack or flue gas and convey it to the remotely located analyzer. (3) In-situ analyzer: An analyzer which places the sensing or detecting element directly in the flue gas stream and thus perform the analysis without removing a sample from the stack.
Monitoring system: Any system, required under the monitoring sections in applicable subparts, used to sample and condition (if applicable), to analyze, and to provide a record of emissions or process parameters (4OCFR61.02-91). Monitoring types: Types of monitoring include (1) Continuous monitoring. (2) Periodical monitoring. (3) Random monitoring.
Monochromator: (1) A device or instrument that, with an appropriate energy source, may be used to provide a continuous calibrated series of electro-magnetic energy bands of determinable wavelength or frequency range (LBL-76107-air). (2) A device that combines polychromatic radiations (or wavelengths) into a monochromatic radiation or isolates a particular narrow band of wavelengths for focusing on a detector. Monoclonal antibodies (also called MABs and MCAs): (1) Man-made clones of a molecule, produced in quantity for medical or research purposes. (2) Molecules of living organisms that selectively find and attach to other molecules to which their structure conforms exactly. This could also apply to equivalent activity by chemical molecules (EPA-97/12).
Monitoring well: (1) A well used to obtain water quality samples or measure groundwater levels. (2) Well drilled at a hazardous waste management facility or Superfund site to collect groundwater samples for the purpose of physical, chemical, or biological analysis to determine the amounts, types, and distribution of contaminants in the groundwater beneath the site (EPA-97/12).
Monoclonal antibodies (also called MABs or MCAs): Molecules of living organisms that selectively find and attach to other molecules to which their structure conforms exactly. This could also apply to equivalent activity by chemical molecules (EPA-89/12).
Monitoring well: A well designed for measuring water levels and testing groundwater quality (CWNWbasics-04).
Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Single-ring aromatic compounds. Constituents of lead-free gasoline; also used in the manufacture of monomers and plasticizers in polymers (CWNWbasics-04).
Monitoring well: A well drilled at a hazardous waste management facility or Superfund site to collect groundwater samples for analysis to determine the amounts, types, and distribution of contaminants in the groundwater beneath the site (SFIremedy-04). Monitoring well: A well used to take water quality samples or to measure groundwater levels (FFDCNpesticide-04). Monitoring well: Special wells drilled at specific locations where groundwater can be sampled at selected depths and studied to determine the direction of groundwater flow and the types and amounts of contaminants present (SFIEnv-04). Monitoring: (1) Periodic or continuous surveillance or testing to determine the level of compliance with statutory requirements andor pollutant levels in various media or in humans, plants, and animals. (2) Used to track the presence, migration, or threat posed by contaminants at a site; may be used at a site between response actions or when no other response action is appropriate until information or site status changes (NavyIEnv-04). Monitoring: Repeated observation, measurement, or sampling at a site, on a scheduled or event basis, for a particular purpose (CWA/Wbasics-04). Monitoring: Testing that water systems must perform to detect and measure contaminants. A water system that does not follow EPA's monitoring methodology or schedule is in violation, and may be subject to legal action (SDWAfReg-04).
Monofill: A sanitary landfill method for one type of waste only. See sanitary landfill for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Monolithic lining: A refractory lining, made on site in large sections without conventional layers and joints, may be formed by pouring or casting, gunniting, ramming, or sintering a fine granular material into place (EPA-83). Monolithic: Describing a structure which is without cracks or seams, self-supporting, and essentially homogeneous (OME88/12). Monomer: A chemical substance that has the capacity to form links between two or more other molecules (cf. polymer) (40CFR704.25; 721.350; 723.250-91). Monomictic: Lakes and reservoirs which are relatively deep, do not freeze over during the winter months, and undergo a single stratification and mixing cycle during the year (usually in the fall) (EPA-97/12). Mononitrotoluene (MNT) and dinitrotoluene (DNT): The intermediate products formed during the manufacture of TNT. DNT is also used in the formulation of single-base propellants (EPA-76/03). Monooxygenase: A microbial enzyme that catalyzes reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into a product and the other atom appears in water (NavyIEnv-04).
Monorail crane: A crane consisting of a lifting unit that hangs from a single suspended, horizontal rail in such a way that the unit can travel the length of the rail (EPA-83). Montane: Of, pertaining to, or inhabiting cool upland slopes below the timber line; characterized by the dominance of evergreen trees (CWAIWbasics-04). Monte Carlo simulation: A procedure to estimate the value and uncertainty of the result of a calculation when the result depends on a number of factors, each of which is also uncertain (NavyIEnv-04). Monte Carlo simulation: A statistical modeling technique that involves the random selection of sets of input data for use in repetitive model runs in order to predict the probability distributions of receiving water quality concentrations (EPA-85/09; 9 1/03). Month: A calendar month or a prespecified period of 28 days or 35 days (utilizing a 4-4-5-week recordkeeping and reporting schedule) (40CFR60.541-91).
Montreal Protocol: Treaty, signed in 1987, governs stratospheric ozone protection and research, and the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. It provides for the end of production of ozone-depleting substances such as CFCS. Under the Protocol, various research groups continue to assess the ozone layer. The Multilateral Fund provides resources to developing nations to promote the transition to ozone-safe technologies (EPA-97/12). Moraine: A mound, ridge, or other distinct accumulation of unsorted, unstratified glacial drift, predominantly till, deposited chiefly by direct action of glacier ice (CWA,Wbasics-04). Moratorium: (1) A complete cessation of the taking of marine mammals and a complete ban on the importation into the United States of marine mammals and marine mammal products, except as provided in this chapter (MMPA3-I 6U.S.C. 1362-90). (2) During the negotiation process, a period of 60 to 90 days during which EPA and potentially responsible parties may reach settlement but no site response activities can be conducted (EPA97/12). Morbidity: (1) Disease state (EPA-90105). (2) Rate of disease incidence (EPA-97/12).
Monthly average regulatory values: The basis for the monthly average discharge in direct discharge permits and for pretreatment standards. Compliance with the monthly discharge limit is required regardless of the number of samples analyzed and averaged (40CFR461.3-9 1).
Morbidity: Rate of incidence of disease (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Monthly average: The arithmetic average of eight (8) individual data points from effluent sampling and analysis during any calendar month (40CFR425.02-9 1).
Morbidity: State of being ill or diseased. Morbidity is the occurrence of a disease or condition that alters health and quality of life (SFhealth-04).
Montreal Protocol and the Protocol: The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, including adjustments adopted by parties thereto and amendments that have entered into force (CAA601-42U.S.C.7671-91).
Morphologic transformation: The acquisition of certain phenotypic, characteristics most notably loss of contact inhibition and loss of anchorage dependence which are often but not always associated with the ability to induce tumors in appropriate hosts (4OCFR795.285-91).
Montreal Protocol: The international treaty governing the protection of stratospheric ozone. The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and its amendments control the phase out of ODs production and use. Under the MP, several international organizations report on the science of ozone depletion, implement projects to help move away from ODs and provide a forum for policy discussions. In addition, the Multilateral Fund provides resources to developing nations to promote the transition to ozone-safe technologies. The full text of the MP is available online and it is part of the Ozone Action Information Clearinghouse database (CANozone-04).
Mortality: Death rate (EPA-97/12).
Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, including adjustments adopted by parties thereto and amendments that have entered into force (40CFR82.3-91).
Morbidity: Rate of disease incidence (NavyIEnv-04).
Mortality: Death state (EPA-5/90). Mortality: Death. Usually the cause (a specific disease, a condition, or an injury) is stated (SFhealth-04). Mortar: A mixture of gypsum plaster with aggregate or hydrated lime, or both, and water to produce a trowelable sluny (EPA-83). Other mortar-related terms include (1) Air setting refractory mortar; (2) Cold setting refractory mortar (See air setting refractory mortar); (3) Fireclay mortar; (4) Heat setting refractory mortar; (5) Hot setting refractory mortar (see heat setting refractory mortar); and (6) Hydraulic setting mortar. Mosquito-borne: The term used to describe the spread of disease through mosquitoes (FIFRAIWN-04).
Moss: Any bryophytic plant characterized by small, leafy, often tufted stems bearing sex organs at the tips (LBL-76107-water). Most probable number (MPN): In the testing of bacterial density by the dilution method, number of organisms volume which, in accordance with statistical theory, would be more likely than any other possible number to yield the observed test result or which would yield the observed test result with the greatest frequency. Expressed as density of organisms per 100 mL (EPA7410 1a).
all types of oxygenated gasoline, including gasohol; and reformulated gasoline, but excludes aviation gasoline. Note: Volumetric data on blending components, such as oxygenates, are not counted in data on finished motor gasoline until the blending components are blended into the gasoline (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (MMCSA): See the term of Act or MVICSA.
Most probable number: An estimate of microbial density per unit volume of water sample, based on probability theory (EPA97/12).
Motor vehicle or engine part manufacturer: As used in sections 207 and 208 means any person engaged in the manufacturing, assembling, or rebuilding of any device, system, part, component, or element of design which is installed in or on motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines. See vehicle for more related terms (CAA216-42U.S.C.7550-91).
Mother liquor: A concentrated solution substantially freed from undissolved matter by filtration, centrifugation, or decantation. Crystals are formed from the mother liquor. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-77/07).
Motor vehicle: Any self-propelled vehicle designed for transportation of persons or property on a street or highway. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR52.136-91, see also CAA216; 52.137; 202.10-91).
Motile: Exhibiting or capable of spontaneous movement (LBL 76107-water).
Motorcycle noise level: The A-weighted noise level of a motorcycle as measured by the acceleration test procedure (4OCFR205.151-91).
Motion (velocity/acceleration):Velocity/acceleration is the speed of body part motion and the rate of change of speed of body part motion, respectively. It is generally regarded that increased acceleration leads to increased risk of injury (OSHA/ergonomics04). Motor activity: Any movement of the experimental animal (40CFR798.6200-9 1). Motor carrier: A common carrier by motor vehicle, a contract canier by motor vehicle, or a private carrier of property by motor vehicle as those terms are defined by paragraphs (14), (15), and (I) of section 203(a) of the Interstate Commerce Act (49U.S.C.303(a)) (4OCFR202.10-91). Motor controller: An electronic or electro-mechanical device to convert energy stored in an energy storage device into a form suitable to power the traction motor (40CFR600.002.85-91). Motor fuel: Petroleum or a petroleum based substance that is motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, No. 1 or No. 2 diesel fuel, or any grade of gasohol, and is typically used in the operation of a motor engine. See fuel for more related terms (40CFR280.12-91). Motor gasoline (finished): A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. Motor gasoline, as defined in ASTM Specification D 4814 or Federal Specification VV-G-1690C, is characterized as having a boiling range of 122 to 158 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10% recovery point to 365 to 374 degrees Fahrenheit at the 90% recovery point. "Motor Gasoliney'includes conventional gasoline;
Motorcycle: Any motor vehicle with a headlight, taillight, and stoplight and having: two wheels, or three wheels and a curb mass less than or equal to 680 kilograms (1499 pounds) (cf. federally regulated motorcycle) (40CFR86.402.78-91, see also 40CFR205.151-91). Mountain valley wind: A diurnal variation of the wind, in a mountain valley blowing uphill by day and downhill by night forming a meso scale circulation system. See wind for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Mounting: Standards established by ASTM to represent typical installation for purpose of testing materials; i.e. a mounting test specimen mounted directly to test room surface. Or mounting furred out to produce air space behind (NCAIsound-04). Mouse: In seaming a landfill liner, a synonymous term for hot wedge, or hot shoe, seaming device (EPA-89/09, see also EPA91/05). Mouth: The place where a stream discharges to a larger stream, a lake, or the sea (CWAIWbasics-04). Movable bulkhead loader: A type of side-loading, enclosed compactor truck equipped with a movable bulkhead that pushes the solid wastes from the front loading area to the rear of the vehicle (EPA-83). Movable grate: A grate with moving parts. A movable grate designed to feed solid fuel or solid waste to furnace is called a stoker. See grate for more related terms.
Movement: (1) An exhaust configuration of a building or emission control device (e.g., positive-pressure fabric filter) that extends the length of the structure and has a width very small in relation to its length (i.e., length to width ratio is typically greater than 5:l). The exhaust may be an open vent with or without a roof, louvered vents, or a combination of such features (40CFR60.6191). (2) That hazardous waste transported to a facility in an individual vehicle (40CFR260.10-9 1). MPa [mega Pascals] (an SI pressure unit): one MPa corresponds to a pressure of 10 atmospheres. MSDS: A material safety data sheet contains information related to the particular hazards of a chemical and protective measures (TSCNchemical-04). Muck soils: Earth made from decaying plant materials (EPA97112). See soil for more related terms. Muck: Dark, finely divided, well-decomposed, organic matter forming a surface deposit in some poorly drained areas (CWNWbasics-04). Muck: The usually blackish, fine-textured, and largely organic deposits at the bottom of a water body (DOI-70104). Mud cap: A charge of high explosive fired in contact with the surface of a rock after being covered with a quantity of wet mud, wet earth, or sand, without any borehole being used. Also termed adobe, dobie, and sandblast (illegal in coal mining) (CWNmining-04). Mud filter: In the paper industry, a mud filter means a piece of equipment used to thicken and wash lime mud prior to burning it in the lime kiln. See filter for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Mud washer: In the paper industry, a piece of equipment used to wash the sodium base chemicals from the lime mud prior to burning it in the lime kiln (EPA-87/10). Mudballs: Round material that forms in filters and gradually increases in size when not removed by backwashing (EPA-97/12). Mudflow: A well-mixed mass of water and alluvium which, because of its high viscosity and low fluidity as compared with water, moves at a much slower rate, usually piling up and spreading over the fan like a sheet of wet mortar or concrete (CWAhydrology-04). Muffle furnace: A furnace heated through the outside of a refractory chamber containing the hearth. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-83).
Mulch: A layer of material (wood chips, straw, leaves, etc.) placed around plants to hold moisture, prevent weed growth, and enrich or sterilize the soil (EPA-97/12). Mulch: Ground up or mixed yard trimming s placed around plants to prevent evaporation of moisture and freezing of mots and to nourish the soil (RCRAlmanagement-04). Mullen: Measurement of the resistance of paper to a bursting pressure (EPA-83). Multi-collinearity: A regression analysis situation in which some or all of the independent variables are very highly intercorrelated. The presence of this situation may cause model development to be extremely difficult or impossible (EPA-79112~). Multi-cyclone (or multiple cyclone): A dust collector consisting of a number of cyclone collectors that operate in parallel. The volume and velocity of combustion gas can be regulated by dampers to maintain efficiency over a given load range. See mechanical separator for more related terms (SW-108ts). Multi-cyclone collector: An assembly of cyclone tubes operating in parallel. See collector for more related terms (EPA-83). Multi-effect evaporator (or multiple effect evaporation): A series of evaporations and condensations with the individual units set up in series and the latent heat of vaporization from one unit used to supply energy for the next (cf. multiple effect evaporator system) (EPA-83/06a; EPA-75102d). Multi-hit: A sensitive target which requires several hits for inactivation (cf. multi-target) (EPA-88109a). Multi-media approach: Joint approach to several environmental media, such as air, water, and land (EPA-97/12). Multi-media environmental goal (MEG): The level of contaminants (in ambient air, water, or land, or in emissions or effluents conveyed to ambient media) that: (1) Will not produce negative effects in the surrounding populations or ecosystems; or (2) Represent control limits demonstrated to be achievable through technology (EPA-81/09). Multi-media filter: A filtration device designed to remove suspended solids from wastewater by trapping the solids in a porous medium. The multimedia filter is characterized by fill material ranging from large particles with low specific gravities to small particles with a higher specific gravity. Gradation from large to small media size is in the direction of normal flow. See filter for more related terms (EPA-82/11). Multi-media: Water, air, and land (PPA6603-91).
Muffler: A device for abating the sound of escaping gases of an internal combustion engine (40CFR202.10-91).
Multi-parameter capability: Ability to measure other constituents (e.g., pollutants) or parameters (LBL-76107-water). Multiple bond: A chemical bond that contains more than one pair of electrons. See chemical bond for more related terms. Multiple chamber incinerator: A multiple chamber incinerator consists of two or more chambers, arranged as in-line or with retorts, interconnected by gas passage ports or ducts. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA-83).
the top hearth to bottom hearth through a series of drop holes. This type of incinerator was originally designed to incinerate sewage plant sludges. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA-9/81). Multiple linear regression: A method to fit a plane through a set of points such that the sum of squared distances between the individual observations and the estimated plane is a minimum. This statistical technique is an extension of linear regression in that more than one independent variable is used in the least squares equation (EPA-79112~).Multiple linear regression can be expressed as y = a + blxl + b2x2+ b3x3+ .
Multiple chemical sensitivity: A diagnostic label for people who suffer multi-system illnesses as a result of contact with, or proximity to, a variety of airborne agents and other substances (EPA-97/12).
Multiple operation machinery: Two or more tools are used to perform simultaneous or consecutive operations (EPA-83/06a).
Multiple cropping: A system of growing several crops on the same field in one year (CAA/C02gas-04).
Multiple package coating: A coating made from more than one different ingredient which must be mixed prior to using and has a limited pot life due to the chemical reaction which occurs upon mixing (40CFR52.74 1-91).
Multiple cyclone: See multi-cyclone. Multiple dosing tank: See dosing tank. Multiple effect evaporation: See multi-effect evaporator. Multiple effect evaporator system: The multiple-effect evaporators and associated condenser(s) and hotwell(s) used to concentrate the spent cooking liquid that is separated from the pulp (black liquor) (cf. multi-effect evaporator) (40CFR60.28191). Multiple ferrous melting furnace scrubber configuration: A configuration where two or more discrete wet scrubbing devices are employed in series in a single melting furnace exhaust gas stream. The ferrous melting furnace scrubber mass allowance shall be given to each discrete wet scrubbing device that has an associated wastewater discharge in a multiple ferrous melting furnace scrubber configuration. The mass allowance for each discrete wet scrubber shall be identical and based on the air flow of the exhaust gas stream that passes through the multiple scrubber configuration (40CFR464.3 1-91). Multiple hearth incinerator: A multiple hearth incinerator is a flexible incinerator unit, composed of a series of vertical solid flat hearths (usually six to nine), which can be utilized to dispose of sewage sludges, tars, solids, gases, and liquid combustible wastes. The waste is fed through the top of the incinerator and spirals from the top hearth to bottom hearth through a series of drop holes. This type of incinerator was originally designed to incinerate sewage plant sludges. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA-81/09). Multiple hearth incinerator: A multiple hearth incinerator is a flexible incinerator unit, composed of a series of vertical solid flat hearths (usually six to nine), which can be utilized to dispose of sewage sludges, tars, solids, gases, and liquid combustible wastes. The waste is fed through the top of the incinerator and spirals from
Multiple purpose development: In water projects, the development that takes into account the use and control of water in all possible aspects: imgation, power, flood control, domestic and industrial water supply, pollution control, navigation, recreation, fish, and wildlife. The first multiple-purpose project authorized and designed as such was the Boulder Canyon Project (Hoover Dam) in 1928 (DOI-70104). Multiple stack: The closely grouped point sources where the plumes may mutually influence each other, e.g., with respect to plume rise. See stack for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Multiple stand: Those recirculation or direct application cold rolling mills which include more than one stand of work rolls (cf. single stand) (40CFR420.101-91). Multiple subcategory plant: A plant discharging process wastewater from more than one manufacturing process subcategory (EPA-83106a). Multiple use: The use of land for more than one purpose; i.e., grazing of livestock, wildlife production, recreation, watershed, and timber production. Could also apply to use of bodies of water for recreational purposes, fishing, and water supply (EPA-89/12). Multiple use: Use of land for more than one purpose; i.e., grazing of livestock, watershed and wildlife protection, recreation, and timber production. Also applies to use of bodies of water for recreational purposes, fishing, and water supply (EPA-97/12, see also FLPMAI 03). Multi-purpose bucket: A two-piece, hinged container affixed to movable arms of a loader used to haul, excavate, and spread cover material and crush and spread solid wastes (EPA-83).
Multistage model: A dose-response model often expressed in the form: P(d) = 1 - exp (-[q(O) + q(l)d + q(2)d**2 + ... + q(k)d**k]); where P(d) is the probability of cancer from a continuous dose rate d, the q(i) are the constants, and k is the number of dose groups (or, if less, k is the number of biological stages believed to be required in the carcinogenesis process). Under the multistage model, it is assumed that cancer is initiated by cell mutations in a finite series of steps. A one-stage model is equivalent to a one-hit model (EPA-92/12). Multistage remote sensing: A strategy for landscape characterization that involves gathering and analyzing information at several geographic scales, ranging from generalized levels of detail at the national level through high levels of detail at the local scale (EPA-97/12). Multi-stage separator: An apparatus used to physically separate several constituents or components of a solution based on density differences. See separator for more related terms (EPA-77/07). Multi-target: A microorganism possesses several vital sites, each of which must be hit once before inactivation (cf. multi-hit) (EPA88109a).
(2) The collection of solid waste by public employees and equipment under the supervision and direction of a municipal department or official (SW-lO8ts). (3) See waste collection for more related terms. Municipal discharge: Discharge of effluent from wastewater treatment plants which receive waste water from households, commercial establishments, and industries in the coastal drainage basin. Combined sewerlseparate storm overflows are included in this category (EPA-97/12). Municipal ferrous scrap: The ferrous waste that is collected from industrial, commercial, or household sources and destined for disposal facilities. Typically, municipal ferrous scrap consists of a metal or alloy fraction, a combustible fraction and an inorganic noncombustible fraction which includes metal oxide (EPA-83). It includes: (1) Total combustibles: Materials that include paints, lacquers, coatings, plastics, etc., associated with the original ferrous product, as well as combustible materials (paper, plastics, textiles, etc.) which become associated with the ferrous product after it is manufactured (EPA-83). (2) Metallic yield: The weight percent of the municipal ferrous scrap that is generally recoverable as metal or alloy (EPA-83). (3) See scrap for more related terms.
Mundo garbage: The world of garbage (EPA-83). Municipal incinerator: See municipal waste incinerator. Mungo: The waste of milled wool that is combined with other fibers to make low-quality cloth (SW-108ts). Municipal (project) revenue bond: A method of financing in which bonds are given on the basis of the worthiness, technological feasibility, and projected revenue of a project (RCRAJmanagement-04). Municipal aluminum scrap (or aluminum scrap): The aluminum alloy product originating from municipal solid waste that is recovered from industrial, commercial, or household wastes destined for disposal facilities (EPA-83). It includes: (1) Combustible material--organic: Material that is measured by weight loss of a dried sample input after heating to a red heat in an open crucible in a vented furnace. Combustibles include both loose organics and organic coatings (EPA-83). (2) Loose combustible material--organic: Materials that consist of, but are not limited to, nonmetallic materials such as paper, rags, plastic, rubber, wood, food wastes, and yard or lawn wastes, etc., which are not permanently attached to noncombustible objects. The LCOs are defined as material larger than 12 mesh (U.S. Standard Sieve). A determination of LCOs is best done by sampling the material and handpicking, hand cleaning, and visually identifying the materials described previously (EPA-83). (3) Recovery aluminum: The percent material recovered after an assay using the procedures prescribed in ASTM E-38 specification (EPA-83). (4) See scrap for more related terms. Municipal collection: (1) Collection of solid wastes by a cityoperated agency. See collection for more related terms (EPA-83).
Municipal separate storm sewer: A conveyance or system of conveyances (including roads with drainage systems, municipal streets, catch basins, curbs, gutters, ditches, man-made channels, or storm drains): (1) Owned or operated by a state, city, town, borough, county, parish, district, association, or other public body (created by or pursuant to state law) having jurisdiction over disposal of sewage, industrial wastes, stormwater, or other wastes, including special districts under state law such as a sewer district, flood control district or drainage district, or similar entity, or an Indian tribe or an authorized Indian tribal organization, or a designated and approved management agency under section 208 of the CWA that discharges to waters of the United States; (2) Designed or used for collecting or conveying stormwater which is not a combined sewer; and which is not part of a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) as defined at 40CFR122.2 (40CFR122.26-8-91). (3) See sewer for more related terms. Municipal sewage: Wastes (mostly liquid) originating from a community; may be composed of domestic wastewaters andlor industrial discharges (EPA-97/12). Municipal sludge: Semi-liquid residue remaining from the treatment of municipal water and wastewater (EPA-97/12). Municipal solid waste (MSW) composting: The controlled degradation of municipal solid waste including after some form of preprocessing to remove non-compostible inorganic materials. See composting for more related terms (EPA-89/11).
Municipal solid waste (MSW): Common garbage or trash generated by industries, businesses, institutions, and homes (SFIreform-04). Municipal solid waste (MSW): MSW means household waste, commercial solid waste, nonhazardous sludge, conditionally exempt small quantity hazardous waste, and industrial solid waste (RCRAlmanagement-04).
Municipal waste incinerator (or municipal incinerator): A privately or publicly owned incinerator primarily designed and used to bum residential and commercial solid waste (SW-108ts). The main technologies are: (1) Mass bum incinerator. (2) Refuse derived fuel incinerator. (3) Modular incinerator. Municipal waste incinerator: Technologies include (1) Fluidized bed. (2) Pyrolysis. (3) Ocean incineration (OTA-89/10). (4) See incinerator for more related terms.
Municipal solid waste (MSW): Waste generated in households, commercial establishments, institutions, and businesses. MSW includes used paper, discarded cans and bottles, food scraps, yard trimmings, and other items. Industrial process wastes, agricultural wastes, mining waste, and sewage sludges are not MSW (RCRAImunicipal-04).
Municipal wastewater treatment: See publicly owned treatment works.
Municipal solid waste landfill (MSWL): A discrete area of land or excavation that receives municipal solid waste (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Municipal water system: A water system that has at least five service connections or which regularly serves 25 individuals for 60 days; also called a public water system (CWAIWscience-04).
Municipal solid waste: Common garbage or trash generated by industries, businesses, institutions, and homes (EPA-97/12).
Municipality: A city, town, borough, county, parish, district, association, or other public body created by or under state law and having jurisdiction over disposal of sewage, industrial wastes, or other wastes, or an Indian tribe or an authorized Indian tribal organization, or a designated and approved management agency under section 208 of CWA (40CFR122.2-91).
Municipal solid waste: Garbage that is disposed of in a sanitary or municipal solid waste landfill (SFIremedy-04).
Municipal waste: Waste generated from typical residential and light industrial operations (OMB/Reg-04).
Municipal solid waste: See municipal waste. Municipal sources: POTWs collect domestic sewage from houses, other sanitary wastewater, and wastes from commercial and industrial facilities. POTWs discharge conventional pollutants, and are covered by secondary treatment standards and state water quality standards. POTWs also produce biosolids during the treatment process (CWNwastewater-04). Municipal type solid waste: See municipal waste. Municipal waste (municipal solid waste or municipal type solid waste): Normally, residential and commercial solid wastes generated within a community (40CFR240.101-9 1). Municipal waste-related terms include: (1) Refuse derived fuel; (2) Refuse; (3) Rubbish; (4) Rubble; (5) Trash; (6) Swill; (7) Residential waste; (8) Yard; and (9) White goods, etc. See waste for more related terms. Municipal waste combustor or MWC or MWC unit: Any device that combusts, solid, liquid, or gasified MSW including, but not limited to, field-erected incinerators (with or without heat recovery), modular incinerators (starved air or excess air), boilers (i.e., steam generating units), furnaces (whether suspension-fired, grate-fired, mass-fired, or fluidized bed-fired) and gasificationlcombustion units. This does not include combustion units, engines, or other devices that combust landfill gases collected by landfill gas collection systems (40CFR60.51a-91).
Munitions: Any type of explosive military ammunition (as in grenades or bombs) (OMBIReg-04). Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD): Injuries and disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and spinal disc; examples include carpal tunnel syndrome, rotator cuff tendonitis, and tension neck syndrome (OSHNergonomics-04). Muskeg: Large expanses of peatlands or bogs in subarctic zones (CWNWbasics-04). Mustard gas ((CICH2CH2)2S):A toxic (poisonous) gas. Mutagenlmutagenicity:An agent that causes a permanent genetic change in a cell other than that which occurs during normal growth. Mutagenicity is the capacity of a chemical or physical agent to cause such permanent changes (EPA-97/12). Mutagen: (1) Any substance that can cause a change in genetic material (EPA-89/12). (2) An agent that causes biological mutation (EPA-87107a). Mutagen: A substance that causes mutations (genetic damage) (SFihealth-04). Mutagen: An agent that causes a permanent genetic change or transformation in a cell other than that which occurs during normal genetic recombination (NavyIEnv-04).
Mutagenic: (1) Capable of inducing mutation (LBG76107-bio). (2) The property of a substance or mixture of substances which, when it interacts with a living organism, causes the genetic characteristics of the organism to change and its offspring to have a decreased life expectancy (OME-88/12). Mutagenic: Causing alteration in the DNA (genes or chromosomes) of an organism (SFIremedy-04). Mutagenicity: (1) The capacity of a chemical or physical agent to cause permanent alteration of the genetic material within living cells (Course 165.6). (2) The potential of a substance to cause a mutation or an adverse change in DNA (i.e., genetic material) (ETI-92). (3) Chromosome alterations, bacterial mutations, DNA damage. See endpoint for more related terms (EPA-92/12). Mutagenicity: The capacity of a chemical or physical agent to cause permanent alternation (NavyIEnv-04). Mutagenicity: The property of a chemical that causes the genetic characteristics of an organism to change in such a way that future generations are permanently affected (FFDCNpesticide-04). Mutate: To bring about a change in the genetic constitution of a cell by altering its DNA. In turn, mutagenesis is any process by which cells are mutated (EPA-89/12). Mutation: A change (damage) to the DNA, genes, or chromosomes of living organisms (SF/health-04). Mutualism: Beneficial mutual-interactions between two species. MWC acid gases: All acid gases emitted in the exhaust gases from MWC units including, but not limited to, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride gases (40CFR60.5 1a-91).
MWC metals: The metals and metal compounds emitted in the exhaust gases from MWC units (40CFR60.5 1a-9 1). MWC organics: The organic compounds emitted in the exhaust gases from MWC units and includes total tetra- through octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (40CFR60.5 l a91). MWC plant capacity: The aggregate MWC unit capacity of all MWC units at an MWC plant for which construction, modification, or reconstruction commenced aRer December 20, 1989. Any MWC units for which construction, modification, or reconstruction is commenced on or before December 20, 1989, are not included for determining applicability under this subpart (40CFR60.5 1a-91, see also 40CFR60.3 1a; 60.5 1a-9 1). MWC plant: One or more MWC units at the same location for which construction, modification, or reconstruction is commenced after December 20, 1989 (40CFR60.51a-91, see also 40CFR60.31a-91). Mycelia: The filamentous material which makes up the vegetative body of a fungus (EPA-83/09). Mycology: The study of fungi (LBL76107-water). Mycoplasma: A bacteria group, also known as pleuropneumonialike cells or PPLO, that are dedicate, flexible fluid-like cells without cells. Their form depends on the methods of cultivation and handling (EPA-88109a). Myelopathy: Pathology of the muscle fiber (LBL-76107-bio). Myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart muscle (LBL-76107-bio).
Nafion: Sulfuric acid in a solid polymer form. It is usually the electrolyte of PEM (proton exchange membrane, also known as polymer electrolyte membrance) fuel cells. NAICS Code: The North American Industry Classification System is the new standard coding system to categorize businesses and industries. It replaces the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code system (TSCAIchemical-04). Nameplate capacity: See synonym, design capacity (EPA-83). Nameplate rating: The full load continuous rating of an electric generator and its prime mover or other electrical equipment under specific conditions as designated by the manufacturer. Usually indicated on a nameplate attached mechanically to the individual machine or device. Nameplate rating is generally less than, but for older equipment may be greater than, demonstrated capability of the installed machine. See capacity (EPA-83). Nanometer: A distance of one billionth of a meter. The nanometer, or nm, is a common unit used to describe wavelengths of light or other electromagnetic radiation such as UV. For example, green light has wavelengths of about 500-550 nm, while violet light has wavelengths of about 400-450 nm. One billionth is a tiny number. One foot is about one billionth the distance of 48 round-trips between Los Angeles and Washington, DC (CAAIozone-04). Nanometer: Nano- is a prefix indicating Nanometer means a meter (LBL-76/07bio). unit of length equal to Nano-plankton: The small plankton including algae, bacteria, and protozoans (nano = lo-') (cf. plankton) (EPA-89/12). Naphtha less than 401 degrees Fahrenheit: A naphtha with a boiling range of less than 401 degrees Fahrenheit that is intended for use as a petrochemical feedstock. Also see petrochemical feedstocks (CAA/C02gas1-04). Naphtha: A generic term applied to a petroleum fraction with an approximate boiling range between 122 and 400 F (CAAIC02gas04). Naphtha: Hydrocarbons that are derived from a petroleum or a coal tar hction with a volatility between gasoline and kerosene.
Naphthalene (CloHs): A white crystal used in fungicides, moth repellents, lubricants, resins, and solvents. Naphthalene processing: Any operations required to recover naphthalene including the separation, refining, and drying of crude or refined naphthalene (40CFR61.13 1-91). Naphtha-type jet fuel: A fuel in the heavy naphtha boiling range having an average gravity of 52.8 degrees API, distillation temperatures of 290 degrees to 470 degrees Fahrenheit, and meeting Military Specification MIL-T-5624L (Grade JP-4). It is used primarily for military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines because it has a lower freeze point than other aviation fuels and meets engine requirements at high altitudes and speeds (CAA/C02gasl-04). Narrow spectrum antibiotic: An antibiotic only effective for a limited number of organisms. National Academy of SciencesINational Academy of Engineering (NASINAE) recommended maximum concentration in water: Numerical guidelines recommended by two joint NASINAE committees for the protection of freshwater and marine aquatic life, respectively. These guidelines were based on results of aquatic toxicity studies, available in 1972, and were considered preliminary even at the time (CWAIWbasics-04). National Air Monitoring Station (NAMS): Collectively the NAMS are a subset of the state or local air monitoring stations (SLAMS) ambient air quality monitoring network (40CFR58.191). National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS): Air quality standards established by the Clean Air Act. The primary NAAQS are intended to protect the public health with an adequate margin of safety, and the secondary NAAQS are intended to protect the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant (see criteria pollutants, state implementation plans, emissions trading) (DOE-91/04; EPA-89/12). The main CAA regulations are the provisions of Sections 108 and 109 under which EPA has set forth for: (1) The six most common criteria pollutants. They are ozone, carbon monoxide, total suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, lead, and nitrogen oxide. (2) The maximum level of pollution permitted in the ambient air in
designated areas called air quality control regions. Such standards are called ambient standards, officially called National Ambient Air Quality Standards (cf. air quality control region, state implementation plans, or emissions trading) (40CFR50.4-50.12). The standards include two major items: (a) National primary standards: The levels of air quality necessary, with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health. @) National secondary standards: The levels of air quality necessary to protect the public welfare (such as agricultural crops, livestock, and deterioration of materials and property) from any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant. See akro 40CFR57.103; 300-App/A-91. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS): Standards established by EPA that apply for outdoor air throughout the country. See criteria pollutants, state implementation plans, emissions trading (EPA-97/12). National consensus standards: Any occupational safety and health standard or modification thereof which: (1) Has been adopted and promulgated by a nationally recognized standardsproducing organization under procedures whereby it can be determined by the Secretary that persons interested and affected by the scope or provisions of the standard have reached substantial agreement on its adoption; (2) Was formulated in a manner which afforded an opportunity for diverse views to be considered; and (3) Has been designated as such a standard by the Secretary, after consultation with other appropriate federal agencies (OSHA3, see also 29CFR1910.2-91). National Contingency Plan (NCP): The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, found at 40CFR300, which is EPA's blueprint on how hazardous substances are to be cleaned up pursuant to CERCLA (USDAIwater-04). National Contingency Plan (NCP): The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, more commonly called the National Contingency Plan (NCP), is the federal government's blueprint for responding to both oil spills and hazardous substance releases. This national response capability plan promotes the overall coordination among a hierarchy of responders and contingency plans (SFIremedy-04). National Contingency Plan, or National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP): The basic policy directive for federal response actions under CERCLA. It sets out the organizational structure and procedures for responding to releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants, and contains the Hazard Ranking System and the National Priorities List as appendices (SFIEnv-04). National Contingency Plan: The National Contingency Plan prepared and published under subsection (d) (CWA311, see also OPA1001; SF101; 40CFR304.12; 310.11-91).
National Corrective Action Prioritization System: A resource management tool by which EPA sets priorities for the Subtitle C corrective action program (RCRAlhazardous-04). National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants: Controls set by EPA under the Clean Air Act to control emissions from specific industrial sources (RCRAlhazardous-04). National emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAPs): (1) Standards established for substances listed under section 112 of the Clean Air Act, as amended. Only those NESHAPs promulgated in ambient concentration units apply in the HRS (40CFR300-App/A-91). (2) Emissions standards set by EPA for an air pollutant not covered by NAAQS that may cause an increase in deaths or in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness. Primary standards are designed to protect human health, secondary standards to protect public welfare (EPA-89/12). National emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAPs): Emissions standards set by EPA for an air pollutant not covered by NAAQS that may cause an increase in fatalities or in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness. Primary standards are designed to protect human health, secondary standards to protect public welfare (e.g., building facades, visibility, crops, and domestic animals) (EPA-97/12). National environmental performance partnership agreements: System that allows states to assume greater responsibility for environmental programs based on their relative ability to execute them (EPA-97/12). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969: See Act or NEPA. National Environmental Research Park: Outdoor laboratories set aside for ecological research to study the environmental impacts of energy developments and for informing the public of environmental and land use options. The parks were established under the Department of Energy to provide protected land areas for research and education in the environmental sciences and to demonstrate the environmental compatibility of energy technology development and use (DOE-91/04). National Estuary Program: A program established under the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1987 to develop and implement conservation and management plans for protecting estuaries and restoring and maintaining their chemical, physical, and biological integrity, as well as controlling point and nonpoint pollution sources (EPA-97/12). National Fire Academy (NFA): NFA is a component of FEMA's National Emergency Training Center located in Emmitsburg, Maryland. It provides fire prevention and control training for the fire service and allied services. Courses on campus are offered in technical, management, and prevention subject areas. A growing
off-campus course delivery system is operated in conjunction with state fire training program offices (NRT-87/03).
program and the program to prevent or control spills into surface waters or elsewhere (NavyIEnv-04).
National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929: Geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of first-order level nets of the United States and Canada; formerly called "Sea Level Datum of 1929" (CWANbasics-04).
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP): The NCP contains the regulations that implement the CERCLA response process. The NCP also provides, information about the roles and responsibilities of EPA, other federal agencies, states, and private parties regarding releases of hazardous substances (RCRAthazardous-04).
National Hazardous Materials Information Exchange (NHMIE): NHMIE provides information on hazmat training courses, planning techniques, events and conferences, and emergency response experiences and lessons learned. Call toll-free 1-800-752-6367 (in Illinois, 1-800-367-9592). Planners with personal computer capabilities can access NHMIE by dialing FTS 972-3275 or (312) 972-3275 (NRT-87/03). National Historic Preservation Act: Enacted by Congress in 1966 to establish the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the National Register of Historic Places (see separately), and mandates for federal agencies to protect and preserve historic properties (see separately) (SDWNradionuclide-04). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Superfund Basic Research Program: Provides funding to 18 programs at 70 universities and institutions around the United States to study the human health effects of hazardous substances in the environment, especially those found at uncontrolled, leaking, waste disposal sites (SF/remedy-04) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS): See U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Low Emission Vehicle (NLEV) Program: A voluntary program that automakers can adopt in lieu of compliance with other vehicle emission control measures. This program applies only to light-duty vehicles lighter than 6000 Ib gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). Vehicles are certified using California test procedures. National Municipal Plan: A policy created in 1984 by EPA and the states in 1984 to bring all publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) into compliance with Clean Water Act requirements (EPA-97/12). National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan (NOHSCP/NCP): The federal regulation that guides determination of the sites to be corrected under both the Superfbnd program and the program to prevent or control spills into surface waters or elsewhere (EPA-97/12). National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan (NOHSCP/NCP): 40 Code of Federal Regulations 300 establishes EPA's response policy and lays out the key response steps for implementing CERCLA. The regulation guides determination of the sites to be corrected under both the Superfbnd
National Panel of Environmental Arbitrators or Panel: A panel of environmental arbitrators selected and maintained by the Association to arbitrate cost recovery claims under this part (40CFR304.12-91). National Performance Review: A March 1993 Clinton Administration initiative to review and recommend changes to the federal government, to create a more effective, efficient, and responsive government that works better and costs less (OMBIReg-04). National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES): A provision of the Clean Water Act which prohibits discharge of pollutants into waters of the United States unless a special permit is issued by EPA, a state, or, where delegated, a tribal government on an Indian reservation (EPA-97/12). National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES): The national program for issuing, modifying, revoking and reissuing, terminating, monitoring and enforcing permits, and imposing and enforcing pretreatment requirements, under sections 307,402, 318, and 405 of CWA. The term includes an approved program (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR136.2; 270.2-91). National pretreatment standards or pretreatment standards: Any regulation containing pollutant discharge limits promulgated by the EPA in accordance with section 307 (b) and (c) of the Act, which applies to industrial users of a publicly owned treatment works. It further means any state or local pretreatment requirement applicable to a discharge and which is incorporated into a permit issued to a publicly owned treatment works under section 402 of the Act (40CFR117.1-91, see also 40CFR403.3-91). National pretreatment standards or pretreatment standards: Any regulation promulgated by the EPA in accordance with Sections 307(b) and (c) of the CWA that applies to a specific category of industrial users and provides limitations on the introduction of pollutants into publicly owned treatment works. This term includes the prohibited discharge standards under 40CFR403.5, including local limits (40CFR403.36)) (CWN wastewater-04). National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards: In CAA: (1) The national primary ambient air quality standards (NPAAQSs) define levels of air quality which the EPA Administrator judges are necessary, with an adequate margin of
safety, to protect the public health. (2) The national secondary ambient air quality standards (NSAAQSs) define levels of air quality which the Administrator judges are necessary to protect the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant (40CFR50.2). See Appendix 1A for the CAA NPAAQS and NSAAQS standards.
National primary drinking water regulation: Any primary drinking water regulation contained in Part 141 of this chapter (40CFR142.2-91). National primary drinking water regulations: Legally enforceable standards that apply to public water systems. These standards protect drinking water quality by limiting the levels of specific contaminants that can adversely affect public health and which are known or anticipated to occur in public water supplies (SDWNReg-04). National Priorities List (NPL): EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites identified for possible long-term remedial action under Superfund. The list is based primarily on the score a site receives from the Hazard Ranking System. EPA is required to update the NPL at least once a year. A site must be on the NPL to receive money from the Trust Fund for remedial action (EPA-97/12, see also 40CFR35.6015; 300.5-91). National program assistance agreements: The assistance agreements approved by the EPA Assistant Administrator for Water for work undertaken to accomplish broad NEP goals and objectives (40CFR35.9010-91). National Register of Historic Places: A register maintained and operated by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, for tracking buildings, structures, and sites that are noteworthy for their historic or archeological value in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act (see separately) (SDWNradionuclide-04). National Response Center: The federal operations center that receives notifications of all releases of oil and hazardous substances into the environment; open 24 hours a day, is operated by the U.S. Coast Guard, which evaluates all reports and notifies the appropriate agency (EPA-97/12). National Response Center: The national communications center located in Washington, DC, that receives and relays notice of oil discharge or releases of hazardous substances to appropriate federal officials (40CFR310.11-91). National Response Team (NRT): Representatives of 13 federal agencies that, as a team, coordinate federal responses to nationally significant incidents of pollution--an oil spill, a major chemical release, or a Superfund response action--and provide advice and technical assistance to the responding agency(ies) before and during a response action (EPA-97/12).
National Response Unit: The National Response Unit established under subsection (i) (CWA311-33U.S.C. 1321-91). National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations: Commonly referred to as NSDWRs (EPA-97/12). National security exemption: An exemption from the prohibitions of section 10(a) (I), (2), (3), and (5) of the Act, which may be granted under section 1O(b)(l) of the Act for the purpose of national (other identical or similar definitions are provided in 40CFR205.2-5) (40CFR204.2-5-91). National standards: Either a primary or secondary standard (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR51.301-91). National Strike Force (NSF): NSF is made up of three Strike Teams. The USCG counterpart to the EPA ERTs (NRT-87/03). National Toxicology Program (NTP): Part of the Department of Health and Human Services. NTP develops and carries out tests to predict whether a chemical will cause harm to humans (SFhealth04). National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program: The long term USGS program, begun in 1991, to assess the occurrence and distribution of water-quality conditions Nationwide (CWANbasics-04). Natural attenuation: Refers to naturally occumng processes in soil and groundwater environments that act without human intervention to reduce the mass, toxicity, mobility, volume, or concentration of contaminants in those media. These in-situ processes include biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, adsorption, volatilization, and chemical or biological stabilization or destruction of contaminants (USEPA OSWER, 1996) (NavyIEnv04). Natural barrier: A natural object that effectively precludes or deters access. Natural barriers include physical obstacles such as cliffs, lakes, or other large bodies of water, deep and wide ravines, and mountains. Remoteness by itself is not a natural barrier (40CFR61.141-91). Natural condition: Includes naturally occurring phenomena that reduce visibility as measured in terms of visual range, contrast, or coloration (40CFR5 1.301-91). Natural convection: A fluid flow caused by different fluid density within compartments. See convection for more related terms (EPA-9/88a). Natural draft cooling tower: A cooling tower through which air is circulated by a natural or chimney effect. A hyperbolic tower is a natural draft tower that is hyperbolic in shape (cf. mechanical draft tower) (EPA-82/11f).
Natural draft opening: Any opening in a room, building, or total enclosure that remains open during operation of the facility and that is not connected to a duct in which a fan is installed. The rate and direction of the natural draft across such an opening is a consequence of the difference in pressures on either side of the wall containing the opening (40CFR60.711-91, see also 40CFR60.741-91).
Specification for Liquid Petroleum Gases (IBR-see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.41b-91, see also 40CFR60.41c; 60.641 -91).
Natural levee: A long, broad, low ridge built by a stream on its flood plain along one or both banks of its channel in time of flood (CWA/Wbasics-04). Natural liner: A landfill liner that is made up of low-permeability soil (RCRAImanagement-04).
Natural draft: A negative pressure created by the height of a stack or chimney and the difference in temperature between flue gases and the atmosphere. See draft for more related terms (OME88/12).
Natural pollution: The soil, mineral, or bacterial impurities picked up by water from the Earth's surface, apart from any human activity. See pollution for more related terms (DOI-70104).
Natural emissions: The emission caused by natural processes, e.g., by volcanoes, forest fires, wind blown sand, swamps, seaspray, etc. See emission for more related terms (NATO-78/10).
Natural pozzolan: The materials that in the natural state, exhibit pozzolanic properties, such as some volcanic ash and lava deposits. See pozzolan for more related terms (EPA-83).
Natural gas liquid: The hydrocarbons, such as ethane, propane, butane, and pentane, that are extracted from field gas (40CFR60.63 1-91).
Natural radiation: The radiation from sources beyond the Earth (cosmic radiation) and naturally occurring radiation in rocks, soils, plants, and animals. See radiation for more related terms (DOE9 1104).
Natural gas liquids (NGLs): Those hydrocarbons in natural gas that are separated as liquids from the gas. Includes natural gas plant liquids and lease condensate (CMC02gasl-04). Natural gas powered vehicle: A vehicle that is powered by natural gas. Natural gas processing plant (gas plant): Any processing site engaged in the extraction of natural gas liquids from field gas, fractionation of mixed natural gas liquids to natural gas products, or both (4OCFR60.631-91). Natural gas, pipeline quality: A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds existing in the gaseous phase with sufficient energy content, generally above 900 Btu, and a small enough share of impurities for transport through commercial gas pipelines and sale to end-users (CAAK02gasl-04). Natural gas: A mixture of hydrocarbons and small quantities of various nonhydrocarbons in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs (CMC02gasl-04). Natural gas: A natural fuel containing primarily methane and ethane that occurs in certain geologic formations (EPA-89/12). Natural gas: A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface, of which the principal constituent is methane. Mixtures of hydrocarbon gases and vapors consisting principally of methane (CH4)in gaseous form. Natural gas: Liquid petroleum gas, as defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials in ASTM D1835-82, Standard
Natural resource damage assessment (NRDA): A damage assessment conducted by one or more trustees if response action will not sufficiently restore or protect natural resources damaged by release. The purpose is to determine the appropriate level of compensation from a responsible party to trustee resources (NavyIEnv-04). Natural resource damage: Damage to ecological resources from environmental contamination. The federal government has not completed many assessments to quantify the impacts on and risks to these ecological resources, since federal funding to date has been primarily focused on human health and safety rather than ecological risks (OMBIReg-04). Natural resource damages (NRD): NRD is defined as injury to, destruction of, or loss of natural resources. The measure of damages under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) is the cost of restoring injured natural resources to their normal condition, compensation for the interim loss of injured resources pending recovery, and the reasonable costs of a damage assessment (SFIremedy-04) Natural resource limitation area: A land which is particularly sensitive to development, such as steep hillsides, wetlands, and floodplains. Also referred to as sensitive areas (EPA-80108). Natural resource trustees (NRTs): federal trustees with statutory responsibilities with regard to protection or management of natural resources or stewardship responsibilities as a manager of federally owned land; trustees may also be state agencies or Indian tribes (NavyEnv-04).
Natural resources: As defined by CERCLA $101(16): "land, fish, wildlife, biota, air, water, groundwater, drinking water supplies, and other such resources belonging to, managed by, held in trust by, appertaining to, or otherwise controlled by the United States, any state or local government, any foreign government, any Indian tribe, or, if such resources are subject to a trust restriction on alienation, any member of an Indian tribe" (SFIEnv-04). Natural resources: The land, fish, wildlife, biota, air, water, groundwater, drinking water supplies, and other such resources belonging to, managed by, held in trust by, appertaining to, or otherwise controlled by the United States (including the resources of the fishery conservation zone established by the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976), any state, local government, or any foreign government, and Indian tribe, or, if such resources are subject to a trust restriction or alienation, any member of an Indian tribe (SFlOl, see also 300.5-91). Natural rosin (colophony rosin, common rosin, gum rosin, or pine resin): A resin obtained as a residue from distillation of turpentine oils from crude turpentine. Rosin is primarily an isomeric form of the anhydride of abietic acid. It is one of the more common binders in the foundry industry. See natural rosin for more related terms (EPA-85llOa).
NC fines: Fine nitrocellulose particles as a result of the purification of nitrocellulose (EPA-76/03). N-compartment model: In biosafety analysis, a model that assumes uniform but different conditions in each of the n-compartments identified in a closed facility (EPA-88109a). Near Gaussian residence time distribution: A temporal field in UDRI's reactor characterized by very small time duration between maximum and minimum residence time (< 0.15 second for time= 2.0 s ); axial distribution well described by Gaussian function (EPA-88/12). Near region: The region of the atmospheric path along the lidar line-of-sight between the lidar's convergence distance and the plume being measured (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91). Near the first service connection: At one of the 20% of all service connections in the entire system that are nearest the water supply treatment facility, as measured by water transport facility, as measured by water transport time within the distribution system (40CFR141.2-91).
Naturally occurring or accelerator produced radioactive material (NARM): Any radioactive material except for material classified as source, by-products, or special nuclear material under the Atomic Energy Act, as amended (EPA-88108a).
Nearby: As used in 40CFR5 1.100(ii) of this part is defined for a specific structure or terrain feature and: (1) For purposes of applying the formulae provided in 40CFR51.100(ii)(2) means that distance up to five times the lesser of the height or the width dimension of a structure, but not greater than 0.8 km (112 mile); and (2) For conducting demonstrations under 40CFR51.1OO(ii)(3) means not greater than 0.8 km (112 mile), except that the portion of a terrain feature may be considered to be nearby which falls within a distance of up to 10 times the maximum height (Ht) of the feature, not to exceed 2 miles if such feature achieves a height (Ht) 0.8 km from the stack that is at least 40% of the GEP stack height determined by the formulae provided in 40CFR51.lOO(ii)(2)(ii) of this part or 26 meters, whichever is greater, as measured from the ground-level elevation at the base of the stack. The height of the structure or terrain feature is measured from the ground-level elevation at the base of the stack (40CFR51.100-jj-91).
Navigable water: The waters of the United States, including the territorial seas (CWA502, see also OPA1001; SP101; 40CFR110.1; 112.2; 116.3; 117.1; 300.5; 302.3; 401.1 1-91).
Neat oil: A pure oil with no or few impurities added. In aluminum forming its use is mostly as a lubricant. See oil for more related terms (40CFR467.02-91, see also 40CFR471.02-91).
Navigable waters: Traditionally, waters sufficiently deep and wide for navigation by all, or specified vessels; such waters in the United States come under federal jurisdiction and are protected by certain provisions of the Clean Water Act (EPA-97/12).
Neat soap: The solution of completely saponified and purified soap containing about 20 to 30% water which is ready for final formulation into a finished product. See soap for more related terms (40CFR417.11-91, see also 40CFR417.31; 417.61; 417.7191).
Natural selection: The process of survival of the fittest, by which organisms that adapt to their environment survive and those that do not disappear (EPA-89/12). Natural uranium: Uranium that has not been through the enrichment process. It is made of 99.3% uranium 238 and 0.7% uranium 235 (OMBIReg-04). Natural ventilation: Ventilation of a mine without the aid of fans or furnaces (CWAImining-04).
NBAR: Nonbinding allocation of responsibility. A device, established in SARA, that allows the EPA to make a nonbinding estimate of the proportional share that each of the various responsible parties at a Superfund site should pay toward the costs of cleanup (SFIEnv-04).
Necessary preconstruction approvals or permits: Those permits or approvals required by the permitting authority as a precondition to undertaking any activity under clauses (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (A) of this paragraph (CAM 69, see also 40CFR5 1AppIS; 51.165; 51.l66; 52.21; 52.24-91).
Necrosis producer: See toxicant and effect. Necrosis: Death of plant or animal cells or tissues. In plants, necrosis can discolor stems or leaves or kill a plant entirely. Negotiations (under Superfund): After potentially responsible parties are identified for a site, EPA coordinates with them to reach a settlement that will result in the PRP paying for or conducting the cleanup under EPA supervision. If negotiations fail, EPA can order the PRP to conduct the cleanup or EPA can pay for the cleanup using Superfund monies and then sue to recover the costs. Necrosis: Death of plant or animal cells or tissues. In plants, necrosis can discolor stems or leaves or kill a plant entirely (NavyEnv-04). Necrosis: The death cells of plants or animals. In plants, necrosis can discolor areas on the plant or kill it entirely (EPA-89/12). Negative electrode: See synonym, cathode. Negative ion: See ion. Negative pressure (Indoor-outdoor pressure differential) (DP): The use of airflow equipment, including the operation of exhaust fans or ceiling fans, to create an indoor-outdoor pressure differential (DP) on a building. As the result of this pressure differential (i.e., negative pressure) on the building, outdoor air moves into the building, and the air inside the building does not flow outdoors. This negative pressure will insure that the flow of vapors and air contaminants will stay inside the building. The building type, design, materials, and workmanship (relative to the tightness of the construction) also influence building pressures (CAAIAPC-04). Negative pressure fabric filter: A fabric filter with the fans on the downstream side of the filter bags. See filter for more related terms (40CFR60.271a-91). Negligence: The omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided by those ordinary considerations which ordinarily regulate human affairs, would do, or the doing of something which a reasonable and prudent man would not do. Negligence is that part of the law of torts which deals with acts not intended to inflict injury. See common law for more related terms (Sullivan-95/04, ~13). Negligible residue: Any amount of a pesticide chemical remaining in or on a raw agricultural commodity or group of raw agricultural commodities that would result in a daily intake regarded as toxicologically insignificant on the basis of scientific judgment of adequate safety data. Ordinarily this will add to the diet an amount which will be less than 112,000th of the amount that has been demonstrated to have no effect from feeding studies on the most sensitive animal species tested. Such toxicity studies
shall usually include at least 90-day feeding studies in two species of mammals (40CFR180.1-91). Nematicides: Kill nematodes (microscopic, worm-like organisms that feed on plant roots) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Nematocide: A chemical agent which is destructive to nematodes (EPA-97/12). Nematoda: Unsegmented roundworms or threadworms. Some are free living in soil, fresh water, and salt water; some are found living in plant tissue; others live in animal tissue as parasites (LBL-76107-water). Nematode: The invertebrate animals of the phylum nemathelminthes and class nematoda, that is, unsegmented round worms with elongated, hsiform, or saclike bodies covered with cuticle, and inhabiting soil, water, plants, or plant parts; may also nemas or eelworms (FIFRA2-7U.S.C.136-91). Neodymium (Nd): A rare earth metal with atomic number 60; atomic weight 144.24; density 7.00 g/cc; melting point 1024 C and boiling point 3027 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Neon (Ne): A noble gaseous element with atomic number 10; atomic weight 20.183; density 1.2 g/cc; melting point -248.6 C and boiling point -246 C. The element belongs to group VIIIA of the periodic table. NEPA document: Includes an environmental assessment, environmental impact statement (see each separately), Notice of Intent, Finding of No Significant Impact, Record of Decision, or any other document prepared pursuant to a requirement of NEPA or the CEQ Regulation. However, it is used in this guidance document to refer to an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement (SDWNradionuclide-04). NEPA process: All measures necessary for compliance with the requirements of section 2 and Title I of NEPA (40CFR1508.2191). NEPA: National Environmental Policy Act. See Act or NEPA. Nephelometer: An instrument for comparing turbidities of solutions by passing a beam of light through a transparent tube and measuring the ratio of the intensity of the scattered light to that of the incident light (LBL76107-water). Nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU): Unit of measure for the turbidity of water. Essentially, a measure of the cloudiness of water as measured by a nephelometer. Turbidity is based on the amount of light that is reflected off particles in the water (CWNWscience-04).
Nephelometric: Method of measuring turbidity in a water sample by passing light through the sample and measuring the amount of the light that is deflected (EPA-97/12). Nephelometry: The use of nephelometer to study the properties of suspended solids.
Net power: A measurement of electrical power difference between the power flowing from a power source (such as the grid) and supplemental power being provided to the grid. This is to measure cumulative circuit losses and current flowing from other interconnected current sources.
Nernst potential: A measurement of electrical potential between electrodes. It is related to the reversible equilibrium state between hydrogen gas at a certain pressure and the corresponding level of hydrogen ion activity.
Net system capacity: The sum of the net electric generating capability (not necessarily equal to rated capacity) of all electric generating equipment owned by an electric utility company (including steam generating units, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, nuclear units, hydroelectric units, and all other electric generating equipment) plus firm contractual purchases that are interconnected to the affected facility that has the malfunctioning flue gas desulfurization system. The electric generating capability of equipment under multiple ownership is prorated based on ownership unless the proportional entitlement to electric output is otherwise established by contractual arrangement (40CFR60.41a-91).
Nessler tube: A method of comparing sample colors with a standard color solution contained in the Nessler tube.
Net working capital: The current assets minus current liabilities (40CFR144.61-91).
Nesslerization: A method of measuring the ammonia content in water.
Net worth: The total assets minus total liabilities and is equivalent to owner's equity (cf. tangible net worth) (40CFR144.61-91, see also 40CFR264.141; 265.141-91).
Neptunium (Np): A radioactive metal with atomic number 93; atomic weight 237; density 19.5 glcc and melting point 637 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Neritic: The coastal sea from the low tide line to a depth of 100 fathoms, generally waters of the continental shelf (NavyIEnv-04).
Net cane: That amount of gross cane less the weight of extraneous material (40CFR409.61-91).
Net: The addition of pollutants (40CFR409.21-91, see also 40CFR409.31-91).
Net capacity: See synonym, design capacity. Net emissions increase: (1) The amount by which the sum of the following exceeds zero: (a) Any increase in actual emissions from a particular physical change or change in the method of operation at a stationary source; and (b) Any other increases and decreases in actual emissions at the source that are contemporaneous with the particular change and are otherwise creditable. (2) An increase or decrease in actual emissions is contemporaneous with the increase from the particular change only if it occurs before the date that the increase from the particular change occurs. (3) An increase or decrease in actual emissions is creditable only if: (a) It occurs within a reasonable period to be specified by the reviewing authority; and (b) The reviewing authority has not relied on it in issuing a permit for the source under regulations approved pursuant to this section which permit is in effect when the increase in actual emissions from the particular change occurs. For complete definition, see 40CFR5 1.165-vi-91. Net for distribution energy: On an electric system or company basis, this means the kilowatt hours available for total system or company load. Specifically it is the sum of net generation by the system's own plants, purchased energy, and net interchange (in less out). See electric energy for more related terms (EPA-83). Net heating value: See synonym, low heating value.
Netting: A concept in which all emissions sources in the same area that owned or controlled by a single company are treated as one large source, thereby allowing flexibility in controlling individual sources in order to meet a single emissions standard. See bubble (EPA-97/12). Network: A system of transmission or distribution lines so cross connected and operated as to permit multiple energy supply to principal points on it (EPA-83). Neurons: Cells that carry nervous impulses (NJIT-5/88). Neurotoxic target esterase (NTE): A membrane-bound neural protein that hydrolyze phenyl valerate and is highly correlated with the initiation of OPIDN. NTE activity is operationally defined as the phenyl valerate hydrolytic activity resistant to paraoxon but sensitive to mipafox or neuropathic 0-P ester inhibition (40CFR798.6450-91). Neurotoxicity or a neurotoxic effect: Any adverse change in the structure or function of the nervous system following exposure to a chemical substance (40CFR798.6400-91, see also 40CFR798.6500; 798.6850-91). Neurotoxicity: Any adverse effect on the structure or function of the central andlor peripheral nervous system related to exposure to
also
Neutralizing agents: Those materials which can be used to neutralize the effects of a corrosive material (NavyIEnv-04).
Neuston: The community of minute organisms living in the surface film of water (DOI-70104).
Neutron activation analysis: An instrument in which neutrons are used to bombard a specimen. The resulting isotopes are used to identify the specimen.
a chemical substance 40CFR798.6200-91).
(40CFR798.6050-91,
see
Neutral atmosphere: The atmosphere condition for which the vertical temperature profile is equal to the adiabatic lapse rate over the whole boundary layer. Vertical air motions are neither enhanced nor suppressed. The turbulence intensity is moderate (NATO-78110). Neutral plane: A roughly horizontal plane through a house defining the level at which the pressure indoors equals the pressure outdoors. During cold weather, when the thermal stack effect is occurring, indoor pressures below the neutral plane will be lower than outdoors, so that outdoor air and soil gas will infiltrate. Above the neutral plane, indoor pressures will be higher than outdoors, so that house air will exfiltrate (EPA-88/08). Neutral refractory: The resistant to chemical attack by both acid and basic slags, or fluxes at high temperatures. See refractory for more related terms (EPA-83). Neutral sulfite semi-chemical (NSSC): The virgin fiber pulp made using the semi-chemical process; utilized principally for making corrugating medium. See also semi-chemical paperboard (EPA-83). Neutral sulfite semichemical pulping operation: Any operation in which pulp is produced from wood by cooking (digesting) wood chips in a solution of sodium sulfite and sodium bicarbonate, followed by mechanical defibrating (grinding) (40CFR60.28 1-91). Neutral: The property of a system whereby small disturbances introduced into it, neither grow nor die out (NATO-78/10). Neutralization: Decreasing the acidity or alkalinity of a substance by adding alkaline or acidic materials, respectively (EPA-97/12). Neutralization: The actual process of neutralization is accomplished by the addition of an alkaline to an acidic material or by adding an acidic to an alkaline material, as determined by the required final pH. The primary products of the reaction are a salt and water. A simple example of acid-base neutralization is the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide: HCI + NaOH H20 + NaCI, where the product, sodium chloride, in aqueous solution is neutral with pH = 7.0.
+
Neutralization: The chemical process in which the acidic or basic characteristics of a fluid are changed to those of water (pH = 7) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Neutralization: Those acid pickling operations that do not include acid recovery or acid regeneration processes (40CFR420.91-91).
Neutron: A no charged particle and has a mass approximately equal to a proton. See atom for more related terms. New aircraft turbine engine: An aircraft gas turbine engine which has never been in service. See engine for more related terms (40CFR87.1-91). New biochemical and microbial registration review: The review of an application or registration of a biochemical or microbial pesticide product containing a biochemical or microbial active ingredient not contained in any other pesticide product that is registered under FIFRA at the time the application is made. For purposes of this Subpart, the definitions of biochemical and microbial pesticides contained in Section 15.6 and (b) of this chapter shall apply (40CFR152.403-91). New chemical registration review: The review of an application for registration of a pesticide product containing a chemical active ingredient which is not contained as an active ingredient in any other pesticide product that is registered under FIFRA at the time the application is made (40CFR152.403-91). New chemical substance: Any chemical substance which is not included in the chemical substance list compiled and published under section 8(b) (cf. chemical substance) (TSCA3). New chemical: An active ingredient not contained in any currently registered pesticide (40CFR166.3-91). New class I1 well: The wells constructed or converted after the effective date of this program, or which are under construction on the effective date of this program. See well for more related terms (40CFR147.2902-91). New corrugated cutting wastepaper: See waste paper. New corrugated cutting: The cutting consists of baled corrugated cuttings having two or more liners of either jute or kraft. Nonsoluble adhesives, butt rolls, slabbed or hogged medium, and treated medium or liners are not acceptable in this grade (EPA-83). New discharger: Any building, structure, facility, or installation: (1)From which there is or may be a "discharge of pollutants"; (2) That did not commence the "discharge of pollutants" at a particular "site" prior to August 13, 1979; (3) Which is not a "new source"; and (4) Which has never received a finally effective NPDES permit for discharges at that "site." (5) This definition includes an "indirect discharger" which commences discharging into "waters of the United States" after August 13, 1979. It also
includes any existing mobile point source (other than an offshore or coastal oil and gas exploratory drilling rig or a coastal oil and gas developmental drilling rig) such as a seafood processing rig, seafood processing vessel, or aggregate plant, that begins discharging at a "site" for which it does not have a permit; and any offshore or coastal mobile oil and gas exploratory drilling rig or coastal mobile oil and gas developmental drilling rig that commences the discharge of pollutants after August 13, 1979, at a "site" under EPA's permitting jurisdiction for which it is not covered by an individual or general permit and which is located in an area determined by the Regional Administrator in the issuance of a final permit to be an area or biological concern. In determining whether an area is an area of biological concern, the Regional Administrator shall consider the factors specified in 40CFR125.122(a) (I) through (10). An offshore or coastal mobile exploratory drilling rig or coastal mobile developmental drilling rig will be considered a "new discharger" only for the duration of its discharge in an area of biological concern (40CFR122.2-91). New hazardous waste management facility or new facility: A facility which began operation, or for which construction commenced after October 21, 1976. See also existing hazardous waste management facility (40CFR260.10-91). New HWM facility: A Hazardous Waste Management facility which began operation or for which construction commenced after November 19,1980 (40CFR270.2-91). New injection well: An injection well which began injection after a UIC program for the state applicable to the well is approved or prescribed. See well for more related terms (40CFR144.3-91). New kraft lined corrugated cuttings: Consists of baled corrugated cuttings having all liners of kraft. Non-soluble adhesives, butt rolls, slabbed or hogged medium, and treated medium or liners are not acceptable in this grade (EPA-83). New motor vehicle: Except with respect to vehicles or engines imported or offered for importation, the term "new motor vehicle" means a motor vehicle the equitable or legal title to which has never been transferred to an ultimate purchaser; and the term "new motor vehicle engine" means an engine in a new motor vehicle or a motor vehicle engine the equitable or legal title to which has never been transferred to the ultimate purchaser; and with respect to imported vehicles or engines, such terms mean a motor vehicle and engine, respectively, manufactured after the effective date of a regulation issued under section 202 which is applicable to such vehicle or engine (or which would be applicable to such vehicle or engine had it been manufactured for importation into the United States) (CAM1 6-42U.S.C.7550). New OCS source: An OCS (outer continental shelf) source which is a new source within the meaning of section 11l(a). See source for more related terms (CAA328-42U.S.C.7627-91).
New product: (1) A product the equitable or legal title of which has never been transferred to an ultimate purchaser, or (2) A product which is imported or offered for importation into the United States and which is manufactured after the effective date of a regulation under section 6 or section 8 which would have been applicable to such product had it been manufactured in the United States (NCA3, see also 40CFR162.151; 205.2-91). New solid waste incineration unit: A solid waste incineration unit the construction of which is commenced after the Administrator proposes requirements under this section establishing emissions standards or other requirements which would be applicable to such unit or a modified solid waste incineration unit. See solid waste incineration unit for more related terms (CAA129.g-42U.S.C.7429-91). New source coal mine: (1) A coal mine (excluding coal preparation plants and coal preparation plant associated areas) including an abandoned mine which is being re-mined: (la) The construction of which is commenced after May 4, 1984; or (lb) Which is determined by the EPA Regional Administrator to constitute a "major alteration." In making this determination, the Regional Administrator shall take into account whether one or more of the following events resulting in a new, altered or increased discharge or pollutants has occurred after May 4, 1984, in connection with the mine for which the NPDES permit is being considered. For complete definition, see 40CFR434.11-j-91. New source performance standards (NSPS): Technology-based standards for facilities that qualify as new sources under 40CFR122.2 and 40CFR122.29. Standards consider that the new source facility has an opportunity to design operations to more effectively control pollutant discharges (CWAIwastewater-04). New source performance standards (NSPS): Uniform national EPA air emission and water effluent standards which limit the amount of pollution allowed &om new sources or from modified existing sources (EPA-97/12). New source review (NSR): A Clean Air Act requirement that state implementation plans must include a permit review that applies to the construction and operation of new and modified stationary sources in nonattainment areas to ensure attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (EPA-97/12). New source: Any building, structure, facility, or installation from which there is or may be a discharge of pollutants, the construction of which commenced: (1) After promulgation of standards of performance under Section 306 of the CWA which are applicable to such source; or (2) After proposal of standards of performance in accordance with Section 306 of the CWA which are applicable to such source, but only if the standards are promulgated in accordance with Section 306 of the CWA within 120 days of their proposal. (3) Except as otherwise provided in an applicable new source performance standard, a source is a new source if it meets the definition in 40CFR122.2; and (a) It is
constructed at a site at which no other source is located; or (b) It totally replaces the process or production equipment that causes the discharge of pollutants at an existing source; or (c) Its processes are substantially independent of an existing source at the same site. In determining whether these processes are substantially independent, the Director shall consider such factors as the extent to which the new facility is integrated with the existing plant; and the extent to which the new facility is engaged in the same general type of activity as the existing source (CWAIwastewater-04).
exemption from the requirement of, a tolerance or food additive regulation under section 408 or 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; (2) Any aquatic, terrestrial, outdoor, or forestry use pattern, if no product containing the active ingredient is currently registered for that use pattern; and (3) Any additional use pattern that would result in a significant increase in the level of exposure, or a change in the route of exposure, to the active ingredient of man or other organisms (40CFR152.3-p-91).
New source: Any stationary source built or modified after publication of final or proposed regulations that prescribe a given standard of performance (EPA-97/12).
New uses of asbestos: The commercial uses of asbestos not identified in 40CFR763.165 the manufacture, importation or processing of which would be initiated for the first time after August 25, 1989 (under the Toxic Substances Control Act) (40CFR763.163-91).
New source: Any stationary source, the construction or modification of which is commended after the publication of regulations (or, if earlier, proposed regulations) prescribing a standard of performance under this section which will be applicable to such source. See source for more related terms (CAAI 11).
New USTs (underground storage tanks): USTs that are installed, or for which installation has commenced, after December 22, 1988. New USTs must be installed in compliance with all of the applicable technical standards (RCRA/hazardous-04).
New tank system or new tank component: A tank system or component that will be used for the storage or treatment of hazardous waste and for which installation has commenced after July 14, 1986; except, however, for purposes of 40CFR264193(g)(2) and J 265.193(g)(2), a new tank system is one for which construction commences after July 14, 1986. See also existing tank system (40CFR260.10-91). New tank system: A tank system that will be used to contain an accumulation of regulated substances and for which installation has commenced after December 22, 1988. See also existing tank system (40CFR280.12-91). New underground injection well: An underground injection well whose operation was not approved by appropriate state and federal agencies before the date of the enactment of this title. See injection well for more related terms (SDWA1424-42U.S.C.30Oh.3-91). New unit: A unit that commences commercial operation on or after the date of enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAA402-42U.S.C.7651a-91). New use pattern registration review: The review of an application for registration, or for amendment of a registration entailing major change to the use pattern of an active ingredient contained in a product registered under FIFRA or pending Agency decision on a prior application at the time of application. For purposes of this paragraph, examples of major changes include but are not limited to, changes from non-food to food use, outdoor to indoor use, ground to aerial application, terrestrial to aquatic use, and nonresidential to residential use (4OCFR152.403-c-91). New use: When used with respect to a product containing a particular active ingredient, means: (1) Any proposed use pattern that would require the establishment of, the increase in, or the
New vessel: Includes every description of watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on the navigable waters, the construction of which is initiated after promulgation of standards and regulation under this section (CWA312, see also 40CFR140.1-91). New water: The water from any discrete source such as a river, creek, lake, or well which is deliberately allowed or brought into the plant site. See water for more related terms (40CFR440.14191). New well: Any Class I hazardous waste injection well which is not an existing well. See well for more related terms (40CFR146.61-91). News ink: A printing ink designed to run on newsprint, consisting basically of carbon black or colored pigments dispersed in mineral oil vehicles, which dry by absorption. Recent developments utilize emulsion, oxidation, and heat set systems. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79/12a). News wastepaper: See waste paper. Newsprint paper: The paper of the type generally used in the publication of newspapers or special publications like the Congressional Record. It is made primarily from mechanical wood pulps combined with some chemical wood pulp. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Newsprint: See synonym, newsprint paper Newton: A force unit (1 kg-m/s2). Newtonian fluid: A fluid whose velocity gradient is directly proportional to its shear force; or a fluid whose applied shear
stress has a linear relation with the rate of deformation. A nonNewtonian fluid, the relation is non-linear.
Newton's viscosity law: In fluid mechanics, the applied shear stress (S,) is proportional to the rate of deformation or to the velocity gradient normal to the velocity. Mathematically, it can be expressed as: S, = p(dV/dy), where: S, = shear stress; V = velocity in differential amount; y = distance normal to the velocity direction in differential amount; p = absolute or dynamic viscosity. Niccolite: A copper-red arsenide of nickel which usually contains a little iron, cobalt, and sulfur. It is one of the chief ores of metallic nickel (EPA-82/05). Nickel (Ni): A hard, malleable, ductile metal. It occurs naturally in all parts of the environment including plants and animals. It is used in alloys, electrical catalysts for hydrogenation of oils, coins, and magnetic and electrical contacts. Nickel can be soluble or insoluble in water depending on the chemical and physical properties of the water body. In soil, it is extremely persistent. It can cause dermatitis, and ingestion can cause nausea and vomiting. Nickel is a Group A, human carcinogen (NavyIEnv-04). Nickel (Ni): The total nickel present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.36191, see also 40CFR415.471; 415.651; 420.02-91). Nickel is a transition metal with atomic number 28; atomic weight 58.71; density 8.9 glcc; melting point 1453 C and boiling point 2730 C and belongs to group VIII of the periodic table. Nickel cadmium battery (Ni-Cd battery): A battery that consists of a nickel electrode and a cadmium electrode and uses potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. The battery is usually contained in a polypropylene container. Nickel cyanide (Ni(CN)24H20): A toxic powder used for nickel electroplating and metallurgy. Nickel flash: A chemical preparation process in which nickel compounds are reduced to metallic nickel and deposited on the surface of the treated item, while iron is oxidized to the ferrous ion (EPA-82/11e). Nickel metal hydride battery: A battery containing mainly nickel hydride and other small quantities of hydride alloys such as vanadium, titanium, zirconium, nickel, and other metals. Nickel mineral: The nickel-iron sulfide, pentlandite is the principal present economic source of nickel and garnierite (nickel magnesium hydrosilicate) is next in economic importance (EPA82/05). Night soil: The human waste (night implies that the waste is often removed in the evening). See soil for more related terms.
NIMBY: Acronym for "not in my back yard." An expression frequently used by residents whose opposition to siting a waste management facility is based on the facility's proposed location (RWmanagement-04). Niobium (Nb): A transition metal with atomic number 41; atomic weight 92.906; density 8.4 glcc; melting point 2468 C and boiling point 3300 C. The element belongs to group VB of the periodic table. NIOSH: See U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Nip: Device at the end of the trailing cable of a mining machine used for connecting the trailing cable to the trolley wire and ground (CWAJmining-04). Nitrate (NO3): (1) A salt or ester of nitrous acid. Concentrations greater than 45 ppm can be toxic. (2) Intermediate breakdown product of biological wastes. Common component of nutrient loading in aquatic environments. (3) Vital nutrient for plant growth. (4) Inorganic fertilizer that enters water supply sources from septic systems, animal feed lots, agricultural fertilizers, manure, industrial waste waters, sanitary landfills, and garbage dumps (NavyIEnv-04). Nitrate nitrogen: The final decomposition product of the organic nitrogen compounds. Determination of this parameter indicates the degree of waste treatment (EPA-87110a). Nitrate: A compound containing nitrogen that can exist in the atmosphere or as a dissolved gas in water and which can have harmful effects on humans and animals. Nitrates in water can cause severe illness in infants and domestic animals. A plant nutrient and inorganic fertilizer, nitrate is found in septic systems, animal feed lots, agricultural fertilizers, manure, industrial waste waters, sanitary landfills, and garbage dumps (EPA-97/12). Nitration: The replacement of hydrogen on a carbon atom with a nitro group (-NO) through the use of nitric acid or mixed acid (EPA-8711Oa). Nitric acid (HN03): A poisonous liquid oxidant used for fertilizer manufacture. Nitric acid concentrator (NAC): A distillation process which concentrates weak nitric acid (60%) to strong nitric acid (98%) (EPA-76/03). Nitric acid plant: Any facility producing nitric acid 30 to 70% in strength by either the pressure or atmospheric pressure process (40CFR51.100-91). Nitric acid production unit: Any facility producing weak nitric acid by either the pressure or atmospheric pressure process. See also weak nitric acid (40CFR60.71-91).
Nitric oxide (NO): A gas formed by combustion under high temperature and high pressure in an internal combustion engine; it is converted by sunlight and photochemical processes in ambient air to nitrogen oxide. NO is a precursor of ground-level ozone pollution, or smog (EPA-97/12). Nitrification: Bacterial oxidation of ammonia and nitrites to nitrates (LBL-76107-water). Nitrification: Oxidative process that converts ammonium salts to nitrites and nitrites to nitrates (LBL-76107-bio). Nitrification: The process whereby ammonia in wastewater is oxidized to nitrite and then to nitrate by bacterial or chemical reactions (EPA-97/12). Nitrifiers: Bacteria which cause the oxidation of ammonia to nitrites and nitrates (EPA-76/03). Nitrile rubber: A synthetic rubber made by emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile with butadiene. See rubber for more related terms (EPA-74112a). Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA): A compound now replacing phosphates in detergents (EPA-97/12). Nitrite (NOz, aqueous): (1) An intermediate in the process of nitrification. (2) Nitrous oxide salts used in food preservation (NavyIEnv-04). Nitrite nitrogen: An intermediate stage in the decomposition of organic nitrogen to the nitrate form. Tests for nitrite nitrogen can determine whether the applied treatment is sufficient (EPA8711Oa). Nitrite: (1) An intermediate in the process of nitrification. (2) Nitrous oxide salts used in food preservation (EPA-97/12). Nitrobacteria: Bacteria (an autotrophic genus) that oxidize nitrite nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen (EPA-76/03). Nitrocellulose: A basic ingredient used in propellant manufacturing, made by nitrating woodpulp or cotton fibers with mixed acid (EPA-76/03). Nitrogen (N): A gaseous element with atomic number 7; atomic weight 14.0067; density 0.81 glcc; melting point -210 C and boiling point -195.8 C. The element belongs to group VA of the periodic table (cf. dry nitrogen). Nitrogen balance: The net nitrogen intake as protein and nitrogen excretion for living organisms. Nitrogen cycle: Organic nitrogen in waste is oxidized by bacteria into ammonia. If oxygen is present, ammonia is bacterially
oxidized first into nitrite and then into nitrate. If oxygen is not present, nitrite and nitrate are bacterially reduced to nitrogen gas. The second step is called "denitrification"(EPA-76/03).
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): The result of nitric oxide combining with oxygen in the atmosphere; major component of photochemical smog (EPA-97/12). Nitrogen Oxide (NOx): The result of photochemical reactions of nitric oxide in ambient air; major component of photochemical smog. Product of combustion from transportation and stationary sources and a major contributor to the formation of ozone in the troposphere and to acid deposition (EPA-97/12). Nitrogen oxide emission control: See nitrogen oxide emission control in Appendix B for technology listing. Nitrogen oxide formation: When fossil fuels are burned with air in a furnace, some of the oxygen (02) and nitrogen (N2) present combine to form oxides of nitrogen (in the intense heat environment of any combustion process). Most of the oxides form according to the following reaction: N2 + O2 2N0. Once the NO forms, the rate of decomposition is very slow and NO does not dissociate into N2 and O2 in any appreciate amounts. The NO formed can react with more oxygen to form NO2 by: NO + 0.502 NO2 (EPA-81/12, p7-4). Two major nitrogen oxides, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are important as air contaminants. NO is considerably less toxic than the NOz. NO acts as an asphyxiant when in concentrations great enough to reduce the normal oxygen supply from the air. NO2, on the other hand, in concentrations of approximately 10 ppm for 8 hours, can produce lung injury and edema, and in greater concentrations, i.e., 20 to 30 ppm for 8 hours can produce fatal lung damage. A typical flue gas contains 90-95% nitric oxide and 5 to 10% nitrogen dioxide (AP-40, p15).
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Nitrogen oxides (NO$ A criteria air pollutant. Nitrogen oxides are produced from burning fuels, including gasoline and coal. Nitrogen oxides are smogformers, which react with volatile organic compounds to form smog. Nitrogen oxides are also major components of acid rain (CANair-04). Nitrogen oxides (NOx): Compounds of nitrogen and oxygen produced by the burning of fossil fuels (CMCO2gasl-04). Nitrogen oxides (or oxides of nitrogen): (1) All oxides of nitrogen except nitrous oxide, as measured by test methods set forth in 40CFR60.2-91 (see also 40CFR86.082.2-91, 86.402.7891). They include N20, NO, N203,Nz04,NO2, N3O4,and NO3. (2) Products of combustion from transportation and stationary sources and a major contributor to the formation of ozone in the troposphere and acid deposition (EPA-89/12). (3) Nitrogen oxides have far greater significance in photochemical smog than any of the other air contaminants, e.g., NO2 causes a reddish brown plume (EPA-84/09).
Nitrogenous bacteria oxygen demand (nitrogenous BOD): The oxygen demand by bacteria to oxidize ammonia to nitrite or nitrate. Nitrogenous wastes: Animal or vegetable residues that contain significant amounts of nitrogen (EPA-97/12). Nitroglycerin (CH2N03CHN03CH2N03,NG): A colorless highly explosive oil which is a nitration product of glycerin. NG, as it is frequently called, is a principal constituent of dynamite and certain propellants (rocket grains). NG is extremely sensitive to impact and freezes at 56 F. A basic ingredient used in propellant manufacturing, made by nitrating glycerin with mixed acid (EPA76/03). Nitroguanidine: The third base raw material used in the manufacture of triple-base propellant. The other two are nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin (EPA-76/03). Nitrophenols: Synthetic organopesticides containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen (EPA-97/12). Nitrosating agent: Any substance that has the potential to transfer a nitrosyl group (-NO) to a primary, secondary, or tertiary m i n e to form the corresponding nitrosamine (40CFR747.115-91, see also 40CFR747.195; 747.200). Nitrosomonas: Bacteria which oxidize ammonia nitrogen into nitrite nitrogen; an aerobic autotrophic life form (EPA-76/03). Nitrous oxide (NzO): A colorless gas, naturally occumng in the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide has a 100-year Global Warming Potential of 3 10 (CMC02gasl-04). NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance--Spectroscopy used to identify structures of organic compounds by seeing how they react to magnetic fields of various frequencies (MWTA/infectious-04). No adverse effect level: See synonym, no effect level. No apparent public health hazard: A category used in ATSDR's public health assessments for sites where human exposure to contaminated media might be occumng, might have occurred in the past, or might occur in the future, but where the exposure is not expected to cause any harmful health effects (SFhealth-04). No bake binder: Sand binders that set without the addition of heat. Furan resins and alkyd-isocyanate compounds are the two predominant no-bake binders. Furan resins are cyclic compounds which use phosphoric acid or toluenesulfonic acid as the setting agents (EPA-8511Oa). No data: According to the U.S. EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, no data describes a category of human and animal evidence in which no studies are available to permit one to draw conclusions as to the induction of a carcinogenic effect (EPA-92/12).
No detectable emissions: Less than 500 ppm above background levels, as measured by a detection instrument in accordance with Method 21 in Appendix A of 40CFR60 (40CFR60.691-91, see also 40CFR60-App/A(method 21); 61.341 -91). No discharge of free oil: That a discharge does not cause a film or sheen upon or a discoloration on the surface of the water or adjoining shorelines or cause a sludge or emulsion to be deposited beneath the surface of the water or upon adjoining shorelines (40CFR435.11-91,see also 40CFR435.41-91). No discharge of pollutant: No net increase of any parameters designated as a pollutants to the accuracy that can be determined from the designated analytical methods. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-74104~). No effect level (no adverse effect level, no observed effect level, or no toxic effect level): (1) The maximum dose used in a test which produces no observed adverse effects. A no-observed-effect level is expressed in terms of the weight of a substance given daily per unit weight of test animal (mgkg). When administered to animals in food or drinking water, the no-observed-effect level is expressed as mgkg of food of mg/mL of water (40CFR795.26091, see also 40CFR798.2250; 798.2450; 798.2650; 798.2675; 798.4350; 798.4900-91). (2) An exposure level at which there are no statistically or biologically significant increases in the frequency or severity of any effect between the exposed population and its appropriate control (EPA-90108; 92/12). No evidence of carcinogenicity: According to the U.S. EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, a situation in which there is no increased incidence of neoplasms in at least two welldesigned and well-conducted animal studies of adequate power and dose in different species (EPA-92/12). No further action (NFA): Applies to any site where the possibility of contamination no longer exists a n 4 therefore, will require no additional remedial action (NavyIEnv-04). No further remedial action planned: Determination made by EPA following a preliminary assessment that a site does not pose a significant risk and so requires no further activity under CERCLA (EPA-97/12). No observable adverse effect level (NOAEL): An exposure level at which thee are no statistically or biologically significant increases in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between the exposed population and its appropriate control; some effects may be produced at this level, but they are not considered as adverse, or as precurors to adverse effects. In an experiment with several NOAELs, the regulatory focus is primarily on the highest one, leading to the common usage of the term NOAEL as the highest exposure without adverse effective (EPA-97/12).
No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or no observed effect level (NOEL): A level of exposure which does not cause observable harm (FFDCNpesticide-04). No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL): The highest dose in a toxicity study which does not result in adverse health effects (FFDCNpesticide-04). No observed effect concentration (NOEC): (1) The highest tested concentration in an acceptable early life stage test: (a) Which did not cause the occurrence of any specified adverse effect (statistically different from the control at the 5% level); and (b) Below which no tested concentration caused such an occurrence (40CFR797.1600-91). (2) The highest tested concentration of an effluent or a toxicant at which no adverse effects are observed on the aquatic test organisms at a specific time of observation. Determined using hypothesis testing (EPA-91/03). No observed effect level (NOEL): See no effect level. No public health hazard: A category used in ATSDR's public health assessment documents for sites where people have never and will never come into contact with harmful amounts of site related substances (SFkealth-04). No reasonable alternative: (1) No land-based disposal sites, discharge point(s) within internal waters, or approved ocean dumping sites within a reasonable distance of the site of the proposed discharge the use of which would not cause unwarranted economic impacts on the discharger, or, notwithstanding the availability of such sites; (2) On-site disposal is environmentally preferable to other alternative means of disposal after consideration of: (2a) The relative environmental harm of disposal on-site, in disposal sites located on land, from discharge point@) within internal waters, or in approved ocean dumping sites; and (2b) The risk to the environment and human safety posed by the transportation of the pollutants (40CFR125.121-91). No till: Planting crops without prior seedbed preparation, into an existing cover crop, sod, or crop residues, and eliminating subsequent tillage operations (EPA-97/12). No toxic effect level: See no effect level.
Noble gas: See synonym, inert gas. Noble metals: Chemically inactive metal such as gold; does not corrode easily (EPA-97/12). Noble metals: The metals that are below hydrogen in the electromotive force series; includes antimony, copper, rhodium, silver, gold, bismuth (cf. precious metals) (EPA-83106a). Noise abatement: Procedure for the operation of an aircraft at an airport which minimizes the impact of noise on the environs of the airport (NCNnoise-04). Noise Control Act (NCA) of 1972: See Act or NCA. Noise control system: Includes any vehicle part, component, or system the primary purpose of which is to control or cause the reduction of noise emitted from a vehicle (40CFR205.51-91, see also 40CFR205.151-91). Noise control: The process to control the audible sound to an acceptable level. Noise criteria (NC): Noise criteria curves used to evaluate existing listening conditions at ear level by measuring sound levels at loudest locations in a room. NC criteria can be referred to equivalent dBA levels. NC curves are critical to persons with hearing loss (NCNsound-04). Noise emission standards: The noise levels in 40CFR205.152 or 40CFR205.166 (40CFR205.15 1-91). Noise emission test: A test conducted pursuant to the measurement methodology specified in 40CFR204.54 (40CFR204.5 1-91, see also 40CFR205.5 1;205.15 1-91). Noise isolation class (NIC): A single number rating of the degree of speech privacy achieved through the use of an Acoustical Ceiling and sound absorbing screens in an open office. NIC has been replaced by the Articulation Class (AC) rating method (NCNsound-04). Noise pollution: The unwanted sound or excessive noise in the human environment. See pollution for more related terms.
No. 1 mixed wastepaper: See waste paper. No. 1 sorted colored ledger wastepaper: See waste paper. No. 1 sorted white ledger wastepaper: See waste paper. No. 2 mixed wastepaper: See waste paper. Nobelium (No): A radioactive metal with atomic number 102 and atomic weight 254. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table.
Noise reduction (NR): The amount of noise that is reduced through the introduction of sound absorbing materials. The level (in decibels) of sound reduced on a logarithmic basis (NCNsound-04). Noise reduction (NR): The difference, in decibels, of the average sound levels between two areas. It is also a measure of the noise relief provided by construction such as walls and windows (NCNnoiseM).
Noise reduction coefficient (NRC): The NRC of an acoustical material is the arithmetic average to the nearest multiple of 0.05 of its absorption coefficients at 4 onathird octave bands with center frequencies of 250,500, 1000,2000 Hertz (NCA/sound-04).
Nominal concentration: The amount of an ingredient which is expected to be present in a typical sample of a pesticide product at the time the product is produced, expressed as a percentage by weight (40CFR158.153-91).
Noise reduction rating (NRR): A single number noise reduction factor in decibels, determined by an empirically derived technique which takes into account performance variation of protectors in noise reducing effectiveness due to differing noise spectra, fit variability and the mean attenuation of test stimuli at the one-third octave band test frequencies (40CFR211.203-91).
Nominal fuel tank capacity: The volume of the fuel tank(s), specified by the manufacturer to the nearest tenth of a U.S. gallon, which may be filled with fuel from the fuel tank filler inlet (40CFR86.082.2-9 1).
Noise reduction rating (NRR): The NRR, which indicates a hearing protectors noise reduction capabilities, is a singlanumber rating that is required by law to be shown on the label of each hearing protector sold in the United States. Unit, dB (NCNsound04). Noise study: Investigation of existing noise conditions, flight patterns and land use sun-ounding an airport (NCNnoise-04). Noise: (1) Spontaneous, short duration deviations in output, about the mean output, which are not caused by input concentration changes. Noise is determined as the standard deviation about the mean and is expressed in concentration units (40CFR53.23-91). (2) Spontaneous deviation from a mean output not caused by input concentration changes (expressed as percent of full scale) (LBL 76107-bio). (3) Any undesired audible signal thus, in acoustics, noise is any undesired sound (cf. sound) (EPA-74/11). Noise: (1) Undesired sound. By extension, noise is any unwarranted disturbance within a useful frequency band, such as undesired electric waves in a transmission channel or device. (2) Erratic, intermittent, or statistically random oscillation (ANSI S 1.1- 1994: noise) (NCNsound-04). Noise: Product-level or product-volume changes occurring during a test that are not related to a leak but may be mistaken for one (EPA-97/12). Noise: For more related terms, see: (1) Aircraft noise and (2) Environmental noise. Noiseless paper: The paper used in any place where rattle or rustle would be objectionable, such as in theater programs. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Nominal l-month period: A calendar month or, if established prior to the performance test in a statement submitted with notification of anticipated startup pursuant to 40CFR60.7(a)(2), a similar monthly time period (e.g., 30-day month or accounting month) (40CFR60.711-91, see also 40CFR60.721; 60.741 -91). Nominal capacity: The rated capacity of a unit. It is generally the same as the actual capacity.
Nominal wall thickness: The wall thickness listed in the pipe specifications (40CFRl95.2-91). Non-agreement State: See Agreement State. Non-agricultural sectors: General term which refers to a combination of homelgarden and industrial/commercial/ governmental sectors (FFDCNpesticide-04). Non-analyzable constituents: Constituents that lack appropriate test methods or chemical standards and therefore cannot be properly measured to determine compliance with LDR concentration-based standards in 268.40 and 268.48 (RCRNlandban-04). Non-aqueous phase liquid (NAIL): Contaminants that remain undiluted as the original bulk liquid in the subsurface, e.g., spilled oil. See fee product (EPA-97/12). Nonattainment area: A geographic area in which the level of a criteria air pollutant is higher than the level allowed by the federal standards. A single geographic area may have acceptable levels of one criteria air pollutant but unacceptable levels of one or more other criteria air pollutants; thus, an area can be both attainment and nonattainment at the same time. It has been estimated that 60% of Americans live in nonattainment areas (CANair-04). Nonattainment area: Area that does not meet one or more of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for the criteria pollutants designated in the Clean Air Act (EPA-97/12). Non-binding allocations of responsibility (NBAR): A process for EPA to propose a way for potentially responsible parties to allocate costs among themselves (EPA-97/12). Non-biodegradable: Materials that can not be decomposed by bacteria. Non-carcinogen: A chemical classification for the purposes of risk assessment based on either inadequate toxicological data or no evidence of carcinogenicity according to EPA 1986 Guidelines for Risk Assessment, in which non-carcinogens are summarized as follows: Group D: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity: Inadequate human and animal evidence for carcinogenicity or no available data. Group E: Evidence of non-carcinogenicity in humans: No evidence for carcinogenicity in at least two adequate
animal tests or in both adequate human epidemiological and animal studies (NavyIEnv-04).
Non-coincident electric demand: The sum of two or more individual demands which do not occur in the same period interval. Meaningful only when considering demands within a limited period of time, such as a day, week, month, a heating or cooling season, and usually for not more than one year. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83). Non-combustible rubbish: Miscellaneous bulkier refuse materials that are unburnable at ordinary incinerator temperatures (1300 degrees F to 2000 degrees F). See solid waste (EPA-83). Non-combustible waste: Includes metals, tin cans, foils, dirt, gravel, bricks, ceramics, glass, crockery, ashes. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83). Non-combustible: The components of a material which remain after combustion of all combustible matter including inert materials such as glass, dirt, and sand and wholly oxidized metals (cf. ash) (EPA-83). Non-community water system: (1) A public water system that is not a community water system (40CFR141.2-91). (2) A public water system that is not a community water system, e.g., the water supply at a camp site or national park (EPA-89/12). Non-community water system: A public water system that is not a community water system; e.g., the water supply at a camp site or national park (EPA-97/12). Non-compliance coal: Any coal that emits greater than 3.0 pounds of sulfur dioxide per million Btu when burned. Also known as high-sulfur coal (EPA-97/12). Non-conformance penalty (NCP):as described in section 206(g) of the Clean Air Act and in this subpart (40CFR86.1102.87-91). Non-conforming vehicle or engine: A motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine which is not covered by a certificate of conformity prior to final or conditional importation and which has not been finally admitted into the United States under the provisions of 40CFR85.1505, 40CFR85.1509, or the applicable Provisions of 40CFR85.15 12. Excluded from this definition are vehicles admitted under provisions of 40CFR85.15 12 covering EPA approved manufacturer and U.S. government agency catalyst and O2 sensor control programs. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR85.1502-91). Non-conservative substance: Organic substances that can be decomposed by bacteria. Non-consumer article: Any article subject to TSCA which is not a consumer product within the meaning of the Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), 15U.S.C.2052 (40CFR762.3-91).
Non-consumptive use of water: The water use in which only a small portion is lost to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration or by being combined with a manufactured product. Non-consumptive use returns to the stream or ground approximately the same amount of water as is diverted or used. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104). Non-contact cooling water pollutant: Pollutants present in noncontact cooling waters. See pollutant for more related terms (40CFR401. 11-91). Non-contact cooling water system: A oncethrough drain, collection, and treatment system designed and operated for collecting cooling water which does not come into contact with hydrocarbons or oily wastewater and which is not recirculated through a cooling tower. See cooling water for more related terms (40CFR60.691-91). Non-contact cooling water: The water used for cooling which does not come into direct contact with any raw material, intermediate product, waste product, or finished product. See cooling water for more related terms (40CFR401.1 1-91, see also 40CFR418.11; 418.21; 418.51; 60.691-91). Non-contact cooling water: Water used for cooling which does not come into direct contact with any raw material, product, byproduct, or waste (EPA-97/12). Non-contact process wastewater (or non-process wastewater): The wastewater generated by a manufacturing process which has not come in direct contact with the reactants or products used in the process. These include such streams as non-contact cooling water, cooling tower blowdown, boiler blowdown, etc. See wastewater for more related terms (EPA-76/03; 87110a). Non-contact wastewater: The wastewater which is not contaminated by the process or related materials. Examples include boiler blowdown, cooling water, sanitary sewage. Stormwater from outside the immediate manufacturing area may be included in this definition if it is not contaminated from product spills, etc. See wastewater for more related terms (EPA-85/10). Non-contact water recreation: Recreational activities, such as fishing or boating, that do not include direct contact with the water (CWA~'Wbasics-04). Non-continental area: The State of Hawaii, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the Northern Mariana Islands (40CFR60.41a-91, see also 40CFR60.41b; 60.41 c-9 1). Non-continuous discharger: A mill which is prohibited by the NPDES authority from discharging pollutants during specific periods of time for reasons other than treatment plant upset control, such periods being at least 24 hours in duration. A mill shall not
be deemed a non-continuous discharger unless its permit, in addition to setting forth the prohibition described above, requires compliance with the effluent limitations established for noncontinuous dischargers and also requires compliance with maximum day and average of 30 consecutive days effluent limitations. Such maximum day and average of 30 consecutive days effluent limitations for non-continuous dischargers shall be established by the NPDES authority in the form of concentrations which reflect wastewater treatment levels that are representative of the application of the best practicable control technology currently available, the best conventional pollutant control technology, or new source performance standards in lieu of the maximum day and average of 30 consecutive days eMuent limitations for conventional pollutants set forth in each subpart (40CFR430.01-c91).
Non-conventional pesticide pollutant: All pesticide active ingredients that are not toxic pollutants under 40CFR401.15 or conventional pollutants under 40CFR401.16 and for which BAT and effluent limitations guidelines, NSPS and pretreatment standards are established in this part. See pollutant for more related terms (40CFR455.10-91). Non-conventional pollutant: Any pollutant not statutorily listed or which is poorly understood by the scientific community (EPA97/12). Non-conventional pollutants: All pollutants that are not included in the list of conventional or toxic pollutants in 40CFR Part 401. Includes pollutants such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen, and phosphorus (CWN wastewater-04). Non-corrugating medium furnish subdivision mills: The mills where recycled corrugating medium is not used in the production of paperboard (cf. corrugating medium furnish subdivision mills) (40CFR430.5 1-91). Non-criteria pollutant: Any identified potential pollutants exclusive of criteria pollutants which may include (1) Noncarcinogenic pollutants such as HCl and C1; (2) Suspect carcinogenic elements such as As, Be, Cd, Cr(+6), and NI; and (3) Organic carcinogens such as PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs (CRWI89/05). (4) See pollutant for more related terms. Non-degradation principle: A principle of avoiding deterioration of the present state of ambient air quality (also known as standstill principle) (NATO-78/10). Non-degradation: A water quality classification used to denote a water body to which no pollutants may be legally added (EPA80108). Non-degradation: An environmental policy which disallows any lowering of naturally occurring quality regardless of preestablished health standards (EPA-97/12).
Non-destructive detector: The instruments that can measure a variable without sampling or destruction of the material in which the variable occurs (LBL76107-bio). Non-destructive test: A test method which does not require the removal of samples from, nor damage to, the installed liner system. The evaluation is done in an in-situ manner as with a vacuum box test. See test for more related terms (EPA-89/09, see also EPA9 1/05). Non-deterministic model: A model which is based on empirical relationships between air quality data and other parameters which are given for a certain period of time. It is then used to calculate the air quality in another period. In this model no direct relation is established between air quality and emissions (NATO-78110). Non-discharging treatment plant: A treatment plant that does not discharge treated wastewater into any stream or river. Most are pond systems that dispose of the total flow they receive by means of evaporation or percolation to groundwater, or facilities that dispose of their effluent by recycling or reuse (e.g., spray irrigation or groundwater discharge) (EPA-97/12). Non-dispersion infrared analyzer (NDIR): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). NDIR analyzer monitors CO, C02, NO,, SO2, hydrocarbons, and other gases that absorb light in the i n k e d region of the spectrum. In a typical NDIR analyzer, infrared light from a lamp or glower passes through two gas cells, a reference cell and a sample cell. The reference cell generally contains dry nitrogen gas, which does not absorb light at the wave-length used in the instrument. As the light passes through the sample cell, pollutant molecules absorb some of the infrared light. As a result, when the light emerges from the end of the sample cell, it has less energy than when it entered. It also has less energy than the light emerging from the reference cell. The energy difference is then sensed by some type of detector, such as a thermistor, a thermocouple, or microphone arrangement (EPA-81/09). Non-dispersion ultraviolet analyzer O U V ) : One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). N D W monitors gases that absorb light in the ultraviolet and visible region of the spectrum. Essentially, it measures the degree of absorption at a wavelength in the absorption band of the molecule of interest. This is similar to the NDIR method, but the major different is that a reference cell is not used. Instead, a reference wavelength, in a region where the pollutant has minimal absorption, is utilized. This method is often differential absorption, since measurements are performed at two different frequencies. This method is not limited to extractive monitoring systems, but it also is used in both in-situ analyzers and remote sensors. As with all extractive monitoring systems, particulate matter is removed before entering the analyzer. It is not necessary, however, to remove water vapor in some of these systems. A heated sample line and heated cell prevent
condensation in the analyzer. Since water does not absorb light in this region of the ultraviolet spectrum, no interference occurs (EPA-8 1/09).
Non-domestic construction material: A construction material other than a domestic construction material (40CFR35.936.13-91). Non-emission related maintenance: That maintenance which does not substantially affect emissions and which does not have a lasting effect on the deterioration of the vehicle or engine with respect to emissions once the maintenance is performed at any particular date (40CFR86.084.2-91, see also 40CFR86.088.2-91). Non-enclosed process: Any equipment system (such as an open-top reactor, storage tank, or mixing vessel) in which a chemical substance is manufactured, processed, or otherwise used where significant direct contact of the bulk chemical substance and the workplace air may occur (40CFR721.3-91). Non-excessive infiltration: The quantity of flow which is less than 120 gallons per capita per day (domestic base flow and infiltration) or the quantity of infiltration which cannot be economically and effectively eliminated from a sewer system as determined in a cost effectiveness analysis (see 40CFR35.2005(b)(16) and 35.2120) (40CFR35.2005-91). Non-excessive inflow: The maximum total flow rate during storm events which does not result in chronic operational problems related to hydraulic overloading of the treatment works or which does not result in a total flow of more than 25 gallons per capita per day (domestic base flow plus infiltration plus inflow). Chronic operational problems may include surcharging, backups, bypasses, and overflows. See inflow for more related terms (See 40CFR35.2005(b)(16) and 35.2120) (40CFR35.2005-91). Non-expendable personal property: The personal property with a useful life of at lest two years and an acquisition cost of $500 or more (40CFR30.200-91). Non-ferrous metals: (1) Any pure metal other than iron or any metal alloy for which a metal other than iron is its major constituent in percent by weight (40CFR471.02-91). (2) Metals that contain no iron, e.g., aluminum, copper, brass, and bronze (EPA-83106a). (3) See metal for more related terms. Non-ferrous metals: Nonmagnetic metals such as aluminum, lead, and copper. Products made all or in part from such metals include containers, packaging, appliances, furniture, electronic equipment, and aluminum foil (EPA-97/12). Non-filterable (suspended) metals: Those metals which are retained by a 0.45 um membrane filter (LBL-76107-water). Non-flowing artesian well: An artesian well in which the head is not sufficient to raise water to the land surface at the well site (NavyEnv-04).
Non-fractionating plant: Any gas plant that does not fractionate mixed natural gas liquids into natural gas products (40CFR60.63 191). Non-friable asbestos-containing materials: Any material containing more than one percent asbestos (as determined by polarized light microscopy) that, when dry, cannot be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure (MWTAImedical-04). Non-friable asbestos-containing materials: Any material containing more than I % asbestos as determined using the method specified in appendix A, subpart F, 40CFR763, section 1, Polarized Light Microscopy, that, when dry, cannot be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure (40CFR61.141-91). Non-friable asbestos-containing materials: Any material containing more than one percent asbestos (as determined by polarized light microscopy) that, when dry, cannot be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure (EPA-97/12). Non-friable: The material in a school building which when dry may not be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure (40CFR763.83-91). Non-gaseous losses: The solvent that is not volatilized during fiber production, and that escapes the process and is unavailable for recovery, or is in a form or concentration unsuitable for economical recovery (40CFR60.60 1-91). Non-hazardous industrial waste: Industrial process waste in wastewater not considered municipal solid waste or hazardous waste under RARA (EPA-97/12). Non-impervious solid surfaces: The solid surfaces which are porous and are more likely to absorb spilled PCBs prior to completion of the cleanup requirements prescribed in this policy. Nonimpervious solid surfaces include, but are not limited to, wood, concrete, asphalt, and plasterboard (40CFR761.123-91). Non-industrial source: Any source of pollutants which is not an industrial source. See source for more related terms (40CFR125.58-91). Non-industrial use: The use other than at a facility where chemical substances or mixtures are manufactured, imported, or processed (40CFR721.3-91). Non-ionization radiation (or radio frequency radiation): The electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet rays, having wavelength between approximately 1 to 1000 Angstroms. See radiation for more related terms (EPA-88109a; 89/12).
Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation: (1) Radiation that does not change the structure of atoms but does heat tissue and may cause harmful biological effects. (2) Microwaves, radio waves, and low-frequency electromagnetic fields from high-voltage transmission lines (EPA-89/12). (3) See radiation for more related terms. Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation: (1) Radiation that does not change the structure of atoms but does heat tissue and may cause harmful biological effects. (2) Microwaves, radio waves, and low-frequency electromagnetic fields from high-voltage transmission lines (EPA-97/12). Non-isolated intermediate: Any intermediate that is not intentionally removed from the equipment in which it is manufactured, including the reaction vessel in which it is manufactured, equipment which is ancillary to the reaction vessel, and any equipment through which the substance passes during a continuous flow process, but not including tanks or other vessels in which the substance is stored after its manufacture. Mechanical or gravity transfer through a closed system is not considered to be intentional removal, but storage or transfer to shipping containers "isolates" the substance by removing it from process equipment in which it is manufactured (40CFR704.3-91). Non-leaching: Generally applied to a landfill structure or material, describing some materials which do not permit fluids to enter or to leave (OME-88/12). Non-legacy waste: As distinguished from legacy waste, those waste products generated from the Department of Energy's operations after nuclear weapons production stopped in 1989 (OMBIReg-04). Non-metallic mineral processing plant: Any combination of equipment that is used to crush or grind any nonmetallic mineral wherever located, including lime plants, power plants, steel mills, asphalt concrete plants, Portland cement plants, or any other facility processing nonmetallic minerals except as provided in 40CFR60.670 (b) and (c) (40CFR60.671-91). Non-metallic mineral: Any of the following minerals or any mixture of which the majority is any of the following minerals: (1) Crushed and broken stone, including limestone, dolomite, granite, traprock, sandstone, quartz, quartzite, marl, marble, slate, shale, oil shale, and shell; (2) Sand and gravel; (3) Clay including kaolin, fireclay, bentonite, fuller's earth, ball clay, and common clay; (4) Rock salt; (5) Gypsum; (6) Sodium compounds, including sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium sulfate; (7) Pumice; (8) Gilsonite; (9) Talc and pyrophyllite; (10) Boron, including Borax, Kernite, and Colemanite; (11) Barite; (12) Fluorospar; (13) Feldspar; (14) Diatomite; (15) Perlite; (16) Vermiculite; (17) Mica; and (18) Kyanite, including andalusite, sillimanite, topaz, and dumortierite (40FR60.671-9 1).
Non-methane organic gas (NMOG): The sum of nonoxygenated and oxygenated hydrocarbons contained in a gas sample, including, at a minimum, all oxygenated organic gases containing five or fewer carbon atoms (i.e., aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, ethers, etc.), and all known alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics containing 12 or fewer carbon atoms. To demonstrate compliance with a NMOG standard, NMOG emissions shall be measured in accordance with the California Non-Methane Organic Gas Test Procedures. In the case of vehicles using fuels other than base gasoline, the level of NMOG emissions shall be adjusted based on the reactivity of the emissions relative to vehicles using base gasoline (CAA241-42U.S.C.7581). Non-methane organic gases (NMOG): The sum of all organic air pollutants. Excluding methane; they account for aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and other pollutants that are not hydrocarbons but are precursors of ozone (EPA-97/12). Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs): Organic compounds, other than methane, that participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions (CAA/C02gas1-04). Non-operational storage tank: Any underground storage tank in which regulated substances will not be deposited or from which regulated substances will not be dispensed after the date of the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (RCRA9001-42U.S.C.6991-91). Non-oxygenated hydrocarbon: The organic emissions measured by a flame ionization detector excluding methanol (40CFR86.090.2-91). Non-paramedic method: A statistical method which does not require the assumption of a distributional form, such as a normal distribution (EPA-87/10). Non-pass through pollutants: The pollutants that are biodegradable, and do not pass through biological oxidation treatment systems. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA85/10). Non-passenger automobile: An automobile that is not a passenger automobile, as defined by the Secretary of Transportation at 49CFR523.5 (40CFR600.002.85-91). Non-PCB transformer: Any transformer that contains less than 50 ppm PCB; except that any transformer that has been converted from a PCB transformer or a PCB-contaminated transformer cannot be classified as a non-PCB transformer until reclassification has occurred, in accordance with the requirements of 40CFR761.30(a)(2)(v). See transformer for more related terms (40CFR761.3-91). Non-perishable raw agricultural commodity: Any raw agricultural commodity not subject to rapid decay or deterioration that would render it unfit for consumption. Examples are cocoa
beans, coffee beans, field-dried beans, field-dried peas, grains, and nuts. Not included are eggs, milk meat, poultry, fresh fruits, and vegetables such as onions, parsnips, potatoes, and carrots (40CFRI 80.1-91).
Non-persistent emergent plants: Emergent plants whose leaves and stems break down at the end of the growing season from decay or by the physical forces of waves and ice; at certain seasons, there are no visible traces of the plants above the surface of the water (CWNWbasics-04). Non-point source (NPS) pollution: Pollution discharged over a wide land area, not from one specific location. These are forms of diffuse pollution caused by sediment, nutrients, organic, and toxic substances originating from land-use activities, which are carried to lakes and streams by surface runoff. Non-point source pollution is contamination that occurs when rainwater, snowmelt, or irrigation washes off plowed fields, city streets, or suburban backyards. As this runoff moves across the land surface, it picks up soil particles and pollutants, such as nutrients and pesticides (CWNWscience-04). Non-point source contaminant: A substance that pollutes or degrades water that comes from lawn or cropland runoff, the atmosphere, roadways, and other diffuse sources (CWANquality04). Non-point source: A pollution source that cannot be defined as originating from discrete points such as pipe discharge. Areas of fertilizer and pesticide applications, atmospheric deposition, manure, and natural inputs from plants and trees are types of nonpoint source pollution (CWANquality-04). Non-point source: A source (of any water-carried material) from a broad area, rather than from discrete points (CWAiWbasics-04). Non-point source: Any source of pollution not associated with a distinct discharge point. Includes sources such as rainwater, runoff from agricultural lands, industrial sites, parking lots, and timber operations, as well as escaping gases from pipes and fittings (FFDCNpesticide-04). Non-point sources: Diffuse pollution sources (i.e., without a single point of origin or not introduced into a receiving stream from a specific outlet). The pollutants are generally carried off the land by stormwater. Common non-point sources are agriculture, forestry, urban, mining, construction, dams, channels, land disposal, saltwater intrusion, and city streets (EPA-97/12). Non-point-source contaminant: A substance that pollutes or degrades water that comes from lawn or cropland runoff, the atmosphere, roadways, and other diffuse sources (CWNWbasics04). Non-point-source water pollution: Water contamination that originates from a broad area (such as leaching of agricultural
chemicals from crop land) and enters the water resource diffusely over a large area (CWNWbasics-04).
Non-polar: Describing a substance or molecule in which the positive and negative electrical charges coincide, as opposed to polar molecules in which the charges are permanently separated. Nonpolar substances are generally insoluble and immiscible in water, because water is polar. Most hydrocarbon liquids are nonpolar (NavytEnv-04). Non-potable: Water that is unsafe or unpalatable to drink because it contains pollutants, contaminants, minerals, or infective agents (EPA-97/12). Non-pressure process: A method of treating wood at atmospheric pressure in which the wood is simply soaked in hot or cold preservative (EPA-74/04). Non-process wastewater cooling tower: The water used for cooling purposes which has no direct contact with any process raw materials, intermediates, or final products. See cooling water for more related terms (EPA-871lOa). Non-process wastewater: See synonym, non-contact process wastewater. Non-process water: The water used for the heating and cooling of process solutions to maintain proper operating conditions or for the make-up water in cooling towers, boilers, and lawn sprinkling systems. This water is not process water as it does not come in contact with raw materials or the product. See water for more related terms (EPA-80/10). Non-procurement list: The portion of the list of parties excluded from Federal Procurement or Non-procurement Programs complied, maintained, and distributed by the General Services Administration (GSA) containing the names and other information about persons who have been debarred, suspended, or voluntarily excluded under Executive Order 12549 and these regulation, and those who have been determined to be ineligible (40CFR32.10591). Non-productive rubber stock (or non-reactive rubber stock): A rubber stock which has been compounded but which contains no curing agents (cf. productive rubber stock) (EPA-74112a). Non-proliferation: Efforts to prevent or slow the spread of nuclear weapons and the materials and technologies used to produce them (OMBmeg-04). Non-putrescible: Incapable of organic decomposition or decay (EPA-76/03). Non-reactive rubber stock: See synonym, non-productive rubber stock.
Non-road emissions: Pollutants emitted by combustion engines on farm and construction equipment, gasoline-powered lawn and garden equipment, and power boats and outboard motors (EPA97/12). Non-road engine: An internal combustion engine (including the fuel system) that is not used in a motor vehicle or a vehicle used solely for competition, or that is not subject to standards promulgated under section 111 or section 202. See engine for more related terms (CAA216-42U.S.C.7550-91). Non-road vehicle: (1) A vehicle that is powered by a non-road engine and that is not a motor vehicle or a vehicle used solely for competition. See vehicle for more related terms (CAA21642U.S.C.7550-91). (2) A vehicle that does not travel on streets, roads, or highways. It includes construction vehicles, locomotives, forklifts, tractors, golf carts, and so forth. Non-roof coating: An asbestos-containing product intended for use as a coating, cement, adhesive, or sealant and not intended for use on roofs. Major applications of this product include liquid sealants; semi-liquid glazing, caulking and patching compounds; asphalt-based compounds; epoxy adhesives; butyl rubber sealants; vehicle undercoatings; vinyl sealants; and compounds containing asbestos fibers that are used for bonding, weather proofing, sound deadening, sealing, coating; and other such applications (40CFR763.163-91). Non-scheduled renovation operation: A renovation operation necessitated by the routine failure of equipment, which is expected to occur within a given period based on past operating experience, but for which an exact date cannot be predicted (40CFR61.14191). Non-selective herbicide: Kills or significantly retards growth of most higher plant species (CWA/Wbasics-04). Non-sudden accidental occurrence: An occurrence which takes place over time and involves continuous or repeated exposure. See accidental occurrence for more related terms (40CFR264.141-91, see also 40CFR265.14 1-91). Non-sudden accidental occurrence: For purposes of TSDF financial assurance, events that take place over time and involve continuous or repeated exposure to hazardous waste (RCRAIhazardous-04). Non-target analyte spike: The spiking of surrogate analytes into the sample. A surrogate analyte is one which mimics the behavior of target analytes in terms of stability, preparation losses, measurement artifacts, etc., but does not interfere with target analyte measurement. Surrogates, like matrix spikes, can be added in the laboratory or in the field; results are interpreted in a fashion similar to matrix spikes. See spike for more related terms (EPA84/03).
Non-target organism: A plant or animal other than the one against which the pesticide is applied. See organism for more related terms (40CFR171.2-91). Non-target organism: Any organism for which the pesticide was not intended to control (FFDCNpesticide-04). Non-threshold effect: Associated with exposure to chemicals that have no safe exposure levels (i.e., cancer) (EPA-91/03). Non-time critical actions: A type of short-term cleanup in which, based on an evaluation of the site, EPA determines that more than six months is available before on-site activities must begin. A nontime-critical action includes a more extensive study of the contamination and cleanup options, called an Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis (EEICA), and more formal public participation prior to the publishing of an action memorandum authorizing and outlining the cleanup plan (SF/remedy-04). Non-transferred plasma arc: An arc established between two internal electrodes in the arc-producing device. A small column of injected gas is heated by the electric arc creating a plasma flow which extends beyond the tip of the arc-forming device. Nontransferred arcs heat only by way of conduction. See plasma arc for more related terms (Wittle-93/07). Non-transient non-community water system or NTNCWS: A public water system that is not a community water system and that regularly serves at least 25 of the same persons over 6 months per year (40CFRI41.2-91). Non-transient non-community water system: A public water system that regularly serves at least 25 of the same non-resident persons per day for more than six months per year (EPA-97/12). Non-transient, non-community water system: A public water system which supplies water to 25 or more of the same people at least six months per year in places other than their residences. Some examples are schools, factories, office buildings, and hospitals which have their own water systems (SDWNReg-04). Non-transportation-related onshore and offshore facilities: (1) Mixed onshore and offshore oil well drilling facilities including all equipment and appurtenances related thereto used in drilling operations for exploratory or development wells, but excluding any terminal facility, unit or process integrally associated with the handling or transferring of oil in bulk to or from a vessel. (2) Mobile onshore and offshore oil well drilling platforms, barges, trucks, or other mobile facilities including all equipment and appurtenances related thereto when such mobile facilities are fixed in position for the purpose of drilling operations for exploratory or development wells, but excluding any terminal facility, unit or process integrally associated with the handling or transferring of oil in bulk to or from a vessel. (3) Fixed onshore and offshore oil production structures, platforms, derricks, and rigs including all equipment and appurtenances related thereto, as well as completed
wells and the wellhead separators, oil separators, and storage facilities used in the production of oil, but excluding any terminal facility, unit or process integrally associated with the handling or transferring of oil in bulk to or from a vessel. For complete definition, see 40CFR112-AA-91. Non-utility unit: A unit other than a utility unit (CAA40242U.S.C.7651a-91). Non-vapor tight: Any tank truck, railcar, or marine vessel that does not pass the required vapour-tightness test (40CFR61.30191). Non-volatile organic chemical: A chemical compound with the following properties: (1) Boiling point (degree C): >300. (2) Sampling method: M5 (MM5). (3) Capture method: filter. (4) Analytical method: GCJMS, ICP, AAS. (5) See organic chemical for more related terms. Note: Non-VOC includes inorganics and metals. AAS=atomic absorption spectroscopy. GC/MS=gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopy. ICP=inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy. MS=Method 5. MM5: Modified Method 5 (sampling method). Non-wastewater: The wastes that do not meet the criteria for wastewaters in paragraph (f) of this section. See wastewater for more related terms (4OCFR268.2-91). Non-water quality environmental impact: The ecological impact as a result of solid, air, or thermal pollution due to the application of various wastewater technologies to achieve the effluent guidelines limitation. Also associated with the non-water quality aspect is the energy impact of wastewater treatment (EPA85IlOa). Non-water quality: Thermal, air, noise, and all other environmental parameters except water (EPA-75/04). Non-wood fibers: Fibers not of the wood family used to produce pulp, paper, and paperboard. Such as vegetable fibers (cotton, flax, jute, hemp, cereal straw, bagasse, bamboo, esparto, abaca, sisal, pineapple), animal fiber (wool), mineral fiber (asbestos, glass), and man-made or artificial fiber (rayon, nylon, orlon, dacron) (EPA-87/10). No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL): The highest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to have no harmful (adverse) health effects on people or animals (SFIhealth-04). No-observed-effect-level (NOEL): Exposure level at which there are no statistically or biological significant differences in the frequency or severity of any effect in the exposed or control populations (EPA-97/12). Normal ambient value: That concentration of a chemical species reasonably anticipated to be present in the water column,
sediments, or biota in the absence of disposal activities at the disposal site in question (40CFR228.2-91). Normal cubic meter ( ~ m ~ A ) : volume unit measured under standard pressure and temperature (cf. scf). Normal distribution: A statistical distribution identified by a bell shaped curve which is the most important of all continuous distributions. This distribution curve is symmetrical about the mean (EPA-87/10). Normal inlet test pressure: A pressure that is specified for testing burner ratings and primary air in a combustion system (fcc2003). Normal liquid detergent operations: All such operations except those defined as fast turnaround operation of automated fill lines (40CFR417.161-91). Normal operation of a spray tower: (1) Operation utilizing formulations that present limited air quality problems from stack gases and associated need for extensive wet scrubbing, and without more than six turnarounds in a 30 consecutive day period, thus permitting essentially complete recycle of waste water (40CFR417.151-91). (2) The range of full-power operating conditions that can be achieved when seasonal variations in ambient conditions are taken into account (DOE-91/04). Normal range of a release: All releases (in pounds or kilograms) of a hazardous substance reported or occurring over any 24-hour period under normal operating conditions during the preceding year. Only releases that are both continuous and stable in quantity and rate may be included in the normal range. See release for more related terms (40CFR302.3-91). Normal solution: A solution that contains 1 gm molecular weight of the dissolved substance divided by the hydrogen equivalent of the substance (that is, one gram equivalent) per liter of solution. Thus, a one normal solution of sulfuric acid (H2S04,mol. wt. 98) contains 9812 or 49 grams of H2S04,per liter (EPA-87110a). Normal uranium: Uranium with a naturally occurring ratio of uranium isotopes, which consists of approximately 0.71% to 1% uranium-235 (AEAIclosure-04). Normal: A central value (such as arithmetic average or median) of annual quantities for a 30-year period ending with an even 10year, thus 1921-50; 1931-60, and so forth. This definition accords with that recommended by the Subcommittee on Hydrology of the Federal Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources (CWA/hydrology-04). Normality: A unit to express the number of gram-equivalent weights of a compound per liter of solution.
Normalized coefficients: In statistics, the ratio of the differences between the regression constant and its expected value to its standard error. Normalizing: The heat treatment of iron-base alloys above the critical temperature, followed by cooling in still air. This is often done to refine or homogenize the grain structure of castings, forgings, and wrought steel products (EPA-83106a). Notice letter: EPA's formal notice by letter to PRPs, also called a Section 104(e) letter, that CERCLA-related action is to be undertaken at a site with those PRPs being considered responsible (SFIEnv-04).
Notice of violation: An informal letter to a handler written as part of an informal administrative action (RCMazardous-04). Novel paper: A grade used in pulp magazines (thrillers, romance, etc.). Also called pulp paper. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Nozzle: See spray nozzle. NPDES State: A state (as defined in 40CFR122.2) or Interstate water pollution control agency with an NPDES permit program approved pursuant to section 402(b) of the Act (40CFR403.3-91). NPDES: See National Pollution Discharge Elimination System.
Notice of deficiency (NOD): In RCRA, a written notice from a permit writer to a permit applicant relative to the deficient information submitted. Notice of deficiency: A notice requiring that a TSDF permit applicant supply more information for a complete permit application (RCMazardous-04). Notice of deficiency: An EPA request to a facility owner or operator requesting additional information before a preliminary decision on a permit application can be made (EPA-97/12). Notice of intent (NOI): A notice that an environmental impact statement will be prepared and considered. The notice shall briefly: (1) Describe the proposed action and possible alternatives. (2) Describe the agency's proposed scoping process including whether, when, and where any scoping meeting will be held. (3) State the name and address of person within the agency who can answer questions about the proposed action and the environmental impact statement (40CFR1508.22-9 1, see also 40CFR6.105-91). Notice of intent to cancel: Notification sent to registrants when EPA decides to cancel registration of a product containing a pesticide (EPA-97/12). Notice of intent to deny: A notice issued by a permitting agency which tells a TSDF permit applicant that the application does not demonstrate compliance with the RCRA standards (RCRAIhazardous-04). Notice of intent to deny: Notification by EPA of its preliminary intent to deny a permit application (EPA-97/12). Notice of intent to suspend: Notification sent to a pesticide registrant when EPA decides to suspend product sale and distribution because of failure to submit requested data in a timely andor acceptable manner, or because of imminent hazard. See emergency suspension (EPA-97/12). Notice of noncompliance: An informal letter to a handler written as part of an informal administrative action (RCFWhazardous-04).
NPL: National Priorities List. The list of (currently, approximately 1200) hazardous waste sites that have been determined (by a hazard ranking score) to pose a serious threat to human health andor the environment (SFIEnv-04). NPL-caliber sites: Sites with the potential for NPL listing that are not currently on the NPL (SF/reform-04). NPR site: The primary location for the NPR at each alternative DOE-owned site (Hanford, INEL, and SRS) (DOE-91/04).
NRC licensed facility: Any facility licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or any Agreement State to receive title to, receive, possess, use, transfer, or deliver any source, by-product, or special nuclear material (40CFR61.101-91). Nuclear absorption meter: One of solid or sludge flow rate meters. This method, based upon absorption of gamma radiation, includes nuclear level meters, nuclear belt or auger scales, and a combination of nuclear density meters and ultrasonic flowmeters. It only measures density; therefore, another instrument must also be used to measure volume, speed, or another parameter to obtain feed rate. Nuclear instruments can be used on nearly any materials including sludges. Radiation absorption is proportional to the mass present, so particle size and configuration will not greatly hinder accuracy. Sludge operations will work best with a nuclear density detector/ultrasonic flowmeter combination, enabling the process material to be fed through conventional piping. Accuracies of nuclear devices may not be as high as gravimeteric systems but may be sufficient on a practical basis. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-89/06). Nuclear blast: An explosion with intense light and heat, a damaging pressure wave, and widespread radioactive material that can contaminate the air, water, and ground surfaces for miles around (HAS-92). Nuclear criticality safety: The prevention or termination of inadvertent nuclear criticality, mitigation of consequences, and protection against injury or damage due to accidental nuclear criticality (DOE+ 1/04).
Nuclear criticality: A self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction (DOE-9 1/04). Nuclear energy: The energy derived from the fission (splitting) of nuclei of heavy elements such as uranium or thorium or from the fusion (combining) of the nuclei of light elements such as deuterium or tritium (EPA-8211If). Nuclear facility: A facility whose operations involve radioactive materials in such form and quantity that a significant nuclear hazard potentially exists to the employees or the general public. Included are facilities that: (1) Produce, process, or store radioactive liquid or solid waste, fissionable materials, or tritium; (2) Conduct separations operations; (3) Conduct irradiated materials inspection, fuel fabrication, decontamination, or recovery operations; or (4) Conduct fuel enrichment operations. Incidental use of radioactive materials in a facility operation (e.g., check sources, radioactive sources, and X-ray machines) does not necessarily require a facility to be included in this definition (DOE-91/04). Nuclear fuel cycle: The operations defined to be associated with the production of electrical power for public use by any fuel cycle through utilization of nuclear energy (40CFR190.02-91). Nuclear fuel: Nuclear energy used as a source of energy for primarily producing electricity (cf. spent nuclear fuel). Nuclear fusion: A nuclear reaction in which two light nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus with a release of large amounts of energy. See fusion for more related terms. Nuclear grade: Material of a quality adequate for use in a nuclear application (DOE-91/04). Nuclear island: A nuclear island consists of a set of four reactor modules, their support buildings, and operation center (DOE91/04). Nuclear material: Composite term applied to: (1) By-product material. (2) Other nuclear material. (3) Source material. (4) Special nuclear material. (5) Special nuclear material of low strategic significance. (6) Special nuclear material of moderate strategic significance. (7) Special nuclear material scrap. Nuclear power plant: A facility that converts atomic energy into usable power; heat produced by a reactor makes steam to drive turbines which produce electricity (EPA-89/12). Nuclear radiation: The radiation of alpha, beta, or gamma particles resulting from a change in atomic nucleus such as fission or fusion. See radiation for more related terms.
Nuclear reactors and support facilities: Uranium mills, commercial power reactors, fuel reprocessing plants, and uranium enrichment facilities (EPA-97/12). Nuclear regulatory commission: The federal agency that licenses the use of nuclear material and equipment and regulates the safety of nuclear materials and equipment (SDWNradionuclide-04). Nuclear weapons complex: The chain of foundries, uranium enrichment plants, reactors, chemical separation plants, factories, laboratories, assembly plants, and test sites that produced nuclear weapons. There are 16 major facilities in the U.S. nuclear weapons complex that are located in 12 states (OMBIReg-04). Nuclear weapons complex: The chain of research, production, assembly, and testing facilities and laboratories that produces nuclear weapons. The Fernald site was one of 16 major facilities located in 12 states (AENclosure-04). Nuclear winter: Prediction by some scientists that smoke and debris rising from massive fires resulting from a nuclear war could enter the atmosphere and block out sunlight for weeks or months. The scientists making this prediction project a cooling of the earth's surface, and changes in climate which could, for example, negatively affect world agricultural and weather patterns (EPA89/12). Nuclear winter: Prediction by some scientists that smoke and debris rising from massive fires of a nuclear war could block sunlight for weeks or months, cooling the earth's surface and producing climate changes that could, for example, negatively affect world agricultural and weather patterns (EPA-97/12). Nucleic acid transition: A mutational change in nucleic acid in which a purine (adenine or guanine) is replaced by another purine, and a pyrimidine (thymine, cytosine, or uracil) is replaced by another pyrimidine, e.g., an adenine: thymine base pair might be replaced by a guanine: cytosine base pair (EPA-88109a). Nucleophile: A chemical reagent that reacts by forming covalent bonds with electronegative atoms and compounds (NavyIEnv-04). Nucleus: See atom. Nuclide: An atom characterized by the number of protons, neutrons, and energy in the nucleus (EPA-97/12). Nuclide: An atomic nucleus specified by its atomic weight, atomic number, and energy state (DOE-91/04). Nuggetiid: See synonym, balled (EPA-83). Nuisance species: Undesirable plants and animals, commonly exotic species (CWAIWbasics-04).
Nuisance: That activity which arises fiom the unreasonable, unwarrantable, or unlawhl use by a person of his own property, working an obstruction or injury to the right of another or to the public, and producing such material annoyance, inconvenience, and discomfort that the law will presume resulting damage. See common law for more related terms (Sullivan-95/04, p7). Number average molecular weight: The arithmetic average (mean) of the molecular weight of all molecules in a polymer (40CFR723.250-91). Numerical instability: A property of numerical algorithms for differential equations, whereby the numerical solution will grow without bound, due to amplification of small errors in the computation, whereas the exact solution of the problem is bounded. See instability for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Numerical modeling: A solution by numerical techniques of a set of equations resulting fiom a mathematical model (NATO-78110). NUREG 0654lFEMA-REP-1: Criteria for Preparation and Evaluation of Radiological Emergency Response Plans and Preparedness in Support of Nuclear Power Plants, prepared by NRC and FEMA. Provides a basis for state and local government and nuclear facility operators to develop radiological emergency plans and improve emergency preparedness. The criteria also will be used by federal agency reviewers in determining the adequacy of state, local, and nuclear facility emergency plans and preparedness (NRT-87/03). Nutrient addition: The process of adding nitrogen or phosphorous in a chemically combined form to a wastestream (EPA-8711Oa). Nutrient amendment: Chemical or organic fertilizer, usually rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium, that is added to support the
life and growth of microorganisms in a biopile or other application (NavyJEnv-04).
Nutrient pollution: Contamination of water resources by excessive inputs of nutrients. In surface waters, excess algal production is a major concern (EPA-97/12). Nutrient: Any inorganic or organic compound needed to sustain plant life (CWAIWbasics-04). Nutrient: Any substance assimilated by living things that promotes growth. The term is generally applied to nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater, but is also applied to other essential and trace elements (EPA-89/12). The nutrients in contaminated water are routinely analyzed to characterize the food available for microorganisms to promote organic decomposition and are provided below (unit in mg/L) (EPA-74/04): (1) Nitrogen, ammonia (NH3) as N. (2) Nitrogen, total nitrogen measured by the Kjeldahl process, (NH3 and Organic N) as N. (3) Nitrogen nitrate (NO3) as N. (4) Total phosphate as P. (5) Ortho phosphate as P. Nutrient: Any substance assimilated by living things that promotes growth. The term is generally applied to nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater, but is also applied to other essential and trace elements (EPA-97/12). Nutrient: Element or compound essential for animal and plant growth. Common nutrients in fertilizer include nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (CWA/Wquality-04). Nutrient: For more related terms, see (1) Macro nutrient and (2) Micro nutrient. Nylon fiber: A generic name for a fiber in which the fiber forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polyamide having recurring amide groups as an integral part of the polymer chain. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b).
03:Ozone (40CFR58.1-91). Obligate aerobe: Microorganisms that can use only oxygen as an electron acceptor. Thus, the presence of molecular oxygen is a requirement for these microbes (NavyIEnv-04). Obligate aerobe: See aerobe. Obligate anaerobe: Microorganisms that grow only in the absence of oxygen; the presence of molecular oxygen either inhibits growth or kills the organism. For example, methanogens are very sensitive to oxygen and can live only under strictly anaerobic conditions. Sulfate reducers, on the other hand, can tolerate exposure to oxygen, but cannot grow in its presence (NavyIEnv-04). Obligate anaerobe: See anaerobe. Obligate parasite: An organism (e.g., viruses) which can only be a parasite (live in or on another species) (cf. parasitic organism). Obligation (funding): A binding agreement that will result in government spending either immediately or in the future. Budgetary resources must be available before obligations can be legally incurred (OMBIReg-04). Obligation: The amounts of orders placed, contracts and subgrants awarded, goods and services received, and similar transactions during a given period that will require payment by the grantee during the same or a future period. See cost for more related terms (40CFR31.3-91). Observation period: The accumulated time period during which observations are conducted, not to be less than the period specified in the applicable regulation (40CFR60-App/A(method 22)-91, see also 40CFR797.2175-91). Observation: See observed value. Observed effect concentration (OEC): The lowest tested concentration in an acceptable early life stage test: (1) Which caused the occurrence of any specified adverse effect (statistically different from the control at the 5% level); and (2) Above which all tested concentrations caused such an occurrence (40CFR797.1600-91).
Observed value (observation or variate): In quality control, the particular value of a characteristic and designated parameter such as XI, X2, X3, and so on (EPA-84/03). Obsolete scrap: The scrap that results when a material becomes worn or otherwise unusable for its original purpose. See scrap for more related terms (SW-108ts). Obstipation: Extreme constipation (LBL-76107-bio). Obvious: That which is plain or evident; a condition or fact which could not be ignored or overlooked by a reasonable observer while visually or physically observing the property (USDNwater-04). OCA: The off-site consequence analysis (OCA) is a determination of the potential effects of a chemical accident in the area surrounding the facility property (TSCNchemical04). Occupants: Those tenants, subtenants, or other persons or entities using the property or a portion of the property (USDAIwater-04). Occupational biomechanics: Occupational biomechanics is a science concerned with the mechanical behavior of muscuskeletal tissues when physical work is performed (OSHNergonomics-04). Occupational dose: Includes exposure of an individual to radiation: (1) In a restricted area; or (2) In the course of employment in which the individual's duties involve exposure to radiation, provided, that occupational dose shall not be deemed to include any exposure of an individual to radiation for the purpose of medical diagnosis or medical therapy of such individual (10CFR20.3-91). Occupational exposure: Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties. This definition excludes incidental exposures that may take place on the job, and that are neither reasonably nor routinely expected and that the worker is not required to incur in the normal course of employment. See exposure for more related terms (29CFR1910).
Occupational health and safety assessment system (OHSAS): OHSAS 18001 was created via a concerted effort from a number of the worlds leading national standards bodies, certification bodies, and specialist consultancies. OHSAS helps in a variety of respects. It helps: minimize risk to employees, etc.; improve an existing OH&S management system; demonstrate diligence; gain assurance; etc. The benefits can be substantial. See occupational health and safety assessment system (OHSAS) in Appendix B for more information. Occupational illness: Any abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury caused by exposure to factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact. The broad categories of occupational illnesses are skin diseases and disorders, dust diseases of the lungs, respiratory condition due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic effects of toxic materials), disorders due to physical agents other than toxic materials, and disorders from repeated trauma (OSHAkrgonomics-04). Occupational injury: Any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, amputation, etc., which results from a work-related event or from a single instantaneous exposure in the work environment. Examples of injuries or disorders that can be work related include (1) Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS); (2) Rotator cuff syndrome; (3) De Quervain's disease; (4) Trigger finger; (5) Tarsal tunnel syndrome; (6) Sciatica; (7) Epicondylitis; (8) Tendinitis; (9) Raynaud's phenomenon; (10) Carpet layers knee; (11) Herniated spinal disc; and (12) Low back pain (OSHA/ergonomics-04). Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970: See Act or OSHA. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): The mission of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration is to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect the health of America's workers. To accomplish this, federal and state governments must work in partnership with the more than 100 million working men and women and their six and a half million employers who are covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA/ergonomics-04). Occurrence and distribution assessment: A component of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program that entails characterization of broad-scale spatial and temporal distributions of water-quality conditions in relation to major contaminant sources and background conditions for surface water and groundwater (CWAIWbasics-04). Occurrence: An accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions, which results in a release from an underground storage tank (40CFR280.92-91). Ocean discharge waiver: A variance from Clean Water Act requirements for discharges into marine waters (EPA-97/12).
Ocean discharge: The discharge of wastewater into an ocean (EPA-85/10). Ocean disposal: Dumping of waste materials at sea (EPA-83). Ocean Dumping Act: See Act or MPRSA. Ocean dumping: (1) The disposition of waste into an ocean or estuarine body of water (SW-lO8ts). (2) The disposal of pesticides in or on the oceans and seas, as defined in Pub. L. 92-532 (40CFR165.1-91). Ocean incineration (or at sea incineration): (1) Disposal of waste by burning at sea on specially designed incinerator ships (EPA-89/12). (2) The thermal destruction of waste at sea in a specially designed tanker vessel equipped with high temperature incinerators. The principle of operation of these incinerators is identical to that of land-based incinerators with the exception that current ocean incinerators are not equipped with air pollution controlled systems. Acid gas produced from incinerating chlorinated wastes is discharged to the air without treatment to be neutralized by contact with sea water, which has a naturally high buffering capacity (Oppelt-87/05). The extent to which ocean incineration is used will depend upon need, cost, and risk considerations. The availability and cost of land-based incineration units will affect demand for ocean incineration. Other major factors affecting ocean incineration are the ability to designate sites, to obtain permits for portside support facilities, and to permit ocean incinerator ships. Additionally, the cost of transporting and incinerating wastes in land-based versus ocean incinerators would affect utilization rates for each technology. Finally, managing risk to satisfy the public is an issue which affects both land and sea incineration of hazardous wastes. (3) See incineration for more related terms. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC): An energy conversion process in which the different content of energy associated with the high temperature surface ocean water and with the low temperature deep ocean water is converted into electrical energy or other useful form of energy. Ocean water: Those coastal waters landward of the baseline of the territorial seas, the deep waters of the territorial seas, or the waters of the contiguous zone. See water for more related terms (40CFR125.58-91, see also 40CFR220.2-91). Oceanography: The study of the physical, chemical, geological, and biological aspects of the sea (LBL76107-water). Octane (C18Hld: A flammable liquid used as a solvent. Octane number: A number to rate the tendency of a fuel to resist knocking when it is combusted in an internal combustion engine under a standard condition (e.g., n-heptane is 0 and isooctane is 100) (cf. cetane number).
Octane: A flammable liquid hydrocarbon found in petroleum. Used as a standard to measure the antiknock properties of motor fuel (CAA/CO2gas1-04).
Odor threshold: The minimum odor of a water or air sample that can just be detected after successive dilutions with odorless water. Also called threshold odor (EPA-97/12).
Octanol water partition coefficient: The measure of the extent of partitioning of a substance between water and octanol at equilibrium. The K(ow) is determined by the ratio between the concentration in octanol divided by the concentration in water at equilibrium (unitless) (40CFR300-AppIA-91, see also 40CFR796.1720-91).
Odor: The property of a substance affecting the sense of smell; any smell; scent; perfume (EPA-83/06). Odorant: Odorous substance (such as an aromatic gas) (EPA83/06, see also EPA-83).
Octanol-water diffusion coefficient (Kow): Provides a measure of the extent of chemical partitioning between octanol and water at equilibrium. The greater the Kow, the more likely a chemical is to partition to octanol than to remain in water. Octanol is used as a surrogate for lipids (fat), therefore Kow can be used to predict bioconcentration in aquatic organisms (NavyIEnv-04).
OECD (organization for economic cooperation and development) council decision: A multilateral agreement by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development that establishes procedural and substantive controls for the import and export of recyclables between member nations. Because the United States is a member of the OECD, U.S. businesses can trade recyclables with other member nations (RCMazardous-04).
Octave band attenuation: The amount of sound reduction determined according to the measurement procedure of 40CFR21.20 for one-third octave bands of noise (40CFR211.20391).
OECD guidelines: Testing guidelines prepared by the Organization of Economic and Cooperative Development of the United Nations. They assist in preparation of protocols for studies of toxicology, environmental fate, etc. (EPA-97/12).
Octave bands: Sounds that contain energy over a wide range of frequencies are divided into sections called bands. A common standard division is in 10 octave bands identified by their censer frequencies 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz (NCNsound-04).
Offal: Intestines and discarded parts, including paunch manure, of slaughtered animals (SW- 1O8ts).
Octave: A pitch interval of 2:l. The tone whose frequency is twice that of the given tone (NCNsound-04). Odometer: A distance measurement instrument as used in a vehicle. Odor concentration: The number of unit volumes that a unit volume of sample will occupy when diluted to the odor threshold (EPA-83/06). Odor control: Methods to control odor include (1) Aeration to control odor from treatment ponds; (2) Ozonation, chlorination, or activated carbon to control odor from water supply; (3) Scrubber containing alkali or activated carbon to control odor from gases. Odor threshold: (1) The lowest concentration of an airborne odor that a human being can detect (without the aid of mechanical instruments). The unit volume of air at the odor threshold (EPA83/06, see also EPA-83). (2) The concentration of an odorous compound at which the physiological effect elicits a response 50% of the time (LBL76107-air). Odor threshold: The lowest concentration of a substance in air that can be smelled. Odor thresholds are highly variable because of the differing ability of individuals to detect odors (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Off-base contamination: Contaminants found to be migrating off the installation or coming onto the installation from off-base sources (NavyEnv-04). Off-gas: (1) Gaseous products from chemical decomposition of a material (EPA-83). (2) Gases, vapors, and fumes produced as a result of metal molding and casting operations (EPA-85110a). Off-gas: Gaseous effluent, possibly containing contaminant vapors, that leaves a process, typically from a point source during process operations (Navy/Env-04). Office Director--approved emission test or emission short test: Any test prescribed under 40CFR85.2201 et seq., and meeting all of the requirements thereunder(40FR85.2102-91). Office of Air and Radiation (OAR): The Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) develops national programs, technical policies, and regulations for controlling air pollution and radiation exposure (SFIremedy-04). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR): The Ofice of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR) manages the Superfund program, which was created to protect citizens from the dangers posed by abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Congress established Superfbnd through the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (SFJremedy-04).
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response Geographic Information System (OERRGIS): The OERRGIS Work Group coordinates and shares information on GIs projects related to the Superfund and Oil Programs within the OERR and works with EPA Regional offices on GIs-related issues (SF/remedy-04). Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA): The OECA works in partnership with EPA regional offices, and state, tribal, and other federal agencies to ensure compliance with the nation's environmental laws. By employing an integrated approach of compliance assistance, compliance incentives, and innovative civil and criminal enforcement, OECA and its partners seek to maximize compliance and reduce threats to public health and the environment (SF/remedy-04). Office of General Council (OGC): This EPA office provides legal advice and service to all organizational elements of EPA, including the Office of Pesticide Programs (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Office of Ombusdsman: An ombusdsman is a public official to investigate citizen's complaints against local or national government agencies that may be infringing on the rights of individuals. EPA's Office of Ombusdsman was established to receive individual complaints, grievances, request for information submitted by any person with respect to any program or requirement under the RCRA (RCRA2008). Office paper: High grade papers such as copier paper, computer printout, and stationary almost entirely made of uncoated chemical pulp, although some ground wood is used. Such waste is also generated in homes, schools, and elsewhere (EPA-97/12). Office paper: The note pads, loose-leaf fillers, tablets, and other papers commonly used in offices, but not defined elsewhere. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Off-kg (off-lb or off-pound): The mass of metal or metal alloy removed from a forming operation at the end of a process cycle for transfer to a different machine or process (40CFR471.02-91, see also 40CFR467.02; 468.02-91). Off-peak energy: Energy supplied during periods of relatively low system demands as specified by the supplier. See electric energy for more related terms (EPA-83). Off-pound: See off-kg. Off-road motorcycle: Any motorcycle that is not a street motorcycle or competition motorcycle (40CFR205.151-91). Off-scene support: Assistance (via telephone, radio, or computer) from technical persons, agencies, shippers, responders, etc. not at the accident site (EPA-85/11).
Offset printing paper: An uncoated or coated paper designed for offset lithography. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.491). Offset: A concept whereby emissions from proposed new or modified stationary sources are balanced by reductions from existing sources to stabilize total emissions. See bubble, emissions trading, netting (EPA-97/12). Offset: A method used in the 1990 Clean Air Act to give companies which own or operate large (major) sources in nonattainment areas flexibility in meeting overall pollution reduction requirements when changing production processes. If the owner or operator of the source wishes to increase release of a criteria air pollutant, an offset (reduction of a somewhat greater amount of the same pollutant) must be obtained either at the same plant or by purchasing offsets from another company (CMair04). Offset: An imperfection resulting from mold parts not properly matched, that is, a finish or base offset from body or neck (EPA83). Offset: Paper made especially for lithographic printing process. Also refers to the transfer of wet ink to succeeding sheets in printing. Offset: With respect to printing and publishing operations, use of a blanket cylinder to transfer ink from the plate cylinder to the surface to be printed (40CFR52.741-91). Offshore facility: Any facility of any kind located in, on, or under any of the navigable waters of the United States, and any facility of any kind that is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and is located in, on, or under any other waters, other than a vessel or a public vessel (40CFR110.1-91, see also CWA311; OPA1001; SF101; 40CFR112.2; 116.3; 300.5; 302.3-91). Offshore facility: Any facility of any kind located in, on, or under any of the navigable waters of the United States, which is not a transportation-related facility. See facility for more related terms (40CFR112.2-9, see also CWA311; SFIO1; 40CFR110.1; 116.3; 300.5; 302.3-91). Offshore facility: As defined by CERCLA 4 lOl(17): "any facility of any kind located in, on, or under any of the navigable waters of the United States, and any facility of any kind which is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and is located in, on, or under any other waters, other than a vessel or a public vessel" (SFtEnv04). Offshore platform gas turbines: Any stationary gas turbine located on a platform in an ocean (40CFR60.33 1-91). Offshore: Beyond the line of ordinary low water along that portion of the coast of the United States that is in direct contact
with the open seas and beyond the line marking the seaward limit of inland waters (40CFR192.3-91, see akro 40CFR195.2-91).
Oil fingerprinting: A method that identifies sources of oil and allows spills to be traced to their source (EPA-97/12).
Off-site facility: A hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal area that is located away from the generating site (EPA97112).
Oil hole or pressurized coolant drilling: Using a drill with one or more continuous holes through its body and shank to permit the passage of a high pressure cutting fluid which emerges at the drill point and ejects chips. See drilling for more related terms (EPA83106a).
Off-site: Any site which is not on-site (cf. on-site) (40CFR270.291).
Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990: See Act or OPA. Off-specification used oil: Used oil that is tested and does not meet given parameters for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, flash point, lead, and total halogens (RCRAhazardous-04).
Oil pollution fund: The fund established by section 31 l(k) of the CWA (cf. fund) (40CFR300.5-91).
Off-stream use: Water withdrawn from surface or groundwater sources for use at another place (EPA-97/12).
Oil pollution: The pollution caused by the discharge of oily materials. See pollution for more related terms.
Ohm: The unit of electrical resistance (and of impedance) in the international system of units. One ohm is the resistance of a circuit in which a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere (EPA-74103d).
Oil recovery system: The equipment used to reclaim oil from wastewater (EPA-74/04).
Oil and gas waste: Gas and oil drilling muds, oil production brines, and other waste associated with exploration for development and production of crude oil or natural gas (EPA97/12). Oil and grease: The total recoverable oil and grease as measured by the procedure listed in 40CFR136 (40CFR410.11-91). Oil and hazardous materials technical assistance data system (OHMTADS): A computerized database containing chemical, biological, and toxicological infomation about hazardous substances. OSCs use OHMTADS to identify unknown chemicals and to learn how to best handle known chemicals (NRT-87/03). Oil base ink (paint): An ink (paint) that uses oils or resins as the prime vehicle ingredient. See ink for more related terms (EPA75/07). Oil burner: A burner which is used to bum oil. See burner for more related terms (AP-40). Oil cooker: An open-topped vessel containing a heat source and typically maintained at 68 C for the purpose of driving off excess water from waste oils (EPA-83106a). Oil desulfurization: Widely used precombustion method for reducing sulfur dioxide emissions from oil-burning power plants. The oil is treated with hydrogen, which removes some of the sulfur by forming hydrogen sulfide gas (EPA-97/12). Oil filled capacitor: A capacitor whose conductor and insulating elements are immersed in an insulating fluid that is usually but not necessarily, oil (EPA-83/03).
Oil reservoir: An underground pool of liquid consisting of hydrocarbons, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen trapped within a geological formation and protected from evaporation by the overlying mineral strata (CAA/C02gas1-04). Oil shale: The rock or kerogen that contains carbon or hydrocarbons from which oil can be extracted. Oil spill: An accidental or intentional discharge of oil which reaches bodies of water. Can be controlled by chemical dispersion, combustion, mechanical containment, andlor adsorption. Spills from tanks and pipelines can also occur away from water bodies, contaminating the soil, getting into sewer systems and threatening undergroundwater sources (EPA-97/12). Oil water separator: A waste management unit, generally a tank or surface impoundment, used to separate oil from water. An oilwater separator consists of not only the separation unit but also the forebay and other separator basins, skimmers, weirs, grit chambers, sludge hoppers, and bar screens that are located directly after the individual drain system and prior to additional treatment units such as an air flotation unit, clarifier, or biological treatment unit. Examples of an oil-water separator include an API separator, parallel-plate interceptor, and cormgated-plate interceptor with the associated ancillary equipment. See separator for more related terms (40CFR61.341). OiVwater separator (OWS): Engineered units that skim oil from water (NavyIEnv-04). Oil: Oil of any kind or in any form, including, but not limited to, petroleum, fuel oil, sludge, oil refuse, and oil mixed with wastes other than dredged spoil (40CFR109.2-91, see also CWA311; OPA1001; 40CFR60.41b; 60.41~; 110.1; 112.2; 113.3; 300.5; 426.81; 426.11 1; 426.121-91).
Oil: For more related terms, see (1) Core oil; (2) Crude oil; (3) Crude tall oil; (4) Distillate oil; (5) Drying oil; (6) Essential oil; (7) Fatty oil; (8) Heating oil; (9) Lubricating oil; (10) Neat oil; (11) Quenching oil; (12) Re-refined oil; (13) Recycled oil; (14) Residual oil; (15) Slop oil; (16) Tall oil; (17) Used oil; and (18) Very low sulfur oil. Oilless bearing: A type of porous metal bearings in which oil is stored in the porosity of the bearing. It normally does not require additional lubricant oil in regular bearing operation. Oily preservative: Pentachlorophenol-petroleum solutions and creosote in the various forms in which it is used (EPA-74/04). Oily wastewater: The wastewater generated during the refinery process which contains oil, emulsified oil, or other hydrocarbons. Oily wastewater originates from a variety of refinery processes including cooling water, condensed stripping steam, tank draw-off, and contact process water. See wastewater for more related terms (40CFR60.691-91). Old chemical registration review: The review of an application for registration of a new product containing active ingredients and uses which are substantially similar or identical to those currently registered or for which an application is pending Agency decision (4OCFRl52.403-91). Old scrap: See post consumer waste.
Oliguria: Deficiency in the formation and excretion of urine (LBL-76107-bio). Ombudsman: An appointee within each of EPA's ten regions who serves as a direct point of contact for the public on Superfund issues. The ten Superfund Regional Ombudsmen: (1) Serve as facilitators to help resolve stakeholder concerns; (2) Actively promote the concepts of alternative dispute resolution and facilitation to all Superfund stakeholders; and (3) Provide Superfund stakeholders ready access to information so they may fully participate in the entire Superfund process (SFIreform-04). Omnibus authority: An authority, under Section 3005(c) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) as amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA), for EPA to establish permit conditions for hazardous waste facilities beyond the scope of existing regulations. It states, "each permit shall contain such items and conditions as the Administrator or state determines necessary to protect human health and the environment." This language has been added verbatim to EPA's hazardous waste regulations at 40CFR270.32(b)(2) by the Codification Rule published at 50 FR 28701-28755 on July 15, 1985. It is also listed as a selfimplementing HSWA provision at 40CFR271.16) in 51 FR 22712-23 (September 22,1986) (EPA-90104). Omnibus budget reconciliation act (OBRA): A federal law, passed in 1993, which caps federal discretionary spending through 1998 (OMBIReg-04).
Olefiant gas: See ethylene. Olefin (C,H2,,): Unsaturated straight-chain hydrocarbon compounds seldom present in crude oil, but frequently in cracking processes (EPA-74104b). Olefinic hydrocarbons: A specific subgroup of aliphatic hydrocarbons sharing the common characteristic of at least one unsaturated carbon-to-carbon atomic bond in the hydrocarbon molecule, and with straight or branched chain structure (EPA86/12).
Omnibus provision: The authority which allows EPA to add conditions to a TSDF permit that are not specifically addressed by the RCRA regulations (RCRAhazardous-04). Omnivore: Animals or organisms that eat both meat or vegetables for living. On the weight of the fiber ( O m : In the textile industry, a basis for calculating the polluting characteristics of different operations and different fibers (DOI-70104).
Oleic acid (CI7HJ3COOH):A mono-saturated fatty acid. It is a common component of almost all naturally occurring fats as well as tall oil. Most commercial oleic acid is derived from animal tallow or natural vegetable oils (EPA-82/05).
Onboard controls: Devices placed on vehicles to capture gasoline vapor during refueling and route it to the engines when the vehicle is starting so that it can be efficiently burned (EPA97/12).
Oleum: A solution of SO3in sulfuric acid (EPA-74104~).
Once through cooling water: The water passed through the main cooling condensers in one or two passes for the purpose of removing waste heat. See cooling water for more related terms (40CFR423.11-91, see also 40CFR419.11-91).
Oligotrophic lake: Deep clear lakes with few nutrients, little organic matter, and a high dissolved-oxygen level. Oligotrophic water: The water with a small supply of nutrients; thus, they support little organic production. See water for more related terms (LBL-76107-water).
Oncogene: A gene that can cause cancer. Oncogenic: A substance that causes tumors, whether benign or malignant (EPA-89/12).
Oncology: (1) The branch of medicine dealing with tumors. (2) The study of cancer (Course 165.6).
Onionskin paper: A thin paper, somewhat transparent used when small bulk is desired. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83).
Onconogenicity: The capacity to induce cancer (EPA-97/12).
On-peak energy: Energy supplied during periods of relatively high system demands as specified by the supplier. See electric energy for more related terms (EPA-83).
One (1)-year, 24-hour precipitation event: The maximum 24hour precipitation event with a probably recurrence interval or once in one year as defined by the National Weather Service and Technical Paper No. 40, Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the U.S., May 1961, or equivalent regional or rainfall probability information developed therefrom (40CFR434.11-91). One-year, 2-year, and 10-year, 24-hour precipitation events: The maximum 24-hour precipitation event with a probable recurrence interval of once in one, two, and ten years respectively as defined by the National Weather Service and Technical Paper No. 40, Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the U.S., May 1961, or equivalent regional or rainfall probability information developed therefrom (40CFR434.11-91). One hit model: A dose-response mode of the form: P(d) = a exp(-b d); where P(d) is the probability of cancer from a continuous dose rate d, and b is a constant. The one-hit model is based on the concept that a tumor can be induced after a single susceptible target or receptor has been exposed to a single effective dose unit of a substance (EPA-92/12). One hour period: Any 60-minute period commencing on the hour (40CFR60.2-91). One hundred year (100-year) flood: As used in paragraph (b)(l) of this section, means a flood that has a one percent chance of being equalled or exceeded in any given year (40CFR264.18-91)
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC): The federal official predesignated by the EPA or USCG to coordinate and direct federal responses under the National Contingency Plan; or the DOD official designated to coordinate and direct the removal actions from releases of hazardous substances from DOD vessels and facilities (40CFR300.5) (SFIEnv-04). On-Scene Coordinator (OSC): The federal official responsible for the coordination of a hazardous materials response action, as specified in individual Regional Contingency Plans. OSCs are predesignated by EPA for inland areas and by the U.S. Coast Guard for coastal areas. The OSC coordinates all federal containment, removal, and disposal efforts and resources during a pollution incident. The OSC is the point of contact for the coordiiation of federal efforts with those of the local response community. The OSC has access to extensive federal resources, including the National Strike Force, the Environmental Response Team, and Scientific Support Coordinators. The OSC can be a source of valuable support and information to the community (FFDCNpesticide-04). On-Scene Coordinator (OSC): The predesignated EPA, Coast Guard, or Department of Defense official who coordinates and directs S u p d n d removal actions or Clean Water Act oil- or hazardous-spill response actions (EPA-97/12).
One hundred year (100-year) floodplain: As used in paragraph (b)(l) of this section, means any land area which is subject to a one percent or greater chance of flooding in any given year from any source (40CFR264.18-91).
On-shore facility: Any facility of any kind located in, on, or under any land within the United States, other than submerged lands, which is not a transportation-related facility. See facility for more related terms (40CFR112.2-9, see also CWA311; SFIO1; 40CFRI 10.1; 116.3; 300.5; 302.3-91).
One year warranty period: The one year period following final acceptance of all work performed at a residence during which the contractor must warrant his work to the homeowner (NCAInoise 04).
On-shore facility: As defined by CERCLA §101(18): "any facility (including, but not limited to, motor vehicles and rolling stock) of any kind located in, on, or under, any land or nonnavigable waters within the United States" (SFJEnv-04).
One-hit model: A mathematical model based on the biological theory that a single "hit" of some minimum critical amount of a carcinogen at a cellular target such as DNA can start an irreversible series of events leading to a tumor (EPA-97/12).
On-shore oil storage facility: Any facility (excluding motor vehicles and rolling stock) of any kind located in, on, or under, any land within the United States, other than submerged land (40CFRI 13.3-91).
Ongronnd tank: A device meeting the definition of tank in 40CFR260.10 and that is situated in such a way that the bottom of the tank is on the same level as the adjacent surrounding surface so that the external tank bottom cannot be visually inspected. See tank for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91).
On-shore: All facilities except those that are located in the territorial seas or on the outer continental shelf (40CFR60.631-91, see also 40CFR60.641; 435.51; 435.61-91). On-site coating mix preparation equipment: Those pieces of coating mix preparation equipment located at the same plant as the coating operation they serve (40CFR60.74 1-91).
On-site disposal: The utilization of methods or processes to eliminate or reduce the volume or weight of solid waste on the property of the waste generator (SW-108ts). On-site facility: A hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal area that is located on the generating site (EPA-97/12). On-site incinerator: An incinerator that bums solid waste on the property utilized by the generator thereof. See incinerator for more related terms (SW-108ts). On-site system: A self-contained system which provides both treatment and disposal of wastewater on an individual lot (EPA80108). On-site: (1) Within the boundaries of a contiguous property unit (40CFR761.3-91, see also 40CFR260.10; 270.2; 300.5; 761.3-91). (2) Presence within the boundaries of the work-site. On-site: According to the NCP, the aerial extent of contamination and all suitable areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for implementation of the response action (NavyEnv04). On-specification used oil: Used oil that meets all the given parameters for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, flash point, lead, and total halogens (RCRAlhazardous-04). Opacity rating: A measurement of the opacity of emissions, defined as the apparent obscuration of an observer's vision to a degree equal to the apparent obscuration of smoke of a given rating on the Ringelmann Chart (LBL-76107-air). Opacity rating: The apparent obscuration of an observer's vision that equals the apparent obscuration of smoke of a given rating on the Ringelmann Chart (SW-lO8ts). Opacity: The amount of light obscured by particulate pollution in the air; clear window glass has a zero opacity, a brick wall has 100% opacity. It is a measure of the degree to which the stack gas plume blocks light. Opacity is primarily caused by unburned ash or unburned carbon (soot) in the flue gas. High opacities can indicate poor mixing, low level of combustion air, high level of HCI emissions or poor burner operation in the secondary chamber. If a large amount of water vapor is present in the combustion gas, the water can condense when it cools as it leaves the stock forming a dense white steam plume. This is not an indicator of poor combustion and should not be confused with a black or white smoke caused by soot or acid gases. Opacity can be measured by a transmissometer (EPA-89103b). See also combustion indicator or shop opacity.
opaque. Opacity is an indicator of changes in performance of particulate control systems (EPA-97/12).
Opacity: The fraction of incident light that is attenuated by an optical medium. Opacity (Op) and transmittance (Tr) are related by: Op = 1 - Tr (40CFR60-App/B-91, see also 40CFR60.2; 60App/A(alt. method 1); 61.171; 61.181; 86.082.2-91). Opal glass: Any translucent glass. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Opaque ink: Ink that does not allow the light to pass through it and has good hiding power. It does not permit the paper or previous printing to show through. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Opaque stain: All stains that are not semi-transparent stains (40CFR52.741-91). OPCumRisk: A computer program developed at ORD's NHEERL to determine relative potency estimates and PODSfor the index chemical (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Open air: See ambient air. Open arc furnace: A furnace that heat is generated in an open arc furnace by the passage of an electric arc, either between two electrodes or between one or more electrodes and the charge. The arc furnace consists of a furnace chamber and two or more electrodes. The furnace chamber has a lining which can withstand the operating temperatures and which is suitable for the material to be heated. The lining is contained within a steel shell which, in most cases, can be tilted or moved. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-74102a). Open burning: The combustion of solid waste without: (1) Control of combustion air to maintain adequate temperature for efficient combustion; (2) Containment of the combustion reaction in an enclosed device to provide sufficient residence time and mixing for complete combustion; and (3) Control of the emission of the combustion products (40CFR257.3.7-91, see also 40CFR165.1; 240.101; 241.101; 260.10-91). Open burning: Uncontrolled buming of wastes in an open space (EPA-83). Open burning: Uncontrolled fires in an open dump (EPA-97/12). Open caustic system: A tank or tub cleaning system that does not reuse any part of a secondary water rinse following caustic washing. See caustic system for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Open chain: See chain.
Opacity: The amount of light obscured by particulate pollution in the air; clear window glass has zero opacity, a brick wall is 100%
Open channel flow: A flow in an open channel whose liquid surface that is subject to atmospheric pressure must exist. See flow for more related terms (M&EI-72). Open circuit apparatus: An apparatus of the following types from which exhalation is vented to the atmosphere and not rebreathed (NIOSH-84/10). Open circuit voltage: Also known as no-load voltage. It is the voltage that exists when no external load is applied. Open combustion: Those basic oxygen furnace steelmaking wet air cleaning systems which are designed to allow excess air enter the air pollution control system for the purpose of combusting the carbon monoxide in furnace gases. See combustion for more related terms (40CFR420.41-91). Open cut mine: Any form of recovery of ore from the earth except by a dredge (40CFR440.141-9 1). Open dump: An uncovered site used for disposal of waste without environmental controls. See dump (EPA-97/12). Open dump: An uncovered site used for disposal of waste without environmental controls. See dump (Navy~Env-04). Open dump: See dump. Open dump: Solid waste disposal facilities that fail to comply with the Subtitle D criteria (RCRAhazardous-04).
Open hearth furnace: A furnace used for making steel. It has a large flat saucer shaped hearth to hold the melted steel. Flames play over top of the steel and melt is primarily by radiation. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-74/06a). Open pile method: Open-air composting, either anaerobic or aerobic, accomplished by placing compostable material in windrows, piles, ventilated bins, or pits and turning it occasionally. Also called windrow method (EPA-83). Open pit incinerator: A burning device that has an open top and a system of closely spaced nozzles that place a stream of high velocity air over the burning zone. See incinerator for more related terms (SW-108ts). Open pit mining (or open cut mining): A form of operation designed to extract minerals that lie near the surface. Waste, or overburden is first removed, and the mineral is broken and loaded. Important chiefly in the mining of ores of iron and copper (EPA82/05). Open pot: A pot open to the flames and gases of combustion (EPA-83). Open site: An area that is essentially free of large soundreflecting objects, such as barriers, walls, board fences, signboards, parked vehicles, bridges, or buildings (40CFR202.10-91).
Open dumping: See dump.
Open system: A thermodynamic system that admits the transfer of mass across its boundaries. See thermodynamic system for more related terms.
Open end pillaring: A method of mining pillars in which no stump is left; the pockets driven are open on the gob side and the roof is supported by timber (CWAImining-04).
Open top vapor depressing: The batch process of cleaning and removing soils from surfaces by condensing hot solvent vapor on the colder metal parts (40CFR52.741-91).
Open ended valve: Any valve, except pressure relief devices, having one side of the valve in contact with process fluid and one side open to the atmosphere, either directly or through open piping (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.481; 61.241; 264.1031-91).
Operable unit: A discrete area consisting of a single to many potential release sites, grouped together for purposes of assessment and cleanup. The primary criteria for placement of release sites into an operable unit include geographic proximity, similarity of waste characteristics and site type, and the possibility for economies of scale (OMBIReg-04).
Open formation: The formation of lead battery plates done with the plates in open tanks of sulfuric acid. Following formation plates are placed in the battery cases (EPA-84/08). Open furnace: An electric submerged-arc furnace with the surface of the charge exposed to the atmosphere, whereby the reaction gases are burned by the inrushing air. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-75/02). Open hearth furnace steelmaking: The production of steel from molten iron, steel scrap, fluxes, and various combinations thereof, in refractory lined fuel-fired furnaces equipped with regenerative chambers to recover heat from the flue and combustion gases. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR420.41-91).
Operable unit: A discrete part of the entire response action that decreases a release, threat of release, or pathway of exposure (40CFR300.5) (SFtEnv-04). Operable unit: A response action taken as one part of an overall site response. A number of operable units may occur in the course of a site response (40CFR35.4010-91, see also 40CFR300.5-91). Operable unit: Defined in 40CFR300.6 as a discrete part of an entire response that decreases a release, threat of release, or pathway of exposure (DOE-91/04).
Operable unit: Term for each of a number of separate activities undertaken as part of a Superfund site cleanup. A typical operable unit would be removal of drums and tanks from the surface of a site (EPA-97/12). Operable: For a nuclear facility, a situation wherein a reactor and helltarget cycle facilities are being operated or have the potential for being operated. A reactor and fuelltarget cycle facility that cannot be operated on a day-to-day basis because of refueling, extensive modifications, or technical problems is still considered operable (DOE-91/04). Operant, operant behavior, operant conditioning: (1) An operant: A class of behavioral responses which change or operates on the environment in the same way. (2) An operant behavior: Further distinguished as behavior which is modified by its consequences. (3) An operant conditioning: The experimental procedure used to modify some class of behavior by reinforcement or punishment (40CFR798.6500-91). Operating conditions: Conditions specified in a RCRA permit that dictate how an incinerator must operate as it bums different waste types. A trial bum is used to identify operating conditions needed to meet specified performance standards (EPA-97/12). Operating day: For the purposes of these standards, any calendar day during which equipment used in the manufacture of polymer was operating for at least eight hours or one labor shift, whichever is shorter. Only operating days shall be used in determining compliance with the standards specified in 40CFR60562l(c)(l)(ii)(B), (l)(ii)(C), (2)(ii)(B), and (2)(ii)(C). Any calendar day in which equipment is used for less than eight hours or one labor shift, whichever is less, is not an "operating day" and shall not be used as part of the rolling 14-day period for determining compliance with the standards specified in 40CFR60.562l(c)(l)(ii)(B), (l)(ii)(C), (2)(ii)(B), and (2)(ii)(C) (40CFR60.56191). Operating line: A term used to describe operating conditions within an absorber. It generally appears on an equilibrium diagram as a straight line for dilute solutions. The slope of this line is given by the ratio of the liquid to gas molar flow rates (EPA-84/09). Operating requirements: Parameters established by a facility and written into a permit that will ensure a combustion unit meets numerical performance standards (RCRA/hazardous-04). Operating unit: Under Superfund, it is the area for which EPA is considering a specific set of cleanup options. Each operating unit goes through its own feasibility study and proposed plan process (SFIremedy-04). Operation and Maintenance (O&M): Activities that protect the integrity of the selected remedy for a site. O&M measures are initiated by a state after the remedy has achieved the Remedial Action (RA) objectives and remediation goals outlined in the
Record of Decision (ROD), and is determined to be operational and functional (O&F) based on state and federal agreement (SFIremedy-04).
Operation and maintenance (O&M): O&M activities protect the integrity of a Superhnd site's cleanup plan. O&M measures are initiated by a state after cleanup objectives have been reached, and the site is determined to be O&F based on state and federal agreement (SFIremedy-04). Operation and maintenance cost: In wastewater treatment, the cost of running the wastewater treatment equipment. This includes labor costs, material and supply costs, and energy and power costs (EPA-83106a). Operation and maintenance: (1) Activities conducted after a Superfund site action is completed to ensure that the action is effective. (2) Actions taken after construction to ensure that facilities constructed to treat wastewater will be properly operated and maintained to achieve normative efficiency levels and prescribed effluent limitations in an optimum manner. (3) Ongoing asbestos management plan in a school or other public building, including regular inspections, various methods of maintaining asbestos in place, and removal when necessary (EPA97/12). Operation and maintenance: The activities required to assure the dependable and economical function of treatment works: (1) Maintenance: Preservation of functional integrity and efficiency of equipment and structures. This includes preventive maintenance, corrective maintenance, and replacement of equipment (see 40CFR35.2005@)(36)) as needed. (2) Operation: Control of the unit processes and equipment which make up the treatment works. This includes financial and personnel management, records, laboratory control, process control, and safety and emergency operation planning (40CFR35.2005-30-91). Operation and maintenance: The operation and maintenance phase of the CERCLA response process. Operation and maintenance may include activities such as groundwater pump and treat, and cap maintenance. EPA conducts review of operation and maintenance activities to ensure that the remedy selected is still protective of human health and the environment (RCRA/hazardous-04). Operation: An aircraft arrival at or departure from an airport (NCNnoise-04). Operation: Any step in the electroplating process in which a metal is electrodeposited on a basis material and which is followed by a rinse; this includes the related operations of alkaline cleaning, acid pickle, stripping, and coloring when each operation is followed by a rinse (40CFR413.11-91, see also 40CFR4 13.21; 413.41; 413.51; 413.61; 413.71; 413.81-91).
Operation: That an impoundment is being used for the continued placement of new tailings or is in standby status for such placement. An impoundment is in operation from the day that tailings are first placed in the impoundment until the day that final closure begins (40CFR61.251-91).
Opportunistic species: (1) Organisms able to exploit temporary habitats or conditions. (2) A species that has a life history characterized by short life span, short development time to maturity, high death rate, and many reproductive cycles per year (Navy/Env-04).
Operational life: Refers to the period beginning when installation of the tank system has commenced until the time the tank system is properly closed under subpart G (40CFR280.12-91).
Opportunity cost: The cost of foregoing alternative uses of a resource. See cost for more related terms (OTA-89/10).
Operational mode: (1) Disconnect mode: A condition of disconnection of the power plant from a utility grid following a clearing of the interrupt mode. (2) Interrupt mode: A condition of momentary interruption of the current flow from the power plant to a utility grid. Operational readiness review: A structured method for determining that a project, process, or facility is ready to operate or occupy. It includes, as a minimum, a review of the readiness of the plant and hardware, personnel, and procedures. The review includes a determination of compliance with applicable environmental, health, and safety requirements (DOE-91/04). Operational test period: A period of time (168 hours) during which the CEMS is expected to operate within the established performance specifications without any unscheduled maintenance, repair, or adjustment (40CFR60-AppIB-91). Operator certification: Certification of operators of community and nontransient noncommunity water systems, asbestos specialists, pesticide applicators, hazardous waste transporter, and other such specialists as required by the EPA or a state agency implementing an EPA-approved environmental regulatory program (EPA-97/12). Operatorlowner: For the purpose of the 2003 Construction General Permit and in the context of stormwater associated with construction activity, any party associated with a construction project that meets either of the following two criteria: (1) The party has operational control over construction plans and specifications, including the ability to make modifications to those plans and specifications. (2) The party has day-to-day operational control of those activities at a project which are necessary to ensure compliance with a SWPPP for the site or other permit conditions (e.g., authorized to direct workers at a site to cany out activities required by the SWPPP or comply with other permit conditions) (Source: Appendix A of the 2003 Construction General Permit [PDF Format]) (CWAIwastewater-04). Operon: A group of linked genes controlled as a single unit (EPA-88109a). Ophthalmic glass: A glass used in spectacles, generally having specified optical and physical properties and quality. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83).
Opportunity fuel: Fuels that are capable of being used in fuel cell operation. The fuel includes digester gas, landfill gas, industrial off-gases, coal gas, and coal mine methane gas. Optic: An optical instrument with a lens or prism having variations in wall thickness, producing refractive effects (EPA-83). Optical counter: Optical particle counters work on the principle of light scattering. Each particle in a continuously flowing sample stream is passed through a small illuminated viewing chamber. Light scattered by the particle is sensed by the photo-detector during the time the particle is in the viewing chamber. The intensity of the scattered light is a function of particle size, shape, and index of refraction. Optical counters will give reliable particle size information if only one particle is in the viewing chamber at a single time. The simultaneous presence of more than one particle can be interpreted by the photo-detector as a large sized particle. This error can be avoided by maintaining sample dilution less than 300 particles per cubic centimeter. See particle size measurement device for more related terms (Course 413, p4-4). Optical particle counters have not been widely used for particle sizing because they cannot be directly applied to the stack exhaust gas stream. The sample must be extracted, cooled, and diluted before entering the counter. This procedure must be done with extreme care to avoid introducing serious errors in the sample. The major advantage of the counter is its capability of o b s e ~ n gemission (particle) fluctuations on an instantaneous level. One can size particle as small as 0.3 p with the optical counter. A disadvantage of the optical counter is the dependence of calibration instrument upon the index of refraction and shape of the particle. Errors in counting can also occur fkom the presence of high concentrations of very small particles which are sensitive to the light wavelength used. Optical crown glass: An optical glass with a low dispersion and low index of refraction, usually forming the converging element of an optical system. Any optical glass possessing a Nu-value of at least 55.0; or any optical glass with a Nu-value between 50.0 and 55.0 having a refractive index greater than 1.60. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Optical density: A logarithmic measure of the amount of incident light attenuated. Optical density (D) is related to the transmittance (Tr) and opacity (Op) as follows: D = -log(lO) Tr = -log(lO)(l Op) (40CFR60-App/B-91).
Optical flint glass: An optical glass with a high dispersion and high index of refi-action, usually forming the diverging elements of an optical system. Any optical glass possessing a Nu-value less than 50.0; or any optical glass with a Nu-value between 50.0 and 55.0 having a refractive index less than 1.60. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Optical glass numerical designation: Based on the index of refraction for sodium line (nd) and the Nu-value (v) the unity factor for the index is dropped (that is, 1.496 becomes 496), and the decimal point for the Nu-value is also dropped (Nu=61.1 becomes 644). The glass is specified 4961644 (EPA-83). Optical pyrometer: A temperature measuring instrument that matches the intensity of radiation at a single wavelength from a tungsten filament with the intensity of the radiation at the same wavelength emitted by a heat source. See temperature for more related terms (SW-108ts). Optical sorting: The use of photo cells to individually measure the reflectance of passing particles (EPA-83). Optical spectrometer: An instrument with an entrance slit, a dispersing device, and with one or more exit slits, with which measurements are made at selected wavelengths within the spectral range, or by scanning over the range. The quantity detected is a function of radiant power (LBL-76107-bio).
Orange oxide (U03): Uranium trioxide, an intermediate product in the uranium metal production process (AEAIclosure-04). Order of magnitude: The power of 10. This term is often used to express the major differences of two values. Ordinary hazard content: Ordinary hazard contents shall be classified as those which are liable to bum with moderate rapidity and to give off a considerable volume of smoke but from which neither poisonous fumes nor explosions are to be feared in case of fire. See hazard for more related terms (40CFR1910.35-91). Ordnance: Military weapons of all kinds, including associated equipment and ammunition (OMBIReg-04). Ore dressing: See mineral processing. Ore reserve: The term usually restricted to ore which the grade and tonnage have been established with reasonable assurance by drilling and other means (EPA-82/05). Ore: A mineral of sufficient value as to quality and quantity which may be mined with profit (EPA-82/05, see also 40CFR440.141-91). Ore: Ore-related terms include (1)Oxidized ore and (2) Unrefined and unprocessed ore.
Optimal corrosion control treatment: An erosion control treatment that minimizes the lead and copper concentrations at users' taps while also ensuring that the treatment does not cause the water system to violate any national primary drinking water regulations (EPA-97/12).
Organelle: A specific particle of organized living substance in most cells (LBL-76107-bio).
Optimum concentration range: A range, defined by limits expressed in concentration, below which scale expansion must be used and above which curve correction should be considered. This range will vary with the sensitivity of the instrument and the operating conditions employed (Course 165.6).
Organic acid: A product of biochemical activity containing the carboxyl radical (COOH) in its structure which readily reacts with other compounds (EPA-83). Examples include butyric acid (CH3(CH2)2COOH)and benzoic acid (C6H5COOH)(cf. inorganic acid).
Optimum sustainable population: With respect to any population stock, the number of animals which will result in the maximum productivity of the population or the species, keeping in mind the carrying capacity of the habitat and the health of the ecosystem of which they form a constituent element (MMPA316U.S.C.1362-90).
Organic active ingredients: The carbon-containing active ingredients used in pesticides, excluding metalloorganic active ingredients (40CFR455.21-91).
Optimum yield: The best use of groundwater that can be made under the circumstances; a use dependent not only upon hydrologic factors but also legal, social, and economic factors (Course 165.7). Oral toxicity: Ability of a pesticide to cause injury when ingested (EPA-97/12).
Organ: Any human organ exclusive of the dermis, the epidermis, or the wmea (cf. critical organ) (40CFR190.02-91).
Organic analyzer: That portion of the system that senses organic concentration and generates an output proportional to the organic concentration (40CFR60-App/A(method 25A)-91). Organic brain damage: Structural impairment or change in the brain (LBL-76107-bio). Organic carbon partition coefficient (&a: The measure of the extent of partitioning of a substance, at equilibrium, between organic carbon in geologic materials and water. The higher the kc, the more likely a substance is to bind to geologic materials than to remain in water (mllg) (40CFR300-AppIA-91).
Organic chemical (organic compound, organic matter, or organic material): A chemical compound containing carbon. Some regulatory definitions include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, etc., as organic compounds, some definitions exclude them as organic compounds. See specific definitions under 40CFR52.741; 52.1 145; 796.2750-91). It can be grouped into: (1) Volatile organic chemical (VOC). (2) Semi-VOC. (3) Non-VOC. Organic chemicals/compounds: Animal or plant-produced substances containing mainly carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen (MWTNinfectious-04). Organic chemicals1compounds: Naturally occurring (animal or plant-produced or synthetic) substances containing mainly carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen (EPA-97/12). Organic chemistry: A branch of chemistry dealing with the study of composition, reaction, properties, etc., of organic compounds. Organic chlorine: The chlorine associated with all chlorine containing compounds that elute just before lindane to just after mirex during gas chromatographic analysis using a halogen detector (40CFR797.1520-91).
Organic loading: In the activated sludge process, the food to microorganisms (FIM) ratio defined as the amount of biodegradable material available to a given amount of microorganisms per unit of time. See loading for more related terms (EPA-10187a). Organic material (organic waste): Materials containing carbon. The organic fraction of MSW includes paper, wood, food scraps, plastics, and yard trimmings (RCRNmanagement-04). Organic material hydrocarbon equivalent: The sum of the carbon mass contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons, methanol, and formaldehyde as contained in a gas sample, expressed as gasoline fueled vehicle hydrocarbons. In the case of exhaust emissions, the hydrogen to carbon ratio of the equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:l. In the case of diurnal and hot soak emissions, the hydrogen to carbon ratios of the equivalent hydrocarbons are 2.33: 1 and 2.2: 1, respectively (40CFR86.090.291). Organic material: See organic chemical. Organic matter: Carbonaceous waste contained in plant or animal matter and originating from domestic or industrial sources (EPA-97/12).
Organic coating: Any coating used in a surface coating operation, including dilution solvents, from which volatile organic compound emissions occur during the application or the curing process. For the purpose of this regulation, powder coatings are not included in this definition (40CFR60.3 11-91, see also 40CFR60.451-91).
Organic matter: Plant and animal residues, or substances made by living organisms. All are based upon carbon compounds (CWNWscience-04).
Organic compound: See organic chemical.
Organic matter: See organic chemical.
Organic compounds: Molecules that typically contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen (SFIremedy-04).
Organic nitrogen: Nitrogen combined in an organic molecules such as protein, mines, and amino acids.
Organic contaminants: Carbon-based chemicals, such as solvents and pesticides, which can get into water through runoff from cropland or discharge from factories. EPA has set legal limits on 56 organic contaminants (SDWA/Reg-04).
Organic pesticide chemical: The sum of all organic active ingredients listed in 40CFR455.20(b) which are manufactured at a facility subject to this subpart (40CFR455.21-91). Organic pesticide: See pesticide.
Organic content: Synonymous with volatile solids, except for small traces of some inorganic materials such as calcium carbonate, that lose weight at temperatures used in determining volatile solids (SW-108ts). Organic detritus: Any loose organic material in streams such as leaves, bark, or twigs, removed and transported by mechanical means, such as disintegration or abrasion (CWAIWbasics-04). Organic detritus: The particulate remains of disintegrated plants and animals (LBL-76107-water). Organic heterocyclic compounds: Organic ring structures containing atom(s) other than carbon (e.g., N.O.S.) associated with the ring carbons (LBL-76107-water).
Organic pigment: General classification of pigments which are manufactured from coal tar and its derivatives. Compare with inorganic pigments, as a class, it is generally stronger and brighter, e.g., lithol rubine (EPA-79112a). Organic polymer process: The most thoroughly tested organic polymer solidification technique is the urea-formaldehyde system. The polymer is generally formed in a batch process where the wet or dry wastes are blended with a propolymer in a waste receptacle (steel drum) or a specially designed mixer. When these two components are thoroughly mixed, a catalyst is added and mixing is continued until the catalyst is thoroughly dispersed. Mixing is terminated before the polymer has formed, and the resin-waste mixture is transferred to a waste container if necessary. The
polymerized material does not chemically combine with the waste but, instead, forms a spongy mass that traps the solid particles. Any liquid associated with the waste will remain after polymerization. The polymerized mass must often be dried before disposal. See solidification and stabilization for more related terms.
Organic soil: Soil that contains more than 20% organic matter in the upper 16 inches (CWAlWbasics-04). Organic solvent based green tire spray: Any mold release agent and lubricant applied to the inside or outside of green tires that contains more than 12%, by weight, of VOC as sprayed (40CFR60.541-91). Organic solvent: The organic materials, including diluents and thinners, which are liquids at standard conditions and which are used as dissolvers, viscosity reducers, or cleaning agents. See solvent for more related terms (40CFR52.1088-91, see also 40CFR52.1107; 52.1 145; 52.2440-91). Organic vapor: The gaseous phase of an organic material or a mixture of organic materials present in the atmosphere (40CFR52.741-91). Organic waste: The waste material containing carbon. The organic fiaction of municipal solid waste includes paper, wood, food wastes, plastics, and yard wastes. See waste for more related terms (EPA-89/11). Organic waste: Waste material of animal or plant origin (CAA/C02gasl-04). Organic: (1) Referring to or derived from living organisms. (2) In chemistry, any compound containing carbon (EPA-97/12). Organic: Containing carbon, but possibly also containing hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, nitrogen, and other elements (CWAIWbasics-04). Organically grown: Food, feed crops, and livestock grown within an intentionally-diversified, self-sustaining agro-ecosystem. In practice, farmers build up nutrients in the soil using compost, agricultural wastes, and cover crops instead of synthetically derived fertilizers to increase productivity, rotate crops, weed mechanically, and reduce dramatically their dependence on the entire family of pesticides. Farmers must be certified to characterize crops as organically grown and can only use approved natural and synthetic biochemicals, agents, and materials for three consecutive years prior to harvest. Livestock must be fed a diet that includes grains and forages that have been organically grown and cannot receive hormones, sub-therapeutic antibiotics, or other growth promoters (FFDCNpesticide04). Organism: Any form of animal or plant life (EPA-97/12).
Organism: Any living being, whether plant, mammal, bird, insect, reptile, fish, crustacean, aquatic or estuarine animal, or bacterium (FFDCNpesticide-04). Organism: For more related term, see (1) Botulinus organism. (2) Critical aquatic organism. (3) Non-target organism. Organo-: A prefix indicating that a compound contains an organic group(s). Organochlorine compound: Synthetic organic compounds containing chlorine. As generally used, the term refers to compounds containing mostly or exclusively carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine. Examples include organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and some solvents containing chlorine (CWAIWbasics-04). Organochlorine insecticide: A class of organic insecticides containing a high percentage of chlorine. Includes dichlorodiphenylethanes (such as DDT), chlorinated cyclodienes (such as chlordane), and chlorinated benzenes (such as lindane). Most organochlorine insecticides were banned because of their carcinogenicity, tendency to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to wildlife (CWAIWquality-04). Organochlorine insecticide: A class of organic insecticides containing a high percentage of chlorine. Includes dichlorodiphenylethanes (such as DDT), chlorinated cyclodienes (such as chlordane), and chlorinated benzenes (such as lindane). Most organochlorine insecticides were banned from use in the United States because of their carcinogenicity, tendency to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to wildlife (CWAIWbasics-04). Organochlorine pesticide: See organochlorine insecticide (CWAlWbasics-04). Organochlorine pesticides: Those pesticides which contain carbon and chlorine such as aldrin, DDD, DDE, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, and heptachlor (40CFR797.1520-91). Organoleptic: Affecting or involving a sense organ as of taste, smell, or sight (EPA-92/12). Organometallic compound: Any compound that contains both metal and carbon elements. Zineb (C4H6N2S4Zn) is an organometallic compound which is one of fungicide substances. It contains both metal (zinc) and carbon. Lead arsenate (PbHAs04) is an inorganometallic compound which is one of insecticide substances. It contains only metal (As) and has no carbon element in the compound. Organonitrogen herbicides: A group of herbicides consisting of a nitrogen ring with associated functional groups and including such classes as triazines and acetanilides. Examples include atrazine, cyanazine, alachlor, and metolachlor (CWANbasics-04).
Organophosphate insecticides: A class of insecticides derived from phosphoric acid. They tend to have high acute toxicity to vertebrates. Although readily metabolized by vertebrates, some metabolic products are more toxic than the parent compound (CWAIWbasics-04). Organophosphates: A group of pesticide chemicals containing phosphorus, such as malathion and parathion, intended to control insects. These compounds are short-lived and, therefore, do not normally contaminate the environment. However, some organophosphates, such as parathion, are extremely toxic when initially applied and exposure to them can interfere with the normal processes of the nervous system, causing convulsions and eventually death. Malathion, on the other hand, is low in toxicity and relatively safe for humans and animals; it is a common ingredient in household insecticide products (EPA-74/11). Organophosphates: Pesticides that contain phosphorus; shortlived, but some can be toxic when first applied (EPA-97/12). Organophosphorus induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN): A neurological syndrome in which limb weakness and upper motor neuron spasticity are the predominant clinical signs and distal axonopathy of peripheral nerve and spinal cord are the correlative pathological signs. Clinical signs and pathology first appear between one and two weeks following exposure which normally inhibits greater than 80% of NTE (for 0-Ps that age) (40CFR798.6450-91). Organophosphorus insecticides: Insecticides derived from phosphoric acid and generally the most toxic of all pesticides to vertebrate animals (CWAIWbasics-04). Organophyllic: A substance that easily combines with organic compounds (EPA-97/12). Organotins: Chemical compounds used in anti-foulant paints to protect the hulls of boats and ships, buoys, and pilings from marine organisms such as barnacles (EPA-97/12). Orifice cap (hood): A device with an orifice that allows the adjustment of a gas flow by changing its needle position. Orifice meter: One of liquid flow rate meters. This instrument is used with gases and low viscosity fluids. Typical accuracies are +/- 1% full-scale, which is the accuracy of the differential pressure measuring device on a clean fluid. When used with dirty or viscous fluids, both accuracy and life of the instrument are sacrificed. An accuracy of +/- 5% may be more realistic in these cases. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-89/06). Orifice ring: That ring that forms the hole through which glass flows in the feeder process. See also bushing (EPA-83). Orifice type scrubber: One of air pollution control devices. The scrubber uses air velocity to promote liquid contact. The airflow
through a restricted passage (usually curved) partially filled with water causes the dispersion of the water. In turn,centrifugal forces, impingement, and turbulence cause wetting of the particles and their collection. Water quantities in motion are relatively high, but most of the water can be recirculated without pumps or spray nozzles. Recirculation rates are as high as 20 gpm per 1000 c f h gas handled. See scrubber for more related terms (AP-40).
Orifice: An opening of regulated size and edge characteristics designed to direct, shape or impart flow parameters to fluids; to impart a measurable pressure difference for determining flow rate (EPA-83). It is an opening such as a vent, or a hole through which a gas flow can pass. Original AHERA inspectionloriginal inspectionlinspection: Examination of school buildings arranged by Local Education Agencies to identify asbestos-containing-materials, evaluate their condition, and take samples of materials suspected to contain asbestos; performed by EPA-accredited inspectors (EPA-97/12). Original equipment manufacturer (OEM): The entity that originally manufactured the motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine prior to conditional importation (40CFR85.1502-91). For example, Ford is the OEM for its cars manufactured overseas. Original equipment part: A part present in or on a vehicle at the time the vehicle is sold to the ultimate purchaser, except for components installed by a dealer which are not manufactured by the vehicle manufacturer or are not installed at the direction of the vehicle manufacturer (40CFR85.2102-91). Original generation point: The location where regulated medical waste is generated. Waste may be taken from original generation points to a central collection point prior to off-site transport or onsite treatment (40CFR259.10-9 1). Original generation point: Where regulated medical or other material first becomes waste (EPA-97/12). Original production (OP) year: The calendar year in which the motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine was originally produced by the OEM (40CFR85.1502-91). Original production (OP) years old: The age of a vehicle as determined by subtracting the original production year of the vehicle from the calendar year of importation (40CFR85.1502-91). Orlon fiber: A trademark of Du Pont for acrylic fibers. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Ornamental: Trees, shrubs, and other plantings in and around habitations generally, but not necessarily located in urban and suburban areas, including residences, parks, streets, retail outlets, industrial, and institutional buildings (40CFR171.2-91).
Orographic: (1) The nature of a terrain with respect to differences in its elevation (NATO-78/10). (2) Pertaining to the physical geography of mountains or mountain ranges (DOE-91/04).
Oscillating grate: The grate surface oscillates to move the fuel and residue from feed end to discharge. See grate for more related terms (EPA-83).
Orographic: Pertaining to mountains, in regard to their location and distribution; said of the precipitation caused by the lifting of moisture-laden air over mountains (CWNWbasics-04).
OSHA 200 Log: An OSHA-required form for employers to record and classify occupational injuries and illnesses, and note the extent of each case (OSHAIergonomics-04).
ORP recorders: Oxidation-reduction potential recorders (EPA83106a).
OSHA: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration establishes standards to protect employees from workplace injuries and illnesses (TSCAIchemical-04). '
Orphan share: A share of waste at a site that cannot be collected because the PRP is either unidentifiable or insolvent (SFIEnv-04). Orphan share: The financial responsibility assigned to a PRP who is insolvent or defunct and unaffiliated with other viable liable PRPs. Orphan share compensation provides a major incentive for responsible parties to perform cleanups and settle claims quickly without litigation, and reduces transaction costs by wholly or partly resolving the question of who should bear the burden of orphan shares (SFIreform-04). Orsat (or orsat analyzer): An apparatus used to volumetrically analyze 02, CO, and C02 by passing the mixture gases through various solvents that absorb them (SW-10%). A gas sample, on a dry basis, is first contained in an orsat analyzer at a known temperature and pressure. A liquid which can absorb O2 is then brought into constant with the sample gas. Because the temperature and pressure are maintained constant, the volume of the gas decreases as O2 is absorbed. The reduced volume is recorded. Similarly, different liquids which can absorb C02 and CO selectively are sequentially brought into contact with the sample gas. For each test, the change in volume is recorded. Based on the property of a gas mixture, the change in volume is the measurement of volumetric hction of each gas species. Also based on the property of a gas mixture, the volumetric hction is equal to the mole hction of each gas species. The remaining gas in the apparatus is assumed to be nitrogen. Orthophosphate: An acid or salt containing phosphorus such as potassium orthophosphate K3(PO4). Orthotolidine residual: A measure of chlorine residual left in treated water after application of chlorine (EPA-75/10). Osborne separator: A device that utilizes a pulsed, rising column of air to separate small particles of glass, metal, and other dense items from compost. See separator for more related terms (SWI O8ts). Oscillating grate stoker: A stoker whose entire grate surface oscillates to move the solid waste and residue over the grate surface. See stoker for more related terms (SW- 108ts).
Osmium (0s): A hard transition metal with atomic number 76; atomic weight 190.2; density 22.6 glcc; melting point 3000 C and boiling point 5500 C. The element belongs to group VIII of the periodic table. Osmole: The standard unit for expressing osmotic pressure. One osmole is the osmotic pressure exerted by a one-molar solution of an ideal solute (LBL76107-water). Osmoregulation: The process of regulating fluids in and around living cells. Osmosis: The diffusion of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane into a more concentrated solution (EPA-76/03, see also EPA-89/12). Osmosis: The movement of water molecules through a thin membrane. The osmosis process occurs in our bodies and is also one method of desalinizing saline water (CWAIWscience-04). Osmosis: The passage of a liquid from a weak solution to a more concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane that allows passage of the solvent (water) but not the dissolved solids (EPA-97/12). Osmotic pressure: The equilibrium pressure differential across a semipermeable membrane which separates a solution of lower to one of higher concentration (EPA-8211 If). Osmotic shock treatment: The use of hypotonic buffers to lyse cells releasing cellular products in the periplasm (EPA-88109a). Other coatings: The coating steel products with metals other than zinc or terne metal by the hot dip process including the immersion of the steel product in a molten bath of metal, and the related operations preceding the subsequent to the immersion phase (40CFR420.121-91). Other ferrous metals: Recyclable metals from strapping, furniture, and metal found in tires and consumer electronics, but does not include metals found in construction materials or cars, locomotives, and ships. See ferrous metals (EPA-97/12).
Other glass: Recyclable glass from furniture, appliances, and consumer electronics. Does not include glass from transportation products (cars trucks or shipping containers) and construction or demolition debris. See glass (EPA-97/12). Other historical sources: Any source or sources other than standard historical sources that are credible to a reasonable person and that identify past uses or occupancies of the property. The term includes records in the files, and/or personal knowledge of the property owner and/or occupants. See glossary for the definition of Standard Historical Sources (USDNwater-04). Other land: Land that DOE has received through a grant or other vehicle. Approximately 11% of DOE real property is other land (SDWNradionuclide-04). Other lead emitting operation: Any lead-acid battery manufacturing plant operation from which lead emissions are collected and ducted to the atmosphere and which is not part of a grid casting, lead oxide manufacturing, lead reclamation, paste mixing, or three-process operation facility, or a furnace affected under Subpart L of this part (40CFR60.371-91). Other mineral: The clay, stone, sand, gravel, metalliferous and nonmetalliferous ores, and any other solid material or substances of commercial value excavated in solid form from natural deposits on or in the earth, exclusive of coal and those minerals which occur naturally in liquid or gaseous form. See mineral for more related terms (SMCRA701-30U.S.C. 1291-90). Other nonferrous metals: Recyclable nonferrous metals such as lead, copper, and zinc from appliances, consumer electronics, and nonpackaging aluminum products. Does not include nonferrous metals from industrial applications and construction and demolition debris. See nonferrous metals (EPA-97/12). Other nuclear material: See Figure 1-1 of DOE Order 5633.3. This figure defines other nuclear materials, which include tritium, deuterium, lithium-6, and neptunium-237. See nuclear material for more related terms (DOE-91/04). Other paper: For recyclable paper from books, third-class mail, commercial printing, paper towels, plates and cups; and other nonpackaging paper such as posters, photographic papers, cards and games, milk cartons, folding boxes, bags, wrapping paper, and paperboard. Does not include wrapping paper or shipping cartons (EPA-97/12). Other pesticide chemicals: Chemicals registered as pesticides but which are produced and marketed mostly for other purposes, i.e., multi-use chemicals. Notable examples are sulfur, petroleum products (e.g., kerosene, oils and distillates), salt, and sulfuric acid (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Other plastics: Recyclable plastic from appliances, eating utensils, plates, containers, toys, and various kinds of equipment. Does not include heavy-duty plastics such as yielding materials. Other potentially infectious materials: (1) The following body fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, and any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood; (2) Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead); and (3) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or H N containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and culture medium or other solutions; and blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV (29CFR1910). Other solid waste: Recyclable non-hazardous solid wastes, other than municipal solid waste, covered under Subtitle D of RARA. See solid waste (EPA-97/12). Other wood: Recyclable wood from furniture, consumer electronics cabinets, and other nonpackaging wood products. Does not include lumber and tree stumps recovered from construction and demolition activities, and industrial process waste such as shavings and sawdust (EPA-97/12). Otolaryngolist: A medical doctor specializing in the diagnose and treatment of ear, nose, and throat disorders (NCNsound-04). Otologist: A medical doctor specializing in the care and treatment of ear disorders (NCNsound-04). Otto cycle: The type of engine with operating characteristics significantly similar to the theoretical Otto combustion cycle. The use of a throttle during normal operation is indicative of an Ottocycle engine. This definition applies beginning with the 10 model year (40CFR86.090.2-91). Outage: A failure or intemption in use or functioning. For electricity applications, it often refers to a period of interruption. Outby: Nearer to the shaft, and hence farther from the working face. Toward the mine entrance. The opposite of inby (CWNmining-04). Outcrop: Coal that appears at or near the surface (CWNmining04). Outcrop: The exposing of bedrock or strata projecting through the overlying cover of detritus and soil (EPA-82/10). Outdoor air supply: Air brought into a building from outside (EPA-97/12). Outdoor electrical substations: Outdoor, fenced-off, and restricted access areas used in the transmission and/or distribution of electrical power. Outdoor electrical substations restrict public
access by being fenced or walled off as defined under 40CFR61.30(1)(l)(ii). For purposes of this TSCA policy, outdoor electrical substations are defined as being located at least 0.1 km from a residential/comrnercial area. Outdoor fenced-off and restricted access areas used in the transmission and/or distribution of electrical power which are located less than 0.1 km from a residential/commercial areas (40CFR761.123-91).
Outer continental shelf energy activity: Any exploration for, or any development or production of, oil or natural gas from the outer Continental Shelf (as defined in section 1331(a) of title 43) or the siting, construction, expansion, or operation of any new or expanded energy facilities directly required by such exploration, development, or production (CZMA304-16U.S.C. 1453-90). Outer continental shelf source and OCS source: Include any equipment, activity, or facility which: (1) Emits or has the potential to emit any air pollutant; (2) Is regulated or authorized under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act; and (3) Is located on the Outer Continental Shelf or in or on waters above the Outer Continental Shelf. Such activities include, but are not limited to, platform and drill ship exploration, construction, development, production, processing, and transportation. For purposes of this subsection, emissions from any vessel servicing or associated with an OCS source, including emissions while at the OCS source or en route to or from the OCS source within 25 miles of the OCS source, shall be considered direct emissions from the OCS source (CAA328-42U.S.C.7627). Outer continental shelf: The meaning provided by section 2 of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43U.S.C.1331) (CAA328, see also OPA1001-91). Outfall: A point source as defined by 40CFR122.2 at the point where a municipal separate storm sewer discharges to waters of the United States and does not include open conveyances connecting two municipal separate storm sewers, or pipes, tunnels, or other conveyances which connect segments of the same stream or other waters of the United States and are used to convey waters of the United States (40CFR122.26-91). Outfall: Oxidation is the chemical reaction process of converting a substance to another form by combination with oxygen. The substance increases a more positive charge due to the release of one or more electrons. In rapid oxidation, heat is released. For some types of oxidation, heat is required. Outfall: The addition of oxygen that breaks down organic waste or chemicals such as cyanides, phenols, and organic sulfur compounds in sewage by bacterial and chemical means (EPA89/12). Outfall: The place where a sewer, drain, or stream discharges; the outlet or structure through which reclaimed water or treated effluent is finally discharged to a receiving water body (CWANscience-04).
Outfall: The place where effluent is discharged into receiving waters (EPA-97/12). Outfall: The point where an effluent (sewer or wastewater) is discharged into receiving waters. See major outfall or sewer outfall (EPA-89/12). Outfall: The process in chemistry whereby electrons are removed from a molecule. Outgrant: A property transfer without change of ownership. It provides the right to another to use a property. Examples include easement, lease, license, and permit (see each separately) (SDWAIradionuclide-04). Outlays (expenditures): The charges made to the project or program. They may be reported on a cash or accrual basis. For reports prepared on a cash basis, outlays are the sum of actual cash disbursement for direct charges for goods and services, the amount of indirect expense incurred, the value of in-kind contributions applied, and the amount of cash advances and payments made to contractors and subgrantees. For reports prepared on an accrued expenditure basis, outlays are the sum of actual cash disbursements, the amount of indirect expense incurred, the value of inkind contributions applied, and the new increase (or decrease) in the amounts owed by the grantee for goods and other property received, for services performed by employees, contractors, subgrantees, subcontractors, and other payees, and other amounts becoming owed under programs for which no current services or performance are required, such as annuities, insurance claims, and other benefit payments (40CFR31.3-91). Outokumpu furnace: A furnace used for flash smelting, in which hot sulfide concentrate is fed into a reaction shaft along with preheated air and fluxes. The concentrate roasts and smelts itself in a single autogeneous process. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-83103a). Output voltage: The root mean square (rms) voltage between output terminals. Output: An activity or product which the applicant agrees to complete during the budget period (40CFR35.105-91). Outreach and Special Projects Staff (OSPS): The Outreach and Special Projects Staff (OSPS) coordinates and implements for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) the agency's principles and new initiatives, such as Brownfields, Environmental Justice (EJ), and the Tribal initiatives. Through its unique cross-program perspective, OSPS involves all stakeholders and seeks to leverage OSWER resources through partnerships with EPA headquarters and regions, public and private organizations, and the general public (SFIremedy-04).
Outside air: The air outside buildings and structures, including, but not limited to, the air under a bridge or in an open air ferry dock (40CFR61.141-91). Outthrows: All papers that are so manufactured or treated or are in such form as to be unsuitable for consumption as the grade specified (EPA-83). Outwash: Soil material washed down a hillside by rainwater and deposited upon more gently sloping land (CWA~Wbasics-04). Oven glass: A glass suitable for manufacture of articles to be used in baking and roasting foods. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Oven: A chamber within which heat is used for one or more of the following purposes: dry,bake, cure, or polymerize a coating or ink (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.441-91). Over issue news: Consists of unused over-run regular newspapers printed on newsprint, baled or securely tied in bundles, containing not more than the normal percentage of rotogravure and colored sections (EPA-83). Over the head position: The mode of use of a device with a headband, in which the headband is worn such that it passes over the users head. This is contrast to the behind-the-head and under the chin positions (40CFR211.203-91). Over voltage: A voltage that is above the maximum operating voltage of a device. Overall control: The product of the capture efficiency and the control device efficiency (40CFR.52.741-91).
Overdraft: The pumping of water from a groundwater basin or aquifer in excess of the supply flowing into the basin, results in a depletion or "mining" of the groundwater in the basin. See mining of an aquifer (Navy/Env-04). Overdraft: The withdrawal of groundwater at rates perceived to be excessive, and therefore an unsatisfactory water management practice. See also mining (Course 165.7). Overfiling: When a state fails to enforce its hazardous waste program properly; EPA can overfile, or enforce a provision for which a particular state has authorization (RCRAhazardous-04). Overfill release: A release that occurs when a tank is filled beyond its capacity, resulting in a discharge of the regulated substance to the environment. See release for more related terms (40CFR280.12-91). Overfire air fan (or overfire fan): A fan used to provide air above a fuel bed. See fan for more related terms (SW-108ts). Overfire air port: An entry point of combustion air introduced above and beyond the fuel or waste bed. See port for more related terms (EPA-89/03b). Overfire air: (1) Air, under control as to quantity and direction, introduced above or beyond a fuel bed by induced or forced draft. (2) Air forced into the top of an incinerator or boiler to fan the flames (EPA-89/12). See air for more related terms. Overfire air: A control technology used to reduce NO, emissions and control CO emissions where air is forced into the top of an incinerator or boiler to fan the flames that encourage the formation of nitrogen gas (CAAIAPC-04).
Overburden: Any material of any nature, consolidated or unconsolidated, that overlies a mineral deposit, excluding topsoil or similar naturally-occumng surface materials that are not disturbed by mining operations (4OCFR122.26-91).
Overfire air: Air forced into the top of an incinerator or boiler to fan the flames (EPA-97/12).
Overburden: Layers of soil and rock covering a coal seam. Overburden is removed prior to surface mining and replaced after the coal is taken from the seam (CWNmining-04).
Overflow rate: One of the guidelines for design of the settling tanks and clarifers in a treatment plant; used by plant operators to determine if tanks and clarifiers are over- or underused (EPA97/12).
Overburden: Rock and soil cleared away before mining (EPA97/12). Overcast (undercast): Enclosed airway which permits one air current to pass over (under) another without interruption (CWNmining-04). Overdraft: The pumping of water from a groundwater basin or aquifer in excess of the supply flowing into the basin, results in a depletion or "mining" of the groundwater in the basin. See groundwater mining (EPA-97/12).
Overfire fan: See overfire air fan.
Overflow: Excess water discharged from the treatment system (EPA-82/10, see also 40CFR403.7-91). Overhead costs: Those costs, such as administrative support and infrastructure maintenance, not directly chargeable to a particular work element (OMBIReg-04). Overland flow: A land application technique that cleanses waste water by allowing it to flow over a sloped surface. As the water flows over the surface, contaminants are absorbed and the water is collected at the bottom of the slope for reuse (EPA-97/12).
Overland flow: The flow of rainwater or snowmelt over the land surface toward stream channels (CWNWbasics-04). Overland flow: The part of surface runoff flowing over land surfaces toward stream channels (CWNWquality-04). Overlay maps: A series of individual maps, each of which shows specific data. The maps are placed on top of one another to form a composite map showing all the data (RCRAImanagement-04). Overpack: An additional package into which some radioactive waste packages may be placed. Envirocare plans to place Class B & C radioactive waste packages into overpacks which are made of steel-reinforced concrete for added confidence in containment of the waste (Envirocare-00/09). Overpress: An imperfection; projecting excess glass resulting from imperfect closing of mold joints (EPA-83). Oversaturated solution (or supersaturated solution): A solution that contains a greater concentration of a solute than is possible at equilibrium under fixed conditions of temperature and pressure (4OCFR796.1840-91).
Overvarnish: A transparent coating applied directly over ink or coating (40CFR52.741-91). Ovicide: A chemical that destroys an organism's eggs (EPA85/10). Owner: Generally the fee owner of record of the property (USDNwater-04). Oxalic acid (COOH),: A poisonous crystalline solid used as a bleach or rust remover. Oxbow lake: A lake formed when a meandering river, having bent in almost a complete circle, cuts across the narrow neck of land between the two stretches and leaves a backwater; silt is gradually deposited by the river at the entrance to this backwater till it is finally separated from the river and becomes a lake (DOI70104). Oxbow: A bow-shaped lake formed in an abandoned meander of a river (CWNWbasics-04). Oxidant utilization: The ratio of oxygen consumed to the oxygen supplied for consumption. It can be expressed as ( ( 4 in - O2 out )/ O2 in ).
Oversize waste: See bulky waste. Oversized regulated medical waste: Medical waste that is too large for plastic bags or standard containers (EPA-97/12). Oversized regulated medical waste: The medical waste that is too large to be placed in a plastic bag or standard container. See medical waste or waste for more related terms (40CFR259.10-91). Overturn: One complete cycle of top to bottom mixing of previously stratified water masses. This phenomenon may occur in spring or fall, or after storms, and results in uniformity of chemical and physical properties of water at all depths (EPA97/12). Overturn: The period of mixing (turnover), by top to bottom circulation, of previously stratified water masses. This phenomenon may occur in spring andlor fall, or after storms. It results in a uniformity of chemical and physical properties of the water at all depths (EPA-89/12). Overvarnish coating operation: The system on each beverage can surface coating line used to apply a coating over ink which reduces friction for automated beverage can filling equipment, provides gloss, and protects the finished beverage can body from abrasion and corrosion. The overvarnish coating is applied to twopiece beverage can bodies. The overvarnish coating operation consists of the coating application station, flashoff area, and curing oven (40CFR60.491-91).
Oxidantloxidizer: A substance containing oxygen that reacts chemically in air to produce a new substance; the primary ingredient of photochemical smog (Navy/Env-04). Oxidant: A collective term for some of the primary constituents of photochemical smog (EPA-97/12). Oxidant: A substance containing oxygen that reacts chemically in air to produce a new substance; the primary ingredient of photochemical smog (MWTNmedical-04). Oxidation (or chemical oxidation): The combination of a reactant with oxygen (EPA-83). Oxidation control system: An emission control system which reduces emissions from sulfur recovery plants by converting these emissions to sulfur dioxide (40CFR60.101-91). Oxidation number (or oxidation state): The number of electrons to be added to or to be subtracted from an atom, when the atom is converted from a combined state (a compound) to its original elemental form. Oxidation pond: A man-made lake or body of water in which waste is consumed by bacteria. It is used most frequently with other waste treatment processes. An oxidation pond is basically the same as a sewage lagoon. See pond for more related terms (EPA-89/12).
Oxidation pond: A man-made (anthropogenic) body of water in which waste is consumed by bacteria, used most frequently with other waste-treatment processes; a sewage lagoon (EPA-97/12).
Oxide mask: An oxidized layer of silicon wafer through which windows are formed which will allow for dopants to be introduced into the silicon (EPA-83/03).
Oxidation reduction (redox) reaction: (1) An atom or group of atoms loses electrons; or (2) The introduction of one or more oxygen atoms into a molecule, accompanied by the release of energy (EPA-87/10a), e.g., the reaction in alkaline solution: 2Mn04- + CN-+ 2 0 R 2 ~ 1 1 0 4+' ~CNO' + H20. The oxidation state of the cyanide ion is raised from -1 to +1 (the cyanide is oxidized as it combines with an atom of oxygen to form cyanate); the oxidation state of the permanganate decreases from -1 to -2 (permanganate is reduced to manganate). This change in oxidation state implies that an electron was transferred from the cyanide ion to the permanganate. The increase in the positive valence (or decrease in the negative valence) with oxidation take place simultaneously with reduction in chemically equivalent ratios.
Oxide of nitrogen: See nitrogen oxides. This term is used interchangeably with nitrogen oxides.
+
Oxidation reduction indicator: An indicator (compound) whose color in the oxidized state is different from that in the reduced state. This different color property is used to test if a substance is in the oxidized state or reduced state. Oxidation reduction potential (ORP): (1) A measurement that indicates the activity ratio of the oxidizing and reducing species present (EPA-76/03). (2) The emf developed by a platinum electrode immersed in water, referred to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (LBL76107-water). Oxidation state: See oxidation number. Oxidation: (1) Loss of electrons from a compound, such as an organic contaminant. The oxidation can supply energy that microorganisms use for growth. Often (but not always), oxidation results in the addition of an oxygen atom and/or the loss of a hydrogen atom. (2) The addition of oxygen that breaks down organic waste or chemicals such as cyanides, phenols, and organic sulfur compounds in sewage by bacterial and chemical means (NavyIEnv-04). Oxidation: The chemical addition of oxygen to break down pollutants or organic waste; e.g., destruction of chemicals such as cyanides, phenols, and organic sulfur compounds in sewage by bacterial and chemical means (EPA-97/12). Oxidation-reduction potential: The electric potential required to transfer electrons from one compound or element (the oxidant) to another compound (the reductant); used as a qualitative measure of the state of oxidation in water treatment systems (EPA-97/12). Oxide layer: In seaming a landfill liner, the taking of atmospheric oxygen in the form of a surface film after a polyethylene sheet is extruded or otherwise manufactured (EPA-89/09, see also EPA9 1/05).
Oxide: A compound of two elements, one of which is oxygen. Oxidizable cyanide: The cyanide amenable to oxidation. See cyanide for more related terms (EPA-83/06a). Oxidize: To chemically transform a substance by combining it with oxygen (CAA/C02gasl-04). Oxidized ore: The alteration of metalliferous minerals by weathering and the action of surface waters, and the conversion of the minerals into oxides, carbonates, or sulfates. See ore for more related terms (EPA-82/05). Oxidized sludge: The stable sludge. Raw sludge that has been treated by either biological or chemical means and becomes a stable sludge. See sludge for more related terms. Oxidized zone: The portion of an ore body near the surface, which has been leached by percolating water carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, or other gases (EPA-82/05). Oxidizing agent: An agent (or a compound) which is (1) providing oxygen, (2) removing hydrogen from another compound or (3) attracting negative electrons during oxidation reactions. As a result, the agent is reduced. Oxidizing bleach: Bleaching of pulp by oxidizing chemicals such as hypochlorite, peroxide, chlorine dioxide, etc. (EPA-83). Oxidizing salt bath descaling: The removal of scale from semifinished steel products by the action of molten salt baths other than those containing sodium hydride. See salt bath descaling for more related terms (40CFR420.81-91). Oxidizing slag: In the steel industry, a fluxing agent that is used to remove certain oxides such as silicon dioxide, manganese oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, and iron oxide from hot metals. See slag for more related terms (EPA-74/06a). Oxidizing: Combining the material concerned with oxygen (EPA83/06a). OX0 process (hydrocarbonylation or hydroformylation): A process wherein olefinic hydrocarbon vapors are passed over cobalt catalysts in the presence of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce alcohols, aldehydes, and other oxygenated organic compounds (EPA-8711Oa).
Oxy-: A prefix indicating that a compound contains the oxygen radical (-0-).
Oxygen depleted pathway: Chemical transformations which occur under oxygen deficient reaction atmospheres (EPA-88/12).
Oxyacetylation: A process using ethylene, acetic acid, and oxygen commonly used to produce vinyl acetate (EPA-87110a).
Oxygen enriched incineration: An incineration process whose combustion air is enriched with oxygen to the level higher than that of the regular air oxygen content. Incineration requires an intensive, complete destruction oxidation of waste molecules with oxygen. Current incinerators require up to about 50 to 150% excess air to provide enough oxygen for oxidation, and require that the so-called 3-Ts factors (temperature, turbulence, and residence time) be adequate to insure efficient destruction. Because 79% of air is nitrogen, the majority of any excess air used will not contribute to the effectiveness of incineration and will only result in extra energy required to raise the nitrogen to combustion temperature, and additional product gas handling and cleaning requirements. As a matter of fact, two of the 3-Ts (turbulence and residence time) are essentially the physical parameters used to promote the contact of hazardous waste particles with oxygen. Therefore, it is logical that increased oxygen concentration should improve incineration or destruction efficiency. See incineration for more related terms.
Oxygen ( 0 9 : Can exist as a gas or dissolved in solution. Oxygen forms various inorganic compounds with metals as well as organic compounds with carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and other elements. O2 (gas) is vital to life whereas 03, ozone, can be harmful due to its ability to oxidize biological tissue, metals, organic compounds, and other materials. See ozone (NavyIEnv-04). Oxygen (Oz): A chemical element consisting of eight protons, eight neutrons and eight electrons. The element has atomic number 8; atomic weight 15.994; density 1.14 gm/cc; melting point -218.8 C and boiling point -183 C. The element belongs to group VIA of the periodic table. Oxygen is one of two primary gaseous elements within the electrochemical reaction of a fuel cell (the other element is hydrogen). Two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen atom to form a molecule of water. Oxygen (02): For more related terms, see (1) Available oxygen; (2) Biological oxygen demand (see biochemical oxygen demand); (3) Biochemical oxygen demand; (4) Chemical oxygen demand (COD); (5) Dissolved oxygen (DO); (6) Dissolved oxygen unit; (7) Dry oxygen; (8) Five-day BOD (BOD5) (see biochemical oxygen demand); (9) Immediate dissolved oxygen demand; (10) Oxygen depleting effect (see biochemical oxygen demand); (11) Theoretical oxygen; (12) Total oxygen demand; (13) Ultimate oxygen demand; and (14) Wet oxygen. Oxygen activated sludge: An activated sludge process using pure oxygen as an aeration gas (rather than air). This is a patented process marketed by Union Carbide under the trade name UNOX. See sludge for more related terms (EPA-87/10a). Oxygen debt: A phenomenon that occurs in an organism when available oxygen is inadequate to supply the respiratory demand. During such a period, the metabolic processes result in the accumulation of breakdown products that are not oxidized until sufficient oxygen becomes available (LBL-76107-water). Oxygen deficient atmosphere: An atmosphere which contains an oxygen partial pressure of less than 148 millimeters of mercury (19.5% by volume at sea level) (NIOSH-84/10). Oxygen deficit: The amount of oxygen difference between the dissolved oxygen and the oxygen saturation value in a water body. Oxygen demand: The need for molecular oxygen to meet the needs of biological and chemical processes in water. Even though very little oxygen will dissolve in water, it is extremely important in biological and chemical processes (CWAIWscience-04).
Oxygen indicator: An oxygen indicator, which is used to detect the oxygen concentration in air, has two principal components for operation. These are the oxygen sensor and the meter read-out. In some units, air is drawn into the oxygen detector with a pump; in other units, the ambient air is allowed to diffuse to the sensor. The oxygen detector uses either a paramagnetic or an electrochemical sensor to determine the oxygen concentration in air. A typical sensor consists of two electrodes; a housing containing a basic electrolytic solution (KOH electrolyte) and a semi-permeable teflon membrane. Oxygen molecules (02) difkse through the membrane into the solution. Reactions between the oxygen, the solution and the electrodes produce an electric current proportional to the oxygen content. The current passes through the electronic circuit. The resulting signal is shown as a needle deflection on a meter or digital reading. See air analyzer for more related terms (Course 165.5). Oxygen recorder: An instrument for continuously monitoring the percentage of oxygen content in a gas (EPA-83). Oxygen sag curve: A graph to show dissolved oxygen consumption against time (or distance downstream) in a water course from the point of pollution. Oxygen saturation value: The value of oxygen in water and in air is in equilibrium. Oxygen tension: Partial pressure of oxygen in solution (LBL 76107-water). Oxygen use rate: Rate of oxygen consumption due to biological and chemical action (used to determine respiration rate when the chemical oxygen demand is negligible) (NavyIEnv-04).
Oxygenate: A substance which, when added to gasoline, increases the amount of oxygen in that gasoline blend. Includes fuel ethanol, methanol, and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) (CMC02gas04). Oxygenated fuel (oxyfuel): Special type of gasoline, which bums more completely than regular gasoline in cold start conditions; more complete buming results in reduced production of carbon monoxide, a criteria air pollutant. In some parts of the country, carbon monoxide release from cars starting up in cold weather makes a major contribution to pollution. In these areas, gasoline refiners must market oxygenated fuels, which contain a higher oxygen content than regular gasoline. Some gasoline companies started selling oxyfuels in cities with carbon monoxide problems before the 1990 Clean Air Act was passed (CAA/air-04). Oxygenated fuels: Gasoline fuels that have been blended with additives. The purpose is to improve combustion efficiency and to reduce carbon monoxide emissions. Additives include (1) Ethanol. (2) Ethyl-tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE). (3) Methanol. (4) Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). (5) Tertiary-amyl-methyl ether (TAME). (6) Tertiary-butyl alcohol (ah-2003; http://www4. nas.edu/news.nsE/isbn/0309055458,2004). Oxygenated fuels: Gasoline which has been blended with alcohols or ethers that contain oxygen in order to reduce carbon monoxide and other emissions (EPA-97/12). Oxygenated solvent: An organic solvent containing oxygen as part of the molecular structure. Alcohols and ketones are oxygenated compounds often used as paint solvents (EPA-97/12). Oxygenates: Substances which, when added to gasoline, increase the amount of oxygen in that gasoline blend. Ethanol, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), and methanol are common oxygenates (CAA/C02gasl-04).
immediately prior to use. Ozone, beside being a p o w h l oxidizing agent, has anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties. Ozonation: Application of ozone to water for disinfection or for taste and odor control (NavyIEnv-04). Ozonator: A device that adds ozone to water (EPA-89/12). Ozonator: A mechanical device that creates ozone (NavyJEnv-04). Ozone (03): A gas composed of three atoms of oxygen. Ozone is a bluish gas that is harmful to breathe. Nearly 90% of the earth's ozone is in the stratosphere and is referred to as the ozone layer. Ozone absorbs a band of ultraviolet radiation called W B that is particularly harmful to living organisms. The ozone layer prevents most W B from reaching the ground (CMozone-04). Ozone (03): A gas which is a variety of oxygen. The oxygen gas found in the air consists of two oxygen atoms stuck together; this is molecular oxygen. Ozone consists of three oxygen atoms stuck together into an ozone molecule. Ozone occurs in nature; it produces the sharp smell you notice near a lightning strike. High concentrations of ozone gas are found in a layer of the atmosphere (the stratosphere)high above the earth. Stratosphericozone shields the earth against harmful rays from the sun, particularly ultraviolet B. Smog's main component is ozone; this ground-level ozone is a product of reactions among chemicals produced by buming coal, gasoline and other fuels, and chemicals found in products including solvents, paints, hairsprays, etc. (CMair-04). Ozone (03): A molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen. Occurs naturally in the stratosphereand provides a protective layer shielding the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. In the troposphere, it is a chemical oxidant, a greenhouse gas, and a major component of photochemical smog (CMCO2gasl-04).
Ozonation/ozonator: Application of ozone to water for disinfection or for taste and odor control. The ozonator is the device that does this (EPA-97/12).
Ozone (03): Found in two layers of the atmosphere, the stratosphere and the troposphere. In the stratosphere (the atmospheric layer 7 to 10 miles or more above the Earth's surface), ozone is a natural form of oxygen that provides a protective layer shielding the earth from ultraviolet radiation. In the troposphere (the layer extending up 7 to 10 miles from the Earth's surface), ozone is a chemical oxidant and major component of photochemical smog. It can seriously impair the respiratory system and is one of the most wide-spread of all the criteria pollutants for which the Clean Air Act required EPA to set standards. Ozone in the troposphere is produced through complex chemical reactions of nitrogen oxides, which are among the primary pollutants emitted by combustion sources; hydrocarbons, released into the atmosphere through the combustion, handling and processing of petroleum products; and sunlight (EPA-97/12).
Ozonation: A water or wastewater treatment process involving the use of ozone as an oxidizing agent (EPA-87/10a). Since ozone ( 4 ) is a powerfUl oxidizing agent and an extremely reactive gas that cannot be shipped or stored, it must be generated on site
Ozone (03): The molecular oxygen with three atoms of oxygen forming each molecule. The third atom of oxygen in each molecule of ozone is loosely bound and easily released. Ozone is used sometimes for the disinfection of water but more frequently
Oxygenation capacity: The rate of absorbing oxygen per unit volume of de-oxygenated liquid. Oxygenation: (1) Impregnation or combination with oxygen (DOI-70104). (2) In wastewater treatment, it means to increase the content of dissolved oxygen in wastewater. Oxygen-to-carbon ratio: The ratio of the number of oxygen atoms to the number of carbon atoms in a fuel. For example, the oxygen-to-carbon ratio of methanol (CH30H) is 1.
for the oxidation of taste-producing substances, such as phenol, in water and for the neutralization of odors in gases or air (EPA8711Oa).
Ozone layer (or ozonosphere): The stratum of the upper atmosphere (about 15-50 km above the Earth surface) in which most of the atmosphere's ozone is concentrated.
Ozone depletion potential (ODP): A number that refers to the amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance. The ODP is the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of a similar mass of CFC-11. Thus, the ODP of CFC-11 is defined to be 1.0. Other CFCs and HCFCs have ODPs that range fiom 0.01 to 1.0. The halons have ODPs ranging up to 10. Carbon tetrachloride has an ODP of 1.2, and methyl chloroform's ODP is 0.1 1. HFCs have zero ODP because they do not contain chlorine. A table of all ozone-depleting substances shows their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers (CMozone-04).
Ozone layer: The protective layer in the atmosphere, about 15 miles above the ground, that absorbs some of the sun's ultraviolet rays, thereby reducing the amount of potentially harmful radiation that reaches the earth's surface (EPA-97/12).
Ozone depletion potential: A factor established by the Administrator to reflect the ozone depletion potential of a substance, on a mass per kilogram basis, as compared to chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11). Such factor shall be based upon the substance's atmospheric lifetime, the molecular weight of bromine and chlorine, and the substance's ability to be photolytically disassociated, and upon other factors determined to be an accurate measure of relative ozone depletion potential (CAA601-42U.S.C.7671-91). Ozone depletion: Chemical destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer beyond natural reactions. Stratospheric ozone is constantly being created and destroyed through natural cycles. Various ozone-depleting substances (ODs), however, accelerate the destruction processes, resulting in lower than normal ozone levels. The science page offers much more detail on the science of ozone depletion (CMozone-04). Ozone depletion: Destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer which shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation harmful to life. This destruction of ozone is caused by the breakdown of certain chlorine and/or bromine containing compounds (chlorofluorocarbons or halons), which break down when they reach the stratosphere and then catalytically destroy ozone molecules (EPA-97/12). Ozone hole: A thinning break in the stratospheric ozone layer. Designation of amount of such depletion as an "ozone hole" is made when the detected amount of depletion exceeds 50%. Seasonal ozone holes have been observed over both the Antarctic and Arctic regions, part of Canada, and the extreme northeastern United States (EPA-97/12).
Ozone layer: The region of the stratosphere containing the bulk of atmospheric ozone. The ozone layer lies approximately 15-40 kilometers (10-25 miles) above the earth's surface, in the stratosphere. Depletion of this layer by ODs will lead to higher W B levels, which in turn will cause increased skin cancers and cataracts and potential damage to some marine organisms, plants, and plastics. The science page offers much more detail on the science of ozone depletion (CMozone-04). Ozone precursors: Chemical compounds, such as carbon monoxide, methane, nonmethane hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, which in the presence of solar radiation react with other chemical compounds to form ozone (CMC02gasl-04). Ozone protection policy: This policy involves providing information on the effects of human activities on ozone, the effects of ozone change on the public health and welfare, and the need for additional legislation (CAA150-42U.S.C.7450-91). Ozone transport region (OTR): Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, EPA establishes Ozone Transport Regions to reduce the likelihood of the presence of ozone and its precursors. For more information, see http://www.arb.ca.gov/fcaa~ti/txt~ s184.txt, 2004. Ozone-depleting substance(s) (ODs): A compound that contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. ODs include CFCs, HCFCs, halons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform. ODs are generally very stable in the troposphere and only degrade under intense ultraviolet light in the stratosphere. When they break down, they release chlorine or bromine atoms, which then deplete ozone. A detailed list of class I and class I1 substances with their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers are available (CMozone-04). Ozonide: A compound containing the ion (O& after reaction with ozone. Ozonosphere: See ozone layer.
Package plant: A prefabricated or prebuilt wastewater treatment plant (EPA-74/11). Package sewage treatment plant: A sewage treatment facility contained in a small area and generally prefabricated in a complete package (EPA-82/11f). Packaged boiler: A boiler equipped and shipped complete with fuel burning equipment, mechanical draft equipment, automatic controls, and accessories. See boiler for more related terms. Packaging rotogravure printing line: A rotogravure printing line is which surface coatings are applied to paper, paperboard, foil, film, or other substrates which are to be used to produce containers, packaging products, or labels for articles (40CFR52.741-91). Packaging rotogravure printing: A rotogravure printing upon paper, paper board, metal foil, plastic film, and other substrates, which are, in subsequent operations, formed into packaging products or labels for articles to be sold (40CFR52.741-91). Packaging: The assembly of one or more containers and any other components necessary to ensure minimum compliance with a program's storage and shipment packaging requirements. Also, the containers, etc., involved (EPA-97/12). Packed absorber: See packed tower. Packed bed scrubber: An air pollution control device in which emissions pass through alkaline water to neutralize hydrogen chloride gas (EPA-97/12).
Packed tower: An air pollution control device that forces dirty gas through the bottom of a tower packed with 1- to 3-inch (2.5- to 7.6-cm) diameter plastic shapes, crushed rock, wood chips, or other packing materials while scrubber liquid is sprayed over the packing materials from the top of the tower. The liquid either absorbs (dissolves) the pollutants in the gas stream or chemically react with them. The collection of the pollutants depends upon the length of contact time of the gas stream on the collecting surface. The packing materials that are intended to maximize the surface area are to provide high surface area to volume ratios for intimate gadliquid contact for mass transfer. The scrubber, which is used primarily for acid gas control, removes some particulate matter, however, it has a low collection efficiency for fine particulates. Packed tower: Major components of a packed-bed scrubber include (1) A cylindrical shell to house the scrubbing media; (2) Packing media and supporting plates; (3) Liquid spray nozzles to distribute the scrubbing liquid; (4) Demister pads to remove liquid droplets from the clean flue gas; and (5) An induced draft fan for moving the flue gas through the scrubber (EPA-81/09, 89103b; AP-40). (6) See scrubber for more related terms. Packer vehicle (or packer): There are two types: (1) A compactor collection truck which is an enclosed vehicle provided with special mechanical devices for loading, compressing, and distributing refuse within the body. (2) A stationary compactor which is an adjunct of a rehse collection system which compacts refuse into a pull on detachable container at the site of generation (cf. compactor) (EPA-83). (3) See vehicle for more related terms. Packer: A device lowered into a well to produce a fluid tight seal (40CFR146.3-91, see also 40CFR147.2902-91).
Packed bed scrubber: See packed tower. Packed column: See packed tower. Packed tower: A pollution control device that forces dirty air through a tower packed with crushed rock or wood chips while liquid is sprayed over the packing material. The pollutants in the air stream either dissolve or chemically react with the liquid (EPA-97/12). Packed tower: Also known as packed absorber, packed column, and packed bed scrubber.
Packer: An inflatable gland, or balloon, used to create a temporary seal in a borehole, probe hole, well, or drive casing. It is made of rubber or non-reactive materials (EPA-97/12). Packing: (1) An asbestos containing product intended for use as a mechanical seal in circumstances involving rotary, reciprocating, and helical motions, and which are intended to restrict fluid or gas leakage between moving and stationary surfaces. Major applications of this product include seals in pumps; seals in valves; seals in compressors; seals in mixers; seals in swing joints; and seals in hydraulic cylinders (40CFR763.163-91). (2) Also known
as fill, it is the material which forms the heat transfer surface within a cooling tower, and over which the water is distributed in its passage down the tower (Gurney-66).
Packinghouse: A plant that both slaughters animals and subsequently processes carcasses into cured, smoked, canned, or other prepared meat products (40CFR432.31-91, see also 40CFR432.41-91). Paint baking: The process of both drylng and baking, curing, or polymerizing coatings (AP-40, p865). Paint manufacturing plant: A plant that mixes, blends, or compounds enamels, lacquers, sealers, shellacs, stains, varnishes, or pigmented surface coatings (40CFR52.741-91). Paint sludge: Sticky mass of paint wastes, usually spray-booth residue. Its consistency is that of modeling clay. See sludge for more related terms (EPA-83). Paint stripping: The process of removing an organic coating from a workpiece or painting fixture. The removal of such coatings using processes such as caustic, acid, solvent, and molten salt stripping are included (EPA-83106a). Paint: A combination of a pigment, extender and vehicle, and frequently other additives, in a liquid composition, which is converted to an opaque solid film after application (EPA-79112b). Paint: For more related terms, see (1) Industrial sales paint; (2) Solvent base paint; (3) Tint base paint; (4) Trade sales paint; and (5) Water base paint. Painvise deletion of missing data: See listwise and pairwise deletion of missing data. Palatable water: Water, at a desirable temperature, that is free from objectionabletastes, odors, colors, and turbidity (EPA-97/12). Paleohydrology: Study of hydrologic processes and events, using geological, botanical, and cultural evidence, that occurred before the beginning of the systematic collection of hydrologic data and observations (CWAIWbasics-04). Paleontology: The study of fossils (DOE-91/04). Palladium (Pd): A transition metal with atomic number 46; atomic weight 106.4; density 12.0 glcc; melting point 1552 C and boiling point 3980 C. The element belongs to group VIII of the periodic table. Palustrine wetlands: Freshwater wetlands including open water bodies of less than 20 acres in which water is less than 2 meters deep; includes marshes, wet meadows, fens, playas, potholes, pocosins, bogs, swamps, and shallow ponds; most wetlands are in the Palustrine system (CWAIWbasics-04).
Pan body: Tractor drawn scraper body capable of carrying a load (EPA-83). Pandemic: A widespread epidemic throughout an area, nation, or the world (EPA-97/12). Pandemic: Widespread throughout an area, nation, or the world (EPA-89/12). Panel spalling test: A standardized test to provide an index to the spalling behavior of refractories (EPA-83). Panel: (1) In electronics, the front, screen portion of the glass enclosure of a cathode ray tube (EPA-83/03). (2) See national panel of environmental arbitrators (40CFR304.12-9 1). Panel: A coal mining block that generally comprises one operating unit (CWAlmining-04). Panic bar: A switch, in the shape of a bar, used to cut off power at the machine in case of an emergency (CWNmining-04). Paper chromatography: A chromatography method for analyzing a chemical mixture in which the stationary phase is a special grade of absorbent paper. A sample mixture can be identified, based on the progress of the absorption of the sample by the paper. Paper coating facility: A facility that includes one or more paper coating lines (40CFR52.741-9 1). Paper coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied on, saturated into, or impregnated into paper, plastic film, or metallic foil to make certain products, including (but not limited to) adhesive tapes and labels, book covers, post cards, office copier paper, drafting paper, and pressure sensitive tapes (40CFR52.74 1-91). Paper coating: Any coating applied on paper, plastic film, or metallic foil to make certain products, including (but not limited to) adhesive tapes and labels, book covers, post cards, office copier paper, drafting paper, or pressure sensitive tapes. Paper coating includes the application of coatings by impregnation andlor saturation (4OCFR52.741-91). Paper converting operation: A manufacturing facility that transforms paper into products such as envelopes or boxes (OTA89110). Paper napkin: The special tissues, white or colored, plain or printed, usually folded, and made in a variety of sizes for use during meals or with beverages (40CFR250.4-91). Paper packer: Plant facilities for converting wastepaper to paper stock. There are many that are both packers and dealers (EPA-83).
Paper processor/plastics processor: Intermediate facility where recovered paper or plastic products and materials are sorted, decontaminated, and prepared for final recycling (EPA-97/12). Paper producer: An industrial or commercial establishment that produces wastepaper as a result of its operations, and for reasons of economy or volume involved considers it practical to convert that wastepaper to paper stock (EPA-83). Paper product: Any item manufactured from paper or paperboard. The term "paper product" is used in this guideline to distinguish such items as boxes, doilies, and paper towels from printing and writing papers. It includes the following types of products: corrugated boxes, doilies, envelopes, facial tissue, fiber of fiberboard boxes, folding boxboard, industrial wipers, paper napkins, paper towels, tabulating cards, and toilet tissue (40CFR250.4-CC-91). Paper stock: Paper which has been collected, sorted, and graded to meet specifications. It is important not to use this term interchangeably with wastepaper (EPA-83). Paper supplier: Generally refers to the dealers, packers, and brokers (EPA-83). Paper towel: Paper toweling in folded sheets, or in raw form, for use in drying or cleaning, or where quick absorption is required (40CFR250.4-91). Paper: In the recycling business, refers to products and materials, including newspapers, magazines, office papers, corrugated containers, bags, and some paperboard packaging that can be recycled into new paper products (EPA-97/12). Paper: One of two broad subdivisionsof paper products, the other being paperboard. Paper is generally lighter in basis weight, thinner, and more flexible than paperboard. Sheets 0.012 inch or less in thickness are generally classified as paper. Its primary uses are for printing, writing, wrapping, and sanitary purposes. However, in this guideline, the term paper is also used as a generic term that includes both paper and paperboard. It includes the following types of papers: bleached paper, bond paper, book paper, brown paper, coarse paper, computer paper, cotton fiber content paper, cover stock or cover paper, duplicator paper, form bond, ledger paper, manifold business forms, mimeo paper, newsprint, office papers, offset printing paper, printing paper, stationery, tabulating paper, unbleached papers, writing paper, and xerographic/copy paper (40CFR250.4-aa-91). Paper: For more related terms, see (1) Bleached paper, (2) Bond paper; (3) Book paper; (4) Braille paper; (5) Brown paper; (6) Coarse paper; (7) Coated paper; (8) Commercial paper; (9) Computer paper; (10) Computer printout paper; (11) Corrugated paper; (12) Cotton fiber content paper; (13) Currency paper; (14) Developing paper (see sensitized paper); (15) Duplicator paper;
(16) Fine paper; (17) Glassine paper; (18) Glazed paper; (19) Grain paper; (20) Green paper; (21) Groundwood paper; (22) Hardness paper; (23) High grade electrical paper; (24) High grade paper; (25) Insulating paper; (26) Kid finish paper; (27) Kraft paper; (28) Ledger paper; (29) Magazine paper; (30) Manila paper; (31) Mimeo paper; (32) Newsprint (see newsprint paper); (33) Newsprint paper; (34) Noiseless paper; (35) Novel paper; (36) Office paper; (37) Offset printing paper; (38) Onionskin paper; (39) Parafin paper; (40) Photographicpaper (see sensitized paper); (41) Post consumer recovered paper; (42) Printing paper; (43) Rag paper, (44) Recyclable paper; (45) Register paper; (46) Sensitized paper; (47) Specialty paper; (48) Starch coated paper; (49) Super mixed paper; (50) Tabulating paper; (51) Unbleached paper; (52) Waxed paper; (53) White paper; (54) Writing paper; and (55)
Xerographic/copy paper. Paperboard: One of the two broad subdivisions of paper, the other being paper itself. Paperboard is usually heavier in basis weight and thicker than paper. Sheets 0.012 inch or more in thickness are generally classified as paperboard. The broad classes of paperboard are containerboard, which is used for corrugated boxes, boxboard, which is principally used to make cartons, and all other paperboard (40CFR250.4-91). para-: A prefix indicating that two substituents are in the 1,4 positions of a benzene ring compound (directly opposite each other). Paraffin (C,H2,,+2): A methane series that is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon. Paraffin paper: The paper treated with a wax to make it waterproof. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Paraffinic hydrocarbons: Straight-chain hydrocarbon compounds with the general formula CnH2n+2 (CAA/C02gasl-04). Parallel connection: In electrical applications, it is the connection of fuel cells or batteries in a pattern that connects all positive terminals together and all negative terminals together. The voltage of the group is only that of one cell and the current drain through the battery is divided among the several cells. Paramagnetic oxygen analyzer (POA): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). Molecules behave in different ways when placed in a magnetic field. This magnetic behavior is either diamagnetic or paramagnetic. Most materials are diamagnetic and, when placed in a magnetic field, is repelled by it. Paramagnetism arises when a molecule has one or more electrons spinning in the same direction. Most materials have paired electrons; the same number of electrons spinning counterclockwise as spinning clockwise. Oxygen, however, has two unpaired electrons that spin in the same direction. These two electrons give the oxygen molecule a permanent magnetic moment. When an oxygen molecule is placed near a magnetic field, the molecule is drawn to the field and the
magnetic moments of the electrons become aligned with it. This striking phenomenon was first discovered by Faraday and forms the basis of the paramagnetic method for measuring oxygen concentrations(EPA-8 1/09).
Paramagnetic oxygen analyzer: Types of paramagnetic oxygen analyzers include (1) Magnetic wind instrument. (2) Magnetodynamic instrument. (3) Magnetopneumatic instrument. Parameter: (1) A quantity in an equation which must be specified beside the independent variables to obtain the solution for the dependent variables. (2) In quality control, a constant or coefficient that describes some characteristics of population (e.g., standard deviation, mean, regression coficient) (EPA-84/03). Parameter: A variable, measurable property whose value is a determinant of the characteristics of a system; e.g., temperature, pressure, and density are parameters of the atmosphere (EPA97112). Parametric method: Classical statistical methods which are effective for samples taken from normally distributed populations (EPA-87/10). Paraquat [CH3(C5H4N)2CH3-2CH3S04]: A standard herbicide used to kill various types of crops, including marijuana (EPA89112). Paraquat: A standard herbicide used to kill various types of crops, including marijuana. Causes lung damage if smoke from the crop is inhaled (EPA-97/12). Parasitic organism: An organism that lives in or on another species (host) (cf. obligate parasite). Parent company: A company that owns or controls another company (40CFR704.3-91). Parent corporation: A corporation which directly owns at least 50% of the voting stock of the corporation which is the facility owner or operator; the latter corporation is deemed a "subsidiary" of the parent corporation (40CFR144.61-c-91). Paresis: Incomplete paralysis (LBL76107-bio). Parison mold: See blank mold Parison: A preliminary shape or blank from which a glass article is to be formed (EPA-83). Parke's process: A process in which zinc is added to molten lead to form insoluble zinc-gold and zinc-silver compounds. The compounds are skimmed and the zinc is removed through vacuum de-zincing (EPA-83103a).
Parshall flume: A calibrated device developed by Parshall for measuring the flow of liquid in an open conduit. It consists essentially of a contracting length, a throat, and an expanding length. At the throat is a sill over which the flow passes at critical depth. The upper and lower heads are each measured at a definite distance from the sill. The lower head cannot be measured unless the sill is submerged more than about 67% (EPA-82111e). Parshall flume: Device used to measure the flow of water in an open channel (EPA-97/12). Part a permit, part b permit: See interim permit status (EPA97/12). Part per billion (ppb): One ppb is one one-thousandth of a ppm and is comparable to one-thousandthsof a teaspoon of water in a 21 R diameter and 4 R deep swimmingpool (CANAPC-04). Part per million (ppm): Unit of concentration equal to one milligram per kilogram or one milligram per liter (CWAIWbasics04). Partial closure: The closure of a hazardous waste management unit in accordance with the applicable closure requirements of Parts 264 and 265 of this Chapter at a facility that contains other active hazardous waste management units. For example, partial closure may include the closure of a tank (including its associated piping and underlying containment systems), landfill cell, surface impoundment, waste pile, or other hazardous waste management unit, while other units of the same facility continue to operate. See closure for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91). Partial duration flood series: List of all flood peaks that exceed a chosen base stage or discharge, regardless of the number of peaks occumng in a year. Also called basic-stage flood series, or floods above a base (CWA/hydrology-04). Partial molar free energy: Free energy of a system expressed as the summation of component free energies (LBL-76/07). Partial oxidation burner: A device that provides heat to initiate the partial oxidation of a fuel in the partial oxidation reactor. Partial oxidation: A process of producing hydrogen from various feedstock materials. Partial oxidation converts hydrocarbons (diesel, residual oil, etc.) into a synthesis gas that consists of hydrogen, carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (COz). For fuel cell reformer applications, the fuel is partially oxidized to carbon monoxide and hydrogen rather than fully oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. This is accomplished by injecting air with the fuel stream prior to the reformer. The advantage of partial oxidation over steam reforming of the fuel is that it is an exothermic reaction rather than an endothermic reaction and therefore generates its own heat.
Partial pressure: The pressure of one gas component in a mixture of gaseous components, if it alone occupies the mixture's container. If the gas mixture behaves approximately as an ideal gas, the gas mixture exerts a total pressure in the container which is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures (cf. partial pressure under mixture property) See pressure for more related terms (EPA9/84). Partial recycle caustic system: Any tank or tub cleaning operation which recycles a primary caustic rinse and uses only a portion of secondary water rinse as make-up water for the caustic. See caustic system for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Partially penetrating well: A well in which the screened length is less than the saturated thickness of the aquifer (NavyJEnv-04). Participating PRP: Any potentially responsible party (PRP) who has agreed, pursuant to 40CFR304.21 of this part, to submit one or more issues arising in an EPA claim for resolution pursuant to the procedures established by this part (4OCFR304.12-91). Participation rate: (1) The portion of a population participating in a recycling program (OTA-89/10). (2) A measure of the number of people participating in a recycling program compared to the total number that could be participating (EPA-89/11). Participation rate: Portion of population participating in a recycling program (EPA-97/12). Particle (or particulate): Fine liquid or solid particles such as dust, smoke, mist, fumes, or smog, found in air or emissions (EPA-89/12). Other particle-related terms include (1) Alpha particle and (2) Beta particle. Particle collection mechanisms for wet scrubbing systems: Wet scrubbers capture relatively small dust particles with large liquid droplets. Droplets are produced by injecting liquid at high pressure through specially designed nozzles, by aspirating the particleladen gas stream through a liquid pool, or by submerging a whirling rotor in a liquid pool. These droplets collect particles by using one or more of several collection mechanisms. These mechanisms include (1) Impaction: Particles are too large to follow gas streamlines around a droplet collide with it. (2) Diffusion: Very tiny particles move randomly, colliding with droplets because they are confined in a limited space. (3) Direct interception: An extension of the impaction mechanism. The center of a particle follows the streamlines around the droplet, but a collision occurs if the distance between the particle and droplet is less than the radius of the particle. (4) Electrostatic attraction: Particles and droplets become oppositely charged and attract each other. (5) Condensation: When hot gas cools rapidly, particles in the gas stream can act as condensation nuclei and, as a result, become larger. (6) Centrifugal force: The shape or curvature of a collector causes the gas stream to rotate in a spiral motion, throwing larger particles toward the wall. (7) Gravity: Large
particles moving slowly enough will fall from the gas stream and be collected (EPA-84/03b, pl-4).
Particle collector: See particulate matter control in the term of air pollution control equipment. Particle concentration: The number of particles per unit volume of air or other gas. (Note: On expressing particle concentration, the method of determining the concentration should be stated) (EPA-83/06). Particle count: Results of a microscopic examination of treated water with a special "particle counter" that classifies suspended particles by number and size (EPA-97/12). Particle fall: A measurement of air contamination consisting of the mass rate at which solid particles deposit from the atmosphere. Used in the same sense as the terms dust fall and soot fall but without any implication as to nature and source of the particles (EPA-83/06). Particle sue analysis: The determination of the various amounts of the different particle sizes in a soil sample (i.e., sand, silt, clay) usually by sedimentation, sieving, micrometry, or combinations of these methods. The names and size limits of these particles as widely used in the United States are set forth in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section (40CFR796.2700-91, see also 40CFR796.2750-91). Particle size discretization: A representation of a continuous range of particle sizes by a finite set of size channels; each channel is represented by a single characteristic size (EPA-88109a). Particle size distribution: (1) The relative percentage by weight or number of each of the different size fractions of particulate matter (EPA-83/06). (2) Distribution of particles of different sizes within a matrix of aerosols; numbers of particles of specified sizes or size ranges, usually in micrometers (EPA-89103b). Particle sue measurement device: (1) Particle sizing data is a very important consideration in the design of particulate control equipment. Appropriate design is directly dependent on good particle size data. An ideal particle measuring device should have the following features (Course 413, p4-1): (a) Measure the exact size of each particle. (b) Report data instantaneously without averaging data over some specified time interval. (c) Determine the complete composition of each particle including shape, density, chemical nature, etc. (2) It is an extremely difficult task to produce such an instrument. Current devices incorporate only one or two of these ideal functions. Several methods are used to obtain particle size data from industrial sources. They include (a) Anderson sampler. (b) Bahco microparticle classifier. (c) Cascade impactor. (d) Electrical aerosol analyser. (e) Microscopy. (f) Optical counter. Particle size presentation: There are various ways to analyze or reduce the data generated from a particle sizing device. The most
common methods of expressing particle size data include (Course 4 13, p4- 12): (1) Cumulative distribution curve. (2) Frequency distribution curve (histograms). (3) Log normal distribution. Particle size: An expression for the size of liquid or solid particle usually expressed in microns (EPA-89103b). Particle size: The diameter, in millimeters, of suspended sediment or bed material. Particle-size classifications are: (1) Clay: 0.00024-0.004 millimeters (mm); (2) Silt: 0.004-0.062 mm; (3) Sand: 0.062-2.0 mm; and (4) Gravel: 2.0-64.0 mm (CWNWscience04). Particulate asbestos material: Finely divided particles of asbestos or material containing asbestos (40CFR61.141-91).
Particulates: (1) Fine liquid or solid particles such as dust, smoke, mist, fumes, or smog, found in air or emissions. (2) Very small solids suspended in water; they can vary in size, shape, density, and electrical charge and can be gathered together by coagulation and flocculation (EPA-97/12). Parting line: Line or seam resulting from joint of two mold parts (EPA-83). Parting: (1) A small joint in coal or rock. (2) A layer of rock in a coal seam. (3) A side track or turnout in a haulage road (CWNmining-04). Partition coefficient: Measure of the sorption phenomenon, whereby a pesticide is divided between the soil and water phase; also referred to as adsorption partition coefficient (EPA-97/12).
Particulate emissions: See PM emissions. Particulate filter respirator: An air purifying respirator, commonly referred to as a dust or a fume respirator, which removes most of the dust or fume from the air passing through the device (29CFR1910.94a-91).
Parts per billion (ppb)/parts per million (ppm): Units commonly used to express contamination ratios, as in establishing the maximum permissible amount of a contaminant in water, land, or air (EPA-97/12).
Particulate loading: The mass of particulates per unit volume of air or water (EPA-97/12).
Parts per trillion (ppt): One ppt is comparable to one drop in a swimming pool covering the area of a football field 43 ft. deep (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Particulate matter (PM): Tiny pieces of matter resulting from the combustion process. PM can have harmful health effects when breathed. Pollution control at combustion facilities is designed to limit particulate emissions (RCRAImanagement-04).
Pascal (Pa): The standard international unit of vapor pressure and is defined as newtons per square meter (Wm2). A newton is the force necessary to give acceleration of one meter per second squared to one kilogram of mass (40CFR796.1950-91).
Particulate matter (PM-10): A criteria air pollutant. Particulate matter includes dust, soot, and other tiny bits of solid materials that are released into and move around in the air. Particulates are produced by many sources, including burning of diesel fuels by trucks and buses, incineration of garbage, mixing and application of fertilizers and pesticides, road construction, industrial processes such as steel making, mining operations, agricultural burning (field and slash burning), and operation of fireplaces and woodstoves. Particulate pollution can cause eye, nose, and throat initation and other health problems (CAAIair-04).
Pass through pollutant: The pollutants that are not readily biodegradable and pass through biological oxidation treatment systems. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-85/10).
Particulate matter emissions: See PM emissions. Particulate matter, 10 micron (PM10): See PM10. Particulate matter: Small dust-like particles emitted from hazardous waste combustion units (RCRA/hazardous-04). Particulate trap: An air emission control device for diesel engine vehicles. The device collects particulate matter generated from diesel engine combustion. Particulate: See particle. Other particulate-related terms include (1) Airborne particulate and (2) Total suspended particulate.
Pass through: A discharge which exits the POTW into waters of the United States in quantities or concentrations which, alone or in conjunction with a discharge or discharges from other sources, is a cause of a violation of any requirement of the POTW's NPDES permit (including an increase in the magnitude or duration of a violation) (40CFR403.3-91). Passivation film: A layer of oxide or other chemical compound of a metal on its surface that acts as a protective barrier against corrosion or further chemical reaction (EPA-86/12). Passivation: The changing of the chemically active surface of a metal to a much less reactive state by means of an acid dip (EPA83106a). Passive institutional control: (1) Permanent markers placed at a disposal site; (2) Public records and archives; (3) Government ownership and regulations regarding land or resource use; and (4) Other methods of preserving knowledge about the location, design, and contents of a disposal system (40CFR191.12-91).
Passive mitigation devices: Equipment, devices, or technologies that function without human, mechanical, or other energy input to capture or control released substances (e.g., building enclosure, dikes, and containment walls) (TSCNchemical-04). Passive smoking/secondhand smoke: Inhalation of others' tobacco smoke (EPA-97/12). Passive treatment walls: Technology in which a chemical reaction takes place when contaminated groundwater comes in contact with a barrier such as limestone or a wall containing iron filings (EPA-97/12). Passive venting: A venting technique using the natural pressure created in landfills to expel gases and control gas migration (RCRA/management-04). Paste mixing facility: The facility including lead oxide storage, conveying, weighing, metering, and charging operations; paste blending, handling, and cooling operations; and plate pasting, takeoff, cooling, and drying operations (40CFR60.371-91). Pasteurize: To heat a substance to a temperature and for a time necessary to destroy pathogens but not necessarily all microbial life. Pasteurization is a form of disinfection (cf. disinfect or sterilize) (EPA-83). Pastures crops: Crops such as legumes, grasses, grain stubble, and stover which are consumed by animals while grazing (40CFR257.3.5-91). Patent: An official document issued by the U.S. Office of Patents conferring an exclusive right or privilege to produce, use, or sell a pesticide for a specified period of time. Path function: A thermodynamic function whose results depend on the path or the process between the two states. Heat and work are path functions. They can be calculated, only when the path of the process is known. See thermodynamic process for more related terms (Jones-p50; Wark-p5). Path length: The depth of effluent in the light beam between the receiver and the transmitter of a single-pass transmissometer, or the depth of effluent between the transceiver and reflector of a double-pass transmissometer. Two path lengths are referenced by this specification as follows: (1) Monitor path length: The path length (depth of effluent) at the installed location of the CEMS. (2) Emission outlet path length: The path length (depth of effluent) at the location where emissions are released to the atmosphere. For noncircular outlets, D(e) = (2LW)/(L + W), where L is the length out the outlet and W is the width of the outlet. Note that this definition does not apply to pressure baghouse outlets with multiple stacks, side discharge vents, ridge roof monitors, etc. (40CFR60-App/B-91).
Pathogen: A bacterial organism typically found in the intestinal tracts of mammals, capable of producing disease (FFDCNpesticide-04). Pathogen: A disease-producing agent; usually applied to a living organism. Generally, any viruses, bacteria, or fungi that cause disease (CWNWscience-04). Pathogen: Any living (CWA~Wbasics-04).
organism
that
causes
disease
Pathogen: Any microorganism capable of causing disease (EPA90105). Pathogen: Disease-causing organisms, such as some bacteria, viruses, or protozoa (SDWAJReg-04). Pathogen: Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, or parasites) that can cause disease in humans, animals, and plants (EPA-97/12). Pathogen: Microorganisms that can cause disease in other organisms or in humans, animals, and plants. They may be bacteria, viruses, or parasites and are found in sewage, in runoff fiom animal farms or rural areas populated with domestic andlor wild animals, and in water used for swimming. Fish and shellfish contaminated by pathogens, or the contaminated water itself, can cause serious illnesses (EPA-89/12). Pathogenic bacteria: Bacteria inimical to man's welfare (LBL76107-water). Pathogenic: Capable of causing disease (EPA-89/12). Pathogenicity: The capability of an infectious agent to cause disease in a susceptible host (EPA-90105). Pathological waste: (1) Waste material capable of causing disease. (2) Waste material consisting of anatomical parts (cf. waste, infectious) (EPA-89103b). (3) See medical waste for more related terms. Pathological: Relating to the study of the essential nature of disease and generally altered or caused by disease. Pathology: The study of disease. Pathway of dispersion: The mode (water, groundwater, soil, and air) by which a chemical moves through the environment (Course 165.5). Pathway of exposure: The physical course a pesticide takes from the source to the organism exposed (e.g., through food or drinking water consumption or residential pesticide uses) (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Pathway: The physical course a chemical or pollutant takes from its source to the exposed organism (EPA-97/12).
PCB manufacturer: A manufacturer who polychlorinated biphenyls (4OCFR129.105-91).
Pay-as-you-throwlunit-based pricing: Systems under which residents pay for municipal waste management and disposal services by weight or volume collected, not a fixed fee (EPA97/12).
PCB transformer: An electrical transformer with a dielectric fluid containing 500 ppm or more of PCBs (also see lower secondary voltage network PCB transformer) (SDWN radionuclide-04).
Payment bond: For purposes of TSDF financial assurance, a type of surety bond that will fund a standby trust fund in the amount equal to the value of the bond (RCRAhazardous-04).
PCB transformer: Any transformer that contains 500 ppm PCB or greater (cf. non-PCB transformer). See transformer for more related terms (40CFR761.3-91).
PCB article container: Any package, can, bottle, bag, barrel, drum, tank, or other device used to contain PCB articles or PCB equipment, and whose surface(s) has not been in direct contact with PCBs (40CFR761.3-91).
PCB waste: Those PCBs and PCB items that are subject to the disposal requirements of subpart D of this part. See waste for more related terms (40CFR761.3-91).
PCB article: Any manufactured article, other than a PCB container, that contains PCBs and whose surface(s) has been in direct contact with PCBs. "PCB article" includes capacitors, transformers, electric motors, pumps, pipes, and any other manufactured item: (1) Which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture, (2) Which has end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end use, and (3) Which has either no change of chemical composition during its end use or only those changes of composition which have no commercial purpose separate from that of the PCB Article (40CFR761.3-91). PCB container: Any package, can, bottle, bag, barrel, drum, tank, or other device that contains PCBs or PCB articles and whose surface(s) has been in direct contact with PCBs (40CFR761.3-91). PCB contaminated electrical equipment: Any electrical equipment, including but not limited to transformers (including those used in railway locomotives and self-propelled cars), capacitors, circuit breakers, reclosers, voltage regulators, switches (including sectionalizers and motor starters), electromagnets, and cable, that contain 50 ppm or greater PCB, but less than 500 ppm PCB. Oil-filled electrical equipment other than circuit breakers, reclosa, and cable whose PCB concentration is unknown must be assumed to be PCB-contaminated electrical equipment. (See 40CFR761.30 (a) and (h) for provisions permitting reclassification of electrical equipment containing 500 ppm or greater PCBs to PCB-contaminated electrical equipment) (40CFR761.3-91). PCB equipment: Any manufactured item, other than a PCB container or a PCB article container, which contains a PCB article or other PCB equipment, and includes microwave ovens, electronic equipment, and fluorescent light ballasts and fixtures (40CFR761. M I ) . PCB item: Any PCB article, PCB article container, PCB container, or PCB equipment, that deliberately or unintentionally contains or has a part of it any PCB or PCBs (40CFR761.3-91).
produces
PCB: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). (1) A mixture of compounds composed of the biphenyl molecule which has been chlorinated to varying degrees (40CFR129.4-91, see also 40CFR268.2; 704.43; 761.3; 761.l23-91). (2) Chlorinated aromatic compounds that were banned in the 1970s because of their toxicity to laboratory animals and long-term stability in the environment (ETI-92). (3) A group of toxic, persistent chemicals used in transformers and capacitators for insulating purposes and in gas pipeline systems as a lubricant. Further sale of new use was banned by law in 1979 (EPA-89/12). PCB: For more related terms, see (1) Commercial storer of PCB waste; (2) Disposer of PCB waste; (3) Generator of PCB waste; (4) High concentration PCB; (5) Low concentration PCB; and (6) Recycled PCB. Peak air flow: The maximum engine intake mass air flow rate measure during the 195 second to 202 second time interval of the Federal Test Procedure (40CFR85.2122(a)(15)(ii)(D)-91). Peak capability: See firm capacity. Peak demand: See maximum electric demand. Peak electricity demand: The maximum electricity used to meet the cooling load of a building or buildings in a given area (EPA97/12). Peak flow: The maximum instantaneous discharge of a stream or river at a given location. It usually occurs at or near the time of maximum stage (CWAIWscience-04). Peak level: The level of airborne pollutant contaminants much higher than average or occurring for short periods of time in response to sudden releases. Peak load plant (or peak load station): An electrical generating facility operated only during periods at maximum demand (EPA8211 1f).
Peak load station: See peak load plant. Peak load: (1) Hundred (100) percent of the manufacturer's design capacity of the gas turbine at IS0 standard day conditions. See load for more related terms (40CFR60.331-91). (2) See maximum electric demand. Peak per cent losses: The difference between the power input and output, as a result of losses due to the transfer of power between two or more points on a system at the time of maximum load, divided by the power input. See electric loss for more related terms (EPA-83). Peak spectral response: The wavelength of maximum sensitivity of the transmissometer (40CFR60-AppIB-91). Peak stage: Maximum height of a water surface above an established datum plane (CWA/Wbasics-04). Same as peak gage height. Peak torque speed: The speed at which an engine develops maximum torque (40CFR86.082.2-91). Pearl Benson Index: A measure of color producing substances (EPA-74/04). Peat: A highly organic soil, composed of partially decomposed vegetable matter (CWA/Wbasics-04). Peat: Partially decomposed organic materials (SW-108ts). Peat: The partially decayed plant matter found in swamps and bogs, one of the earliest stages of coal formation (CWNmining04). Peel apart film article: A self developing photographic film article consisting of a positive image receiving sheet, a light sensitive negative sheet, and a sealed reagent pod containing a developer reagent and designed so that all the chemical substances required to develop or process the film will not remain sealed within the article during and after the development of the film (40CFR723.175-91). Peep door: A small door or hole in an incinerator through which combustion can be observed (SW-108ts). Peephole: A small opening in a furnace wall for observation (EPA-83).
Pellet burning wood heater: A wood heater which meets the following criteria: (1) The manufacturer makes no reference to burning cord wood in advertising or other literature; (2) The unit is safety listed for pellet fuel only; (3) The unit operating and instruction manual must state that the use of cordwood is prohibited by law; and (4) The unit must be manufactured and sold including the hopper and auger combination as integral parts (40CFR60-ApplA(method 28)-91). Pelletized: An agglomeration process in which an unbaked pellet is heat hardened. The pellets increase the reduction rate in a blast furnace by improving permeability and gas-solid contact (EPA83103a). Penetration: (1) A fraction of suspended particulate that passes through a collection device (EPA-89103b). (2) The flow of a hazardous liquid chemical through zippers, stitched seams, and pinholes or other imperfections in a protective clothing material (NIOSH-84/10). Pentachlorophenol (PCP): Dark-colored flakes and needle-like crystals which have a pungent odor when hot. It is used in wood preservatives, wood products, starches, dextrins, glue, and algae control in herbicide formulation. PCP causes a variety of systemic problems that can lead to death. It is a Group B2, probable human carcinogen (NavyiEnv-04). Pentachlorophenol: A chlorinated phenol with the formula C6CI50H and formula weight of 266.35 that is used as a wood preservative. Commercial grades of this chemical are usually adulterated with tetrachlorophenol to improve its solubility (EPA74/04). Peptide bond: A chemical bond (-CO-NH-) formed by a carboxyl group and an amino acid. See chemical bond for more related terms. Peptide: A chemical compound joined by a peptide bond (-CONH-). Peptidoglycan: The rigid backbone of the bacteria cell wall consisting of two major sub-units, N-acetyl murarnic acid and Nacetyl glucosamine, and a number of amino acids (EPA-88109a). Per capita use: The average amount of water used per person during a standard time period, generally per day (CWAIWscienca 04).
PEL: Permissible exposure limit.
Per occurrence: For purposes of UST financial responsibility, the amount of money that must be available to pay for the costs from one leak (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Pelagic zone: The free-water region of a sea. (Pelagic refers to the sea, and limnetic refers to bodies of fresh water) (LBL-76107water).
Percability: Permeability (DOI-70104). Percent absorption: 100 times the ratio between total excretion of radioactivity following oral or dermal administration and total
excretion following intravenous administration of test substance (40CFR795.228-91). Percent load: The fraction of the maximum available torque at a specified engine speed (40CFR86.082.2-91). Percent removal: A percentage expression of the removal efficiency across a treatment plant for a given pollutant parameter, as determined from the 30-day average values of the raw wastewater influent pollutant concentrations to the facility and the 30-day average values of the effluent pollutant concentrations for a given time period (40CFR133.101-91). Percent saturation: The amount of a substance that is dissolved in a solution compared to the amount that could be dissolved in it (EPA-97/12). Percent solids: The proportion of solid in a soil sample determined by drying an aliquot of the sample (NavyIEnv-04). Percent strength: For a gas mixture, it is the number of moles of the gas of interest divided by the total number of moles of gas; this will equal the partial pressure of the gas of interest divided by the total pressure of the gases. For a liquid solution, the percentage concentration is the number of grams of compound per 100 grams of solution (EPA-88109a). Percentage extraction: The proportion of a coal seam which is removed from the mine. The remainder may represent coal in pillars or coal which is too thin or inferior to mine or lost in mining. Shallow coal mines working under townships, reservoirs, etc., may extract SO%, or less, of the entire seam, the remainder being left as pillars to protect the surface. Under favorable conditions, longwall mining may extract from 80 to 95% of the entire seam. With pillar methods of working, the extraction ranges from 50 to 90% depending on local conditions (CWAImining-04). Percentage of completion method: Refers to a system under which payments are made for construction work according to the percentage of completion of the work, rather than to the grantee's cost incurred (40CFR31.3-91). Percentage reduction: The ratio of material removed from water or sewage by treatment to the material originally present (expressed as a percentage) (EPA-74/01a). Perceptible leaks: Any petroleum solvent vapor or liquid leaks that are conspicuous from visual observation or that bubble after application of a soap solution, such as pools or droplets of liquid, open containers or solvent, or solvent laden waste standing open to the atmosphere (40CFR60.62 1-91). Perched aquifer: (1) Unconfined groundwater separated from an underlying main body of groundwater by a localized unsaturated zone. (2) Zone of unpressurized water held above the water table by a small lens of impermeable rock or sediment (NavyJEnv-04).
Perched groundwater: Unconfined groundwater separated &om an underlying main body of groundwater by an unsaturated zone (CWAIWbasics-04). Perched water body: A suspended, isolated body of groundwater occumng in a saturated zone, and separated from the main body of groundwater by unsaturated, impermeable rock. The isolated body has its own local water table, a perched water table, below which shallow wells can obtain water (DOI-70104). Perched water body: A suspended, isolated body of groundwater occumng in a saturated zone, and separated from the main body of groundwater by unsaturated, impermeable rock. The isolated body has its own local water table, a perched water table, below which shallow wells can obtain water. See water for more related terms (DOI-4/70). Perched water table: The top of a zone of saturation that lies on an impermeable horizon above the level of the general water table in the area. It is generally near the surface and frequently supplies a hillside spring. See water for more related terms (EPA-83). Perched water: A water table, usually of limited area, maintained above the normal &-water elevation by the presence of an intervening, relatively impervious stratum (cf. perched water body and see water for more related terms) (SW-108ts). Perched water: Zone of unpressurized water held above the water table by impermeable rock or sediment (EPA-97/12). Perchlorate acid (HCIO3: A strong, corrosive oxidant used in electrolytic baths and oxidizers. Perchlorate: A compound (salt) containing the (C104)-radical (e.g., sodium perchlorate NaCIO.,). Perchloroethylene (PCE): A volatile, clear, colorless liquid with an ethereal odor. Its former uses included dry cleaning, degreasing metals, and as a solvent. Contact can cause dermatitis and imtation, ingestion can cause gastrointestinal imtation. Exposures can result in acute or fatal toxicity. Synonyms: Tetrachloroethene, and Tetrachloroethylene (Navy/Env-04). Percolate: To ooze or trickle through a permeable substance. Groundwater may percolate into the bottom of an unlined landfill (RCRNmanagement-04). Percolating filter: A trickling filter. See filter for more related tms. Percolating water: Water that passes through rocks or soil under the force of gravity (EPA197112).
Percolation, deep: In irrigation or f m i n g practice, the amount of water that passes below the root zone of the crop or vegetation (CWAhydrology-04). Percolation: (1) Movement under hydrostatic pressure of water, through the interstices of rocks or soils, downward to groundwater, except movement through large openings such as solution channels. (2) Slow seepage of water through a filter (NavyIEnv-
04). Percolation: (1) The movement of water downward and radially through subsurface soil layers, usually continuing downward to groundwater. Can also involve upward movement of water. (2) Slow seepage of water through a filter (EPA-97/12). Percolation: The movement, under hydrostatic pressure, of water through interstices of a rock or soil (except the movement through large openings such as caves) (CWMWbasics-04). Percussion drill: A drill, usually air powered, that delivers its energy through a pounding or hammering action (CWMmining04). Perennial stream: A stream that carries water at all times (DOI70104). Perennial stream: A stream that normally has water in its channel at all times (CWA/Wbasics-04). Perennial: A plant that can live for many years. Perfluorocarbon (PFC): A compound consisting of carbon and fluorine. PFCs have extremely high global warming potentials (GWPs) and very long lifetimes. They do not deplete stratospheric ozone, but EPA is concerned about their impact on global warming (CMozone-04). Perfluorocarbon (PFC): A group of man-made chemicals composed of one or two carbon atoms and four to six fluorine atoms, containing no chlorine. PFCs have no commercial uses and are emitted as a by-product of aluminum smelting and semiconductor manufacturing. PFCs have very high 100-year global warming potentials and are very long-lived in the atmosphere (CMC02gasl-04). Perfluoromethane: A compound (CF4) emitted as a by-product of aluminum smelting (CMC02gas1-04). Performance assessment: An analysis that: (1) Identifies the processes and events that might affect the disposal system; (2) Examines the effects of these processes and events on the performance of the disposal system; and (3) Estimates the cumulative releases of radionuclides, considering the associated uncertainties, caused by all significant processes and events. These estimates shall be incorporated into an overall probability
distribution of cumulative release to the extent practicable (29CFR191.12-91). Performance audit (or performance evaluation audit): A quantitative evaluation of the measurement systems of a program. It requires testing the measurement systems with samples of known composition or behavior to evaluate precision and accuracy. The performance audit is carried out by or under the auspices of the QA Officer without the knowledge of the analysts. Since this is seldom achievable, many variations are used that increase the awareness of the analyst as to the nature of the audit material. See audit for more related terms (EPA-85/08; EPA-8611Oa). Performance averaging period: 30 calendar days, one calendar month, or four consecutive weeks as specified in sections of this subpart (40CFR60.43 1-91). Performance bond: Cash or securities deposited before a landfill operating permit is issued, which are held to ensure that all requirements for operating ad subsequently closing the landfill are faithful performed. The money is returned to the owner after proper closure of the landfill is completed. If contamination or other problems appear at any time during operation, or upon closure, and are not addressed, the owner must forfeit all or part of the bond which is then used to cover clean-up costs (EPA-97/12). Performance bond: For purposes of TSDF financial assurance, a type of surety bond that guarantees that an owner and operator will comply with their closure post-closure, and liability requirements (RCRA/hazardous-04). Performance curve: A graph describing collection efficiency of a control device as a function of particle size (EPA-84/09). Performance data (for incinerators): Information collected, during a trial burn, on concentrations of designated organic compounds and pollutants found in incinerator emissions. Data analysis must show that the incinerator meets performance standards under operating conditions specified in the RCRA permit. See trial bum; performance standards (EPA-97/12). Performance evaluation (PE) sample: Contains unknown quantities of analytes sent to a laboratory for analysis as part of the lab evaluation (NavyJEnv-04). Performance evaluation audit: See performance audit. Performance evaluation sample: A reference sample provided to a laboratory for the purpose of demonstrating that the laboratory can successfully analyze the sample within limits of performance specified by the Agency. The true value of the concentration of the reference material is unknown to the laboratory at the time of the analysis (40CFR141.2-91). Performance goal: A predetermined level of effectiveness that a treatment technology seeks to attain. Performance goals are set in
terms of the percentage reduction in toxicity, mobility, or volume of a waste and its contaminants (EPA-89112a). Performance specification: A specification that states the desired operation or function of a product but does not specify the materials from which the product must be constructed. See specification for more related terms (40CFR247.101-91). Performance standards: (1) Regulatory requirements limiting the concentrations of designated organic compounds, particulate matter, and hydrogen chloride in emissions from incinerators. (2) Operating standards established by EPA for various permitted pollution control systems, asbestos inspections, and various program operations and maintenance requirements (EPA-97/12). Performance standards: The numerical pollutant emission limits for hazardous waste combustion units developed by EPA (RCRAIhazardous-04). Performance test: A test devised to permit rigorous observation and measurement of the performance of a unit of equipment or a system under prescribed operating conditions (EPA-83). Perimeter drain: See French drain. Periodic application of cover material: The application and compaction of soil and other suitable material over disposed solid waste at the end of each operating day or at such frequencies and in such a manner as to reduce the risk of fire and to impede vectors access to the waste (40CFR257.3.6-91, see also 40CFR257.3.8-91). Periodic table: A chemical element table in which elements are organized in accordance with their atomic numbers. The table includes horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns (groups). Elements in the same row or in the same column share some similar chemical properties. Periodical monitoring: Monitoring with fixed time intervals between consecutive observations. See monitoring for more related terms. Periphyton: Micro-organisms that coat rocks, plants, and other surfaces on lake bottoms (CWAIWbasics-04). Periphyton: Microscopic underwater plants and animals that are firmly attached to solid surfaces such as rocks, logs, and pilings (EPA-97/12). Periphyton: Organisms (including both plants and animals) that commonly grow on submerged surfaces such as stones, wood, aquatic plants, or other objects, forming more or less continuous slimy or woolly felted coatings on these objects (DOI-70104). Periphyton: Organisms attached to underwater surfaces (DOE9 1104).
Periphyton: Organisms that grow on underwater surfaces, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and other organisms (CWAIWquality-04). Periphyton: The association of aquatic organisms attached or clinging to stems and leaves of rooted plants or other surfaces projecting above the bottom (LBL-76107-water). Perlite composite board: The insulation board composed of expanded perlite and fibers formed into rigid, flat, rectangular units with a suitable sizing material incorporated in the product. It may have on one or both surfaces a facing or coating to prevent excessive hot bitumen strike-in during roofing installation (40CFR248.4-91). Permafrost: Any frozen soil, subsoil, suficial deposit, or bedrock in arctic or subarctic regions where below-freezing temperatures have existed continuously from two to tens of thousands of years (CWAIWbasics-04). Permanent closure: Closure of an UST that involves a number of steps designed to ensure that the tank will pose no threat to human health or the environment after it is closed (RCRAIhazardous-04). Permanent expansion (or secondary expansion): The ability of some refractories to increase in size permanently at temperature within their useful range (SW-10%). Permanent hardness: The none-carbonate hardness such as calcium sulphate (CaS04) and calcium fluoride (CaF2). These compounds can not be removed by boiling. See hardness for more related terms. Permanent opening: An opening designed into an enclosure to allow tire components to pass through the enclosure by conveyor or other mechanical means, to provide access for permanent mechanical or electrical equipment, or to direct air flow into the enclosure. A permanent opening is not equipped with a door or other means of obstruction of air flow (40CFR60.541-91). Permanent storage capacity: The grain storage capacity which is inside a building, bin, or silo (40CFR60.301-91). Permanent threshold shift (PTS): Permanent increase in the threshold of audibility for an ear. Unit, dB (ANSI S3.20-1995: permanent threshold shift; permanent hearing loss; PTS) (NCAIsound-04). Permanganate number (K NO.): A method (T-214-TAPPI Std.) used to determine the relative hardness or bleach requirements (bleach ability) of paper pulp. By definition, it is the number of milliliters of 0.1 N potassium permanganate solution absorbed by 1 gram of moisture-free pulp under specified control conditions (EPA-87/10).
Permeability coefficient: A water flow rate in which the amount of water passes through a cross section of 1 square foot under a unit hydraulic gradient at 60 F temperature. Permeability: (1) The property or capacity of a porous rock, sediment, or soil to transmit a fluid per unit cross section without damage to the structure of the media. (2) A measure of the ease of fluid flow under unequal pressure. (3) A measure of how interconnected the pores of a material are (NavyEnv-04). Permeability: (1) The rate at which liquids pass through soil or other materials in a specified direction (EPA-89/12). (2) The capacity of a porous medium to conduct or transmit fluids (SW108ts). Permeability: A measure of how well a liquid moves through the pores of a solid. Expressed as a number applied to landfills in terms of how quickly water moves through soil; it is typically expressed as centimeters per second (RCRA/management-04). Permeability: In groundwater, a qualitative sense, while hydraulic conductivity which considers both permeability and hydraulic head is a quantitative term. They refer to the degree of ease with which water can pass through a rock unit. They often are expressed in units of gallons per day per square foot (cf. hydraulic conductivity) (EPA-87/03). Permeability: The ability of a material to allow the passage of a liquid, such as water through rocks. Permeable materials, such as gravel and sand, allow water to move quickly through them, whereas unpermeable material, such as clay, do not allow water to flow freely (CWA~Wscience-04). Permeability: The capacity of a rock for transmitting a fluid; a measure of the relative ease with which a porous medium can transmit a liquid (CWNWbasics-04). Permeability: The degree to which groundwater can move freely through an aquifer (SFIremedy-04). Permeability: The rate at which liquids pass through soil or other materials in a specified direction (EPA-97/12). Permeable rock (or pervious rock): A rock, either porous (such as sandstone) or fissured, that allows water to soak into it and pass through it freely (DOI-70104). Permeable: Having pores or openings that permit liquids or gasses to pass through (RCRAImanagernent-04). Permeation: The process by which a hazardous liquid chemical moves through a protective clothing material on a molecular level. Permeation involves: (1) Sorption of molecules of the liquid into the contacted (outside) surface of a material; (2) Diffusion of the sorbed molecules in the material; and (3) Desorption of the
molecules from the opposite (inside) surface of the material into the collecting medium (NIOSH-84/10).
Permissible dose: The dose of a chemical that may be received by an individual without the expectation of a significantly harmful result (EPA-97/12). Permissible exposure limit (PEL): The employer shall ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration in excess of 0.2 fiber per cubic centimeter of air as an eight-hour timeweighted average (TWA), as determined by the method described in Appendix A of this section or by an equivalent method (40CFR763.121-91). Permissible exposure limit (PEL): The maximum permissible concentration of a toxic chemical or exposure level of a harmful physical agent (normally averaged over an eight-hour period) to which a person may be exposed (NavyEnv-04). Permissible exposure limit (PEL): Workplace exposure limits for contaminants established by OSHA (FFDCNpesticide-04). Permissible: That which is allowable or permitted. It is most widely applied to mine equipment and explosives of all kinds which are similar in all respects to samples that have passed certain tests of the MSHA and can be used with safety in accordance with specified conditions where hazards from explosive gas or coal dust exist (CWNmining-04). Permit (for real property): A temporary right of use (exclusive or nonexclusive) of real property, usually granted to another federal agency (SDWNradionuclide-04). Permit applicant or applicant: A person applying for a permit (SMCRA701-30U.S.C. 1291-90). Permit area: The area of land specified or referred to in an NPDES permit in which active mining and related activities may occur that result in the discharge regulated under the terms of the permit. Usually this is specifically delineated in an NPDES permit or permit application, but in other cases may be ascertainable from an Alaska Tri-agency permit application or similar document specifymg the mine location, mining plan, and similar data (40CFR440.141-91, see also SMCRA701). Permit averaging period: The duration of time over which a permit limit is calculated--day(s), week, or month (EPA-85/09; 9 1/03). Permit fees: Fees paid by businesses required to have a permit. Permit fees are like the fees drivers pay to register their cars. The money from permit fees will help pay for state air pollution control activities (CAAIair-04). Permit for treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste: In RCRA, the permit procedure includes (RCRA Sec. 3005; EPA-
1/89): (1) Part A: The first part of the two-part permit application that must be submitted by a TSD (treatment, storage, and disposal) facility to receive a permit. It contains general facility information (such as the name and location of the facility, its owner, the type of waste accepted, the maximum capacity, and other environmental permits that the facility has obtained). There is a standard form for the Part A (EPA-86/01). (2) Part B: Trial bum is probably the most important and difficult part of entire permit application. It includes detailed and highly technical information concerning the TSD in question. Permit or license applicant: When used with respect to an action of a federal agency for which exemption is sought under section 1536 of this title, any person whose application to such agency for a permit or license has been denied primarily because of the application of section 1536(a) of this title to such agency action (ESA3-16U.S.C. 1531-90). Permit or PSD permit: A permit issued under 40CFR52.21 or by an approved state (40CFR124.41-91). Permit: A document that resembles a license, required by the Clean Air Act for big (major) sources of air pollution, such as power plants, chemical factories and, in some cases, smaller polluters. Usually permits will be given out by states, but if EPA has disapproved part or all of a state permit program, EPA will give out the permits in that state. The 1990 Clean Air Act includes requirements for permit applications, including provisions for members of the public to participate in state and EPA reviews of permit applications. Permits will have, in one place, information on all the regulated pollutants at a source. Permits include information on which pollutants are being released, how much the source is allowed to release, and the program that will be used to meet pollutant release requirements. Permits are required both for the operation of plants (operating permits) and for the construction of new plants. The 1990 Clean Air Act introduced a nationwide permit system for air pollution control (CMair-04). Permit: A legal document issued by state andor federal authorities containing a detailed description of the proposed activity and operating procedures as well as appropriate requirements and regulations. The permitting process includes provisions for public comment (FFDCNpesticide-04). Permit: An authorization, license, or equivalent control document issued by EPA or an approved state agency to implement the requirements of an environmental regulation; e.g., a permit to operate a wastewater treatment plant or to operate a facility that may generate harmful emissions (EPA-89/12, see also SMCRA701; 40CFR2.309; 21.2; 22.03; 122.2; 124.2; 124.41; 129.2; 144.3; 146.3; 147.2902; 232.2; 256.06; 403.3; 501.2-91). 40CFR124.1 describes the general permit procedures for issuing, modifying, revoking, and reissuing or terminating all RCRA, UIC, PSD, and NPDES permits.
Permit: An authorization, license, or equivalent control document issued by EPA or an approved state agency to implement the requirements of an environmental regulation; e.g., a permit to operate a wastewater treatment plant or to operate a facility that may generate harmful emissions (EPA-97/12). Permit: As it pertains to mining, a document issued by a regulatory agency that gives approval for mining operations to take place (CWNmining-04). Permit: For more related terms, see: (1) Draft permit; (2) Emergency permit; (3) General permit; and (4) Proposed permit. Permit-as-a-shield: The provision which ensures that TSDF permittees will not be enforced against for violating new requirements that were not established in the original permit (RCRAIhazardous-04). Permit-by-rule: A provision of these regulations stating that a facility or activity is deemed to have a RCRA permit if it meets the requirements of the provision (40CFR270.2-91). Permit-by-rule: A special form of a RCRA permit that is sometimes granted to facilities with permits for activities under other environmental laws (RCRAmazardous-04). Permitted facilities: Facilities that have obtained a TSDF permit from EPA or the state agency to engage in the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste (RCRAihazardous-04). Permittee: A person holding a permit (SMCRA701, see also OPA1001; 40CFRI 72.1-91). Permitting authority: The Administrator or the air pollution control agency authorized by the Administrator to cany out a permit program under this title (CAASOI, see also CAA402; 40CFR230.3-91). Permitting authority: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a Regional Administrator of the EPA, or an authorized representative. Under the Clean Water Act, most states are authorized to implement the NPDES permit program. State Authorization Process describes the process for authorizing states to implement the NPDES permit program (CWNwastewater-04). Peroxide: (1) A chemical compound which contains the peroxy ''0-0-"radical (e.g., hydrogen peroxide H2O2). (2) A chemical used in bleaching of wood pulps, usually groundwood pulps (EPA-87/10). Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): A pollutant created by the action of sunlight on hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in the air. PANS are an integral part of photochemical smog (EPA-84/09).
Persistence: In meteorology, the continuation of the same situation during a specified period of time. For a wind direction, it is also called steadiness or constancy (NATO-78/10). Persistence: Refers to the length of time a compound stays in the environment, once introduced. A compound may persist for less than a second or indefinitely (EPA-97/12). Persistence: Refers to the length of time a compound, once introduced into the environment, stays there. A compound may persist for less than a second or indefinitely (EPA-89/12). Persistence: For more related terms, see (1) Botanical pesticide; (2) Contact insecticide (see contact pesticide); (3) Contact pesticide; (4) Restricted use pesticide; (5) Restricted use pesticide retail dealer; (6) Selective pesticide; and (7) Systemic pesticide.
Personal protective equipment: Any chemical protective clothing or device placed on the body to prevent contact with, and exposure to, an identified chemical substance or substances in the work area. Examples include, but are not limited to, chemical protective clothing, aprons, hoods, chemical goggles, face splash shields, or equivalent eye protection, and various types of respirators. Bamer creams are not included in this definition (40CFR721.3-91). Personal protective equipment: Clothing and equipment worn by pesticide mixers, loaders and applicators and re-entry workers, hazmat emergency responders, workers cleaning up Superfund sites, et a]., which is worn to reduce their exposure to potentially hazardous chemicals and other pollutants (EPA-97/12). Persulfate: A strong oxidizing agent used to regenerate ferrocyanide to fenicyanide in bleaches (EPA-80110).
Persistent chemical: A substance which resists biodegradation andlor chemical oxidation when released into the environment and tends to accumulate on land, in air, in water, or in organic matter (Course 165.5).
Pest control operator: P a o n or company that applies pesticides as a business (e.g., exterminator); usually describes household services, not agricultural applications (EPA-97/12).
Persistent pesticides: Pesticides that do not break down chemically or break down very slowly and remain in the environment after a growing season (EPA-97/12).
Pest problem: (1) A pest infestation and its consequences; or (2) Any condition for which the use of plant regulators, defoliants, or desiccants would be appropriate (40CFR162.15 1-91).
Persistent pollutant: A pollutant which is not subject to decay, degradation, transformation, volatilization, hydrolysis, or photolysis. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-91/03).
Pest: An insect, rodent, nematode, fungus, weed, or other form of terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life or virus, bacterial, or microorganism that is injurious to health or the environment (EPA-89/12, see also FIFRA2; 40CFR455.10-91).
Person rem: The unit of collective radiation dose commitment to a given population; the sum of the individual doses received by a population segment (DOE-91/04). Personal air samples: Air samples taken with a pump that is directly attached to the worker with the collecting filter and cassette placed in the worker's breathing zone (required under OSHA asbestos standards and EPA worker protection rule) (EPA97112). Personal measurement: A measurement collected from an individual's immediate environment. Personal property: Generally means movable items, which are not permanently affixed or an integral part of the real property. Archeological artifacts that have been excavated would be considered personal property while artifacts that are still buried are part of the real property (see separately) (SDWAIradionuclide-04). Personal protective equipment (PPE): Any material or device worn to protect a worker from exposure to or contact with any harmful substance or force. For IR Program work, it includes protective clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields and barriers (NavylEnv-04).
Pest: An insect, rodent, nematode, fungus, weed, or other form of terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life that is injurious to health or the environment (EPA-97/12). Pest: An insect, rodent, nematode, fungus, weed, mildew, mold, bacteria, or other form of terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life that is injurious to health or the environment (FIFRAJWN-04). Pesticidal product report: The information showing the types and amounts of pesticidal products which were: (1) Produced in the past calendar year; (2) Produced in the current calendar year; and (3) Sold or distributed in the past calendar year. For active ingredients, the pesticidal product report must include information on the types and amounts of an active ingredient for which there is actual or constructive knowledge of its use or intended use as a pesticide. This pesticidal product report also pertains to those products produced for export only which must also be reported. A positive or a negative annual report is required in order to maintain registration for the establishment (40CFR167.3-91). Pesticidal report: A pesticide, active ingredient, or device (40CFR167.3-91). Pesticide chemical code (PC Code): A six-digit number assigned by OPP to identify pesticide chemicals. Also called a Shaughnessy
code. The PC Code is often used for searching computer databases because it is short and easy to enter (FFDCNpesticide-04). Pesticide chemical: Any substance which alone, or in chemical combination with or in formulation with one or more other substances, is a pesticide within the meaning of FIFRA and which is used in the production, storage, or transportation of any raw agricultural commodity or processed food. The term includes any substance that is an active ingredient, intentionally added inert ingredient, or impurity of such a pesticide (40CFR177.3-91, see also 40CFR163.2; 180.1; 455.10-91). Pesticide document management system (PDMS): The EPAmaintained collection of documents of regulatory significance to pesticides, including submitted studies (FFDCNpesticide04). Pesticide incinerator: Any installation capable of the controlled combustion of pesticides, at a temperature of 1000 degrees C (1832 degrees F) for two second dwell time in the combustion zone, or lower temperatures and related dwell times that will assure complete conversion of the specific pesticide to inorganic gases and solid ash residues. Such installation complies with the Agency Guidelines for the Thermal Processing of Solid Wastes as prescribed in 40CFR240. See incinerator for more related terms (40CFRl65.1-91). Pesticide product: A pesticide in the particular form (including composition, packaging, and labeling) in which the pesticide is, or is intended to be, distributed or sold. The term includes any physical apparatus used to deliver or apply the pesticide if distributed or sold with the pesticide (40CFR152.3-91, see also 40CFR162.151-91). Pesticide regulation notice: Formal notice to pesticide registrants about important changes in regulatory policy, procedures, regulations (EPA-97/12). Pesticide related waste: All pesticide-containing wastes or byproducts which are produced in the manufacturing or processing of a pesticide and which are to be discarded, but which, pursuant to acceptable pesticide manufacturing or processing operations, are not ordinarily a part of or contained within an industrial wastestream discharged into a sewer or the waters of a state (40CFRI65.1-91). Pesticide residue: A film of pesticide left on the plant, soil, container, equipment, handler, etc., after application of the pesticide (FFDCNpesticide-04). Pesticide residue: A residue of a pesticide chemical or of any metabolite or degradation product of a pesticide chemical (40CFR177.3-91). Pesticide safety team network (PSTN): PSTN is operated by the National Agricultural Chemicals Association to minimize environmental damage and injury arising from accidental pesticide
spills or leaks. PSTN area coordinators in ten regions nationwide are available 24 hours a day to receive pesticide incident notifications from CHEMTREC (NRT-87/03). Pesticide solid waste: See pesticide waste. Pesticide tolerance: The amount of pesticide residue allowed by law to remain in or on a harvested crop. EPA sets these levels well below the point where the compounds might be harmful to consumers (EPA-97/12). Pesticide usage: Refers to actual applications of pesticides, generally in terms of quantity applied or units treated (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Pesticide use: A use of a pesticide (described in terms of the application site and other applicable identifying factors) that is included in the labeling of a pesticide product which is registered, or for which an application for registration is pending, and the terms and conditions (or proposed terms and conditions) of registration for the use (40CFR154.3-91). Pesticide user expenditures: Dollar value of purchases by persons or businesses applying pesticides, such as farmers, commercial pesticide applicators, and homeowners. Reported numbers are nominal values for the years indicated, i.e., not adjusted or indexed for inflation (FFDCNpesticide-04). Pesticide waste (or pesticide solid waste): The residue resulting from the manufacturing, handling, or use of chemicals for killing plant and animal pests. See waste for more related terms (SW108ts). Pesticide: (1)Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest; or (2) Any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant (40CFR165.1-91, see also FIFRA2; 40CFR125.58; 152.3; 455.10; 710.2; 720.3-91; EPA89/12). Pesticide: A chemical applied to crops, rights of way, lawns, or residences to control weeds, insects, fungi, nematodes, rodents, or other "pests" (CWAIWquality-04). Pesticide: Any chemical used to kill or control undesired insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms. Some pesticides are known to cause cancer (SFIremedy-04) Pesticide: Any product that makes a claim to kill or repel pests, including herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and rodenticides (FIFRAIWN-04). Pesticide: Any substance used to kill plant or animal pests; major categories of pesticides include herbicides and insecticides (CWAiWbasics-04).
Pesticide: Pesticide includes: (1) Excess pesticide: All pesticides which cannot be legally sold pursuant to the Act or which are to be discarded (40CFR165.1-91). (2) Organic pesticide: Carboncontaining substances used as pesticides, excluding metalloorganic compounds (40CFR165.1-91). (3) Inorganic pesticide: Non-carbon-containing substances used as pesticides (40CFR165.1-91). (4) Metallo organic pesticide: A class of organic pesticides containing one or more metal or metalloid atoms in the structure (4OCFRI 65.1-91). Pesticide: Substances intended to repel, kill, or control any species designated a "pest" including weeds, insects, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms. The family of pesticides includes herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, and bactericides (FFDCNpesticide-04). Pesticide: Substances or mixture there of intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. Also, any substance or mixture intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant (EPA-97/12). PETE (polyethylene terepthalate): Thermoplastic material used in plastic soft drink and rigid containers (EPA-97/12). Petrochemical feedstock: Chemical feedstocks derived from petroleum principally for the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a variety of plastics (CAA/C02gasl-04). Petrochemical feedstock: Feedstock derived from petroleum, used principally for the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a variety of plastics. The categories reported are naphthas (endpoint less than 401 F) and other oils (endpoint equal to or greater than 401 F) (CAA/C02gas-04). Petrochemical operations: The production of second-generation petrochemicals (i.e., alcohols, ketones, cumene, styrene, etc.) or first generation petrochemicals and isomerization products (i.e., BTX, olefins, cyclohexane, etc.) when 15% or more of refinery production is as first-generation petrochemicals and isomerization products (40CFR4 19.31-91). Petrochemical: Chemicals made feedstocks.
from
Petroleum derivatives: Chemicals formed when gasoline breaks down in contact with groundwater (EPA-97/12). Petroleum dry cleaner: A dry cleaning facility that uses petroleum solvent in a combination of washers, dryers, filters, stills, and settling tanks (40CFR60.621-91). Petroleum exclusion clause: Language in CERCLA $101(14) that excludes petroleum from the definition of "hazardous substance" (SFJEnv-04). Petroleum exclusion: The exclusion from CERCLA liability provided in 42U.S.C.9601(14), as interpreted by the courts and EPA. The term (hazardous substance) does not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or designated as a hazardous substance (USDNwater-04). Petroleum liquid: Petroleum, condensate, and any finished or intermediate products manufactured in a petroleum refinery. See liquid for more related terms (40CFR60.111b-91, see also 40CFR60.111; 60.1 1la-91). Petroleum marketing facilities: Include all facilities at which petroleum is produced or refined and all facilities from which petroleum is sold or transferred to other petroleum marketers or to the public (40CFR280.92-91). Petroleum marketing firms: All firms owning petroleum marketing facilities. Firms owning other types of facilities with USTs as well as petroleum marketing facilities are considered to be petroleum marketing firms (40CFR280.92-91). Petroleum products or their derivatives: Neither defined by CERCLA nor CERFA. However, a practical definition of the term can be adopted from the RCRA implementing regulations. Under the 40CFR280.12 definition for a regulated substance, it is "petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof that is liquid at standard conditions of temperature and pressure (60 F and 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute)." Examples are gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel (SDWNradionuclide-04).
petroleum-derived
Petrochemistry: A science studying the chemical reactions associated with petroleum, natural gas, or asphalt deposits. Petroleum coke: A residue that is the final product of the condensation process in cracking (CAA/C02gas-04). Petroleum coke: The coke formed by the destructive distillation of petroleum. Like foundry coke, petroleum coke can also be used for making cast iron in a cupola See coke for more related terms (EPA-8511Oa).
Petroleum products: Those substances included within the meaning of the terms within the Petroleum Exclusion to CERCLA, 42U.S.C.9601(14), as interpreted by the courts and EPA, that is petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or designated as a hazardous substance (USDAIwater-04). Petroleum refinery: Any facility engaged in producing gasoline, kerosene, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, or other products through distillation of petroleum, or through redistillation, cracking, or reforming of unfinished petroleum derivatives (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.41b; 60.101; 60.1 11; 60.1 1la; 60.591; 60.691; 61.341-91).
Petroleum UST system: An underground storage tank system that contains petroleum or a mixture or petroleum with de minimis quantities of other regulated substances. Such systems include those containing motor fuels, jet fuels, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils (40CFR280.12-91). Petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL): For example jet fuel, gasoline, diesel fuel, and POL sludges (NavyIEnv-04). Petroleum: A broadly defined class of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures. Included are crude oil, lease condensate, unfinished oils, refined products obtained from the processing of crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids. Note: Volumes of finished petroleum products include nonhydrocarbon compounds, such as additives and detergents, after they have been blended into the products (CAA/C02gas1-04). Petroleum: Crude oil or any fraction thereof that is liquid under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. The t m includes petroleum-based substances comprising a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil through the process of separation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, such as motor fuel, jet oil, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oil (EPA97/12). Petroleum: Hydrocarbon mixtures, including crude oil, lease condensate, natural gas, products of natural gas processing plants, refined products, semifinished products, and blending materials (CAA/COzgas-04).
14 as follows: pH = - log (w). (3) Acid: Gases or liquids with pH < 7, i.e., H+ donors. (4) Base: Gases or liquids with pH > 7, i.e., H+ acceptors. (5) Neutral: pH = 7. pH shows hydrogen ion concentration which reflects the balance between acids and alkalis. The pH of most natural waters falls within the range 4 to 9. A pH of 7.0 indicates neutral water. A 6.5 reading is slightly acid; and 8.5 reading is alkaline. Slight decrease in pH may greatly increase the toxicity of substances such as cyanides, sulfides, and most metals. Slight increase in pH may greatly increase the toxicity of pollutants such as ammonia. Alkaline water will tend to form a scale; acid water is corrosive; good water should be nearly neutral (DOI-70104).
pH: A measure of the acidity (less than 7) or alkalinity (greater than 7) of a solution; a pH of 7 is considered neutral (CWAlWbasics-04). pH: A measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of water. Water with a pH of 7 is neutral; lower pH levels indicate increasing acidity, while pH levels higher than 7 indicate increasingly basic solutions. (CWAfWscience-04). pH: An expression of the intensity of the basic or acid condition of a liquid; may range from 0 to 14, where 0 is the most acid and 7 is neutral. Natural waters usually have a pH between 6.5 and 8.5 (EPA-97/12). pH: The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a chemical solution, from 0 to 14. Anything neutral, for example, has a pH of 7. Acids have a pH less than 7, bases (alkaline) greater than 7 (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Petroleum: The crude oil removed from the earth and the oils derived from tar sands, shale, and coal (40CFR52.741-91, see also RCRA9001; 40CFR60.101; 60.1 11; 60.1 1la; 60.1 11b; 60.591; 60.691; 61.341-91).
Pharmaceutical coating operation: A device in which a coating is applied to a pharmaceutical, including air drying or curing of the coating (40CFR52.741-91).
pH adjustment: A means of maintaining the optimum pH through the use of chemical additives. Can be manual, automatic, or automatic with flow corrections (EPA-83/03).
Pharmaceutical: Any compound or mixture, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, treatment, or cure of disease in man and animal (40CFR52.741-91).
pH buffer: A substance used to stabilize the acidity or alkalinity in a solution (EPA-83106a).
Pharmacokinetics: The study of the rates of absorption, tissue distribution, biotransformation, and excretion (40CFR795.228-91, see also 4OCFR795.231; 795.232-91).
pH electrode: Similar to the glass electrode structure, the pH electrode is used as the hydrogen-ion sensor of most pH meters. See electrode for more related terms.
Pharmacokinetics: The study of the way that drugs move through the body after they are swallowed or injected (EPA-97/12).
pH modifier: An agent to control pH for proper functioning of a cationic or anionic flotation. Modifying agents used include soda ash, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium phosphates, lime, sulfuric acid, and hydrofluoric acid (EPA-82/02).
Pharmacology: The science of medicine and drugs. Phase assembly: The coil-core assembly of a single phase of a transformer (EPA-83/03).
pH: (1) The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (40CFR131.35-91, see also 40CFR257.3.5; 420.02; 796.2750-91; EPA-89/12). (2) A measure of the acidity (0, most acid) or alkalinity (14, most alkaline) of a liquid or solid on a scale of 0 to
Phase diagram: A diagram (or series or diagrams) used to show chronological order in a project. The diagram should show key transition points and contain enough detail to move smoothly from phase to phase (RCRAImanagement-04).
Phase diagram: A projection of a pressure-specific volumetemperature surface upon the pressure-temperature plane. The diagram shows more than one of the saturation lines (liquid-vapor, liquid-solid, etc.) of a pure substance (Jones-pl 15; Wark-p60). Phase equilibria: The equilibrium relationships among various phases, e.g., gas, liquid, or solid of substances under different conditions such as temperature or pressure.
Phenol 4AAP (or phenolic compound): The value obtained by the method specified in 40CFR136.3 (cf. four (4)-AAP colorimeteric method) (40CFR420.02-91). Phenol coefficient: A device for indicating the efficiency of antiseptics. Phenol formaldehyde resin: See phenolic resin. Phenolic compound: See phenol 4AAP.
Phase I environmental site assessment (SA): This is a professional inquiry into the property in which conditions found in the TSQ are further studied. Phase assessments delve more deeply into the history and use of the property (USDNwater-04). Phase I RCRA facility investigations: Also known as release assessments, these are used to confirm reduce uncertainty about areas of concern or potential releases identified during a RCRA Subtitle C corrective action RCRA facility assessment (RCRAIhazardous-04). Phase of super saturation: The metastable phase in which existing sugar crystals grow but new crystals do not form; the intermediate phase in which existing crystals grow and new crystals do form; and the labile phase in which new crystals form spontaneously without the presence of others (EPA-75102d). Phase: In electronics, one of the separate circuits or windings of a poly-phase system, machine, or other apparatus (EPA-83/03). Phase: In physical chemistry, the uniform appearance of substances. Three phases, gas, liquid, and solid, usually can be identified from the appearance. A substance may exist in several phases: (1) A pure solid phase known as ice. (2) A pure liquid phase. (3) A pure vapor phase known as steam. (4) An equilibrium mixture of liquid and vapor phases. (5) An equilibrium mixture of liquid and solid phases. (6) An equilibrium mixture of solid and vapor phases. Phased disposal: A method of tailings management and disposal which uses lined impoundments which are filled and then immediately dried and covered to meet all applicable federal standards. See disposal for more related terms (40CFR61.251-91). Phasing: A system of running a project in more than one step (phase). Each phase is generally independent of the others, which offers more flexibility in management and operation (RCRAImanagement-04). Phenol (C6H50H): (1) Total phenols as measured by the procedure listed in 40CFR136 (40CFR410.01-91). (2) Organic compounds that are by-products of petroleum refining, tanning, and textile, dye, and resin manufacturing. Low concentrations cause taste and odor problems in water; higher concentrations can kill aquatic life and humans (EPA-89/12). (3) cf. total phenol.
Phenolic insulation: The insulation made with phenolic plastics which are plastics based on resins made by the condensation of phenols, such as phenol or cresol, with aldehydes (40CFR248.491). Phenolic resin (or phenol formaldehyde resin): A group of varied and versatile synthetic resins. They are made by reacting almost any phenolic and an aldehyde. In some cases, hexamethylenetetramine is added to increase the aldehyde content. Both types of materials are used separately or in combination in the blending of commercial molding materials. Due to the thermal degradation of phenolic resins that may occur during metal pouring, phenol and formaldehyde may be generated. See resin for more related terms (EPA-8511Oa). Phenolphthalein alkalinity: The alkalinity in a water sample measured by the amount of standard acid needed to lower the pH to a level of 8.3 as indicated by the change of color of the phenolphthalein from pink to clear (EPA-97/12). Phenols: A class of organic compounds containing phenol (C6H50H) and its derivatives. Used to make resins, weed killers, and as a solvent, disinfectant, and chemical intermediate. Some phenols occur naturally in the environment (CWAhVbasics-04). Phenols: Organic compounds that are by-products of petroleum refining, tanning, and textile, dye, and resin manufacturing. Low concentrations cause taste and odor problems in water; higher concentrations can kill aquatic life and humans (EPA-97/12). Phenotype: The manifest characteristics of an organism collectively, including anatomical, psychological, etc. (SFIremedy-04). Phenotypic expression time: A period during which unaltered gene products are depleted from newly mutated cells (40CFR798.5300-91). Pheromone: Hormonal chemical produced by female of a species to attract a mate (EPA-89/12). Pheromones: Biochemicals used to disrupt the mating behavior of insects (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Phon: Loudness contours. A subjective impression of equal loudness by listeners as a function of frequency and sound level (dB). An increase in low frequency sound will be perceived as being much louder than an equivalent high frequency increase (NCMsound-04). Phosphate coating: A process of forming a conversion coating on iron or steel by immersing in a hot solution of manganese, iron, or zinc phosphate. Often used on a metal part prior to painting or porcelainizing (EPA-83106a). Phosphate glass: A glass in which the essential glass former is phosphorus pentoxide instead of silica. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Phosphate rock feed: All material entering the process unit including moisture and extraneous material as well as the following ore minerals: fluorapatite, hydroxylapatite, chlorapatite, and carbonateapatite(40CFR60.401-91). Phosphate rock plant: Any plant which produces or prepares phosphate rock product by any or all of the following processes: mining, beneficiation, crushing, screening, cleaning, drying, calcining, and grinding (40CFR60.401-91). Phosphates: Certain chemical compounds containing phosphorus (EPA-97/12). Phosphatizing: A process of forming rust-resistant coating on iron or steel by immersing in a hot solution of acid manganese, iron, or zinc phosphates (EPA-83106a). Phosphodiester bond: In nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), the phosphorus bond between the 5 position of one sugar unit of a nucleotide and the 3 position of a sugar of a second nucleotide. Thus, phosphodiester bonds are the bonds that form a single strand of nucleic acid (EPA-88109a). Phosphogypsum piles (stacks): Principal by-product generated in production of phosphoric acid from phosphate rock. These piles may generate radioactive radon gas (EPA-97/12). Phosphogypsum stacks or stacks: (1) Piles of waste from phosphorus fertilizer production containing phosphogypsum. Stacks shall also include phosphate mines that are used for the disposal of phosphogypsum; or (2) Piles of waste or other form of by-product which results from wet acid phosphorus production containing phosphogypsum. Stacks shall also include phosphate mines that are used for the disposal of phosphogypsum (4OCFR61.201-91). Phosphogypsum: The waste or other form of by-product which results from the process of wet acid phosphorus production and which contains greater than (up to 10) pCi/g radium (40CFR61.201-91).
Phosphor: A crystalline inorganic compound that produces light when excited by ultraviolet radiation (EPA-83/03). Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC): As the name implies, a PAFC uses concentrated phosphoric acid (&Po4) as its electrolyte. See Appendix C for more details. Phosphoric acid: A solution of the elements phosphorus, hydrogen, and oxygen that serves as the electrolyte for one type of fuel cell, the phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC). Chemically, it is H3PO4. Phosphorus (P): A nonmetallic element with atomic number 15; atomic weight 30.9738; density 1.82 glcc; melting point 44.2 C and boiling point 280 C. The element belongs to group VA of the periodic table. It is an essential chemical food element that can contribute to the eutrophication of lakes and other water bodies. Increased phosphorus levels result from discharge of phosphoruscontaining materials into surface waters (EPA-89/12). Phosphorus (P): An essential chemical food element that can contribute to nutrient loading of lakes and other water bodies. Increased phosphorus levels result from discharge of phosphoruscontaining materials into surface waters, like fertilizers (NavyIEnv-04). Phosphorus plants: Facilities using electric furnaces to produce elemental phosphorous for commercial use, such as high grade phosphoric acid, phosphate-based detergent, and organic chemicals use (EPA-97/12). Phosphorus precipitation: The addition of the multivalent metallic ions of calcium, iron, and aluminium to wastewater to form insoluble precipitates with phosphorus (EPA-8711Oa). Phosphorus: A nutrient essential for growth that can play a key role in stimulating aquatic growth in lakes and streams (CWMWbasics-04). Phosphorus: An essential chemical food element that can contribute to the eutrophication of lakes and other water bodies. Increased phosphorus levels result from discharge of phosphoruscontaining materials into surface waters (EPA-97/12). Phosphorylation: Introduction of the phosphoryl group into an organic compound (LBL-76107-bio). Photic zone: The upper zone of a water body in which sufficient light is available for photosynthesis (cf. profundal zone) (DOI70104). Photo resist: (1) A light-sensitive coating that is applied to a substrate or board, exposed, and developed prior to chemical etching, the exposed areas serve as a mask for selective etching (EPA-83/03). (2) Thin coatings produced from organic solutions which when exposed to light of the proper wave length are
chemically changed in their solubility to certain solvents (developers). This substance is placed over a surface which is to be protected during processing such as in the etching of printer circuit boards (EPA-83106a). Photobiological process: The use of photosynthesis to produce hydrogen. There are different biological processes that liberate hydrogen or where hydrogen is produced as an intermediate product. Photobiological processes (e.g., photosynthesis uses solar radiation as the source of energy, while fermentation processes take place in the absence of light) take advantage of the energy stored in the feedstock (e.g., glucose). Photochemical oxidants: Air pollutants formed by the action of sunlight on oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons (EPA-97/12). Photochemical smog: A mixture of secondary air pollutants including ozone, organic nitrates, etc., which are produced from primary pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, etc. by photochemical reactions (NATO-78110). Photochemical smog: A type of air pollution resulting from photochemical reactions (LBL-76107-air). Photochemical smog: Air pollution caused by chemical reactions of various pollutants emitted from different sources. See photochemical oxidants (EPA-97/12). Photochemically reactive solvent: (1) Any solvent with an aggregate of more than 20% of its total volume composed of the chemical compounds classified below or which exceeds any of the following individual percentage composition limitations, as applied to the total volume of solvent. (2) A combination of hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, or ketones having an olefinic or cycloolefinic type of unsaturation: 5%. (3) A combination of aromatic compounds with 8 or more carbon atoms to the molecule except ethylbenyene: 8%. (4) A combination of ethylbenyene or ketones having branched hydrocarbon structures, trichloroethylene, or toluene: 20% (40CFR52.1088-91, see also 40CFR52.1107; 52.2440-91). (5) See solvent for more related terms.
Photoelectric colorimetry: A device that uses a phototube or a photocell for the determination of color. Photoelectric effect: The liberation of electric charges from a substance due to the irradiation of electromagnetic energy. Other phenomena related to the photoelectric effect include photoconductive effect and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectron spectroscopy: A method for measuring the ionization potentials of molecules. See spectroscopy for more related terms. Photographic article: Any article which will become a component of an instant photographic or peel apart film article (40CFR723.175-91). Photographic paper: See sensitized paper (EPA-83). Photoionization detector (PID): See GCIFID. Photoionization: Ionization of an atom or molecule due to the absorption of a photon of light. Photolithography: The process by which a microscopic pattern is transferred from a photomask to a material layer (e.g., SiO) in an actual circuit (EPA-83/03). Photoluminescence (or flame photometric analyzer): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or luminescence analyzer for various types). Flame photometry is a branch of spectrochemical analysis in which a sample is excited to luminescence by introduction into a flame. It is primarily used in ambient air sampling, but has been applied to stationary source sampling by using sample dilution techniques (EPA-84103a).
Photochemistry: A science studying the light effects on chemical reactions.
Photolysis: The chemical reaction of a substance caused by direct absorption of solar energy (direct photolysis) or caused by other substances that absorb solar energy (indirect photolysis) (40CFR300-AppIA-91). It is a process which chemical bonds are broken under the influence of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light. Products of photo-degradation vary according to the matrix in which the process occurs, but the complete conversion of an organic contaminant to C02, H20, etc., is not probable (cf. direct photolysis).
Photoconductive effect: An increase in electrical conductivity of a semiconductor due to the incident of photons (cf. photoelectric effect).
Photomask: A film or glass negative that has many highresolution images, used in the production of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits (EPA-83/03).
Photodegradable plastic: A plastic that breaks down in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light (OTA-89/10).
Photometer: (1) A device having the capability of converting radiant energy into electrical energy (LBL-76107-air). (2) An instrument that measures the intensity of light or the degree of light absorption (LBL-76107-water).
Photodegradation: Decomposition or break-down of a chemical compound by photo (radiant) energy (cf. biodegradation).
Photon: A quantum of electromagneticenergy (EPA-83/03).
Photoperiod: The light and dark periods in a 24-hour day. This is usually expressed in a form such as 17 hours light17 hours dark or 17LI7D (40CFR797.2130-91, see also 40CFR797.2150-91).
Physical and thermal integrity: The ability of the material of the cap and/or rotor to resist physical and thermal breakdown (40CFR85.2 122(a)(7)(ii)(C)-91).
Photoperiodism: The response of an organism to the light and dark periods of a day.
Physical chemical treatment system: Those full scale wke plant wastewater treatment systems incorporating full scale granular activated carbon adsorption units which were in operation prior to January 7, 1981, the date of proposal of this regulation (40CFR420.11-9 1).
Photosensitive coating: A chemical layer that is receptive to the action of radiant energy (EPA-83106a). Photosynthesis: Synthesis of chemical compounds by organisms with the aid of light. Carbon dioxide is used as raw material for photosynthesis and oxygen is a product (CWAIWquality-04).
Physical chemistry: A science dealing with the effects of physical properties on chemical phenomena.
Photosynthesis: The manufacture by plants of carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide mediated by chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight (EPA-97/12).
Physical coal cleaning: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Physical coal cleaning depends on the differences in density of both coal and the impurities. Coal is crushed, washed, and then separated by settling processes using cyclones, air classifiers, or magnetic separators. Approximately 40 to 90% of the pyritic sulfur content can be removed by physical coal cleaning. Its effectiveness depends on the size of pyritic sulfur particles and the amount of pyritic sulfur contained in the coal (EPA-81/12, p8-4).
Photosynthesis: The metabolic process by which simple sugars are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water by plant cells using light as an energy source (DOD-78/01).
Physical construction: The excavation, movement of earth, erection of forms or structures, or similar activity to prepare an HWM facility to accept hazardous waste (40CFR270.2-91).
Photovoltaic effect: The generation of a voltage between two different contact materials due to the incident of photons of light (cf. photoelectric effect).
Physical model: The simulation of a real process by a physical experiment which models the important features of the original process that are the object of study, e.g., the simulation of dispersion problem in a wind tunnel (NATO-78/10).
Photosynthesis: The manufacture by plants of carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll, with sunlight as the energy source. Oxygen and water vapor are released in the process (CAA/C02gas-04).
Photovoltaics: The generation of a voltage between two different contact materials due to the incidence of photons of light. Photovoltaic cells are devices that are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. A photovoltaic cell is also known as a solar cell. Phthalates: A class of organic compounds containing phthalic acid esters (C6H4(COOR)2) and derivatives. Used as plasticizers in plastics. Also used in many other products (such as detergents, cosmetics) and industrial processes (such as defoaming agents in paper and paperboard manufacture, and dielectrics in capacitors) (CWAiWbasics-04).
Physical or mental impairment: See handicapped person (40CFR7.25-91). Physical setting sources: Sources that provide information about the geologic, hydrogeologic, hydrologic, or topographic characteristics of a property (USDAIwater-04). Physical treatment: A treatment process that alters the physical structure of a toxic waste contaminant to reduce the waste's toxicity, mobility, or volume. See treatment for more related terms (EPA-89112a).
Physical adsorption: An adsorption process in which the adsorbate is held together by weak physical forces. See adsorption for more related terms.
Physiographic province: A region in which the landforms are distinctive and differ significantly from those of adjacent regions (CWAIWbasics-04).
Physical and chemical treatment: Processes generally used in large-scale wastewater treatment facilities. Physical processes may include air-stripping or filtration. Chemical treatment includes coagulation, chlorination, or ozonation. The term can also refer to treatment of toxic materials in surface and groundwaters, oil spills, and some methods of dealing with hazardous materials on or in the ground (EPA-97/12).
Physiography: A description of the surface features of the earth, with an emphasis on the origin of landforms (CWAiWbasics-04). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model: Physiologically based compartmental model used to quantitatively describe pharmacokinetic behavior (EPA-92/12).
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK model): A computer model that describes what happens to a chemical in the body. This model describes how the chemical gets into the body, where it goes in the body, how it is changed by the body, and how it leaves the body (SFIhealth-04). Phytoplankton: See plankton. Phytoplankton: That portion of the plankton community comprised of tiny plants; e.g., algae, diatoms (EPA-97/12). Phytoremediation: Low-cost remediation option for sites with widely dispersed contamination at low concentrations (EPA97/12).
pickling bath by entraining the pollutants in water (40CFR468.0291).
Pickling rinse for forged parts: A rinse, other than an alkaline cleaning rinse, through which forged parts are processed. A rinse consisting of a series of rinse tanks is considered as a single rinse (40CFR468.02-91). Pickling rinse: A rinse, other than an alkaline cleaning rinse, through which a workpiece is processed. A rinse consisting of a series of rinse tanks is considered as a single rinse (40CFR468.0291).
Phytotoxic: Harmful to plants (EPA-97/12).
Pickling: (1) An immersion of all or part of a workpiece in a corrosive media such as acid to remove scale and related surface coatings (EPA-83106a). (2) The process of immersing hot steel in a bath of hot dilute acid to prepare it for being cold-rolled and finished by galvanizing and tin-plating (DOI-70104). (3) The process that follows bating whereby the hide is immersed in a brine and acid solution to bring the skin or hide to an acid condition; prevents precipitation of chromium salts on the hide (EPA-82/11).
Phytotoxic: Something that harms plants (EPA-89/12).
pico-: A prefix denoting 10-l2
Phytotreatment: The cultivation of specialized plants that absorb specific contaminants from the soil through their roots or foliage. This reduces the concentration of contaminants in the soil, but incorporates them into biomasses that may be released back into the environment when the plant dies or is harvested (EPA-97/12).
Picocurie @Ci): One trillionth (10-12) of the amount of radioactivity represented by a curie (Ci). A curie is the amount of radioactivity that yields 3.7 x 1010 radioactive disintegrations per second (dps). A picocurie yields 2.22 disintegrations per minute (dpm) or 0.037 dps (CWAiWbasics-04).
pi: 3.141592. It is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
Picocurie (pCi): The quantity of radioactive material producing 2.22 nuclear transformations per minute (40CFR141.2-91). 1 pCi = ( 1 0 ~ ~ ~ ) ~ ( 3 7 ~ 1 0=~ 2.22 ) ~ ( 6transformations 0) per minute. See radiation unit for more related terms.
Phytoremediation: The emerging science of planting specific crops which draw into their root systems comparatively large quantities of contaminants from soils or water and, over time and successive plantings, can remediate the environmental impact of contaminants (OMB/Reg-04).
Pica: A craving to eat nonfood items, such as dirt, paint chips, and clay. Some children exhibit pica-related behavior (SFhealth-04). Pica: Ingestion of nonfood items (LBL76107-bio). Pick interval: The time or range intervals in the lidar backscatter signal whose minimum average amplitude is used to calculate opacity. Two pick intervals are required, one in the near region and one in the far region (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91). Picking table or belt: A table or belt on which solid waste is manually sorted and certain items are removed. It is normally used in composting and salvage operations (SW-108ts). Pickle liquor: In steel manufacture, a dilute acid solution used to clean steel. See liquor for more related terms (DOI-70104). Pickling bath: Any chemical bath (other than alkaline cleaning) through which a workpiece is processed (40CFR468.02-91). Pickling fume scrubber: The process of using an air pollution control device to remove particulates and fumes from air above a
Picocurie per liter (pCi1L): A common unit of measurement of the concentration of radioactivity in a gas or liquid. A picocurie per liter corresponds to 0.03 radioactive disintegrations per second in every liter. See radiation unit for more related terms (EPA88/08a, see also EPA-88/08). Picocuries per liter (pCi/L): A unit of measure for levels of radon gas; becquerels per cubic meter is metric equivalent (EPA97/12). Picoplankton: Plankton in the size range of 0.2 to 2.0 mm (NavyIEnv-04). Picric acid [C6H2(N02)3]: 2,4,6-tinitrophenol, a yellow explosive compound used for making matches, batteries, etc. Pieces: The floor tile measured in the standard size of 12 X 12 X 3/32 (40CFR427.71-91).
Piezoelectric monitor: A type of particle monitor which measures mass concentration by utilization of a vibrating piezoelectric crystal driven by a standard oscillation circuit (EPA-8 1/09). Piezometer tube: An open topped tube used to measure the pressure of confined groundwater. The lower end of the tube is submerged into the confined groundwater, the pressure is indicated by the risen water level.
Pilkington process: A process for making flat glass in which the glass continuously pours from a tank onto a spout and thence between forming rolls and is subsequently annealed as one continuous sheet (EPA-83). Pillar robbing: The systematic removal of the coal pillars between rooms or chambers to regulate the subsidence of the roof. Also termed "bridging back" the pillar, "drawing" the pillar, or "pulling" the pillar (CWNmining-04).
Piezometer: A gage for measuring liquid pressure. Piezometer: A nonpumping well, generally of small diameter, for measuring the elevation of a water table (EPA-97/12). Piezometer: A well with a screen length that is only 1-5% of an aquifer's saturated thickness. Generally used to measure the total potential or head at a point in an aquifer (NavyIEnv-04). Piezometric surface: An imaginary surface that everywhere coincides with the static water level in a confined aquifer (NavyIEnv-04). Piezometric surface: The surface of standing water level shown by a piezometer tube. Pig iron: Crude, high-carbon iron produced by reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace (CAA/C02gas-04). Pig iron: Crude, high-carbon iron produced by reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace (CAA/C02gasl-04). Pig: (1) A container, usually lead, used to ship or store radioactive materials (EPA-89/12). (2) In metallurgy, an ingot of aluminum alloy weighing 15 to 50 pounds (EPA-76/12).
Pillar: An area of coal left to support the overlying strata in a mine; sometimes left permanently to support surface structures (CWNmining-04). Pilot and main burner: One of main bumer components. The pilot is lit first, and, once a flame is detected, the fuel supply to the main burner is opened allowing the pilot to light the main burner. See burner component for more related terms (EPA-89/03b). Pilot program: A test phase consisting of a cross section of homes in a new area utilizing standard noise abatement techniques and procedures along with rigorous acoustical testing. This provides an opportunity to test the techniques and products being used to determine if changes will be necessary to deliver the best sound insulation product available (NCNnoise-04). Pilot program: A trial run of the planned program conducted on a small scale to forecast the workability of the planned program. Changes may be made to the program depending on the results of the pilot study (RCRAImanagement-04). Pilot scale testing: A treatability study designed to provide the detailed cost and design data required to optimize a treatment technology's performance and to provide information in support of remedy implementation (EPA-89112a).
Piggy-back: A bridge conveyor (CWNmining-04). Pigment: (1) A general term used to describe any of a wide variety of organic, inorganic, natural, or synthetic insoluble material which are added to coatings to produce a desired color, viscosity, solids level, or gloss (EPA-79112b). (2) The colorant used to give printing inks the desired hue and color (EPA-79/12a).
Pilot tests: Testing a cleanup technology under actual site conditions to identify potential problems prior to full-scale implementation (EPA-97/12).
Pigmented coatings: The opaque coatings containing binders and colored pigments which are formulated to conceal the wood surface either as an undercoat or topcoat (40CFR52.741-91).
Pilot: (1) A burner that is used to ignite waste and auxiliary fuel during startup. See burner for more related terms (EPA-89103b). (2) A small fuel flame used to ignite the fuel at the main burner. It is continuously fired A pilot that bums without turndown throughout the entire time the burner is in service, whether the main burner is firing or not.
Pile: (1) Any non-containerized accumulation of solid, nonflowing hazardous waste that is used for treatment or storage (40CFR260.10-91). (2) (a) The fuel element in a nuclear reactor. (b) A heap of waste (EPA-89/12).
Pilot: Approved tests of a new initiative or idea to identify potential problems prior to full-scale implementation. Many of the Superfund reforms have used pilot sites to test new technologies and processes (SF/reform-04).
Pili (singular, pilus): A proteinaceous surface structure of some bacteria (EPA-88109a).
Pinch: A compression of the roof and floor of a coal seam so as to "squeeze" out the coal (CWNmining-04).
Pinch: A compression of the walls of a vein or the roof and floor of a coal seam so as to "squeeze" out the coal (CWNmining-04). Pine rosin: See natural rosin. Pinholes: (1) In constructing a landfill liner, a small imperfections in sheet or seamed flexible membrane liners which allow for escape of the contained materials, i.e., leaks (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). (2) Imperfections in paper which appear as very small holes (EPA-83). Pink water: After loading TNT into munitions, the loading bays are washed. TNT particles in concentrations of 100-150 mgll produce in sunlight an orange or light rust colored effluent termed "pink water." See water for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Pinning: Roof bolting (CWNmining-04). Pioneer plant: Herbaceous annual and perennial seedling plants that colonize bare areas as a first stage in secondary succession (CWNWbasics-04). Pipe and tube mill: Those steel hot forming operations that produce butt welded or seamless tubular steel products (40CFR420.71-91). Pipe flow: The flow of liquid is full in a pipe. See flow for more related terms (M&E-72). Pipe or line pipe: A tube, usually cylindrical, through which a hazardous liquid flows from one point to another (40CFR195.291). Pipe or piping: A hollow cylinder or tubular conduit that is constructed of non-earthen materials (40CFR280.12-91). Pipe schedule: Standard method for designating the wall thickness of pipe O\Tavy/Env-04).
Pipeline or pipeline system: All parts of a pipeline facility through which a hazardous liquid moves in transportation, including, but not limited to, piping, valves, and other appurtenances connected to, pumping units, fabricated assemblies associated with pumping units, metering and delivery stations and fabricated assemblies therein, and breakout tanks (40CFR195.291). Pipeline wrap: An asbestos-containingproduct made of paper felt intended for use in wrapping or coating pipes for insulation purposes (40CFR763.163-91). Pipeline, distribution: A pipeline that conveys gas from a transmission pipeline to its ultimate consumer (CAA/C02gasl-04). Pipeline, gathering: A pipeline that conveys gas from a production well/field to a gas processing plant or transmission pipeline for eventual delivery to end-use consumers (CAA/C02gas1-04). Pipeline, transmission: A pipeline that conveys gas from a region where it is produced to a region where it is to be distributed (CAA/C02gasl-04). Pipeline: All parts of those physical facilities through which gas moves in transportation, including pipe, valves, and other appurtenance attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders, and fabricated assemblies (40CFRl92.3-91). Piping: A hollow cylinder or tubular conduit that is constructed of non-earthen materials (40CFR280.12-91) (40CFR280.12-91). Piping: Erosion by percolating water in a layer of subsoil, resulting in caving and in the formation of narrow conduits, tunnels, or "pipes" through which soluble or granular soil material is removed (CWNWbasics-04). Piscicide: Chemicals used to kill fish (EPA-85/10).
Pipe, tube, and other: Those acid pickling operations that pickle pipes, tubes, or any steel product other than those included in paragraphs (k), (I), and (m) of this section (40CFR420.91-91). Pipe: (1) Any pipe or tubing used in the transportation of gas, including pipe-type holders (40CFR192.3-91). (2) In energy transportation, a tube, usually cylindrical, through which gas or oil (or any pumpable liquid) flows from one point to another. Pipeline facility: The new and existing pipelines, rights-of-way, and any equipment, facility, or building used in the transportation of gas or in the treatment of gas during the course of transportation (40CFR192.3-91, see also 40CFR195.2-91). Pipeline gas: Gaseous fuels travel through pipelines from location to location.
Pit crucible furnace: Pit crucible furnace derives its name from its location. The top of the furnace is near floor level, which facilitates charging of the metal to the furnace and removing of the crucible for pouring. See furnace for more related terms (AP-40, p238). Pitch binder: Thermosetting binders used in core making. Baking of the sand-binder mixture is required for evaporation-oxidation and polymerization to take place (EPA-8511Oa). Pitch coke: The coke formed by the destructive distillation of petroleum pitch. Used in foundry operations as sand binders. See coke for more related terms (EPA-85110a). Pitch polishing: Polishing operation in which pitch rather than felt is the resilient carrier for the polishing agent (EPA-83).
Pitch: (1) In chemistry, synonymous with asphalt. (2) In physics, a cycle (or frequency) of a sound. Pitch: The inclination of a seam; the rise of a seam (CWAlmining-04). Pitch: The perceived auditory sensation of sounds expressed in terms of high or low frequency stimulus of the sound (NCAlsound-04). Pitot tube: A device for measuring the velocity of a flowing fluid by using the velocity head of the stream as an index velocity (AP40, p72; OME-88/12). Pitot tube: An instrument which will sense the total pressure and static pressure in a gas stream. Used to determine gas velocity (EPA-83). Pits, ponds, or lagoons: Man-made or natural depressions in a ground surface that are likely to hold liquids or sludge containing hazardous substances or petroleum products. The likelihood of such liquids or sludge being present is determined by evidence of factors associated with the pit, pond, or lagoon, including, but not limited to, discolored water, distressed vegetation, or the presence of an obvious wastewater discharge (USDAIwater-04). Pituita-adrenal axis: The interrelation of the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands whereby the activity of one is stimulated or inhibited by a hormone of the other, e.g., regulation of ACTH secretion by the concentrations of adrenal corticoids in the blood (LBL-76107-bio). Pituitary gonadotropic hormones: Hormones secreted in the anterior pituitary that control the gonads (LBL-76107-bio). Pituitary thyroid axis: The interrelated activities of the anterior pituitary and thyroid gland (LBL-76107-bio). PK value: PK=loglo(l/K), where K is the acid dissociation constant. The term is used to measure the strength of an acid on a logarithmic scale. Placer mine: (1) A deposit of sand, gravel, or talus from which some valuable mineral is extracted. (2) To mine gold, platinum, tin, or other valuable minerals by washing the sand, gravel, etc. (EPA-82/05). Placer mining: The extraction of heavy mineral from a placer deposit by concentration in running water. It includes ground sluicing, panning, shoveling gravel into a sluice, scraping by power scraper, excavation by dragline, or extraction by means of various types of dredging activities (EPA-82/05).
Placer: A surficial mineral deposit formed by mechanical concentration of mineral particles from weathered debris (CWAlWbasics-04). Plain sedimentation: The sedimentation of suspended matter in a liquid unaided by chemicals or other special means and without any provision for the decomposition of the deposited solids in contact with the sewage. The term plain settling is preferred (EPA76/03). Plain: Relatively free from bubbles and seed during the melting (EPA-83). Plan: A map showing features such as mine workings or geological structures on a horizontal plane (CWAlmining-04). Planck's constant (h): 6.62620 x
joule second.
Planetary albedo: The fraction of incident solar radiation that is reflected by the earth-atmosphere system and returned to space, mostly by backscatter from clouds in the atmosphere (CAA/C02gas-04). Planetary boundary layer: The layer in the atmosphere near the Earth's surface, where the influence of the surface is present primarily through fictional forces. It is usually subdivided into two sections; the surface layer and the Ekman layer (NATO78/10). Plankton: Floating or weakly swimming organisms at the mercy of the waves and currents. Animals of the group are called zooplankton and the plants are called phytoplankton (CWAIWbasics-04). Plankton: Tiny plants and animals that live in water (EPA-97/12). Planned renovation operation: A renovation operation, or a number of such operations, in which some RACM will be removed or stripped within a given period of time and that can be predicted. Individual nonscheduled operations are included if a number of such operations can be predicted to occur during a given period of time based on operating experience (40CFR61.141-91). Planning documents: Project planning documents describe project plans for field activities, and are submitted to the responsible Navy RPM for approval. Examples include Site Specific Work Plan, Sampling and Analysis Plan, and Quality Assurance Project Plan (SA-04). Plant blending records: Those records which document the weight fkaction of organic solvents and solids used in the formulation or preparation of inks at the vinyl or urethane printing plant where they are used (40CFR60.581-91).
Plant effluent or discharge after treatment: The wastewater discharged from the industrial plant. In this definition, any waste treatment device (pond, trickling filter, etc.) is considered part of the industrial plant (EPA-83106a). Plant factor: See capacity factor. Plant footprint: A blueprint that shows the ground area needed for a plant. Plant heat rate: The measurement of a power plant efficiency typically expressed in Btus per Kilowatt-hour (Btuikwh). 100 percent efficiency would equal a heat rate of 3413 Btu/kwh. Calculation of power plant heat rate can be based on either the lower heating value (LHV) or the higher heating value (HI-IV) of the fuel used. For natural gas, the difference is approximately 11%. Efficiencies based on the LHV of the fuel will be approximately 11% greater than those based on HHV, because LHV does not include the water vapor factor during the calculation. Plant regulator: Any substance or mixture of substances intended, through physiological action, for accelerating or retarding the rate of growth or rate of maturation, or for otherwise altering the behavior of plants or the produce thereof, but shall not include substances to the extent that they are intended as plant nutrients, trace elements, nutritional chemicals, plant inoculants, and soil amendments. Also, the term plant regulator shall not be required to include any of such of those nutrient mixtures or soil amendments as are commonly known as vitamin-hormone horticultural products, intended for improvement, maintenance, survival, health, and propagation of plants, and as are not for pest destruction and are non-toxic, nonpoisonous in the undiluted packaged concentration (FIFRA2-7U.S.C.136-91). Plant sanitation: The aspects of plant housekeeping which reduce the incidence of water contamination resulting from equipment leaks, spillage of preservative, etc. (EPA-74/04). Plant site: All contiguous or adjoining property that is under common control, including properties that are separated only by a road or other public right-of-way. Common control includes properties that are owned, leased, or operated by the same entity, parent entity, subsidiary, or any combination thereof (40CFR63.101-91). Plant site: The area occupied by the mine, necessary haulage ways from the mine to the beneficiation process, the beneficiation area, the area occupied by the wastewater treatment facilities and the storage areas for waste materials and solids removed from the wastewaters during treatment (40CFR440.141-15-91). Plant waste: Dunnage, shipping, packaging, storage, and general office waste. Not production or process wastes. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83).
Plant: (1) Any member of the plant kingdom, including seeds, roots, and other parts thereof (ESA3-16U.S.C. 1531-90). (2) One or more facilities at the same location owned by or under common control of the same person (40CFR82.3-91, see also 40CFR52.741-91). (3) A location at which a process or set of processes are used to produce, refine, or repackage chemicals (EPA-87107a). Plaque: A porous body of sintered metal on a metal grid used as a current collector and holder of electrode active materials, especially for nickel-cadmium batteries (EPA-84/08). Plasma arc incinerator: Any enclosed device using a high intensity electrical discharge or arc as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace (40CFR260.10-91). The plasma arc has been referred to as the fourth state of matter since the arc does not always behave as a solid, liquid, or gas. A plasma may be defined as a conductive gas flow consisting of charged and neutral particles, having an overall charge of approximately zero, and all exhibiting collective behavior. The plasma, when applied to waste disposal, can best be understood by thinking of it as an energy conversion and energy transfer device. The electrical energy input is transformed into a plasma with a temperature equivalent of up to 18,000 F at the centerline of the reactor. As the activated components of the plasma decay, their energy is transferred to waste materials exposed to the plasma. The wastes are then broken into atoms, ionized, pyrolyzed, and finally destroyed as they interact with the decaying plasma species. The heart of this technology is that the breakdown of the wastes into atoms occurs virtually instantaneously and no large molecular intermediary compounds are produced during the kinetic recombination. See incinerator for more related terms (Lee83107). Plasma arc machining: The process of material removal or shaping of a workpiece by a high velocity jet of high temperature ionized gas (cf. incinerator, plasma arc) (EPA-83106a). Plasma arc: Plasma arc-related terms include (1) Microwave discharge; (2) Microwave plasma (See microwave discharge); (3) Transferred plasma arc; and (4) Nontransferred plasma arc. Plasma: The fluid part of blood, lymph, or intramuscular fluid in which cells are suspended (EPA-83/09). Plasma-arc reactor: An incinerator that operates at extremely high temperatures; treats highly toxic wastes that do not bum easily (EPA-97/12). Plasmid: A circular piece of DNA that exists apart from the chromosome and replicates independently of it. Bacterial plasmids cany information that renders the bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Plasmids are often used in genetic engineering to carry desired genes into organisms (EPA-97/12).
Plastic body component: Any component of an automobile or light-duty truck exterior surface constructed of synthetic organic material (40CFR60.391-91).
Plastics: Non-metallic chemoreactive compounds molded into rigid or pliable construction materials, fabrics, etc. (EPA-97/12). Plate column: See tray column.
Plastic body: An automobile or light-duty truck body constructed of synthetic organic material (40CFR60.391-91). Plastic insulation: An insulation that is plastic enough when mixed with water that it can adhere to outer fumace walls or be placed over fumace arches (SW-108ts). Plastic material: A synthetic organic polymer (i.e., a thermoset polymer, a thermoplastic polymer, or a combination of a natural polymer and a thermoset or thermoplastic polymer) that is solid in its final form and that was shaped by flow. The material can either be a homogeneous polymer and a polymer combined with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, stabilizers, or other additives (40CFR463.291). Plastic molding and forming: A manufacturing process in which materials are blended, molded, formed, or otherwise processed into intermediate or final products (40CFR463.2-91). Plastic part: The panels, housings, bases, covers, and other business machine components formed of synthetic polymers (40CFR60.721-91). Plastic refractory: A blend of ground fireclay materials in a plastic form, that is suitable for ramming into place to form monolithic linings or special shapes. It may be air setting or heat setting and is available in different qualities of heat resistance. See refractory for more related terms (EPA-83). Plastic rigid foam: The cellular polyurethane insulation, cellular poly-isocyanurate insulation, glass fiber reinforced polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foam insulation, cellular polystyrene insulation, phenolic foam insulation, spray-in-place foam and foam-in-place insulation (40CFR248.4-91). Plastic: Non-metallic compounds that result from a chemical reaction, and are molded or formed into rigid or pliable construction materials or fabrics (EPA-89/12). Other plasticrelated terms include Biodegradable plastic. Plasticity soil: The property of soil which allows it to be deformed without appreciable volume change or cracking. See soil for more related terms (EPA-83). Plasticizer: (1) A material, generally an organic liquid, incorporated in a plastic or rubber formulation to soften the resin polymer and improve flexibility, ductility, and extensibility (EPA91/05). (2) A substance added to printing ink to impart flexibility (EPA-79112a). (3) A high boiling liquid which is used in the formulation of a propellant to help make it plastic (EPA-76/03).
Plate glass (or polished plate glass): A flat glass formed by a rolling process, ground and polished on both sides, with surfaces essentially plane and parallel. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Plate mill: Those steel hot forming operations that produce flat hot-rolled products which are (1) between 8 and 48 inches wide and over 0.23 inches thick; or (2) greater than 48 inches wide and over 0.18 inches thick (40CFR420.71-91). Plate scrubber: One of air pollution control devices. A plate scrubber is a scrubber that relies on a gas absorption process for the removal of contaminants. The basic design is a vertical cylindrical column with a number of plates or trays inside. The scrubbing liquid is introduced at the top plate and flows successively across each plate as it moves downward to the liquid outlet at the tower bottom. Flue gas comes in at the bottom of the tower and passes through openings in each plate before leaving through the top. Gas absorption is promoted by the breaking up of the gas phase into bubbles which pass through the volume of liquid in each plate. See scrubber for more related terms (Calvert84). Plate soak: The process operation of soaking or reacting lead subcategory battery plates that are more than 2.5 .mm (0.100 in) thick, in sulhric acid (40CFR461.2-91). Plate tower scrubber: An air pollution control device that neutralizes hydrogen chloride gas by bubbling alkaline water through holes in a series of metal plates (EPA-97/12). Plate: See anode. Plated area: A surface upon which an adherent layer of metal is deposited (EPA-83106a). Platformlpit noncompaction station: A type of transfer station that has a waste storage capacity of several days or more. While the waste is in temporary storage, recyclable materials may be removed (RCRAlmanagement-04). Plating barrel: A container in which parts are placed loosely, so they can tumble as the barrel rotates in the plating or processing solution (EPA-74103d). Plating rack: A fixture that permits moving one or more workpieces in and out of a treating or plating tank and transferring electric current to the workpieces when in the tank (EPA-74103d). Plating: Forming an adherent layer of metal upon an object (EPA83106a).
Plating: The finishing operation where the skin or hide is pressed in order to make it smoother. Plating may be done with an embossing plate which imprints textured effects into the leather surface (EPA-82/11). Plating: For more related terms, see (1) Automatic plating; (2) Barrel plating; (3) Mechanical plating; and (4) Vapor plating. Platinum (Pt): A transition metal with atomic number 78; atomic weight 195.09; density 21.4 gkc; melting point 1769 C and boiling point 4530 C. The element belongs to group VIII of the periodic table. Platinum electrode: An electrode made from a platinum wire. The electrode is used in the voltammetric analysis of electrolytes. See electrode for more related terms. Platinum mineral: Platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, and iridium are members of a group characterized by high specific gravity, unusual resistance to oxidizing and acidic attack and high melting point (EPA-82/02). Playa lake: A shallow, temporary lake in an arid or semiarid region, covering or occupying a playa in the wet season but drying up in summer; temporary lake that upon evaporation leaves or forms a playa (CWNWbasics-04). Playa: A dry, flat area at the lowest part of an undrained desert basin in which water accumulates and is quickly evaporated; underlain by stratified clay, silt, or sand and commonly by soluble salts; a term used in the southwestern United States (CWNWbasics-04). Playa: Level area at the bottom of a desert basin that at times is temporarily covered with water; a dry lake bed (DOE-91/04). Pleistocene: Geologic epic beginning approximately 3 to 5 million years ago (DOE-91/04). Pliocene: Geologic period between the Miocene and the Pleistocene periods (DOE-91/04). Plug flow reactor (PFR): A chemical reactor having a characteristicplug fluid-flow pattern (EPA-88109a). Plug flow sampling: A monitoring procedure that follows the same slug of wastewater throughout its transport in the receiving water. Water quality samples are collected at receiving water stations, tributary inflows, and point source discharges only when a dye slug or tracer passes that point (EPA-85/09). Plug flow: Type of flow that occurs in tanks, basins, or reactors when a slug of water moves through without ever dispersing or mixing with the rest of the water flowing through (EPA-97/12).
Plugging and abandonment plan: The plan for plugging and abandonment prepared in accordance with the requirements of 40CFR144.28 and 40CFR144.5 1 (40CFR144.61-91). Plugging record: A systematic listing of permanent or temporary abandonment of water, oil, gas, test, exploration, and waste injection wells, and may contain a well log, description of amounts and types of plugging material used, the method employed for plugging, a description of formations which are sealed and a graphic log of the well showing formation location, formation thickness, and location of plugging structures (4OCFRI46.3-91). Plugging: Act or process of stopping the flow of water, oil, or gas into or out of a formation through a borehole or well penetrating that formation (EPA-97/12). Plugging: The act or process of stopping the flow of water, oil, or gas into or out of a formation through a borehole or well penetrating that formation (40CFR144.3; 146.3; 147.2902-91). Plume path: The curve along which the plume moves in the atmosphere. The form and direction of this curve is determined by the buoyancy of the plume, its exit speed, the wind profile, the stability of the atmosphere, and the turbulence in the atmosphere (NATO-78110). Plume rise: The upward motion of a plume after its emission from the source due to its exit velocity andor its buoyancy. This buoyancy is caused by the higher temperature of the plume with respect to its surroundings (NATO-78/10). Plume signal: The backscatter signal resulting from the laser light pulse passing through a plume (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)91). Plume: (1) A visible or measurable discharge of a contaminant from a given point of origin. Can be visible or thermal in water, or visible in the air as, for example, a plume of smoke. (2) The area of radiation leaking from a damaged reactor. (3) Area downwind within which a release could be dangerous for those exposed to leaking fumes (EPA-97/12). Plume: A discharge of substances from a given point of origin. It can be visible such as combustion gases exhausted from the stack or invisible such as thermal plume in water (EPA-89103b). Plume: A volume of a substance that moves from its source to places farther away from the source. Plumes can be described by the volume of air or water they occupy and the direction they move. For example, a plume can be a column of smoke from a chimney or a substance moving with groundwater (SFhealth-04). Plume: The plume being measured by lidar (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91).
Plunger pump: See accelerator pump. Plutonium (Pu): (1) A transuranic, heavy, silvery metal with 15 isotopes that is produced by the neutron irradiation of natural uranium. The isotope plutonium-239 is the most important isotope, used both in nuclear weapons and commercial nuclear power applications (DOE-91/04). (2) A radioactive metal with atomic number 94; atomic weight 242; density 19.84 glcc; melting point 640 C and boiling point 3235 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Plutonium (Pu): A radioactive metallic element chemically similar to uranium (Navy/Env-04). Plutonium processing and fuel fabrication plant: A plant in which the following operations or activities are conducted: (1) Operations for manufacture of reactor fuel containing plutonium including any of the following: (a) Preparation of fuel material; (b) Formation of fuel material into desired shapes; (c) Application of protective cladding; (d) Recovery of scrap material; and (e) Storage associated with such operations; or (2) Research and development activities involving any of the operations described in paragraph (r)(l) of this section, except for research and development activities utilizing unsubstantial amount of plutonium (10CFR70.4-91). Plutonium target processing facility: The land, buildings, equipment, and processes used to extract plutonium from plutonium targets after they have been irradiated in a reactor and to purify the plutonium. The facility may also be used to treat the remaining uranium for recycling and to treat other remaining materials for transfer to waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities (DOE-91/04). Plutonium: A manmade fissile element. Pure plutonium is a silvery metal that is heavier than lead. Material rich in the Plutonium 239 isotope is preferred for manufacturing nuclear weapons, although any plutonium can be used. Plutonium 239 has a half-life of 24,000 years (OMBIReg-04). Plutonium: A man-made radioactive element that is used in the production of nuclear weapons (AEA/closure-04). Plutonium: A radioactive metallic element chemically similar to uranium (EPA-97/12). Plywood core: The innermost segment of a plywood panel (EPA74/04). Plywood: An assembly of a number of layers of wood, or veneers, joined together by means of an adhesive. Plywood consists of two main types (EPA-74/04): It includes: (1) Hardwood plywood: Plywood which has a face ply of hardwood and is generally used for decorative purposes. (2) Softwood plywood: The veneers typically are of softwood and the usage is generally for construction and structural purposes.
PM (or particulate matter): Any airborne finely divided solid or liquid material with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 100 micrometers (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR60.2; 60.5 1a; 61.171-91). PM emission (or particulate matter emission): Any airborne finely divided solid or liquid material with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 100 micrometers (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR60.2; 60.51a; 61.171-91). PM emissions: Fine solid matter suspended in combustion gases carried to the atmosphere. The emission rate is usually expressed as a concentration such as grains per dry standard cubic feet (gddscf) conected to a common base, usually 12% CO (EPA89103b). PMlO emissions: The finely divided solid or liquid material, with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal 10 micrometers emitted to the ambient air as measured by an applicable reference method, or an equivalent or alternative method, specified in this chapter or by a test method specified in an approved state implementation plan (40CFR51.100-91). PMlO sampler: A device, associated with a manual method for measuring PMI 0, designed to collect PMlO from an ambient air sample, but lacking the ability to automatically analyze or measure the collected sample to determine the mass concentration of PM 10 in the sampled air (40CFR53.1-91). PMlOlPM2.5: PMlO is measure of particles in the atmosphere with a diameter of less than ten or equal to a nominal 10 micrometers. PM2.5 is a measure of smaller particles in the air. PM-I0 has been the pollutant particulate level standard against which EPA has been measuring Clean Air Act compliance. On the basis of newer scientific findings, the Agency is considering regulations that will make PM-2.5 the new "standard" (EPA97112). PM10: The particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal ten micrometers, as measured by such method as the Administrator may determine (other identical or similar definitions are provided in 40CFR58.1-u) (CAA30242U.S.C.7602). Pneumatic ash handling: A system of pipes and cyclone separators that conveys fly ash or floor dust to bin via an air stream (SW-108ts). Pneumatic coal-cleaning equipment: Any facility which classifies bituminous coal by size or separates bituminous coal from refuse by application of air stream(s) (40CFR60.251-91). Pneumatic device: A device moved or worked by air pressure (CAA/C02gas1-04).
Pneumoconiosis: A chronic disease of the lung arising from breathing coal dust (CWNmining-04).
subject to recontamination by surface water runoff (40CFR141.291).
Pneumoconiosis: Health conditions characterized by permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lungs and by the tissue reaction to its presence; can range from relatively harmless forms of sclerosis to the destructive fibrotic effect of silicosis (EPA-97/12).
Point of entry treatment device: A treatment device applied to the drinking water entering a house or building for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the drinking water distributed throughout the house or building (40CFR141.2-91).
Poaching process: A process of boiling nitrocellulose (NC) in soda ash at 96 C for four hours followed by fresh water at 96 C for two hours. The NC will then settle and the water is drained off (EPA-76/03).
Point of exposure: The place where someone can come into contact with a substance present in the environment (see exposure pathway) (SFhealth-04).
Pocket plate: A type of battery construction where the electrode is a perforated metal envelope containing the active material (EPA-84/08).
Point of generation (POG) of a hazardous waste: The point at which a waste is first determined to be hazardous. For listed wastes this is the point at which the waste first meets the listing description, and for characteristic wastes it is the point the waste first exhibits the characteristic (RCRAIlandban-04).
Pocosin: A local term along the Atlantic coastal plain, from Virginia south, for a shrub-scrub wetland located on a relatively flat terrain, commonly between streams (CWAIWbasics-04).
Point of use treatment device: A treatment device applied to single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one tap (40CFR141.2-91).
POHC-PIC surrogate soup: A homogeneous mixture of organic and inorganic compounds used to evaluate combustion efficiency of an incinerator (EPA-88/12).
Point of waste generation: The location where samples of a wastestream are collected for the purpose of determining the waste flow rate, water content, or benzene concentration in accordance with procedures specified in 40CFR1.355 of this subpart. For a chemical manufacturing plant or petroleum refinery, the point of waste generation is a location after the wastestream exits the process unit component, product tank, or waste management unit generating the waste, and before the waste is exposed to the atmosphere or mixed with other wastes. For a coke by-product recovery plant subject to and complying with the control requirements of 40CFR61.132, 61.133, or 61.134 of this part, the point of waste generation is a location after the wastestream exits the process unit component or waste management unit controlled by that subpart, and before the waste is exposed to the atmosphere. For other facilities subject to this subpart, the point of waste generation is a location after the waste enters the facility, and before the waste is exposed to the atmosphere or placed in a facility waste management unit (40CFR61.341-91).
Point design: A design for the NPR that comprises a collection of design and component information representing a concept without the benefit of integration criteria, supporting analyses, and optimization studies: design that represents a point on the performance curve (DOE-91/04). Point function: A thermodynamic function whose results depend only on the values of two end states. For example, temperature is a point function, therefore, the temperature change from state 1 (TI) to state 2 (T2) can be expressed as T2 - TI, regardless what processes the temperature change follows between the two states. Contrary to the point function, heat and work are path functions. See thermodynamicprocess for more related terms (Wark-p6). Point of compliance: For purposes of RCRA TSDF groundwater monitoring, the vertical point where TSDF owner and operator must monitor the uppermost aquifer to determine if the leak exceeds the groundwater protection standard (RCFWhazardous04). Point of departure (POD):A dose that can be considered to be in the range of observed responses, without significant extrapolation. A POD can be a data point or an estimated point that is derived from observed dose-response data. A POD is used to mark the beginning of extrapolation to determine risk associated with lower environmentally relevant human exposures (FFDCA/pesticide-04). Point of disinfectant application: The point where the disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not
Point source discharges: Discharges of treated wastewater directly into a lake, river, stream, or other water body. Point source discharges are regulated under CWA (RCRA/hazardous04). Point source: A source at a discrete location such as a discharge pipe, drainage ditch, tunnel, well, concentrated livestock operation, or floating craft (CWNWquality-04). Point source: A stationary location or fixed facility from which pollutants are discharged, any single identifiable source of pollution; e.g., a pipe, ditch, ship, ore pit, factory smokestack (EPA-97/12).
Point source: Any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to, any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock concentrated animal feeding operation, landfill leachate collection system, vessel or other floating craft from which pollutants are or may be discharged. This term does not include return flows from irrigated agriculture or agricultural stormwater runoff (CWMwastewater-04). Point source: Originating at any discrete source (CWMWbasics04). Point(s) of compliance: A location(s) selected between the source area(s) and the potential point(s) of exposure where concentrations of chemicals of concern must be at or below the determined target levels in media (for example, groundwater, soil, or air) (NavyIEnv-04). Point@) of exposure: The point(s) at which an individual or population may come in contact with a chemical(s) of concern originating from a site (NavyIEnv-04). Point: Thickness of a sheet of paper measured in thousandths of an inch (EPA-83). Point-of-contact measurement of exposure: Estimating exposure by measuring concentrations over time (while the exposure is taking place) at or near the place where it is occurring (EPA-97/12). Point-of-disinfectant application: The point where disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff (EPA-97/12).
Polar molecules ionize in solution and impart electrical conductivity. Water, alcohol, and sulfuric acid are polar. Most hydrocarbon liquids are nonpolar. Carboxyl and hydroxyl groups often exhibit an electric charge. The formation of emulsions and the action of detergents are dependent on this behavior (NavyIEnv-04).
Polarization curve: A measurement of fuel cell performance. It is a plot of fuel cell voltage as a function of current density (voltage vs. amperes/cm2 or similar units). The curve is obtained under standard conditions so that fuel cell performance can be compared between different cell designs, and may be obtained by either a single cell or a stack test. Polarographic analyzer (voltametric analyzer or electrochemical transducer): One of electroanalytical methods for continuous emission monitoring (see continuous emission monitor for various types). With the proper choice of electrodes and electrolytes, the analyzer utilizes the principles of polarography to monitor CO, C02, H2S, NO2, SO2, and other gases. The transducer in these instruments is generally a selfcontained electrochemical cell in which a chemical reaction takes place involving the pollutant molecule. Two basic techniques are used in the transducers: (1) The utilization of a selective semipermeable membrane that allows the pollutant molecule to diffuse to an electrolytic solution; and (2) The measurement of the current change produced at an electrode by the oxidation or reduction of the dissolved gas at the electrode (EPA-8 1/09; 84103a). Pole type transformer: A transformer suitable for mounting on a pole or similar structure. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Policy (must do): See law-related terms.
Point-of-use treatment device: Treatment device applied to a single tap to reduce contaminants in the drinking water at the one faucet (EPA-97/12). Point-source contaminant: Any substance that degrades water quality and originates from discrete locations such as discharge pipes, drainage ditches, wells, concentrated livestock operations, or floating craft (CWMWbasics-04). Point-source pollution: Water pollution coming from a single point, such as a sewage-outflow pipe (CWAIWscience04). Poison: A substance which is harmful to living organisms (cf. economic poison). Polar capacitor: An electrolytic capacitor having an oxide film on only one foil or electrode which forms the anode or positive terminal (EPA-83/03). Polar: Describing a substance or molecule in which the positive and negative electrical charges are permanently separated, as opposed to nonpolar molecules in which the charges coincide.
Poling: A step in the production of ceramic piezoelectric bodies which orients the oxes of the crystallites in the preferred direction (EPA-83/03). Polished plate glass: See plate glass. Polished wire glass: A wire glass, ground and polished on both sides. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Polishing and buffing wheels: All power-driven rotatable wheels composed all or in part of textile fabrics, wood, felt, leather, paper, and may be coated with abrasives on the periphery of the wheel for purposes of polishing, buffing, and light grinding (29CFR1910.94b-91). Polishing compounds: Fluid or grease stick lubricants composed of animal tallows, fatty acids, and waxes. Selection depends on surface finish desired (EPA-83/06a).
Polishing pond: A stabilization lagoon used as a final treatment step to remove any remaining organics. See pond for more related terms (EPA-8711Oa). Polishing: (1) A final water treatment step used to remove any remaining organics from the water (EPA-87110a). (2) The process of removing stock from a workpiece by the action of loose or loosely held abrasive grains carried to the workpiece by a flexible support. Usually, the amount of stock removed in a polishing operation is only incidental to achieving a desired surface finish or appearance (EPA-83106a). Pollen: A fine dust produced by plants; a natural or background air pollutant (LBL-76107-air). Pollen: The fertilizing element of flowering plants; background air pollutant (EPA-97/12). Pollutant loading: The ratio of the total daily mass discharge of a particular pollutant to the total daily production expressed in terms of (g pollutant)l(Kg production). See loading for more related terms (EPA-8711Oa). Pollutant or contaminant: Includes, but not be limited to, any element, substance, compound, or mixture, including diseasecausing agents, which after release into the environment and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will or may reasonably be anticipated to cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutation, physiological malfunctions (including malfunctions in reproduction) or physical deformations, in such organisms or their offspring; except that the term pollutant or contaminant shall not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or desipated as a hazardous substance under subparagraphs (A) through (F) of paragraph (14) and shall not include natural gas, liquefied natural gas, or synthetic gas of pipeline quality (or mixtures of natural gas and such synthetic gas) (SFlO1, see also 40CFR300.5; 310.11-91). Pollutant parameter: The constituents of wastewater determined to be detrimental to human health or the environment, thus requiring control (EPA-85110a). Pollutant pathways: Avenues for distribution of pollutants. In most buildings, for example, HVAC systems are the primary pathways although all building components can interact to affect how air movement distributes pollutants (EPA-97/12). Pollutant prevention: The active process of identifying areas, processes, and activities which create excessive waste by-products for the purpose of substitution, alternation, or elimination of the process to prevent waste generation (MWTNinfectious-04). Pollutant standard index (PSI): A measure of adverse health effects of air pollution levels in major cities (EPA-89/12, see also
40CFR58-AppIG-91). In general, PSI values and their air quality levels are as follows: 0-50, good conditions; 50-100, acceptable conditions; 100-200, unacceptable conditions; 200-300, hazardous conditions. PSI is also known as air quality standard.
Pollutant standard index (PSI): Indicator of one or more pollutants that may be used to inform the public about the potential for adverse health effects from air pollution in major cities (EPA-97/12). Pollutant transport: An array of mechanisms by which a substance may migrate outside the immediate location of the release or discharge of the substance. e.g., pollution of groundwater by the migration of hazardous wastes from landfill (Course 165.5). Pollutant, conservative: Pollutants that do not readily degrade in the environment, and which are mitigated primarily by natural stream dilution after entering receiving bodies of waters. Included are pollutants such as metals (CWNwastewater-04). Pollutant, non-conservative: Pollutants that are mitigated by natural biodegradation or other environmental decay or removal processes in the receiving stream after in-stream mixing and dilution have occurred (CWNwastewater-04). Pollutant: (1) As defined by section lOl(33) of CERCLA, shall include but not be limited to, any element, substance, compound, or mixture, including diseasecausing agents, which after release into the environment and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will or may reasonably be anticipated to cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutation, physiological malfinctions (including malfunctions in reproduction) or physical deformations, in such organisms or their offspring. Shall not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or designated as a hazardous substance and shall not include natural gas, liquified natural gas, or synthetic gas of pipeline quality (or mixtures of natural gas and such synthetic gas). (2) For purposes of the NCP, the term pollutant or contaminant means any pollutant or contaminant that may present an imminent and substantial danger to public health or welfare. (3) Generally, any substance introduced into the environment that adversely affects the usefulness of a resource (NavyiEnv-04). Pollutant: Any introduced gas, liquid, or solid that makes a resource unfit for a specific purpose (LBL76107-air). See also CWA502; 40CFR21.2; 122.2; 230.3; 257.3.3; 401.1 1-91. Pollutant: Any substance that, when present in a hydrologic system at sufficient concentration, degrades water quality in ways that are or could become harmful to human andor ecological health or that impair the use of water for recreation, agriculture, industry, commerce, or domestic purposes (CWNWbasics-04).
Pollutant: Dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, filter backwash, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials (except those regulated under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended [42U.S.C.2011 et seq.]), heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt, and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water (40CFR122.2) (CWAIwastewater-04). Pollutant: Generally, any substance introduced into the environment that adversely affects the usefulness of a resource or the health of humans, animals, or ecosystems (EPA-97/12). Pollutant: In CERCLA, any elements, substances, compounds, or mixtures, including disease-causing agents, which after release into the environment and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingesting through food chains, will or may reasonably be anticipated to cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutation, physiological malfunctions (including malfunctions in reproduction), or physical deformation in such organisms or their offspring. The term does not include petroleum, including crude oil any or fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or designated as a hazardous substance under section 101(14)(A) through (F) of CERCLA, nor does it include natural gas, liquefied natural gas, or synthetic gas of pipeline quality (or mixtures of natural gas and synthetic gas) (CERCLA Sec. 101 & 40CFR300.6). Pollutant: In CWA, dredged spoils, solid wastes, incinerator residue, filter backwash, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive material (except those regulated under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42U.S.C.2011 et seq.), heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water. It does not mean (40CFR233.3): (1) Sewage from vessels; or (2) Water, gas, or other materials which are injected into a well to facilitate production of oil or gas, or water derived in association with oil and gas production and disposed of in a well, if the well used either to facilitate production or for disposal purposes is approved by authority of the state in which the well is located, and if the state determines that injection or disposal will not result in the degradation of ground or surface water resource. Pollutant: For more related terms, see (1) Air pollutant; (2) Compatible pollutant; (3) Conservative pollutant; (4) Conventional pollutant; (5) Criteria pollutant; (6) Critical pollutant; (7) Designated pollutant; (8) Hazardous air pollutant; (9) Incompatible pollutant; (10) No discharge of pollutant; (11) Noncontact cooling water pollutant; (12) Non-conventional pollutant; (13) Non-conventional pesticide pollutant; (14) Non-criteria pollutant; (15) Non-pass through pollutant; (16) Pass-through pollutant; (17) Persistent pollutant; (18) Primary pollutant; (19) Primary significance pollutant; (20) Priority pollutant; (21) Process wastewater pollutant; (22) Refractory pollutant; (23)
Secondary pollutant; (24) Secondary significance pollutant; (25) Toxic pollutant; (26) Toxic air pollutant; and (27) Traditional pollutant parameter.
Pollutants (pollution): Unwanted chemicals or other materials found in the air. Pollutants can harm health, the environment, and property. Many air pollutants occur as gases or vapors, but some are very tiny solid particles: dust, smoke, or soot (CAAIair-04). Pollutants or contaminants: Any element, substance, compound, or mixture that, after release into the environment and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, will or may reasonably be anticipated to cause illness, death, or deformation in any organism. The definition of pollutant or contaminant specifically excludes petroleum and natural gas (RCRAfhazardous-04). Pollution indicator organism: A plant or animal form, such as the rat-tailed maggot or blue-green algae, that thrives in polluted water (cf. biological indicator) (DOI-70104). Pollution liability: The liability for injuries arising from the release of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants (SF401-42U.S.C.9671-91). Pollution load: A measure of the unit mass of a wastewater in terms of its solids or oxygen demanding characteristics, or in terms of harm to receiving water. See load for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Pollution prevention (P2): The active process of identifying areas, processes, and activities which create excessive waste byproducts for the purpose of substitution, alteration, or elimination of the process to prevent waste generation (NavyIEnv-04). Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) of 1990: See Act or PPA. Pollution prevention: (1) Identifying areas, processes, and activities which create excessive waste products or pollutants in order to reduce or prevent them through, alteration, or eliminating a process. Such activities, consistent with the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, are conducted across all EPA programs and can involve cooperative efforts with such agencies as the Departments of Agriculture and Energy. (2) EPA has initiated a number of voluntary programs in which industrial or commercial "partners" join with EPA in promoting activities that conserve energy, conserve and protect water supply, reduce emissions or find ways of utilizing them as energy resources, and reduce the wastestream. Among these are: (1) Agstar, to reduce methane emissions through manure management. Climate Wise, to lower industrial greenhouse-gas emissions and energy costs. (2) Coalbed Methane Outreach, to boost methane recovery at coal mines. (3) Design for the Environment, to foster including environmental considerations in product design and processes. (4) Energy Star programs, to promote energy efficiency in commercial and residential buildings, office equipment, transformers, computers, and home appliances.
(5) Environmental Accounting, to help businesses identify environmental costs and factor them into management decision making. (6) Green Chemistry, to promote and recognize costeffective breakthroughs in chemistry that prevent pollution. (7) Green Lights, to spread the use of energy-efficient lighting technologies. (8) Indoor Environments, to reduce risks from indoor-air pollution. (9) Landfill Methane Outreach, to develop landfill gas-to-energy projects. (10) Natural Gas Star, to reduce methane emissions from the natural gas industry. (11) Ruminant Livestock Methane, to reduce methane emissions from ruminant livestock. (12) Transportation Partners, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation sector. (13) Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership, to reduce perfluorocarbon emissions from the primary aluminum industry. (14) WAVE, to promote efficient water use in the lodging industry. (15) Wastewi$e, to reduce business-generated solid waste through prevention, reuse, and recycling. See Common Sense Initiative and Project XL (EPA-97/12). Pollution prevention: (1) The use of materials, processes, or practices that reduce or eliminate the creation of pollutants or wastes. It includes practices that reduce the use of hazardous materials, energy, water or other resources, and practices that protect natural resources through conservation or more efficient uses (EPA-91/10, p4). (2) A preventive action or a measure taken to minimize waste generation or waste toxicity, if waste generation is inevitable. In a broad sense, it incorporates clean technology, low-waste technology, non-waste technology, prevention, quantity reduction, recycling, reduction, resource conservation, resource recovery, source reduction, toxicity reduction, waste minimization, etc. (EPA-89/12; OTA-89/10). (3) cf. industrial pollution prevention. Pollution prevention: Actively identifjmg equipment, processes, and activities which generate excessive wastes or use toxic chemicals and then making substitutions, alterations, or product improvements. Conserving energy and minimizing wastes are pollution prevention concepts used in manufacturing, sustainable agriculture, recycling, and clean air/clean water technologies (FFDCNpesticide-04). Pollution source: Generators of various pollutants. See source for more related terms. Pollution/pollutant: The terms pollution and pollutants refer to all nonproduct outputs, irrespective of and recycling or treatment that may prevent or mitigate releases to the environment (EPA91/10, p. 6). See also CWA502; 40CFR130.2; 401.1 1; 230.3-91; SW-108ts). Pollution: Any substances in water, soil, or air that degrade the natural quality of the environment, offend the senses of sight, taste, or smell, or cause a health hazard. The usefulness of the natural resource is usually impaired by the presence of pollutants and contaminants (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Pollution: Generally, the presence of a substance in the environment that because of its chemical composition or quantity prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable environmental and health effects. Under the Clean Water Act, for example, the term has been defined as the manmade or man-induced alteration of the physical, biological, chemical, and radiological integrity of water and other media (EPA-97/12). Pollution: For more related terms, see (1) Agricultural pollution; (2) Air pollution; (3) Indoor air pollution; (4) Industrial waste pollution; (5) Manmade air pollution; (6) Natural pollution; (7) Noise pollution; (8) Oil pollution; (9) Sewage pollution; (10) Soil pollution; (11) Thermal pollution; (12) Water pollution; and (13) Wood burning stove pollution. Polonium (Po): A radioactive metal with atomic number 84; atomic weight 210; density 9.2 g/cc; melting point 254 C and boiling point 962 C. The element belongs to group VIA of the periodic table. Polonium: A radioactive element that occurs in pitchblende and other uranium-containing ores (EPA-97/12). Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) manufacture using dimethyl terephthalate: The manufacturing of poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) based on the esterification of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with ethylene glycol to form the intermediate monomer bis-(2-hydroxyethy1)-terephthalate polymerized to form PET (40CFR60.561-9 1). Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) manufacture using terephthalic acid: The manufacturing of poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) based on the esterification reaction of terephthalic acid (TPA) with ethylene glycol to form the intermediate monomer bis-(2-hydroxyethy1)-terephthalate (BHET) that is subsequently polymerized to form PET (40CFR60.561-91). Poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) (PET): A polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50% bis-(2- hydroxyethy1)-terephthalate (BHET) by weight (40CFR60.561-91). Polybrominated dibenzofurans: Refers to any member of a class of dibenzofurans with two to eight bromine substituents (40CFR766.3-91). Polybrominated dibenzo-pdioxin (PBDD): Any member of a class of dibenzo-p-dioxins with two to eight bromine substituents (40CFR766.3-91). Polybutadiene rubber: A synthetic rubber made by solution polymerization of butadiene. See rubber for more related terms (EPA-74112a). Polychaete: A marine worm with paired, flattened, bristle-tipped organs of locomotion (NavyIEnv-04).
Polychlorinated biphenyl: See PCB. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): A group of commercially produced organic chemicals used extensively since the 1940s in industrial applications at federal facilities. Most notably, PCBs are found in gaskets, large electrical transformers, and capacitors. PCBs have been proven to be toxic to both humans and laboratory animals (OMBmeg-04). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): A group of synthetic, toxic industrial chemical compounds once used in making paint and electrical transformers, which are chemically inert and not biodegradable. PCBs were frequently found in industrial wastes, and subsequently found their way into surface and groundwaters. As a result of their persistence, they tend to accumulate in the environment. In terms of streams and rivers, PCBs are drawn to sediment, to which they attach and can remain virtually indefinitely. Although virtually banned in 1979 with the passage of the Toxic Substances Control Act, they continue to appear in the flesh of fish and other animals (CWAIWscience-04). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): A mixture of chlorinated derivatives of biphenyl, marketed under the trade name Aroclor with a number designating the chlorine content (such as Aroclor 1260). PCBs were used in transformers and capacitors for insulating purposes and in gas pipeline systems as a lubricant. Further sale for new use was banned by law in 1979 (CWMWbasics-04). Polychlorinated dibenzofuran: Any member of a class of dibenzofimns with two to eight chlorine substituents (40CFR766.3-91). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD): Any member of a class of dibenzo-p-dioxins with two to eight chlorine substituents (40CFR766.3-91). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH): A class of organic compounds with a fused-ring aromatic structure. PAHs result from incomplete combustion of organic carbon (including wood), municipal solid waste, and fossil fuels, as well as from natural or anthropogenic introduction of uncombusted coal and oil. PAHs include benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene (CWM Wquality-04). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH): A class of organic compounds with a fused-ring aromatic structure. PAHs result from incomplete combustion of organic carbon (including wood), municipal solid waste, and fossil fuels, as well as from natural or anthropogenic introduction of uncombusted coal and oil (CWAIWbasics-04). PAHs include benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH): A group of organic compounds. Some are known to be potent human carcinogens (EPA-88109b). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH): Hydrocarbons with multiple benzene rings. PAHs are typical components of asphalt, fuel, oils, and greases. Examples of PAHs include naphthalene, the benzo pyrenes, fluoranthene, and chrysene. Synonym: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (Navy/Env-04). Polycyclic organic matter (POM): Same as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Polyelectrolytes: (1) Synthetic chemicals that help solids to clump during sewage treatment (EPA-89/12). (2) A high polymer substance, either natural or synthetic, containing ionic constituents; they may be either cationic or anionic (EPA-83106a). Polyelectrolytes such as A12(SO)3,FeCI3, etc. form AL-' and SO4ions in a solution. These ions are called coagulants. Polyelectrolytes: Synthetic chemicals that help solids to clump during sewage treatment (EPA-97/12). Polyester fiber: The fiber in which the fiber forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester of dihydric alcohol and terephthalic acid. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Polyester: A chemical substance that meets the definition of polymer and whose polymer molecules contain at least two carboxylic acid ester linkages, at least one of which links internal subunits together (40CFR723.250-91). Polyethylene: A semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer made largely of ethylene, often incorporating lesser amounts of one or more co-monomers. PE has the following classifications in accordance with its density variations (EPA-89/09, see also EPA91/05): (1) Type 0, density under 0.910 (glee). (2) Type I, low density (LDPE and LLDPE): 0.910-0.925. (3) Type 11, medium density: 0.926-0.940. (4) Type 111, High density (copolymer): 0.941-0.959. (5) Type IV, High density (homopolymer): 0.960 & higher. Polyethylene: A thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50% ethylene by weight; see low density polyethylene and high density polyethylene (40CFR60.561-91). Polyethylene: For more related terms, see (1) Low density polyethylene; (2) High density polyethylene; (3) Medium density polyethylene; and (4) Very low density polyethylene. Polyhalogenated dibenzofuran or PHDF: Any member of a class of dibenzofurans containing two to eight chlorine, bromine, or a combination of chlorine and bromine substituents (40CFR766.3-91).
Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxin or PHDD: Any member of a class of dibenzo-p-dioxins containing two to eight chlorine substituents or two to eight bromine substituents (40CFR766.3-91). Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC): The PEMFC is also known as proton exchange membrane fuel cell. See Appendix C for details. Polymer molecule: A molecule which includes at least four covalently linked subunits, at least two of which are internal subunits (40CFR704.25-9 1, see also 40CFR72 1.350; 723.250-91). Polymer: (1) Any of the natural or synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight that consist of many repeated links, each link being a relatively light and simple molecule (40CFR60.601-91, see also 40CFR704.25; 721.350; 723.250-91). (2) A carbon-based organic chemical material formed by the chemical reaction of monomers having either the same or different chemical structures. Plastics, rubbers, and textile fibers are all relatively high molecular weight polymers (EPA-91/05). (3) A chemical compound or a mixture of compounds formed by polymerization. The compound consists essentially of repeating structural units. In other words, it is a natural or synthetic compound composed of repeated links of simple molecules. Polymer: A natural or synthetic chemical structure where two or more like molecules are joined to form a more complex molecular structure (e.g., polyethylene in plastic) (EPA-97/12). Polymer: Basic molecular ingredients in plastic (Navy/Env-04). Polymer: For more related terms, see (1) Thermoplastic polymer and (2) Thermoset polymer. Polymeric coating of supporting substrates: A web coating process that applies elastomers, polymers, or prepolymers to a supporting web other than paper, plastic film, metallic foil, or metal coil (40CFR60.741-91). Polymeric flocculants: (1) High molecular weight compounds which, due to their polar charges, aid in particle binding and agglomeration (EPA-851lOa). (2) A polar polymers which catches the particles due to polarity of polymers and also the physical meshes. Polymerization reaction section: The equipment designed to cause monomer(s) to react to form polymers, including equipment designed primarily to cause the formation of short polymer chains (oligomers or low polymers), but not including equipment designed to prepare raw materials for polymerization, e.g., esterification vessels. For the purposes of these standards, the polymerization reaction section begins with the equipment used to transfer the materials from the raw materials preparation section and ends with the last vessel in which polymerization occurs. Equipment used for the on-site recovery of ethylene glycol from poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) plants, however, are included in this
process section, rather than in the material recovery process section (40CFR60.561-91).
Polymerization: A chemical reaction in which the molecules of a monomer are linked together to form large molecules whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the original substance. When two or more monomers are involved, the process is called co-polymerization (EPA-75/01a). Polynuclear aromatic compound (PNA): A class of organic materials with characteristic multiple ring molecular structure (e.g., naphthalene) which is suspected of causing genetic damage (OME-88/12). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNA): Hydrocarbons with multiple benzene rings. PNAs are typical components of asphalt, fuel, oils, and greases. Examples of PNAs include naphthalene, the benzo pyrenes, fluoranthene, and chrysene. Synonym: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NavyEnv-04). Polypropylene (PP): A thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50% propylene by weight (40CFR60.561-91). Polystyrene (PS): A thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 80% styrene or para-methylstyrene by weight (40CFR60.561-91). Polystyrene: A polymer of styrene that is a rigid, transparent thermoplastic with good physical and electrical insulating properties, used in molded products, foams, and sheet materials (CMC02gasl-04). Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): A polymer of vinyl chloride. Tasteless. odorless, insoluble in most organic solvents. A member of the family vinyl resin, used in soft flexible films for food packaging and in molded rigid products, such as pipes, fibers, upholstery, and bristles (CMC02gasl-04). Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): A tough, environmentally indestructible plastic that releases hydrochloric acid when burned (EPA-97/12). Polyvinyl chloride ((CH2CHC1)J: A common plastic material (CH2= CHCI) which is tasteless, odorless, and generally insoluble; can release hydrochloric acid (HCL) when burned (EPA-83, see also EPA-89/12; 91/05). Polyvinyl chloride plant: Includes any plant where vinyl chloride alone or in combination with other materials is polymerized (40CFR61.61-91). Pond lime: A lime cake after being run into waste ponds (EPA7410 1a). Pond water surface area: For the purpose of calculating the volume of wastewater, shall mean the area within the
impoundment for rainfall and the actual water surface area for evaporation (40CFR421.11-91, see also 40CFR421.61-91).
includes metal preparation and coating operations (40CFR466.0291).
Pond: A natural or man-made water body, generally, smaller than a lake. Other pond-related terms include (1) Cooling pond; (2) Evaporation pond; (3) Holding pond; (4) Oxidation pond; (5) Polishing pond; and (6) Tailing pond.
Pore space: The void space and minute passages in a solid material (NavyIEnv-04).
Pondage: Small-scale storage at a waterpower plant to equalize daily or weekly fluctuations in riverflow or to permit irregular hourly use of the water for power generation to accord with fluctuations in load (CWA/hydrology-04). Pondage: The amount of water stored behind a dam of relatively small storage capacity used to control the flow of a river (DOI70104). Pool: A deep reach of a stream. The reach of a stream between two riffles. Natural streams often consist of a succession of pools and riffles (CWA/hydrology-04). Pool: A small part of a stream reach with little velocity, commonly with water deeper than surrounding areas (CWA/Wbasics-04). Population at risk: A population subgroup that is more likely to be exposed to a chemical, or is more sensitive to the chemical, than is the general population (EPA-97/12). Population equivalent (PE): An expression of the relative strength of a waste (usually industrial) in terms of its equivalent in domestic waste, expressed as the population that would produce the equivalent domestic waste. A population equivalent of 160 million persons means the pollution effect equivalent to raw sewage from 160 million persons; 0.17 pounds BOD (the oxygen demand of untreated wastes from one person) = 1 PE (DOI-70104). Population stock or stock: A group of marine mammals of the same species or smaller taxa in a common spatial arrangement, that interbreed when mature (MMPA3-16U.S.C. 1362-90). Population: A collection of individuals of one species or mixed species making up the residents of a prescribed area (CWA/Wbasics-04). Population: A group of interbreeding organisms occupying a particular space; the number of humans or other living creatures in a designated area (EPA-97/12). Population: A group or number of people living within a specified area or sharing similar characteristics (such as occupation or age) (SFhealth-04). Porcelain enameling: The entire process of applying a fused vitreous enamel coating to a metal basis material. Usually this
Pore water: The water that is filled in the soil cavities. See water for more related terms. Porosity: A measure of the water-bearing capacity of subsurface rock. With respect to water movement, it is not just the total magnitude of porosity that is important, but the size of the voids and the extent to which they are interconnected, as the pores in a formation may be open, or interconnected, or closed and isolated. For example, clay may have a very high porosity with respect to potential water content, but it constitutes a poor medium as an aquifer because the pores are usually so small (CWAIWscience04). Porosity: A ratio of a volume in any porous material that is not filled with solid matter to the total volume occupied. See void ratio (SW-108ts). Porosity: Degree to which soil, gravel, sediment, or rock is permeated with pores or cavities through which water or air can move (EPA-97/12). Porosity: In air application, a measure of time required for 100 cm3 of air to flow through a sample area. Also termed "air resistance" (in seconds per 100 an3)(EPA-87/10). Porosity: In groundwater application, the ratio of the volume of pores of a material to the volume of its mass. In groundwater, it defines the amount of water a saturated rock volume can contain. If a unit volume of saturated rock is allowed to drain by gravity, not all of the water it contains will be released. The volume drained is the specific yield, a percentage, and the volume retained is the specific retention. It is the specific yield that is available to wells. Therefore, porosity is equal to specific yield plus specific retention (EPA-87/03). Porosity: In soil application, the capacity of rock or soil to contain water. The amount of water that rock can contain depends on the open spaces between the grains or cracks that can fill with water. Well-sorted soil is more porous than poorly sorted soil. Soil is well sorted if the grains are all about the same size (as in the case of gravel or sand); spaces account for a large proportion of the total volume. Soil is poorly sorted if the grains are not all the same size; spaces between larger grains will fill with small grains instead of with water. Poorly sorted rock thus holds less water than well sorted (DOI-4/72). Porosity: The ratio of the volume of voids in a rock or soil to the total volume (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Porphyria: A disturbance of porphyrin metabolism characterized by marked increase in formation and excretion of porphyrins or their precursors (LBG76107-bio). Port: Any opening in a furnace through which fuel or flame enters or exhaust gases escape (EPA-83). Other port-related terms include (1) Overfire air port and (2) View port. Portable air compressor or compressor: Any wheel, skid, truck, or railroad car mounted, but not self-propelled, equipment designed to activate pneumatic tools. This consists of an air compressor (air end), and a reciprocating rotary or turbine engine rigidly connected in permanent alignment and mounted on a common frame. Also included are all cooling, lubricating, regulating, starting, and fuel systems, and all equipment necessary to constitute a complete, self-contained unit with a rated capacity of 75 cfm or greater which delivers air at pressures greater than 50 psig, but does not include any pneumatic tools themselves (40CFR204.5 1-a-91). Portable fueling system: A mobile system that is used for delivering fuels to an end user or a fueling station. Portable grinder: Any power-driven rotatable grinding, polishing, or buffing wheel mounted in such manner that it may be manually manipulated (29CFR19 10.94b-91). Portable plant: Any nonmetallic mineral processing plant that is mounted on any chassis or skids and may be moved by the application of a lifting or pulling force. In addition, there shall be no cable, chain, turn buckle, bolt, or other means (except electrical connections) by which any piece of equipment is attached or clamped to any anchor, slab, or structure, including bedrock that must be removed prior to the application of a lifting or pulling force for the purpose of transporting the unit (40CFR60.671-91). Portable power plant: A mobile plant that can be readily transported to an end user location to provide electricity. Portal bus: Track-mounted, self-propelled personnel carrier that holds 8 to 12 people (CWNmining-04). Portal of entry effect: A local effect produced at the tissue or organ of first contact between the biological system and the toxicant (EPA-90108). Portal: The structure surrounding the immediate entrance to a mine; the mouth of an adit or tunnel (CWNmining-04). Portal-of-entry effect: A local effect produced in the tissue or organ of first contact between a toxicant and the biological system (EPA-97/12). Portland cement plant: Any facility manufacturing portland cement by either the wet or dry process (40CFR60.61-91).
Portland cement: (1) The most common variety of cement (ETI92). (2) The product obtained by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, to which no additions have been made subsequent to calcination other than water and/or untreated calcium sulphate (EPA-74101b). (3) cf. cement. Posing an exposure risk to food or feed: Being in any location where human food or animal feed products could be exposed to PCBs released from a PCB item. A PCB item poses an exposure risk to food or feed if PCBs released in any way from the PCB item have a potential pathway to human food or animal feed. EPA considers human food or animal feed to include items regulated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Food and Drug Administration as human food or animal feed; this includes direct additives. Food or feed is excluded from this definition if it is used or stored in private homes (40CFR761.3-91). Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve: A device to control the flow of blow-by gasses and fresh air from the crankcase to the fuel induction system of the engine (40CFR85.2122(a)(4)(ii)-91). Positive displacement meter: One of liquid flow rate meters. This type of flowmeter is more applicable than other types for use with higher viscosity fluids. However, accuracy is highest when used with a clean, moderately viscous fluid. It cannot be used with multiphase liquids, gases, or slunies of varying density. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-89/06). Positive electrode: See anode. Positive ion: See ion. Positive pressure fabric filter: A fabric filter with the fans on the upstream side of the filter bags. See filter for more related terms (40CFR60.271a; 60.341-91). Positive temperature coefficient (PTC) type choke heater: A positive temperature coefficient resistant ceramic disc capable of providing heat to the thermostatic coil when electrically energized (40CFR85.2 122(a)(2)(iii)(I)-91). Positive test result: (1) Any resolvable gas chromatographic peak for any 2,3,7,8-HDD or HDF which exceeds the LOQ listed under 40CFR766.27 for that congener; or (2) Exceeds LOQs approved by EPA under 40CFR766.28 (40CFR766.3-91). Possession or control: In the possession or control of any person, or of any subsidiary, partnership in which the person is a general partner, parent company, or any company or partnership which the parent company owns or controls, if the subsidiary, parent company, or other company or partnership is associated with the person in the research, development, test marketing, or commercial marketing or the substance in question. Information is in the possession or control of a person if it is: (1) In the person's own files including files maintained by employees of the person in the course of their employment. (2) In commercially available
databases to which the person has purchased access. (3) Maintained in the files in the course of employment by other agents of the person who are associated with research, development, test marketing or commercial marketing of the chemical substance in question (40CFR704.3-91).
Post aeration: Adding air into a treated effluent to increase the content of dissolved oxygen. See aeration for more related terms. Post chlorination: Adding chlorine into a treated effluent to further disinfect or to prevent microbial growth in the effluent (cf. pre-chlorination). Post closure plan: The plan for post-closure care prepared in accordance with the requirements of 40CFR264.117 through 40CFR264.120. See closure for more related terms (40CFR264.141; 265.141-91). Post closure: The time period following the shutdown of a waste management or manufacturing facility. For monitoring purposes, this is often considered to be 30 years. See closure for more related terms (EPA-89/12). Post consumer recovered paper: (1) Paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have passed through their end-usage as a consumer item including: used corrugated boxes; old newspapers; old magazines; mixed waste papa, tabulating cards and used cordage; and (2) All paper, paperboard and fibrous wastes that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste (40CFR248.491). (3) See paper for more related terms. Post consumer recycling: The reuse of materials generated from residential and commercial waste, excluding recycling of material from industrial processes that has not reached the consumer, such as glass broken in the manufacturing process (EPA-89/11). Post consumer waste (or old scrap): A material or product that has served its intended use and has been discarded for disposal or recovery after passing through the hands of a final consumer. See waste for more related terms (40CFR246.101-91, see also 4OCFR247.10 1-91). Post exposure period: The portion of the test that begins with the test birds being returned from a treated diet to the basal diet. This period is typically three days in duration, but may be extended if birds continue to die or demonstrate other toxic effects (40CFR797.2050-91). Post flame zone: A three-dimensional space in an incinerator where high temperature oxidation occurs in absence of emission of visible radiation and large exothermic chemical reactions, temperature gradients, radical concentrations, and reaction rate substantially lower than flame zone (EPA-88/12).
Post impregnation suspension process: A manufacturing process in which polystyrene beads are first formed in a suspension process, washed, dried, or otherwise finished and then added with a blowing agent to another reactor in which the beads and blowing agent are reacted to produce expandable polystyrene (40CFR60.561-91). Post mining area: (1) A reclamation area; or (2) The underground workings of an underground coal mine after the extraction, removal, or recovery of coal from its natural deposit has ceased and prior to bond release (40CFR434.11-91). Post removal site control: Those activates that are necessary to sustain the integrity of a fund-financed removal action following its conclusion. Post-removal site control may be a removal or remedial action under CERCLA. The term includes, without being limited to, activities such as relighting gas flares, replacing filters, and collecting leachate (40CFR300.5-91). Post translation modification: An alteration of a polypeptide that occurs after translation of the mRNA (e.g., glycosylation) (EPA88/09a). Post treatment: Treatment of treated water or wastewater to improve the water quality. Post: The vertical member of a timber set (CWAImining-04). Post-chlorination: Addition of chlorine to plant effluent for disinfectant purposes after the effluent has been treated (EPA97/12). Post-closure care: A procedure of maintaining the environmental controls and appearance of a landfill after it has ceased to accept waste (RCRAImanagement-04). Post-closure: Period after closure during which owners and operators of solid or hazardous waste disposal units conduct monitoring and maintenance activities in order to preserve the integrity of the disposal system (RCRA/hazardous-04). Post-closure: The time period following the shutdown of a waste management or manufacturing facility; for monitoring purposes, often considered to be 30 years (EPA-97/12). Post-consumer materialslwaste: Recovered materials that are diverted from municipal solid waste for the purpose of collection, recycling, and disposition (EPA-97/12). Post-consumer materials: Recovered materials from a consumeroriented recycling collection system or drop-off center (RCRAImunicipal-04). Post-consumer recycling: Use of materials generated from residential and consumer waste for new or similar purposes; e.g.,
converting wastepaper from offices into corrugated boxes or newsprint (EPA-97/12).
Postemergence herbicide: Herbicide applied to foliage after the crop has sprouted to kill or significantly retard the growth of weeds (CWA/Wbasics-04). Postictally: After a stroke or seizure, such as an acute epileptic attack (LBL-76107-bio). Post-mining emissions: Emissions of methane from coal occumng after the coal has been mined, during transport, or pulverization (CAA/C02gasl-04). Pot furnace: A glass melting furnace that contains one or more refractory vessels in which glass is melted by indirect heating. The openings of the vessels are in the outside wall of the furnace and are covered with refractory stoppers during melting. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR61.161-91; AP-40, p238). Potable water (or drinking water): The water that is safe for drinking and cooking. See water for more related terms (EPA89/12). Potable water: Raw or treated water that is considered safe to drink (FFDCNpesticide-04). Potable water: Water of a quality suitable for drinking (CWAIWscience-04). Potable water: Water that is safe and palatable for human consumption (CWAIWbasics-04). Potable water: Water that is safe for drinking and cooking (EPA97/12). Potash: Potassium oxide (K20). A carbonate of potassium (EPA83). Potassium carbonate can be obtained from wood ashes. The mineral potash is usually a muriate (chloride). Caustic potash is its hydrated form (EPA-83/09). Potassium (K): A alkali metal with atomic number 19; atomic weight 39.098; density 0.86 glcc; melting point 63.7 C and boiling point 760 C. The element belongs to group IA of the periodic table. Potassium (K): An alkali metal that forms various salts with halogens and other metals. It is an essential nutrient, and among other uses, it is used in electrical impulses in the nervous system. It is abundant naturally, and is generally not considered toxic (NavyIEnv-04). Potassium (K): Major potassium compounds include (1) Potassium cyanide (KCN): Toxic crystals used for insecticide, electroplating, etc. (2) Potassium dichromate (K2Cr207):Toxic crystals used for electroplating, matches, etc. (3) Potassium manganate (K2Mn04):Water soluble crystals used for disinfectant,
photography, printing, and water purification. (4) Potassium permanganate (KMn04): Water soluble crystals used for disinfectant, dyes, bleaches, etc.
Potassium hydroxide: A solution of the elements potassium, hydrogen, and oxygen that serves as the electrolyte for alkaline fuel cells (AFC). Chemically, it is KOH. Potassium iodide: Potassium iodide has been approved by the FDA as a nonprescription drug for use as a "blocking agent" to prevent the human thyroid gland to' m absorbing radioactive iodine (HAS-92). Potency: The toxicity of a chemical that is the ability of a chemical to do systematic damage to an organism (TSCNchemical-04). Potential combustion concentration: The theoretical emissions (ng/J, Ib/million Btu heat input) that would result from combustion of a fuel in an uncleaned state (without emission control systems) and: (1) For particulate matter is: (a) 3000 ng/J (7.0 Ib/million Btu) heat input for solid fuel; and (b) 75 ng/J (0.17 Ib/million Btu) heat input for liquid fuels. (2) For sulfur dioxide is determined under 40CFR60.48a(b). (3) For nitrogen oxides is: (a) 290 ng/J (0.67 Ib/million Btu) heat input for gaseous fuels; (b) 310 nglJ (0.72 Ib/million Btu) heat input for liquid fuels; and (c) 990 ng/J (2.30 Ib/million Btu) heat input for solid fuels (40CFR60.41a-91). Potential damage: The circumstances in which: (1) Friable ACBM is in an area regularly used by building occupants, including maintenance personnel, in the course of their normal activities. (2) There are indications that there is a reasonable likelihood that the material or its covering will become damaged, deteriorated, or delaminated due to factors such as changes in building use, changes in operations and maintenance practices, changes in occupancy, or recurrent damage (40CFR763.83-91). Potential dose: The amount of a compound contained in material swallowed, breathed, or applied to the skin (EPA-97/12). Potential electrical output capacity: Is defined as 33% of the maximum design heat input capacity of the steam generating unit (e.g., a steam generating unit with a lOOMW (340 million Btukr) fossil-fuel heat input capacity would have a 33MW potential electrical output capacity). For electric utility combined cycle gas turbines the potential electrical output capacity is determined on the basis of the fossil-fuel firing capacity of the steam generator exclusive of the heat input and electrical power contribution by the gas turbine (40CFR60.41a-91). Potential energy: The energy which is possessed by a body as a consequence of its position, shape, or configuration. See energy for more related terms. Potential evapotranspiration: The amount of moisture which, if available, would be removed from a given land area by
evapotranspiration; expressed (CWAIWbasics-04).
in
units
of
water
depth
Potential for industry-wide application: That an innovative technology can be applied in two or more facilities which are in one or more industrial categories (40CFR125.22-91). Potential hydrogen chloride emission rate: The hydrogen chloride emission rate that would occur from combustion of MSW in the absence of any hydrogen chloride emissions control (40CFR60.51a-91). Potential natural water loss: The water loss during years when the annual precipitation greatly exceeds the average water loss. It represents the approximate upper limit to water loss under the type and density of vegetation native to a basin, actual conditions of moisture supply, and other basin characteristics, whereas potential evapotranspiration represents the hypothetical condition of no deficiency of water in the soil at any time for use of the type and density of vegetation that would develop (CWAIhydrology-04). Potential production allowances: The production allowances obtained under 40CFR82.9(a) (40CFR82.3-9 1). Potential rate of evaporation: See evaporativity (CWN hydrology-04). Potential receptor: Any living organism or environmental medium which is in the pathway of contamination from a discharge (NavyIEnv-04). Potential release site: A site from which there is a potential for release of contaminants to the environment--for example, a hazardous waste storage tank (OMB/Reg-04). Potential significant damage: The circumstances in which: (1) Friable ACBM is in an area regularly used by building occupants, including maintenance personnel, in the course of their normal activities. (2) There are indications that there is a reasonable likelihood that the material or its covering will become damaged, deteriorated, or delaminated due to factors such as changes in building use, changes in operations and maintenance practices, changes in occupancy, or recurrent damage. (3) The material is subject to major or continuing disturbance, due to factors including, but not limited to, accessibility or, under certain circumstances, vibration or air erosion (40CFR763.83-91). Potential sulfur dioxide emission rate: The theoretical sulfur dioxide emissions (ng/J, Ib/million Btu heat input) that would result from combusting fuel in an uncleaned state and without using emission control systems (40CFR60.41b-91, see also 40CFR60.41~;60.51a-91). Potential to emit: The maximum capacity of a stationary source to emit a pollutant under its physical and operational design. Any physical or operational limitation on the capacity of the source to
emit a pollutant including air pollution control equipment and restrictions on hours of operation or on the type or amount of material combusted, stored, or processed, shall be treated as part of its design if the limitation or the effect it would have on emissions is federally enforceable. Secondary emissions do not count in determining the potential to emit of a stationary source (40CFR51.166-91, see also 40CFR5 1.165; 51-App/S; 5 1.301; 52.21; 52.24; 66.3-91).
Potentially responsible party (PRP) site: Sites where the DOD has no current or past ownership interest and where DOD has a responsibility for cleanup of the site under CERCLA (NavyIEnv04). Potentially responsible party (PRP): A company, government, or person legally responsible for cleaning up the pollution at a hazardous waste site under Superfund. There may be more than one PRP for a particular site (SFlhealth-04). Potentially responsible party (PRP): An individual or company (e.g., an owner, operator, transporter, or generator of hazardous waste) that is potentially responsible for the contamination problems at a Superfund site. Whenever possible, EPA requires PRPs to clean up hazardous waste sites they have contaminated (SFIreform-04). Potentially Responsible Party (PRP): Any individual or company that may have contributed to contamination at a Superfund site. Under CERCLA, PRPs are expected to conduct or pay for site cleanup (SFIremedy-04). Potentially responsible party (PRP): Any individual or company--including owners, operators, transporters or generators-potentially responsible for, or contributing to a spill or other contamination at a Superfund site. Whenever possible, through administrative and legal actions, EPA requires PRPs to clean up hazardous sites they have contaminated (EPA-97/12). Potentially responsible party (PRP): Any individual(s) or company(ies) (such as owner, operators, transporters, or generators) potentially responsible under sections 106 or 107 of CERCLA for the contamination problems at a SuperfUnd site (40CFR35.4010-91, see also 40CFR35.6015; 304.12-91). Potentiation: The ability of one chemical to increase the effect of another chemical (EPA-97/12). Potentiometer: An instrument used to measure or to divide small voltage. Potentiometric surface map: A water-level map which is a graphical representation of a water gradient and can be prepared by plotting water-level measurements on a base map and then drawing contours (EPA-87/03).
Potentiometric surface: (1) An imaginary surface representing the static head of groundwater, of which the water table is one type (Course 165.7). (2) Contoured water-level elevations for wells completed in an unconfined aquifer (DOE-91/04). Potentiometric surface: (1) An imaginary surface that everywhere coincides with the static water level in a confined aquifer. (2) The level to which water will rise in cased wells or other cased excavations into confined aquifers (NavyIEnv-04). Potentiometric surface: An imaginary surface that represents the total head in an aquifer. It represents the height above a datum plane at which the water level stands in tightly cased wells that penetrate the aquifer (CWAIWbasics-04). Potentiometric surface: The surface to which water in an aquifer can rise by hydrostatic pressure (EPA-97/12). Potentiometric titration: A solution titration in which the end point is determined by measuring the potential on an electrode immersed in the solution. See titration for more related terms. Potentiometry: A technique of using a potentiometer to measure electromotive forces. Potroom group: An uncontrolled potroom, a potroom which is controlled individually, or a group of potrooms or potroom segments ducted to a common control system (40CFR60.191-91). Potroom: A building unit which houses a group of electrolytic cells in which aluminum is produced (40CFR60.191-91). POTW pretreatment pretreatment program.
program:
See
approved
POTW
POTW treatment plant: That portion of the POTW which is designed to provide treatment (including recycling and reclamation) of municipal sewage and industrial waste (4OCFR403.3-91). Pound atomic weight: The atomic weight of an element expressed in pounds (cf. gram atomic weight). Pour point temperature: The lowest temperature at which an oil will flow or can be poured under specified conditions of tests. See temperature for more related terms (OME-88/12). Pouring: The removal of blister copper from the copper converter bath (40CFR61.171-91). Powder coating: Any surface coating which is applied as a dry powder and is fused into a continuous coating film through the use of heat (40CFR60.3 11; 60.45 1-91).
Powder forming: Includes forming and compressing powder into a fully dense finished shape, and is usually done within closed dies (40CFR471.02-91). Powder or dry solid form: A state where all or part of the substance would have the potential to become fine, loose, solid particles (40CFR721.3-91). Power conditioning: In fuel cells, it is a process of converting a direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). This is because a fuel cell provides a direct current (DC) output whereas most grid systems operate on alternating current (AC). Power conditioning is thus needed. Power cycle: A device such as a heat engine which is used to produce power continuously (Holman-p397). Power density: In he1 cells, it is the power produced by a fuel cell divided by the active area or volume of the cell. The unit is wattdunit area or wattdunit volume. Power factor: The ratio of the total active power in watts divided by the total apparent power in volt-amperes (the product of rootmean-square [rms] voltage and rms current). Power lagging: A designation of the relative instantaneous direction of the currents to the voltages (angle is 0 to +90 degree). Power law wind profile: The empirical equation describing the variation of the wind speed (u) with height (z) in the following form: u = ul (Z./Z,)~, where: zl = reference height with the reference wind speed ul; and p = constant. In general, the exponent p is a hnction of stability, roughness, and also height. See wind for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Power leading: A designation of the relative instantaneous direction of the currents to the voltages (angle is 0 to -90 degree). Power plant: Equipment that produces electrical energy generally by conversion from heat energy produced by chemical or nuclear reaction (EPA-8211 l f). Power regulator: A transformer used to maintain constant output current for changes in temperature output load, line current, and time (EPA-83/03). Power setting: The power or thrust output of an engine in terms of kilonewtons thrust for turbojet and turbofan engines and shaft power in terms of kilowatts for turboprop engines (40CFR87.191). Power train: A mechanical system that convert from one form of energy to the other. For example, a power train may convert power from an engine to an wheel axle; or convert electrical energy from a fuel cell or a battery to mechanical energy at the wheels of a vehicle.
Power transformer: A transformer used at a generating station to step up the initial voltage to high levels for transmission. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Power: Ability to produce an effect. In engineering, it includes mechanical power, electrical power, hydraulic power, etc. Powered spray module: See spray module. Pozzolan: A finely divided inorganic material which will react with lime and water to give a hardened product. Pozzolans are frequently used as ingredients of Portland cement concrete. Certain fly ashes have useful pozzolanic properties (EPA-83). Pozzolan: For more related terms, see: (1) Calcined pozzolan and (2) Natural pozzolan.
in states west of the Great Lakes from Wisconsin to eastern Montana (CWAIWbasics-04).
Praseodymium (Pr): A rare earth metal with atomic number 59; atomic weight 140.907; density 6.77 g/cc; melting point 935 C and boiling point 3127 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Pre-aeration: A preparatory treatment of sewage consisting of aeration to remove gases and add oxygen or to promote the flotation of grease and aid coagulation. See aeration for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Pre-application: The phase of the Grants Program where the Grantee-frequently with the assistance of a consulting engineer-prepares an application for Step 1 grant funds (EPA-80108).
PPE: Personal protective equipment. Includes goggles, gloves, etc. (MWTNinfectious-04).
Precalciner kiln: Identical to a preheater kiln except for a secondary firing in the tower of heat-exchanging cyclones which nearly completes the calcination of the feed material (ETI-92).
Practical quantification limit (PQL): The lowest level that can be reliably achieved within specified limits of precision and accuracy during routine laboratory operating conditions (CWNwastewater-04).
Precautionary principle: When information about potential risks is incomplete, basing decisions about the best ways to manage or reduce risks on a preference for avoiding unnecessary health risks instead of on unnecessary economic expenditures (EPA-97/12).
Practical quantitation limit (PQL): A correction factor, sometimes arbitrarily defined, used to account for uncertainty in measurement precision (EPA-9 1/03).
Pre-certification vehicle engine: An uncertified heavy-duty engine owned by a manufacturer and used in a manner not involving lease or sale in a vehicle employed from year to year in the ordinary course of business for product development, production method assessment, and market promotion purposes (40CFR85.1702-91).
Practical quantitation limits (PQL): The minimum concentration of an analyte required to be measured and allowed to be reported without qualification as an estimated quantity for samples without substantial interferences (for technical representation see SW-846) (NavyIEnv-04). Practically reviewable: Information that is practically reviewable means that the information is provided by the source in a manner and in a form that, upon examination, yields information relevant to the property without the need for extraordinary analysis of irrelevant data. The form of the information shall be such that the user can review the records for a limited geographic area. Records that cannot be feasibly retrieved by reference to the location of the property or a geographic area in which the property is located are not generally practically reviewable. Most databases of public records are practically reviewable if they can be obtained from the source agency by the county, city, zip code, or other geographic designation of the facilities listed in the record system. Records that are sorted, filed, organized, or maintained by the source agency only chronologically are not generally practically reviewable (USDNwater-04). Prairie pothole: A shallow depression, generally containing wetlands, occurring in an outwash plain, a recessional moraine, or a till plain; usually the result of melted blocks of covered glacial ice; occur most commonly in the North-Central United States and
Pre-certification vehicle: An uncertified vehicle which a manufacturer employs in fleets from year to year in the ordinary course of business for product development, production method assessment, and market promotion purposes, but in a manner not involving lease or sale (40CFR85.1702-91). Pre-chlorination: (1) Chlorination of water (adding chlorine into water) prior to filtration. (2) Chlorination of sewage prior to treatment to restrict microbial growths in the sand filter (cf. post chlorination) (EPA-83/03). Prechlorination: The addition of chlorine at the headworks of a treatment plant prior to other treatment processes. Done mainly for disinfection and control of tastes, odors, and aquatic growths, and to aid in coagulation and settling (EPA-97/12). Precious metals reclamation: The recycling and recovery of precious metals (i.e., gold., silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium) from hazardous waste (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Precious metals: Gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. See metal for more related terms (40CFR421.261-91, see also 40CFR466.02; 471.02; 468.02-91). Precipitate: A solid that separates from a solution because of some chemical or physical change (EPA-89/12). Precipitate: A substance separated from a solution or suspension by chemical or physical change (EPA-97/12). Precipitation bath: The water, solvent, or other chemical bath into which the polymer or prepolymer (partially reacted material) solution is extruded, and that causes physical or chemical changes to occur in the extruded solution to result in a semihardened polymeric fiber (40CFR60.601-91). Precipitation hardening metals: Certain metal compositions which respond to precipitation hardening or aging treatment (EPA-83106a). Precipitation supernatant: A liquid or fluid forming a layer above precipitated solids (EPA-83103a). Precipitation: (1) The formation of solids out of constituents that were once dissolved. Precipitation is caused by a change in conditions, such as temperature, chemical concentration, or the presence of seed particles to begin the process. (2) Water droplets or ice particles, as rain or snow, condensed from atmospheric water vapor and massive enough to fall to the Earth's surface. (3) Removal of hazardous solids from liquid waste to permit safe disposal. (4) Removal of particles from airborne emissions (NavyEnv-04). Precipitation: Any or all forms of water particles that fall from the atmosphere, such as rain, snow, hail, and sleet. The act or process of producing a solid phase within a liquid medium (CWANbasics-04). Precipitation: In air pollution control, the process of charging, collecting, and removing of particles. See also electrostatic precipitator (EPA-84/09). Precipitation: In meteorology, any form of water, whether liquid or solid, that falls to the ground from the atmosphere; it includes drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, snow grains, ice crystals, ice pellets, and bail; the amount of precipitation is usually expressed in inches of equivalent liquid water depth at a given point over a specified period of time (DOI-70104). Precipitation: In wastewater treatment, a physicochemical process whereby some or all of substance in solution is transformed into a solid phase and is subsequently removed from the solution, e.g., zinc chloride is highly soluble in water, as is sodium sulfide. Zinc sulfide, however, has an extremely low solubility in water. Thus if an aqueous solution of zinc chloride is mixed with an aqueous solution of sodium sulfide, zinc ions and
sulfide ions will rapidly combine to form solid zinc sulfide particles. Precipitation, flocculation, and sedimentation are discussed together because in waste treatment they are most commonly used together, as consecutive treatments to the same stream. Precipitation removes a substance in solution and transforms it into a second phase, often in the form of solid particles that may be small or even colloidal. Flocculation transforms small suspended particles into larger suspended particles so that they can be more easily removed. Sedimentation removes the suspended particles from the liquid. Precipitation: Rain, (CWAIWscience-04).
snow, hail,
sleet, dew,
and frost
Precipitation: Removal of hazardous solids from liquid waste to permit safe disposal; removal of particles from airborne emissions as in rain (e.g., acid precipitation) (EPA-97/12). Precipitation: For more related terms, see (1) Meteorological precipitation; (2) Thermal precipitation; and (3) Ultrasonic precipitation. Precipitator: Pollution control device that collects particles from an air stream (EPA-97/12). Precision: (1) The capability of a person, an instrument, or a method to obtain reproducible results; specifically, a measure of the random error as expressed by the variance, the standard error or a multiple of the standard error. See analytical parameters-laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). (2) See also definition under uncertainty. Precision: A measure of mutual agreement among individual measurements of the same property, usually under prescribed similar conditions. Precision is usually expressed in terms of standard deviation (NavyEnv-04). Precoat filter: A type of filter in which the media is applied to an existing surface prior to filtration. See filter for more related terms (EPA-75102d). Precoat: A coating operation in which a coating other than an adhesive or release is applied to a surface during the production of a pressure sensitive tape or label product (40CFR60.441-91). Preconditioning: The operation of an automobile through one (1) EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule, described in 40CFR86 (40CFR610.11-91). Pre-consumer materialdwaste: Materials generated in manufacturing and converting processes such as manufacturing scrap and trimmings and cuttings. Includes print overruns, overissue publications, and obsolete inventories (EPA-97/12). Pre-consumer materials: Recovered materials obtained from manufacturers (RCWmunicipal-04).
Pre-consumer waste: The waste generated in processing materials or manufacturing them into final products. See waste for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Precontrolled vehicle: The light duty vehicles sold nationally (except in California) prior to the 1968 model year and light duty vehicles sold in California prior to the 1966 model year. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR51-App/N-91). Precook: Prehydrolysis (EPA-87/10). Precursor: A chemical substance which is not contaminated due to the process conditions under which it is manufactured, but because of its molecular structure, and under favorable process conditions, it may cause or aid the formation of HDDsIHDFs in other chemicals in which it is used as a feedstock or intermediate (40CFR766.3-91). Precursor: In photochemistry, a compound antecedent to a pollutant. For example, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitric oxides of nitrogen react in sunlight to form ozone or other photochemical oxidants. As such, VOCs and oxides of nitrogen are precursors (EPA-97/12). Precycling: The decision-making process consumers use to judge a purchase based on its waste implications. Criteria include whether a product is reusable, durable, and repairable; made h renewable or nonrenewable resources;over-packaged; or in a reusable container (RWmanagement-04). Preemergence herbicide: Herbicide applied to bare ground after planting the crop but prior to the crop sprouting above ground to kill or significantly retard the growth of weed seedlings (CWA/Wbasics-04). Pre-existing discharge: Any discharge at the time of permit application under this subsection (CWA301.p-33U.S.C.1311-91). Preferential oxidation or selective oxidation: The oxidation takes place only with one selected compound at certain conditions. For example, in fuel cells, the reaction is used to preferentially oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide from the reformate stream after the water-gas shift reactor and before the fuel cell. Preganglionic transmission block: Blocking of nerve impulse transmission at the synapse before the nerve enters the ganglion (LBL-76107-bio). Pregnant liquor: A solution containing the metal values prior to their removal and recovery. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-75/02b). Pregnant solution: A value bearing hydrometallurgical operation (EPA-82/05).
solution
in
a
Pregnant solvent: In solvent extraction, the value-bearing solvent produced in the solvent extraction circuit (EPA-82/05). Pre-harvest interval: The time between the last pesticide application and harvest of the treated crops (EPA-97/12). Preheater kiln: A cement kiln equipped with a tower of heatexchanging cyclones which preheat and partially calcine the feed material (ETI-92). Preheater: In air preheating, a unit used to heat the air needed for combustion of absorbing heat from the products of combustion (EPA-82111f). Prehydrolysis: The presteaming of wood chips in the digester prior to cooking; usually associated with improved bleaching of kraft pulps (EPA-87/10). Preliminary analysis: The engineering analysis performed by EPA prior to testing prescribed by the Administrator based on data and information submitted by a manufacturer or available from other sources (40CFR610.11-91). Preliminary Assessment (PA) and Site Inspection (SI): EPA uses the Preliminary Assessment (PA) and Site Inspection (SI) to evaluate the potential for a release of hazardous substances from a site. Information collected during the PA and SI is used to calculate a Hazardous Ranking System (HRS) score. Sites with an HRS score of 28.50 or greater are eligible for listing on the National Priorities List (NPL) and require the preparation of an HRS scoring package (SFIremedy-04) Preliminary assessment (PA): A review of all readily available site information such as maps, deeds, and other records to determine if further CERCLA response action is necessary. During the PA, EPA tries to determine what type of substances may have been released and the potential impacts to human health and the environment (RCRA/hazardous-04). Preliminary assessment (PA): Review of existing information and an off-site reconnaissance, if appropriate, to determine if a release may require additional investigation or action. A PA may include an on-site reconnaissance, if appropriate (40CFR300.5-91). Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PAISI): The PA is the process of collecting and reviewing available information about a known or suspected hazardous disposal site or release to determine if the site requires further study. If so, the more extensive site inspection is undertaken to gather technical information and laboratory samples. The information is used to swre the site using the hazard ranking system to determine whether the site will be placed on the National Priorities List (SF/Env-04). Preliminary assessment: A phase of the CERCLA remediation process used to determine whether a site has contaminated, or has the potential to contaminate, the environment (OMBIReg-04).
Preliminary assessment: The process of collecting and reviewing available information about a known or suspected waste site or release (EPA-97/12). Preliminary filter: The use of quick gravity filters or microstainers for raw wastewater prior to the slow sand filters to increase the length of their run. See filter for more related terms. Preliminary natural resource survey (PNRS): A simple screening study of a site by a trustee to determine whether trustee resources may have been affected and whether W h e r attention is warranted (Navy/Env-04). Preliminary remediation goals (PRGs): Initial clean-up goals that: (1) Are protective of human health and he environment and (2) Comply with ARARs. They are developed early in the process based on readily available information and are modified to reflect results of the baseline risk assessment. They also are used during analysis of remedial alternatives in the remedial investigatiodfeasibilitystudy (RIRS) (EPA-91/12). Preliminary remediation goals: Initial clean-up goals that (1) Are protective of human health and (PRGs) the environment; and (2) Comply with ARARs. They are developed early in the remedy selection process based on readily available information and are modified to reflect results of the baseline risk assessment. They also are used during analysis of remedial alternatives in the remedial investigatiodfeasibility study (RIIFS) (SFIriskA-04). Preliminary treatment: See pretreatment. Premanufacture notice or PMN: Any notice submitted to EPA pursuant to 40CFR720 of this chapter or 40CFR723.250 of this chapter (40CFR700.43-91). Under Section 5(a) of TSCA, a manufacturer must notify EPA 90 days before producing a new chemical substance. Within five days of receiving the notice, EPA must publish in the Federal Register an item identifying the chemical substance, listing its intended uses, and a description of the toxicological tests required to demonstrate that there will no unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment (Arbuckle-89). Premature dementia: Premature organic brain deterioration (LBL-76107-bio). Premises: A tract or parcel of land with or without habitable buildings (EPA-83). Premixed flame: A flame produced by a combustion process in which the fuel and air are mixed prior to entering the combustion zone. Premixed flame combustion is largely applied to relatively small devices such as automobile engines and laboratory burners, and is usually limited to fuels that are gaseous at ambient temperature or to those that vaporize at relatively low temperatures. See flame for more related terms.
Premixing burner: A burner in which air for combustion is mixed with fuel gas prior to entering the combustion zone. Preparation plant: A place where coal is cleaned, sized, and prepared for market (CWNmining-04). Preparer: The person preparing the TSQ who may be either the user or the person to whom the user has delegated the preparation (USDAIwater-04). Preplating treatment waste: The waste contributed by preplating treatments. The waste is affected by the basis materials, any surface soil on the workpieces, formulation of solutions used for cleaning or activating the materials, solution temperatures, and cycling times. See waste for more related terms (EPA-74103d). Preponderance of evidence: Proof by information that, compared with that opposing it, leads to the conclusion that the fact at issue is more probably true than not (40CFR32.105-91). Presbycusis: The loss of hearing due primarily to the aging process. High frequency loss is frequently a result of early hearing loss (NCNsound-04). Prescriptive: Water rights which are acquired by diverting water and putting it to use in accordance with specified procedures; e.g., filing a request with a state agency to use unused water in a stream, river, or lake (EPA-97/12). Present worth: An estimate of the amount of money which would now equal all future costs of the wastewater system. It is the sum of all construction and O&M costs for the design period, discounted to the present (EPA-80108). Preservative: Chemicals used to preserve the quality of materials, e.g., the chemicals added to water-thinned paints to prevent the growth of bacteria or yeast in the can during paint storage (EPA79112b). Preserve: To prevent modification to the natural floodplain environment or to maintain it as closely as possible to its natural state (40CFR6-App/A-91). Press and blow process: A process of glass manufacture in which the finish and parison are pressed and the parison is subsequently blown to form the final shape (EPA-83). Press liquor: (1) Stick water resulting from the compaction of recovered fish solids (EPA-74/06). (2) The liquor obtained when citrus peel is chopped, treated with lime, and pressed or squeezed (EPA-74/03). (3) See liquor for more related terms. Pressed and blown glass: A glass which is pressed, blown, or both, including textile fiberglass, noncontinuous flat glass, noncontainer glass, and other products listed in SIC 3229. It is
separated into: (1) Glass of borosilicate recipe. (2) Glass of sodalime and lead recipes. (3) Glass of opal, fluoride, and other recipes (40CFR60.291-91).
Pressed and blown glass: See glass for more related terms. Pressed and blown glass: The glass includes the broad classifications of kitchen and tableware, art objects, novelty items and the like, lighting and electronic glassware, and insulation glassware, insulation, and manufactured products using glass fibre (EPA-83). Pressed glass: A glassware formed by pressure between a mold and a plunger. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Pressed powder: A method of making an electrode by pressing powdered active material into a metal grid (EPA-84/08). Pressed wood product: A group of materials used in building and furniture construction that is made from wood veneers, particles, or fibers bonded together with an adhesive under heat and pressure (EPA-88/09b)., Pressed wood produet: Materials used in building and furniture construction that are made from wood veneers, particles, or fibers bonded together with an adhesive under heat and pressure (EPA97/12). Pressure burner: For a premixing burner, the pressure of the air fuel mixture exceeds the fuel supply line pressure for combustion, usually from 0.3 to 15.0 inches water column. Pressure check: An imperfection; a check or crack in a glass article resulting from too much pressure in forming (EPA-83). Pressure deformation: The process of applying force, (other than impact force), to permanently deform or shape a workpiece. Pressure deformation operations may include operations such as rolling, drawing, bending, embossing, coining, swaging, sizing, extruding, squeezing, spinning, seaming, piercing, necking, reducing, forming, crimping, coiling, twisting, winding, flaring, or weaving (EPA-83106a). Pressure demand type apparatus: An apparatus in which the pressure inside the facepiece in relation to the immediate environment is positive during both inhalation and exhalation (NIOSH-84/10). Pressure drop (or gas-side pressure drop): (1) A measure, in kilopascals, of the difference in static pressure measured immediately upstream and downstream of the air filter element (40CFR85.2122(a)(16)(ii)(B)-91). (2) The difference in static pressure between two points due to energy losses in a gas stream (EPA-89103b).
Pressure drop (or gas-side pressure drop): In wet scrubbing, the pressure difference, or pressure drop that occurs as the exhaust gases pushed or pulled through the scrubber, disregarding the pressure that would be used for pumping or spraying the liquid into the scrubber. The terms pressure drop and gas-side pressure drop are used interchangeably (EPA-84103-p119). Pressure field extension: A spatial extension of a variation in pressure as occurs under a slab when a fan ventilates at one or a few distinct points (EPA-88/08). Pressure filter: A filter in which the pressure on the input side of the filter medium is greater than atmospheric pressure. See filter for more related terms (DOI-70104). Pressure filtration: The process of solidJliquid phase separation effected by passing the more permeable liquid phase through a mesh which is impenetrable the solid phase. See filtration for more related terms (EPA-8211le). Pressure gauge: A gauge that measures the pressure difference between a given fluid and that of the atmosphere. Other pressure gauge-related terms include (1) Barometer and (2) Manometer. Pressure head: The height of a column of a fluid required to produce a given pressure at its base. The relationship between pressure and pressure head is: p = dhglg,. Where: p = pressure (forcehrea); d = density of fluid (mass/volume); g = local acceleration due to gravity, length/time2; g, = dimensional constant; and h = pressure head in terms of length. Pressure head may be expressed in terms of any fluid that is convenient, e.g., Hg or H20. Effective head = pressure head - head due to friction, etc. Pressure process: A process in which wood preservatives and fire retardants are forced into wood using air or hydrostatic pressure (EPA-74/04). Pressure regulator: An automatic control device that is used to maintain a desired level of a pre-selected gas pressure. Pressure release: The emission of materials resulting from system pressure being greater than set pressure of the pressure relief device (40CFR60.481-91, see also 40CFR6 1.241;264.103 191). Pressure relief valve: An automatic device that opens or closes a relief vent, depending on whether the pressure is above or below a predetermined value (Waukee03). Pressure roller: In seaming a landfill liner, rollers accompanying a seaming technique which apply pressure to the opposing FML (flexible membrane liner) sheets to be joined. They closely follow the actual melting process and are self-contained within the seaming device (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05).
Pressure sewers: A system of pipes in which water, wastewater, or other liquid is pumped to a higher elevation (EPA-97/12). Pressure vessel: A vessel designed for containing substances, reactions, etc., at pressures above atmospheric pressure (cf. vessel). Pressure, static: In flowing air, the total pressure minus velocity pressure, pushing equally in all directions (EPA-97/12). Pressure, total: In flowing air, the sum of the static and velocity pressures (EPA-97/12). Pressure, velocity: In flowing air, the pressure due to velocity and density of air (EPA-97/12). Pressure: In engineering, the total load or force per unit area acting on a surface (40CFR146.3-91, see also 40CFR146.3; 147.2902; 147.2902-91). See Appendix B for more information. Pressure: For more related terms, see (1) Absolute pressure; (2) Atmospheric pressure; (3) Barometric pressure (see atmospheric pressure); (4) Critical pressure; (5) Dew point pressure; (6) Gauge (gage) pressure; (7) Partial pressure; (8) Saturated pressure (see saturation pressure); (9) Saturation pressure; (10) Standard atmospheric pressure; (11) Static pressure; (12) Surge pressure; (13) Total pressure; (14) Vacuum pressure; and (15) Velocity pressure. Pressurized solid oxide fuel cell (PSOFC): The PSOFC is used in a hybrid system. A solid oxide fuel cell is operated under high pressures such that its hot, pressurized exhaust gases are used to drive a microturbine generator for more power generation. For more information, see http://fuelcells.si.edu/so/sox3.htm, 2004. See Appendix C for more he1 cell technologies. Presumptive remedy: A remedial action alternative selected based on the remedy's successful use on similar past cleanups, in order to expedite the CERCLA remedial investigation process (OMB/Reg-04). Pretreatment (or preliminary treatment): (1) The reduction of the amount of pollutants, the elimination of pollutants, or the alteration of the nature of pollutant properties in wastewater prior to or in lieu of discharging or otherwise introducing such pollutants into a POTW (for complete definition, see 40CFR403.3-91). (2) Processes used to reduce, eliminate, or alter the nature of wastewater pollutants from non-domestic sources before they are discharged into publicly owned treatment works (EPA-89/12). Pretreatment (or preliminary treatment): (1) The reduction of the amount of pollutants, the elimination of pollutants, or the alteration of the nature of pollutant properties in wastewater prior to or in lieu of discharging or otherwise introducing such pollutants into a POTW. The reduction or alteration may be obtained by physical, chemical, or biological processes, process
changes or by other means, except as prohibited by 40CFR403.6(d). Appropriate pretreatment technology includes control equipment, such as equalization tanks or facilities, for protection against surges or slug loadings that might interfere with or otherwise be incompatible with the POTW. However, where wastewater from a regulated process is mixed in an equalization facility with unregulated wastewater or with wastewater from another regulated process, the effluent from the equalization facility must meet an adjusted pretreatment limit calculated in accordance with 40CFR403.6(e) (40CFR403.3-q-91).
Pretreatment control authority: (1) The POTW if the P O W s submission for its pretreatment program has been approved in accordance with the requirements of 40CFR403.11; or (2) The Approval Authority if the submission has not been approved (40CFR414.10-91). Pretreatment requirements: Any substantive or procedural requirement related to pretreatment, other than a national pretreatment standard, imposed on an industrial user (40CFR403.3-91). Pretreatment standards: See national pretreatment standard. Pretreatment: Processes used to reduce, eliminate, or alter the nature of wastewater pollutants firom non-domestic sources before they are discharged into publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) (EPA-97/12). Prevalence study: An epidemiological study which examines the relationships between diseases and exposures as they exist in a defined population at a particular point in time (Course 165.6). Prevalence survey: The measure of the current level of disease(s) or symptoms and exposures through a questionnaire that collects self-reported information from a defined population (SFihealth04). Prevalence: The number of existing disease cases in a defined population during a specific time period (contrast with incidence) (SFihealth-04). Prevalent level samples: Air samples taken under normal conditions (also known as ambient background samples) (EPA97/12). Prevalent levels: Levels of airborne contaminant occurring under normal conditions (EPA-97/12). Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD): (1) EPA program in which state andor federal permits are required that are intended to restrict emissions for new or modified sources in places where air quality is already better than required to meet primary and secondary ambient air quality standards (EPA-89/12). (2) PSD means that sources in "clean air" areas do not have the right to pollute the air even if the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
would not be violated. Sources must meet permit standards that ensure that there is no significant deterioration of air quality in a region. PSD requirements must be part of all SIPS (state implementation plans) (Winthrop89/09).
Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD): EPA program in which state andlor federal permits are required in order to restrict emissions from new or modified sources in places where air quality already meets or exceeds primary and secondary ambient air quality standards (EPA-97/12). Prevention: (1) Measures taken to minimize the release of wastes to the environment (cf. waste minimization) (EPA-89/12). (2) Design and operating measures applied to a process to ensure that primary containment of toxic chemicals is maintained. Primary containment means confinement of toxic chemicals within the equipment intended for normal operating conditions (EPA-87107a). Prevention: Actions that reduce exposure or other risks, keep people from getting sick, or keep disease from getting worse (SFhealth-04). Preventive measures: The actions taken to reduce disturbance of ACBM or otherwise eliminate the reasonable likelihood of the material's becoming damaged or significantly damaged (40CFR763.83-91). Pre-work items: Special conditions involving building codes, structural conditions, or existing building conditions that will affect proper installation of sound insulation improvements. The property owner is responsible for addressing the designated prework items prior to the start of construction (NCA/noise-04). Prey: Fish food organisms (SFIremedy-04). Price analysis: The process of evaluating a prospective price without regard to the contractor's separate cost elements and proposed profit. Price analysis determines the reasonableness of the proposed subagreement price based on adequate price competition, previous experience with similar work, established catalog or market price, law, or regulation (40CFR33.005-91, see also 40CFR35.6015-91). Primacy: Having the primary responsibility for administering and enforcing regulations (EPA-97/12). Primacy: Primary enforcement authority for the drinking water program. Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, states, U.S. territories, and Indian tribes that meet certain requirements, including setting regulations that are at least as stringent as U.S. EPA's, may apply for, and receive, primary enforcement authority, or primacy (SDWAReg-04). Primary air fan: A fan for transport, ignition, and combustion stabilization air. See fan for more related terms (EPA-83).
Primary air: See primary combustion air. Primary alcohol: An alcohol whose OH attached carbon joins at least with two hydrogen atoms. Its molecular structure can be expressed as RCH20H, e.g., methanol (HCH20H).See alcohol for more related terms. Primary aluminium reduction plant: Any facility manufacturing aluminum by electrolytic reduction (40CFR60.19191). Primary amine: An m i n e whose molecular structure can be expressed as RNH2, e.g., methylamine. See amine for more related terms (CH3NH2). Primary battery: A battery which must usually be replaced after one discharge; i.e., the battery cannot be recharged. See battery for more related terms (EPA-84/08). Primary burner (or primary combustion chamber burner): A fuel burner for preheating combustion chamber, igniting waste, and maintaining temperature in the primary chamber. See burner for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Primary chamber: See primary combustion chamber. Primary clarifier (primary settling tank or primary sedimentation tank): The settling tank into which the wastewater (sewage) first enters and from which the solids are removed as raw sludge. See clarifier for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Primary combustion air (or primary air): (1) Air admitted to a combustion system at the point where the fuel is first oxidized (SW-108ts). (2) Air for combustion supplied to combustion devices such as furnaces and incinerators to atomize fuel liquid droplets. (3) See combustion air for more related terms. Primary combustion chamber (or primary chamber): (1) A combustion chamber where waste is fed and combustion begins. It is the first chamber of multi-combustion chamber incinerators, e.g., a rotary kiln is the primary combustion chamber of an incineration system (EPA-89/03b). (2) Chamber wherein primary ignition and burning occurs (EPA-83). (3) See combustion chamber for more related terms. Primary combustion chamber air blower: A forced air blower for providing underfire combustion air to the primary combustion chamber. See blower for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Primary combustion chamber burner: See primary burner. Primary combustion chamber underfire steam injection: A steam injection system to inject steam into ash to assist in temperature control. See combustion chamber for more related terms (EPA-89103b).
Primary combustion chamber water spray: A spray system to inject a fine water mist into the primary chamber to assist in temperature control. See combustion chamber for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Primary containment: The containment provided by the piping, vessels, and machinery used in a facility for handling chemicals under normal operating conditions. See containment for more related terms (EPA-87107a). Primary control system: An air pollution control system designed to remove gaseous and particulate flourides from exhaust gases which are captured at the cell (40CFR60.191-91). Primary coolant system boundary: In a modular hightemperature gas-cooled reactor, those systems and components that contain the primary coolant. The primary coolant system boundary includes the reactor vessel, circulators, steam generators, heat exchangers, associated primary coolant system piping and valves, and any other system that connects with the primary coolant system to the second isolation valve (DOE-91/04). Primary copper smelter: Any installation or any intermediate process engaged in the production of copper from copper sulfide ore concentrates through the use of pyrometallurgical techniques. See smelter for more related terms (40CFR60.161-91, see also 40CFR61.171-91). Primary drinking water regulation: A regulation which: (1) Applies to public water systems; (2) Specifies contaminants which, in the judgement of the Administrator, may have any adverse effect on the health of persons; (3) Specifies for each such contaminant either: (3a) A maximum contaminant level, if, in the judgment of the Administrator, it is economically and technologically feasible to ascertain the level of such contaminant in water in public water systems; or (3b) If, in the judgment of the Administrator, it is not economically or technologically feasible to so ascertain the level of such contaminant, each treatment technique known to the Administrator which leads to a reduction in the level of such contaminant sufficient to satisfy the requirements of section 1412; and (4) Contains criteria and procedures to assure a supply of drinking water which dependably complies with such maximum contaminant levels; including quality control and testing procedures to insure compliance with such levels and to insure proper operation and maintenance of the system, and requirements as to: (4a) The minimum quality of water which may be taken into the system; and (4b) Siting for new facilities for public water systems (cf secondary drinking water regulation) (40CFR141; SDWA1401-42U.S.C.300f). (5) See Act or SDWA for more related terms. Primary drinking water regulation: Applies to public water systems and specifies a contaminant level, which, in the judgment of the EPA Administrator, will not adversely affect human health (EPA-97/12).
Primary effect: An effect where the stressor acts directly on the ecological component of interest, not on other parts of the ecosystem. See secondary effect (EPA-97/12). Primary effluent: The effluent from the primary clarifiers. See effluent for more related terms. Primary emission control system: The combination of equipment used for the capture and collection of primary emissions (e.g., an open hood capture system used in conjunction with a particulate matter cleaning device such as an electrostatic precipitator or a closed hood capture used in conjunction with matter cleaning device such as a scrubber) (40CFR60.141a-91,see also40CFR61.171; 61.181-91). Primary emissions: (1) Particulate matter emissions from the BOPF generated during the steel production cycle and captured by the BOPF primary control system (40CFR60.141-91, see also 40CFR60.141a-91). (2) The material that is released into the air by a discrete source (SW-108ts). (3) See emission for more related terms. Primary feeder circuit (substation) transformer: A transformer used to reduce the voltage from the subtransmission level to the primary feeder level. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Primary gout: A condition characterized by abnormal purine metabolism producing an excess of uric acid in the blood, chalky deposits (chiefly urates) in the joints, and attacks of acute arthritis (LBL76107-bio). Primary industry category: Any industry category listed in the NRDC settlement agreement (Natural Resources Defense Council et al. v. Train, 8 E.R.C. 2120 [D.D.C. 19761, modified 12 E.R.C. 1833 [D.D.C. 19791); also listed in Appendix A of Part 122 (cf secondary industry category) (40CFR122.2-91). Primary leachate: When waste enters a landfill, it contains some amount of liquid, which leaches out of the refuse as primary leachate (RCRAImanagement-04). Primary lead smelter: Any installation or any intermediate process engaged in the production of lead from lead sulfide ore concentrates through the use of pyrometallurgical techniques. See smelter for more related terms (40CFR60.181-91). Primary manufacturing residues: Sawdust, chips, slabs, and the like created from the basic conversion of roundwood into a lumber product. Sawmills and plywood and veneer mills are the principal operations creating primary manufacturing residues from their processing operations (EPA-83). Primary material: The virgin or new materials used for manufacturing basic products. Examples include wood pulp, iron ore, and silica sand. See material for more related terms (EPA-83).
Primary maximum contaminant levels: The levels of water quality necessary, with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health. See the term of Act or SDWA for more related terms. See40CFR141.11-141.16for standards. Primary metal cast: The metal that is poured in the greatest quantity at an individual plant (40CFR464.31-91). Primary mill: Whose steel hot forming operations at reduce ingots to blooms or slabs by passing the ingots between rotating steel rolls. The first hot forming operation performed on solidified steel after it is removed from the ingot molds is carried out on a primary mill (40CFR420.71-91). Primary oxygen blow: The period in the steel production cycle of a BOPF during which a high volume of oxygen-rich gas is introduced to the bath of molten iron by means of a lance inserted from the top of the vessel or though tuyeres in the bottom or through the bottom and sides of the vessel. This definition does not include any additional or secondary oxygen blows made after the primary blow or the introduction of nitrogen or other inert gas through tuyeres in the bottom or bottom and the sides of the vessel (40CFR60.141-91, see also 40CFR60.14 1a-9 1). Primary panel: The surface that is considered to be the front surface or that surface which is intended for initial viewing at the point of ultimate sale or the point of distribution for use (40CFR211.203-91). Primary physical containment: The set of operating practices and equipment characteristics that prevent the escape of viable recombinant organisms from a bioprocess (EPA-88109a). Primary pollutant: (1) Pollutants emitted directly from a polluting stack. (2) Pollutants remaining in the form as they are when emitted from the source (NATO-78/10). (3) See pollutant for more related terms. Primary processor of asbestos: A person who processes for commercial purposes bulk asbestos. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR763.63-91). Primary recycling: The return of a secondary material to the same industry from which it came and processing of the secondary material so that it will yield the same or similar product which it was as a secondary material. Examples are the return of broken glass containers to glass container manufacturing plants for making new containers and the recycling of sheet steel scrap to steel furnaces for the manufacture of new sheet steel (EPA-83). Primary resistor: A device used in the primary circuit of an inductive ignition system to limit the flow of current
Primary roof: The main roof above the immediate top. Its thickness may vary from a few to several thousand feet (CWA/mining-04). Primary sedimentation tank: See primary clarifier. Primary settling tank: See primary clarifier. Primary settling: The first settling unit for the removal of settleable solids through which wastewater is passed in a treatment works. See settling for more related terms (EPA-84/08). Primary significance pollutant: The pollutants that are of primary significance if they are recommended for regulation due to their deleterious effects on humans and the environment. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-85/10). Primary sludge: The sludge from the primary clarifiers. See sludge for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Primary standard attainment date: The date specified in the applicable implementation plan for the attainment of a national primary ambient air quality standard for any air pollutant (CAA302-42U.S.C.7602-91). Primary standards: A national primary ambient air quality standard promulgated pursuant to section 109 of the Act. See standard for more related terms (40CFR51.100-91). Primary standards: A pollution limit based on health effects. Primary standards are set for criteria air pollutants (CAAIair-04). Primary standards: For calibration application, those whose volumes can be calibrated simply by measuring dimensions alone. The measured internal dimensions are regular, and accuracies better than +/- 0.30% can be reached. See calibration of air flow for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Primary standards: National Ambient Air Quality Standards designed to protect human health with an adequate margin for safety. See national ambient air quality standards, secondary standards (EPA-97/12). Primary substrate: Substrate which provides the majority of the growth and energy requirements for cells (Navy/Env-04). Primary treatment: The practice of removing some portion of the suspended solids and organic matter in a wastewater through sedimentation. Common usage of this term also includes preliminary treatment to remove wastewater constituents that may cause maintenance or operational problems in the system (i.e., grit removal, screening for rags and debris, oil and grease removal, etc.) (CWA/wastewater-04).
(4OCFR85.2122(a)(lO)(ii)-91). Primary waste treatment: First steps in wastewater treatment; screens and sedimentation tanks are used to remove most
materials that float or will settle. Primary treatment removes about 30% of carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand from domestic sewage (EPA-97/12).
Primary wastewater treatment (or primary treatment): The first steps in wastewater treatment; screens and sedimentation tanks are used to remove most materials that floats or will settle. Primary treatment results in the removal of about 30% of carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand from domestic sewage. See treatment or wastewater treatment for more related terms (EPA-89/12). Primary wastewater treatment: The first stage of the wastewater-treatment process where mechanical methods, such as filters and scrapers, are used to remove pollutants. Solid material in sewage also settles out in this process (CWNWscience-04). Primary winding: The winding on the supply (i.e., input) side of a transformer (EPA-83/03). Primary zinc smelter: Any installation engaged in the production, or any intermediate process in the production, of zinc or zinc oxide from zinc sulfide ore concentrates through the use of pyrometallurgical techniques. See smelter for more related terms (40CFR60.171-91). Prime coat operation: The prime coat spray booth or dip tank, flash-off area, and bake oven(s) which are used to apply and dry or cure the initial coating on components of automobile or light-duty truck bodies (40CFR60.391-91, see also 40CFR60.46 1-91). Prime coat: The first of two or more coatings applied to a surface (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.721-91). Prime contractor: Any person holding a contract, and for the purposes of subpart B (General Enforcement, Compliance Review, and Complaint Procedure) of the rules, regulations, and relevant orders of the Secretary of Labor, any person who has held a contract subject to the order (cf. contractor) (40CFR8.2-91). Prime farmland: The same meaning as that previously prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture on the basis of such factors as moisture availability, temperature regime, chemical balance, permeability, surface layer composition, susceptibility to flooding, and erosion characteristics, and which historically have been used for intensive agricultural purposes, and as published in the Federal Register (SMCRA701-30U.S.C. 1291-90).
panels, bottom of doors and fenders, and leading edge of roof) is a prime surfacer coat (40CFR52.741-91).
Primer (booster): A package or cartridge of explosive which is designed specifically to transmit detonation to other explosives and which does not contain a detonator (CWNmining-04). Primers: Any coatings formulated and applied to substrates to provide a firm bond between the substrate and subsequent coats (4OCFR52.741-91). Principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs): (1) Organic compounds chosen to determine the DRE of a combustion device in a trial bum. POHCs are representative of the compounds in the wastestream that are the most abundant and the most difficult to destroy (ETI-92). (2) Specific hazardous waste compounds in Appendix 8 of 40CFR261 selected for monitoring during the trial bum of a hazardous waste incinerator. They must represent the broad range of physical and chemical characteristics of the incinerator's normal waste feed. At least one of the POHCs must be recognized as being equally or more difficult to incinerate than any waste constituent which will be burned during normal operations. Principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs): Hazardous compounds monitored during an incinerator's trial bum, selected for high concentration in the waste feed and difficulty of combustion (EPA-97/12). Principal organic hazardous constituents: Selected organic constituents, which are high in concentration and difficult to bum, that are monitored to ensure a hazardous waste combustion unit's destruction and removal efficiency (RCRAIhazardous-04). Principal source aquifer: See sole source aquifer. Principal study: The study that contributes most significantly to the qualitative and quantitative risk assessment (EPA-92/12). Principle of (instrument) operation: The technique used to detect and measure the pollutant or parameter, andlor a description of the major components of the instrument (LBL-76107-bio). Printability: The ability of a paper surface to accept printing ink (EPA-87/10).
Prime mover: The engine, turbine, water wheel, or similar machine which drives an electric generator (EPA-83).
Printed circuit board: A circuit in which the interconnecting wires have been replaced by conductive strips printed, etched, etc., onto an insulating board. Methods of fabrication include etched circuit, electroplating, and stamping (EPA-83106a).
Prime surfacer coat: A coating used to touch up areas on the surface of automobile or light-duty truck bodies not adequately covered by the prime coat before application of the top coat. The prime surfacer coat is applied between the prime coat and topcoat. An anti-chip coating applied to main body parts (e.g., rocker
Printing ink: Ink used in printing, impressing, stamping, or transferring on paper or paper-like substances, wood, fabrics, plastics, films, or metals, by the recognized mechanical reproductive processes employed in printing, publishing, and related services. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a).
Printing line: An operation consisting of a series of one or more roll printers and any associated roll coaters, drying areas, and ovens wherein one or more coatings are applied, dried, andor cured (40CFR52.741-9 1).
Private applicator: A category of applicator certification for farmers andor employees such that they can legally apply restricted use pesticides or supervise others doing so who are not certified (FFDCMpesticide-04).
Printing paper: The paper designed for printing, other than newsprint, such as offset and book paper. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91).
Private applicator: A certified applicator who uses or supervises the use of any pesticide which is classified for restricted use for purposes of producing any agricultural commodity on property owned or rented by him or his employer or (if applied without compensation other than trading of personal services between producers of agricultural commodities) on the property of another person (40CFR171.2-91).
Printing: The application of words, designs, and pictures to a substrate using ink (40CFR52.741-91). Prior appropriation doctrine: The system for allocating water to private individuals used in most Western states. The doctrine of Prior Appropriation was in common use throughout the arid West as early settlers and miners began to develop the land. The prior appropriation doctrine is based on the concept of "First in Time, First in Right." The first person to take a quantity of water and put it to beneficial use has a higher priority of right than a subsequent user. The rights can be lost through nonuse; they can also be sold or transferred apart from the land (CWAWscience-04). Contrasts with riparian water rights. Prior appropriation: A doctrine of water law that allocates the rights to use water on a first-come, first-served basis (EPA-97/12). Priority list for chemical testing: Under TSCA, a list of chemicals selected by a committee of eight members for testing if unreasonable risk to health or the environment is suspected. The priority list is supposed to be updated every six months under Section 4(e)(2) of TSCA. Forty two compounds were selected by the committee as of 1985 (Arbuckle-89). Priority pollutant: (1) In CWA, priority pollutants means the 126 pollutants listed in 40CFR423 Appendix A (40CFR-AppIA-92). (2) Those pollutants listed by the Administrator under CWA Section 307(a) (EPA-91/03). (3) See pollutant for more related terms. Priority pollutants: Those pollutants considered to be of principal importance for control under the CWA based on the NRDC consent decree settlement (NRDC et al. v. Train, 8 E.R.C. 2120 [D.D.C. 19761, modified 12 E.R.C. 1833 [D.D.C. 19791); a list of these pollutants is provided as Appendix A to 40CFR Part 423 (CWNwastewater-04). Priority water quality areas: For the purposes of Section 35.2015, specific stream segments or bodies of water, as determined by the state, where municipal discharges has resulted in the impairment of a designated use or significant public health risks, and where the reduction of pollution from such discharges will substantially restore surface or groundwater uses (4OCFR35.2005-91). Pristine: The earliest condition of the quality of a water body; unaffected by human activities (CWMWbasics-04).
Private collection: (1) The collecting of solid wastes for which citizens or firms, individually or in limited groups, pay collectors or private operating agencies. Also known as private disposal (EPA-83). (2) The collection of solid waste by individuals or companies from residential, commercial, or industrial premises. The arrangements for the service are made directly between the owner or occupier of the premises and the collector (SW-108ts). (3) See waste collection for more related terms. Private solid waste utility: A private business that collects, processes, and disposes of solid waste under a government license or monopoly franchise (EPA-83). Privately owned treatment works: Any device or system which is (1) used to treat wastes from any facility whose operator is not the operator of the treatment works and (2) not a POTW (cf. publicly owned treatment works) (40CFR122.2-91). Privatization: The conversion of a government-performed activity to private non-government performance, either to eliminate an activity which is not a valid government function or to cut the cost or improve the efficiency of performing the activity by introducing competition (OMBIReg-04). Probabilistic analysis: Calculation and expression of health risks using multiple risk descriptors to provide the likelihood of various risk levels. Probabilistic risk results approximate a full range of possible outcomes and the likelihood of each, which often is presented as a frequency distribution graph, thus allowing uncertainty or variability to be expressed quantitatively (SFIriskA04). Probabilistic variable: A variable which uses the value, between 0 and 1, to express its occurrence distribution. See variable for more related terms. Probability distribution: A mathematical representation of the probabilities that a given variable will have various values (EPA85/09; 91/03).
Probability of detection: The likelihood, expressed as a percentage, that a test method will correctly identify a leaking tank (EPA-97/12). Probabilitylpotential: A measure, either qualitative or quantitative, that an event will occur within some unit of time (EPA-87107a). Probability: A number expressing the likelihood of occurrence of a specific event, such as the ratio of the number of outcomes that will produce a given event to the total number of possible outcomes (EPA-85/09; 91/03). Probable maximum flood: Maximum flood predicted for a scenario having hydrological conditions that maximize the flow of surface waters (DOE-9 1/04). Probe: (1) A tube used for sampling or for measuring pressures at a distance from the actual collection or measuring apparatus. It is commonly used for reaching inside stacks and ducts (EPA-83/06). (2) One of several devices which are driven into the ground and which allow soil gas to be collected and subsequently analyzed (Course 165.7). (3) A tube used for sampling or for measuring pressures at a distance from the actual collection or measuring apparatus. It is commonly used for reaching inside stacks and ducts (LBL-76107-air). Probit model: A dose-response model of the form: P(d) = 0.4(integral from minus infinity to [log(d - u)]/s of [exp(y**2)/2]dy); where P(d) is the probability of cancer from a continuous dose rate d, and u and s are constants (EPA-92/12). Problem waste: Bulky wastes, dead animals, abandoned vehicles, construction and demolition wastes, industrial refuse, tree debris, mining spoils, fly ash, etc. See waste for more related terms (EPA83).
Process configuration: A numerical measurement of a refinery's process complexity, developed for use in calculating BPT guidelines for this industry (EPA-79112~). Process controls: Modifications to the fuel, process or equipment to maximize the combustion efficiency; these are forms of pollution prevention. Process controls are essentially modifications or substitutions of the raw materials, fuels, equipment or process to minimize the formation of particulate matter (CMAPC-04). Process emissions: The particulate matter which is collected by a capture system. See emission for more related terms (40CFR60.301-91, see also 40CFR61.171; 61.I 81; 704.3-91). Process for commercial purposes: To process: (1) For distribution in commerce, including for test marketing purposes, or (2) For use as an intermediate (40CFR710.2-91, see also 40CFR712.3; 716.3; 717.3; 721.3; 763.63-91). Process fugitive emissions: The particulate matter emissions from an affected facility that are not collected by a capture system. See emission for more related terms (40CFR60.381-91). Process gas: Any gas generated by a petroleum refinery process unit, except fuel gas and process upset gas as defined in this section (40CFR60.101-91). Process generated wastewater: Water directly or indirectly used in the operation of a feedlot for any or all of the following: Spillage or overflow from animal or poultry watering systems; washing, cleaning or flushing pens, barns, manure pits or other feedlot facilities; direct contact swimming, washing or spray cooling of animals; and dust control. See wastewater for more related terms (40CFR412.11-91).
Procaryotic cell: The simple cell type, characterized by the lack of a nuclear membrane, the absence of mitochondria, and a haploid state at all times (EPA-88109a).
Process heater: A device that is primarily used to heat a material to initiate or promote a chemical reaction in which the material participates as a reactant or catalyst (40CFR60.41b, see also 40CFR60.41~;60.561; 60.61 1; 60.661; 61.301; 264.1031-91).
Proceeding: Any rulemaking, adjudication, or licensing conducted by EPA under the Act or under regulations which implement the Act, except for determinations under this part (40CFR2.302-91, see also 40CFR2.304; 2.305; 2.310; 2.301; 2.303; 2.306; 17.2-91).
Process improvement: The routine changes made for safety and occupational health requirements, for energy savings, for better utility, for ease of maintenance and operation, for correction of design deficiencies, for bottleneck removal, for changing product requirements, or for environmental control (40CFR60.48 1-91).
Process and size factor: (1) The process factor is a factor, based upon process configuration, for calculating a petroleum refinery's BPT limitations. (2) The size factor is a factor, based upon a petroleum refinery's size, for calculating a petroleum refinery's BPT limitations (EPA-79112~).
Process line: A group of equipment assembled that can operate independently if supplied with sufficient raw materials to produce polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene (general purpose, crystal, or expandable) or poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) or one of their copolymers. A process line consists of the equipment in the following process sections (to the extent that these process sections are present at a plant): raw materials preparation, polymerization reaction, product finishing, product storage, and material recovery (40CFR60.561-91).
Process area: The dimensional area directly involved in a particular processing step (expressed in terms of square feet and square meters) (EPA-82111e).
Process machinery: Process equipment, such as pumps, compressors, heaters, or agitators, that would not be categorized as piping and vessels (EPA-87107a). Process modification: The reduction of water pollution through process modification (in-plant technology) (EPA-83106a). Process section: The equipment designed to accomplish a general but well-defined task in polymer production. Process sections include raw materials preparation, polymerization reaction, material recovery, product finishing, and product storage and may be dedicated to a single process line or common to more than one process line (40CFR60.561-91). Process stream: All reasonably anticipated transfer, flow, or disposal of a chemical substance, regardless of physical state or concentration, through all intended operations of processing, including the cleaning of equipment (40CFR721.3-91). Process unit shutdown: A work practice or operational procedure that stops production from a process unit or part of a process unit. An unscheduled work practice or operational procedure that stops production from a process unit or part of a process unit for less than 24 hours is not a process unit shutdown. The use of spare equipment and technically feasible bypassing of equipment without stopping production are not process unit shutdowns (40CFR60.481-91, see also 40CFR61.241-91). Process unit: The components assembled to produce, as intermediate or final products, one or more of the chemicals listed in 40CFR60.489 of this part. A process unit can operate independently if supplied with sufficient feed or raw materials and sufficient storage facilities for the product (40CFR60.481-91, see also 40CFR60.561; 60.591; 60.611; 60.631; 60.661; 61.24l; 61.341-91). Process upset gas: Any gas generated by a petroleum refinery process unit as a result of start-up, shut-down, upset, or malfunction (40CFR60.101-91). Process variable: A physical or chemical quantity which is usually measured and controlled in the operation of a water treatment plant or industrial plant (EPA-97/12). Process vent: Any open-ended pipe or stack that is vented to the atmosphere either directly, through a vacuum-producing system, or through a tank (e.g., distillate receiver, condenser, bottoms receiver, surge control tank, separator tank, or hot well) associated with hazardous waste distillation, fractionation, thin-film evaporation, solvent extraction, or air or steam stripping operations (4OCFR264.1031-91). Process verification: Verifying that process raw materials, water usage, waste treatment processes, production rate, and other facts relative to quantity and quality of pollutants contained in
discharges are substantially described in the permit application and the issued permit (EPA-97/12).
Process vessel: Each tar decanter, flushing-liquor circulation tank, light-oil condenser, light-oil decanter, wash-oil decanter, or washoil circulation tank (40CFR61.13 1-91). Process waste: The waste material from an industrial process. Examples of process wastes are flue gas scrubber sludges, cement kiln dusts, sawmill dust and powder, spent solvents, contaminated oils, etc. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83, see also 40CFR129.2-91). Process wastewater cooling tower: The water used for cooling purposes which may become contaminated through contact with process raw materials, intermediates, or final products. See cooling water for more related terms (EPA-8711Oa). Process wastewater pollutant: The pollutants present in process wastewater. See pollutant for more related terms (40CFR401.1191). Process wastewater stream: A wastestream that contains only process wastewater (40CFR61.341-91). Process wastewater: Any water that comes into contact with any raw material, product, by-product, or waste (EPA-97/12). Process wastewater: Any water which, during manufacturing or processing, comes into direct contact with or results from the production or use of any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, by-product, or waste product. See wastewater for more related terms (40CFR117.1-91. Process wastewater: Any water which, during manufacturing or processing, comes into direct contact with, or results from the production or use of any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, by-product, or waste product (CWA/wastewater04). Process water: Any raw, service, recycled, or reused water that contracts the plastic product or contacts the shaping equipment surfaces such as molds and mandrels that are, or have been, in contact with the plastic product. See water for more related terms (40CFR463.2-91). Process weight: Total weight of all materials, including fuel, used in a manufacturing process; used to calculate the allowable particulate emission rate (EPA-97/12). Process: A preparation of a chemical substance or mixture, after its manufacture, for distribution in commerce: (1) In the same form or physical state as, or in a different form or physical state from, that in which it was received by the person so preparing such substance or mixture; or (2) As part of an article containing the chemical substance or mixture (TSCA3, see also
Processors and refiners: Facilities that process used oil so that it can be burned for energy recovery or reused (RCMazardous04). Process: A sequence of physical and chemical operations for the production, refining, repackaging, or storage of chemicals (EPA87107a). See thermodynamicprocess. Process: Under the PSM Standard and the RMP Rule, any industrial activity involving a regulated substance, including any use, storage, manufacturing, handling, or on-site movement. Includes any group of vessels that are connected and separate vessels located where they could also become involved in a release (TSCAIchemical-04). Process: For more related terms, see (1) Dry process; (2) Semidry process; and (3) Wet process. Processing activities: All those activities which include (1) Preparation of a substance identified in Subpart D of this Part after its manufacture to make another substance for sale or use; (2) Repackaging of the identified substance; or (3) Purchasing and preparing the identified substance for use or distribution in commerce (40CFR704.203-91). Processing site: (1) Any site, including the mill, containing residual radioactive materials at which all or substantially all of the uranium was produced for sale to any federal agency prior to January 1, 1971, under a contract with any federal agency, except in the case of a site at or near Slick Rock, Colorado, unless: (a) Such site was owned or controlled as of January 1, 1978, or is thereafter owned or controlled, by any federal agency, or (b) A license (issued by the (Nuclear Regulatory) Commission or its predecessor agency under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 or by a state as permitted under section 274 of such Act) for the production at site of any uranium or thorium product derived from ores is in effect on January 1, 1978, or is issued or renewed after such date; and (2) Any other real property or improvement thereon which: (a) Is in the vicinity of such site, and (b) Is determined by the Secretary, in consultation with the Commission, to be contaminated with residual radioactive materials derived from such site (40CFR192.10-91). Processing site: Any site, including the mill, containing residual radioactive materials at which all or substantially all of the uranium was produced for sale to any federal agency prior to January 1, 1971, under a contract with any federal agency (for complete definition, see 40CFR192.10-91). Processing: Any method, system, or other treatment designed to change the physical form or chemical content of solid waste (SW108ts). Processor: Any person who processes a chemical substance or mixture (40CFR704.3-91, see also TSCA3; 40CFR710.2; 720.3; 762.3; 747.1 15; 747.195; 747.200; 763.163-91).
Procurement: The process through which the federal government contracts for goods or services from outside sources (OMBBeg04). Procuring agency: Agencies that purchase $10,000 or more worth of an item designated under the federal procurement program during the course of a fiscal year. Procuring agencies include federal government departments or agencies, state government agencies that use appropriated federal funds for procurement of a designated item, local government agencies that use appropriated federal funds for procurement of a designated item, and government contractors that work on a project funded by appropriated federal fimds with respect to work performed under the contract (RCMazardous-04). Prodromal manifestations: Premonitory signs, indicating the approach of a disease or other morbid state (LBL76107-bio). Produce, produced, and production: The manufacture of a substance from any raw material or feedstock chemical, but such terms do not include (1) The manufacture of a substance that is used and entirely consumed (except for trace quantities) in the manufacture of other chemicals; or (2) The reuse or recycling of a substance (CAA601-42U.S.C.7671-91). Produce: (1) When used in relation to special nuclear material, (a) To manufacture, make, produce, or refine special nuclear material; (b) To separate special nuclear material from other substances in which such material may be contained, or (c) To make or to produce new special nuclear material (10CFR70.4-91). (2) Manufacture, prepare, propagate, compound, or process any pesticide, including any pesticide produced pursuant to section 5 of the Act, any active ingredient or device, or to package, repackage, label, relabel, or otherwise change the container of any pesticide or device (40CFR167.3-91). Producer and produce: (1) The term producer means the person who manufacturers, prepares, compounds, propagates, or processes any pesticide or device or active ingredient used in producing a pesticide. (2) The term produce means to manufacture, prepare, compound, propagate, or process any pesticide or device, or active ingredient used in producing a pesticide. The dilution by individuals of formulated pesticides for their own use and according to the directions on registered labels shall not of itself result in such individuals being included in the definition of this Act (FIFRA2-7U.S.C. 136-91). Producers: Plants that perform photosynthesis and provide food to consumers (EPA-97/12). Product accumulator vessel: Any distillate receiver, bottoms receiver, surge control vessel, or product separator in VHAP
service that is vented to atmosphere either directly or through a vacuum-producing system. A product accumulator vessel is in VHAP service if the liquid or the vapor in the vessel is at least 10% by weight VHAP (40CFR61.24l -91).
Product change: Any change in the composition of the furnace charge that would cause the electric submerged arc furnace to become subject to a different mass standard applicable under this subpart (40CFR60.261-91). Product fee: A tax or fee on materials or products that can be designed to add the cost of their disposal to the purchase price. See fee for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Product frosted: That portion of the furnace pull associated with the fraction of finished incandescent lamp envelopes which is frosted, this quantity shall be calculated by multiplying furnace pull by the fraction of finished incandescent lamp envelopes which is frosted (40CFR426.121-91). Product level: The level of a product in a storage tank (EPA97/12). Product of combustion: The gases, vapors, and solids that result from the combustion of a material (EPA-83). Product of complete combustion: A terminal product of chemical oxidation of a combustible constituent that is formed in a combustion unit, e.g., carbon dioxide, water, and HCI (CRWI89/05). Product of incomplete combustion (PIC): (1) An ideal waste incineration process is all carbon, hydrogen, and halogen elements in the waste convert to carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen halide (HBr, HCI, and HF) or halogen (Br2, CI2 and F2), respectively. Any other organic compounds emitted from an incinerator are PICs which include carbon monoxide and thermal decomposition products of the original compounds (~uffman-91)lo). (2) "Unburned organic compounds that were present in the waste, thermal decomposition products resulting from organic constituents in the waste, or compounds synthesized during or immediately after combustion" (ETI-92). Product of incomplete combustion (PIC): Organic compounds formed by combustion. Usually generated in small amounts and sometimes toxic, PICs are heat-altered versions of the original material fed into the incinerator (e.g., charcoal is a PIC from burning wood) (EPA-97/12). Product tank drawdown: Any material or mixture of materials discharged from a product tank for the purpose of removing water or other contaminants from the product tank (40CFR61.341-91). Product tank: A stationary unit that is designed to contain an accumulation of materials that are fed to or produced by a process unit, and is constructed primarily of non-earthen materials (e.g.,
wood, concrete, steel, plastic) which provide structural support. See tank for more related terms (40CFR61.341-91).
Product water: Water that has passed through a water treatment plant and is ready to be delivered to consumers (EPA-97/12). Production equipment exhaust system: A system for collecting and directing into the atmosphere emissions of volatile organic material fiom reactors, centrifuges, and other process emission sources (40CFR52.741-91). Production normalizing mass (Ikkg) for each core or ancillary operation: The mass (off-kkg or off-lb) processed through that operation. Off-kilogram (off-kkg) or off-pound shall mean the mass of aluminium or aluminium alloy removed from a forming or ancillary operation at the end of a process cycle for transfer to a different machine or process (40CFR467.02-02). Production normalizing parameter (PNP): The unit of production specified in the regulations used to determine the mass of pollution a production facility may discharge (EPA-83103a). Production weighted average: The manufacturer's productionweighted average particulate emission level, for certification purposes, of all of its diesel engine families included in the particulate averaging program. It is calculated at the end of the model year by multiplying each family particulate emission limit by its respective production, summing these terms, and dividing the sum by the total production of the effected families. Those vehicles produced for sale in California or at high altitude shall each be averaged separately from those produced for sale in any other area (40CFR86.085.2-91). Production weighted NO, average: The manufacturer's production-weighted average NO, emission level, for certification purposes, of all of its light-duty truck engine families included in the NO, averaging program. It is calculated at the end of the model year by multiplying each family NO, emission limit by its respective production, summing those terms, and dividing the sum by the total production of the effected families. Those vehicles produced for sale in California or at high altitude shall each be averaged separately from those produced for sale in any other area (40CFR86.088.2-91). Production weighted particulate average: The manufacturer's production-weighted average particulate emission level, for certification purposes, of all of its diesel engine families included in the light-duty particulate averaging program. It is calculated at the end of the model year by multiplying each family particulate emission limit by its respective production, summing those terms, and dividing the sum by the total production of the effected families. Those vehicles produced for sale in California or at high altitude shall each be averaged separately fiom those produced for sale in any other area (40CFR86.090.2-91).
Production well: A well of sufficient production so it can be used for public use, either as a water supply, or for industrial purposes (NavyIEnv-04). Production-based standards: A discharge standard expressed in terms of pollutant mass allowed in a discharge per unit of product manufactured (CWNwastewater-04). Productive (reactive) rubber stock: A compounded rubber which contains curing agents and which can be vulcanized (EPA74112a). Professional market: Sales of pesticides for application to industrial/commercial/governmental sectors, homes, and gardens by certified/commercial applicators (FFDCNpesticide-04). Profundal zone: The deep region of a water body that lies below the light-controlled limit of plant growth (cf. photic zone) (DOI70104). Program secretarial officer: A senior DOE outlay program official, including the Assistant Secretaries for Defense Programs, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Environmental Management, Fossil Energy, and Nuclear Energy; and the Directors of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management and Energy Research (SDWNradionuclide-04). Prohibit specification: To prevent the designation of an area as a present or future disposal site. See specification for more related terms (40CFR231.2-91). Prohibited wastes: Wastes that have to meet their treatment standards before land disposal (RCRA~landban-04). Prohibitive material: Any materials which by their presence in a packing of paper stock, in excess of the amount allowed, will make the packing unusable as the grade specified. Any materials that may be damaging to equipment (EPA-83).
Promethium (Pm): A rare earth metal with atomic number 61; atomic weight 147; density 7.26 glcc; melting point 1042 C and boiling point 3000 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Promoter: (1) A reagent used in froth-flotation process, usually called the collector (EPA-82/05). (2) In studies of skin cancer in mice, an agent which results in an increase in cancer induction when administered after the animal has been exposed to an initiator, which is generally given at a dose which would not result in tumor induction if given alone. A co-carcinogen differs from a promoter in that it is administered at the same time as the initiator. Co-carcinogens and promoters do not usually induce tumors when administered separately. Complete carcinogens act as both initiator and promoter. Some known promoters also have weak tumorigenic activity, and some also are initiators. Carcinogens may act as promoters in some tissue sites and as initiators in others (EPA-92/12). Prompt industrial scrap: (1) Scrap that is left over from the fabrication of iron and steel products (SW-108ts). (2) Waste produced in an intermediate stage of processing and returned to the basic production facility for reuse (OTA-89/10). (3) See scrap for more related terms. Proof press: Any device used only to check the quality of the image formation of newly engraved or etched gravure cylinders and prints only non-saleable items (40CFR60.43 1-91). Prop: Coal mining term for any single post used as roof support. Props may be timber or steel; if steel-screwed, yieldable, or hydraulic (CWNmining-04). Propagation rate: Speed of flame fi-ont or pressure wave progress (cf. deflagration) (EPA-83). Propane: A heavy flammable gaseous paraffin hydrocarbons (C3Hs)found in crude petroleum and natural gas.
Project file: Records which document activities, decisions, or directions regarding work on a specific Navy project (SA-04).
Propellant plant: Any facility engaged in the mixing, casting, or machining of propellant (40CFR61.3 1-91).
Project performance standards: The performance and operations requirements applicable to a project including the enforceable requirements of the Act and the specifications, including the quantity of excessive infiltration and inflow proposed to be eliminated, which the project is planned and designed to meet (40CFR35.2005-91).
Propellant: A fuel and oxidizer physically or chemically combined which undergoes combustion to provide rocket propulsion (40CFR61.3 1-91).
Project XL: An EPA initiative to give states and the regulated community the flexibility to develop comprehensive strategies as alternatives to multiple current regulatory requirements in order to exceed compliance and increase overall environmental benefits (EPA-97/12).
Proper ventilation: For safe disposal of vent gases (fumes, vapors, or combustion products), the gases must be maintained such that their flammable constituents are below their lower explosive limit (LEL). In general, sufficient or adequate supply of fresh air is added to the vent gases to maintain the LEL below 25% of the LEL at all times.
Propellant: Liquid in a self-pressurized pesticide product that expels the active ingredient from its container (EPA-97/12).
Property (or thermodynamic property): A parameter which is used to define the state, or condition, of a substance in a system. Examples of thermodynamic properties include temperature, pressure, mass, volume, density, etc. Other property-related terms include (1) Extensive property; (2) Intensive property; and (3) Specific property. Property damage: Shall have the meaning given this term by applicable state law. This term shall not include those liabilities which, consistent with standard insurance industry 'practices, are excluded from coverage in liability insurance policies for property damage. However, such exclusions for property damage shall not include corrective action associated with releases from tanks which are covered by the policy (40CFR280.92-91). Property of gas mixture: See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Property of ideal gas mixture: See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Property tax files: The files kept for property tax purposes by the local jurisdiction where the property is located including records of past ownership, appraisals, maps, sketches, photos, or other information that is reasonably ascertainable and pertains to the property (USDNwater-04). Property: Real property that is the subject of the Environmental Site Assessment. Real property includes buildings and other fixtures and improvements located on the property and affixed to the land (USDNwater-04).
Propulsion system: A system including a power train that converts stored electrical energy into mechanical energy in a vehicle. Prospective purchaser agreement (PPA): A legal agreement that protects the prospective buyer of a hazardous waste site from the liability associated with pre-existing contamination at the site. In return for liability protection, the buyer must advance environmental and/or community benefits (i.e., performing cleanup activities, reimbursing EPA for a portion of their cleanup costs, creating jobs, rehabilitating the property, participating in community revitalization). PPAs often enable redevelopment plans to be integrated into the cleanup activities at the site and ensure the long-term maintenance and operation of the cleanup (SF/reform-04). Prospective study: A study in which subjects are followed forward in time from initiation of the study. This is often called a longitudinal or cohort study (EPA-92/12). Protactinium (Pa): A radioactive metal with atomic number 91; atomic weight 231; density 15.4 g/cc and melting point 1230 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Protect health and the environment: The protection against any unreasonable adverse effects on the environment (FIFRA27U.S.C.136-91). Protection factors: The respirator protection factor indicates how much protection a respirator provides. It is the ratio of the contaminant concentrations outside and inside the respirator (NIOSH-84/10).
Property: See thermodynamicproperty. Proportional sampling: The sampling at a rate that produces a constant ration of sampling rate to stack gas flow rate (40CFR60.2-91). Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR): The number of deaths from a specific cause in a specific period of time per 100 deaths from all causes in the same time period (EPA-97/12). Proposed permit: A state NPDES permit prepared after the close of the public comment period (and, when applicable, any public hearing and administrative appeals) which is sent to EPA for review before final issuance by the state. A proposed permit is not a draft permit. See permit for more related terms (40CFR122.2-91). Proposed permit: A state NPDES permit prepared after the close of the public comment period (and when applicable, any public hearing and administrative appeal) which is sent to EPA for review before final issuance by the state (CWNwastewater-04).
Protection: The measures taken to capture or destroy a toxic chemical that has breached primary containment, but before an uncontrolled release to the environment has occurred (EPA87107a). Protective clothing: At least a hat or other suitable head covering, a long sleeved shirt and long legged trousers or a coverall type garment (all of closely woven fabric covering the body, including arms and legs), shoes and socks (40CFR170.2-91). Protective equipment: The clothing or any other materials or devices that shield against unintended exposure to pesticides (40CFR171.2-91). Proteins: Complex nitrogenous organic compounds of high molecular weight made of amino acids; essential for growth and repair of animal tissue. Many, but not all, proteins are enzymes (EPA-97/12). Protista: The kingdom of all simple biological organisms.
Proposed plan: A plan for a site cleanup that is available to the public for comment (EPA-97/12).
Protocol: A series of formal steps for conducting a test (EPA97/l 2).
Protocol: The plan and procedures which are to be followed in conducting a test (cf. method) (40CFR790.3-91, see also TSCAAIA1-91). Proton: A positively charged particle and has a mass of 1.673 x lo-*' kg which is about 1836 times of an electron. See atom for more related terms. Protoplasm: The colloidal materials that consist of the living contents of a cell. Protoplast: A membrane-bound cell from which the outer wall has been partially or completely removed. The term often is applied to plant cells (EPA-97/12). Protozoa: One-celled animals that are larger and more complex than bacteria. May cause disease (EPA-97/12). Proven emission control systems: The emission control components or systems (and fuel metering systems) that have completed full durability testing evaluation over a vehicle's useful life in some other certified engine family, or have completed bench or road testing demonstrated to be equal or more severe than certification mileage accumulation requirements. Alternatively, proven components or systems are those that are determined by EPA to be of comparable functional quality and manufactured using comparable materials and production techniques as components or systems which have been durability demonstrated in some other certified engine family. In addition, the components or systems must be employed in an operating environment (e.g., temperature, exhaust flow) similar to that experienced by the original or comparable components or systems in the original certified engine family (40CFR86.092.2-a-91). Proximate analysis: A physical, or non-chemical, test of the constitution of coal. Not precise, but very useful for determining the commercial value. Using the same sample (1 gram) under controlled heating at fixed temperatures and time periods, moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content are successfully determined. Sulfur and Btu content are also generally reported with a proximate analysis (CWAImining-04). Proximate analysis: The determination by prescribed methods of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon (by difference), ash and usually heating value. See analytical parameters--fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Proximate analysis: The proximate analysis is to provide data relating to the physical form (parameters) of the waste (such as moisture content, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, and heat content) and to provide an approximate mass balance as to the composition of the waste. See analysis for more related terms (EPA-82/02).
PRP: Potentially responsible party pursuant to CERCLA 42U.S.C.9607(a) (USDNwater-04). PRP: Potentially responsible party. Any individual or company that may have contributed to contamination at a S u p d n d site. Examples of PRPs include waste generators, waste transporters, current or former landowners, and site operators. One who may be liable for site cleanup costs under CERCLA (SF/Env-04). PSD station: Any station operated for the purpose of establishing the effect on air quality of the emissions from a proposed source for purposes of prevention of significant deterioration as required by 5 1.24(n) of Part 51 of this chapter (40CFR58.1-91). Pseudo diffusion: The extra diffusion which in the numerical solution of the diffusion equation results from the truncation error related to the finite difference of the advection terms. Its magnitude is dependent on the particular finite difference scheme that is used. It may sometimes completely mask the influence of the other diffusion terms in the equation (NATO-78/10). Pseudo spectral method: A numerical solution method related to the Galerkin method. The solution is represented by a truncated Fourier series. In the pseudo spectral method the Fourier series are only used to evaluate the space derivatives in the problem, so that these derivatives are calculated in Fourier space, while the time derivatives and the local products are evaluated in real space on grid points (NATO-78/10). PSM Standards: OSHA's 1992 Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Standard (29CFR1910.119) is intended to prevent or minimize the employee consequences of a catastrophic release of toxic, reactive, flammable, or highly explosive chemicals h m a process. It served as a model for the RMP Rule prevention program requirements (TSCNchemical-04). Psychiatric disorders: Includes diseases of the nervous system which affect mental health (PHSA2-I). Psychrometer: An instrument for measuring relative humidities by means of wet- and dry-bulb temperatures. Psychrometric chart: A chart that graphically displays the relationship between air-water-vapor mixtures and their properties (EPA-8211 If). An important conversion factor used with the chart is 1 lb, = 7000 grains. See humidity for more related terms. Psychrophiles: Grow best at colder temperatures, below 20 C. See thermophile for more related terms (EPA-83). Public availability session: An informal, drop-by meeting at which community members can meet one-on-one with ATSDR staff members to discuss health and site-related concerns (SFhealth-04).
Public comment period: The time allowed for the public to express its views and concerns regarding an action by EPA (e.g., a Federal Register Notice of proposed rule-making, a public notice of a draft permit, or a Notice of Intent to Deny) (EPA-97/12). Public domain land: Land that the United States acquired from another nation by treaty, conquest, or purchase, ownership of which has never left the Unit@ States. These lands are generally administered by the Department of the Interior. See also withdrawn land (SDWNradionuclide-04). Public fueling station: Fueling stations such as a gasoline station. The public is accessible to the station. Public health action: A list of steps to protect public health (SFhealth-04). Public health advisory: A statement made by ATSDR to EPA or a state regulatory agency that a release of hazardous substances poses an immediate threat to human health. The advisory includes recommended measures to reduce exposure and reduce the threat to human health (SFhealth-04). Public health approach: Regulatory and voluntary focus on effective and feasible risk management actions at the national and community level to reduce human exposures and risks, with priority given to reducing exposures with the biggest impacts in terms of the number affected and severity of effect (EPA-97/12). Public health assessment (PHA): An ATSDR document that examines hazardous substances, health outcomes, and community concerns at a hazardous waste site to determine whether people could be harmed from coming into contact with those substances. The PHA also lists actions that need to be taken to protect public health (compare with health consultation) (SFhealth-04). Public health context: The incidence, prevalence, and severity of diseases in communities or populations and the factors that account for them, including infections, exposure to pollutants, and other exposures or activities (EPA-97/12). Public health hazard categories: Public health hazard categories are statements about whether people could be harmed by conditions present at the site in the past, present, or future. One or more hazard categories might be appropriate for each site. The five public health hazard categories are no public health hazard, no apparent public health hazard, indeterminate public health hazard, public health hazard, and urgent public health hazard (SFhealth04). Public health hazard: A category used in ATSDR's public health assessments for sites that pose a public health hazard because of long-term exposures (greater than 1 year) to sufficiently high levels of hazardous substances or radionuclides that could result in harmful health effects (SFhealth-04).
Public Health Service Act (PHSA): See Act or PHSA. Public health statement: The first chapter of an ATSDR toxicological profile. The public health statement is a summary written in words that are easy to understand. The public health statement explains how people might be exposed to a specific substance and describes the known health effects of that substance (SFhealth-04). Public health surveillance: The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data. This activity also involves timely dissemination of the data and use for public health programs (SFhealth-04). Public hearing: A formal meeting wherein EPA officials hear the public's views and concerns about an EPA action or proposal. EPA is required to consider such comments when evaluating its actions. Public hearings must be held upon request during the public comment period (EPA-97/12). Public lands: Any land and interest in land owned by the United States and administered by the Secretary of the Interior through the Bureau of Land Management, without regard to how the United States acquired ownership, except: (1) Lands located on the Outer Continental Shelf; and (2) Lands held for the benefit of Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos (FLPMA103-43U.S.C. 1702-90). Public meeting: A public forum with community members for communication about a site (SFhealth-04). Public notice: (1) Notification by EPA informing the public of Agency actions such as the issuance of a draft permit or scheduling of a hearing. EPA is required to ensure proper public notice, including publication in newspapers and broadcast over radio and television stations. (2) In the safe drinking water program, water suppliers are required to publish and broadcast notices when pollution problems are discovered (EPA-97/12). Public notification: An advisory that U.S. EPA or the state requires a water system to distribute to affected consumers when the system has violated maximum contaminant levels or other regulations. The notice advises consumers what precautions, if any, they should take to protect their health (SDWAIReg-04). Public participation: See community relations. Public receptor: Off-site residences; institutions (e.g., schools, hospitals); industrial, commercial, and office buildings; parks; or recreational areas inhabited or occupied by the public (TSCNchemical-04). Public record: The NPDES permit application or the NPDES permit itself and the "record for final permit" as defined in 40CFR124.122 (40CFRl17.1-91).
Public supply: Water withdrawn by public governments and agencies, such as a county water department, and by private companies that is then delivered to users. Public suppliers provide water for domestic, commercial, thermoelectric power, industrial, and public water users. Most people's household water is delivered by a public water supplier. The systems have at least 15 service connections (such as households, businesses, or schools) or regularly serve at least 25 individuals daily for at least 60 days out of the year (CWA~Wscience-04). Public vessel: A vessel owned or bareboat chartered and operated by the United States, or by a state or political subdivision thereof, or by a foreign nation, except when such vessel is engaged in commerce (40CFR110.1-91, see also CWA311; OPA1001; 40CFR116.3; 300.5-91). Public water supplies: The water distributed from a public water system (4OCFRl25.58-91. Public water supply: In Virginia, as defined by the Virginia Department of Health, a water system serving at least 25 individuals or more than 15 residential connections (NavyEnv04). Public water system (PWS): Any water system which provides water to at least 15 service connections or 25 people for at least 60 days annually. There are more than 170,000 PWSs providing water from wells, rivers, and other sources to about 250 million Americans. The others drink water from private wells. There are differing standards for PWSs of different sizes and types (SDWAIReg-04). Public water system supervision program: A program for the adoption and enforcement of drinking water regulations (with such variances and exemptions from such regulations under conditions and in a manner which is not less stringent than the conditions under, and the manner in, which variances and exemptions may be granted under sections 1415 and 1416) which are no less stringent than the national primary drinking water regulations under section 1412, and for keeping records and making reports required by section 1413(a)(3) (SDWA1443-42U.S.C.30Oj.2). Public water system: A system for the provision to the public of piped water for human consumption, if such system has at least fifteen service connections or supplies water on a regular basis for at least 60 days out of the year. Such term includes: (1) Any collection, treatment, storage, and distribution facilities under control of the operator of such system and used primarily in connection with such system, and (2) Any collection or pretreatment storage facilities not under such control which are used primarily in connection with such system. A public water system is either a "community water system" or a "noncommunity water system" (SDWNeducation-04). Public water system: A system that provides piped water for human consumption to at least 15 service connections or regularly
serves 25 individuals (EPA-89/12, see also SDWA1401; 40CFR125.58; 141.2; 142.2; 143.2-91).
Public water system: A system that provides piped water for human consumption to at least 15 service connections or regularly serves 25 individuals (EPA-97/12). Public water use: Water supplied from a public-water supply and used for such purposes as firefighting, street washing, and municipal parks and swimming pools (CWAIWscience-04). Public water: All navigable waters of the United States and the tributaries thereof; all interstate waters and tributaries thereof; and all intrastate lakes, rivers, streams, and tributaries thereof not privately owned. See water for more related terms (EPA-79/12a). Public: As defined by the NCP includes citizens directly affected by a site, other interested citizens or parties, organized groups, elected officials, and potentially responsible parties (NavyEnv04). Publication rotogravure printing line: A rotogravure printing line in which coatings are applied to paper which is subsequently formed into books, magazines, catalogues, brochures, directories, newspaper supplements, or other types of printed material (40CFR52.741-91). Publication rotogravure printing press: Any number of rotogravure printing units capable of printing simultaneously on the same continuous web or substrate and includes any associated device for continuously cutting and folding the printed web, where the following saleable paper products are printed: (1) Catalogues, including mail order and premium. (2) Direct mail advertisements, including circulars, letters, pamphlets, cards, and printed envelopes. (3) Display advertisements, including general posters, outdoor advertisements, car cards, window posters; counter and floor displays; point-of-purchase, and other printed display material. (4) Magazines. (5) Miscellaneous advertisements, including brochures, pamphlets, catalogue sheets, circular folders, announcements, package inserts, book jackets, market circulars, magazine inserts, and shopping news. (6) Newspapers, magazine and comic supplements for newspapers, and preprinted newspaper inserts, including hi-fi and spectacolor rolls and sections, periodicals. (7) Telephone and other directories, including business reference services (40CFR60.431-91). Publicly available: Information that is available by anyone upon request (USDNwater-04). Publicly owned freshwater lake: A iieshwater lake that offers public access to the lake through publicly owned contiguous land so that any person has the same opportunity to enjoy nonconsumptive privileges and benefits of the lake as any other person. See lake for more related terms (for complete definition, see 40CFR35.1605.3-91).
Publicly owned freshwater lake: A freshwater lake that offers public access to the lake through publicly owned contiguous land so that any person has the same opportunity to enjoy nonconsumptive privileges and benefits of the lake as any other person. If user fees are charged for public use and access through state or substate operated facilities, the fees must be used for maintaining the public access and recreational facilities of this lake or other publicly owned freshwater lakes in the state, or for improving the quality of these lakes (40CFR35.1605-3-91). Publicly owned treatment works (POTW) (or municiple wastewater treatment): The treatment works treating domestic sewage that is owned by a municipality or state (40CFR501.2-91, see also 40CFR117.1; 122.2; 125.58; 260.10; 270.2; 403.3-91; EPA89112).
material is transported by the wind field and dispersed by turbulent diffusion (NATO-78110).
Pull on container: Detachable container system in a large container (around 20-30 cubic yards) is pulled onto a service vehicle or tilt frame or hoist truck by mechanical or hydraulic means and carried to disposal site for emptying (EPA-83). Pull: The quantity of glass delivered by a furnace in 24 hours (EPA-83). Pullery: A plant where sheepskin is processed by removing the wool and then pickling before shipment to a tannery (EPA-82/11). Pulp physicals: Strength properties of the pulp (EPA-83).
Publicly owned treatment works (POTW): A municipal or public service district sewage treatment system (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Pulp press: A mechanical pressure device which squeezes the exhausted cossetted (pulp) to remove a portion of the inherent water (EPA-74/01a).
Publicly owned treatment works (POTW): A treatment works, as defined by Section 212 of the CWA, that is owned by the state or municipality. This definition includes any devices and systems used in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal sewage or industrial wastes of a liquid nature. It also includes sewers, pipes, and other conveyances only if they convey wastewater to a POTW treatment plant (40CFR403.3). Privately owned treatment works, federally owned treatment works, and other treatment plants not owned by municipalities are not considered POTWs (CWAIwastewater-04).
Pulp screen water: The water which is drained from the wet insoluble pulp after the diffusion process but before the pulp is pressed to remove extraneous water and sugar. See water for more related terms (EPA-74101a).
Publicly owned treatment works (POTW): A waste treatment works owned by a state, unit of local government, or Indian tribe, usually designed to treat domestic wastewaters (EPA-97/12). Public-supply withdrawals: Water withdrawn by public and private water suppliers for use within a general community. Water is used for a variety of purposes such as domestic, commercial, industrial, and public water use (CWAlWbasics-04). Pucker: An uneven quality in a paper due to improper drying (EPA-83). Puckering: In seaming a landfill liner: (1) The thermal distortion of the seamed region after completion and cooling of the seam. it is often observed on the under side of the seam (EPA-89/09). (2) A heat-related sign of localized strain caused by improper seaming using extrusion or fusion methods. It often occurs on the bottom of the lower geomembrane and in the shape of a shallow inverted V (EPA-9 1/05). Puff model: A mathematical model which describes the transport and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere from a source by releasing a quantity of pollutant at each time step (in the case of an instantaneous source one release is sufficient). This quantity of
Pulp silo drainage: Drainage water resulting from discharge of pulp from the diffuser with screenings to a silo equipped with channels for drainage water collection (EPA-74101a). Pulp: In leather industry, pulp is a method of unhairing in which depilatory agents are used to dissolve hair entirely in a few hours (EPA-82/11). Pulp: In paper industry, pulp is cellulosic fibers after conversion from wood chips (EPA-87/10). Pulp: For more related terms, see: (1) Acid pulp (see sulfite pulp); (2) Beet pulp; (3) Chemi-mechanical pulp; (4) Chemical wood pulp; (5) Dissolving pulp; (6) Groundwood pulp; (7) Kraft pulp (see sulfate pulp); (8) Mechanical pulp; (9) Sulfate pulp; and (10) Sulfite pulp; (11) Wood pulp. Pulper: (1) A mechanical device used to separate fiber bundles in the presence of water prior to papermaking (EPA-87/10). (2) Machine which converts a mixture of dry pulp or paper and water into a fibre slurry by violent agitation. Also called hydrapulper (EPA-83). Pulping: The operation of reducing a cellulosic raw material, such as pulpwood, rags, straw, reclaimed paper, etc., into a pulp suitable for further processing into paper or paperboard or for chemical conversion (into rayon, cellophane, etc.). Pulping may vary from simple mechanical action to rather complex digesting sequences and may be conducted in batch or in continuous process equipment (EPA-83, see also EPA-87/10).
Pulpwood: The wood which is suitable for the manufacture of chemical or mechanical wood pulp. The wood may be in the form of logs as they come from the forest or cut into shorter lengths suitable for the chipper or the grinder (EPA-87/10). Pulse range: Difference in decibels between the peak level of an impulsive signal and the root-mean-square level of a continuous noise (NCNsound-04). Pulverization: The crushing or grinding of material into very fine particle size. See size reduction machine for more related terms (EPA-83). Pulverized coal fired steam generating unit: A steam generating unit in which pulverized coal is introduced into an air stream that carries the coal to the combustion chamber of the steam generating unit where it is fired in suspension. This includes both conventional pulverized coal fired and micropulverized coal fired steam generating units (40CFR60.41b-91). Pulverized coal: A coal that has been ground to a powder, usually of a size where 80% passes through a #200 U.S.S. sieve. See coal for more related terms (EPA-82111f). Pump and treat technology: Treatment method in which contaminated water is pumped out of the ground and then treated before being discharged (NavyIEnv-04).
Pumping test: Pumping of a well at a constant rate in order to obtain information about the performance of the well or to provide data from which the principal factors of aquifer performance can be calculated. A test for the latter purpose is also called an aquifer test (NavyIEnv-04). Punch list: A list of unsatisfactory or incomplete work items that are identified by the construction manager during an inspection of the work. The contractor must complete all punch list work items satisfactorily before the home will receive final acceptance (NCNnoise-04). Punch ware: Handmade, thin, blown glassware, especially tumblers (EPA-83). Puncture test: The resistance of paper to puncture as measured by special uniform tests (EPA-83). Punk stick: A small tube used to generate smoke from smoldering materials (EPA-88/08). Pure substance: A substance which is chemically homogeneous and has the same chemical composition in all phases. Water is a pure substance, because its chemical composition is the same in all phases, even for a mixture of liquid and vapor (Holman-p63; Jones-p 143).
Pump and treat: Groundwater remediation technique involving the extraction of contaminated groundwater from the subsurface to remove contaminants and subsequent return of the treated water to its source (OMBIReg-04).
Purge or line purge: The coating material expelled from the spray system when clearing it (40CFR60.391-91).
Pump-and-treat: A treatment process that involves removal of contaminated groundwater through pumping or other processes, followed by treatment of the water and either reinjection of the water into the ground or discharge of the water to a stream or lake (SFIEnv-04).
Purging: Removing stagnant air or water from sampling zone or equipment prior to sample collection (EPA-97/12).
Pumped storage: Water pumped into a storage reservoir during periods of low electric-power demand to be used to generate power during peak demand periods (DOI-70104). Pumping level: Depth to water in a well when the well is being pumped (Navy/Env-04). Pumping station (or lifting station): Mechanical devices installed in sewer or water systems or other liquid-carrying pipelines that move the liquids to a higher level (EPA-89/12). Pumping station: Mechanical device installed in sewer or water system or other liquid-carrying pipelines to move the liquids to a higher level (EPA-97/12). Pumping test: A test conducted to determine aquifer or well characteristics (EPA-97/12).
Purge: To remove undesirable substances from a pipe.
Purity: A measure of a pure substance, e.g., the actual sugar content in relation to the total dry substance in sugar beets. Specifically, the percentage of surcrose in total solids (EPA7410 1a). Push pit: A storage system sometimes used in stationary compactor transfer systems. It is a hydraulically powered bulkhead that traverses the length of the pit periodically pushes the stored waste into the hopper of a compactor (SW-108ts). Putrefaction: (1) The decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms and oxidation, resulting in odors (SW-108ts). (2) The biological decomposition of organic matter accompanied by the production of foul-smelling products associated with anaerobic conditions (EPA-76/03). Putrefaction: Biological decomposition of organic matter; associated with anaerobic conditions (EPA-97/12).
Putrescible material: Capable of being decomposed by microorganisms with sufficient rapidity as to cause nuisances from odors and gases. Kitchen wastes, offal, and dead animals are examples (EPA-83). Putrescible waste: The solid waste which contains organic matter capable of being decomposed by microorganisms and of such a character and proportion as to be capable of attracting or providing food for birds. See waste for more related terms (40CFR257.3.891). Putrescible: Able to rot quickly enough to cause odors and attract flies (EPA-97/12). Putrescine: In biochemistry, a wlorless, ill-smelling ptomaine (C4H2N) resulting from the bacterial decomposition of animal tissues in the presence of moisture and heat, but in the absence of air (EPA-83).
Pyrolysis: (1) The thermal/chemical decomposition of a compound by heat in an oxygen deficient manner (SW-108ts). (2) Chemical change caused by heat (DOE-91/04). Pyrolysis: Decomposition of a chemical by extreme heat (EPA97/12). Pyrolytic gas and oil: The gas or liquid products that possess usable heating value that is recovered from the heating of organic material (such as that found in solid waste), usually in an essentially oxygen-free atmosphere (40CFR245.101-91). Pyrolytic incinerator: See starved air incinerator. Pyrolytic thermal decomposition: The thermal decomposition of an organic compound in the complete or partial absence of oxygen (EPA-88/12).
Putty: A white polishing compound (EPA-83).
Pyrometallurgical: The use of high-temperature processes to treat metals (EPA-83103a).
Pyrazolone colorimetric: A standard method of measuring cyanides in aqueous solutions (EPA-83106a).
Pyrometer: An instrument to measure high temperature. There are two types: (1) Optical pyrometer. (2) Radiation pyrometer.
Pyrimidine dimer: Covalent bonding of adjacent pyrimidine residues in a nucleic acid exposed to ultraviolet radiation. A pyrimidine dimer distorts a nucleic acid double helix structure and must be excised so replication and gene expression can proceed (EPA-88/09a).
Pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE): An index to the refractoriness of a material. It is obtained by a test that provides the number of a standard pyrometric cone that is closest in its bending behavior to that of a pyrometric cone made of the material when both are heated in accordance with ASTM Standard Method of Test for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent of Refractory Materials (SW-108ts).
Pyrite: A combination of iron and sulfur found in wal as FeS2 (EPA-82/ 1If). Pyrite: A hard, heavy, shiny, yellow mineral, FeS2 or iron disulfide, generally in cubic crystals. Also called iron pyrites, fool's gold, sulfur balls. Iron pyrite is the most common sulfide found in coal mines (CWNmining-04). Pyrogenic lipopolysaccharides: Complex molecules found in the cell walls (see endotoxins) of microorganisms that cause inflammatory reactions in the body (EPA-88109a).
Pyrophoric: A substance that spontaneously ignites in air at or below room temperature without supply of heat, friction, or shock (EPA-87/07a). Pyrophoric: Capable of ignition spontanwusly (EPA-8 1/09).
7410: Seven-day, consecutive low flow with a ten-year return frequency; the lowest stream flow for seven consecutive days that would be expected to occur once in ten years (EPA-97/12).
Qualitative risk analysis: A nonnumeric evaluation of a site to determine potential exposure pathways and receptors based on known or readily available information (Navy/Env-04).
ql*: Upper bound on the slope of the low-dose linearized multistage procedure (EPA-92/12).
Qualitative use assessment: Report summarizing the major uses of a pesticide including percentage of crop treated, and amount of pesticide used on a site (EPA-97/12).
Quad: Quadrillion or 10". Quadrat: A ground area for sampling all biological species of interest. Qualified incinerator: One of the following: (1) An incinerator approved under the provisions of 40CFR761.70. Any level of PCB concentration can be destroyed in an incinerator approved under 40CFR761.70. (2) A high efficiency boiler which complies with the criteria of 40CFR761.60(a)(2)(iii)(A), and for which the operator has given written notice to the appropriate EPA Regional Administrator in accordance with the notification requirements for the burning of mineral oil dielectric fluid under 40CFR761.60(a)(2)(iii)(B). (3) An incinerator approved under section 3005(c) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (42U.S.C.6925(~))(RCRA). (4) Industrial furnaces and boilers which are identified in 40CFR260.10 and 40CFR279.61(a)(l) and (2) when operating at their normal operating temperatures (this prohibits feeding fluids, above the level of detection, during either startup or shutdown operations) ( 4 0 ~ ~ ~ 7 6 1 ' .(5) 3 ) See . incinerator for more related terms. Qualified individual (QI): A term used by the U. S. Coast Guard for the designated individual who is trained in oil and hazardous substance facility response and acts as liaison with the federal OSC in spill response activities (NavyIEnv-04). Qualifying phase I technology: A technological system of continuous emission reduction which achieves a 90% reduction in emissions of sulfur dioxide from the emissions that would have resulted from the use of fuels which were not subject to treatment prior to combustion (CAA402-42U.S.C.765la-91). Qualitative evaluation: Assessing the risk of an accidental release at a facility in relative terms; the end result of the assessment being a verbal description of the risk (EPA-87107a).
Qualitative: An analysis in which some or all of the components of a sample are identified (cf. quantitative) (EPA-89112a). Qualitative: Analysis without regard to quantity or specific numeric values (NavyIEnv-04). Quality assessment: The overall system of activities whose purpose is to provide assurance that the overall quality control job is being done effectively. It involves a continuing evaluation of the products produced and the performance of the production system (ACS-87/11). Quality assurance (QA): (1) The total integrated program for assuring the reliability of monitoring and measurement data. A system for integrating the quality planning, quality assessment, and quality improvement efforts to meet user requirements (EPA86110a). (2) A system of activities whose purpose is to provide to the producer or user of a product or service the assurance that it meets defined standards of quality with a stated level of confidence. QA is understanding the measurement process, what needs to be measured, what needs to done, doing what needs to be done, evaluating what was done, reporting evaluated data which is technically sound and legally defensible (ACS-87/11). Quality assurance (QA): The total integrated program put in place to assure the reliability of data generated in the laboratory (NavyIEnv-04). Quality assurance and quality control (QAIQC): A system of procedures, checks, audits, and corrective actions to ensure that all EPA research design and performance, environmental monitoring and sampling, and other technical and reporting activities are of the highest achievable quality (EPA-89/12). Quality assurance and quality control (QNQC): QNQCrelated terms include (1) Method: An assemblage of techniques. It implies reduction to practice. (2) Procedure: A detailed instruction
to permit replication of a method, e.g., ASTh4-D2914. (3) Protocol: A methodology specified in regulatory, authoritative, or contractual situations, e.g., EPA method 5. (4) Technique: A physical or chemical principle for characterizing materials of chemical systems. A standardization of a method can be expressed as "technique 3 method 3 procedure protocol" (EPA-89/12a, see also ACS-87/11).
+
Quality assurance narrative statement: A description of how precision, accuracy, representativeness, completeness, and compatibility will be assessed, and which is sufficiently detailed to allow an unambiguous determination of the quality assurance practices to be followed throughout a research project (40CFR30.200-91). Quality assurance officer: As used in this document, the quality assurance officer is the individual responsible for development, documentation, and assessment of a laboratory's quality assurance program (SA-04). Quality assurance plan: A document that contains or references the quality assurance elements established for an activity, group of activities, scientific investigation, or a project, and describes how conformance with such requirements is to be assured for structures, systems, computer software, components, and their operation commensurate with: (1) The scope, complexity, duration, and importance to satisfactory performance; (2) The potential impact on environment, safety, and health, and (3) Requirements for reliability and continuity of operations (DOE-91/04). Quality assurance program plan: A formal document which describes an orderly assembly of management policies, objectives, principles, organizational responsibilities, and procedures by which an agency or laboratory specifies how it intends to: (1) Produce data of documented quality; and (2) Provide for the preparation of quality assurance project plans and standard operating procedures (40CFR30.200-91, see also EPA-91/02). Quality assurance project plan (QAPP): An EPA organization's written procedures which delineate how it produces quality data for a specific project or measurement method (40CFR30.200-91, see also 40CFR35.6015; 300.5-91). There are four categories in its QA program as follows: (1) Category I Projects require the most rigorous and detailed QA, since the resulting data must be both legally and scientifically defensible. Category I projects include enforcement actions and projects of significant national or congressional visibility. Such projects are typically monitored by the Administrator. Category I projects must produce results that are autonomous; that is, results that can prove or disprove a hypothesis without reference to complementary projects. (2) Category I1 Projects are those producing results that complement other inputs. These projects are of sufficient scope and substance that their results could be combined with those from other projects of similar scope to produce information for making rules, regulations, or policies. In addition, projects that do not fit this pattern, but have high visibility, would also be included in this
category. (3) Category I11 Projects are those producing results used to evaluate and select basic options, or to perform feasibility studies or preliminary assessments of unexplored areas which might lead to further work. (4) Category IV Projects are those producing results for the purpose of assessing suppositions (EPA9 1102).
Quality assurance unit: Any person or organizational element, except the study director, designated by testing facility management to perform the duties relating to quality assurance of the studies (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR792.3-91). Quality assurance/quality control: A system of procedures, checks, audits, and corrective actions to ensure that all EPA research design and performance, environmental monitoring and sampling, and other technical and reporting activities are of the highest achievable quality (EPA-97/12). Quality assurance: Evaluation of quality-control data to allow quantitative determination of the quality of chemical data collected during a study. Techniques used to collect, process, and analyze water samples are evaluated (CWA/Wbasics-04). Quality control (QC): (1) The routine application of procedures for obtaining prescribed standards of performance in the monitoring and measurement process (EPA-86110a). (2) The overall system of activities whose purpose is to control the quality of a product or service, so that it meets the needs of users. The aim is to provide quality that is satisfactory, adequate, dependable, and economic (ACS-87/11). (3) Duplication of a portion of the analytical tests performed to estimate the overall quality of the results and to determine what, if any, changes must be made to achieve or maintain the required level of quality (EPA-89112a). (4) cf. construction quality control. Quality control (QC): The routine application of specific, welldefined procedures which ensure the generation of data which fulfill the objectives of the QA program (NavyJEnv-04). Quality control sample: A solution obtained from an outside source having known, concentration values to be used to verify the calibration standards (40CFR136-AppIC-91). Quality indicator: Includes: (1) Comparability: In quality control, the confidence with which one data set can be compared to another (ACS-87/11; EPA-85/08). (2) Completeness: In QA, a quality indicator. It is a measure of the amount of valid data obtained from a measurement system compared to the amount of valid data that were intended to be obtained under correct normal conditions (or compared to the amount of data collected that was expected, usually expressed as percent) (ACS-87/11; EPA-85/08; 89/03). (3) Representativeness: The degree to which the data accuratively and precisely represent a characteristic of a population parameter, variation of a property, a process characteristic, or an operational condition (ACS-87/11; EPA8611Oa).
Quality of wet vapor: See quality definition under thermodynamics. Quality: In quality control, quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs (EPA-84/03). It includes: (1) Design quality: The design developed to meet a need, and (2) Conformance quality: The actual production that meets the need (ACS-87/11). Quality: In thermodynamics, the fraction of vapor mass in a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. For example, x = mg/(mf + m,); where: x = quality; m, = vapor mass in a mixture; and mf = liquid mass in a mixture.
Quarter: A three-month period; the first quarter concludes on the last day of the last full month during the 180 days following initial startup (40CFR60.481-91). Quartz glass: A term applied to silica glass made by fusing vein quartz. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Quasi-static process: See reversible process. Quaternary ammonium salt: Chemical compound having a chlorine or bromine ion attached to a nitrogen atom with four carbon-nitrogen bonds. May be used as algicides, bactericides, piscicides, etc. (EPA-85/10).
Quality: Quality is the absence of defects. In contrast, deficiency means general inadequacy.
Quench station: That portion of the metal coil surface coating operation where the coated metal coil is cooled, usually by a water spray, after baking or curing (40CFR60.461-91).
Quality: For more related terms, see (1) Quality data and (2) Data quality objective.
Quench tank: A water-filled tank used to cool incinerator residues or hot materials during industrial processes (EPA-97/12).
Quantifiable IeveVlevel of detection: 2 micrograms per gram from any resolvable gas chromatographic peak, i.e., 2 ppm (40CFR761.3-91).
Quench trough: A water-filled trough into which burning residue drops from an incinerator furnace (SW-108ts).
Quantitation limit (QL): The lowest level at which a chemical can be accurately and reproducibly quantitated. Usually equal to the method detection limit multiplied by a factor of three to five, but varies for different chemicals and different samples (EPA91/12). Quantitative evaluation: Assessing the risk of an accidental release at a facility in numerical terms; the end result of the assessment being some type of number reflects risk, such as faults per year or mean time between failures (EPA-87107a). Quantitative: An analysis in which the amount of one or more components of a sample is determined (cf qualitative) (EPA89/12a). Quantitative: Analysis with regard to quantities or specific numeric values (NavyIEnv-04). Quantity reduction: In municipal waste, changing the design of a product so that less municipal waste is generated when the product or its residuals are discarded, or so that the product is more durable or repairable (cf. pollution prevention) (OTA-89/10). Quantum chemistry: A science of using quantum mechanics to interpret chemical phenomena. Quarry method: A variation of the area method in which the wastes are spread and compacted in a depression and cover materials are generally obtained elsewhere. See sanitary landfill for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Quench: (1) To cool rapidly (EPA-81/09). (2) Cooling of hot gases by rapid evaporation of water (EPA-89103b). Quenching oil: The medium to heavy grade mineral oils used in the cooling of metals. Standard weight or grade of oils would be similar to standard SAE 60. See oil for more related terms (EPA8511Oa). Quenching: Shock cooling by immersion of liquid or molten material in a cooling medium (liquid or gas). Used in metallurgy, plastics forming, and petroleum refining (EPA-83/03). Quick setting ink: An ink for letterpress and offset dry by either filtration, coagulation, selective absorption, or often a combination of these with some of the other drying methods. The vehicles are generally special resin-oil combinations which, after the ink has been printed, separate into a solid material which remains on the surface as a dry film and an oily material which penetrates rapidly into the stock. This rapid separation gives the effect of very quick setting or drytng. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Quicklime: See calcium. Quinhydrone electrode: A half cell with an electrode made from a platinum wire in an equal molar solution of quinone and hydroquinone. The electrode is used as a reversible electrode standard in pH determinations. See electrode for more related terms. Quinone (or cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, CO(CHCH)2CO): A yellow crystal used to make dyes and hydroquinone.
1/R2 correction: The correction made for the systematic decrease in lidar backscatter signal amplitude with range (40CFR60App/A(alt. method 1)-91).
Radiation cooling: In meteorology, usually employed with respect to the cooling of the earth's surface, particularly during the night caused by radiation heat losses by the surface (NATO-78/10).
Rack dryer: Any equipment used to reduce the moisture content of grain in which the grain flows from the top to the bottom in a cascading flow around rows of baffles (racks) (40CFR60.301-91).
Radiation emission-absorption instrumentation: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). All organic compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation because all contain valence electrons that can be excited to higher energy levels. Absorption measurements in the visible and ultraviolet wavelength regions are useful for detecting the presence of certain functional groups that contain valence electrons with relatively low excitation energies. Absorption measurements in the infrared wavelength regions are useful for identifying specific compounds since no two organic compounds (except for optical isomers) have identical infrared absorption curves. The applicability of absorption measurements to characterize incinerator effluents involves the choice of the appropriate energies and wavelength. Types of radiation emissionabsorption instrumentation include (1) I n h e d absorption. (2) Ultraviolet absorption.
Rack: A bar screen used to remove large suspended solids. RAD: Radiation Absorbed Dose. (1) The special unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. A dose of one RAD equals the absorption of 100 ergs of radiation energy per gram of absorbing material. (2) One RAD of absorbed dose is equal to .O1 joules per kilogram (AEAImixedW-04).
Radiant energy or radiation: The energy traveling as a wave unaccompanied by transfer of matter. Examples include x-rays, visible light, ultraviolet light, radio waves, etc. (40CFR796.370091). Radiation absorbed dose (RAD): See radiation unit for more related terms. Radiation absorbed dose (RAD): The basic concept in radiation dosimetry. It is the absorption of energy in living tissue and is defined by the International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU): 1 RAD = absorbed energy of 100 ergs per gram of tissue, (0.01 Joules per kilogram of tissue) (LBL-76107-rad, see also EPA-89/12). Radiation absorbed dose (RAD): The basic unit of absorbed dose equal to the absorption of 0.01 joule per kilogram of absorbing material (DOE-9 1/04). Radiation absorbed dose (RAD): The unit of measurement for the physical absorption of radiation (SDWA/radionuclide-04). Radiation biochemistry: A science dealing with the response of living organisms to radiation. Radiation catalysis: A catalysis process in which radiation is used to activate or speed up chemical or physical change. See catalysis for more related terms.
Radiation inversion: The inversion which develops during the night over a land surface, caused by the strong cooling of the surface due to radiative losses. A favorable condition for the formation of a radiation inversion is a virtually cloudless sky during the night. See inversion for more related terms (NATO78110). Radiation pyrometer: (1) A device that determines temperature by measuring the intensity of radiation at all wavelengths emitted by a material having a high temperature (SW-lO8ts). (2) A device that determines temperature by measuring the intensity of radiation from a heat-generating body (EPA-83). (3) See temperature for more related terms. Radiation shield: A panel that is used to reduce heat losses through radiation. For example, it is normally located between the engine and cooling water jackets of automobile engines. Radiation standards: Regulations that set maximum exposure limits for protection of the public from radioactive materials (EPA-97/12). Radiation threat: The use of common explosives to spread radioactive materials over a targeted area. Also known as a "dirty
bomb," a radiation threat is not a nuclear blast, but rather an explosion with localized radioactive contamination (HAS-92).
Radiation unit: Radiation unit-related terms include (1) Becquerel (Bq); (2) Curie (Ci); (3) Kerma (K); (4) RAD (radiation absorbed dose); (5) REM (roentgen equivalent man); (6) Rep; and (7) Roentgen (R). Radiation: Any form of energy propagated as rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles. The term is 'equently used in relation to the emission of rays from the nucleus of an atom (cf. radiation under heat transfer) (EPA-88108a). Radiation: Any or all of the following: alpha, beta, gamma, or Xrays; neutrons; and high energy electrons, protons, or other atomic particles; but not sound or radio waves, nor visible, infrared, or ultra-violet light (40CFR190.02-91, see also 10CFR20.3; 300App/A, 796.3700-91). Radiation: Energy transferred through space or other media in the form of particles or waves. Certain radiation types are capable of breaking up atoms or molecules. The splitting, or decay, of unstable atoms emits ionizing radiation (AEAIclosure-04). Radiation: The emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. All bodies above absolute zero temperature radiate. Radiation incident on a body may be absorbed, reflected, and transmitted (NATO-10178). Radiation: Transmission of energy though space or any medium. Also known as radiant energy (EPA-97/12). Radiation: For more related terms, see (1) Alpha radiation; (2) Background radiation; (3) Beta radiation; (4) External radiation; (5) Gamma radiation; (6) Gamma ray (see gamma radiation); (7) Global radiation; (8) I n h e d radiation; (9) Internal radiation; (10) Ionization radiation; (11) Ionizing radiation; (12) Natural radiation; (13) Non-ionization radiation; (14) Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation; (15) Nuclear radiation; (16) Solar radiation; and (17) Ultraviolet radiation. Radiative forcing: A change in average net radiation at the top of the troposphere (known as the tropopause) because of a change in either incoming solar or exiting infrared radiation. A positive radiative forcing tends on average to warm the Earth's surface; a negative radiative forcing on average tends to cool the Earth's surface. Greenhouse gases, when emitted into the atmosphere, trap infrared energy radiated from the Earth's surface and therefore tend to produce positive radiative forcing. See greenhouse gases (CAA/C02gas1-04). Radiatively active gases: Gases that absorb incoming solar radiation or outgoing infrared radiation, affecting the vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere. See radiative forcing (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Radical attack: Generally a bimolecular reaction between a stable molecule and a radical species; e.g., H atom metathesis or C1 atom displacement (EPA-88/12). Radical: See free radical. Radicle: That portion of the plant embryo which develops into the primary root (40CFR797.2750-91). Radio frequency heat: Heat generated by the application of an alternating electric current, oscillating in the radio frequency range, to a dielectric material. In recent years this method has been used to cure synthetic resin glues (EPA-74/04). Radio frequency radiation: See non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EPA-97/12). Radioactive decay: Spontaneous change in an atom by emission of charged particles and/or gamma rays; also known as radioactive disintegration and radioactivity (EPA-97/12). Radioactive decay: The process of spontaneous nuclear transformation, whereby an isotope of one element is transformed into an isotope of another element, releasing excess energy in the form of radiation (40CFR300-App/A-91). Radioactive half life: The time required for one half the atoms in a given quantity of a specific radionuclide to undergo radioactive decay (40CFR300-AppIA-9 1). Radioactive material: Any material which spontaneously emits radiation (40CFR190.02-91, see also 10CFR20.3-91). Other radioactive material-related terms include (1) Airborne radioactive material; (2) Naturally occurring or accelerator produced radioactive material; and (3) Residual radioactive material. Radioactive substance: (1) Solid, liquid, or gas containing atoms of a single radionuclide or multiple radionuclides (40CFR300AppIA-91; EPA-88/03). Radioactive substances: Substances that emit ionizing radiation (EPA-97/12). Radioactive waste (or radwaste): Any waste which contains radioactive material in concentrations which exceed those listed in 10CFR20, Appendix B, Table 11, Column 2 (40CFR144.3-91, see also 40CFR146.3-91). Radioactive waste: Materials from nuclear operations that are radioactive or are contaminated with radioactive materials, and for which use, reuse, or recovery are impractical (DOE-91/04). Radioactive waste: Solid, liquid, or gaseous material resulting from weapons production that contains radionuclides in excess of threshold quantities. This may include high level, low level, or
transuranic wastes, spent fuels, or highly enriched uranium (OMBIReg-04).
Radioisotope: Chemical variants of radioactive elements with potentially oncogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects on the human body (EPA-97/12).
Radioactive waste: The high level and transuranic radioactive waste covered by this part (40CFR191.OM]).
Radiometer: An instrument used to measure radiant power.
Radioactive waste: For more related terms, see (1) High level radioactive waste; (2) Low level radioactive waste; and (3) Transuranic radioactive waste. See waste for more related terms.
Radionuclide/radioisotope:The isotope of an element exhibiting radioactivity. For HRS purposes, radionuclide and radioisotope are used synonymously (40CFR300-AppIA-9 1).
Radioactivity: (1) The property of those isotopes of elements that exhibit radioactive decay and emit radiation (40CFR300-AppIA91). (2) A property possessed by some elements, such as uranium, whereby alpha, beta, or gamma rays are spontaneously emitted (EPA-88108a). Radioactivity occurs when an unstable nucleus undergoes atomic disintegration by emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation (Markes-67). (3) The spontaneous decay or disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei, accompanied by the emission of radiation (DOE-91/04).
Radionuclide: A radioactive nuclide (DOE-91/04).
Radioassay: A technique to measure the effect of radiation intensity of a radioactive sample (cf. radioisotope assay). Radiobiology: The study of radiation effects on living things (EPA-89/ 12). Radiochemistry: The study of the chemistry of radioactive substances. Radioecology: The study of the effects of radiation on species of plants and animals in natural communities (EPA-74/11). Radiograph: Images made on film by ionizing radiation (DOE9 1/04). Radiography: A non-destructive method of internal examination in which metal or other objects are exposed to a beam of x-ray or gamma radiation. Differences in thickness, density, or absorption, caused by internal discontinuities, are apparent in the shadow image either on a fluorescent screen or on photographic film placed behind the object (EPA-83106%see also 10CFR30.4-91). Radioisotope assay: A technique to separate and to measure a radioactive tracer (cf. radioassay). Radioisotope: A naturally occurring or artificially created radioactive isotope of a chemical element. Some radioisotopes such as cobalt40 can be used in medical therapy, biological research, etc. Radioisotope: An unstable or radioactive isotope (form) of an element that can change into another element by giving off radiation (SFhealth-04).
Radionuclide: A radioactive species of an atom. For example, tritium, strontium 90, and uranium 235 are all radionuclides (OMBIReg-04). Radionuclide: A type of atom which spontaneously undergoes radioactive decay (40CFR61.91-91, see also 40CFR61.101-91). Radionuclide: An unstable form of a chemical element that radioactively decays, resulting in the emission of nuclear radiation. Prolonged exposure to radionuclides increases the risk of cancer. All of the radionuclides known to occur in drinking water are currently regulated, except for radon and naturally occurring uranium, both of which were proposed for regulation in October 1999 (SDWAIReg-04). Radionuclide: Any nuclide that emits radiation (AENmixedW04). Radionuclide: Any radioactive isotope (form) of any element (SFhealth-04). Radionuclide: Radioactive isotopes of various elements are collectively referred to as radionuclides (EPA-87/03). Radionuclide: Radioactive particle, man-made (anthropogenic) or natural, with a distinct atomic weight number. Can have a long life as soil or water pollutant (EPA-97/12). Radiosonde: (1) An instrument which rises through the atmosphere by means of a balloon and which measures and simultaneously transmits meteorological data, usually pressure, temperature, and humidity (NATO-78/10). (2) A miniature radio transmitter with instruments that is carried aloft (as by an unmanned balloon) for broadcasting by means of precise tone signals or other suitable method the humidity, temperature, pressure, or other parameter every few seconds (LBL76107-air). Radium (Ra): An alkaline earth, radioactive metal with atomic number 88; atomic weight 226; density 5.0 glcc; melting point 700 C and boiling point 1140 C. The element belongs to group IIA of the periodic table.
Radius of influence: The maximum distance from the extraction or injection well where vacuum or pressure (soil gas or groundwater movement) occurs (NavyIEnv-04). Radius of influence: The radial distance from the center of a wellbore to the point where there is no lowering of the water table or potentiometric surface (the edge of the cone of depression); (2) the radial distance from an extraction well that has adequate air flow for effective removal of contaminants when a vacuum is applied to the extraction well (EPA-97/12).
218, Pb-214, Bi-214, and Po-214, which have an average combined half-life of about 30 minutes (EPA-97/12).
Radon progeny integrated sampling unit: A radon decay product measurement system consisting of a low flow-rate air pump that pulls air continuously through a detector assembly containing a thermoluminescent dosimeter. The unit is operated for 100 hours or longer and then the detector assembly is returned to the laboratory for analysis (EPA-88/08). Radon progeny: See radon decay product.
Radius of oxygen influence: The radius to which oxygen has to be supplied to sustain maximal biodegradation; a function of both air flowrates and oxygen utilization rates, and therefore depends on site geology, well design, and microbial activity (NavyIEnv-04). Radius of vulnerability zone: The maximum distance from the point of release of a hazardous substance in which the airborne concentration could reach the level of concern under specified weather conditions (EPA-97/12). Radon (Rn): A colorless naturally occurring, radioactive, inert gas formed by radioactive decay of radium atoms in soil or rocks (EPA-97/12). Radon (Rn): A naturally occurring, colorless, odorless, radioactive gas formed by the disintegration of the element radium; damaging to human lungs when inhaled (CWAIWbasics-
Radwaste: See radioactive waste. Rafthate: In the petroleum industry, the portion of the oil which remains undissolved and is not removed by solvent extraction (EPA-74104b). The less soluble residue that remains after extraction. Rag paper: A paper product manufactured by use of such materials as cotton or linen threads, flax and hemp, raw cotton, and other textile fibers and cotton linters, as well as rags. See paper for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Rail car: A non-self-propelled vehicle designed for and used on railroad tracks (40CFR201.1-91, see also 40CFR60.301-91).
w.
Rail haul: The hauling of material by rail (cf. barge haul) (EPA83).
Radon (Rn): A radioactive gaseous element with atomic number 86; atomic weight 222; density 9.73 glcc; melting point 71 C and boiling point -61.8 C. The element belongs to group VIIIA of the periodic table.
Railcar loading station: That portion of a metallic mineral processing plant where metallic minerals or metallic mineral concentrates are loaded by a conveying system into railcars (40CFR60.381-91).
Radon (Rn-222): The radioactive gaseous element and its shortlived decay products produced by the disintegration of the element radium occurring in the air, water, soil, or other media (TSCA302, see also EPA-89/12; 88/08a; 88/08).
Railcar unloading station: That portion of a metallic mineral processing plant where metallic ore is unloaded from a railcar into a hopper, screen, or crusher (40CFR60.38 1-91).
Radon daughter: See radon decay product. Radon daughterslradon progeny: Short-lived radioactive decay products of radon that decay into longer-lived lead isotopes that can attach themselves to airborne dust and other particles and, if inhaled, damage the linings of the lungs (EPA-97/12). Radon decay product (radon daughter or radon progeny): The products are ultrafine solids which tend to adhere to other solids, including dust particles in the air and solid surfaces in a room and can be breathed into the lung where they continue to release radiation as they further decay (EPA-88/09b, see also EPA88108a). Radon decay products: A term used to refer collectively to the immediate products of the radon decay chain. These include Po-
Railroad: All the roads in use by any common carrier operating a railroad, whether owned or operated under a contract, agreement, or lease (40CFR201.1-91). Rain shadow: A dry region on the lee side of a topographic obstacle, usually a mountain range, where rainfall is noticeably less than on the windward side (CWAIWbasics-04). Rain shadow: An area that has a relatively light average rainfall due to its situation on the lee side of a range of mountains or hills where it is sheltered 6-om the prevailing rain-bearing winds. On the windward side the rainfall is heavy, owing to the forced ascent of the moisture-laden air; as the air descends on the lee side it is warmed and dried, so that little rain is deposited there (DOI70104).
Rain: Water drops resulting from the precipitation in the atmosphere. Rainbow report: Comprehensive document giving the status of all pesticides now or ever in registration or special reviews. Known as the "rainbow report" because chapters are printed on different colors of paper (EPA-97/12). Rainfall excess: The volume of rainfall available for direct runoff. It is equal to the total rainfall minus interception, depression storage, and absorption (CWAhydrology-04). Rainfall, excessive: Rainfall in which the rate of fall is greater than certain adopted limits, chosen with regard to the normal precipitation (excluding snow) of a given place or area. In the U.S. Weather Bureau, it is defined, for states along the southern Atlantic coast and the Gulf coast, as rainfall in which the depth of precipitation is 0.90 inch at the end of 30 minutes and 1S O inches at the end of an hour, and for the rest of the country as rainfall in which the depth of precipitation at the end of each of the same periods is 0.50 and 0.80 inch, respectively (CWAhydrology-04). Rainfall: The quantity of water that falls as rain only. Not synonymous with precipitation (CWAhydrology-04). Rainout: The scavenging of air pollutants in clouds by liquid or solid particles (NATO-78110). Rainwash: A thin sheet of water flowing evenly downslope, quickly concentrated by converging slopes into the shortest and steepest routes downward. This is the first step in the formation of a stream (DOI-70104). Raise: A secondary or tertiary inclined opening, vertical or nearvertical opening driven upward form a level to connect with the level above, or to explore the ground for a limited distance above one level (CWMmining-04). Rake classifier: A mechanical classifier utilizing reciprocal rakes on an inclined plane to separate coarse from fine material contained in a water pulp (EPA-75110~). Ramp method: A variation of area method in which cover materials are obtained by excavating in front of the working face. A variation of this method is known as the progressive slope sanitary landfilling method. See sanitary landfill for more related terms (SW- 108ts). Ramp: A secondary or tertiary inclined opening, driven to connect levels, usually driven in a downward direction, and used for haulage (CWMmining-04). Ramsbottom carbon residue: The carbon residue left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil. See ASTM D254 (EPA-83).
Random incident field: A sound field in which the angle of anival of sound at a given point in space is random in time (40CFR211.203-91). Random monitoring: Monitoring with time intervals determined on a random basis between consecutive observation. See monitoring for more related terms. Random process: A procedure which varies according to some probability function (EPA-79112~). Random variable: A variable whose values occur according to the distribution of some probability function. See variable for more related terms (EPA-79112~). Range of concentration: The highest concentration, the lowest concentration, and the average concentration of an additive in a fuel (40CFR79.2-91). Range: (1) Nominal minimum and maximum concentration which a method is capable of measuring (40CFR53.23-91). (2) In statistics, the difference between the largest and smallest numbers in a set of numbers (EPA-84/03). (3) The lower and upper detectable limits of concentration, absorbance, percentage transmittance, etc. The lower limit should not be reported as 0.0 ppm unless it is the true lower detectable limit (LBL76107-bio). (4) cf. relative range. Rank of coal: A classification of coal based upon the fixed carbon as a dry weight basis and the heat value (EPA-8211If). Rankine cycle: A thermodynamic cycle which is the basis of the steam electric generating process (EPA-82111f). Rankine: See absolute temperature. Ranks of coal: The classification of coal by degree of hardness, moisture, and heat content. "Anthracite" is hard coal, almost pure carbon, used mainly for heating homes. "Bituminous" is soft coal. It is the most common coal found in the United States and is used to generate electricity and to make coke for the steel industry. "Subbituminous" is a coal with a heating value between bituminous and lignite. It has low fixed carbon and high percentages of volatile matter and moisture. "Lignite" is the softest coal and has the highest moisture content. It is used for generating electricity and for conversion into synthetic gas. In terms of Btu or "heating" content, anthracite has the highest value, followed by bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite (CWNmining-04). Raoult's law: A physical-chemical law which states that the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent multiplied by the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (Navy~Env04). Raoult's law: For concentrated solutions where the components do not interact, the resulting vapor pressure (p) of component "A"
in equilibrium with other components can be expressed as: p = xAPA;where: x = mole fraction of component "A" in solution; PA = vapor pressure of pure component "A" at the same temperature and pressure as the solution. In comparing with Raoult's law, Henry's law is for dilute solutions. See gas absorption for more related terms (Hesketh-79, p144).
Rapid sand filter: A filter for the purification of water which has been previously treated, usually by coagulation and sedimentation. The water passes downward through a filtering medium consisting of a layer of sand, prepared anthracite coal or other suitable material, usually from 24 to 30 inches thick and resting on a supporting bed of gravel or other porous medium. The filtrate is removed by an under-drain system. The filter is cleaned periodically by reversing the flow of the water upward through the filtering medium; sometimes supplemented by mechanical or air agitation during backwashing to remove mud and other impurities that are lodged in the sand. See filter for more related terms (EPA82110). Rapping: A process to rap the dust off a electrostatic precipitator. Rare earth deposit: The source of cerium, terbium, yttrium, and related elements of the rare-earth's group, as well as thorium (EPA-82/05). Rare earth metals: Refers to the elements scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum to lutetium, inclusive. See metal for more related terms (40CFR421.271-91).
Rated capacity: In general, the quantity of material that a system can process under demonstrated test conditions (EPA-83). See capacity for more related terms. Rated capacity: In wastewater, the rate of a wastewater flow that a treatment plant is considered capable of treating on a continuous basis with proper disposal of sludge and no loss in efficiency (DOI-70104). Rated incinerator capacity: The number of tons of solid waste that can be processed in an incinerator per 24-hour period when specified criteria prevail. See capacity for more related terms (OME-88/12). Rated load: The maximum load that a piece of equipment is designed to handle safely. See load for more related terms (EPA83). Rated output (RO): The maximum powerlthrust available for takeoff at standard day conditions as approved for the engine by the Federal Aviation Administration, including reheat contribution where applicable, but excluding any contribution due to water injection (40CFR87.1-91). Rated power: Maximum power that a power plant is designed to produce safely. Rated pressure ratio (rPR): The ratio between the combustor inlet pressure and the engine inlet pressure achieved by an engine operating at rated output (40CFR87.1-91).
Rare gas: See inert gas. Rare species: See endangered species. Rasp (or rasper): (1) A grinding machine in the form of a large vertical drum containing heavy hinged arms that rotate horizontally over a rasp-and-sieve floor (SW-lO8ts). (2) See size reduction machine for more related terms. Rasp: A machine that grinds waste into a manageable material and helps prevent odor (EPA-97/12). Rasping system: A procedure in which refuse is ground through a screen partly covered with steel pins that have the effect of a rasp (EPA-83). Rate coefficient: A parameter which relates reaction rate of a given molecule(s) to their concentration(s) (EPA-88/12). Rate constant: The constant in an equation for the rate (concentration change per unit time) of a chemical reaction. Rate determining step: The slowest step of all reaction steps involved in a chemical reaction system. The slowest step determines the overall rate of the reaction.
Rated speed: The speed at which the manufacturer specifies the maximum rated horsepower of an engine (40CFR86.082.2-91). Rating curve: A drawn curve showing the relation between gage height and discharge of a stream at a given gaging station (CWA/Wscience-04). Rational method: A method of estimating the amount of rainfall runoff. Ratoon crop: A crop cultivated from the shoots of a perennial plant (CAA/C02gasl-04). Rattle: Crackling sound produced by shaking a sheet of paper. It indicates rigidity or stiffness of the paper (EPA-83). Raw agricultural commodity: An unprocessed human food or animal feed crop (e.g., raw carrots, apples, corn, or eggs) (EPA97/12). Raw batch: A glass charge without cullet (cf. raw batch) (EPA83). Raw cullet: A glass charge made totally of cullet. See cullet for more related terms (EPA-83).
Raw data: Any laboratory worksheets, records, memoranda notes, or exact copies thereof, that are the result of original observations and activities of a study and are necessary for the reconstruction and evaluation of the report of that study. In the event that exact transcripts of raw data have been prepared (e.g., tapes which have been transcribed verbatim, dated, and verified accurate by signature), the exact copy or exact transcript may be substituted for the original source as raw data. Raw data may include photographs, microfilm or microfiche copies, computer printouts, magnetic media, including dictated observations, and recorded data from automated instruments (40CFR160.3-91). Raw ink: All purchased ink (40CFR60.431-91). Raw material equivalent: Equal to the raw material usage multiplied by the volume of air scrubbed via wet scrubbers divided by the total volume of air scrubbed (40CFR428.51-91, see also 40CFR428.61; 428.71-91). Raw material: All natural and synthetic rubber, carbon black, oils, chemical compounds, fabric, and wire used in the manufacture of pneumatic tires and inner tubes or components thereof (40CFR428.11-91, see also 40CFR425.02; 428.51; 428.61; 428.71; 428.101; 428.1 11; 432.101-91). Raw mine drainage: Untreated or unprocessed water drained, pumped, or siphoned from a mine (EPA-82/05). Raw sewage sludge: The solids concentrated by various methods in wastewater treatment plants, usually contain 90 to 96% water. See sewage for more related terms (EPA-83). Raw sewage: (1) The untreated sewage (EPA-76/03). (2) See sewage for more related terms. Raw sewage: Untreated wastewater and its contents (EPA-97/12). Raw sludge: The sludge that has not been treated by either aerobic or anaerobic digestion. See sludge for more related terms. Raw sugar juice: The liquid product remaining after extraction of sugar from the sliced beets (cossetees) during the diffusion process. See sugar for more related terms (EPA-74101a). Raw sugar: An intermediate sugar product consisting of crystals of high purity covered with a film of low quality syrup. See sugar for more related terms (EPA-74/01a). Raw waste load: The quantity of pollutant in wastewater prior to treatment. See load for more related terms (EPA-87110a). Raw wastewater: The wastewater prior to any treatment. See wastewater for more related terms (EPA-83/03).
Raw water: Intake water prior to any treatment or use (EPA97/12). Raw water: The plant intake water prior to any treatment or use. See water for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Raw water: Water in its natural state, prior to any treatment for drinking. See finished water (SDWNReg-04). Rayon fiber: (1) A manufactured fiber composed of regenerated cellulose, as well as manufactured fibers composed of regenerated cellulose in which substituents have replaced not more than 15% of the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups (40CFR60.601-91). (2) A generic name for man made fibers, monofilaments, and continuous filaments, made from regenerated cellulose. Fibers produced by both viscose and cuprammonium process are lassified as rayon (EPA-74106b). (3) See fiber for more related terms. RCRA facility assessment (RFA): Step in the RCRA Subtitle C corrective action process where owners and operators compile existing information on environmental conditions at a given facility, including information on actual and potential releases (RCRA/hazardous-04). RCRA facility assessment (RFA): The initial process to determine whether corrective action at a site is warranted or to define what additional data must be gathered to make this determination. Equivalent to a CERCLA Preliminary Assessment (PA). RFAs are performed as part of the RCRA permitting process (NavyIEnv-04). RCRA facility investigation (RFI): Site characterization used to ascertain the nature and extent of contamination of releases identified during a Subtitle C RCRA facility assessment or the Phase I RCRA facility investigation (RCRAIhazardous-04). RCRA facility investigation (RFI): The process of determining the extent of hazardous waste contamination. Equivalent to the CERCLA Remedial Investigation (RI) (NavyIEnv-04). RCRA generators list: List kept by EPA of those persons or entities which generate hazardous wastes as defined and regulated by RCRA (USDNwater-04). RCRA generators: Those persons or entities that generate hazardous wastes as defined and regulated by RCRA (USDNwater-04). RCRA Part A permit: Identifies treatment, storage, and disposal units within a to-be-permitted facility (NavyEnv-04). RCRA Part B permit: Describes the wastes managed, the quantities, and the facilities. Allows the management of a treatment, storage, and disposal facility (NavyIEnv-04).
RCRA TSD facilities list: List kept by EPA of those facilities on which treatment, storage, and/or disposal of hazardous wastes take place, as defined and regulated by RCRA.
Reaction temperature: A temperature at which oxidation occurs in a combustion system. See temperature for more related terms (EPA-84109).
RCRA TSD facilities: Those facilities on which treatment, storage, and/or disposal of hazardous wastes take place, as defined and regulated by RCRA (USDAIwater-04).
Reaction turbine: A type of water wheel in which water turns the blades of a rotor, which then drives an electrical generator or other machine (DOI-70104).
RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. See Act or RCRA.
Reaction: The force from a body that is equal and opposite in direction against outside forces exerted on the body. Other reaction-related terms include (1) Bimolecular reaction and (2) Uni-molecular reaction.
RDIRA: Remedial designhemedial action. The final stage of a site cleanup, when the remedy is conceived and put into effect (SFIEnv-04). RDF stoker: A steam generating unit that combusts RDF (refusederived fuel) in a semi-suspension firing mode using air-fed distributors (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Reach: (1) The length of channel uniform with respect to discharge, depth, area, and slope. (2) The length of a channel for which a single gage affords a satisfactory measure of the stage and discharge. (3) The length of a river between two gaging stations. (4) More generally, any length of a river (CWAhydrology-04). Reach: A continuous part of a stream between two specified points (CWAIWbasics-04). Reactant: A chemical substance that is used intentionally in the manufacture of a polymer to become chemically a part of the polymer composition (cf. chemical reaction) (40CFR723.250-91). Reaction cell: A chamber in which the chemical reactant is rapidly recirculated to prevent chemical depletion, facilitate sludge removal, and automatically provide chemical replenishment control (EPA-82111e). Reaction quantum yield for an excited state process: The fraction of absorbed light that results in photoreaction at a fixed wavelength. It is the ratio of the number of molecules that photoreact to the number of quanta of light absorbed or the ratio of the number of moles that photoreact to the number of Einsteins of light absorbed at a fixed wavelength (40CFR796.3700-91). Reaction rate: A measurement of chemical reaction speed. The reaction rate depends on several variables such as temperature, pressure, rate constants, and the number of reactants and their concentration. Catalysts may be needed in order to increase the speed of reaction. Reaction spinning process: The fiber-forming process where a prepolymer is extruded into a fluid medium and solidification takes place by chemical reaction to form the final polymeric material (40CFR60.601-91).
Reactive functional group: An atom or associated group of atoms in a chemical substance that is intended or can reasonably be anticipated to undergo facile chemical reaction (40CFR723.250-91). Reactive site: A chemical configuration on a molecule with which a bond is made by other specific molecules (LBL-76107-bio). Reactive wastes: Reactive wastes are nomally unstable, react violently with air or water, or form potentially explosive mixtures with water. This category also includes wastes that emit toxic fumes when mixed with water, and materials capable of detonation. Reactive wastes are classified as EPA Hazardous Waste No. DO03 (MWTAImedical-04). Reactive: One of four categories of hazardous waste; substances capable of changing into something else in the presence of other chemicals, usually violently or producing a hazardous by-product (SFIremedy-04). Reactivity characteristic: The characteristic which identifies wastes that readily explode or undergo violent reactions (RCRA/hazardous-04). Reactivity: (1) One of the four U.S. EPA hazardous waste characteristics (ETI-92). (2) The ability of one chemical to undergo a chemical reaction with another chemical. Reactivity of one chemical is always measured in reference to the potential for reaction with itself or with another chemical. A chemical is sometimes said to be reactive, or have high reactivity, without reference to another chemical. Usually this means that the chemical has the ability to react with common materials such as water, or common materials of construction such as carbon steel (see also hazardous waste characteristics) (EPA-87107a). (3) The waste which is extremely unstable and has a tendency to react violently or explode during stages of their management. (4) See hazardous waste characteristics for more related terms. Reactivity: The ability of a material to undergo a chemical reaction with the release of energy. It could be initiated by mixing or reacting with other materials, application of heat, physical shock, etc. (NavyIEnv-04).
Reactor coolant pressure boundary: In a heavy-water reactor, those systems and components that contain the reactor coolant. The pressure boundary includes the reactor vessel, pressure tubes, inlet and effluent plenums, pressurizer, reactor coolant pumps, heat exchanger tubes and plenums, associated reactor coolant system piping and valves, and any other system that connects with the reactor coolant system up to the second isolation valve. The moderator and control rod coolant system are considered part of the reactor coolant boundary (DOE-9 1/04). Reactor core: (1) In a heavy-water reactor: the fuel assemblies, including the fuel and target tubes, control assemblies, blanket assemblies, safety rods, and coolant/moderator. (2) In a light-water reactor: the fuel assemblies, including the fuel and target rods, control rods, and coolant/moderator. (3) In a modular hightemperature gas-cooled reactor: the graphite elements, including the fuel and target elements, control rods, any other reactor shutdown mechanisms, and the graphite reflectors (DOE-91/04). (4) The uranium-containing heart of a nuclear reactor, where energy is released (EPA-89/12). Reactor facility: Unless it is modified by words such as containment, vessel, or core, the term reactor facility includes the housing, equipment, and associated areas devoted to the operation and maintenance of one or more reactor cores. Any apparatus that is designed or used to sustain nuclear chain reactions in a controlled manner, including critical and pulsed assemblies and research, test, and power reactors, is defined as a reactor. All assemblies designed to perform subcritical experiments that could potentially reach criticality are also to be considered reactors. Critical assemblies are special nuclear devices designed and used to sustain nuclear reactions. Critical assemblies may be subject to frequent changes in core and lattice configuration, and they may be used frequently as mockups of reactor configurations. Therefore, requirements for modifications do not apply unless the overall assembly room is modified, a new assembly room is proposed, or a new configuration is not covered in previous safety evaluations (DOE-9 1/04). Reactor opening loss: The emissions of vinyl chloride occurring when a reactor is vented to the atmosphere for any purpose other than an emergency relief discharge as defined in 40CFR61.65(a) (40CFR61.61-91). Reactor operations: All activities involved in operating and using a reactor, beginning with the initial loading of fuel in the reactor vessel and ending with the removal of fuel to officially decommission the reactor or place it in a standby status (DOE9 1/04). Reactor year: A unit of time by which accident frequency and core damage frequency are measured, it assumes that more than one reactor can operate during the year (a calendar year during which three reactors operated would be the experience equivalent of three reactor years) and it assumes that a reactor might not operate continuously for the entire year (a reactor operating only
60% of the calendar year would be the equivalent of 0.6 reactor year) (DOE-9 1/04). Reactor: A vat, vessel, or other device in which chemical reactions take place (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR61.61-91). Readily water soluble substances: The chemicals which are soluble in water at a concentration equal to or greater than 1,000 mg/L (cf. limited water-soluble substances) (40CFR797.1060-91). Ready biodegradability: An expression used to describe those substances which, in certain biodegradation test procedures, produce positive results that are unequivocal and which lead to the reasonable assumption that the substance will undergo rapid and ultimate biodegradation in aerobic aquatic environments (40CFR796.3100-91). Reaeration: (1) The addition of air to return activated sludge in a second aeration tank. (2) See aeration for more related terms. Reaeration: Introduction of air into the lower layers of a reservoir. As the air bubbles form and rise through the water, the oxygen dissolves into the water and replenishes the dissolved oxygen. The rising bubbles also cause the lower waters to rise to the surface where they take on oxygen from the atmosphere (EPA97/12). Reaeration: The replenishment of oxygen in water from which oxygen has been removed (CWA/Wbasics-04). Reagent blank: (1) An aliquot of analyte-free water or solvent analyzed with the analytical batch. (2) A volume of deionized, distilled water containing the same acid matrix as the calibration standards carried through the entire analytical scheme (40CFR136. App. C). (3) See blank for more related terms. Reagent blank: Usually an organic aqueous solution that is as free of analyte as possible and contains all the reagents in the same volume as used in the processing of samples. The reagent blank must be carried through the complete sample preparation procedure and contains the same reagent concentrations in the final solution as in the sample solution used for analysis. The reagent blank is used to correct for possible contamination resulting from the preparation or processing of the sample. One reagent blank should be prepared for every analytical batch or for every 20 samples, whichever is more frequent (NavyIEnv-04). Reagent grade: An analytical reagent grade, ACS (American Chemical Society) reagent grade, and reagent grade are synonymous terms for reagents which conform to the current specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the ACS. Reagent: (1) A reactive material used to remove acid gases from the combustion gases (EPA-89103b). (2) A chemical or solution
used to produce a desired chemical reaction, a substance used in assaying or in flotation (EPA-82/05).
variables results in an estimate of the reasonable maximum exposure for that pathway (NavyIEnv-04).
Real ear protection at threshold: The mean value in decibels of the occluded threshold of audibility (hearing protector in place) minus the open threshold of audibility (ears open and uncovered) for all listeners on all trials under otherwise identical test conditions (40CFR211.203-91).
Reasonable maximum exposure: The maximum exposure reasonably expected to occur in a population (EPA-97/12).
Real property or real estate: Land plus anything permanently affixed to the land, including buildings, fences, and the infrastructure and fixtures attached to the building (e.g., plumbing, installed cabinets). Fixtures not attached to the building are known as personal property (e.g., furniture, computers) (SDWN radionuclide-04). Real property: The land, including land improvements, and structures and appurtenances, excluding movable machinery and equipment (40CFR30.200-91, see also 40CFR3 1.3; 35.6015; 247.101-91). Real time mode: The use of an air quality simulation model for immediate application taking into account current input data (NATO-78/10). Real-time data: Data collected by automated instrumentation and telemetered and analyzed quickly enough to influence a decision that affects the monitored system (CWAIWbasics-04). Real-time monitoring: Monitoring and measuring environmental developments with technology and communications systems that provide time-relevant information to the public in an easily understood format people can use in day-to-day decision making about their health and the environment (EPA-97/12). Ream weight: The weight of one ream of paper. Also called basis weight (EPA-83). Ream: (1) Quantity of paper, generally 500 sheets. (2) An imperfection; nonhomogeneous layers in flat glass (EPA-83). Reasonable available control technology (RACT): Reductions on a source category basis as reasonable further progress toward attaining ambient air quality standards (CMAPC-04). Reasonable further progress: Annual incremental reductions in air pollutant emissions as reflected in a state implementation plan that EPA deems sufficient to provide for the attainment of the applicable national ambient air quality standards by the statutory deadline (EPA-97/12). Reasonable maximum exposure (RME): The maximum exposure reasonably expected to occur at a site. The RME is estimated for both the current and future land-use conditions. For Superfund exposure assessments, intake values for a given pathway should be selected so that the combination of all intake
Reasonable potential exposure scenario: A situation with a credible chance of occurrence where a receptor may become directly or indirectly exposed to the chemical(s) of concern without considering extreme or essentially impossible circumstances (NavyIEnv-04). Reasonable potential: Where an effluent is projected or calculated to cause an excursion above a water quality standard based on a number of factors including, as a minimum, the four factors listed in 40CFR122.44(d)(l)(ii) (EPA-91/03). Reasonable worst case: An estimate of the individual dose, exposure, or risk level received by an individual in a defined population that is greater than the 90th percentile but less than that received by anyone in the 98th percentile in the same population (EPA-97/12). Reasonably anticipated future use: Future use of a site or facility that can be predicted with a high degree of certainty given current use, local government planning, and zoning (NavyIEnv04). Reasonably ascertainable: Information that is publicly available, obtainable from its source within reasonable time and cost constraints, and practically reviewable (USDAIwater-04). Reasonably available control measures (RACM): A broadly defined term referring to technological and other measures for pollution control (EPA-97/12). Reasonably available control technology (RACT): Control technology that is reasonably available, and both technologically and economically feasible. Usually applied to existing sources in nonattainment areas; in most cases is less stringent than new source performance standards (EPA-97/12). Reasonably available control technology (RACT): Devices, systems process modifications, or other apparatus or techniques that are reasonably available taking into account: (1)The necessity of imposing such controls in order to attain and maintain a national ambient air quality standard; (2) The social, environmental, and economic impact of such controls; and (3) Alternative means of providing for attainment and maintenance of such standard. This provision defines RACT for the purposes of 40CFR5 1.110(c)(2) and 5 1.341(b) only (40CFR51.100-91). Reboil: Reappearance of bubbles in molten glass after it previously appeared plain (EPA-83).
Rebricking: The cold replacement of damaged or worn refractory parts of the glass melting furnace. Rebricking includes replacement of the refractories comprising the bottom, sidewalls, or roof of the melting vessel; replacement of refractory work in the heat exchanger; replacement of refractory portions of the glass conditioning and distribution system (40CFR60.291-91, see also 40CFR61.161-91). Rebuttable presumption: An objective test that focuses on the halogen level in used oil to determine whether the used oil has been mixed with a listed hazardous waste (RCRNhazardous-04). Recarbonation: Recharge of carbon dioxide to lower the pH value of a fluid. Recarbonization: Process in which carbon dioxide is bubbled into water being treated to lower the pH (EPA-97/12). Receiving qaters: A river, lake, ocean, stream, or other watercourse into which wastewater or treated effluent is discharged (NavyIEnv-04). Receiving water concentration (RWC): The concentration of a toxicant or the parameter toxicity in the receiving water after mixing (formerly termed instream waste concentration [IWC]) (EPA-9 1/03). Receiving waters: A river, lake, ocean, stream, or other watercourse into which wastewater or treated effluent is discharged (EPA-97/12). Receptor age: The description of the exposed individual as defined by the EPA region or dictated by the site (SFIriskA-04).
elevation (if terrain is being considered in the modeling analysis) (EPA-88/09). Receptor: Ecological entity exposed to a stressor (EPA-97/12). Recession curve: A hydrograph showing the decreasing rate of runoff following a period of rain or snowmelt. Since direct runoff and base runoff recede at different rates, separate curves, called direct runoff recession curves or base runoff recession curves, are generally drawn. The term "depletion curve" in the sense of base runoff recession is not recommended (CWAIhydrology-04). Recessional moraine: An end moraine built during a temporary but significant pause in the final retreat of a glacier (CWA/Wbasics-04). Recessive mutation: A change in the genome which is expressed in the homozygous or homozygous condition (40CFR798.527591). Recharge (groundwater): The process involved in the absorption and addition of water to the zone of saturation; also, the amount of water added (CWAIWbasics-04). Recharge area (groundwater): An area within which water infiltrates the ground and reaches the zone of saturation (CWAIWbasics-04). Recharge area: A land area in which water reaches the zone of saturation from surface infiltration, e.g., where rainwater soaks through the earth to reach an aquifer (EPA-97/12).
Receptor factor (RF): An indication of the potential for human or ecological contact with site contaminants (NavyEnv-04).
Recharge area: An area in which water reaches the zone of saturation (groundwater) by surface infiltration; in addition, a major recharge area is an area where a major part of the recharge to an aquifer occurs (40CFR149.2-91).
Receptor point: The geographical point where an air pollutant concentration is measured or is calculated by means of an air pollution dispersion model (NATO-78/10).
Recharge area: An area of land where there is a net annual transfer of water from the surface to groundwater; where rainwater soaks through the earth to reach an aquifer (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Receptor population: People who could come into contact with hazardous substances (see exposure pathway) (SFhealth-04).
Recharge area: Area in which an aquifer is replenished with water by the downward percolation of precipitation through soil and rock (SFIremedy-04).
Receptor population: The exposed individual relative to the exposure pathway considered (SFIriskA-04). Receptor: (1) In biochemistry, a specialized molecule in a cell that binds a specific chemical with high specificity and high affinity. (2) In exposure assessment, an organism that receives, may receive, or has received environmental exposure to a chemical (Course 165.6). (3) In dispersion modeling, a point in space at which the ambient air quality is being estimated. For a given receptor, the data required as input to a dispersion model are its coordinate location relative to that of the pollutant source and
Recharge rate: The quantity of water per unit of time that replenishes or refills an aquifer (EPA-97/12). Recharge zone: The area through which water enters the Edwards Underground Reservoir as defined in the December 16, 1975, Notice of Determination (40CFR149.101-91). Recharge: A process, natural or artificial, by which water is added to the saturated zone of an aquifer (40CFR149.2-91). Recharge: Replenishment of water to an aquifer (DOE-91/04).
Recharge: The addition of water to an aquifer by natural infiltration or artificial means. Injection of water into an aquifer through wells is one form or artificial recharge (NavyEnv-04). Recharge: The process by which water is added to a zone of saturation, usually by percolation from the soil surface; e.g., the recharge of an aquifer (EPA-97/12). Recharge: Water added to an aquifer. For instance, rainfall that seeps into the ground. Recharge: Water that infiltrates the ground and reaches the saturated zone (CWAIWquality-04). Reciprocal translocation: The chromosomal translocations resulting from reciprocal exchanges between two or more chromosomes (40CFR798.5955-91). Reciprocating compressor: A piece of equipment that increases the pressure of a process gas by positive displacement, employing linear movement of the driveshaft. See compressor for more related terms (40CFR60.631-91). Reciprocating grate stoker: A stoker with a bed of bars or plates arranged so that alternate pieces, or rows of pieces, reciprocate slowly in a horizontal sliding mode and act to push the solid waste along the stoker surface. See stoker for more related terms (SW108ts). Reciprocating grate: A stoker grate surface having alternate lateral stationary and moving rows which reciprocate continuously and slowly, forward and backward, for the purpose of stimng the combustible bed of material while conveying it and the resulting residue from the feeding end to the discharge end of the furnace. See grate for more related terms (EPA-83). Recirculated cooling water: The water which is passed through the main condensers for the purpose of removing waste heat, passed through a cooling device for the purpose of removing such heat from the water and then passed again, except for blowdown, through the main condenser. See cooling water for more related terms (40CFR423.11-91, see also EPA-8211 la). Recirculating cooling system: In a manufacturing or processing plant, a system that reduces the temperature of used water in a cooling tower by evaporating a small percent of the recirculating stream; although the evaporated water is permanently removed from the supply, overall water withdrawal is reduced to a small percent of what it would otherwise be; discharge of contaminated water may be reduced to as little as one percent (DOI-70104). Recirculating spray: A spray rinse in which the drainage is pumped up to the spray and is continually recirculated (EPA83106a).
Recirculation system: A system which is specifically designed to divert the major portion of the cooling water discharge back for reuse (EPA-82/11f). Recirculation: Those cold rolling operations which include recirculation of rolling solutions at all mill stands (40CFR420.101-91). Reclaim rinse: The first step following a plating process to retain as much of the chemicals as possible and to allow return of the dragout solution to the plating tank (EPA-74103d). Reclaimed wastewater: Treated wastewater that can be used for beneficial purposes, such as imgating certain plants (CWA/Wscience-04). Reclaimed: A material is reclaimed if it is processed to recover a usable product, or if it is regenerated. Examples are recovery of lead values from spent batteries and regeneration of spent solvents (40CFR261.1-91). Reclaimed: For purposes of defining a material as a solid waste under RCRA Subtitle C, a material is reclaimed if it is processed to recover a usable product, or regenerated by processing it in a way that restores it to usable condition (RCRA/hazardous-04). Reclamation area: The surface area of a coal mine which has been returned to required contour and on which revegetation (specifically, seeding or planting) work has commenced (40CFR434.11-91). Reclamation plan: A plan submitted by an applicant for a permit under a state program or federal program which sets forth a plan for reclamation of the proposed surface coal mining operations pursuant to section 1258 of this title (SMCRA701-30U.S.C.129190). Reclamation: In recycling, restoration of materials found in the wastestream to a beneficial use which may be for purposes other than the original use (EPA-97/12). Reclamation: A procedure by which a disturbed area can be reworked to make it productive, useful, or aesthetically pleasing (cf. extraction, recovery, or recycle) (EPA-82/05). Reclamation: The process of deriving usable materials from waste, by-products, etc., through physical or chemical treatment (EPA-80/10). Reclamation: The restoration of land and environmental values to a surface mine site after the coal is extracted. Reclamation operations are usually underway as soon as the coal has been removed from a mine site. The process includes restoring the land to its approximate original appearance by restoring topsoil and planting native grasses and ground covers (CWNmining-04).
Reclamation: The restoration to a better or more useful state, such as land reclamation by sanitary landfilling, or the obtaining of useful materials from solid waste (EPA-83). Recognized environmental conditions: The presence, or likely presence, of any hazardous substances or petroleum products on a property under conditions that indicate an existing release, a past release, or a material threat of a release of any hazardous substances or petroleum products into structures on the property or into the ground, groundwater, or surface water of the property (USDNwater-04). Recombinant bacteria: A microorganism whose genetic makeup has been altered by deliberate introduction of new genetic elements. The offspring of these altered bacteria also contain these new genetic elements; i.e. they "breed true" (EPA-97/12).
capital cost of a comparable entirely new source. Any final decision as to whether reconstruction has occurred must be made in accordance with the provisions of 60.15 ( f ) (1) through (3) of this title (40CFR51.301-91).
Record of decision (ROD): A public document that explains which cleanup alternative(s) will be used at National Piiorities List sites where, under CERCLA, Trust Funds pay for the cleanup (EPA-97/12). Record of decision (ROD): A public document that explains which cleanup alternatives will be used to clean up a Superfund site. The ROD for sites listed on the National Priorities List (NPL) is created from information generated during the Remedial Investigation/FeasibilityStudy (RIIFS) (SF/remedy-04).
Recombinant DNA: The new DNA that is formed by combining pieces of DNA from different organisms or cells (EPA-97/12).
Record of decision (ROD): A remedial action plan document that describes the remedy selected for a Superfund site (RCRAkazardous-04).
Recombination: The rearrangement of genes that differs from those of the parents as a result of independent assortment, linkage, and crossing over.
Record of decision (ROD): The primary legal document at a site, which sets forth EPA's selected remedy as well as the factors that led to its selection (SFIreform-04).
Recommencing discharger: A source which recommences discharge after terminating operations. Regional Administrator means the Regional Administrator of the appropriate Regional Office of the Environmental Protection Agency or the authorized representative of the Regional Administrator (4OCFRl22.2-91.
Record of decision (ROD): A public document that explains which cleanup alternatives will be used to clean up a Superfund site. The ROD for sites listed on the NPL is created from information generated during the Remedial Investigation1 Feasibility Study (SFIremedy-04).
Recommended maximum contaminant level (RMCL): The maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on human health would occur, and that includes an adequate margin of safety. Recommended levels are nonenforceable health goals. See maximum contaminant level (EPA-97/12).
Record: Any item, collection, or grouping of information regardless of the form or process by which it is maintained (e.g., paper, document, microfiche, microfilm, X-ray film, or automated data processing) (cf. EPA record) (29CFR1910.20-91, see also 40CFR16.2; 1516.2-9 1).
Reconfigured emission data vehicle: An emission data vehicle obtained by modifying a previously used emission data vehicle to represent another emission data vehicle. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR86.082.2-91). Reconstructed source: Facility in which components are replaced to such an extent that the fixed capital cost of the new components exceeds 50% of the capital cost of constructing a comparable brand-new facility. New-source performance standards may be applied to sources reconstructed after the proposal of the standard if it is technologically and economically feasible to meet the standards (EPA-97/12).
Recorded land title records: Records of fee ownership, leases, land contracts, easements, liens, and other encumbrances on or of the property recorded in the place where land title records are, by law or custom, recorded for the local jurisdiction in which the property is located. (Often such records are kept by a municipal or county recorder or clerk.) Such records may be obtained from title companies or directly from the local government agency. Information about title to the property that is recorded in a U.S. District Court, or any place other than where land title records are, by law or custom, recorded for the local jurisdiction in which the property is located, are not considered part of recorded land title records (USDAIwater-04).
Reconstruction of dose: Estimating exposure after it has occurred by using evidence within an organism such as chemical levels in tissue or fluids (EPA-97/12).
Recorded: The written or otherwise registered in some form for preserving information, including such forms as drawings, photographs, videotape, sound recordings, punched cards, and computer tape or disk (40CFR2.201-91).
Reconstruction: Will be presumed to have taken place where the fixed capital cost of the new component exceeds 50% of the fixed
Records of Emergency Release Notifications (SARA 304): Reports by operators of facilities notifying their Local Emergency
Planning Committee (as defined in EPCRA) and State Emergency Response Commission (as defined in EPCRA) of any release beyond the facility's boundary of any reportable quantity of an extremely hazardous substance. Often the local fire department is the Local Emergency Planning Committee (USDNwater-04).
Records review: The process of reviewing historical and other records indicated in the Transaction Screen Process (USDNwater04).
(2) The process of retrieving materials or energy resources from wastes. Also referred to as extraction, reclamation, recycling, salvage (EPA-83). (3) cf. salvage. Recovery device: An individual unit of equipment, such as an absorber, condenser, and carbon adsorber, capable of and used to recover chemicals for use, reuse, or sale (40CFR60.611-91, see also 40CFR60.661-91).
Recoverable resources: The materials that still have useful physical, chemical, or biological properties after serving their original purpose and can, therefore, be reused or recycled for the same or other purposes (40CFR245.101-91, see also 40CFR246.101-91).
Recovery furnace (or recovery boiler): (1) Either a straight kraft recovery furnace or a cross recovery furnace, and includes the direct-contact evaporator for a direct-contact furnace (40CFR60.281-91). (2) A boiler which burns the high heat content materials recovered from waste or processes such as strong black liquor (EPA-87/10).
Recoverable: Refers to the capability and likelihood of being recovered from solid waste for a commercial or industrial use (RCMlOO4-42U.S.C.6903-91).
Recovery rate: Percentage of usable recycled materials that have been removed from the total amount of municipal solid waste generated in a specific area or by a specific business (EPA-97/12).
Recoverable: The capability and likelihood of being recovered from solid waste for commercial or industrial use (NavyIEnv-04).
Recovery system: An individual unit or series of material recovery units, such as absorbers, condensers, and carbon adsorbers, used for recovering volatile organic compounds (40CFR60.561-91, see also 40CFR60.611; 60.661-91).
Recovered material: Waste materials and by-products which have been recovered or diverted from solid waste (NavyEnv-04). Recovered materials advisory notice: A notice that provides a suggested recycled content levels and other purchasing information for each item designated in the CPG (comprehensive procurement guideline). Procuring agencies can use these levels as guidelines, but are encouraged to exceed EPA's recommendations (RCRAhazardous-04). Recovered materials content standards: The minimum amount of recovered material that designated items under the federal procurement program should contain (RCRAkazardous-04). Recovered materials: The waste material and by-products which have been recovered or diverted from solid waste, but such term does not include those materials and by-products generated from, and commonly reused within, an original manufacturing process (40CFR248.4-91, see also RCRA1004; 40CFR249.04; 250.4-91). Recovered resources: Material or energy recovered from solid waste (NavyIEnv-04). Recovered resources: The material or energy recovered from solid waste (RCRAI 004-42U.S.C.6903-91). Recovered solvent: The solvent captured from liquid and gaseous process streams that is concentrated in a control device and that may be purified for reuse. See solvent for more related terms (40CFR60.601-91). Recovery (or salvage): (1) The process of obtaining materials or energy resources from solid waste (40CFR245.101; 246.101-91).
Recovery time: Recovery time is the length of rest between exertions. Short work pauses can reduce discomfort. Inadequate rest periods between exertions can decrease performance. As the duration of the uninterrupted work increases, so does the amount of recovery time needed (OSHNergonomics-04). Recovery: The proportion or percentage of coal or ore mined from the original seam or deposit (CWNmining-04). Recovery: The residual drawdown after pumping has stopped (NavyEnv-04). Recrystallization: (1) Formation of new crystals from previously melted sugar liquor. Recrystallization is encouraged by evaporators and accomplished in vacuum pans (EPA-75102d). (2) A process of repeated crystallization to purify a product. Rectangular weir: A weir having a notch that is rectangular in shape (cf. weir) (EPA-8211 le). Rectifier: (1) A device for converting alternating currents into direct currents. (2) A nonlinear circuit component that, ideally, allows current to flow in one direction unimpeded but allows no current to flow in the other direction (EPA-83/03). (3) A distillation unit. Recuperator: (1) A steel or refractory chamber used to reclaim heat from waste gases (EPA-85110a). (2) A continuous heat exchanger in which heat is conducted from the products of combustion to incoming air through flue walls (EPA-83).
Recurrence interval (return period): The average interval of time within which the given flood will be equaled or exceeded once (CWNhydrology-04). Recurrence interval: The average interval of time within which the magnitude of a given event, such as a storm or flood, will be equaled or exceeded once (CWA/Wbasics-04). Recurrent expenditure: Those expenses associated with the activities of a continuing environmental program. All expenditures, except those for equipment purchases with a unit acquisition cost of $5000 or more, are considered recurrent unless justified by the applicant as unique and approved as such by the Regional Administrator in the assistance award (40CFR35.105-91). Recyclable paper: Any paper separated at its point of discard or fiom the solid wastestream for utilization as a raw material in the manufacture of a new product. It is often called waste paper or paper stock. Not all paper in the wastestream is recyclable. It may be heavily contaminated or otherwise unusable. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Recyclable: Products or materials that can be collected, separated, and processed to be used as raw materials in the manufacture of new products (RCRAImunicipal-04). Recycle lagoon: A pond that collects treated wastewater, most of which is recycled as process water. See lagoon for more related terms (EPA-83/06a). Recycle or recycling (or reuse): The process by which waste materials are transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identity (cf. extraction, reclamation, recovery, and reuse) (SW- 108ts). Recyclelreuse: Minimizing waste generation by recovering and reprocessing usable products that might otherwise become waste (i.e., recycling of aluminum cans, paper, and bottles, etc.) (EPA97/12). Recycled content: The portion of a product or package's weight that is composed of materials that have been recovered fiom waste; this may include pre-consumer or post-consumer materials (RCWmunicipal-04). Recycled material: A material that is utilized in place of a primary, raw, or virgin material in manufacturing a product (40CFR245.101-91, see also 40CFR246.101; 247.101-91). Recycled oil: Any used oil which is reused, following its original use, for any purpose (including the purpose for which the oil was originally used). Such term includes oil which is re-refined, reclaimed, burned, or reprocessed. See oil for more related terms (RCRAI 004-42U.S.C.6903-91).
Recycled PCBs: Processes which recycle PCBs must meet the following requirements: (1) There are no detectable concentrations of PCBs in asphalt roofing material products leaving the processing site. (2) The concentration of PCBs in paper products leaving any manufacturing site processing paper products, or in paper products imported into the United States, must have an annual average of less than 25 ppm with a 50 ppm maximum. (3) The release of PCBs at the point at which emissions are vented to ambient air must be less than 10 ppm. (4) The amount of Aroclor PCBs added to water discharged fiom an asphalt roofing processing site must at all times be less than 3 micrograms per liter (@L) for total Aroclors (roughly 3 parts per billion [3 ppb]). Water discharges f b m the processing of paper products must at all times be less than 3 micrograms per liter (&l) for total Aroclors (roughly 3 ppb), or comply with the equivalent mass-based limitation. (5) Disposal of any other process wastes at concentrations of 50 ppm or greater must be in accordance with subpart D of this part (40CFR761.3-91). Recycled water: The process wastewater or treatment facility effluent which is recirculated to the same process. See water for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Recycled water: Water that is used more than one time before it passes back into the natural hydrologic system (CWAIWscience04). Recycled: A material is recycled if it is used, reused, or reclaimed (40CFR261.1-91). Recycled: For purposes of defining a material as a solid waste under RCRA Subtitle C, a material is recycled if it is used or reused, or reclaimed (RCRAmazardous-04). Recycling and reuse business assistance centers: Located in state solid waste or economic development agencies, these centers provide recycling businesses with customized and targeted assistance (EPA-97/12). Recycling economic development advocates: Individuals hired by state or tribal economic development offices to focus financial, marketing, and permitting resources on creating recycling businesses (EPA-97/12). Recycling mill: Facility where recovered materials are remanufactured into new products (EPA-97/12). Recycling presumption: The assumption that all used oil that is generated will be recycled. Recycling technical assistance partnership national network: A national information-sharing resource designed to help businesses and manufacturers increase their use of recovered materials (EPA-97/12).
Recycling: Reusing materials and objects in original or changed forms rather than discarding them as wastes (FFDCNpesticide04). Recycling: Separating, collecting, processing, marketing, and ultimately using a material that would have been thrown away (RCWmunicipal-04). Recycling: The process by which materials otherwise destined for disposal are collected, reprocessed, or remanufactured, and are reused (RCWmanagement-04). Recycling: The process by which recovered materials are transformed into new products (40CFR244.101-91, see also 40CFR245.101; 246.101-91). Recycling: The separation and collection of wastes, their subsequent transformation or remanufacture into usable or marketable products or materials, and the purchase of products made from recyclable materials (RCRAhazardous-04). Red bag waste: Refers to infectious waste; the name comes from the use of red plastic bags to contain the waste and to clearly identify that the waste should be handled as infectious. See waste for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Red bag waste: See infectious waste (EPA-97/12). Red border: An EPA document undergoing review before being submitted for final management decision-making (EPA-97/12). Red brass: An alloy 83% copper, 17% zinc, used for valves, bearings, castings. See brass for more related terms (EPA-83). Red dog: A nonvolatile combustion product of the oxidation of coal or coal refuse. Most commonly applied to material resulting from in-situ, uncontrolled burning of coal or coal refuse piles. It is similar to coal ash (CWNmining-04). Red edge: Numerous rouge pits located around the edges of a large sheet of polished plate glass (EPA-83). Red stock: Sulfite pulp after the pulping process, prior to other treatments, such as bleaching (EPA-87/10). Red tide: A proliferation of a marine plankton toxic and often fatal to fish, perhaps stimulated by the addition of nutrients. A tide can be red, green, or brown, depending on the coloration of the plankton (EPA-97/12). Red water: The effluent coming from the sellite wash of crude TNT. Sellite has a selective affinity for the unsymmetrical, unwanted isomers of TNT. The result is a blood red effluent high in sulfate concentration. A red waste liquid resulting from the purification of TNT, normally incinerated or sold to the paper industry. See water for more related terms (EPA-76/03).
Redd: The depression created in the bed of a stream by a female fish during spawning in which the eggs are deposited for incubation (SFIremedy-04) Redemption program: Program in which consumers are monetarily compensated for the collection of recyclable materials, generally through prepaid deposits or taxes on beverage containers. In some states or localities legislation has enacted redemption programs to help prevent roadside litter. See bottle bill (EPA97/12). Redox potential (Eh): A measure of the relative tendency of groundwater to accept or transfer electrons (volts) (NavyEnv-04). Redox potential: A measurement of the state of oxidation of a system (CAA/C02gasl-04). Redox potentiometry: The measurement of a solution potential (voltage) between a neutral electrode probe after the solution is developed by a reduction or oxidation process. Redox state: Describes the oxidation-reduction potential of a sample or area, whether the environment is reducing or oxidizing (NavytEnv-04). Redox titration: A titration by using the process of transferring electrons from one substance to another (reduction to oxidation). The titration end point is determined by the color comparison or potential measurement. See titration for more related terms. Redox: Reduction-oxidationreaction. Reduced air preheat and load reduction: One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). These techniques are used sparingly in large boilers due to the energy penalty involved and the relatively low emission reduction occumng (EPA-81/12, p7-13). Reduced sulfur compounds: The hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and carbon disulfide (CS2) (40CFR60.101-91, see also 40CFR60.641-91). Reduced-risk pesticides: These are pesticides which: (1) Reduce pesticide risks to human health, (2) Reduce pesticide risks to non-target organisms; (3) Reduce the potential for contamination of valued, environmental resources, or (4) Broaden adoption of IPM or make it more effective (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Reducing agent: A chemical that lowers the state of oxidation of other chemicals (EPA-83, see also EPA-75/02). Reducing salt bath descaling: The removal of scale from semifinished steel products by the action of molten salt baths containing sodium hydride. See salt bath descaling for more related terms (40CFR420.81-91).
Reducing slag: Reducing slag is used in the electric furnace following the slagging off of an oxidizing slag to minimize the loss of alloys by oxidation. See slag for more related terms (EPA74106a). Reductant: A reducing agent that is used to remove oxygen in a reaction system. Reduction (in chemical application): (1) Also known as chemical reduction. It is a process in which an atom (or group of atoms) gains electrons (EPA-87110a). (2) Chemical reduction can reduce a metal to its elemental form for potential recycle or can convert it to less toxic oxidation states. One such metal is chromium, which, when present as chromium (VI), is a very toxic material. In the reduced state, chromium (111), the hazards are lessened and the chromium can be precipitated for removal. At the present time, chemical reduction is applied primarily to the control of hexavalent chromium in the plating and tanning industries and the removal of mercury from caustic/chlorine electrolysis cell effluents. An example of reduction-oxidation, or "Redox" is as Cr2(S04), + 5H20. The follows: 2H2Cr04 + 3S02 + 3H20 oxidation state of Cr changes from 6+ to 3+ (Cr is reduced); the oxidation state of S increases from 2+ to 3+ (S is oxidized). This change of oxidation state implies that an electron was transferred from S to Cr(V1). The decrease in the positive valence (or increase in the negative valence) with reduction takes place simultaneously with oxidation in chemically equivalent ratios. Reduction is used to treat wastes in such a way that the reducing agent lowers the oxidation state of a substance in order to reduce its toxicity, reduce its solubility, or transform it into a form that can be more easily handled.
+
Reduction (in waste application): An activity by manufacturers (e.g., modifying products) and consumers (e.g., modifying purchasing decisions) that reduces toxicity or quantity of products before they are purchased (cf. pollution prevention) (OTA-89/10). Other reduction-related terms include (1) Quantity reduction and (2) Toxicity reduction. Reduction cell: A vessel for conducting reduction processes. Reduction control system: An emission control system which reduces emissions from sulfur recovery plants by converting these emissions to hydrogen sulfide (40CFR60.101-91). Reduction plant: A mill or a treatment place for the extraction of values from ore (EPA-82/05). Reduction potential: The potential to reduce an ion from a positive charge form to neutral form or from a neutral form to a negative charge form. Reduction reaction: A process in which an atom (or group of atoms) gains electrons. An example of reduction-oxidation, or "Redox," is as follows: 2H2Cr04+ 3S02 + 3H20 Cr2(S04)3+
+
5H20. The oxidation state of Cr changes from 6+ to 3+ (Cr is reduced); the oxidation state of S increases from 2+ to 3+ (S is oxidized). This change of oxidation state implies that an electron was transferred from S to Cr(V1). The decrease in the positive valence (or increase in the negative valence) with reduction takes place simultaneously with the oxidation state. Reduction is used to treat wastes in such a way that the reducing agent lowers the oxidation state of a substance in order to reduce its toxicity, reduce its solubility, or transform it into a form that can be more easily handled.
Reduction: The addition of hydrogen, removal of oxygen, or addition of electrons to an element or compound (EPA-97/12). Reduction: The chemical process where green salt is heated with magnesium to produce uranium metal (AEA/closure-04). Reductive dechlorination: Removal of chlorine from a substance by chemically replacing it with hydrogen or hydroxide ions in order to detoxify the substance. The substance is reduced in the process (Navy/Env-04). Redundancy: For control systems, redundancy is the presence of a second piece of control equipment where only one would be required. The second piece of equipment is installed to act as a backup in the event that the primary piece of equipment fails. Redundant equipment can be installed to backup all or selected portions of a control system (EPA-87107a). Reentry interval: The period of time immediately following the application of a pesticide during which unprotected workers should not enter a field (EPA-97/12). Reentry: In indoor air program, refers to air exhausted from a building that is immediately brought back into the system through the air intake and other openings (EPA-97/12). Reentry: The period of time immediately following the application of a pesticide to a field when unprotected workers should not enter as provided for in 40CFR170.3(b) (40CFR170.291). Reference air concentration: See risk specific dose. Reference ambient concentration (RAC): The concentration of a chemical in water that will not cause adverse impacts to human health. RAC is expressed in units of mg/L (EPA-91/03). Reference compound: The VOC (volatile organic compound) species selected as an instrument calibration basis for specification of the leak definition concentration. (For example: If a leak definition concentration is 10,000 ppmv as methane, then any source emission that results in a local concentration that yields a meter reading of 10,000 on an instrument calibrated with methane would be classified as a leak. In this example, the leak definition is
10,000 ppmv, and the reference compound is methane (40CFR60AA (method 21-2.2)). Reference concentration (RfC): An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a continuous inhalation exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious noncancer effects during a lifetime (EPA-92/12). Reference concentration (RfC): An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. The inhalation reference dose is for continuous inhalation exposures and is appropriately expressed in units of mg/m3. It may be expressed as m a d d a y , in order to compare with oral RfD units, utilizing specified conversion assumptions (EPA-90108). Reference dose (RfD): An EPA estimate, with uncertainty or safety factors built in, of the daily lifetime dose of a substance that is unlikely to cause harm in humans (SFfhealth-04). Reference dose (RfD): An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime (EPA-92/12). Reference dose (RfD): The estimate of a daily exposure level of a substance to a human population below which adverse noncancer health effects are not anticipated. (milligrams toxicant per kilogram body weight per day [mag-day]) (40CFR300-AppIA91). Reference dose (RfD): The particular concentration of a chemical that is known to cause health problems. A standard that also may be referred to as the acceptable daily intake (FFDCNpesticide-04). Reference dose (RfD): The RfD is a numerical estimate of a daily oral exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups such as children, that is not likely to cause harmful effects during a lifetime. RfDs are generally used for health effects that are thought to have a threshold or low dose limit for producing effects (EPA-97/12). Reference dose, chronic: An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude or greater) of a daily exposure level for the human population, including sensitive subpopulations, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Chronic RfDs are specifically developed to be protective for long-term exposure to a compound (as a Superfund program guideline, seven years to lifetime). Reference doses are calculated by dividing a quantitative indicator of toxicity (NOAEL or LOAEL) by an uncertainty factor (NavyIEnv-04).
Reference dose, developmental: An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude or greater) of an exposure level for the human population, including sensitive subpopulations, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of developmental effects. Developmental RfDs are specifically developed to be protective for long-term exposure to a compound (as a Supehnd program guideline, seven years to lifetime). Reference doses are calculated by dividing a quantitative indicator of toxicity (NOAEL or LOAEL) by an uncertainty factor (NavyEnv-04). Reference electrode: See standard electrode. Reference files system (REFS): An OPP database that provides data on pesticide active ingredients, registrants, and products (including product types, formulations, transfers, etc.) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Reference level: The based level used for the comparison of measurements. Reference material (RM): A material of known or established concentration that is used to calibrate or to assess the bias of a measurement system (EPA-84/03). It includes: (1) Internal reference material: A reference material developed by a laboratory for its own internal use (ACS-87/11). (2) External reference material: A reference material provided by someone other than the end-user laboratory (ACS-87/11). (3) Certified reference material: A reference material accompanied by a certificate issued by an organization generally accepted as technically capable to do so (ACS-87/11). (4) Standard reference material: (a) A National Bureau of Standard certified reference material. (b) A material produced in quantity, of which certain properties have been certified by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) or other agencies to the extent possible to satisfy its intended use. The material should be in a matrix similar to actual samples to be measured by a measurement system or be used directly in preparing such a matrix. Intended uses include Standardization of solutions; Calibration of equipment; and Monitoring the accuracy and precision of measurement systems (LBL-76107-air). Reference method (or sampling and analyzing methods in Appendixes A-N to 40CFR50): A list of test methods was provided in Appendixes A-N to 40CFR50. See reference method in Appendix B for detailed listing. Reference method: A method of sampling and analyzing the ambient air for an air pollutant that is specified as a reference method in an appendix to this part, or a method that has been designated as a reference method in accordance with Part 53 of this chapter; it does not include a method for which a reference method designation has been canceled in accordance with 40CFR53.11 or 40CFR53.16 of this chapter (40CFR50.1-91, see also 53.1-91).
Reference method: A reference method is the published method that serves as the basis for a laboratory's sampling andlor analysis procedure (SA-04). Reference signal: The backscatter signal resulting from the laser light pulse passing through ambient air (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91). Reference site: A NAWQA sampling site selected for its relatively undisturbed conditions (CWNWbasics-04). Reference standards: Guides or standards that DOE and its contractors should consider for guidance, as applicable, in addition to mandatory standards (DOE-91/04). Reference substance: Any chemical substance or mixture or analytical standard, or material other than a test substance, feed, or water, that is administered to or used in analyzing the test system in the course of a study for the purposes of establishing a basis for comparison with the test substance for known chemical or biological measurements (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR792.3; 797.1350-91). Reference tissue concentration (RTC): The concentration of a chemical in edible fish or shellfish tissue that will not cause adverse impacts to human health when ingested. RTC is expressed in units of mgkg (EPA-91/03). Reference: Published or unpublished information pertaining to instrument specifications and performance characteristics (LBG 76107-bio). Refined sugar: A high purity sugar normally used for human consumption. See sugar for more related terms (EPA-74/01a). Refiner: (1) Any person who owns, leases, operates, controls, or supervises a refinery (40CFR52.137-91, see also 40CFR52.741; 80.2-91). (2) A machine used to rub, macerate, bruise, and cut fibrous material, usually cellulose, in a water suspension to convert the raw fiber into a form suitable for formation into a web of desired characteristics on a paper-machine (cf. deflaker or disk refiner) (EPA-87/10). (3) A compartment of a glass tank furnace, for the purpose of conditioning the glass (EPA-83). Refinery process unit: Any segment of the petroleum refinery in which a specific processing operation is conducted (40CFR60.101-91). Refinery unit, process unit or unit: A set of components which are a part of a basic process operation such as distillation, hydrotreating, cracking, or reforming of hydrocarbons (40CFR52.741-91). Refinery: A plant at which gasoline is produced (40CFR80.2-91).
Refining: (1) That phase of the steel production cycle during which undesirable elements are removed from the molten steel and alloys are added to reach the final metal chemistry (40CFR60.271a-91). (2) In the paper industry, a general term applied to several operations, all of which involve the mechanical treatment of pulp in a water suspension to develop the necessary papermaking properties of the fibers and to cut the fibers to the desired length distribution (EPA-87/10). Reflection: In air pollution modeling, used when due to the presence of a physical banier to the diffusion, the pollutant is assumed to be reflected by this boundary. Mathematically this is performed by assumed an image source symmetrically with respect to the boundary (NATO-78/10). Reflection: The amount of sound wave energy (sound) that is reflected off a surface. Hard non-porous surfaces reflect more sound than soft porous surfaces. Some sound reflection can enhance quality of signal of speech and music (NCNsound-04). Reflectivity: The ratio of the energy carried by a wave after reflection from a surface to its energy before reflection (CAA/C02gasl-04). Reflectometer: A photoelectric device that is used to measure the light that is reflected from a surface. Reflux: A condensation of a vapor and retum of the liquid to the zone from which it was removed (EPA-75101a). Reforestation: Replanting of forests on lands that have recently been harvested or otherwise cleared of trees (CMC02gasl-04). Reformate or reformate gas: A reformate gas is the output of a fuel processor (reformer) in a fuel cell system. Such a gas stream often contains hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The reformate gas stream eventually passes to a fuel cell stack, sometimes after some further cleaning to lower the CO/C02 values. Reformer: (1) A reactor within which fuel and other gaseous recycle stream(s) (if present) are reacted with water vapor and heat, usually in the presence of a catalyst, to produce hydrogen rich gas for use within the fuel cell power plant. (2) A device that extracts pure hydrogen from hydrocarbon compounds via catalysis. Reforming: (1) A process wherein heat and pressure are used for the rearrangement of the molecular structure of hydrocarbons or low-octane petroleum fractions (EPA-87110a). (2) The thermal or catalytic conversion of a hydrocarbon fuel into a hydrogen-rich gas stream for eventual use in a fuel cell or in a refinery. Reformulated gasoline: (1) Any gasoline which is certified by the Administrator under this section as complying with this subsection (CAM1 l.k-42U.S.C.7545-91). (2) See gasoline for more related terms.
Reformulated gasoline: Finished motor gasoline formulated for use in motor vehicles, the composition and properties of which meet the requirements of the reformulated gasoline regulations promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Section 2 1l (k) of the Clean Air Act. Note: This category includes oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG) but excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) (CAAICO2gas1-04). Reformulated gasoline: Gasoline with a different composition from conventional gasoline (e.g., lower aromatics content) that cuts air pollutants (EPA-97/12). Reformulated gasoline: Specially refined gasoline with low levels of smog-forming volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and low levels of hazardous air pollutants. The 1990 Clean Air Act requires sale of reformulated gasoline in the nine smoggiest areas. Reformulated gasolines were sold in several smoggy areas even before the 1990 Clean Air Act was passed (CAAIair-04). Refractive index: The ratio of the speed of electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum space to that in a specified medium. Refractometer: An instrument that is used to measure the refractory index of a substance. Refractometry: The measurement of the refractive index. Refractory (or refractory material): Materials, usually ceramic like substances used to line furnaces because they can endure high temperatures. In addition, they normally resist one or more of the following destructive influences: abrasion, pressure, chemical attack, and rapid changes in temperature (EPA-83). Refractory (or refractory material): For more related terms, see (1) Acid refractory; (2) Basic refractory; (3) Castable refractory; (4) High alumina refractory; (5) Neutral refractory; and (6) Plastic refractory.
Refractory furnace wall: A wall made of heat resistant ceramic material. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Refractory furnace wall: See furnace wall. Refractory material: See refractory. Refractory metals: Includes the metals of columbium, tantalum, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, and vanadium and their alloys (40CFR471.02-91). These metals all have a very high melting point and high hardness. See metal for more related terms. Refractory organics (refractory BODS): Organic materials that are only partially degraded or entirely non-biodegradable in biological waste treatment processes. Refractory organics include detergents, pesticides, color- and odor-causing agents, tannins, lignins, ethers, olefins, alcohols, amines, aldehydes, ketones, etc. (EPA-76/03). Refractory pollutant: The pollutants that resist treatment. See pollutant for more related terms (DOI-70104). Refractory: A material that can withstand dramatic heat variations. Used in conventional combustion chambers in incinerators (RCRAImanagement-04). Refrigerant property: Important properties for a refrigerant include (1) Boiling temperature and pressure. (2) Freezing temperature. (3) Critical temperature and pressure. (4) Condenser and evaporator pressure. (5) Specific volume. (6) Latent heat. (7) Specific heat of liquid. (8) Molecular weight. (9) Theoretical horsepower per ton. (10) Discharge temperature. (11) Miscibility. (12) Safety aspect. Refrigerant: A substance used as an agent in cooling or refrigeration. A number of refrigerants have been developed for application. Factors that are important include (1) Chemical, thermodynamic, and physical properties. (2) System capacity required. (3) Compressor type. (4) Desired temperature level. (5) Safety consideration.
Refractory BODS: See refractory organics. Refractory erosion: The wearing away of refractory surfaces by the washing action of moving liquids, such as molten slags or metals, or the action of moving gases. See erosion for more related terms (SW-108ts). Refractory expansion joint: An open joint left open so that refractories can expand thermally or permanently. Also, small spaces or gaps built into a refractory structure to permit sections of masonry to expand and contract freely and to prevent the distortion or buckling of furnace structures under excessive expansion stresses. These joints are built in such a way that the masonry can move but that little or no air or gas can leak through it (SW- 108ts).
Refrigerated condenser: A surface condenser in which the coolant supplied to the condenser has been cooled by a mechanical device, other than by a cooling tower or evaporative spray cooling, such as refrigeration unit or steam chiller unit (40CFR52.741-91). Refrigeration: A process to keep cool. A ton of reiiigeration is the refrigeration produced by melting one ton of ice at a temperature of 32 F in 24 hours. It is a rate of removing heat equivalent to the removal of 12000 Btuhr or 200 Btdmin. Refrigerator (or heat pump): (1) A device which receives heat from a low temperature part of its surroundings and discharges heat to a higher temperature of its surroundings while executing a cycle (Jones-p93). (2) A Carnot heat engine which is operated in a reversed direction of its cycle (Wark-p276).
Refueling emissions: Emissions released during vehicle refueling (EPA-97/12). Refund: The sum, equal to the deposit, that is given to the consumer or the dealer or both in exchange for empty returnable beverage containers (40CFR244.101-91). Refurbishment: With reference to a vapor processing system, replacement of components of, or addition of components to, the system within any two-year period such that the fixed capital cost of the new components required for such component replacement or addition exceeds 50% of the cost of a comparable entirely new system (40CFR60.501-91). Refuse burner: A device for either central or on-site volume reduction of solid waste by burning. It is of simple construction and all the factors of combustion can not be controlled (cf. municipal waste incinerator or see burner for more related terms (SW-10%~). Refuse chute: A pipe, duct, or trough through which solid waste is conveyed pneumatically or by gravity to a central storage area (SW-108s). Refuse derived fuel (RDF) form: Forms of refuse fuel derived from municipal solid waste. It includes: (1) Rdf-1: Wastes used as a fuel in as-discarded form with only bulky wastes removed. (2) Rdf-2: Wastes processed to coarse particle size with or without ferrous metal separation. (3) Rdf-3: Combustible waste fraction processed to particle sizes--95% passing 2-inch square screening. (4) Rdf-4: Combustible waste fraction processed into powder form--95% passing 10 mesh screening. (5) Rdf-5: Combustible waste fraction densified (compressed) into the form of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes. (6) Rdf-6: Combustible waste fraction processed into liquid fuel. RDF--combustible waste fraction processed into gaseous fuel. (7) Refuse derived fuel (RDF-2, RDF-3): Shredded refuse fuel, used principally as a supplement in utility or industrial boilers which have ash handling capabilities. Using a separation system, much of metal, glass, and other inorganics are first removed. RDF is the remaining organic fraction which has been processed to relatively uniform size particles. (8) Refuse derived fuel three (RDF-3): A shredded fuel derived from municipal solid waste (MSW) that has been processed so as to remove metal, glass, and other entrained inorganics. The material has a particle size such that 95 weight percent passes through a 2-inch (50 mm) square mesh screen. RDF-3 used as a primary or supplementary fuel in existing or new industrial or utility boilers (EPA-83). (9) See fuel for more related terms. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) incinerator: An incinerator which bums refuse derived fuel (RDF). RDF is a homogeneous fuel derived from MSW by a mechanical means. RDF can be coarse, fluff, powder, and densified pellets, briquettes, or similar forms. RDF can be burned in two types of boilers. It can be used as the
sole or primary fuel in dedicated boilers, or it can be co-fired with conventional fossil fuels (e.g., coal and oil) or even wood in existing industrial or utility boilers. Boilers using RDF can recover energy. In addition, materials such as steel and glass recovered during the initial processing can be sold. See incinerator for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Refuse derived fuel (RDF): (1) A type of MSW through shredding and size classification. This includes all classes of RDF including low density fluff RDF through densified RDF and RDF fuel pellets (40CFR60.51a-91). (2) Fuel extracted from solid waste to be used for combustion processes or as feedstock to other process systems. Refuse feeder: The mechanism in which refuse is fed into an incinerator. Refuse generation: Refuse generation means the act or process of producing solid waste (EPA-83). Refuse handling: What is done to prepare refuse for disposal or for processing which is conversion of wastes into something useful (EPA-83). Refuse reclamation: Conversion of solid waste into useful products; e.g., composting organic wastes to make soil conditioners or separating aluminum and other metals for recycling (EPA-97/12). Refuse reduction: A process of salvaging fats and oils from animal discards by cooking, followed by extraction with solvents, and separation from the solvents by distillation (cf. rendering) (EPA-83). Refuse shed: A region or area which for reasons of typography, contiguous population or other common features includes refuse sources which may be considered collectively in general planning. Usually synonymous with a general populated or metropolitan area, and not necessarily limited by lines of political jurisdiction or divisions (EPA-83). Refuse sorting: Classification of refuse for reuse, combustible, non-combustible, etc. Refuse train: See container train. Refuse: Putrescible and non-putrescible solid wastes, except body wastes and including kitchen discards, rubbish, ashes, incinerator ash, incinerator residue, street cleanings, and market, commercial, office, and industrial wastes (EPA-83). Refuse: See solid waste (EPA-97/12). Refuse: For more related terms, see (1) Commercial refuse; (2) Domestic garbage (see domestic refuse); (3) Domestic refuse; (4)
Milled refuse; (5) Residential refuse; (6) Shredded refuse; and (7) Street refuse. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF): Product of a mixed waste processing system in which certain recyclable and non-combustible materials are removed, with the remaining combustible material converted for use as a fuel to create energy (RCRAImanagernent-04). Regenerant: An agent that is used to restore the activities of an ion-exchange resin. Regenerated water: See return flow. Regeneration: Manipulation of cells to cause them to develop into whole plants (EPA-97/12). Regenerative cycle gas turbine: Any stationary gas turbine that recovers thermal energy from the exhaust gases and utilizes the thermal energy to preheat air prior to entering the combustor. See turbine for more related terms (40CFR60.331-91, see also 40CFR60.331-91). Regenerative fuel cell or reversible fuel cell: This type of fuel cell is capable of producing electricity from Hz and O2 and use electricity in the reverse direction (e.g., via electrolysis) to create the Hzand 0 2 in the first place. Regenerator: A cyclic heat interchanger that alternately receives heat from gaseous combustion products and transfers heat to air or gas before combustion (cf. recuperator) (EPA-83). Regime: "Regime theory" is a theory of the forming of channels in material canied by the streams. As used in this sense, the word "regime" applies only to streams that make at least part of their boundaries from their transported load and part of their transported load from their boundaries, carrying out the process at different places and times in any one stream in a balanced or alternating manner that prevents unlimited growth or removal of boundaries. A stream, river, or canal of this type is called a "regime stream, river, or canal." A regime channel is said to be "in regime" when it has achieved average equilibrium; that is, the average values of the quantities that constitute regime do not show a definite trend over a considerable period-generally of the order of a decade. In unspecialized use "regime" and "regimen" are synonyms (CWAhydrology-04). Regimen of a stream: The system or order characteristic of a stream; in other words, its habits with respect to velocity and volume, form of and changes in channel, capacity to transport sediment, and amount of material supplied for transportation. The term is also applied to a stream which has reached an equilibrium between corrosion and deposition or, in other words, to a graded stream (CWAhydrology-04).
Region: An area designated as an air quality control region (AQCR) under section 1O7(c) of the Act (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR60.21-91). Regional deposited dose (RDD): (1)The deposited dose (mg/cm2 of lung region surface area per minute) calculated for the region of interest as related to the observed effect (i.e., calculated for the tracheobronchial region for an effect concerning the conducting airways) (EPA-90108). (2) The deposited dose of particles calculated for the region of interest as related to the observed effect. For respiratory effects of particles, the deposited dose is adjusted for ventilatory volumes and the surface area of the respiratory region effected (mg/min-sq.cm). For extra respiratory effects of particles, the deposited dose in the total respiratory system is adjusted for ventilatory volumes and body weight (mg/min-kg) (EPA-92/12). Regional deposited dose ratio (RDDR): (1) The ratio of the regional deposited dose calculated for a given exposure in the animal species of interest to the regional deposited dose of the same exposure in a human. This ratio is used to adjust the exposure effect level for inter-species dosimetric differences to derive a human equivalent concentration for particles (EPA-92/12). (2) The ratio of the regional deposited dose in the animal species of interest (RDDA) to that of humans (RDDH). This ratio is used to adjust the exposure effect level for inter-species dosimetric differences (EPA-90108). Regional gas dose (RGD): The gas dose calculated for the region of interest as related to the observed effect for respiratory effects. The deposited dose is adjusted for ventilatory volumes and the surface area of the respiratory region effected (mg/min-sq.cm) (EPA-92/12). Regional gas dose ratio (RGDR): The ratio of the regional gas dose calculated for a given exposure in the animal species of interest to the regional gas dose of the same exposure in humans. This ratio is used to adjust the exposure effect level for interspecies dosimetric differences to derive a human equivalent concentration for gases with respiratory effects (EPA-92/12). Regional response team (RRT): Representatives of federal, local, and state agencies who may assist in coordination of activities at the request of the On-Scene Coordinator before and during a significant pollution incident such as an oil spill, major chemical release, or Superfund response (EPA-97/12). Regional response team (RRT): RRT is composed of representatives of federal agencies and a representative from each state in the federal region. During a response to a major hazardous materials incident involving transportation or a fixed facility, the OSC may request that the RRT be convened to provide advice or recommendations in specific issues requiring resolution. Under the NCP, RRTs may be convened by the chairman when a hazardous materials discharge or release exceeds the response capability available to the OSC in the place where it occurs; crosses regional
boundaries; or may pose a substantial threat to the public health, welfare, or environment, or to regionally significant amounts of property. Regional contingency plans specify detailed criteria for activation of RRTs. RRTs may review plans developed in compliance with Title 111, if the local emergency planning committee so requests (NRT-87/03).
Regional response team: Representatives of federal, state, and local agencies who may assist in coordination of activities at the request of the On-Scene Coordinator or Remedial Project Manager before and during response actions (SF/Env-04). Regional scale: In air pollution modeling, a length scale of the order of a hundred kilometers. Usually applied to an area encompassing urban andlor industrial areas (NATO-78110). Register paper: The type of paper for multiple form use. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Registered pesticides: Pesticide products that have been approved by the Environmental Protection Agency for the uses listed on the label ( F I F W - 0 4 ) .
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, EPA is responsible for registration (pre-market licensing) of pesticides on the basis of data demonstrating no unreasonable adverse effects on human health or the environment when applied according to approved label directions (EPA-97/12).
Registration: The formal listing with EPA of a new pesticide before it can be sold or distributed in intra- or inter-state commerce. The product must be registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. EPA is responsible for registration (pre-market licensing) of pesticides on the basis of data demonstrating that they will not cause unreasonable adverse effects on human health or the environment when used according to approved label directions (FIFRA2-7U.S.C. 136-91). Registry: A systematic collection of information on persons exposed to a specific substance or having specific diseases (see exposure registry and disease registry) (SFhealth-04). Regolith: The layer or mantle of fragmented and unconsolidated rock material, residual or transported, that nearly everywhere forms the surface of the land and overlies or covers the bedrock (CWAIWbasics-04).
Registrant: A person who has registered any pesticide pursuant to the provisions of this Act (FIFRA2; 40CFR2.307; 153.62; 164.291).
Regression coefficient: A quantity that describes the slope and intercept of a regression line (EPA-84/03).
Registrant: A pesticide manufacturer that has registered a pesticide product (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Regression line or equation: The function that indicates the regression relationship (EPA-84/03).
Registrant: Any manufacturer or formulator who obtains registration for a pesticide active ingredient or product (EPA97/12).
Regression model: A mathematical model, usually a single equation, developed through the use of a least squares linear regression analysis (EPA-82/10).
Registrant: Any manufacturer or formulator who obtains registration for a pesticide active ingredient or product (FIFRAIWN-04).
Regression statistics: Values generated during a regression analysis which identify the significance, or reliability, of the regression generated figures (EPA-79112~).
Registration (of a pesticide): Under FIFRA and its amendments, new pesticide products cannot be sold unless they are registered with the U.S. EPA. Registration involves a comprehensive evaluation of risks and benefits based on all relevant data (EPA92/12).
Regression: A relationship of y and x in a function of y = f(x), where: y is the expected value of an independent random variable x. The parameters in the function f(x) are determined by the method of least squares. When f(x) is a linear function of x, the term linear regression is used (NATO-78/10). Other regressionrelated terms include (1) Forward stepping multiple linear regression; (2) Linear regression; and (3) Multiple linear regression.
Registration jacket: Also registration file. A file of documents supporting registration for each pesticide product. These files contain product labels, OPP and registrant correspondence, OPP science reviews, and other information (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Registration standards: Published documents which include summary reviews of the data available on a pesticide's active ingredient, data gaps, and the Agency's existing regulatory position on the pesticide (EPA-97/12). Registration: Formal listing with EPA of a new pesticide before it can be sold or distributed. Under the Federal Insecticide,
Regulated area: An area established by the employer to demarcate areas where airborne concentrations of asbestos exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the permissible exposure limit. The regulated area may take the form of: (1) A temporary enclosure, as required by paragraph (e)(6) of this section; or (2) An area demarcated in any manner that minimizes the number of employees exposed to asbestos (40CFR763.121-91).
Regulated asbestos containing material (RACM): (1) Friable asbestos material; (2) Category I nonfiiable ACM that has become friable; (3) Category I nonfriable ACM that will be or has been subjected to sanding, grinding, cutting, or abrading; or (4) Category I1 nonfriable ACM that has a high probability of becoming or has become crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by the forces expected to act on the material in the course of demolition or renovation operations regulated by this subpart (40CFR61.141-91). (5) See asbestos for more related terms. Regulated asbestos-containing material (RACM): Friable asbestos material or nonfriable ACM that will be or has been subjected to sanding, grinding, cutting, or abrading or has crumbled, or been pulverized or reduced to powder in the course of demolition or renovation operations (EPA-97/12). Regulated chemical: Any chemical substance or mixture for which export notice is required under 40CFR707.60 (40CFR707.63-9 1). Regulated community: The group of organizations, people, industries, businesses, and agencies that, because they perfom certain activities, fall under the purview of RCRA (RCRAkazardous-04). Regulated entity: (1) Manufacturers, processors, wholesale distributors, or importers of consumer or commercial products for sale or distribution in interstate commerce in the United States; or (2) Manufacturers, processors, wholesale distributors, or importers that supply the entities listed under clause (1) with such products for sale or distribution in interstate commerce in the United States (CAM 83.e42U.S.C.751 lb-91). Regulated material: A substance or material that is subject to regulations set forth by federal agencies (Course 165.5). Regulated medical waste: (1) Those medical wastes that have been listed in 40CFR259.30(a) of this part and that must be managed in accordance with the requirements of this part (40CFR259.10-91). (2) Regulated medical waste is any solid waste, defined in 40CFR259.10(a) of this part, generated in the diagnosis, treatment, (e.g., provision of medical services), or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals, that is not excluded or exempted under paragraph (b) of this section. (For detailed definition, see 40CFR259.30-91). NOTE to paragraph (a): The term solid waste includes solid, semisolid, or liquid materials, but does not include domestic sewage materials identified in 40CFR261.4(a)(l) of this subchapter. See medical waste or waste for more related terms. Regulated medical waste: Under the Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988, any solid waste generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals. Included are cultures and stocks of infectious agents; human blood
and blood products; human pathological body wastes from surgery and autopsy; contaminated animal carcasses from medical research; waste from patients with communicable diseases; and all used sharp implements, such as needles and scalpels, and certain unused sharps. See treated medical waste; untreated medical waste; destroyed medical waste (EPA-97/12).
Regulated pest: A specific organism considered by a state or federal agency to be a pest requiring regulatory restrictions, regulations or control procedures in order to protect the host, man, andor his environment (40CFR171.2-91). Regulated substance: (1) Any substance defined in section 10l(l4) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 (but not including any substance regulated as a hazardous waste under subtitle C), and (2) Petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof that is liquid at standard conditions of temperature and pressure (60 F and 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute). The term "regulated substance" includes but is not limited to petroleum and petroleum-based substances comprised of a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil though processes of separation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, such as motor fuels, jet fuels, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils (40CFR280.12). Regulated substance: For purposes of UST regulation, any hazardous substance defined under CERCLA $101 (14), and petroleum (RCRA/hazardous-04). Regulation (of a stream): Artificial manipulation of the flow of a stream (CWA/Wbasics-04). Regulations: Rules issued by an agency, such as EPA, that translate the general mandate of a statute into a set of requirements that the regulated community and the agency must work within (RCRAkazardous-04). Regulator: Device (wall, door) used to control the volume of air in an air split (CWAImining-04). Regulatory dose (RgD): The daily exposure to the human population reflected in the final risk management decision; it is entirely possible and appropriate that a chemical with a specific RfD may be regulated under different statutes and situations through the use of different RgDs (EPA-92/12). Reheater: (1) A heat exchange device for adding superheat to steam which has been partially expanded in the turbine (EPA8211If). (2) Heat transfer apparatus for heating steam after it has given up some of its original heat in doing work (EPA-83). Reid vapor pressure: The absolute vapor pressure of volatile crude oil and volatile nonviscous petroleum liquids, except liquified petroleum gases, as determined by ASTM D323-82
(incorporated by reference-see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.111; 60.111a; 60.111b-91).
Relative humidity range: The range of ambient relative humidity over which the instrument will meet stated performance specifications (LBL76107-bio).
Reimbursement period: The period that begins when the data from the last test to be completed under this part for a specific chemical substance listed in 766.25 is submitted to EPA, and ends after an amount of time equal to that which had been required to develop that data or five years, whichever is later (40CFR766.3-91, see also 40CFR790.3; 791.3; 763.163-91).
Relative percent difference (RPD): To compare two values, the relative percent difference is based on the mean of the two values, and is reported as an absolute value, i.e., always expressed as a positive number or zero (NavyEnv-04).
Reinjection: Reintroduction of fly ash into a fumace to bum out all the combustibles (cf. fly ash reinjection under ash) (SW-108ts).
Relative percent of percutaneous absorption: 100 times the ratio between total urinary excretion of compound following topical administration and total urinary excretion of compound following intravenous injection (40CFR795.223-91).
Reinventing government (REGO): A continuation of federal agency initiatives begun under the National Performance Review (OMBIReg-04). Rejection of a batch sequence: That the number of rejected batches in a sequence is greater than or equal to the sequence rejection number as determined by the appropriate sampling plan (40CFR204.51-9 1, see also 40CFR205.5 1-91). Rejection of a batch: That the number of non-complying compressors in the batch sample is greater than or equal to the rejection number as determined by the appropriate sampling plan (40CFR204.51-91, see also 40CFR205.51-91). Related coatings: All non-ink purchased liquids and liquid-solid mixtures containing VOC solvent, usually referred to as extenders or varnishes, that are used at publication rotogravure printing presses (40CFR60.43 1-91). Relative abundance: The number of organisms of a particular kind present in a sample relative to the total number of organisms in the sample (CWNWbasics-04). Relative accuracy (RA): The absolute mean difference between the gas concentration or emission rate determined by the CEMS (continuous emission monitoring system) and the value determined by the RMs (reference methods) plus the 2.5% error confidence coefficient of a series of tests divided by the mean of the RM tests or the applicable emission limit (40CFR60-App/F-91, see also EPA-90104). Relative diffusion: The dispersion of a cluster of particles considered with respect to each other (NATO-78/10). Relative ecological sustainability: Ability of an ecosystem to maintain relative ecological integrity indefinitely (EPA-97/12). Relative humidity (RH):The ratio of the actual amount of water vapor present in the air to the amount which could exist at saturation. See relative humidity in Appendix B for defined equations.
Relative permeability: The permeability of a rock to gas, NAIL, or water, when any two or more are present (EPA-97/12). Relative potency factor (RPF): The ratio of the toxic potency of a given chemical to that of an index chemical in the CAG. Relative potency factors are used to convert exposures of all chemicals in the CAG into their exposure equivalents of the index chemical (FFDCNpesticide-04). Relative range: The range divided by the mean of a particular set of numbers. See range for more related terms (EPA-84/03). Relative risk (or risk ratio): (1) A comparison of the disease rate in an exposed group to that in an unexposed group (EPA-165.5). (2) The ratio of incidence or risk among exposed individuals to incidence or risk among non-exposed individuals (EPA-92/12). Relative risk assessment: Estimating the risks associated with different stressors or management actions (EPA-97/12). Relative risk: The grouping of sites or AOCs into High, Medium, or Low categories based on an evaluation of site information using the factors of contamination hazard, migration pathway, and receptors (Navy/Env-04). Relative stability test: A color test in which methylene blue is used to indicate the dissolved oxygen level in the polluted water. Relative toxicity: The toxicity of the effluent when it is mixed with the receiving water, or a dilution water of similar composition for toxicity testing (EPA-91/03). Relative utilization factor: The ratio of the utilization efficiency of the fuel under consideration to the utilization efficiency of the base (comparative) fuel provides realistic assessment of equivalency (EPA-83). Release detection: Determining whether a release of a regulated substance has occurred form the UST system into the environment or into the interstitial space between the UST system and its secondary barrier or secondary containment around it (40CFR280.12-9 1).
Release that is stable in quantity and rate: A release that is predictable and regular in amount and rate of emission (40CFR302.3-91). Release volume: A real or hypothetical volume surrounding a source of airborne contaminants (EPA-88109a). Release zone: The area swept out by the locus of points constantly 100 meters from the perimeter of the conveyance engaged in dumping activities, beginning at the first moment in which dumping is scheduled to occur and ending at the last moment in which dumping is scheduled to occur. No release zone shall exceed the total surface area of the dumpsite (40CFR227.2891). Release: Any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment of a hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous substance (EPA-97/12).
address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well suited to the particular site. Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate (40CFR300.5-91). Reliability: The ability of providing the same results on repeated trials. Relief valve discharge: Any nonleak discharge through a relief valve (40CFR61.61-91). Relief valve: Each pressure relief device including pressure relief valves, rupture disks, and other pressure relief systems used to protect process components from overpressure conditions. Relief valve does not include polymerization shortstop systems, refrigerated water systems, or control valves or other devices used to control flow to an incinerator or other air pollution control device (40CFR61.61-91).
REM:See roentgen equivalent man (REM). Release: As defined by section lOl(22) of CERCLA, means any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injection, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of barrels, containers, and other closed receptacles containing any hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant), but excludes: any release which results in exposure to persons solely within a workplace, with respect to a claim which such persons may assert against the employer of such persons; emissions from the engine exhaust of a motor vehicle, rolling stock, aircraft, vessel, or pipeline pumping station engine; release of source, by-product or special nuclear material from a nuclear incident, as those terms are defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, if such release is subject to requirements with respect to financial protection established by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission under section 170 of such Act, or, for the purpose of section 104 of CERCLA or any other response action, any release of source, by-product, or special nuclear material from any processing site designated under section 102(a)(l) or 302(a) of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978; and the normal application of fertilizer. For the purpose of the NCP, release also means substantial threat of release (40CFR300.5-91). Release: For more related terms, see (1)Aboveground release; (2) Accidental release; (3) Belowground release; (4) Continuous release; (5) Federally permitted release; (6) Normal range of a release; (7) Overfill release; (8) Routine release; and (9) Statistically significant increase in a release. Relevant and appropriate requirements: Those cleanup standards, standards of control, and other substantive requirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under federal environmental or state environmental or facility siting laws that, while not "applicable" to a hazardous substance, pollutant, contaminant, remedial action, location, or other circumstance at a CERCLA site,
Remedial action (RA): The actual construction or implementation phase of a Superfund site cleanup that follows remedial design (cf. remedy action) (40CFR192.01-91; EPA97/12). Remedial action plan: A written document which embodies a systematic and comprehensive ecosystem approach to restoring and protecting the beneficial uses of areas of concern, in accordance with article VI and Annex 2 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (CWA118-33U.S.C. 1268-91). Remedial action plan: Special form of RCRA pennit that a facility may obtain to treat, store, or dispose of hazardous remediation waste at a remediation waste management site (RCRAIhazardous-04). Remedial action process: Provides a careful progression through the four phases of identification, investigation, cleanup, and closure (NavyIEnv-04). Remedial design (RD): The technical analysis and procedures which follow the selection of remedy for a site and result in a detailed set of plans and specifications for implementation of the remedial action (40CFR300.5-91, see also EPA-89112a). Remedial designlremedial action: Remedial design is a phase in the CERCLA response process in which technical drawings are developed for the chosen remedy, costs for implementing the remedy are estimated, and roles and responsibilities of U.S. EPA, states, and contractors are determined. During the remedial action phase, the remedy is implemented generally by a contractor, with oversight and inspection conducted by EPA or the state (or both) (RCRAIhazardous-04).
Remedial design: A phase of remedial action that follows the remedial investigationlfeasibility study and includes development of engineering drawings and specifications for a site cleanup (EPA-97/12). Remedial design: An engineering phase that follows the record of decision when technical drawings and specifications are developed for the subsequent remedial action at a site on the National Priorities List (SFEnv-04). Remedial investigation (RI): A detailed study that includes media sampling to determine the nature and extent of contamination at a site. The RI emphasizes data collection and site characterization including sampling and monitoring as necessary to gather sufficient information to determine the necessity for remedial action and to support the evaluation of remedial alternatives. The RI includes a health assessment which estimates risks to human health and the environment as a result of the contamination. The RI also provides site-specific information for the FS (NavyIEnv-04). Remedial investigation (RI): A process undertaken by the lead agency to determine the nature and extent of the problem presented by the release. The RI emphasizes data collection and site characterization, and is generally performed concurrently and in an interactive fashion with the feasibility study. The RI includes sampling and monitoring, as necessary, and includes the gathering of sufficient information to determine the necessity for remedial action and to support the evaluation of remedial alternatives (40CFR300.5-91, see also EPA-89112a). Remedial investigation (RI): An in-depth study designed to gather data needed to determine the nature and extent of contamination at a Superfund site; establish site cleanup criteria; identify preliminary alternatives for remedial action; and support technical and cost analyses of alternatives. The remedial investigation is usually done with the feasibility study. Together they are usually referred to as the "RIIFS" (EPA-97/12). Remedial investigation/feasibility study (RUFS): After a site is listed on the NPL, a remedial investigationlfeasibility study (RIPS) is performed at the site. The RI serves as the mechanism for collecting data, while the FS is the mechanism for developing, screening, and evaluating alternative remedial actions. The RI and FS are conducted concurrently. Data collected in the RI influence the development of remedial alternatives in the FS, which in turn affect the data needs and scope of treatability studies and additional field investigations (SFIremedy-04). Remedial investigation/feasibility study (RUFS): Stage of cleanup that involves a remedial investigation and a feasibility study. The remedial investigation is an in-depth study to: (1) Determine the nature and extent of contamination at a Superfund site, (2) Establish site cleanup criteria, (3) Identify preliminary alternatives for remedial action, and (4) Support technical and cost analyses of alternatives. The feasibility study is an analysis of the
practicability of a proposal (e.g., a description and analysis of potential cleanup alternatives), which usually recommends selection of a cost-effective alternative. It usually starts as soon as the remedial investigation is underway. Together they are called an "RI/FSV(SFIreform-04). Remedial project manager (RPM): Primary point of contact involved in the cleanup of IR sites. RPMs are responsible for taking all response actions to address the release of contaminants. The RPM is the prime contact for remedial actions being taken at sites on the NPL, and for sites not on the NPL but under the jurisdiction of a federal agency. The RPM coordinates, directs, and reviews the work of other agencies, responsible parties, and contractors to ensure compliance with appropriate regulatory requirements (Navy/Env-04). Remedial project manager (RPM): The EPA or state official responsible for overseeing on-site remedial action (EPA-97/12). Remedial project manager (RPM): The federal official designated by EPA (or the USCG for vessels) to coordinate, monitor, and direct response activities under the National Contingency Plan; or the federal official the Department of Defense (DOD) designates to coordinate and direct federal response actions resulting from releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants from DOD facilities or vessels (40CFR300.5) (SFEnv-04). Remedial project manager (RPM): The official designated by the lead agency to coordinate, monitor, or direct remedial or other response actions under Subpart E of the NCP (40CFR300.5-91). Remedial response: A long-term action that stops or substantially reduces a release of a hazardous substance that could affect public health or the environment. The term remediation, or cleanup, is sometimes used interchangeably with the terms remedial action, removal action, response action, remedy, or corrective action (SFIEnv-04). Remedial response: Long-term action that stops or substantially reduces a release or threat of a release of hazardous substances that is serious but not an immediate threat to public health (EPA97112). Remediation waste: All solid and hazardous wastes, and all media (including groundwater, surface water, soils, and sediments) and debris that are managed for implementing cleanup (RCRAI hazardous-04). Remediation: (1) Cleanup or other methods used to remove or contain a toxic spill or hazardous materials from a Superfund site; (2) For the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response program, abatement methods including evaluation, repair, enclosure, encapsulation, or removal of greater than 3 linear feet or square feet of asbestos-containing materials from a building (EPA-97/12).
Remedy in place (RIP): Indicates that a final remedial action has been constructed, implemented, and is operating according to the Remedial Design (RD). An example of this would be a pump and treat system that is installed, operating as designed, and will continue to operate until cleanup levels have been attained. Since operation is on-going, the site cannot be considered as Response Complete (RC) (NavyIEnv-04). Remedy or remedial action: Those actions consistent with permanent remedy taken instead of or in addition to removal actions in the event of a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance into the environment, to prevent or minimize the release of hazardous substances so that they do not migrate to cause substantial danger to present or future public health or welfare or the environment. The term includes, but is not limited to, such actions at the location of the release as storage, confinement, perimeter protection using dikes, trenches, or ditches, clay cover, neutralization, cleanup of released hazardous substances and associated contaminated materials, recycling or reuse, diversion, destruction, segregation of reactive wastes, dredging or excavations, repair or replacement of leaking containers, collection of leachate and runoff, on-site treatment or incineration, provision of alternative water supplies, and any monitoring reasonably required to assure that such actions protect the public health and welfare and the environment. The term includes the costs of permanent relocation of residents and businesses and community facilities where the President determines that, alone or in combination with other measures, such relocation is more cost effective than and environmentally preferable to the transportation, storage, treatment, destruction, or secure disposition offsite of hazardous substances, or may otherwise be necessary to protect the public health or welfare; the term includes offsite transport and offsite storage, treatment, destruction, or secure disposition of hazardous substances and associated contaminated materials (SP 101SP101-42U.S.C.9601).
Remote sensing: A quantitative or qualitative determination of air pollutants or of meteorological parameters by means of instruments not in physical contact with the sample being examined (NATO-78110). Remote sensing: The collection and interpretation of information about an object without physical contact with the object; e.g., satellite imaging, aerial photography, and open path measurements (EPA-97/12). Removal action: An action taken under CERCLA to abate an immediate threat to human health and the environment (AEAIclosure-04). Removal action: An action that removes hazardous substances from the site for proper disposal or destruction in a facility permitted under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act or the Toxic Substances Control Act or by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (40CFR300-AppIA-91). Removal action: Short-term immediate actions taken to address releases of hazardous substances that require expedited response. See cleanup (EPA-97/12). Removal costs: The costs of removal that are incurred aRer a discharge of oil has occurred or, in any case in which there is a substantial threat of a discharge of oil, the costs to prevent, minimize, or mitigate oil pollution from such an incident (OPA1001-91). Removal efficiency: The ratio of the mass flow rate of the contaminants going into a control device minus the mass flow rate of the contaminants going out of the control device to the mass flow rate of the contaminants going into the control device (EPA8 1/09).
Remedy selection: The remedial alternative(s) identified in the ROD for CERCLA site cleanup (EPA-89112a).
Removal flux: Mass or number of aerosol particles being retained by unit deposition area per unit time (EPA-88109a).
Remedy: The method selected to clean up a Superfund site (SFIremedy-04).
Removal, or emergency removal: An action taken by the EPA under the emergency removal provisions of CERCLA, that enables the agency to take preliminary steps to clean up a site or reduce its danger when there is an imminent and substantial threat to public health or the environment. A removal cannot exceed $2 million or one year for any one action at any one site (SF/Env-04).
Remelt: A solution of low grade sugar in clarified juice or water (EPA-75102d). Remined area: Only that area of any coal remining operation on which coal mining was conducted before the effective date of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (CWA301.p-33U.S.C.1311-91). Rem-jet: A coating on the back of certain films for the reduction of light reflections during exposure. The rem-jet backing is removed during processing by washing or by washing and mechanical buffing (EPA-80110).
Removal: A reduction in the amount of a pollutant in the P O W s effluent or alteration of the nature of a pollutant during treatment at the POTW. The reduction or alteration can be obtained by physical, chemical, or biological means and may be the result of specifically designed P O W capabilities or may be incidental to the operation of the treatment system. Removal as used in this subpart shall not mean dilution of a pollutant in the P O W (40CFR403.7-91).
Removal: The taking out or the stripping of substantially all ACBM from a damaged area, a functional space, or a homogeneous area in a school building (40CFR763.83-91, see also 40CFR763.121-91). Remove or removal: Refers to the removal of the oil from the water and shorelines or the taking of such other actions as may be necessary to minimize or mitigate damage to the public health or welfare, including, but not limited to, fish, shellfish, wildlife, and public and private property, shorelines, and beaches (4OCFRl 09.2-c). Remove: To take out RACM or facility components that contain or are covered with RACM from any facility (40CFR61.141-91). Renal toxicity: Urinalysis, function tests (clearance, glomerular filtration rate), gross and microscopic examinations organ weight. See endpoint for more related terms (Course 165.6; EPA-92/12). Renderer: An independent or off-site rendering operation, conducted separate from a slaughterhouse, packinghouse, or poultry dressing or processing plant, which manufactures at rates greater than 75,000 pounds of raw material per day of meat meal, tankage, animal fats or oils, grease, and tallow, and may cure cattle hides, but excluding marine oils, fish meal, and fish oils (40CFR432.101-91). Rendering: (1) A process of recovering fatty substances from animal parts by heat treatment, extraction, and distillation (SW108ts). (2) The separation of fats and water from poultry offal (inedible parts of poultry) by heat or physical energy. The process includes feather hydrolysis and blood processing for animal feeds (EPA-75/04). Rendering: For more related terms, see (1) Low temperature rendering and (2) Wet rendering. Renewable energy production incentive (REPI): Incentive established by the Energy Policy Act available to renewable energy power projects owned by a state or local government or nonprofit electric cooperative(EPA-97/12). Renewable energy resources: Energy resources that are naturally replenishing but flow limited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. Renewable energy resources include biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, ocean thermal, wave action, and tidal action (CAA/C02gas1-04). Renewable energy: (1) The energy that can be renewed by nature. This type of energy includes wind power, hydroelectric power, geothermal power, and solar energy. These types of energy sources can often be used to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells. (2) The energy from photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind, geothermal, and biomass energy production technologies (CAA80842u.s.c.7171-91).
Renewable energy: Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example, the fossil fuels, of which there is a finite supply). Renewable sources of energy include wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy (CAA/C02gas-04). Renewable operating permit program: A facility-wide permit required by Title V of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. It clarifies the requirements that apply to a facility that emits air contaminants as a 'Major Source." It is mewed every five years (CMAPC-04). Renewal system: The technique in which test organisms are periodically transferred to fresh test solution of the same composition (4OCFR797.1330-91). Renewal test: A test without continuous flow of solution, but with occasional renewal of test solutions after prolonged periods, e.g., 24 hours (40CFR797.1350-91). Renovation: The modifying of any existing structure, or portion thereof, where exposure to airborne asbestos may result (40CFR763.121-91, see also 40CFR61.141-91). Reopener: A clause, usually included in Superfund consent decrees at government insistence, which allows the government to reopen a case and proceed legally against a responsible party who has already settled with the government, if certain contingencies occur, such as discovery of additional unexpected waste, or failure of a remedy (SFIEnv-04). Reoxygenation: Addition of air or oxygen to water from any sources (cf. deoxygenation). Rep: A unit of measurement of any kind of radiation absorbed by man. See radiation unit for more related terms (EPA-74/11). Repackager: A person who buys a substance identified in Subpart D of this part or mixture, removes the substance or mixture from the container in which it was bought, and transfers this substance, as is, to another container for sale (40CFR704.203-91). Repair coatings: The coatings used to correct imperfections or damage to furniture surface (40CFR52.741-91). Repeat compliance period: Any subsequent compliance period after the initial complianceperiod (40CFR141.2-91). Repeat compliance period: Any subsequent compliance period after the initial one (EPA-97/12). Repeatability: (1) The degree of variation between repeated measurements of the same concentration (LBL-76107-bio). (2) The precision of a method expressed as the agreement attainable between independent determinations performed by a single analyst.
See ASTM E180, also reproducibility and analysis parameters: laboratory (EPA-83).
Repellant: Any chemical which can be used to drive away insects, bears, dogs, or other pests (FFDCNpesticide-04). Repellency: Capability to repel water. Repellent: A substance used to repel ticks, chiggers, gnats, flies, mosquitoes, and fleas (EPA-85/10). Repetition: Repetition is the number of a similar exertions performed during a task. A warehouse worker may lift three boxes per minute from the floor to a countertop; an assembly worker may make 20 units per hour. Repetitive motion has been associated with injury and worker discomfort. Generally, the greater the number of repetitions, the greater the degree of risk. However, there is no specific repetition limit or threshold value (cycles/unit of time, movements/unit of time) associated with injury (OSHNergonomics-04).
Report: The written record of a Transaction Screen Process or the written report prepared by the environmental professional and constituting part of a Phase I environmental site assessment. Reportable quantity (RQ): Quantity of a hazardous substance that triggers reports under CERCLA. If a substance exceeds its RQ, the release must be reported to the National Response Center, the SERC, and community emergency coordinators for areas likely to be affected (EPA-97/12). Reportable quantity: (1) That quantity, as set forth in this part, the release of which requires notification pursuant to this part (40CFR302.3-91, see also 40CFR117.1; 355.20-91). (2) The quantity of a hazardous substance that is considered reportable under CERCLA. Reportable quantities are: (a) One pound; or (b) For selected substances, an amount established by regulation either under CERCLA or under Section 3 11 of the Clean Water Act. Quantities are measured over a 24-hour period (EPA-92/12).
Replacement cost: The capital needed to purchase all the depreciable components in a facility (40CFR60.48 1-91).
Reportable quantity: A threshold quantity, specified in 40CFR302.4 Table 302.4, which if released, spilled, or disposed of, triggers CERCLA reporting requirements (SDWN radionuclide-04).
Replacement: As used in this title means those expenditures for obtaining and installing equipment, accessories, or appurtenances during the useful life of the treatment works necessary to maintain the capacity and performance for which such works are designed and constructed (CWA212, see also 40CFR35.905; 35.2005-91).
Reporting limit: The reporting limit is the analyte concentration below which a laboratory will not report the analyte as having been detected. A laboratory's reporting limit for any given analyte in a specific matrix must be greater than or equal to the experimentally determined MDL for the same matrix (SA-04).
Replicate sample (or duplicate sample): A sample that has been divided into two or more portions at a step in the measurement process. Each portion is then camed through the remaining steps in the measurement process (EPA-84/03). Duplicate samples are considered to be two replicates. See sample for more related terms.
Reporting year: The most recent complete corporate fiscal year during which a person manufactures, imports, or processes the listed substance, and which falls within a coverage period identified with a substance in Subpart D of this Part (40CFR704.203-91).
Replicate sample: A sample prepared by dividing a sample into two or more aliquots. Duplicate samples are considered to be two replicates. In cases where aliquoting is impossible, as in the case of volatiles, duplicate samples must be taken for the replicate analysis (NavyEnv-04).
Repowering: Rebuilding and replacing major components of a power plant instead of building a new one (EPA-97/12).
Replicate: Repeated operation occumng within an analytical procedure. Two or more analyses for the same constituent in an extract of a single sample constitutes replicate extract analyses (Navy/Env-04). Replicate: Two or more duplicate tests, samples, organisms, concentrations, or exposure chambers (40CFR797.1600-91). Replicon: A unit of replication that possesses the genetic locus for the initiator (protein) and the locus where replication of genetic material is to begin (EPA-88109a).
Repowering: The replacement of an existing coal-fired boiler with one of the following clean coal technologies: atmospheric or pressurized fluidized bed combustion, integrated gasification combined cycle, magnetohydrodynamics, direct and indirect coalfired turbines, integrated gasification fuel cells, or as determined by the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, a derivative of one or more of these technologies, and any other technology capable of controlling multiple combustion emissions simultaneously with improved boiler or generation efficiency and with significantly greater waste reduction relative to the performance of technology in widespread commercial use as of the date of enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 409(a), for the purpose of this title, the term "repowering" shall also include any oil and/or gas-fired unit which has been awarded clean coal technology demonstration funding as of January 1, 1991, by the Department of Energy (CAA402-42U.S.C.765 1a).
Representative important species: The species which are representative, in terms of their biological needs, of a balanced, indigenous community of shellfish, fish, and wildlife in the body of water into which a discharge of heat is made (40CFR125.7191). Representative sample: (1) A sample of a universe or whole (e.g., waste pile, lagoon, groundwater) which can be expected to exhibit the average properties of the universe or whole. See sample for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91, see also EPA-86/01; LBL 76107-water). (2) A sample collected in such a manner that it has characteristics equivalent to the lot sample. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Representative sample: A portion of material or water that is as nearly identical in content and consistency as possible to that in the larger body of material or water being sampled (EPA-97/12). Representativeness: The degree to which data accurately and precisely represents a characteristic of a population, parameter variations at a sampling point, or an environmental condition. It is a qualitative parameter that is most concerned with the proper design of the sampling program (Navy/Env-04). Reprocessing: Changing the character of secondary materials i.e., minor, such as crushing or shredding; major--such as biochemical conversion of cellulose into yeast (EPA-83). Reproducibility: The precision of determinations by different analysts in different laboratories (cf. repeatability or ASTM El 80) (EPA-83). Reproductive toxicity: Fertility, litter size and survival, gestation survival, postnatal body weight. See endpoint for more related terms (Course 165.6; EPA-92/12). Repulping: The operation of rewetting and fiberizing pulp or paper for subsequent sheet formation (EPA-87/10). Request for proposal: A request for an offer by one party to another of terms and conditions with references to some work or undertaking; the initial overture or preliminary statement for consideration by the other party to a proposed agreement (40CFR248.4-91). Request identification number @IN): A number assigned by EPA to identify your Freedom of Information Act request (e.g., 1234-99). Refer to the RIN when contacting EPA concerning your request (FFDCNpesticide-04). Requirements and standards: (1) Requirements as used in this policy refers to both the procedural responses and numerical decontamination levels set forth in this policy as constituting adequate cleanup of PCBs. (2) Standards refers to the numerical decontamination levels set forth in this policy (40CFR761.123-91).
Re-refined oil: The used oil from which the physical and chemical contaminants acquired through previous use have been removed through a refining process. See oil for more related terms (RCRAI004, see also 40CFR252.4-91). Reregistration: The reevaluation and relicensing of existing pesticides originally registered prior to current scientific and regulatory standards. EPA reregisters pesticides through its Registration Standards Program (EPA-97/12). Re-regulating reservoirs: A reservoir for reducing diurnal fluctuations resulting from the operation of an upstream reservoir for power production (CWAIhydrology-04). Research and development: (1) Theoretical analysis, exploration, or experimentation; or (2) The extension of investigative findings and theories of a scientific or technical nature into practical application for experimental and demonstration purposes, including the experimental production and testing of models, devices, equipment, materials, and processes. Research and development as used in this part and Parts 31 through 35 does not include the internal or external administration of by-product material, or the radiation therefrom, to human beings (10CFR30.491, see also 10CFR70.4-91). Research: A systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. Activities which meet this definition constitute research for purposes of this policy, whether or not they are conducted or supported under a program which is considered research for other purposes. For example, some demonstration and service programs may include research activities (40CFR26.102-91). Reserve capacity: Extra treatment capacity built into solid waste and wastewater treatment plants and interceptor sewers to accommodate flow increases due to future population growth (EPA-97/12). Reserve cell: A class of cells which is designated as a reserve cell, because it is supplied to the user in a non-activated state. Typical of this class of cells is the carbon-zinc air reserve cell, which is produced with all the components in a dry or non-activated state, and is activated with water when it is ready to be used (EPA84/08). Reserve volume: Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration (EPA-90108). Reserve: That portion of the identified coal resource that can be economically mined at the time of determination. The reserve is derived by applying a recovery factor to that component of the identified coal resource designated as the reserve base (CWNmining-04).
Reservoir of infection: Man, animal, plants, soil, or inanimate organic matter in which an infectious agent lives and multiplies and depends primarily for survival, reproducing itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to man. Man himself is the most frequent reservoir of infectious agents pathogenic for man (EPA83).
Residential refuse: All those types of solid wastes that normally originate in the private home or apartment house. Also called domestic or household refuse. See refuse for more related terms (EPA-83). Residential solid waste: See residential waste.
Reservoir route method: A method in which several crews are used to pick up on a centrally located route after having collected on peripheral routes. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Residential tank: A tank located on property used primarily for dwelling purposes. See tank for more related terms (40CFR280.12-91).
Reservoir sediment storage: The natural accumulation of sediment in a reservoir that must be taken into account when calculating reservoir capacity (DOI-70104).
Residential use: Pesticide application in and around houses, office buildings, apartment buildings, motels, and other living or working areas (EPA-97/12).
Reservoir: A pond, lake, or basin, either natural or artificial, for the storage, regulation, and control of water (CWNWscience-04).
Residential use: The use of a pesticide directly: (1) On humans or pets; (2) In, on, or around any structure, vehicle, article, surface, or area associated with the household, including but not limited to areas such as nonagricultural outbuildings, non-commercial greenhouses, pleasure boats and recreational vehicles; or (3) In any preschool or day care facility (40CFR152.3-91, see also 40CFR157.21-91).
Reservoir: Any natural or artificial holding area used to store, regulate, or control water (EPA-97/12). Reservoir: In risk assessment, a tissue in an organism or a place in the environment where a chemical accumulates, from which it may be released at a later time (Course 165.6). Reservoir: In wastewater treatment, a pond, lake, tank, or basin, natural or man-made, used for the storage, regulation, and control of water (EPA-74/11). Resetting or self-closing type valve: An automatic device that opens and closes a relief vent, depending on whether the temperature is above or below a predetermined value (Waukee-03). Residence time: (1) The amount of time that a gas spends in a particular location or at a particular temperature (ETI-92). (2) The length of time that the combustion gas is exposed to the combustion temperature in an incinerator. It can be expressed as: t = V/q, where: t = residence time; V = combustion chamber volume; q = combustion gas flow rate (EPA-81/09, p4-98). (3) The characteristic time during which a substance remains in the atmosphere after its emission, taking into account all the possible sinks of this substance (NATO-78/10). (4) See time for more related terms. Residential burner: A device used to bum the solid wastes generated in an individual dwelling (cf. incinerator, municipal waste). See burner for more related terms (SW-108ts). Residential incinerator: Residential incinerator is a predesigned, shop fabricated, and assembled unit, shipped as a package, for individual dwellings. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA83). Residential power plant: A power plant that is designed for residential (home) applications.
Residential waste (domestic municipal waste, household waste, or residential solid waste): The wastes generated by the normal activities of households, including, but not limited to, food wastes, rubbish, ashes, and bulky wastes. See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR245.101; 246.101-9 1). Residential waste: Waste generated in single and multi-family homes, including newspapers, clothing, disposable tableware, food packaging, cans, bottles, food scraps, and yard trimmings other than those that are diverted to backyard composting. See household hazardous waste (EPA-97/12). Residential waste: Waste generated in single- and multiplefamily homes (RCRA/management-04). Residential water use: See domestic withdrawals (CWN Wbasics-04). Residual chlorine: The amount of chlorine left in the treated water that is available to oxidize contaminants if they enter the stream. It is usually in the form of hypochlorous acid of hypochlorite ion or of one of the chloramines. Hypochlorite concentration alone is called free chlorine residual while together with the chloramine concentration their sum is called combined chlorine residual. See chlorine for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Residual contamination: Amount of a pollutant remaining in the environment after a natural or technological process has taken place (e.g., the level of chemical remaining in soil after it has been treated) (SF/remedy-04).
Residual disinfectant concentration (C in CT calculations): The concentration of disinfectant measured in mgL in a representative sample of water (40CFR141.2-91).
remediation under Title I of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978, as amended (10CFR40.4-91). (3) See radioactive material for more related terms.
Residual fuel oil: A general classification for the heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils, that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations. It conforms to ASTM Specifications D 396 and D 975 and Federal Specification VV-F-815C. No. 5, a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity, is also known as Navy Special and is defined in Military Specification MILF-859E, including Amendment 2 (NATO Symbol F-770). It is used in steam-powered vessels in government service and inshore powerplants. No. 6 fuel oil includes Bunker C fuel oil and is used for the production of electric power, space heating, vessel bunkering, and various industrial purposes (CAA/C02gas1-04).
Residual risk: The extent of health risk from air pollutants remaining after application of the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) (EPA-97/12).
Residual fuel oil: The heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations and that conform to ASTM Specifications D396 and D975. Included are No. 5, a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity; Navy Special, for use in steam-powered vessels in government service and in shore power plants; and No. 6, which includes Bunker C fuel oil and is used for commercial and industrial heating, electricity generation, and to power ships. Imports of residual fuel oil include imported crude oil burned as fuel (CAA/C02gas-04).
Residual: (1) The product or by-product of a treatment process (EPA-89112a). (2) In statistics, the differences between the expected and actual values in a regression analysis (EPA-79112~).
Residual moisture: (1) That moisture remaining in the sample after determining air-dry loss (EPA-83). (2) The moisture content remaining in the sample after it has been milled down to an analysis sample. Prior to milling, the sample should have been subjected to either a total moisture determination (single stage) or an air drying procedure (EPA-83). (3) See analytical parameters-laboratory for more related terms. Residual noise level: The residual level represents a low-level limit value to which the ambient environmental noise level frequently drops, but below which it seldom goes (DOE-91/04). Residual oil: (1) A general term used to indicate a heavy viscous fuel oil (OME-88/12). (2) Crude oil, fuel oil numbers 1 and 2 that have a nitrogen content greater than 0.05 weight percent, and all fuel oil numbers 4, 5, and 6, as defined by the American Society of Testing and Materials in ASTM D396-78, Standard Specifications for Fuel Oils IBR. See 40CFR60.17,40CFR60.41b91, see also 40CFR60.41c-91. See also oil for more related terms. Residual radioactive material: (1) Waste (which the Secretary of Energy determines to be radioactive) in the form of tailings resulting from the processing of ores for the extraction of uranium and other valuable constituents of the ores; and (2) Other waste (which the Secretary of Energy determines to be radioactive) at a processing site which relates to such processing, including any residual stock of unprocessed ores or low-grade materials. This term is used only with respect to materials at sites subject to
Residual saturation: Saturation level below which fluid drainage will not occur (EPA-97/12). Residual waste: Those materials (solid or liquid) which still require disposal after the completion of a resource recovery activity, e.g., slag and liquid effluents following a pyrolysis operation, plus the discards from front-end separation systems. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83).
Residual: Amount of a pollutant remaining in the environment after a natural or technological process has taken place; e.g., the sludge remaining after initial wastewater treatment, or particulates remaining in air after it passes through a scrubbing or other process (EPA-97/12). Residual-mass curve: A graph of the cumulative departures from a given reference such as the arithmetic average, generally as ordinate, plotted against time or date, as abscissa (CWA/hydrology-04). Residue conveyer: A conveyer, usually a drag- or flight-type, used to remove incinerator residue from a quench trough to a discharge point. See conveyer for more related terms (OME-88/12; SW-l08ts). Residue studies: Research which examines the recalcitrance, bioavailability, toxicity, solubility, etc., of pesticide residues. More information on this topic can be found at the FDA site for residual pesticides monitoring (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Residue: (1) All the solids that remain after completion of thermal processing, including bottom ash, fly ash, and grate siftings (40CFR240.101; 241.101 -91). (2) The unusable remainder from any processing system (EPA-83). (3) cf. unreclaimable residue. Residue: In metallurgy, dross, skimmings, and slag recovered from alloy and metal smelting operations of both the primary and secondary smelters and from foundries (EPA-76/12). Residue: The dry solids remaining after the evaporation of a sample of water or sludge (EPA-97/12). Resin acid: A naturally occurring organic compound in wood (EPA-87/10).
Resin adsorption: See adsorption process. Resin bolting: A method of permanent roof support in which steel rods are grouted with resin (CWNmining-04). Resin: There are two types of resins, namely, natural, and synthetic. The natural resins are obtained directly from sources such as fossil remains and tree saps. Synthetic resins can be classified by physical properties as thermoplastic or thermosetting. Thermoplastic resins undergo no permanent change upon heating. They can be softened, melted, and molded without change in their physical properties. The thermosetting resins, on the other hand, can be softened, melted, and molded, but with continued heating, they harden or set to a permanent, rigid state and cannot be remolded (AP-40). Resin is the main ingredient of paint and ink which binds the various other ingredients together. It also aids adhesion to the surface (EPA-79/12b; 79112a). Resin: For more related terms, see (1) Acrylic resin; (2) Alkyd resin; (3) Bulk resin; (4) Cold set resin; (5) Dispersion resin; (6) Epoxy resin; (7) Furan resin; (8) Grade of resin; (9) Ion exchange resin; (10) Latex resin; (11) Phenol formaldehyde resin (see phenolic resin); (12) Phenolic resin; (13) Synthetic resin; (14) Thermoset resin; and (15) Thermosetting resin (see synthetic resin). Resistance furnace: An electric furnace which is essentially refractory-lined chamber with electrodes, movable or fixed, buried in the charge. The charge itself acts as an electrical resistance that generates heat. See furnace for more related terms (AP-40, p236). Resistance: For plants and animals, the ability to withstand poor environmental conditions or attacks by chemicals or disease. May be inborn or acquired (EPA-97/12). Resistor: A device designed to provide a definite amount of resistance, used in circuits to limit current flow or to provide a voltage drop (EPA-83/03). Resolution: The separation between peaks on a chromatogram, calculated by dividing the depth of the valley between the peaks by the peak height of the smaller peak being resolved, multiplied by 100. Also termed separation or percent resolution (NavyIEnv04). Resonance hybrid: The intermediate molecule between two or more valence bond structure. Resonance: The emphasis of sound of a particular frequency (NCNsound-04). Resonant frequency: The frequency at which the maximum vibration of a system takes place.
Resorcinol test: A color indicator test used for the determination of the concentration of sucrose in condensate and condenser waters (EPA-75102d). Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976: See Act or RCRA. Resource conservation: The reduction of the amounts of solid waste that are generated, reduction of overall resource consumption, and utilization of recovered resources (RCRA100442U.S.C.6903-91). Resource recovery facility: Any facility at which solid waste is processed for the purpose of extracting, converting to energy, or otherwise separating and preparing solid waste for reuse (RCRAI 004, see also 40CFR5 1-App/S; 245.101-91). Resource recovery system: A solid waste management system which provides for collection, separation, recycling, and recovery of solid wastes, including disposal of nonrecoverable waste residues (RCRA1004-42U.S.C.6903-91). Resource recovery unit: A facility that combusts more than 75% non-fossil fuel on a quarterly (calendar) heat input basis (40CFR60.41a-91). Resource recovery: (1) The recovery of material or energy from solid waste (RCRA1004). (2) A general term used to describe the extraction of materials or energy from wastes (cf. recovery, recycle, reuse, or salvage) (EPA-83). Resource recovery: A term describing the extraction and use of materials and energy from the wastestream. The term is sometimes used synonymously with energy recovery (RCWmanagement-04). Resource recovery: The process of obtaining matter or energy from materials formerly discarded (EPA-97/12). Resource: A person, thing, or action needed for living or to improve the quality of life (EPA-89/12). Resources: Concentrations of coal in such forms that economic extraction is currently or may become feasible. Coal resources broken down by identified and undiscovered resources. Identified coal resources are classified as demonstrated and inferred. Demonstrated resources are further broken down as measured and indicated. Undiscovered resources are broken down as hypothetical and speculative (CWNmining-04). Respirable dust sample: A sample collected with an approved coal mine dust sampler unit attached to a miner, or so positioned as to measure the concentration of respirable dust to which the miner is exposed, and operated continuously over an entire work shift of such miner (CWNmining-04).
Respirable dust: Dust particles 5 microns or less in size (CWNmining-04). Respirable dust: The airborne dust in sizes capable of passing through the upper respirato~ysystem to reach the lower lung passages (29CFR1910.94a-9 1). Respiration rate: Rate of reduction of oxygen concentration due to biological action (NavyIEnv-04). Respiration test: Test used to provide rapid field measurement of biodegradation rates to determine the potential applicability of aerobic bioremediation at a contaminated site and to provide information for a full-scale treatment system design (NavyIEnv04). Respiration: Biological oxidation within a life form; the most likely energy source for animals (the reverse of photosynthesis) (EPA-76/03). Respiration: Oxidation of compounds to provide energy for cells (NavyIEnv-04). Respiratory bronchiole: Non-cartilagenous airway with lumen open along one side to alveoli; when walls are completely alveolarized it is usually referred to as an alveolar duct. Essentially absent in rats (EPA-90108). Respond or response: The remove, removal, remedy, and remedial action, all such terms (including the terms removal and remedial action) include enforcement activities related thereto (SFlOl, see also 40CFR300.5-91). Respondent: Any person proceeded against in the complaint (40CFR22.03-91, see also 40CFR8.33; 32.105; 164.2; 209.3-91). Response action: (1) Generic term for actions taken in response to actual or potential health-threatening environmental events such as spills, sudden releases, and asbestos abatement/management problems. (2) A CERCLA-authorized action involving either a short-term removal action or a long-term removal response. This may include but is not limited to: removing hazardous materials from a site to an EPA-approved hazardous waste facility for treatment, containment, or treating the waste on-site; identifying and removing the sources of groundwater contamination; and halting further migration of contaminants. Response action: (1) Generic term for actions taken in response to actual or potential health-threatening environmental events such as spills, sudden releases, and asbestos abatementlmanagement problems. (2) A CERCLA-authorized action involving either a short-term removal action or a long-term removal response. This may include but is not limited to: removing hazardous materials from a site to an EPA-approved hazardous waste facility for treatment, containment, or treating the waste on-site; identifjmg and removing the sources of groundwater contamination; and
halting further migration of contaminants. (3) Any of the following actions taken in school buildings in response to AHERA to reduce the risk of exposure to asbestos: removal, encapsulation, enclosure, repair, and operations and maintenance. See cleanup (EPA-97/12).
Response action: (1) Methods that protect humans' health and the environment from asbestos-containing material. Such methods include methods described in chapters 3 and 5 of the Environmental Protection Agency's Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings (TSCA20215U.S.C.2642-91). (2) All activities undertaken to address the problems created by hazardous substances at a National Priorities List site (40CFR35.4010-91, see also 40CFR304.12; 763.83-91; EPA-89/12). Response action: A CERCLA-authorized action involving either a short-term removal action or a long-term removal response. This may include but is not limited to removing hazardous materials, containing or treating the waste on-site, and identifying and removing the sources of groundwater contamination and halting further migration of contaminants (SFIreform-04). Response action: An action taken by EPA or another federal, state, or local agency to address the risks posed by the release or threatened release of hazardous substances--generally categorized as emergency response, short-term cleanup and long-term cleanup (SFIremedy-04). Response complete (RC): The IRP actions are complete and the site is not a threat to the public health or the environment. It also can mean that the DOD is satisfied that the IRP activities at the site are complete and the proper authorities have been or are being notified, where necessary, of this decision (NavyIEnv-04). Response cost: All costs of removal or remedial action incurred and to be incurred by the United States at a facility pursuant to section 104 of CERCLA, 42U.S.C.9604, including, but not limited to, all costs of investigation and information gathering, planning and implementing a response action, administration, enforcement, litigation, interest, and indirect costs. See cost for more related terms (40CFR304.12-91). Response factor: The ratio of the known concentration of a VOC compound to the observed meter reading when measured using an instrument calibrated with the reference compound specified in the application regulation (40CFR60-App/A(method 21)-91, see also 40CFR796.1720; 796.1860-91). Response time test: A test that introduces a zero gas into the measurement system at the calibration valve assembly. When the system output has stabilized, switch quickly to the high-level calibration gas. Record the time from the concentration change to the measurement system response, equivalent to 95% of the step change (final value). Repeat the test three times and average the results (EPA-90104).
Response time: The amount of time required for the measurement system to display 95% of a step change in gas concentration on the data recorder. See time for more related terms (40CFR60App/A(method 6C & 7E)-91, see also 40CFR60-App/A(method 2 1); 60-App/A(method 25A); 40CFR60-App/B-9 1; LBL-76107water). Response: Any investigation, evaluation, decision-making, or implementation step (NavyIEnv-04). Response: Purposeful human actions to address observed or predicted ecological, human health, or welfare changes or impacts that are considered undesirable; i.e., societal responses (EPA95/04). Response: The efforts to minimize the risks created in an emergency by protecting the people, the environment and property, and returning the scene to normal pre-emergency conditions (see also 40CFR300.5-91) (EPA-85/11). Responsible party (RP): A paon(s) or company(ies) that the EPA has determined to be responsible for, or to have contributed to, the contamination at a site (EPA-89/12a, see also OPA1001; 40CFR761.123-91). Responsiveness summary: A summary of oral andlor written public comments received by EPA during a comment period on key EPA documents, and EPA's response to those comments (EPA-97/12).
Restricted entry interval: The time after a pesticide application during which entry into the treated area is restricted (EPA-97/12). Restricted use pesticide retail dealer: Any person who makes available for use any restricted use pesticide, or who offers to make available for use any such pesticide (40CFR171.2-91). Restricted use pesticide: A pesticide that is classified for restricted use under the provisions of section 3(d)(l)(C) of the Act. See pesticide for more related terms (40CFR171.2-91). Restricted use: A pesticide may be classified (under FIFRA regulations) for restricted use if it requires special handling because of its toxicity, and, if so, it may be applied only by trained, certified applicators or those under their direct supervision (EPA97/12). Restricted use: A pesticide may be classified (under FIFRA regulations) for restricted use if it requires special handling because of its toxicity, and, if so, it may be applied only by trained, certified applicator or those under their direct supervision (MWTAIinfectious-04). Restricted wastes: Wastes that have LDR treatment standards, but can be land disposed without treatment because of an exemption (e.g., a capacity variance) (RCRMandban-04). Restriction enzymes: Enzymes that recognize specific regions of a long DNA molecule and cut it at those points (EPA-97/12). Resurgence: Reappearance of underground water at the surface.
Restoration advisory board (RAB): The mechanism through which the Department of Defense involves its local stakeholders in federal cleanup decisions (OMBIReg-04). Restoration management information system (RMIS): A DOD database used to track information on the status and progress of activities at sites in the DEW. It is used to support the Annual Report to Congress (Navy/Env-04). Restoration: Measures taken to return a site to pre-violation conditions (EPA-97/12). Restoration: See environmental restoration (OMBIReg-04). Restore: To re-establish a setting or environment in which the natural functions of the floodplain can again operate (40CFR6AppIA-9 1). Restricted area: Any area access to which is controlled by the licensee for purposes of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation and radioactive materials. Restricted area shall not include any areas used as residential quarters, although a separate room or rooms in a residential building may be set apart as a restricted area (I OCFR20.3-91, see also 10CFR70.4-91).
Retail facility: A facility at which more than one-half of the income is obtained from direct sales to end users or at which more than one-half of the fuel sold, by volume, is sold through a cylinder exchange program (TSCAIchemical-04). Retan wet finish: The final processing steps performed on a tanned hide including, but not limited to, the following wet processes: retan, bleach, color, and fatliquor (40CFR425.02-91). Retanning: A second tanning process utilizing either the natural tanning materials (chromium or vegetable extracts) or synthetic tanning agents. Retanning imparts specialized properties to the leather (EPA-82/11). Retardation: Preferential retention of contaminants in the subsurface by one or more physical, chemical, or biological factors (NavyIEnv-04). Retarder (active): A device or system for decelerating rolling rail cars and controlling the degree of deceleration on a car by car basis (40CFR201.1-91). Retarder sound: A sound which is heard and identified by the observer as that of a retarder, and that causes a sound level meter
indicator at fast meter response 40CFR201.1(1) to register an increase of at least ten decibels above the level observed immediately before hearing the sound (40CFR201.1-91).
Retarding reservoir: Ungated reservoir for temporary storage of flood water. Sometimes called detention reservoir (CWA/hydrology-04). Retention basin: An area designed to retain precipitation runoff and prevent erosion and pollution (RCWmanagement-04). Retention basin: An area designed to retain runoff and prevent erosion and pollution (EPA-89/11). Retention chamber: A structure within a flow-through test chamber which confines the test organisms, facilitating observation of test organisms and eliminating loss of organisms in outflow water (40CFR797.1930-91, see also 40CFR797.1950-91). Retention factor: A fraction of aerosol particles removed from a flowing air by a stationary boundary (EPA-88109a). Retention index: An index used in the gas chromatography to indicate the retention volume phenomena during analyses. Retention period: See detention time. Retention pond: A man-made pond used for temporarily holding the wastewater (cf. detention tank). Retention time: In incineration, the length of time that solid materials remain in the primary chamber during incineration (EPA-89103b). It can be expressed as: t = 0.19 (WD)/SN, where: t = retention time in minute; L = kiln length in ft; D = kiln diameter in ft; S = slope of kiln ft/ft; N = rotation velocity in rpm (EPA8 1/09, p4-104). See time for more related terms. Retention time: In monitoring, the time interval from a step decrease in the input concentration at the instrument inlet to the first corresponding change in the instrument output (LBL76107water). Retention time: The length of time the material is held in the system. How long from beginning to end (CAAIAPC-04). Retention volume: Retention volume = flow rate x retention time. Retort incinerator: See excess air incinerator. Retort: (1) A system in which substances are distilled, e.g., a vessel in which ore is heated to extract a metal, or coal is heated to produce gas. (2) A steel vessel in which wood products are impregnated with chemicals that protect the wood from biological deterioration or that impart fire resistance. Also called treating cylinder (EPA-74/04). (3) Sterilization of food by cooking, usually
with steam under pressure (cf. retort incinerator under incinerator, excess-air) (EPA-75/10).
Retread tire: A worn automobile, truck, or other motor vehicle tire whose tread has been replaced (40CFR253.4-91). Retreat mining: A system of robbing pillars in which the robbing line, or line through the faces of the pillars being extracted, retreats from the boundary toward the shaft or mine mouth (CWNmining-04). Retroactive liability: Parties can be held liable for releases resulting from actions prior to when Congress enacted CERCLA in 1980 (SFIEnv-04). Retrofill: To remove PCB or PCB-contaminated dielectric fluid and to replace it with either PCB, PCB- contaminated, or non-PCB dielectric fluid (40CFR761.3-91). Retrofit device or device: (1) Any component, equipment, or other device (except a flow measuring instrument or other driving aid, or lubricant or lubricant additive) which is designed to be installed in or on an automobile as an addition to, as a replacement for, or through alteration or modification of, any original component, or other devices; or (2) Any fuel additive which is to be added to the fuel supply of an automobile by means other than fuel dispenser pumps; and (3) Which any manufacturer, dealer, or distributor of such device represents will provide higher fuel economy than would have resulted with the automobile as originally equipped, as determined under rules of the Administrator (40CFR610.1 1- 1-91). Retrofit: Addition of a pollution control device on an existing facility without making major changes to the generating plant. Also called backfit (EPA-97/12). Retrofit: The addition or removal of an item of equipment, or a required adjustment, connection, or disconnection of an existing item of equipment, for the purpose of reducing emissions (40CFR51-App/N-9 1, see also 40CFR6 10.1 1-91). Retrofitted configuration: The test configuration after adjustment of engine calibrations to the retrofit specifications and after all retrofit hardware has been installed (40CFR610.11-91). Retrospective analysis: Review and analysis of existing data in order to address NAWQA objectives, to the extent possible, and to aid in the design of NAWQA studies (CWAtWbasics-04). Retrospective study: An epidemiological study which compares diseased persons with non-diseased persons and works back in time to determine exposures (Course 165.6). Return flow (irrigation): Imgation water that is applied to an area and which is not consumed in evaporation or transpiration and returns to a surface stream or aquifer (CWNWscience-04).
Return flow (or regenerated water): The part of imgation water that is not consumed by evapotranspiration and returns to its source or runs off into another body of water (DOI-70104). Return flow: (1) That part of a diverted flow that is not consumptively used and returned to its original source or another body of water. (2) Irrigation: Drainage water from imgated farmlands that re-enters the water system to be used further downstream (CWNWscience-04). Return flow: That part of imgation water that is not consumed by evapotranspiration and that returns to its source or another body of water (CWNWbasics-04). Return idler: The idler or roller underneath the cover or cover plates on which the conveyor belt rides after the load which it was carrying has been dumped at the head section and starts the return trip toward the foot section (CWNmining-04). Return on assets (ROA): A measure of potential or realized profit as a percent of the assets (or fixed assets) used to generate the profit (EPA-75/04). Return on investment (ROI): A measure of potential or realized profit as a percentage of the investment required to generate the profit (EPA-75/04). Return sludge rate: The ratio between the return sludge to the influent sewage. Return sludge is the sludge that is returned to the aeration tank to mix with the influent sewage. Return: The air or ventilation that has passed through all the working faces of a split (CWNmining-04). Returnable beverage container: A beverage container for which a deposit is paid upon purchase and for which a refund of equal value is payable upon return (40CFR244.101-91). Reuse: The use of a product more than once in its same form for the same purpose; e.g., a soft drink bottle is reused when it is returned to the bottling company for refilling (RCRNmanagement04). Reuse: Using a product or component of municipal solid waste in its original form more than once; e.g., refilling a glass bottle that has been returned or using a coffee can to hold nuts and bolts (EPA-97/12). Reused or used: A material is used or reused if it is either: (1) Employed as an ingredient (including use as an intermediate) in an industrial process to make a product (for example, distillation bottoms from one process used as feedstock in another process). However, a material will not satisfy this condition if distinct components of the material are recovered as separate end products (as when metals are recovered from metal-containing secondary
materials); or (2) Employed in a particular function or application as an effective substitute for a commercial product (for example, spent pickle liquor used as phosphorous precipitant and sludge conditioner in wastewater treatment) (40CFR261.1-91).
Reused water: The process wastewater or treatment facility effluent which is further used in a different manufacturing process. See water for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Reverberation time: The time taken for sound to decay 60 dB to 1/1,000,000 of its original sound level after the sound source has stopped. Sound after it has ended will continue to reflect off surfaces until the wave loses enough energy by absorption to eventually die out. Reverberation time is the basic acoustical property of a room, which depends only on its dimensions and the absorptive properties of its surfaces and contents. Reverberation has an important impact on speech intelligibility (NCNsound-04). Reverberation time: The time that would be required for the mean-square sound pressure level, originally in a steady state, to fall 60 dB after the source is stopped (40CFR211.203-91). 60 dB is the threshold of audibility. See time for more related terms. Reverberation: Sound after it is ended at the source will continue to reflect off surfaces until the sound wave loses energy by absorption to eventually die out (NCNsound-04). Reverberation: The persistence of sound in an enclosed space after the sound source has stopped (EPA-74/11). Reverberatory furnace: (1) A furnace in which the fuel is not in direct contact with the charge (waste or metals) but the heating effect is basically generated by reflection down from a refractory roof (OME-88/12); (2) A furnace operates by radiating heat from its burner flame, roof, and walls onto the material heated. It can be used to produce aluminum alloy from aluminum scraps (AP-40, p233; EPA-76/12). Reverberatory furnace: Includes the following types of reverberatory furnaces: stationary, rotating, rocking, and tilting. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.121; 60.13 1-91). Reverberatory smelting furnace: Any vessel in which the smelting of copper sulfide ore concentrates or calcines is performed and in which the heat necessary for smelting is provided primarily by combustion of a fossil fuel. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.161-91). Reverse deionization: A technique in which the negative ion exchange unit and positive ion exchange unit are used in sequence to remove all residual ions from a solution. Reverse incentive: A penalty connected with water use, such as a user charge (based on the amount of water withdrawn from the municipal supply) or an effluent charge (based on the quantity and
quality of wastes discharged into a watercourse) to cover damages caused by a user's pollutants (DOI-70104).
contaminants. Also used in wastewater treatment. Large-scale reverse osmosis plants are being developed (EPA-97/12).
Reverse mutation assay in E. coli: Detects mutation in a gene of tryptophan requiring strain to produce a tryptophan independent strain of this organism (cf. forward mutation) (40CFR798.510091).
Reverse well injection: Process in which solutes are injected into an underlying geologic formation through wells (DOE-91/04).
Reverse mutation assay in salmonella typhimurium: Detects mutation in a gene of histidine requiring strain to produce a histidine independent strain of this organism (40CFR798.5265-91). Reverse osmosis (RO): A treatment process used in water systems by adding pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane, but containing contaminants. Reverse osmosis removes most drinking water contaminants. Also used in wastewater treatment. Large-scale reverse osmosis plants are being developed (NavyIEnv-04). Reverse osmosis (RO): RO is a process in which, if pressure is put on the concentrated side of a liquid system in which liquids with different concentrations of mineral salts are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, molecules of pure water pass out of the concentrated solution to the weak or fresh-water side (contrary to the case of normal osmosis) (DOI-70104). The RO membrane is permeable to the solvent but impermeable to most dissolved species, both organic and inorganic. The driving force for its separation is an applied pressure gradient. Conventional forward osmosis transfers solvent through a semi-permeable separator from more dilute to more concentrated solution, driven by the difference in solvent vapor pressure on either side of the separator. RO differs from the conventional filtration in that the flow of the feed is not normal to the membrane surface but tangential to it in an effort to keep it clean of debris and to reduce surface concentration efforts. RO membranes do not become plugged but they may become fouled by film-forming organics or by insoluble salts and scaling. Reverse osmosis: (1) Desalination: The process of removing salts from water using a membrane. With reverse osmosis, the product water passes through a fine membrane that the salts are unable to pass through, while the salt waste (brine) is removed and disposed. This process differs from electrodialysis, where the salts are extracted from the feedwater by using a membrane with an electrical current to separate the ions. The positive ions go through one membrane, while the negative ions flow through a different membrane, leaving the end product of freshwater. (2) Water Quality: An advanced method of water or wastewater treatment that relies on a semi-permeablemembrane to separate waters from pollutants. An external force is used to reverse the normal osmotic process resulting in the solvent moving from a solution of higher concentration to one of lower concentration (CWAPNscience-04). Reverse osmosis: A treatment process used in water systems by adding pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. Reverse osmosis removes most drinking water
Reverse: To reverse the direction of flow of gas and air in a regenerative furnace (EPA-83). Reversible effect: An effect which is not permanent; especially adverse effects which diminish when exposure to a to& chemical stops (EPA-97/12). Reversible fuel cell: See regenerative fuel cell. Reversible process (or quasi-static process): A process is reversible, if the process progresses in a series of equilibrium states. Reversible reaction: A chemical reaction capable of proceeding in either direction depending upon the conditions (cf. chemical equilibrium) (EPA-84/08). Reversing exchanger: A heat-exchanger unit which serves to purify compressed air by the removal of carbon dioxide and water vapor (EPA-77/07). Revert scrap: See home scrap. Revolving screen: A screen with a surface that revolves around an axis; the screen surface may be inclined or vertical. See screen for more related terms (EPA-88108a). Rewinder: Winder used to salvage unsalable paper rolls and for inspection of offgrade paper; e.g., dished rolls, rolls containing wet streaks, etc., in a salvage operation (EPA-83). Reynold stress: The apparent stress on the mean flow caused by turbulent velocity fluctuations which transport momentum. It is calculated as the correlation of this turbulent velocity fluctuations (NATO-78110). Reynolds analogy: The assumption that the turbulent difksivities for heat and momentum are equal (NATO-78/10). Reynolds number (Re): Re = inertial force/viscous force = (characteristic length)(velocity)(gas density)/viscosity. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the nature of a fluid flow in a tube or duct. A laminar (smooth) flow (in a tube) is usually encountered at Re number below 2100. Under ordinary conditions of a flow, the flow is turbulent at Re above about 4000. Between 2100 and 4000 a transition region is found, where the type of flow may be either laminar or turbulent (cf. flow regime) (EPA-84/09). Example: Determine Re. Data: Duct diameter = 1.5 ft, gas velocity throughAtheduct = 25 Wsec., gas viscosity = 1.16 E-05 Iblft-sec., gas density = 0.075 lb/ft3.
Solution: Re = (1.5 x 25 x 0.075)/1.16 E-05 = 2.42 E+05. Re is greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent.
Ridge and furrow irrigation: A method of irrigation of which water is allowed to flow along surface of fields (EPA-75102d).
Rf: The furthest distance traveled by a test material on a thin layer chromatography plate divided by the distance traveled by a solvent front (arbitrarily set at 10.0 cm in soil TLC studies) (40CFR796.2700-91).
Riffle: A rapid in a stream (CWAlhydrology-04).
RFA: RCRA Facility Assessment. An assessment required by RCRA to identify potential and actual releases of hazardous chemicals (SFhealth-04).
Riffle: A shallow part of the stream where water flows swiftly over completely or partially submerged obstructions to produce surface agitation (CWAAVbasics-04). Right-of-way: Includes an easement, lease, permit, or license to occupy, use, or traverse public lands granted for the purpose listed in subchapter V of this chapter (FLPMA103-43U.S.C. 1702-90).
RfD: See reference dose (SFihealth-04). Rhenium (Re): A transition metal with atomic number 75; atomic weight 186.2; density 21.0 glee; melting point 3 180 C and boiling point 5900 C. The element belongs to group VIIB of the periodic table. Rhodium (Rh): A hard transition metal with atomic number 45; atomic weight 102.905; density 12.4 glee; melting point 1966 C and boiling point 4500 C. The element belongs to group VIII of the periodic table. RUFS: Remedial investigationlfeasibility study. The remedial investigation is an engineering study that assesses the geographical, geological, and hydrological properties of a site, and the nature and extent of the hazardous waste contained therein. It is usually combined with the feasibility study, which identifies the various cleanup alternatives and specifies their costs and benefits (SF/Env-04).
Rib: The side of a pillar or the wall of an entry. The solid coal on the side of any underground passage. Same as rib pillar (CWNmining-04).
Rill: A small channel eroded into the soil by surface runoff; can be easily smoothed out or obliterated by normal tillage (EPA97/12). Rime: A white, opaque granular deposit of ice formed by the rapid freezing of supercooled water drops as they impinge on an exposed object (DOE-9 1/04). Ringlemann chart: A series of shaded illustrations used to measure the opacity of air pollution emissions, ranging from light gray through black; used to set and enforce emissions standards (EPA-97/12). Ringlemann chart: The shades of gray simulate various smoke densities and are assigned numbers ranging from one to five. A clear stack is recorded as 0, and 100% black smoke as 5. Ringelmann No. 1 has 20% density, and 2 through 4 are progressively 20% more dense. Ringelmann charts are used in the setting and enforcement of emission standards (SW-lO8ts; EPA7411 1).
Ribbon process: A process whereby molten glass is delivered to a forming unit in a ribbon form (EPA-83).
Rinse: Remove foreign materials from the surface of an object by flow or impingement of a liquid (usually water) on the surface. In the battery industry, rinse may be used interchangeably with wash (EPA-84/08).
Ribonucleic acid (RNA): A molecule that carries the genetic message from DNA to a cellular protein-producing mechanism (EPA-97/12).
Riparian habitat: Areas adjacent to rivers and streams with a differing density, diversity, and productivity of plant and animal species relative to nearby uplands (EPA-97/12).
Rich combustion: A combustion condition that a combustible mixture contains insufficient oxidant (oxygen or combustion air) for the complete combustion of the mixture. See combustion for more related terms.
Riparian rights: A concept of water law under which authorization to use water in a stream is based on ownership of the land adjacent to the stream (CWAAVbasics-04). See also water rights.
Richardson number: A dimensionless number expressing the ratio of the production of turbulent energy by buoyancy forces to the production of turbulent energy by shear forces (NATO-78/10).
Riparian water rights: The rights of an owner whose land abuts water. They differ from state to state and often depend on whether the water is a river, lake, or ocean. The doctrine of riparian rights is an old one, having its origins in English common law. Specifically, persons who own land adjacent to a stream have the right to make reasonable use of the stream. Riparian users of a stream share the stream flow among themselves, and the concept of priority of use (Prior Appropriation Doctrine) is not applicable.
Rider: A thin seam of coal overlying a thicker one (CWNmining04).
Riparian rights cannot be sold or transferred for use on nonriparian land (CWMWscience-04).
Riparian zone: Pertaining to or located on the bank of a body of water, especially a stream (CWMWbasics-04). Riparian: Areas adjacent to rivers and streams with a high density, diversity, and productivity of plant and animal species relative to nearby uplands (CWAIWquality-04). Riparian: Pertaining to or situated on the bank of a natural body of flowing water (CWAlWbasics-04). Riparian: The area adjacent to a stream or river (SFIremedy-04). Ripper: A coal extraction machine that works by tearing the coal from the face (CWMmining-04). Ripple current: A small undesirable flow such as an AC (ripple) component in a pulsating DC current produced by a rectifier. Riprap: (1) Rough stones of various sizes placed compactly irregularly to prevent erosion (EPA-82/10). (2) A loose assemblage of stones used in water or soft ground as a foundation (DOE-9 1/04). Rise time: (1) The time required for the spark voltage to increase from 10% to 90% of its maximum value (40CFR85.2122(a)(9)(ii)(D)-91). (2) Rise time means interval between initial response and 95% of final response after a step decrease in input concentration (40CFR53.23-91). (3) The time interval between the initial response and a 90% response (unless otherwise specified) after a step increase in the inlet concentration (LBL-76107-water). (4) See time for more related terms. Riser compounds: Extra strength binders used to reduce the extent of riser erosion. Such materials generally contain lignin, furfury1 alcohol, and phosphoric acid (EPA-8511Oa). Riser: A reservoir of a molten metal connected to the casting to provide an additional metal to the casting. An additional metal is required as the result of shrinkage that occurs before and during solidification (EPA-85/lOa). Rising current separator: A unit housing a flowing current of water to carry off or wash away organic materials such as food wastes, heavy plastics, and wood from a heavy fraction. The water is pumped upwards causing many materials, which normally would sink, to float and be removed. See separator for more related terms (EPA-83). Rising head test: A type of Slug Test where a solid or known volume of water is quickly removed from an aquifer so that the rising head (water level in the well) can be monitored to determine the hydraulic conductivity. Values are often greater than those obtained from a falling head test for the same well (NavyIEnv-04).
Risk (adverse) for endangered species: Risk to aquatic species if anticipated pesticide residue levels equal one-fifth of LDlO or one-tenth of LC50; risk to terntrial species if anticipated pesticide residue levels equal one-fifth of LC10 or one-tenth of LC50 (EPA-97/12). Risk analysis of incineration emissions: An estimate of potential impact on human health and the environment from the emission of incinerator(s). Major factors in making the analysis include carcinogenic potency and threshold toxicity values for organic or heavy metal compounds. Risk assessment author: The risk assessor responsible for preparing the risk assessment. This individual may be an EPA employee or contractor, a state employee, a PRP employee or contractor, or some other party, as appropriate for an individual site (SFIriskA-04). Risk assessment elements: Including: (1) Description of potential adverse health effects based on an evaluation of results of epidemiologic, clinical, toxicologic, and environmental research; (2) Extrapolation from those results to predict the type and estimate the extent of health effects in humans under given conditions of exposure; (3) Judgments as to the number and characteristics of persons exposed at various intensities and durations; (4) Summary judgments on the existence and overall magnitude of the public-health problem; and (5) Characterization of the uncertainties in the process of inferring risk (NAC-83). Risk assessment steps: Including some or all of the following four steps: (1) Hazard identification (the determination of whether a particular chemical is or is not causally linked to particular health effects). (2) Dose-response assessment (the determination of the relation between the magnitude of exposure and the probability of occurrence of the health effects in question). (3) Exposure assessment (the determination of the extent of human exposure before or after application of regulatory controls). (4) Risk characterization (the description of the nature and often the magnitude of human risk, including attendant uncertainty) (NAC83). Risk assessment: (1) The qualitative and quantitative evaluation performed in an effort to define the risk posed to human health and/or the environment by the presence or potential presence and/or use of specific pollutants (EPA-89/12, see also NAC-83). (2) The determination of the kind and degree of hazard posed by an agent, the extent to which a particular group of people has been or may be exposed to the agent, and the present or potential health risk that exists due to the agent (EPA-92/12). (3) A decision making process that entails considerations of political, social, economic, and engineering information with risk-related information to develop, analyze, and compare regulatory options and to select the appropriate regulatory response to a potential chronic health hazard (EPA-92/12).
Risk assessment: A methodology to evaluate the extent of human exposure to environmental contaminants with potential health effects. Risk assessments may be quantitative (calculated from exposure to a contaminant and its known chemical characteristics) or qualitative (taking into account cultural, social, and economic factors, including environmental justice considerations) (OMBIReg-04). Risk assessment: A methodology used to examine all possible risks involved with a particular product or organism. Risk assessment can be divided into four parts: identification of hazards, dose response (how much exposure causes particular problems (i.., cancer, convulsions, death), exposure assessment (determining how much exposure will be received by people during particular activities), and risk characterization (determining a probability that a risk will occur) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Risk assessment: Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to human health and/or the environment by the actual or potential presence andlor use of specific pollutants (EPA-97/12). Risk based concentration (RBC): Formulated by EPA Region 111, RBCs are chemical concentrations corresponding to fixed levels of risk (i.e., a hazard quotient of 1 or lifetime cancer risk of 10-6) in water, air, fish tissue, and soil. RBCs are often used to screen sites not yet on the NPL, respond rapidly to citizen inquiries, and spotcheck formal baseline risk assessments. However, RBCs have several limitations. Calculation of RBCs do not include consideration of: (1)Transfers from soil to air and groundwater, and (2) Cumulative risk from multiple contaminants or media. Therefore, for a single contaminant in a single medium, under standard default exposure assumptions, the RBC corresponds to the target risk or hazard quotient (NavyEnv-04). Risk characterization: (1) For non-carcinogenic risk, the risk is expressed as a hazard index (HI). For a single compound, HI = E l m , Where: E = expected exposure that has been obtained through monitoring, sampling or modeling procedures; and AL = Acceptable level. For a chemical mixture, HI = E1/AL1+ E2/AL2 + ...... (2) For carcinogenic risk, the risk is expressed as a carcinogenic potency factor (CPF) or unit cancer risk (UCR). CPF represents the slope of the doseresponse curve. The equation to convert estimated intake directly to incremental cancer risk (P) from a single compound is P = exposure level (m,/Kg-day) x CPF (Kg-daylm,), where m, = milligram (Course 165.6, or Federal Register, Volume 5 1,912411986, pp. 34014-34025). Risk characterization: The last phase of the risk assessment process that estimates the potential for adverse health or ecological effects to occur from exposure to a stressor and evaluates the uncertainty involved (EPA-97/12). Risk communication: The exchange of information about health or environmental risks among risk assessors and managers, the general public, news media, interest groups, etc. (EPA-97/12).
Risk communication: The process of exchanging information about levels or significance of health or environmental risk (FFDCNpesticide-04). Risk estimate: A description of the probability that organisms exposed to a specific dose of a chemical or other pollutant will develop an adverse response, e.g., cancer (EPA-97/12). Risk factor: A characteristic (e.g., race, sex, age, obesity) or variable (e.g., smoking, exposure) associated with increased chance of toxic effects. Some standard risk factors used in general risk assessment calculations include average breathing rates, average weight, and average human life span (FFDCAIpesticide04). Risk factor: A correlation of characteristics (e.g., race, sex, age, obesity) or variables (e.g., smoking, occupational exposure level) with increased probability of a toxic effect (Course 165.6). Risk factor: Actions in the workplace, workplace conditions, or a combination thereof, that may cause or aggravate a Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders; examples include forceful exertion, awkward postures, repetitive exertion, and environmental factors such as temperature (OSHNergonomics-04). Risk factor: Characteristics (e.g., race, sex, age, obesity) or variables (e.g., smoking, occupational exposure level) associated with increased probability of a toxic effect (EPA-97/12). Risk for non-endangered species: Risk to species if anticipated pesticide residue levels are equal to or greater than LC50 (EPA97/12). Risk level: The population size on which it is estimated that one additional case of cancer will be reported due to the daily consumption of water and edible aquatic organisms (EPA-85/10). Risk management concept: Ensures that higher relative risk sites receive higher priority in the cleanup process; focuses on risk while also evaluating all relevant factors at a particular cleanup site (NavyIEnv-04). Risk management priorities: Relative risk, legal agreements, military readiness, stakeholder's concerns, innovative technologies, and cost effective contracting procedures help determine the priority of sites for cleanup within funding limits (NavyEnv-04). Risk management programs (RMP): The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires covered facilities (referred to as stationary sources) to develop risk management programs (RMP) to prevent accidental releases of dangerous chemicals. Covered stationary sources are those that have certain regulated substances present in excess of applicable thresholds (SFIremedy-04). Risk management: The process of evaluating and selecting alternative regulatory and non-regulatory responses to risk. The
selection process necessarily requires the consideration of legal, economic, and behavioral factors (EPA-97/12).
Risk ratio: See relative risk. Risk reduction: Actions that can decrease the likelihood that individuals, groups, or communities will experience disease or other health conditions (SFhealth-04). Risk reduction: The lowering or elimination of the level of risk posed to human health or the environment through interim remedial action, remedial action, or institutional or engineering controls (NavyIEnv-04). Risk regulating agencies: The agencies that have been given primary authority to regulate activities and substances that pose chronic health risks include (1) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a component of the Department of Health and Human Services. (3) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a part of the Department of Labor. (4) Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) WAC-83). Risk retention group: Any corporation or other limited liability association taxable as a corporation, or as an insurance company, formed under the laws of any state: (1) Whose primary activity consists of assuming and spreading all, or any portion, of the pollution liability of its group members; (2) Which is organized for the primary purpose of conducting the activity described under subparagraph (1); (3) Which is chartered or licensed as an insurance company and authorized to engage in the business of insurance under the laws of any state; and (4) Which does not exclude any person from membership in the group solely to provide for members of such a group a competitive advantage over such a person (SF401-42U.S.C.9671-91). Risk retention group: Any corporation or other limited liability association taxable as a corporation, or as an insurance company, formed under the laws of any state (CERCLA Sec. 401). Risk retention groups: For purposes of UST financial responsibility, entities formed by businesses or individuals with similar risks to provide insurance coverage for those risks (RCRA~hazardous-04). Risk specific dose (RSD): (1) An ambient concentration corresponding to a specified risk. In risk analysis, EPA recommends the health-based levels (known as RSDs) for carcinogens and Reference Air Concentrations (RACs) for noncarcinogens. Risk from carcinogens is additive. (2) See dose for more related terms.
It may be expressed in quantitative terms, taking values from zero (certainty that harm will not occur) to one (certainty that it will). In many cases, risk can only be described qualitatively, as high, low, or trivial. The lifetime risk was estimated on the basis of 70year lifetime and 45-year work exposure (Course 165.6). (2) A quantitative or qualitative expression of possible loss that considers both the probability that a hazard will cause harm and the consequences of that event (DOE-91/04). (3) The probability of injury, disease, or death under specific circumstances. In quantitative terms, risk is expressed in values ranging from zero (representing the certainty that harm will not occur) to one (representing the certainty that harm will occur). The following are examples showing the manner in which risk is expressed in IRIS: E-4 = a risk of 1110,000; E-5 = a risk of 11100,000; E-6 = a risk of 111,000,000. Similarly, 1.3E-3 = a risk of 1.3/1000 = 11770; 8E-3 = a risk of 11125; and 1.2E-5 = a risk of 1183,000 (EPA92112).
Risk: A measure of the chance that damage to life, health, property, or the environment will occur (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Risk: A measure of the probability that damage to life, health, property, and/or the environment will occur as a result of a given hazard (EPA-97/12). Risk: The probability that something will cause injury or harm (SFhealth-04). Risk: For more related terms, see: (1) Undue risk and (2) Unit risk. Risk-based decision-making: A process that uses risk and exposure assessment concepts to help UST implementing agencies establish enforcement priorities (RCRA/hazardous-04). Risk-based screening level (RBSL): Risk-based, site-specific corrective action target levels for chemicals of concern (NavyIEnv-04). Risk-based targeting: The direction of resources to those areas that have been identified as having the highest potential or actual adverse effect on human health and/or the environment (EPA97/12). Risk-specific dose: The dose associated with a specified risk level (EPA-97/12).
Risk specific dose: The dose associated with a specified risk level (NavyEnv-04).
River basin concept: The notion that each river system, from its head-waters to its mouth, is a single unit and should be treated as such. This concept recognizes the inter-relationship of resource elements in a single basin, and assumes that multiple-purpose development can take this interrelationship into account. It extends the principle of ecological balance to the whole of the area and its occupants (EPA-74/11).
Risk: (1) The probability or a range of probabilities that a specific adverse effect may occur under the conditions of human exposure.
River basin: The land area drained by a river and its tributaries (EPA-97/12).
River load: The solid matter carried along by a river, including dissolved material, suspended material (mainly mud, silt, and sand), and the larger, heavier material carried along the river bed. The maximum or full load of a river depends on its velocity and volume, and on the size of the particles constituting the load. When the limit of the possible load has been reached, any further addition involves the dropping of an equivalent portion of the original load. See load for more related terms (DOI-70104). River profile: A section or curve showing the slope of a river from its source to its mouth (DOI-70104). River: A natural stream of water of considerable volume, larger than a brook or creek (CWNWscience04). Riverine wetlands: Wetlands within river and stream channels; ocean-derived salinity is less than 0.5 part per thousand (CWNWbasics-04). Rmi: Repetitive Motion Injury (OSHAIergonomics-04). RMP Rule: The Risk Management Program Rule is a set of regulations established under Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act that provide guidance for the prevention and detection of accidental releases of regulated hazardous substances and preparation of RMPs (TSCNchemical-04). RMP*SubmitTM: Software, available free from EPA, that facilities can use to submit RMPs (TSCNchemical-04).
RMP: The risk management plan is a summary of a facility's risk management program, as required under the RMP Rule (TSCNchemical-04). Roadways: The surfaces on which vehicles travel. This term includes public and private highways, roads, streets, parking areas, and driveways (40CFR61.141-91). Roaster: Any facility in which a copper sulfide ore concentrate charge is heated in the presence of air to eliminate a significant portion (5% or more) of the sulfur contained in the charge (40CFR60.161-91, see also 40CFR60.171-91). Roasting: The use of a furnace to heat arsenic plant feed material for the purpose of eliminating a significant portion of the volatile materials contained in the feed (40CFR61.18 1-91). Rob: To extract pillars of coal previously left for support (CWNmining-04). Robbed out area: Describes that part of a mine from which the pillars have been removed (CWNmining-04). Rochelle salt: Sodium potassium tartrate, KNaC4H406.4H20 (EPA-74103d).
Rock crushing and gravel washing facilities: The facilities which process crushed and broken stone, gravel, and riprap. See 40CFR436, Subpart B, including the effluent limitations guidelines (40CFRI 22.27-91). Rock crystal: Transparent quartz; highly polished blown glassware, handcut or engraved (EPA-83). Rock wool insulation: The insulation which is composed principally from fibers manufactured from slag or natural rock, with or without binders (40CFR248.4-91). Rock: Any naturally formed, consolidated, or unconsolidated material (but not soil) consisting of two or more minerals (CWNWbasics-04). Rocker: An imperfection; a bottle with bottom deformed so it does not stand solidly (rocks) (EPA-83). Rocket motor test site: Any building, structure, facility, or installation where the static test firing of a beryllium rocket motor and/or the disposal of beryllium propellant is conducted (40CFR61.41-91). Rocking grate stoker: A stoker with a bed of bars or plates on axles; when the axles are rocking in a coordinated manner, solid waste is lifted and advance along the surface of the grate. See stoker for more related terms (SW-lO8ts). Rocking grate: An incinerator stoker with moving and stationary grate bars which are trunnion supported. In operation, the moving bars oscillate on the trunnions, imparting a rocking motion to the bars, thus agitating and conveying the solid fuel and resulting residue through the furnace. See grate for more related terms (EPA-83). Rod proof: A test specimen taken from the melt on an iron rod (EPA-83). ROD: Record of decision. A public document that explains which cleanup alternative(s) will be used at a National Priorities List site. The record of decision is based on information and technical analysis generated during the remedial investigatiodfeasibility study and consideration of public comments and community concerns (AENmixedW-04). Rodenticide: A chemical or agent used to destroy rats or other rodent pests, or to prevent them from damaging food, crops, etc. (EPA-97/12). Rodenticide: A pesticide or other agent used to kill rats and other rodents or to prevent them from damaging food, crops, or forage (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Roentgen (R): A measure of external exposures to ionizing radiation. One roentgen equals that amount of x-ray or gamma radiation required to produce ions carrying a charge of 1 electrostatic unit (esu) in 1 cubic centimeter of dry air under standard conditions. One microroentgen (uR) equals R (40CFR300-App/A-91).The roentgen (R) is also defined as: 1 R = 2 . 5 8 ~ 1 0coulombs ~ per kilogram of air. Using the facts that the average energy required to produce one ion pair in air is 34 eV ( 5 . 5 ~ 1 ~ergs, " and that a unit charge is 1.6~10-19coulomb, one finds that 1 R = 87.6 ergs per gram of air. See radiation unit for more related terms (LBL-76107-rad). Roentgen equivalent man (REM): The unit of dosage equivalent from ionizing radiation to the total body or any internal organ or organ system. A millirem (mrem) is 1/1000 of a rem (40CFR141.2-91, see also EPA-89/12; DOE-91/04). (1)Microrem (pR): A unit of radiation "dose equivalent" that is equal to one one-millionth of a rem (EPA-88/08a). (2) Mimrem per hour (pRhr): A unit of measure of the rate at which "dose equivalent" is being incurred as a result of exposure to radiation (EPA-88108a). (3) Millirem (mrem): A unit of radiation "dose equivalent" that is equal to one one-thousandth of a rem (EPA-88108a). (4) See radiation unit for more related terms. Roentgen equivalent man (Rem): the unit of measurement of the absorbed dose (see separately) from radiation based on biological effects. It is related to the total energy absorbed per unit quantity of tissue or RAD (see separately) (SDWNradionuclide-04). Roentgen: The unit of (SDWNradionuclide-04).
radiation
exposure
in
air
Roll back model: A simple empirical model which directly relates air quality to emissions. In this model, the contribution to the background concentration by the local sources is considered directly proportional to the total emission. The constant of proportionality is assumed to be independent of the emission changes (NATO-78110). Roll bar: Steel protection over the cab of a tractor or any vehicle to prevent injury to the operator (EPA-83). Roll bonding: The process by which a permanent bond is created between two metals by rolling under high pressure in a bonding mill (co-rolling) (40CFR471.02-91). Roll coater: An apparatus in which a uniform layer of coating is applied by means of one or more rolls across the entire width of a moving substrate (40CFR52.741-91). Roll coating: The process in which the coating is applied by rolls and the coated surface smoothed by means of reverse rolls (EPA83). Roll crusher: A reduction crusher consisting of a heavy frame on which two rolls are mounted; the rolls are driven so that they
rotate toward one another. Coal is fed in from above and nipped between the moving rolls, crushed, and discharged below. See crusher for more related terms (EPA-82/10). Roll off container: A large waste container that fits onto a tractor trailer that can be dropped off and picked up hydraulically (EPA89111). Roll on/roll off container: A large container (20 to 40 cubic yards) that can be pulled onto a service vehicle mechanically and carried to a disposal site for emptying. See container for more related terms (SW-108ts). Roll printer: An apparatus used in the application of words, designs, or pictures to a substrate, usually by means of one or more rolls each with only partial coverage (40CFR52.741-91). Roll printing: The application of words, designs, and pictures to a substrate usually by means of a series of hard rubber or metal rolls each with only partial coverage (40CFR52.741-91). Roll protection: A framework, safety canopy, or similar protection for the operator when equipment overturns (CWNmining-04). Roll: (1)A high place in the bottom or a low place in the top of a mine passage, (2) a local thickening of roof or floor strata, causing thinning of a coal seam (CWNmining-04). Rollboard: An asbestos-containing product made of paper that is produced in a continuous sheet, is flexible, and is rolled to achieve a desired thickness. Asbestos rollboard consists of two sheets of asbestos paper laminated together. Major applications of this product include office partitioning; garage paneling; linings for stoves and electric switch boxes and fire-proofing agent for security boxes, safes, and files (40CFR763.163-91). Rolled glass: An optical glass formed by rolling into plates at time of manufacture, as distinguished from transfer glass; flat glass formed by rolling. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Rolled power: A propellant which is formed by forcing a nitrocellulose-nitroglycerin composition between two large steel rolls to form a sheet (EPA-76/03). Roller coating: A method of applying a coating to a sheet or strip in which the coating is transferred by a roller or series of rollers (40CFR52.741-91). Roller crusher: A machine whose function is to crush material between two opposing steel rollers that rotate slowly on horizontal axes. See size reduction machine for more related terms (EPA-83). Rolling average: The arithmetic mean value over a period of time. The hourly rolling average (HRA) is the arithmetic mean of sixty (60) most recent I-minute average values recorded by the
continuous monitoring system. See carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) emission limits and permit formats for example (EPA-90104).
Roof support: Posts, jacks, roof bolts, and beams used to support the rock overlying a coal seam in an underground mine. A good roof support plan is part of mine safety and coal extraction (CWNmining-04).
Rolling blackout: The shift of power losses from one area to another. In cases such as blackout, brownout, or rolling blackout, a company or residence possessing a primary or backup fuel cell for power would have an alternative power supply to make up for such power losses.
Roof trusses: A combination of steel rods anchored into the roof to create zones of compression and tension forces and provide better support for weak roof and roof over wide areas (CWNmining-04).
Rolling milestones provision: Calls for annual updates to agreement milestones based on yearly appropriations; milestones are displayed in a Site Management Plan (NavyIEnv-04).
Roof: The stratum of rock or other material above a coal seam; the overhead surface of a coal working place. Same as "back" or "top" (CWNmining-04).
Rolling terrain: A terrain whose rise within 5 kilometers of the stack is between 10% and 100% of the physical stack height. See terrain for more related terms (EPA-90104).
Roofing felt: An asbestos-containing product that is made of paper felt intended for use on building roofs as a covering or underlayer for other roof coverings (40CFR763.163-91).
Rolling: The reduction in the thickness or diameter of a workpiece by passing it between rollers (40CFR468.02-91, see also 40CFR467.02; 471.02-91).
Room and pillar mining: A method of underground mining in which approximately half of the coal is left in place to support the roof of the active mining area. Large "pillars" are left while "rooms" of coal are extracted (CWNmining-04).
Roll-off container: A large waste container that fits onto a tractor trailer that can be dropped off and picked up hydraulically (RCRAImanagement-04). Roof bolt: A long steel bolt driven into the roof of underground excavations to support the roof, preventing and limiting the extent of roof falls. The unit consists of the bolt (up to 4 feet long), steel plate, expansion shell, and pal nut. The use of roof bolts eliminates the need for timbering by fastening together, or "laminating," several weaker layers of roof strata to build a "beam" (CWNmining-04). Roof coating: An asbestos-containing product intended for use as a coating, cement, adhesive, or sealant on roofs. Major applications of this product include waterproofing; weather resistance; sealing; repair; and surface rejuvenation (4OCFR763.163-91). Roof fall: A coal mine cave-in especially in permanent areas such as entries (CWNmining-04). Roof jack: A screw- or pump-type hydraulic extension post made of steel and used as temporary roof support (CWNmining-04). Roof monitor: That portion of the roof of a potroom where gases not captured at the cell exit from the potroom (40CFR60.191-91). Roof sag: The sinking, bending, or curving of the roof, especially in the middle, from weight or pressure (CWNmining-04). Roof stress: Unbalanced internal forces in the roof or sides, created when coal is extracted (CWNmining-04).
Room neck: The short passage from the entry into a room (CWNmining-04). Root crop: The plants whose edible parts are grown below the surface of the soil (40CFR257.3.5-91). Rosin size: A coating that renders paper water resistant (EPA-83). Rosin: A specific kind of a natural resin obtained as a nitrous water-insoluble material from pine oleoresin by removal of the volatile oils, or from tall oils by the removal of the fatty acid components thereof (EPA-79/12). Rosin: For more related terms, see (1) Colophony rosin (see natural rosin); (2) Common rosin (see natural rosin); (3) Gum rosin (see natural rosin); (4) Modified rosin; (5) Natural rosin; and (6) Pine rosin (see natural rosin). Rotameter: One of liquid flow rate meters. This type of flowrneter is available for a wide range of liquid viscosities including some light-wight slurries. It is calibrated through using a fluid of known density. Reported accuracies are within +I- 5% of hull-scale. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Rotary blast cleaning table: An enclosure where the pieces to be cleaned are positioned on a rotating table and are passed automatically through a series of blast sprays (29CFR1910.94a91). Rotary kiln incinerator main components: It usually consists of a rotary kiln and an afterburner: (1) The rotary kiln is a primary combustion chamber which is a cylindrical refractory-lined shell that is slightly inclined and rotates, hence the name rotary kiln.
The primary function of the kiln is to convert solid wastes to gases, which occurs through a series of volatilization, destructive distillation, and partial combustion reactions. Rotation of the shell provides for transportation of waste through the kiln as well as for enhancement of waste mixing. The residence time of waste solids in the kiln ranges from seconds to hours. This is controlled by the kiln rotation speed (1-5 rpm), the waste feed rate (generally not to exceed 15 to 20% of the kiln internal volume) and, in some instances, the inclusion of internal dams. Traditionally, the kiln operates with excess air. However, some manufacturers now have rotary kilns designed to operate with a substoichiometric air in the kiln. These kilns use special kiln seals and air injection schemes. A kiln seal is a sealing ring installed between the rotating kiln and the kiln end plates (EPA-89103b). (2) The afterburner is normally referred to the burner at the secondary combustion chamber and is usually required to complete the gas-phase combustion reactions. It is connected directly to the discharge end of the kiln, whereby the gases exiting the kiln turn from a horizontal flow path upwards to the afterburner chamber. Both the afterburner and kiln are usually equipped with an auxiliary fuel firing system to bring the units up to and maintain the desired operating temperatures. The afterburner chamber itself may be horizontally or vertically aligned, and essentially functions much on the same principles as a liquid injection incinerator. In fact, many facilities also fire liquid hazardous waste through separate waste burners in the afterburner chamber (cf. burner, secondary) (Oppelt-87/05). Rotary kiln incinerator: An incinerator with a rotating combustion chamber that keeps waste moving, thereby allowing it to vaporize for easier burning (EPA-97/12). Rotary kiln stoker: A cylindrical, inclined device that rotates, thus causing the solid waste to move in a slow cascading and forward motion. See stoker for more related terms (SW-108ts). Rotary lime kiln: A unit with an inclined rotating drum that is used to produce a lime product from limestone by calcination (40CFR60.341-91). Rotary screen: An inclined, meshed cylinder that rotates on its axis and screens material placed in its upper end. See screen for more related terms (SW-108ts). Rotary sifter: A circular motion applied to a rectangular or circular screen surface (EPA-88108a). Rotary spin: A process used to produce wool fiberglass insulation by forcing molten glass through numerous small orifices in the side wall of a spinner to form continuous glass fibers that are then broken into discrete lengths by high velocity air flow (40CFR60.68 1-91). Rotary vacuum filter: A rotating drum filter which utilizes suction to separate solids from the sludge produced by clarification. See filter for more related terms (EPA-75102d).
Rotating biological contactor (or rotating biological disc): The process consists of a series of closely spaced flat or lattice structure plastic disks, usually about 3.0 to 3.5 m in diameter, mounted on a horizontal shaft. Each disk is rotated so that one half of its surface is immersed in the wastewater. During rotation, microbes adhere to the surface of the disk and grow until the entire is coated with a biological slime layer. The disk, then, cames a film of wastewater into the air, which subsequently trickles down the surface and absorbs oxygen. When rotation is complete, this film mixes with the reservoir of wastewater, adding to the oxygen in the reservoir and mixing the treated and partially treated wastewater. When the attached microbial film passes through the reservoir, organics are absorbed and undergo breakdown. As the treated wastewater flows through the reservoir, excess biological growth shears off from the rotating disks and is carried downstream to a settling tank for removal. Rotating biological disc: See rotating biological contactor. Rotogravure print station: Any device designed to print or coat inks on one side of a continuous web or substrate using the intaglio printing process with a gravure cylinder (40CFR60.58191). Rotogravure printing line: A printing line in which each roll printer uses a roll with recessed areas for applying an image to a substrate (40CFR52.741-91,see also 40CFR60.581-91). Rotogravure printing unit: Any device designed to print one color ink on one side of a continuous web or substrate using a gravure cylinder (40CFR60.43 1-91). Rotogravure printing: The application of words, designs, and pictures to a substrate by means of a roll printing technique in which the pattern to be applied is recessed relative to the nonimage area (40CFR52.741-9 1). Rotometer: A device, based on the principle of Stoke's law, for measuring rate of fluid flow. It consists of a tapered vertical tube having a circular cross section, and containing a float that is free to move in a vertical path to a height dependent upon the rate of fluid flow upward through the tube (LBL-76107-air). Rotor member, nondisplaceable: A valve member that cannot be moved from its seat by a force applied to the valve-handle, or a force applied by a plane surface to any exterior portion of the valve. Rough fish: Fish not prized for sport or eating, such as gar and suckers. Most are more tolerant of changing environmental conditions than are game or food species (EPA-97/12). Rougher cell: A flotation cell in which the bulk of the gangue is removed from the ore (EPA-82/05).
Roughing: In mining, upgrading of run-of-mill feed either to produce a low grade preliminary concentrate or to reject valueless tailings at an early stage. Performed by gravity on roughing tables, or in flotation in a rougher circuit (EPA-82/05). Roughness length: A characteristic length which is a measure of the roughness of a surface. It enters as a parameter in the logarithmic wind velocity profile (NATO-78110). Round robin: A formal study between several laboratories, of the characteristics of a material. The study is repeated several times (round) to obtain the precision of a given measurement by a given method (EPA-83).
Routine use: With respect to the disclosure of a record, the use of such record for a purpose which is compatible with the purpose for which it was collected (40CFR1516.2-91, see also 40CFR16.2-91). Royalty: The payment of a certain stipulated sum on the mineral produced (CWAImining-04).
RPM: Remedial project manager. The EPA official who has charge of the remediation at a particular S u p h n d site (SFIEnv04). RQ: Reportable Quantity. Facilities possessing RQs must report to the LEPC (MWTNinfectious-04).
Round: Planned pattern of drill holes fired in sequence in tunneling, shaft sinking, or stopping. First the cut holes are fired, followed by relief, lifter, and rib holes (CWNmining-04).
RTK: Right to Know. Includes surrounding community's RTK what an industry is working with and releasing, and employees' RTK what chemicals they are exposed to (MWTAIinfectious-04).
Rounded: A number shortened to the specific number of decimal places in accordance with the Round Off Method specified in ASTM E 29-67 (40CFR600.002.85-91).
Rubber: A high polymer with elastic properties. Other rubberrelated terms include (1) Butyl rubber; (2) Nitrile rubber; and (3) Polybutadiene rubber.
Route EPC: The EPC, based on either a statistical derivation of measured data or based on modeled data, that was selected to represent the route-specific concentration for the exposure calculations. The route EPC differs from the medium EPC in that the route EPC may consider the transfer of contaminants from one medium to another, where applicable for a particular exposure route (SFIriskA-04).
Rubbing surface: The total area (top, bottom, and sides) of an airway (CWNmining-04).
Route of exposure: The avenue by which a chemical comes into contact with an organism, e.g., inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, injection (EPA-97/12). Route of exposure: The way a chemical enters an organism after contact (e.g., ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Route of exposure: The way people come into contact with a hazardous substance. Three routes of exposure are breathing (inhalation), eating or drinking (ingestion), or contact with the skin (dermal contact) (SFIhealth-04). Routine maintenance area: An area, such as a boiler room or mechanical room, that is not normally frequented by students and in which maintenance employees or contract workers regularly conduct maintenance activities (40CFR763.83-91). Routine method: A method used in a routine measurement. No degree of reliability is implied. See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Routine release: A release that occurs during normal operating procedures or processes (40CFR302.3-91).
Rubbish chute: A pipe, duct, or trough through which waste materials are conveyed by gravity from above to a storage area preparatory to burning or compaction (EPA-83). Rubbish: A general term for solid waste, excluding food wastes and ashes, taken from residences, commercial establishments, and institutions (40CFR243.101-9 1). Rubbish: Solid waste, excluding food waste and ashes, from homes, institutions, and workplaces (EPA-97/12). Rubbish: For more related terms, see (1) Combustible rubbish and (2) Yard rubbish. Rubble: Demolition wastes; broken pieces of masonry, and concrete, asphalt, roofing etc. (cf. waste, construction, and demolition) (EPA-83). Ruben: Developer of the mercury-zinc battery; also refers to the mercury-zinc battery (EPA-84/08). Rubidium (Rb): A alkali metal with atomic number 37; atomic weight 85.47; density 1.53 glcc; melting point 38.9 C and boiling point 688 C. The element belongs to group IA of the periodic table. Rule making: The process through which a federal agency promulgates rules or regulations to implement laws passed by Congress (OMBReg-04). The Code of Federal Regulations publishes all such rules. Rule out: To eliminate as a possibility (NIOSH-84/10).
Rulemakings: Rules issued by an agency, such as EPA, that translate the general mandate of a statute into a set of requirements that the regulated community and the agency must work within (RCMazardous-04). Rumen: The large first compartment of the stomach of certain animals in which cellulose is broken down by the action of bacteria (CAA/C02gas1-04). Run: The net period of time during which an emission sample is collected. Unless otherwise specified, a run may be either intermittent or continuous within the limits of good engineering practice (40CFR60.2-91, see also 40CFR61.02; 61.61-91).
Runoff: For more related terms, see: (1) Contaminated runoff; (2) Mining runoff; and (3) Urban runoff. Run-of-mine: Raw material as it exists in the mine; average grade or quality (CWMmining-04). Run-of-pile triple superphosphate: Any triple superphosphate that has not been processed in a granulator and is composed of particles at least 25% by weight of which (when not caked) will pass through a 16 mesh screen (40CFR60.231-91). Run-on: Any rainwater, leachate, or other liquid that drains over land onto any part of a facility (40CFR260.10-91). Runout: See water yield (CWAhydrology-04).
Runner: A channel through which molten metal flows from one receptacle to another. Runner is often used to refer to the portion of the gate assembly that connects the riser with the casting (EPA8511Oa). Running changes: Those changes in vehicle or engine configuration, equipment, or calibration which are made by an OEM or ICI in the course of motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine production (40CFR85.1502-91). Running loss: (1) The fuel evaporative emissions resulting from an average trip in an urban area or the simulation of such a trip (40CFR86.082.2-91). Running losses: Evaporation of motor vehicle fuel from the fuel tank while the vehicle is in use (EPA-97/12). Runoff coefficient: The fraction of total rainfall that will appear at a conveyance as runoff (40CFR122.26-91). Runoff: (1) The portion of precipitation that drains from an area as surface flow (40CFR241.101-91). (2) Any rainwater, leachate, or other liquid that drains over land from any part of a facility (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR419.11-91). Runoff: (1) Excess rainwater or snowmelt that is transported to streams by overland flow, tile drains, or groundwater (CWAIWquality-04). (2) That part of precipitation, snow melt, or irrigation water that runs off the land into streams or other surface water. It can carry pollutants from the air and land into receiving waters (EPA-97/12). Runoff: That part of the precipitation that appears in surface streams. It is the same as streamflow unaffected by artificial diversions, storage, or other works of man in or on the stream channels. Runoff may be classified as follows: (1) Classification as to speed of appearance after rainfall or snow melting: (a) Direct runoff; (b) Base runoff. (2) Classification as to source: (a) Surface runoff (see overland flow); (b) Storm seepage; and (c) Groundwater runoff (see stream, gaining) (CWAhydrology-04).
Rupture member: A device that will automatically rupture at a predetermined pressure (e.g., a rupture disk). Rupture of a PCB transformer: A violent or non-violent break in the integrity of a PCB transformer caused by an over temperature andlor overpressure condition that results in the release of PCBs. See transformer for more related terms (40CFR761.3-91). Rural area: Outside the limits of any incorporated or unincorporated city, town, village, or any other designated residential or commercial area such as a subdivision, a business or shopping center, or community development (40CFR195.2-91). Rural withdrawals: Water used in suburban or farm areas for domestic and livestock needs. The water generally is self-supplied and includes domestic use, drinking water for livestock, and other uses such as dairy sanitation, evaporation from stock-watering ponds, and cleaning and waste disposal (CWAIWbasics-04). Rust prevention compounds: Coatings used to protect iron and steel surfaces, against corrosive environment during fabrication, storage, or use (EPA-83106a). Rusts: Red or brown disease spots on plants caused by fungi (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Ruthenium (Rn): A hard transition metal with atomic number 44; atomic weight 101.07; density 12.2 g/cc; melting point 2500 C and boiling point 4900 C. The element belongs to group VIII of the periodic table. Rutherfordium (Rf) (or Kurchatovium [Ku]): A transactinide element (atomic number greater than 103). The element with atomic number 104 is unstable, has very short half life, and belongs to group IVB of the periodic table. Rutile: Titanium dioxide (Ti02).
Sabin: A unit of sound absorption based on one square foot of material. Baffles are frequently described as providing X number of sabins of absorption based on the size of the panel tested, through the standard range of frequencies 125 to 4000 Hz. The number of sabins developed by other acoustical materials are determined by the amount of material used and its absorption coefficients (NCNsound-04). Sabine formula: A formula developed by Wallace Clement Sabine that allows designers to plan reverberation time in a room in advance of construction and occupancy. Defined and improved empirically, the Sabine Formula is T = 0.049(V/A) where T = Reverberation time or time required (for sound to decay 60 dB after source has slopped) in seconds. V = Volume of room in cubic feet. A = Total square footage of absorption in sabins (NCNsound-04). Saccharide: Water soluble carbohydrates with sweet taste. The compound includes monosaccharide (simple sugar), disaccharide, and trisaccharide. See sugar for more related terms. Saccharimeter: An instrument used to measure the sugar content in a solution. Saccharin (C6H4COS02NH):A sugar substitute for syrups, foods, beverages, etc. See sugar for more related terms. Sacral vertebrae: The five normally fused vertebrae at the posterior end of the spinal column that form the sacrum (LBG 76107-bio). Sacred object: Objects that are movable and used in Native American religious rites and ceremonies. Examples include masks, offerings, articles of clothing, and utensils. Such objects are considered personal property and beyond the scope of this guidance document (SDWNradionuclide-04). Sacred site: Habitats of sacred plants and animals and places of Native American religious rites and ceremonies. Sacred sites can include petroglyphs, pictographs, rock carvings, and rock formations that are fixed in the land (SDWNradionuclide-04). Sacrificial anode: An easily corroded material deliberately installed in a pipe or intake to give it up (sacrifice it) to corrosion
while the rest of the water supply facility remains relatively corrosion-free (EPA-97/12). Safe disposal: Discarding pesticides or containers, in a permanent manner so as to comply with these proposed procedures and so as to avoid unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. See disposal for more related terms (40CFR165.1-91). Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974: See Act or SDWA. Safe shutdown earthquake: In the context of a nuclear reactor, as defined by 10CFR100, Appendix A: That earthquake which is based upon an evaluation of the maximum earthquake potential considering the regional and local geology and seismology and specific characteristics of local subsurface material. It is that earthquake which produces the maximum vibratory ground motion for which certain structures, systems, and components are designed to remain functional. These structures, systems, and components are those necessary to assure: (1) The integrity of the reactor coolant pressure boundary; (2) The capability to shut down the reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition; or (3) The capability to prevent or mitigate the consequences of accidents that could result in potential off-site exposures comparable to the guideline procedures (DOE-91/04). Safe water: Water that does not contain harmful bacteria, toxic materials, or chemicals, and is considered safe for drinking even if it may have taste, odor, color, and certain mineral problems (EPA97112). Safe yield (or sustained yield): (1) The achievement and maintenance in perpetuity of a high level annual or regular periodic output of the various renewable resources of the public lands consistent with multiple use (FLPMA103). (2) The use of renewable resource at a rate that permits resource regeneration for use continuing undiminished into the future (e.g., timber cut so as to produce the same amount of wood each year; deer hunted without long range damage to the herd) (DOI-70104). Safe yield: The annual amount of water that can be taken from a source of supply over a period of years without depleting that source beyond its ability to be replenished naturally in "wet years" (EPA-97/12).
Safe: Condition of exposure under which there is a practical certainty that no harm will result to exposed individuals (EPA97/12).
Safety glass: Safety glass types include (1) Laminated safety glass. (2) Tempered safety glass. (3) Wire safety glass. (4) See glass for more related terms.
Safener: A chemical added to a pesticide to keep it from injuring plants (EPA-97/12).
Safety grade (or safety-related): Describes those structures, systems, and components (SSCs) that are necessary to: (1) Ensure the integrity of a reactor coolant pressure boundary; (2) Shut down a reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition indefinitely; or (3) Prevent or mitigate the consequences of a design-basis accident so that the general public and the operating staff are not exposed to radiation in excess of appropriate guideline values. Safety-grade SSCs are designed, built, tested, operated, and maintained in accordance with the highest-level industrial codes and standards, such as those promulgated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. SSCs that are not necessary for the above safety-related functions, but for which certain failure modes could adversely affect SSCs performing those functions, are designated safety-grade with respect to such failure modes. Safetygrade SSCs are subject to the quality assurance requirements of ANSIIASME NQA-I (Quality Assurance Program Requirements for Nuclear Facilities) (DOE-91/04).
Safer pesticides: Pesticides designated as "safer" (or "reducedrisk") by EPA due to favorable characteristics affecting health or environmental risks, resistance management, and integrated pest management. Safer pesticides may be conventional pesticides posing less risk or be biopesticides with unique modes of action, low use volume, lower toxicity, target species specificity, or natural occurrence (FFDCNpesticide-04). Safety analysis report: A safety document providing a concise but complete description and safety evaluation of a site, design, normal and emergency operation, potential accidents, predicted consequences of such accidents, and the means proposed to prevent such accidents or mitigate their consequences. A safety analysis report is designated as final when it is based on final design information. Otherwise, it is designated as preliminary (DOE-9 1/04). Safety document: A document prepared specifically to ensure that the safety aspects of part or all of the activities conducted at a reactor are formally and thoroughly analyzed, evaluated, and recorded (for example, technical specifications, safety analysis reports and addenda, and documented reports of special safety reviews and studies) (DOE-91/04). Safety factor: For a dose response evaluation, a safety factor is a number that reflects the degree of uncertainty that must be considered when data from animal experiments are extrapolated for human application. The following shows the safety factor and the facts under consideration (cf. uncertainty factor). (1) Safety factor 10: (la) Valid human, chronic experimental results; and (lb) No indication of carcinogenicity. (2) Safety factor 100: (2a) Valid results from animal tests, but little information about human exposure; and (2b) No indication of carcinogenicity. (3) Safety factor 1000: (3a) No human data, but few animal results; and (3b) No indication of carcinogenicity (Course 165.6).
Safety lamp: A lamp with steel wire gauze covering every opening from the inside to the outside so as to prevent the passage of flame should explosive gas be encountered (CWNmining-04). Safety relief valve: A valve which is normally closed and which is designed to open in order to relieve excessive pressures within a vessel or pipe (40CFR52.741-91). Safety shut off valve: An automatic gas control valve of the "on" and "off' type which is actuated by an emergency device (Waukee-03). Safety shutdown: To stop the operation of a machine or a power plant due to a safety concern. Safety shutoff device: An interlock device that will automatically shut off the operation of a machine or a power plant in the event of emergency. Safety-control circuit: See circuit, safety-control.
Safety factor: See uncertainty factor (SFIhealth-04). Safety fuse: A train of powder enclosed in cotton, jute yarn, or waterproofing compounds, which bums at a uniform rate; used for firing a cap containing the detonation compound which in tum sets off the explosive charge (CWNmining-04). Safety glass: A glass so constructed, treated, or combined with other materials, as to reduce, the likelihood of injury to persons by objects from exterior sources or by these safety glasses when they may be cracked or broken (EPA-83).
Safrole (C3H5C6H3O2CH2): A poisonous oil used in medicine, perfumes, insecticides, and soaps. SAFSTOR: Describes a nuclear facility that is placed and maintained in a condition that allows the nuclear facility to be safely stored and subsequently decontaminated. The SAFSTOR option may include the following phases: chemical decontamination, mechanical decontamination and fixing of residual radioactivity, equipment deactivation, preparation for interim care, interim care (surveillance and maintenance), and final dismantlement (DOE-91/04).
Salina: An area where deposits of crystalline salt are formed, such as a salt flat; a body of saline water, such as a saline playa or salt marsh (CWNWbasics-04). Saline estuarine water: Those semi-enclosed coastal waters which have a free connection to the territorial sea, undergo net seaward exchange with ocean waters, and have salinities comparable to those of the ocean. Generally, these waters are near the mouth of estuaries and have cross-sectional annual mean salinities greater than twenty-five (25) parts per thousand. See water for more related terms (40CFR125.58-91). Saline water (salt water or sea water): The water which contains salts. See water for more related terms. Saline water: Water that is considered unsuitable for human consumption or for irrigation because of its high content of dissolved solids; generally expressed as milligrams per liter (m&) of dissolved solids; seawater is generally considered to contain more than 35,000 m a of dissolved solids. A general salinity scale is concentration of dissolved solids in milligrams per liter. (1) Slightly Saline 1,000 to 3,000; (2) Moderately Saline 3,000 to 10,000; (3) Very Saline 10,000 to 35,000; (4) Brine More than 35,000 (CWNWbasics-04). Salinity: (1) The degree of salt in water (EPA-89/12). (2) The relative concentration of salts, usually sodium chloride, in a given water. It is usually expressed in terms of the number of parts per million of chloride. (3) A measure of the concentration of dissolved mineral substances in water (EPA-8211If). Salinity: A measure of the amount of salt in water (NavyIEnv-04). Salinity: The percentage of salt in water (EPA-97/12). Salinometer: An instrument using electrical conductivity or hydrometer for measuring the salinity of a solution. Salt bath descaling: Removing the layer of oxides formed on some metals at elevated temperatures in a salt solution (EPA83106a). Other salt bath descaling-related terms include (1) Oxidizing salt bath descaling and (2) Reducing salt bath descaling. Salt bridge: A bridge between two half cells. Potassium chloride is usually used as the bridge salt.
Salt water: See saline water. Salt: A product resulting from a reaction of an acid and a base, in which the hydrogen in the acid is replaced by a metal or other positive ions. For example, HCI + NaOH NaCl (salt) + H20.
+
Saltcake loss: The loss of cooking chemical from the haft cycle, primarily at the brownstock washers or screen room (EPA-87/10). Salts: Minerals that water picks up as it passes through the air, over and under the ground, or from households and industry (EPA-97/12). Salvage activity: The act of saving or obtaining a secondary material, be it by pickup, sorting, disassembly, or some other activity. Salvage is sometimes used synonymously with extraction, recovery, reclamation, and recycle (EPA-83). Salvage and reclamation: A refuse disposal process in which the discarded material is separated mechanically or by hand into various categories such as ferrous and nonferrous metals, rags, cardboard, paper, and glass, etc. for reuse or recycled as a secondary raw material (EPA-83). Salvage material: A technical term meaning a quantity of materials, sometimes of mixed composition, no longer useful in its present condition or at its present location, but capable of being recycled, reused, or used in other applications. Salvage also refers to materials recovered after a calamity, such as materials obtained from a ship wrecked at sea or a building destroyed by fire (EPA83). Salvage value: The anticipated value of any portion of a facility, including the land at the end of the design period (EPA-80109). Salvage: (1) Salvaging means the controlled removal of waste materials for utilization (40CFR241.101-91). (2) cf. recovery. Salvage: The utilization of waste materials (EPA-97/12). Salvaging: At landfills or material recovery facilities, salvaging is the controlled separation of recyclable and reusable materials. Controlled means that the separation is monitored by operators (RCRAImanagement-04).
Salt water intrusion (or sea water intrusion): The invasion of fresh surface or groundwater by salt water. If the salt water comes from the ocean it may be called sea water intrusion (EPA-74/11). Because of its greater density, salt water passes below the fresh water. Excessive pumping of deep wells may produce salt containing well water.
Samarium (Sm): A rare earth metal with atomic number 62; atomic weight 150.35; density 7.54 glee; melting point 1072 C and boiling point 1900 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table.
Salt water intrusion: The invasion of fresh surface or groundwater by salt water. If it comes from the ocean it may be called sea water intrusion (EPA-97/12).
Sample division: The process of extracting a smaller sample from a sample so that the representative properties of the larger sample are retained. During this process it is assumed that no change in
Sample average: See sample mean.
particle size or other characteristics occurs. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83).
Sample holding time: The storage time allowed between sample collection and sample analysis when the designated preservation and storage techniques are employed. Sample interface: The portion of a system used for one or more of the following: sample acquisition, sample transport, sample conditioning, or protection of the analyzers from the effects of the stack effluent. See gas concentration measurement system for more related terms.
Sample quantitation limit (SQL): The quantity of a substance that can be reasonably quantified given the limits of detection for the methods of analysis and sample characteristic that may affect quantitation (for example, dilution, concentration) (40CFR300App/A-9 1). Sample reduction: The process whereby sample particle size is reduced without change in sample weight. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Sample size: The number of units chosen from a population or an environment (SFhealth-04).
Sample interval: The time period between successive samples for a digital signal or between successive measurements for an analog signal (40CFR60-App/A(alt.method 1)-91).
Sample system: The system which provides for the transportation of the gaseous emission sample from the sample probe to the inlet of the instrumentation system (40CFR87.1-91).
Sample line: A stainless steel or Teflon tube to transport the sample gas to the analyzer. The sample line should be maintained at the temperature between 150 and 175 C to prevent the condensation of samples taken. See total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system for more related terms (EPA90104).
Sample: A portion or piece of a whole. A selected subset of a population or subset of whatever is being studied. For example, in a study of people the sample is a number of people chosen from a larger population (see population). An environmental sample (for example, a small amount of soil or water) might be collected to measure contamination in the environment at a specific location (SFhealth-04).
Sample loop: A 1/16 in. O.D. (1.6mm) stainless steel tube with an internal volume between 20 and 50 pL. The loop is attached to the sample injection valve of the HPLC and is used to inject standard solutions into the mobile phase of the HPLC when determining the response factor for the recording integrator. The exact volume of the loop must be determined as described in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C)(l) of this section when the HPLC method is used (40CFR796.1720-9 1, see also 40CFR796.1860-91). Sample mean (or sample average): The average of a population calculated from the sample; it is the most commonly used measure of the center of a distribution. Its value equals the sum of the values of the observations divided by the number of observations (cf. arithmetic mean) (EPA-87/10). Sample path length: Internal cell or sample length, usually given in centimeters (LBL-76107-bio). Sample preparation: The process of that includes drying, size reduction, division, and mixing of a laboratory sample for the purpose of obtaining an unbiased analysis sample. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Sample probe: A stainless steel, or equivalent, three-hole rake type. Sample holes shall be 4 mm in diameter or smaller and located at 16.7, 50, and 83.3% of the equivalent stack diameter. Alternatively, a single opening probe may be used so that a gas sample is collected from the centrally located 10% area of the stack cross section. See total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system for more related terms (EPA-90104).
Sample: A set of measurements or outcomes selected from a given population (CAA/C02gasl-04). Sample: In monitoring, a representative specimen of air collected for the purpose of determining its pollutant content (LBL-76107air). Sample: In quality control, a group of samples (chemical) taken from a lot or batch of samples (EPA-84/03). Sample: The water that is analyzed for the presence of USEPAregulated drinking water contaminants. Depending on the regulation, USEPA requires water systems and states to take samples from source water, from water leaving the treatment facility, or from the taps of selected consumers (SDWAIReg-04). Sample: For more related terms, see (1) Batch sample; (2) Batch sample size; (3) Check sample; (4) Composite sample; (5) Composite wastewater sample; (6) Continuous sample; (7) Duplicate sample (see replicate sample); (8) Environmental sample; (9) Field sample (see environmental sample); (10) Grab sample; (11) Integrated sample; (12) Mixed sample (see composite sample); (13) Replicate sample; (14) Representative sample; (15) Sampling (see continuous sample); (16) Split sample; (17) Standard sample; (18) Test sample; and (19) Test sample size. Sampler: A device used with or without flow measurement to obtain any adequate portion of samples such as flue gas, water, or waste for analytical purposes. May be designed for taking a single sample (grab), composite sample, continuous sample, or periodic sample (EPA-8211 If).
Sampling and analyzing method: See reference method.
Sampling: The collection of representative specimens analyzed to characterize site conditions (SFIremedy-04).
Sampling area: Any area, whether contiguous or not, within a school building which contains friable material that is homogeneous in texture and appearance (40CFR763.103-91).
Sampling: For more related terms, see: (1) Condensation sampling; (2) Immersion sampling; (3) Instantaneous sampling; (4) Intermittent sampling; and (5) Stack sampling.
Sampling bag: The bags used for collecting air samples from the field. When the bags are brought back to the laboratory, the collected air is then released for analysis.
Sanctions: Actions taken by the federal government for failure to provide or implement a state implementation plan (SIP). Such action may include withholding of highway funds and a ban on construction of new sources of potential pollution (EPA-97/12).
Sampling duration: The total time period during which samples of a function are collected (NATO-78/10). Sampling event: A sampling event is a sequential sampling campaign at a single contiguous site for a single matrix. A sampling event begins with collection of the first sample. A sampling event ends when sampling at a site is discontinued for an extended period of time (excluding weekends or routine days off), if the ambient conditions at the site change, or if an unanticipated change in the sample matrix is encountered. The on-site field manager is responsible for recognizing the changes during the sampling campaign that warrant assignment of a new sampling event (SA-04). Sampling frequency: The interval between the collection of successive samples (EPA-97/12). Sampling method: Specified either as continuous, semicontinuous, intermittent, or static (batch) (LBL76107-bio). Sampling station: A location where samples are tapped (taken) for analysis (EPA-82111f). Sampling system bias: The difference between the gas concentrations exhibited by the measurement system when a known concentration gas is introduced at the outlet of the sampling probe and when the same gas is introduced directly to the analyzer (40CFR60-App/A(method 6C & 7E)-91). Sampling volume: Range of the amount of sample required to perform the measurement (LBL76/07-bio). Sampling: Cutting a representativepart of an ore (or coal) deposit, which should truly represent its average value (CWAImining-04). Sampling: In monitoring, a process consisting of the withdrawal or isolation of a fractional part of a whole. In air or gas analysis, the separation of a portion of an ambient atmosphere with or without the simultaneous isolation of selected components (LBL 76/07-air). Sampling: In statistics, the selection of a finite subset of a population (EPA-83/06).
Sand bed drying: The process of reducing the water content in a wet substance by transferring that substance to the surface of a sand bed and allowing the processes of drainage through the sand and evaporation to effect the required water separation (EPA83106a). Sand binder: Binder materials are the same as those used in core making. The percentage of binder may vary in core and molds depending on sand strength required, extent of mold distortion from hot metal, and the metal surface finish required (EPA8SIlOa). Sand blasting: The process of removing stock including surface film, from a workpiece by the use of abrasive grains pneumatically impinged against the work piece (EPA-83/06a). Sand filters: Devices that remove some suspended solids from sewage. Air and bacteria decompose additional wastes filtering through the sand so that cleaner water drains from the bed (EPA97112). Sand filtration: A process of filtering wastewater through sand. The wastewater is trickled over the bed of sand where air and bacteria decompose the wastes. The clean water flows out through drains in the bottom of the bed. The sludge accumulating at the surface must be removed from the bed periodically. See filtration for more related terms (EPA-83/06a). Sand holes: Small fractures in the surface of glass, produced by the rough grinding operation, that have not been removed by subsequent fine grinding (EPA-83). Sand: A course grained soil, the greater portion of which passes through a No. 4 sieve, according to the Unified Soil Classification System (SW-108ts). Sand: Unconsolidated rock and mineral particles with diameters ranging from 1116 to 2 mm (NavyIEnv-04). Sanding sealers: Any coatings formulated for and applied to bare wood for sanding and to seal the wood for subsequent application of varnish. To be considered a sanding sealer a coating must be clearly labelled as such (40CFR52.741-91).
Sandstone: A sedimentary rock consisting of quartz sand united by some cementing material, such as iron oxide or calcium carbonate (CWNmining-04). Sandy loam: A soft, easily worked soil containing 0 to 20% clay, 0 to 50% silt, and 43 to 85% sand, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture classification code (SW-lO8ts). Sanitary landfill compactor: A vehicle equipped with a blade and with rubber tires sheathed in steel or hollow steel cores. Both types of wheels are equipped with load concentrations to provide compaction and a crushing effect. See compactor for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Sanitary survey: An on-site review of the water sources, facilities, equipment, operation, and maintenance of a public water system to evaluate the adequacy of those elements for producing and distributing safe drinking water (EPA-97/12). Sanitary survey: An on-site review of the water sources, facilities, equipment, operation, and maintenance of a public water system for the purpose of evaluating the adequacy of the facilities for producing and distributing safe drinking water (SDWNReg-04). Sanitary waste: The wastewater generated by non-industrial processes; e.g., showers, toilets, food preparation operations. See waste for more related terms (EPA-8211 le).
Sanitary landfill liner: An impermeable barrier, manufactured, constructed, or existing in a natural condition, that is utilized to collect leachate. See liner for more related terms (OME-88/12).
Sanitary wastewater: The wastewater discharging from sanitary conveniences such as toilets, showers, and sinks. See wastewater for more related terms (EPA-85/10).
Sanitary landfill: (1) A facility for the disposal of solid waste which meets the criteria published under section 4004 (RCR.41004, see also 40CFR165.1; 240.101; 257.2-91). (2) Land disposal sites for non-hazardous solid wastes at which the waste is spread in layers, compacted to the smallest practical volume, and cover material applied at the end of each operating day (EPA89/12). (3) An engineered method of disposing of solid waste on land in a manner that protects the environment, by spreading the waste in thin layers, compacting it to the smallest practical volume, and covering it with soil by the end of each working day (EPA-83). (4) See landfill for more related terms.
Sanitary water (also known as gray water): Water discharged from sinks, showers, kitchens, or other non-industrial operations, but not from commodes (EPA-97/12).
Sanitary landfill: Methods of sanitary landfill include (1) Area method. (2) Canyon technique. (3) Monofill. (4) Quarry method. (5) Ramp method. (6) Trench technique. (7) Wet or low-lying area technique. Sanitary sewer overflows (SSO): Untreated or partially treated sewage overflows from a sanitary sewer collection system (CWNwastewater-04). Sanitary sewer: (1) A sewer intended to carry only sanitary or sanitary and industrial waste waters from residences, commercial buildings, industrial plants, and institutions (not stormwater) (40CFR35.905-91, see also 40CFR35.2005-91; EPA-82/11e). (2) See sewer for more related terms. Sanitary sewers: Underground pipes that carry off only domestic or industrial waste, not stormwater (EPA-97/12). Sanitary survey: An on-site review of the water source, facilities, equipment, operation, and maintenance of a public water system for the purpose of evaluating the adequacy of such source, facilities, equipment, operation, and maintenance for producing and distributing safe drinking water (40CFR141.2, see also 40CFR142.2-91).
Sanitary water: The supply of water used for sewage transport and the continuation of such effluents to disposal. See water for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Sanitation: Control of physical factors in the human environment that could harm development, health, or survival (EPA-97/12). Sanitation: The control of all the factors in human being's physical environment that exercise or can exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, health, and survival (SW108ts). Sanitized: A version of a document from which information claimed as trade secret or confidential has been omitted or withheld (cf. unsanitized) (40CFR350.1-91). Saponification: The reaction in which caustic material combines with fats or oils to produce soap (EPA-79/12). The hydrolysis of an ester into its corresponding alcohol and soap (cf. soap boiling) (EPA-74104~). Saprobe: An organism that eats dead or decaying organic matter for living. Saprolite: A soft, clay-rich, thoroughly decomposed rock formed in place by chemical weathering of igneous or metamorphic rock. Forms in humid, tropical, or subtropical climates (EPA-97/12). Saprophytes: Organisms living on dead or decaying organic matter that help natural decomposition of organic matter in water (EPA-97/12). SARA: Superfimd Amendments and Reauthorization Act. See Act or SARA.
SAROAD site identification form: One of the several forms in the SAROAD system. It is the form which provides a complete description of the site (and its surroundings) of an ambient air quality monitoring station (40CFR58.1-91). Satellite accumulation point: An area which collects hazardous waste prior to sending it to its Central Collection Facility (MWTNinfectious-04). Satellite vehicle: A small collection vehicle that transfers its load into a larger vehicle operating in conjunction with it. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR243.101-9 1). Saturate: To fill all the voids in a material with fluid; to form the most concentrated solution possible under a given set of physical conditions in the presence of an excess of substance (EPA-83). Saturated air: (1) Moist air in which the partial pressure of water vapor equals the vapor pressure of water at the existing temperature. This occurs when dry air and saturated water vapor coexist at the same dry-bulb temperature. (2) Air which contains the maximum amount of water vapor that it can hold at its temperature and pressure. (3) See air for more related terms. Saturated calomel electrode: See calomel electrode. Saturated flow: The flow of water through a porous material under saturated conditions. See flow for more related terms (EPA83). Saturated gas: A mixture of gas and vapor to which no additional vapor can be added, at specified conditions. See gas for more related terms (EPA-89103b).
Saturated solution: A solution in which the dissolved solute is in equilibrium with an excess of undissolved solute; or a solution in equilibrium such that at a fixed temperature and pressure, the concentration of the solution is at its maximum value and will not change even in the presence of an excess of solute (40CFR796.1840-91, see also 40CFR796.1860-91). Saturated steam: The steam at the temperature and pressure at which the liquid and vapor phase can exist in equilibrium. See steam for more related terms (EPA-8211 If). Saturated temperature: See saturation temperature. Saturated vapor state: Any state represented by a point on the vapor saturation line. See vapor for more related terms (Wark-p56). Saturated vapor: The vapor that is present under the saturation curve. See vapor for more related terms. Saturated water: The water at its boiling point. See water for more related terms. Saturated zone or zone of saturation: That part of the Earth's crust in which all voids are filled with water (40CFR260.10-91). Saturated zone: (1) A subsurface area in which all pores and cracks are filled with water under pressure equal to or greater than that of the atmosphere (EPA-89112a). Saturated zone: A subsurface zone in which all the interstices or voids are filled with water under pressure greater than that of the atmosphere (CWNWbasics-04). See also water table. Saturated zone: The area below the water table where all open spaces are filled with water under pressure equal to or greater than that of the atmosphere (EPA-97/12).
Saturated hydrocarbon: Those compounds whose carbon atoms are each joined by a single bond. See hydrocarbon family for more related terms.
Saturation conditions: See saturation state.
Saturated liquid state: Any state represented by a point on the liquid saturation line. See liquid for more related terms (Wark-
Saturation curve: The combination of the liquid saturation line and the vapor saturation line.
PW. Saturated liquid: The liquid that is present under the saturation curve. See liquid for more related terms. Saturated mixture: A gas-vapor mixture is saturated, when a reduction in temperature would cause part of the vapor to condense. Saturated phase: Any phase of a pure substance under the saturation state or saturation conditions (Jones-pl 11). Saturated pressure: See saturation pressure.
Saturation pressure (or saturated pressure): The pressure at which two phases of a pure substance can coexist in equilibrium at a given temperature. See pressure for more related terms. Saturation state (or saturation conditions): The conditions under which two or more phases of a pure substance can coexist in equilibrium. At the saturation state, a change of phase may occur without a change of pressure or temperature (Jones-pl 11; Wark~56). Saturation temperature (or saturated temperature): The temperature at which two phases of a pure substance can coexist in equilibrium at a given pressure. See temperature for more related terms.
Saturation: In absorption, the maximum amount of pollutant retained by the scrubbing liquid at a given operating condition (EPA-84/09). Saturation: In adsorption, the maximum amount of pollutant retained by the adsorbent at a given operating condition (EPA84\09). Saturation: In thermodynamics, the condition for coexistence in stable equilibrium of a vapor and liquid or a vapor and solid phase of the same substance. Saturation: The condition of a liquid when it has taken into solution the maximum possible quantity of a given substance at a given temperature and pressure (EPA-97/12). Saturator: The equipment in which asphalt is applied to felt to make asphalt roofing products. The term saturator includes the saturator, wet looper, and coater (40CFR60.471-91). Saveall: A mechanical device used to recover papermaking fibers and other suspended solids from a wastewater or process stream (EPA-87/10). Saw kerf: The wastage of wood immediately adjacent to a saw blade due to the cut-cleaning design of the blade, which enlarges the cut slightly on either side (EPA-74/04). Sawing: Cutting a workpiece with a band, blade, or circular disc having teeth (40CFR471.02-91). Scalability: Capability of moving from small-scale production levels to large-scale production levels. Scalar: A physical quantity which possesses only a magnitude and which therefore can be described by only one numerical value in an arbitrary point of space. An example of a scalar is the concentration (cf. tensor and vector) (NATO-78110). Scale height: The distance over which the atmospheric pressure decrease with height. Scale up: The application of information gathered from a test model to a full-scale prototype facility (EPA-83). Scale: Generally insoluble deposits on equipment and heat transfer surfaces which are created when the solubility of a salt is exceeded. Common scaling agents are calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate (EPA-8211 If). Scaling: Removal of loose rock from the roof or walls. This work is dangerous and a long bar (called a scaling bar) is often used (CWAImining-04).
Scalping: Removal of small amounts of oversized material from feed (EPA-88108a). Scandium (Sc): A soft metal with atomic number 21; atomic weight 44.956; density 3.0 glcc; melting point 1539 C and boiling point 2730 C. The element belongs to group IIlB of the periodic table. Scarfing: Those steel surface conditioning operations in which flames generated by the combustion of oxygen and fuel are used to remove surface metal imperfections from slabs, billets, or blooms (40CFR420.71-91). Scarification: The process of breaking up the topsoil prior to mining (EPA-82/10). Scarify: To disturb or break up the natural soil at a borrow area or sanitary landfill (EPA-83). Scavenger: (1) One who illegally removes materials at any point in the solid waste management system (EPA-89/11). (2) One who participates in the uncontrolled removal of materials at any point in the solid wastestream. A term sometimes used in certain sections of the United States to describe an independent solid wastes collector (EPA-83). Scavenger: One who illegally removes materials at any point in the solid waste management system (RCWmanagement-04). Scavenging: At a landfill or material recovery facility, scavenging is the uncontrolled separation of recyclable and msable materials. Uncontrolled means that the operator does not monitor the removal of materials, and in many cases prohibits it. Material scavenging of recyclables may also occur at the curb or at drop-off centers (RCWmanagement-04). Scavenging: In air, the process in the atmosphere causing the decrease of the concentration of an air pollutant by removal of this pollutant from the atmosphere. Usually applied to the physical process of the capture of air pollutants by falling or floating water droplets (washout, rainout). Chemical processes are usually described by decay or photochemical reactions (NATO-78/10). Scavenging: The uncontrolled and unauthorized removal of materials at any point in the solid waste management system (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR241.101-91). Scenario timeframe: The time period (current and/or future) being considered for the exposure pathway (SFIriskA-04). scf (standard cubic feet): A volume unit measured under standard pressure and temperature in British unit (cf. normal cubic meter). scfm (standard cubic feet per minute): A flow rate unit (cubic feet per minute) measured under standard pressure and
temperature. Standard conditions in air pollution control applications are usually 60 F and 1 atm. Other standard or reference conditions may be used (cf. acfm) (EPA-84/09). Schedule and timetable of compliance: A schedule of required measures including an enforceable sequence of actions or operations leading to compliance with an emission limitation, other limitation, prohibition, or standard (CAA302-42U.S.C.760291). Schedule of compliance: A schedule of remedial measures, including an enforceable sequence of actions or operations, leading to compliance with an applicable implementation plan, emission standard, emission limitation, or emission prohibition (CAASOI, see also CWA502; 122.2; 124.2; 144.3; 270.2-91). Schedule of reinforcement: Specifies the relation between behavioral responses and the delivery of reinforcers, such as food or water (40CFR798.6500-91). Scheduled maintenance: Any periodic procedure, necessary to maintain the integrity or reliability of emissions control performance, which can be anticipated and scheduled in advance. In sulfuric acid plants, it includes among other items the screening or replacement of catalyst, the rstubing of heat exchangers, and the routine repair and cleaning of gas handling/cleaningequipment (40CFR57.103-91, see also 40CFR86.082.2; 86.084.2; 86.402.7891). Scheduled outage duration: The period of time that a power plant or any other type of industrial plant is intentionally taken out of service. The purpose is normally for maintenance.
effects, and product chemistry. See Cleared Reviews, DERs (FFDCNpesticide-04). Scientific notation: A method of writing numbers in terms of powers of ten; e.g., the number 0.0001 18 would be represented as 1.18 X 10-4 or 1.18E-04 where E stands for exponent, as in the exponent that 10 is raised by (Navy/Env-04). Scintillation counter: An instrument used for the location of radioactive ore such as uranium. It uses a transparent crystal which gives off a flash of light when struck by a gamma ray, and a photomultiplier tube which produces an electrical impulse when the light from the crystal strikes it (EPA-82/05). Scoop: A rubber tired-, battery- or diesel-powered piece of equipment designed for cleaning runways and hauling supplies (CWA/mining-04). Scope (for environmental impact statement [EIS]): EIS scope consists of the range of actions, alternatives, and impacts to be considered in an environmental impact statement. The swpe of an individual statement may depend on its relationship to other statements (40CFR1502.20 and 1508.28). To determine the scope of environmental impact statements, agencies shall consider three types of actions, three of types of alternatives, and three types of impacts. Scope (for environmental impact statement [EIS])-alternatives: The alternatives include (1) No action alternative. (2) Other reasonable courses of actions. (3) Mitigation measures (not in the proposed action).
Scheduled outage: An electrical power plant (or chemical plant, etc.) is out of service because of planned maintenance.
Scope (for environmental impact statement [EIS])-impacts: The impacts may be: (1) Direct; (2) Indirect; (3) Cumulative (40CFRI508.25-91).
Schwann cell: One of the large nucleated masses of protoplasm lining the inner surface of the neurilemma, a membrane wrapping the nerve fiber (LBL-76107-bio).
Scope of work: A document similar in content to the program of requirements but substantially abbreviated. It is usually prepared for small-scale projects (40CFR6.901-91).
Science advisory board (SAB): A group established by Congress to provide independent scientific and engineering advice to the EPA Administrator on the technical basis for EPA regulations. Expressed in terms of the current parlance of the risk assessment/risk management paradigm of decision making, the SAB deals with risk assessment issues (hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization) and only that portion of risk management that deals strictly with the technical issues associated with various control options (SF/reform-04).
Scoping meetings: Public meetings held in communities near the Superfbnd site for the public review of and comment on feasibility studies and proposed plans (SFIremedy-04).
Science advisory board (SAB): A group of external scientists who advise EPA on science and policy (EPA-97/12). Science reviews: OPP reviews various pesticide studies, such as toxicology, environmental fate and groundwater, ecological
Scoping: The initial phase of site remediation during which possible site actions and investigative activities are identified (EPA-89112a). Scouring: The removal of earth of rock by the action of running water or of a glacier; in wool manufacture, the removal of foreign matter from wool by propelling it through a series of bowls and squeeze rolls by means of reciprocating arms; scouring wastes are the strongest polluting materials in the whole textile industry and the major factor to be considered in dealing with the waste problem at an integrated woolen mill (DOI-70104).
Scrap metal processor: Intermediate operating facility where recovered metal is sorted, cleaned of contaminants, and prepared for recycling (EPA-97/12). Scrap metals: Bits and pieces of metal parts, e.g., bars, turnings, rods, sheets, wire) or metal pieces that may be combined together with bolts or soldering (e.g., radiators, scrap automobiles, railroad box cars), which when worn or superfluous can be recycled. See metal for more related terms (40CFR261.1-91). Scrap metals: Worn or extra bits and pieces of metal parts, such as scrap piping and wire, or worn metal items, such as scrap automobiles and radiators (RCRAlhazardous-04). Scrap: Materials discarded from manufacturing operations that may be suitable for reprocessing (EPA-97/12). Scrap: For more related terms, see (1) Home scrap; (2) Obsolete scrap; (3) Old scrap; (4) Municipal aluminum scrap; (5) Municipal ferrous scrap; (6) Prompt industrial scrap; and (7) Revert scrap (see home scrap). Scratch brusb wheels: All power-driven rotatable wheels made from wire or bristles, and used for scratch cleaning and brushing purposes (29CFR1910.94b-9 1). Screen chamber: A compartment of the intake of a pump and screen structure in which the screens are located (EPA-76/04). Screen: Screen means a device for separating material according to size by passing undersize material through one or more mesh surfaces (screens) in series and retaining oversize material on the mesh surfaces (screens) (40CFR60.38 1-91). Screen: For more related terms, see (1) Bar screen; (2) Revolving screen; (3) Rotary screen; (4) Shaking screen; (5) Side hill screen; and (6) Vibrating screen. Screening concentration: The media-specific benchmark concentration for a hazardous substance that is used in the HRS for comparison with the concentration of that hazardous substance in a sample from that media. The screening concentration for a specific hazardous substance corresponds to its reference dose of inhalation exposures or for oral exposures, as appropriate, and, if the substance is a human carcinogen with a weight-of-evidence classification of A, B, or C, to that concentration that corresponds to its individual lifetime excess cancer risk for inhalation exposures or for oral exposures, as appropriate (40CFR300-AA91). Screening levels: Acceptable or safe concentrations based on human health data. Screening levels are developed from toxicological data and are expressed in micrograms per cubic meter and in various averaging times; i.e.; 1 hour, 8 hours, 24 hours, and annual. The list of screening levels QlSLs, IRSLs, and SRSLs) are developed by the Air Quality Division (CAAIAPC-04).
Screening operation: A device for separating material according to size by passing undersize material through one or more mesh surfaces (screens) in series, and retaining oversize material on the mesh surfaces (screens) (40CFR60.671-91). Screening risk assessment: A risk assessment performed with few data and many assumptions to identify exposures that should be evaluated more carefully for potential risk (EPA-97/12). Screening: Use of screens to remove coarse floating and suspended solids from sewage (EPA-97/12). Screw conveyer: A rotating helical shaft that moves materials, such as incinerator siftings, along a trough or tube. See conveyer for more related terms (SW-108ts). Screw press: A device used to recover spent liquor from cooked wood chips (EPA-87/10). Scrim (or fabric) reinforcement: The fabric reinforcement layer used with some geomembranes for the purpose of increased strength and dimensional stability (EPA-91/05). Scrim designation: The weight and number of yams of fabric reinforcement per inch of length and width, e.g., a 10 X 10 scrim has 10 yams per inch in both the machine and cross machine directions (EPA-9 1/05). Scrubber liquor: An untreated wastewater stream produced by wet scrubbers cleaning gases produced by metal manufacturing operations. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-WlOa). Scrubber: An air pollution device that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry process to trap pollutants in emissions (EPA84/09; 89111). Types of scrubbers include (1) Dry scrubber (EPA89/02; 89103b); and (2) Wet scrubber (EPA-84/03b, pl-4). Scrubber: An air pollution device that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry process to trap pollutants in emissions (EPA97/12). Scrubber: Any of several forms of chemical/physical devices that remove sulfur compounds formed during coal combustion. These devices, technically known as flue gas desulfurization systems, combine the sulfur in gaseous emissions with another chemical medium to form inert "sludge," which must then be removed for disposal (CWNmining-04). Scrubber-dry scrubber: (1) Spray dryer. (2) Spray dryer absorber (EPA-89/02). (3) Dry injection adsorption system (EPA89/02). (4) Spray dryer and dry injection systems combination (EPA-89/02). Scrubber-wet scrubber: (1) Cyclone type scrubber (AP-40). (2) Fume scrubber (EPA-74112a). (3) Ionizing wet scrubber (CRWI-
89/05). (4) Mechanical scrubber (AP-40; Calvert-84). (5) Orifice type scrubber (AP-40). (6) Packed tower (packed absorber, packed column or packed-bed scrubber) (EPA-81/09, 89103b; AP-40). (7) Plate scrubber (Calvert-84). (8) Spray chamber (spray tower) (AP40). (9) Venturi scrubber (EPA-89/03b, AP-40; Hesketh-79). (10) Wet filter (AP-40).
sealing agent. Major applications of this product include sealants for buildings and automotive windows, sealants for aerospace equipment components, and sealants for insulated glass (40CFR763.163-91).
Scrubbing (or washing): The washing of impurities from any process gas stream (40CFR165.1-9 1).
Sealant: A viscous chemical used to seal the exposed edges of scrim reinforced geomembranes. Manufacturers and installers should be consulted for the various types of sealant used with specific geomembranes (EPA-91/05).
Scum baffle: A baffle to prevent scum flowing out with the stream of effluent.
Sealed cell: A battery cell which can operate in a sealed condition during both charge and discharge (EPA-84/08).
Scum chamber: A chamber, a tank, or a trough for temporarily holding scum from wastewater treatment.
Sealed lead acid battery: This type of battery possesses basically the same chemistry as a wet (flooded cell) battery. The battery's electrolyte is in a gelatin form and is absorbed into the plates and the battery is sealed with epoxies. These batteries may be used in any position and the batteries are exceptionally leak-resistant. @ttp://www.eastpenn-powerbattery.wmleastpenn-faq.html#l, 2004).
Scum collector: A device for collecting scum from sedimentation tanks. Scum: A surface deposit sometimes formed on building bricks (cf. skimming) (EPA-83). SDWA: Safe Drinking Water Act. See Act or SDWA. Sea breeze: The breeze due to a local circulation near a shoreline, which blows from the water to the land surface. This local circulation is caused by temperature difference between the water (cold) and the land surface (warm). The sea breeze usually blows during the day time and alternates with the land breeze. Also see land breeze for comparison. See breeze for more related terms (NATO-78110). Sea level: Long-term average position of the sea surface. Sea level varies from place to place and with the time period for which the average is calculated. For the conterminous United States, sea level is most commonly referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (CWA/Wbasics-04). Sea level: The level of the surface of the sea between high and low tide, used as a standard in measuring heights and depths (DOI-70104). Sea water intrusion: See salt water intrusion. Sea water: See saline water (CWNWbasics-04).
Sealed source: Any by-product material that is encased in a capsule designed to prevent leakage or escape of the by-product material (10CFR30.4-91, see also 40CFR52.741-91). Seam: A stratum or bed of coal (CWNmining-04). Seam: Mark on glass surface resulting from joint of matching mold parts; to slightly grind the sharp edges of a piece of glass (EPA-83). Seam: For more related terms, see (1) Extrusion seam; (2) Factory seam; and (3) Field seam. Seaming board: Smooth wooden planks placed beneath the area to be seamed to provide a uniform resistance to applied roller pressure in the fabrication of seams (EPA-91/05). Seasoning: Exposing paper to uniform atmospheric conditions to equalize moisture content (EPA-83). Secator: A separating device that throws mixed materials onto a rotating shaft, heavy and resilient materials bounce off one side of the shaft, while light and inelastic materials land on the other and are cast in the opposite direction. See separator for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Sea water: See saline water. Seacoal: Finely ground bituminous coal used as an ingredient in molding sands to control the thermal expansion of the mold, and to control the composition of the mold cavity gas during pouring (EPA-8511Oa). Sealant tape: An asbestos-containing product which is initially a semi-liquid mixture of butyl rubber and asbestos, but which solidifies when exposed to air, and which is intended for use as a
Second derivative absorption analyzer: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). This analyzer provides a very specific measurement of compounds with narrow band spectral absorption. Light with a modulated wavelength, is projected through the same gas, or measurement cavity. If the gas to be detected is present, the intensity of the detected light varies at twice the modulation frequency. The resulting signal is processed to determine the second derivatives (d2) value which is directly proportional to the
concentration of the gas. Since the technique is sensitive to the curvature of the spectra and not the intensity of the spectra, it provides enhanced sensitivity and permits measurement of a single gas in complex mixtures (EPA-84103a). Second order reaction: The rate of a chemical reaction is determined by the concentration of two reactants. See chemical reaction for more related terms.
Secondary clarifier (secondary settling tank or secondary sedimentation tank): In a waste-treatment plant, a basin, or tank that receives liquid from a prior treatment process such as trickling filter or an activated sludge tank; here settleable solids are removed by sedimentation. See clarifier for more related terms (EPA-83/03, see also DOI-70104).
Secondary air fan: A fan to provide the principle air used to provide turbulencelmixing so as to assure completing combustion. See fan for more related terms (EPA-83).
Secondary combustion air (or secondary air): (1) Air for combustion supplied to combustion devices to supplement the primary air. (2) The air introduced above or below the fuel (waste) bed by a natural, induced, or forced draft. It is generally referred to as overfire air if supplied above the fuel bed through the side walls or the bridge wall of the primary chamber (SW-108ts). (3) See combustion air for more related terms.
Secondary air supply: An air supply that introduces air to the wood heater such that the bum rate is not altered by more than 25% when the secondary air supply is adjusted during the test run. The wood heater manufacturer can document this through design drawings that show the secondary air is introduced only into a mixing chamber or secondary chamber outside the firebox (40CFR60-App/A(method 28 & 28A)-91).
Secondary combustion chamber (or secondary chamber): (1) The chamber where a secondary burner is installed and the incompletely burned gas from the primary combustion chamber is re-burned. It operates with an excess air (EPA-89103b). (2) Chamber where unburned combustible gases and particulate from the primary chamber are burned to completion (EPA-83). (3) See combustion chamber for more related terms.
Secondary air: See secondary combustion air.
Secondary combustion chamber air blower: A forced air blower for providing combustion air to the secondary combustion chamber. See blower for more related terms (EPA-89103b).
Second side: The final side of a plate glass to be ground and polished (EPA-83).
Secondary alcohol: An alcohol whose OH connected carbon joins with one hydrogen atom. Its molecular structure can be expressed as RIR2CHOH,where R1 and R2 can be identical or different groups, e.g., propan-2-01 [(CH3)2CHOH]. See alcohol for more related terms. Secondary amine: An amine whose molecular structure can be expressed as RIR2NH, where R1 and R2 can be identical or different groups, e.g., dimethylamine [(CH3)2NH].See m i n e for more related terms. Secondary battery (or secondary cell): An electrochemical cell or battery system that can be recharged. See battery for more related terms (EPA-84/08). Secondary burner (afterburner, catalytic afterburner, fume incinerator, secondary combustion chamber burner, thermal oxidizer, or vapor incinerator): (1) An air pollution control device that incinerates undesirable organic gases (combustible materials) from the primary combustion chamber such as rotary kilns. The combustible materials may be gases, vapors, or entrained particulate matter. (2) A burner installed at the secondary combustion chamber of an incinerator to maintain a minimum temperature and to complete the combustion of incompletely burned gas (SW-108ts). (3) See burner for more related terms. Secondary cell: See secondary battery. Secondary chamber: See secondary combustion chamber.
Secondary combustion chamber air port: A port through which combustion air enters the combustion chamber and causes mixing. See combustion chamber for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Secondary combustion chamber burner: See secondary burner. Secondary contact recreation: The activities where a person's water contact would be limited to the extent that bacterial infections of eyes, ears, respiratory, or digestive systems or urogenital areas would normally be avoided (such as wading or fishing) (40CFR131.35.d-13-91). Secondary containment: The process equipment specifically designed to contain material that has breached primary containment before the material is released to the environment and becomes an accidental release. A vent duct and scrubber that are attached to the outlet of a pressure relief device are examples of secondary containment. See containment for more related terms (EPA-87107a). Secondary drinking water regulations: A regulation which applies to public water systems and which specifies the maximum contaminant level which, in the judgment of the Administrator, are requisite to protect the public welfare. Such regulations may apply to any contaminant in drinking water: (1) which may adversely affect the odor or appearance of such water and consequently may cause a substantial number of the persons served by the public water system providing such water to discontinue its use; or (2)
which may otherwise adversely affect the public welfare. Such regulations may vary according to geographic and other circumstances. See Act or SDWA for more related terms (SDWA1401-42U.S.C.300f-91). Secondary drinking water regulations: Non-enforceable regulations applying to public water systems and specifying the maximum contamination levels that, in the judgment of EPA, are required to protect the public welfare. These regulations apply to any contaminants that may adversely affect the odor or appearance of such water and consequently may cause people served by the system to discontinue its use (EPA-97/12). Secondary drinking water standards: Non-enforceable federal guidelines regarding cosmetic effects (such as tooth or skin discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) of drinking water (SDWAIReg-04). Secondary effect: Action of a stressor on supporting components of the ecosystem, which in turn impact the ecological component of concern. See primary effect (EPA-97/12). Secondary effluent: The effluent from the secondary clarifiers. See effluent for more related terms.
Secondary expansion: See permanent expansion. Secondary hood system: The equipment (including hoods, ducts, fans, and dampers) used to capture and transport secondary inorganic arsenic emissions (40CFR61.17 1-91). Secondary impact (or indirect impact): The effect of a project arising through induced changes in population, economic growth and land use, and the environmental effects resulting from these changes (EPA-80108). Secondary industry category: Any industry category which is not a primary industry category (cf. primary industry category) (40CFR122.2-91). Secondary leachate: When water percolates through a landfill, the water becomes contaminated and becomes leachate. This leachate is known as secondary leachate (RCRAImanagement-04). Secondary lead smelter: Any facility producing lead from a leadbearing scrap material by smelting to the metallic form. See smelter for more related terms (40CFR60.121-91). Secondary manufacturing residues: Sawdust, planer shavings, and the like created by converting lumber, plywood, and veneer into manufactured products such as furniture, pallets, flooring, and moldings (EPA-83).
Secondary emission control system: The combination of equipment used for the capture and collection of secondary emissions, e.g., (1) An open hood system for the capture and collection of primary and secondary emissions from the BOPF, with local hooding ducted to a secondary emission collection device such as a baghouse for the capture and collection of emissions from the hot metal transfer and skimming station; (2) An open hood system for the capture and collection of primary and secondary emissions from the furnace, plus a furnace enclosure with local hooding ducted to a secondary emission collection device, such as a baghouse, for additional capture and collection of secondary emissions from the furnace, with local hooding ducted to a secondary emission collection device, such as a baghouse, for the capture and collection of emissions from hot metal transfer and skimming station; or (3) A furnace enclosure with local hooding ducted to a secondary emission collection device such as a baghouse for the capture and collection of secondary emissions from a BOPF controlled by a closed hood primary emission control system, with local hooding ducted to a secondary emission collection device, such as a baghouse, for the capture and collection of emissions from hot metal transfer and skimming stations (40CFR60.141a-91).
Secondary materials: The five categories of solid wastes regulated under Subtitle C, which include spent materials, byproducts, sludges, commercial chemical products, and scrap metal (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Secondary emissions: The emissions which occur as a result of the construction or operation of an existing stationary facility but do not come from the existing stationary facility. Secondary emissions may include, but are not limited to, emissions from ships or trains coming to or from the existing stationary facility. See emission for more related terms (40CFR51.301-91, see also 4OCFR5l .l6S; 51.166; 52.21; 52.24; 51.165; 51-ApplS; 60.141a; 61.171; 61.181-91).
Secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs): SMCLs which apply to public water systems and which, in the judgement of the Administrator, are requisite to protect the public welfare. The SMCL means the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to the free flowing outlet of the ultimate user of public water system. Contaminants added to the water under circumstances controlled by the user, except those resulting from corrosion of piping and plumbing caused by
Secondary material: (1) A material recovered from a wastestream for reprocessing or remanufacturing (OTA-89/10). (2) A material that is utilized in place of a primary material in manufacturing a product. Materials which might go to waste if not collected and processed for reuse (EPA-83). (3) See material for more related terms. Secondary material: A material that is used in place of a primary or raw material in manufacturing a product (RCRAImanagement04). Secondary materials: Materials that have been manufactured and used at least once and are to be used again (EPA-97/12).
water quality, are excluded from this definition. See Act or SDWA for more related terms (40CFR143.2-91). See 40CFR143.3 for standards.
Secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs): The maximum level of a contaminant or undesirable constituent in public water systems that, in the judgment of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is required to protect the public welfare. SMCLs are secondary (nonenforceable) drinking water regulations established by the EPA for contaminants that may adversely affect the odor or appearance of such water (CWNWbasics-04). Secondary metabolites: Products of metabolism that are not associated with propagation of the organism (EPA-88109a). Secondary pollutant: (1) Pollutants produced by the primary pollutants which are directly emitted from a source. Examples of secondary pollutants include ozone and organic nitrates which are produced from primary pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons by photochemical reactions. (2) A pollutant formed in the atmosphere by chemical changes taking place between primary pollutants and other substances present in the air. (3) See pollutant for more related terms. Secondary processor of asbestos: A person who processes for commercial purposes an asbestos mixture. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR763.63-91). Secondary recycling: The use of a secondary material in an industrial application other than that in which the material originated. An example is the reprocessing of newspapers and old corrugated boxes into container board for packaging or into construction paper (EPA-83). Secondary risk screening level (SRS): SRS is designed to be protective for carcinogenic effects (CMAPC-04). Secondary roof: The roof strata immediately above the coalbed, requiring support during the excavating of coal (CWNmining-04). Secondary sedimentationtank: See secondary clarifier. Secondary settling tank: See secondary clarifier. Secondary settling: The secondary settling unit for the removal of settleable solids from the prior treatment processes. See settling for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Secondary significance pollutant: The pollutants that are of secondary significance if they are not recommended for regulation, but are specified to be considered on a case-by-case basis for potential deleterious effects on humans and the environment. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-85/10).
Secondary sludge: The sludge resulting from the secondary clarifiers. See sludge for more related terms. Secondary standards: (1) A national secondary ambient air quality standard promulgated pursuant to section 109 of the Act (40CFR51.100-91). (2) See standard for more related terms. Secondary standards: A pollution limit based on environmental effects such as damage to property, plants, visibility, etc. Secondary standards are set for criteria air pollutants (CMAPC-04). Secondary standards: A pollution limit based on environmental effects such as damage to property, plants, visibility, etc. Secondary standards are set for criteria air pollutants (CMair-04). Secondary standards: For calibration application: (1) A material having a property that is calibrated against a primary standard (LBL-76107-air). (2) Those calibrated against primary or intermediate standards under known conditions of gas type, temperature, and pressure. Accuracies less than 5% are achievable. See calibration of air flow for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Secondary standards: National ambient air quality standards designed to protect welfare, including effects on soils, water, crops, vegetation, man-made (anthropogenic) materials, animals, wildlife, weather, visibility, and climate; damage to property; transportation hazards; economic values, and personal comfort and well-being (EPA-97/12). Secondary treatment: Technology-based requirements for direct discharging municipal sewage treatment facilities. Standard is based on a combination of physical and biological processes typical for the treatment of pollutants in municipal sewage. Standards are expressed as a minimum level of effluent quality in terms of: BOD5, suspended solids (SS), and pH (except as provided for special considerations and treatment equivalent to secondary treatment) (CWNwastewater-04). Secondary treatment: The second step in most publicly owned waste treatment systems in which bacteria consume the organic parts of the waste. It is accomplished by bringing together waste, bacteria, and oxygen in trickling filters or in the activated sludge process. This treatment removes floating and settleable solids and about 90% of the oxygen-demanding substances and suspended solids. Disinfection is the final stage of secondary treatment. See primary, tertiary treatment (EPA-97/12). Secondary use: The use of a material in an application other than that in which it originated, however, the material is not changed significantly by processing and retains its identity. Examples are cotton clothing articles that are converted into wiping rags by being washed and cut to size; the use of steel cans in copper precipitation; and the use of rubber tires as dock bumpers. Materials used in this mode end up as waste after their secondary use is complete (EPA-83).
Secondary wastewater treatment (or secondary treatment): (1) The second step in most publicly owned waste treatment systems in which bacteria consume the organic parts of the waste. It is accomplished by bringing together waste, bacteria, and oxygen in trickling filters or in the activated sludge process. This treatment removes floating and settleable solids and about 90% of the oxygen demanding substances and suspended solids. Disinfection is the final stage of secondary treatment (EPA-89/12). (2) Wastewater treatment using biological methods (bacterial action) in addition to primary treatment by screening, sedimentation, and flotation. In secondary treatment, bacteria are used to destroy organic wastes as the water trickles over coarse stones. The process removes up to 90% of the dissolved pollutants, but leaves many other pollutants untouched. A secondary waste-treatment plant may consist of the following units, in addition to those of the primary treatment plant: trickling filter; aeration or activated sludge; secondary clarifier, secondary settling tank, final settling tank, and final settling basin (DOI-70104). (3) See treatment or wastewater treatment for more related terms. Secondary wastewater treatment: Treatment (following primary wastewater treatment) involving the biological process of reducing suspended, colloidal, and dissolved organic matter in effluent from primary treatment systems and which generally removes 80 to 95% of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and suspended matter. Secondary wastewater treatment may be accomplished by biological or chemical-physical methods. Activated sludge and trickling filters are two of the most common means of secondary treatment. It is accomplished by bringing together waste, bacteria, and oxygen in trickling filters or in the activated sludge process. This treatment removes floating and settleable solids and about 90% of the oxygen-demanding substances and suspended solids. Disinfection is the final stage of secondary treatment (CWMWscience-04). Secondary winding: The winding on the load (i.e., output) side of a transformer (EPA-83/03). Secret: See security classification category. Section 106 order: A unilateral administrative order that allows EPA to order PRPs to perform certain remedial actions at a Superfund site, subject to treble damages and daily fines if the order is not obeyed (SFIEnv-04). Section 13: Refers to section 13 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 12 (40CFR7.25-91). Section 304(a) criteria: Are developed by EPA under authority of section 304(a) of the Act based on the latest scientific information on the relationship that the effect of a constituent concentration has on particular aquatic species andlor human health. This information is issued periodically to the states as guidance for use in developing criteria (4OCFRl31.3-91).
Section 404 program or State 404 program or 404: An approved state program to regulate the discharge of dredged material and the discharge of fill material under section 404 of the Clean Water Act in state-regulated waters (4OCFRl24.2-91. Section 5 notice: Any PMN, consolidated PMN, intermediate PMN, significant new use notice, exemption notice, or exemption application (40CFR700.43-91). Section 504: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Pub. L. 93-112, 87 Stat. 394 (29U.S.C.794)), as amended by the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1974 (Pub. L. 93-516, Stat. 1617); and the Rehabilitation, Comprehensive Services, and Developmental Disabilities Amendments of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-602, 92 Stat. 2955); and the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1986 (Pub. L. 99-506, 100 Stat. 1810). As used in this part, section 504 applies only to programs or activities conducted by Executive agencies and not to federally assisted programs (40CFR12.103-91). Section mill: Those steel hot forming operations that produce a variety of finished and semi-finished steel products other than the products of those mills specified below in paragraphs (d), (e), (g), and (h) of this section (40CFR420.71-91). Section: A portion of the working area of a mine (CWAImining04). Sectionally supported furnace wall: A furnace or boiler wall which consists of special refractory blocks or shapes that are mounted on and supported at intervals of height by metallic hangers. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Sector averaging: Over a period of time, all wind direction observations can be placed in a wind direction sector and the number of occurrences within each sector tabulated. For averaging periods greater than eight hours, it is often assumed that wind direction is uniformly distributed within each sector. It is assumed that there is a uniform distribution of wind direction within each sector. This results in a uniform horizontal distribution of the plume within each sector, rather than assuming a Gaussian distribution along the horizontal axis (EPA-88/09). Secular equilibrium: The condition in which the activities (the mean number of decays per unit time of a radionuclide) of a parent and daughter in a radioactive decay chain are (very nearly) equal. For example, as soon as radon atoms are formed from the decay of radium, they start to decay at a characterized rate. At first, production will exceed decay, and the amount of radon will increase. However, the number of decays will increase, and eventually a state will be reached where decay equals production. This state is known as secular equilibrium (SDWAIradionuclide04). Secure chemical landfill: See landfills (EPA-97/12).
Secure landfills: Disposal sites for hazardous waste. They are selected and designed to minimize the chance of release of hazardous substances into the environment (EPA-89/12). Secure maximum contaminant level: Maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water delivered to the free flowing outlet of the ultimate user, or of contamination resulting from corrosion of piping and plumbing caused by water quality (EPA-97/12). Security classification assignment: The prescription of a specific security classification for a particular area or item of information. The information involved constitutes the sole basis for determining the degree of classification assigned (40CFR11.4-e91). Security classification category: The specific degree of classification (Top Secret, Secret, or Confidential) assigned to classified information to indicate the degree of protection required: (1) Top Secret: Refers to national security information or material which requires the highest degree of protection. The test for assigning Top Secret classification shall be whether its unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security. Examples of "exceptionally grave damage" include armed hostilities against the United States or its allies; disruption of foreign relations vitally affecting the national security; the compromise of vital national defense plans or complex cryptologic and communications intelligence systems; the revelation of sensitive intelligence operations; and the disclosure of scientific or technological developments vital to national security. This classification shall be used with the utmost restraint. (2) Secret: Refers to that national security information or material which requires a substantial degree of protection. The test for assigning Secret classification shall be whether its unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause serious damage to the national security. Examples of "serious damage" include disruption of foreign relations significantly affecting the national security; significant impairment of a program or policy directly related to the national security; revelation of significant military plans or intelligence operations; and compromise of scientific or technological developments relating to national security. The classification Secret shall be sparingly used. (3) Confidential: Refers to that national security information or material which requires protection. The test for assigning Confidential classification shall be whether its unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause damage to the national security (40CFR11.4-f-91).
Sediment discharge: The rate at which dry weight of sediment passes a section of a stream or is the quantity of sediment, as measured by dry weight, or by volume, that is discharged in a given time (CWNhydrology-04). Sediment guideline: Threshold concentration above which there is a high probability of adverse effects on aquatic life from sediment contamination, determined using modified USEPA (1996) procedures (CWAIWquality-04). Sediment yield: The quantity of sediment arriving at a specific location (EPA-97/12). Sediment: Fragmental material that originates from weathering of rocks and is transported by, suspended in, or deposited by water or air or is accumulated in beds by other natural agencies (CWNhydrology-04). Sediment: Particles, derived from rocks or biological materials, that have been transported by a fluid or other natural process, suspended or settled in water (CWNWbasics-04). Sediment: The unconsolidated inorganic and organic material that is suspended in and being transported by surface water, or has settled out and has deposited into beds (40CFR796.2750-91). Sediment: Topsoil, sand, and minerals washed from the land into water, usually after rain or snow melt. Sediments collecting in rivers, reservoirs, and harbors can destroy fish and wildlife habitat and cloud the water so that sunlight cannot reach aquatic plants. Loss of topsoil from farming, mining, or building activities can be prevented through a variety of erosion-control techniques (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Sediment: Usually applied to material in suspension in water or recently deposited from suspension. In the plural the word is applied to all kinds of deposits from the waters of streams, lakes, or seas (CWAIWscience-04). Sedimentary rock: Rock formed of sediment, and specifically: (1) Sandstone and shale, formed of fragments of other rock transported from their sources and deposited in water; and (2) Rocks formed by or from secretions of organisms, such as most limestone. Many sedimentary rocks show distinct layering, which is the result of different types of sediment being deposited in succession (CWAIWscience-04).
Sedimendation basin: See settling pond. Sediment (SED): (1) Material borne and deposited by water. (2) Soil, sand, and minerals washed from land into water, usually after rain. They pile up in reservoirs, rivers, and harbors, destroying fish and wildlife habitat, and clouding the water so that sunlight cannot reach aquatic plants. Careless farming, mining, and building activities will expose sediment materials, allowing them to wash off the land after rainfall (NavyIEnv-04).
Sedimentary rocks: Rocks formed by the consolidation of loose sediment that has accumulated in layers (CWNWbasics-04). Sedimentation basin: An excavated area of land that is used to allow solid particles in water to settle out. The rate of sedimentation is dependent on the depth of the basin and the size and weight of the particles (RCRAImanagement-04).
Sedimentation tanks: Wastewater tanks in which floating wastes are skimmed off and settled solids are removed for disposal (EPA97/12). Sedimentation: (1) Letting solids settle out of wastewater by gravity during wastewater treatment (40CFR141.2-91). In wastewater treatment, sedimentation is a purely physically process where particles suspended in a liquid are made to settle by means of gravitational and inertial forces acting on both the particles suspended in the liquid and the liquid itself. Practically every industry that discharges a process wastewater stream contaminated with suspended and or precipitable pollutants employs some forms of precipitation, flocculation, andfor sedimentation. Examples are: removal of heavy metals from iron steel industry wastewater and removal of fluoride from aluminium production waste water. (2) The setting out of particles in the atmosphere due to their gravitational fall (NATO-78110). Sedimentation: (1) Letting solids settle out of wastewater by gravity during treatment. (2) Solids naturally settling out of slow water in rivers, streams, and other water bodies (Navy/Env-04). Sedimentation: Letting solids settle out of wastewater by gravity during treatment (EPA-97/12). Sedimentation: The act or process of forming or accumulating sediment in layers; the process of deposition of sediment (CWA/Wbasics-04). Sedimentation: For more related terms, see (1) Final sedimentation and (2) Plain sedimentation. Sediments: Soil, sand, and minerals washed from land into water, usually after rain. They pile up in reservoirs, rivers, and harbors, destroying fish and wildlife habitat, and clouding the water so that sunlight cannot reach aquatic plants. Careless farming, mining, and building activities will expose sediment materials, allowing them to wash off the land after rainfall (EPA-97/12). Seed protectant: A chemical applied before planting to protect seeds and seedlings from disease or insects (EPA-97/12). Seed: (1) Introduction of microorganisms into a culture medium (EPA-87110a). (2) An extremely small gaseous inclusion in glass (EPA-83). Seep: A small area where water percolates (see percolation) slowly to the land surface (CWA/Wbasics-04). Seepage: (1) The movement of water or gas through soil without forming definite channels (cf. percolation) (SW-108ts). Seepage: (1) The slow movement of water through small cracks, pores, Interstices, etc., of a material into or out of a body of surface or subsurface water. (2) The loss of water by infiltration into the soil from a canal, ditches, laterals, watercourse, reservoir,
storage facilities, or other body of water, or from a field (CWNWscience-04). Seepage: Percolation of water through the soil from unlined canals, ditches, laterals, watercourses, or water storage facilities (EPA-97/12). Segmental vibration (hand-arm vibration): Vibration applied to the handfarms through a tool or piece of equipment. This can cause a reduction in blood flow to the handdfingers (Raynaud's disease or vibration white finger). Also, it can interfere with sensory receptor feedback leading to increased handgrip force to hold the tool. Further, a strong association has been reported between carpal tunnel syndrome and segmental vibration (OSHA/ergonomics-04). Segregated stormwater sewer system: A drain and collection system designed and operated for the sole purpose of collecting rainfall runoff at a facility, and which is segregated from all other individual drain systems (40CFR6 1.341-91). Segregated wastewater stream: A wastewater stream generated from part or all of one pesticide process (EPA-85/10). Seiche: A sudden oscillation of the water in a moderate-size body of water, caused by wind (CWA/Wbasics-04). Seiche: The free oscillation of the bulk of water in a lake and the motion caused by it on the surface of the lake (CWAhydrology04). Seismic: Pertaining to any earth vibration, especially an earthquake (DOE-91/04). Selected alternative: The remediation alternative selected for a site based on technical feasibility, permanence, reliability, and cost. The selected alternative need not be the least expensive alternative. If there are,several remediation alternatives available that deal effectively with the problems at the site, EPA must choose the remedy on the basis of permanence, reliability, and cost (SFIEnv-04). Selective adsorbent: The adsorbents capable of selectively adsorbing (or rejecting) specific components from a multicomponent gas or liquid mixture. See adsorbent for more related terms. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR): One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). SCR is a dry process and has been used extensively in Japan to achieve a 90% reduction in NO, emissions. This process is based on the preferential reaction of NH3 with NO, rather than with SO2in the flue gas. The reactions are expressed as: (1) 4NH3 + 4N0 + O2 4N2 + 6H20; (2) 4NH3 + 2N0 + O2 3N2 + 6H20. Equation (1) represents the predominant reaction occurring since 90% of NO, emissions in combustion flue gas are
+
+
in the form of NO. This process involves injecting NH3 into the flue gas and passing this mixture through a catalytic reactor. NO, emissions are reduced to harmless molecular nitrogen (N2) and water vapor (H20). Ammonia is injected on an NH3:N0 mole ratio of 1:1 attaining a 90% NO, emission reduction with less than 20 ppm NH3 leaving the reactor. The optimum temperature for successful NO, reduction in the catalytic reactor is between 300 and 400 C. The reactor is usually located between the boiler economizer and air preheater. A bypass around the economizer is used when temperatures begin to fall below 300 C. The reactor can be located before or after the baghouse or electrostatic precipitator used to collect particulate matter. A number of materials have been used for catalysts. Initially, a platinum metal on an alumina (A1203)support was used for NO, control on gas fired boilers. Sulfur oxides, particularly SO3 and SO2 poison the alumina. Other catalysts must be used which resist SO, deterioration when burning fuel containing sulfur. Titanium dioxide (Ti02) and vanadium (VzOS)catalysts are resistant to SO, attack. Therefore, most catalysts on oil and coal fired boilers contain Ti02 or V2O5.Other active metals including C, CO, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, and W have been used as catalysts. The oxides and sulfates of these metals have also been used as catalysts. The exact compositions and constituents of most catalysts are proprietary information. The biggest problem with the SCR process is the formation of solid ammonium sulfates (NH4)2S04 and liquid ammonium bisulfate (NH4HS04). This problem occurs when using the SCR process on high sulfur oil and coal fired boilers. Ammonia reacts with SO3 to fonn corrosive compounds of (NH4)2SO4and NH4HS04 that coat the air preheater. Increased soot blowing in the furnace and water washing of the air preheaters helps remove the materials (EPA-81/12, p7-15).
Selective herbicide: A compound that kills or significantly retards growth of an unwanted plant species without significantly damaging desired plant species (CWNWbasics-04). Selective herbicide: A pesticide intended to kill only certain types of plants, especially broad-leafed weeds, and not harm other plants such as farm crops of lawn grasses. The leading herbicide in the United States is 2,4 D. A related but stronger chemical used mostly for brush control on range, pasture, and forest lands and on utility or highway rights-of-way is 2,4,5-T. Uses of the latter chemical have been somewhat restricted because of laboratory evidence that it or a dioxin contaminant in 2,4,5-T can cause birth defects in test animals. See herbicide for more related terms (EPA7411 1). Selective herbicide: Kills or significantly retards growth of an unwanted plant species without significantly damaging desired plant species (CWNWquality-04). Selective medium: See differential medium. Selective mining: The object of selective mining is to obtain a relatively high-grade mine product; this usually entails the use of a much more expensive stopping system and high exploration and
development costs in searching for and developing the separate bunches, stringers, lenses, and bands of ore (CWNmining-04).
Selective non-catalytic reduction (SCNR): Injecting ammonia or urea to control NO, emissions by reacting nitric oxide (NO) with a nitrogen-bearing compound to form nitrogen gas (N2)(CMAPC04). Selective oxidation: See preferential oxidation. Selective pesticide: A chemical designed to affect only certain types of pests, leaving other plants and animals unharmed (EPA97/12). Selectivity coefficient: A coefficient related to the ion equilibrium in an ion exchange system. Selenium (Se): The total selenium present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.361-91, see also 40CFR415.451; 415.631-91). Selenium is a metalloid element with atomic number 34; atomic weight 78.96; density 4.79 glee; melting point 217 C and boiling point 685 C. The element belongs to group VIA of the periodic table. Major selenium compounds include (1) Selenic acid (H2Se04):A highly poisonous solid. (2) Selenide: Selenium salts, e.g., inorganic salt, silver selenide (Ag2Se) and organic salt, ethyl selenide ((C2Hs)2Se). Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA): SCBA consists of a face piece and regulator mechanism connected to a cylinder of compressed air or oxygen carried by the wearer (Course 165.5). Self-contained breathing apparatus: A self-contained supply of oxygen used during rescue work from coal mine fires and explosions; same as SCSR (self-contained self rescuer) (CWA/mining-04). Self-monitoring: Sampling and analyses performed by a facility to determine compliance with a permit or other regulatory requirements (CWA/wastewater-04). Self-purification: Purification of river water by itself. When waste is discharged to a river, bacteria and other micro-organisms in the river digest the waste, thus, reducing the concentration of the waste. Self-rescuer: A small filtering device carried by a coal miner underground, either on his belt or in his pocket, to provide him with immediate protection against carbon monoxide and smoke in case of a mine fire or explosion. It is a small canister with a mouthpiece directly attached to it. The wearer breathes through the mouth, the nose being closed by a clip. The canister contains a layer of fused calcium chloride that absorbs water vapor from the mine air. The device is used for escape purposes only because it does not sustain life in atmospheres containing deficient oxygen. The length of time a self-rescuer can be used is governed mainly
by the humidity in the mine air, usually between 30 minutes and one hour (CWNmining-04).
Self-supplied water: Water withdrawn from a surface water or groundwater source by a user rather than being obtained from a public supply. An example would be homeowners getting their water from their own well (CWNWscience-04). Sellite: Sodium sulfite, used in the finishing operation of TNT (EPA-76/03). Semi-annual: A six-month period; the first semiannual period concludes on the last day of the last month during the 180 days following initial startup for new sources; and the first semiannual period concludes on the last day of the last full month during the 180 days after June 6, 1984, for existing sources (40CFR61.11191, see also 40CFR61.131; 61.241-91). Semi-automatic valve: A valve that opens manually and closes automatically, or vice versa. Semi-chemical paperboard: Paperboard made from a furnish containing not less than 75% virgin wood pulp, the predominant portion of which is produced by a semi-chemical process (EPA83). Semi-closed steaming: A method of steam conditioning in which the condensate formed during open steaming is retained in the retort until sufficient condensate accumulates to cover the coils. The remaining steam required is generated as in closed steaming (EPA-74/04). Semi-conductor: The solid state electrical devices which perform functions such as information processing and display, power handling, and inter conversion between light energy and electrical energy (40CFR469.12-91, see also EPA-83/03). Semi-confined aquifer: An aquifer partially confined by soil layers of low permeability through which recharge and discharge can still occur (EPA-97/12). Semi-dry process: A cement manufacturing process in which water, typically 10% to 15%, is added to the ground dry feed material and then fed into the kiln system. See process for more related terms (ETI-92). Semi-grouser: A crawler track shoe with one or more low cleats (EPA-83). Semilog paper: Graph paper having one logarithmic and one arithmetic scale (NavyIEnv-04). Semi-metals: See metalloid. Semipermeable membrane device (SPMD): A long strip of lowdensity, polyethylene tubing filled with a thin film of purified lipid
such as triolein that simulates the exposure to and passive uptake of highly lipid-soluble organic compounds by biological membranes (CWNWbasics-04).
Semi-static test: A test without flow of solution, but with occasional batchwise renewal of test solutions after prolonged periods (e.g., 24 hours) (40CFR797.1440-91). Semi-transparent stain: The stains containing dyes or semitransparent pigments which are formulated to enhance wood grain and change the color of the surface but not to conceal the surface, including, but not limited to, sap stain, toner, non-grain raising stains, pad stain, or spatter stain (40CFR52.741-91). Semi-volatile organic chemical: A chemical compound with the following properties: (1) Boiling point (degree C): 100-300. (2) Sampling method: Semi-VOST (volatile organic sampling train). (3) Capture method: XAD-2 resin. (4) Analytical method: GCIMS (gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopy). (5) See organic chemical for more related terms. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs): (1) Compounds that do not readily volatilize at standard temperature and pressure. (2) Compounds amenable to analysis by extraction of the sample with an organic solvent. Used synonymously with base neutral acid or extractable compounds (NavyEnv-04). Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs): A group of chemicals composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen that have a tendency to evaporate (volatilize) into the air from water or soil. Some of the compounds that make up asphalt are examples of SVOCs (SF/remedy-04). Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs): Operationally defined as a group of synthetic organic compounds that are solvent-extractable and can be determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. SVOCs include phenols, phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (CWA/Wbasics-04). Semi-volatile organic compounds: Organic compounds that volatilize slowly at standard temperature (20 degrees C and 1 atrn pressure) (EPA-97/12). Semi-volatile: See organic compound, semi-volatile. Semi-wet: Those steelmaking air cleaning systems that use water for the sole purpose of conditioning the temperature and humidity of furnace gases such that the gases may be cleaned in dry air pollution control systems (cf. wet) (40CFR420.41-91). Senescence: The aging process. Sometimes used to describe lakes or other bodies of water in advanced stages of eutrophication. Also used to describe plants and animals (EPA-97/12). Senescent lake: See extinction lake.
Separation chamber: See settling chamber. Sensible heat: (1) Heat, the addition or removal of which, results in a change of temperature (cf. latent heat) (EPA-84/09). (2) The heat which is associated with a change in temperature; specific heat exchange of temperature; in contrast to a heat interchange in which a change of state (latent heat) occurs. See heat for more related terms. Sensitivity analysis: (1) An analysis that compares changes in a dependent variable resulting from incremental changes in an independent variable (OTA-89/10). (2) An analysis of a specific theoretical model or hypothesis as a function of the parameters which make up the model; e.g., for a kinetic-based sensitivity analysis, the parameters are residence time, temperature, concentration, and reaction atmosphere (EPA-88/12). (3) See analysis for more related terms. Sensitivity analysis: In air pollution modeling, the system examination of changes in the output variables as a mathematical model due to small variations in the input variables or model parameters (NATO-78110). Sensitivity: The slope of the analytical curve, i.e., functional relationship between emission intensity and concentration (40CFRl36-AppIC-91). Sensitization: The process in which a substance other than the catalyst is present to facilitate the start of a catalytic reaction (EPA-83106a). Sensitized paper (developing paper or photographic paper): The paper treated with light or chemical sensitive agents. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Sensor: (1) A device that measures a physical quantity or the change in a physical quantity such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, pH, or liquid level (40CFR60.48 1-91, see also 40CFR61.241; 264.1031-91). (2) A device designed to respond to a physical stimulus (as temperature, illumination, and motion) and transmit a resulting signal for interpretation, or measurement, or for operating a control (LBL-76107-air). Separate collection: The collecting recyclable materials which have been separated at the point of generation and keeping those materials separate from other collected solid waste in separate compartments of a single collection vehicle or through the use of separate collection vehicles (40CFR246.101-9 1). Separate sewer: A sewer that carries wastewater but excludes storm and surface waters. See sewer for more related terms (DOI70104). Separating: Centrikging, draining, evacuating, filtering, percolating, fitting, pressing, skimming, sorting, and trimming (AP-40, p790).
Separation region: In a flow field, a region distinct from the main flow in which the fluid recirculates behind an obstacle (NATO78/10). Separation: The systematic division of solid waste into designated categories (SW-108ts). Types of separation include (1) Dense media separation (heavy media separation or sink float). (2) Gravity separation. (3) Mechanical separation. (4) Metal separation. Separator (for battery application): The separator is a porous material, in a battery system, used to keep plates of opposite polarity separated, yet allowing conduction of ions through the electrolyte (EPA-84/08). Separator plate: In fuel cells, it is an electrically conductive plate that is used to physically separate individual fuel cells in a stack. Separator tank: A device used for separation of two immiscible liquids. See tank for more related terms (40CFR264.1031-91). Separator: A device used to separate materials. For example, a porous material, in a battery system, used to keep plates of opposite polarity separated, yet allowing conduction of ions through the electrolyte (EPA-84/08). Separator: Types of separators include (1) API separator. (2) Ballistic separator. (3) Centrifugal collector (see mechanical separator). (4) Centrifugation (see mechanical separator). (5) Cyclone collector (see mechanical separator). (6) Cyclone separator (see mechanical separator). (7) Eddy current separator. (8) Electrostatic separator. (9) Elutriation. (10) Heavy media separator. (11) Impingement separator. (12) Inertial separator (see mechanical separator). (13) Magnetic separator. (14) Mechanical separator. (15) Multi-cyclone (see mechanical separator). (16) Multi-stage separator. (17) Oil water separator. (18) Osbome separator. (19) Rising current separator. (20) Secator. (21) Separator (for battery application). Septage: The liquid and solid material pumped from a septic tank, cesspool, or similar domestic sewage treatment system, or a holding tank when the system is cleaned or maintained (4OCFRl22.2-91,see also 501.2-91; EPA-80108). Septic sludge: The sludge derived from septic tanks. See sludge for more related terms. Septic system: An on-site system designed to treat and dispose of domestic sewage. A typical septic system consists of tank that receives waste from a residence or business and a system of tile lines or a pit for disposal of the liquid effluent (sludge) that remains after decomposition of the solids by bacteria in the tank and must be pumped out periodically (EPA-97/12).
Septic tank: (1) A water-tight covered receptacle designed to receive or process, through liquid separation or biological digestion, the sewage discharged from a building sewer. The effluent from such receptacle is distributed for disposal through the soil and settled solids and scum from the tank are pumped out periodically and hauled to a treatment facility (40CFR280.12-91). (2) See tank for more related terms. Septic tank: A tank in which the solid matter of continuously flowing sewage is disintegrated by bacteria (CAA/C02gasl-04). Septic tank: A tank used to detain domestic wastes to allow the settling of solids prior to distribution to a leach field for soil absorption. Septic tanks are used when a sewer line is not available to carry them to a treatment plant. A settling tank in which settled sludge is in immediate contact with sewage flowing through the tank, and wherein solids are decomposed by anaerobic bacterial action (CWMWscience-04). Septic tank: An underground storage tank for wastes from homes not connected to a sewer line. Waste goes directly from the home to the tank. See septic system (EPA-97/12). Septum: A thin layer of material between two layers of absorptive material (i.e., foil, lead, steel, etc.) that prevents sound wave from passing through absorptive material (NCAIsound-04). Sequela: Any lesion or affection that follows or is caused by an attack of disease (LBL-76107-bio). Sequestering agent: A chemical compound which is added to water systems to prevent the formation of scale by holding the insoluble compounds in suspension (EPA-82/11f). Sequestration of funds: The cancellation of discretionary funds which could be appropriated. This occurs to keep spending within preauthorized limits (OMBIReg-04). SERC: The State Emergency Response Commission, which under EPCRA, each governor must appoint. The SERCs are responsible for appointing LEPCs, reviewing local emergency plans, and receiving chemical release notifications (TSCAIchemical-04).
Series resistance: The sum of resistances from the condenser plates to the condensers external connections
(40CFR85.2122(a)(6)(ii)(B)-91). Series: In mathematics, the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of terms or functions (NATO-78/10). Serious acute effect: The human injury or human disease processes that have short latency period for development, result from short term exposure to a chemical substance, or are a combination of these factors and which are likely to result in death or severe or prolonged incapacitation. See acute effect for more related terms (40CFR721.3-91). Serious chronic effect: The human injury or human disease processes that have a long latency period for development, result from long term exposure to a chemical substance, or are a combination of these factors and which are likely to result in death or severe or prolonged incapacitation. See chronic effect for more related terms (40CFR721.3-91, see also 40CFR723.50-91). Serum: A fluid extracted from an animal for the purpose of inoculation to affect the cure of a disease (EPA-83/09). Service connector: The pipe that carries tap water from a public water main to a building (EPA-97/12). Service line sample: A one-liter sample of water that has been standing for at least 6 hours in a service pipeline and is collected according to federal regulations (EPA-97/12). Semce line: A distribution line that transports gas from a common source of supply to (1) a customer meter or the connection to a customer's piping, whichever is farther downstream, or (2) the connection to a customer's piping if there is no customer meter. A customer meter is the meter that measures the transfer of gas from an operator to a consumer (40CFR192.391). Service pipe: The pipeline extending from the water main to the building served or to the consumer's system (EPA-97/12). Service reservoir: See distribution reservoir.
Serial number: The identification number assigned by the manufacturer to a specific production unit (40CFR205.15 1-91). Series collection: An operation involving the use of two or more collectors joined in a series (EPA-83/06). Series connection: In electrical applications, it is the connection of fuel cells or batteries in a pattern that connects the positive terminal of each successive cell to the negative terminal of the next adjacent cell so that their voltages are cumulative.
Service water pump: A pump providing water for auxiliary plant heat exchangers and other uses (EPA-8211 If). Set of safety relief valves: One or more safety relief valves designed to open in order to relieve excessive pressures in the same vessel or pipe (40CFR52.741-91). Set-back: Setting a thermometer to a lower temperature when the building is unoccupied to reduce consumption of heating energy. Also refers to setting the thermometer to a higher temperature during unoccupied periods in the cooling season (EPA-97/12).
Setouttset back collection: The removal of full and the return of empty containers between the on-premise storage point and the curb by a collection crew. See waste collection for more related terms (SW-1O h ) . Setting rate: A comparative term referring to the time required for the glass surface to cool between the limits of the working range. A short time implies a fast setting rate, and a long time implies a slow setting rate (EPA-83). Settle lime: The precipitation of dissolved solids in wastewater using lime and the subsequent gravity induced deposition of the suspended matter. See lime for more related terms (EPA-8211 le).
Settling chamber: A series of screens placed in the way of flue gases to slow the stream of air, thus helping gravity to pull particles into a collection device (EPA-97/12). Settling pond (sedimentation basin, sedimentation tank, or settling tank): (1) A container that gravimetrically separates oils, grease, and dirt from petroleum solvent, together with the piping and ductwork used in the installation of this device (40CFR60.621-91). (2) The holding area for wastewater where floating wastes are skimmed off and settled solids are removed for disposal (EPA-89/12).
Settle: The act of considering, ascertaining, adjusting, determining, or otherwise resolving a claim (40CFR14.2-91).
Settling pond (water quality): An open lagoon into which wastewater contaminated with solid pollutants is placed and allowed to stand. The solid pollutants suspended in the water sink to the bottom of the lagoon and the liquid is allowed to overflow out of the enclosure (CWAIWscience-04).
Settleability: An indication of sludge to settle in sedimentation tanks.
Settling tank: A holding area for wastewater, where heavier particles sink to the bottom for removal and disposal (EPA-97/12).
Settleable solid: (1) That matter measured by the volumetric method specified in 40CFR434.64 (40CFR434.11-91). (2) The particulate material (both organic or inorganic) which will settle in one hour expressed in milliliters per liter (mL/L) as determined using an Imhoff cone and the method described for residue settleable in 40CFR136 (40CFR440.141-91). (3) Material heavy enough to sink to the bottom of a wastewater treatment tank (EPA-87110a; 8211 1f). (4) See solid for more related terms.
Settling velocity (or terminal velocity): (1) The velocity at which a given dust will fall out of dust-laden gas under the influence of gravity only. Also known as terminal velocity (EPA-83). In air pollution, it is the velocity of a particle calculated by equating the external force acting on the particle (gravity, centrifugal, etc.) with the drag force (EPA-84/09). (2) The terminal rate of fall of a particle through a fluid as induced by gravity or other external force; the rate at which fictional drag balances the accelerating force (or the external force). Also known as terminal velocity (EPA-83). (3) Terminal velocity of a small sphere falling under the influence of gravity in a viscous fluid is given by (the equation in this subpart) (40CFR796.1520-91). (4) Terminal velocity is the velocity at which the downward pull of gravity is equal to the viscous force exerted by the particulate suspending fluid or gas (EPA-83).
Settle mark: See chill mark (EPA-83).
Settleable solids: Material heavy enough to sink to the bottom of a wastewater treatment tank (EPA-97/12). Settlement: A gradual subsidence of material (cf. differential settlement) (EPA-83). Settlement: A legal agreement reached between EPA and parties at a Superfund site. The settlement outlines the payments of each party, the time frame of remediation, and the remedy selected (SFIEnv-04). Settlement: As refuse decomposes and/or becomes compacted by the weight of overlaying layers, landfills experience a volume decrease and compaction of individual layers of waste in the landfill. Settlement refers to this volume decrease and compaction of layers (RCRAImanagement-04). Settling chamber (baffle chamber, gravity settler, gravity settling tank, or separation chamber): (1) A chamber following the combustion chamber, in which baffles change the direction of and/or reduce the velocity of the combustion gases in order to promote the settling of fly ash or coarse particulate matter (EPA83). (2) Any chamber designed to reduce the velocity of the products of combustion and thus to promote the settling of fly ash from the gas stream (SW-108ts).
Settling: The concentration of particulate matter in wastewater by allowing suspended solids to sink to the bottom (EPA-80/10). Other settling-related terms include (1) Primary settling and (2) Secondary settling. Seven (7)-day average: The arithmetic mean of pollutant parameter values for samples collected in a period of 7 consecutive days (40CFR133.101-91). Severance: The separation of a mineral interest from other interests in the land by grant or reservation. A mineral dead or grant of the land reserving a mineral interest, by the landowner before leasing, accomplishes a severance as does his execution of a mineral lease (CWAImining-04). Severe accident: An accident with a frequency rate of less than IO/yr that would have more severe consequences than a design-
basis accident, in terms of damage to the facility, off-site consequences, or both (DOE-91/04).
Sewage pollution: The raw or partially treated domestic waste. See pollution for more related terms (DOI-70104).
Severe property damage: The substantial physical damage to property, damage to the treatment facilities which causes them to become inoperable, or substantial and permanent loss of natural resources which can reasonably be expected to occur in the absence of a bypass. Severe property damage does not mean economic loss caused by delays in production (40CFR122.41-91, see also 40CFR403.17-91).
Sewage sludge use or disposal practice: The collection, storage, treatment, transportation, processing, monitoring, use, or disposal of sewage sludge (40CFR122.2-91).
Severe: A relative term used to describe the degree to which hazardous material releases can cause adverse effects to human health and the environment (Course 165.5). Sewage collection system: For the purpose of section 35.925-13, each, and all, of the common lateral sewers, within a publicly owned treatment system, which are primarily installed to receive wastewaters directly from facilities which convey wastewater from individual structures or from private property, and which include service connection Y fittings designed for connection with those facilities. The facilities which convey wastewater from individual structures, from private property to the public lateral sewer, or its equivalent, are specifically excluded from the definition, with the exception of pumping units, and pressurized lines, for individual structures or groups of structures when such units are cost effective and are owned and maintained by the grantee (40CFR35.905-91). Sewage from vessel: The human body wastes and the wastes from toilets and other receptacles intended to receive or retain body wastes that are discharged from vessels and regulated under section 312 of CWA, except that with respect to commercial vessels on the Great Lakes this term includes graywater. For the purposes of this definition, graywater means galley, bath, and shower water (40CFR122.2-91). Sewage lagoon: A shallow pond, three to five feet deep, where natural biological processes purify wastewater to a degree comparable to that accomplished in a secondary treatment plant. The organic matter is broken down into simple compounds by bacterial action; these decomposition products are utilized by algae in the course of photosynthesis to produce oxygen, as well as additional algal mass; the oxygen then constitutes the supply needed for aerobic bacterial decomposition. The load of total organic matter that a pond can assimilate depends on many factors. Shallow ponds (three feet) are more effective than deeper ones; those exposed to wind movements are more effective than sheltered ones; other critical factors are temperature and available sunlight, which vary with climate. Loads of 10 to 120 pounds BOD per acre per day have been recorded assimilated in such ponds (cf. lagoon) (DOI-70104). Sewage lagoon: See lagoon (EPA-97/12).
Sewage sludge: (1) Any solid, semi-solid, or liquid residue removed during the treatment of municipal wastewater or domestic sewage. Sewage sludge includes, but is not limited to, solids removed during primary, secondary, or advanced waste water treatment, scum, septage, portable toilet pumpings, type 111 marine sanitation device pumpings (33CFR159), and sewage sludge products. Sewage sludge does not include grit or screenings, or ash generated during the incineration of sewage sludge (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR501.2-91). (2) A semi-liquid substance consisting of settled sewage solids combined with varying amounts of water and dissolved materials (EPA-83). (4) See sludge for more related terms. Sewage sludge: Sludge produced at a Publicly Owned Treatment Works, the disposal of which is regulated under the Clean Water Act (EPA-97/12). Sewage treatment plant: A facility designed to receive the wastewater from domestic sources and to remove materials that damage water quality and threaten public health and safety when discharged into receiving streams or bodies of water. The substances removed are classified into four basic areas: (1) Greases and fats; (2) Solids from human waste and other sources; (3) Dissolved pollutants from human waste and decomposition products; and (4) Dangerous microorganisms. Most facilities employ a combination of mechanical removal steps and bacterial decomposition to achieve the desired results. Chlorine is often added to discharges from the plants to reduce the danger of spreading disease by the release of pathogenic bacteria (CWAIWscience-04). Sewage treatment residues: Coarse screenings, grit, and dewatered or air-dried sludge solids from sewage treatment plants and pumpings of cesspool or septic tank sludges which require disposal with putrescible wastes (EPA-83). Sewage treatment works (or sewage works): The municipal or domestic waste treatment facilities of any type which are publicly owned or regulated to the extent that feasible compliance schedules are determined by the availability of funding provided by federal, state, or local governments (40CFR220.2-91). Sewage works: See sewage treatment works. Sewage: (1)Human body wastes and the wastes from toilets and other receptacles intended to receive or retain body wastes (cf. wastewater) (40CFR140.1-91, see also CWA312).
Sewage: The waste and wastewater produced by residential and commercial sources and discharged into sewers (EPA-97/12).
Sex chromosomes: Chromosomes responsible for the sex determination of organisms.
Sewage: For more related terms, see (1) Domestic sewage; (2) Raw sewage; (3) Raw sewage sludge; and (4) Storm sewage.
Sex linked genes: Are present on the sex (X or Y) chromosomes. Sex-linked genes in the context of this guideline refer only to those located on the X-chromosome (40CFR798.5275-91).
Sewer appurtenance: The principal appurtenances associated with sanitary sewers are manholes, drop manholes, building connections, and junction chambers (M&EI-72). Sewer head loss: The pressure head loss that normally occurs in sewerage systems usually consists of those caused by friction, velocity, entrance and exit losses, and losses resulting from the geometric configuration of the sewers and their appurtenances.
Shading coefficient: The amount of the sun's heat transmitted through a given window compared with that of a standard 118inch-thick single pane of glass under the same conditions (EPA97/12). Shaft horsepower (flywheel or belt horsepower): Actual horsepower produced by an engine, after deducting the drag of accessories (EPA-83).
Sewer line: A lateral, trunk line, branch line, or other enclosed conduit used to convey waste to a downstream waste management unit (40CFR61.341-91).
Shaft mine: An underground mine in which the main entry or access is by means of a vertical shaft (CWNmining-04).
Sewer lye: Waste sodium hydroxide from reclaiming of scrap soap (EPA-74104~).
Shaft power: The only the measured shaft power output of turboprop engine (40CFR87.1-91).
Sewer manhole: See manhole.
Shaft work: In thermodynamics, work can be grouped into flow work and shaft work. The work which is not a flow work is a shaft work. Shaft work can easily be measured by a dynamometer (Wark-p124).
Sewer outfall: A sewer that carries wastewater to a point of final discharge (cf. major outfall or outfall) (DOI-70104). Sewer system: The system of sewers and related facilities for collection, transportation, and pumping of wastewater (DOI70104). Sewer: A channel or conduit that carries wastewater and stormwater runoff from the source to a treatment plant or receiving stream. "Sanitary" sewers carry household, industrial, and commercial waste. "Storm" sewers carry runoff from rain or snow. "Combined" sewers handle both (NavyIEnv-04). Sewer: A channel or conduit that canies wastewater and stormwater runoff from the source to a treatment plant or receiving stream. "Sanitary" sewers carry household, industrial, and commercial waste. "Storm" sewers carry runoff from rain or snow. "Combined" sewers handle both (EPA-97/12).
Shaft: A primary vertical or non-vertical opening through mine strata used for ventilation or drainage andlor for hoisting of personnel or materials; connects the surface with underground workings (CWNmining-04). Shakeout: The operation of removing castings from the mold. A mechanical unit is used to separate the mold material from the solidified casting (EPA-85/10a). Shaking screen: A screen with several screen surfaces in a series, usually slightly inclined, with different apertures and a slow linear motion essentially in place of the screen. See screen for more related terms (EPA-8/88a). Shale oil: Oil derived from shale.
Sewer: A system of underground pipes that collect and deliver wastewater to treatment facilities or streams (CWNWscience-04).
Shale: A fine-grained sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation of clay, silt, or mud (CWAiWbasics-04).
Sewer: For more related terms, see (1) Collecting sewer; (2) Collector sewer; (3) Combined sewer; (4) Gravity sewer; (5) Hydraulics of sewer; (6) Interceptor sewer; (7) Lateral sewer; (8) Municipal separate storm sewer; (9) Pressure sewer; (10) Sanitary sewer; (11) Separate sewer; (12) Storm drain (see storm sewer); (13) Storm sewer; (14) Trunk main; and (15) Trunk sewer.
Shale: A rock formed by consolidation of clay, mud, or silt, having a laminated structure and composed of minerals essentially unaltered since deposition (CWNmining-04).
Sewerage: The entire system of sewage collection, treatment, and disposal (EPA-97/12).
Shallow discharge: See deep or shallow discharge.
Shale: A thinly stratified, consolidated, sedimentary clay (soft rock) with well marked cleavage parallel to the bedding (EPA-83).
Shallows: A term applied to a shallow place or area in a body of water; a shoal (CWAIWbasics-04).
Sheepsfoot roller: A roller that consists of a steel drum fitted with projecting feet (EPA-83).
Sham recycling: Illegitimate activities executed under the guise of recycling in order to be exempt from or subject to lesser regulation (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Sheet basecoat: A coating applied to metal when the metal is in sheet form to serve as either the exterior or interior of a can for either two-piece or three-piece cans (40CFR52.741-91).
Share: When refening to the awarding agency's portion of real property, equipment, or supplies, means the percentage as the awarding agency's portion of the acquiring party's total costs under the grant to which the acquisition costs under the grant to which the acquisition cost of the property was charged. Only costs are to be counted, not the value of third party in-kind contributions (40CFR31. W l ) .
Sheet glass: A flat glass (e.g., window glass) made by continuous drawing. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83).
Sharp: Any object that can penetrate the skin including, but not limited to, needles, scalpels, and broken capillary tubes (29CFR1910). Sharpeners: Chemicals (such as sodium sulfide and sodium sulfhydrate) used in addition to lime to assist in the unhairing process (EPA-82/11). Sharps: Hypodermic needles, syringes (with or without the attached needle), Pasteur pipettes, scalpel blades, blood vials, needles with attached tubing, and culture dishes used in animal or human patient care or treatment, or in medical, research, or industrial laboratories. Also included are other types of broken or unbroken glassware that were in contact with infectious agents, such as used slides and cover slips, and unused hypodermic and suture needles, syringes, and scalpel blades (EPA-97/12). Shaving: The waste products generated during the shaving operations. These are essentially small pieces of the tanned hide, which are approximately the size of wood shavings. Shaving is an abrasive, mechanical action used to correct errors in splitting and thus yielding a uniformly thick grain side or split (of hide) (EPA8211 1). Shear shredder: A size reduction machine that cuts materials between two large blades or between a blade and a stationary edge. See size reduction machine for more related terms (SW-lO8ts). Shear: The variation of a vector quantity in a magnitude and direction along a given line in space (NATO-78/10). Shearer: A mining machine for longwall faces that uses a rotating action to "shear" the material from the face as it progresses along the face (CWNmining-04). Shearing stress: The stress in a fluid tangential to a given surface. This stress is connected to the shear in the fluid (NATO-78/10). Sheen: An iridescent appearance on the surface of the water (40CFRl10.1-91).
Shelby tube: A thin-walled, tubular device pressed into an open bore hole to obtain an undisturbed core sample of unconsolidated strata (NavyIEnv-04). Shell deposition: The measured length of shell growth that occurs between the time the shell is ground at test initiation and test termination 96 hours later (40CFR797.1800-91). Shell UOP: One of the NO, emission reduction techniques. See nitrogen oxide emission control and Shell UOP in Appendix B for more information. Shellfish, fish, and wildlife: Any biological population or community that might be adversely affected by the applicant's modified discharge (40CFR125.58-91). Shelter-in-place: The practice of staying inside homes or other building to provide temporary protection from chemical releases rather than evacuating the area. It may include closing and sealing doors and windows and turning off heating and air conditioning (TSCAIchemical-04). Shelter-in-place: The process of staying where you are and taking shelter, rather than trying to evacuate (HAS-92). Shield: A wall that protects workers from harmful radiation released by radioactive materials (EPA-74/11). Shielded blade: A knife within a housing which protects the blade from being used in an open fashion, i.e., a protected knife (EPA89/09, see also EPA-9 1/05). Shift conversion or shift reaction: The reaction of carbon monoxide and water to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. For fuel cell systems, the objective is not only to produce more hydrogen to power the fuel cell but also to remove carbon monoxide that is deleterious to some fuel cell types. Shift: The number of hours or the part of any day worked (CWNmining-04). Shiner: A defect in boxboard caused by a contaminant (EPA-83). Ship canal: A canal deep enough and wide enough to permit the passage of ocean-going vessels. See canal for more related terms (DOI-70104).
Shipped liquid ammonia: The liquid ammonia commercially shipped for which the Department of Transportation requires 0.2% minimum water content (40CFR418.5 1-91). Shipping losses: The discharges resulting from loading tank cars or tank trucks; discharges resulting from cleaning tank cars or tank trucks, and discharges from air pollution control scrubbers designed to control emissions from loading or cleaning tank cars or tank trucks (40CFR418.11-91, see also 40CFR418.5 1-91). Shipping losses: The discharges resulting from loading tank cars or tank trucks; discharges resulting from cleaning tank cars or tank trucks; and discharges from air pollution control scrubbers designed to control emissions from loading or cleaning tank cars or tank trucks (40CFR418.21-91). Shive: A bundle of incompletely separated fibers which may appear in the finished sheet as an imperfection (EPA-87/10). Shoal: A relatively shallow place in a stream, lake, or sea (CWMWbasics-04).
the potential to cause developmentally toxic effects in intact systems across a broad range of chemicals or within a class of chemicals that includes the substance of concern (40CFR721.391).
Short wall: An underground mining method in which small areas are worked (I 5 to 150 feet) by a continuous miner in conjunction with the use of hydraulic roof supports (CWMmining-04). Short-circuiting: When some of the water in tanks or basins flows faster than the rest; may result in shorter contact, reaction, or settling times than calculated or presumed (EPA-97/12). , Short-term cleanup: A cleanup process that addresses immediate threats to public health and the environment that typically consist of less complex or less extensive contamination problems than those which require a long-term cleanup. There are three types of short-term cleanups: emergencies (e.g., fire or explosions), timecritical actions, and non-time-critical actions. Also referred to as removal actions (SF/remedy-04)
Shock load: A quantity of wastewater or pollutant that greatly exceeds the normal discharged into a treatment system, usually occurring over a limited period of time (EPA-75/04).
Short-wave trough (meteorlogical): A wave of low atmospheric pressure in the form of a trough that has a wave length of 600 to 1500 miles and moves progressively through the lower troposphere in the same direction as that of the prevailing current of air motion (CWMWbasics-04).
Shock load: The anival at a water treatment plant of raw water containing unusual amounts of algae, colloidal matter, color, suspended solids, turbidity, or other pollutants (EPA-97/12).
Shot blast: A casting cleaning process employing a metal abrasive (grit or shot) propelled by centrifugal or air force (EPA85/l Oa).
Shop opacity: The arithmetic average of 24 or more opacity observations of emissions from the shop taken in accordance with Method 9 of Appendix A of this part for the applicable time periods. See opacity for more related terms (40CFR60.271-91, see also 40CFR60.271a-91).
Shot casting: The production of shot by pouring molten metal in finely divided streams to form spherical particles (40CFR471.0291).
Short term air quality control: The control of air quality over time periods of the order of one hour to one day (NATO-78110). Short term exposure: Multiple or continuous exposures occurring over a week or so (EPA-92/12). Short term test indicative of carcinogenic potential: Either any limited bioassay that measures tumor or preneoplastic induction, or any test indicative of interaction of a chemical substance with DNA (i.e., positive response in assays for gene mutation, chromosomal aberrations, DNA damage and repair, or cellular transformation) (40CFR72 1.3-91). Short term test indicative of the potential to cause a developmentally toxic effect: Either any in vivo preliminary development toxicity screen conducted in a mammalian species, or any invitro developmental toxicity screen, including any test system other than the intact pregnant mammal, that has been extensively evaluated and judged reliable for its ability to predict
Shotgun: A non-scientific term for the process of breaking up the DNA derived from an organism and then moving each separate and unidentified DNA fragment into a bacterium (EPA-89/12). Shredded refuse: The solid waste which has been physically reduced to smaller particles. See refuse for more related terms (EPA-83). Shredder: A mechanical device used to break waste materials into smaller pieces by tearing and impact action. Shredding solid waste is done to minimize its volume or make it more readily combustible (RCRA/management-04). Shredder: A size reduction machine which tears or grinds materials to a smaller and more uniform particle size. Shredding process is also called size reduction, grinding, milling, communition, pulverization, hogging, granulating, breaking, maserating, chipping, crushing, cutting, rasping. See size reduction machine for more related terms (EPA-83).
Shredding: Material cut, tom, or broken up into small parts (EPA-83106a). Shredding: Mixing and grinding soil to improve homogeneity and increase permeability (Navy/Env-04). Shrinkage: (1) Loss in pulp yield due to the action of the bleaching chemicals. (2) Presence of cracks or voids in each cover primarily a result of loss of moisture (EPA-83). Shrinking plume: The situation in which a groundwater plume margin is receding toward the source area and concentrations within the plume are decreasing over time (NavyIEnv-04). Shrubland: Land (CWAIWbasics-04).
covered
predominantly
with
shrubs
Shutdown: (1) The cessation of operation of an affected facility for any purpose (40CFR60.2-91, see also 40CFR61.161; 61.171; 61.181-91). (2) For a Department of Energy reactor, that condition in which the reactor has ceased operation and the Department has declared officially that it does not intend to operate it further (see DOE Order 5480.6) (DOE-91/04). Shuttle car: A self-discharging truck, generally with rubber tires or caterpillar-type treads, used for receiving coal from the loading or mining machine and transferring it to an underground loading point, mine railway, or belt conveyor system (CWMmining-04).
Side rite: An iron carbonate (FeC03). Side roblasts: Early cells in the red blood cell series that contain granules of free iron as detected by the prussian blue reaction (LBL-76107-bio). Side seam spray coat: A coating applied to the seam of a threepiece can (40CFR52.741-91). Sideslope gradient: The representative change in elevation in a given horizontal distance (usually about 300 yards) perpendicular to a stream; the valley slope along a line perpendicular to the stream (near a water-quality or biological sampling point) (CWNWbasics-04). Sidewall cementing operation: The system used to apply cement to a continuous strip of sidewall component or any other continuous strip component (except combined treadsidewall component) that is incorporated into the sidewall of a finished tire. A sidewall cementing operation consists of a cement application station and all other equipment, such as the cement supply system and feed and takeaway conveyors, necessary to apply cement to sidewall strips or other continuous strip component (except combined treadsidewall component) and to allow evaporation of solvent from the cemented rubber (40CFR60.541-91). Siege: Floor of a pot furnace, often called bench (EPA-83).
SIC: Standard Industrial Classification codes were assigned to categories of U.S. industries and are referenced in the RMP Rule. They have been replaced by NAICS codes (TSCAkhemical-04).
Sieve analysis: Determination of the particle size distribution of soil, sediment, or rock by measuring the percentage of the particles that will pass through standard sieves of various sizes (NavyIEnv-04).
Sick building syndrome: A set of symptoms that affect a number of building occupants during the time they spend in the building and diminish or go away during periods when they leave the building. Can not be traced to specific pollutants (contrast with building-related illness) (EPA-88109b).
Sieve bend: The screens with stationary parallel bars at a right angle to the feed flow; the surface may be straight, with a steep incline, or curved to 300 degrees (EPA-88108a).
Sick building syndrome: Building whose occupants experience acute health andor comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent therein, but where no specific illness or cause can be identified. Complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone, or may spread throughout the building. See building-related illness (EPA-97/12).
Sifting (or grate sifting): The materials that fall from the solid waste fuel bed through the grate openings. See ash for more related terms (40CFR240.101-91). Sigmoid curve (or S curve): A curve to show the growth of bacteria. Signal spike: An abrupt, momentary increase and decrease in signal amplitude (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91).
Side chain: See chain. Side hill screen: A steeply sloped screen usually used to remove suspensions of stock or other solids from water while retaining the solid on the screen surface. See screen for more related terms (EPA-10187).
Signal to noise ratio: The sound level at the listener's ear of a speaker above the background noise level. The inverse square low impacts on the S/N ratio. Signal to Noise Ratios are important in classrooms and should be in range of +15 to +20 dB (NCAIsound04).
Side reaction: A secondary reaction accompanying to the primary reaction.
Signal words: The words used on a pesticide label-Danger, Warning, Caution--to indicate level of toxicity (EPA-97/12).
Signal: The volume or product-level change produced by a leak in a tank (EPA-97/12). Significance: See statistical significance. Significant adverse environmental effects: The injury to the environment by a chemical substance which reduces or adversely affects the productivity, utility, value, or function of biological, commercial, or agricultural resources, or which may adversely affect a threatened or endangered species. A substance will be considered to have the potential for significant adverse environmental effects if it has one of the following: (1) An acute aquatic ECSO of 1 mg/L or less. (2) An acute aquatic ECSO of 20 mg/L or less where the ratio of aquatic vertebrate 24-hour to 48hour EC50 is greater than or equal to 2.0. (3) A Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) of less than or equal to 100 parts per billion (100 ppb). (4) An acute aquatic EC50 of 20 mg/L or less coupled with either a measured bioconcentration factor (BCF) equal to or greater than lOOOx or in the absence of bioconcentration data a log P value equal to or greater than 4.3 (40CFR721.3-91). Significant adverse reactions: Reactions that may indicate a substantial impairment of normal activities, or long-lasting or irreversible damage to health or the environment (40CFR717.3-i91). Significant biological treatment: The use of an aerobic or anaerobic biological treatment process in a treatment works to consistently achieve a 30-day average of a least 65% removal of BOD(5) (40CFR133.101-91). Significant deterioration: Pollution resulting from a new source in previously "clean" areas. See prevention of significant deterioration (EPA-97/12). Significant economic loss: That, under the emergency conditions: for a productive activity, the profitability would be substantially below the expected profitability for that activity; or, for other types of activities, where profits cannot be calculated, the value of public or private fixed assets would be substantially below the expected value for those assets. Only losses caused by the emergency conditions, specific to the impacted site, and specific to the geographic area affected by the emergency conditions are included. The contribution of obvious mismanagement to the loss will not be considered in determining loss. In evaluating the significance of an economic loss for productive activities, the Agency will consider whether the expected reduction in profitability exceeds what would be expected as a result of normal fluctuations over a number of years, and whether the loss would affect the long-term financial viability expected from the productive activity. In evaluating the significance of an economic loss for situations other than productive activities, the Agency will consider reasonable measures of expected loss (40CFR166.3-h-91).
Significant environmental effects: Either: (1) Any irreversible damage to biological, commercial, or agricultural resources of importance to society; (2) Any reversible damage to biological, commercial, or agricultural resources of importance to society if the damage persists beyond a single generation of the damaged resource or beyond a single year; or (3) Any known or reasonably anticipated loss of members of an endangered or threatened species (40CFR723.50-91). Significant hazard to public health: Any level of contaminant which causes or may cause the aquifer to exceed any maximum, contaminant level set forth in any promulgated National Primary Drinking Water Standard at any point where the water may be used for drinking purposes or which may otherwise adversely affect the health of persons, or which may require a public water system to install additional treatment to prevent such adverse effect (40CFR149.101-91). Significant impairment: For purposes of section 303, visibility impairment which, in the judgment of the Administrator, interferes with the management, protection, preservation, or enjoyment of the visitor's visual experience of the mandatory Class I Federal area. This determination must be made on a case-by-case basis taking into account the geographic extent, intensity, duration, frequency, and time of the visibility impairment, and how these factors correlate with (1) times of visitor use of the mandatory Class I Federal area, and (2) the frequency and timing of natural conditions that reduce visibility (40CFR51.301-v-91). Significant industrial user (SIU): An indirect discharger that is the focus of control efforts under the national pretreatment program; includes all indirect dischargers subject to national categorical pretreatment standards, and all other indirect dischargers that contribute 25,000 gpd or more of process wastewater, or which make up 5% or more of the hydraulic or organic loading to the municipal treatment plant, subject to certain exceptions (40CFR403.3(t)) (CWAIwastewater-04). Significant loss: Any loss that introduces a bias in final results that is of appreciable importance to concerned parties. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Significant material: Includes, but is not limited to: raw materials; fuels; materials such as solvents, detergents, and plastic pellets; finished materials such as metallic products; raw materials used in food processing or production; hazard substances designated under section 101(14) of CERCLA; any chemical the facility is required to report pursuant to section 313 of title I11 of SARA; fertilizers; pesticides; and waste products such as ashes, slag, and sludge that have the potential to be released with stormwater discharges (40CFR122.26-91). Significant municipal facilities: Those publicly owned sewage treatment plants that discharge a million gallons per day or more and are therefore considered by states to have the potential to substantially affect the quality of receiving waters (EPA-97/12).
Significant new use notice: Any notice submitted to EPA pursuant to 40CFR5(a)(l)(B) of the Act (the Toxic Substances Control Act) in accordance with 40CFR721 of this chapter (40CFR700.43-91). Significant new use regulations (SNUR): Under TSCA Section 5, regulations that require a manufacturer to notify EPA in advance for significant new uses of existing chemicals or an appreciable increase in their utilization of existing chemicals (Arbuckle-89). Significant new use: The use other than as an intermediate in the production of isodrin or endrin (40CFR721.1150-91, see also 40CFR721.1175; 721.1750-91). Significant non-compliance: See significant violations (EPA97/12). Significant potential source of contamination: A facility or activity that stores, uses, or produces compounds with potential for significant contaminating impact if released into the source water of a public water supply (EPA-97/12). Significant source of groundwater: (1) An aquifer that: (a) Is saturated with water having less than 10,000 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids; (b) Is within 2500 feet of the land surface; (c) Has a transmissivity greater than 200 gallons per day per foot, provided that any formation or part of a formation included within the source of groundwater has a hydraulic conductivity greater than 2 gallons per day per square foot; and (d) Is capable of continuously yielding at least 10,000 gallons per day to a pumped or flowing well for a period of at least a year; or (2) An aquifer that provides the primary source of water for a community water system as of the effective date of this subpart (40CFR191.12-91). (3) See groundwater for more related terms. Significant source of groundwater: An aquifer that provides the primary source of water for a community water system as of the effective date of this subpart (40CFR191.12-91). See groundwater for more related terms. Significant threshold shift: A shift in hearing threshold, outside the range of audiometic testing variability (5 dB), that warrants follow-up action to prevent further hearing loss. NIOSH defines significant threshold shift as an increase in the HTL of 15 dB or more at any frequency (500, 1000,2000,3000,4000, or 6000 Hz) in either ear that is confirmed for the same ear and frequency by a second test within 30 days of the first test (NCNsound-04). Significant violations: Violations by point source dischargers of sufficient magnitude or duration to be a regulatory priority (EPA97/12). Significant: In reference to a net emissions increase or the potential of a source to emit any of the following pollution, a rate of emissions that would equal or exceed any of the following rates
(40CFR51.165-91, see also 40CFR5 1-App/S-91; 5 1.166; 52.21; 52.24-91): (1) Carbon monoxide: 100 tons per year (tpy). (2) Nitrogen oxides: 40 tpy. (3) Sulfur dioxide: 40 tpy. (4) Ozone: 40 tpy of volatile organic compounds. (5) Lead: 0.6 tpy. Significantly damaged friable miscellaneous ACM: The damaged friable miscellaneous ACM where the damage is extensive and severe (40CFR763.83-91). Significantly damaged friable surfacing ACM: The damaged friable surfacing ACM in a functional space where the damage is extensive and severe (40CFR763.83-91). Significantly greater efiluent reduction than BAT: That the effluent reduction over BAT produced by an innovative technology is significant when compared to the effluent reduction over best practicable control technology currently available (BPT) produced by BAT (4OCFRl25.22-91. Significantly lower cost: That an innovative technology must produce a significant cost advantage when compared to the technology used to achieve BAT limitations in terms of annual capital costs and annual operation and maintenance expenses over the useful life of the technology (40CFR125.22-91). Significantly more stringent limitation: BOD5 and SS limitations necessary to meet the percent removal requirements of at least 5 mg/L more stingent than the otherwise applicable concentration-based limitations (e.g., less than 25 mg/L in the case of the secondary treatment limits for BOD5 and SS), or the percent removal limitations in 4CFR133.102 and 133.105, if such limits would, by themselves, force significant construction or other significant capital expenditure (40CFR133.101-91). Significantly: As used in NEPA requires considerations of both context and intensity (for complete definition, 40CFR1508.27-91). Silica (Si02): (1) Silicon dioxide which occurs in crystalline form as quartz, cristohalite, tidymite. It is a major constituent of fireclay refractories, alone or in chemical combinations (SW-108ts; EPA-83106a). (2) The common name for silicon dioxide (SO2); one of the necessary ingredients in the production of cement (ETI92). Silica glass: An optical glass obtained by cutting or forming the chunk glass into plates or slabs. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Silicate: A chemical compound containing silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals. In soaps and detergents, sodium silicates are added to provide alkalinity and corrosion protection (EPA-74104~). Siliciclastic rocks: Rocks such as shale and sandstone that are formed by the compaction and cementation of quartz-rich mineral grains (CWAlWbasics-04).
Silicomanganese zirconium: That alloy containing 60 to 65% by weight silicon, 1.5 to 2.5% by weight calcium, 5 to 7% by weight zirconium, 0.75 to 1.25% by weight aluminium, 5 to 7% by weight manganese, and 2 to 3% by weight barium (40CFR60.26191). Silicomanganese: That alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A48364 (Reapproved 1974) (incorporated by reference--see 4OCFR60.17) (4OCFR60.261-91). Silicon (Si): A metalloid element with atomic number 14; atomic weight 28.086; density 2.33 glcc; melting point 1410 C and boiling point 2680 C. The element belongs to group IVA of the periodic table. Silicon carbide: A refractory material that has a high melting point, is very dense, and resists abrasion (SW-108ts). Silicon metals: Any silicon alloy containing more than 96% silicon by weight. See metal for more related terms (40CFR60.261-91). Siliconizing: Diffusing silicon into solid metals, usually steels, at an elevated temperature for the purposes of case hardening thereby providing a corrosion and wear-resistant surface (EPA-83106a). Silk screen ink: A quick drymg, full bodied, volatile ink used in the silk screen printing process. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Silk screen process: A decorating process in which a design is printed on glass through a silk mesh, woven wire, or similar screen (EPA-83). Silk screening: A coating method in which an enamel is spread onto a workpiece through a stencil screen (EPA-8211 Ie). Sill plate: A horizontal band (typically 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 in.) that rests on top of a block or poured concrete foundation wall and extends around the entire perimeter of the house. The ends of the floor joists which support the floor above the foundation wall rest upon the sill plate. For slab-on-grade, the sill plate is the bottom plate of the wall (EPA-88/08). Silt basin: A basin to hold silts. Silt: (1) Mineral soil grains intermediate between clay and sand (0.05 to 0.002 mrn in diameter) (SW-108ts). Silt: Sedimentary materials composed of fine or intermediatesized mineral particles (EPA-97/12). Siltation: The deposition or accumulation of silt (or small-grained material) in a body of water (CWNWbasics-04).
Siltstone: An indurated silt having the texture and composition of shale but lacking its fine lamination (CWANbasics-04). Silver (Ag): A naturally occurring metal that is acquired as a byproduct during retrieval of other metals like copper, lead, zinc, and gold. It is used in surgical prostheses, splints, fungicides, coins, photographic materials, electrical products, paints, and batteries. Silver in water can form various salts or adsorb to various inorganic compounds, or humus and other organic debris. The majority of silver is sorbed by manganese dioxide, which is dependent on the pH and redox state of the local environment. Silver in soil can be mobile depending on the pH, redox state, presence or absence of inorganic and organic compounds that affect sorption (Navy/Env-04). Silver (Ag): A transition metal with atomic number 47; atomic weight 107.87; density 10.5 glee; melting point 960 C and boiling point 2210 C. The element belongs to group IB of the periodic table. Major silver compounds include (1) Silver chloride (AgCI): A toxic powder used in photography, plating, etc. (2) Silver nitrate (AgN03): A toxic crystal used in plating, dyeing, etc. Silver etch: An application of nitric acid to silver foils for active material support (EPA-84/08). Silver halide: An inorganic salt of silver in combination with elements from Group 7A of the Periodic Table. Silver halide salts used in photography are silver chloride, silver bromide, and silver iodide. Upon exposure to light, silver halide crystals undergo an internal change making them capable of subsequent reduction to metallic silver by appropriate developing agents (EPA-80110). Silver recovery: The removal of silver from,used photographic processing solutions and materials so it can be made available for reuse (EPA-80110). Silvering: The deposition of thin films of silver on glass, etc. (EPA-83/03). Silvery iron: Any ferrosilicon, as defined by ASTM Designation A100-69 (Reapproved 1974) (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17), which contains less than 30% silicon (40CFR60.261-91). Silvicultural point source: Any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance related to rock crushing, gravel washing, log sorting, or log storage facilities which are operated in connection with silvicultural activities and from which pollutants are discharged into waters of the United States. The term does not include non-point source silvicultural activities such as nursery operations, site preparation, reforestation and subsequent cultural treatment, thinning, prescribed burning, pest and fire control, harvesting operations, surface drainage, or road construction and maintenance from which there is natural runoff. However, some of these activities (such as stream crossing for roads) may involve point source discharges of dredged or fill material which may
require a CWA section 404 permit (see 33CFR209.120 and part 233) (40CFR122.27-1-91).
by waste B incineration. See waste for more related terms (EPA8 1/09).
Silviculture: Management of forest land for timber (EPA-97/12).
Silviculture: The cultivation of trees (RCRAImanagement-04).
Simple cycle gas turbine: Any stationary gas turbine which does not recover heat from the gas turbine exhaust gases to preheat the inlet combustion air to the gas turbine, or which does not recover heat from the gas turbine exhaust gases to heat water or generate steam. See turbine for more related terms (40CFR60.331-91).
Similar composition: Refers to a pesticide product which contains only the same active ingredient(s), or combination of active ingredients, and which is in the same category of toxicity, as a federally registered pesticide product (40CFR162.15 1-91).
Simple manufacturing operation: All the following unit processes: Desizing, fiber preparation, and dyeing (cf. complex manufacturing operation) (40CFR410.41-91, see also 40CFR410.51; 410.61 -91).
Similar in all material respects: That the construction materials, exhaust and inlet air system, and other design features are within the allowed tolerances for components identified in 40CFR60.533@) (40CFR60.531-91).
Simple slaughterhouse: A slaughterhouse which accomplishes very limited by-product processing, if any, usually no more than two of such operations as rendering, paunch and viscera handling, blood processing, hide processing, or hair processing (40CFR432.11-91).
Silviculture: The cultivation of forest trees (CWAIWbasics-04).
Similar incinerator: Incinerator A is similar to incinerator B if, based on the best engineering judgment, while incinerating identical waste as incinerator B, the stream leaving the combustion chamber of incinerator A contains equal or lower amounts of each, but no additional, potentially hazardous components as the stream leaving the combustion chamber on incinerator B. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA-81/09). Similar product: A pesticide product which, when compared to a federally registered product, has a similar composition and a similar use pattern (40CFR162.15 1-91). Similar systems: The engine, fuel metering and emission control system combinations which use the same fuel (e.g., gasoline, diesel), combustion cycle (i.e., two or four stroke), general type of fuel system (i.e., carburetor or fuel injection), catalyst system (e.g., none, oxidization, three-way plus oxidization, three-way only), fuel control system (i.e., feedback or non-feedback), secondary air system (i.e., equipped or not equipped) and EGR (i.e., equipped or not equipped) (EGR means exhaust gas recirculation) (40CFR86.092.2-91). Similar use pattern: Refers to a use of a pesticide product which, when compared to a federally registered use of a product with a similar composition, does not require a change in precautionary labeling under 40CFR156.1 O(h), and which is substantially the same as the federally registered use. Registrations involving changed use patterns are not included in this term (40CFRl62.151-91). Similar waste: Waste A is similar to waste B if, based on the best engineering judgment, the incineration of waste A in the same facility and under the same operating conditions as those used for waste B would yield a stream leaving the combustion chamber that contains equal or lower amounts of each, (but no additional) potentially hazardous pollutants compared to the amounts yielded
Simulation: A mock accident or release set up to test emergency response methods or for use as a training tool (EPA-11/85). Single base: A propellant which contains only one explosive ingredient. A propellant consisting essentially of nitrocellulose plus stabilizer and plasticizer, formed by mixing these ingredients with ether and alcohol and extruding the resultant mass through dies and cutters (EPA-76/03). Single bond: Two atoms which share one pair of electrons. See chemical bond for more related terms. Single cell: A single unit of a fuel cell. Most fuel cell technology is first tested on single cells. The test is typically a laboratoryscale test. The test data are then used to predict how a larger system will perform. Single chamber incinerator: A single chamber incinerator is a refractory-lined, cylindrical furnace charged through a door in the upper part of the chamber. Refuse is batch fed periodically. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA-83). Single coat: One coating application applied to a metal surface (40CFR52.741-91). Single failure: An occurrence that results in the loss of a component's capability to perform its intended safety functions. Multiple failures resulting from a single occurrence are considered to be a single failure. Fluid and electric systems are considered to be designed against an assumed single failure if neither: (1) A single failure of any active component (assuming that the passive components function properly), nor (2) A single failure of any passive component (assuming that the active components function properly) results in a loss of the system's capability to perform its safety functions (DOE-91104).
Single load method: A variation of the daily route method in which areas or routes are laid out that normally provide a full load of solid waste. Each crew usually has at least two such routes for a day's work. The crew quits for the day when the assigned number of routes is completed. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW-108ts). Single passenger commuter vehicle: A motor-driven vehicle with four or more wheels with capacity for a driver plus one or more passengers which is used by a commuter traveling alone to work or classes and is not customarily required to be used in the course of his employment or studies (40CFR52.1161-91, see also 40CFR52.2297-91). Single phase electrical: An electrical circuit powered by a single alternating electromotive force (cf. three phase electrical). Single response: All of the concerted activities conducted in response to a single episode, incident, or threat causing or contributing to a release or threatened release of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants (40CFR310.1 1-91). Single stand: Those recirculation or direct application cold rolling mills which include only one stand of work rolls (cf. multiple stand) (40CFR420.101-91). Single-breath canister: Small one-liter canister designed to capture a single breath. Used in air pollutant ingestion research (EPA-97/12). Sink float: See dense media separation. Sink temperature (lowest temperature in the surroundings): In thermodynamics, sink temperature means the atmospheric temperature (Jones-p385). Sink: (1) Place in the environment where a compound or material collects. (2) A process in which chemicals are removed from the environment or are otherwise made no longer available. For example, the ocean is a sink for C02 because crustaceans use a significant amount in building their shells of calcium carbonate (CaC03). This is very important in modeling the importance of C02 in the greenhouse effect (NavyIEnv-04). Sink: Place in the environment where a compound or material collects (EPA-97/12). Sinkhole: A depression in an area underlain by limestone. Its drainage is subterranean (CWMWbasics-04). Sinkhole: A depression in the earth's surface caused by dissolving of underlying limestone, salt, or gypsum. Drainage is provided through underground channels that may be enlarged by the collapse of a cavern roof (CWMWscience-04).
Sinking: Controlling oil spills by using an agent to trap the oil and sink it to the bottom of the body of water where the agent and the oil are biodegraded (EPA-97/12). Sinking: The process by which a shaft is driven (CWMmining04). Sinter bed: The lead sulfide ore concentrate charge within a sintering machine (40CFR60.18 1-91). Sinter: A chemical sedimentary rock deposited by precipitation from mineral waters, especially siliceous sinter and calcareous sinter (CAA/C02gas1-04). Sintered plate electrode: The electrode formed by sintering metallic powders in a porous structure, which serves as a current collector, and on which the active electrode material is deposited. See electrode for more related terms (EPA-84/08). Sintering machine discharge end: Any apparatus which receives sinter as it is discharged from the conveying grate of a sintering machine (40CFR60.18 1-91). Sintering machine: Any furnace in which calcines are heated in the presence of air to agglomerate the calcines into a hard porous mass called sinter (40CFR60.171-91, see also 40CFR60.18 1-91). Sintering zone: The thermal zone in the kiln in which clinker is formed (ETI-92). Sintering: (1) A heat treatment that causes adjacent particles of a material to cohere below a temperature that would cause them to melt (SW-lO8ts). (2) Forming larger particles, cakes, or masses from small particles by heating alone, or by heating and pressing, so that certain constituents of the particles coalesce, fuse, or otherwise bind together (EPA-75/02). Sintering is a limited form of calcination in which the physical structure, but not the chemical nature, of the solid is changed. For instance, dry powders may be heated to sinter them into a solid mass, usually with some reduction in volume. Additives such as silicates, which also sinter readily, can be added to improve this process (EPA-76/11). (3) The process of forming a mechanical part from a powdered metal by bonding under pressure and heat but below the melting point of the basis metal (EPA-83106a). (3) Fusing materials by heating them to high temperatures (DOE-91/04). Sinuosity: The ratio of the channel length between two points on a channel to the straight-line distance between the same two points; a measure of meandering (CWA/Wbasics-04). SIP call: EPA action requiring a state to resubmit all or part of its state implementation plan to demonstrate attainment of the require national ambient air quality standards within the statutory deadline. A SIP Revision is a revision of a SIP altered at the request of EPA or on a state's initiative. See state implementation plan (EPA97/12).
Siphon: A tubular device which is used to transfer liquid in different levels by air pressure. Sister chromatid exchanges: Reciprocal interchanges of the two chromatid arms within a single chromosome. These exchanges are visualized during the metaphase portion of the cell cycle and presumably require enzymatic incision, translocation and ligation of at east two DNA helices (40CFR798.5900-91, see also 40CFR798.5915-91). Site area emergency: The events may occur, are in progress, or have occurred that could lead to a significant release of radioactive material and that could require a response by offsite response organizations to protect persons off-site (10CFR30.4-91, see also 10CFR40.4; 70.4-91). Site assessment program: A means of evaluating hazardous waste sites through preliminary assessments and site inspections to develop a Hazard Ranking System score (EPA-97/12). Site assessment: The process by which EPA determines whether a potential site should be placed on the National Priorities List (NPL); it can consist of a Preliminary Assessment (PA) or a combination of a PA and a Site Inspection (SI) (SF/remedy-04). Site blank: A blank for evaluating site contamination. See blank for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Site characterization: The collection and analysis of field data to determine to what extent a site poses a threat to the environment and to begin developing potential remedial alternatives (EPA89/12a). Site characterization: The technical process used to evaluate the nature and extent of environmental contamination. This process is necessary for designing remediation measures and monitoring their effectiveness (OMBIReg-04). Site closeout (SC): The final step for IR sites. SC is reached when no further response actions under the IRP are appropriate or anticipated and the regulatory agencies concur. For NPL sites, this step will include following the proper procedure for deletion from the NPL according to the NCP (40CFR300.425). Actual SC is the date that the deletion appears in the Federal Register. It is only under unusual circumstances that a site that has been closed out will be reopened (NavyIEnv-04). Site inspection (SI): (1) An on-site investigation to determine whether there is a release or potential release and the nature of the associated threats. The purpose is to augment the data collected in the preliminary assessment and to generate, if necessary, sampling and other field data to determine if further action or investigation is appropriate (40CFR300.5-91, see also EPA-89/12).
Site inspection (SI): A technical phase in Superfund site cleanup following the Preliminary Assessment (PA), during which EPA gathers information (including sampling data) from a site in order to use the Hazard Ranking System (HRS) to determine whether the site should be placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) (SFIremedy-04). Site inspection (SI): An on-site investigation to determine whether there is a release or potential release and the nature of the associated threats. The SI consists of limited sampling and analysis designed to verify the findings of the Preliminary Assessment. The data collected must also support the decision to continue to the RIDS phase or remove the site from further investigation (Navy/Env-04). Site inspection: An in-depth assessment of on-site conditions, conducted as part of the CERCLA response process, to rank the site's hazard potential by determining the site's hazard ranking system score. Activities to assess the site may include sampling, field reconnaissance, and examination of site records (e.g., topographical maps, logs) (RCRAhazardous-04). Site inspection: The collection of information from a Superfund site to determine the extent and severity of hazards posed by the site. It follows and is more extensive than a preliminary assessment. The purpose is to gather information necessary to score the site, using the Hazard Ranking System, and to determine if it presents an immediate threat requiring prompt removal (EPA97/12). Site inspection: The collection of information from a Superfund site to determine the extent and severity of hazards posed by the site. It follows and is more extensive than a preliminary assessment. The purpose is to gather information necessary to score the site, using the Hazardous Ranking System, and to determine if it presents an immediate threat requiring prompt removal (MWTAIinfectious-04). Site limited intermediate: An intermediate manufactured processed, and used only within a site and not distributed in commerce other than as an impurity or for disposal. Imported intermediates cannot be site limited (40CFR721.3-91). Site limited: A chemical substance is manufactured and processed only within a site and is not distributed for commercial purposes as a substance or as part of a mixture or article outside the site. Imported substances are never site limited (40CFR710.23-91). Site of construction: The general physical location of any building, highway, or other change or improvement to real property which is undergoing construction, rehabilitation, alteration, conversion, extension, demolition, and repair and any temporary location or facility at which a contractor, subcontractor, or other participating party meets a demand or performs a function relating to the contract or subcontract (40CFR8.2-91).
Site reconnaissance: An in-depth evaluation of the property which meets the requirements of a Phase I environmental site assessment. The site reconnaissance includes, but is not limited to, the site visit (USDNwater-04). Site visit: The visit to the property during which observations are made (USDNwater-04). Site safety plan: A crucial element in all removal actions, it includes information on equipment being used, precautions to be taken, and steps to take in the event of an on-site emergency (EPA-97/12). Site safety plan: The written site specific safety criteria that establishes the requirements for protecting the health and safety of responders during all activities conducted at an incident (Course 165.5). Site: (1) A single unit where hazardous substances have been deposited, stored, disposed of, or placed. An NPL site is also defined as consisting of all contaminated areas within the area used to define the site, and any other location to or from which contamination fkom that area has come to be located. The NPL site would include all releases evaluated as part of the HRS analysis. (2) As defined by the Relative Risk Site Evaluation Primer, a site is a discrete area where suspected contamination has been verified, requiring further response action. A site by definition has been, or will be, entered into the Navy Restoration Management Information System (RMIS) (NavyIEnv-04). Site: (1) The land or water area where any facility or activity is physically located or conducted, including adjacent land used in connection with the facility or activity (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR122.29; 124.2; 124.41; 144.3; 146.3; 190.02; 191.02; 270.2; 300-App/A, 704.3; 710.2; 712.3; 717.3; 721.3; 723.50; 723.175; 763.63-91). (2) Any location where acutely toxic chemicals are manufactured, processed, stored, handled, used, or disposed, in short, any place where these chemicals may be found. Communities should be aware that chemicals are frequently found at places other than industrial sites (EPA-85/11). Site: An area or place within the jurisdiction of the EPA andlor a state (EPA-97/12). Site: For more related terms, see (1) Dump site and (2) Licensed site. Siting: The process of choosing a location for a facility (EPA97/12). Six (6) 9s: 99.9999% destruction and removal efficiency (DR.) for PCB waste incineration standards required by the Toxic Substances Control Act (cf. four 9s). Six center transition state: The transition state where six partial (one electron or three electron) bonds are formed; primarily results
in the elimination of a stable molecule from the reactant (EPA88/12). Six minute period: Any one of the ten equal parts of a one-hour period (40CFR60.2-91). Size classes of discharges: Refers to the following size classes of oil discharges which are provided as guidance to the OSC and serve as the criteria for the actions delineated in subpart D. They are not meant to imply associated degrees of hazard to public health or welfare, nor are they a measure of environmental damage. Any oil discharge that poses a substantial threat to public health or welfare or the environment or results in significant public concern shall be classified as a major discharge regardless of the following quantitative measures: (1) Minor discharge means a discharge to the inland waters of less than 1,000 gallons of oil or a discharge to the coastal waters of less than 10,000 gallons of oil. (2) Medium discharge means a discharge of 1,000 to 10,000 gallons of oil to the inland waters or a discharge of 10,000 to 100,000 gallons of oil to the coastal waters. (3) Major discharge means a discharge of more than 10,000 gallons of oil to the inland waters or more than 100,000 gallons of oil to the coastal waters (40CFR300.5-91). Size classes of releases: Refers to the following size classifications which are provided as guidance to the OSC for meeting pollution reporting requirements in subpart B. The final determination of the appropriate classification of a release will be made by the OSC based on consideration of the particular release (e.g., size, location, impact); (1) Minor release means a release of a quantity of hazardous substance(s), pollutant(s), or contaminant(s) that poses minimal threat to public health or welfare or the environment. (2) Medium release means all releases not meeting the criteria for classification as a minor or major release. (3) Major release means a release of any quantity of hazardous substance(s), pollutant(s), or contaminant(s) that poses a substantial threat to public health or welfare or the environment or results in significant public concern (under CERCLA) (40CFR300.5-91). Size consistence: The particle size distribution of a product (to be consistent with standard method of sieve analysis. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Sue reduction machine: Size reduction machinerelated terms include (1) Chipper; (2) Food waste disposer (see synonym, garbage grinding); (3) Garbage grinding; (4) Hammermill; (5) Impact mill; (6) Knife hog; (7) Pulverization; (8) RASP (rasper); (9) Roller crusher; (10) Shear shredder; (11) Shredder; (12) Trommel; (13) Wet milling; and (14) Wet pulping (see wet milling). Sue: (1) The rated capacity in tons per hour of a crusher, grinding mill, bucket elevator, bagging operation, or enclosed truck or railcar loading station; the total surface area of the top screen of a screening operation; the width of a conveyor belt; and the rated
capacity in tons of a storage bin (40CFR60.671-91). (2) Material added to the paper to give it water resistance (EPA-83). Sizing: (4) Relating to a property of paper resulting from an alteration of fiber surface characteristics. In terms of internal sizing, it is a measure of the resistance to the penetration of water and various liquids. In terms of surface sizing, it relates to the increase of such properties as water resistance, abrasion resistance, abrasiveness, creasibility, finish, smoothness, surface bonding strength, printability, and the decrease of porosity and surface fuzz. (2) The addition of materials to a papermaking furnish or the application of materials to the surface of paper and paperboard to provide resistance to liquid penetration and, in the case of surface sizing, to affect one or more of the properties (EPA-87/10). Skewness: Numerical measure of the lack of symmetry of an asymmetrical frequency distribution (CWAIWbasics-04). Skid: A track-mounted vehicle used to hold trips or cars from running out of control. Also it is a flat-bottom personnel or equipment carrier used in low coal (CWNmining-04). Skim (non-fat, defatted, or fat free) milk: The milk which fat has been separated as completely as commercially practicable. Typical skim milk contains maximum 0.1% fat, and minimum 8.25% solids (EPA-74/05). Skimming station: The facility where slag is mechanically raked from the top of the bath of molten iron (40CFR60.141a-91). Skimming tank: A tank so designed that floating matter will rise and remain on the surface of the wastewater until removed, while the liquid discharges continuously under walls or scum boards. See tank for more related terms (EPA-83/03).
Skip: A car being hoisted from a slope or shaft (CWNmining-04). Slab below grade: A type of house construction where the bottom floor is a slab which averages between 1 and about 3 ft below grade level on one or more sides (EPA-88/08). Slab glass: An optical glass obtained by cutting or forming the chunk glass into plates or slabs. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Slab on grade: A type of house construction where the bottom floor of a house is a slab which is no more than about 1 R below grade level on any side of the house (EPA-88/08). Slab: A layer of concrete, typically about 4 in. thick, which commonly serves as the floor of any part of a house whenever the floor is in direct contact with the underlying soil (EPA-88/08). Slack: Small coal; the finest-sized soft coal, usually less than one inch in diameter (CWNmining-04). Slag quench: A process of rapidly cooling a molten slag to produce a more easily handled solid material. Usually performed by sudden immersion in a water trough or sump (EPA-85110a). Slag tap furnace: A furnace in which the temperature is high enough to maintain ash (slag) in a molten state until it leaves the furnace through a tap at the bottom. The slag falls into the sluicing water where it cools, disintegrates, and is carried away. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-8211 If).
Skimming: (1) The removal of slag from the molten converter bath (cf. scum) (40CFR61.171-91, see also EPA-76/12; 7411 1).
Slag: A molten inorganic substance, usually high in lime and silica, formed as a waste or by-product during chemical reactions in furnaces. Also applies to the solid material obtained by cooling the liquid. Depending on the rate of cooling, the solid product may be of either a predominantly glassy or a predominantly crystalline nature (cf. fouling) (EPA-83).
Skimming: The diversion of water from a stream or conduit by a shallow overflow used to avoid diversion of sand, silt, or other debris carried as bottom load (CWAhydrology-04).
Slag: The more or less completely fused and vitrified matter separated during the reduction of a metal from its ore (40CFR60.261-91).
Skimming: Using a machine to remove oil or scum from the surface of the water (EPA-97/12).
04).
Skin absorption: The introduction of a chemical or toxic product into the body by way of the skin. Skin absorption can occur with no sensation to the skin itself (NavyIEnv-04).
Slag: For more related terms, see (1) Air cooled slag; (2) Granulated slag; (3) Granulated blast furnace slag; (4) Oxidizing slag; and (5) Reducing slag.
Skin sensitization (or allergic contact dermatitis): An immunologically mediated cutaneous reaction to a substance. In the human, the responses may be characterized by pruritis, erythema, edema, papules, vesicles, bullae, or a combination of these. In other species the reactions may differ and only erythema and edema may be seen (40CFR798.4 100-91).
Slagging of refractory: A destructive chemical action that forms slag on refractories subjected to high temperatures. Also a molten or viscous coating produced on refractories by ash particles (SW108ts).
Slag: The waste product of the process of smelting (CWNmining-
Slaker: A device used to regenerate white liquor in a green liquor recovery process (EPA-87/10).
Slaking: The process of reacting lime with water to yield a hydrated product, i.e., to convert calcium oxide to calcium hydroxide (EPA-89/02). Slate bar: The proper long-handled tool used to pry down loose and hazardous material from roof, face, and ribs (CWNmining04). Slate: A miner's term for any shale or slate accompanying coal. Geologically, it is a dense, fine-textured, metamorphic rock, which has excellent parallel cleavage so that it breaks into thin plates or pencil-like shapes (CWNmining-04). Slaughterhouse: A plant that slaughters animals and has as its main product fresh meat as whole, half, or quarter carcasses or smaller meat cuts (40CFR432.11-91, see also 40CFR432.2 1-91). Slickens: Riparian areas along the Clark Fork River that are devoid of vegetation because of high concentrations of toxic material (SFIremedy-04) Slickenside: A smooth, striated, polished surface produced on rock by friction (CWNmining-04). Sliding damper: A plate normally installed perpendicularly to the flow of gas in a breeching and arranged to slide across it to regulate the flow. See damper for more related terms (SW-108ts). Slime spots: Semi-transparent defects in the paper caused by bits of slime getting through the machine onto the wire (EPA-83). Slime: A material of extremely fine particle sizes encountered in ore treatment (EPA-82/05). Slimicide: A chemical used to prevent slimy growth, as in woodpulping processes for manufacture of paper and paperboard (EPA85/l 0). Slip gauge: A gauge which has a probe that moves through the gaslliquid interface in a storage or transfer vessel and indicates the level of vinyl chloride in the vessel by the physical state of the material the gauge discharges (40CFR61.61-91).
Slop oil: The floating oil and solids that accumulate on the surface of an oil-water separator. See oil for more related terms (40CFR60.691; 61.341-91). Slope factor (or cancer potency factor): Estimate of the probability of response (for example, cancer) per unit intake of a substance over a lifetime. The slope factor is typically used to estimate upper-bound probability of an individual developing cancer as a result of exposure to a particular level of a human carcinogen with a weight-of-evidence classification of A, B, or C. ((mg/kg-day)-' for non-radioactive substances and (lC(i))-' for radioactive substances) (40CFR300-AppIA-91). Slope factor: A plausible upper-bound estimate of the probability of a response per unit intake of a chemical over a lifetime. The slope factor is used to estimate an upper-bound probability of an individual's developing cancer as a result of a lifetime of exposure to a particular level of a potential carcinogen (EPA-91/12). Slope factor: The slope of the dose-response curve in the lowdose region. When low-dose linearity cannot be assumed, the slope factor is the slope of the straight line from 0 dose (and 0 excess risk) to the dose at one percent excess risk. An upper bound on this slope is usually used instead of the slope itself. The units of the slope factor are usually expressed as I/(mg/kg-day) (EPA92/12). Slope mine: An underground mine with an opening that slopes upward or downward to the coal seam (CWNmining-04). Slope: Primary inclined opening, connection the surface with the underground workings (CWNmining-04). Slope: The deviation of a surface from the horizontal expressed as a percentage, by a ratio, or in degrees (SW-108ts). Slops: See swill. Slough: A small marshy tract lying in a swale or other local shallow, undrained depression; a sluggish creek or channel in a wetland (CWNWbasics-04). Slough: Wet or marshy area (SW-108ts).
Slip: A fault. A smoothjoint or crack where the strata have moved on each other (CWNmining-04).
Sloughing: The slow crumbling and falling away of material from roof, rib, and face (CWNmining-04).
Sliver: Bundles of noncontinuous or short length fibers that have reached that stage of their fabrication into yam wherein they are parallel and overlapping and have no twist (EPA-83).
Sloughing: Trickling filter slimes that have been washed off the filter media. They are generally quite high in BOD5 and will degrade effluent quality unless removed (EPA-74/05).
Slop (swill): Semi-liquid waste material consisting of putrescible solids and free liquids (EPA-83).
Slow meter response: That the slow response of the sound level meter shall be used. The slow dynamic response shall comply with the meter dynamic characteristics in paragraph 5.4 of the American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters, ANSI S1.4-1971. This publication is available from the American
National Standards Institute Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018 (cf. fast meter response) (40CFR201.1-9 1, see also 40CFR204.2-91).
Sludge digestion: A treatment to stabilize raw sludge. The treatment can be either anaerobic process or aerobic process. Sludge disposal: The final disposal of solid wastes (EPA-83/03).
Slow sand filtration: A process involving passage of raw water through a bed of sand at low velocity (generally less than 0.4 mlh) resulting in substantial particulate removal by physical and biological mechanisms. See filtration for more related terms (40CFR141.2-91, see also EPA-89/12).
Sludge dryer: A device used to reduce the moisture content of sludge by heating to temperatures above 65 C (ca. 150 F) directly with combustion gases (40CFR61.5 1-91, see also 40CFR260.1091).
Slow sand filtration: Passage of raw water through a bed of sand at low velocity, resulting in substantial removal of chemical and biological contaminants (EPA-97/12).
Sludge drying bed (or sludge bed): A bed on which the humuslike residue from the digester is dried; after being dried, the sludge may be burned or landfilled (DOI-70104).
Sludge age: (1) The ratio of the weight of volatile solids in the digester to the weight of volatile solids added per day. There is a maximum sludge age beyond which no significant reduction in the concentration of volatile solids will occur (EPA-76/03). (2) The mean residence time of the activated sludge.
Sludge drying: See sludge dewatering.
Sludge bank: An accumulation of sewage solid deposits or industrial waste origin on the bed of a waterway (EPA-8211If). Sludge bed: See sludge drying bed. Sludge blanket level: The depth of sludge in a sedimentation tank or a clarifier. Sludge cake: The material resulting from air drying or dewatering sludge (usually forkable or spadable) (EPA-83/03). Sludge conditioning: A process employed to prepare sludge for final disposal. Can be thickening, digesting, heat treatment, etc. (EPA-84/08). Sludge density index (SDI): An index for measuring the settleability of activated sludge by density. SDI = 100/(sludge volume index) (cf. sludge volume index). Sludge dewatering (or sludge drying): The removal of water from sludge by introducing the water sludge s h y into a centrifuge. The sludge is driven outward with the water remaining near the center. The water is withdrawn and the dewatered sludge is usually landfilled (EPA-83106a). Sludge digester: Tank in which complex organic substances like sewage sludges are biologically dredged. During these reactions, energy is released and much of the sewage is converted to methane, carbon dioxide, and water (EPA-97/12). Sludge digestion gas: Gas resulting from the sludge digestion process. Sludge digestion tank: See digester.
Sludge farming: See land treatment. Sludge filter: A part of the sludge drying bed. The filter can remove a large portion of sludge water. Sludge loading ratio (SLR): Parameter used in activated sludge treatment systems to estimate imposed waste demand. It is expressed in BOD/day/lb MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) (LBL76107-water). Sludge only facility: Any treatment works treating domestic sewage whose methods of sewage sludge use or disposal are subject to regulations promulgated pursuant to section 405(d) of the CWA, and is required to obtain a permit under 40CFR122.l(b)(3) of this Part (40CFR122.2-91). Sludge pond: A basin used for the storage, digestion, or dewatering of sludge (EPA-8711Oa). Sludge requirement: The following statutory provisions and regulations or permits issued thereunder (or more stringent state or local regulations): section 405 of the Clean Water Act; the Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) (including Title I1 more commonly referred to as the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) and state regulations contained in any state sludge management plan prepared pursuant to Sub title D of SWDA); the Clean Air Act; the Toxic Substances Control Act; and the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (40CFR403.7-91). Sludge return rate: The quantity of return activated sludge per unit time. Sludge thickening: Sludge can be thickened by: (1) Gravity (sinking to the bottom of treatment tank due to gravity); and (2) Flotation. Sludge thickness: The increase in solids concentration of sludge in a sedimentation or digestion tank (EPA-83/03).
Sludge treatment: The sludge management process from the point of the generation of raw sludge to the point of ultimate disposal of treated sludge. The process may include sludge digestion, drying, incineration, etc. Sludge treatment: For more related terms, see (1) Activated sludge process (see activated sludge treatment) and (2) Activated sludge treatment
Sluice: An artificial passage for water, fitted with a valve or gate for stopping or regulating the flow; a regulating device for holding water back or letting it flow in or out; a conduit (natural or artificial) to drain or carry off surplus water; a long inclined trough or flume, usually on the ground (EPA-74/11). Slurry: A mixture of liquid and finely divided insoluble solid materials (EPA-89/03b).
Sludge volume index (SVI): An index for measuring the settleability of activated sludge by volume. SVI = 100/(sludge density index) (cf. sludge density index).
Slurry: A pumpable mixture of solids and liquids (EPA-81/09).
Sludge: A semi-solid residue from any of a number of air or water treatment processes; can be a hazardous waste (EPA-97/12).
Slurry: A watery mixture of insoluble matter resulting from some pollution control techniques (EPA-97/12).
Sludge: Any solid, semisolid, or liquid wastes generated from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control device. It is a relatively fixed volume and its moisture content ranges from 15 to 90% (RCMazardous-04).
Small capacitor: A capacitor which contains less than 1.36 kg (3 Ibs.) of dielectric fluid. The following assumptions may be used if the actual weight of the dielectric fluid is unknown. A capacitor whose total volume is less than 1639 cubic centimeters (100 cubic inches) may be considered to contain less than 1.36 kgs (3 Ibs.) of dielectric fluid and a capacitor whose total volume is more than 3278 cubic centimeters (200 cubic inches) must be considered to contain more than 1.36 kg (3 Ibs.) of dielectric fluid. A capacitor whose volume is between 1639 and 3278 cubic centimeters may be considered to contain less then 1.36 kg (3 Ibs.) of dielectric fluid if the total weight of the capacitor is less than 4.08 kg (9 Ibs.). See capacitor for more related terms (40CFR761.3-91).
Sludge: Is produced by a treatment plant that processes municipal or industrial wastewaters (40CFR61.51-91, see also RCRA1004; 40CFR110.1; 240.101; 241.101; 243.101; 246.101; 257.2; 260.10; 261.1-91). Sludge: For more related terms, see (1) Activated sludge; (2) Alum sludge; (3) Bulky sludge; (4) Chemical sludge; (5) Desludge; (6) Dewatered sludge; (7) Digested sludge; (8) Excess activated sludge; (9) Excess sludge (see excess activated sludge); (10) Surplus sludge (see excess activated sludge); (11) Filamentous sludge; (12) Fresh sludge (see green sludge); (13) Green sludge; (14) Oxidized sludge; (15) Oxygen activated sludge; (16) Paint sludge; (17) Primary sludge; (18) Raw sludge; (19) Secondary sludge; (20) Septic sludge; (21) Sewage sludge; (22) Trickling filter sludge; (23) Undigested sludge; and (24) Waste activated sludge. Slug flow sampling: A monitoring procedure that follows the same slug of wastewater throughout its transport in the receiving water. Water quality samples are collected at receiving water stations, tributary inflows, and point source discharges only when a dye slug or tracer passes that point (EPA-91/03). Slug test: A single well test conducted to determine the in-situ hydraulic conductivity of low to moderate hydraulic conductivity formations by the instantaneous addition, or removal, of a known volume of water or solid object, to or from a well. The subsequent well recovery is measured (NavyIEnv-04). Slug: Any non-fibrous glass in a glass fiber product (EPA-83). Slugged bottom: An imperfection; very heavy glass on one side and very light on the opposite side of the bottom of a bottle or container. See also heel tap (EPA-83).
Slurry: A thin suspension of pulp fiber in water (EPA-83).
Small concentrated animal feeding operation (small CAFO): An AFO that is designated as a CAFO and is not a medium CAFO 4OCFRI22.23(b)(9) (CWAtwastewater-04). Small construction activity: Clearing, grading, and excavating resulting in a land disturbance that will disturb equal to or more than one acre and fewer than five acres of total land area but is part of a larger common plan of development or sale that will ultimately disturb equal to or fewer than five acres. Small construction activity does not include routine maintenance that is performed to maintain the original line and grade, hydraulic capacity, or original purpose of the site (40CFR122.26(b)(15)) (CWAtwastewater-04). Small manufacturer, processor, or importer: A manufacturer or processor who employed no more than 10 full-time employees at any one time in 1981 (40CFR763.63-91). Small processor: An operation that produces up to 2730 kg (6000 Ib) per day of any type or combination of finished products (40CFR432.51-91, see also 40CFR704.25; 704.33; 704.104; 704.203-91). Small quantities for research and development: The quantities of a chemical substance manufactured, imported, or processed or proposed to be manufactured, imported, or processed that: (1) Are no greater than reasonably necessary for such purposes; and (2)
After the publication of the revised inventory, are used by, or directly under the supervision of, a technically qualified individual(s) (40CFR710.2-91, see also 40CFR761.3-91). Small quantity generator (SQGsometimes referred to as "squeegee"): Persons or enterprises that produce 220-2200 pounds per month of hazardous waste; they are required to keep more records than conditionally exempt generators. The largest category of hazardous waste generators, SQGs, include automotive shops, dry cleaners, photographic developers, and many other small businesses. See conditionally exempt generators (EPA-97/12). Small quantity generator: A generator who generates less than 1000 kg of hazardous waste in a calendar month (40CFR260.1091, see also RCRA3001; EPA-86/01). Small quantity generators: Facilities that generate between 100 kg and 1000 kg of hazardous waste per calendar month (RCRAIhazardous-04). Small quantity handlers of universal waste: Handlers that do not accumulate 5000 kg of all universal waste categories combined at their location at anyone time (RCRAIhazardous-04). Small sized plants: The plants that process less than 3720 kglday (8200 Ibslday) of raw materials (40CFR428.5 1-91). Small source: A source that emits less than 100 tons of regulated pollutants per year, or any class of persons that the Administrator determines, through regulation, generally lack technical ability or knowledge regarding control of air pollution. See source for more related terms (CAA302-42U.S.C.7602-91). Smallpox virus: A serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal infectious disease. There is no specific treatment for smallpox disease, and the only prevention is vaccination. The name smallpox is derived from the Latin word for "spotted" and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person (HAS-92). Smart charging: A process of using a computer to constantly monitor the electrical charge of a battery so that the charging operation can be at the optimum rate (e.g., temperature is monitored to prolong battery life). Smart metering: A process of using a computer to constantly measure electricity usage. The process is capable of separately measuring usage of different power loads (such as electric vehicles), identifying what time of day the electricity was consumed, and providing a time history of power and energy demand. Smelt dissolving tank: A vessel used for dissolving the smelt collected from the recovery furnace (40CFR60.28 1-91).
Smelt: The molten inorganic cooking chemicals from the recovery boiler (EPA-87/10). Smelter owner and operator: The owner or operator of the smelter, without distinction (40CFR57.103-t-91). Smelter: A facility that melts or fuses ore, often with an accompanying chemical change, to separate its metal content. Emissions cause pollution. "Smelting" is the process involved (EPA-97/12). Smelter: For more related terms, see (1) Primary copper smelter; (2) Primary lead smelter; (3) Primary zinc smelter; and (4) Secondary lead smelter. Smelting furnace: Any vessel in which the smelting of copper sulfide ore concentrates or calcines is performed and in which the heat necessary for smelting is provided by an electric current, rapid oxidation of a portion of the sulfur contained in the concentrate as it passes through an oxidizing atmosphere, or the combustion of a fossil fuel. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.161-91). Smelting: (1) Extracting a metal from its ore by firing with a flux at high temperatures. The melt consists of two layers: the slag on top and the separated impure metal below (EPA-83). (2) Processing techniques for the melting of a copper sulfide ore concentrate or calcine charge leading to the formation of separate layers of molten slag, molten copper, andlor copper matte (40CFR60.161-91). Smog: A mixture of pollutants, principally ground-level ozone, produced by chemical reactions in the air involving smog-forming chemicals. A major portion of smog-formers come from burning of petroleum-based fuels such as gasoline. Other smog-formers, volatile organic compounds, are found in products such as paints and solvents. Smog can harm health, damage the environment and cause poor visibility. Major smog occurrences are often linked to heavy motor vehicle traffic, sunshine, high temperatures, and calm winds or temperature inversion (weather condition in which warm air is trapped close to the ground instead of rising). Smog is often worse away from the source of the smog-forming chemicals, since the chemical reactions that result in smog occur in the sky while the reacting chemicals are being blown away from their sources by winds (CAA/air-04). Smog: A term derived from smoke and fog, applied to extensive atmospheric contamination by aerosols, these aerosols arising partly through natural processes and partly from human activities. Now some times used loosely for any contamination of the air (LBL-76107-air). Smog: Air pollution typically associated with oxidants. See photochemical smog (EPA-97/12).
Smoke alarm: An instrument that continuously measures and records the density of smoke by determining how much light is obscured when a beam is shown through the smoke. An alarm fitted in a flue goes off when the smoke exceeds a preset density (SW-108tS). Smoke density: The amount of solid matter contained in smoke. It is often measured by systems that relate the grayness of the smoke to an established standard (6.opacity) (SW-108ts). Smoke emissions: The pollutant generated by combustion in a flare and occumng immediately downstream of the flame. Smoke occurring within the flame, but not downstream of the flame, is not considered a smoke emission. See emission for more related terms (40CFR60-App/A(method 22)-91). Smoke eye: A device consisting of a light source and a photoelectric cell that measures the degree to which smoke in a flue gas obscures light (SW-108ts). Smoke number (SN): The dimensionless term quantifying smoke emissions (40CFR87.1-91). Smoke stack: See stack. Smoke stick: A small tube, several inches long, which releases a small stream of inert smoke when a rubber bulb at one end of the tube is compressed. Can be used to visually define bulk air movement in a small area, such as the direction of air flow through small openings in slabs and foundation walls (EPA-88/08). Smoke: Particles suspended in air after incomplete combustion (EPA-97/12). Smoke: The matter in the exhaust emission which obscures the transmission of light (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR87.1-91). Smokeless powder: Nitrocellulose-based propellant (EPA-76/03). Smooth-one-side (SlS) hardboard: The hardboard which is produced by the wet-matting, wet-pressing process (40CFR429.11-91). Smooth-two-sides (SZS) hardboard: The hardboard which is produced by the wet-matting, dry-pressing process (40CFR429.11-91). For the subcategories for which numerical limitations are given, the daily maximum limitation is a value that should not be exceeded by any one effluent measurement. The 30day limitation is a value that should not be exceeded by the average of daily measurements taken during any 30-day period. Snailing: Streaks or marks on paper caused by air bubbles which disturb fiber alignment in the paper making process (EPA-83).
Snake (snaking): Progressive longitudinal cracking in continuous flat glass operation; variation in width of sheet during the sheet glass drawing process (EPA-83). Snorkel: A pipe through the furnace roof, or an opening in a furnace roof, used to withdraw the furnace atmosphere (EPA8511Oa). Snow course: A line or series of connecting lines along which snow samples are taken at regularly spaced points (CWAhydrology-04). Snow density: Ratio between the volume of melt water derived from a sample of snow and the initial volume of the sample. This is numerically equal to the specific gravity of the snow (CWAhydrology-04). Snow, quality of: The ratio of heat of melting of snow, in calories per gram to the 80 calories per gram for melting pure ice at 0 degrees C. Percentage by weight which is ice (CWAhydrology04). Snow: A form of precipitation composed of ice crystals (CWAhydrology-04). Snowline: The general altitude to which the continuous snow cover of high mountains retreats in summer, chiefly controlled by the depth of the winter snowfall and by the temperature of the summer (CWAhydrology-04). Snowline: The line of elevation on a mountain or hill slope that marks the lower limit of perpetual snow; below this line, any snow melts during the summer. The altitude of the snowline varies considerably in different regions; in general it occurs progressively lower fiom the tropics to the polar regions. Its altitude depends largely on the summer temperatures that determine the rate of melting. Another important factor is the total amount of winter snow; the snowline will be higher on the southern than the northern side of a mountain. Furthermore, the snowline will be higher on a steep slope, where much of the snow descends as avalanches, than on a gentle slope, where most of it lies where it falls till it melts (DOI-70104). Snowout: The capture of gaseous particulate in the air by precipitation in the form of snow (NATO-78/10). Soaking: As applied to the firing of ceramic ware, signifies the maintenance of the maximum temperature for a period to effect a desired degree of vitrification, chemical reaction, andlor recrystallization (EPA-83). Soap boiling: The process of heating a mixture of fatsloils with a caustic solution until the fatty ester is split and the alkaline metal salt formed, glycerine being released in the process. The step where saponification takes place (cf. saponification) (EPA-74104~).
Soap: The product resulting from boiling animal fats with sodium hydroxide (cf. neat soap). Societal risk: The aggregated risks to all members of a population located within a specified radius around a potential hazard (DOE9 1/04). Soda ash: A common name for sodium carbonate (Na2C03) (EPA-77107). Soda lime recipe: The glass product composition of the following ranges of weight proportions: 60 to 75% silicon dioxide, 10 to 17% total R20 (e.g., Na20 and K20), 8 to 20% total RO but not to include any PbO (e.g., CaO, and MgO), 0 to 8% total R2O3(e.g., AI2O3),and 1 to 5% other oxides (40CFR60.291-91). Soda process: The first process for the manufacture of chemical wood pulp. Involves boiling wood in caustic alkali at a high temperature (EPA-87/10). Soda: Sodium oxide (Na20). Loosely, a carbonate of sodium (EPA-83). Sodium (Na): A alkali metal with atomic number 11; atomic weight 22.9898; density 0.97 glcc; melting point 97.8 C and boiling point 892 C. The element belongs to group IA of the periodic table. Major sodium compounds include (1) Sodium aluminate (Na2A1204):White powder used in water purification and soap. (2) Sodium carbonate (Na2C03):White powder used in pH control, bleaching and detergents. (3) Sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH-2H20): Toxic crystals used in paper pulping, etc. (4) Sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S204):Whitish powder used in ore flotation and reducing agents. (5) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH): White crystals used in rubber reclaiming, etc. (6) Sodium hypochloride (NaOCl): A strongly alkaline solution used in germicides, disinfectants, and deodorizers. (7) Sodium silicate (Na2Si03): An alkaline solution used in grindstones, abrasive A white powder used wheels. (8) Sodium stearate (NaC18H3502): in toothpastes and waterproofing agents. (9) Sodium sulfide (Na2S): A yellow or red powder used in dehairing hides and wool pulling. (10) Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S203-5H20):A white powder used in dyeing, pextile printing, etc. (11) Sodium tripolyphosphate (NasOloP3):A white powder used in water softening. Sodium (Na): An alkali metal that can form various salts with halogens and metals. Its dissolved concentration in water can be used to indicate salinity. It is very abundant in nature. Not generally considered toxic (NavyIEnv-04). Sodium absorption ratio (SAR): An indicator of sodium effect on water and crops. SAR = Na/(O.S(Ca + Mg)), where Na, Ca, and Mg are the concentration of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Sodium hypochlorite: A water solution of sodium hydroxide and chlorine in which sodium hypochloride is the essential ingredient (EPA-82/11f).
Sodium silicate: A grey-white powder soluble in alkali and water, insoluble in alcohol and acid. Used to fireproof textiles, in petroleum refining and corrugated paperboard manufacture, and as an egg preservative. Also referred to as liquid gas, silicate of soda, sodium metasilicate, soluble glass, and water glass (CAA/C02gas04). Sodium silicate: A grey-white powder soluble in alkali and water, insoluble in alcohol and acid. Used to fireproof textiles, in petroleum refining and corrugated paperboard manufacture, and as an egg preservative. Also referred to as liquid gas, silicate of soda, sodium metasilicate, soluble glass, and water glass (CAA/C02gasl-04). Sodium tripolyphosphate: A white powder used for water softening and as a food additive and texturizer (CAA/C02gas-04). Sodium tripolyphosphate: A white powder used for water softening and as a food additive and texturizer (CAA/C02gasl-04). Soft detergents: Biodegradable detergents (EPA-74/11). Soft detergents: Cleaning agents that break down in nature (EPA97/12). Soft lead: The lead produced by the removal of antimony through oxidation. The lead is characterized by low hardness and strength. See lead for more related terms (EPA-83103a). Soft water: Any water that does not contain a significant amount of dissolved minerals such as salts of calcium or magnesium (EPA-97/12). Softener: Any device used to remove hardness from water. Hardness in water is due mainly to calcium and magnesium salts. Natural zeolites, ion exchange resins, and precipitation processes are used to remove the calcium and magnesium (EPA-8211If). Softwood veneer: The veneer which is used in the manufacture of softwood plywood and in some cases the inner plies of hardwood faced plywood. See veneer for more related terms (EPA-74/04). Softwood: (1) The wood obtained from evergreen or needle bearing trees such as pines, spruces, and hemlocks (cf. hardwood) (EPA-74/04). (2) Softwoods are as nonporous woods, the most common fiber source for paper in the northern hemisphere (EPA83). Soil adsorption field: A sub-surface area containing a trench or bed with clean stones and a system of piping through which treated sewage may seep into the surrounding soil for further treatment and disposal (EPA-97/12). Soil aggregate: The combination or arrangement of soil separates (sand, silt, clay) into secondary units. These units may be arranged
in the profile in a distinctive characteristic pattern that can be classified on the basis of size, shape, and degree of distinctness into classes, type, and grades (40CFR796.2700-91, see also 40CFR796.2750-91). Soil and water conservation practices: Control measures consisting of managerial, vegetative, and structural practices to reduce the loss of soil and water (EPA-97/12). Soil boring: A sample of earth representing underground conditions for the surrounding area. They are used to gather information about and model subsurface characteristics, which are important when designing landfills (RCWmanagement-04). Soil classification: The systematic arrangement of soils into groups or categories. Broad groupings are made on the basis of general characteristics, subdivisions, on the basis of more detailed differences in specific properties. The soil classification system used today in the United States is the 7th Approximation Comprehensive System. The ranking of subdivisions under the system is: order, suborder, great group, family, and series (40CFR796.2700-91, see also 40CFR796.2750-91). Soil cohesion: The mutual attraction exerted on soil particles by molecular forces and moisture films (SW- 108ts). Soil colloid: Clay and humus which are the major components of soil colloids. Soil conditioner: An organic material like humus or compost that helps soil absorb water, build a bacterial community, and take up mineral nutrients (EPA-97/12). Soil cut-and-fill balances: A technique used to create the same amount of earth cut as fill for a specified area of land. The excess soil is placed where it is needed in low areas. This helps minimize construction costs (RCWmanagement-04). Soil erodibility: An indicator of a soil's susceptibility to raindrop impact, runoff, and other erosive processes. Soil erosion: Detachment and movement of the soil from the land surface by wind or water (EPA-83). Soil gas permeability: A soil's capacity to allow gas flow. The soil gas permeability varies according to grain size, soil uniformity, porosity, and moisture content (NavyEnv-04). Soil gas: Gaseous elements and compounds in the small spaces between particles of the earth and soil. Such gases can be moved or driven out under pressure (EPA-97/12). Soil horizon: A layer of soil approximately parallel to the land surface. Adjacent layers differ in physical, chemical, and biological properties or characteristics such as color, structure, texture, consistency, kinds, and numbers of organisms present, and
degree of acidity or alkalinity (40CFR796.2700-91, see also 40CFR796.2750-91). Soil horizon: A layer of soil that is distinguishable from adjacent layers by characteristic physical and chemical properties (CWAlWbasics-04). Soil injection: The emplacement of pesticides by ordinary tillage practices within the plow layer of soil (40CFR165.1-91). Soil irrigation: See spray imgation. Soil liner: A landfill liner composed of compacted soil used for the containment of leachate. See liner for more related terms (EPA-89/11). Soil matrix: Soil as the environmental media containing contaminants (NavyIEnv-04). Soil moisture (soil water): Water diffused in the soil, the upper part of the zone of aeration from which water is discharged by the transpiration of plants or by soil evaporation. See field-moisture capacity and field-moisture deficiency (CWAhydrology-04). Soil moisture: The water contained in the pore space of the unsaturated zone (EPA-97/12). Soil moisture: Water diffused in the upper layers of the soil from which it is taken by plants for transpiration or from which it evaporates into the atmosphere (DOI-70104). Soil moisture: Water occumng in the pore spaces between the soil particles in the unsaturated zone from which water is discharged by the transpiration of plants or by evaporation from the soil (CWAlWbasics-04). Soil order: The broadest category of soil classification and is based on general similarities of physical/chemical properties. The formation by similar genetic processes causes these similarities. The soil orders found in the United States are: Alfisol, Aridisol, Entisol, Histosol, Inceptisol, Mollisol, Oxisol, Spodosol, Ultisol, and Vertisol(40CFR796.2700-91,see also 40CFR796.2750-91). Soil organic matter: The organic hction of the soil; it includes plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms, and substances synthesized by the microbial population (40CFR796.2700-91). Soil percolation: See spray irrigation. Soil pH: The value obtained by sampling the soil to the depth of cultivation or solid waste placement, whichever is greater, and analyzing by the electrometric method. (Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy Monograph No. 9, C.A. Black, ed., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 914-926, 1965) (40CFR257.3.5-91, see also 40CFR796.2700-91).
Soil plasticity: The property of a soil that allows it to be deformed or molded in a moist condition without cracking or falling apart (SW-108ts). Soil pollution: The soil contaminated with heavy metals, inorganic salts, difficult-to-decomposeorganic matter or excessive organic matter. See pollution for more related terms. Soil profile: A section through the soil showing the different horizons or layers extending downward from the surface to the parent material (DOI-70104). Soil series: The basic unit of soil classification and is a subdivision of a family. A series consists of soils that were developed under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions. The soils comprising a series are essentially alike in all major profile characteristics except for the texture of the "A" horizon (i.e., the surface layer of soil) (40CFR796.2700-91, see also 40CFR2750-91). Soil sterilant: A chemical that temporarily or permanently prevents the growth of all plants and animals (EPA-97/12). Soil structure: The relation of particles or groups of particles in a soil. It includes crumb structure, block structure, platy structure, and columnar structure (DOI-70104). Soil swelling: Physical expansion of the soil mass usually caused by an increase in moisture content in an expanding type of clay (EPA-83). Soil texture: Refers to the classification of soils based on the relative proportions of the various soil separates present. The soil textural classes are: clay, sandy clay, silty clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy loam loamy sand, and sand (40CFR796.2700-91, see also 40CFR796.2750-91). Soil type: System of classification of soils based on physical properties (NavyEnv-04). Soil vapor extraction (SVE): An in-situ soil aeration process designed and operated to maximize the volatilization of lowmolecular-weight compounds, with some biodegradation occumng (Navy/Env-04). Soil: A mixture of organic and inorganic solids, air, water, and biota which exists on the earth surface above bedrock, including materials of anthropogenic sources, such as slag, sludge, etc. (Navy/Env-04). Soil: All unconsolidated materials normally found on or near the surface of the earth including, but not limited to, silts, clays, sands, gravel, and small rocks (40CFR192.11-91, see also 40CFR761.123; 796.2700; 796.2750-91; EPA-89112a).
Soil: The layer of material at the land surface that supports plant growth (CWAIWbasics-04). Soil: Unconsolidated earth material composing the superficial geologic strata (material overlying bedrock) consisting of clay, silt, sand, or gravel size particles as classified by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, or a mixture of such materials with liquids, sludges, or solids which is inseparable by simple mechanical removal processes and is made up primarily of soil by volume based on visual inspection (RCRAIlandban-04). Other soil-related terms include (1) Intermediate cover soil; (2) Isotropic soil; (3) Muck soil; (4) Night soil; (5) Plasticity soil; and (6) Tight soil. Solar energy economy: Economy where solar -energy is the primary energy source. Solar energy: One type of renewable energy. It is the radiation energy that emits from the sun and reaches the earth. Solar energy can be used for the production of electricity and heat. Solar irradiance in water: Related to the sunlight intensity in water and is proportional to the average light flux (in the units of day-' that is available to cause photoreaction in 10" einsteins d2a wavelength interval centered at (wavelength) over a 24-hour day at a specific latitude and season date (40CFR796.3700-91). Solar radiation: The electromagnetic energy and particles including electrons, protons, etc., emitted from the sun. See radiation for more related terms. Sold or distributed: The aggregate amount of a pesticidal product released for shipment by the establishment in which the pesticidal product was produced (40CFR167.3-91). Solder: Metallic compound used to seal joints between pipes. Until recently, most solder contained 50% lead. Use of solder containing more than 0.2% lead in pipes carrying drinking water is now prohibited (EPA-97/12). Soldering: The process of joining metals by flowing a thin (capillary thickness) layer of nonferrous filler metal into the space between them. Bonding results from the intimate contact produced by the dissolution of a small amount of base metal in the molten filler metal, without fusion of the base metal. The term soldering is used where the temperature range falls below 425 C (EPA83106a). Sole active ingredient: For purposes of determining if a waste is P or U listed, the only chemical ingredient serving the function of a commercial product formulation (RCRAIhazardous-04). Sole source aquifer (or principal source): An aquifer that supplies 50% or more of the drinking water of an area. See aquifer for more related terms (40CFR146.3; 149.2-91).
Sole source aquifer: An aquifer that supplies 50% or more of the drinking water of an area (SDWNReg-04). Solenoid valve: A valve that opens or closes by the action of a mechanically actuated valve. For example, solenoid valves have been used in automatic dishwashers. When an electric signal acts upon a coil, it electromagnetically pulls a metallic stem that is attached to the seat the valve opens and allows flow. At the instant the external force (electricity) is removed, the magnetic field vanishes and a spring closes the valve.
Solid waste boundary: The outermost perimeter of the solid waste (projected in the horizontal plane) as it would exist at completion of the disposal activity (40CFR257.3.4-91). Solid waste derived fuel (or solid derived fuel): Any solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from solid fuel for the purpose of creating useful heat and includes, but is not limited to, solvent refined coal, liquified coal, and gasified coal. See fuel for more related terms (40CFR60.41a-91, see also 40CFR247.10 1-91). Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) of 1965: See Act or SWDA.
Sole-source aquifer: (1) As defined by the Safe Drinking Water Act, an aquifer that is the only source or potential source of drinking water in an area. (2) An aquifer that supplies 50% or more of the drinking water of an area (NavyIEnv-04). Sole-source aquifer: A groundwater system that supplies at least 50% of the drinking water to a particular human population; the term is used to denote special protection requirements under the Safe Drinking Water Act and may be used only by approval of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (CWAIWquality-04). Sole-source aquifer: An aquifer that supplies 50% or more of the drinking water of an area (EPA-97/12).
Solid waste disposal site: A place, location, tract of land, area, or premises used for the landfill disposal of solid wastes as defined by state solid waste regulations. The term is synonymous with the term landfill and is also known as a garbage dump (USDNwater04). Solid waste disposal: (1) The disposal of all solid wastes through landfilling, incineration, composting, chemical treatment, and any other method which prepares solid wastes for final disposition (EPA-83). (2) See disposal for more related terms. Solid waste disposal: The final placement of refuse that is not salvaged or recycled (EPA-97/12).
Solid (sludge) rate meter: See flow rate meter. Solid cone nozzle: One of spray nozzle types (see spray nozzles for more types). For this type of nozzle, liquid is force over an insert to break it up into a cone of fine droplets. Cones can be full, hollow, or square with spray angles from 15 degrees to 140 degrees. These nozzles can be made of stainless steel, brass, alloys, and plastic materials (EPA-84/03b, p2-2). Solid contact clarifier: Solid (sludge) which is in direct contact with influent in a clarifier. Solid derived fuel: See solid waste derived fuel. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC): A single SOFC unit consists of two electrodes (an anode and a cathode) separated by an electrolyte. See Appendix C for more information. Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE): The electrolyte in a solid polymer fuel cell is often called a "Proton Exchange Membrane," or PEM. This is because it is always very thin (hence "membrane") and because H'ions are in effect protons that are exchanged from anode to cathode. (http://www.ectechnic.co.uk/ACIDFC.HTML, 2004) Solid waste and medical waste: Shall have the meanings established by the Administrator pursuant to the Solid Waste Disposal Act (CAA129.g-42U.S.C.7429-91).
Solid waste incineration unit: A distinct operating unit of any facility which combusts any solid waste material from commercial or industrial establishments or the general public (including single and multiple residences, hotels, and motels). Such term does not include incinerators or other units required to have a permit under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The term "solid waste incineration unit" does not include (1) Materials recovery facilities (including primary or secondary smelters) which combust waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals; (2) Qualifying small power production facilities, as defined in section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16U.S.C.769(17)(C)), or qualifying cogeneration facilities, as defined in section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16U.S.C.796(18)(B)), which bum homogeneous waste (such as units which bum tires or used oil, but not including refuse-derived fuel) for the production of electric energy or in the case of qualifying cogeneration facilities which bum homogeneous waste for the production of electric energy and steam or forms of useful energy (such as heat) which are used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes; or (3) Air curtain incinerators provided that such incinerators only burn wood wastes, yard wastes and clean lumber and that such air curtain incinerators comply with opacity limitations to be established by the Administrator by rule (CAA129.g42U.S.C.7429). Solid waste incineration unit: For more related terms, see (1) Existing solid waste incineration unit; (2) Modified solid waste incineration unit; and (3) New solid waste incineration unit.
Solid waste management facility: (1) Any resource recovery system or component thereof; (2) Any system, program, or facility for resource conservation; and (3) Any facility for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, or disposal of solid wastes, including hazardous wastes, whether such facility is associated with facilities generating such wastes or otherwise (RCRAI 004-42U.S.C.6903-91). Solid waste management facility: (1) Any resource recovery system or component thereof. (2) Any system, program, or facility for resource conservation. (3) Any facility for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, or disposal of solid wastes including hazardous wastes, whether such facility is associated with facilities generating such wastes or otherwise (NavyIEnv-04). Solid waste management unit (SWMU): Any discernible unit in which wastes have been placed at any time, regardless of whether the unit was designed to accept solid waste or hazardous waste and from which contaminants may migrate; units to include but not be limited to old landfills, wastewater treatment tanks, container storage areas, surface impoundments, waste piles, land treatment units, incinerators, injection wells, recycling operations, leaking process or waste collection sewers, and transfer stations. SWMUs include any area at a facility at which solid wastes have been routinely and systematically released. Only past releases from SWMUs that also meet the definition of a CERCLA release are eligible for remediation through the IR Program (NavyIEnv-04). Solid waste management unit: For purposes of Subtitle C corrective action, discernible units where solid or hazardous wastes have been placed at any times, or any area where solid wastes have been routinely and systematically released (RCMazardous-04). Solid waste management: Supervised handling of waste materials from their source through recovery processes to disposal (EPA-97/12). Solid waste management: The systematic administration of activities which provide for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste (RCRA1004-42U.S.C.6903-91). Solid waste storage container: A receptacle used for the temporary storage of solid waste while awaiting collection (40CFR243.101-91). Solid waste: Any garbage, or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges that are point
sources subject to permit under 33U.S.C. 1342, or source, special nuclear, or by-product materials as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (68 Stat. 923) (Definition from 40CFR258.2) (RCRAImanagement-04).
Solid waste: Any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved material in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges which are point sources subject to permits under section 402 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or source, special nuclear or by-product material as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (NavyIEnv04). Solid waste: Any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility, and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations and from community activities. For the purposes of hazardous waste regulation, a solid waste is a material that is discarded by being either abandoned, inherently wastelike, a certain waste military munitions, or recycled (RCMazardous-04). Solid waste: As defined under RCRA, any solid, semi-solid, liquid, or contained gaseous materials discarded from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, and from community activities. Solid waste includes garbage, construction debris, commercial refuse, sludge from water supply or waste treatment plants, or air pollution control facilities, and other discarded materials (FFDCNpesticide-04). Solid waste: Garbage, refuse, sludges, and other discarded solid materials resulting from industrial and commercial operations and from community activities. It does not include solids or dissolved material in domestic sewage or other significant pollutants in water resources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial wastewater effluents, dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or other common water pollutants. See waste for more related terms (40CFR240.101-91). Solid waste: Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances. Solid wastes also include sewage sludge, agricultural refuse, demolition wastes, and mining residues. Technically, solid waste also refers to liquids and gases in containers (EPA-97/12). Solid: Mineral that has not been undermined, sheared out, or otherwise prepared for blasting (CWNmining-04).
Solid: Various types of solids that are commonly determined on water samples. These types of solids are (EPA-74/04): (1) Total solids (TS): The materials left after evaporation and drying a sample at 103-105 C. (2) Total suspended solids (TSS): The materials removed from a sample filtered through a standard glass fiber filter. Then it is dried at 103-105 C. (3) Dissolved solids (DS): The difference between the total and suspended solids. (4) Volatile solids (VS): The materials which are lost when the sample is heated to 550 C. (5) Settleable solids: The materials which settle in an Irnhoff cone over a period of time. Solid: For more related terms, see (1) Settleable solid; (2) Suspended matter in water (see suspended solid); (3) Suspended solid; (4) Total dissolved solid; (5) Total solid (see total suspended solid); (6) Total suspended residue (see total suspended solid); (7) Total suspended solid; and (8) Volatile solid. Solidification and stabilization (or chemical fixation)solidification: (1) The process of converting a contaminated soil, sludge, or liquid waste into a solid monolithic product that is more easily handled and that reduces the volatilization and leaching of contaminants from the waste (EPA-89112a). (2) In thermodynamics, the change of a pure substance from a liquid phase to its solid phase. See latent heat for more related terms. Solidification and stabilization (or chemical fixation)stabilization: The process of reducing the hazardous potential of a waste by chemically or physically converting the toxic contaminants into their least mobile or reactive form (EPA89112a). Solidification and stabilization process: The solidification and stabilization process usually involves the use of Portland cement or lime and other materials such as ash, cement kiln dust, and blast furnace slag. The wastes are mixed with these materials in a liquid state and when allowed to harden, the hazardous constituents are physically incorporated into the solid matrix. The resulting mass is less permeable to leaching by water but is susceptible to breakdown by acids. Because of the pH of the mixture (normally pH 9 to 11) metals precipitate as relatively insoluble hydroxides, carbonates, or silicates. Soluble silicates are sometimes added to enhance the chemical fixation of heavy metals. There are four major processes in this category as follows: (1) Cement-based process. (2) Lime-based process. (3) Thermoplastic process. (4) Organic polymer process. Solidification and stabilization: Removal of wastewater from a waste or changing it chemically to make it less permeable and susceptible to transport by water (EPA-97/12). Solidification: (1) A treatment process that reduces the mobility of a contaminant by physically restricting its contact with a mobile phase. Solidification is usually accompanied by some form of stabilization. (2) The use of binders for waste bulking to facilitate the handling of liquid wastes (Navy~Env-04).
Solid-phase extraction: A procedure to isolate specific organic compounds onto a bonded silica extraction column (CWA/Wbasics-04). Solifluction: Liquid seepage (EPA-81/09). Solubility: (1) The ability of a solid, liquid, gas, or vapor to dissolve in a liquid (e.g., solvent) (Course 165.5). In general, a compound is classified as insoluble to a solvent, if its solubility is < 1 g/L (Course 165.6). (2) In air pollution control, the capability of a gas to be dissolved in a liquid (EPA-84103b). Solubility: Ability of a substance to dissolve in liquid. Sugar is soluble in water but oil is not water-soluble (CAAIAPC-04). Solubility: The amount of mass of a compound that will dissolve in a unit volume of solution. Aqueous Solubility is the maximum concentration of a chemical that will dissolve in pure water at a reference temperature (EPA-97/12). Solute: A substance that is dissolved in another substance, thus forming a solution (CWAIWscience-04). Solution heat treatment: The process introducing a workpiece into a quench bath for the purpose of heat treatment following rolling, drawing, or extrusion (40CFR468.02-91). Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances constituting a single (40CFR796.1840-91, see also 40CFR796.1860-91; EPA-83106a). Solution: A mixture of a solvent and a solute. In some solutions, such as sugar water, the substances mix so thoroughly that the solute cannot be seen. But in other solutions, such as water mixed with dye, the solution is visibly changed (CWAIWscience-04). Solution: Formed when a solid, gas, or another liquid in contact with a liquid becomes dispersed homogeneously throughout the liquid. The substance, called a solute, is said to dissolve. The liquid is called the solvent (CWA/Wbasics-04). Solvent applied in the coating: All organic solvent contained in the adhesive, release, and precoat formulations that is metered into the coating applicator from the formulation area (40CFR60.44191). Solvent base ink: An ink which uses oils or solvents as the primary vehicle. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Solvent base paint: The paint in which the resin or film former is soluble or dispersed in an organic solvent. See paint for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Solvent borne ink system: The ink and related coating mixtures whose volatile portion consists essentially of VOC solvent with
not more than 5 weight percent water, as applied to the gravure cylinder (40CFR60.43 1-91). Solvent borne: A coating which contains 5% or less water by weight in its volatile fraction (40CFR60.391-91). Solvent cleaning: The process of cleaning soils from surfaces by cold cleaning, open top vapor degreasing, or conveyorized degreasing (40CFR52.741-91, see also EPA-83/06a). Solvent degreasing: The removal of oils and grease from a workpiece using organic solvents or solvent vapors (EPA-83106a). Solvent extraction operation: An operation or method of separation in which a solid or solution is contacted with a liquid solvent (the two being mutually insoluble) to preferentially dissolve and transfer one or more components into the solvent (40CFR264.1031-91). Solvent extraction: The extraction of selected components fiom a mixture of two or more components by treating with a substance that preferentially dissolves one or more the components in the mixture (cf. liquid-liquid extraction) (EPA-87110a). Solvent feed: The solvent introduced into the spinning solution preparation system or precipitation bath. This feed stream includes the combination of recovered solvent and makeup solvent (40CFR60.601-91). Solvent filter: A discrete solvent filter unit containing a porous medium that traps and removes contaminants from petroleum solvent, together with the piping and ductwork used in the installation of this device. See filter for more related terms (40CFR60.62 1-91). Solvent inventory variation: The normal changes in the total amount of solvent contained in the affected facility (40CFR60.601-91). Solvent of high photochemical reactivity: Any solvent with an aggregate of more than 20% of its total volume composed of the chemical compounds classified below or which exceeds any of the following individual percentage composition limitations in reference to the total volume of solvent: (1) A combination of hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, or ketones having an olefinic or cycloolefinic type of unsaturation: 5%; (2) A combination of aromatic compounds with eight or more carbon atoms to the molecule except ethylbenzene: 8%; (3) A combination of ethylbenzene, ketones having branched hydrocarbon structures, trichloroethylene or toluene: 20%. Whenever any organic solvent or any constituent of an organic solvent may be classified from its chemical structure into more than one of the above groups of organic compounds, it shall be considered as a member of the most reactive chemical group, that is, that group having the least allowable percentage of total volume of solvents (40CFR52.1145-91).
Solvent recovery dryer: A class of dry cleaning dryers that employs a condenser to condense and recover solvent vapors evaporated in a closed-loop stream of heated air, together with the piping and ductwork used in the installation of this device (40CFR60.621-9 1). Solvent recovery system: The equipment associated with capture, transportation, collection, concentration, and purification of organic solvents. It may include enclosures, hoods, ducting, piping, scrubbers, condensers, carbon absorbers, distillation equipment, and associated storage vessels (40CFR60.601-9 1, see also 40CFR60.43 1-91). Solvent recovery: The recovery of volatile solvents that are present in air or a gas stream (EPA-84/09). Solvent spun synthetic fiber process: The total of all equipment having a common spinning solution preparation system or a common solvent recovery system, and that is used in the manufacture of solvent-spun synthetic fiber. It includes spinning solution preparation, spinning, fiber processing, and solvent recovery, but does not include the polymer production equipment (40CFR60.601-9 1). Solvent spun synthetic fiber: Any synthetic fiber produced by a process that uses an organic solvent in the spinning solution, the precipitation bath, or processing of the sun fiber (40CFR60.60191). Solvent variety: Varieties of solvents include (Markes-67): Solvent variety-alcohols: (1) Methyl alcohol (methanol) is made synthetically and is completely miscible with water and most organic liquids; (2) Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is produced by fermentation and synthetically; (3) Isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) is derived mainly from petroleum; and (4) Butyl alcohol (normal butanol) is used extensively in lacquer and synthetic resin compositions and also in penetrating oils. Solvent variety-chlorinated solvents: (1) Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless non-flammable liquid; and (2) Trichlorethylene is similar to carbon tetrachloride but is slower in evaporation rate. Solvent variety-esters: (1) Athyl acetate dissolves a large variety of materials, such as nitrocellulose, oils, fats, gums, and resins; (2) Butyl acetate is the acetic-acid ester of normal butanol and is used extensively for dissolving various cellulose esters, minerals, and vegetable oils; and (3) Amy1 acetate (banana oil) is used mainly in lacquers. Solvent variety-hydrocarbons: (1) Aromatic hydrocarbons are derived from coal-tar distillates, the most common of which are benzene, toluene, xylene, and hi-flash naphtha or coal-tar naphtha; and (2) Petroleum is hydrocarbons derived from petroleum.
Common petroleum solvents includes benzine, mineral spirits, and kerosene.
Sorption: General tenn for the interaction (binding or association) of a solute ion or molecule with a solid (CWAiWbasics-04).
Solvent variety-ketones: (1) Acetone is an exceptionally active solvent for a wide variety of organic materials, gases, liquids, and solids; and (2) Methylethylketone (MEK) is similar to acetone.
Sorption: The action of soaking up or attracting substances; process used in many pollution control systems (EPA-97/12).
Solvent: A liquid capable of dissolving or dispersing another substance (for example, acetone or mineral spirits) (SFkealth-04). Solvent: A liquid substance that is used to dissolve or dilute another substance (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR795.120-9 1; EPA-89/12; 84/09). Other solvent-related terms include (1) Chlorinated solvent; (2) Exempt solvent; (3) Makeup solvent; (4) Organic solvent; (5) Oxygenated solvent; (6) Photochemically reactive solvent; and (7) Recovered solvent. Solvent: A substance that dissolves other substances, thus forming a solution. Water dissolves more substances than any other, and is known as the "universal solvent" (CWAIWscience-04). Solvent: An organic chemical-based liquid that is capable of dissolving another substance and is itself a hazardous substance. Solvents are used in a number of manufacturing/industrial processes including, but not limited to, the manufacture of paints and coatings for industrial and household purposes, equipment cleanup, and surface degreasing in metal fabricating industries (USDNwater-04). Solvolysis: A reaction in which the solvent serves as the nucleophile (Navy~Env-04). Sonic boom: The tremendous booming sound produced as a vehicle, usually a supersonic jet airplane, exceeds the speed of sound, and the shock wave reaches the ground (cf. boom) (EPA7411 1). Soot: Agglomerations of particles of carbon formed during the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous material (EPA-83). It is formed primarily under the reducing condition, not under the oxidizing condition (because the oxidizing condition would have enough oxygen to react with carbon for not producing soot) (cf. carbon black). Soot: Carbon dust formed by incomplete combustion (EPA-97/12). Sorb: To take up and hold either by absorption or adsorption (CWNWbasics-04). Sorbed phase: The thin layer of material held near the surface of soil particles by physical and chemical interactions (NavyIEnv-04). Sorbent: A liquid or solid medium in or upon which materials are retained by absorption or adsorption (EPA-83/06).
Sorted brown kraft: Consists of baled clean sorted brown haft papers, free from twisted or woven stock, sewed edges, and heavy printing (EPA-83). Sound absorption coefficient (SAC): The fraction of energy striking a material or object that is not reflected. For instance if a material reflects 70% of the sound energy incident upon its surface, then its Sound Absorption Coefficient would be 0.30 (NCNsound-04). Sound absorption: The property possessed by materials, objects, and air to convert sound energy into heat. Sound waves reflected by a surface causes a loss of energy. The energy not reflected is called its absorption coefficient. Sound exposure level: The level in decibels calculated as ten times the common logarithm of time integral of squared Aweighted sound pressure over a given time period or event divided by the square of the standard reference sound pressure of 20 micropascals and a reference duration of one second (40CFR201.1-91). Sound insulation: Refers to acoustical treatments that reduce noise (in this case aircraft noise) inside the home (NCNnoise-04). Sound intensity level: Ten times the logarithm to the base ten of the ratio of the intensity of a given sound in a stated direction to the reference sound intensity of 1 picoWatt per square meter (pWIm2). Unit, dB; symbol, L (ANSI S1.l-1994: sound intensity level) (NCNsound-04). Sound intensity: Average rate of sound energy transmitted in a specified direction at a point through a unit area normal to this direction at the point considered. Unit, watt per square meter (WIm2); symbol, I (ANSI S1.l-1994: sound intensity; soundenergy flux density; sound-power density) (NCNsound-04). Sound level meter: A device that converts sound pressure variations in air into corresponding electronic signals. The signals are filtered to exclude signals outside frequencies desired (NCNsound-04). Sound level: A subjective measure of sound expressed in decibels as a comparison corresponding to familiar sounds experienced in a variety of situations (NCNsound-04). Sound level: The weighted sound pressure level measured by the use of a metering characteristic and weighting B, or C as specified in American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters SI.4-11 or subsequent approved revision. The weighting
employed must be specified, otherwise A-weighting is understood (4OCFR204.2-91). Sound level: For more related terms, see (1) A-scale sound level; (2) Day night sound level; and (3) Equivalent sound level. Sound pressure level: (1) Ten times the logarithm to the base ten of the ratio of the time-mean-square pressure of a sound, in a stated frequency band, to the square of the reference sound pressure in gases of 20 micropascals @Pa). Unit, dB; symbol, Lp. (2) For sound in media other than gases, unless otherwise specified, reference sound pressure in 1 pPa (ANSI S1.l-1994: sound pressure level) (NCNsound-04). Sound pressure level: In stated frequency band, means the level, in decibels, calculated as 20 times the common logarithm of the ratio of a sound pressure to the reference sound pressure of 20 micropascals (40CFR201.1-91, see also 40CFR204.2; 205.2-91). Sound pressure: Root-mean-square instantaneous sound pressure at a point during a given time interval. Unit, Pascal (Pa) (ANSI S1.1-1994: sound pressure; effective sound pressure) (NCAIsound-04). Sound transmission class (STC): The preferred single class rating system designed to give the sound insulation properties of a structure for the rank ordering of a series of structures (NCNsound-04). Sound: (1) Oscillation in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillations. (2) Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described above (ANSI S1.1-1994: sound) (NCNsound-04). Sound: Sound and noise are often used interchangeably for anything perceived by means of hearing (cf. noise or car coupling sound). Sounding: Knocking on a roof to see whether it is sound and safe to work under (CWNmining-04). Sour water: The wastewater containing sulfur compounds, such as sulfides and mercaptans. See water for more related terms (EPA-79112~). Sour: (1) Denotes the presence of sulfur compounds, such as sulfides and mercaptans, that cause bad odors (EPA-74104b). (2) Indicates wastewater treatment systems that have a low pH value. The acid condition is favorable to growth of organisms which produce foul smelling by-products, hence is undesirable (EPA74/03). Source area: The location of liquid hydrocarbons or the zone of highest soil or groundwater concentmtions, or both, of the chemical of concern (EPA-97/12) (EPA-97/12).
Source assessment sampling system (SASS): In many respects, the SASS is about a five-fold scale-up of the MM5 and collects larger samples, typically 30 dscm over a three-hour sampling period. This sampling train is appropriate whenever a large sample of stack gas (greater than 10 dscm) is required to ensure adequate detection limits (EPA-82/02). Source characterization measurements: Measurements made to estimate the rate of release of pollutants into the environment from a source such as an incinerator, landfill, etc. (EPA-97/12). Source configuration: The geographical position and distribution of the area, line, and point sources in a region (NATO-78110). Source control action: The construction or installation and startup of those actions necessary to prevent the continued release of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants (primarily from a source on top of or within the ground, or in buildings or other structures) into the environment (40CFR300.5-91). Source control action: The construction or installation and startup of those actions necessary to prevent the continued release of hazardous substances (primarily from a source on top of or within the ground, or in buildings or other structures) into the environment (40CFR300.5) (SFIEnv-04). Source control maintenance measures: Those measures intended to maintain the effectiveness of source control actions once such actions are operating and functioning properly, such as the maintenance of landfill caps and leachate collection systems (40CFR300.5-9 1). Source control remedial actions: Those measures that are intended to contain hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants where they are located or eliminate potential contamination by transporting the hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants to a new location. Source control remedial actions may be appropriate if a substantial concentration or amount of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants remains at or near the area where they are originally located and adequate barriers exist to retard migration of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants into the environment. Source control remedial actions may not be appropriate if most hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants have migrated from the area where originally located or if the lead agency determines that the hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants are adequately contained. Source height: The height of a source above the surrounding ground surface (NATO-78110). Source material: (1) Uranium or thorium, or any combination thereof, in any physical or chemical form; or (2) Ores which contain by weight one-twentieth of one percent (0.05%) or more of: (a) Uranium; (b) Thorium; or (c) Any combination thereof.
Source material does not include special nuclear material (10CFR20.3-91, see also 10CFR30.4; 40.4; 70.4-91). (3) The meaning contained in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42U.S.C.2014 et seq., and the regulations issued thereunder (40CFR710.2; 720.3-91). (4) Source material such as uranium or thorium or ores containing uranium or thorium (DOE-91/04). (5) See nuclear material for more related terms.
Source reduction: The design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials (such as products and packaging) to reduce the amount or toxicity of garbage generated. Source reduction can help reduce waste disposal and handling charges because the costs of recycling, municipal composting, landfilling, and combustion are avoided. Source reduction conserves resources and reduces pollution (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Source of contamination: The place where a hazardous substance comes from, such as a landfill, waste pond, incinerator, storage tank, or drum. A source of contamination is the first part of an exposure pathway (SFhealth-04).
Source reduction: The design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials to reduce the amount or toxicity of waste. Because it is intended to reduce pollution and conserve resources, source reduction should not increase the net amount of toxicity of wastes generated throughout the life of the product. Source reduction techniques include reusing items, minimizing the use of products that contain hazardous compounds, using only what is needed, extending the useful life of a product, and reducing unneeded packaging (RCMmunicipal-04).
Source reduction: Any practice which: (1) Reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any wastestream or otherwise released into the environment (including fugitive emissions) prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and (2) Reduces the hazards to public health and the environment associated with the release of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants. The term includes equipment or technology modifications, process or procedure modifications, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution of raw materials, and improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory control. The term source reduction does not include any practice which alters the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics or the volume of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant through a process or activity which itself is not integral to and necessary for the production of a product or the providing of a service (PPA6603-91, see also EPA-86/10; 89111). Source reduction: Maximizing or reducing the use of natural resources at the beginning of an industrial process, thereby eliminating the amount of waste produced by the process. Source I reduction is EPA's preferred method of waste management (RCRAhazardous-04). Source reduction: Reducing the amount of materials entering the wastestream from a specific source by redesigning products or patterns of production or consumption (e.g., using returnable beverage containers). Synonymous with waste reduction (EPA97/12). Source reduction: The design, manufacture, or use of products that in some way reduces the amount of waste that must be disposed of; examples include reuse of by-products, reducing consumption, extending the useful life of a product, and minimizing materials going into production (SFIremedy-04) Source reduction: The design, manufacture, acquisition, and reuse of materials so as to minimize the quantity andor toxicity of waste produced. Source reduction prevents waste either by redesigning products or by otherwise changing societal patterns of consumption, use, and waste generation. See also waste reduction (RCRAlmanagement-04).
Source rocks: The rocks from which hgrnents and other detached pieces have been derived to form a different rock (CWNWbasics-04). Source separation: Segregating various wastes at the point of generation (e.g., separation of paper, metal, and glass f?om other wastes to make recycling simpler and more efficient) (EPA-97/12). Source separation: Separating materials (such as paper, metal, and glass) by type at the point of discard so that they can be recycled (RCMmunicipal-04). Source separation: The segregation of specific materials at the point of generation for separate collection. Residential generators source separate recyclables as part of curbside recycling programs (RCRAlmanagement-04). Source separation: The setting aside of recyclable materials at their point of generation by the generator (40CFR246.101-91, see also EPA-88112a). Source term: The estimated quantities of radionuclides released to the environment (DOE-91/04). Source test: A measurement of emissions to determine concentrations andor mass flow rates (NATO-78110). Source water: Water in its natural state, prior to any treatment for drinking. See finished water (SDWNReg-04). Source: An area where hazardous substances or petroleum products have been deposited, stored, released, disposed of, or placed (NavyIEnv-04). Source: Any building, structure, facility, or installation from which there is or may be a discharge of pollutants (CW.4306).
Source: Any place or object from which pollutants are released. A source can be a power plant, factory, dry cleaning business, gas station, or farm. Cars, trucks, and other motor vehicles are sources, and consumer products and machines used in industry can be sources too. Sources that stay in one place are referred to as stationary sources; sources that move around, such as cars or planes, are called mobile sources (CANair-04). Source: For more related terms, see (1) Affected source; (2) Area source; (3) Continuous source; (4) Existing source; (5) Existing OCS (outer continental shelf) source; (6) Fixed source; (7) Fugitive source; (8) Industrial source; (9) Instantaneous source; (10) Line source; (11) Major source; (12) Mobile source; (13) Modification source; (14) New source; (15) New OCS source; (16) Non-industrial source; (17) Non-point source; (18) Point source; (19) Pollution source; (20) Reconstructed source; (21) Small source; (22) Stationary source; (23) Virtual point; and (24) Volume source. Source-water protection area: The area delineated by a state for a Public Water Supply or including numerous such suppliers, whether the source is groundwater or surface water or both (EPA97/12). Sovereign immunity: The Constitutional principle that the federal government is not required to comply with any laws unless Congress specifically waives immunity to that law. The Federal Facilities Compliance Act amended RCRA's waiver of sovereign immunity, to hold federal agencies liable for civil penalties and federal officials liable for criminal sanctions (OMBIReg-04). Spad: A spad is a flat spike hammered into a wooden plug anchored in a hole drilled into the mine ceiling from which is threaded a plumbline. The spad is an underground survey station similar to the use of stakes in marking survey points on the surface. A pointer spad, or sight spad, is a station that allows a mine foreman to visually align entries or breaks from the main spad (CWNmining-04). Spade drilling: Drilling with a flat blade drill tip. See drilling for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Spalling of refractory: The breaking or crushing of a refractory unit due to thermal, mechanical, or structural causes (SW-108ts). Spalling: A defect characterized by chipping that occurs without apparent external causes (EPA-83). Span drift: (1) The percent change in response to an up-scale pollutant concentration over a 24-hour period of continuous unadjusted operation (40CFR53.23-91). (2) The change with time in instrument output over a stated time period of unadjusted continuous operation when the input concentration is a stated value other than zero (expressed as percent of full scale) (LBL 76107bio). (3) See calibration for more related terms.
Span gas: A gas of known concentration which is used routinely to set the output level of an analyzer (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR86.402.78-91). Span value: (1) The upper limit of a gas concentration measurement range that is specified for affected source categories in the applicable part of the regulations. The span value is established in the applicable regulation and is usually 1.5 to 2.5 times the applicable emission limit. If no span value is provided, use a span value equivalent to 1.5 to 2.5 times the expected concentration. For convenience, the span value should correspond to 100% of the recorder scale (40CFR60-ApplA(method 25A)-91, see also 40CFR60-AppIF-91). (2) The opacity value at which the CEMS is set to produce the maximum data display output as specified in the applicable subpart (40CFR60-AppIB-91). Span: The horizontal distance between the side supports or solid abutments along sides of a roadway (CWNmining-04). Span: The upper limit of the gas concentration measurement range displayed on the data recorder (40CFR60-App/A(method 6C & 7E)-91, see also EPA-90104). Spandex fiber: A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long chain synthetic polymer comprised of at least 85% of a segmented polyurethane (40CFR60.601-91). Spare flue gas desulfurization system module: A separate system of sulfur dioxide emission control equipment capable of treating an amount of flue gas equal to the total amount of flue gas generated by an affected facility when operated at maximum capacity divided by the total number of nonspare flue gas desulfurization modules in the system (40CFR60.41a-91). Sparge or sparging: Injection of air below the water table to strip dissolved volatile organic compounds and/or oxygenate groundwater to facilitate aerobic biodegradation of organic compounds (EPA-97/12). Sparger: An air diffuser designed to give large amount of bubbles, used singly or in combination with mechanical aeration devices (EPA-76103). Sparging: (1) Removing the volatile constituents of a sample by bubbling an inert gas stream through the sample (EPA-82/02). (2) Heating a liquid by means of a live steam entering through a perforated or nozzled pipe (used, e.g., to coagulate blood solids in meat processing) (DOI-70104). Spark arrester: A screen-like device that keeps sparks, embers, or other ignited materials above a given size within an incinerator (SW-108ts). Spark ignition engine: An internal combustion engine in which spark plugs are used to electrically ignite the combustion in a cylinder.
+ (grams u ' ~ ~ )or; (2) Less than 10,000 grams but more than 1000 Spark ignition powered motor vehicle: A self-propelled overtheroad vehicle that is powered by a spark ignition type of internal combustion engine, including but not limited to engines fueled by gasoline, propane, butane, and methane compounds. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR51.731-91).
grams of uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched to 10% or more but less than 20% in the uZ3'isotope); or (3) 10,000 grams or more of uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched above natural but less than 10% in the uZ3'isotope). See nuclear material for more related terms (10CFR70.4-91).
Spark plug: A device to suitably deliver high tension electrical ignition voltage to the spark gap in the engine combustion chamber (40CFR85.2122(a)(7)(ii) (A)-9 1).
Special nuclear material of moderate strategic significance: (1) Less than a formula quantity of strategic special nuclear material but more than 1000 grams of uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched to 20% or more in the uZ3'isotope) or more than 500 grams of uranium-233 or plutonium or in a combined quantity of more than 1000 grams when computed by the equation, grams = (grams contained uZ3') + 2 (grams u~~~ + grams plutonium); or (2) 10,000 grams or more of uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched to 10% or more but less than 20% in the uZ3'isotope) (10CFR70.4-91). (3) See nuclear material for more related terms.
Special aquatic sites: Those sites identified in Subpart E. They are geographic areas, large or small, possessing special ecological characteristics of productivity, habitat, wildlife protection, or other important and easily disrupted ecological values. These areas are generally recognized as significantly influencing or positively contributing to the general overall environmental health or vitality of the entire ecosystem of a region (See 40CFR230.10(a)(3)) (40CFR230.3-91). Special area management plan: A comprehensive plan providing for natural resource protection and reasonable coastaldependent economic growth containing a detailed and comprehensive statement of policies; standards and criteria to guide public and private uses of lands and waters; and mechanisms for timely implementation in specific geographic areas within the coastal zone (CZMA304-16U.S.C. 1453-90). Special local need: An existing or imminent pest problem within a state for which the state lead agency, based upon satisfactory supporting information, has determined that an appropriate federally registered pesticide product is not sufficiently available (40CFRI62.151-91).
Special nuclear material scrap: The various forms of special nuclear material generated during chemical and mechanical processing, other than recycle material and normal process intermediates, which are unsuitable for use in their present form, but all or part of which will be used after further processing. See nuclear material for more related terms (10CFR70.4-91). Special nuclear material: (1) Plutonium, uranium-233, uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any other material which the Commission, pursuant to the provisions of section 51 of the act, determines to be special nuclear material, but does not include source material; (2) Any material artificially enriched by any of the foregoing but does not include source material (10CFR20.3-91; see also 10CFR30.4; 40.4; 70.4-91). (3) The meaning contained in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42U.S.C.2014 et seq., and the regulations issued thereunder (40CFR710.2-91, see also 40CFR720.3-91).
Special local-needs registration: Registration of a pesticide product by a state agency for a specific use that is not federally registered. However, the active ingredient must be federally registered for other uses. The special use is specific to that state and is often minor, thus may not warrant the additional cost of a full federal registration process. SLN registration cannot be issued for new active ingredients, food-use active ingredients without tolerances, or for a canceled registration. The products cannot be shipped across state lines (EPA-97/12).
Special nuclear material: As defined in Section 11 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, special nuclear material means: (1) Plutonium, uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any other material which the Nuclear Regulatory Commission determines to be special nuclear material; or (2) Any material artificially enriched by any of the foregoing (DOE-91/04). (3) See nuclear material for more related terms.
Special news de-ink quality: Baled sorted, fresh, dry newspapers, not sunburned, free from magazines, white blank, pressroom overissues, and paper other than news, containing not more than the normal percentage of Rotogravure and colored sections (EPA-83).
Special population: Concentrations of people in one area or building for a special purpose or in certain circumstances (e.g., schools, hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages, shopping centers) (EPA-85/11).
Special nuclear material of low strategic significance: (1) Less than amount of special nuclear material of moderate strategic significance, as defined in 40CFR70.4(z)(l), but more than 15 grams of uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched to 20% or isotope) or 15 grams of uranium-233 or 15 grams more in the u~~~ of plutonium or the combination of 15 grams when computed by the equation, grams = (grams contained u ~ + ~(grams ~ plutonium) )
Special population: People who might be more sensitive or susceptible to exposure to hazardous substances because of factors such as age, occupation, sex, or behaviors (for example, cigarette smoking). Children, pregnant women, and older people are often considered special populations (SFIhealth-04).
Special production area: A demarcated area within which all manufacturing, processing, and use of a new chemical substance takes place, except as provided in paragraph ( f ) of this section, in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section (40CFR723.175-91). Special purpose equipment: The maintenance-of-way equipment which may be located on or operated from rail cars including: Ballast cribbing machines, ballast regulators, conditioners and scarifiers, bolt machines, brush cutters, compactors, concrete mixers, cranes and derricks, earth boring machines, electric welding machines, grinders, grouters, pile drivers, rail heaters, rail layers, sandblasters, snow plows, spike drivers, sprayers, and other types of such maintenance-of-way equipment (40CFR201.1-91). Special purpose facility: A building or space, including land incidental to its use, which is wholly or predominantly utilized for the special purpose of an agency and not generally suitable for other uses, as determined by the General Services Administration (40CFR6.901-91, see also EPA-89/12). Special review: Formerly known as Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (WAR), this is the regulatory process through which existing pesticides suspected of posing unreasonable risks to human health, non-target organisms, or the environment are referred for review by EPA. Such review requires an intensive risldbenefit analysis with opportunity for public comment. If risk is found to outweigh social and economic benefits, regulatory actions can be initiated, ranging from label revisions and use-restriction to cancellation or suspended registration (EPA-97/12). Special source of groundwater: Those Class I groundwaters identified in accordance with the Agency's Groundwater Protection Strategy published in August 1984 that: (1) Are within the controlled area encompassing a disposal system or are less than five kilometers beyond the controlled area; (2) Are supplying drinking water for thousands of persons as of the date that the Department chooses a location within that area for detailed characterization as a potential site for a disposal system (e.g., in accordance with section 112(b)(l)(B) of the NWPA); and (3) Are irreplaceable in that no reasonable alternative source of drinking water is available to that population (40CFR191.12-91). (4) See groundwater for more related terms. Special track work: The track other than normal tie and ballast bolted or welded rail or containing devices such as retarders or switching mechanisms (40CFR201.1-91). Special waste (or unconventional waste): (1) Non-hazardous solid wastes requiring handling other than that normally used for municipal solid waste (40CFR240.10 1-91). (2) Waste that requires special or separate handling, such as household hazardous wastes, bulky wastes, tires, and used oil (EPA-89/11). (3) See waste for more related terms.
Special waste: Items such as household hazardous waste, bulky wastes (refigerators, pieces of furniture, etc.) tires, and used oil (EPA-97/12). Special waste: Refers to items that require special or separate handling, such as household hazardous wastes, bulky wastes, tires, and used oil (RCRAImanagement-04). Specially designated landfill: A landfill at which complete longterm protection is provided for the quality of surface and subsurface waters 6-om pesticides, pesticide containers, and pesticide-related wastes deposited therein, and against hazard to public health and the environment. Such sites should be located and engineered to avoid direct hydraulic continuity with surface and subsurface waters, and any leachate or subsurface flow into the disposal area should be contained within the site unless treatment is provided. Monitoring wells should be established and a sampling and analysis program conducted. The location of the disposal site should be permanently recorded in the appropriate local office of legal jurisdiction. Such facility complies with the Agency Guidelines for the Disposal of Solid Wastes as prescribed in 40CFR241 (40CFR165.1-91). Specialty biocides: In this report, estimates are provided for end uses as follows: swimming pools, spas, and industrial water treatment (excludes chlorine/hypochlorites which are reported separately); disinfectants and sanitizers (including industrial/institutional applications and household cleaning products); and other specialty biocides (including biocides for adhesives and sealants, leather, synthetic latex polymers, metal working fluids, paints and coatings, petroleum products, plastics, and textiles). These are categories of end usage which are covered by FIFRA. There are other end uses of specialty biocides which are regulated under FFDCA and are not covered in this report. (such as hospital/medical antiseptics, foodlfeed preservatives, and for cosmetics/toiletries) (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Specialty hot forming operation (or specialty): Applies to all hot forming operations other than carbon hot forming operations (40CFR420.71-91). Specialty paper: An asbestos-containing product that is made of paper intended for use as filters for beverages or other fluids or as paper fill for cooling towers. Cooling tower fill consists of asbestos paper that is used as a cooling agent for liquids from industrial processes and air conditioning systems. See paper for more related terms (40CFR763.163-91). Specialty steel: Those steel products containing allowing elements which are added to enhance the properties of the steel product when individual alloying elements (e.g., aluminum, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium) exceed 3% or the total of all alloying elements exceed 5%. See steel for more related terms (40CFR420.71-91).
Species (taxa) richness: The number of species (taxa) present in a defined area or sampling unit (CWNWbasics-04). Species diversity: An ecological concept that incorporates both the number of species in a particular sampling area and the evenness with which individuals are distributed among the various species (CWANbasics-04). Species: (1) A reproductively isolated aggregate of interbreeding organisms having common attributes and usually designated by a common name. (2) An organism belonging to belonging to such a category (EPA-97/12). Species: A reproductively isolated aggregate of interbreeding organisms (NavyIEnv-04). Species: Includes any subspecies of fish or wildlife or plants, and any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature (ESA3-16U.S.C. 153190). Species: Populations of organisms that may interbreed and produce fertile offspring having similar structure, habits, and functions (CWNWbasics-04). Specific capacity: The yield of a well per unit of drawdown (CWANbasics-04). Specific chemical identity: The chemical name, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number, or any other information that reveals the precise chemical designation of the substance. Where the trade name is reported in lieu of the specific chemical identity, the trade name will be treated as the specific chemical identity for purposes of this part (40CFR350.1-91, see also 29CFR1910.20-91). Specific conductance: A measure of the ability of a liquid to conduct an electrical current (CWNWbasics-04). Specific conductance: A measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current as measured using a 1-cm cell and expressed in units of electrical conductance, i.e., Siemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Specific conductance can be used for approximating the total dissolved solids content of water by testing its capacity to carry an electrical current. In water quality, specific conductance is used in groundwater monitoring as an indication of the presence of ions of chemical substances that may have been released by a leaking landfill or other waste storage or disposal facility. A higher specific conductance in water drawn from downgradient wells when compared to upgradient wells indicates possible contamination from the facility (CWNWscience-04). Specific conductance: Rapid method of estimating the dissolved solid content of a water supply by testing its capacity to carry an electrical current (EPA-97/12).
Specific conductance: The property of a solution which allows an electric current to flow when a potential difference is applied (EPA-83106a). For the measure of a water's capacity to convey an electric current, this property is related to the total concentration of the ionized substances in the water and the temperature of the water. Most inorganic acids, which dissociate readily in aqueous solution, will conduct an electric current well, while organic compounds (such as sucrose and benzene), which do not dissociate in aqueous solution, will conduct a current poorly (DOI70104). Specific energy (or specific head): Sum of the pressure head and the velocity head ~ ~ measured 1 2 with ~ respect to the channel bottom. The specific-energy concept is especially useful in the analysis of flows in open channels. Specific energy or specific power: A measurement of energy output by a power plant system per unit of weight. For a battery, it is a measurement of a battery's rated energy per unit weight. Its unit is watt-hours per kilogram (Whkg). Specific gravity: The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of pure water at 4 C (CWNmining-04). Specific gravity: The mass of a material as compared with the mass of an equal volume of reference material. Water is the reference material for liquids and solids, while air is the reference material for gases. Specific gravity is dimensionless. If the specific gravity is less than one, the material is lighter than water or gas and will float or rise. If the specific gravity is greater than one, the material is heavier than water or gas and will sink or fall (NavyIEnv-04). Specific gravity: Three definitions in common uses are: (1) The ratio of the density of a substance to a density of a reference substance. Water at 4 C has its maximum density. In general, water at temperature 4 C is used as the reference substance for solids and liquids (Schaum-p9). (2) Density of water at 4 C = 62.4 lb/ft3 in British units = 1.0 & n 3 in cgs units = 1.0 glee (cubic centimeter) = 1.0 glml (milliliter). (3) The density ratio of two substances-that of the substance of interest to that of a reference substance. The reference substance is normally water. The term is dimensionless (EPA-84/09). (4) The density of a substance in question to the density of a reference substance (usually, water at 32 F, 1 atm) at specified conditions of temperature and pressure (EPA-89103b). Specific head: See specific energy. Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp, Btu/(lb-F) or Btu/(lbR)): Characteristic of heat per unit mass and temperature at a constant pressure process. See specific heat at constant volume (Cv, Btu/(lb-F) or Btu/(lb-R)) for examples.
Specific heat at constant volume (Cv, Btu/(lb-F) or Btu/(lb-R)): Characteristic of heat per unit mass and temperature at a constant volume process. For example: (1) Hydrogen: Cp = 3.41; Cv = 2.42. (2) Nitrogen: Cp = 0.248; Cv = 0.177. (3) Carbon monoxide: Cp = 0.248; Cv = 0.177. (4) Carbon dioxide: Cp = 0.195; Cv = 0.150. Specific heat: The ratio of the heat capacity of a substance to the heat capacity of a reference substance. The reference substance is normally water at 17 C, at which temperature the heat capacity is 1.0 Btullb-F. Heat capacity and specific heat are interchangeable. See heat for more related terms (EPA-86/03). Specific humidity: See humidity ratio. See also humidity for more related terms. Specific property: The value of an extensive property divided by the mass of the system. The value becomes an intensive property and is called a specific property. See property for more related terms (Jones-60, p12).
authorized to be released, (f) A general description of the purpose for the release of the medical information, and (g) A date or condition upon which the written authorization will expire (if less than one year). (2) A written authorization does not operate to authorize the release of medical information not in existence on the date of written authorization, unless the release of future information is expressly authorized, and does not operate for more than one year from the date of written authorization. (3) A written authorization may be revoked in writing prospectively at any time (29CFR1910.20-91).
Specific yield (SY): The amount of water that a unit volume of saturated permeable rock will yield when drained by gravity (NavyIEnv-04). Specific yield of water: The amount of water that can be obtained from the pores or cracks of a unit volume of soil or rock. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104).
Specific resistance: See electrical resistivity.
Specific yield: The amount of water a unit volume of saturated permeable rock will yield when drained by gravity (EPA-97/12).
Specific retention (SR): The amount of water that will not drain from a unit amount of material by gravity and remains attached to the solids or the material (NavyEnv-04).
Specific yield: The ratio of the volume of water that will drain under the influence of gravity to the volume of saturated rock (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Specific storage coefficient (SS): The volume of water which a unit volume of an aquifer releases from storage or adds to it per unit decline or rise in the average head within the unit volume of the aquifer (NavyIEnv-04).
Specification: A clear and accurate description of the technical requirements for materials, products, or services, identifying the minimum requirements for quality and construction of materials and equipment necessary for an acceptable product. In general, specifications are in the form of written descriptions, drawings, prints, commercial designations, industry standards, and other see also descriptive references (40CFR246.101-91, 40CFR247.101; 248.4; 249.04; 250.4; 252.4; 253.4-91).
Specific surface: The solid surface area per unit weight or volume of the solid material. Specific volume: The volume of a system divided by the mass of substances in the system. It is the reciprocal of density or the volume per unit mass. It can be expressed as: v = (volume)/(mass) = V/m = l/d, where v = specific volume, V = volume, mass = mass, d = density. Specific weight: Also known as density. It is the weight of a substance divided by its volume, or the weight per unit volume. It can be expressed as: w = (weight)/(volume) = (force)/(volume) = (mglgJV = dglg,, where: m = mass; g = local acceleration of gravity; V = volume; d = density; gc= 32.1 7 (lbm-ft)/(lbf-sec2)= 1 (slug-ft)/(lbf-sec2)= 1 (kg mass-m)/(newton-sec2) = 1 (g masscm)/(dyne-sec2)(Holman-74, p18). Specific written consent: (1) A written authorization containing the following: (a) The name and signature of the employee authorizing the release of medical information, (b) The date of the written authorization, (c) The name of the individual or organization that is authorized to release the medical information, (d) The name of the designated representative (individual or organization) that is authorized to receive the released information, (e) A general description of the medical information that is
Specification: For more related terms, see (1) Contract specification; (2) Guide specification; (3) Listed specification; (4) Material specification; (5) Performance specification; (6) Prohibit specification; and (7) Withdraw specification. Specified air contaminant: Any air contaminant as to which this section contains emission standards or other specific limitations. See air contaminant for more related terms (40CFR52.741-91). Specified minimum yield strength (SMYS): (1) For steel pipe manufactured in accordance with a listed specification, the yield strength specified a minimum in that specification; or (2) For steel pipe manufactured in accordance with an unknown or unlisted specification, the yield strength determined in accordance with 40CFR192.1 O7(b) (40CFR192.3-91). Specified minimum yield strength: The minimum yield strength, expressed in pounds per square inch, prescribed by the specification under which the material is purchased from the manufacturer (40CFRl95.2-91).
Specified ports and harbors: Those port and harbor areas on inland rivers, and land areas immediately adjacent to those waters, where the USCG acts as predesignated on-scene coordinator. Precise locations are determined by EPARJSCG regional agreements and identified in federal regional contingency plans (40CFR300.5-91).
Spectroscope: An optical instrument that produces a spectrum for visual observation. The instrument consists of: (1) A hollow tube; (2) A slit at one end of the tube to let light enter into the tube; (3) A collimator lens at the other end to produce a parallel beam; (4) A prism or grating to disperse the light; and (5) A telescope for viewing the spectrum (cf. spectrograph). (6) cf. mass spectroscope.
Specimen: Any material derived from a test system for examination or analysis (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR792.391).
Spectroscopy: Studies of producing and analyzing spectra by using various instruments such as spectroscopes, spectrometers, spectrographs, etc. Other spectroscopy-related terms include (1) Infrared spectroscopy; (2) Mass spectroscopy; and (3) Photoelectron spectroscopy.
Spectral model: The solution of a set of equations describing a given problem by an eigenfunction expansion (NATO-78/10). Spectrograph: An instrument with one slit that uses photography to obtain a record of a spectral range simultaneously. The radiant power passing through the optical system is integrated over time, and the quantity recorded is a function of radiant energy (LBG 76107-air). It is a spectroscope equipped with a camera to record the spectrum (cf. spectroscope) Spectrometer: An instrument with an entrance slit and one or more exit slits, with which measurements are made either by scanning the spectral range, point by point, or by simultaneous measurements at several spectral positions. The quantity measured is a function of radiant power (cf. emission spectrometer) (LBL76107-air). It is a spectroscope equipped with a calibrated scale either for measurement of refractive indices of transparent prism materials or equipped with photoelectric photometer to measure radiant intensities at various wavelengths. A spectrometer equipped with the photoelectric photometer (detector) is also known as a spectrophotometer. Spectrometer: Spectrometer-related terms include (1) Infrared spectrometer; (2) Mass spectrometer (MS); and (3) Optical spectrometer. Spectrometry: Branch of physical science treating the measurement of spectra (cf. mass spectrometry) (LBL-76107-bio). Spectrophotometer: A spectrometer with associated equipment, so designed that it fhmishes the ratio, or a function of the ratio, of the radiant power of two beams as a function of spectral position. The two beams may be separated in time, space, or both (LBG 76107-air). See also spectrometer. Spectrophotometric titration: A titration method in which a spectrophotometer is used to measure the radiant energy absorption of a solution at each addition of a titrant until the end point is reached. See titration for more related terms. Spectrophotometry:A method of analyzing a wastewater sample by means of the spectra emitted by its constituents under exposure to light (EPA-83106a). It is a technique to measure the wavelength range of radiant energy absorbed by a sample under analysis.
Spectrum: A distribution of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength (light spectrum), mass (mass spectrum), frequency (sound spectrum), etc. (cf. absorption spectrum). Spectrum: The description of a sound wave's components of frequency and amplitude (NCNsound-04). Speech intelligibility: The ability of a listener to hear and correctly interpret verbal messages. In a classroom with high ceilings and hard parallel surfaces such as glass and tile, speech intelligibility is a particular problem. Sound bounces off walls, ceilings, and floor, distorting the teacher's instructions and interfering with students' ability to comprehend (NCNsound-04). Speech privacy: The degree to which speech is unintelligible between offices. Three ratings are used: Confidential, Normal (Non Obtrusive), Minimal (NCNsound-04). Speech: The act of speaking. A child learns to speak by imitating those people around him. It is important that a child can hear proper speech. "we speak what we hear1' (NCNsound-04). Spent acid solution (or spent pickle liquor): Those solutions of steel pickling acids which have been used in the pickling process and are discharged or removed therefrom (40CFR420.91-91). Spent cooking liquor: The cooking liquor after digestion containing lignaceous, as well as chemical, materials. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Spent hypo solution: A solution consisting of a photographic film fixing bath and wash water which contains unreduced silver from film processing (EPA-83103a). Spent lubricant: The water or an oil-water mixture which is used in forming operations to reduce friction, heat, and wear and ultimately discharged. See lubricant for more related terms (40CFR468.02-91). Spent material: Any material that has been used and as a result of contamination can no longer serve the purpose for which it was produced without processing. See material for more related terms (40CFR261.1-91).
Spent material: Materials that have been used and can no longer serve the purpose for which they were produced without processing (RCMazardous-04).
Spill event: A discharge of oil into or upon the navigable waters of the United States or adjoining shorelines in harmful quantities, as defined at 40CFR110 (40CFR112.2-91).
Spent nuclear fuel: Fuel elements and other materials (such as uranium 238 "targets" used to produce plutonium) that have been irradiated in a nuclear reactor (OMBIReg-04).
Spill prevention control and countermeasure plan (SPCC): A contingency plan covering the release of hazardous substances as defined in the Clean Water Act. The SPCC identifies emergency control measures, points of contact, the chain of command, and individual responsibilities within the plan (NavyIEnv-04).
Spent nuclear fuel: The fuel that has been withdrawn from a nuclear reactor following irradiation, the constituent elements of which have not been separated by reprocessing. See nuclear fuel for more related terms (40CFR191.02-91). Spent pickle liquor: See spent acid solution.
Spill prevention control and countermeasure plan (SPCC): A plan prepared by a facility to minimize the likelihood of a spill and to expedite control and cleanup activities should a spill occur (CWAIwastewater-04).
Spider: A wheel-like casting consisting of a rim and radial spokes; assembly of radiating tie rods (EPA-83).
Spill prevention control and countermeasures: Regulations establishing spill prevention procedures and equipment requirements for nontransportation-related facilities with certain aboveground or underground storage capacities that could reasonably be expected to discharge oil into or upon the navigable waters of the United States or adjoining shorelines (RCMazardous-04).
Spike material: A material of known or established concentration added to samples and analyzed to assess the bias of measurements (EPA-84/03).
Spill Prevention, containment, and countermeasures plan (SPCP): Plan covering the release of hazardous substances as defined in the Clean Water Act (EPA-97/12).
Spike: A sharp point. Other spike-related terms include (1) Analysis matrix spike; (2) Field matrix spike; (3) Internal standard spike; (4) Laboratory matrix spike; (5) Non-target analyte spike; and (6) Target analyte spiking.
Spill prevention, control, and countermeasures (SPCC): A plan that outlines how a facility will prevent oil spills, as well as how it plans to control and contain an oil spill to keep it from reaching surface water. Examples include installing a secondary containment such as a dike, and making sure oil tanks are located within a fenced or locked area (SFIremedy-04).
Sphagnum: A grayish moss growing in dense layers in bogs, that eventually foms peat (DOI-70104). Sphalerite: Zinc sulfide (ZnS) (EPA-82/05).
Spike: Known amounts of specific chemical constituents added by the laboratory to selected samples to test the appropriateness and recover efficiencies of specific analytical methods within the actual sample matrices (NavyIEnv-04). Spill area: The area of soil on which visible traces of the spill can be observed plus a buffer zone of 1 foot beyond the visible traces. Any surface or object (e.g., concrete sidewalk or automobile) within the visible traces area or on which visible traces of the spilled material are observed is included in the spill area. This area represents the minimum area assumed to be contaminated by PCBs in the absence of precleanup sampling data and is thus the minimum area which must be cleaned (40CFR761.123-91). Spill boundaries: The actual area of contamination as determined by postcleanup verification sampling or by precleanup sampling to determine actual spill boundaries. EPA can require additional cleanup when necessary to decontaminate all areas within the spill boundaries to the levels required in this policy (e.g., additional cleanup will be required if postcleanup sampling indicates that the area decontaminated by the responsible party, such as the spill area as defined in this section, did not encompass that actual boundaries of PCB contamination) (40CFR761.123-91).
Spill prevention, control, and countermeasures (SPCC): Developed by the EPA's Oil Spill Program to aid in the prevention, assessment, control, and treatment of oil spills. The guidelines are often used to help draft plans of action when dealing with oil spill disasters (SFIremedy-04). Spill: Both intentional and unintentional spills, leaks, and other uncontrolled discharges where the release results in any quantity of PCBs running off or about to run off the external surface of the equipment or other PCB source, as well as the contamination resulting from those releases. This policy applies to spills of 50 ppm or greater PCBs. The concentration of PCBs spilled is determined by the PCB concentration in the material onto which the PCBs were spilled. Where a spill of untested mineral oil occurs, the oil is presumed to contain greater than 50 ppm, but less than 500 ppm, PCBs and is subject to the relevant requirements of this policy (40CFR761.123-91; EPA-84/08). Spindle: The fine threads of achromatic material in the cell nucleus arranged in a spindle-shaped manner during mitosis (LBL-76107-bio).
Spinning reserve: The sum of the unutilized net generating capability of all units of the electric utility company that are synchronized to the power distribution system and that are capable of immediately accepting additional load. The electric generating capability of equipment under multiple ownership is prorated based on ownership unless the proportional entitlement to electric output is otherwise established by contractual arrangement (40CFR60.41a-91, see also EPA-82/11f). Spinning solution preparation system: The equipment used to prepare spinning solutions; the system includes equipment for mixing, filtering, blending, and storage of the spinning solutions (40CFR60.601-91). Spinning solution: The mixture of polymer, prepolymer, or copolymer and additives dissolved in solvent. The solution is prepared at a viscosity and solvent-to-polymerratio that is suitable for extrusion into fibers (40CFR60.601-91). Spiral classifier: A classifier for separating fine-size solids from coarser solids in a wet pulp consisting of an interrupted-flight screw conveyer, operating in an inclined trough (EPA-75/10c). Spit: A small point or low tongue or narrow embankment of land having one end attached to the mainland and the other terminating in open water (CWNWbasics-04). Splash loading: A method of loading a tank, railroad tank car, tank truck, or trailer by use of other than a submerged loading pipe. See loading for more related terms (40CFR52.741-91). Split sample: A sample divided into two portions, one of which is sent to a different organization or laboratory and subjected to the same environmental conditions and steps in the measurement process as the one retained in-house. See sample for more related terms (EPA-84/03). Split sample: A sample prepared by dividing it into two or more equal volumes, so that each volume is considered a separate sample but representative of the entire sample (CWNWbasics-04). Split sample: A split sample may be used to assess intra- or interlaboratory precision of the measurement process. Field split samples are obtained by preparing two (or more) individual sample aliquots after thorough homogenization, in the field, of a single sample. A field split sample may be used to determine intralaboratory precision if the split samples are submitted to a single laboratory. A field split sample may be used to determine interlaboratory precision if the split samples are submitted to different laboratories. The degree to which split precision data represent a true measure of laboratory precision is limited by the degree to which the sample is homogenized in the field. If the field sample is not effectively homogenized, the resultant data may not be used to assess laboratory precision (SA-04).
Split spoon sampler: A hollow, tubular sampling device driven by a 140 pound weight below the depth of drilling to retrieve representative samples of the formation (Navy~Env-04). Split: An imperfection; crack or check going from surface to surface of a glass article (EPA-83). Split: Any division or branch of the ventilating current. Also, the workings ventilated by one branch. Also, to divide a pillar by driving one or more roads through it (CWNmining-04). Spoil material: An overburden that is removed from above the coal seam; usually deposited in previously mined areas (cf. overburden) (EPA-82/10). Spoil: Dirt or rock removed from its original location--destroying the composition of the soil in the process-as in strip-mining, dredging, or construction (EPA-97/12). Spoil: Overburden or other waste material removed in mining, quarrying, dredging, or excavating (CWNWbasics-04). Spoil: Soil or rock that has been removed from its original location (EPA-83). Sponge: A highly porous metal powder (EPA-84/08). Sponsor: (1) A person who initiates and supports, by provision of financial or other resources, a study; (2) A person who submits a study to the EPA in support of an application for a research or marketing permit; or (3) A testing facility, if it both initiates and actually conducts the study (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR790.3; 792.3-91). Sport utility vehicle (SUV): The vehicle features ruggedness like a truck and (usually) luxury interior like a sedan. Like many truck models, S W s are not usually thought of as particularly fuel efficient. Spotter: In truck, the man who directs a driver into a loading or unloading position (SW-1O8ts). Sprawl: Unplanned development of open land (EPA-97/12). Spray application: A method of applying coatings by atomizing and directing the atomized spray toward the part to be coated (40CFR60.311-91,see also 40CFR60.391; 721.3-91). Spray booth: A structure housing automatic or manual spray application equipment where prime coat, guide coat, or topcoat is applied to components of automobile or light-duty truck bodies (40CFR60.391-91, see also 40CFR60.45 1; 60.721-91 ; EPA82/1le). Spray chamber (or spray tower): One of air pollution control devices. A spray chamber is a chamber (or a tower) equipped with
water sprays that cool and clean incinerator combustion products passing through the chamber. It removes contaminants by a gas absorption process. The scrubbing liquid is atomized by high pressure spray nozzles into small droplets in the scrubbing chamber. The dirty gases pass through the spray droplets in either countercurrent, concurrent, or cross flow direction. The dirty gas stream velocity decreases as it enters the chamber; the contaminants in the gas stream are wetted and are absorbed by droplets. The wetted particles then settle and are collected at the bottom of the chamber. The outlet of the chamber is sometimes equipped with eliminator plates to help prevent the liquid from being discharged with the clean air stream. Its efficiency is low except for coarse dust. The spray chamber is a low-energy scrubber used to control large-particle emissions and is extensively used as a gas cooler. A spray tower is a relatively simple scrubber. Its major components consist of a hollow cylindrical steel vessel; and spray nozzles for injecting the scrubbing liquid. See scrubber for more related terms (AP-40). Spray dryer absorber: One of air pollution control devices. This type of scrubber uses the alkaline reagent (pebble lime) as a slurry containing 5 to 20% by weight solids. This sluny is atomized by either rotary atomizers or air atomizing nozzles in a large absorber vessel having a residence time of 6 to 20 seconds. Since the primary removal mechanism is absorption into the droplets, drying that is too rapid can reduce pollutant collection efficiency. The absorbers are operated with exist temperatures 90 to 180 F above the saturation temperature. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA-89/02): Major components of a dry scrubber include (1) Lime slaker, if pebble lime is purchased. (2) Sorbent mixing tank. (3) Sorbent feed tank. (4) Atomizer feed tank. (5) Rotary atomizers or air atomizing nozzles. (6) Spray dryer absorber reaction vessel. (7) Solids recycle tank. (8) Particulate control device. Spray dryer and dry injection system combination: One of air pollution control devices. The acid gas laden flue gas is first treated in an upflow type spray dryer absorber. A series of calcium hydroxide sprays near the bottom of the absorber vessel are used for droplet generation. After the upflow chamber, the partially treated flue gas then passes through a venturi contactor section where it is exposed to a calcium silicate and lime suspension. The purpose of the second reagent material is to remove the dust cake in the downstream fabric filter and to optimize acid gas removal in this dust cake. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA-89/02). Spray dryer: A vessel where hot flue gases are contacted with a finely atomized wet alkaline spray. See also FGD spray dryer with a baghouse or ESP. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA81/12, p8-24). Spray drying tower (or blowing tower): A large vessel in which solids in solution or suspension are dried by falling through a hot gas (EPA-74104~).
Spray evaporation: A method of wastewater disposal in which water is sprayed into the air to expedite evaporation (EPA-74/04). Spray finishing operations: Spray finishing operations are employment of methods wherein organic or inorganic materials are utilized in dispersed form for deposit on surfaces to be coated, treated, or cleaned. Such methods of deposit may involve either automatic, manual, or electrostatic deposition but do not include metal spraying or metallizing, dipping, flow coating, roller coating, tumbling, centrifuging, or spray washing and degreasing as conducted in self-contained washing and degreasing machines or systems (29CFR1910.94~-91). Spray in place foam: The rigid cellular polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam produced by catalyzed chemical reactions that hardens at the site of the work. The term includes spray applied and injected applications (40CFR248.4-91). Spray in place insulation: The insulation material that is sprayed onto a surface or into cavities and includes cellulose fiber spray-on as well as plastic rigid foam products (40CFR248.4-91). Spray irrigation (soil irrigation or soil percolation): Transport of sludge or wastewater to a distribution system from which it is sprayed over an area of land. The liquid percolates into the soil and/or evaporates. None of the sludge or wastewater runs off the imgated area. See land treatment for more related terms (EPA79112a). Spray irrigation: A common imgation method where water is shot from high-pressure sprayers onto crops. Because water is shot high into the air onto crops, some water is lost to evaporation (CWAIWscience-04). Spray module (or powered spray module): A water cooling device consisting of a pump and spray nozzle or nozzles mounted on floats and moored in the body of water to be cooled. Heat is transferred principally by evaporation from the water drops as they fall through the air (EPA-8211 If). Spray nozzle (or nozzle): A device used for the controlled introduction of scrubbing liquid at predetermined rates, distribution patterns, pressures, and droplet sizes (EPA-89103b). Types of spray nozzles include (1) Impingement nozzle. (2) Solid cone nozzle. (3) Helical spray nozzle (EPA-84/03b, p2-2). Spray rinse: A process which utilizes the expulsion of water through a nozzle as a means of rinsing (EPA-83106a). Spray room: A spray room is a room in which spray-finishing operations not conducted in a spray booth are performed separately from other areas (29CFR1910.94~-91). Spray tower scrubber: A device that sprays alkaline water into a chamber where acid gases are present to aid in neutralizing the gas (EPA-97/12).
Spray tower: See spray chamber. Spray washing: A method of washing film or paper using a spray rather than an immersion tank as a means of conserving water (EPA-80110). Spray: Liquid droplets created by mechanical disintegration, found in absorbers and some particulate control devices (EPA84/09). Spreader stoker incinerator: An incinerator in which solid fuel is introduced to the combustion zone by a mechanism that throws the fuel onto a grate from above. Combustion takes place both in suspension and on the grate. See incinerator for more related terms. Spreader stoker steam generating unit: A steam generating unit in which solid fuel is introduced to the combustion zone by a mechanism that throws the fuel onto a grate fiom above. Combustion takes place both in suspension and on the grate (40CFR60.41b-91). Spring melffthaw: The process whereby warm temperatures melt winter snow and ice. Because various fotms of acid deposition may have been stored in the frozen water, the melt can result in abnormally large amounts of acidity entering streams and rivers, sometimes causing fish kills (EPA-97/12). Spring: A continuous or intermittent flow of water from the ground (DOI-70104). Spring: Groundwater seeping out of the earth where the water table intersects the ground surface (EPA-97/12).
Squeeze: The settling, without breaking, of the roof and the gradual upheaval of the floor of a mine due to the weight of the overlying strata (CWNmining-04). Stability (of the atmosphere): The atmosphere's tendency to resist or enhance vertical mo on or, alternatively, to suppress or augment existing turbulence. Stability is related to both wind shear and temperature in the vertical, but generally the latter is used as an indicator of the condition (DOE-91/04). Stability: (1) A measure of instrument drift. This is a general term and does no specify whether the value is zero drift or span drift (LBL-76107-bio). (2) A measure of the length of time. A measuring system, once calibrated, continues to measure the actual parameter value within the calibrated accuracy without the need for adjustment or recalibration. Stability performance is based upon the measurement of standard calibrating solutions with an uncontaminated sensor (LBL76107-water). Stability: In air modeling, atmospheric stability refers to the degree of turbulence in the ambient air. It may vary widely from hour to hour and day to day, and is represented in models by turbulent stability "classes." Under conditions of low turbulence, dispersion of pollutants is limited (cf. atmospheric stability) (EPA88/09). Stability: Property of a bleached pulp to retain its brightness against age, heat, etc. (EPA-83). Stability: The state or quality of being stable.
Spring: Place where a concentrated discharge of groundwater flows at the ground surface (CWANbasics-04).
Stabilization lagoon: A shallow artificial pond used for the treatment of wastewater. Treatment includes removal of solid material through sedimentation, the decomposition of organic material by bacteria, and the removal of nutrients by algae (CAA/COzgas1-04).
Sprinkling filter: See trickling filter.
Stabilization ponds: See lagoon (EPA-97/12).
Sputtering: A process to deposit a thin layer of a metal on a solid surface in a vacuum. Ions bombard a cathode which emits the metal atoms (EPA-83/03).
Stabilization: (1) A treatment process whereby chemical molecules become chemically bound by a stabilizing agent (e.g., clay, humic materials), reducing the mobility of the contaminant in groundwater, soil, or sediment. (2) Conversion of the active organic matter in sludge into inert, harmless material (NavyEnv04).
Square cut glass: An optical glass cut in small squares, separated and designated by weight. See glass for more related terms (EPA83). Square sheet: Papers with equal tensile and tearing strength in machine and cross machine directions (EPA-83). Square wave thermal pulse: A thermal field reactor characterized by very small (3 milli second) time duration between temperature of inlet and exit gas in the reactor (EPA-88/12). Squeeze out: See flashing.
Stabilization: Conversion of the active organic matter in sludge into inert, harmless material (EPA-97/12). Stabilizer: (1) A substance added to nitrocellulose propellants to prevent decomposition product from catalyzing further decomposition (EPA-76/03). (2) A chemical bath, usually the last in a processing cycle, that imparts greater life to a processed photographic film or paper through one of several preserving steps (EPA-80l10).
Stable air: A motionless mass of air that holds, instead of dispersing, pollutants (EPA-97/12). Stable air: An air mass that remains in the same position rather than moving in its normal horizontal and vertical directions. Stable air does not disperse pollutants and can lead to high build-up of air pollution. See air for more related terms (EPA-74/11). Stable plume: The situation in which a groundwater plume margin is stationary and concentrations at points within the plume do not change over time (NavyIEnv-04). Stack (chimney or smoke stack): Any chimney, flue, conduit, or duct arranged to conduct emissions (or combustion products) to the ambient air (cf. flue) (40CFR129.2-91, see also 40CFR5 1.10091; EPA-84/09; 89103b). Example: Determine the stack crosssectional area and flue gas discharge velocity. Data: Stack diameter = 1.2 ft, flow rate = 1461.5 acfm. See example in actual cubic feet per minute. Solution: Stack cross-sectional area (A) = 3.14(diameter)'/4 = 3.14(1.2)'/4 = 1.131 sq ft; and discharge velocity = flow ratdA = 1461.5/1.131 = 21.5 fWsec.
Stack gas analytical methods for multiple metals train: (1) Analytical parameter: Metals. (2) Analytical method: See Table 13 (EPA-89/06). Stack gas analytical methods for Mylar gas bag: (1) Analytical parameter: C02, 0'. (2) Analytical method: EPA method 3. Stack gas analytical methods for semi-VOST: Includes: (1) Filter, probe rinse. (a) Analytical parameter: SV-POHC. (b) Analytical method: See Appendix A (EPA-89/06). (2) XAD-2. (a) Analytical parameter: SV-POHC. (b) Analytical method: GUMS. (3) Condensate. (a) Analytical parameter: SV-POHC. (b) Analytical method: not specified. Stack gas analytical methods for Tedlar gas bag: (1) Analytical parameter: V-POHC. (2) Analytical method: Transfer to Tenax trap and GUMS per SW-846, method 5040. Stack gas analytical methods for VOST: (1) Analytical parameter: V-POHC. (2) Analytical method: W/MS per SW-846, method 5040.
Stack (chimney or smoke stack): For more related terms, see (1) Bypass stack; (2) Dump stack; (3) Emergency safety stack (see dump stack); (4) Evase stack; (5) Inactive stack; and (6) Multiple stack.
Stack gas CO concentration: Each combustion system has a typical operating range for CO. If a stack gas CO concentration goes above this typical range, combustion problems are likely. See combustion indicator for more related terms (EPA-89103b).
Stack effect: Air, as in a chimney, that moves upward because it is warmer than the ambient atmosphere (EPA-97/12).
Stack gas oxygen concentration: The stack gas oxygen concentration provides a measure of excess air. Waste incinerators typically operate at 140 to 200% excess air which roughly corresponds to 12 to 14% oxygen concentration in the stack gas. See combustion indicator for more related tenns (EPA-89103b).
Stack effect: Flow of air resulting from warm air rising, creating a positive pressure area at the top of a building and negative pressure area at the bottom. This effect can overpower the mechanical system and disrupt building ventilation and air circulation (EPA-97/12). Stack effect: The vertical movement of hot gases in a stack that results because they are hotter (lighter) than the atmosphere (SW108ts). Stack emissions: (1) Air emissions from a combustion facility stack (EPA-89/11). (2) The particulate matter captured and released to the atmosphere through a stack, chimney, or flue (40CFR60.381-91, see also 40CFR60.671-91). (3) See emission for more related terms. Stack end frame: A frame used to compress the individual cells of a fuel cell assembly together to maintain electrical conductivity. Also may be known as an end plate or compression end plate. Stack gas analytical methods for M5 train: Includes: (1) Filter, probe rinse. (a) Analytical parameter: Particulate. (b) Analytical method: EPA method 5. (2) Water impinger and caustic impinger. (a) Analytical parameter: Cr(HC1). (b) Analytical method: ion chromatography or EPA 352.2.
Stack gas sampling methods: Includes: (1) Particulate, Cl-(HCI), H20, nonvolatile metals (if present in feed): M5 trial with appropriate solutions in one or more of the impingers. (2) Semivolatile and nonvolatile POHCs: Semi-VOST (SW-846 method 0010). (3) Volatile POHCs: VOST (SW-846 method 0030). (4) C02, 0': EPA method 3 Orsat analysis of integrated bag sample. (5) CO: Continuous monitor. (6) Volatile metals (if presented in feed): Sampling method: M5 train with appropriate solutions in the second impinger (EPA-89/06, p13 & 22). Stack gas: See flue gas (EPA-97/12). Stack in existence: That the owner or operator had: (1) Begun, or caused to begin, a continuous program of physical on-site construction of the stack; or (2) Entered into binding agreements or contractual obligations, which could not be cancelled or modified without substantial loss to the owner or operator, to undertake a program of construction of the stack to be completed within a reasonable time (40CFR51.100-91). Stack life: Stack life for a fuel cell is similar to the lifetime for any other apparatus. It is the cumulative period of time that a fuel
cell stack can operate before its output deteriorates below a useful minimum value.
Stack sampling: The collecting of representative samples of gaseous and particulate matter that flows through a duct or stack. See sampling for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Stage digestion: The digestion of wastewater in several stages which may all be connected in series. See digester for more related terms. Stage I1 controls: Systems placed on service station gasoline pumps to control and capture gasoline vapors during refueling.
Stack test: Experimental work to test the performance of a stack of fuel cells. The key parameters of testing include current output at a specific cell voltage point, continuous voltage, and continuous current.
Stage trickling filter: The treatment of wastewater in more than one trickling filters. See filter for more related terms.
Stack tip downwash: The downward motion of the plume caused by the formation of a low pressure area in the wake of a stack (EPA-88/09).
Stage: Height of the water surface above an established datum plane, such as in a river above a predetermined point that may (or may not) be at the channel floor (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Stack: A chimney, smokestack, or vertical pipe that discharges used air (EPA-97/12).
Stage: The height of a water surface above an established datum plane; also gage height (CWAhydrology-04).
Stack: For fuel cells, a stack consists of several individual fuel cell components usually connected in series. Each fuel cell component is comprised of an anode, electrolyte, and a cathode.
Stage: The height of the water surface above an established datum plane, such as in a river above a predetermined point that may (or may not) be near the channel floor (CWAIWquality-04).
Stacked capacitor: A device containing multiple layers of dielectric and conducting materials and designed to store electrical charge (EPA-83/03).
Stage-capacity curve: A graph showing the relation between the surface elevation of the water in a reservoir, usually plotted as ordinate, against the volume below that elevation, plotted as abscissa (CWAhydrology-04).
Stacking: The process of connecting individual fuel cells together in a series structure. Stage aeration: The aeration of activated sludge in more than one stages. Each stage may include both sedimentation tank and sludge return systems. See aeration for more related terms. Stage combustion (or off-stoichiometric combustion): One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). During staged combustion, air and fuel mixtures are combusted in two separate zones. In one zone, the fuel is fired with less than a stoichiometric amount of air. This creates a fuel rich local zone in the regions of the primary flame. The second zone is an air rich zone where the remainder of the combustion air is introduced to complete the combustion of the fuel. The reasons for reducing the NO, emissions by this technique are: (1) Lack of available oxygen for NO, formation. (2) Temperature is lower, because combustion is incomplete. (3) The air mixed with the fuel is sub-stoichiometric in the NO, forming region of the flame, thus creating a low NO, condition (EPA81/12, p7-8). Stage construction: In waste treatment, the building of wastewater treatment plants in steps, so that treatment units serving a small group of homes can be expanded as additional homes are built (DOI-70104).
Stage, flood: See flood stage (CWAhydrology-04).
Stage-discharge curve (rating curve): A graph showing the relation between the gage height, usually plotted as ordinate, and the amount of water flowing in a channel, expressed as volume per unit of time, plotted as abscissa (CWAhydrology-04). Stage-discharge relation: The relation expressed by the stagedischarge curve (CWAhydrology-04). Stagnant zone: Air mass not flowing with the main stream (EPA88109a). Stagnation: A meteorological condition which is characterized by the occurrence of a stable air mass with low wind speeds that persists over several days. High concentrations of air pollution may occur caused by the accumulation of pollutants in this air mass (NATO-78110). Stagnation: Lack of motion in a mass of air or water that holds pollutants in place (EPA-97/12). Stain: A solution or suspension of coloring matter in a vehicle designed primarily to be applied to create color effects rather than to form a protective coating. A transparent or semi-opaque coating that colors without completely obscuring the grain of the surface (EPA-79112b). Stainless steel: The steels which have good or excellent corrosion resistance. (One of the common grades contains 18% chromium
and 8% nickel). There are three broad classes of stainless steels: ferritic; austenitic; and martensitic. These various classes are produced through the use of various alloying elements in differing quantities. See steel for more related terms (EPA-83106a).
Standard bushel: A bushel of shelled corn weighing 56 pounds (40CFR406.11; 406.2 1; 406.4 1-91).
Stakeholder: A person, group, or community who has an interest in activities at a hazardous waste site (SFhealth-04).
Standard condition: A test or operating conditions that have been predetermined to be the basis of the test or operation in order to have reproducible, comparable sets of test data. See Appendix A for an example computation or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations.
Stakeholder: Any organization, governmental entity, or individual that has a stake in or may be impacted by a given approach to environmental regulation, pollution prevention, energy conservation, etc. (EPA-97/12). Stakeholders: Individuals, or groups of individuals, interested in or affected by agency operations or cleanup activities (OMBIReg04). Stall barn: The specialized facilities wherein producing cows and replacement cows are milked and fed in a fixed location (40CFR412.11-91). Stamping: A general term covering almost all press operations. It includes blanking, shearing, hot or cold forming, drawing, bending, and coining (EPA-83106a). Standard (or limitation): In analytical standards: (1) Primary standards: A substance or item the value of which can be accepted (within stated limits) and used without question to establish the same value of another substance or item; and (2) Secondary standards: A substance or item the value of which is based on some primary standards (ACS-87/11). Standard (or limitation): For more related terms, see (1) Calibration standard; (2) Instrument check standard; (3) Primary standard; and (4) Secondary standard. Standard air: Dry air weighing 0.075 pounds per cubic foot at sea level (29.92 inches barometric pressure) and 70 F (EPA-83). Standard atmospheric pressure: The average atmospheric pressure at sea level, 45 degrees north latitude at 35 F. It is equivalent to a pressure of 14.696 pound-force per square inch (psia) exerted at the base of a column of mercury 29.92 inches high. In SI (System International) units, this pressure is equal to 101.325 kPa. In the metric system, the average atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg or 1 atm. Weather and altitude are responsible for barometric pressure variations. See pressure for more related terms (EPA-8 1112, p2-3; 85/09). Standard boiling point: The temperature at which the pressure of the saturated vapor of a liquid is the same as the standard pressure. The measured boiling point is dependent on the atmospheric pressure. This dependence can be described quantitatively by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation (provided in this subpart) (40CFR796.1220-91).
Standard calomel electrode: See calomel electrode.
Standard condition: In engineering calculation, typical standard conditions for engineering applications include a temperature of 70 F and a pressure of 14.7 psia (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.2; 60.5 1a-91). Standard condition: In fuel cell application, typical standard conditions for fuel cells include fuel and oxidant flow rates and ratios, temperature, pressure, electrode area, catalyst loading, etc. Standard cubic feet: The volume of one cubic foot of a dry gas measured at standard conditions (in the British system, they are a temperature at 70 F and an absolute pressure at 14.7 psia). Standard cubic foot (scf): The volume of one cubic foot of gas at standard conditions (40CFR52.741-91). Standard cubic meter: The volume of one cubic meter of a dry gas measured at standard conditions (in the metric system, they are a temperature at 20 C and an absolute pressure at 760 millimeters [mm] mercury column). Standard curve: A curve that plots concentrations of known analyte standard versus instrument response to the analyte. Standard day conditions: The standard ambient conditions as described in the United States Standard Atmosphere, 1976, (i.e., temperature = 15 degrees C, specific humidity = 0.00 kg/H20/kg dry air, and pressure = 101325 Pa) (40CFR87.1-91). Standard deviation: A measure of the dispersion about the average (mean) of the elements in a sample. An estimate of the standard deviation of a population (EPA-84/03). Standard deviation: Statistical measure of the dispersion or scatter of a series of values. It is the square root of the variance, which is calculated as the sum of the squares of the deviations from the arithmetic mean, divided by the number of values in the series minus 1 (CWAIWbasics-04). Standard deviation: The square root of the variance of a set of values. A statistic used as a measure of dispersion, or separation, in a distribution of values. Small standard deviations represent closer values and smaller distribution of those values (NavytEnv04).
Standard electrode (or reference electrode): An electrode with a known potential in a half cell which is used to measure the electrode potential of other cells. See electrode for more related terms. Standard electrode potential: The measurement of potential relative to a standard hydrogen half cell. See electrode for more related tams. Standard enthalpy of reaction: A change in enthalpy of formation (at a standard state of 298 K and 1 atm) for a given chemical reaction (cf. enthalpy) (EPA-88/12). Standard environmental record sources: Record sources including, but not limited to, the following state and federal recording systems: the NPL, CERCLIS List, RCRATSD Facilities List, LUST List, and Solid Waste/Landfill Facilities List (USDNwater-04). Standard equipment: Those features or equipment which are marketed on a vehicle over which the purchaser can exercise no choice (40CFR86.082.2-91). Standard ferromanganese: That alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A9976 (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.261-91). Standard for sewage sludge use or disposal: The regulations promulgated pursuant to section 405(d) of the CWA which govern minimum requirements for sludge quality, management practices, and monitoring and reporting applicable to sewage sludge or the use or disposal of sewage sludge by any person (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR501.2-91). Standard for the development of test data: A prescription of: (1) (a) Health and environmental effects; and (b) Information relating to toxicity, persistence, and other characteristics which affect health and the environment, for which test data for a chemical substance or mixture are to be developed and any analysis that is to be performed on such data; and (2) To the extent necessary to assure that data respecting such effects and characteristics are reliable and adequate: (a) The manner in which such data are to be developed; (b) The specification of any test protocol or methodology to be employed in the development of such data; and (c) Such other requirements as are necessary to provide such assurance (TSCA3-15U.S.C.2602-91). Standard form: A government standard form (e.g., GSA Standard Form 118) (SDWNradionuclide-04). Standard historical sources: Information on the history of property usage which includes, but is not limited to, land title records, building department records, fire insurance maps, and local street directories (USDNwater-04).
Standard impinger: A specific instrument employing wet impingement, typically using a liquid volume of 75 ml and a gas flow of 1 cu. ft. per min. See impinger for more related terms. Standard industrial classification (SIC) code: A code number system used to identify various types of industries. The code numbers are published by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. A particular industry may have more than one SIC code if it conducts several types of commercial or manufacturing activities on site (CWNwastewater-04). Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code: SIC defines industries in accordance with the composition and structure of the economy and covers the entire field of economic activity (EPA83106a). SIC code is used by the US. Department of Commerce to denote segments of industry (EPA-87110a). Standard industrial classification code (SIC code): A method of grouping industries with similar products or services and assigning codes to these groups (FFDCNpesticide-04). Standard industrial classification manual: The Standard Industrial Classification Manual (1987), Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 (incorporated by reference as specified in 40CFR52.742) (40CFR52.741-91). Standard materials: Neat chemicals or purchased stock standards that are used as the basis for analyte quantitation or for the preparation of quality control samples (SA-04). Standard method: A method of known and demonstrated precision issued by an organization generally recognized as competent to do so. See method for more related terms (ACS8711 1). Standard of performance: A standard for the control of the discharge of pollutants which reflects the greatest degree of effluent reduction which the Administrator determines to be achievable through application of the best available demonstrated control technology, processes, operating methods, or other alternatives, including, where practicable, a standard permitting no discharge of pollutants (CWA306, see also CA.4111; 4OCFR401.11-91). Standard operating procedure (SOP): A detailed written description of how a laboratory executes a particular procedure or method. It is intended to standardize the performance of the procedure (NavyIEnv-04). Standard operating procedure (SOP): An SOP is an approved, controlled document which describes practices for a given procedure or activity, in sufficient detail that a qualified individual could use the SOP to conduct the procedure (SA-04).
Standard operating procedure: A document which describes in detail an operation analysis, or action which is commonly accepted as the preferred method for performing certain routine or repetitive tasks (40CFR30.200-91, see also 40CFR61.61-91; EPA8611Oa). Standard or limitation: Any emission standard or limitation established or publicly proposed pursuant to the Act or pursuant to any regulation under the Act (40CFR2.301-91, see also 40CFR2.302-91). Standard physical setting source: A current U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Map showing the area on which the property is located (USDNwater-04). Standard practice(s): The activities set forth in the ASTM Standard for the conduct of environmental site assessments (USDNwater-04). Standard pressure: A pressure of 760 mm of Hg (29.92 in. of Hg) (40CFR61.61-91). Standard raw waste load (SRWL): The raw waste load which characterizes a specific subcategory. This is generally computed by averaging the plant raw waste loads within a subcategory (EPA-76/03). Standard reference material: See reference material. Standard reference method: A standard method of demonstrated accuracy. See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Standard sample: The aliquot of finished drinking water that is examined for the presence of coliform bacteria. See sample for more related terms (40CFR141.2-91). Standard sample: The part of finished drinking water that is examined for the presence of coliform bacteria (EPA-97/12). Standard saybolt universal (SSU): A unit for measuring kinematic viscosity (EPA-81/09). Standard solution: A solution of known concentration used for volumetric analysis. Standard sources: Readily available sources of environmental, physical setting, or historical records pertaining to the property (USDNwater-04). Standard tables: One of the Standard Tools under the RAGS Part D approach. The Standard Tables have been developed to clearly and consistently document important parameters, data, calculations, and conclusions from all stages of human health risk assessment development. Electronic templates for the Standard Tables have been developed in Lotus and Excel for ease of use by risk assessors. For each site-specific risk assessment, the Standard
Tables, related worksheets, and supporting information should first be prepared as Interim Deliverables for EPA risk assessor review, and should later be included in the Draft and Final Baseline Risk Assessment Reports. The Standard Tables may be found in Appendix A and on the electronic media provided with this guidance document. Use of the Standard Tables will standardize the reporting of human health risk assessments. The Standard Table formats can not be altered (i.e., columns can not be added, deleted, or changed); however, rows and footnotes can be added as appropriate. Standardization of the Tables is needed to achieve Superfund program-wide reporting consistency and to accomplish electronic data transfer to the Superfund database (SFIriskA-04).
Standard temperature: A temperature of 20 C (69 F) (40CFR61.61-91). Standard tools: A basic element of the RAGS Part D approach. The Standard Tools have been developed to standardize the planning, reporting, and review of SuperfUnd risk assessments. The three Standard Tools contained in the Part D approach include the Technical Approach for Risk Assessment (TARA), the Standard Tables, and Instructions for the Standard Tables (SFIriskA-04). Standard wipe test: For spills of high-concentration PCBs on solid surfaces, a cleanup to numerical surface standards and sampling by a standard wipe test to verify that the numerical standards have been met. This definition constitutes the minimum requirements for an appropriate wipe testing protocol. A standardsize template (10 centimeters [cm] x 10 cm) will be used to delineate the area of cleanup; the wiping medium will be a gauze pad or glass wool of known size which has been saturated with hexane. It is important that the wipe be performed very quickly after the hexane is exposed to air. EPA strongly recommends that the gauze (or glass wool) be prepared with the hexane in the laboratory and that the wiping medium be stored in sealed glass vials until it is used for the wipe test. Further, EPA requires the collection and testing field blanks and replicates (40CFR761.12391). Standardized mortality ratio (SMR): The ratio of observed deaths to expected deaths (EPA-92/12). Standards: Norms that impose limits on the amount of pollutants or emissions produced. EPA establishes minimum standards, but states are allowed to be stricter (EPA-97/12). Standards: Standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, processes, and services are fit for their purpose. For example, the format of the credit cards, phone cards, and "smart" cards that have become commonplace is derived from an IS0 International Standard. Adhering to the standard, which defines such features as an optimal thickness
(0,76 mm), means that the cards can be used worldwide. International Standards thus contribute to making life simpler, and to increasing the reliability and effectiveness of the goods and services we use. (http://www.iso.ch/infoe/intro.htm, 2004)
Startup: The setting in operation of a source for any purpose (40CFR52.01-91, see also 40CFR52.741; 60.2; 61.02; 264.103 191). Starved air incineration: See substoichiometric combustion air.
Standby power: An independent power source that can be immediately activated to provide power for supporting the operation of a facility, should the normal power source have an unexpected failure or outage. Standby: (1) That condition in which a reactor facility is neither operable nor declared excess and in which documentary authorization exists to maintain the reactor for possible future operation (see DOE Order 5480.6) (DOE-91/04). (2) Ready for use. For example, a fuel cell can be a standby unit to provide power, should an unexpected grid power interruption occur (fcc2003). STANJAN equilibrium code: A computer program developed at the Stanford University which enables one to quickly calculate the equilibrium high-temperature (or pressure) composition of an organic mixture (EPA-88/12). Stannous chloride (SnCI): A white crystal used in reducing agents, dyes, etc. Starch [(C6HI0o5),,]:An important component of plant cells. Its exact chemical structure is unknown. Starch coated paper: The paper in which starch is used as an adhesive for pigments. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Stark Einstein law: The second law of photochemistry, states that only one molecule is activated to an excited state per photon or quantum of light absorbed. See law for more related terms (40CFR796.3700-91).
Starved air incinerator (controlled air incinerator, fixed hearth incinerator, or pyrolytic incinerator): The term "starved-air" is derived from the principle of combustion most frequently used in this type of incinerator. The combustion air to the chamber into which the waste is fed (primary combustion chamber) is strictly controlled so that the amount of air present is less than that needed for complete combustion, i.e., the chamber is "starved" for air. This type incinerator is often referred to as a controlled air incinerator because the amount and distribution of air to each combustion chamber is controlled to meet the design requirements. The unit employs a two-stage combustion process, much like rotary kilns. Waste is ram fed into the first stage, or primary chamber, and burned at roughly 50 to 80% of stoichiometric air requirements. This starved air condition causes most of the volatile fraction to be destroyed pyrolytically. The resultant smoke and pyrolytic products, consisting primarily of volatile hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, along with products of combustion, pass to the second stage, or secondary chamber. Here additional air is injected to complete combustion, which can occur either spontaneously or through the addition of supplementary fuels (cf. incinerator, excess-air). Controlled-air incinerators come in all sizes and shapes. Incinerators are available with design capacities ranging from 50 l b h (23 kgh) to 4000 Ibh (1800 kgh). Some are manually controlled, and others are automatically controlled. Some use manual waste loading and ash removal, and others are fully automated. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA-89103b; Oppelt-87/05). Starved air: See substoichiometric combustion air. State 404 program: See section 404 program.
Start of a response action: The point in time when there is a guarantee or set-aside of funding by EPA, other federal agencies, states, or Principal Responsible Parties in order to begin response actions at a Superfund site (EPA-97/12).
State agency: The state water pollution control agency designated by the Governor having responsibility for enforcing state laws relating to the abatement of pollution (40CFR35.905-91).
Start of response action: The point in time when there is a guarantee or set-aide of funding either by EPA, other federal agencies, states, or PRPs in order to begin response activities at a site. The document which reflects the set-aside of, or formally guarantees, funding during the coming fiscal year, is EPA's annual Superfund Comprehensive Accomplishments Plan (SCAP) (40CFR35.4010-91).
State assurance funds: For purposes of UST financial responsibility, state funds that are used to help pay for cleanup and third-party liability costs resulting from leaking USTs (RCMazardous-04).
Starting material: A substance used to synthesize or purify a technical grade of active ingredient (or the practical equivalent of the technical grade ingredient if the technical grade cannot be isolated) by chemical reaction (40CFR158.153-91).
State authorization tracking system: A tool used by EPA to chart those states that have been authorized to implement the RCRA hazardous waste program (RCMazardous-04).
State authority: The agency established or designated under section 4007 (RCRAI 004-42U.S.C.6903).
State certifying authority: (1) For water pollution control facilities, the state pollution control agency as defined in section
502 of the Act; (2) For air pollution control facilities, the air pollution control agency designated pursuant to 40CFR302(b)(l) of the Act; or (3) For both air and water pollution control facilities, any interstate agency authorized to act in place of the certifying agency of a state (40CFR20.2-b-91). State climate division: Geographic area in a state based primarily on crop-reporting districts (CWAIWbasics-04). States can have two to ten climate divisions. State delayed compliance order: A delayed compliance order issued by a state or by a political subdivision of a state (4OCFR65.01-91). State emergency response commission (SERC): Commission appointed by each state governor according to the requirements of SARA Title 111. The SERCs designate emergency planning districts, appoint local emergency planning committees, and supervise and coordinate their activities (EPA-97/12). State environmental goals and indication project: Program to assist state environmental agencies by providing technical and financial assistance in the development of environmental goals and indicators (EPA-97/12). State historic preservation officer: An official of a state, statedesignated agency, or state historical society responsible for advising and assisting federal and state agencies in carrying out their historic preservation responsibilities, conducting surveys of historic properties, maintaining inventories of such properties, developing and implementing statewide historic preservation plans, and administering historic preservation funds (SDWNradionuclide-04). State implementation plan (SIP): A detailed description of the programs a state will use to carry out its responsibilities under the Clean Air Act. State implementation plans are collections of the regulations used by a state to reduce air pollution. The Clean Air Act requires that EPA approve each state implementation plan. Members of the public are given opportunities to participate in review and approval of state implementation plans (CAAIair-04). State implementation plans (SIP): EPA approved state plans for the establishment, regulation, and enforcement of air pollution standards (EPA-97/12). State lead agency: See state or state lead agency. State management plan: Under FIFRA, a state management plan required by EPA to allow states, tribes, and U.S. tenitones the flexibility to design and implement ways to protect groundwater from the use of certain pesticides (EPA-97/12). State of charge: For a battery, it is an indicator of energy remaining. The indicator is expressed in ratios or percents, expressed as a ratio or percentage of its full capacity.
State of the environment: Conditions and changes in ecosystems, human health and environment-related human welfare, including as a subset the condition of valued environmental attributes (EPA95/04). State or local air monitoring stations (SLAMSs): The SLAMS make up the ambient air quality monitoring network which is required by 40CFR58.20 to be provided for in the state's implementation plan. This definition places no restrictions on the use of the physical structure or facility housing the SLAMS. Any combination of SLAMS and any other monitors (Special Purpose, NAMS, PSD) may occupy the same facility or structure without affecting the respective definitions of those monitoring station (40CFR58.1-91). State or state lead agency: As used in this subpart means the state agency designated by the state to be responsible for registering pesticides to meet special local needs under Sec. 24(c) of the Act (40CFR162.151-j-91). State primary drinking water regulation: A drinking water regulation of a state which is comparable to a national primary drinking water regulation (40CFR142.2-91). State program revision: A change in an approved state primacy program (40CFR142.2-91). State program: (1) A program established by a state pursuant to section 1253 of this title to regulate surface coal mining and reclamation operations, on lands within such state in accord with the requirements of this chapter and regulations issued by the Secretary pursuant to this chapter (SMCRA701-30U.S.C.1291-90). (2) See Section 404 program (40CFR233.2-91). State registered UST: State lists of underground storage tanks (USTs) required to be registered under Subtitle 1, Section 9002 RCRA (USDMwater-04). State regulated waters: Those waters of the United States in which the Corps suspends the issuance of section 404 permits upon approval of a state's section 404 permit program by the Administrator under section 404(h). The program cannot be transferred for those waters which are presently used, or are susceptible to use in their natural condition or by reasonable improvement as a means to transport interstate or foreign commerce shoreward to their ordinary high water mark, including all waters which are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide shoreward to the high tide line, including wetlands adjacent thereto. All other waters of the United States in a state with an approved program shall be under jurisdiction of the state program, and shall be identified in the program description as required by part 233 (4OCFR232.2-91).
.
State regulatory authority: The department or agency in each state which has primary responsibility at the state level for administering this chapter (SMCRA701-30U.S.C.1291). State sewage sludge management agency: The agency designated by the Governor as having the lead responsibility for managing or coordinating the approved state program under this Part (4OCFR501.2-91). State water pollution control agency: The state agency designated by the Governor having responsibility for enforcing state laws relating to the abatement of pollution (CWA50233U.S.C. 1362-91). StatelEPA agreement: An agreement between the Regional Administrator and the state which coordinates U.S. EPA and state activities, responsibilities and programs including those under the CWA programs (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR144.3; 270.291).
Static loaded radius arc: A portion of a circle whose center is the center of standard tire-rim combination of an automobile and whose radius is the distance from that center to the level surface on which the automobile is standing, measured with the automobile at curb weight, the wheel parallel to the vehicles longitudinal centerline, and the tire inflated to the manufacturer's recommended pressure (40CFR86.084.2-91). Static pressure: (1) The pressure of a fluid at rest, or in motion, exerted perpendicularly to the direction of a flow. (2) The pressure exerted by the fluid normal to the streamlines, and it is constant across the flow if the streamlines are parallel (EPA-83/06). (3) The pressure exerted in all directions by a fluid; measured in a direction normal (perpendicular) to the direction of flow (EPA89103b). (4) See pressure for more related terms. Static replacement test: A test method in which the test solution is periodically replaced at specific intervals during the test (40CFR797.1160-91).
State: See thermodynamic state. Statement of basis: A document prepared for every draft NPDES permit for which a fact sheet is not required. A statement of basis briefly describes how permit conditions were derived and the reasons the conditions are necessary for the pennit (40CFR124.7) (CWAIwastewater-04). Statement of basis: A document that summarizes a proposed remedial action plan and the findings supporting that selected remedy during the Subtitle C corrective action process (RCRAIhazardous-04). Statement of work (SOW): The portion of the cooperative agreement application andlor Superfimd state contract that describes the purpose and scope of activities and tasks to be carried out as a part of the proposed project (40CFR35.6015-91). Statement: A written approval by U.S. EPA, or if appropriate, a state, of the application (40CFR21.2-91, see also 40CFR27.2-91). Static bed: Stationary bed, not a moving bed. Static calibration: The artificial generation of the response curve of an instrument or method by use of appropriate mechanical, optical, electrical, or chemical means. Often a static calibration checks only a portion of a measurement system. For example, a solution containing a known amount of sulfite compound would simulate an absorbing solution through which has been bubbled a gas containing a known amount of sulfur dioxide. Use of the solution would check out the analytical portion of the pararosaniline method, but would not check out the sampling and flow control parts of the bubbler system (LBL-76107-air). Static head: Pressure of a motionless fluid. The pressure is due to the relative positions between two points.
Static system: A test chamber in which the test solution is not renewed during the period of the test (40CFR795.120-91, see also 40CFR797.1050; 797.1 300; 797.1930-91). Static test: A toxicity test with aquatic organisms in which no flow of test solution occurs. Solutions may remain uncharged throughout the duration of the test (40CFR797.1350-91, see also 40CFR797.1440-91). Static water depth: The vertical distance from the centerline of the pump discharge down to the surface level of the free pool while no water is being drawn from the pool or water table (EPA97/12). Static water level: (1) Elevation or level of the water table in a well when the pump is not operating. (2) The level or elevation to which water would rise in a tube connected to an artesian aquifer or basin in a conduit under pressure (EPA-97/12). Static: The test solution is not renewed during the period of the test (40CFR797.1400-91). Station blackout: The complete loss of off-site and on-site AC electric power, except for that generated by inverters fed by batteries (DOE-9 1/04). Station wagon: A passenger automobile with an extended roof line to increase cargo or passenger capacity, cargo compartment open to the passenger compartment, a tailgate, and one or more rear seats readily removed or folded to facilitate cargo carrying (4OCFR600.002.85-91). Stationary casting: The pouring of molten aluminum into molds and allowing the metal to air cool (40CFR467.02-91, see also 40CFR471.02-91).
Stationary compactor: (1) A powered machine which is designed to compact solid waste or recyclable materials, and which remains stationary when in operation (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR246.101-91). (2) A machine that reduces the volume of solid waste by forcing it into a container (SW-108s). (3) See compactor for more related tenns. Stationary crucible furnace: Stationary crucible furnace is almost identical to a pit furnace except that is not sunk in a pit. See furnace for more related terms (AP-40, p238). Stationary emission source and stationary source: An emission source which is not self-propelled (40CFR52.741-91).
into a hopper, bin, or container. After weighing, the contents are then fed as batches into the process. All of these weigh systems give fairly accurate monitoring of weight (within +/- one percent), but one must consider the batch feeding system operations before a true appraisal of the feed rate monitoring can be made. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-89/06).
Stationary: A condition or process of which the properties are independent of time (NATO-78/10). Stationery: The writing paper suitable for pen and ink, pencil, or typing. Matching envelopes are included in this definition (40CFR250.4-91).
Stationary emission source: A stationary facility that releases combustion gases or vapors to the environment (EPA-83).
Statistic: A constant or coefficient that describes some characteristic of a sample. Statistics are used to estimate parameters of populations (EPA-84/03).
Stationary gas turbine: Any simple cycle gas turbine, regenerative cycle gas turbine or any gas turbine portion of a combined cycle steamtelectric generating system that is not selfpropelled. It may, however, be mounted on a vehicle for portability. See turbine for more related terms (40CFR60.331-91).
Statistical inventory reconciliation: An UST release detection method that involves using sophisticated computer software to conduct a statistical analysis of inventory, delivery, and dispensing data in order to determine if a tank is leaking (RCRA/hazardous04).
Stationary grate: See fixed grate.
Statistical model: A model which is based on the statistical analysis of a time series of data which may consist of air quality data, metorological data, etc. (e.g., multiple regression models) (NATO-78/10).
Stationary packer: An adjunct of a refuse container system which compacts refuse at the site of generation into a pull-on detachable container (EPA-83). Stationary power plant: A power plant that remains in one location for its whole life. It is not designed for use in portable or transportation application. Stationary source: (1) Any building, structure, facility, or installation which emits or may emit any air pollutant (CAA111, see also CAA112; CAA302; 40CFR51.165; 5 1.301; 5 1-App/S; 52.01; 61.02; 65.01-91). (2) See source for more related terms. Stationary source: A fixed-site producer of pollution, mainly power plants and other facilities using industrial combustion processes. See point source (EPA-97/12). Stationary source: A place or object from which pollutants are released and which does not move around. Stationary sources include power plants, gas stations, incinerators, houses, etc. (CAAIair-04).
Statistical significance (or significance): The statistical significance determined by using appropriate standard techniques of multivariate analysis with results interpreted at the 95% confidence level and based on data relating species which are present in sufficient numbers at control areas to permit a valid statistical comparison with the areas being tested (40CFR228.2-91, see also EPA-79112~). Statistical sound level: The level in decibels that is exceeded in a stated percentage (x) of the duration of the measurement period. It is abbreviated as L,(4OCFR201.1-91). Statistical stability: A condition whereby if a process were to be repeated over time, differences would occur due solely to random processes (EPA-79112~). Statistical thermodynamics: The study of thermodynamics is coupled with statistical techniques.
Stationary source: Any buildings, structures, equipment, installations, or related stationary activities that produce pollution; often facilities using industrial combustion processes. A fixed-site facility (TSCAIchemical-04).
Statistical variance: The sum of the squared deviations about the mean value divided by n-1 (numbers of occurrence minus one). A measure used to identify the dispersion of a set of data (EPA79112~).
Stationary weight indicator: One of solid or sludge flow rate meters. This method, which includes weigh hoppershins and platform scales, determines the dead weight of material loaded
Statistically significant increase in a release: An increase in the quantity of the hazardous substance released above the upper
bound of the reported normal range of the release. See release for more related terms (40CFR302.3-91). Statistics: A branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data (CWAIWbasics-04). Statistics: A branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, reviewing, summarizing, and interpreting data or information. Statistics are used to determine whether differences between study groups are meaningful (SFhealth-04). Status of forces agreement (SOFA): An international agreement between a foreign nation and the U.S. defining responsibilities of each signee regarding environmental responsibilities at the host activity (NavyIEnv-04). Statute: See law development. Steady and unsteady flow: A flow is steady, if its properties such as temperature and pressure are invariant with (or independent of) time. Conversely, the flow is unsteady. See flow for more related terms (Perry-73). Steady flow: A flow in which all thermodynamic properties such as temperature and pressure at each point within an open system remain constant with respect to time (Jones-60, p49). Steady state bioconcentration factor: The mean concentration of the test chemical in test organisms during steady-state divided by the mean concentration of the test chemical in the test solution during the same period (40CFR797.1830-91). Steady state inhibition: The time point at which continued dosing at the same level results in no further increase in cholinesterase inhibition (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Steady state model: A fate and transport model that uses constant values of input variables to predict constant values of receiving water quality concentrations (EPA-91/03). Steady state model: In air quality modeling, a model which is based on the assumption of stationary conditions during the period that the model is applied (e.g., Gaussian plume model) (NATO78/10).
Steady state: (1) The time period during which the amounts of test chemical being taken up and depurated by the test oysters are equal, i.e., equilibrium (40CFR797.1830-91, see also 40CFR797.1520-91). (2) A condition in which the amount of test material being taken up and depurated is equal at a given water concentration. This is condition is also known as the apparent plateau (4OCFR797.1560-91). Steady state: A stable condition that does not change over time or in which change in one direction is continually balanced by change in another (NavyIEnv-04). Steam and water injection: One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). These techniques are used mainly for NO, emission reduction in gas turbines and internal combustion engines. Steam or water is injected into the combustion area to lower the peak flame temperature and thus reduce thermal NO, emissions (EPA81/12, p7-13). Steam blister: A defect caused by too high a temperature in a paper machine's dryer section (EPA-83). Steam bottoming cycle: A heat recovery system that uses waste heat from a power system for additional power generation. This increases the efficiency of the basic overall process. Steam conditioning: A conditioning method in which unseasoned wood is subjected to an atmosphere of steam at about 120 C (249 F) to reduce its moisture content and improve its permeability preparatory to preservative treatment (EPA-74/04). Steam distillation: Steam distillation takes advantage of the unique vapor pressure relationship of two immersible liquids. The additive vapor pressures allow distillation at lower temperatures, e.g., toluene boiling point at 1 atm is 111 C, and the mixture of toluene and water has boiling point 84 C. The presence of water lowers the boiling point allowing lower temperature to be used in the distillation. Steam distillation is usually conducted in a batch operation, i.e., the still is charged and heated to the temperature desired. The distillation is conducted by bubbling steam through the liquid phase. In semi-batch operation, the charge containing a high ratio of volatiles to non-volatiles is fed to the still continuously for a given period while the volatile component is steam-distilled from the mixture. See distillation or steam for more related terms.
Steady state model: In water quality modeling, a fate and transport model that uses constant values of input variables to predict constant values of receiving water quality concentrations (EPA-85/09).
Steam drum: A vessel in which the saturated steam is separated from the steam-water mixture and into which the feed water is introduced (EPA-82/11f).
Steady state permeation: The constant rate of permeation that occurs after breakthrough when all forces affecting permeation have reached equilibrium (NIOSH-84/10).
Steam electric generating station: An electric generating station utilizing steam turbines for the motive force of its prime movers. See electric generating plant for more related terms (EPA-83).
Steam generating unit operating day: A 24-hour period between 12:OO midnight and the following midnight during which any fuel is combusted at any time in the steam generating unit. It is not necessary for fuel to be combusted continuously for the entire 24hour period (40CFR60.4 1b-9 1, see also 40CFR60.4 1c-9 1). Steam generating unit: Any furnace, boiler, or other device used for combusting fuel for the purpose of producing steam (including fossil-fuel-fired steam generators associated with combined cycle gas turbines; nuclear steam generators are not included) (40CFR60.41a-91,see also 40CFR60.41b; 60.41~;61.301-91). Steam generator: The equipment which bums fuel and changes water into steam (EPA-83). Steam reforming: The catalytic reaction of a hydrocarbon fuel with water to produce hydrogen. This process produces more hydrogen for the same amount of fuel than by autothermal reforming or partial oxidation but heat input is required to continue the reaction. Steam reforming of natural gas is a common process for the production of hydrogen. Steam stripping operation: A distillation operation in which vaporization of the volatile constituents of a liquid mixture takes place by the introduction of steam directly into the charge (4OCFR264.1031-91). Steam stripping: See stripping. Steam turbine: A steam or gas turbine is an enclosed rotary type of prime mover in which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gases directed against successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft. See turbine for more related terms (EPA-83). Steam: A mixture of vapor and liquid. Other steam-related terms include (1)Dry saturated steam (see dry steam); (2) Dry steam; (3) Saturated steam; (4) Super heated steam; (5) Wet saturated steam; (6) Steam stripping; and (7) Steam distillation. Steaming: Treating a wood material with steam to soften it (EPA74/04). Steam-to-carbon ratio: The number of moles of water per mole of carbon that is contained in a fuel. This term is used when steam is injected into a fuel cell's reformate stream for the water-gas shift reaction or into the fuel for steam reforming. Steel basis material: The cold rolled steel, hot rolled steel, and chrome, nickel, and tin coated steel which are processed in coil coating (40CFR465.02-91). Steel production cycle: The operations conducted within the BOPF steelmaking facility that are required to produce each batch of steel, including the following operations: scrap charging,
preheating (when used), hot metal charging, primary oxygen blowing, sampling (vessel turndown and tumup), additional oxygen blowing (when used), tapping, and deslagging. Hot metal transfer and skimming operations for the next steel production cycle are also included when the hot metal transfer station or skimming station is an affected facility (40CFR60.141a-91, see also 40CFR60.14 1-91).
Steel: An iron-base alloy containing carbon, manganese, and often other alloying elements. Steel is defined here to include only those iron-carbon alloys containing less than 1.2% carbon by weight (40CFR464.3 1-91). Other steel-related terms include (1) Specialty steel and (2) Stainless steel. Steeply inclined: Said of deposits and coal seams with a dip of &om 0.7 to 1 rad (40 degrees to 60 degrees) (CWNmining-04). STEL: A 15-minute time-weighted average exposure which should not be exceeded at any time during a work day even if the eight-hour time-weighted average is within the TLV. Exposures at the STEL should not be longer than 15 minutes and should not be repeated more than four times per day. There should be at least 60 minutes between successive exposures at the STEL. An averaging period other than 15 minutes may be recommended when this is warranted by observed biological effects (NIOSH-84/10). Stemflow: Rainfall or snowmelt led to the ground down the trunks or stems of plants (CWAthydrology-04). Stemming: The noncombustible material used on top or in fi-ont of a charge or explosive (CWNmining-04). Step 1 facilities planning: The preparation of a plan for facilities as described in 40CFR35, Subpart E or I (40CFR6.501-91). Step 2 facilities planning: A project to prepare design drawings and specifications as described in 40CFR35, Subpart E or I (40CFR6.501-91). Step 2+3 facilities planning: A project which combines preparation of design drawings and specifications as described in 40CFR6.501(b) and building as described in 40CFR6.501(c) (40CFR6.501-91, see also 40CFR35.2005-91). Step 3 facilities planning: A project to build a publicly owned treatment works as described in 40CFR35, Subpart E or I (40CFR6.50 1-91). Step aeration: The loading of incoming wastewater into an aeration system is distributed at several inlets (steps). See aeration for more related terms. Step down transformer: A transformer in which the AC voltages of the secondary windings are lower than those applied to the primary windings. See transformer for more related terms (EPA83/03).
Step drilling: Using a multiple diameter drill. See drilling for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Step test: A small to large scale aquifer pumping test where the withdrawal rates are varied over time to assess aquifer characteristics (NavyEnv-04). Steppe climate (semiarid climate): The type of climate in which precipitation is very slight but sufficient for the growth of short, sparse grass (DOE-9 1/04). Steppe: An area of grass-covered and generally treeless plains, with a semiarid climate (DOE-91/04). Sterilization: (1) In pest control, the use of radiation and chemicals to damage body cells needed for reproduction. (2) The destruction, by chemical or physical, means of a microorganism's ability to reproduce to render something barren (EPA-83). Sterilization: The removal or destruction of all microorganisms, including pathogenic and other bacteria, vegetative forms, and spores (EPA-97/12). Sterilize: The use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all microbial life including highly resistant bacterial endospores (cf. disinfect or pasteurize) (29CFR1910, see also EPA-83). Sterilizer: One of three groups of anti-microbials registered by EPA for public health uses. EPA considers an antimicrobial to be a sterilizer when it destroys or eliminates all forms of bacteria, viruses, and fungi and their spores. Because spores are considered the most difficult form of microorganism to destroy, EPA considers the term sporicide to be synonymous with sterilizer (EPA-97/12). Steroid: Any one of a large group of substances chemically related to various alcohols found in plants and animals (EPA83/09). Stibnite: An antimony sulfide (Sb2S3)which is the most important ore of antimony (EPA-82/05). Stick water: The water which has been in close contact with fish and has large amounts of organics entrained in it. See water for more related terms (EPA-74/06). Stickies: Contaminants which stick to paper mill operating equipment (EPA-83). Stiffness: Stiffness is the ability of paper or paperboard to resist deformation under stress (EPA-83). Still bottom: The residue remaining after distillation of a material. The residue can vary from a watery sluny to a thick tar which may turn hard when cooled (EPA-87110a).
Still gas (refinery gas): Any form or mixture of gases produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. The principal constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane, butylene, propane, propylene, etc. Still gas is used as a refinery fuel and a petrochemical feedstock. The conversion factor is 6 million Btu per fuel oil equivalent barrel (CAA/CO2gas1-04). Still gas: Any form or mixture of gases produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. Principal constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane, butylene, propane, propylene, etc. Used as a refinery fuel and as a petrochemical feedstock (CAA/C02gas-04). Still rinse: No water flowing in and out as a running rinse and may be a reclaim rinse or dumped periodically to wastewater (EPA-74103d). Still water: A pipe, chamber, or compartment with comparatively small inlet or inlets communicating with a main body of water. Its purpose is to dampen waves or surges while permitting the water level within the well to rise and fall with the major fluctuations of the main body of water. It is used with water-measuring devices to improve accuracy of measurement. See water for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Still: A device used to volatilize, separate, and recover petroleum solvent from contaminated solvent, together with the piping and ductwork used in the installation of this device (40CFR60.621-91, see also EPA-74104~). Stillwell: A pipe, chamber, or compartment with small inlets to a main body of water. Its purpose is to dampen waves or surges while permitting the water level within the well to rise and fall with the major fluctuations of the main body of water (EPA83/09). Stipend: The supplemental financial assistance, other than tuition and fees, paid directly to the trainee by the recipient organization (40CFR45.115-91, see also 40CFR46.120-91). Stochastic model: A model in which dispersion is described statistically by the random motions of a number of clusters within a turbulence field which is also represented by random moving clusters. The clusters interact through collision and coagulation processes and they are also influenced by decay smaller clusters (NATO-78110). Stochastic: Based on the assumption that the actions of a chemical substance result from probabilistic events (Course 165.6). Stock configuration: That no modifications have been made to the original equipment motorcycle that would affect the noise emissiors of the vehicle when measured according to the acceleration test procedure (40CFR205.165-91).
Stock on hand: The products which are in the possession, direction, or control of a person and are intended for distribution in commerce (40CFR763.163-91). Stock solution: The concentrated solution of the test substance which is dissolved and introduced into the dilution water (40CFR797.1520-91, see also 40CFR797.1600-91). Stoichiometric air: See stoichiometric combustion air. Stoichiometric coefficient: The number that precedes the chemical symbol in a chemical reaction equation. For example: for the equation, 2H2 + 0 2 2H20, the numbers 2 for HZ; 1 for 02; and 2 for H20 are the stoichiometric coefficients.
+
Stoichiometric combustion (or theoretical combustion): A combustion condition that a combustible mixture contains an exact amount of oxidant (oxygen or combustion air) for the complete combustion of the mixture (cf. stoichiometric). See combustion for more related terms. Stoichiometric combustion air (stoichiometric air, theoretical air, or theoretical combustion air): (1) The quantity of air required to completely bum organic compounds and their associated fuel (if any) with no oxygen appearing in the products of combustion. The theoretical combustion air is also known as theoretical air, stoichiometric combustion air or stoichiometric air. (2) Theoretical air is the calculated amount of air required to supply oxygen for complete combustion of a given quantity of a specific combustible material. Also referred to as stoichiometric air (cf. stoichiometry) (EPA-83). (3) See combustion air for more related terms. Stoichiometric ratio: The air-fuel ratio of a reaction system under which the system contains the exact amount of air required for the complete reaction of the fuel contained in the system. Stoichiometric: (1) A term applied to a mixture of fuel and air containing precisely the amount of air required for complete combustion of the fuel. Thus, no oxygen remains in the flue gas following the combustion process. Few combustion processes are designed for operation with a stoichiometric mixture. Excess air is usually provided, the amount varying with the process and type of fuel, e.g., odor control with an afterburner fired by natural gas would employ a minimum of excess air; a garbage incinerator might be designed with introduction of 100% excess air (EPA84/09). (2) Characterized by or being a proportion of substances or energy in a specific chemical reaction in which there is no excess of any reactant or product (LBL76107-air). Stoichiometry: Material balances involving chemical reactions (EPA-84/09). Stoke flow: It is used to describe particle settling dynamics in the laminar flow regime, e.g., Reynolds number is less than 2.0. See
flow, flow regime, or Stokes law for more related terms (EPA84/09). Stoker: A movable grate (a mechanical device) designed to feed solid fuel or solid waste to a furnace (cf. grate) (SW-lO8ts). Stoker: For more related terms, see (1) Chain grate stoker; (2) Incinerator stoker, (3) Inertial grate stoker; (4) Oscillating grate stoker; (5) Reciprocating grate stoker; (6) Rocking grate stoker; (7) Rotary kiln stoker; and (8) Traveling grate stoker. Stokes law: (1) The law used to describe particle settling dynamics in the laminar flow regime, i.e., Reynolds number less than 2.0 (cf. flow regime) (EPA-84/09). (2) The total drag force or resistance of the medium due to fluid motion relative to the particle is the sum of form and friction drag. When particle motion is described by this equation, it is said to be in the Stokes regime (EPA-90108). (3) See law for more related terms. Stone feed: The limestone feedstock and millscale or other iron oxide additives that become part of the product (40CFR60.341-91). Stone: An imperfection; crystalline contaminations in glass (EPA83). Storage (of hazardous substance): Holding of hazardous substances for a temporary period, at the end of which the hazardous substance is either used, neutralized, disposed of, or stored elsewhere (SDWAIradionuclide-04). Storage and retrieval of aerometric data (SAROAD) system: A computerized system which stores and reports information relating to ambient air quality (40CFR58.1-91). Storage battery: A battery that can store chemical energy with the potential to change to electricity. This conversion of chemical energy to electricity can be reversed thus allowing the battery to be recharged. See battery for more related terms (EPA-84/08). Storage bin: A facility for storage (including surge bins and hoppers) or metallic minerals prior to further processing or loading (40CFR60.38 1-91, see 60.671-91). Storage coefficient: A measure of the volume of water contained in an aquifer, related to porosity and aquifer thickness. Expressed as an absolute value normally from 0.00001 to 0.002 for confined aquifers and from 0.02 to 0.35 for water table aquifers (NavyEnv04). Storage coefficient: The volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface of the aquifer per unit change in head (Course, 165.7). Storage container: Any stationary vessel of more than 1000 gallons (3785) liters nominal capacity Stationary vessels include
portable vessels placed temporarily at the location; e.g., tanks on skids (40CFR52.2285-91, see also 40CFR52.2286-91).
finished goods, or products while awaiting use, shipment, or consumption (EPA-85/11).
Storage for disposal: The temporary storage of PCBs that have been designated for disposal (40CFR761.3-91).
Storage: (1) Water artificially impounded in surface or underground reservoirs, for future use. The term regulation refers to the action of this storage in modifying streamflow. See also conservation storage, total storage, dead storage, and usable storage. (2) Water naturally detained in a drainage basin, such as groundwater, channel storage, and depression storage. The term "drainage basin storage" or simply "basin storage" is sometimes used to refer collectively to the amount of water in natural storage in a drainage basin (CWAhydrology-04).
Storage pit: A pit in which solid waste is held prior to processing (SW-108ts). Storage prohibition: LDR provision that prevents the indefinite storage of untreated hazardous waste for reasons other than the accumulation of quantities necessary for effective treatment or disposal (RCRA/hazardous-04). Storage ratio: The net available storage divided by the mean flow for one year (CWAhydrology-04). Storage tank or storage vessel: Any stationary tank, reservoir, or container used for the storage of VOLs (40CFR52.741-91). Storage vessel: Any tank, reservoir, or container used for the storage of petroleum liquids, but does not include (1) Pressure vessels which are designed to operate in excess of 15 pounds per square inch gauge without emissions to the atmosphere except under emergency conditions; (2) Subsurface caverns or porous rock reservoirs; or (3) Underground tanks if the total volume of petroleum liquids added to and taken from a tank annually does not exceed twice the volume of the tank (40CFR60.111-91, see also 40CFR60.11 la; 60.1 11b; 60.691-91). Storage, bank: See bank storage. Storage, conservation: See conservation storage. Storage, dead: See dead storage.
Storage: Holding hazardous waste for a temporary period, after which the hazardous waste is treated, disposed of, or stored elsewhere (RCRA/hazardous-04). Storage: Temporary holding of waste pending treatment or disposal, as in containers, tanks, waste piles, and surface impoundments (EPA-97/12). Storage-required frequency curve: A graph showing the frequency with which storage equal to or greater than selected amounts will be required to maintain selected rates of regulated flow (CWAlhydrology-04). Storativity: The volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer, per unit change in head. It is equal to the product of specific storage and aquifer thickness. In an unconfined aquifer, the storativity is equal to the specific yield. Synonym: storage coefficient (NavyIEnv-04). Storativity: The volume of water that an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of aquifer per unit change in the component of head (fluid pressure plus elevation) normal to the surface (DOE-9 1/04).
Storage, depression: See depression storage. Storage, total: See total storage. Storage, usable: See usable storage.
STORET: EPA1s computerized STOrage and RETrieval water quality data base that includes physical, chemical, and biological data measured in water bodies throughout the United States (CWAIwastewater-04).
Storage: (1) Temporary holding of waste pending treatment or disposal, as in containers, tanks, waste piles, and surface impoundments. (2) When used in connection with hazardous waste, the containment of hazardous waste, either on a temporary basis or for a period of years, in such a manner as not to constitute disposal of such hazardous waste (NavyfEnv-04).
STORET: EPA's computerized water quality database that includes physical, chemical, and biological data measured in water bodies throughout the United States (EPA-91/03).
Storage: (1) The holding of hazardous waste for a temporary period, at end of which the hazardous waste is treated, disposed of, or stored else where (40CFR260.10-93). Storage methods include containers (Sol), tanks (S02), waste piles (S03), surface impoundments (S04), and other (S05) (40CFR264-AppII-93). (see also RCRA1004; 40CFR191.02; 243.101; 246.101; 259.10; 260.10; 270.2; 373.4-91). (2) Methods of keeping raw materials,
Storm drain: See storm sewer.
Storing: Piling, stacking, warehousing, and so forth (AP-40, p790).
Storm flow: See direct runoff. Storm seepage: That part of precipitation which infiltrates the surface soil, and moves toward the streams as ephemeral, shallow,
perched groundwater above the main groundwater level. Storm seepage is usually part of the direct runoff (CWA/hydrology-04).
Storm sewage: (1) The liquid flowing in sewers during or following a period of heavy rainfall and resulting therefrom (EPA76/03). (2) See sewage for more related terms. Storm sewer (or storm drain): A sewer intended to carry only stormwaters, surface runoff, street wash waters, and drainage. See sewer for more related terms (40CFR35.905-91, see also 40CFR35.2005; 60.691-91; EPA-74/11). Storm sewer: A sewer that carries only surface runoff, street wash, and snow melt from the land. In a separate sewer system, storm sewers are completely separate from those that carry domestic and commercial wastewater (sanitary sewers) (CWAIWscience-04). Storm sewer: A system of pipes (separate from sanitary sewers) that carries water runoff from buildings and land surfaces (EPA97/12). Storm surge: An abnormal and sudden rise of the sea along a shore as a result of the winds of a storm (CWNWbasics-04). Stormwater discharge associated with industrial activity: The discharge from any conveyance which is used for collecting and conveying stormwater and which is directly related to manufacturing, processing, or raw materials storage areas at an industrial plant (for complete definition, see 40CFR122.26-91).
SWPPP is intended to facilitate a process whereby the operator evaluates potential pollutant sources at the site and selects and implements appropriate measures designed to prevent or control the discharge of pollutants in stormwater runoff. Guidance on developing a SWPPP and the implementation of appropriate best management practices (BMPs) is available at http://cfpub.epa. gov/npdes/stormwater/swppp.cfm(CWNwastewater-04).
Stormwater sewer system: A drain and collection system designed and operated for the sole purpose of collecting stormwater and which is segregated from the process wastewater collection system (40CFR60.691-91). Stormwater: Stormwater runoff, snow melt runoff, and surface runoff and drainage [40CFR122.26(b)(13)] (CWNwastewater-04). Stormwater: The stormwater runoff, snow melt runoff, and surface runoff and drainage. See water for more related terms (40CFR122.26-91). Storm: A disturbance of the ordinary average conditions of the atmosphere which, unless specifically qualified, may include any or all meteorological disturbances, such as wind, rain, snow, hail, or thunder (CWAhydrology-04). Straddle milling: Peripheral milling a workpiece on both sides at once using two cutters spaced as required (EPA-83106a). Straight chain: See chain.
Stormwater discharge-related activities: Activities that cause, contribute to, or result in stormwater point source pollutant discharges, including excavation, site development, grading, and other surface disturbance activities; and measures to control stormwater, including the siting, construction, and operation of BMPs to control, reduce, or prevent stormwater pollution. (Source: Appendix A of the 2003 Construction General Permit [PDF Format]) (CWNwastewater-04)
Straight kraft recovery furnace: A furnace used to recover chemicals consisting primarily of sodium and sulfur compounds by burning black liquor which on a quarterly basis contains 7 weight percent or less of the total pulp solids from the neutral sulfite semichemical process or has green liquor sulfidity of 28% or less. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.281-91).
Stormwater lake: A reservoir for storaging stormwater runoff collected from plant site; also, auxiliary source of process water. See lake for more related terms (EPA-83106a).
Strategic special nuclear material: The uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched to 20% or more in the u~~~ isotope), uranium233, or plutonium (10CFR70.4-91).
Stormwater or wastewater collection system: The piping, pumps, conduits, and any other equipment necessary to collect and transport the flow of surface water runoff resulting from precipitation, or domestic, commercial or industrial wastewater to and from retention areas or any areas where treatment is designated to occur. The collection of stormwater and wastewater does not include treatment except where incidental to conveyance (40CFR280.12-91).
Stratification: (1) The division of a population into subpopulations for sampling purposes. (2) The separation of environmental media (e.g., air or water) into layers as in lakes (Course 165.6).
Stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP): A stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) is a written document that describes the construction operator's activities to comply with the requirements in the construction general permit (CGP). The
Strain: Elastic deformation due to stress (EPA-83).
Stratification: Separating into layers (EPA-97/12). Stratification: Subdivision of the environmental h e w o r k . The Study Unit is divided into subareas that exhibit reasonable homogeneous environmental conditions, as determined by both natural and human influences (CWNWquality-04).
Stratified fluid: A fluid in which a density variation along the axis of gravity is present, influencing the fluid motions (NATO78/10). Stratigraphy: Study of the formation, composition, and sequence of sediments, whether consolidated or not (EPA-97/12). Stratigraphy: The relationship of formation composition, sequence, and correlation in layered rocks or sediments (NavyIEnv-04). Stratosphere: Part of the atmosphere, the gases that encircle the earth. The stratosphere is a layer of the atmosphere 9-31 miles above the earth. Ozone in the stratosphere filters out harmful sun rays including a type of sunlight called ultraviolet B, which has been linked to health and environmental damage (CMair-04). Stratosphere: Part of the portion of the atmosphere 10 to 25 miles above the Earth's surface, the gases that encircle the earth. The stratosphereis a layer of the atmosphere 9 to 31 miles above the earth. Ozone in the stratosphere filters out harmful sunrays, including a type of sunlight called ultraviolet B, which has been l i e d to health and environmental damage (CMAPC-04).
Stream function: The function in two dimensions, which is constant along each streamline in a fluid (NATO-78110). Stream gaging: The process and art of measuring the depths, areas, velocities, and rates of flow in natural or artificial channels (CWA/hydrology-04). Stream mile: A distance of 1 mile along a line connecting the midpoints of the channel of a stream (CWANbasics-04). Stream order: A method of numbering streams as part of a drainage basin network. The smallest unbranched mapped tributary is called first order, the stream receiving the tributary is called second order, and so on. It is usually necessary to specify the scale of the map used. A first-order stream on a 1:62,500 map, may be a third-order stream on a 1:12,000 map. Tributaries which have no branches are designated as of the first order, streams which receive only first-order tributaries are of the second order, larger branches which receive only first-order and second-order tributaries are designated third order, and so on, the main stream being always of the highest order (CWAhydrology-04).
Stratosphere: That part of the atmosphere above the tropopause (CAA111-42U.S.C.7411-91).
Stream order: A ranking of the relative sizes of streams within a watershed based on the nature of their tributaries. The smallest unbranched tributary is called first order, the stream receiving the tributary is called second order, and so on (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Stratosphere: The portion of the atmosphere 10 to 25 miles above the Earth's surface (EPA-97/12).
Stream reach: A continuous part of a stream between two specified points (CWANbasics-04).
Stratosphere: The region of the atmosphere above the troposphere. The stratosphere extends from about lOkm to about 50km in altitude. Commercial airlines fly in the lower stratosphere. The stratosphere gets warmer at higher altitudes. In fact, this warming is caused by ozone absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Warm air remains in the upper stratosphere, and cool air remains lower, so there is much less vertical mixing in this region than in the troposphere (CMozone-04).
Stream: A general term for a body of flowing water. In hydrology the term is generally applied to the water flowing in a natural channel as distinct from a canal. More generally as in the term stream gaging, it is applied to the water flowing in any channel, natural or artificial. Streams in natural channels may be classified as follows: (1) Relation to time: (a) Perennial. One which flows continuously. (b) Intermittent or seasonal. One which flows only at certain times of the year when it receives water from springs or from some surface source such as melting snow in mountainous areas. (c) Ephemeral. One that flows only in direct response to precipitation, and whose channel is at all times above the water table. (2) Relation to space: (a) Continuous. One that does not have interruptions in space. (b) Interrupted. One which contains alternating reaches, that are either perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral. (3) Relation to groundwater: (a) Gaining. A stream or reach of a stream that receives water from the zone of saturation. (b) Losing. A stream or reach of a stream that contributes water to the zone of saturation. (c) Insulated. A stream or reach of a stream that neither contributes water to the zone of saturation nor receives water from it. It is separated from the zones of saturation by an impermeable bed. (d) Perched. A perched stream is either a losing stream or an insulated stream that is separated from the underlying groundwater by a zone of aeration (USGSNH-04).
Stratosphere: The region of the upper atmosphere extending from the tropopause (8 to 15 kilometers altitude) to about 50 kilometers. Its thermal structure, which is determined by its radiation balance, is generally very stable with low humidity (CMCO2gasl-04). Stratum (plural strata): A single sedimentary bed or layer, regardless of thickness, that consists of generally the same kind of rock material (40CFR144.3-91, see also 40CFR146.3-91). Stream deposition: The laying down of solid materials canied by a stream, which may take the form of channel deposits, flood deposits, bars, spits, fans, or deltas (DOI-70104). Stream flow source zone: The upstream headwaters area which drains into the recharge zone as defined in the December 16,1975, Notice of Determination (40CFR149.10 1-91).
Stream: A general term for a body of flowing water; natural water course containing water at least part of the year. In hydrology, it is
generally applied to the water flowing in a natural channel as distinct from a canal (CWNWscience-04).
Stream-aquifer interactions: Relations of water flow and chemistry between streams and aquifers that are hydraulically connected (CWAIWbasics-04).
Stress crack-ASTM D l 6 3 An external or internal rupture in a plastic caused by tensile stress less than its short-time mechanical strength (cf. environmental stress crack) (EPA-91/05).
Streamflow depletion: The amount of water that flows into a valley, or onto a particular land area, minus the water that flows out the valley or off from the particular land area (CWA/hydrology-04).
Stress crack-ASTM D3: An external or internal crack in a plastic caused by tensile stresses less than its short-time mechanical strength. Note: The development of such cracks is frequently accelerated by the environmental to which the plastic is exposed. The stresses which cause cracking may be present internally or externally or may be combinations of these stresses (EPA-9 1/05).
Streamflow: A type of channel flow, applied to that part of surface runoff in a stream whether or not it is affected by diversion or regulation (CWNWquality-04).
Stress level: The level of tangential or hoop stress, usually expressed as a percentage of specified minimum yield strength (40CFR195.2-91).
Streamflow: The discharge that occurs in a natural channel. Although the term discharge can be applied to the flow of a canal, the word streamflow uniquely describes the discharge in a surface stream course. The term "streamflow" is more general than runoff, as streamflow may be applied to discharge whether or not it is affected by diversion or regulation (CWA/hydrology-04).
Stress relieved: The heat treatment used to relieve the internal stresses induced by forming or heat treating operations. It consists of heating a part uniformly, followed by cooling slow enough so as not to reintroduce stresses. To obtain low stress levels in steels and cast irons, temperatures as high as 1250-F may be required. (EPA-83106a).
Streamflow: The water discharge that occurs in a natural channel. A more general term than runoff, streamflow may be applied to discharge whether or not it is affected by diversion or regulation (CWAIWscience-04).
Stress: An internally distributed force; it is the internal mechanical reaction of the material accompanying deformation (Markes-67). In fluid mechanics, the force per unit area on a given surface in a fluid (NATO-78/10).
Stream-gaging station: A gaging station where a record of discharge of a stream is obtained. Within the Geological Survey this term is used only for those gaging stations where a continuous record of discharge is obtained (CWNhydrology-04).
Stressed water: Those receiving environments in which an applicant can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Administrator, that the absence of a balanced, indigenous population is caused solely by human perturbations other than the applicant's modified discharge. See water for more related terms (40CFR125.58-91).
Streamline: A line on a map that is parallel to the direction of fluid flow and shows flow patterns (CWNWbasics-04). Streamline: See flow line. Street canyon model: The model which describes the dispersion of air pollutants by the local air circulation in a street between two rows of high buildings. Primarily of importance where the dispersion of traffic emissions are concerned (NATO-78/10). Street refuse (or street waste): The wastes materials picked up by manual or mechanical sweeping of streets and sidewalks, litter from public receptacles and dirt removed from catch basins. See refuse for more related terms (EPA-83). Street waste (or street refuse): Materials picked up by manual or mechanical sweepings of alleys, streets, and sidewalks; wastes from public waste receptacles; and material removed from catch basins. See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.101-91). Strength: A term to indicate relative thickness in sheet glass (EPA-83).
Stressor: Any physical, chemical, or biological entity that can induce an adverse effect on ecosystems or human health (adapted from RAF 1992) (EPA-95/04). Stressors: Physical, chemical, or biological entities that can induce adverse effects on ecosystems or human health (EPA97/12). Stretching: Any change in length, width, or diameter of the cargo tank, or any change to a cargo tank motor vehicle's undercarriage that may affect the cargo tank's structural integrity (40CFRl80.403-91). Stria: A cord of low intensity generally of interest only in optical glass (cord) (EPA-83). Striatum: Corpus striatum (LBL-76107-bio). Strict liability: The assessment of liability for damages without requiring proof of negligence (SF/reform-04).
Strict liability: The government needs to prove only involvement at a waste site, not negligence. Under CERCLA, proof of strict causation is not necessary (SFIEnv-04).
Stripping ratio: The unit amount of overburden that must be removed to gain access to a similar unit amount of coal or mineral material (CWNmining-04).
Strict, joint, and several liability: The liability scheme imposed by CERCLA (see strict liability and joint and several liability) (SFIreform-04).
Stripping: In air stripping, liquid waste is pumped to the system near the top of the stripping column and distributed uniformly across the packing. It flows downward by gravity countercurrent to an airflow which is blown into the base of the tower and flows upward. As the air passes through the column, it contacts with the liquid waste, and strips the volatile organics in the waste and carries them to the atmosphere.
Strike: (1) For noun: A thin coating of metal (usually less than 0.0001 inch in thickness) to be followed by other coatings (EPA74103d). (2) For noun: A solution used to deposit a strike (EPA74103d). (3) For verb: To plate for a short time, usually at a high initial current density (EPA-74103d). Strike: The direction of the line of intersection of a bed or vein with the horizontal plane. The strike of a bed is the direction of a straight line that connects two points of equal elevation on the bed (CWNmining-04). Strip, sheet, and plate: Those acid pickling operations that pickle strip, sheet, or plate products (40CFR420.91-91). Strip, sheet, and miscellaneous products: The steel products other than wire products and fasteners (40CFR420.121-91). Strip: To take off RACM from any part of a facility or facility components (40CFR61.141-91). Strip-cropping: Growing crops in a systematic arrangement of strips or bands that serve as barriers to wind and water erosion (EPA-97/12). Strip-mining: A process that uses machines to scrape soil or rock away from mineral deposits just under the earth's surface (EPA97112). Stripper well: A well that produces 60 million cubic feet of gas per day or less for a period of three consecutive months while producing at its maximum flow rate (CAA/COagas-04). Stripper well: An oil or gas well that produces at relatively low rates. For oil, stripper production is usually defined as production rates of between 5 and 15 barrels of oil per day. Stripper gas production would generally be anything less than 60 thousand cubic feet per day (CAA/C02gasl-04). Stripper: Includes any vessel in which residual vinyl chloride is removed from polyvinyl chloride resin, except bulk resin, in the slurry form by the use of heat andlor vacuum. In the case of bulk resin, stripper includes any vessel which is used to remove residual vinyl chloride from polyvinyl chloride resin immediately following the polymerization step in the plant process flow (40CFR61.61-91).
Stripping: In immiscible organics, the organics and the aqueous liquid (condensed steam) separate due to different gravity. The separated organics might be recovered for re-use as a solvent or a fuel, and the separated aqueous liquid which is saturated with the organic contaminant(s) may be combined with the feed and returned to the top of the stripping column. For the miscible organics, the organics is dissolved in the condensed water and there is no phase separation. The mixture may therefore require further treatment. Stripping: In steam stripping, the preheated wastewater enters near the top of the distillation column and then flows down by gravity countercurrent to the steam rising up from the bottom of the column. As the steam passes through the column, it contacts with the liquid waste, and strips the volatile organics in the waste and carries them to a condenser where the mixture of organic vapors and steam is condensed in a water-cooled heat exchanger and collected in an accumulator tank. Stripping: Physical transfer of dissolved molecules from a liquid wastestream to a flowing gas (air stripping) or vapor stream (steam stripping). It is normally carried out as a continuous operation that employs a packed tower for air stripping and a conventional fractional distillation column for steam stripping (cf. ammonia stripping). Strong acid: An acid which can completely ionize in a solution, e.g., hydrogen chloride (HCI), sulfuric acid (H2SO4),or nitric acid (FINO3). See acid for more related terms. Strong base: A base which can completely ionize in a solution, e.g., sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH). See base for more related terms. Strong chelating agent: All compounds which, by virtue of their chemical structure and amount present, form soluble metal complexes which are not removed by subsequent metals control techniques such as pH adjustment followed by clarification or filtration (40CFR413.02-91). Strontium (Sr): An alkaline earth metal with atomic number 38; atomic weight 87.62; density 2.6 glee; melting point 768 C and boiling point 1380 C. The element belongs to group IIA of the periodic table.
Structural clay products: Ceramic products used in construction of buildings, walks, roads, and pipelines (EPA-83). Structural deformation: Distortion in walls of a tank after liquid has been added or removed (EPA-97/12). Structural glass: (1) Flat glass, usually colored or opaque, and frequently ground and polished, used for structural purposes. (2) Glass block, usually hollow, used for structural purposes (EPA83). (3) See glass for more related terms. Structural member: Any load-supporting member of a facility, such as beams and load supporting walls; or any nonloadsupporting member, such as ceilings and nonload-supporting walls (40CFR61.141-91). Structure: (1) A microscopic bundle, cluster, fiber, or matrix which may contain asbestos (40CFR763-AppIA-91). (2) See building, structure, facility, or installation (40CFR.51.165; 51.166; 52.21; 52.24-91). Strychinine (C21H2202N2): A toxic compound used in destroying rodents and predatory animals. Study unit: A major hydrologic system of the United States in which NAWQA studies are focused. Study Units are geographically defined by a combination of groundwater and surface water features and generally encompass more than 4000 square miles of land area (CWAOVquality-04). Study: Any experiment at one or more test sites, in which a test substance is studied in a test system under conditions or in the environment to determine or help predict its effects, metabolism, product performance (efficacy studies only as required by 40CFR158.640), environmental and chemical fate, persistence, or other characteristics in humans, other living organisms, or media. The term does not include basic exploratory studies carried out to determine whether a test substance as any potential utility (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR716.3; 720.3; 723.50; 792.3-91). Study-unit survey: Broad assessment of the water-quality conditions of the major aquifer systems of each Study Unit. The Study Unit Survey relies primarily on sampling existing wells and, wherever possible, on existing data collected by other agencies and programs. Typically, 20 to 30 wells are sampled in each of three to five aquifer subunits (CWNWquality-04). Stuff and burn: A situation in which the charging rate is greater than burning rate of an incinerator (EPA-89103b). Stuff: Term given to a very fluid mixture of pulp and water--also referred to as slush or stock (EPA-83).
Stuffing box pressure: The fluid (liquid or gas) pressure inside the casing or housing of a piece of equipment, on the process side of the inboard seal (40CFR61.241-91). Stump: Any small pillar (CWNmining-04). Styrene (C7H7): A toxic liquid used in plastics, resins, and rubbers. Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic aroma. Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether; polymerizes rapidly; can become explosive. Used to make polymers and copolymers, polystyrene plastics, and rubber (CAA/C02gasl-04). Subagreement: A written agreement between an EPA recipient and another party (other than another public agency) and any lower tier agreement for services, supplies, or construction necessary to complete the project. Subagreements include contracts and subcontracts for personal and professional services, agreements with consultants, and purchase orders (40CFR30.20091, see also 40CFR33.005; 35.936.1; 35.4010-91). Subbituminous coal: A coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal and used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It may be dull, dark brown to black, soft and crumbly, at the lower end of the range, to bright, jet black, hard, and relatively strong, at the upper end. Subbituminous coal contains 20 to 30% inherent moisture by weight. The heat content of subbituminous coal ranges from 17 to 24 million Btu per ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of subbituminous coal consumed in the United States averages 17 to 18 million Btu per ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter) (CAA/C02gas1-04). Subbituminous coal: A dull, black coal of rank intermediate between lignite and bituminous coal (CAA/C02gas-04). Subbituminous coal: Coal that is classified as subbituminous A, B, or C according to the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Specification for Classification of Coals by Rank D388-77 (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17). See coal for more related terms (40CFR60.41a-91). Subbituminous: Coal of a rank intermediate between lignite and bituminous (CWNmining-04). Subcategorization: The process of segmentation of an industry into groups of plants for which uniform effluent limitations can be established (EPA-8511Oa). Subchronic delayed neurotoxicity: A prolonged, delayed onset locomotor ataxia resulting from repeated daily administration of the test substance (40CFR798.6560-91).
Subchronic dermal toxicity: The adverse effects occumng as a result of the repeated daily exposure of experimental animals to a chemical by dermal application for part (approximately 10%) of a life span (40CFR798.2250-91). Subchronic exposure: (1) Multiple or continuous exposures occumng usually over three months (EPA-92/12). (2) Multiple or continuous exposures occumng over about 10% of an experimental species lifetime, usually over three months (EPA90108). Subchronic exposure: Multiple or continuous exposures lasting for approximately 10% of an experimental species lifetime, usually over a three-month period (EPA-97/12). Subchronic inhalation toxicity: The adverse effects occurring as a result of the repeated daily exposure of experimental animals to a chemical by inhalation for part (approximately 10%) of a life span (40CFR798.2450-91). Subchronic oral toxicity: The adverse effects occumng as a result of the repeated daily exposure of experimental animals to a chemical for a part (approximately 10% for rats) of a life span (40CFR795.260-91). Subchronic study: A toxicity study designed to measure effects from subchronic exposure to a chemical (EPA-92/12). Subchronic: Of intermediate duration, usually used to describe studies or periods of exposure lasting between 5 and 90 days (EPA-97/12). Subclass: A classification of heavy-duty engines or heavy-duty vehicles based on such factors as gross vehicle weight rating, fuel usage, vehicle usage, engine horsepower, or additional criteria (for complete definition, see 40CFR86.1102.87-91). Subconfiguration: A unique combination within a vehicle configuration of equivalent test weight, road-load horsepower, and any other operational characteristics or parameters which the Administrator determines may significantly affect fuel economy within a vehicle configuration (40CFR600.002.85-91). Subcooled liquid: See compressed liquid. Subindex: The calculated index value for a single pollutant as described in section 7 (40CFR58-ApplG-91). Sublethal: A stimulus below the level that causes death (EPA91/03; 85/09). Sublimation: A change of state directly from a solid state to a gas state without appearance of the liquid state (EPA-77/07).
Submeander: Small meander contained with banks of main channel, associated with relatively low discharges (CWAIhydrology-04). Submerged aquatic vegetation: Vegetation such as sea grasses that cannot withstand excessive drying and therefore live with their leaves at or below the water surface; an important habitat for young fish and other aquatic organisms (NavyIEnv-04). Submerged aquatic vegetation: Vegetation that lives at or below the water surface; an important habitat for young fish and other aquatic organisms (EPA-97/12). Submerged arc furnace: A ferroalloy reduction furnace, the electrodes usually extend to a considerable depth into the charge, hence such furnaces are called submerged-arc furnaces. This name is used for the furnaces whose load is practically entirely of the resistant type. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-75/02). Submerged loading pipe: Any discharge pipe or nozzle which meets either of the following conditions: (1) Where the tank is filled from the top, the end of the discharge pipe or nozzle must be totally submerged when the liquid level is 15 cm (6 in.) above the bottom of the tank. (2) Where the tank is filled from the side, the discharge pipe or nozzle must be totally submerged when the liquid level is 46 cm (18 in.) above the bottom of the tank (4OCFR52.741-91). Submerged tube evaporation: The evaporation of feed materials using horizontal steam-heat tubes submerged in solution. Vapors are driven off and condensed while concentrated solution is bled off (EPA-83106a). Submersed plant: A plant that lies entirely beneath the water surface, except for flowering parts in some species (CWAIWbasics-04). Submission: (1) A request by a POTW for approval of a Pretreatment Program to the EPA or a Director; (2) A request by a POTW to the EPA or a Director for authority to revise the discharge limits in categorical Pretreatment Standards to reflect POTW pollutant removals; or (3) A request to the EPA by an NPDES state for approval of its state pretreatment program (40CFR403.3-91). Subsidence (or land subsidence): The lowering of the natural land surface in response to: earth movements; lowering of fluid pressure; removal of underlying supporting material by mining or solution of solids, either artificially or from natural causes; compaction due to wetting (hydrocompaction); oxidation of organic matter in soils; or added load on the land (40CFR146.3-91, see also 40CFR147.2902-91). Subsidence inversion: The inversion caused by the adiabatic warming of downward moving air. It is most common in connection with a high pressure area, in which average downward
motions are present. See inversion for more related terms (NATO78/10).
Subsidence: A dropping of the land surface as a result of groundwater being pumped. Cracks and fissures can appear in the land. Subsidence is virtually an irreversible process (CWA/Wscience-04). Subsidence: Compression of soft aquifer materials in a confined aquifer due to pumping of water from the aquifer (CWNWquality-04). Subsidence: The gradual sinking, or sometimes abrupt collapse, of the rock and soil layers into an underground mine. Structures and surface features above the subsidence area can be affected (CWNmining-04). Subsidy: Direct or indirect payment from government to businesses, citizens, or institutions to encourage a desired activity (OTA-89/10). Subsoil: The part of the soil beneath the topsoil; usually does not have an appreciable organic matter content (SW-108ts). Substance: Either a chemical substance or mixture unless otherwise indicated (40CFR704.3-91, see also 40CFR716.3; 717.3-91). Substance-specific applied research: A program of research designed to fill important data needs for specific hazardous substances identified in ATSDR's toxicological profiles. Filling these data needs would allow more accurate assessment of human risks from specific substances contaminating the environment. This research might include human studies or laboratory experiments to determine health effects resulting from exposure to a given hazardous substance (SFIhealth-04). Substantial business relationship: The extent of a business relationship necessary under applicable state law to make a guarantee contract issued incident to that relationship valid and enforceable. A "substantial business relationship" must arise from a pattern of recent or ongoing business transactions, in addition to the guarantee itself, such that a currently existing business relationship between the guarantor and the owner or operator is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the applicable EPA Regional Administrator (40CFR264.141-h). Substantial completion: The point in construction when the work is almost finished and the contractor is no longer in the home on a daily basis. After substantial completion the final inspection will be performed and a Punch List prepared. The contractor will then return to complete the punch list items (NCNnoise-04). Substantial risk notification: TSCA Section 8(e) places upon chemical manufacturers, etc., the responsibility for reporting any indication of adverse effect. In the words of the Act, any person
who obtains information which reasonably supports the conclusion that such substance or mixture presents a substantial risk of injury to health or the environment shall immediately inform the Administrator of such information unless such person has actual knowledge (Arbuckle-89).
Substantiation: The written answers submitted to EPA by a submitter to the specific questions set forth in this regulation in support of a claim in chemical identity is a trade secret (40CFR350.1-91). Substate: Refers to any public regional, local, county, municipal, or intermunicipal agency, or regional or local public (including interstate) solid or hazardous waste management authority, or other public agency below the state level (40CFR256.06-91). Substation: A complete assemblage of a plant at a place where electrical energy is received (from one or more power stations) for conversion (e.g., from AC to DC by means of rectifiers, rotary converters), for stepping-up or down by means of transformers, or for control (e.g., by means of switch-gear) (EPA-83/03). Substitution reaction: A chemical reaction in which replacement of one atom, radical, or molecule by another one takes place. Substitution: A reaction in which one substituent on a molecule is replaced by another (Navy/Env-04). Substoichiometric combustion air (deficient air, starved air, starved combustion air, or starved combustion air): The combustion air supplied less than those required at stoichiometric levels. In controlled air incineration, the primary chamber is maintained at less than stoichiometric air conditions. See combustion air for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Substrate size: The diameter of streambed particles such as clay, silt, sand, gravel, cobble, and boulders (CWA/Wquality-04). Substrate: (1) The base on which an organism lives. (2) A reactant in a microbial respiration reaction (electron donor) (NavyIEnv-04). Substrate: (1) The surface onto which a coating is applied or into which a coating is impregnated (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.741-91). (2) The reactant portion of any biochemical reaction materials which are transformed into a product. (3) Any substance used as a nutrient by a microorganism. (4) The liquor in which activated sludge or other material is kept in suspension (EPA-76/03). Substrate: The surface beneath a wetland, lake, or stream in which organisms grow or to which organisms are attached (CWNWbasics-04). Subsurface drain: A shallow drain installed in an irrigated field to intercept the rising groundwater level and maintain the water
table at an acceptable depth below the land surface (CWA/Wquality-04). Subsurface runoff: See storm seepage (CWAJhydrology-04). Subtidal: Continuously submerged; an area affected by ocean tides (CWA/Wbasics-04). Subtitle C landfill: A landfill that accepts hazardous waste (including treated hazardous waste) (RCRAflandban-04). Subtitle C: The hazardous waste section of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 (RCWmanagement-04). Subtitle D landfill: A landfill that accepts nonhazardous waste (RCRA~landban-04). Subtitle D: The solid, nonhazardous waste section of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 (RCWmanagement-04). Subtitle F: Section of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 requiring the federal government to actively participate in procurement programs fostering the recovery and use of recycled materials and energy (RCWmanagement-04). Subtransmission (substation) transformer: At the end of a transmission line, the voltage is reduced to the subtransmission level (at substations) by subtransmission transformers. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Subtropical anticyclone: A semipermanent anticyclone located, on the average, over oceans near 30 degrees N. and 30 degrees S. latitude (CWA/Wbasics-04). Subunit: An atom or group of associated atoms chemically derived from corresponding reactants (40CFR704.25-91, see also 40CFR721.350; 723.250-91). Subwatershed: Topographic perimeter of the catchment area of a stream tributary. Sucrose: A disaccharide having the formula C12H22011The terms sucrose and sugar are generally interchangeable, and the common sugar of commerce is sucrose in varying degrees of purity. Refined cane sugar is essentially 100% sucrose (EPA-75102d). Suction dredge: A centrifugal pump mounted on a barge to lift the materials (dredge) through a suction pipe. See dredge for more related terms (EPA-82/05). Suction process: Any process where glass is gathered by vacuum into the mold (EPA-83).
Sudden accidental occurrence: An occurrence which is not continuous or repeated in nature. See accidental occurrence for more related terms (40CFR264.141-91, see also 40CFR265.14191). Sudden accidental occurrences: For purposes of I TSDF financial assurance, events that are not, continuous or repeated (RCRA/hazardous-04). Sufficient evidence: According to the U.S. EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, sufficient evidence is a collection of facts and scientific references which is definitive enough to establish that the adverse effect is caused by the agent in question (EPA-92/12). Sugar: A sweet, crystallizable substance, colorless or white when pure, occurring in many plant juices and forming an important article of human food. The chief sources of sugar are the sugar cane and the sugar beet, the completely refined products of which are identical and form the granulated sugar of commerce. Chemically, sugar is a disaccharide with the formula C12HZ2011 formed by union of one molecule of dextrose with one molecule of levulose (EPA-74/01a). Sugar: For more related terms, see (1) Raw sugar; (2) Raw sugar juice; (3) Refined sugar; (4) Saccharide; and (5) Saccharin. Suitable substitute decision: The Administrator's decision whether a product which the Administrator has determined to be a low noise-emission product is a suitable substitute for a product or products presently being purchased by the federal government (40CFR203.1-91). Sulfate pulp: The pulp produced by chemical methods using alkaline solution of caustic soda and sodium sulfide. The sulfate process produces the strongest fibers. A wide variety of trees can be used, especially those with a high resin content, such as pine and douglas fir. Yields are 40 to 50% by weight. Kraft pulps are used principally in paperboard and coarse paper grades; unbleached grades are used in packaging, and bleached grades are used in packaging paperboard and a number of paper grades, including printing grades and tissue. Sulfate pulp is a major pulp product. See pulp for more related terms (EPA-83). Sulfate reducer: A microorganism that exists in anaerobic environments and reduces sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (NavyEnv04). Sulfate: The final decomposition product of organic sulfur compounds (EPA-76/03). Sulfide: (1) Ionized sulfur, expressed in mg/L as S (EPA-82/11). (2) Total sulfide (dissolved and acid soluble) as measured by the procedures listed in 40CFR136 (40CFR410.01-9 1).
Sulfidity: Sulfidity is a measure of the amount of sulfur in kraft cooking liquor. It is the percentage ratio of NaS, expressed as NaO, to active alkali (EPA-87/10). Sulfite cooking liquor: Sulfite cooking liquor shall be defined as bisulfite cooking liquor when the pH of the liquor is between 3.0 and 6.0 and as acid sulfite cooking liquor when the pH is less than 3.0. See liquor for more related terms (40CFR430.101; 430.21191). Sulfite pulp: The pulp produced by chemical cooking methods using sulfurous acid and a base in the form of a salt. It is used to process low resin woods such as spruce, fir, or hemlock. Sulfite pulp is used to make printing grades of paper, such as business papers, and for tissue; very little is used in paperboard. See pulp for more related terms (EPA-83). Sulfur (S): i4 yellow nonmetallic element with atomic number 16; atomic weight 32.064, density 2.07 glcc; melting point 119.0 C and boiling point 444.6 C. The element belongs to group VIA of the periodic table. Sulfur bacteria: The bacteria that oxidize sulfur compounds, precipitating sulfur or producing noxious sulfur gases such as hydrogen sulfide. In this process they may cause damage to concrete or other structures. See bacteria for more related terms (DOI-70104). Sulfur dioxide (Sod: A criteria air pollutant. S u l k dioxide is a gas produced by burning wal, most notably in power plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is closely related to sulfuric acid, a strong acid Sulfur dioxide plays an important role in the production of acid rain (CAAIAPC-04). Sulfur dioxide (SOz): A heavy, pungent, colorless gas formed primarily by the combustion of fossil fuels. It can damage the respiratory tract as well as vegetation and materials and is considered a major air pollutant (EPA-74/11, see also 40CFR58.191). Sulfur dioxide (SOz): A pungent, colorless, gas formed primarily by the combustion of fossil fuels; becomes a pollutant when present in large amounts (EPA-97/12). Sulfur dioxide: A criteria air pollutant. Sulfur dioxide is a gas produced by burning coal, most notably in power plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is closely related to sulfuric acid, a strong acid. Sulfur dioxide plays an important role in the production of acid rain (CANair-04). Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6): A colorless gas soluble in alcohol and ether, and slightly less soluble in water. It is used as a dielectric in electronics. It possesses the highest 100-year global warming potential of any gas (23,900) (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Sulfur hexafluoride: A colorless gas soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly soluble in water. Used as a dielectric in electronics (CAA/C02gas-04). Sulfur oxide (SO& Two major sulfur oxides, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) are important as air contaminants. The primary source of both is the combination of atmospheric oxygen with the sulfur in certain fuels during their combustion. Both the dioxide and trioxide are capable of producing illness and lung injury even at small concentrations, from 5 to 10 ppm. Further, each can combine with water in the air to form toxic acid aerosols that can corrode metal surface, fabrics, and the leaves of plants (AP-40, p15). Sulfur oxide emission control: Sulfur oxide emissions from fossil-fuel-fired combustion sources can be reduced by various techniques. See Appendix B to this book. Sulfur oxides (SOX): Compounds containing sulfur and oxygen, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) (CAA/C02gasl-04). Sulfur production rate: The rate of liquid sulfur accumulation from the sulfur recovery unit (40CFR60.641-91). Sulfur recovery unit: A process device that recovers element sulfur from acid gas (40CFR60.641-91). Sulfuric acid (HzS04): A toxic acid liquid used in fertilizers and explosives. Sulfuric acid concentrator (SAC): An evaporation process which concentrates weak sulfuric acid (68%) to strong sulfuric acid (92%) (EPA-76/03). Sulfuric acid pickling: Those operations in which steel products are immersed in sulfuric acid solutions to chemically remove oxides and scale, and those rinsing operations associated with such immersions (40CFR420.91-91). Sulfuric acid plant: Any facility producing sulfuric acid by the contact process by burning elemental sulfur, alkylation acid, hydrogen sulfide, or acid sludge, but not include facilities where conversion to sulfuric acid is utilized primarily as a means of preventing emissions to the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide or other sulfur compounds (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR60.161; 60.171; 60.181-91). Sulfuric acid production unit: Any facility producing sulfuric acid by the contact process by burning elemental sulfur, alkylation acid, hydrogen sulfide, organic sulfides and mercaptans, or acid sludge, but does not include facilities where conversion to sulfuric acid is utilized primarily as a means of preventing emissions to the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide or other sulfur compounds (40CFR60.81-91).
Sulfurous acid (H2S03): An unstable liquid used in the manufacture of paper, wine, etc. Sulphur hydrides: Including H2S, H2S2,H2S3,and H2S5. Sumithrin: An insecticide registered for use on mosquitoes in swamps, marshes, and recreational areas (FIFRAIWN-04). Sump pump: A mechanism for removing water or wastewater from a sump or wet well (EPA-89/12). Sump: A pit or tank that catches liquid runoff for drainage or disposal (EPA-97/12). Sump: A pit, cistern, cesspool, or similar in-ground receptacle where liquids drain, collect, or are stored (USDNwater-04). Sump: Any pit or reservoir that meets the definition of tank and those troughs/trenches connected to it that serves to collect hazardous waste for transport to hazardous waste storage, treatment, or disposal facilities (40CFR260.10-91). Sump: The bottom of a shaft, or any other place in a mine, that is used as a collecting point for drainage water (CWNmining-04). Sumping: To force the cutter bar of a machine into or under the coal. Also called a sumping cut, or sumping in (CWNmining-04). Sunlight direct aqueous photolysis rate constant: The firstorder rate constant in the unit of day-' and is a measure of the rate of disappearance of a chemical dissolved in a water body in sunlight (40CFR796.3700-91).
critical conditions. Even some types of wood fully dissolve in SCW. On the other hand, the solubility of sodium chloride (NaCI) could be as low as 100 ppm, and that of calcium chloride can be less than 10 ppm. This is the reverse of the solubilities in water that are encountered under sub-critical conditions--under which the two salts' solubilities are about 37 wt percent and up to 70 wt percent, respectively (Lee-83/07).
Super critical state: The state where the pressure is greater than the critical pressure (Wark-p57). Super critical: A state at or above the critical point of water (EPA-8211If). Super duty fireclay brick: A fireclay brick that has a PCE above Cone 33 on the fire product, shrinks less than one percent in the ASTM permanent linear change test, Schedule C (2910 F), and does not incur more than 4% loss in the panel spalling test (preheated to 3000 F). See brick for more related terms (SW108ts). Super heated gas: See super heated steam. Super heated steam (super heated vapor or super heated gas): The steam, vapor, or gas at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature at a given pressure. See steam for more related terms (Jones-pl43). Super mixed paper: The paper that consists of a baled clean sorted mixture of various qualities of papers containing less than 10% of groundwood stock, coated, or uncoated. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Super mixed wastepaper: See waste paper.
Super adiabatic: The condition where the temperature lapse rate is smaller than the dry adiabatic lapse rate resulting in unstable conditions (NATO-78110).
Super news wastepaper: See waste paper.
Super chlorination: A large quantity of chlorine (up to 20 mglliter) is used during chlorination.
Super news: Consists of baled sorted fresh newspapers, not sunburned, free from papers other than news, containing not more than the normal percentage of rotogravure and colored sections (EPA-83).
Super conductivity: No measurable electrical resistance at temperature approaching to 0 K for certain materials. Super critical fluid (SCF): SCF is characterized as a form of matter in which the liquid and gaseous states are indistinguishable from one another. It is formed when both temperatures and pressures to which the fluid is subjected exceed the critical point of the state. Under these supercritical states, the character of the fluid becomes very unusual compared to that under ambient conditions. For example, if water is under the supercritical conditions, the density, dielectric constant, hydrogen bonding, and certain other physical properties are so altered that water behaves much as a moderately polar organic liquid. Thus, heptane or benzene could become miscible in all proportions with SCW (supercritical water) which cannot happen with water under sub-
Super saturated solution: See over saturated solution. Super saturation: The condition of a solution when it contains more solute (sucrose) than that which would be dissolved under normal pressure and temperature (EPA-75102d). Super ultra-low emissions vehicle (SULEV): SULEVs are rated by tailpipe and air emissions as to whether they meet reduction level requirements established by the EPA and the state of California. Super vapor: See super heated steam.
Superchlorination: Chlorination with doses that are deliberately selected to produce water free of combined residuals so large as to require dechlorination (EPA-97/12). Supercritical water: A type of thermal treatment using moderate temperatures and high pressures to enhance the ability of water to break down large organic molecules into smaller, less toxic ones. Oxygen injected during this process combines with simple organic compounds to form carbon dioxide and water. Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program: EPA program to promote development and use of innovative treatment and site characterization technologies in Superfund site cleanups (EPA97/12). Supercritical water: A type of thermal treatment using moderate temperatures and high pressures to enhance the ability of water to break down large organic molecules into smaller, less toxic compounds. Oxygen injected during this process combines with simple organic compounds to form carbon dioxide and water (NavyIEnv-04). Superficial velocity: The velocity through packing (absorber or adsorber) assuming the packing was not present. The actual velocity through the packing is lower since the gas can flow only through the void volume of the packing (EPA-84/09). Superfund accelerated cleanup model (SACM): An approach to cleanup that encouraged innovative ways to streamline the cleanup process. The idea was developed in 1992 by OSRTI to address public and congressional criticism that cleanups were too slow. With over a decade of experience, the program recognized the benefits to be gained from combining certain pipeline activities, particularly where previous experience could eliminate years of study and analysis. Under SACM, for example, an emergency response might be expanded to eliminate the need for later longterm action at a site. Site evaluation sampling could be augmented to include tests that could assist in selecting a remedy further in the process. Certain remedies could be presumed appropriate based on past experience, without unnecessarily duplicating past studies during the remedy selection phase. SACM removed the artificial distinction between removal, site evaluation, and longterm remediation. It eliminated divisional "ownership" of a site according to where it was on the cleanup pipeline. Data needs, resources, and study could potentially be consolidated at several stages, reducing the time and cost of cleanup (SFIreform-04). Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986: See Act or SARA. Superfund chemical data matrix (SCDM): The Superfund Chemical Data Matrix (SCDM) is a source for factor values and benchmark values applied when evaluating potential National Priorities List (NPL) sites using the Hazard Ranking System (HRS). Factor values are part of the HRS mathematical equation for determining the relative threat posed by a hazardous waste site and reflect hazardous substance characteristics, such as toxicity
and persistence in the environment, substance mobility, and potential for bioaccumulation. Benchmarks are environment- or health-based substance concentration limits developed by or used in other EPA regulatory programs (SFIremedy-04).
Superfund enhanced state and tribal role initiative (STROLE): Superfund Enhanced State and Tribal Role Initiative (STROLE) is a comprehensive plan that encourages states and tribes to share in Superfund program responsibilities, thus enabling the cleanup of more sites (SFIremedy-04). Superfund innovative technology evaluation (SITE): A 1986 program established by the EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) and Office of Research and Development (ORD) to promote the development and use of innovative treatment technologies during CERCLA response actions (EPA-89112a). Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE): This program supports development of technologies for assessing and treating waste at Superfund sites. EPA evaluates the technology and provides an assessment of its potential for future use in Superfund remediation actions. The program consists of four related components: the Demonstration Program, the Emerging Technologies Program, the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program, and Technology Transfer activities (SFIEnv-04). Superfund job training initiative (SuperJTI): The Superfund Job Training Initiative (SuperJTI) supports job training opportunities in communities affected by Superfund sites, and encourages trainee employment in site cleanup activities (SFIremedy-04). Superfund memorandum of agreement (SMOA): A nonbinding, written document executed by an EPA Regional Administrator and the head of a state agency that may establish the nature and extent of EPA and state interaction during the removal, preremedial, remedial, andlor enforcement response process. The SMOA is not a site-specific document although attachments may address specific sites. The SMOA generally defines the role and responsibilities of both the lead and the support agencies (40CFR300.5-91). Superfund off-site policy and clean-up standards (OSWER-87): (1) The new clean-up standards provided for in SARA require that Superfund remedies must be protective of human health and the environment, cost-effective, and utilize permanent solutions, alternative treatment technologies and resource recovery to the maximum extent practicable. The on-site remedies must also meet applicable or relevant and appropriate regulations (ARARs) of other federal statutes including: RCRA, TSCA, SDWA, CAA, and CWA. And, where state standards are more stringent than federal standards, state standards must be met. For wastes remaining on site, the remedial actions are reviewed every five years. (2) The new clean-up standards are expected to increase the use of mobile
treatment units and stabilization techniques to manage waste on site. However, some concentrated hazardous wastes will likely require off-site treatment and disposal. This could increase the demand for commercial capacity. The off-site disposal provision in SARA restricts disposal of Superfund wastes to those facilities in compliance with RCRA and TSCA and applicable state requirements. Specifically, the unit receiving Superfund wastes must not be releasing any hazardous wastes and releases from other units at the facility must be controlled by a corrective action program. Several Superfund sites have experienced difficulties locating a commercial facility eligible to accept their waste. Superfund operation: In the post-ROD process, the site receives a Remedial Design (RD) study to provide details on how the chosen remedy will be engineered and constructed. The whole process ends with the Remedial Action (RA), the actual implementation of the selected remedial. Many cleanups include long-term monitoring to determine whether the cleanup is effective and if more cleanup is necessary. A ROD may be reopened and amended because of new information discovered or difficulties encountered during the design and remedial action. When a cleanup is deemed complete and effective, the site can be delisted by EPA from the NPL (OTA-89110a). Superfund state contract (SSC): A joint, legally binding agreement between EPA and another party(s) to obtain the necessary assurances before a EPA-lead remedial action or any political subdivision-lead activities can begin at a site, and to ensure state or Indian Tribe involvement as required under CERCLA section 121(f) (40CFR35.6015-91, see also 40CFR300.5-91). Superfund trust fund: A public trust fund created with passage of CERCLA in 1980 to be used to help pay for the cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste sites (SFIremedy-04). Superfund: (1) The program operated under the legislative authority of CERCLA and SARA that funds and carries out EPA solid waste emergency and long-term removal and remedial activities. These activities include establishing the National Priorities List, investigating sites for inclusion on the list, determining their priority, and conducting and/or supervising cleanup and other remedial actions. (2) A fund set up under CERCLA to help pay for cleanup of hazardous waste sites and to take legal action to force those responsible for the sites to clean them up. The Superfund consists of funds from taxes imposed upon the petroleum and chemical industries, an environmental tax on corporations, and from general tax revenues (also known as Trust Fund, and Hazardous Waste Superfund) (SFIreform-04). Superfund: Common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) to clean up abandoned or inactive hazardous waste dump sites (RCRAImanagement-04).See Act or CERCLA.
Superfund: The program operated under the legislative authority of CERCLA and SARA that funds and carries out EPA solid waste emergency and long-term removal and remedial activities. These activities include establishing the National Priorities List, investigating sites for inclusion on the list, determining their priority, and conducting and/or supervising cleanup and other remedial actions (EPA-97/12). Superheated gas: See superheated steam. Superheated steam (superheated vapor or superheated gas): The steam, vapor or gas at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure. See steam for more related terms. Superheated vapor: See superheated steam. Supernatant: A substance floating above or on the surface of another substance (EPA-87110a). Superphosphoric acid plant: Any facility which concentrates wet-process phosphoric acid to 66% or greater P205 content by weight for eventual consumption as a fertilizer (40CFR60.2 11-91). Supplemental environmental projects: Environmentally beneficial projects which a defendant or respondent agrees to undertake in the settlement of a civil or administrative enforcement action, but which the defendant is not otherwise legally required to perform (RCRAIhazardous-04). Supplemental irrigation: Commonly, imgation as carried on in humid areas. The term means that the imgation water is supplementary to the natural rainfall rather than being the primary source of moisture as in the arid and semiarid West. Supplementary imgation is used generally to prevent retardation of growth during periods of drought (CWAhydrology-04). Supplemental registration: An arrangement whereby a registrant licenses another company to market its pesticide product under the second company's registration (EPA-97/12). Supplemental sources: When imgation water supplies are obtained from more than one source, the source furnishing the principal supply is commonly designated the primary source, and the sources furnishing the additional supplies, the supplemental sources (CWAhydrology-04). Supplementary control system (SCS): Any technique for limiting the concentration of a pollutant in the ambient air by varying the emissions of that pollutant according to atmospheric conditions. For the purposes of this part, the term supplementary control system does not include any dispersion technique based solely on the use of a stack the height of which exceeds good engineering practice (as determined under regulations implementing section 123 of the Act) (40CFR57.103-91).
Supplier of water: Any person who owns or operates a public water system. See water for more related terms (SDWA1401, see also 40CFR141.2; 142.2; 143.2-91). Supplier of water: Any person who owns or operates a public water system (SDWA1401; EPA-97/12). Supplies: All tangible personal property other than equipment as defined in this part (40CFR31.3-91, see also 40CFR33.005; 35.6015-91). Supply limited material: A secondary material that is not collected in sufficient amounts or is too highly contaminated for current manufacturing processes (OTA-89/10). Support facilities: In the context of the new production reactor, all the existing, modified, or new facilities needed to support the production of tritium andlor plutonium, except for the reactor facility. Support facilities include fuel and target fabrication facilities; fuel and target processing facilities; waste management facilities; and facilities providing necessary resources such as power, steam, and water (DOE-91/04). Support media: The quartz sand or glass beads used to support the plant (40CFR797.2800-91, see also 40CFR797.2850-91). Support services: Those discrete services, ranging from routine tasks (such as clerical support and moving services) to highly specialized technical tasks, which the Department of Energy contracts for, rather than hiring permanent federal employees (OMBIReg-04). Support zone: A safe area at an incident or cleanup for those agencies directly involved in the operation, including the Incident Commander, Emergency Medical Service providers, etc. (NavyIEnv-04). Support: The all-important function of keeping the mine workings open. As a verb, it refers to this function; as a noun it refers to all the equipment and materials--timber, roof bolts, concrete, steel, etc.--that are used to carry out this function (CWAImining-04). Supporting information: Information submissions that substantiate or summarize detailed data analysis, calculations, or modeling and associated parameters and assumptions. Examples of recommended supporting information include derivations of background values, exposure point concentrations, modeled intakes, and chemical-specific parameters. Supporting information should be provided as Interim Deliverables for EPA risk assessor review prior to the development of the Draft Baseline Risk Assessment Report (SF1risk.A-04). Supporting studies: Those studies that contain information that is useful for providing insight and support for the conclusions (EPA92/12).
Suppressed combustion: Those basic oxygen furnace steel making wet air cleaning systems which are designed to limit or suppress the combustion of carbon monoxide in furnace gases by restricting the amount of excess air entering the air pollution control system. See combustion for more related terms (40CFR420.41-91). Surety bond: A guarantee which certifies that a surety company will cover TSDF financial assurance or UST financial responsibility requirements on behalf of the owner and operator (RCRA/hazardous-04). Surface active agent: One which modifies physical, electrical, or chemical characteristics of the surface of solids and also surface tensions of solid or liquid. Used in froth flotation (EPA-82/05). Surface aeration: The violent agitation of water surface to increase dissolved oxygen in the water. See aeration for more related terms. Surface aerator: An aerator for providing surface aeration. See aerator for more related terms. Surface casing: The first string of well casing to be installed in the well (40CFRl46.3-91). Surface charge: Electrical charge (usually negative charge) on the surface of many colloids, bacteria, and algae. Surface coal mining and reclamation operations: The surface mining operations and all activities necessary and incident to the reclamation of such operations after August 3, 1977 (SMCRA7013ou.s.c. 1291-90). Surface coal mining operations: (1) Activities conducted on the surface of lands in connection with a surface coal mine or subject to the requirement of section 1266 of this title surface operations and surface impacts incident to an underground coal mine, the products of which enter commerce or the operations of which directly or indirectly affect interstate commerce. Such activities include excavation for the purpose of obtaining coal including such common methods as contour, strip, auger, mountain-top removal, box cut, open pit, and area mining, the uses of explosives and blasting, and in situ distillation or retorting, leaching or other chemical or physical processing, and the cleaning, concentrating, or other processing or preparation, loading of coal for interstate commerce at or near the mine site, provided, however, that such activities do not include the extraction of coal incidental to the extraction of other minerals where coal does not exceed 16 213 per centum of the tonnage of minerals removed for purposes of commercial use or sale or coal explorations subject to section 1262 of this title; and (2) The areas upon which such activities occur or where such activities disturb the natural land surface. Such areas shall also include any adjacent land the use of which is incidental to any such activities, all lands affected by the
construction of new roads or the improvement or use of existing roads to gain access to the site of such activities and for haulage and excavations, workings, impoundments, dams, ventilation shafts, entryways, refuse banks, dumps, stockpiles, overburden piles, spoil banks, culm banks, tailings, holes or depressions, repair areas, storage areas, processing areas, shipping areas and other areas upon which are sited structures, facilities, or other property or materials on the surface, resulting from or incident to such activities (SMCRA701-91).
Surface coating operation: The system on a metal furniture surface coating line used to apply and dry or cure an organic coating on the surface of the metal furniture part or product. The surface coating operation may be a prime coat or a top coat operation and includes the coating application station(s), flash-off area, and curing oven (40CFR60.311-91, see also 40CFR60.391; 60.451-91). Surface coating: The process of coating a copper workpiece as well as the associated surface finishing and flattening (40CFR468.02-91). Surface collecting agents: Those chemical agents that form a surface film to control the layer thickness of oil (40CFR300.5-91). Surface compaction: Increasing the dry density of surface soil by applying a dynamic load (SW-108ts). Surface condenser: (1) A device which removes a substance from a gas stream by reducing the temperature of the stream, without direct contact between the coolant and the stream (40CFR52.74191). (2) A heat exchanger where the coolant is physically separated from the vapor stream, usually by tubular surfaces and the vapor is condensed (EPA-84/09). (3) The heat is transferred through a barrier that separates the cooling water and the vapor. The condensate can be recovered separately (EPA-751024 AP-40, PI 99). (4) See condenser for more related terms. Surface cracking: Discontinuities that develop in the cover material at a sanitary landfill due to the surface drylng or settlement of the solid waste. These discontinuities may result in the exposure of solid waste, entrance or egress of vectors, intrusion of water, and venting of decomposition gases (SW108ts). Surface drains: Surface channels which primarily remove surface water (EPA-83). Surface dump: See dump. Surface energy balance: The balance between the incoming and outgoing energy at the Earth's surface. The energy consists of radiation (short wave and long wave), turbulent fluxes (sensible heat and latent heat flux) an other fluxes (e.g., ground heat flux) (NATO-78110).
Surface friction: The drag or shear stress of the Earth's surface on the air motion above the surface (NATO-78/10). Surface impoundment: A natural topographic depression, manmade excavation, or diked area formed primarily of earthen materials that is used to treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste (RCRNhazardous-04). Surface impoundment: Treatment, storage, or disposal of liquid hazardous wastes in ponds (EPA-97/12). Surface irrigation: The process of wastewater irrigation in which wastewater is applied to and distributed over the surface of the ground. See land treatment for more related terms (EPA-74/01a). Surface layer: The lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer adjacent to the surface. Usually defined as the layer in which the shear stress can be considered to be independent of height (NATO-78110). Surface loading rate (SLR): Surface loading rate = (wastewater flow)/(water surface of a treatment tank). Surface material: Material in a building that is sprayed on surfaces, troweled on surfaces, or otherwise applied to surfaces for acoustical, fireproofing, or other purposes, such as acoustical plaster on ceilings and fireproofing material on structural members (TSCA-AIA1-91). Surface mine: A mine in which the coal lies near the surface and can be extracted by removing the covering layers of rock and soil (CWAImining-04). Surface moisture: The water that is not chemically bound to a metallic mineral or metallic mineral concentrate (40CFR60.38191). Surface runoff: Precipitation, snow melt, or irrigation water in. excess of what can infiltrate the soil surface and be stored in small surface depressions; a major transporter of non-point source pollutants in rivers, streams, and lakes (EPA-97/12). Surface runoff: Runoff that travels o v a the land surface to the nearest stream channel (CWA/Wbasics-04). Surface runoff: That part of the runoff which travels over the soil surface to the nearest stream channel. It is also defined as that part of the runoff of a drainage basin that has not passed beneath the surface since precipitation. The term is misused when applied in the sense of direct runoff. See also runoff, overland flow, direct runoff, groundwater runoff, and surface water (CWAhydrology04). Surface sized: Paper treated with a water and ink-resistant material (EPA-83).
Surface tension: A measure of the force opposing the spread of a thin film of liquid (EPA-83106a). Surface tension: A property of liquids arising from unbalanced molecular cohesive forces at or near the surface, as a result of which the surface tends to contract and has properties resembling those of a stretched elastic membrane (NavyEnv-04). Surface tension: The attraction of molecules to each other on a liquid's surface. Thus, a barrier is created between the air and the liquid (CWANscience-04). Surface to volume ratio: The surface area of an object relative to its volume (Navy/Env-04). Surface treatment: A chemical or electrochemical treatment applied to the surface of a metal. Such treatments include pickling, etching, conversion coating, phosphating, and chromating. Surface treatment baths are usually followed by a water rinse. The rinse may consist of single or multiple stage rinsing. For the purposes of this part, a surface treatment operation is defined as a bath followed by a rinse, regardless of the number of stages. Each surface treatment bath, rinse combination is entitled to discharge allowance. See treatment for more related terms (40CFR471.0291). Surface uranium mines: Strip mining operations for removal of uranium-bearing ore (EPA-97/12). Surface water (SW): All water naturally open to the atmosphere (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, impoundments, seas, estuaries, etc.) and all springs, wells, or other collectors directly influenced by surface water (NavyIEnv-04).
Surface water: The water that systems pump and treat from sources open to the atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs (SDWAIReg-04). Surface water: Water on the surface of the earth, such as in lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, and springs (compare with groundwater) (SFhealth-04). Surface water: Water that is on the earth's surface, such as in a stream, river, lake, or reservoir (CWANscience-04). Surface weather observation: The observation of different meteorological parameters at the surface, such as temperature, wind speed, and direction. These observations are usually routinely done at a large number of stations at fixed hours each day (NATO-78/10). Surface-water treatment rule: Rule that specifies maximum contaminant level goals for Giardia lamblia, viruses, and Legionella and promulgates filtration and disinfection requirements for public water systems using surface water or groundwater sources under the direct influence of surface water. The regulations also specify water quality, treatment, and watershed protection criteria under which filtration may be avoided (EPA-97/12). Surfacing ACM: Asbestos-containing material that is sprayed or troweled on or otherwise applied to surfaces, such as acoustical plaster on ceilings and fireproofing materials on structural members (EPA-97/12). Surfacing ACM: The surfacing material that is ACM (40CFR763.83-9 1).
Surface water: (1) All water which is open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff (40CFR141.2-91, see also 40CFR131.3591, EPA-85110a). (2) Water on the Earth's surface, as distinguished from water in the ground (groundwater) (DOE91/04). (3) See water for more related terms.
Surfacing material: Material in a school building that is sprayedon, troweled-on, or otherwise applied to surfaces, such as acoustical plaster on ceilings and fireproofing materials on structural members, or other materials on surfaces for acoustical, fireproofing, or other purposes (40CFR763.83-91).
Surface water: All water naturally open to the atmosphere (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, impoundments, seas, estuaries, etc.) (EPA-97/12).
Surfacing material: Material sprayed or troweled onto structural members (beams, columns, or decking) for fire protection; or on ceilings or walls for fireproofing, acoustical, or decorative purposes. Includes textured plaster, and other textured wall and ceiling surfaces (EPA-97/12).
Surface water: All water naturally open to the atmosphere (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, seas, estuaries) and all springs, wells, or other collectors directly influenced by surface water (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Surface water: An open body of water such as a lake, river, or stream (CWAIWbasics-04). Surface water: Bodies of water that form and remain above ground, such as lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, bays, and oceans (SFIremedy-04).
Surfactant: A detergent compound that promotes lathering (EPA97/12). Surfactant: A detergent compound that promotes lathering. Often used as a spill control measure and in remediation systems (NavyEnv-04). Surfactant: (1) Surface-active agents used in detergents to cause lathering (EPA-83106a). (2) Those methylene blue active substances amendable to measurement by the method described in
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1971, Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, page 131 (40CFR417.91-91, see also 40CFR417.101; 417.111; 417.121; 417.131; 417.141; 417.151; 417.161; 417.171; 417.181; 417.191-91).
Method target analytes in composition and behavior, is not ordinarily found in environmental samples. Because surrogates are generally added to each sample in a batch, they can be used to monitor recovery on a sample-specific, rather than batch-specific basis (SA-04).
Surficial: Of or relating to the surface (EPA-80108).
Surrogate: Generally organic compounds which are not target analytes, but are similar to target analytes in chemical composition, extraction, and chromatography, but which are not normally found in environmental samples. These compounds are added to samples to assess analytical performance of a method. They are spiked into all blanks, samples, and spiked samples prior to analysis. Percent recoveries are calculated for each surrogate (NavyJEnv-04).
Surge control tank: A large sized pipe or storage reservoir sufficient to contain the surging liquid discharge of the process tank to which it is connected. See tank for more related terms (40CFR264.1031-91). Surge pressure: The pressure produced by a change in velocity of the moving stream that results from shutting down a pump station or pumping unit, closure of a valve, or any other blockage of the moving stream. See pressure for more related terms (40CFR195.291). Surge tank: A tank for absorbing and dampening the wavelike motion of a volume of liquid; an in-process storage tank that acts as a flow buffer between process tanks. See tank for more related terms (EPA-87110a). Surge: A sudden rise to an excessive value, such as flow, pressure, temperature (EPA-83106a).
Surrogate: In sampling, a known compound to a sample which is chemically similar to the sample so that an estimate of the accuracy of the analytical measurement and an assessment of the overall efficiency of the analytical procedures can be made (EPA82/02). Surroundings: The state or matter outside a system. See thermodynamic system for more related terms. Suweillance system: A series of monitoring devices designed to check on environmental conditions (EPA-97/12). Surveillance: See public health surveillance (SFkealth-04).
Surplus energy: Energy generated that is beyond the immediate needs of the producing system. This energy is frequently obtained from spinning reserve and sold on an interruptible basis. See electric energy for more related terms (EPA-83). Surplus facilities management program: A DOE program to manage the more than 5100 facilities identified as surplus to the mission of nuclear weapons production and other related activities. Many of these facilities became contaminated with radioactivity or hazardous chemicals as a result of the activities that occurred within or around them (SDWNradionuclide-04). Surplus real property: Excess real property (see separately) that has been screened and determined not to be needed by the federal government (SDWNradionuclide-04).
Survey analysis: The survey analysis is to provide an overall description of the sample in terms of the major organic compounds and major inorganic compounds that are present in the sample. The analysis provides a qualitative description of the overall chemistry of the sample. See analysis for more related terms (EPA-82/02). Suwey: A systematic collection of information or data. A survey can be conducted to collect information from a group of people or from the environment. Surveys of a group of people can be conducted by telephone, by mail, or in person. Some surveys are done by interviewing a group of people (see prevalence survey) (SFkealth-04).
Surplus sludge: See excess activated sludge.
Suwey: Sampling of a representative number of sites during a given hydrologic condition (CWNWbasics-04).
Surrogate data: Data from studies of test organisms or a test substance that are used to estimate the characteristics or effects on another organism or substance (EPA-97/12).
Susceptibility analysis: An analysis to determine whether a Public Water Supply is subject to significant pollution from known potential sources (EPA-97/12).
Surrogate sampling device: A secondary or substitute sampling device (Navy/Env-04).
Susceptibility: The degree to which an organism is affected by a pesticide at a particular level of exposure (40CFR171.2-91).
Surrogate: A surrogate analyte is used to monitor Method performance on a matix-specific basis. A surrogate is a pure analyte which is added to the sample aliquot in known amount, prior to sample extraction. The surrogate, which is similar to the
Suspect material: Building material suspected of containing asbestos; e.g., surfacing material, floor tile, ceiling tile, thermal system insulation (EPA-97/12).
Suspended (as used in tables of chemical analyses): The amount (concentration) of undissolved material in a water-sediment mixture. It is associated with the material retained on a 0.45micrometer filter (CWAiWquality-04). Suspended loads: Specific sediment particles maintained in the water column by turbulence and carried with the flow of water (EPA-97/12). Suspended matter in air: Particles whose density is closed to atmospheric air, thus remaining in the air for a long time.
Suspended-sediment concentration: The velocity-weighted concentration of suspended sediment in the sampled zone (from the water surface to a point approximately 0.3 foot above the bed) expressed as milligrams of dry sediment per liter of watersediment mixture (mg/L) (CWAiWquality-04). Suspended-sediment discharge: The quantity of suspended sediment passing a point in a stream over a specified period of time. When expressed in tons per day, it is computed by multiplying water discharge (in cubic feet per second) by the suspended-sediment concentration (in milligrams per liter) and by the factor 0.0027 (CWNWscience-04).
Suspended matter in water: See suspended solid. Suspended metals: The concentration of metals determined in the portion of a sample that is retained by a 0.45 pm filter. See metal for more related terms (Method 3005, SW-846). Suspended sediment: Particles of rock, sand, soil, and organic detritus carried in suspension in the water column, in contrast to sediment that moves on or near the streambed (CWAiWquality04). Suspended sediment: Very fine soil particles that remain in suspension in water for a considerable period of time without contact with the bottom. Such material remains in suspension due to the upward components of turbulence and currents andlor by suspension (CWAiWscience-04). Suspended solids: Different from suspended sediment only in the way that the sample is collected and analyzed (CWAiWquality04). Suspended solids: Small particles of solid pollutants that float on the surface of, or are suspended in, sewage or other liquids. They resist removal by conventional means (EPA-97/12). Suspended solids: Solids that are not in true solution and that can be removed by filtration. Such suspended solids usually contribute directly to turbidity. Defined in waste management, these are small particles of solid pollutants that resist separation by conventional methods (CWAiWscience-04). Suspended: (as used in tables of chemical analyses) The amount (concentration) of undissolved material in a water-sediment mixture. Most commonly refer to that material retained on a 0.45micrometer filter (CWAlWbasics-04). Suspended: Those elements which are retained by a 0.45 um membrane filter (40CFRl36-App/C-91). Suspended-sediment concentration: The ratio of the mass of dry sediment in a water-sediment mixture to the mass of the watersediment mixture. Typically expressed in milligrams of dry sediment per liter of water-sediment mixture (CWAIWscience-04).
Suspension culture: Cells growing in a liquid nutrient medium (EPA-97/12). Suspension freezing: See crystallization. Suspension: Suspending the use of a pesticide when EPA deems it necessary to prevent an imminent hazard resulting from its continued use. An emergency suspension takes effect immediately; under an ordinary suspension a registrant can request a hearing before the suspension goes into effect. Such a hearing process might take six months (EPA-97/12). Suspension: Weaker strata hanging from stronger, overlying strata by means of roof bolts (CWNmining-04). Sustainable agriculture: Environmentally friendly methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without damage to the farm as an ecosystem, including effects on soil, water supplies, biodiversity, or other surrounding natural resources. The concept of sustainable agriculture is an "intergenerational" one in which we pass on a conserved or improved natural resource base instead of one which has been depleted or polluted. Terms often associated with farms or ranches that are self-sustaining include "low-input," organic, "ecological," "biodynamic," and "permaculture" (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Sustainable development: Development is sustainable. Protection of the environment is to ensure further development in the future. The concept was concluded in a meeting of the World Commission on Environment Development (WCED) under the sponsorship of the United Nations. The meeting was held in Tokyo Japan in 1987. Sustained yield: See safe yield. Swaging: A process in which a solid point is formed at the end of a tube, rod, or bar by the repeated blows of one or more pairs of opposing dies (40CFR471.02-91). Swale: A slight depression, sometimes filled with water, in the midst of generally level land (CWAlWbasics-04).
Swale: An elongated trench that is used to collect and direct the flow of surface water runoff (RCRAImanagement-04).
of one another beyond what an individual could have produced (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Swamp: A type of wetland dominated by woody vegetation but without appreciable peat deposits. Swamps may be fresh or salt water and tidal or non-tidal. See wetlands (EPA-97/12).
Synergistic effect: (1) The simultaneous action of separate agents which, together, have greater total effect than the sum of their individual effects (cf. additive effect) (EPA-76/03). (2) Joint effects of two or more agents, such as drugs, that, when taken together, increase each other's effectiveness (LBL-76107-bio).
Swamp: An area intermittently or permanently covered with water, and having trees and shrubs (CWAIWbasics-04). Sweated pig: An ingot prepared from high iron aluminium alloy (EPA-76/12). Sweating: Bringing small globules of low-melting constituents to an alloy surface during heat treatment (EPA-83103a). Sweet water: (1) The solution of 8 to 10% crude glycerine and 90 to 22% water that is a by-product of saponification or fat splitting (40CFR417.41-9 1). (2) A by-product aqueous glycerine from soap manufacture (EPA-74104~).(3) See water for more related terms.
Synergistic effect: A biologic response to multiple substances where one substance worsens the effect of another substance. The combined effect of the substances acting together is greater than the sum of the effects of the substances acting by themselves (see additive effect and antagonistic effect) (SFhealth-04). Synonym: A word that means the same or nearly the same as another word, such as bucket and pail. Synoptic scale: In meteorology, a length scale of the order of one thousand kilometers. Applicable to phenomena such as synoptic high or low pressure areas (NATO-78/10).
Sweet: Term applied to easily workable glass (EPA-83). Sweetening unit: A process device that separates the H2S and C02contents from the sour natural gas stream (40CFR60.641-91). Swill (or slops): Semi-liquid waste materials consisting of food scraps and free liquids (SW-108ts). Swing crew method: A method in which one or more reserve work crews go anywhere help is needed. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW- 108ts).
Synoptic sites: Sites sampled during a short-term investigation of specific water-quality conditions during selected seasonal or hydrologic conditions to provide improved spatial resolution for critical water-quality conditions (CWNWquality-04). Syntan: A synthetic tanning material, generally used in combination with vegetable, mineral, or formaldehyde tannages. Syntans are almost exclusively used in retanning rather than tanning operations (EPA-82/11). Synthesis: The production of a substance by the union of elements or simpler chemical compounds (DOD-78/01).
Switcher locomotive: Any locomotive designated as a switcher by the builder or reported to the ICC as a switcher by the operatorowning-railroad and including, but not limited to, all locomotives of the builderlmodel designations listed in Appendix A to this subpart (40CFR201.1-91).
Synthetic ammonium sulfate manufacturing plant: Any plant which produces ammonium sulfate by direct combination of ammonia and sulfuric acid (40CFR60.421-91).
Synchronization: Making different things happen at exactly the same time. For example, in films, a picture needs to synchronize with its soundtrack.
Synthetic detergent: A material which has a cleansing action like soap but are not derived directly from fats and oils. Used in ore flotation. See detergent for more related terms (EPA-82/05).
Syncline: A fold in rock in which the strata dip inward from both sides toward the axis. The opposite of anticline (CWNmining-04).
Synthetic fiber: Any fiber composed partially or entirely of materials made by chemical synthesis, or made partially or entirely from chemically modified naturally occurring materials. See fiber for more related terms (40CFR60.601-91).
Synergism: An interaction of two or more chemicals that results in an effect greater than the sum of their separate effects (EPA97/12). Synergism: The characteristic property of a mixture of toxicants that exhibits a greater-than-additive total toxic effect (EPA-91/03). Synergism: The cooperative action of two or more organisms producing a greater total result than the sum of their independent effects; chemicals or muscles in synergy enhance the effectiveness
Synthetic gas (syngas): Syngas or synthetic gas: A gas resulting from pyrolysis of organic material or produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter. The combustible components of syngas are primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen; it is usually about 300 Btu/SCF, but less than 900 Btu/SCF; it is also called synthesis or pyrolysis gas (EPA-83).
Synthetic liner: A type of liner consisting of a plastic membrane, instead of soil. Synthetic liners are less permeable, thinner, and more flexible than soil liners (RCRAImanagement-04). Synthetic natural gas (SNG): A fuel usually in the range of 950 to 1050 Btu per standard cubic foot (EPA-83). Synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs): Man-made (anthropogenic) organic chemicals. Some SOCs are volatile; others tend to stay dissolved in water instead of evaporating (EPA-97/12). Synthetic organic chemicals manufacturing industry: The industry that produces, as intermediates or final products, one or more of the chemicals listed in 40CFR60.489 (40CFR60.48 1-91). Synthetic resin (or thermosetting resin): A combination of chemicals which can be polymerized, e.g., by the application of heat, into a compound which is used to produce the bond or improve the bond. See resin for more related terms (EPA-74/04).
entitlement to electric output is otherwise established by contractual arrangement (40CFR60.41a-91). System load: The entire electric demand of an electric utility company's service area interconnected with the affected facility that has the malfunctioning flue gas desulfurization system plus firm contractual sales to other electric utility companies. Sales to other electric utility companies (e.g., emergency power) not on a firm contractual basis may also be included in the system load when no available system capacity exists in the electric utility company to which the power is supplied for sale. See load for more related terms (40CFR60.41a-91). System losses: The difference between the system net energy or power input and output resulting from characteristic losses and unaccounted for between the sources of supply and the metering points of delivery on a system. See electric loss for more related terms (EPA-83). System state: The conditions of a system.
Synthetics: All man-made fibers, including those manufactured from naturally occurring raw materials (regenerated fibers) and chemical synthesis (EPA-82/09). Syringe: A small medical device for drawing fluids from or injecting fluids into human or animal bodies. Other syringe-related terms include (1) Gas tight syringe and (2) Hypodermic syringe. Syrup of ipecac: A medicine used to induce vomiting in the case of accidental poisoning. Use syrup of ipecac only under the instruction of poison control authorities because some poisons can cause more damage by being vomited (HAS-92). Syrup: A water solution of sugar, usually sucrose (EPA-74/03). System audit: A qualitative on-site evaluation of a measurement system. The objective of the audit is to assess and document all facilities, equipment, systems, recordkeeping, data validation, operating, maintenance, calibration procedures, reporting requirements, and quality control procedures. Since the above items should be defined in the project under evaluation, the Quality Assurance Project Plan provides the basis for the audit. See audit for more related terms (EPA-85/08; 8611Oa). System boundary: The separation wall or layer between a system and its surroundings. System emergency reserves: An amount of electric generating capacity equivalent to the rated capacity of the single largest electric generating unit in the electric utility company (including steam generating units, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, nuclear units, hydroelectric units, and all other electric generating equipment) which is interconnected with the affected facility that has the malfunctioning flue gas desulfurization system. The electric generating capability of equipment under multiple ownership is prorated based on ownership unless the proportional
System with a single service connection: A system that supplies drinking water to consumers via a single service line (EPA-97/12). System: (1) In equipment design, a collection of interdependent equipment and procedures assembled and integrated to perform a well-defined purpose. It is an assembly of procedures, processes, methods, routines, or techniques united by some form of regulated interaction to form an organized whole (DOE-91/04). (2) See thermodynamic system for more related terms. Systemic effect: Systemic effects are those that require absorption and distribution of the toxicant to a site distant from its entry point, at which point effects are produced. Most chemicals that produce systemic toxicity do not cause a similar degree of toxicity in all organs, but usually demonstrate major toxicity to one or two organs. These are referred to as the target organs of toxicity for that chemical (EPA-92/12). Systemic pesticide: A chemical absorbed by an organism that interacts with the organism and makes the organism toxic to pests (EPA-97/12). Systemic pesticide: A chemical absorbed by an organism that makes the organism toxic to pests (MWTAImedical-04). Systemic pesticide: A chemical that is taken up from the ground or absorbed through the surface and carried through the system of the organism being protected, making the organism toxic to pests. See pesticide for more related terms (EPA-89/12). Systemic toxicity: See systemic effects.
Table classifier: A vibrating, ribbed table designed to separate dense ore or metals from the lighter constituents. Normally the classifier is used with a flow of water (cf. tabling) (EPA-75102~). Tablet coating operation: A pharmaceutical coating operation in which tablets are coated (40CFR52.741-91). Tabulating paper: The paper used in tabulating forms for use on automatic data processing equipment. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Tack: Stickiness (EPA-91/05). Taconite ore: A type of highly abrasive iron ores now extensively mined in the United States (EPA-82/05). Tag: The stiff paper, metal, or other hard material that is tied or otherwise affixed to the packaging of a protector (40CFR211.20391). Tail section: A term used in both belt and chain conveyor work to designate that portion of the conveyor at the extreme opposite end from the delivery point. In either type of conveyor it consists of a frame and either a sprocket or a drum on which the chain or belt travels, plus such other devices as may be required for adjusting belt or chain tension (CWNmining-04). Tail water: The runoff of irrigation water from the lower end of an irrigated field (EPA-97/12). Tailgate: A subsidiary gate road to a conveyor face as opposed to a main gate. The tailgate commonly acts as the return airway and supplies road to the face (CWNmining-04). Tailing pond: The enclosures or basins constructed for the disposal of mine tailings (the fine rock waste in washings fi-om mills after the grinding and processing of ores), they serve as settling basins and prevent or reduce the contamination of streams and other water bodies by such waste. See pond for more related terms (DOI-70104). Tailings: Residue of raw materials or waste separated out during the processing of crops or mineral ores (40CFR61.251-91; EPA97/12).
Tailings: Rock that remains after processing ore to remove the valuable minerals (CWNWquality-04). Tailpiece: Also known as foot section pulley. The pulley or roller in the tail or foot section of a belt conveyor around which the belt runs (CWNmining-04). Tailpipe standards: Emissions limitations applicable to mobile source engine exhausts (EPA-97/12). Take out: A mechanical device for removing a finished article from any glass forming unit (EPA-83). Talc: A fine, soft powder used as filler in some papers (EPA-83). Tall oil: The oily mixture of rosin acids, and other materials obtained by acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the digesting (pulping) of pine wood. Used in drying oils, in cutting oils, emulsifiers, and in flotation agents. See oil for more related terms (EPA-82/05). Tallow: A product made from beef cattle or sheep fat that has a melting point of 40 C or greater (40CFR432.101-91). Tamper: (1) To introduce a contaminant into a public water system with the intention of harming persons; or (2) To otherwise interfere with the operation of a public water system with the intention of harming persons (SDWAl432-42U.S.C.300i.l). Tampering: Adjusting, negating, or removing pollution control equipment on a motor vehicle. Tampering: The removal or rendering inoperative by any person, other than for purposes of maintenance, repair, or replacement, of any device or element of design incorporated into any product in compliance with regulations under section 6, prior to its sale or delivery to the ultimate purchaser or while it is in use; or the use of a product after such deice or element of design has been removed or rendered inoperative by any person (40CFR205.15191, see also 40CFR204.2; 204.51; 205.2; 205.51-91). Tangible net worth: The tangible assets that remain after deducting liabilities; such assets would not include intangibles such as goodwill and rights to patents or royalties (cf. net worth) (40CFR144.61-91, see also 40CFR264.141; 265.141; 280.92-91).
Tanhouse: See tanyard.
Tank: Stationary devices used to store or treat hazardous waste (RCRAihazardous-04).
Tank current: The total amperage required to electroplate all the workpieces of a tank load (EPA-74103d).
Tankage: The dried animal by-product residues used in feedstuffs (40CFR432.101-91).
Tank fuel volume: The volume of fuel in the fuel tank(s), which is determined by taking the manufacturers nominal fuel tank(s) capacity and multiplying by 0.40, the result being rounded using ASTM E 29-67 to the nearest tenth of a U.S. gallon (40CFR86.082.2-91).
Tannery waste: The waste from tannery industry. The waste often includes chromium, and high levels of total solids, BOD5, etc. See waste for more related terms.
Tank load: The total number of workpieces being processed (electroplated) simultaneously in the tank (EPA-74103d). Tank system: A hazardous waste storage or treatment tank and its associated ancillary equipment and containment system (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR280.12-91). Tank tightness testing: A variety of UST release detection methods used to determine if a tank is leaking; most of these methods involve monitoring changes in product level or volume in a tank over a period of several hours (RCRAihazardous-04). Tank vessel: A vessel that is constructed or adapted to carry, or that canies, oil or hazardous material in bulk as cargo or cargo residue, and that: (1) Is a vessel of the United States; (2) Operates on the navigable waters; or (3) Transfers oil or hazardous material in a place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States (OPA1001-91). Tank water: The water phase resulting from rendering processes usually occurring in wet rendering (EPA-75/01). Tank: A stationary waste management unit that is designed to contain an accumulation of waste and is constructed primarily of nonearthen materials (e.g., wood, concrete, steel, plastic) which provide structural support (40CFR61.34l -91, see also 4OCFR260.10; 280.12-91). Tank: A melting unit, in which the container for the molten glass is constructed from refractory blocks (EPA-83). Tank: An artificial reservoir for stock water; local in Southwest (CWA/hydrology-04). Tank: For more related terms, see (1) Aboveground tank; (2) Aeration tank; (3) Breakout tank; (4) Continuous flow stirred tank, (5) Dosing tank, (6) Live tank; (7) Holding tank; (8) Imhoff tank; (9) In process tank; (10) Inground tank; (11) Onground tank; (12) Product tank; (13) Quench tank; (14) Residential tank; (15) Separator tank; (16) Septic tank; (17) Skimming tank, (18) Surge tank; (19) Surge control tank; (20) Underground storage tank; (21) Underground tank; and (22) Wash oil circulation tank.
Tannic acid (C14H1009): Yellowish powder used in tanning and textiles. Tanning: A process for treating animal hides. It includes: (1) Chemical treatment to prevent them from bacteria attack; and (2) Fat and grease treatment to make them pliable. Tannins: Chemicals derived from the leaching of bark, nuts, or other vegetable materials used in the vegetable tanning process (EPA-82/11). Tantalum (Ta): A transition metal with atomic number 73; atomic weight 180.948; density 16.6 glcc; melting point 1996 C and boiling point 5425 C. The element belongs to group VB of the periodic table. Tantalum foil: A thin sheet of tantalum, usually less than 0.006 inch thickness (EPA-83/03). Tanyard (or tanhouse): The portion of the tannery in which the bating, pickling, and tanning are performed on the hides or skins (EPA-82/11). Tap: The pouring of molten steel from an EAF or AOD vessel (40CFR60.271a-91, see also 40CFR60.271-91). Tapered aeration: The addition of more air at the entrance of an aeration tank and less air near its outlet. See aeration for more related terms. Tapping period: The time duration from initiation of the process of opening the tap hole until plugging of the tap hole is complete (40CFR60.261-91, see also 40CFR60.271-91). Tapping station: That general area where molten product or slag is removed from the electric submerged arc furnace (40CFR60.261-91). Tapping: The removal of slag or product from the electric submerged arc furnace under normal operating conditions such as removal of metal under normal pressure and movement by gravity down the spout into the ladle (40CFR60.261-91). Tar decanter: Any vessel, tank, or container that functions to separate heavy tar and sludge from flushing liquor by means of
gravity, heat, or chemical emulsion breakers. A tar decanter also may be known as a flushing-liquor decanter (40CFR6 1.13 1-91).
non-carcinogenic effects, the target risk is a hazard quotient of 1 (EPA-91/12).
Tar intercepting sump: Any tank, pit, or enclosure that serves to receive or separate tars and aqueous condensate discharged from the primary cooler. A tar-intercepting sump also may be known as a primary-cooler decanter (40CFR61.13 1-91).
Tarn: A relatively small and deep, steep-sided lake or pool occupying an ice-gouged basin amid glaciated mountains (CWNWbasics-04).
Tar storage tank: Any vessel, tank, reservoir, or other type of container used to collect or store crude tar or tar-entrained naphthalene, except for tar products obtained distillation, such as coal tar pitch, creosotes, or carbolic oil. This definition also includes any vessel, tank, reservoir, or container used to reduce the water content of the tar by means of heat, residence time, chemical emulsion breakers, or centrifugal separation. A tar storage tank also may be known as a tar-dewatering tank (40CFR61.13 1-91). Tar: See asphalt. Tare: Waste materials which must be discharged. Also, the empty weight of a container used for weighing or transporting materials (EPA-74101a). Tared: Counterweighted before use in the sampling procedure to balance the weight of the filter alone (LBL76107-bio). Target analyte list (TAL): In the Superfund program, a standard list of metals to analyze in samples of various media (NavyIEnv04). Target analyte spiking: The spiking with the analyte that is of basic interest in the environmental sample. See spike for more related terms (EPA-84/03). Target analyte: A target analyte is the element, compound, or class of compounds that is detected and quantitated through the analytical measurement process (SA-04). Target compound list (TCL): In the Superfund program, a standard list of compounds to analyze in samples of various media. The compounds include volatile organics, semi-volatile organics, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (NavyIEnv-04). Target distance limit: The maximum distance over which targets for the site are evaluated. The target distance limit varies by HRS pathway (40CFR300-App/A-91). Target levels: Numeric values or other performance criteria that are protective of human health, safety, and the environment (Navy/Env-04).
Tartaric acid [(CHOH)2(COOH)2]: White crystals used in baking, beverage, textile, processing, etc. Task system (daily route method): A collection crew is assigned a weekly route, divided into daily areas. The crew is then responsible for refuse pickup at all collection points on the assigned daily routes. Weather, refuse quantities, and other variables will cause the elapsed time for completion of each daily route to vary. The crew is allowed to go home after completion of the day's route, whether it takes less or more than the established work day to complete. See also large route collection group task system, single load collection method, method, definite working day method (EPA-83). Taxa richness: See species richness (CWNWbasics-04). Tadidle (in): Those aircraft operations involving taxi and idle between the time of landing roll out and final shutdown of all propulsion engines (40CFR87.1-91). Tadidle (out): Those aircraft operations involving taxi and idle between the time of initial starting of the propulsion engine(s) used for the taxi and turn on to duty runway (40CFR87.1-9 1). Taxon (plural taxa): Any identifiable group of taxonomically related organisms (CWAIWquality-04). Taxon: (Taxa pl.) A group of organisms sharing common characteristics in varying degrees of distinction that constitute one of the categories in taxonomic classification, such as species, genus, subspecies, phylum, etc. (NavyJEnv-04). Tear strength: Measurement of resistance of pulp fibers to a tearing force (EPA-83). Technetium (Tc): A radioactive transition metal with atomic number 43; atomic weight 98; density 11.5 gkc; melting point 2140 C and boiling point 4876 C. The element belongs to group VIIB of the periodic table. Technical advisory committees (TACs): TACs have representation from a wide range of agency, stakeholder and public groups interested in, and/or affected by, these environmental issues (CMAPC-04).
Target organ of toxicity: See systemic effect. Target risk: A value that is combined with exposure and toxicity information to calculate a risk-based concentration (e.g., PRG). For carcinogenic effects, the target risk is a cancer risk of 1o-'. For
Technical approach for risk assessment (TARA): One of the Standard Tools under the RAGS Part D approach. The TARA is a road map for incorporating continuous involvement of the EPA risk assessor throughout the CERCLA remedial process. Risk-
related activities, beginning with scoping and problem formulation, extending through collection and analysis of risk-related data, and supporting risk management decision making and remedial designlremedial action issues are addressed. The TARA should be customized for each site and the requirements identified should be included in project workplans so that risk assessment requirements and approaches are clearly defined. Chapters 2 through 5 of Part D present the TARA worksheet formats for documenting assumptions, input parameters, and conclusions regarding complex risk assessment issues. The Data Useability Worksheet (found in Exhibit 3-3) should be an Interim Deliverable for all sites. Worksheets addressing Lead and Radionuclides are under development and will be provided in a revision to RAGS Part D (SFIriskA-04).
Technical assistance grant (TAG) program: A grant program that provides funds for qualified citizens' groups to hire independent technical advisors to help understand and comment on technical decisions relating to Superfund remediation actions (SFEnv-04). Technical assistance grant (TAG): Grants provided to citizens' groups to obtain assistance in interpreting information related to cleanups at Superfund sites or those proposed for the National Priorities List. Grants are used by such groups to hire technical advisors to help them understand the site-related technical information for the duration of response activities (SFIreform-04). Technical Assistance Grant (TAG): As part of the Superfund program, Technical Assistance Grants of up to $50,000 are provided to citizens' groups to obtain assistance in interpreting information related to clean-ups at Superfund sites or those proposed for the National Priorities List. Grants are used by such groups to hire technical advisors to help them understand the siterelated technical information for the duration of response activities. Technical Assistance to Brownfields Communities (TAB): The Technical Assistance to Brownfields Communities (TAB) program is a part of EPA's Brownfields Initiative that helps communities clean and redevelop properties that have been damaged or undervalued by environmental contamination. The purpose of these efforts is to create better jobs, increase the local tax base, improve neighborhood environments, and enhance the overall quality of life (SFlremedy-04). Technical baseline: A configuration identification document (or documents) formally designated and approved at a specific time. Technical baselines, plus approved changes to those baselines, constitute the current configuration identification. The NPR technical baseline is set forth in the Requirements Document (DOE-9 1/04). Technical-Grade Active Ingredient (TGA): A pesticide chemical in pure form as it is manufactured prior to being formulated into an end-use product (e.g., wettable powders, granules, emulsifiable concentrates). Registered manufactured
products composed of such chemicals are known as Technical Grade Products.
Technical-Grade Active Ingredient (TGA): A pesticide chemical in pure form as it is manufactured prior to being formulated into an end-use product (e.g., wettable powders, granules, emulsifiable concentrates). Registered manufactured products composed of such chemicals are known as Technical Grade Products (EPA-97/12). Technical grade of active ingredient: A material containing an active ingredient: (1) Which contains no inert ingredient, other than one used for purification of the active ingredient; and (2) Which is produced on a commercial or pilot-plant production scale (whether or not it is ever held for sale) (40CFR158.153-91). Technical grade: For purposes of determining if a waste is P or U listed, a commercial chemical product that is not 100% pure, but is of a grade of purity that is either marketed or recognized in general usage by the chemical industry (RCRA/hazardous-04). Technical outreach for communities (TOSC): The Technical Outreach for Communities (TOSC) program uses university educational and technical resources to help community groups understand the technical issues involving the hazardous waste sites in their area. EPA believes that an understanding of these underlying technical issues is a basic requirement for meaningful citizen participation in the hazardous waste decision-making process (SFIremedy-04). Technical review committee (TRC): A group of technically cognizant individuals responsible for reviewing technical reports and data for a site. This assemblage should be established after a release or threat of a release has been confirmed at an installation, normally at the end of a Preliminary Assessment or Site Investigation. A TRC shall be established at all installations, whether NPL or non-NPL for the purpose of reviewing and commenting on actions and proposed actions concerning releases or threatened releases at the installation. The TRC shall consist of (but not be limited to) at least one representative from the installation and cognizant Engineering Field Division (EFD), EPA, appropriate state and local authorities, and a public representative of the community involved. It should be noted that the TRC is not an advisory group nor a decision-making body. DON policy is to convert all TRCs to Restoration Advisory Boards (RABs) (NavyIEnv-04). Technical review workgroup for lead (TRW): The Technical Review Workgroup for Lead (TRW) and the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children (IEUBK) is an interoffice workgroup that supports and promotes consistent application of the best science in the field of lead (Pb) risk assessment at contaminated sites nationwide (SFIremedy-04). Technical safety appraisal: A documented, multi-discipline appraisal of selected Department of Energy reactors and nuclear
facilities conducted by a team selected by DOE'S Deputy Assistant Secretary for Safety, Health, and Quality Assurance. It ensures proper application of particular safety elements of the DOE environment, safety, and health program, nuclear industry lessons learned, and appropriate licensed facility requirements as described in DOE 5482.1B, paragraph 9b (DOE-91/04).
Technical support document: The Noncompliance Penalties Technical Support Document which accompanies these regulations. The Technical Support Document appears as Appendix A to these regulations (40CFR66.3-91). Technological system of continuous emission reduction: (1) A technological process for production or operation by any source which is inherently low-polluting or nonpolluting; or (2) A technological system for continuous reduction of the pollution generated by a source before such pollution is emitted into the ambient air, including precombustion cleaning or treatment of fuels (CAAI 11-42U.S.C.7411-91). Technology based limitations: Industry specific effluent limitations applied to a discharge when it will not cause a violation of water quality standards at low stream flows. Usually applied to discharges into large rivers (NavyIEnv-04). Technology based standards: Effluent limitations applicable to direct and indirect sources which are developed on a category-bycategory basis using statutory factors, not including water quality effects (NavyIEnv-04). Technology demonstration: A field-scale demonstration of a technology used to generate performance and cost data (Navy/Env-04). Technology Innovation Office (TIO): Acts as an advocate for new technologies, working to increase the application of innovative treatment technologies to contaminated waste sites, soils, and groundwater. As a part of this effort, TI0 has worked with many partners inside EPA, in other federal agencies, and in the private sector to improve the Nation's understanding of cleanup technologies and reduce the impediments to their widespread use (SFIremedy-04). Technology screening: The process of collecting technical information on potentially applicable treatment technologies and determining which technologies to retain as alternatives for consideration in the FS (EPA-89112a). Technology-based effluent limit: A permit limit for a pollutant that is based on the capability of a treatment method to reduce the pollutant to a certain concentration (CWNwastewater-04). Technology-based limitations: Industry-specific effluent limitations based on best available preventive technology applied to a discharge when it will not cause a violation of water quality
standards at low stream flows. Usually applied to discharges into large rivers (EPA-97/12).
Technology-based standards: Industry-specific effluent limitations applicable to direct and indirect sources which are developed on a category-by-category basis using statutory factors, not including water-quality effects (EPA-97/12). Tectonic activity: Movement of the earth's crust resulting in the formation of ocean basins, continents, plateaus, and mountain ranges (CWNWbasics-04). Teepee burner: See conical burner. Tellurium (Te): A metalloid element with atomic number 52; atomic weight 127.60; density 6.24 g/cc; melting point 449.5 C and boiling point 989.8 C. The element belongs to group VIA of the periodic table. Temper: The degree of residual stress in annealed glass measured polarimetrically or by polariscopic comparison with a standard (EPA-83). Temperature compensation: An adjustment which corrects for the effect of temperature on the measuring system. In addition it may also adjust the measured value of a parameter to a selected temperature based on a known parameter-temperature relationship. Temperature compensation may be incorporated into the measuring system so that the value reported is the adjusted value. If this approach is not used, then manual or algebraic methods are necessary to obtain the adjusted value (LBL-76/07). Temperature inversion: One of the weather conditions that are often associated with serious smog episodes in some portions of the country. In a temperature inversion, air does not rise because it is trapped near the ground by a layer of warmer air above it. Pollutants, especially smog and smog-forming chemicals, including volatile organic compounds, are trapped close to the ground. As people continue driving, and sources other than motor vehicles continue to release smog-forming pollutants into the air, the smog level keeps getting worse (CMair-04). Temperature meter: Types of temperature meters include (1) Optical pyrometer. (2) Radiation pyrometer. (3) Thermocouple. (4) Resistance thermometer. (5) Vapor bulb thermometer. Temperature profile: The description of the temperature as a function of height (NATO-78110). Temperature valve: A valve that automatically opens and closes, depending on whether the temperature is above or below a predetermined value. Temperature: An indicator of the thermal state of matter. There are two major systems of temperature scales: Celsius (C) and
Fahrenheit (F) scale. Their relationship is as follows: F = 1.8 C + 32.
Temperature: For more related terms, see (1) Absolute temperature; (2) Absolute zero temperature; (3) Adiabatic flame temperature; (4) Adiabatic saturation temperature; (5) Approach temperature; (6) Auto-ignition temperature; (7) Base temperature; (8) Boiling point temperature; (9) Condensation point temperature; (10) Critical temperature; (11) Dew point temperature; (12) Dry bulb temperature; (13) Fire point temperature; (14) Flash point temperature; (15) Fluid temperature; (16) Freezing point temperature; (17) Fusion point temperature; (18) Ignition temperature; (19) Liquidus temperature; (20) Melting point (melting point temperature); (21) Pour point temperature; (22) Reaction temperature; (23) Saturated temperature (see saturation temperature); (24) Saturation temperature; (25) Virtual temperature; and (26) Wet bulb temperature. Tempered glass: A glass that has been rapidly cooled from near the softening point, under rigorous control, to increase its mechanical and thermal endurance. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Tempered hardboard: The hardboard that has been specially treated in manufacture to improve its physical properties considerably. Includes, e.g., oil-tempered hardboard. Synonym: superhardboard (EPA-74/04). Tempered safety glass: A single piece of specially heat treated glass with a stress pattern such that the piece when fractured reduces to numerous granular fragments, with no large jagged edges. See safety glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Tempering air: See cooling air. Tempering: The process whereby glass is heated near the melting point and then rapidly cooled to increase its mechanical and thermal endurance (40CFR426.61-9 1, see also EPA-83106a). Temporary closure: A method by which an UST owner and operator can close a tank temporarily and bring it back into service at a later date. The owner and operator must continue to operate and maintain the corrosion protection system and the leak detection system if any product remains in the tank (RCRAihazardous-04). Temporary enclosure: A total enclosure that is constructed for the sole purpose of measuring the fugitive VOC emissions from an affected facility (40CFR60.741-91, see also 40CFR60.711-91). Temporary hardness: The carbonate [(Ca(HCO&)] hardness that can be removed by boiling. See hardness for more related terms.
Temporary opening: An opening into an enclosure that is equipped with a means of obstruction, such as a door, window, or port that is normally closed (40CFR60.541-91). Temporary threshold shift: Temporary increase in the threshold of audibility for an ear caused by exposure to high-intensity acoustic stimuli. Such a shif? may be caused by other means such as use of aspirin or other drugs. Unit, dB. (ANSI S3.20-1995: temporary threshold shift; temporary hearing loss) (NCNsound04). Temporary units: Containers or tanks that are designed to manage remediation wastes during corrective action at permitted or interim status facilities (RCRA/hazardous-04). Ten- (10) year, 24-hour fall event: A rainfall event with a probable recurrence interval of once in ten years as defined by the National Weather Service in Technical Paper No. 40. Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States, May 1961, and subsequent amendments, or equivalent regional or state rainfall probability information developed therefrom (40CFR411.31-91). Ten- (10) year, 24-hour precipitation event: The maximum 24hour precipitation event with a probable reoccurrence interval of once in ten years. This information is available in Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 40, May 1961 and NOAA Atlas 2, 1973 for the 11 western states, and may need to be obtained from the National Climatic Center of Environmental Data Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (40CFR436.21-91, see also 40CFR436.3 1; 436.41; 436.181; 440.132-91). Ten- (10) year, 24-hour rainfall event and 25-year, 24-hour rainfall event: A rainfall event with a probable recurrence interval of once in 10 years or 25 years, respectively, as defined by the National Weather Service in Technical Paper Number 40, Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States, May 1961, and subsequent amendments, or equivalent regional or state rainfall probability information developed therefrom (40CFR412.11-91, see also 40CFR412.21-91). Ten- (10) year, 24-hour rainfall event: The maximum precipitation event with a probable recurrence interval of once in ten years as defined by the National Weather Service in Technical paper No. 40, Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States, May 1961, and subsequent amendments or equivalent regional or state rainfall probability information developed therefrom (40CFR129.2-91, see also 40CFR418.11; 422.41; 422.51; 423.1 191). Ten-t+the-minus-sixth Used in risk assessments to refer to the probability of risk. Literally means a chance of one in a million. Similarly, ten-to-the-minus-fifth means a probability of one in 100,000, and so on (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Tenax: Polymer materials which are attractive to VOCs and are sensitive to temperature. During the VOST sampling process, the tenax traps VOCs when temperature is high and holds the VOCs when temperature is cold. To retrieve the trapped VOCs, the tenax is reheated and the VOCs is released for analysis. The charcoal in the second trap is a safety feature and is used to trap any leaks of VOCs from the tenax. As a matter of fact, charcoal can attract VOCs better than tenax, however, it will not release VOCs if reheated. In VOST application, there are two types of sampling traps: (1) Tenax trap, and (2) Tenax and charcoal trap. Tensile strength: Resistance to force parallel to the plane of a specific size sheet of paper (EPA-83). Tensiometer: A device containing a set of opposing grips used to place a geomembrane seam in tension for evaluating its strength in shear or in peel (EPA-91/05, see also EPA-89/09). Tension: The act of stretching (CWNmining-04). Tensor: A physical quantity which obeys certain laws of transformation in a given space. Scalars can be regarded as tensors of the zeroth order and vectors as tensors of the first order. An example of a tensor of this second order is the stress tensor (NATO-78110). Tensor: A vector whose magnitude depends on direction, e.g., the wind can gust at 10 knots from the north and 20 knots from the west (Navy/Env-04). Tentatively identified compounds (TIC): Compounds detected in samples that are not target compounds, intemal standards, or surrogate standards. Up to 30 peaks are subjected to mass spectral library searches for tentative identification. The assigned identity may be inaccurate, as well as any quantitation (NavyJEnv-04).
Teratogenic: (1) Inducing birth defects (LBL-76107-bio). (2) Affecting the genetic characteristics of an organism so as to cause its offspring to be misshapen or malformed (OME-88/12). Teratogenesis: The introduction of nonhereditary birth defects in a developing fetus by exogenous factors such as physical or chemical agents acting in the womb to interfere with normal embryonic development (EPA-97/12). Teratogenic potential: The ability of a chemical to produce effects in the offspring after the pregnant female is exposed. Many chemicals that are teratogenic are also suspected carcinogens (EPA-3/80). Teratogenicity: (1) The capacity of a physical or chemical agent to cause non-hereditary congenital malformations (birth defects) in offspring (Course 165.6). (2) The potential of a substance to cause defects to the developing fetus (ETI-92). (3) Gross abnormalities, skeletal and visceral malformations, microscopic abnormalities, functionalhehavioral deviations. See endpoint for more related terms (EPA-92/12). Terbium (Tb): A rare earth metal with atomic number 65; atomic weight 158.924; density 8.27 glcc; melting point 1356 C and boiling point 2800 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Terminal bronchiole: Noncartilagenous airway that conducts airstream to respiratory bronchiole (EPA-90108). Terminal moraine: The end moraine extending across a glacial plain or valley as an arcuate or crescent ridge that marks the farthest advance or maximum extent of a glacier (CWAIWbasics04). Terminal velocity: See settling velocity.
Teratogen: (1) Substance that causes malformation or serious deviation from normal development of embryos and fetuses (EPA89/12). (2) A substance causing birth defects in the offspring following exposure of one or both of the parents (EPA-87110a). Teratogen: A substance capable of causing birth defects (FFDCNpesticide-04). Teratogen: A substance or agent that causes development of abnormal structures in an embryo or fetus (Navy/Env-04). Teratogen: A substance that causes defects in development between conception and birth. A teratogen is a substance that causes a structural or functional birth defect (SFhealth-04). Teratogenesis: The induction of structural of functional development abnormalities by exogenous factors acting during gestation; interference with normal embryonic development (Course 165.6).
Terminology: All terminology used in this part will be consistent with the terms as defined in 40CFR1508 (the CEQ Regulations). Any qualifications will be provided in the definitions set forth in each subpart of this regulation (40CFR6.101-91). Terne coating: The coating steel products with teme metal by the hot dip process including the immersion of the steel product in a molten bath of lead and tin metals, and the related operations preceding and subsequent to the immersion phase (40CFR420.121-91). Terpenes: The major chemical components of turpentine. A class of unsaturated organic compounds having the empirical formula, C1OH16 (EPA-79/12). Terrace deposits: Deposits of alluvium (sand, gravel, cobble, or clay) which occurs along the margin and above the level of a body of water, marking a former water level (NavyIEnv-04).
Terrace: A berm or discontinuous segments of a berm, in a valley at some height above the flood plain, representing a former abandoned flood plain of the stream (CWAIhydrology-04).
Terrane: Area or surface over which a particular rock type or group of rock types is prevalent (CWNWbasics-04).
the additional treatment of effluent beyond that of primary and secondary treatment methods to obtain a very high quality of effluent. The complete wastewater treatment process typically involves a three-phase process: (1) First, in the primary wastewater treatment process, which incorporates physical aspects, untreated water is passed through a series of screens to remove solid wastes; (2) Second, in the secondary wastewater treatment process, typically involving biological and chemical processes, screened wastewater is then passed a series of holding and aeration tanks and ponds; and (3) Third, the tertiary wastewater treatment process consists of flocculation basins, clarifiers, filters, and chlorine basins or ozone or ultraviolet radiation processes (CWAIWscience-04).
Terrestrial: Pertaining to, consisting of, or representing the earth (CWAIWbasics-04).
Tertiary: Lateral or panel openings (e.g., ramp, crosscut) (CWNmining-04).
Territorial sea (or territorial water): The belt of the seas measured from the line of ordinary low water along that portion of the coast which is in direct contact with the open sea and the line marking the seaward limit of inland waters, and extending seaward a distance of three miles (CWA502, see also 40CFR116.3-91, see also 40CFR230.3-91).
Tertiary-treated sewage: The third phase of treating sewage that removes nitrogen and phosphorus before it is discharged (CWAIWquality-04).
Terracing: Dikes built along the contour of sloping farm land that hold runoff and sediment to reduce erosion (EPA-97/12). Terrain: The natural features of a land tract. Other terrain-related terms include (1) Complex terrain; (2) Flat terrain; (3) High terrain, (4) Low terrain; and (5) Rolling terrain.
Tertiary alcohol: The alcohol whose OH connected carbon has no hydrogen atom (the carbon is attached to three carbons. Its molecular structure can be expressed as RIR2R3COH,where R,, R2, and R3 can be identical or different groups, e.g., 2methylpropan-2-01 ((CH3)3COH). See alcohol for more related terms. Tertiary amine: An amine whose molecular structure can be expressed as RIR2R3N,where R1, R2, and R3 can be identical or different groups, e.g., trimethylamine ((CH3)3NH).See amine for more related terms. Tertiary amyl methyl ether (CH3)2(C2H5)COCH3): An oxygenate blend stock formed by the catalytic etherification of isoamylene with methanol (CAA/C02gasl-04). Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME): See oxygenated fuels. Tertiary treatment: Advanced cleaning of wastewater that goes beyond the secondary or biological stage, removing nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and most BOD and suspended solids (EPA-97/12).
Test analyzer: An analyzer subjected to testing as a candidate method in accordance with Subparts B, C, andlor D of this part, as applicable (40CFR53.1-91). Test chamber: A container in which the test organisms are maintained during the test period (40CFR797.1520-91, see also 40CFR797.1600-91). Test compressor: A compressor used to demonstrate compliance with the applicable noise emissions standard. See compressor for more related terms (40CFR204.5 1-91). Test data: Any information which is a quantitative measure of any aspect of the behavior of a device (40CFR610.11-91, see also 4OCFR720.3; 723.50; 723.175; 723.250-91). Test engine: An engine in a test sample. See engine for more related terms (40CFR86.1002.84-91). Test exhaust system: An exhaust system in Selective Enforcement Audit test sample (40CFR205.165-91). Test facility: See testing facility. Test fuel charge: The collection of test fuel pieces placed in the wood heater at the start of the emission test run (40CFR60App/A(method 28 & 28A)-91).
Tertiary wastewater treatment (or tertiary treatment): The advanced cleaning of wastewater that goes beyond the secondary or biological stage. It removes nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen and most BOD and suspended solids. See treatment or wastewater treatment for more related terms (EPA-89/12).
Test fuel crib: The arrangement of the test fuel charge with the proper spacing requirements between adjacent fuel pieces (40CFR60-App/A(method 28 & 28A)-91).
Tertiary wastewater treatment: Selected biological, physical, and chemical separation processes to remove organic and inorganic substances that resist conventional treatment practices;
Test fuel loading density: The weight of the as-fired test fuel charge per unit volume of usable firebox (40CFR60App/A(method 28 & 28A)-9 1).
Test fuel piece: The 2 x 4 or 4 x 4 wood piece cut to the length required for the test fuel charge and used to construct the test fuel crib (40CFR60-App/A(method 28 & 28A)-9 1).
under a specific set of atmospheric conditions for machineassisted seaming; and (2) To establish methods and materials for chemical and chemical adhesive seams under a specific set of atmospheric conditions (EPA-91/05, see also EPA-89/09).
Test hearing protector: A hearing protector that has been selected for testing to verify the value to be put on the label, or which has been designated for testing to determine compliance of the protector with the labeled value (40CFR211.203-91).
Test substance: The form of chemical substance or mixture that is specified for use in testing (40CFR790.3-91, see also 40CFR160.3; 792.3; 795.232; 797.1600; 797.2050; 797.21 30; 797.2 150; 797.2175-91).
Test period: The combination of the exposure period and the post-exposure period; or, the entire duration of the test (40CFR797.2050-91).
Test system: Any animal, plant, microorganism, or chemical or physical matrix, including but not limited to, soil or water, or components thereof, to which the test, control or reference substance is administrated or added for study. Test system also includes appropriate groups or components of the system not treated with the test, control, or reference substances (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR792.3-91).
Test pit: Part of an investigative procedure in which a backhoe or similar piece of equipment excavates a deep trench in the earth in order to allow subsurface investigation (RCRAlmanagement-04). Test product: Any product that must be tested according to regulations published under Part 2 11 (40CFR2 11.102-91, see also 40CFR204.2; 205.2-91). Test request: A request submitted to the manufacturer by the Administrator that will specify the hearing protector category, and test sample size to be tested according to 40CFR211.212.1, and other information regarding the audit (40CFR211.203-91). Test rule: Refers to a regulation ordering the development of data on health or environmental effects or chemical fate for a chemical substance or mixture pursuant to TSCA Sec. 4(a) (40CFR791.391). Test run: An individual emission test which encompasses the time required to consume the mass of the test fuel charge (4OCFR60-App/A(method28 & 28A)-91). Test sample size: The number of compressors of the same configuration in a test sample. See sample for more related terms (40CFR204.5 1-91, see also 40CFR205.5 1-91). Test sample: The collection of vehicles of the same configuration which have been drawn from the population of vehicles of that configuration and which will receive exhaust emission testing. See sample for more related terms (40CFR86.602.84-91). Test sampler: A sampler subjected to testing as part of a candidate method in accordance with Subpart C or D of this part (40CFR53.1-91). Test solution: The test substance and the dilution water in which the test substance is dissolved or suspended (40CFR797.1400-91, see also 40CFR797.1520; 797.1600; 797.2750-91). Test strips (or test welds): Trial sections of seamed geomembranes used. (1) To establish machine setting of temperature, pressure, and travel rate for a specific geomembrane
Test vehicle: A vehicle selected and used to demonstrate compliance with the applicable noise emission standards. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR205.51-91, see also 40CFR205.15 1; 86.602.84; 86.1002.84-91). Test weight and the abbreviation (TW): The vehicle curb weight added to the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) and divided by 2 (CAA216-42U.S.C.7550-91). Test weight basis: The basis on which equivalent test weight is determined in accordance with 40CFR86.129.94 of subpart B of this part (40CFR86.094.2-91). Test weight: The weight, within an inertia weight class, which is used in the dynamometer testing of a vehicle, and which is based on its loaded vehicle weight in accordance with the provisions of Part 86 (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Test welds: See test strips. Test: Examination, evaluation, or observation. Other test-related terms include (1) Destructive test and (2) Nondestructive test. Testing agent: Any person who develops test data on a retrofit device (40CFR610.11-91). Testing exemption: An exemption which may be granted under 40CFR203(b)(l) for the purpose of research investigations, studies, demonstrations, or training, but not including national security (40CFR85.1702-91, see also 40CFR204.2; 205.2; 21 1.102-91). Testing facility (or test facility): The person who actually conducts a study, i.e., actually uses the test substance in a test system. Testing facility encompasses only those operational units that are being or have been used to conduct studies (40CFR160.391, see also 40CFR60-App/A(method28 & 28A); 21 1.203; 792.391).
Tetrachlophenol (C6HC140H):Brown acid used as a fungicide and for wood preservatives. Tetrachloroethene (TCE): A volatile, clear, colorless liquid with an ethereal odor. Its former uses included dry cleaning, degreasing metals, and solvents. Contact can cause dermatitis and irritation, ingestion can cause gastrointestinal irritation. Exposures can result in acute or fatal toxicity. Synonyms: Perchloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene(Navy/Env-04). Tetraethyl lead (Pb(C2H5)4):Poisonous compounds used as a gasoline antiknock agent.
Theoretical maximum residue contribution: The theoretical maximum amount of a pesticide in the daily diet of an average person. It assumes that the diet is composed of all food items for which there are tolerance-level residues of the pesticide. The TMRC is expressed as milligrams of pesticidekilograms of body weighttday (EPA-97/12). Theoretical oxygen demand (TOD): The calculated oxygen demand to completely oxidize organic pollutants in wastewater. See oxygen for more related terms.
Teterahedrite: An important ore of copper and silver (EPA82/05).
Therapeutic index: The ratio of the dose required to produce toxic or lethal effects to the dose required to produce nonadverse or therapeutic response (EPA-97/12).
Tetramethrin (CzoHzsN04):Yellowish powder used to control houseflies, cattle insects, garden pests, etc.
Therm: A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal units (Btus).
Textile fiberglass: The fibrous glass in the form of continuous strands having uniform thickness (40CFR60.291-91).
Thermal analysis: Analysis of heating effects on products. Thermal bypass: See airflow bypass.
Textile: An asbestos-containing product such as: yearn, thread, wick; cord; braided and twisted rope; braided and woven tubing; mat; roving; cloth; slit and woven tape; lap; felt; and other bonded or non-woven fabrics (40CFR763.163-91). Texture coat: The rough coat that is characterized by discrete, raised spots on the exterior surface of the part. This definition does not include conductive sensitizers or EMVRFI shielding coatings (40CFR60.721-91). Thalassemia: A hereditary, genetically determined hemolytic anemia with familial and racial incidence; divided into a number of categories based on clinical severity and type(s) of hemoglobin contained in the red blood cells (LBL-76107-bio). Thallium (Ti): A soft metallic element with atomic number 81; atomic weight 204.37; density 11.85 g/cc; melting point 303 C and boiling point 1457 C. The element belongs to group IIIA of the periodic table. Theoretical air: See stoichiometric combustion air. Theoretical arsenic emissions factor: The amount of inorganic arsenic, expressed in grams per kilogram of glass produced, as determined based on a material balance (40CFR61.161-91).
Thermal conductivity detector: See GC/TCD. Thermal conductivity: The quantity of heat which flows per unit time across unit area of the subsurface of unit thickness when the temperature of the faces differs by one degree (EPA-74/04). Thermal cutting: The process of cutting, slotting, or piercing a workpiece using an oxy-acetylene oxygen lance or electric arc cutting tool (EPA-83/06a). Thermal decomposition curve: The curve describes thermal behavior of a given sample or mixture; usually plotted as mass fraction (initial amount determined by a series of quantitation experiments at temperature where no chemical reaction occurs) on logarithmic scale versus exposure temperature (independent variable) (EPA-88/12). Thermal deflection rate: The angular degrees of rotation per degree of temperature change of the thermostatic coil (40CFR85.2122(a)(2)(iii)(G)-9 1). Thermal discharge: Discharge of unwanted heat to the environment (cf. pollution, thermal).
Theoretical combustion: See stoichiometric combustion.
Thermal dryer: Any facility in which the moisture content of bituminous coal is reduced by contact with a heated gas stream which is exhausted to the atmosphere (40CFR60.251-91, see also 40CFR60.38 1-91).
Theoretical flame mode kinetics: A calculation of destruction efficiency of a given compound based on estimation and extrapolation of elementary reaction kinetic data that is available from experiment and theory (EPA-88/12).
Thermal efficiency: The efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle in producing work from heat. It is the efficiency with which a machine such as an automobile engine transforms the potential heat of its fuel into work or useful output. To calculate thermal
Theoretical combustion air: See stoichiometric combustion air.
efficiency, it is the useful work done by the power source in a given time interval divided by the total heat energy contained in the fuel burned during the same time interval, provided that both work and heat are expressed in the same units. Thermal efficiency can be expressed as: (1) E = W/Q, = 1 - Qo,/Q,. (2) For a Carnot cycle, Carnot efficiency (E,): E, = 1 - TL/TH, where: Q , = heat rejected during cycle; Q, = heat added during cycle; W = net work output of cycle; TL= low temperature of a reservoir; TH= high temperature of a reservoir.
Thermal electric: A term used to identify a type of electric generating station, capacity, or capability, or output in which the source of energy is heat. See electric for more related terms (EPA83). Thermal endurance: Ability of glassware to withstand thermal shock (EPA-83). Thermal fusion: The temporary, thermally induced reorganization in the polymeric make-up of the surface of a polymer geomembrane that, after the application of pressure and the passage of a certain amount of time, results in the two geomembranes being permanently joined together. See fusion for more related terms (EPA-91/05). Thermal incineration: See thermal incineration. Thermal infusion: The process of applying a fused zinc, cadmium, or other metal coating to a ferrous workpiece by impueing the surface of the workpiece with metal powder or dust in the presence of heat (EPA-83106a). Thermal loading: Amount of waste heat discharged to a water body (CWAIWbasics-04). Thermal management: For fuel cells, it is the assessment of the temperature gradients as they occur in the fuel cell system, followed by the creating, dissipating, balancing, and optimizing the various heat loads within the system. A fuel cell system may require many chemical reactions to occur in order to function correctly. Different reactions consume or produce heat and operate best at different temperatures. Thermal management, which is the redirection of heat into, out of, or around a system, is therefore important in system design. Thermal NO,: NO, formed due to the combustion of air. The nitrogen component in the air can react with oxygen and form NO or NO2 under the combustion temperature. NO and NO2 are often referred to as NO,. Thermal oxidation: The wet combustion of organic materials through the application of heat in the presence of oxygen (EPA76/03). Thermal oxidizer: See secondary burner.
Thermal pollution: A reduction in water quality caused by increasing its temperature, often due to disposal of waste heat from industrial or power generation processes. Thermally polluted water can harm the environment because plants and animals can have a hard time adapting to it (CWAIWsciencs04). Thermal pollution: Discharge of heated water from industrial processes that can kill or injure aquatic organisms (EPA-97/12). Thermal pollution: The addition of large quantities of heat to air, water, or land so that the resulting temperature increase may have harmful effect. See pollution for more related terms (EPA-84/09, see also EPA-89/12). Thermal precipitation: A process consisting of the separation of particulate matter from air and other gases under the influence of a relatively large temperature gradient extending over a short distance. In the "Thermal Precipitator" (a sampling instrument), the air or gas is drawn through a narrow chamber across which extends a heated wire, particulate matter being deposited upon the adjacent collecting surface. See precipitation for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Thermal processing: See thermal treatment. Thermal shock resistance: The ability of a material to withstand sudden heating or cooling or both without cracking or spalling (SW-108ts). Thermal spring: A stream of warm or hot water issuing from the ground, often after having been heated by buried lava and therefore commonly occurring in volcanic regions when eruptions have ceased (DOI-70104). Thermal stability index (or incinerability ranking): Ranking of the relative incinerability of compounds listed in Appendix VIII, 40CFR261. Incinerability for a given compound is determined by experimental and theoretical evaluation of thermal stability index (TSI) (temperature for 99% destruction for gas-phase residence time exposure of 2.0 seconds) (EPA-88/12). Thermal stratification (of a lake): Vertical temperature stratification that shows the following: The upper layer of the lake, known as the epilimnion, in which the water temperature is virtually uniform; a stratum next below, known as the thermocline, in which there is a marked drop in temperature per unit of depth; and the lowermost region or stratum, known as the hypolimnion, in which the temperature from its upper limit to the bottom is nearly uniform. (Welch, 1952, p. 5 1) (CWAhydrology-04). Thermal stratification: The layering of water masses owing to different densities in response to temperature. The condition of a body of water in which the successive horizontal layers have different temperatures (DOD-78101).
Thermal stratification: The formation of layers of different temperatures in a lake or reservoir. Thermal System Insulation (TSI): Asbestos-containing material applied to pipes, fittings, boilers, breeching, tanks, ducts, or other interior structural components to prevent heat loss or gain or water condensation (EPA-97/12). Thermal'system insulation: The material in a school building applied to pipes, fittings, boilers, breeching, tanks, ducts, or other interior structural components to prevent heat loss or gain, or water condensation, or for other purposes (40CFR763.83-91, see also TSCA-AIA1; 40CFR763.83-91). Thermal treatment (or thermal processing): (1) The treatment of hazardous waste in a device which uses elevated temperatures as the primary means to change the chemical, physical, or biological character or composition of the hazardous waste. Examples of thermal treatment processes are incineration, molten salt, pyrolysis, calcination, wet air oxidation, and microwave discharge (cf. incinerator and open burning) (4OCFR26O.10-91). (2) Thermal processing means the processing of waste material by means of heat (40CFR240.101-91, see also EPA-89/12a; 1/86). (3) See treatment for more related terms.
Thermocouple: (1) A thermoelectric device used to measure temperatures (EPA-89103b). (2) Two dissimilar electrical conductors so joined as to produce a thermal electromotive force when exposed to temperatures. The electromatic force generated can be calibrated to read in temperature units (EPA-83). Thermocouple: Various types of thermocouples are shown below (EPA-89/06): (1) Type J: Materials: Iron Constantan; Upper limit temperature (F): 1400; Thermocouple efficiency (+I- percent): 0.75. (2) Type E; Materials: Chromel Constantan; Upper limit temperature (F): 1650; Thermocouple efficiency (+I- percent): 0.50. (3) Type K: Materials: Chromel Alumel; Upper limit temperature (F): 2300; Thermocouple efficiency (+I- percent): 0.75. (4) Type S: Materials: Pt 1Opercent Rhodium Pure Pt; Upper limit temperature (F): 2650; Thermocouple efficiency (+/percent): 0.25. (5) Type B: Materials: Pt 13%; Rhodium Pure Pt; Upper limit temperature (F): 2650; Thermocouple efficiency (+/percent): 0.25. (6) Type R: Materials: Pt 30% Rhodium Pt 6% Rhodium; Upper limit temperature (F): 3 100; Thermocouple efficiency (+/- percent): 0.50. (7) See temperature meter for more related terms. Thermodurics: Resist high temperatures (EPA-83).
Thermal treatment: The treatment of hazardous waste in a device that uses elevated temperatures as the primary means to change the chemical, physical, or biological character or composition of the waste (RCRAIhazardous-04). Thermal treatment: Use of elevated temperatures to treat hazardous wastes. See incineration; pyrolysis (EPA-97/12). Thermal turbulence: The turbulence produced by buoyancy forces. In the atmospheric boundary layer, usually applied to the turbulence caused by rising air motions due to the heating of air at the Earth's surface (NATO-78/10). Thermally actuated element: A device which uses temperature changes to switch on or switch off a machine. Thermionic specific detector: See GCITSD. Thermochemical transition state theory: The reaction kinetic theory developed largely by S. W. Benson and co-workers where rate coefficients for chemical transformation are estimated by considering the changes in thermodynamic quantities (changes in enthalpy and entropy) as one travels from initial reactants to the transition state; assumes the nature of the transition state determines the extent of reaction (EPA-88/12). Thermochemistry: A science dealing with heating effect on chemical change. Thermocline: The middle layer of a thermally stratified lake or reservoir. In this layer, there is a rapid decrease in temperatures in a lake or reservoir (EPA-97/12).
Thermodynamic equilibrium (or equilibrium): A thermodynamic system is in equilibrium, if its properties such as pressure, temperature, and density are uniform within the system. Thermodynamic first law: The energy of an isolated system remains constant. An isolated system means one which does not exchange energy with its surroundings. The basic concept underlying the First Law of Thermodynamics is the concept of energy conservation. For a steady-state, steady-flow situation between the entrance and exit of an incineration system. The First Law of Thermodynamics can be expressed as: heat (Q) - work (W) = enthalpy change + kinetic energy change + potential energy change. In general, because the velocity of a combustion gas and the difference in height between the feed point and the stack gas exit point of an incinerator are relatively small, the kinetic energy change and potential energy change are generally negligible. Therefore, the first law of thermodynamics can be simplified to: (1) Q - W = enthalpy change = m(hz - hl), where: h2 = Enthalpy value after a chemical reaction takes place; hl = enthalpy value before a chemical reaction takes place; and m = mass or mass flow rate. (2) Because most incinerators do not involve "Work" per se, the above equation can be further simplified to: (3) Q = m(h2 - hl) = heat extractable from the combustion gases = mCp(T2 - for an ideal gas, where: m = the mass or mass flow rate of the combustion gas; Cp = the specific heat of the gas (in Btdlb-R) and (T2 - TI) = the temperature difference between the firebox temperature and the exhaust gas temperature just upstream of the typical pollution control device. (4) See thermodynamic law for more related terms.
Thermodynamic process (or process): The path of a system change from one equilibrium state to another over a period of time. Other process-related terms include (1) Adiabatic process; (2) Cycle or cyclic process; (3) Path function; and (4) Point function. Thermodynamic property: See property. Thermodynamic second law: It is impossible to build a machine which will operate continuously while receiving heat fiom a single reservoir and producing an equivalent amount of work. See thermodynamic law for more related terms. Thermodynamic state (or state): The conditions specified by the values of its properties. Thermodynamic system: A three dimensional space bounded by arbitrary geometric surfaces. The bounding surfaces can be real or imaginary and can be at rest or in motion. Thermodynamic system: For more related terms, see (1) Closed system; (2) Control mass; (3) Isolated system; (4) Open system; and (5) Surroundings. Thermodynamic third law: The entropy of a pure substance in a thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero as the absolute temperature approaches zero. See thermodynamic law for more related terms. Thermodynamic zeroth law: Also known as the zeroth law of thermodynamics. The law means that two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with each other, if each of the two bodies is in thermal equilibrium with a third body. See thermodynamic law for more related terms. Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics is a science which is the study of energy transformation and its relationship to the changes of properties in the system. Thermoelectric power water use: Water used in the process of the generation of thermoelectric power. Power plants that bum coal and oil are examples of thermoelectric-power facilities (CWNWscience-04). Thermoelectric power: Electrical power generated by use of fossil-fuel (coal, oil, or natural gas), geothermal, or nuclear energy (CWNWbasics-04). Thermokarst: An irregular land surface formed in a permafrost region by melting ground ice and a subsequent settling of the ground (CWAIWbasics-04). Thermometer: A common temperature scale which is based on the freezing and boiling points of water. It includes the gas, liquid (mercury), and solid (bimetallic element) thermometer. Types of thermometers: (1) Resistance thermometer. (2) Vapor bulb thermometer. (3) See temperature meter for more related terms.
Thermometric titration: A titration in which heat is added to a solution until the desired end point is reached. See titration for more related terms. Thermophile: Bacteria or other microorganisms which grow best at temperatures of roughly 45 to 60 degrees C (EPA-83). Other thermophile-related terms include (1) Mesophiles; (2) Psychrophiles; and (3) Thermophilic digestion. Thermophilic digestion: That the anaerobic digestion temperature is maintained about 50 C or more. See thermophile for more related terms. Thermophilic microorganisms: Heat-loving microorganisms that thrive in and generate temperatures above 105 degrees Fahrenheit (RCRAImanagement-04). Thermoplastic polymer: A polymer that can be heated to a softening point, shaped by pressure, and cooled to retain that shape. The process can be done repeatedly. See polymer for more related terms (EPA-9 1/05). Thermoplastic process: Bitumen, paraffin, and polyethylene are used as stabilizing agents in the thermoplastic techniques. The use of thermoplastic solidification systems in radioactive waste disposal has let to the development of waste containment systems that can be adapted to other types of hazardous waste. In processing radioactive waste with bitumen or other thermoplastic material, the waste is dried, heated, and dispersed through a heated plastic matrix. The mixture is subsequently cooled to solidify the mass, and the product is then usually buried in a secondary containment system such as a steel drum. See solidification and stabilization for more related terms. Thermoplastic: Having property of softening or fusing when heated and of hardening to a rigid form again when cooled (EPA7510 1a). Thermoset polymer: A polymer that can be heated to a softening point, shaped by pressure, and, if desired, removed fiom the hot mold without cooling. The process cannot be repeated since the polymer can not be re-softened by the application of heat. See polymer for more related terms (EPA-91/05). Thermoset resin: A resin used as a binding agent in molding sands. Thermoset resins require the addition of heat in order to solidify and set the mold. See resin for more related terms (EPA85110a). Thermosetting ink: Ink which polymerizes to a permanently solid and infusible state upon the application of heat. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Thermosetting resin: See synthetic resin.
Thermosetting: Having the property of becoming permanently hard and rigid when heated or cured (EPA-75/01a).
Thiocyanic acid (HSCN): A colorless liquid used as an insecticide.
Thermostat: An automatic control device that maintains a system at a constant temperature. It often consists of a bimetallic strip that bends as it expands and contracts with temperature, thus breaking and making contact with an electrical power supply.
Third order reaction: The rate of a chemical reaction is determined by the concentration of three reactants. See chemical reaction for more related terms.
Thermostatic coil: A spiral-wound coil of thermally-sensitive material which provides rotary force (torque) andlor displacement as a function of applied temperature (40CFR85.2122(a)(2)(iii)(D)91).
Third-party suits: In the context of S u p h n d , third-party suits are those brought by PRPs at a site who are sued by the government, and against other PRPs who were not sued, in order to obtain compensation for their costs and expenses. See contribution (SFIEnv-04).
Thermostatic switch: An element of thermally sensitive material which acts to open or close an electrical circuit as a function of temperature (40CFR85.2 122 (a)(2)(iii)(E)-91).
Thirty day (30 day) average: The arithmetic mean of pollutant parameter values of samples collected in a period of 30 consecutive days (40CFR133.101-91).
Thiamine (C12H17CIN40S): Vitamin B1.
Thirty day (30 day) limitation: A value that should not be exceeded by the average of daily measurements taken during any 30-day period (40CFR429.11-91).
Thiazole (C3H3NS): A colorless liquid used as for fungicides, dyes, and rubber accelerators manufacturing. Thickener: A device or system wherein the solid contents of slumes or suspensions are increased by gravity settling and mechanical separation of the phases, or by flotation and mechanical separation of the phases (EPA-83106a). Thickening (or sludge dewatering): Thickening or concentration is the process of removing water from sludge after the initial separation of the sludge from wastewater. The basic objective of thickening is to reduce the volume of liquid sludge to be handled in subsequent sludge disposal processes (EPA-83106a).
Thirty day rolling average: Any value arithmetically averaged over any consecutive thirty days (40CFR52.741-91). Thorium (Th): A radioactive metal with atomic number 90; atomic weight 232.038; density 11.7 glcc; melting point 1750 C and boiling point 3850 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Thorium: A naturally occurring radioactive element that is the by-product of the decay of uranium (AEA/closure-04). Threat of discharge: See discharge.
Thimble: A refractory shape used for stirring pot-made optical glass (EPA-83). Thin film evaporation operation: A distillation operation that employs a heating surface consisting of a large diameter tube that may be either straight or tapered, horizontal or vertical. Liquid is spread on the tube wall by a rotating assembly of blades that maintain a close clearance from the wall or actually ride on the film of liquid on the wall (40CFR264.1031-91). Thin layer chromatography: An analysis of liquid compounds using chromatography. The stationary phase is a thin layer of an absorbing solid rather than a column. See chromatography for more related t m s . Thinner: (1) The portion of a paint, varnish, lacquer, or related product that volatilizes during the drytng process. The solvents and diluents which act as thinners are used to reduce coating viscosity, and prevent oxidation, polymerization, and drying prior to coating application (EPA-79112b). (2) Solvents, diluents, low viscosity oils, and vehicles added to inks to reduce their consistency or tack (EPA-79112a).
Threat of release: See release. Threatened species: See endangered species. Three-hour period: Any three consecutive one-hour periods (each hour commencing on the hour), provided that the number of three-hour periods during which the vinyl chloride concentration exceeds 10 ppm does not exceed the number of onehour periods during which the vinyl chloride concentration exceeds 10 ppm (40CFR61.61-91). Three phase electrical: A combination of three electrical circuits powered by alternating electromotive forces that differ in phase by one third of a cycle (cf. single phase electrical). Three piece can: A can which is made from a rectangular sheet and two circular ends (40CFR52.741-91). Three process operation facility: The facility including those processes involved with plate stacking, burning or strap casting, and assembly of elements into the battery case (40CFR60.371-91).
Three Ts of combustion: Temperature, time, and turbulence. Combustion principles include that: (1) High enough temperature to ignite the air and fuel mixture; (2) Turbulent mixing to bring the air and fuel into contact; and (3) Sufficient residence time for the reaction to occur (EPA-81/12, p3-2). Three-phase four-wire system: An alternating-current supply that has three alternating voltages of the same frequency, displaced in phase by 120 degrees. The system is comprised of four conductors, three of which are connected as in a typical threephase three-wire system, the fourth being connected to the neutral point of the supply, which may be grounded. Three-phase three-wire system: An alternating-current supply that consists of sinusoids 120 degrees apart with three wires. For the three-wire system, there is no reference to ground and thus it is more susceptible to lighting problems. Threshold damage: The minimum pollution necessary to produce a measurable environmental effect (EPA-74/11). Threshold dose: The minimum dose of a given substance necessary to produce a measurable physiological or psychological effect. See dose for more related terms (EPA-74/11). Threshold effects: Results from chemicals that have a safe level (i.e., acute, subacute, or chronic human health effects) (EPA91/03). Threshold level: The minimum concentration of a substance at which negative health effects begin to appear (CAAIAPC-04). Threshold level: Time-weighted average pollutant concentration values, exposure beyond which is likely to adversely affect human health. See environmental exposure (EPA-97/12). Threshold limit median (TLM): The lethal concentration of a pollutant to 50% of a tested aquatic species population. TLM is generally expressed in mg/L. Exposure durations may be 24, 48, or 96 hours; most frequently 96-hour are reported. Values vary depending on species tested, the test type (i.e., static or flow through bioassay), and other conditions such as pH or water hardness (EPA-3/80). Threshold limit value (TLV) type: (1) TLV-time weighted average (TLV-TWA): A time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour work day and a 40-hour work week (Course 165.5). (2) TLV-short term exposure limit (TLV-STEL): A 15minute timeweighted average exposure which should not be exceeded at any time during a work day (Course 165.5). (3) TLVceiling (TLV-C): A concentration that should not be exceeded, even instantaneously (Course 165.5). Threshold limit value (TLV): (1) Maximum airborne concentration of a substance to which a worker may be exposed 8 hours a day, 40 hours a week, for a working lifetime without
adverse effect (EPA-83). (2) Recommended guidelines for occupational exposure to airborne contaminants published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The TLVs represent the average concentration (in mg/cu.m) for an 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work week to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect (EPA-92/12). (3) The recommended concentrations of airborne contaminants to which workers may be exposed according to the American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (DOE-91/04). Threshold limit value (TLV): A workplace exposure standard, the concentration of an airborne substance that a healthy person can be exposed to for a 40-hour work week without adverse effect. The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists recommends occupational exposure guidelines (TSCNchemical04). Threshold limit value (TLV): Exposure levels representing conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effects. For airborne substances, the exposure levels are stated as airborne concentrations and durations of exposure, including (1) time weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour work week (threshold limit value--time-weighted average). (2) Maximal concentrations to which workers can be exposed for a period up to 15 minutes (threshold limit value-short-term exposure limit). (3) Concentrations that should not be exceeded even instantaneously (threshold limit value-ceiling). These values are published annually by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (EPA-81/09). Threshold limit value (TLV):The concentration of an airborne substance to which an average person can be repeatedly exposed without adverse effects. TLVs may be expressed in three ways: (1) TLV-TWA--Time weighted average, based on an allowable exposure averaged over a normal eight-hour workday or 40-hour work week; (2) TLV-STEL--Short-term exposure limit or maximum concentration for a brief specified period of time, depending on a specific chemical (TWA must still be met); and (3) TLV-C--Ceiling Exposure Limit or maximum exposure concentration not to be exceeded under any circumstances. (TWA must still be met) (EPA-97/12). Threshold limit value (TLV): The concentration of an airborne substance that an average person can be repeatedly exposed to without adverse affects. The TLVs may be expressed in three ways: TLV-TWA-Time weighted average, based on allowable exposure averaged over a normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour work week; TLV-STE-L-Short-term exposure limit or maximum concentration for a brief specified period of time, depending on a specific chemical (TWA must still be met); and TLV-C-Ceiling Exposure Limit or maximum exposure concentration not to be exceeded under any circumstances. (TWA must still be met) (MWTNinfectious-04).
Threshold limit value (TLV): The concentration of an airbome substance that a healthy person can be exposed to for a 40-hour work week without adverse effect; a workplace exposure standard (FFDCNpesticide-04). Threshold limit value (TLV): Threshold Limit Values are established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). TLVs refer to airbome concentrations of a substance and represent conditions under which is believed that nearly all workers may be exposed day after day without adverse effect (NavyIEnv-04). Threshold limit value (TLV): TLV is the threshold dose or concentration below which there are no adverse effects. TLV is formulated on the basis of: (1) Information from historical (3) experience; (2) Experimental human studies; and Experimental animal studies. Its value refers to airborne concentrations of substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effects (Course 165.5). Threshold limit value-ceiling (TLV-C): The concentration that should not be exceeded even instantaneously (NIOSH-84/10). Threshold limit value-short term exposure limit (TLV-STEL): The concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without suffering from: (1) Irritation; (2) Chronic or irreversible tissue change; or (3) Narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair selfrescue, or materially reduce work efficiency, and provided that the daily TLVs-TWA also is not exceeded. It is not a separate independent exposure limit, rather it supplements the time weighted average (TWA) limit where there are recognized acute effects from a substance whose toxic effects are primarily of a chronic nature. STELs are recommended only where toxic effects have been reported from high short-term exposures in either humans or animals (NOSH-84/10). Threshold limit value-time weighted average (TLV-TWA): The time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect (NIOSH-84/10). Threshold odor number: The number of times a sample needs to be diluted with clean water in order to reach the level that the smell is not detectable. For example, if original sample is 1 liter and the number of times is 3.5, this means that the sample needs to be diluted to 3.5 liters to reach undetectable odor. Threshold odor: See odor threshold (EPA-97/12). Threshold planning quantity (TPQ): (1) For a substance listed in Appendices A and B, the quantity listed in the column threshold planning quantity for that substance (40CFR355.20; 370.2-91).
Threshold planning quantity: A quantity designated for each chemical on the list of extremely hazardous substances that triggers notification by facilities to the State Emergency Response Commission that such facilities are subject to emergency planning requirements under SARA Title 111 (EPA-97/12). Threshold quantity: The quantity of regulated chemicals, in pounds, specified in EPA's List Rule. Any facility that has more than the threshold quantity amount of a listed substance for use in a single process must file a RMP (TSCNchemical-04). Threshold shift: The deviation in decibels of a measured hearing level from one previously established (NCNsound-04). Threshold toxicity: A limit upon which a substance becomes toxic or poisonous to a particular organism (EPA-83106a). Threshold treatment: In water softening treatment, the level of treatment needed so that precipitation will stop (cf. water softening). Threshold: A minimum amount needed for a given effect. Threshold: In exposure studies: (1) The dose or exposure below which a significant adverse effect is not expected. Carcinogens are thought to be non-threshold chemicals, to which no exposure can be presumed to be without some risk of adverse effect (EPA92/12). (2) The dose or exposure below which a significant adverse effect is not expected. Carcinogenicity is thought to be a non-threshold endpoint, thus, no exposure can be presumed to be without some risk of adverse effect. Non-carcinogenicity is presumed to be a threshold endpoint, thus, some exposures are presumed to be without risk of adverse effects (EPA-90108). Threshold: In odor studies, the minimum concentration at which a substance can be detected by whatever test method is employed. At the odor threshold, the average person can just barely detect that an odor exists. Higher concentrations can be stated in terms of thresholds: (1) Two thresholds means that the odor can be reduced to the threshold level by diluting one part of it with one part of odor free air. (2) One hundred thresholds means that one must add 99 parts of odor-free air to bring it down to the threshold concentration. (3) In a general sense, a definite odor is about 10 thresholds, a strong odor 100 thresholds, and an overpower odor 1000 thresholds (EPA-84/09). Threshold: The dose or exposure level below which a significant adverse effect is not expected (EPA-97/12). Threshold: The lowest dose of a chemical at which a specified measurable effect is observed and below which it is not observed (EPA-97/12). Throat velocity: The gas velocity through a venturi throat. The typical range is 12,000 to 24,000 a m i n (EPA-84/09).
Thropic levels: A functional classification of species that is based on feeding relationships (e.g., generally aquatic and terrestrial green plants comprise the first thropic level, and herbivores comprise the second) (EPA-97/12). Throttle: The mechanical linkage which either directly or indirectly controls the fuel flow to the engine (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR86.090.2-91). Throughfall: In a vegetated area, the precipitation that falls directly to the ground or the rainwater or snowmelt that drops from twigs or leaves (After Hoover, 1953, p. 1.). See s t d o w (CWA/hydrology-04). Through-steel: A system of dust collection from rock or roof drilling. The drill steel is hollow, and a vacuum is applied at the base, pulling the dust through the steel and into a receptacle on the machine (CWNmining-04). Thulium (Tm): A rare earth metal with atomic number 69; atomic weight 168.934; density 9.33 glee; melting point 1545 C and boiling point 1727 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Thyroid gland: A butterfly shaped gland that lies across the base of the neck in front of the windpipe that produces thyroid hormone (HAS-92). Tidal flat: An extensive, nearly horizontal, tract of land that is alternately covered and uncovered by the tide and consists of unconsolidated sediment (CWNWbasics-04). Tidal marsh: Low, flat marshlands traversed by channels and tidal hollows, subject to tidal inundation; normally, the only vegetation present is salt-tolerant bushes and grasses. See wetlands (EPA-97/12). Tidal volume (VT): Volume of air inhaledlexhaled during normal breathing (EPA-90108). Tidal volume: Air volumes moved in and out of one person's lungs in a respiratory cycle. Tidal water: The changes of water levels due to periodical tidal actions. See water for more related terms. Tide: The rhythmic, alternate rise and fall of the surface (or water level) of the ocean, and connected bodies of water, occurring twice a day over most of the earth, resulting from the gravitational attraction of the Moon, and to a lesser degree, the Sun (CWNWbasics-04). Tier 1 sediment guideline: Threshold concentration above which there is a high probability of adverse effects on aquatic life from sediment contamination, determined using modified U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (1996) procedures (CWAI Wbasics-04). Tier: One of the three levels of treatability testing.(i.e., laboratory screening, bench-scale testing, pilot-scale testing) (EPA-89112a). Tiered permit limits: Permit limits that only apply to the discharge when a certain threshold (e.g., production level), specific circumstance (e.g., batch discharge), or timeframe (e.g., after six months) triggers their use (CWNwastewater-04). Tiered testing: Any of a series of tests that are conducted as a result of a previous test's findings (CWAIwastewater-04). Tiering: Refers to the coverage of general matters in ,broader environmental impact statements (such as national program or policy statements) with subsequent narrower statements or environmental analyses (such as regional or basin-wide program statements or ultimately site-specific statements) incorporating by reference the general discussions and concentrating solely on the issues specific to the statement subsequently prepared. Tiering is appropriate when the sequence of statements or analyses is: (1) From a program, plan, or policy environmental impact statement to a program plan, or policy statement or analysis of lesser scope or to a site-specific statement or analysis. (2) From an environmental impact statement on a specific action at an early stage (such as need and site selection) to a supplement (which is preferred) or a subsequent statement or analysis at a later stage (such as environmental mitigation). Tiering in such cases is appropriate when it helps the lead agency to focus on the issues which are ripe for decision and exclude from consideration issues already decided or not yet ripe (40CFR1508.28-91). Tight house: A house with a low air exchange rate. If 0.5 to 0.9 air changes per hour (ach) is typical of modern housing, a tight house would be one with an exchange rate well below 0.5 ach (EPA-88/08), Tight soil: The soil that is relatively impermeable to water movement. See soil for more related terms (EPA-83). Tile drain: A buried perforated pipe designed to remove excess water from soils (CWA/Wbasics-04). Till: Predominantly unsorted and unstratified drift, deposited directly by and underneath a glacier without subsequent reworking by meltwater, and consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders (CWA/Wbasics-04). Tillage: Plowing, seedbed preparation, and cultivation practices (EPA-97/12). Tilting furnace: The furnace that is provided with devices for affixing the crucible to the h a c e so that the furnace may be tilted with the crucible when the metal is poured. See furnace for more related terms (AP-40, p238).
Timber set: A timber fi-ame to support the roof, sides, and sometimes the floor of mine roadways or shafts (CWNmining-04). Timber: A collective term for underground wooden supports (CWNmining-04). Timbering: The setting of timber supports in mine workings or shafts for protection against falls from roof, face, or rib (CWNmining-04). Timberline: The line of elevation on a mountain or hill slope above which trees do not grow. Its height depends upon local as well as general conditions of climate and soil. It is lower in the temperate than in the tropical zone, lower on the shady than on the sunny side of a mountain, and highest on those slopes which provide the best protection from winds and the longest exposure to the sun (DOI-70104). Time meter: A device such as clocks and timers for measuring the time. Time of concentration: The time required for water to flow from the farthest point on the watershed to the gaging station (CWAlhydrology-04). Time period: Any period of time designated by how, month, season, calendar year, averaging time, or other suitable characteristics, for which ambient air quality is estimated (40CFR51.100-91). Time reference: The time (t)when the laser pulse emerges from the laser, used as the reference in all lidar time or range measurements (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91). Time response curve: The curve relating cumulative percentage response of a test batch of organisms, exposed to a single dose or single concentration of a chemical, to a period of exposure (40CFR797.1350-91, see also 40CFR797.1440-91). Time weighted average (TWA): The averaging of different exposure levels during an exposure period. For noise, given an 85dBA exposure limit and a 3-dB exchange rate, the TWA is calculated according to the following formula: TWA = 10.0 H Log(D/100) + 85 where D = dose (NCNsound-04). Time weighted average example: The average value of a parameter (e.g., concentration of a chemical in air) that varies over time. The average value can be expressed as TWA = sum[(Ci x Ti)]/sum(Ti), where: i = l,2,3 .....; C = concentration; and T = time of exposure (Course 165.6). See Appendix A for an example calculation. Time: A measure of the sequence of events. Other time-related terms include (1) Detention period (see detention time); (2) Detention time; (3) Dwell time; (4) Fall time; (5) Ignition delay
time; (6) Lag time; (7) Residence time; (8) Response time; (9) Retention period (see detention time); (10) Retention time; (11) Reverberation time; and (12) Rise time.
Time-critical actions: A type of short-term cleanup in which, based on an evaluation of the site, EPA determines that less than six months is available before site activities must be initiated. During time-critical actions, EPA conducts an investigation of the contamination and produces an action memorandum authorizing and outlining the cleanup before beginning the actual cleanup (SFIremedy-04) Timed delay: A delayed diaphragm displacement controlled to occur within a given time period (40CFR85.2 122(a)(l)(ii)(B)-91). Time-weighted average (TWA): In air sampling, the average air concentration of contaminants during a given period (EPA-97/12). Tin (Sn): A soft metallic element with atomic number 50; atomic weight 118.69; density 7.30 glcc; melting point 231.9 C and boiling point 2270 C. The element belongs to group IVA of the periodic table. Tin alloy: The essential constituent of soft solders, type metals, fusible alloys and certain bearing metals, e.g., copper and antimony pewter, bronze, and sometimes lead (EPA-83). Tin can: A can made from tin-plated steel (EPA-83). Tin free steel (TFS): Cans made from steel coated with chrome rather than tin. This newly developed technique will simplify the recycling of steel cans (EPA-83). Tinaja: A pocket of water developed below a waterfall; a term used in the Southwestern United States; used loosely to mean a temporary pool (CWNWbasics-04). Tinnitus: "Ringing in the ears" of which there is no observable cause (NCNsound-04). Tint base paint: A noncolored paint shipped to the retailer where colorants are added to meet customer's specifications. See paint for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Tipping fee: A fee charged for the unloading or dumping of material at a landfill, transfer station, recycling center, or waste-toenergy facility, usually stated in dollars per ton (sometimes called a disposal or service fee) (RCWmanagement-04). Tipping fee: The price charged for delivering municipal waste to landfill, incinerator, or recycling facility; usually expressed in dollars per ton. See fee for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Tipping floortpit: Unloading area for vehicles that are delivering municipal solid waste to a transfer station or municipal waste combustion facility (RCWmanagement-04).
Tipping floor: Unloading area for vehicles that are delivering solid waste to an incinerator or other processing facility (SW108ts and EPA-89/11). Tipple: Originally the place where the mine cars were tipped and emptied of their coal, and still used in that same sense, although now more generally applied to the surface structures of a mine, including the preparation plant and loading tracks (CWNmining04). Tire processor: Intermediate operating facility where recovered tires are processed in preparation for recycling (EPA-97/12). Tires: The following types of tires: passenger car tires, light- and heavy-duty truck tires, high speed industrial tires, bus tires, and special service tires (including military, agricultural, off-the-road, and slow speed industrial) (40CFR253.4-91, see also 40CFR60.541-91). Tires: As used in recycling, passenger car and truck tires (excludes airplane, bus, motorcycle and special service military, agricultural, off-the-road and-slow speed industrial tires). Car and truck tires are recycled into rubber products such as trash cans, storage containers, rubberized asphalt, or used whole for playground and reef construction (EPA-97/12). Tissue study: The assessment of concentrations and distributions of trace elements and certain organic contaminants in tissues of aquatic organisms (CWNWquality-04). Tissue study: The assessment of concentrations and distributions of trace elements and certain organic contaminants in tissues of aquatic organisms (CWNWbasics-04). Tissue: A group of similar cells (Course 165.6). Titanium (Ti): A transition metal with atomic number 22; atomic weight 47.9; density 4.51 glcc; melting point 1668 C and boiling point 3260 C. The element belongs to group IVB of the periodic table. Titanium mineral: The main commercial minerals are mtile (TiOz) and ilmenite (FeTiOs) (EPA-82/05). Title I design (preliminary design): Continues a design effort using the conceptual design and the project design criteria as a basis for project development. Title I design develops topographical and subsurface data and determines the requirements and criteria that will govern the definitive design. Tasks include preparation of preliminq planning and engineering studies, preliminary drawings and outline specifications, life-cycle cost analysis, preliminary cost estimates, and scheduling for project completion. Preliminary design identifies long-lead-time procurement items and analyzes risks associated with continued project development (DOE-91/04).
Title I1 design (definitive design): Continues the development of a project based on an approved preliminary design (Title I). Definitive design includes any revisions of the Title I effort; preparation of final working drawings, specifications, bidding documents, and cost estimates; coordination with all parties that night affect the project; development of firm construction and procurement schedules; and assistance in analyzing proposals or bids (DOE-91/04). Title 111 (superfund): (1) Title I11 of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, also titled the Emergency Panning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (40CFR350.1-91, see also 40CFR372.3; 372.3-91). (2) The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, Specifies requirements for organizing the planning process at the state and local levels for specified extremely hazardous substances; minimum plan content; requirements for fixed facility owners and operators to inform officials about extremely hazardous substances present at the facilities; and mechanisms for making information about extremely hazardous substances available to citizens (NRT87/03). Title 111 inspection (concurrent with construction): Complete architectural and engineering supervision and inspection of construction under the direction of a responsible representative. Includes checking of shop drawings and furnishing of reproducible as-built record drawings and marked-up specifications showing construction as actually accomplished (DOE-91/04). Titrand: A substance to be analyzed in a titration process. Titrant: A substance with known parameters such as component, concentration, or volume which is used for analyzing a titrand in a titration process. Other titrand related term includes acidic titrant. Titration: (1) A method of measuring acidity of alkalinity. (2) The determination of a constituent in a known volume of solution by the measured addition of a solution of known strength for completion of the reaction as signaled by observation of an end point (EPA-83106a). Titration: For more related terms, see (1) Acid base titration; (2) Amperometric titration; (3) Complexometri analysis; (4) Conductometric titration; (5) Distillation silver nitrate titration; (6) Endpoint titration; (7) Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid titration; (8) Potentiometric titration; (9) Redox titration; (10) Spectrophotometrictitration; (11) Thermometric titration; and (12) Turbidimetric titration. TLV-C: Ceiling Exposure Limit or maximum exposure concentration not to be exceeded under any circumstances (TWA must still be met) (NavyIEnv-04).
TLV-STEL: Short-term exposure limit or maximum concentration for a brief specified period of time, depending on a specific chemical (TWA must still be met) (NavyIEnv-04). TLV-TWA: Time weighted average, based on an allowable exposure averaged over a normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour work week (NavyEnv-04). TMI: Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant Unit 2. An accident at TMI led to an action plan by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the resolution of severe accident and source term issues; much of the safety knowledge gained from the TMI accident has been incorporated into current NRC regulations (DOE-9 1/04). To be considered (TBC) requirements: Non-promulgated advisories (such as reference doses or potency factors), criteria, and guidance issued by federal and state governments and not having the same status as ARARs; supplement ARARs where they do not exist or are insufficient to protect human health and the environment (Navy/Env-04). Toe: The bottom of the working face at a sanitary landfill (SW108ts). Toilet tissue: A sanitary tissue paper. The principal characteristics are softness, absorbency, cleanliness, and adequate strength (considering easy disposability). It is marketed in rolls of varying sizes or in interleaved packages (40CFR250.4-91). Tolerance limit median: The concentration that kills 50% of the test organisms within a specified time span, usually in 96 hours or less. This system of reporting has been misapplied by some who have erroneously inferred that a TLM value is a safe value, whereas it is merely the level at which half of the test organisms are killed. In many cases, the differences are great between TLM concentrations and concentrations that are low enough to permit reproduction and growth. LC50 has the same numerical value as TLM (EPA-76/03). Tolerance limit: The numerical value identifying the acceptable range of some variables (EPA-79112~). Tolerance petition: A formal request to establish a new tolerance or modify an existing one (EPA-97/12). Tolerance with regional registration: Any tolerance which is established for pesticide residues resulting from the use of the pesticide pursuant to a regional registration. Such a tolerance is supported by residue data from specific growing regions for a raw agricultural commodity. Individual tolerances with regional registration are designated in separate subsections in 40CFR180.10 1 through 180.999, as appropriate. Additional residue data which are representative of the proposed use area are required to expand the geographical area of usage of a pesticide on a raw agricultural commodity having an established tolerance with
regional registration. Persons seeking geographically broader registration of a crop having a tolerance with regional registration should contact the appropriate EPA product manager concerning additional residue data required to expand the use area (40CFRI 80.1-n-91).
Tolerance: (1) The ability of a living thing to withstand adverse conditions, such as pest attacks, weather extremes, or pesticides. (2) The amount of pesticide that may safely remain in or on raw farm products at time of sale (FFDCNpesticide-04). Tolerance: (1) The amount of a pesticide residue that legally may be present in or on a raw agricultural commodity under the terms of a tolerance under FFDCA section 408 or a processed food under the terms of a food additive regulation under FFDCA section 409. Tolerances are usually expressed in terms of parts of the pesticide residue per million parts of the food (ppm), by weight (40CFR177.3-91). (2) The relative capability of an organism to endure or adapt to an unfavorable environmental factor (DOD-78/01). Tolerance: The maximum amount of a pesticide allowable in a food or feed product before it is considered adulterated, usually specified in parts per million (FFDCNpesticide-04). Tolerances: Permissible residue levels for pesticides in raw agricultural produce and processed foods. Whenever a pesticide is registered for use on a food or a feed crop, a tolerance (or exemption from the tolerance requirement) must be established. EPA establishes the tolerance levels, which are enforced by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Agriculture (EPA-97/12). Tolerant species: Those species that are adaptable to (tolerant of) human alterations to the environment and often increase in number when human alterations occur (CWAIWquality-04). Toluene (C&): A solvent used in paints and varnishes. It is similar to benzene, but has a higher boiling point and is less toxic (EPA-84/09). Ton: (1) Gross ton 2240 pounds. (2) Net ton 2000 pounds (EPA83). Ton: A short or net ton is equal to 2000 pounds; a long or British ton is 2240 pounds; a metric ton is approximately 2205 pounds (CWNmining-04). Tonnage: The amount of waste that a landfill accepts, usually expressed in tons per month. The rate at which a landfill accepts waste is limited by the landfill's permit (EPA-97/12). Tool steel: Steels used to make cutting tools and dies. Many of these steels have considerable quantities of alloying elements such as chromium, carbon, tungsten, molybdenum, and other elements. These form hard carbides which provide good wearing qualities
but at the same time decrease machinability. Tool steels in the trade are classified for the most part by their applications, such as hot work die, cold work die, high speed, shock resisting, mold, and special purpose steels (EPA-83106a).
Torque: An ability to cause an object to rotate. It is equal to the product of a force and its perpendicular distance from a rotational center. Other torque-related terms include (1) Full load torque; (2) Maximum rated torque; and (3) Mechanical torque rate.
Tooth: Surface grain of paper (EPA-83).
Torr: A unit of pressure which equals 133.3 pascals or 1 mm Hg at 0 C (40CFR796.1950-91).
Top blown furnace: A basic oxygen process furnace (BOPF) in which oxygen is introduced to the bath of molten iron by means of an oxygen lance inserted from the top of the vessel. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.141a-91). Top security: See security classification category. Top void (block void or void): Air space(s) within masonry walls made of concrete blocks or cinder blocks. Top void specifically refers to the air space in the top course of such walls; that is, the course of block to which the sill plate is attached and on which the walls of the house rest (EPA-88/08). Top: A mine roof; same as "back" (CWAImining-04). Topcoat operation: All topcoat spray booths, flash-off areas, and bake ovens at a facility which are used to apply, dry, or cure the final coatings (except final off-line repair) on components of automobile or light-duty truck bodies (40CFR52.741-91).
Tort: Tort is the word used to denote a common law civil wrong for which a court will provide a remedy. A tort arises from the existence of a generalized legal duty to avoid causing harm to others, through acts of omission, as well as of commission. See common law for more related terms (Sullivan-95/04, p6). Total 1,2-Dichloroethene, (1,2-DCE): Both cis and trans DCE (NavyIEnv-04). Total alkalinity: An indicator of the ability to neutralize the acid in water. It represents that alkalinity is measured above 4.5, and bicarbonate ions (HC03y have reacted with strong acid to form H2C03. Total annual sales: The total annual revenue (in dollars) generated by the sale of all products of a company. Total annual sales must include the total annual sales revenue of all sites owned or controlled by that company and the total annual sales revenue of that company's subsidiaries and foreign or domestic parent company, if any (40CFR704.3-91).
Topcoat operation: The topcoat spray booth, flash-off area, and bake oven(s) which are used to apply and dry or cure the final coating(s) on components of automobile and light-duty truck bodies (40CFR60.391-91).
Total carbon: The sum of carbon associated with both inorganic and organic compounds in a sample.
Topcoat: A coating applied in a multiple coat operation other than prime coat, final repair coat, or prime surfacer coat (40CFR52.741-91).
Total chromium: The sum of hexavalent and trivalent chromium as measured by the procedures listed in 40CFR136. See chromium for more related terms (40CFR410.01-91).
Topographic map: A map indicating surface elevations and slopes (SW-108ts).
Total coliform: The sum of all types of bacteria in a sample, rather than a specific species. See coliform for more related terms.
Topography: The general configuration of a land surface or any part of the earth's surface, including its relief and the position of its natural and man-made features (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Total combustible: Includes paints, lacquers, coatings, etc., associated with the original ferrous product, as well as combustible materials (paper, plastics, textiles, etc.) which become associated with the ferrous product after it is manufactured. See combustible for more related terms (SW-108ts) (EPA-83).
Topography: The physical features of a surface area including relative elevations and the position of natural and man-made (anthropogenic) features (EPA-97/12). Topsoil: The topmost layer of soil; usually refers to soil that contains humus and is capable of supporting good plant growth (SW-I 08ts). Torque wrench: A wrench that indicates, as on a dial, the amount of torque (in units of foot-pounds) exerted in tightening a roof bolt (CWAImining-04).
Total concentration: Refers to the concentration of a constituent regardless of its form (dissolved or bound) in a sample (CWANbasics-04). Total cost bidding: A method of establishing the purchase price of movable equipment. The buyer is guaranteed that maintenance will not exceed a set maximum amount during a fixed period and that the equipment will be repurchased at a set minimum price when the period ends (SW-108ts).
Total cyanide: (1) Total cyanide as determined by the test procedure specified in 40CFR136 (Federal Register, Vol. 38 No. 199, October 16, 1973) (EPA-83/09). (2) The total content of cyanide expressed as the radical CN- or alkali cyanide whether present as simple or complex ions. The sum of both the combined and free cyanide content of a plating solution. In analytical terminology, total cyanide is the sum of cyanide amenable to oxidation by chlorine and that which is not according to standard analytical methods (EPA-83106a). (3) See cyanide for more related terms. Total DDT: The sum of DDT and its metabolites (breakdown products), including DDD and DDE (CWAIWquality-04). Total dissolved phosphorous: The total phosphorous content of all material that will pass through a filter, which is determined as orthophosphate without prior digestion or hydrolysis. Also called soluble P. or ortho P (EPA-97/12). Total dissolved solid: (1) The total dissolved (filterable) solids as determined by use of the method specified in 40CFR136 (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR131.35; 144.3; 146.3-91). (2) See solid for more related terms. Total dissolved solids (TDS): All material that passes the standard glass river filter; now called total filtrable residue. Term is used to reflect salinity (EPA-97/12). Total dissolved solids (TDS): The quantity of dissolved material in a given volume of water (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Total dynamic head (TDH): The total energy provided by a pump consisting of the difference in elevation between the suction and discharge levels, plus losses due to unrecovered velocity head and friction (EPA-8211If). Total enclosure: A structure that is constructed around a source of emissions and operated so that all VOC emissions are collected and exhausted through a stack or duct. With a total enclosure, there will be no fugitive emissions, only stack emissions. The drying oven itself may be part of the total enclosure (40CFR60.741-91, see also 40CFR60.441; 60.71 1-91). Total excess cancer risk: The upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk associated with exposure to multiple hazardous substances and multiple exposure pathways (NavytEnv-04). Total fluoride: The elemental fluorine and all fluoride compounds as measured by reference methods specified in 40CFR60.195 or by equivalent or alternative methods. See fluoride for more related terms (40CFR60.191-91). Total head: The height above a datum plane of a column of water. In a groundwater system, it is composed of elevation head and pressure head (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system: Either heated or unheated monitors, a THC measurement system consists of the following major subsystems (EPA-90104): (1) Sample probe. (2) Sample line. (3) Calibration valve assembly. (4) FID analyzer. (5) Data recorder. (6) See measurement for more related terms. Total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system: The total equipment required for the determination of a gas concentration. For total hydrocarbon concentration (THC) measurement, there are two acceptable types of THC monitoring systems: heated and unheated systems. (1) Heated systems maintain the temperature of the sample gas between 150 to 170 C throughout the system. This requires all system components like probe, calibration valve, filters, sample lines, pump, and the FID analyzer to be kept heated at all times such that no moisture is condensed out of the system. (2) Unheated systems remove excess moisture from the system and pass it through a gas conditioning system kept at temperatures between 5 to 18 C (40 to 64 F) so that the moisture of the sample gas entering the FID does not exceed 2%. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) (or Kjeldahl process): (1) A measure of nitrogen combined in organic and ammonia form in wastewater. Expressed in mg/L as N. It includes ammonia and organic nitrogen but does not include nitrite and nitrate nitrogen. (2) The sum of free nitrogen and organic nitrogen in a sample (EPA-82/11; 76/03). Total maximum daily load (TMDL): (1) The total allowable pollutant load to a receiving water such that any additional loading will produce a violation of water quality standards (EPA-85/09, see also 40CFR130.2-91). (2) The sum of the individual waste load allocations and load allocations. A margin of safety is included with the two types of allocations so that any additional loading, regardless of source, would not produce a violation of water quality standards (EPA-91/03). Total maximum daily load (TMDL): The sum of the individual wasteload allocations (WLAs) for point sources and load allocations (LAs) for nonpoint sources and natural background. Additional information on TMDLs can be found at http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/tmd1.cfm.To determine if there is an approved or established TMDL on your project's receiving water, refer to http://www.epa.gov/npdes/storm waterlcgp for state and regional specific TMDL information related to the construction general permit. You may also have to contact your EPA regional office or state agency (CWAIwastewater-04). Total metals: (1) The sum of the metal content in both soluble and insoluble form (EPA-83106a). (2) The concentration of metals determined in a sample following digestion by Methods 3010, 3020, or 3050 specified in SW-846. (3) (In electroplating), the sum of the concentration or mass of Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) (total), and Zinc (Zn) (40CFR413.02-91). (4) See metal for more related terms.
Total metals: Analyte elements which have been digested prior to analysis (NavyIEnv-04). Total moisture: (1) That moisture determined as the loss in weight in an air atmosphere under rigidly controlled conditions of temperature, time, and air flow. Total moisture is calculated from the air dry loss and the residual moisture (EPA-83). (2) The weight loss resulting from drying a sample to constant weight in an oven usually maintained between 103 and 107 degree C (EPA83). (3) See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms.
Total quality management (TQM)/Total quality leadership (TQL): A strategy used by DOD to continuously improve performance at every level and in all areas of responsibility. Combines fundamental management techniques, existing improvement efforts, and specialized technical tools under a disciplined structure focused on continuously improving all processes, including products and services (NavyIEnv-04). Total rated capacity: The sum of the rated capacities of all fuelburning equipment connected to a common stack. The rated capacity shall be the maximum guaranteed by the equipment manufacturer or the maximum normally achieved during use, whichever is greater (40CFR52.01-91).
Total organic active ingredients: The sum of all organic active ingredients covered by 40CFR455.20(a) which are manufactured at a facility subject to this subpart (40CFR455.20-91, see also 40CFR455.21-91).
Total recoverable metals: The concentration of metals in an unfiltered sample following treatment with hot diluted mineral acid. See metal for more related terms (Method 3005, SW-846).
Total organic active ingredients: The sum of all organic active ingredients covered by 40CFR455.20(a) which are manufactured at a facility subject to this subpart (40CFR455.21-91).
Total recoverable: The concentration determined on an unfiltered sample following treatment with hot, dilute mineral acid (40CFR136-App/C-91).
Total organic carbon (TOC): Measures the amount of organic carbon in water (CWAIwastewater-04).
Total recovered petroleum hydrocarbon: A method for measuring petroleum hydrocarbons in samples of soil or water (EPA-97/12).
Total organic carbon (TOC): Total organic carbon (TOC) is a measure of the organic contamination of a water sample. It has an empirical relationship with the biochemical and chemical oxygen demands. See carbon for more related terms (EPA-83; 74/04). Total organic compounds: Those compounds measured according to the procedures in 40CFR60.503 (40CFR60.501-91, see also 40CFR60.561; 60.61 1; 60.661-91). Total oxygen demand (TOD): The total oxygen needed for BOD and COD during wastewater treatment. See oxygen for more related terms. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH): Measure of the concentration or mass of petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a given amount of soil or water. The word "total" is a misnomer--few, if any, of the procedures for quantifying hydrocarbons can measure all of them in a given sample. Volatile ones are usually lost in the process and not quantified and nonpetroleum hydrocarbons sometimes appear in the analysis (EPA97/12). Total phenol: The total phenolic compounds as measured by the procedure listed in 40CFR136 (distillation followed by colorimetric--4AAP). See phenol for more related terms (40CFR464.02-91). Total pressure: The pressure representing the sum of static pressure and velocity pressure at the point of measurement. See pressure for more related terms (EPA-83/06).
Total recycle: The complete reuse of a wastestream, with makeup water added for evaporation losses. There is no blowdown stream from a totally recycled flow and the process water is not periodically or continuously discharged (EPA-83103a). Total reduced sulfur (TRS): The sum of the sulfur compounds hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide, that are released during the kraft pulping operation and measured by Reference Method 16 (40CFR60.28 191). Total residual chlorine (TRC) (or total residual oxidants for intake water with bromide): (1) Free residual plus combined residual (EPA-82111f). (2) The value obtained using the amperometric method for total residual chlorine described in 40CFR130 (40CFR423.11-91; see also 420.02-91; EPA-8211 la). (3) See chlorine for more related terms. Total residual oxidants for intake water with bromide: See total residual chlorine. Total resource effectiveness (TRE) index value: A measure of the supplemental total resource requirement per unit reduction of TOC associated with an individual air oxidation vent stream, based on vent stream flow rate, emission rate of TOC, net heating value, and corrosion properties (whether or not the vent stream is halogenated), as quantified by the equation given under 40CFR60.614(e) (40CFR60.611-91).
Total site non-cancer risk: A calculation of the possibility of non-cancer health effects associated with exposure to all hazardous materials at or from a disposal site at all exposure points for a given receptor. The Hazard Index is a measure of total site non-cancer risk (NavyIEnv-04). Total smelter charge: The weight (dry basis) of all copper sulfide ore concentrates processed at a primary copper smelter, plus the weight of all other solid materials introduced into the roasters and smelting furnaces at a primary copper smelter, except calcine, over a one-month period (40CFR60.161-91). Total SO2 equivalents: The sum of volumetric or mass concentrations of the sulfur compounds obtained by adding the quantity existing as SO2 to the quantity of SO2 that would be obtained if all reduced sulfur compounds were converted to SO2 (ppmv or kg/DSCM) (40CFR60.641-91).
and 40CFR433.11 (40CFR433.11-91, see also 40CFR464.02; 464.1 1; 464.21; 464.31; 464.41; 465.02; 467.02; 468.02; 469.12; 469.22; 469.3 1-91). Total trihalomethanes (TTHM): The sum of the concentration in milligrams per liter of the trihalomethane compounds (trichloromethane [chloroform], dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane, and tribromomethane [bromoform]), rounded to two significant figures (40CFR141.2-91). Total volatile solids: Volatile residue present in wastewater (EPA-83106a). Total waste analysis: Analytic test method used to measure compliance with most of the organic treatment standards. Carbon disulfide, cyclohexanone, and methanol treatment standards are measured using toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (RCRA/landban-04).
Total solid (TS): See total suspended solid. Total storage: The volume of a reservoir below the maximum controllable level including dead storage (CWAhydrology-04). Total suspended particles (TSP): A method of monitoring particulate matter by total weight (NavyIEnv-04). Total suspended particulate: The particulate matter as measured by the method described in Appendix B of Part 50 of this chapter. See particulate for more related terms (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR58.1-91). Total suspended residue: See total suspended solid. Total suspended solid (TSS) (total solid or total suspended residue): (1) The value obtained by the method specified in 40CFR136.3 (40CFR420.02-91). (2) The total amount of both suspended and dissolved materials in wastewater. Expressed in mg/L (EPA-82/11). (3) See solid for more related terms. Total suspended solids (TSS): A measure of the filterable solids present in a sample, as determined by the method specified in 4OCFR Part 136 (CWNwastewater-04). Total suspended solids (TSS): A measure of the suspended solids in wastewater, effluent, or waterbodies, determined by tests for "total suspended non-filterable solids." See suspended solids. Total Suspended Particles (TSP): A method of monitoring airborne particulate matter by total weight (EPA-97/12). Total test distance: Is defined for each class of motorcycles in 40CFR86.427.78 (40CFR86.402.78-91). Total toxic organics (TTO): The total toxic organics, which is the summation of all quantifiable values greater than 0.01 milligrams per liter for the toxic organics listed in 40CFR413.02
Total: The concentration determined on an unfiltered sample following vigorous digestion (Section 9.3), or the sum of the dissolved plus suspended concentrations. (Section 9.1 plus 9.2) (40CFR136-AppIC-91). Totally enclosed manner: Any manner that will ensure no exposure of human beings or the environment to any concentration of PCBs (40CFR761.3-91). Totally enclosed treatment facility: A facility for the treatment of hazardous waste which is directly connected to an industrial production process and which is constructed and operated in a manner which prevents the release of any hazardous waste or any constituent thereof into the environment during treatment. An example is a pipe in which waste acid is neutralized (40CFR260.10-9 1). Totally enclosed treatment units: Units that are designed and constructed to practically eliminate the potential for hazardous wastes to escape into the environment during treatment (RCRAIhazardous-04). Touch up coat: The coat applied to correct any imperfections in the finish after color or texture coats have been applied. This definition does not include conductive sensitizers or EMIIRFI shielding coatings (40CFR60.72 1-91). Tox oneliner: An OPP summary of toxicology reviews for a particular active ingredient. For each entry, the one-liner lists a citation, MRID Numbers or Accession Numbers, brief study results, and document numbers identifying the OPP toxicology reviews. Other information is also listed (FFDCNpesticide-04). Toxaphene formulator: A person who produces, prepares, or processes a formulated product comprising a mixture of toxaphene and inert materials or other diluents into a product intended for application in any use registered under the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended (7U.S.C.135, et seq.) (40CFRI29.103-91).
Toxaphene manufacturer: A manufacturer, excluding any source which is exclusively a toxaphene formulator, who produces, prepares, or processes toxaphene or who uses toxaphene as a material in the production, preparation, or processing of another synthetic organic substance (40CFR129.103-91). Toxaphene: A material consisting of technical grade chlorinated carnphene having the approximate formula of CIOHIOCIB and normally containing 67 to 69% chlorine by weight (40CFR129.491). Toxaphene: Chemical that causes adverse health effects in domestic water supplies and is toxic to fresh water and marine aquatic life (EPA-97/12). ToxFAQs: ToxFAQs is a series of fact sheets about hazardous substances developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's (ATSDR) Division of Toxicology. The fact sheets are a guide to the most frequently asked questions (FAQs) about exposure to hazardous substances found around hazardous waste sites and the effects of exposure on human health (SF/remedy-04) Toxic agent: Chemical or physical (for example, radiation, heat, wld, microwaves) agents that, under certain circumstances of exposure, can cause harmful effects to living organisms (SFhealth-04). Toxic air pollutant (or air toxic): (1) The aggregate emissions of Benzene; 1,3 Butadiene; Polycyclic organic matter (POM); Acetaldehyde and Formaldehyde (CAM1 l.k-42U.S.C.7545-91). (2) The materials contaminating the environment that cause death, disease, birth defects in organisms that ingest or absorb them. The quantities and length of exposure necessary to cause these effects can vary widely (EPA-89/12). (3) See pollutant for more related terms. Toxic atmosphere monitor (or colorimetric indicator tube): The monitor consists of a glass tube impregnated with an indicating chemical. The tube is connected to a pump. A known volume of contaminated air is pulled at a predetermined rate through the tube by the pump. The contaminant reacts with the indicator chemical in the tube, producing a change in color whose length is proportional to the contaminant concentration. The tubes are normally chemical specific. There are different tubes for different gases, e.g., chlorine detector tube for chlorine gas, acrylonitrile tube for acrylonitrile gas. Some manufacturers do produce tubes for groups of gases such as aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols. Concentration ranges on the tubes may be in the ppm or percent range. See air analyzer for more related terms.
Toxic chemical group: Toxic chemicals can be grouped as follows: (1) Organic solvents. (2) Toxic metals. (3) Pesticides. (4) Herbicides (Course 165.6). Toxic chemical release form: Information form required of facilities that manufacture, process, or use (in quantities above a specific amount) chemicals listed under SARA Title I11 (EPA97/12). Toxic chemical use substitution: Replacing toxic chemicals with less harmful chemicals in industrial processes (EPA-97/12). Toxic chemical: A chemical or chemical category listed in 40CFR372.65 (toxic substance) (40CFR372.3-91, see also PPA6603; SF329-91). Toxic chemical: Any chemical listed in EPA rules as "Toxic Chemicals Subject to Section 3 13 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986" (EPA-97/12). Toxic chemical: Substances that can cause severe illness, poisoning, birth defects, disease, or death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by living organisms (FFDCAIpesticide04). Toxic cloud: Airborne plume of gases, vapors, fumes, or aerosols containing toxic materials (EPA-97/12). Toxic concentration low: The lowest concentration of a substance in air to which humans or animals have been exposed for any given period of time that has produce any toxic effect in humans or produce tumorigenic or reproductive effects in animals. See dose response for more related terms. Toxic concentration: The concentration at which a substance produces a toxic effect (EPA-97/12). Toxic disease process: Including (1) Mutagenesis; (2) Teratogenesis; and (3) Carcinogenesis (Course 165.6). Toxic dose low: The lowest dose of a substance introduced by any route, other than inhalation, over any given period of time, and reported to produce any toxic effect in humans or to produce tumorigenic or reproductive effects in animals. See dose response for more related terms. Toxic dose: The dose level at which a substance produces a toxic effect (EPA-97/12). Toxic effect: An adverse change in the structure or function of an experimental animal as a result of exposure to a chemical substance (40CFR798.6050; 798.6200-91). Toxic emissions: Emission of toxic pollutants. Toxic metals: See heavy metals.
Toxic pollutants: (1) Those pollutants, or combinations of pollutants, including disease-causing agents, which after discharge and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will, on the basis of information available to the EPA Administrator, cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutations, physiological malfunctions (including malfunctions in reproduction), or physical deformations in such organisms or their offspring (CWA502, see also 40CFR122.2; 125.58; 131.3; 501.2-91). (2) Under CWA307.a. 1, 65 toxic pollutants are listed in CFR401.15-92. (3) See pollutant for more related terms. Toxic pollutants: Pollutants or combinations of pollutants, including disease-causing agents, which after discharge and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will, on the basis of information available to the Administrator of EPA, cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutations, physiological malfunctions, (including malfunctions in reproduction), or physical deformations, in such organisms or their offspring. Toxic pollutants also include those pollutants listed by the Administrator under CWA Section 307(a)(l) or any pollutant listed under Section 405(d) which relates to sludge management (CWMwastewater-04). Toxic pollutants: Materials that cause death, disease, or birth defects in organisms that ingest or absorb them. The quantities and exposures necessary to cause these effects can vary widely (EPA97112). Toxic release inventory (TRI): A database of annual toxic releases from certain manufacturers compiled from EPCRA Section 313 reports. Manufacturers must report annually to EPA and the states the amounts of almost 350 toxic chemicals and 22 chemical categories that they release directly to air, water, or land, inject underground, or transfer to off-site facilities. EPA compiles these reports and makes the information available to the public under the "Community Right-to-Know" portion of the law (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Toxic release inventory (TRI): EPA requires annual reports of toxic chemical releases to the environment. These reports are submitted on EPA Form R, the TRI Reporting Form. The reports are required to provide the public with information on the releases of listed toxic chemicals in their communities and to provide EPA with release information to assist the Agency in determining the need for future regulations (SFIremedy-04). Toxic release inventory (TRI): Database of toxic releases in the United States compiled from SARA Title 111 Section 313 reports (EPA-97/12). Toxic response type: (1) Common local effects: Including imtation; corrosion; and fibrogenesis. (2) System effect: Including
hepatotoxic (liver), nephrotoxic (kidney), neurotoxic (nerves), hematopoietic (blood), and reproductive system (Course 165.6). Toxic substance or harmful physical agent: Any chemical substance, biological agent (bacteria, virus, fungus, etc.), or physical stress (noise, heat, cold, vibration, repetitive motion, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, hypo- or hyperbaric pressure, etc.) which: (1) Is listed in the least printed edition of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS); or (ii) Has yielded positive evidence of an acute or chronic health hazard in testing conducted by, or known to, the employer; or (2) Is the subject of a material safety data sheet kept by or known to the employer indicating that the material may pose a hazard to human health (29CFR1910.20-91). Toxic substance: A chemical or mixture that can cause illness, death, disease, or birth defects. The quantities and exposures necessary to cause these effects can vary widely. Many toxic substances are pollutants and contaminants in the environment (FFDCMpesticide-04). Toxic substance: A chemical or mixture that may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment (EPA97/12). Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976: See Act or TSCA. Toxic unit acute (TUA): (1) The reciprocal of the effluent dilution that causes the acute effect by the end of the acute exposure period (EPA-85/09). (2) The reciprocal of the effluent concentration that causes 50% of the organisms to die by the end of the acute exposure period (i.e., 100 LC50) (EPA-91/03). Toxic unit chronic (TUC): (1) The reciprocal of the effluent concentration that causes no observable effect on the test organisms by the end of the chronic exposure period (i.e., 100/NOEC) (EPA-91/03). (2) The reciprocal of the effluent dilution that causes no unacceptable effect on the test organisms by the end of the chronic exposure period (EPA-85/09). Toxic units (TUs): A measure of toxicity in an effluent as determined by the acute toxicity units or chronic toxicity units measured (EPA-91/03). Toxic waste: (1) A waste which can produce injury upon contact with, or by accumulation in, a susceptible site in or on the body of a living organism (OME-88/12). (2) See waste for more related terms. Toxic waste: A waste that can produce injury if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin (EPA-97/12).
Toxic: Ability (or property) of a substance to produce harmful or lethal effects on humans and/or the environment (RCRA/municipal-04).
Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE): A set of procedures to identify the specific chemicals responsible for effluent toxicity (EPA-91/03).
Toxic: Harmful to living organisms (cf. poison or toxics) (EPA89/12).
Toxicity reduction evaluation (TRE): A site-specific study conducted in a stepwise process designed to identify the causative agent(s) of effluent toxicity, isolate the sources of toxicity, evaluate the effectiveness of toxicity control options, and then confirm the reduction in effluent toxicity (CWNwastewater-04).
Toxic: Poisonous (SFIremedy-04). Toxicant and effect: A toxicant is a chemical which can produce acute (short-term effect) and chronic (long-term effect) diseases, e.g., sunburn is an acute effect of sun bathing, and a skin cancer is a chronic effect. The toxicants can be classified according to how they affect the respiratory tract. (1) Asphyxiants: Gases that deprive the body tissues of oxygen. (2) Irritants: Chemicals that irritate the air passages. (3) Necrosis producers: Chemicals that result in cell death and edema. (4) Fibrosis producers: Chemicals that produce fibrotic tissue which, if massive, blocks airways and decreases lung capacity. (5) Allergens: Chemicals that induce an allergic response. (6) Carcinogens: Chemicals that are associated with lung cancer (Course 165.5). Toxicant: A harmful substance or agent that may injure an exposed organism (EPA-97/12). Toxicity assessment: Characterization of the toxicological properties and effects of a chemical, with special emphasis on establishment of dose-response characteristics (EPA-97/12). Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP): (1) TCLP is designed to determine the mobility of both organic and inorganic contaminants present in liquid, solid, and multiphasic wastes (40CFR261-AppIII). (2) A U.S. EPA test developed to evaluate the potential of a component to leach from a substance (ETI-92). Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP): A lab procedure designed to predict whether a particular waste is likely to leach chemicals into groundwater at dangerous levels (RCRA/hazardous-04). Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP): Analytic test method used to measure compliance with the metal treatment standards (RCRAIlandban-04). Toxicity characteristic: The characteristic which identifies wastes that are likely to leach dangerous concentrations of toxic chemicals into groundwater (RCRAihazardous-04). Toxicity curve: The curve produced from toxicity tests when LC50 values are plotted against duration of exposure. This term is also used in aquatic toxicology, but in a less precise sense, to describe the curve produced when the median period of survival is plotted against test concentrations (40CFR797.1350-9 1, see also 40CFR797.1440-91).
Toxicity reduction: In municipal waste, eliminating or reducing substances in products that pose risks when the products are discarded as municipal waste (cf. pollution prevention) (OTA89/10). Toxicity test: A procedure to determine the toxicity of a chemical or an effluent using living organisms. A toxicity test measures the degree of effect on exposed test organisms of a specific chemical or effluent (CWNwastewater-04). Toxicity testing: Biological testing (usually with an invertebrate, fish, or small mammal) to determine the adverse effects of a compound or effluent (EPA-97/12). Toxicity: (1) One of the four U.S. EPA hazardous waste characteristics (ETI-92). Toxicity: A measure of the poisonous or harmful nature of a substance. The degree to which a substance or mixture of substances can harm humans or animals (CAAIAF'C-04). Toxicity: In exposure study, the degree of danger posed by a substance to animal or plant life (EPA-89/12, see also 40CFR131.35; 171.2-91). Example toxicity rate by oral LD50 for rats at concentration m a g is as follows: (1) Extremely toxic: 1 mg/Kg or less; (2) Highly toxic: 1 to 50 mg/Kg; (3) Moderately toxic: 50 to 500 mg/Kg; (4) Slightly toxic: 0.5 to 5 g/Kg; (E) Practically nontoxic: 5 to 15 g/Kg (Course 165.6). Toxicity: In health effect studies, a measure of the adverse health effects of exposure to a chemical (EPA-87107a). Toxicity: For more related terms, see (1) Acute toxicity; (2) Chronic toxicity; (3) Cumulative toxicity; (4) Dermal toxicity; (5) Developmental toxicity; and (6) Direct toxicity. Toxicity: The ability of a substance to cause damage to living tissue; impairment of the central nervous system; severe illness; or (in extreme cases) death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by the skin. Amounts required to produce these results vary widely with the nature of the substances and the time of exposure (OMBIReg-04). Toxicity: The capacity of a chemical to do harm to an organism by other than mechanical means (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Toxicity: The degree to which a substance or mixture of substances can harm humans or animals. Acute toxicity involves harmful effects in an organism through a single or short-term exposure. Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance or mixture of substances to cause harmful effects over an extended period, usually upon repeated or continuous exposure sometimes lasting for the entire life of the exposed organism. Subchronic toxicity is the ability of the substance to cause effects for more than one year but less than the lifetime of the exposed organism (EPA-97/12). Toxicological profile: An ATSDR document that examines, summarizes, and interprets information about a hazardous substance to determine harmful levels of exposure and associated health effects. A toxicological profile also identifies significant gaps in knowledge on the substance and describes areas where further research is needed (SFhealth-04). Toxicological profile: An examination, summary, and interpretation of a hazardous substance to determine levels of exposure and associated health effects (EPA-97/12). Toxicology: The science and study of poisons control (EPA89/12). Toxicology: Study of the effects of poisons in living organisms (SFIremedy-04). Toxicology: The study of the harmful effects of substances on humans or animals (SFhealth-04). Toxics use reduction: Refers to the activities grouped under source reduction, where the intent is to reduce, avoid, or eliminate the use of toxics in processes and/or products so as to reduce overall risks to the health of workers, consumers, and the environment without shifting risks between workers consumers, or parts of the environment (EPA-91/10, p7). Toxics: Those pollutants that have a toxic effect on living organisms. The CWA Section 307(a) priority pollutants are a subset of this group of pollutants (EPA-91/03). Toxoid: A toxin treated so as to destroy its toxicity, but still capable of inducing formation of antibodies (EPA-83/09). TQ: Threshold Quantity. Facilities releasing TQs into the environment, whether intentionally as wastes or unintentionally in an accident, must report to the EPA (MWTNinfectious-04).
Trace method: A method applicable to ppm range. See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Trace: A very small but detectable quantity of a chemical substance. Traceable: That a local standard has been compared and certified either directly or via not more than one intermediate standard, to a primary standard such as a National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Material (NBS SRM), or a U.S. EPA/NBS-approved Certified Reference Material (CRM) (40CFR50.1-91, see also 40CFR58.1-91). Tracer: A stable, easily detected substance, or a radioisotope added to a material to follow the location of the substance in the environment or to detect any physical or chemical changes it undergoes (CWNWquality-04). Tracking form: The Federal Medical Tracking Form that must accompany all applicable shipments of regulated medical wastes generated within one of the covered states (40CFR259.10-91). Tractor: A battery-operated piece of equipment that pulls trailers, skids, or personnel carriers. Also used for supplies (CWNmining04). Tractor: For the purposes of this subpart, any two or three wheeled vehicle used exclusively for agricultural purposes, or for snow plowing, including self-propelled machines used exclusively in growing, harvesting, or handling farm produce (40CFR205.15 191). Trade name product: A chemical or mixture of chemicals that is distributed to other persons and that incorporates a toxic chemical component that is not identified by the applicable chemical name or Chemical Abstracts Service Registry number listed in 40CFR372.65 (40CFR372.3-91). Trade sales paint: The paint which is sold to the do it yourself market, i.e., the over the counter retail segment of the coatings market. It does not include the paint which is sold to painting contractors or similar professionals. See paint for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Trade secret: Any confidential formula, pattern, process, device, information, or set of data that is used in a business to give the owner a competitive advantage. Such information may be excluded from public review (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Trace element: An element found in only minor amounts (concentrations less than 1.0 milligram per liter) in water or sediment; includes arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc (CWNWquality-04).
Trade winds: A system of easterly winds that dominate most of the tropics. A major component of the general circulation of the atmosphere (CWNWbasics-04).
Trace metals: A very small but detectable quantity of metals. See metal for more related terms.
Tradename: A name used by a company to describe a product service, etc. (i.e., Tylenol) (MWTNinfectious-04).
Traditional pollutant parameters: The pollutant parameters considered, and used, in the development of BPT guidelines. These parameters include BOD, COD, TOC, TSS, and ammonia. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-79112~). Trajectory model: A model which describes the transport and diffusion of a puff of air pollution along a usually horizontal trajectory in the atmosphere. Removal and/or transformation processes can be taken into account (NATO-78110). Tram: Used in connection with moving self-propelled mining equipment. A tramming motor may refer to an electric locomotive used for hauling loaded trips or it may refer to the motor in a cutting machine that supplies the power for moving or tramming the machine (CWNmining-04). Tramp materials: Contaminants occumng in waste paper which were not originally applied to the paper or paperboard product during production or conversion (EPA-83). Tranmissivity: The rate at which water of the prevailing kinematic viscosity is transmitted through a unit width of an aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient. It equals the hydraulic conductivity multiplied by the aquifer thickness (CWNWbasics04). Trans 1,2-Dichloroethene, (trans 1,2-DCE): A chemical breakdown product of the more halogenated forms of ethene, tetrachloroethene, and trichloroethene. Also used as an industrial solvent and is volatile (NavyIEnv-04). Trans: In a chiral (directional) organic compound, the prefix trans indicates that the substituted atoms are on opposite sides of the compound. For example, in trans 1,2-Dichloroethene, the chlorine atoms are on opposite sides of the carbon to carbon double bond. The presence or absence of cis or trans compounds can indicate whether biological activity or abiotic, chemical reactions have taken place in the environment. See cis (Navy~Env-04). Transactinide element: Chemical elements whose atomic numbers are greater than 103. Transaction screen process: The overall process of completing the TSQ (see chapter 5) (USDNwater-04). Transaction screen questionnaire (TSQ): The form provided by Farmers Home Administration (FMHA) for completion by agency field staff conducting general property site assessments (see chapter 5) (USDNwater-04). Transboundary pollutants: Air pollution that travels from one jurisdiction to another, often crossing state or international boundaries. Also applies to water pollution (EPA-97/12). Transducer: Any device that is used to convert an input signal into an electrical signal.
Transfer and loading system: Any facility used to transfer and load coal for shipment (40CFR60.251-91). Transfer efficiency: The ratio of the amount of coating solids deposited onto a part or product to the total amount of coating solids used (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.311; 60.391; 60.451; 60.721-91). Transfer facilities: Any transportation-related facility such as loading docks, parking areas, storage areas, or other similar areas where shipments of hazardous waste, used oil, or universal waste are held temporarily during the normal course of transportation (RCRA/hazardous-04). Transfer facility: Any transportation-related facility including loading docks, parking areas, storage areas, and other similar areas where shipments of hazardous waste are held during the normal course of transportation (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR259.10; 270.2; 761.3-91). Transfer point: A point in a conveying operation where the nonmetallic mineral is transferred to or from a belt conveyor except where the nonmetallic mineral is being transferred to a stockpile (40CFR60.671-91). Transfer point: Location in the materials handling system, either haulage or hoisting, where bulk material is transferred between conveyances (CWAImining-04). Transfer station: A permanent facility where waste materials are taken from smaller collection vehicles and placed in larger vehicles for transport, including truck trailers, railroad cars, or barges. Recycling and some processing may also take place at transfer stations (RCWmanagement-04). Transfer station: A site at which solid wastes are concentrated for transport to a processing facility or land disposal site. A transfer station may be fixed or mobile (40CFR243.101-91). Transfer station: Facility where solid waste is transferred from collection vehicles to larger trucks or rail cars for longer distance transport (EPA-97/12). Transfer: A vertical or inclined connection between two or more levels and used as an ore pass (CWNmining-04). Transfer: Loading and unloading of chemicals between transport vehicles and storage vessels, and sending chemicals via pipes between storage vessels and process reactors (EPA-85/11). Transferred plasma arc: An arc established between an electrode and the working material as the other electrode. In transferred arc applications, heating occurs by way of conversion, radiation, and electrical resistance. See plasma arc for more related terms (Wittle-93/07).
Transformation: The process of placing new genes into a host cell, thereby inducing the host cell to exhibit functions encoded by the DNA (EPA-89/12). Transformer core: A quantity of ferrous material placed in a coil or transformer to provide a better path than air for magnetic flux, thereby increasing the inductance of the coil or increasing the coupling between the windings of a transformer (EPA-83/03). Transformer: An electrical device with two or more multi-turn coils in a such arrangement that the magnetic field of one can link the other. By using magnetic induction effect, a transformer can transfer electrical energy from one current circuit to another with a possible change in voltage, current, phase, or impedance (cf. capacitor). Transformer: For more related terms, see (1) Auto-transformer; (2) Distribution transformer; (3) Dry transformer; (4) Non-PCB transformer; (5) PCB transformer; (6) Pole type transformer; (7) Power transformer; (8) Primary feeder circuit transformer; (9) Rupture of a PCB transformer; (10) Step down transformer; and (11) Subtransmission transformer. Transient shipment: A shipment of nuclear material, originating and terminating in foreign countries, on a vessel or aircraft that stops at a United States port (10CFR40.4; 70.4-91). Transient water system: A non-community water system that does not serve 25 of the same nonresidents per day for more than six months per year (EPA-97/12). Transient, non-community water system: A public water system which provides water in a place such as a gas station or campground where people do not remain for long periods of time. These systems do not have to test or treat their water for contaminants which pose long-term health risks because fewer than 25 of the same people drink the water over a long period They still must test their water for microbes and several chemicals posing short-term health risk (SDWAlReg-04). Transient: Unstable, rapidly changing or a phenomenon before reaching a steady state condition. Transit country: Any foreign country, other than a receiving country, through which a hazardous waste is transported (40CFR262.51-91). Transit improvement measures: Those actions or combinations of actions taken by the Metropolitan Transit Division of the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (METRO) and the city of Spokane to promote the attractiveness and increased use of public mass transit systems (40CFR52.2493-91).
Transition (intermediate) flow: Reynolds number greater than 2.0 but less than 500 for an incompressible flow. See flow regime for more related terms. Transition coordinators: Serves as the single federal point of contact for the community to interact with other federal agencies, gather information, assemble documentation, provide technical assistance, and expedite actions (NavyIEnv-04). Translocation: The transference or transport of chemical from the site of uptake to other plant components (40CFR797.2850-91). Transmissibility (groundwater): The capacity of a rock to transmit water under pressure. The coefficient of transmissibility is the rate of flow of water, at the prevailing water temperature, in gallons per day, through a vertical strip of the aquifer one foot wide, extending the full saturated height of the aquifer under a hydraulic gradient of 100%. A hydraulic gradient of 100% means a one foot drop in head in one foot of flow distance (CWAIWscience-04). Transmission class: The basic type of transmission, e.g., manual, automatic, semi-automatic (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Transmission configuration: A unique combination, within a transmission class, of the number of the forward gears and, if applicable, over-drive. The Administrator may further subdivide a transmission configuration (based on such criteria as gear ratios, torque convertor multiplication ratio, stall speed and shift calibration, etc.), if he determines that significant fuel economy or exhaust emission differences exist within that transmission configuration (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Transmission diffraction: An instrument for analyzing the diffraction phenomenon of a substance by transmitting an electronic beam through the very thin film or powder of the substance. Transmission line: A pipeline, other than a gathering line, that: (1) Transports gas from a gathering line or storage facility to a distribution center or storage facility; (2) Operates at a hoop stress of 20% of more of SMYS; or (3) Transports gas within a storage field (4OCFR992.3-91. Transmission lines: Pipelines that transport raw water from its source to a water treatment plant, then to the distribution grid system (EPA-97/12). Transmissive fault or fracture: A fault or fracture that has sufficient permeability and vertical extent to allow fluids to move between formations (40CFR146.61; 148.2-91). Transmissivity: (1) The ability of an aquifer to transmit water. (2) The rate at which water of the prevailing kinematic velocity is transmitted through a unit width of the aquifer under a unit of
hydraulic gradient. Normally ranges from 1000 to 1,000,000 galldaylft (NavyEnv-04).
Transpiration: The quantity of water absorbed and transpired and used directly in the building of plant tissue, in a specified time. It does not include soil evaporation. The process by which water vapor escapes from the living plant, principally the leaves, and enters the atmosphere. As considered practically, transpiration also includes guttation (CWAIhydrology-04).
Transmissivity: A measure of a water-bearing unit's capacity to transmit fluid. The product of the thickness and the average hydraulic conductivity of unit. Also, the rate at which water is transmitted through a strip of an aquifer of a unit width under a unit hydraulic gradient at a prevailing temperature and pressure (DOE-91/04).
Transport air: Air employed in pneumatic conveying systems to move materials by entrainment in the moving air stream (EPA-83).
Transmissivity: The ability of an aquifer to transmit water (EPA97/12).
Transport mechanisms: The various ways contaminants can spread, e.g., through air, groundwater, etc. (OMBIReg-04).
Transmissivity: The capacity of an aquifer to transmit water. It is the product of the aquifer thickness and hydraulic conductivity and has a unit of gallon per day per foot (also known as aquifer transmissivity) (EPA-87/03).
Transport mode: Method of transportation: highway (trucks); rail (trains); water (shipsharges); pipelines; air (planes) (EPA-85/11).
Transmissivity: The hydraulic conductivity integrated over the saturated thickness of an underground formation. The transmissivity of a series of formations is the sum of the individual transmissivities of each formation comprising the series (40CFR191.12-91). Transmissometer: That portion of the CEMS that includes the sample interface and the analyzer (40CFR60-AppB-91). It is a device for measuring the visual range of the atmosphere. Transmittance: (1) The fraction of incident light that is transmitted through an optical medium (40CFR60-AppB-91). (2) The reciprocal of the opacity (cf. opacity). Transparency: Quality that allows light to pass through without significant deviation of absorption. Transpiration: Process by which water that is absorbed by plants, usually through the roots, is evaporated into the atmosphere from the plant surface, such as leaf pores. See evapotranspiration (CWNWscience-04). Transpiration: The process by which ~ a t e r ' ~ a s sthrough es living organisms, primarily plants, into the atmosphere (CWNWbasics04). Transpiration: The process by which water vapor is lost to the atmosphere from living plants. The term can also be applied to the quantity of water thus dissipated. Transportation Control Measures (TCMs): Steps taken by a locality to reduce vehicular emission and improve air quality by reducing or changing the flow of traffic; e.g., bus and HOV lanes, carpooling, and other forms of ridesharing, public transit, bicycle lanes (EPA-97/12). Transpiration: The process by which water vapor is lost to the atmosphere from living plants. The term can also be applied to the quantity of water thus dissipated (NavyIEnv-04).
Transport or transportation: (1) The movement of a hazardous substance by any mode, including pipeline (as defined in the Pipeline Safety Act), and in the case of a hazardous substance which has been accepted for transportation by a common or contract carrier, the term "transport" or "transportation" shall include any stoppage in transit which is temporary, incidental to the transportation movement, and at the ordinary operating convenience of a common or contract carrier, and any such stoppage shall be considered as a continuity of movement and not as the storage of a hazardous substance (42U.S.C.9601). (2) The movement of solid waste subsequent to collection (EPA-83). (3) To carry or convey goods from one place to another using ships, trucks, trains, pipelines, or airplanes (EPA-85/11). Transport phenomena: See dispersion. Transport vehicle: A motor vehicle or rail car used for the transportation of cargo by any mode. Each cargo carrying body (trailer, railroad freight car, etc.) is a separate transport vehicle. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR761.3-91). Transport water: The water used to carry insoluble solids. See water for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Transportation control measure (TCM): Any measure in an applicable implementation plan which is intended to reduce emissions from transportation sources (40CFR51.138-91, see also 4OCFR5 1.100-91). Transportation control measures: Steps taken by a locality to improve air quality by reducing or changing the flow of traffic, e.g., public transit, carpools, HOV lanes, etc. (NavyIEnv-04). Transportation improvement program (TIP): The staged multiyear program of transportation improvements including an annual (or biennial) element which is required in 23CFR450 (40CFR51.138-91).
Transportation of gas: The gathering, transmission, or distribution of gas by pipeline or the storage of gas, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce (40CFR192.3-91).
radionuclides with half-lives greater than 20 years in concentrations greater than 100 nCi/g. See radioactive waste or waste for more related terms (DOE-91/04).
Transportation: The movement of hazardous substances by any mode, including a hazardous liquid pipeline facility, as defined in Pipeline Safety Act. In the case of a hazardous substance which has been accepted for transportation by a common or contract carrier, any stoppage in transit which is temporary, incidental to the transportation movement, and at the ordinary operating convenience of a common or contract carrier, shall be considered as a continuity of movement and not as the storage of a hazardous substance (NavytEnv-04).
Transuranic: An element (e.g., neptunium) beyond uranium in the periodic table. All transuranic elements are man-made (SDWAIradionuclide-04).
Transportation: The shipment or conveyance or regulated medical waste by air, rail, highway, or water (cf. transport) (40CFR259.10-91, see also 40CFR260.10-91). Transporter of PCB waste: For the purposes of subpart K of this part, any person engaged in the transportation of regulated PCB waste by air, rail, highway, or water for purposes other than consolidation by a generator (40CFR761.3-91). Transporter: A person engaged in the off-site transportation of regulated medical waste by air, rail, highway, or water (40CFR259.10-91, see also 40CFR260.10; 270.2-91). Transporter: Any person engaged in the off-site transportation of hazardous waste, used oil, universal waste, or medical waste (RCRA/hazardous-04). Transporter: Hauling firm that picks up properly packaged and labeled hazardous waste from generators and transports it to designated facilities for treatment, storage, or disposal. Transporters are subject to EPA and DOT hazardous waste regulations (EPA-97/12). Transuranic radioactive waste: As used in this part, means waste containing more than 100 nanocuries of alpha emitting transuranic isotopes, with half lives greater than twenty years, per gram of waste, except for: (1) High-level radioactive wastes; (2) Wastes that the Department has determined, with the concurrence of the Administrator, do not need the degree of isolation required by this part; or (3) Wastes that the Commission has approved for disposal on a case-by-case basis in accordance with 10CFR61 (cf. waste, transuranic) (40CFR191.02-91). (4) See radioactive waste or waste for more related terms. Transuranic waste: Radioactive waste contaminated with uranium 233 or elements beyond uranium on the periodic table and existing in concentrations of more than 1 ten-millionth of a curie per gram of waste. These isotopes have half-lives of over 20 years and are all man-made (OMBIReg-04). Transuranic waste: The radioactive waste that, at the end of institutional control periods, is contaminated with transuranium
Trapping: The condition when the diffusion of air pollution is confined to a small mixing layer capped by a strong inversion (NATO-78110). Trash: Material considered worthless or offensive that is thrown away. Generally defined as dry waste material, but in common usage it is a synonym for garbage, rubbish, or refuse (EPA-97/12). Trash-to-energy plan: Burning trash to produce energy (EPA97112). Traveling grate furnace: A furnace with a moving grate that conveys material through the heating zone. The feed is ignited on the surface as the grate moves past the burners; air is blown in the charge to bum the fuel by downdraft combustion as it moves continuously toward discharge. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-83103a). Traveling grate stoker: (1) A type of boiler where coal is carried and burned (cf. traveling grate furnace) (EPA-84/09). (2) A type of furnace with a moving grate. A stoker is essentially a moving chain (belt) carried on sprockets and covered with separated, small metal pieces called keys. The entire top surface can act as a grate while moving through the furnace but can flex over the sprocket wheels at the end of the furnace, return under the furnace, and reenter the furnace over sprocket wheels at the front (SW- 108ts). (3) See stoker for more related terms. Traveling grate: A traveling grate stoker consists of a belt-like arrangement of air admitting grate bars similar to a chain grate, but with grate bars mounted on transverse beams usually pulled by chains and sprockets through the furnace. See grate for more related terms (EPA-83). Tray aerator: A set of cylindrical trays. While wastewater is induced from the top tray, each tray functions like an aerator housing various packing materials to promote aeration. See aerator for more related terms. Tray column (or plate column): A cylindrical tower housing perforated plates, bubble caps, etc. It may be used for scrubbing polluted air for gaseous (absorption) or particulate control (EPA84/09). TRE index value: A measure of the supplemental total resource requirement per unit reduction of TOC associated with an individual distillation vent stream, based on vent stream flow rate, emission rate of TOC net heating value, and corrosion properties
(whether or not the vent stream is halogenated), as quantified by the equation given under 40CFR60.664(e) (40CFR60.661-9 1). Tread end cementing operation: The system used to apply cement to one or both ends of the tread or combined treadsidewall component. A tread end cementing operation consists of a cement application station and all other equipment, such as the cement supply system and feed and takeaway conveyors, necessary to apply cement to tread ends and to allow evaporation of solvent from the cemented tread ends (40CFR60.541-91). Treatability group: A grouping of hazardous wastes that can be treated to similar concentrations using identical technologies (RCRAIlandban-04). Treatability manual: Five-set library of EPA guidance manuals that contain information related to the treatability of many pollutants. This manual can be used in developing NPDES permit limitations for facilities andor pollutants which, at the time of permit issuance, are not subject to industry-specific effluent guidelines. The five volumes that comprise this series include Vol. I--Treatability Data (EPA-60018-80-042a); Vol. 11--Industrial Descriptions (EPA-60018-80-042b); Vol. 111--Technologies (EPA60018-80-042c); Vol. IV--Cost Estimating (EPA-60018-80-042d); Vol. V--Summary (EPA-60018-80-042e) (CWAIwastewater-04). Treatability studies: Tests of potential cleanup technologies conducted in a laboratory. See bench-scale tests (EPA-97/12). Treatability study sample exemption: A federal regulation set forth in 40CFR261.4(f) that excludes treatability studies conducted offsite kom most management and permitting requirements under RCRA (EPA-89112a). Treatability study: The testing of a remedial alternative in the laboratory or field to obtain data necessary for a detailed evaluation of its feasibility (EPA-89112% see also 40CFR260.1091). Treated regulated medical waste: (1) The regulated medical waste that has been treated to substantially reduce or eliminates its potential for causing disease, but has not yet been destroyed (40CFR259.10-91). (2) See medical waste or waste for more related terms. Treated regulated medical waste: Medical waste treated to substantially reduce or eliminate its pathogenicity, but that has not yet been destroyed (EPA-97/12). Treated wastewater: Wastewater that has been subjected to one or more physical, chemical, and biological processes to reduce its potential of being health hazard (EPA-97/12). Treated water: The raw water or filtered water that has been treated to make it suitable for plant needs such as softening. See water for more related terms (EPA-74103a).
Treatment efficiency: The percentage reduction of a specific or group of pollutants by a specific wastewater treatment step or treatment plant (EPA-8211 If). Treatment facility and treatment system: All structures which contain, convey, and as necessary, chemically or physically treat coal rine drainage, coal preparation plant process wastewater, or drainage from coal preparation plant associated areas, which remove pollutants regulated by this part from such waters. This includes all pipes, channels, ponds, basins, tanks and all other equipment serving such structures (40CFR434.11-02). Treatment facility effluent: Treated process wastewater. Treatment facility: A facility in which activities are performed that alter the chemical or physical nature of a hazardous waste to reduce its toxicity, volume, mobility, or render it amenable for transport, storage, or disposal (OMBIReg-04). Treatment plant: A structure built to treat wastewater before discharging it into the environment. Treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSD): Site where a hazardous substance is treated, stored, or disposed of. TSD facilities are regulated by EPA and states under RCRA (EPA97/12). Treatment process: A stream stripping unit, thin-film evaporation unit, waste incinerator, or any other process used to comply with 40CFR1.348 of this subpart (40CFR61.341-91). Treatment standards: LDR criteria that hazardous waste must meet before it is disposed (RCRAlhazardous-04). Treatment technique requirement: A requirement of the national primary drinking water regulations which specifies for a contaminant a specific treatment technique(s) known to the Administrator which leads to a reduction in the level of such contaminant sufficient to comply with the requirements of Part 141 of this chapter (40CFR142.2-91). Treatment technique: A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water (SDWAReg-04). Treatment technology: Processes applied to hazardous waste or contaminated materials, to permanently alter their condition through chemical, biological, or physical means, and reduce or eliminate their danger to people and the environment (SFIremedy04). Treatment technology: Any unit operation or series of unit operations that alters the composition of a hazardous substance or pollutant, or contaminant through chemical, biological, or physical means so as to reduce toxicity, mobility, or volume of the contaminated materials being treated. Treatment technologies are
an alternative to land disposal of hazardous wastes without treatment (40CFR300.5-91). See 40CFR264-App/I-Table 2 for each technology definition. See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related analyses.
Treatment technology: Any unit operation or series of unit operations that alter the composition of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant through chemical, biological, or physical means so as to reduce toxicity, mobility, or volume of the contaminated materials being treated. Treatment technologies are an alternative to land disposal of hazardous waste without treatment (NavyIEnv-04). Treatment train: A complete treatment process that includes pretreatment, primary treatment, residuals and side-stream treatments, and post-treatment considerations(EPA-89112a). Treatment works phase or segment: Any substantial portion of a facility and its interceptors described in a facilities plan under 40CFR35.2030, which can be identified as a subagreement or discrete subitem. Multiple subagreements under a project shall not be considered to be segments or phases. Completion of building of a treatment works phase or segment may, but need not in and of itself, result in an operable treatment works (40CFR35.2005-91). Treatment works segment: Any portion of an operable treatment works described in an approved facilities plan under 40CFR35.917, which can be identified as a contract or discrete subitem or subcontract for step 1, 2, or 3 work. Completion of construction of a treatment works segment may, but need not, result in an operable treatment works (40CFR35.905-91). Treatment works treating domestic sewage: A POTW or any other sewage sludge or wastewater treatment devices or systems, regardless of ownership (including federal facilities), used in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal or domestic sewage, including land dedicated for the disposal of sewage sludge. This definition does not include septic tanks or similar devices. For purposes of this definition, domestic sewage includes waste and wastewater from humans or household operations that are discharged to or otherwise enter a treatment works (40CFR501.2-91, see also 40CFR122.2-91). Treatment works: (1) Means any devices and systems used in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal sewage or industrial wastes of a liquid nature to implement section 201 of this act, or necessary to recycle or reuse water at the most economical cost over the estimated life of the works, including intercepting sewers, outfall sewers, sewage collection systems, pumping, power, and other equipment, and their appurtenances; extensions, improvements, remodeling, additions, and alterations thereof; elements essential to provide a reliable recycled supply such as standby treatment units and clear well facilities; and any works, including site acquisition of the land that will be an integral part of the treatment process (including land use for the storage of treated wastewater in land treatment systems prior to land
application) or is used for ultimate disposal of residues resulting for such treatment. (2) In addition to the definition contained in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, "treatment works" means any other method or system for preventing, abating, reducing, storing, treating, separating, or disposing of municipal waste, including stormwater runoff, or industrial waste, including waste in combined stormwater and sanitary sewer systems. Any application for construction grants which includes wholly or in part such methods or systems shall, in accordance with guidelines published by the Administrator pursuant to subparagraph (C) of this paragraph, contain adequate data and analysis demonstrating such proposal to be, over the life of such works, the most efficient alternative to comply with sections 301 or 302 of this act, or the requirements of section 201 of this act. (3) For the purposes of subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the Administrator shall, within one hundred and eighty days after the date of enactment of this title, publish and thereafter revise no less than annually, guidelines for the evaluation of methods, including cost effective analysis, described in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph (CWA21233u.s.c. 1292).
Treatment zone: A soil area of the unsaturated zone of a land treatment unit within which hazardous constituents are degraded, transformed, or immobilized (40CFR260.10-91). Treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF): Facilities engaged in the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste. These facilities are the last link in the cradle-to-grave hazardous waste management system (RCRAkazardous-04). Treatment: (1) Any method, technique, or process designed to remove solids andlor pollutants from solid waste, waste-streams, effluents, and air emissions. (2) Methods used to change the biological character or composition of any regulated medical waste so as to substantially reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease (EPA-97/12). Treatment: For more related terms, see (1) Batch treatment; (2) Biological treatment; (3) Biological wastewater treatment; (4) Chemical treatment; (5) Continuous treatment; (6) In-situ treatment; (7) Joint treatment; (8) Physical and chemical; (9) Physical treatment; (10) Primary treatment (see primary wastewater treatment); (11) Primary wastewater treatment; (12) Secondary treatment (see secondary wastewater treatment); (13) Secondary wastewater treatment; (14) Surface treatment; (15) Tertiary treatment (see tertiary wastewater treatment); (16) Tertiary wastewater treatment; (17) Thermal process (see thermal treatment); and (18) Thermal treatment. Tremie: Device used to place concrete or grout under water (EPA-97/12). Trench technique: A method where a trench is excavated specifically for placement of solid wastes and the excavated soil is used as cover material. See sanitary landfill for more related terms (EPA-83).
Trenching or burial operation: The placement of sewage sludge or septic tank pumpings in a trench or other natural or man-made depression and the covering with soil or other suitable material at the end of each operating day such that the wastes do not migrate to the surface (40CFR257.3.6-91). Trend: A direction of movement, course (NavyIEnv-04). Trend: A statistical term refening to the direction or rate of increase or decrease in magnitude of the individual members of a time series of data when random fluctuations of individual members are disregarded (CWAhydrology-04). Trespass: Trespass is distinguished from nuisance in that trespass is interference with the possession of property whereas nuisance s interference with the use and enjoyment of property. Trespass is commonly divided into two types: (1) Trespass to chattels is an injury to or interference with the possession of personal property, with or without the exercise of personal force. This trespass involves destruction of personal property, taking from the possession of another, or a refusal to surrender possession. (2) Trespass to land is an unlawful, forcible entry on another's realty. An injury to the realty of another or an interference with possession, above or below ground, is a trespass, regardless of the condition of the land and regardless of negligence. See common law for more related terms (Sullivan-95/04, p12). TRI: The Toxic Release Inventory is an EPA database of information about toxic chemicals used, manufactured, treated, transported, or released into the environment, based on reports submitted to EPA under EPCRA (TSCMchemical04). Trial burn plan: A detailed plan which describes the procedure that will be used and the precautions that will be taken during a trial bum (EPA-8 1/09).
Trial burn: Bum conducted to test the performance of a hazardous waste combustion unit over a range of conditions (RCRAihazardous-04). Triazine herbicide: A class of herbicides containing a symmetrical triazine ring (a nitrogen-heterocyclic ring composed of three nitrogens and three carbons in an alternating sequence). Examples include atrazine, propazine, and simazine (CWMWquality-04). Triazine pesticide: See triazine herbicide. Tribe or tribes: (40CFR131.35-91).
The
Colville
Confederated
Tribes
Tributary: A river or stream flowing into a larger river, stream, or lake (CWA~Wbasics-04). Tributary: A smaller river or stream that flows into a larger river or stream. Usually, a number of smaller tributaries merge to form a river (CWAIWscience-04). Tributyl phosphate ((C4H9)3P04):Poisonous liquid used as a heat exchange medium, anti-forming agent, lacquer, plastics, and vinyl resins. Tributyl Tin (TBT): A tin-based chemical sprayed on ship hulls to control barnacles and other sea life that attach to hulls. It is extremely toxic to sea life (NavyJEnv-04). Tributyl tin chloride ((C4H9)3SnCI):Colorless liquid used as rodenticide, etc. Trichlorfon (C4H8C1304P):Colorless crystals used in insecticides for the control of flies and roaches.
Trichloro(l,l,2-)-l,2,2-trifluoroethane (C2CbF3): A colorless liquid used in dry cleaning, fire extinguishers, and refrigerants.
Trial burn: (1) A trial bum is the testing that is done to determine whether an incinerator can meet the performance standards and to determine the operating wnditions under which this occurs. (2) A test must be performed for each set of operating conditions for which the applicant desires to be permitted and must include (a) Three replicates or runs must be performed for each test. (b) One set of wnditions constitutes a test. (c) The overall trial bum consists of one test for each set of operating conditions. (3) Each run of a test must be passed for the incinerator to be permitted to operate at that set of conditions (permit writer training notes for using Guidance Manual) (EPA-89/01). Trial burn: An incinerator test in which emissions are monitored for the presence of specific organic compounds, particulates, and hydrogen chloride.
Trichloroacetic acid (CC13COOH): Colorless crystals used in herbicides, etc. Trichloroacetonitrile (C2C13N):Liquids used as in insecticide. Trichlorobenzene (C6H3C13, TCB): (1) 1,2,3-TCB, colorless crystals used as a chemical intermediate. (2) 1,2,4-TCB, colorless liquid used in transformer oils, lubricants, insecticides, termite control. Trichloroethane (C2H3C13):(1) 1,l ,l -trichloroethane, poisonous liquid used in solvent, aerosol propellant, pesticide, and metal cleaning. (2) 1,1,2-trichloroethane,colorless liquid used in solvent for fats, waxes, and resins. Trichloroethene (TCE): A stable, volatile, colorless liquid with an ethereal, sweet odor. Uses include solvent extraction in
industries, solvent for fats, coaxes, resins, oils, and paints; degreasing; dry cleaning; and manufacturing of organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. It is a strong skin and eye imtant. Acute exposure by inhalation can cause death by cardiac failure. Liver and other organ damage has been implicated through chronic exposure. Synonym: Trichloroethylene (NavyEnv-04).
Trichloroethylene (TCE): A stable, low boiling-point colorless liquid; toxic if inhaled. Used as a solvent or metal degreasing agent, and in other industrial applications (EPA-97/12). Trichlorofluoromethane (CC13F): Poisonous liquids used as a solvent, refringent, plastic forms, and in fire extinguishers. Trichloroisocyanuric acid (C3CI3N3O3):Colorless crystals used as a disinfectant and deodorant. Trichlorophenol (C6H2C130H):(1) 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, a gray solid used in fungicide, bactericide. (2) 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, a yellow flake used in fungicide, bactericide, herbicide, defoliant, and preservative.
Trichlorophenoxyacetic(2,4,5-) acid (C6H2Cb-OCH2C02H):A poisonous solid used in herbicide, defoliant, and plant hormone. Trickle irrigation: Method in which water drips to the soil from perforated tubes or emitters (EPA-97/12). Trickling filter (bacteria bed, biofilter, biological filter, or sprinkling filter): (1) Wastes are sprayed through the air to absorb oxygen, and then allowed to trickle through a bed of rock or synthetic media coated with a slime of microbial growth. The microbial slime is able to decompose matter in the wastestream. (2) Wastes are applied at the top of a fixed bed, or tower, of porous media such as stones, slats, or plastic material, through which an upward flow of air passes. The microorganisms adhered to the media decompose the organics dissolved in the liquid-phase. (3) See filter for more related terms. Trickling filter sludge: The sludge from the sedimentation pond of the trickling filter treatment. See sludge for more related terms. Trickling filter: A coarse treatment system in which wastewater is trickled over a bed of stones or other material covered with bacteria that break down the organic waste and produce clean water.
Trigger level (TL): A concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, will trigger further evaluation of the site. Navy policy requires the establishment of trigger levels when entering longterm monitoring (NavyEnv-04). Trihalomethane (THM): (1) One of the family of organic compounds, named as derivatives of methane, wherein three of the four hydrogen atoms in methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular structure (40CFR141.2-91). Trihalomethane (THM): One of a family of organic compounds named as derivative of methane. THMs are generally by-products of chlorination of drinking water that contains organic material (EPA-97/12).
Trinitrotoluene(2,4,6-), CH3C5H2(N03)3, TNT: A high explosive, exploded by detonators but unaffected by ordinary friction or shock. It is manufactured by reacting toluene (an organic liquid) with nitric acid in the presence of sulfUric acid (EPA-76/03). Trip blank: A trip blank is used to identify the presence of volatile compound contamination attributable to transfer across a sample container septum during shipping and storage of samples. A trip blank is a sample of analytefree matrix that is transported from the laboratory to the sampling site with the sample containers. The trip blank is stored on site with the sample containers and field samples and then transported back to the laboratory with the samples for analysis. The trip blank is received and processed as a sample by the laboratory (SA-04). Trip blank: Contaminant free water, or appropriate matrix, which accompanies bottles and samples during shipment to assess the potential for sample contamination during shipment. Trip blanks are not opened in the field and are required for Volatile Organic Analysis only (NavyIEnv-04). Trip blank: See equipment blank. Trip: A train of mine cars (CWAImining-04). Triple base: A propellant that contains three explosive ingredients, nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine (EPA-76/03). Triple bond: Two atoms which share three pairs of electrons. See chemical bond for more related terms.
Triethanolamine (C6HI5No3): A viscous liquid used in herbicides, cement additives, cutting oils, etc.
Triple cavity process: Any glass-forming process that uses three charges of glass and forms them simultaneously (EPA-83).
Triethyl phosphate [(C2H5)3P04]:A poisonous liquid used in insecticides and pesticides.
Triple phase point: See triple point.
Triethylene glycol (C6HI4o4):A colorless liquid used in air disinfection, solvent, bactericide, and fungicide.
Triple point (or triple phase point): The location where solid, liquid, and vapor phases are in equilibrium (Jones-pl17).
Triple rinse: The flushing of containers three times, each time using a volume of the normal diluent equal to approximately 10% of the containers capacity, and adding the rinse liquid to the spray mixture or disposing of it by a method prescribed for disposing of the pesticide (40CFR165.1-91). Triple superphosphate plant: Any facility manufacturing triple superphosphate by reacting phosphate rock with phosphoric acid. A run-of-pile triple superphosphate plant includes curing and storing (40CFR60.23 1-91). Tris: Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (also commonly named DBPP, TBPP, and Tris-BP) (40CFR704.205-91). Trisodium phosphate (Na3P04): Water soluble crystals used in water softening. Tritium extraction facility: The tritium-target processing facility that has been already been proposed at the Savannah River Site to support DOE'S existing production reactor operations (DOE91/04). Tritium target fabrication facility: The land, buildings, equipment, and processes used to make the tritium-target elements from raw material (DOE-9 1/04). Tritium target processing facility: The land, building, equipment, and processes used to extract tritium from irradiated tritium-target elements. This facility may also be used to treat remaining materials before transfer to waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities (DOE-91/04). Tritium: A radioactive form of hydrogen with atoms of three times the mass of ordinary hydrogen; can be used to determine the age of water (CWANbasics-04). Tritium: A radioactive isotope of the element hydrogen with two neutrons and one proton. Common symbols for the isotope are H3 and T (DOE-9 1/04). Trommel: A perforated rotating horizontal cylinder used to break open trash bags, to screen large pieces of glass and to remove small abrasive items such as stones and dirt. Used in gravel and ore processing, coal preparation, and for screening incinerator residue. See size reduction machine for more related terms (EPA83). Trommel: A perforated, rotating, horizontal cylinder that may be used in resource recovery facilities to break open trash bags, remove glass in large enough pieces for easy recovery, and remove small abrasive items such as stones and dirt. Trommels have also been used to remove steel cans from incinerator residue (RCRAImanagement-04). Trophic condition: A relative description of a lake's biological productivity based on the availability of plant nutrients. The range
of trophic conditions is characterized by the terms of oligotrophic for the least biologically productive, to eutrophic for the most biologically productive (40CFR35.1605.6-91). Trophic level: The food supply levels among different living organisms, e.g., the primary producers are the green plants that obtain energy from sun light through photosynthesis. The secondary producers are herbivores that only eat green plants for living. The third producers are carnivores that only eat herbivores for living. There are different trophic levels among carnivores. Tropical cyclone: A cyclone that originates over the tropical oceans. Tropical cyclones are classified according to their intensity and windspeed and, when fully mature, are characterized by extremely high-speed winds and torrential rains. In the United States, tropical cyclones that have windspeeds greater than 40 miles per hour are classified as tropical storms, and tropical cyclones that have windspeeds of 74 miles per hour or more are classified as hurricanes. See also cyclone (CWAIWbasics-04). Tropopause: The layer between the troposphere and stratosphere. Troposhpere: The layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface (EPA-97/12). Troposphere: Lowest 6 to 12 miles of the atmosphere, characterized by a general decrease in temperature with height, appreciable water content, and active weather processes (CWANbasics-04). Troposphere: The inner layer of the atmosphere below about 15 kilometers, within which there is normally a steady decrease of temperature with increasing altitude. Nearly all clouds form and weather conditions manifest themselves within this region. Its thermal structure is caused primarily by the heating of the Earth's surface by solar radiation, followed by heat transfer through turbulent mixing and convection (CAA/C02gasl-04). Troposphere: The region of the atmosphere closest to the Earth. The troposphere extends from the surface up to about 10 km in altitude, although this height varies with latitude. Almost all weather takes place in the troposphere. Mt. Everest, the highest mountain on earth, is only 8.8 km high. Temperatures decrease with altitude in the troposphere. As warm air rises, it cools, falling back to earth. This process, known as convection, means there are huge air movements that mix the troposphere very efficiently (CMozone-04). Trough (groundwater): An elongated depression in potentiometric surface (CWAIWbasics-04).
a
Trough (meteorological): An elongated area of relatively low atmospheric pressure; the opposite of a ridge. This term commonly is used to distinguish a feature from the closed circulation of a low (or cyclone). A large trough, however, may
include one or more lows, and an upper-air trough may be associated with a lower-level low (CWNWbasics-04).
for legal action to force those responsible for the sites to clean them up (NavyEnv-04).
Troughing idlers: The idlers, located on the upper framework of a belt conveyor, which support the loaded belt. They are so mounted that the loaded belt forms a trough in the direction of travel, which reduces spillage and increases the carrying capacity of a belt for a given width (CWNmining-04).
Trust fund (CERCLA): A fund set up under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) to help pay for cleanup of hazardous waste sites and for legal action to force those responsible for the sites to clean them up (EPA-97/12).
Truck dumping: The unloading of nonmetallic minerals from movable vehicles designed to transport nonmetallic minerals from one location to another. Movable vehicles include but are not limited to: trucks, front-end loaders, skip hoists, and railcars (40CFR60.671-91).
Trustee: An official of a federal natural resources management agency designated in subpart G of the NCP or a designated state official Indian tribe who may pursue claims for damages under section 107(f) of CERCLA (40CFR300.5-91). TSCA: Toxic Substances Control Act. See Act or TSCA.
Truck loading station: That portion of a metallic mineral processing plant where metallic minerals or metallic mineral concentrates are loaded by a conveying system into trucks (40CFR60.38 1-91). Truck unloading station: That portion of a metallic mineral processing plant where metallic ore is unloaded from a truck into a hopper, screen, or crusher (40CFR60.381-91). Truck: A small vehicle for canying materials. Other truck-related terms include (1) Heavy light duty truck; (2) Incomplete truck; (3) Light duty truck; (4) Light duty truck 1; (5) Light duty truck 2; (6) Light duty truck 3; and (7) Light duty truck 4. Trucked battery: Batteries moved into or out of the plant by truck when the truck is actually washed in the plant to remove residues left in the truck from the batteries. See battery for more related terms (40CFR461.2-91). True vapor pressure: The equilibrium partial pressure exerted by a volatile organic liquid as determined in accordance with methods described in American Petroleum Institute Bulletin 2517, Evaporation Loss From Floating Roof Tanks, second edition, February 1980 (incorporated by reference as specified in 40CFR52.742) (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.111; 60.1 1la-91). Trunk main: Major water supply pipes from water treatment plants to water towers from where water is supplied to consumers. See sewer for more related terms. Trunk sewer: (1) A sewer that transports wastewater from collecting sewers to the treatment plant. A trunk sewer does not ordinarily service individual properties, but rather receives tributary branches and serves a larger territory (DOI-70104). (2) Large sewer pipes where many branch sewers flow into. (3) See sewer for more related terms. Trust fund (Superfund): A fund set up under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) to help pay for cleanup of hazardous waste sites and
TSD facility: Treatment, storage, or disposal facility (see definition of RCRA TSD facilities) (USDNwater-04). Tub grinder: Machine used to grind or chip wood for mulching, composting, or size reduction (RCWmanagement-04). Tube reducing: An operation which reduces the diameter and wall thickness of tubing with a mandrel and a pair of rolls with tapered grooves (40CFR47 1.02-91). Tube settler: Device using bundles of tubes to let solids in water settle to the bottom for removal by conventional sludge collection means; sometimes used in sedimentation basins and clarifiers to improve particle removal (EPA-97/12). Tuberculation: Development or formation of small mounds of corrosion products on the inside of iron pipe. These tubercules roughen the inside of the pipe, increasing its resistance to water flow (EPA-97/12). Tubular cell: For fuel cells, two common designs of solid oxide fuel cells are tubular and planar. A tubular cell is a cylindrical type that allows fuel and oxidant to flow on the inner or outer surfaces of the cylinder. Tubular lesions: Lesions of the tubules of the kidney, causing impairment of its reabsorptive capacity (LBL-76107-bio). Tumbling or barrel finishing: An operation in which castings, forgings, or parts pressed from metal powder are rotated in a barrel with ceramic or metal slugs or abrasives to remove scale, fins, or burrs. It may be done dry or with an aqueous solution (40CFR471.02-91). Tumbling or burnishing: The process of polishing, debumng, removing sharp corners, and generally smoothing parts for both cosmetic and functional purposes, as well as the process of washing the finished parts and cleaning the abrasion media (40CFR468.02-9 1).
Tumor progression: The sequence of changes in which a tumor develops from a microscopic lesion to a malignant stage (EPA92112). Tumor: An abnormal mass of cells in a body. Tumor: An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division that is uncontrolled and progressive. Tumors perform no useful body function. Tumors can be either benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer) (SFIhealth-04). Tumorigenicity: The ability of a line of cells to produce (induce) tumors in host tissues (EPA-88109a). Tundra: A type of treeless ecosystem dominated by lichens, mosses, grasses, and woody plants. Tundra is found at high latitudes (arctic tundra) and high altitudes (alpine tundra). Arctic tundra is underlain by permafrost and is usually water saturated. See wetlands (EPA-97/12). Tundra: A vast, nearly level, treeless plain of the arctic and subarctic regions. It usually has a marshy surface which supports mosses, lichens, and low shrubs, underlain by mucky soils and permafrost (CWAIWbasics-04). Tungsten (W) (formerly called wolfram): A hard transition metal with atomic number 74; atomic weight 183.85; density 19.3 glcc; melting point 3410 C and boiling point 5930 C. The element belongs to group VIB of the periodic table. Tuning: A technique used in GCIMS procedures to verify that the instrument is properly calibrated to produce reliable mass spectral information (NavyIEnv-04). Tunnel: A horizontal, or near-horizontal, underground passage, entry, or haulageway, that is open to the surface at both ends. A tunnel (as opposed to an adit) must pass completely through a hill or mountain (CWNmining-04). Turbidimeter: A device that evaluates the amount of suspended solids in a liquid by measuring the intensity difference of a light beam, as the light beam passes through the suspended solids large enough to scatter the light (EPA-8211If). Turbidimeter: A device that measures the cloudiness of suspended solids in a liquid; a measure of the quantity of suspended solids (EPA-97/12). Turbidimetric analysis (or turbidimetry): Studies of using turbidimeters to determine suspended particles. Turbidimetric titration: The use of titration methods to determine the turbidity. The end point is indicated by the developing turbidity of the titrated solution. See titration for more related terms.
Turbidimetry: See turbidimetric analysis. Turbidity: (1) A similar cloudy condition in water due to suspended silt or organic matter (EPA-89/12). (2) The clarity of water expressed as nephelometric turbidity units O\TTU) and measured with a calibrated turbidimeter (40CFR131.35-91, see also EPA-83106a). Turbidity: (1) Haziness in air caused by the presence of particles and pollutants. (2) A cloudy condition in water due to suspended silt or organic matter (EPA-97/12). Turbidity: Reduced clarity of surface water because of suspended particles, usually sediment (CWAIWquality-04). Turbidity: The amount of solid particles that are suspended in water and that cause light rays shining through the water to scatter. Thus, turbidity makes the water cloudy or even opaque in extreme cases. Turbidity is measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) (CWAIWscience-04). Turbidity: The cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal matter. In the waterworks field, a turbidity measurement is used to indicate the clarity of water. Technically, turbidity is an optical property of the water based on the amount of light reflected by suspended particles. Turbidity cannot be directly equated to suspended solids because white particles reflect more light than dark-colored particles and many small particles will reflect more light than an equivalent large particle (SDWNeducation-04). Turbidity: The cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of tiny particles. High levels of turbidity may interfere with proper water treatment and monitoring (SDWNReg-04). Turbidity: The state, condition, or quality of opaqueness or reduced clarity of a fluid due to the presence of suspended matter (CWNWbasics-04). Turbine generator: A rotary-type unit consisting of a turbine and an electric generator (EPA-83). Turbine: (1) Employed in oillgas production or oil/gas transportation, any stationary gas turbine used to provide power to extract crude oillnatural gas from the earth or to move crude oil/natural gas, or products refined from these substances through pipelines (40CFR60.331-91). (2) A device used to convert the energy of steam or gas into rotational mechanical energy and used as prime mover to drive electric generators (EPA-82/11f). Turbine: For more related terms, see (1) Combined cycle gas turbine; (2) Electric utility combined cycle gas turbine; (3) Emergency gas turbine; (4) Gas turbine; (5) Gas turbine model; (6) Regenerative cycle gas turbine; (7) Simple cycle gas turbine; (8) Stationary gas turbine; and (9) Steam turbine.
Turbocharger: For fuel cells, it is a device that uses a compressor to increase the pressure and density of a fluid entering a fuel cell power plant. In general, a turbine is used to drive the compressor.
Turndown ratio: The maximum to minimum operating range of a parameter (EPA-81/09). Turnover: The numbers of workers replaced in a specified period.
Turbocompressor: For fuel cells, it is a device that compresses fluids entering a fuel cell system. Turboexpander: For fuel cells, it is a device that allows air or other fluid to expand to decrease the fluid pressure and concentration. The unit is normally used in conjunction with a compressor to recover unused energy from hot, pressurized gasses, thereby reducing the net amount of energy required to power the compressor. Turbulence: (1) A state of fluid flow in which fluid particles (small masses) move in random, irregular paths (instantaneous velocities). The random and irregular flow of the instantaneous velocities can in practice only be described by statistical properties (EPA-88/09). (2) A fluid motion at high Reynolds numbers characterized by irregular or random flow fluctuations and high fluctuating vorticity resulting in a large dissipation of kinetic energy and a rapid mixing of flow properties and passive contaminants throughout the turbulent flow regime (cf. flow, turbulent) (NATO-78110). Turbulence: For more related terms, see (1) Homogeneous turbulence; (2) Isotropic turbulence; and (3) Mechanical turbulence. Turbulent diffusion: (1) Diffusion of a property caused by turbulent motions in a fluid as opposed to molecular diffhion. (2) An aerosol removal mechanism from a turbulent flow (EPA88109a; NATO-78110). Turbulent flame: A flame produced by a combustion process propagating through a turbulent stream. The stream is an irregular three-dimensional flow in which the transport of heat, mass, and momentum is several orders of magnitude greater than that by molecular conductivity, diffusivity, and viscosity (i.e., greater than that which occurs in a laminar flame). Turbulence causes significant changes in flame speeds, flame stability, and pollutant formation rates. Past scientific investigations in this area have proposed several conceptual models to qualitatively describe turbulent flame characteristics. So far, however, there is no complete fundamental theory that can be used to quantitatively calculate the effects of turbulence on combustion. See flame for more related terms. Turbulent flow (Newton) flow: In a turbulent flow, the fluid is not restricted to parallel paths but moves forward in a haphazard manner. A fully turbulent flow occurs when Reynolds Number is greater than 4000 for a compressible flow (cf. turbulence) (Markes-67). For an incompressible flow, Reynolds number greater than 500. See flow regime for more related terms.
Turpentine: A light colored, volatile essential oil from resinous exudates or resinous wood (EPA-79/12). Tuyeres: (1) Openings or ports in a grate through which air can be directed to improve combustion (SW-lO8ts). (2) Openings in the shell and refractory lining of a furnace through which air is forced (EPA-8511Oa). Twenty five- (25) hour daily average or 24-hour daily average: The arithmetic or geometric mean (as specified in 40CFR60.59a (e), (g), or (h)as applicable) of all hourly emission rates when the affected facility is operating and firing MSW measured over a 24hour period between 12 midnight and the following midnight (40CFR60.5 1a-9 1). Twenty five- (25) year, 24-hour rainfall event: The maximum 24-hour precipitation event with a probable recurrence interval of once in 25 years as defined by the National Weather Service in technical paper No. 40, Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States, May 1961, and subsequent amendments in effect, as of the effective date of this regulation (40CFR418.11-91, see also 40CFR422.41; 422.5 1-91). Twenty five kilotonne party: Any nation listed in Appendix D to this Part (40CFR82.3-91). Twenty-four (24) hour period: The period of time between 12:01 a.m. and 12:OO midnight (40CFR60.41a-91, see also 40CFR60-AppIG-91). Two- (2) year, 24-hour precipitation event: The maximum 24hour precipitation event with a probable recurrence interval of once in two years as defined by the National Weather Service and Technical Paper No. 40, Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the U.S., May 1961, or equivalent regional or rainfall probability information developed therefrom (40CFR434.11-91). Two piece can: A can which is drawn from a shallow cup and requires only one end to be attached (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.491-91). TWTDS: Abbreviation for Treatment Works Treating Domestic Sewage. Includes all POTWs and other facilities that treat domestic wastewater, and facilities that do not treat domestic wastewater, but that treat or dispose of sewage sludge (CWAIwastewater-04). Tyndall effect: The effect of light scattering as it passes through a solution containing suspended solids.
Type I sedimentation: Particle settling is based on the assumption that the particle size and particle shape remain the same during sedimentation. Type I sound level meter: A sound level meter which meets the Type I requirements of American National Standard Specification S1.4-1971 for sound level meters. This publication is available from the American National Standards Institute, Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018 (40CFR204.2-91, see also 40CFR205.2-91). Type I1 sedimentation: Particle settling is based on the assumption that the particle size and particle shape change, because of flocculation during sedimentation. Type I1 water: See deionized water. Type 111 foci of transformed cell: Multilayered aggregations of densely staining cells with random orientation and criss-cross arrays at the periphery of the aggregate. They appear as dark stained areas on a light staining background monolayer which is one-cell thick (40CFR795.285-91).
Type of pesticidal product: Refers to each individual product as identified by: the product name; EPA Registration Number (or EPA File Symbol, if any, for planned products, or Experimental Permit Number, if the pesticide is produced under an Experimental Use Permit); active ingredients; production type (technical, formulation, repackaging, etc.); and, market for which the product was produced (domestic, foreign, etc.). In cases where a pesticide is not registered, registration is not applied for, or the pesticide is not produced under an Experimental Use Permit, the term shall also include the chemical formulation (4OCFR667.3-91. Type of resin: The broad classification of resin referring to the basic manufacturing process for producing that resin, including, but not limited to, the suspension, dispersion, latex, bulk, and solution processes. See resin for more related terms (40CFR61.6191). Tyuyamunite: A yellow uranium mineral. It is the calcium analogue of carnotite (EPA-82/05). Tyvek: Proprietary, nonwoven fabric used for limited-use (disposable) clothing. Excellent protection against particulate contaminants (NavyIEnv-04).
U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): In 1980, the Comprehensive Environment Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 established ATSDR as an agency for the Public Health Service with mandates to: (1) Establish a National Exposure and Disease Registry, (2) Create an inventory of health information on hazardous substances, (3) Create a listing of closed and restricted-access sites, (4) Provide assistance in hazardous substances emergencies, and (5) Determine the relationship between hazardous substances exposure and illness (see http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ legislation/chron.html, 2004).
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS): The creation of the DHS in 2002 was the most significant transformation of the U.S. government since 1947, when Harry S. Truman merged the various branches of the U.S. Armed Forces into the Department of Defense to better coordinate the nation's defense against military threats. DHS represents a similar consolidation, both in style and substance. In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks against America on September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush decided 22 previously disparate domestic agencies needed to be coordinated into one department to protect the nation against threats to the homeland (see http://www.dhs.gov/, 2004).
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA): In 1862, when President Abraham Lincoln founded the U.S. Department of Agriculture, he called it the "people's department." In Lincoln's day, 48% of the people were farmers who needed good seeds and information to grow their crops. Today, USDA continues Lincoln's legacy by serving all Americans. USDA remains committed to helping America's farmers and ranchers (see http://www.usda.gov/AboutUSDA/, 2004).
U.S. Department of Interior: (DOI): The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian Tribes and our commitments to island communities (see http://www.doi.gov/secretary/mission.html, 2004).
U.S. Department of Defense @OD): The mission of the Department of Defense is to provide the military forces needed to deter war and to protect the security of our country. The department's headquarters is at the Pentagon (see http://www. defenselink.mil/admin/about.html,2004). As branches under DOD, the Army, Navy, and Air Force are each responsible for the environmental restoration of sites under their control. In addition, the Army Corps of Engineers supports cleanup actions at Superfund sites (SFIremedy-04). U.S. Department of Energy (DOE): DOE was established in 1977. DOE'S overarching mission is to enhance national security in four major areas. They are nuclear, conventional, and renewable energy, environmental program, and research and development (see http://www.eia.doe.gov/, 2004). U.S. Department Of Health and Human Services (DHHS): DHHS is the United States government's principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves (see http://www.hhs.g0v/news/press/2002pres/ profile.html,2004).
U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ): See http://www.usdoj.gov/, 2004. U.S. Department of Labor (DOL): DOL fosters and promotes the welfare of the job seekers, wage earners, and retirees of the United States by improving their working conditions, advancing their opportunities for profitable employment, protecting their retirement and health care benefits, helping employers find workers, strengthening free collective bargaining, and tracking changes in employment, prices, and other national economic measurements. In carrying out this mission, the Department administers a variety of federal labor laws including those that guarantee workers' rights to safe and healthful working conditions; a minimum hourly wage and overtime pay; freedom from employment discrimination; unemployment insurance; and other income support (see http://www.dol.gov/opa~aboutdoL/ mission.htm, 2004). U.S. Department of State (DOS): See http://www.state.gov/, 2004. U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT): DOT was established in 1967. Its mission is to serve the United States by ensuring a fast, safe, efficient, accessible, and convenient transportation system that meets our vital national interests and
enhances the quality of life of the American people, today and into the future (see http://www.dot.gov/mission.htm, 2004). U.S. Department of Treasury (DOTr): See http://www.ustreas. god, 2004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): EPA was established in 1970. It is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment--air, water, and land--upon which life depends (see http:Nwww.epa.gov/epahome/aboutepa.htm, 2004). U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): FAA provides a safe, secure, and efficient global aerospace system that contributes to national security and the promotion of U.S. aerospace safety. As the leading authority in the international aerospace community, FAA is responsive to the dynamic nature of customer needs, economic conditions, and environmental concerns (see http://www2.faa.gov/aboutfaa/Mission.cfin,2004). U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): FEMA, a former independent agency that became part of the new Department of Homeland Security in March 2003, is tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from and mitigating against disasters. FEMA can trace its beginnings to the Congressional Act of 1803. This act, generally considered the first piece of disaster legislation, provided assistance to a New Hampshire town following an extensive fire. In the century that followed, ad hoc legislation was passed more than 100 times in response to hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and other natural disasters (see http://www.fema.gov/aboutihistory.shtm, 2004). U.S. General Services Administration (GSA): GSA secures the buildings, products, services, technology, and other workplace essentials federal agencies need. 13,000 GSA associates support over one million federal workers located in 8,000 governmentowned and leased buildings in 2,000 U.S. communities and overseas. GSA associates: (1) Provide superior workplaces for federal workers; (2) Facilitate procurement of state of the art commercial products and a wide range of services; (3) Offer best value and innovative solutions on IT products and services; and (4) Develop and implement government-wide policies (see http://www.gsa.gov/Porta1/gsa/ep/home.do?tabId=6,2004). U.S. Geological Suwey (USGS): Federal source for science about the earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment (see http://www.usgs.gov/, 2004). U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): NIOSH is the federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness. NIOSH is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the Department of Health and Human Services (see http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/about.html, 2004).
U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS): NIEHS is one of 27 Institutes and Centers of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is a component of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Human health and human disease result from three interactive elements: environmental factors, individual susceptibility, and age. The mission of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is to reduce the burden of human illness and dysfimction from environmental causes by understanding each of these elements and how they interrelate. The NIEHS achieves its mission through multidisciplinary biomedical research programs, prevention and intervention efforts, and communication strategies that encompass training, education, technology transfer, and community outreach (see http:Nwww.niehs.nih.gov/external/ intro.htm, 2004). U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH): The National Institutes of Health is the steward of medical and behavioral research for the Nation. It is an Agency under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (see http://www.nih.gov/about/,2004). U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency (NCAA): See http://www.noaa.gov/index.html,2004. U.S.C.: United States Code (USDNwater-04). U-blade: A dozer blade with an extension on each side. They protrude forward at an obtuse angle to the blade and enable it to handle a larger volume of solid waste than a regular blade. See blade for more related terms (SW- 108ts). Ultimate analysis (or elemental analysis): (1) An analysis of elemental chemical composition such as C, 0 , H, C1, S, etc. See analysis for more related terms. (2) The elemental chemical analysis of a solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel. In the cases of coal, coke, or solid waste, the percentages in a dry sample of carbon. Hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, ash, and chlorine are usually determined. Oxygen is obtained by subtracting the total of the other elements from 100. See analytical parameters--fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Ultimate analysis: Precise determination, by chemical means, of the elements and compounds in coal (CWNmining-04). Ultimate biodegradability: The breakdown of an organic compound to C02, water, the oxides, or mineral salts of other elements andlor to products associated with normal metabolic processes of microorganisms (40CFR796.3100-91). Ultimate consumer (or ultimate purchaser): The first person who purchases an automobile for purposes other than resale or leases an automobile (40CFR600.002.85-91, see also CAA2 16; NCA3; 40CFR53.1; 85.1902; 205.2-91).
Ultimate oxygen demand (UOD): The sum of carbonaceous BOD and ultimate nitrogenous BOD. See oxygen for more related terms. Ultimate purchaser: See ultimate consumer. Ultimate strength: The maximum stress level that pressurebearing equipment can tolerate without causing rupture, fracture, deformation, or other physical damage. Ultra clean coal (UCC): Coal that is washed, ground into fine particles, then chemically treated to remove sulfur, ash, silicone, and other substances; usually briquetted and coated with a sealant made from coal (EPA-97/12). Ultra filtration (or micro filtration): A treatment similar to reverse osmosis except that ultra filtration treats solution with larger solute particles so that the solvents can more easily filter through the membrane. See filtration for more related terms (EPA8711Oa). Ultra trace method: A method applicable below trace levels. See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Ultra-low emissions vehicle (ULEV): Vehicles whose emissions meet reduction level requirements established by the EPA and the state of California. Vehicle categories for various levels of emissions standards include (1) Partial zero emissions vehicles (PZEV). (2) Super-ultra-low emissions vehicles (SULEV). (3) Zero emission vehicles (ZEV). (4) Ultra-low emission vehicle (ULEV). Ultrasonic agitation: The agitation of a liquid medium through the use of ultrasonic waves (EPA-83106a). Ultrasonic cleaning: Immersion cleaning aided by ultrasonic waves which cause micro-agitation (EPA-83106a). Ultrasonic machining: Removing materials by means of an ultrasonic-vibrating tool usually working in an abrasive sluny in close contact with a workpiece or having diamond or carbide cutting particles on its end (EPA-83106a). Ultrasonic precipitation: A process consisting of the separation of particulate matter from air and other gases following agglomeration induced by an ultrasonic field. See precipitation for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Ultrasonic testing: A nondestructive test which applies sound, at a frequency above about 20 HJz, to metal, which has been immersed in liquid (usually water) to locate inhomogeneities or structural discontinuities (40CFR471.02-91). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation: Ultraviolet radiation is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths shorter than visible light. The sun produces UV, which is commonly split into
three bands: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA is not absorbed by ozone. W B is mostly absorbed by ozone, although some reaches the earth. UVC is completely absorbed by ozone and normal oxygen. NASA provides more information on their web site (CAAIozone-04).
Ultraviolet (UV): Pertaining to the region of the electromagnetic spectrum from approximately 10-380 Fm. The term ultraviolet without further qualification usually refers to the region from 200 to 380 pm (LBL-76107-air). Ultraviolet A (UVA): A band of ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths from 320 to 400 nanometers produced by the Sun W A is not absorbed by ozone. This band of radiation has wavelengths just shorter than visible violet light. NASA provides more information on their web site (CMozone-04). Ultraviolet absorption: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or radiation emission-absorption instrumentation for various types). Aromatic hydrocarbons absorb radiation in the near ultraviolet wavelength region. Aliphatic hydrocarbons typically do not absorb in this region to any great degree. Compounds can absorb over both wide and narrow wavelength bands and continuously absorb over several discrete bands. By determining the absorption maximum, wavelength, and absorption intensity one can identify an organic chromophore (e.g., a carbonyl group) (EPA-84103a). Ultraviolet B (UVB): A band of ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths from 280-320 nanometers produced by the Sun W B is a kind of ultraviolet light from the sun (and sun lamps) that has several harmful effects, particularly effective at damaging DNA. It is a cause of melanoma and other types of skin cancer. It has also been linked to damage to some materials, crops, and marine organisms. The ozone layer protects the earth against most UVB coming from the sun. It is always important to protect oneself against W B , even in the absence of ozone depletion, by wearing hats, sunglasses, and sunscreen. However, these precautions will become more important as ozone depletion worsens. NASA provides more information on their web site (CMozone-04). Ultraviolet C (UVC): A band of ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths shorter than 280 nanometers. UVC is extremely dangerous, but it is completely absorbed by ozone and normal oxygen (02). NASA provides more information on their web site (CMozone-04). Ultraviolet disinfection: The use of ultraviolet waves to disinfect a room. Ultraviolet radiation: The electromagnetic radiation in the See wavelength of 4 to 400 nano meter (nm), 1 nano = radiation for more related terms (EPA-88109a). Ultraviolet rays: Radiation from the sun that can be useful or potentially harmful. UV rays from one part of the spectrum (UV-A)
enhance plant life. UV rays from other parts of the spectrum (UVB) can cause skin cancer or other tissue damage. The ozone layer in the atmosphere partly shields us from ultraviolet rays reaching the Earth's surface (EPA-97/12).
Ultraviolet spectroscopy: A method for the determination of chemical structures by applying the absorption spectroscopy involving electromagnetic wavelengths in the ultraviolet wave range. Umbo: The narrow end (apex) of the oyster (40CFR797.1800; 797.1830-91). Unacceptable adverse effect: The impact on an aquatic or wetland ecosystem which is likely to result in significant degradation of municipal water supplies (including surface or groundwater) or significant loss of or damage to fisheries, shell fishing, or wildlife habitat or recreation areas. In evaluating the unacceptability of such impacts, consideration should be given to the relevant portions of the section 404(b)(l) guidelines (40CFR230) (40CFR231.2-91). Unattached radon progeny: Radon decay products which have not yet adhered to other, larger dust particles in the air (or to other surfaces, such as walls). Unattached progeny might result in a higher lung cancer risk than the progeny that are attached to larger particles, because the unattached progeny can selectively deposit in limited areas of the lung (EPA-88/08). Unattended period: The period of time over which the instrument will meet stated performance specifications without operator intervention (LBL-76107-bio). Unauthorized dispersion technique: Refers to any dispersion technique which, under section 123 of the Act and the regulations promulgated pursuant to that section, may not be used to reduce the degree of emission limitation otherwise required in the applicable SIP (40CFR57.103-91). Unavailable energy: The energy difference between the total heat added and the available energy (Holman-pl76; Jones-p313; Warkp269). Unbleached papers: The papers made of pulp that have not been treated with bleaching agents. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Uncertainty factor: A factor used in the adjustment of toxicity data to account for unknown variations. Where toxicity is measured on only one test species, other species may exhibit more sensitivity to that effluent. An uncertainty factor would adjust measured toxicity upward and downward to cover the sensitivity range of other, potentially more or less sensitive species (EPA85/09).
Uncertainty factor: In toxicity assessments, a number that reflects the degree of uncertainty that must be considered when the available data are extrapolated to humans (NavyIEnv-04). Uncertainty factor: Mathematical adjustments for reasons of safety when knowledge is incomplete. For example, factors used in the calculation of doses that are not harmful (adverse) to people. These factors are applied to the lowest-observed-adverse-effectlevel (LOAEL) or the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) to derive a minimal risk level (MRL). Uncertainty factors are used to account for variations in people's sensitivity, for differences between animals and humans, and for differences between a LOAEL and a NOAEL. Scientists use uncertainty factors when they have some, but not all, the information from animal or human studies to decide whether an exposure will cause harm to people (also sometimes called a safety factor) (SFhealth-04). Uncertainty factor (UF): One of several factors used in calculating the reference dose from experimental data. UFs are intended to account for: (1) The variation in sensitivity among humans; (2) The uncertainty in extrapolating animal data to humans; (3) The uncertainty in extrapolating data obtained in a study that covers less than the full life of the exposed animal or human; and (4) The uncertainty in using LOAEL data rather than NOAEL data (EPA-97/12). Uncertainty factor: One of several, generally 10-fold factors, used in operationally deriving the Reference Concentration (RE) from experimental data. UFs are intended to account for: (1) The variation in sensitivity among the members of the human population; (2) The uncertainty in extrapolating animal data to the case of humans; (3) The uncertainty in extrapolating from data obtained in a study that is of less-than-lifetime exposure; (4) The uncertainty in using LOAEL data rather than NOAEL data; and (5) The inability of any single study to adequately address all possible adverse outcomes in humans (EPA-90108; 92/12). Uncertainty: A measure used to quantifl the plausible maximum and minimum values for emissions from any source, given the biases inherent in the methods used to calculate a point estimate and known sources of error (CAA/C02gasl-04). Uncertainty: Sources of uncertainty include (1) Accuracy. (2) Bias. (3) Error. (4) Precision (ACS-87/11). See uncertainty in Appendix B for more information. Unconfined aquifer (or water table aquifer): (1) A groundwater reservoir that is continually recharged by water seeping through the soil from the surface (confined aquifer) (EPA-80108). (2) A permeable geological unit having the following properties: a water-filled pore space (saturated), the capability to transmit significant quantities of water under ordinary differences in pressure, and an upper water boundary that is at atmospheric pressure (DOE-91/04). (3) See aquifer for more related terms.
Unconfined aquifer: An aquifer containing water that is not under pressure; the water level in a well is the same as the water table outside the well (EPA-97/12). Unconfined aquifer: An aquifer whose upper surface is a water table; an aquifer containing unconfined groundwater (CWNWquality-04). Unconfined groundwater: The groundwater that is bounded by a zone of aeration. See groundwater for more related terms. Unconformity: A lack of vertical continuity between layers of rock representing a gap in a geologic record (DOI-70104). Unconsolidated deposit: Deposit of loosely bound sediment that typically fills topographically low areas (CWNWquality-04). Unconsolidated: Sediment that is loosely arranged or unstratified, or whose particles are not cemented together (NavyIEnv-04). Uncontaminated property: Real property on which no hazardous substances and no petroleum products or their derivatives, including aviation fuel and motor oil, were stored for one year or more, known to have been released, or disposed of (NavyIEnv-04). Uncontrolled total arsenic emissions: The total inorganic arsenic in the glass melting furnace exhaust gas preceding any add-on emission control device. See arsenic for more related terms (40CFR61.161-91). Unconventional waste: See special waste. Undercoater: Any coatings formulated for and applied to substrates to provide a smooth surface for subsequent coats (40CFR52.741-91). Undercut: To cut below or undermine the coal face by chipping away the coal by pick or mining machine. In some localities the terms "undermine" or "underhole" are used (CWNmining-04).
Underground drinking water source: (1) An aquifer supplying drinking water for human consumption; or (2) An aquifer in which the groundwater contains less than 10,000 mg/L total dissolved solids (40CFR257.3.4-91). Underground injection control (UIC): The program under the Safe Drinking Water Act that regulates the use of wells to pump fluids into the ground (EPA-97/12). Underground injection control (UIC): The program under the Safe Drinking Water Act that regulates the use of wells to pump fluids into the ground (40CFR124.2; 144.3; 146.3; 270.2-91). Underground injection control well: Units into which hazardous waste is permanently disposed of by injection 114 mile below an aquifer with an underground source of drinking water (as defined under SOWA) (RCRAlhazardous-04). Underground injection control: A permitting program established under the Safe Drinking Water Act (see separately) to regulate the operation, closure, plugging, and abandonment of underground injection wells (SDWNradionuclide-04). Underground injection wells: Steel- and concrete-encased shafts into which hazardous waste is deposited by force and under pressure (EPA-97/12). Underground injection: The subsurface emplacement of fluids through a bored, drilled, or driven well; or through a dug well, where the depth of the dug well is greater than the largest surface dimension. See injection well for more related terms (4OCFR260.10-91). Underground mine: Also known as a "deep" mine. Usually located several hundred feet below the Earth's surface, an underground mine's coal is removed mechanically and transferred by shuttle car or conveyor to the surface (CWAImining-04). Underground release: Any belowground release (40CFR280.1291).
Underfire air: (1) Any forced or induced air, under control as to quantity and direction, that is supplied from beneath and which passes through the solid wastes fuel bed (40CFR240.101-91). (2) Air for combustion is admitted into a furnace at a point under a grate to promote burning within a fuel bed; or combustion air which enters the fuel bed from orifices in the hearth (EPA-89103b). (3) See air for more related terms.
Underground sources of drinking water: Aquifers currently being used as a source of drinking water or those capable of supplying a public water system. They have a total dissolved solids content of 10,000 milligrams per liter or less, and are not "exempted aquifers." See exempted aquifer.
Underflow: The downstream flow of water through the permeable deposits that underlie a stream and that are more or less limited by rocks of low permeability (CWAhydrology-04).
Underground Storage Tank (UST): A tank located at least partially underground and designed to hold gasoline or other petroleum products or chemicals (EPA-97/12).
Underground area: An underground room, such as a basement, cellar, shaft, or vault, providing enough space for physical inspection of the exterior of the tank situated on or above the surface of the floor (40CFR280.12-91).
Underground station: An enlargement of an entry, drift, or level at a shaft at which cages stop to receive and discharge cars, personnel, and material. An underground station is any location where stationary electrical equipment is installed. This includes
pump rooms, compressor rooms, hoist rooms, battery-charging rooms, etc. (CWNmining-04).
Underground storage tank (UST): A regulated underground storage tank, as used in this document. A regulated underground storage tank is a tank that is 10% or more beneath the surface and contains a petroleum product or a hazardous substance listed in 40CFR300.5 (SDWNradionuclide-04). Underground storage tank (UST): A tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that has 10% or more of its volume (including pipe volume) beneath the surface of the ground. USTs are designed to hold gasoline, other petroleum products, and hazardous materials (FFDCNpesticide-04). Underground storage tank (UST): An underground tank storing hazardous substances or petroleum products. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Congress directed EPA to establish regulatory programs that would prevent, detect, and clean up releases from UST systems containing petroleum or hazardous substances (SFIremedy-04). Underground storage tank (UST): Any tank, including underground piping connected to the tank,which is or has been used to contain a hazardous substance or petroleum products, and the volume of which is 10% or more beneath the surface of the ground (USDNwater-04). Underground storage tank system (UST): An underground storage tank system (UST) is a tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that has at least 10% of its combined volume underground. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), EPA has established regulatory programs to prevent, detect, and clean up releases from USTs containing petroleum or hazardous substances (SFIremedy-04). Underground tank: A device meeting the definition of tank in 40CFR60.10 whose entire surface area is totally below the surface of and covered by the ground. See tank for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91). Underground uranium mine: A man-made underground excavation made for the purpose of removing material containing uranium for the principal purpose of recovering uranium. See uranium for more related terms (40CFR61.21-91). Underground water: All water beneath the surface of the ground, including both groundwater and vadose water, whatever its origin. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104). Underground water: Subsurface water in the unsaturated and saturated zones. See also groundwater (CWNWbasics-04). Underlying hazardous constituent (UHC): Any constituent listed in 40CFR268.48, able UTS--Universal Treatment
~tandards,"except fluoride, selenium, sulfide, vanadium, and zinc, which can reasonably be expected to be present at the point of generation of the hazardous waste, at a concentration above the constituent-specific universal treatment standard (RCRMandban04).
Underlying hazardous constituents: Constituents that must be treated in order to meet contaminant-specific levels for purposes of the LDR program (RCRNhazardous-04). Understory: A foliage layer lying beneath and shaded by the main canopy of a forest (CWNWbasics-04). Undertread cementing operation: The system used to apply cement to a continuous strip of tread or combined treadsidewall component. An undertread cementing operation consists of a cement application station and all other equipment, such as the cement supply system and feed and takeaway conveyors, necessary to apply cement to tread or combined treadsidewall strips and to allow evaporation or solvent from the cemented tread or combined treadhidewall (40CFR60.541-91). Undigested sludge: The sludge from sedimentation prior to treatment. See sludge for more related terms. Undisturbed performance: The predicted behavior of a disposal system, including consideration of the uncertainties in predicted behavior, if the disposal system is not disrupted by human intrusion or the occurrence of unlikely natural events (40CFR191.12-91). Undue risk: A level of risk to the health and safety of the public that exceeds that set forth in the design and operation objectives of the facility. See risk for more related terms (DOE-91/04). Unexpected production allowances: The production allowances that have not been used. At any time in any control period, a person's unexpended production allowances are the total of the calculated level of production allowances he has authorization under this Part to hold at that time for that control period, minus the calculated level of controlled substances that the person has produced in that control period until that time (40CFR82.3-91). Unexpended consumption allowances: The consumption allowances that have not been used. At any time in any control period, a person's unexpended consumption allowances are the total of the calculated level of consumption allowances he has authorization under this Part to hold at that time for that control period, minus the calculated level of controlled substances that the person has produced and imported in that control period until that time (40CFR82.3-91). Unfit for use tank system: A tank system that has been determined through an integrity assessment or other inspection to be no longer capable of storing or treating hazardous waste
without posing a threat of release of hazardous waste to the environment (40CFR260.10-9 1).
Unicellular: An organism that consists of only one cell (DOD78/01). Uniform air quality required for the daily reporting of air quality: A modified form of the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) (40CFR58-App/G-9 1). Uniform and non-uniform flow: A flow is uniform, if its cross section shape and size are the same throughout the channel or pipe. Conversely, the flow is non-uniform. A temperature or velocity is said to be uniform throughout a region when it has the same value at all parts of the region at a given instant. See flow for more related terms (Peny-73). Uniform coefficient: A measure of the uniformity of sand grains. It is the ratio of the size where 60% of the sand by weight passes to the size where 10% of the sand by weight passes. Uniform plumbing code: A code of practice frequently adopted by state regulatory authorities as the basis of building codes (EPA80108). Uniformed service: The Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Public Health Service, or Coast and Geodetic Survey (PHSA2-p). Uniforming coating: See fog coating. Uniformity: Even distribution of fibers, color, and other properties of a paper (EPA-83). Unilateral administrative orders (UAOs): A legal document issued by EPA directing a potentially responsible party to perform site cleanup. A UAO sets forth the liability of the party for the cleanup, describes actions to be taken, and subjects the recipient to penalties and damages for noncompliance. Unilateral orders may be enforced in court. A UAO is EPA's most potent enforcement tool and a powerful settlement incentive. EPA usually only issues them to parties that are the largest contributors of waste to a site, are financially viable, and against whom there is strong evidence of liability (SF/reform-04). Unimolecular pathway: See unimolecular reaction. Unimolecular reaction (or unimolecular pathway): A chemical reaction involving only one molecule, e.g., N204 2N02. It is a function of temperature, pressure, and concentration and is independent of reaction atmosphere (EPA-88/12).
+
Un-ionized ammonia: The neutral form of ammonia-nitrogen in water, usually occurring as NH40H. Un-ionized ammonia is the principal form of ammonia that is toxic to aquatic life. The relative proportion of un-ionized to ionized ammonia (NH4+) is controlled
by water temperature and pH. At temperatures and pH values typical of most natural waters, the ionized form is dominant (CWAIWquality-04).
Un-ionized: The neutral form of an ionizable compound (such as an acid or a base) (CWAlWbasics-04). Unit hydrograph: The hydrograph of direct runoff from a storm uniformly distributed over the drainage basin during a specified unit of time; the hydrograph is reduced in vertical scale to correspond to a volume of runoff of 1 inch &om the drainage basin. (After Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 1949, p. 105.) The hydrograph of surface runoff (not including groundwater runoff) on a given basin due to an effective rainfall falling for a unit of time (CWN hydrology-04). Unit operation: One treatment technology that is a part of a larger treatment train (EPA-89/12a). Unit packaging: A package that is labeled with directions to use the entire contents of the package in a single application (40CFR157.21-91). Unit pricing: An economic incentive program used to achieve source reduction and recycling, also called variable rate refuse collection, where customers who dispose of more waste pay more for the collection and disposal services (RCRAflazardous-04). Unit risk: The upper-bound excess lifetime cancer risk estimated to result from continuous exposure to an agent at a concentration of 1 F ~ / Lin water, or 1 pgku.m in air. See risk for more related terms (EPA-92/12). Unit suspended furnace wall: A furnace wall or panel that is hung from a steel structure. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Unit train: A long train of between 60 and 150 or more hopper cars, carrying only coal between a single mine and destination (CWNmining-04). United States and State: As defined by CERCLA jIOl(27): "the several states of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, and any other temtory or possession over which the United States has jurisdiction" (SFlEnv-04). United States Code (U.S.C.): The official publications of the public laws enacted by the Congress such as, Public Law 94-580 for RCRA. It contains the U.S. Constitution and amendments and the codified laws of the United States. Universal biohazard symbol: The symbol design that conforms to the design shown in 29CFR19 10.145(f)(8)(ii) (40CFR259.1091).
Universal coal cutter: A type of coal cutting machine which is designed to make horizontal cuts in a coal face at any point between the bottom and top or to make shearing cuts at any point between the two ribs of the place. The cutter bar can be twisted to make cuts at any angle to the horizontal or vertical (CWAImining04). Universal precaution: A method of infection control in which all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and other bloodborne pathogens (29CFR1910). Universal treatment standards (UTS): These are the constituent-specific treatment standards found in $268.48 (RCRAAandban-04). Universal treatment standards: Contaminant-specifichazardous waste LDR treatment levels (RCIWhazardous-04). Universal wastes: Commonly recycled wastes with special management provisions intended to facilitate recycling. There are three categories of universal wastes: hazardous waste batteries, hazardous waste pesticides that have been recalled or collected in waste pesticide collection programs, and hazardous waste thermostats (RCRA/hazardous-04). Universe (or population): The totality, finite or infinite, of a set of items, units, elements, measurements, and the like, real or conceptual, that is under consideration (EPA-84/03). Unleaded gasoline: The gasoline which is produced without the use of any lead additive and which contains not more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon (40CFR80.2-91). Unloading bulkhead: A steel plate that ejects waste out the rear doors of an enclosed transfer trailer. It is propelled by a telescoping, hydraulically powered cylinder that traverses the length of the trailer (SW-108ts). Unloading leg: A device which includes a bucket-type elevator which is used to remove grain from a barge or ship (40CFR60.301-91). Unobligated balance: The portion of the funds authorized by the federal agency that has not been obligated by the grantee and is determined by deducting the cumulative obligations from the cumulative funds authorized (40CFR31.3-9 1). Unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV): UAV refers to an aircraft that does not require an onboard human pilot, such as being guided by remote control. UAVs can be powered by fuel cells (see www.aerovironment.com, 2004).
Unproven emission control systems: The emission control components or systems (and fuel metering systems) that do not qualify as proven emission control systems (40CFR86.092.2-91). Unreasonable adverse effects on the environment: Any unreasonable risk to man or the environment, taking into account the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of the use of any pesticide (FIFRA2, see also 40CFR166.3-91). Unreasonable degradation of the marine environment: (1) Significant adverse changes in ecosystem diversity, productivity, and stability of the biological community within the area of discharge and surrounding biological communities; (2) Threat to human health through direct exposure to pollutants or through consumption of exposed aquatic organisms; or (3) Loss of esthetic, recreational, scientific, or economic values which is unreasonable in relation to the benefit derived from the discharge (40CFR125.121-91). Unreasonable risk: Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), "unreasonable adverse effects" means any unreasonable risk to man or the environment, taking into account the medical, economic, social, and environmental wsts and benefits of any pesticide (EPA-97/12). Unreclaimable residue: The residual materials of little or no value remaining after incineration. See residue for more related terms (40CFR165.1-91). Unrefined and unprocessed ore: The ore in its natural form prior to any processing, such as grinding, roasting or beneficiating, or refining. See ore for more related terms (10CFR40.4-91). Unregulated hazardous substance: (1) For which no standard, requirement, criteria, or limitation is in effect under the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Clean Air Act, or the Clean Water Act; and (2) For which no water quality criteria are in effect under any provision of the Clean Water Act (SF21 1). (3) See hazardous substance for more related terms. Unregulated safety relief valve: A safety relief valve which cannot be actuated by a means other than high pressure in the pipe or vessel which it protects (40CFR52.741-91). Unrestricted area: Any area access to which is not controlled by the licensee for purposes of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation and radioactive materials, and any area used for residential quarters (10CFR20.3-91). Unreviewed safety question: A proposed change, test, or experiment is considered to involve an unreviewed safety question if (1) The probability of occurrence or the consequences of an accident or malfunction of equipment important to safety evaluated previously by safety analyses will be significantly increased; or (2) A possibility for an accident or malfunction of a
different type than any evaluated previously by safety analyses will be created that will result in significant safety consequences (DOE-91/04).
its potential for causing disease. See medical waste or waste for more related terms (40CFR259.10-91).
Unsanitized: A version of a document from which information claimed as trade secret or confidential has not been withheld or omitted (cf. sanitized) (40CFR350.1-91).
Unusual occurrence report: A written evaluation of an unusual occurrence that is prepared in sufficient detail to enable a reviewer to assess its significance, consequences, or implications and to determine the means of avoiding a recurrence with minimal additional inquiry (DOE-91/04).
Unsaturated (vadose) zone: The zone of geologic material that occurs above the water table and capillary fringe, in which the pores are only partially filled with water (soil moisture is less than porosity), and the fluid pressure is less than atmospheric (NavyfEnv-04).
Unusual occurrence: Any unusual or unplanned event that adversely affects or potentially affects the performance, reliability, or safety of a facility (DOE-91/04).
Unsaturated hydrocarbon: Those compounds which have two or more adjacent carbon atoms joined by a double or triple bond. See hydrocarbon for more related terms. Unsaturated zone (vadose or zone of aeration): The zone between the land surface and the water table (40CFR260.10-9 1). Unsaturated zone: A subsurface zone above the water table in which the pore spaces may contain a combination of air and water (CWNWbasics-04). Unsaturated zone: A subsurface zone containing water below atmospheric pressure and gases at atmospheric pressure. Also known as the vadose zone (cf. saturatred zone) (EPA-89112a). Unsaturated zone: The area above the water table where soil pores are not fully saturated, although some water may be present (EPA-97/12). Unsaturated zone: The zone immediately below the land surface where the pores contain both water and air, but are not totally saturated with water. These zones differ from an aquifer, where the pores are saturated with water (CWANscience-04). Unscheduled DNA synthesis in mammalian cells in culture: The incorporation of tritium labelled thymidine ( 3 ~ - ~into d ~the ) DNA of cells which are not in the S phase of the cell cycle (40CFR798.5550-91). Unscheduled maintenance: Any adjustment, repair, removal, disassembly, cleaning, or replacement of vehicle components or systems which is performed to correct a part failure or vehicle (if the engine were installed in a vehicle) malfunction (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR86.084.2; 86.402.78-91).
Unvented open-flame radiant-type wall heater: A room heater of the open front-type, designed for insertion in or attachment to a wall or partition having fully exposed flames the heat from which is reflected by ceramic radiants or a metal, asbestos, clayback, or equivalent backwall reflecting surface. It incorporates no concealed venting arrangements in its construction and discharges all products of combustion, through the open front into the room being heated (Waukee-03). Unwarranted failure to comply: The failure of a permittee to prevent the occurrence of any violation of his permit or any requirement of this chapter due to indifference, lack of diligence, or lack of reasonable care, or the failure to abate any violation of such permit or the chapter due to indifference, lack of diligence, or lack of reasonable care (SMCRA701-30U.S.C. 1291-90). Upcast shaft: A shaft through which air leaves the mine (CWNmining-04). Upflow coagulation: A technique that after the coagulant has been added to the treatment tank, wastewater enters at the bottom of the tank and leaves at the top to promote mixing with coagulant. Upflow contact clarifier: In a clarifier, wastewater enters at the bottom of the tank, is forced to flow up through a filter bed and leaves at the top. Upgrade: The addition or retrofit of some systems such as cathodic protection, lining, or spill and overfill controls to improve the ability of an underground storage tank system to prevent the release of product (40CFR280.12-91). Upgradient: Of or pertaining to the place(s) from which groundwater originated or traveled through before reaching a given point in an aquifer (CWNWquality-04).
Unsolicited proposal: An informal written offer to perform EPA funded work for which EPA did not publish a solicitation (40CFR30.200-91).
Upgrading: Retrofitting existing USTs to come into compliance with the UST regulations. The upgrading period expires on December 22, 1998 (RCRAhazardous-04).
Untreated regulated medical waste: The regulated medical waste that has not been treated to substantially reduce or eliminate
Upland: Elevated land above low areas along a stream or between hills; elevated region from which rivers gather drainage (CWAIWquality-04).
Upper bound: An estimate of the plausible upper limit to the true value of the quantity. This is usually not a statistical confidence limit (EPA-92/12). Upper detection limit: The largest concentration that an instrument can reliably detect (EPA-97/12). Upper limit: The emission level for a specific pollutant above which a certificate of conformity may not be issued or may be suspended or revoked (40CFR86.1102.87-91). Upper unsaturated zone: In this zone, most of the pore space is filled with air, but water occurs as soil moisture and in a capillary fringe that extends upward from the water table. Water in this zone is under a negative hydraulic pressure (less than atmospheric pressure). See water table for more related terms (EPA-87/03). Uppermost aquifer: The geologic formation nearest the natural ground surface that is an aquifer, as well as lower aquifers that are hydraulically interconnected with this aquifer within the facility's property boundary. See aquifer for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91). Upscale calibration value: The opacity value at which a calibration check of the CEMS is performed by simulating an upscale opacity condition as viewed by the receiver (40CFR60App/B-91). Upset condition: For a nuclear facility, anticipated occurrences of moderate frequency that might occur several times during start-up testing or operation of the facility. The equipment, components, and structures must withstand these conditions without damage requiring repair. For ASME-code pressure boundary components, this plant design condition corresponds to the "Level B Service Limits." See also emergency condition and faulted condition (DOE-91/04). Upset: An exceptional incident in which there is unintentional and temporary noncompliance with the permit limit because of factors beyond the reasonable control of the permittee. An upset does not include noncompliance to the extent caused by operational error, improperly designed treatment facilities, inadequate treatment facilities, lack of preventive maintenance, or careless or improper operation (CWNwastewater-04). Upset: An exceptional incident in which there is unintentional and temporary noncompliance with technology based permit effluent limitations because of factors beyond the reasonable control of the permittee. An upset does not include noncompliance to the extent caused by operational error, improperly designed treatment facilities, inadequate treatment facilities, lack of preventive maintenance, or careless or improper operation (40CFR122.41.n91).
Uptake phase: The time during the test when test organisms are being exposed to the test material (40CFR797.1560-91, see also 40CFR797.1520; 797.1830-91). Uptake rate constant (k,): The mathematically determined value that is used to define the uptake of test material by exposed test organisms, usually reported in units of liters/gramlhour (40CFR797.1560-91). Uptake: The sorption of a test substance into and onto aquatic organisms during exposure (40CFR797.1520-91, see also 40CFR797.1830; 797.1560-91). Upwelling: Flowing upward from a deeper to a shallower depth or to the surface of water, usually as a result of divergence of offshore currents. Uraninite: Essentially (UOz). It is a complex uranium mineral containing also rare earths, radium, lead, helium, nitrogen, and other elements (EPA-82/05). Uranium (U): A basic material for nuclear technology, it is a slightly radioactive, naturally occurring heavy metal that is more dense than lead (OMBIReg-04). Uranium (U): A dense, radioactive, naturally occurring metal that is the basic material for nuclear technology (AENclosure-04). Uranium (U): A heavy (atomic mass = 238.03), silvery-white metal with 14 radioactive isotopes. Uranium-235 is most commonly used, as a fuel or nuclear fission. Another isotope, uranium-238, is transformed into fissionable plutonium-239 following its capture of a neutron in a nuclear reactor (DOE9 1/04). Uranium (U): A heavy silvery-white metallic element, highly radioactive and easily oxidized. Of the 14 known isotopes of uranium, U238 is the most abundant in nature (CWNWbasics-04). Uranium 0: A radioactive metal with atomic number 92; atomic weight 238.03; density 19.07 glcc; melting point 1132 C and boiling point 3818 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Uranium (U): Major uranium compounds include (1) Uranium dioxide (U02): Very toxic crystals used in packing nuclear fuel rods, ceramics, pigments, and photographic chemicals. (2) Uranium hexafluoride (UFs): Very toxic crystals used to separate uranium isotopes in the gaseous diffision process. (3) Uranium hydride (UF3):Very toxic powder used as a reducing agent. Uranium (U): For more related terms, see (1) Depleted uranium and (2) Underground uranium mine.
Uranium (U)-235: The lighter of the two main isotopes of uranium, it makes up 0.7% of uranium that is minded from the ground, and has a half-life of 704 million years (AENclosure-04). Uranium (U)-238: The heavier of the two main isotopes of uranium, it makes up over 99% of uranium that is mined from the ground, and has a half-life of 4.5 billion years (AENclosure-04). Uranium by-product material: The tailings or wastes produced by the extraction or concentration of uranium from any ore processed primarily for its source material content. Ore bodies depleted by uranium solution extraction operations and which remain underground do not constitute by-product material for the purpose of this subpart (40CFR192.3 1-91, see also 40CFR61.221; 61.251-91). Uranium fuel cycle: The operations of milling of uranium ore, chemical conversion of uranium, isotopic enrichment of uranium, fabrication of uranium fuel, generation of electricity by a lightwater-cooled nuclear power plant using uranium fuel, and reprocessing of spent uranium fuel, to the extent that these directly support the production of electrical power for public use utilizing nuclear energy, but excludes mining operations, operations at waste disposal sites, transportation of any radioactive material in support of these operations, and the reuse of recovered nonuranium special nuclear and by-product materials from the cycle (40CFRI 90.02-b-91). Uranium hexafluoride (UF6): A gaseous form of uranium used in the gaseous diffusion enrichment process (AENclosure-04). Uranium mill tailing remedial action: A program to reduce the hazards posed to the public from uranium mill tailings (sand-like material left over from the separation of uranium from its ore). The program was created by the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 (SDWNradionuclide-04). Uranium mill tailings piles: Former uranium ore processing sites that contain leftover radioactive materials (wastes), including radium and unrewvered uranium (EPA-97/12). Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) Standards: Standards for radionuclides established under sections 102, 104, and 108 of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act, as amended (40CFR300-App/A-91). Uranium milling: Any activity that results in the production of by-product material as defined in this part (10CFR40.4-91). Uranium mill-tailings waste piles: Licensed active mills with tailings piles and evaporation ponds created by acid or alkaline leaching processes (EPA-97/12). Uranium mineral: More than 150 uranium bearing minerals are known to exist, but only a few are common. The five primary uranium ore minerals are pitchblende, uraninite, davidite, cofinite,
and brannerite. These were formed by deep seated hot solutions and are most commonly found in veins or pegmatites. The secondary uranium ore minerals, altered from the primary minerals by weathering or other natural processes, are carnotite, tyuyamunite, and metatyuyamunite (both are very similar to carnotite), torbemite and metatorbemite, autunite and meta autunite, and uranophane (EPA-82/05).
Uranium processing facility: The land, buildings, equipment, and processes used to purify uranium recovered from reactor fuel processing. This is the last step of the fuel processing activity that allows recycling of uranium to other uses (DOE-91/04). Urban bus: A heavy-duty diesel-powered passenger-carrying vehicle with a load capacity of fifteen or more passengers and intended primarily for intra-city operation, i.e., within the confines of a city or greater metropolitan area. Urban bus operation is characterized by short rides and frequent stops. To facilitate this type of operation, more than one set of quick-operating entrance and exit doors would normally be installed. Since fares are usually paid in cash or tokens rather than purchased in advance in the form of tickets, urban buses would normally have equipment install'ed for collection of fares. Urban buses are also typically characterized by the absence of equipment and facilities for long distance travel, e.g., rest rooms, large luggage compartments, and facilities for stowing carry-on luggage. The useful life for urban buses is the same as the useful life for other heavy heavy-duty diesel engines (40CFR86.091.2-91). Urban runoff: Stormwater from city streets and adjacent domestic or commercial properties that canies pollutants of various kinds into the sewer systems and receiving waters (EPA97/12). Urban site: A site that has greater than 50% urbanized and less than 25% agricultural area (CWAIWquality-04). Urban waterfront and port: Any developed area that is densely populated and is being used for, or has been used for, urban residential recreational, commercial, shipping, or industrial purposes (CZMA306a-16U.S.C. 1455a-90). Urea [CO(NH2)2]:A product of protein metabolism. Urea-formaldehyde foam insulation: A material once used to conserve energy by sealing crawl spaces, attics, etc.; no longer used because emissions were found to be a health hazard (EPA97/12). Uremia: Accumulation in the blood of constituents normally eliminated in the urine producing a toxic condition marked by headache, gastrointestinal disorders and especially vomiting, coma, and convulsions and commonly associated with severe kidney disorder (LBL-76107-bio).
Urgent public health hazard: A category used in ATSDR's public health assessments for sites where short-term exposures (less than one year) to hazardous substances or conditions could result in harmful health effects that require rapid intervention (SFIhealth-04). Usable firebox volume: The volume of the firebox determined using the following definitions: (1)Height: The vertical distance extending above the loading door, if fuel could reasonably occupy that space, but not more than 2 inches above the top (peak height) of the loading door, to the floor of the firebox (i.e., below a permanent grate) if the grate allows a 1-inch diameter piece of wood to pass through the grate, or, if not, to the top of the grate. Firebox height is not necessarily uniform but must account for variations caused by internal baffles, air channels, or other permanent obstructions. (2) Length: The longest horizontal fire chamber dimension that is parallel to a wall of the chamber. (3) Width: The shortest horizontal fire chamber dimension that is parallel to a wall of the chamber (40CFR60-AA (method 28-2.1 1)). Usable storage: The volume normally available for release from a reservoir below the stage of the maximum controllable level (CWAhydrology-04). Usable: Secondary materials trade term meaning those items recovered from discards that are salable in their existing form as second-hand goods. Examples are steel piping, sinks, door handles, appliances, and clothing (EPA-83). USDA: U.S. Department of Agriculture (FFDCNpesticide-04). Use attainability analysis: A structured scientific assessment of the factors affecting the attainment of the use which may include physical, chemical, biological, and economic factors as described in 40CFR131.10(g) (40CFR131.3-91). Use cluster: A set of competing chemicals, processes, andlor technologies that can substitute for one another in performing a particular function (EPA-97/12). Use constituting disposal: The direct placement of recycled materials, that is wastes or waste derived-products, on the land. Note, remediation activities involving replacement of treated soils onto the land is not a type of use constituting disposal, in part, because it is a supervised remediation instead of an unsupervised recycling activity (RCRAIlandban-04). Use of asbestos: The presence of asbestos-containing material in school buildings. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR763.103-91). Use stream: All reasonably anticipated transfer, flow, or disposal of a chemical substance, regardless of physical state or concentration, through all intended operations of industrial, commercial, or consumer use (40CFR721.3-91).
Used oil fuel: Includes any fuel produced from used oil by processing, blending, or other treatment (40CFR266.40-91). Used oil: Any oil that has been: (1) Refined from crude oil; (2) Used; and (3) As a result of such use, contaminated by physical or chemical impurities (RCRA1004-42U.S.C.6903-91). (4) See oil for more related terms. Used oil: Spent motor oil from passenger cars and trucks collected at specified locations for recycling (not included in the category of municipal solid waste) (EPA-97/12). Useful life: The estimated period during which a treatment works will be operated (40CFR35.905-91). Useful work: The work difference between the work done by a system and the work done on the atmosphere (Jones-p385). User charge for water: A charge for water use based on the amount withdrawn from the public supply (DOI-70104). User charge: A charge levied on users of a treatment works, or that portion of the ad valorem taxes paid by a user, for taxes users proportionate share of the cost of operation and maintenance (including replacement) of such works under sections 2(b)(l)(A) and 201(h)(2) of the Act and this (40CFR35.905-91). User fee: Fee collected from only those persons who use a particular service, as compared to one collected from the public in general (EPA-97/12). User: The party seeking to use the Transaction Screen Process to perform an environmental assessment of the property. A user may include, without limitation, a purchaser of property, a potential tenant of property, an owner of property, a lender, or a property manager (USDNwater-04). USGS 7.5 Minute topographic map: The map available from the USGS, entitled "USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Map," and showing the property (USDNwater-04). USGS: See U.S. Geological Survey. UST system or tank system: An underground storage tank, connected underground piping, underground ancillary equipment, and containment system, if any (40CFR280.12-91). Utility load: The total electricity demand for a utility district (EPA-97/12). Utility unit: A unit owned or operated by a utility: (1) That serves a generator in any state that produces electricity for sale, or (2) That during 1985, served a generator in any state that produced electricity for sale. (3) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2) of this definition, a unit that was in operation during 1985, but did not serve a generator that produced electricity for sale during 1985,
and did not commence commercial operation on or after November 15, 1990 is not a utility unit for purposes of the Acid Rain Program. (4) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2) of this definition, a unit that cogenerates steam and electricity is not a utility unit for purposes of the Acid Rain Program, unless the unit is constructed for the purpose of supplying, or commences construction after November 15, 1990, and supplies, more than one-third of its potential electrical output capacity and more than 25 MWe output to any power distribution system for sale (40CFR72.2-91). Utilize: Refers to the use of solvent that is delivered to coating mix preparation equipment for the purpose of formulating coatings to be applied on an affected coating operation and any other solvent (e.g., dilution solvent) that is added at any point in the manufacturing process (40CFR60.711-91). U-tube manometer: A pressure gauge in which a U-shaped tube is partially filled with a liquid with known specific gravity. When other fluid flows between the vessel shell and U-tubes, both ends of the U-tube are connected to two different pressure sources, the height of different liquid levels shown inside the tube is proportional to the pressure differences between the two sources.
UV:See ultraviolet radiation. UVA: See ultraviolet A.
UVB: See ultraviolet B UVC: See ultraviolet C. UV-VIS absorption spectrum of a solution: A function of the concentration, expressed in mol/L, of all absorbing species present; the path length, of the spectrophotometer cell, expressed in cm; and the molar absorption (extinction) coefficient of each species (40CFR796.1050-91). UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy in the visible and higher energies of light (MWTAIinfectious-04).
Vaccine: A killed or modified live virus or bacteria prepared in suspension for inoculation to prevent or treat certain infectious diseases (EPA-83/09, see also EPA-89/12). Vacuum (or zero pressure): A hypothetical condition denoting the complete absence of matter. Also a condition of zero pressure (EPA-84/09). Vacuum and blow process: A bottle manufacturing process whereby glass is gathered by vacuum and subsequently blown (EPA-83). Vacuum box: In seaming a landfill liner, a commonly used type of nondestructive test method which develops a vacuum in a localized region of an FML (flexible membrane liner) seam in order to evaluate the seam's tightness and suitability (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). Vacuum break (choke pull-off): A vacuum-operated device to open the carburetor choke plate a predetermined amount on cold start (40CFR85.2122 (a)(l)(ii)(F)-91). Vacuum crystallizer: An apparatus for increasing the rate of crystallization through the use of pressure (EPA-77/07). Vacuum deziucing: A process for removing zinc from a metal by melting or heating the solid metal in a vacuum (EPA-83103a). Vacuum evaporization: A method of coating articles by melting and vaporizing the coating material on an electrically heated conductor in a chamber from which air has been exhausted. The process is only used to produce a decorative effect. Gold, silver, copper, and aluminium have been used (EPA-83106a). Vacuum filter: A filter consisting of a cylindrical drum mounted on a horizontal axis and covered with a filter cloth. The filter revolves with a partial submergence in the liquid, and a vacuum is maintained under the cloth for the larger part of each revolution to extract moisture. The cake is scraped off continuously. See filter for more related terms (EPA-3/76). Vacuum filtration: (1) A process used to reduce sludge water contents (EPA-87110a). (2) The use of a vacuum filter to separate solids from liquids. (3) See filtration for more related terms.
Vacuum furnace: A furnace in which the charge can be brought to an elevated temperature in a high vacuum. The high vacuum provides an almost completely inert enclosure where the process of reduction and sintering can occur. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-74103). Vacuum leakage: The leakage into the vacuum cavity of a vacuum break (40CFR85.2122(a)(l)(ii)(E)-91). Vacuum metalizing: The process of coating a workpiece with metal by flash heating metal vapor in a high-vacuum chamber containing the workpiece. The vapor condenses on all exposed surface (EPA-83/03). Vacuum pressure: A measure of pressure expressed as a quantity below atmospheric pressure or some other reference pressure (EPA-84/09). vacuum pressure = negative gage pressure. See pressure for more related terms. Vacuum producing system: Any reciprocating, rotary, or centrifugal blower or compressor or any jet ejector or device that creates suction from a pressure below atmospheric and discharges against a greater pressure (40CFR52.741-91). Vacuum pump: A unit of mechanical equipment used to increase the pressure in a gas stream and providing a nearly complete vacuum at the suction flange (NavyJEnv-04). Vacuum purge system: A vacuum system with a controlled air flow to purge the vacuum system of undesirable manifold vapors (40CFR85.2 122(a)(l)(ii)(H)-91). Vacuum relief valve: An automatic device that opens or closes a relief vent depending on whether the vacuum is above or below a predetermined value (Waukee-03). Vacuum tube: An electron tube vacated to such a degree that its electrical characteristics are essentially unaffected by the presence of residual gas or vapor (EPA-83/03). Vacuum water: The water extracted from wood during the vacuum period following steam conditioning. See water for more related terms (EPA-74/04).
Vacuum-enhanced pumping: Use of a vacuum pump to lift groundwater, or other liquids or gases, from a well while producing a reduced pressure in the well (NavyIEnv-04). Vadose (unsaturated) zone: The zone of geologic material that occurs above the water table and capillary fringe, in which the pores are only partially filled with water (soil moisture is less than porosity), and the fluid pressure is less than atmospheric (NavyIEnv-04). Vadose water: The water that lies between the water table and the Earth's surface. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104). Vadose zone: A subsurface zone containing water below atmospheric pressure and gases at atmospheric pressure. Also known as the unsaturated zone (EPA-89112a). Vadose zone: The zone between land surface and the water table within which the moisture content is less than saturation (except in the capillary fringe) and pressure is less than atmospheric. Soil pore space also typically contains air or other gases. The capillary fringe is included in the vadose zone. See unsaturated zone (EPA97/12). Vadose: See unsaturated zone. Valence: Number of excess or deficient electrons an atom or molecule may have in a certain state. Indicates the charge of an atom (NavyIEnv-04). Valence: The combining power of an atom or a radical. The power is equal to the number of hydrogen atoms that the atom or the radical can combine with or displace in a chemical compound. The hydrogen atom has a valence of 1. Valid day: A 24-hour period in which at least 18 valid hours of data are obtained. A valid hour is one in which at least two valid data points are obtained (40CFR60.101-91). Valid emission performance warranty claim: The claim in which there is no evidence that the vehicle had not been properly maintained and operated in accordance with manufacturer instructions, the vehicle failed to conform to applicable emission standards as measured by an Office Director-approved type of emission warranty test during its useful life and the owner is subject to sanction as a result of the test failure (40CFR85.210291). Valid study: A study that has been conducted in accordance with the Good Laboratory Practice standards of 40CFR160 or generally accepted scientific methodology and that EPA has not determined to be invalid (40CFR152.83-91). Validated test: A test determined by the Agency to have been conducted and evaluated in a manner consistent with accepted scientific procedures (40CFR154.3-91).
Validation (software): The process of evaluating a software product to determine whether it provides a correct result within specified tolerance requirements (SA-04). Validation: The testing of a model by comparing its results with experimentally obtained data (NATO-78/10). Valuable commercial and recreational species: Those species for which catch statistics are compiled on a routine basis by the federal or state agency responsible for compiling such statistics for the general geographical area impacted, or which are under current study by such federal or state agencies for potential development for commercial or recreational use (40CFR228.2-91). Valuation: The act or process of valuing or of estimating the value or worth; appraisal (CWAImining-04). Value engineering (VE): A specialized cost control technique which uses a systematic and creative approach to identify and to focus on unnecessarily high cost in a project in order to arrive at a cost saving without sacrificing the reliability or efficiency of the project (40CFR35.2005-91, see also 40CFR35.6015; 35.905-91). Value for pesticide purposes: That characteristic of a substance or mixture of substances which produces an efficacious action on a pest (4OCFRl72.1-91. Valued environmental attributes/components: Those aspects (components; processes; or functions) of ecosystems, human health, and environmental welfare considered to be important and potentially at risk from human activity or natural hazards. Similar to the term "valued environmental components" used in environmental impact assessment (EPA-97/12). Valve not externally regulated: The valves that have no external controls, such as in-line check valves (40CFR52.741-91). Valve: A device that shuts off, opens, regulates, or controls the flow of a fluid. Valve: For more related terms, see: (1) Automatic gas shut off valve; (2) Automatic valve; (3) Burner valve; (4) Combustion (input) control valve; (5) Control valve; (6) Diaphragm type valve; (7) Electric type valve; (8) Firing valve; (9) Fusible plug type valve; (10) Latching type valve; (11) Lubricated plug valve; (12) Main burner control valve; (13) Manual gas valve; (14) Modulating valve or throttling valve; (15) Pressure relief valve; (16) Resetting or self-closing type valve; (17) Safety shut off valve; (18) Semi-automatic valve; (19) Solenoid valve; (20) Temperature valve; and (21) Vacuum relief valve. Van der Waals adsorption: Adsorption due to the van der Wads force.
Van der Waals force: The attractive force between atoms or molecules.
one, the material is heavier than air and will stay low to the ground (NavyIEnv-04).
Van: A light-duty truck having an integral enclosure, fully enclosing the driver compartment and load canying device, and having no body sections protruding more than 30 inches head of the leading edge of the windshield (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91).
Vapor dispersion: The movement of vapor clouds in air due to wind, thermal action, gravity spreading, and mixing (EPA-97/12).
Vanadium (V): A transition metal with atomic number 23; atomic weight 50.942; density 6.1 glcc; melting point 1900 C and boiling point 3450 C. The element belongs to group VB of the periodic table. Major vanadium compounds include vanadium pentoxide (V2O5):Yellow crystals used in glass coloring, textile dyeing, and nuclear reactors. Vanadium (V): A white, soft, ductile metal. It is used in x-rays, manufacture of alloy metals, and as a catalyst for sulfuric acid and synthetic rubber production. It can be mobile in aquatic conditions depending on the state it is in, which depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of the local environment. Industrial exposure can lead to gastrointestinal distress, cardiac and nervous depression, and kidney damage. The liver, adrenals, and bone marrow may also be adversely affected (NavyEnv-04). Vanadium minerals: Those most exploited for industrial use are patronite (VS4), roscoelite (vanadium mica), vanadinite, carnotite, and chlorovanadinite (EPA-82/05). Vapor balance system: Any combination of pipes or hoses which creates a closed system between the vapor spaces of an unloading tank and a receiving tank such that vapors displaced from the receiving tank are transferred to the tank being unloaded (4OCFR52.741-91). Vapor blasting: A method of roughing plastic surfaces in preparation for plating (EPA-83106a). Vapor capture system: Any combination of hoods and ventilation system that captures or contains organic vapors so they may be directed to an abatement or recovery device (EPA-97/12). Vapor collection system: All piping, seals, hoses, connections, pressure-vacuum vents, and other possible sources between the gasoline delivery vessel and the vapor processing unit andlor the storage tanks and vapor holder (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.501; 61.301-91). Vapor control system: Any system that limits or prevents release to the atmosphere of organic material in the vapors displaced from a tank during the transfer of gasoline (40CFR52.741-91). Vapor density: The weight of a pure vapor or gas compared with the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. If the vapor density is less than one, the material is lighter than air and may rise. If the vapor density is greater than
Vapor dispersion: The movement of vapor clouds or plumes in the air due to wind, gravity, spreading, and mixing (FFDCNpesticide-04). Vapor displacement: The release of vapors that had previously occupied space above liquid fuels stored in tanks. These releases occur when tanks are emptied and filled (CAA/C02gasl-04). Vapor drying: A process in which unseasoned wood is heated in the hot vapors of an organic solvent, usually xylene, to season it prior to preservative treatment (EPA-74/04). Vapor incinerator: Vapor incinerator is also known as the secondary bumer. It is an enclosed combustion device that is used for destroying organic compounds and does not extract energy in the form of steam or process heat. See bumer for more related terms (40CFR264.1031-91;EPA-89/12). Vapor monitoring: An UST release detection method in which the equipment measures product fumes in the soil around the UST to check for leaks (RCRAhazardous-04). Vapor mounted seal: A foam-filled primary seal mounted continuously around the circumference of the tank so there is an annular vapor space underneath the seal. The annular vapor space is bounded by the bottom of the primary seal, the tank wall, the liquid surface, and the floating roof (40CFR60.111a-9 1, see also 40CFR61.341-91). Vapor plating: Depositing a metal or compound upon a heated surface by reduction or decomposition of a volatile compound at a temperature below the melting points of either the deposit or the basis material. See plating for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Vapor plumes: Flue gases visible because they contain water droplets (EPA-97/12). Vapor pressure: A measure of a substance's propensity to evaporate, vapor pressure is the force per unit area exerted by vapor in an equilibrium state with surroundings at a given pressure. It increases exponentially with an increase in temperature. A relative measure of chemical volatility, vapor pressure is used to calculate water partition coefficients and volatilization rate constants (EPA-97/12). Vapor pressure: The pressure at which a liquid or solid is in equilibrium with its vapor at a given temperature (40CFR796.1950-9 1, see also 40CFR300-AppIA-9 1;EPA-84/09).
Vapor pressure: The pressure exerted by a chemical vapor in equilibrium with its solid or liquid form at a given temperature. It is used to calculate the rate of volatilization of a pure substance from a surface or in estimating a Henry's Law constant for chemicals with low water solubility. The higher the vapor pressure, the more likely a chemical is to volatilize'and exist in a gaseous state (NavylEnv-04). Vapor processing system: All equipment used for recovering or oxidizing total organic compounds vapors displaced from the affected facility (40CFR60.50 1-91). Vapor recovery nozzle: A special gas pump nozzles that will reduce release of gasoline vapor into the air when people put gas in their cars. There are several types of vapor recovery nozzles, so nozzles may look different at different gas stations. The 1990 Clean Air Act requires installation of vapor recovery nozzles at gas stations in smoggy areas(CMAPC-04). Vapor recovery nozzles: Special gas pump nozzles that will reduce release of gasoline vapor into the air when people put gas in their cars. There are several types of vapor recovery nozzles, so nozzles may look different at different gas stations. The 1990 Clean Air Act requires installation of vapor recovery nozzles at gas stations in smoggy areas (CAAIair-04). Vapor recovery system: A vapor gathering system capable of collecting all VOM vapors and gases discharged from the storage tank and a vapor disposal system capable of processing such VOM vapors and gases so as to prevent their emission to the atmosphere (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.111-91). Vapor saturation line: The curve line which separates the vapor region from the liquid-vapor region (Wark-p56).
Vapor tight tank truck or vapor-tight railcar: A tank truck or railcar for which it has been demonstrated within the preceding 12 months that its product tank will sustain a pressure change of not more than 750 pascals within 5 minutes after it is pressurized to a minimum of 4,500 pascals. This capability is to be demonstrated using the pressure test procedure specified in method 27 of part 60, Appendix A, and a pressure measurement device which has a precision of 2.5 mm water and which is capable of measuring above the pressure at which the tank truck or railcar is to be tested for vapor tightness (40CFR61.301-91). Vapor: Gaseous phase of any substance that is liquid or solid at atmospheric pressures and temperatures. For example, steam is a vapor (CMAPC-04). Vapor: The gas given off by substances that are solids or liquids at ordinary atmospheric pressure and temperatures (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Vapor: The gaseous phase of substances that are liquid or solid at atmospheric temperature and pressure, e.g., steam (EPA-89/12, see also EPA-84/09; 89/03b). Other vapor-related terms include (1) Saturated vapour and (2) Saturated vapor state. Vaporization: The change of a pure substance from a liquid phase to its vapor phase (EPA-89/12). Vaporization is an endothermic process that is energy must be added to a liquid substance (liquid phase) to convert it to a vapor phase (gas phase). This energy is commonly referred to as the latent heat of vaporization. See latent heat for more related terms. Vaporization: Transfer of a chemical substance from the liquid or solid state to the gaseous state (NavyIEnv-04). Vaporize: Change the state from liquid to gas (CMAPC-04).
Vapor tight gasoline tank truck: A gasoline tank truck which has demonstrated within the two preceding months that its product delivery tank will sustain a pressure change of not more than 750 pascals (75 mm of water) within five minutes after it is pressurized to 4,500 pascals (450 mm of water). This capability is to be demonstrated using the pressure test procedure specified in Reference Method 27 (40CFR60.501-91). Vapor tight marine vessel: A marine vessel with a benzene product tank that has been demonstrated within the preceding 12 months to have no leaks. This demonstration shall be made using method 21 of part 60, appendix A, during the last 20% of loading and during a period when the vessel is being loaded at its maximum loading rate. A reading of greater than 10,000 ppm as methane shall constitute a leak. As an alternative, a marine vessel owner or operator may use the vapor-tightness test described in 40CFR61.304(f) to demonstrate vapor tightness. A marine vessel operated at negative pressure is assumed to be vapor-tight for the purpose of this standard (40CFR61.301-91).
Var: A unit of reactive power of an alternating current, equal to the product of the current measured in amperes and the voltage measured in volts. Variability factor: Pollutant-specific peaking factors that relate the numerical limitations for the maximum for any one day and the maximum for monthly average to the long-term average value (EPA-8711Oa). Variable capacitor: A device whose capacitance can be varied continuously by moving one set of metal plates with respect to another. See capacitor for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Variable container rate: A charge for solid waste services based on the volume of waste generated measured by the number of containers set out for collection (EPA-89/11). Variable fuel vehicle (VFV): A vehicle that can run on both gasoline and other alternative fuels. Also known as a flexible fuel vehicle.
Variable size crew method: A method in which a variable number of collectors is provided for individual crews, depending on the amount and conditions of work on particular routes. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW-108ts).
unreasonable risk to public health. The state or U.S. EPA must review, and allow public comment on, a variance every three years. States can also grant variances to water systems that serve small populations and which prove that they are unable to afford the required treatment, an alternative water source, or otherwise comply with the standard (SDWAIReg-04).
Variable wind: A wind for which no specific direction can be defined. The wind speed is usually small. See wind for more related terms (NATO-1 0178).
Variate: See observed value.
Variable: Something that may change. Other change-related terms include (1) Dependent variable; (2) Deterministic variable; (3) Dummy variable; (4) Independent variable; (5) Probabilistic variable; and (6) Random variable. Variance: (1) Government permission for a delay or exception in the application of a given law, ordinance, or regulation. (2) The sum of the squares of the difference between the individual values of a set of numbers and the arithmetic mean of the set, divided by one less than the number of values (Navy/Env-04). Variance: (1) The temporary deferral of a final compliance date for an individual source subject to an approved regulation, or a temporary change to an approved regulation as it applies to an individual source (40CFR5 1.100-91, see also 40CFR122.2; 124.29 1). (2) Degree of change or difference. Variance: A state with primacy may relieve a public water system from a requirement respecting an MCL by granting a variance if certain conditions exist. These are: (1) The system cannot meet the MCL in spite of the application of best available treatment technology, treatment techniques or other means (taking costs into consideration), due to the characteristics of the raw water sources which are reasonably available to the system, and (2) The variance will not result in an unreasonable public health risk. A system may also be granted a variance fi-om a specified treatment technique if it can show that, due to the nature of the system's raw water source, such treatment is not necessary to public health. Also see exemption (SDWNeducation-04). Variance: Any mechanism or provision under Sections 301 or 316 of the CWA or under 40CFR Part 125, or in the applicable "effluent limitations guidelines" which allows modification to or waiver of the generally applicable effluent limitations requirements or time deadlines of the CWA. This includes provisions which allow the establishment of alternative limitations based on fundamentally different factors (CWAIwastewater-04). Variance: Government permission for a delay or exception in the application of a given law, ordinance, or regulation (EPA-97/12). Variance: State or U. S. EPA permission not to meet a certain drinking water standard. The water system must prove that: (1) It cannot meet a maximum contaminant level, even while using the best available treatment method, because of the characteristics of the raw water, and (2) The variance will not create an
Varnish (or vehicle): (1) Any agent which facilitates the mixture, dispersion, or solubilization of a test substance with a carrier (40CFR160.3; 792.3; 792.226-91). (2) The volatile and nonvolatile liquid portion of a paint or coating which disperses and suspends the pigment whenever the latter is used (EPA-79112b). (3) Solution of resin which imparts a thin shiny coat to a paper (EPA83). Varying noise: Noise, with or without audible tones, for which the level varies substantially during the period of observation (ANSI S3.20-1995: non-stationary noise; non-steady noise; timevarying noise) (NCNsound-04). Vascular plant: A plant composed of or provided with vessels or ducts that convey water or sap. A fern is an example of this type of plant (CWAJWbasics-04). Vector: (1) An organism, often an insect or rodent, that carries disease. (2) Plasmids, viruses, or bacteria used to transport genes into a host cell. A gene is placed in the vector; the vector then "infects" the bacterium (EPA-97/12). Vector: A measure that has magnitude and direction, e.g., acceleration of a moving car (Navy/Env-04). Vector: In medical waste treatment, a carrier, usually an arthropod, that is capable of transmitting a pathogen from one organism to another (40CFR240.101-91, see also 40CFR241.101; 243.101-91). cf. disease vector. Veering wind: A clock-wise rotation of the wind direction. See wind for more related terms (NATO-10178). Vegetable parchment: A wet strength paper product used as wrapping for moist materials (EPA-87/10). Vegetable tan: The process of converting hides into leather using chemicals either derived from vegetable matter or synthesized to produce effects similar to those chemicals (40CFR425.02-91). Vegetative controls: Non-point source pollution control practices that involve vegetative cover to reduce erosion and minimize loss of pollutants (EPA-97/12). Vegetative waste: The plant clippings, prunings, and other discarded material from yards and gardens. Also known as yard rubbish or yard wastes. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83).
Vehicle configuration: A unique combination of basic engine, engine code, inertia weight class, transmission configuration, and axle ratio (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Vehicle conversion: Retrofitting a vehicle engine to run on an alternative fuel. For example, a vehicle can be converted from burning gasoline to burning methanol-blended fuels (oxygenated fuels). The purpose is to reduce carbon monoxide emissions and to increase combustion efficiency. Vehicle curb weight: The actual or the manufacturers estimated weight of the vehicle in operational status with all standard equipment, and weight of fuel at nominal tank capacity, and the weight of optional equipment computed in accordance with 40CFR86.02.24; incomplete light-duty trucks shall have the curb weight specified by the manufacturer (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also CAA216-42U.S.C.7550-91). Vehicle miles traveled (VMT):A measure of the extent of motor vehicle operation; the total number of vehicle miles traveled within a specific geographic area over a given period of time (EPA-97/12). Vehicle of infection: Water, food, milk, or any substance or article serving as an intermediate means by which the pathogenic agent is transported from a reservoir and introduced into a susceptible host through ingestion, through inoculation or by deposit on the skin or mucous membrane (EPA-83). Vehicle or engine configuration: The specific subclassification unit of an engine family as determined by engine displacement, fuel system, engine code, transmission, and inertia weight class as applicable (40CFR85.2 113-91). Vehicle: A device by which any person or property may be propelled, moved, or drawn upon a highway, excepting a device moved exclusively by human power or used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR85.2 102; 86.602.84; 205.51; 205.15 1-91). Different vehicle definitions are provided in the varnish term. Vehicle: For more related terms, see: (1) Abandoned vehicle; (2) Acceptance of a vehicle; (3) Base vehicle; (4) Baseline vehicle; (5) Clean fuel vehicle; (6) Common carrier by motor vehicle; (7) Contract carrier by motor vehicle; (8) Controlled vehicle; (9) Covered fleet vehicle; (10) Diesel engine vehicle; (11) Failing vehicle; (12) Flexible fuel vehicle (or flexible fuel engine); (13) Heavy duty vehicle; (14) Light duty vehicle; (15) Medium duty vehicle; (16) Motor vehicle; (17) Motor vehicle or engine part manufactura, (18) New motor vehicle; (19) Non-conforming vehicle (or non-conforming engine); (20) Non-road vehicle; (21) Packer vehicle (or packer); (22) Precontrolled vehicle; (23) Reconfigured emission data vehicle; (24) Satellite vehicle; (25) Spark ignition powered motor vehicle; (26) Test vehicle; and (27) Transport vehicle.
Vellum: Strong, high quality natural or cream colored parchment like paper (EPA-83). Velocity (V): A measure of the direction and rate of movement (NavyIEnv-04). Velocity meter: A device for measuring the velocity of a flow (cf. pitot tube). Velocity pressure: (1) The kinetic pressure in the direction of flow necessary to cause a fluid at rest to flow at a given velocity. It is usually expressed in inches of water gauge (29CFR1910.94b91). (2) The pressure caused by and related to the velocity of a fluid flow, a measure of the kinetic energy of the fluid (EPA83/06). (3) See pressure for more related terms. Velocity: Rate of airflow in lineal feet per minute (CWAtmining04). Velocity: The rate at which a fluid is flowing in a given direction. Air velocity is normally stated in feet per second or feet per minute (EPA-84/09). Veneer: A thin sheet of wood of uniform thickness produced by peeling, slicing, or sawing logs, bolts, or flitches. Veneers may be categorized as either hardwood or softwood depending on the type of woods used and the intended purpose (EPA-74/04). Vent connector: The portion of a venting system that connects the flue outlet of a combustion system to a gas vent pipe. Vent gases: Any fume, vapor, or combustion product that is released to the atmosphere. Vent stream: Any gas stream released to the atmosphere directly from an emission source or indirectly either through another piece of process equipment or a material recovery device that constitutes part of the normal recovery operations in a polymer process line where potential emissions are recovered for recycle or resale, and any gas stream directed to an air pollution control device. The emissions released from an air pollution control device are not considered a vent stream unless, as noted above, the control device is part of the normal material recovery operations in a polymer process line where potential emissions are recovered for recycle or resale (40CFR60.561-91). Vent terminal (vent cap): The opening at the end of the vent pipe that directs the fumes, vapor, or combustion flue products to the outside atmosphere. Vent well: A well designed to facilitate injection or extraction of air tolfrom a contaminated soil area (NaydEnv-04). Vent: (1) An opening through which there is mechanically induced air flow for the purpose of exhausting from a building air
carrying particulate matter emissions from one or more affected facilities (cf. gas vent) (40CFR60.671-91, see also EPA-84/09). (2) A small opening for the passage or escape of fumes, liquids, etc. In combustion, it is an opening for the passage of combustion products.
Vent: The connection and piping through which gases enter and exit a piece of equipment (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Vent: For more related terms, see (1) Vent connector; (2) Vent gases; (3) Vent terminal (vent cap); (4) Ventilation; and (5) Proper ventilation. Vented cell: A type of battery cell which has a vent that allows the escape of gas and the addition of water (EPA-84/08). Vented: Discharged through an opening, typically an open-ended pipe or stack, allowing the passage of a stream of liquids, gases, or fumes into the atmosphere. The passage of liquids, gases, or fumes is caused by mechanical means such as compressors or vacuumproducing systems or by process-related means such as evaporation produced by heating and not caused by tank loading and unloading (working losses) or by natural means such as diurnal temperature changes (40CFR264.1031-91). Ventilated cell composting: Compost is mixed and aerated by being dropped through a vertical series of ventilated cells. See composting for more related terms (SW-108ts). Ventilation factor: A parameter used in connection with the box model. It is defined as the product of the horizontal wind velocity and the surface of the box perpendicular to the wind direction (NATO-78110). Ventilation fever: See humidifier fever. Ventilation rate: The rate at which indoor air enters and leaves a building. Expressed as the number of changes of outdoor air per unit of time (air changes per hour (ACH), or the rate at which a volume of outdoor air enters in cubic feet per minute (CFM) (EPA-97/12). Ventilation rate: The rate at which outdoor air enters and leaves a building. Expressed in one of two ways: the number of changes of outside air per unit of time (air changes per hour, or ach) or the rate at which a volume of outside air enters per unit of time (cubic feet per minute or cfm) (EPA-88109b). The ventilation rate depends on the tightness of the house shell, weather conditions, and the operation of appliances (such as fans) influencing air movement. Commonly expressed in terms of air changes per hour, or cubic feet per minute. Ventilation system: A method for reducing methane concentrations in coal mines to non-explosive levels by blowing air across the mine face and using large exhaust fans to remove methane while mining operations proceed (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Ventilation/suction: The act of admitting fresh air into a space in order to replace stale or contaminated air; achieved by blowing air into the space. Similarly, suction represents the admission of fresh air into an interior space by lowering the pressure outside of the space, thereby drawing the contaminated air outward (EPA-97/12). Ventilation: An installation in a building that provides conditioned air or unconditioned air to the building and makes the air circulate in the building. Ventilation: The provision of a directed flow of fresh and return air along all underground roadways, traveling roads, workings, and service parts (CWAImining-04). Venting system: The passage or pipe of venting gases starting from the gas source to the outside atmosphere. The purpose of the venting system is to remove vent gases. Venturi flume: An open channel with a constricted throat which is used in flow measurement. Venturi meter: See venturi tube. Venturi scrubber main components: The major components of a venturi scrubber include (1) A constriction in the ductwork referred to as a venturi throat. Some venturi scrubbers have an adjustable throat that can be used to vary the size of the opening. (2) Spray nozzles at the entrance to the venturi throat that supply the scrubbing liquid, usually water. (3) A cyclonic mist eliminator for removing entrained water droplets. (4) An induced draft fan for moving the flue gas through the scrubber (EPA-3/89b, AP-40; Hesketh-79). Venturi scrubber: Air pollution control devices that use water to remove particulate matter from emissions (EPA-97/12). Venturi scrubber: One of air pollution control devices. Venturi scrubbers are high-energy scrubbers used for the control of fine particulate emissions. Hydrochloric acid gas, if present, also is controlled by a venturi scrubber. They are designed to maximize turbulence and mixing of water droplets and dirty flue gas to improve pollutant capture efficiency. Liquid is injected into the high velocity gas stream either at the inlet to the converging section or at the venturi throat. The liquid is atomized to form filaments and films which have extremely large surface areas for mass transfer. Gas velocities at the throat are from 15,000 to 20,000 fpm, and pressure drops are from 10 to 30 inches water gage (some systems operate at 80 inches water gage). Venturi scrubbers are the most common types of wet scrubbers and are usually the only technically feasible solution to an air pollution problem. If submicron particulate matter is sticky, flammable, or highly corrosive, for example, precipitators and fabric filters cannot be used and venturi scrubbers become a reasonable choice. Venturi scrubbers are also the only ultra-high efficiency collectors which can simultaneously remove gaseous and particulate matter
from a gas stream without any physical modifications. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA-3/89b, AP-40; Hesketh-79).
Venturi scrubber: The major components of a venturi scrubber include (1) A constriction in the ductwork referred to as a venturi throat. Some venturi scrubbers have an adjustable throat that can be used to vary the size of the opening. (2) Spray nozzles at the entrance to the venturi throat that supply the scrubbing liquid, usually water. (3) A cyclonic mist eliminator for removing entrained water droplets. (4) An induced drafi fan for moving the flue gas through the scrubber. Venturi scrubber: Venturi scrubbers are high-energy scrubbers used for the control of fine particulate emissions. Hydrochloric acid gas, if present, also is controlled by a venturi scrubber. They are designed to maximize turbulence and mixing of water droplets and dirty flue gas to improve pollutant capture efficiency. Liquid is injected into the high velocity gas stream either at the inlet to the converging section or at the venturi throat. The liquid is atomized to form filaments and films which have extremely large surface areas for mass transfer. Gas velocities at the throat are from 15,000 to 20,000 fpm, and pressure drops are from 10 to 30 inches water gage (some systems operate at 80 inches water gage). Venturi scrubbers are the most common types of wet scrubbers and are usually the only technically feasible solution to an air pollution problem. If submicron particulate matter is sticky, flammable, or highly corrosive, for example, precipitators and fabric filters cannot be used and venturi scrubbers become a reasonable choice. Venturi scrubbers are also the only ultra-high efficiency collectors which can simultaneously remove gaseous and particulate matter from a gas stream without any physical modifications. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA-3/89b, AP-40; Hesketh-79). Venturi tube (or venturi meter): A device for measuring a gas or water flow rate in a pipe. It consists of (1) A tapered section where the flow cross section is gradually reduced, (2) A throat section where both the fluid velocity and the pressure drop are at maximum; and (3) A tapered section where the flow cross section is gradually increased to recover the kinetic energy. By attaching a pressure gauge to the three sections, the pressure drop can be measured and the flow rate through the throat can be calculated. Verification: A sampling program including samples of untreated and treated wastewater and sludge to determine the levels of classical pollutant and toxic pollutants known to be present, as well as removal efficiencies by various wastewater treatment processes (cf. screening) (EPA-79112b). Vermin: Carriers of disease germs, bacteria or viruses, such as rodents, mosquitoes, flies, lice, and fleas, which transmit such infectious elements to humans. See vector (EPA-83). Vernal pool: A small lake or pond that is filled with water for only a short time during the spring (CWANbasics-04).
Vertical spindle disc grinder: A grinding machine having a vertical, rotatable, power-driven spindle carrying a horizontal abrasive disc wheel (29CFR1910.94b-91). Vertical wind: The component of the wind velocity along the local vertical direction. This component is usually small compared to the horizontal wind velocity. See wind for more related terms (NATO-10178). Very large MWC plant: An MWC plant with an MWC plant capacity greater than 1,000 megagrams per day (1,100 tons per day) of MSW (cf. MWC plant) (40CFR60.31a-91). Very low density polyethylene (VLDPE): A linear polymer of ethylene with other alpha-olefins with a density of 0.900 to 0.910 (EPA-91/05). Very low sulfur oil: An oil that contains no more than 0.5 weight percent sulfur or that, when combusted without sulfur dioxide emission control, has a sulfur dioxide emission rate equal to or less than 215 ng/J (0.5 Ib/million Btu) heat input. See oil for more related terms (40CFR60.4 1b-91). Vessel bunkering: Includes sales for the fueling of commercial or private boats, such as pleasure craft, fishing boats, tugboats, and ocean-going vessels, including vessels operated by oil companies. Excluded are volumes sold to the U.S. Anned Forces (CAA/C02gasl-04). Vessel: The every description of watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on water other than a public vessel (CWA3 11). Vessel: For more related terms, see (1)Commercial vessel and (2) Existing vessel. Viable embryos (fertility): The eggs in which fertilization has occurred and embryonic development has begun. This is determined by candling the egg 11 days after incubation has begun. It is difficult to distinguish between the absence of fertilization and early embryonic death. The distinction can be made by breaking out eggs that appear infertile and examining further. This distinction is especially important when a test compound induces early embryo mortality. Values are expressed as a percentage of eggs set (40CFR797.2130-iv-91). Viable PRP: A PRP that is financially solvent and that can be expected to pay its share of the total cleanup costs at a site (SFEnv-04). Vibrating screen: (1) An inclined screen that is vibrated mechanically and screens material placed on it (SW-108ts). (2) An inclined or horizontal rectangular screening surface with a highspeed vibrating motion that lifts particles off the surface (EPA88108a). (3) See screen for more related terms.
Vibration: The periodic motion of friable ACBM which may result in the release of asbestos fibers (40CFR763.83-91). Vibration is the periodic motion of a body. View port: A sealed glass port for observing the combustion phenomena inside the combustion chamber during incineration. See port for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Vinyl asbestos floor tile: An asbestos-containing product composed of vinyl resins and used as floor tile. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR763.163-91). Vinyl chloride (C2H3CI): (1) A colorless gas, made by reacting acetylene with hydrogen chloride or by cracking ethylene dichloride. It is used in adhesives and is suspected as a cancer agent for the liver (EPA-74/11). Vinyl chloride (VC): A volatile chemical compound, used in producing some plastics, that is believed to cause cancer. VC is a breakdown product of chlorinated ethenes like tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, and dichloroethene (Navy/Env-04). Vinyl chloride plant: Includes any plant which produces vinyl chloride by any process (40CFR61.61-91). Vinyl chloride purification: Includes any part of the process of vinyl chloride production which follows vinyl chloride formation (40CFR61.61-91). Vinyl chloride: A chemical compound, used in producing some plastics, that is believed to be oncogenic (EPA-97/12). Vinyl chloride: A chemical compound, used in producing some plastics, that is believed to be oncogenic (MWTNmedical-04). Vinyl coating facility: A facility that includes one or more vinyl coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-91). Vinyl coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto vinyl coated fabric or vinyl sheets (40CFR52.741-91). Vinyl coating: Any topcoat or printing ink applied to vinyl coated fabric or vinyl sheets. Vinyl coating does not include plastisols (40CFR52.741-91). Violating facility: Any facility that is owned, leased, or supervised by an applicant, recipient, contractor, or subcontractor that EPA lists under 40CFR15 as not in compliance with federal, state, or local requirements under the Clean Air Act or Clean Water Act. A facility includes any building, plant, installation, structure, mine, vessel, or other floating craft (40CFR30.200-91). Violation: A failure to meet any state or federal drinking water regulation (SDWNReg-04).
Violation: The breaking of any state or federal mining law (CWAImining-04). Virgin aluminum: Aluminum recovered from bauxite (EPA76/12). Virgin material: (1) A material extracted from nature in its raw form (OTA-89/10). (2) A raw material used in manufacturing that has been mined or harvested and has not as yet become a product (40CFR246.10 1-91, see also RCRA1004; 40CFR247.10 1-91). (3) Resources extracted from nature in their raw forms, such as timber or metal ore (EPA-94/04). See material for more related terms. Virgin materials: Resources extracted from nature in their raw form, such as timber or metal ore (EPA-97/12). Virgin wood pulp: Pulp made from wood, as contrasted to wastepaper sources of fiber (EPA-87/10). Virgin: Unworked, untouched, often said of areas where there has been no coal mining (CWNmining-04). Virtual point source: A description of the emissions from an area source by assuming that this source can be represented by a point source. This approximation will improve with increasing distance from the source. See source for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Virtual temperature: The temperature of dry air having the same density and pressure as the moist air. See temperature for more related terms (NATO-78110). Virtually absent: The subject constituent is present in very low concentrations, and is not objectionable in these barely detectable concentrations (LBL76107-water). Virulence: (1) The disease-evoking power of a microorganism in a given host (EPA-5/90). (2) The ease with which a pathogen causes a disease (EPA-88109a). Virus: (1) A virus of fecal origin which is infectious to humans by waterborne transmission (40CFR141.2-91). (2) The smallest form of microorganisms capable of causing disease (EPA-89/12). Viscose process: The fiber forming process where cellulose and concentrated caustic soda are reacted to form soda or alkali cellulose. This reacts with carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose xanthate, which is then dissolved in a solution of caustic soda. After ripening, the solution is spun into an acid coagulating bath. This precipitates the cellulose in the form of a regenerated cellulose filament (40CFR60.601-91). Viscosity: A measure of a fluid's resistance to a flow. Viscosities vary greatly, from materials like heavy lubricating oils to water. The viscosity is also a strong function of temperature, increasing with increasing temperature for gases and decreasing with decreasing temperature for liquids. Viscosity is a measure of a
fluid's resistance to a flow. Viscosities vary greatly, from materials like heavy lubricating oils to water. The viscosity is also a strong function of temperature, increasing with increasing temperature for gases and increasing with decreasing temperature for liquids (EPA-84/09).
Viscosity: The molecular friction within a fluid that produces flow resistance (EPA-97/12). Viscosity: The property of a fluid describing its resistance to flow. Also known as dynamic viscosity (NavyIEnv-04). See viscosity in Appendix for more information. Viscosity: For more related terms, see (1) Kinematic viscosity; (2) Gas viscosity; and (3) Liquid viscosity. Viscus (pl. viscera): Any internal organ within a body cavity (EPA-74/06). Visibility impairment and impairment of visibility: Include reduction in visual range and atmospheric discoloration (CAAI 69A-42U.S.C.7491-91). Visibility impairment: Any humanly perceptible change in visibility (visual range, contrast, coloration) from that which would have existed under natural conditions (40CFR51.301-91). Visibility protection area: Any area listed in 40CFR81.40181.436 (1984) (other identical or similar definitions are provided in 40CFR52.28-1) (40CFR52.26-1-91). Visibility: The greatest distance in a given direction at which it is just possible to see and identify a prominent dark object in the day time or a light source in the night time (NATO-78/10). Visible emissions: Any emissions, which are visually detectable without the aid of instruments, coming from RACM or asbestoscontaining waste material, or from any asbestos milling, manufacturing, or fabricating operation. This does not include condensed, uncombined water vapor (40CFR6 1.14 1-91). Visible specific locus mutation: A genetic change that alters factors responsible for coat color and other visible characteristics of certain mouse strains (40CFR798.5200-91). Visible: Pertaining to radiant energy in the electromagnetic spectral range visible to the normal human eye (approximately 380 to 780 um) (LBL-76107-air). Visually andlor physically observed: Observations made by vision upon walking through a property and the structures located on it, and observations made by the sense of smell, particularly observations of noxious or foul odors. The term walking through is not meant to imply that disabled persons who cannot physically walk may not conduct a site visit; they may do so by the means at
their disposal for moving through the property and the structures located on it (USDNwater-04).
Vitrification (or glassification): (1) Formation of glassy materials by the application of high temperatures to loose materials. (2) A process whereby high temperatures affect permanent chemical and physical changes in a ceramic body, most of which is transformed into glass (SW-108ts). Vitrification: A process that stabilizes nuclear waste by mixing it with molten glass. The glass is poured into metal canisters, where it hardens into logs. The Department of Energy has built plants for vitrifying high-level waste at West Valley, New York, and the Savannah River Site (OMBIReg-04). Vitrification: The process of immobilizing waste by converting it into a high strength glass or glass-like substance. The process can treat excavated waste or soil in situ. Commonly used to treat radioactive material, and soil contaminated with volatile organics and metals (NavyIEnv-04). VOC content of the coating applied: The product of Method 24 VOC analyses or formulation data (if the data are demonstrated to be equivalent to Method 24 results) and the total volume of coating fed to the coating applicator. This quantity is intended to include all VOC that actually are emitted from the coating operation in the gaseous phase. Thus, for purposes of the liquidliquid VOC material balance in 40CFR60.713(b)(l), any VOC (including dilution solvent) added to the coatings must be accounted for, and any VOC contained in waste coatings or retained in the final product may be measured and subtracted from the total. These adjustments are not necessary for the gaseous emission test compliance provisions of 4OCFR60.713@) (40CFR60.711-19-91). VOC content: The proportion of a coating that is volatile organic compounds (VOCs), expressed as kilograms of VOCs per liter of coating solids (40CFR60.311-91, see also 40CFR60.391; 60.451; 60.461; 60.491-91). VOC emission control device: The equipment that destroys or recovers VOC (40CFR60.541-91). VOC emission reduction system: A system composed of an enclosure, hood, or other device for containment and capture of VOC emissions and a VOC emission control device (40CFR60.541-9 1). VOC emissions: The mass of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), expressed as kilograms of VOCs per liter of applied coating solids, emitted from a metal furniture surface coating operation (40CFR60.3 11-91, see also 40CFR60.451 ;60.721 -91). VOC in the applied coating: The product of Method 24 VOC analyses or formulation data (if those data are demonstrated to be
equivalent to Method 24 results) and the total volume of coating fed to the coating applicator (40CFR60.74 1-91).
Volatile matter: The gaseous part, mostly hydrocarbons, of coal (CWNmining-04).
VOC solvent: An organic liquid or liquid mixture consisting of VOC components (40CFR60.43 1-91).
Volatile organic compound (VOC) (or volatile organic matter (VOM)): Any organic wmpound which participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions; or which is measured by a reference method, an equivalent method, an alternative method, or which is determined by procedures specified under any subpart (cf. organic compound or volatile liquid) (40CFR60.2-91, see also 40CFR51.165; 51.166; 51-App/S; 52.21; 52.24; 52.741; 60.481; 60.561; 60.71 1; 60.741-91; EPA-89/12).
VOC used: The amount of VOC delivered to the coating mix preparation equipment of the affected facility (including any contained in premixed coatings or other coating ingredients prepared off the plant site) for the formulation of polymeric coatings to be applied to supporting substrates at the coating operation, plus any solvent added after initial formulation is complete (e.g., dilution solvent added at the coating operation). If premixed coatings that require no mixing at the plant site are used, "VOC used" means the amount of VOC delivered to the coating applicator(s) of the affected facility (40CFR60.741-91). Void ratio: The volume of the void spaces in soils divided by the volume of the solids (cf. porosity). Void: A general term for pore space or other reopenings in rock. In addition to pore space, the term includes vesicles, solution cavities, or any openings either primary or secondary (CWNmining-04). Void: See top void. Volatile acid: Organic acids, generally, those with low molecular weight such as acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. Volatile combustion matter: The relatively light components in a fuel which readily vaporize at a relatively low temperature and which when combined or reacted with oxygen giving out light and heat (EPA-8211 If). Volatile fraction: The portion of a paint-coating or ink which evaporates from the film during the drying process (EPA-79112b; 79112a). Volatile hazardous air pollutant (VHAP): A substance regulated under this part for which a standard for equipment leaks of the substance has been proposed and promulgated. Benzene is a VHAP. Vinyl chloride is a VHAP (40CFR61.24 1-91). Volatile liquid: A liquid which evaporates readily at atmospheric pressure and room temperature (cf. volatile organic compound). Volatile liquids: Liquids which easily vaporize or evaporate at room temperature (EPA-97/12). Volatile matter: (1) Those products, exclusive of moisture, given off by a material as gas or vapor, determined by definite prescribed methods which may vary according to the nature of the material. See analytical parameters-fuels for more related terms (EDS-24) (EPA-83). (2) See volatile substance.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) (or volatile organic matter (VOM)): A chemical compound with the following properties: (1) Boiling point (degree C): 4 0 0 . (2) Sampling method: VOST (volatile organic sampling train). (2) Capture method: tenax, tenax-charcoal. (3) Analytical method: GCMS (gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopy). Volatile organic compound (VOC): (1) Carbon-containing substances released by both natural processes and human activities that readily evaporate; their reaction with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight produces photochemical smog. (2) Compounds amenable to analysis by the purge and trap techniques. Used synonymously with purgable compounds. (3) Any organic compound that participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions except those designated by EPA as having negligible photochemical reactivity (NavyiEnv-04). Volatile organic compound (VOC): A group of chemicals composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen that have a tendency to evaporate (volatilize) into the air from water or soil. VOCs include substances that are contained in common solvents and cleaning fluids. Some VOCs are known to cause cancer (SFIremedy-04). Volatile organic compound (VOC): Any organic wmpound that participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions except those designated by EPA as having negligible photochemical reactivity. Volatile organic compound (VOC): Any organic compound which evaporates readily to the atmosphere. VOCs contribute significantly to photochemical smog production and certain health problems (FFDCNpesticide-04). Volatile organic compound (VOC): Organic chemicals all contain the element carbon (C); organic chemicals are the basic chemicals found in living things and in products derived from living things, such as coal, petroleum, and refined petroleum products. Many of the organic chemicals we use do not occur in nature, but were synthesized by chemists in laboratories. Volatile chemicals produce vapors readily; at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, vapors escape easily from volatile liquid chemicals. Volatile organic chemicals include gasoline, industrial chemicals such as benzene, solvents such as toluene and xylene, and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, the principal
dry cleaning solvent). Many volatile organic chemicals are also hazardous air pollutants; for example, benzene causes cancer (CMair-04).
Volatile organic compound (VOC): Organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure relative to their water solubility. VOCs include components of gasoline, fuel oils, and lubricants, as well as organic solvents, fumigants, some inert ingredients in pesticides, and some by-products of chlorine disinfection (CWAIWquality04). Volatile organic liquid (VOL): Any substance which is liquid at storage conditions and which contains volatile organic compounds (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.111b-91).
Volatile: Any substance that evaporates readily (EPA-97/12). Volatility: The property of a substance or substances to convert into vapor or gas without chemical change (OME-88/12). Volatilization: A process in which gases are produced and escape into the atmosphere. In landfills, methane volatilization is of concern (RCRNmanagement-04). Volatilization: The physical transfer process through which a substance undergoes a change of state from a solid or liquid to a gas (40CFR300-AppIA-91, see also 40CFR796.1950-91). Volatilization: To evaporate or cause to evaporate (NavyIEnv-04).
Volatile organic sampling train: See VOST. Volatile organics: Organic compounds that vaporize at relatively low temperatures or are readily converted into a gaseous byproduct (RCRNmanagement-04). Volatile solid: (1) The sum of the volatile matter and fixed carbon of a sample, as determined by allowing a dried sample to burn to ash in a heated and ventilated furnace (EPA-83). (2) See solid for more related terms. Volatile solids: A solid material that is readily decomposable at relatively low temperatures (CMC02gas1-04). Volatile solids: Those solids in water or other liquids that are lost on ignition of the dry solids at 550 C (NavyIEnv-04).
Volt: (1) The voltage that will produce a current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm (EPA-74103d). (2) The volt is the International System of Units (SI) measure of electric potential or electromotive force. A potential of one volt appears across a resistance of one ohm when a current of one ampere flows through that resistance. Reduced to SI base units, 1 V = (1 kg-m2)/(s3-A) (i.e., kilogram meter squared per second cubed per ampere) (DOE2003). Voltage breakdown: The voltage necessary to cause insulation failure (EPA-83/03). Voltage regulator: Like a transformer, it corrects changes in current to provide continuous, constant current flow (EPA-83/03). Voltameter: See coulometer.
Volatile solids: Those solids in water or other liquids that are lost on ignition of the dry solids at 550 C (EPA-97/12). Volatile substance (or volatile matter): (1) A chemical compound or mixture contained in a solid or liquid which volatilizes or evaporates (due to the application of heat) at or near room temperature (EPA-84/09). (2) Materials that are readily vaporizable at relatively low temperatures (EPA-85110a). Volatile suspended solid (VSS): The quantity of suspended solids lost after the ignition of total suspended solids (EPA-87110a).
Voltametric analyzer: See polarographic analyzer. Voltmeter: A device for measuring voltage. Volume concentration: A concentration expressed in terms of gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or other gas, usually expressed in percent or parts per million (EPA-83/06).
Volatile synthetic organic chemicals: Chemicals that tend to volatilize or evaporate (EPA-97/12).
Volume of process water used per year: The volume of process water that flows through a contact cooling and heating water process and comes in contact with the plastic product over a period of one year (40CFR463.11-91, see also 40CFR463.21; 463.31-91).
Volatile: (1) Any substance that evaporates readily. (2) Evaporating readily at normal temperature and pressures (NavyIEnv-04).
Volume reduction: Processing waste materials to decrease the amount of space they occupy, usually by compacting, shredding, incineration, or composting (EPA-97/12).
Volatile: A description of any substance that evaporates readily (at a relatively low temperature) (cf. organic compound, volatile) (EPA-88/03).
Volume reduction: The processing of waste materials so as to decrease the amount of space the materials occupy, usually by compacting or shredding (mechanical), incineration (thermal), or composting (biological) (EPA-89/11).
Volatile: A substance that is readily evaporated (CMAPC-04).
Volume source: A three dimensional form with the assumption that emissions are being released at a uniform rate from every point in the volume. See source for more related terms (EPA88/09).
Voluntary exclusion or voluntarily excluded: A status of nonparticipation or limited participation in covered transactions assumed by a person pursuant to the terms of a settlement (40CFR32.105-V-91).
Volume: The cubic space of a room bounded by walls, floors, and ceilings determined by Volume = length x Width x Height of space. Volume influences reverberation lime (NCNsound-04).
Vortex shedding meter: One of liquid flow rate meters. This device is applicable to low-viscosity fluids and gases under turbulent flow conditions. The accuracy is +/- 2% under normal operations. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA89/06).
Volume-based fees: A fee paid to dispose of material at a facility such as a landfill, based on the volume of the material being disposed of (RCRA/management-04). Volumetric analysis: (1) Addition of a known solution to a unknown solution until the end point has reached (color change or sedimentation) (cf. volumetric method). (2) The analysis of a gas mixture is based on the volume of each component in the system. (3) See property for more related terms. Volumetric method: One of solid or sludge flow rate meters. (1) In measuring settleable solids, a standard method of measuring settleable solids in an aqueous solution (EPA-83106a). (2) In measuring solid feed rate, this method includes calibrated augers and pumps, rotary feeders, and belt conveyors. These systems are not generally available precalibrated but must be calibrated by the user for each particular feed material. The accuracy of the method depends upon steady operation at a given speed and assumes appropriate feeders are used to ensure the cavities are always filled to capacity. Most of these methods can provide some kind of tachometer signal to indicate speed, which must be related to feed rate by performing calibration tests. These methods are generally more appropriate as secondary indicators of feed rate (EPA-89/06). (3) See flow rate meter for more related terms. Volumetric tank test: One of several tests to determine the physical integrity of a storage tank; the volume of fluid in the tank is measured directly or calculated fi-om product-level changes. A marked drop in volume indicates a leak (EPA-97/12). Voluntary emissions recall: A repair, adjustment, or modification program voluntarily initiated and conducted by a manufacturer to remedy any emission-related defect for which direct notification of vehicle or engine owners has been provided (40CFR85.1902-91).
VOST (volatile organic sampling train): VOST is a sampling method, developed by EPA, to capture volatile organic molecules fi-om combustion stack gases. Sorbent traps capture the organics, and then are taken to ovens to de-sorb the material into an analyzer (SW-846). Generally, VOST uses two traps for each pair (in sequence) to capture volatile organics. One trap contains tenax and the other tenax plus charcoal (cf. organic chemical). See Appendix A for an example computation or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations. Voticity: A measure of the rotation of a fluid element. It indicates twice the angular velocity at each point in a fluid (NATO-78/10). Vulcanization: A process which plastic rubber is converted into the elastic rubber or hard rubber state. The process is brought about by linking of macro-molecules at their reactive sites (EPA74112a). Vulnerability analysis: Assessment of elements in the community that are susceptible to damage if hazardous materials are released (EPA-97/12). Vulnerability assessment: An evaluation of drinking water source quality and its vulnerability to contamination by pathogens and toxic chemicals (SDWNReg-04). Vulnerable zone: An area over which the airborne concentration of a chemical accidentally released could reach the level of concern (EPA-97/12).
Wake: In a flow field, a region behind an obstacle in which the fluid flow is disturbed due to the presence of this obstacle (NATO-78110). Wall insulation: A material, primarily designed to resist heat flow, which is installed within or on the walls between conditioned areas of a building and unconditioned areas of a building or the outside, as well as common wall assemblies between separately conditioned units in multiple unit structures (40CFR248.4-9 1).
Washer: A machine which agitates fabric articles in a petroleum solvent bath and spins the articles to remove the solvent, together with the piping and ductwork used in the installation of this device (40CFR60.621-91). Washing cooler: A large vessel where a flowing gas stream is subjected to sprays of water or liquor to remove gas-borne dusts and to wol the gas stream by evaporation (EPA-8SllOa). Washing: See scrubbing.
Warm and cold-water fish: Warm-water fish include black bass, sunfish, catfish, gar, and others; whereas cold-water fish include salmon and trout, whitefish, miller's thumb, and blackfish. The temperature factor determining distribution is set by adaptation of the eggs to warm or cold water (LBL76107-water). Warm up time: The elapsed time necessary after startup for the instrument to meet stated performance specifications when the instrument has been shut down for at lease 24 hours (LBL-76/07bio).
Washout: (1) The canying away of solid waste by waters of the base flood (4OCFR257.3.1, see also 40CFR264.18-9 1). (2) The capture of gaseous or particulate air pollutants by precipitation (NATO-78110). Washrack: Typically consists of a building or concrete pad designed to wash vehicles such as tanks or aircraft, or other equipment (Navy/Env-04).
Warning device: A sound emitting device used to alert and warn people of the presence of railroad equipment (40CFR201.1-91).
Waste accumulation date: Once the waste container is full or the collection form is sent to the Center for Environmental Health & Safety for collection (MWTAIinfectious-04).
Wash coat: A coating containing binders which seals wood surfaces, prevents undesired staining, and controls penetration (40CFR52.741-91).
Waste activated sludge: Excessive activated sludge which must be removed from the treatment system. See sludge for more related terms.
Wash oil circulation tank: Any vessel that functions to hold the wash oil used in light oil recovery operations or the wash oil used in the wash oil final cooler. See tank for more related terms (40CFR6 1.131-91).
Waste analysis plan (WAP): A plan that outlines the procedures necessary to ensure proper treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste (RCRMandban-04).
Wash oil decanter: Any vessel that functions to separate, by gravity, the condensed water from the wash oil received from a wash-oil final cooler or from a light-oil scrubber (40CFR61.13191). Wash water: The water used to backwash filter beds, microstrainers, etc. See water for more related terms. Washboard: An imperfection, ripples, waves, etc., on the surface of glassware (EPA-83).
Waste analysis plan: A plan that outlines the procedures necessary to ensure proper treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste (RCRA/hazardous-04). Waste category: Either untreated regulated medical waste or treated regulated medical waste (40CFR259.10-91). Waste characteristics: An estimation of the type and quantity of hazardous wastes at the site (USDAIwater-04). Waste characterization: Identification of chemical and microbiological constituents of a waste material (EPA-97/12).
Waste collection (or collection): (1) The act of removing solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) from a central storage point (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR246.101-91). (2) Gathering of MSW (municipal solid waste) for subsequent management (e.g., landfilling, incineration, or recycling) (OTA-89/10). Waste collection (or collection): For more related terms, see (1) Alley collection; (2) Canyout collection; (3) Contract collection; (4) Curb collection; (5) Curbside collection (see curb collection); (6) Definite working day collection method; (7) Franchise collection; (8) Municipal collection; (9) Private collection; and (10) Setouthetback collection. Waste collection method: Waste collection method-related terms include (1) Daily route method; (2) Definite working day method; (3) Group task method; (4) Inter route relief method; (5) Large route method; (6) Reservoir route method; (7) Single load method; (8) Swing crew method; and (9) Variable size crew method. Waste combustion: The combustion of MSW in an incinerator to produce electrical or thermal energy. The MSW may be sorted or nonsorted, and may also be p m s e d before incineration ( R C W management-04). Waste compatibility: The property of two or more wastes which can remain in contact indefinitely without reaction (cf. compatibility). Waste disposal: (1) The orderly process of discarding useless or unwanted materials. See disposal for more related terms (SW108ts). (2) A computer and catalog network that redirects waste materials back into the manufacturing or reuse process by matching companies generating specific wastes with companies that use those wastes as manufacturing input (EPA-89/11). Waste exchange: A computer and catalog network that redirects waste materials back into the manufacturing or reuse process by matching companies generating specific wastes with companies that use those wastes as manufacturing inputs (RCWmanagement-04). Waste exchange: Arrangement in which companies exchange their wastes for the benefit of both parties (EPA-97/12). Waste feed: The continuous or intermittent flow of wastes into an incinerator (EPA-97/12). Waste flow: Quantity of a wastestream generated by an activity (CAA/CO2gas1-04). Waste form: The materials comprising the radioactive components of waste and any encapsulating or stabilizing matrix (40CFR191.12-91).
Waste generation: The weight or volume of materials and products that enter the wastestream before recycling, composting, landfilling, or combustion takes place. Also can represent the amount of waste generated by a given source or category of sources (EPA-97/12). Waste generator: Any owner or operator of a source covered by this subpart whose act or process produces asbestos containing waste material (40CFR61.141-91). Waste heat boiler: A boiler used to recover the heat generated during incineration for producing hot water or steam. Addition of a waste heat boiler to an incinerator has several impacts on the incineration system. One impact of adding a boiler to the system is that an induced draft fan must be added to the system in order to move air through the system. An emergency bypass stack is another feature that normally would be added to an incinerator when a waste heat boiler (or air pollution control system) is added to the incinerator system. Since the boiler causes a resistance (blockage to airflow) in the system if the induced draft fan stops, pressure will build up in the incinerator because the hot gases cannot escape quickly enough. The bypass stack is added to allow a route for the hot gases to escape should the fan fail. In other words, it allows the incinerator to go back to a natural draft system. The bypass stack also is used in cases where the boiler must be bypassed for some reason (for example, loss of water flow to the boiler causing heat buildup). The bypass stack usually contains a damper valve in the stack to control direction of the gas flow or a cap on top of the stack to prevent air from being pulled into the system when the fan is operating. When the bypass must be activated, the damper, or cap, is opened. The bypass is usually activated automatically by some type of sensor; for example, if the fan speed falls below a preset level, the bypass opens. See boiler for more related terms. (EPA-89103b). Waste isolation pilot plant (WIPP): A geologic repository intended to provide permanent disposal for transuranic wastes, deep underground (2,150 feet) in a salt bed near Carlsbad, New Mexico (OMBIReg-04). Waste load allocation (WLA): The portion of a receiving water's loading capacity that is allocated to one of its existing or future point sources of pollution. WLAs constitute a type of water quality based effluent limitation (cf. load allocation) (40CFR130.2-91). Waste load allocation (WLA): The proportion of a receiving water's total maximum daily load that is allocated to one of its existing or future point sources of pollution (CWNwastewater-04). Waste load allocation: (1) The maximum load of pollutants each discharger of waste is allowed to release into a particular waterway. Discharge limits are usually required for each specific water quality criterion being, or expected to be, violated. (2) The portion of a stream's total assimilative capacity assigned to an individual discharge (EPA-97/12).
Waste loading: The total amount of pollutant substance, generally expressed as pounds per day. See loading for more related terms (EPA-75/11). Waste management boundary: The boundary around the area occupied by the waste in a landfill, measured in terms of area (RCRAlmanagement-04). Waste management unit: A piece of equipment, structure, or transport mechanism used in handling, storage, treatment, or disposal of waste. Examples of a waste management unit include a tank, surface impoundment, container, oil water separator, individual drain system, steam stripping unit, thin film evaporation unit, waste incinerator, and landfill (40CFR61.341-91). Waste minimization policy: In HSWA, this policy involves regulation development for preventing the generation of waste rather than controlling waste after it is generated. It is a national policy that the generation of hazardous waste be reduced as expeditiously as possible (cf. pollution prevention requirements) (OSWER-87). Waste minimization: One of the earliest initiatives in pollution prevention was waste minimization. The initial focus here was on wastes (as defined under RCRA), rather than on a comprehensive evaluation of industrial emissions regulated under all environmental statutes. This term became source of controversy because some considered it to designate approaches to treating waste so as to minimize its volume or toxicity, rather than decreasing the quantity of waste at the source of its generation. The distinction became important because some advocates of decreased waste generation believed that an emphasis on waste minimization would deflect resources away from prevention toward treatment (the EPA Office of Solid Waste Source Reduction and Recycling Action Plan will formally define waste minimization). In the current RCRA biennial report, waste minimization refers to source reduction and recycling activities, and now excludes treatment and energy recovery (EPA-91/10, p6). Waste minimization: In HSWA, the prevention or restriction of waste generation at its source by redesigned products or the patterns of production and consumption. It includes any source reduction or recycling activity undertaken by a generator that results in either: (1) The reduction of total volume or quantity of hazardous waste or (2) The reduction of toxicity of hazardous waste, or both, so long as such as reduction is consistent with the goal of minimizing present and future threats to human health and the environment (cf. pollution prevention) (EPA-86/10). Waste minimization: Measures or techniques that reduce the amount of wastes generated during industrial production processes; term is also applied to recycling and other efforts to reduce the amount of waste going into the wastestream (EPA-97/12).
Waste minimization: Related to waste minimization terms include (1) Extraction; (2) Four Rs (reduction, reuse, recycle, and regeneration); (3) Material recovery; (4) Pollution prevention; (5) Prevention; (6) Reclamation; (7) Recovery; (8) Recycle; (9) Resource recovery; (10) Reuse; (11) Salvage; (12) Secondary use; (13) Separation; (14) Sorting; (15) Source separation; (16) Waste exchange; (17) Waste reduction; etc. Waste minimization: The reduction, to the extent feasible, in the amount of hazardous waste generated prior to any treatment, storage, or disposal of the waste. Because waste minimization efforts eliminate waste before it is generated, disposal costs may be reduced, and the impact on the environment may be lessened (RCRA/hazardous-04). Waste oil: The used products primarily derived from petroleum, which include, but are not limited to, fuel oils, motor oils, gear oils, cutting oils transmission fluids, hydraulic fluids, and dielectric fluids (40CFR76 1.3-91). Waste paper type: See waste paper type in Appendix B for listing. Waste paper utilizarion rate: The ratio of waste paper consumption to total production of paper and paperboard (OTA89/10). Waste paper: Various recognized grades such as No. 1 news, new kraft corrugated cuttings, old corrugated containers, manila tabulating cards, coated soft white shavings, etc., which are used as a principal ingredient in the manufacture of certain types of paperboard, particularly boxboard made on cylinder machines where the lower grades may go into filler stock, and the higher grades into one or both liners (EPA-87/10, see also 40CFR250.491). Waste piles: Non-containerized, lined or unlined accumulations of solid, nonflowing waste (EPA-97/12). Waste processing: An operation such as shredding, compaction, composting, and incineration, in which the physical or chemical properties of wastes are changed (SW-108ts). Waste reduction: (1) This term has been used by the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment and INFORM to mean source reduction. On the other hand. many different groups have used the term to refer to waste minimization. Therefore, care must be employed in determining which of these different concepts is implied when the term waste reduction is encountered (EPA-91/10, p7). (2) Reducing the amount or type of waste generated. Sometimes used synonymously with source reduction (EPA-89/11). Waste reduction: Using source reduction, recycling, or composting to prevent or reduce waste generation (EPA-97/12).
Waste reduction: Waste reduction is a broad term encompassing all waste management methods-source reduction, recycling, composting-that result in reduction of waste going to a combustion facility or landfill (RCWmanagement-04). Waste shipment record: The shipping document, required to be originated and signed by the waste generator, used to track and substantiate the disposition of asbestos-containing waste material (40CFR61.141-91). Waste source: Agriculture, residential, commercial, industrial activities that generate wastes (SW-lO8ts). Waste stabilization pond: See lagoon. Waste storage container: (1) For disposal application, disposable sacks made of wet-strength haft paper or polyethylene plastic, usually 3 112 feet high, with an equivalent capacity of 20 to 35 gallons. (2) For reuse application, watertight having tight fitting covers and be easy to clean. For rubbish, the containers should be such that the material cannot leak through crevices or be blown from the top. Containers for ashes should be leakproof and fireproof. All containers should be easy to empty and be equipped with suitable handles (EPA-83). (3) See container for more related terms. Wastestream: A term describing the total flow of solid waste from homes, businesses, institutions, and manufacturing plants that must be recycled, bumed, or disposed of in landfills; or any segment thereof, such as the midential wastestream or the recyclable wastestream (RCWmanagement-04). Wastestream: The total flow of solid waste from homes, businesses, institutions, and manufacturing plants that is recycled, burned, or disposed of in landfills, or segments thereof such as the "residential wastestream" or the "recyclable wastestream" (EPA97/12). Wastestream: The waste generated by a particular process unit, product tank, or waste management unit. The characteristics of the wastestream (e.g., flow rate, benzene concentration, water content) are determined at the point of waste generation. Examples of a wastestream include process wastewater, product tank drawdown, sludge and slop oil removed from waste management units, and landfill leachate (40CFR61.341-91, see also EPA-89/11; 8711Oa). Waste to energy facility: A municipal waste incinerator which converts heat from combustion into energy (i.e., steam or electricity) (OTA-89/10). Waste treatment lagoon: Impoundment made by excavation or earth fill for biological treatment of wastewater (EPA-97/12). Waste treatment plant: A facility containing a series of tanks, screens, filters, and other processes by which pollutants are removed from water (EPA-97/12).
Waste treatment stream: The continuous movement of waste from generator to treater and disposer (EPA-97/12). Waste: (1) Unwanted materials left over from a manufacturing process. (2) Refuse from places of human or animal habitation (EPA-97/12). Waste: (1) Useless, unwanted, or discarded material resulting from (agricultural, commercial, community, and industrial) activities. Wastes include solids, liquids, and gases (EPA-83). (2) Any liquid resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, or from community activities that is discarded or is being accumulated, stored, or physically, chemically, or biologically treated prior to being discarded or recycled (40CFR60.111b-91, see also 40CFR61.341; 191.12; 704.43-91; EPA-89/12). (3) In theory, the term waste applies to non-product outputs of processes and discarded products, irrespective of the environmental medium affected. In practice, since the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), most uses of the term "waste" refer exclusively to the hazardous and solid wastes regulated under RCRA, and do not include air emissions or water discharges regulated by the Clean Air Act or the Clean Water Act. The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) refers to wastes that are hazardous as well as nonhazardous (EPA-91/10, p6). Waste: That rock or mineral which must be removed from a mine to keep the mining scheme practical, but which has no value (CWNmining-04). Waste: For more related terms, see: (1) Agricultural solid waste; (2) Agricultural waste; (3) Bulky waste; (4) Chemical metal cleaning waste; (5) Classified waste; (6) Combustible waste; (7) Commercial solid waste; (8) Commercial waste (see commercial solid waste); (9) Construction and demolition waste; (10) Consumer waste; (11) Corrugated container waste; (12) Dioxin waste; (13) Domestic municipal waste (see residential waste); (14) Explosive waste; (15) Food waste; (16) Food processing waste; (17) Hazardous waste; (18) High-level radioactive waste; (19) High-level waste; (20) Household hazardous waste; (21) Household solid waste (see household waste); (22) Household waste; (23) High-level radioactive waste; (24) Incombustible waste; (25) Incompatible waste; (26) Industrial refuse (see industrial solid waste); (27) Industrial solid waste; (28) Infectious waste; (29) Inorganic waste; (30) Institutional waste; (31) Listed waste; (32) Low-level waste; (33) Low-level radioactive waste; (34) Medical waste; (35) Metal cleaning waste; (36) Mining waste; (37) Mixed waste; (38) Mixed municipal refuse (see mixed municipal solid waste); (39) Mixed municipal solid waste; (40) Municipal solid waste (see municipal waste); (41) Municipal type solid waste (see municipal waste); (42) Municipal waste; (43) Nitrogenous waste; (44) Non-combustible rubbish; (45) Noncombustible waste; (46) Old scrap (see post consumer waste); (47) Organic waste; (48) Oversized regulated medical waste; (49) Oversized waste (see bulky waste); (50) PCB waste; (51) Pesticide
solid waste (see pesticide waste); (52) Pesticide waste; (53) Pesticide-related waste; (54) Plant waste (general); (55) Post consumer waste; (56) Pre-consumer waste; (57) Pre-plating peatment waste; (58) Problem waste; (59) Process waste; (60) Putrescible waste; (61) Radioactive waste; (62) Radwaste (see radioactive waste); (63) Red bag waste; (64) Regulated medical waste; (65) Residential solid waste (see residential waste); (66) Residential waste; (67) Residual waste; (68) Sanitary waste; (69) Similar waste; (70) Solid waste; (71) Special waste; (72) Street refuse (see street waste); (73) Street waste; (74) Tannery waste; (75) Toxic waste; (76) Transuranic radioactive waste; (77) Transuranic waste; (78) Treated regulated medical waste; (79) Unconventional waste (see special waste); (80) Untreated regulated medical waste; (81) Vegetative waste; (82) Wood pulp waste; and (83) Yard waste.
Wastewater system: Any component, piece of equipment, or installation that receives, treats, or processes oily wastewater from petroleum refinery process units (40CFR60.691-91). Wastewater treatment plant: A plant that reduces the harmful and unstable elements in wastewater so they can be disposed of without impairing other essential water uses (DOI-70104). Wastewater treatment process: Includes any process which modifies characteristics such as BOD, COD, TSS, and pH, usually for the purpose of meeting effluent guidelines and standards; it does not include any process the purpose of which is to remove vinyl chloride from water to meet requirements of this subpart (40CFR61.61-91).
WASTELAN: The most current version of CERCLIS, the database that houses all Superfund site information. Also referred to as "CERCLIS 3" (SFIreform-04).
Wastewater treatment system: Any component, piece of equipment, or installation that receives, manages, or treats process wastewater, product tank drawdown, or landfill leachate prior to direct or indirect discharge in accordance with the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit regulations under 40CFR122. These systems typically include individual drain systems, oil-water separators, air flotation units, equalization tanks, and biological treatment units (40CFR61.341-91).
Waste-to-energy facility/municipal-waste combustor: Facility where recovered municipal solid waste is converted into a usable form of energy, usually via combustion (EPA-97/12).
Wastewater treatment tank: A tank that is designed to receive and treat an influent wastewater through physical, chemical, or biological methods (40CFR280.12-91).
Waste-to-energy system (WTE): A method of converting MSW into a usable fonn of energy, usually though combustion (RCRAImanagement-04).
Wastewater treatment unit: A device which: (1) Is part of a wastewater treatment facility that is subject to regulation under either Section 402 or 307(b) of the Clean Water Act; (2) Receives and treats or stores an influent wastewater that is a hazardous waste as defined in 40CFR261.3 of this chapter, or that generates and accumulates a wastewater treatment sludge that is a hazardous waste as defined in 40CFR261.3 of this chapter, or treats or stores a wastewater treatment sludge which is a hazardous waste as defined in 40CFR261.3 of this Chapter; and (3) Meets the definition of tank or tank system in 40CFR260.10 of this chapter (40CFR260.10-91,see also 40CFR270.2-91).
Waste-heat recovery: Recovering heat discharged as a byproduct of one process to provide heat needed by a second process (EPA-97/12).
Wastewater 0Wastes :that contain less than one percent by weight total organic carbon (TOC) and less than one percent by weight total suspended solids (TSS) (RCRAIlandban-04). Wastewater constituent: Those materials which are carried by or dissolved in a water stream for disposal (EPA-83106a). Wastewater discharge factor: The ratio between water discharged from a production process and the mass of product of that production process. Recycle water is not included (EPA83103a). Wastewater infrastructure: The plan or network for the collection, treatment, and disposal of sewage in a community. The level of treatment will depend on the size of the community, the type of discharge, andlor the designated use of the receiving water (EPA-97/12). Wastewater operations and maintenance: Actions taken after construction to ensure that facilities constructed to treat wastewater will be operated, maintained, and managed to reach prescribed effluent levels in an optimum manner (EPA-97/12).
Wastewater treatment units: Tanks or tank systems that treat hazardous wastewaters and discharge them pursuant to CWA (RCRA/hazardous-04). Wastewater treatment: Types of wastewater treatment include (1) Advanced wastewater treatment. (2) Biological treatment. (3) Biological wastewater treatment (see biological treatment). (4) Complete wastewater treatment system. (5) Central wastewater treatment facility. (6) Conventional wastewater treatment. (7) Intermediate treatment (see intermediate wastewater treatment). (8) Intermediate wastewater treatment. (9) Primary treatment (see primary wastewater treatment). (10) Primary wastewater treatment. (11) Secondary treatment (see secondary wastewater treatment). (12) Secondary wastewater treatment. (13) Tertiary treatment (see tertiary wastewater treatment). (14) Tertiary wastewater treatment.
Wastewater: Spent or used water from an individual home, community, farm, or an industry that contains dissolved or suspended substances(CMAPC-04).
Water (bulk shipment): The bulk transportation of hazardous waste which is loaded or carried on board a vessel without containers or labels (40CFR260.10-91).
Wastewater: The spent or used water from a home, community, farm, or industry that contains dissolved or suspended matter (EPA-97/12).
Water absorption: The weight of water absorbed by a porous ceramic material, under specified conditions, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the dry material (EPA-83).
Wastewater: The spent or used water from individual homes, a community, a farm, or an industry that contains dissolved or suspended matter (40CFR268.2-91). Wastewater includes domestic sewage and industrial effluent.
Water balance: An accounting of all water entering and leaving a unit process or operation in either a liquid or vapor form or via raw material, intermediate product, finished product, by-product, waste product, or via process leaks so that the difference in flow between all entering and leaving streams is zero (EPA-84/08).
Wastewater: The used water and solids from a community (including used water from industrial processes) that flow to a treatment plant. Stormwater, surface water, and groundwater infiltration also may be included in the wastewater that enters a wastewater treatment plant. The term "sewage" usually refers to household wastes, but this word is being replaced by the term "wastewater" (SDWNeducation-04).
Water balance: An equation that is used to model and predict the amounts of water that will go to various destinations. Typical destinations include evaporation, infiltration, and run-off. The sum of the amounts to the destinations must be equal to the source of the water (usually precipitation) (RCWmanagernent-04). Water balance: See hydrologic budget (CWAhydrology-04).
Wastewater: Water that has been used and contains dissolved or suspended waste materials (CMC02gasl-04). Wastewater: Water that has been used in homes, industries, and businesses that is not for reuse unless it is treated (CWANscience-04). Wastewater: Water that is generated, usually as a by-product of a process, that cannot be released into the environment without some type of treatment (RCWmanagement-04). Wastewater: For more related terms, see (1) Combined wastewater; (2) Contact process wastewater; (3) Contaminated nonprocess wastewater; (4) Electroplating process wastewater; (5) Flume wastewater; (6) Generation of wastewater; (7) Industrial wastewater; (8) Industrial effluent (see industrial wastewater); (9) Inprocess wastewater; (10) Non-wastewater; (11) Non-contact wastewater; (12) Non-contact process wastewater; (13) Nonprocess wastewater (see non-contact process wastewater); (14) Oily wastewater; (15) Process generated wastewater; (16) Process wastewater; (17) Raw wastewater; and (18) Sanitary wastewater. Wastewater-treatment return flow: Water returned to the environment by wastewater-treatment facilities (CWNWscience04). Wasteway: A waterway used to drain excess inigation water dumped from the inigation delivery system (CWAIWquality-04). Wastewise: A program designed to assist companies, states, local governments, Native American tribes, and other institutions in developing cost-effective practices to reduce solid waste (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Water base ink (paint): An ink that uses water as the prime vehicle ingredient. See ink for more related terms (EPA-75/07). Water base paint: The paint which uses water as the primary vehicle for all other raw materials. It may contain some semidrying oils, such as soybean oil for desired drying characteristics. See paint for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Water based green tire spray: Any mold release agent and lubricant applied to the inside or outside of green tires that contains 12% or less, by weight, of VOC as sprayed (4OCFR60.541-91). Water borne preservative: Any one of several formulations of inorganic salts, the most common which are based on copper, chromium, and arsenic (EPA-74/04). Water budget: An accounting of the inflow to, outflow from, and storage changes of water in a hydrologic unit (CWA/Wbasics-04). Water column studies: Investigations of physical and chemical characteristics of surface water, which include suspended sediment, dissolved solids, major ions, and metals, nutrients, organic carbon, and dissolved pesticides, in relation to hydrologic conditions, sources, and transport (CWANquality-04). Water column: An imaginary column extending through a water body from its floor to its surface (CWNWbasics-04). Water consumption: Based on 1954 survey, the average water consumption on a national basis was 147 gallons per capita per day (M&EI-72).
Water content of snow: Amount of liquid water in the snow at the time of observation. Water equivalent of snow (CWA/Wbasics-04). Water content of snow: See water equivalent of snow (CWAhydrology-04). Water cooled furnace wall: A wall having water tubes for extracting or absorbing heat affording cooling. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Water cycle: The circuit of water movement from the oceans to the atmosphere and to the earth and return to the atmosphere through various stages or processes such as precipitation, interception, runoff, infiltration, percolation, storage, evaporation, and transportation (CWAIWscience-04). Water demand: Water requirements for a particular purpose, such as irrigation, power, municipal supply, plant transpiration, or storage (CWAIWbasics-04). Water demineralizing: Removing mineral components from hard water. Water dumping: The disposal of pesticides in or on lakes, ponds, rivers, sewers, or other water systems as defined in Pub. L. 92-500. See land disposal for more related terms (40CFR165.1-91). Water equivalent of snow: Amount of water that would be obtained if the snow should be completely melted. Water content may be merely the amount of liquid water in the snow at the time of observation (CWAhydrology-04). Water exports: Artificial transfer (by pipes or canals) of freshwater from one region or subregion to another (CWN Wbasics-04). Water finish: A high gloss finish produced by moistening paper as it passes through the calendar stack (EPA-83). Water gap: A deep, narrow pass in a mountain ridge through which a stream flows (CWA/Wbasics-04). Water gas shift reaction: The reaction between carbon monoxide and water that produces hydrogen and carbon dioxide. It is therefore used after the fuel has been reformed to provide more hydrogen to power a fuel cell and to remove carbon monoxide that may poison performance.
Water hammer: A sudden increase in pressure of water due to an instantaneous conversion of momentum to pressure (EPA-83). Water imports: Artificial transfer (by pipes or canals) of freshwater to one region or subregion from another (CWA/Wbasics-04). Water jet weaving: The internal subdivision of the low water use processing subcategory for facilities primarily engaged in manufacturing woven greige goods through the water jet weaving process (40CFR410.31-91). Water leaf: Unsized paper (EPA-83). Water level (or water table): Elevation of the top surface of an unconfined aquifer (DOE-91/04). Water level-drum: Elevation of the surface of the water in a vessel (EPA-83). Water loss: The difference between the average precipitation over a drainage basin and the water yield fiom the basin for a given period. (After Williams and others, 1940, p. 3.) The basic concept is that water loss is equal to evapotranspiration, that is, water that returns to the atmosphere and thus is no longer available for use. However, the term is also applied to differences between measured inflow and outflow even where part of the difference may be seepage (CWAhydrology-04). Water management: For a fuel cell with a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEMFC), it is the control of water quantity and quality for the electrolyte. Water is an essential element of control within a PEMFC, because water is required to hydrate the electrolyte in the membrane so that it does not dry out or drown and work improperly in conducting hydrogen and oxygen ions. Water of the United States: All waters that are currently used, were used in the past, or may be susceptible to use in interstate or foreign commerce, including all waters subject to the ebb and flow of the tide. Waters of the United States include all interstate waters and intrastate lakes, rivers, streams (including intermittent streams), mudflats, sand flats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, or natural ponds. (See 40CFR122.2 for the complete definition) (CWNwastewater-04). Water pollution control agency: Any agency which is defined in section 502(1) or section 502(2), 33U.S.C.1362(1) or (2), of the CWA (40CFR15.4-91).
Water gauge (standard U-tube): Instrument that measures differential pressures in inches of water (CWNmining-04).
Water pollution: The presence in water of enough harmful or objectionablematerial to damage the water's quality (EPA-97/12).
Water glass: Sodium silicate glass that is soluble in water. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83).
Water pollution: The presence in water of enough harmful or objectionable material to damage the water's quality (NavyIEnv04).
Water power: Energy obtained from natural or artificial waterfalls, either directly by turning a water wheel or turbine, or indirectly by generating electricity in a dynamo driven by a turbine (DOI-70104). Water purveyor: A public utility, mutual water company, county water district, or municipality that delivers drinking water to customers (EPA-97/12). Water Quality Act of 1987: 33U.S.C.1251 et seq., amendment of the Clean Water Act relative to the conduct of research on the effects of water pollutants. Water quality assessment: An evaluation of the condition of a water body using biological surveys, chemical-specific analyses of pollutants in water bodies, and toxicity tests (EPA-91/03).
Water quality management (WQM) plan: A state or area-wide waste treatment management plan developed and updated in accordance with the provisions of sections 205(j), 208, and 303 of the Act and this regulation (40CFRl30.2-k-91. Water quality standards: A law or regulation that consists of the beneficial use or uses of a water body, the numeric and narrative water quality criteria that are necessary to protect the use or uses of that particular water body, and an antidegradation statement (CWNwastewater-04). Water quality standards: Provisions of state or federal law which consist of a designated use or uses for the water quality criteria for such waters based upon such uses. Water quality standards are to protect the public health or welfare, enhance the quality of water, and serve the purposes of the Act (40CFR130.291, see also 40CFR121.1; 125.58; 131.3-91).
Water quality criteria: Comprised of numeric and narrative criteria. Numeric criteria are scientifically derived ambient concentrations developed by EPA or states for various pollutants of concern to protect human health and aquatic life. Narrative criteria are statements that describe the desired water quality goal (CWNwastewater-04).
Water quality standards: State-adopted and U.S. EPA-approved ambient standards for water bodies. The standards prescribe the use of the water body and establish the water quality criteria that must be met to protect designated uses (EPA-97/12).
Water quality criteria: Levels of water quality expected to render a body of water suitable for its designated use. Criteria are based on specific levels of pollutants that would make the water harmful if used for drinking, swimming, farming, fish production, or industrial processes (EPA-97/12).
Water quality standards: State-adopted and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved ambient standards for water bodies. Standards include the use of the water body and the water-quality criteria that must be met to protect the designated use or uses (CWANVquality-04).
Water quality criteria: Specific levels of water quality which, if reached, are expected to render a body of water unsuitable for its designated use. Commonly refers to water-quality criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water quality criteria are based on specific levels of pollutants that would make the water harmful if used for drinking, swimming, farming, fish production, or industrial processes (CWANVquality04).
Water quality standards: State-adopted and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved ambient standards for water bodies. Standards include the use of the water body and the water-quality criteria that must be met to protect the designated use or uses (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Water quality guidelines: Specific levels of water quality which, if reached, may adversely affect human health or aquatic life. These are nonenforceable guidelines issued by a governmental agency or other institution (CWA/Wbasics-04). Water quality limited segment: Any segment where it is known that water quality does not meet applicable water quality standards, and/or is not expected to meet applicable water quality standards, even after the application of the technology-based effluent limitations required by sections 301(b) and 306 of the Act (40CFR130.2-91, see also 40CFR131.3-91). Water quality limited: Characterizes a stream segment in which it is known that water does not meet applicable water quality standards, and/or is not expected to meet applicable water quality standards even after application of technology-based effluent limitations (EPA-9 1/03).
Water quality standards: The combination of a designated use and the maximum concentration of a pollutant which will protect that use for any given body of water. For example, in a trout stream, the concentration of iron should not exceed 1 mgA (FFDCA/pesticide04). Water quality: A term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose (CWAIWscience-04). Water quality: The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose. The same water may be of good quality for one purpose or use, and bad for another, depending on its characteristics and the requirements for the particular use (LBL 76107-water). Water quality-based effluent limit (WQBEL): A value determined by selecting the most stringent of the effluent limits calculated using all applicable water quality criteria (e.g., aquatic
life, human health, and wildlife) for a specific point source to a specific receiving water for a given pollutant (CWNwastewater04).
Water quality-based limitations: Effluent limitations applied to dischargers when mere technology-based limitations would cause violations of water quality standards. Usually applied to discharges into small streams (EPA-97/12).
Water solubility: The maximum concentration of a substance in pure water at a given temperature. For HRS purposes, use the value reported at or near 25 C (milligrams per liter (mg/L)) (40CFR300-App/A-91, see also EPA-89/12). Water solubility: The maximum possible concentration of a chemical compound dissolved in water. If a substance is water soluble it can very readily disperse through the environment (EPA-97/12).
Water quality-based permit: A permit with an effluent limit more stringent than one based on technology performance. Such limits may be necessary to protect the designated use of receiving waters (e.g., recreation, irrigation, industry, or water supply) (EPA-97/12).
Water soluble packaging: Packaging that dissolves in water; used to reduce exposure risks to pesticide mixers and loaders (EPA-97/12).
Water requirement: The quantity of water, regardless of its source, required by a crop in a given period of time, for its normal growth under field conditions. It includes surface evaporation and other economically unavoidable wastes (CWAIhydrology-04).
Water source heat pump: Heat pump that uses wells or heat exchangers to transfer heat from water to the inside of a building. Most such units use groundwater. See groundsource heat pump; heat pump (EPA-97/12).
Water resources region: Natural drainage basin or hydrologic area that contains either the drainage area of a major river or the combined areas of a series of rivers. In the United States, there are 21 regions of which 18 are in the conterminous United States, and one each in Alaska, Hawaii, and the Caribbean (CWA/Wbasics04).
Water spreader: A method of replenishing groundwater. The design and operation of a spreading system are somewhat like those of an irrigation system, except that water is encouraged to percolate rapidly underground instead of being retained within the root zone of irrigated crops (DOI-70104).
Water resources subregion: Subdivision of a water-resources region. The 21 water resources regions of the United States are subdivided into 222 subregions. Each subregion includes that area drained by a river system, a reach of a river and its tributaries in that reach, a closed basin(s), or a group of streams forming a coastal drainage area (CWNWbasics-04). Water rights: Legal rights to the use of water. See also Riparian rights (CWAtWbasics-04). Water rights: The rights acquired under the law to use the water occurring in surface or groundwaters for a specified purpose, in a given manner, and usually within the limits of a given period. While these rights may include the use of a body of water for navigation, fishing, and hunting, other recreational purposes, etc., the term is usually applied to the right to divert or store water for some beneficial purpose or use, such as irrigation, generation of hydroelectric power, or domestic or municipal water supply. In some states, a water right by law becomes appurtenant to the particular tract of land to which the water is applied (EPA-74101a). Water seal control: A seal pot, p-leg trap, or other type of trap filled with water that has a design capability to create a water barrier between the sewer and the atmosphere (40CFR60.691-91, see also 40CFR61.341-91).
Water storage pond: An impound for liquid wastes designed to accomplish some degree of biochemical treatment (EPA-97/12). Water supplier: One who owns or operates a public water system (EPA-97/12). Water supply system: The collection, treatment, storage, and distribution of potable water from source to consumer (EPA97/12). Water table aquifer: An aquifer which is not confined above, and in which the water level in a well indicates the water table (NavyIEnv-04). Water table: (1) The upper water level of a body of groundwater (cf. perched water table) (4OCFR241.101-91). Water table: The boundary between the saturated and unsaturated zones. Generally, the level to which water will rise in a well (except artesian wells) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Water table: The level below the earth's surface at which the ground becomes saturated with water. Landfills and composting facilities are designed with respect to the water table in order to minimize potential contamination (RCWmanagement-04). Water table: The level of groundwater (EPA-97/12).
Water softening: Removal of hardness from water. Calcium and magnesium salts of hardness components can be removed by chemical precipitation.
Water table: The point below the land surface where groundwater is first encountered and below which the earth is saturated. Depth
to the water table varies widely (CWNWquality-04).
across the
country
Water table: The surface on which the fluid pressure in the pores of a porous medium is exactly atmospheric. Generally the boundary between the saturated and unsaturated zones, not including the capillary fringe (NavyIEnv-04). Water table: The top of the water surface in the saturated part of an aquifer (CWA/Wscience-04). Water table: The top water surface of an unconfined aquifer at atmospheric pressure (CWNWbasics-04). Water table: The upper surface of a zone of saturation. No water table exists where that surface is formed by an impermeable body (CWAhydrology-04). Water treatment lagoon: An impound for liquid wastes designed to accomplish some degree of biochemical treatment (EPA-97/12). Water treatment: Treatment of raw water to make water drinkable. Steps of water treatment include screening, coagulation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and disinfection. Water use factor: The total amount of contact water entering a process divided by the amount of products produced by this process. The amount of water involved includes recycle and makeup water (EPA-83103a). Water use: The activities which are conducted in or on the water; but does not mean or include the establishment of any water quality standard or criteria or the regulation of the discharge or runoff of water pollutants except the standards, criteria, or regulations which are incorporated in any program as required by the provisions of section 1456(f) of this title (CZMA30416U.S.C. 1453-90). Water use: Water that is used for a specific purpose, such.as for domestic use, irrigation, or industrial processing. Water use pertains to human's interaction with and influence on the hydrologic cycle, and includes elements, such as water withdrawal from surface water and groundwater sources, water delivery to homes and businesses, consumptive use of water, water released from wastewater treatment plants, water returned to the environment, and instream uses, such as using water to produce hydroelectric power (CWNWscience-04). Water vapor: Water in a vaporous form, especially when below boiling temperature and difised (e.g., in the atmosphere) (CAA/C02gasl-04). Water wall incinerator: (1) An incinerator whose furnace walls consist of metal tubes through which water passes and absorbs the energy from burning solid waste (OME-88/12). (2) An incinerator utilizing lined steel tubes filled with circulating water to cool the
combustion chamber. Heat from the combustion gases is transferred to the water. The resultant steam is sold or used to generate electricity (EPA-89/11). (3) See incinerator for more related terms.
Water wall. incinerator: Waste combustion facility using lined steel tubes filled with circulating water to cool the combustion chamber. Heat from the combustion gases is transferred to the water. The resultant steam is sold or used to generate electricity (RCRAImanagement-04). Water well: An excavation where the intended use is for location, acquisition, development, or artificial recharge of groundwater (EPA-97/12). Water well: An excavation where the intended use is for location, acquisition, development, or artificial recharge of groundwater (excluding sandpoint wells) (NavyIEnv-04). Water withdrawal or intake: The volume of fresh water removed from a surface or undergroundwater source (stream, lake, or aquifer) by plant facilities or obtained from some source external to the plant (EPA-74101a). Water year: A continuous 12-month period selected to present data relative to hydrologic or meteorological phenomena during which a complete annual hydrologic cycle normally occurs. The water year used by the U.S. Geological Survey runs from October 1 through September 30, and is designated by the year in which it ends (CWA~Wbasics-04). Water year: In Geological Survey reports dealing with surfacewater supply, the 12-month period, October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends and which includes nine of the 12 months. Thus, the year ended September 30, 1959, is called the "1959 water year" (CWAhydrology-04). Water yield (water crop or runout): The runoff from the drainage basin, including groundwater outilow that appears in the stream plus groundwater outflow that bypasses the gaging station and leaves the basin underground. Water yield is the precipitation minus the evapotranspiration (CWAhydrology-04). Water: A transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, H20, freezing at 32 F or 0 C and boiling at 212 F or 100 C, which in more or less impure state, constitutes rain, oceans, lakes, rivers, and other such bodies; it contains 11.188% hydrogen and 88.812% oxygen, by weight. It may exist as a solid, liquid, or gas and, as normally found in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, may have other solid, gaseous, or liquid materials in solution or suspension. Water: For more related terms, see: (1) Acid mine water; (2) Barometric leg water; (3) Black water; (4) Boiler water; (5) Bound water; (6) Brackish water; (7) Break water; (8) Bromine water, (9)
Category of water; (10) Cleaning water; (11) Coastal water; (12) Condenser water; (13) Connate water; (14) Consumptive use of water; (15) Contact water; (16) Contact cooling and heating water; (17) Cooling water; (18) Cullet water; (19) Deionized water; (20) Demineralized water (see deionized water); (21) Dilution water; (22) Distilled water; (23) Domestic use of water; (24) Drainage water; (25) Drinking water (see potable water); (26) Extraction water; (27) Finishing water; (28) Free water; (29) Fresh water; (30) Gland water; (31) Gravitational water; (32) Gray water; (33) Green water; (34) Gridding of water; (35) Groundwater; (36) Hard water; (37) Hardness of water; (38) Heavy water ( 4 0 ) ; (39) Hypertrophic water; (40) Infiltration water; (41) Influent water; (42) Inland water; (43) Intake water; (44) Interstate water; (45) Interstitial water; (46) Jacket water; (47) Light water; (48) Maceration water; (49) Makeup water; (50) Mineral water; (51) Navigable water; (52) New water; (53) Non-consumptive use of water; (54) Non-process water; (55) Ocean water; (56) Oligotrophic water; (57) Perched water; (58) Perched water body; (59) Perched water table; (60) Pink water; (61) Pore water; (62) Potable water; (63) Process water; (64) Public water; (65) Pulp screen water; (66) Raw water; (67) Receiving water; (68) Recycled water; (69) Red water; (70) Reused water; (71) Saline water; (72) Salt water (see saline water); (73) Sea water (see saline water); (74) Saline estuarine water; (75) Sanitary water; (76) Saturated water; (77) Soft water; (78) Sour water; (79) Specific yield of water; (80) Stateregulated water; (81) Stick water; (82) Still water; (83) Stormwater; (84) Stressed water; (85) Supplier of water; (86) Surface water; (87) Sweet water; (88) Tidal water; (89) Transport water; (90) Treated water; (91) Type I1 water (see deionized water); (92) Underground water; (93) Vacuum water; (94) Vadose water; (95) Wash water; (96) White water; and (97) Yellow water.
Waterborne coating: A coating which contains more than 5 weight percent water in its volatile fraction (40CFR60.741-91). Waterborne disease outbreak: The significant occurrence of acute illness associated with drinking water from a public water system that is deficient in treatment, as determined by appropriate local or state agencies (EPA-97/12). Waterborne disease outbreak: The significant occurrence of acute infectious illness, epidemiologically associated with the ingestion of water from a public water system which is deficient in treatment, as determined by the appropriate local or state agency (40CFR141.2-91). Waterborne ink systems: The ink and related coating mixtures whose volatile portion consists of a mixture of VOC solvent and more than five weight percent water, as applied to the gravure cylinder (40CFR60.43 1-91). Waterborne or water reducible: A coating which contains more than 5 weight percent water in its volatile fraction (40CFR60.39191).
Watercourse: A channel in which a flow of water occurs, either continuously or intermittently and if the latter, with some degree of regularity. The flow must be in a defmite direction. Watercourses may be either natural or artificial, and the former may occur either on the surface or underground. A different set of legal principles may apply to rights to use water from different classes of watercourses (EPA-7410 1a). Waterfleas (daphnia): Mostly microscopic swimming crustaceans, often forming a major portion of the zooplankton population. The second antennae are very large and are used for swimming (LBL76107-water). Watershed (or catchment basin): The land area that drains (contributes runoff) into a stream (EPA-89/12). Watershed approach: A coordinated framework for environmental management that focuses public and private efforts on the highest priority problems within hydrologically defined geographic areas taking into consideration both ground and surface water flow (EPA-97/12). Watershed area: A topographic area within a line drawn connecting the highest points uphill of a drinking water intake into which overland flow drains (EPA-97/12). Watershed: The divide separating one drainage basin from another and in the past has been generally used to convey this meaning. However, over the years, use of the term to signify drainage basin or catchment area has come to predominate, although drainage basin is preferred. Drainage divide, or just divide, is used to denote the boundary between one drainage area and another. Used alone, the term "watershed" is ambiguous and should not be used unless the intended meaning is made clear (CWAlhydrology-04). Watershed: The land area that drains into a stream; the watershed for a major river may encompass a number of smaller watersheds that ultimately combine at a common point (EPA-97/12). Watershed: The land area that drains water to a particular stream, river, or lake. It is a land feature that can be identified by tracing a line along the highest elevations between two areas on a map, often a ridge. Large watersheds, like the Mississippi River basin contain thousands of smaller watersheds (CWAfWscience-04). Watershed: The land mass over which all surface water runs into a particular body of water (OMBIReg-04). Watt: The unit of electrical power. An energy rate of one joule per second, or the power of an electric current of one ampere with an intensity of one volt (EPA-74/03d). Watthour (Wh): An electrical energy unit of measure equal to one watt of power supplied to, or taken from, an electrical circuit steadily for one hour (CWAAVscience-04).
Wave length: For a specially oscillatory phenomenon, it is the least distance between points moving in the same phase (NATO78/10). Wave length: Sound that passes through air produces a wavelike motion of compression and rarefaction. Wavelength is the distance between two identical positions in the cycle or wave. Similar to ripples or waves produced by dropping a stone in water. Length of sound wave varies with frequency. Low frequency equals longer wavelengths (NCNsound-04). Wave length: The distance, measured along the line of propagation, between two points that are in phase on adjacent waves. The recommended unit of wavelength in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is the micrometer. The recommended unit in the ultraviolet and visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum is the nanometer or the Angstrom (LBL76107-air). Wave number: (1) The number of waves per unit length. The usual unit of wave number is the reciprocal centimeter, an-'. In terms of this unit, the wave number is the reciprocal of the wavelength, when wavelength is expressed in centimeters (LBL 76107-air). (2) In the space Fourier analysis of a function, the wave number is the reciprocal of the wave length (NATO-78/10). Wax: A solid or semi-solid material derived fiom petroleum distillates or residues by such treatments as chilling, precipitating with a solvent, or de-oiling. It is a light-colored, more-or-less translucent crystalline mass, slightly greasy to the touch, consisting of a mixture of solid hydrocarbons in which the paraffin series predominates. Includes all marketable wax, whether crude scale or fully refined. The three grades included are microcrystalline, crystalline-fully refined, and crystallineother. The conversion factor is 280 pounds per 42 U.S. gallons per barrel (CAA/C02gasl-04). Wax: Solid or semisolid materials derived from petroleum distillates or residues. Light-colored, more or less translucent crystalline masses, slightly greasy to the touch, consisting of a mixture of solid hydrocarbons in which the paraffin series predominates. Included are all marketable waxes, whether crude scale or fully refined. Used primarily as industrial coating for surface protection (CAA/C02gas-04). Waxe: The low molecular weight components of some polyethylene compounds which migrate to the surface over time and must be removed by grinding (for HDPE) or be mixed into the melt zone using thermal seaming methods (EPA-91/05). Waxed paper: The unsized paper processed through a melted wax bath. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Weak acid: An acid which does not ionize completely in a solution, e.g., acetic acid or carbonic acid (cf. strong acid).
Weak nitric acid: The acid which is 30 to 70% in strength (cf. nitric acid production unit) (40CFR60.71-91). Weanling system: A cattle management system that places calves on feed starting at 165 days of age and continues until the animals have reached slaughter weight (CAA/C02gasl-04). Weather: State of the atmosphere at any particular time and place (CWNWbasics-04). Weather: The state of the atmosphere at any particular time and place (CWNWquality-04). Weathering: (1) The mechanical, chemical, and organic decomposition of rock materials under the influence of climatic factors--water, temperature change, and air (DOI-70104). (2) The attack on a surface by atmospheric elements (EPA-83). Weathering: Process whereby earthy or rocky materials are changed in color, texture, composition, or form (with little or no transportation) by exposure to atmospheric agents (CWNWbasics-04). Web coating: The coating of products, such as fabric, paper, plastic film, metallic foil, metal coil, cord, and yarn, that are flexible enough to be unrolled fiom a large roll; and coated as a continuous substrate by methods including, but not limited to, knife coating, roll coating, dip coating, impregnation, rotogravure, and extrusion (40CFR60.741-91). Web: (1) A substrate which is printed in continuous roll-fed presses (40CFR52.741-91). (2) A continuous sheet of paper or paperboard (EPA-83). Wedge: A piece of wood tapering to a thin edge and used for tightening in conventional timbering (CWNmining-04). Weed: Any plant which grows where not wanted (FIFRA27U.S.C.136-91). Week: For reporting analyses of outdoor air on a week rate, results are calculated to a base of seven consecutive 24-hour days (EPA-83/06). Weep hole (or weeper): A hole in a retaining structure to drain off accumulated water that might otherwise induce excessive pressure on the structure (DOI-70104). Weep: A term usually applied to a minute leak in a boiler joint which forms droplets (or tears) of water very slowly (EPA-83). Weibull model: A dose-response model of the form: P(d) = 1 exp [-b(d**m)]; where P(d) is the probability of cancer due to continuous dose rate 4 and b and m are constants (EPA-92/12).
Weight fraction: A term employed in expressing concentrations of solutions and mixtures. The weight fraction of any component of a mixture or solution is defined as the weight of that component divided by the total weight of the mixture or solution (EPA-84/09). Weight of evidence for carcinogenicity: The extent to which the available biomedical data support the hypothesis that a substance causes cancer in humans (EPA-92/12). Weight of evidence: An EPA classification system for characterizing the evidence supporting the designation of a substance as a human carcinogen. EPA weight of evidence groupings include: (1) Group A: Human carcinogen--sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. (2) Group B1: Probable human carcinogen--limited evidence of carcinogenicityin humans. (3) Group B2: Probable human carcinogen--sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. (4) Group C: Possible human carcinogen--limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. (5) Group D: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity--applicable when there is no animal evidence, or when human or animal evidence is inadequate. (6) Group E: Evidence of noncarcinogencity for humans. Weight of scientific evidence: Considerations in assessing the interpretation of published information about toxicity--quality of testing methods, size and power of study design, consistency of results across studies, and biological plausibility of exposureresponse relationships and statistical associations (EPA-97/12). Weight: Fracturing and lowering of the roof strata at the face as a result of mining operations, as in "taking weight" (CWNmining04). Weight: The resultant force of attraction on the mass of a body due to a gravitational field which is 32.1740 fVsec2 on the Earth (cf. force) (Markes-67).
Weir: A device such as a diversion dam that has a crest and some containment of known geometric shape, such as a V, trapezoid, or rectangle and is used to measure flow of liquid. The liquid surface is exposed to the atmosphere. Flow is related to upstream height of water above the crest, to position of crest with respect to downstream water surface, and to geometry of the weir opening (EPA-8211le). Weir: A fence or enclosure set in a waterway for taking fish; a dam in a stream to raise the level of the water or divert its flow; a notch in a barrier across or bordering a stream to regulate the flow of water; a device for determining the quantity of water flowing over it from measurements of the depth of the water over the crest and known dimensions of the device (a cipolleti weir is a trapezoidal device of this sort) (EPA-84/09; DOI-70104). Welding: The process of joining two or more pieces of material by applying heat, pressure, or both, with or without filler material, to produce a localized union through fusion or recrystallization across the interface (EPA-83/03). Well (water): An artificial excavation put down by any method for the purposes of withdrawing water from the underground aquifers. A bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or a dug hole whose depth is greater than the largest surface dimension and whose purpose is to reach underground water supplies or oil, or to store or bury fluids below ground (CWNWscience-04). Well field: Area containing one or more wells that produce usable amounts of water or oil (EPA-97/12). Well injection: (1) The subsurface emplacement of fluids through a bored, drilled, or driven well; or through a dug well, where the depth of the dug well is greater than the largest surface dimension (cf. underground injection or injection well) (40CFR144.3-91, see also 40CFR146.3; 147.2902; 165.1; 260.10-91). (2) cf. deep well injection.
Weighted mean: A value obtained by multiplying each of a series of values by its assigned weight and dividing the sum of these products by the sum of the weights. In the ordinary arithmetic mean, each value is assigned a weight of 1 (CWNWbasics-04).
Well injection: The subsurface emplacement of fluids into a well (EPA-97/12).
Weir basin (or weir trough): A wide approach to the upstream side of an irrigation weir constructed so as to minimize the effect of the momentum of the water flowing over the weir (DOI-70104).
Well interference: The situation when the pumping of one well causes drawdown in another well so that the second well has difficulty in pumping water for some time period (Navy/Env-04).
Weir loading: The maximum flow (m3/day) from a tank divided by the length of outlet weir (m).
Well monitoring: Measurement by on-site instruments or laboratory methods of well water quality (EPA-97/12).
Weir: (1) A wall or plate placed in an open channel to measure the flow of water. (2) A wall or obstruction used to control flow from settling tanks and clarifiers to ensure a uniform flow rate and avoid short-circuiting. See short-circuiting (EPA-97/12).
Well plug: A watertight, gastight seal installed in a bore hole or well to prevent movement of fluids (EPA-97/12).
Weir: A control device placed in a channel or tank which facilitates measurement or control of the water flow (EPA-82/11).
Well point: A hollow vertical tube, rod, or pipe terminating in a perforated pointed shoe and fitted with a fine-mesh screen (EPA97/12).
Well stimulation: The several processes used to clean the well bore, enlarge channels, and increase pore space in the interval to be injected thus making it possible for wastewater to move more readily into the formation, and includes: (1) Surging; (2) Jetting; (3) Blasting; (4) Acidizing; (5) Hydraulic fracturing (40CFR146.3-91).
available engineering pump tests or comparable data, field reconnaissance, topographic information, and the geology of the formation in which the well or wellfield is located (SDWA142842U.S.C.3OOh.7).
Well workover: Any reentry of an injection well; including, but not limited to, the pulling of tubular goods, cementing or casing repairs; and excluding any routine maintenance (e.g., reseating the packer at the same depth, or repairs to surface equipment) (40CFR147.2902-91).
Wellhead: The point at which the crude (andlor natural gas) exits the ground. Following historical precedent, the volume and price for crude oil production are labeled as "wellhead," even though the cost and volume are now generally measured at the lease boundary. In the context of domestic crude price data, the term "wellhead" is the generic term used to reference the production site or lease property (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Well: A bored, drilled, or driven shaft whose purpose is to reach underground water supplies (SF/remedy-04).
Wellmann Lord process: One of desulfbization processes. The basic reaction process is Na2S03+ SO2+ H20 3 2NaHS03.
Well: A bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or a dug hole whose depth is greater than the largest surface dimension and whose purpose is to reach underground water supplies or oil, or to store or bury fluids below ground (EPA-97/12).
West Nile Encephalitis: The particular strain of encephalitis caused by the West Nile virus (FIFRA/WN-04).
Well: For more related terms, see (1) Abandoned well; (2) Class I1 well; (3) Classification of well; (4) Classification of injection well; (5) Disposal well; (6) Dry well; (7) Existing class I1 well; (8) Existing injection well; (9) Existing well; (10) Gas well; (11) Hot well; (12) Injection well; (13) New well; and (14) New class I1 well; (15) New injection well. Wellhead protection area: A protected surface and subsurface zone surrounding a well or well field supplying a public water system to keep contaminants from reaching the well water (EPA97/12). Wellhead protection area: The area surrounding a drinking water well or well field which is protected to prevent contamination of the well(s) (SDWAIReg-04). Wellhead protection area: The surface and subsurface area surrounding a water well or wellfield, supplying a public water system, through which contaminants are reasonably likely to move toward and reach such water well or wellfield. The extent of a wellhead protection area, within a state, necessary to provide protection from contaminants which may have any adverse effect on the health of persons is to be determined by the state in the program submitted under subsection (a). Not later than one year after the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, the Administrator shall issue technical guidance which states may use in making such determinations. Such guidance may reflect such factors as the radius of influence around a well or wellfield, the depth of drawdown of the water table by such well or wellfield at any given point, the time or rate of travel of various contaminants in various hydrologic conditions, distance from the well or wellfield at any given point, the time or rate of travel of various contaminants in various hydrologic conditions, distance from the well or wellfield, or other factors affecting the likelihood of contaminants reaching the well or wellfield, taking into account
West Nile Virus: A flavavirus that can lead to West Nile encephalitis infection (FIFRA/WN-04). Westinghouse/O'Connor combustor: The heart of the system is the water-cooled rotary barrel constructed of alternating longitudinal water tubes and flat perforated steel plates welded together to form the perimeter. The combustor is installed on a slight incline and is slowly rotated by a chain and roller drive. The perforations between the water tubes provide controlled distribution of combustion air, while the water cooled walls remove heat and protect the barrel from overheating. Waste is fed directly from the receiving area into the upper end of the tilted combustor. As the waste tumbles down the length of the rotating barrel, it dries and then progressively burns. Ash dropping out of the lower end is about one tenth of the original waste volume; remaining unburned material is more completely combusted in an afterburner grate. The technology can reportedly handle a variety of wastes including municipal wastes, hazardous wastes and possibly even hospital wastes. It can burn liquids, semi-solids, solids, sewage sludges, and residual oils or refinery bottoms (Lee88/08). Wet air oxidation (WAO): Refers to the aqueous phase oxidation of dissolved or suspended organic substances at elevated temperatures and pressures. Water, which represents the aqueous phase, serves to catalyze the oxidation reactions so that they proceed at relatively low temperatures (175 C to 345 C), and at the same time serves to moderate the oxidation rates removing excess heat by evaporation. Water also provides an excellent heat transfer medium which enables the wet air oxidation process to be thermally self-sustaining with relatively low organic feed concentration. The oxygen required by the wet air oxidation reactions is provided by an oxygen-containing gas, usually air, bubbled through the liquid phase in a reactor used to contain the process; thus the commonly used term "wet air oxidation." The process pressure is maintained at a level high enough to prevent excessive evaporation of the liquid phase, generally between 200
Wet cooling tower: A cooling tower in which hot water is sprayed into an air stream. Heat is thus lost through evaporation.
and 3,000 psi. Since oxidation takes place in the liquid state, it is not necessary to evaporate the water content of the waste. The process therefore is most useful for treating the wastes which are too dilute to incinerate economically yet too toxic to treat biologically (Lee-83/07).
Wet deposition: The material deposited on the surface due to the combined effect of washout, rainout, and snowout (NATO-78/10).
Wet air pollution control (or wet air scrubber): The technique of air pollution abatement utilizing water as an absorptive media (EPA-8711Oa).
Wet desulfurization system: Those systems which remove sulfur compounds from coke oven gases and produce a contaminated process wastewater (40CFR420.11-9 1).
Wet air pollution control scrubber: The air pollution control devices used to remove particulates and fumes from air by entraining the pollutants in a water spray (40CFR471.02-91).
Wet digestion: A solid waste stabilization process in which solid organic wastes are placed in an open digestion pond to decompose anaerobically. The carbonaceous matter is converted into carbon dioxide and methane. The soluble and suspended fraction is converted aerobically by algae in a bio-oxidation pond (EPA-83).
Wet barking operation: Shall be defined to include hydraulic barking operations and wet drum barking operations which are those drum barking operations that use substantial quantities of water in either water sprays in the barking drums or in a partial submersion of the drums in a tub of water (40CFR430.01-91). Wet bulb temperature: (1) The temperature measured by a thermometer whose bulb (mercury holder at the bottom of a thermometer) is covered with a cotton wick which is saturated with water (wet). It is indicated by a wet bulb psychrometer (EPA89103b). (2) The lowest temperature which a water wetted body will attain when exposed to an air current. This is the temperature of adiabatic saturation (EPA-83). (3) See temperature for more related terms. Wet cap: A mechanical device placed on the top of a furnace stack that forms a curtain from a water stream through which the stack gases must pass (EPA-85110a). Wet capacitor (or wet slug capacitor): A sintered tantalum capacitor where the anode is placed in a metal can, filled with an electrolyte and then sealed. See variable for more related terms. Wet charge process: A process for the manufacture of lead acid storage batteries in which the plates are formed by electrolysis in sulfuric acid. The plate forming process is usually done with the plates inside the assembled battery case but may be done with the plates in open tanks. In the case of large industrial wet lead acid batteries, problems in formation associated with inhomogeneities in the large plates are alleviated by open tank formation. Wet charge process batteries are shopped with acid electrolyte inside the battery casing (EPA-84/08). Wet collection device: A variety of methods to wet the contaminant particles in order to remove them from a gas stream. See wet scrubber for more details (AP-40, p99).
Wet electrostatic precipitator (WEP): Wet ESP is basically same as the dry ESP with the exception of a continuous water flow over the collecting plate. See electrostatic precipitator for more related terms. Wet filter: One of air pollution control devices. A wet filter consists of a spray chamber with filter pads composed of glass fibers, knitted wire mesh, or other fibrous materials. The dust is collected on the filter pads. The sprays are directed against the pads to keep the dust washed off. See scrubber for more related terms (AP-40). Wet flue gas desulfurization technology: A sulfur dioxide control system that is located downstream of the steam generating unit and removes sulfur oxides from the combustion gases of the steam generating unit by contacting the combustion gas with an alkaline slurry or solution and forming a liquid material. This definition applies to devices where the aqueous liquid material product of this contact is subsequently converted to other forms. Alkaline reagents used in wet flue gas desulfurization technology include, but are not limited to, lime, limestone, and sodium (40CFR60.41b-9 1, see also 40CFR60.41c-91). Wet impingement: The process of impingement carried out within a body of liquid, the latter serving to retain the gases or particulate matter (LBL-76107-air). Wet lap machine: A machine used to form pulp into thick rough sheets sufficiently dry to permit handling and folding into bundles (laps) convenient for storage or transportation (EPA-87/10). Wet line kit: A system used in conjunction with an enclosed transfer trailer to power its unloading bulkhead. The bulkhead's hydraulic pump is driven by a power-take-off unit on the semitractor's transmission (SW-108ts).
Wet collector: See wet scrubber. Wet condenser: See condenser for more related terms.
Wet lot: A confinement facility for raising ducks which is open to the environment with a small portion of shelter area, and with open water runs and swimming areas to which ducks have fiee access (40CFR412.21-91).
Wet milling (or wet pulping): The mechanical size reduction of solid wastes that have been wetted to soften the paper and cardboard constituents. See size reduction machine for more related terms (SW-108ts). Wet mixture: A water or organic solvent-based suspension, solution, dispersion, or emulsion used in the manufacture of an instant photographic or peel apart film article (40CFR723.175-91). Wet or low-lying area technique: A method of operating in a swampy area where precautions are made to avoid water pollution before proceeding with the area landfill. See sanitary landfill for more related terms (EPA-83). Wet oxidation: The direct oxidation of organic matter in wastewater liquids in the presence of air under heat and pressure; generally applied to organic oxidation in sludge (EPA-76/03). Wet oxygen: The oxygen measured at the wet condition (with water vapor). See oxygen for more related terms. Wet press: The dewatering unit used on a paper-machine between the sheet-forming equipment and the drier section (EPA-87/10). Wet process phosphoric acid plant: Any facility manufacturing phosphoric acid by reacting phosphate rock and acid (40CFR60.201-91). Wet process: A cement manufacturing process in which water, typically 30% to 40%, is added to the feed material and then fed into the kiln. See process for more related terms (ETI-92). Wet rendering: The cooking with water or live steam added to the material under pressure. This process produces tank water. See rendering for more related terms (EPA-75/01). Wet saturated steam: Steam at the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure and containing water particles in suspension. See steam for more related terms. Wet scrubber (absorber or wet collector): One of air pollution control devices. Wet scrubbers are air pollution control devices used to remove particulates and fumes from air by entraining the pollutants in a water spray (40CFR467.02-91). The scrubber removes pollutants including particles (e.g., metals and soots) and acid gases (e.g., HCI and SOz) from combustion gases or industrial exhaust streams. The contaminated gases are forced to enter a tower (usually from the bottom of the tower) containing packing materials, while liquid is introduced over the packing materials (usually from the top of the tower). The pollutants in the gas stream either dissolve or chemically react with the liquid. The principle of pollutant collection includes (see also particle collection mechanisms for wet scrubbing systems): (1)Particulate matter: Collection mechanism is primarily through impaction or electrostatic attraction of particles on wetted surfaces or in liquid
droplets. (2) Gases: Gaseous collection is through diffusion (mass transfer) and absorption. (3) The device uses a variety of methods to wet the contaminant particles and then impinge the wetted or unwetted particles on collecting surfaces followed by their removal from the surfaces by a flush with a liquid. It can handle hot gases and sticky particulates and liquids. Scrubbers, which remove gases by absorption, remove particulate matter mainly by inertial impaction and are effective for particles larger than 0.5 micron meter in size. Smaller particles require a higher pressure drop. It can work for particles less than 0.1 micron at 40 to 80 water column pressure (EPA-84/03b, pl-4). (4) See scrubber for more related terms.
Wet scrubber category for particle and gas collection: (1) For a gas phase contacting wet collector, the energy source is the gas stream. (2) For a liquid phase contacting wet collector, the energy source is the liquid stream. (3) For a wet film wet collector, the energy source is the liquid and gas streams. (4) For the combination of a liquid phase and gas phase wet collector, the energy source is the liquid and gas streams. (5) For a mechanically aided wet collector, the energy source is a mechanically driven rotor (EPA-84/03b, pl-9). Wet scrubber category for particle collection: Scrubbers for particle collection: These types of scrubbers are usually categorized by the gas-side pressure drop of the system. They are: (1) Low energy scrubbers having pressure drops less than 12.7 cm (5 in.) of water. (2) Medium energy scrubbers having pressure drops between 12.7 and 38.1 cm (5 and 15 in.) of water. (3) High energy scrubbers having pressure drops greater than 38.1 cm (5 in) of water. Wet scrubber components: Several components are used when designing scrubbers to provide gas-liquid contact and separation. Spray nozzles are used to form droplets that, in turn, are used to capture pollutants. Other components are used to enhance gas-liquid contact. These include venturi throats, plates, baffles, packing, orifices, tangential openings, and mechanically driven rotors (EPA-84/03b, p2-1). Wet scrubber design: Wet scrubbers are uniquely designed to enhance the collection of air pollutants. Variables affecting particulate pollutant collection include particle size, particle velocity, and liquid-droplet size. For gaseous pollutant collection, the pollutant must be soluble in the chosen scrubbing liquid. In addition, the system must be designed to provide good mixing between the gas and liquid phases, and enough time for the gaseous pollutants to dissolve. Another consideration for both particulate and gaseous pollutant collection is the liquid-to-gas (LIG) ratio--the amount of liquid injected into the scrubber per given volume of exhaust flow. Lastly, the system must be designed to remove entrained mists, or droplets, from the cleaned exhaust gas stream before it leaves the stack (EPA-84/03b, p2-1). Wet scrubber system: Any emission control device that mixes an aqueous stream or slurry with the exhaust gases from a steam
generating unit to control emissions of particulate matter or sulfur dioxide (40CFR60.41b; 60.41c-91). Wet scrubber: A control technology using water to remove particulates still suspended in the gas stream, by making them larger (CMAPC-04). Wet scrubber: Anti-pollution device in which a lime slurry (dry lime mixed with water) is injected into the flue gas stream to remove acid gases and particulates (RCRAlmanagement-04). Wet shelf life: The period of time that a secondary battery can stand in the charged condition before total degradation (EPA84/08). Wet simultaneous NO, and SO2 reduction: One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). Wet processes for the simultaneous reduction of NO, and SO2 emissions have been developed and installed on large oil fired boilers in Japan. These processes use absorbers to reduce both SO, and NO, emissions simultaneously (EPA-81/12, p7-24). Wet strength additives: Chemicals such as urea and melanine formaldehydes used in papermaking to impart strength to papers used in wet applications (EPA-87/10). Wet strength: (1) The strength of paper after complete saturation with water (EPA-87/10). (2) Wet strength paper has high resistance to rupture or disintegration when saturated with water, produced by chemical (resin) treatment of the papa or the fibers with melamine formaldehyde; urea formaldehyde or alkaline or neutral wet strength - nylons or polyamide material (EPA-83). Wet tantalum capacitor: A polar capacitor whose cathode is a liquid electrolyte (a highly ionized acid or salt solution) (EPA83/03). Wet transformer: Having the core and coils immersed in an insulating oil (EPA-83/03). Weffdry collection systems: A collection system that allows wet organic materials to be separated by generators from dry wastes. Wet organic materials are suitable for composting, while dry materials are non-organics that may include recyclables ( R C W management-04). Wet: Those steel making air cleaning systems that primarily use water for furnace gas cleaning (cf. semi-wet) (40CFR420.41-91). Wetland function: A process or series of processes that take place within a wetland that are beneficial to the wetland itself, the surrounding ecosystems, and people (CWNWbasics-04). Wetlands: An area that is regularly wet or flooded and has a water table that stands at or above the land surface for at least part
of the year. Coastal wetlands extend back from estuaries and include salt marshes, tidal basins, marshes, and mangrove swamps. Inland freshwater wetlands consist of swamps, marshes, and bogs. Federal regulations apply to landfills sited near or at wetlands (RCWmanagement-04). Wetlands: An area that is saturated by surface or groundwater with vegetation adapted for life under those soil conditions, as swamps, bogs, fens, marshes, and estuaries (EPA-97/12). Wetlands: Areas regularly saturated by surface or groundwater and subsequently characterized by a prevalence of vegetation adapted for life in saturated-soil conditions (CMC02gasl-04). Wetlands: Areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. (Source: Appendix A of the 2003 Construction General Permit [PDF Format]) (CWNwastewater-04). Wetlands: Areas that are soaked or flooded by surface or groundwater frequently enough or for sufficient duration to support plants, birds, animals, and aquatic life. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, estuaries, and other inland and coastal areas, and are federally protected. Wetlands frequently serve as rechargeldischarge areas and are known as "nature's kidneys" since they help purify water. Wetlands also have been referred to as natural sponges that absorb flood waters, functioning like natural tubs to collect overflow. Wetlands are important wildlife habitats, breeding grounds, and nurseries because of their biodiversity. Many endangered species as well as countless estuarine and marine fish and shellfish, mammals, waterfowl, and other migratory birds use wetland habitat for growth, reproduction, food, and shelter. Wetlands are among the most fertile, natural ecosystems in the world since they produce great volumes of food (plant material) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Wetlands: Ecosystems whose soil is saturated for long periods seasonally or continuously, including marshes, swamps, and ephemeral ponds (CWAiWquality-04). Wetlands: Land or areas exhibiting hydric soil conditions, saturated or inundated soil during some portion of the year, and plant species tolerant of such conditions (DOE-91/04). Wetlands: Lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water, and having vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. For the purposes of this classification, wetlands must have one or more of the following attributes at least periodically: (1) The land supports predominantly hydrophytes; (2) The substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soil; or (3) The substrate is nonsoil and saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during the
growing season each year. Examples are swamps, bogs, fens, marshes, and estuaries (NavyIEnv-04). Wetlands: Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas (40CFR230.3-91, see also 40CFR232.2; 6-AppIA; 110.1; 122.2; 257.3.3; 435.41-91). Wetness: The percentage of water in steam; the presence of a water film on heating surface interiors (EPA-83). Wettability: The relative degree to which a fluid will spread into or coat a solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids (EPA-97/12). Wettable powder: Dry formulation that must be mixed with water or other liquid before it is applied (EPA-97/12). Wetting agent: See wetting compound. Wetting compound (or wetting agent): A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid, thereby causing it to spread more readily on a solid surface (EPA-83).
White paper: (1) printer's term for unprinted paper, even if colored. (2) Water removed from pulp during the thickening operations (EPA-83). See paper for more related terms. White water: A general term for all papermill waters which have been separated from the stock or pulp suspension, either on the paper-machine or accessory equipment, such as thickeners, washers, and savealls, and also from pulp grinders. See water for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Whole body vibration: Exposure of the whole body to vibration (usually through the feethuttocks when riding in a vehicle). Whole body vibration may increase the risk for injury, including low back pain and internal organ disruption (OSHA/ergonomics04). Whole effluent toxicity (WET): The total toxic effect of an effluent measured directly with a toxicity test (CWNwastewater04). Whole effluent toxicity: (1) The aggregate toxic effect of an effluent measured directly by a toxicity test (40CFR122.2-91, see also EPA-85/09). (2) The total toxic effect of an effluent measured directly with a toxicity test (EPA-91/03).
Wh/kg: Watt-hours per kilogram.
Whole milk: Market milk whose fat content has been standardized to conform to a regulatory definition, typically 3.5% (EPA-74/05).
Wheeling: The transmission of electricity owned by one entity through the facilities owned by another (usually a utility) (EPA97/12).
Whole-effluent-toxicity tests: Tests to determine the toxicity levels of the total effluent from a single source as opposed to a series of tests for individual contaminants (EPA-97/12).
Whey: A by-product in the manufacture of cheese which remains after separating the cheese curd from the rest of the milk used in the process (EPA-74/05).
Wicking: The phenomenon of liquid transmission within the fabric yams of reinforced geomembranes via capillary action (EPA-91/05).
White damp: Carbon monoxide, CO. A gas that may be present in the afterdamp of a gas- or coal-dust explosion, or in the gases given off by a mine fire; also one of the constituents of the gases produced by blasting. Rarely found in mines under other circumstances. It is absorbed by the hemoglobin of the blood to the exclusion of oxygen. One-tenth of one percent (.001) may be fatal in ten minutes (CWNmining-04).
Width: The thickness of a lode measured at right angles to the dip (CWNmining-04).
White goods: Large household appliances such as refrigerators, stoves, air conditioners, and washing machines (RCRAI management-04). White goods: Large, metal household appliances (e.g., stoves, dryers, refrigerators) (OTA-89/10). White liquor: The liquor made by causticizing green liquor. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-87/10).
Wilderness: As used in section 1782 of this title shall have the same meaning as it does in section 1131(c) of title 16 (FLPMA103-43U.S.C.1702-90). Wildlife habitat: The waters and surrounding land areas of the Reservation used by fish, other aquatic life, and wildlife at any stage of their life history or activity (4OCFR131.35-91. Wildlife refuge: An area designated for the protection of wild animals, within which hunting and fishing are either prohibited or strictly controlled (EPA-97/12). Wilfley table: A plane rectangle is mounted horizontally and can be slopped about its long axis. Gentle and rapid throwing motion is used on the table longitudinally. Sands usually classified for size range are fed continuously and worked along the table with
the aid of feedwater, and across riffles downslope by gravity tilt adjustment, and added washwater. At the discharge end, the sands have separated into bands, the heaviest and smallest uppermost, the lightest and largest lowest (EPA-82/05). Willow carr: A pool or wetland dominated by willow trees or shrubs (CWANbasics-04). Wind case: The combination of meteorological conditions, topography, and source characteristics for which locally the highest air pollutant concentrations for a given averaging time occur (NATO-78110). Wind direction sector: The 360 degrees of the compass are divided into 16 equally sized 22.5 degree sectors. The wind direction at any given time is within one of these sectors. The wind sectors are used to define wind direction in order to facilitate compiling meteorological data summaries and to decrease computation time (EPA-88/09). Wind direction: The direction from which the wind averaged over a certain period of time is blowing (NATO-78\10). Wind energy: Energy that is associated with wind and can be used for generating electricity. Wind field: The description of the three dimensional wind speed and wind direction distribution in a certain region for each time (NATO-78110). Wind fluctuation type: A definition of diffusion categories by the width and the appearance of the trace drawn by a continuously recording wind vane. In this way, a direct connection of the diffusion categories with the turbulent wind direction fluctuation is obtained (NATO-78110). Wind profile: The description of the wind speed and direction as a function of height (NATO-78/10). Wind rose: A diagram showing the distribution of wind directions at a certain location for a given period of time (NATO-78/10). Wind speed class: The combination of several wind speeds in one class. Applied for example in the Gaussian plume model for longterm averages to describe the influence of the wind speed on the dispersion during the calculation period (NATO-78/10). Wind vane: An instrument used to measure the wind direction (NATO-78110). Wind: The motion of the air relative to the Earth's surface. Usually applied only to the horizontal component of this motion (NATO-78110). Wind: For more related terms, see: (1) Backing wind; (2) Cross wind; (3) Geostrophic wind; (4) Gradient wind; (5) Logarithmic
wind profile; (6) Mountain valley; (7) Power law wind profile; (8) Variable wind; (9) Veering wind; and (10) Vertical wind. Windbox burner: A plenum chamber around a burner in which an air pressure is maintained to insure proper distribution and discharge of secondary air. See burner for more related terms (AP40). Windbox pressure: The static pressure of the air in the windbox of a burner or stoker (EPA-83). Windbox: A chamber below a furnace grate or surrounding a burner, through which air is supplied under pressure to bum the fuel (SW-108ts). Winding: Winding-related terms include (1) Primary winding and (2) Secondary winding. Window glass: See sheet glass. Windrow composting: An open air method in which compostable material is placed in windrows, piles, or ventilated bins or pits and occasionally turned or mixed. The process may be anaerobic or aerobic. See composting for more related terms (SW-108ts). Windrow: A large, elongated pile of composting material, which has a large exposed surface area to encourage passive aeration and drying (RCWmanagement-04). Winning: The excavation, loading, and removal of coal or ore from the ground; winning follows development (CWNmining-04). Winze: Secondary or tertiary vertical or near-vertical opening sunk from a point inside a mine for the purpose of connecting with a lower level or of exploring the ground for a limited depth below a level (CWNmining-04). Wire and coil rod: Those acid pickling operations that pickle rod, wire, or coiled rod and wire products (40CFR420.91-91). Wire glass: See safety glass. Wire mesh eliminator: A mist eliminator used to collect other mists. See mist eliminator for more related terms (EPA-81/09). Wire product and fastener: The steel wire, products manufactured from steel wire, and steel fasteners manufactured from steel wire or other steel shapes (40CFR420.121-91). Wire rope: A steel wire rope used for winding in shafts and underground haulages. Wire ropes are made from medium carbon steels. Various constructions of wire rope are designated by the number of strands in the rope and the number of wires in each strand. The following are some common terms encountered: airplane strand; cablelaid rope; cane rope; elevator rope; extraflexible hoisting rope; flat rope; flattened-strand rope; guy rope;
guy strand; hand rope; haulage rope; hawser; hoisting rope; lang lay rope; lay; left lay rope; left twist; nonspinning rope; regular lay; reverse-laid rope; rheostat rope; right lay; right twist; running rope; special flexible hoisting rope; standing rope; towing hawser; transmission rope (CWMmining-04).
Wire safety glass: A single piece of glass with a layer of meshed wire completely imbedded in the glass, but not necessarily in the center of the sheet. When the glass is broken, the wire mesh holds the pieces together to a considerable extent. See safety glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Wire: The endless belt or screen on which pulp is formed into paper (EPA-83). Wire-to-wire efficiency: The efficiency of a pump and motor together (EPA-97/12). With modified processes: Using any technique designed to minimize emissions without the use of add on pollution controls (40CFR60.291-91). Withdraw specification: To remove from designation any area already specified as a disposal site by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or by a state which has assumed the section 404 program, or any portion of such area See specification for more related terms (40CFR231.2-91). Withdrawal use of water: The water removed from the ground or diverted from a stream or lake for use (CWAihydrology-04). Withdrawal: The act or process of removing; such as removing water from a stream for imgation or public water supply (CWMWquality-04). Withdrawal: Water removed from the ground or diverted from a surface-water source for use. Also refers to the use itself; for example, public-supply withdrawals or public-supply use. See also offstream use (CWMWbasics-04). Withdrawal: Withholding an area of federal land from settlement, sale, location, or entry, under some or all of the general land laws, for the purpose of limiting activities under those laws in order to maintain other public values in the area or reserving the area for a particular public purpose or program; or transfening jurisdiction over an area of federal land, other than "propertytt governed by the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act, as amended (40U.S.C.472) from one department, bureau, or agency to another department, bureau, or agency (FLPMA10343U.S.C. 1702). Withdrawn land: Public domain land that a federal agency for a specific purpose. Approximately 62% of DOE real property is withdrawn from the public domain (SDWMradionuclide-04).
Within the impoundment: For all impoundments the term "within the impoundment" for purposes of calculating the volume of process wastewater which may be discharged, shall mean the suface area within the impoundment at the maximum capacity plus the area of the inside and outside slopes of the impoundment dam and the surface area between the outside edge of the impoundment dam and seepage ditches upon which rain falls and is returned to the impoundment. For the purpose of such calculations, the surface area allowance for external appurtenances to the impoundment shall not be more than 30% of the water surface area within the impoundment dam at maximum capacity (40CFR421.11-d-91). Wolfram: See tungsten. Wood energy: Wood and wood products used as fuel, including roundwood (cordwood), limbwood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, forest residues, charcoal, pulp waste, and spent pulping liquor (CAA/C02gasl-04). Wood extractives: A mixture of chemical compounds, primarily organics, removed from wood (EPA-74/04). Wood fiber furnish subdivision mills: Those mills where cotton fibers are not used in the production of fine papers (cf. cotton fiber furnish subdivision mills) (40CFR430.18 1-91). Wood fiber: Elongated, thick-walled cells of wood, commonly called fiber. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-83). Wood flour: Finely ground wood or fine sawdust used chiefly as a filler (EPA-87/10). Wood furniture coating facility: A facility that includes one or more wood furniture coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-91). Wood furniture coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto wood furniture (40CFR52.741-91). Wood heater: An enclosed, wood-burning appliance capable of and intended for space heating or domestic water heating, as defined in the applicable regulation (40CFR60-App/A(method 28 & 28A)-91). Wood packaging: Wood products such as pallets, crates, and barrels (EPA-97/12). Wood preparation: A series of operations utilized to prepare wood to a suitable state for further development into pulp, paper, and paperboard. These operations include barking, washing, and chipping (EPA-87/10). Wood preservative: A chemical or mixture of chemicals with fungistatic and insecticidal properties that is injected into wood to protect it from biological deterioration (EPA-74/04).
Wood pulp waste: The wood or paper fiber residue resulting from a manufacturing process. See waste for more related terms (SWIO8ts). Wood pulp: A fibrous raw material derived from wood for use in most types of paper manufactured by mechanical or chemical means both from hardwood and softwood trees. Classification of wood pulp is as follows: (1) Mechanical wood pulp includes: Groundwood; Defibratedexploded, and Screenings. (2) Chemical wood pulp includes: Sulfite; Neutral Sulfite; Sulfate (Kraft); Chemical cellulose; Soda; and Semichemical (EPA-83). (3) See pulp for more related terms. Wood residue: The bark, sawdust, slabs, chips, shavings, mill trim, and other wood products derived from wood processing and forest management operations (40CFR60.4 1-91). Wood treatment facility: An industrial facility that treats lumber and other wood products for outdoor use. The process employs chromated copper arsenate, which is regulated as a hazardous material (EPA-97/12). Wood: Wood, wood residue, bark, or any derivative fuel or residue thereof, in any form, including, but not limited to, sawdust, sanderdust, wood chips, scraps, slabs, millings, shavings, and processed pellets made from wood or other forest residues (40CFR60.4 1b-9 1, see also 40CFR60.4 1c-91). Wood-burning-stove pollution: Air pollution caused by emissions of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total suspended particulates, and polycyclic organic matter from wood-burning stoves. Woodroom: The area of a pulp mill that handles the barking, washing, chipping, or grinding of logs, and processing of purchased chips. Woodworking: The shaping, sawing, grinding, smoothing, polishing, and making into products of any form or shape of wood (40CFR52.741-91). Woodyard: The area of a mill where roundwood is received and stored prior to transport to the woodroom (EPA-87/10).
Wool: (1) The dry raw wool as it is received by the wool scouring mill (40CFR410.11-91). (2) Fleecy mass of plair glass fibers (EPA-83). Work (ft-lbf or m-kg units): Work can be defined as: (1) Work = force x distance, or (2) Work = pressure x volume change. This definition shows that work is an interaction between a system and its surroundings which is caused by a force displacing the boundary between the system and the surroundings. Both heat and work are path functions and thus, to evaluate their magnitude, the entire process must be considered. Typical work units include ftIbf or m-kg; where: ft = feet; Ibf = pound force; m = meter; kg = kilogram. The conventional signs of work are as follows: Work done on the system is negative and work done by the system is positive. Work practice controls: Controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed (29CFR1910). Work related musculoskeletal disorder hazard: Workplace conditions or physical work activities that cause or are reasonably likely to cause or contribute to a work related musculoskeletal disorder (OSHNergonomics-04). Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD, WRMSD): Injuries and disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and spinal disc due to physical work activities or workplace conditions in the job. Examples include carpal tunnel syndrome related to long term computer data entry, rotator cuff tendinitis from repeat overhead reaching, and tension neck syndrome associated with long term cervical spine flexion (OSHA/ergonomics-04). Worker protection standards: Standards designed to reduce the risks of illness or injury resulting from workers' and handlers' occupational exposures to pesticides used in the production of agricultural plants on farms or in nurseries, greenhouses, and forests and also from the accidental exposure of workers and other persons to such pesticides. They require workplace practices designed to reduce or eliminate exposure to pesticides and establish procedures for responding to exposure-related emergencies (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Wool fiberglass insulation: A thermal insulation material composed of glass fibers and made from glass produced or melted at the same facility where the manufacturing line is located (4OCFR60.681-91).
Working charge (or working capacity): A term employed in adsorber calculations. It refers to the net amount of pollutant adsorbed in a cycle. It usually includes the mass transfer zone (MTZ) and heel effects, and is expressed as Ib/lb adsorbent or lbI100 Ib adsorbent (EPA-84/09).
Wool fiberglass: The fibrous glass of random texture, including fiberglass insulation, and other products listed in SIC 3296 (40CFR60.291-91).
Working electrode: An electrode in an electrochemical cell which is used for corrosion testing. See electrode for more related terms. Working face: Any place in a mine where material is extracted during a mining cycle (CWNmining-04).
Working face: That portion of the compacted solid wastes at a sanitary landfill which will have more refuse placed upon it or is being compacted prior to placement of cover material (EPA-83). Working face: The area of the landfill that is currently being filled with refuse. The refuse is typically placed in cells. The open face where refuse is being unloaded and compacted is the working face (RCRA/management-04). Working level (WL): Any combination of short-lived radon decay products in one liter of air that will result in the ultimate emission of alpha particles with a total energy of 130 billion electron volts (40CFR192.11-91). Working Level (WL): A unit of measure for documenting exposure to radon decay products, the so-called "daughters." One working level is equal to approximately 200 piwcuries per liter. Working Level Month (WLM): A unit of measure used to determine cumulative exposure to radon (EPA-97/12). Working place: From the outby side of the last open crosscut to the face (CWNmining-04). Working range: The range of surface temperature in which glass is formed into ware in a specific process. The upper end refers to the temperature at which the glass is ready for working, while the lower end refers to the temperature at which it is sufficiently viscous to hold its formed shape (EPA-83).
Working section: From the faces to the point where coal is loaded onto belts or rail cars to begin its trip to the outside (CWNmining-04). Working: When a coal seam is being squeezed by pressure fiom roof and floor, it emits creaking noises and is said to be "working." This often serves as a warning to the miners that additional support is needed (CWNmining-04). Workings: The entire system of openings in a mine for the purpose of exploitation (CWNmining-04). Workplace: An establishment at one geographic location containing one or more work areas (40CFR721.3-91). Worst case discharge: (1) In the case of a vessel, a discharge in adverse weather conditions of its entire cargo; and (2) In the case of an offshore facility or onshore facility, the largest foreseeable discharge in adverse weather conditions (CWA311-33U.S.C.132191). Writing paper: (1) A paper suitable for pen and ink, pencil, typewriter, or printing (40CFR250.4-91). (2) Wide variety of papers suitable for writing or printing (EPA-83). (3) See paper for more related terms. WRULD: Work Related Upper Limb Disorder (OSHA/ ergonomics-04).
Xanthate: A common specific promoter used in flotation of sulfide ores. A salt or ester of xanthic acid which is made of an alcohol, carbon disulfite, and an alkalai (EPA-82/05).
xylene is highly photochemically reactive and, as a constituent of tailpipe emissions, is a contributor to smog formation.
Xenobiota: Any biotum displaced from its normal habitat; a chemical foreign to a biological system (EPA-97/12).
Yard rubbish: The prunings, brush, grass, clippings, weeds, leaves, and general and garden wastes. See solid waste. See rubbish for more related terms (EPA-83).
Xenobiotic: A term for non-naturally occumng man-made substances found in the environment (i.e., synthetic material solvents, plastics) (EPA-89/12).
Yard tractor: A small semi-tractor used exclusively for maneuvering transfer trailers into and out of loading position (SW-1oats).
Xenon (Xe): A noble gaseous element with atomic number 54; atomic weight 131.30; density 3.06 glcc; melting point -1 11.9 C and boiling point -108.0 C. The element belongs to group VIIIA of the periodic table.
Yard trimmings: Leaves, grass clippings, prunings, and other natural organic matter discarded from yards and gardens. Yard trimmings may also include stumps and brush, but these materials are not normally handled at composting facilities (RCRAImanagement-04).
Xenotrophic viruses: Viruses that are able to infect more than one strain or one species of organisms (i.e., a virus that can infect many strains of mice as well as (or) other rodents) (EPA-88109a). Xeriscaping: A method of landscaping that uses plants that are well adapted to the local area and are drought resistant. Xeriscaping is becoming more popular as a way of saving water at home. More on xeriscaping: Texas Agricultural Extension Service and Texas Natural Resource Center (CWAlWscience-04). Xerographidcopy paper: Any grade of paper suitable for copying by the xerographic process (a dry method of reproduction). See paper for more related terms. Xerophyte: A plant adapted for growth under dry conditions (CWA/Wbasics-04). X-ray diffraction: The scattering (diBaction) of x-rays by a crystal.
Yard trimmings: The component of solid waste composed of grass clippings, leaves, twigs, branches, and garden refuse (RCRA/municipal-04). Yard waste: (1) The plant clippings, prunings, and other discarded materials from yards and gardens. Also known as yard rubbish (SW-108ts). (2) See waste for more related terms. Yard waste: The part of solid waste composed of grass clippings, leaves, twigs, branches, and other garden refuse (EPA-97/12). Year: See climatic year; water year. Yearling system: A cattle management system that includes a stocker period from 165 days of age to 425 days of age followed by a 140-dayfeedlot period (CAA/C02gasl-04).
a wavelength of
Yellow brass: An alloy 70% copper, 30% zinc, also known as 70130 brass. Used for cartridge cases, condenser tubes, etc. See brass for more related terms (EPA-83).
Xylene: An aromatic hydrocarbon that is a colorless, flammable, volatile liquid used as a solvent and in the manufacture of synthetic resins, dyes, insecticides, and dimethylbenzene. Formula is C6&(CH3)2.Xylene is derived from petroleum and is used to increase octane. Highly valued as a petrochemical feedstock,
Yellow cake: (1) A term applied to certain uranium concentrates produced by mills. It is the final precipitate formed in the milling process. It is usually considered to be ammonium diuranate, or sodium diuranate, but the composition is variable and depends upon the precipitating conditions. (2) A common form of triuranium octoxide (U308) is yellow cake which is the powder
X-ray: Electromagnetic radiation with approximately 1 Angstrom (EPA-88109a).
obtained by evaporating an ammonia solution of the oxide (EPA82/05). Yellow flame: See flame combustion. Yellow water: The effluent coming from the first wash of crude TNT in its purification process. See water for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Yellow-boy: Iron oxide flocculant (clumps of solids in waste or water); usually observed as orange-yellow deposits in surface streams with excess iron content. See floc, flocculation (EPA97/12). Yellowing: Gradual change in paper to yellow due to aging (EPA83). Yield point: The stress at which the material exhibits a permanent set of 0.2% (40CFR1910.66-AppD-91). Yield: The mass of material or constituent transported by a river in a specified period of time divided by the drainage area of the river basin (CWAIWquality-04). Yield: The quantity of water (expressed as a rate of flow or total quantity per year) that can be collected for a given use from surface or groundwater sources (EPA-97/12). Yield: Useful energy output per unit weight of fuel (EPA-83). Yolk sac: A membrane attached to the ventral side of a fry that contains egg yolk which is the fry's source of nutrition for the first few days of life (SFIremedy-04). Ytterbium (Yb): A rare earth metal with atomic number 70; atomic weight 173.04; density 6.98 g/cc; melting point 824 C and boiling point 1427 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Yttrium (Y): A soft metal with atomic number 39; atomic weight 88.905; density 4.47 g/cc; melting point 1509 C and boiling point 2927 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ): One type of ceramic. It is used as an electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells. Zeolite catalyst: A catalyst with controlled porosity used as a catalytic cracking catalyst in petroleum refineries and other chemical reactions. The catalyst is hydrated aluminum (or sodium) and calcium silicate such as (Ca0-2AI2O3-5Si02or Na20-2AI2O35sio2). Zeolite process: A process used to reduce hardness by ion exchange. Either a natural mineral or a man-made product, zeolite is a hydrated sodium silicate. The sodium can be used to exchange for calcium or magnesium to soften hard water.
Zeolite: Various natural or synthesized silicates used in water softening and as absorbents (EPA-76/03). It is a type of ion exchange resins. Zeolity filter: A zeolite bed used in the water softening process. Zero air: Atmospheric air purified to contain less than 0.1 ppm total hydrocarbons (EPA-97/12). Zero device miles: The period of time between retrofit installation and the accumulation of 100 miles of automobile operation after installation (40CFR610.11-91). Zero discharge: The prevention of process wastewater from point sources entering navigable waters either directly or indirectly through publicly owned treatment works (EPA-85/10). Zero discharge: Wastewater that is not directly or indirectly discharged to a navigable water (e.g., wastewater that is land disposed through spray irrigation) under CWA. Zero discharge facilities are subject to federal or state regulatory limitations that are as strict as those that apply to direct and indirect dischargers under CWA (RCRAhazardous-04). Zero drift: (1) The change in response to zero pollutant concentration, over 12- and 24-hour periods of continuous unadjusted operation (40CFR53.23-91, see also 40CFR60App/A(method 25A); 60-App/A(method 6C & 7E); 60-AppIB-91). (2) The change with time in instrument output over a stated time period of unadjusted continuous operation when the input concentration is zero (expressed as percent of full scale) (LBL 76107-bio). (3) See calibration for more related terms. Zero electric vehicle (ZEV): A vehicle that is certified by the California Air Resources Board to have zero tailpipe emissions. A ZEV produces no air emissions from its fueling or operation. California regulations require that in 2003, 10% of the vehicles sold in California by major automakers be ZEV or ZEVequivalent. Zero gas: For calibration gas application, a high purity air with less than 0.1 ppm by volume of organic material methane or carbon equivalent or less than 0.1 % of the span value, whichever is greater. See calibration gas for more related terms (EPA-90104). Zero governor: A regulating device that is normally adjusted to deliver gas at atmospheric pressure (i.e., zero gage pressure). Zero hour: That point after normal assembly line operations and adjustments are completed and before ten (10) additional operating hours have been accumulated, including emission testing, if performed (40CFR86.082.2-91). Zero kilometer: That point after normal assembly line operations and adjustments, after normal dealer setup and preride inspection
operations have been completed, and before 100 kilometers of vehicle operation or three hours of engine operation have been accumulated, including emission testing if performed (40CFR86.402.78-91).
metallic element with atomic number 30; atomic weight 65.38; density 7.14 glcc; melting point 419.5 C and boiling point 906 C. The element belongs to group IIB of the periodic table.
Zero or alternate discharge: Methods of wastewater discharge from point sources which do not involve discharge to navigable waters either directly or indirectly through publicly owned treatment works. Zero or alternate discharge methods include wastewater reuse, evaporation, and off-site privately owned treatment (EPA-87110a).
Zinc (Zn): A metal that is found naturally in air, soil, water, and foods. It is used in brass alloys, bronze, die-casting alloys, galvanizing iron, fungicides, smoke bombs, pharmaceuticals, pennies, and as a protective coating for other metals. Zinc in water can be dissolved or undissolved, depending on the chemical and physical properties of the local environment. The dominant fate of zinc is adsorption to sediments. Zinc in soil is most likely to be strongly absorbed, depending on conditions. Transfer to groundwater from soil is not a dominant process. The soluble forms of zinc are the most toxic forms to aquatic biota. Zinc is an essential nutrient for humans, however, excessive amounts can be harmful. Zinc can reduce "good cholesterol," as well as lead to various gastrointestinal disorders (NavyIEnv-04).
Zero order reaction: A chemical reaction in which an increase (or decrease) in reactant concentration results in no change in the rate of reaction (as long as some reactant is present) (Navy/Env04).
Zinc air battery (ZAB): A ZAB has a zinc electrode and an air electrode with potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. It is a rechargeable battery that is more efficient than the older nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride batteries.
Zero order reaction: A chemical reaction whose rate is independent of reactant concentrations (e.g., a photochemical reaction is dependent on the intensity of light not the concentrations of the reactants).
Zinc air fuel cell (ZAFC):See metal air fuel cell (MAFC).
Zero mile: That point after initial engine starting (not to exceed 100 miles of vehicle operation, or three hours of engine operation) at which normal assembly line operations and adjustments are completed, and including emission testing, if performed (40CFR86.082.2-91).
Zero plane displacement: A parameter in the logarithmic wind profile used to indicate the effective height of the surface. This parameter extends the applicability of the logarithmic profile to very rough surroundings, e.g., forest (NATO-78/10). Zero pressure: See vacuum. Zero, low-level, and high-level values: The CEMS response values related to the source specific span value. Determination of zero, low-level, and high-level values is defined in the appropriate PS in Appendix B of this part (40CFR60-AppIF-91). Zeroth round: Laboratory studies of a method of measuring a given characteristic of a material in preparation of running a round robin series of laboratory tests (EPA-83). Zinc (Zn): Major zinc compounds include (1) Zinc arsenate (ZnHAs04): Poisonous powder used an insecticide. (2) Zinc arsenite (Zn(AsO&): Poisonous powder used an insecticide and wood preservative. (3) Zinc oxide (ZnO): White powder used in cosmetics, driers, quick-setting cements. (4) Zinc sulfate (ZnSO, 7H20): Colorless crystals used in wood preserving, and paper bleaching. (5) Zinc sulfide (ZnS): Yellow powder used in pigments and television screens. Zinc (Zn): (1) The total zinc present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.45191, see also 40CFR415.631; 415.671; 420.02-91). (2) A hard
Zinc casting: The remelting of zinc or zinc alloy to form a cast intermediate or final product by pouring or forcing the molten metal into a mold, except for ingots, pigs, or other cast shapes related to nonferrous (primary) metals manufacturing (40CFR421) and nonferrous metals forming (40CFR471). Processing operations following the cooling of castings not covered under nonferrous metals forming are covered under the electroplating and metal finishing point source categories (40CFR413 and 433) (40CFR464.02-91). Zinc minerals: The main source of zinc is sphalerite (ZnS), but some smithsonite, hemimorphite, zincite, willemite, and h k l i n i t e are mined (EPA-82/05). Zincon, rutile, ilmenite., monazite: A group of heavy minerals which are usually considered together because of their occurrence as black sand in a natural beach (EPA-82/05). Zircaloy-4: An alloy of zirconium metal frequently used in nuclear reactors because of its desirable chemical and nuclear properties (DOE-91/04). Zircon: A mineral (ZrSi04), the chief ore of zirconium (EPA82/05). Zirconium (Zr): A transition metal with atomic number 40; atomic weight 91.22; density 6.49 g/cc; melting point 1852 C and boiling point 3580 C. The element belongs to group IVB of the periodic table.
Zlist: OSHA's Toxic and Hazardous Substances Tables (Z-1,Z-2, and 2-3) of air contaminants; any material found on these tables is considered hazardous (FFDCNpesticide-04). Zone control: The control of air flow into individual zones undergrate of a stoker, or plenums of a burner system (EPA-83). Zone of aeration (unsaturated): The zone in which the open spaces in soil or in a rock formation contain air and water. The comparatively dry soil or rock located between the ground surface and the top of the water table (NavyIEnv-04). Zone of aeration: The zone above the water table. Water in the zone of aeration does not flow into a well (CWAIhydrology-04). Zone of capillarity: The area above a water table where some or all of the interstices (pores) are filled with water that is held by capillarity (cf. capillarity water) (SW-108ts). Zone of engineering control: An area under the control of the ownedoperator that, upon detection of a hazardous waste release, can be readily cleaned up prior to the release of hazardous waste or hazardous constituents to ground waster or surface water (40CFR260.10-9 1).
Zone of saturation: The zone in which the hnctional permeable rocks are saturated with water under hydrostatic pressure. Water in the zone of saturation will flow into a well, and is called groundwater (CWA/hydrology-04). Zone refining: A fractional crystallization technique in which a rod of impure materials is purified by heating it so as to cause a molten zone to pass along its length. Thus, in zone refining, only a part of the material being purified is melted at any one time. Impurities tend to be camed forward in the molten zone. By repeating the process on the rod a number of times, a high degree of purification is possible. Basic equipment consists of a material support or ingot holder to contain the sample; a feed or travel mechanism; and a source of heat. Zone sedimentation: The zone with settled solids in a sedimentation tank. Zoningfland use records: Those records of the local government in which the property is located indicating the uses permitted by the local government in particular zones within its jurisdiction. The records may consist of maps andlor written records. They are often located in the planning department of a municipality or county (USDNwater-04).
Zone of initial dilution (ZID): The region of initial mixing surrounding or adjacent to the end of the outfall pipe or diffuser ports, provided that the ZID may not be larger than allowed by mixing zone restrictions in applicable water quality standards (4OCFRl25.58-91).
Zooglea: Bacteria embedded in a jelly-like matrix formed as the result of metabolic activities (LBL-76107-water).
Zone of saturation: The area below the water table where all open spaces are filled with water (Navy/Env-04).
Zooplankton: Protozoa and other animal microorganisms living unattached in water. These include small crustacea, such as daphnia and cyclops (LBL-76107-water).
Zone of saturation: The layer beneath the surface of the land in which all openings are filled with water (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Zoogleal film: A jelly-like matrix developed by bacteria formed in treatment devices (EPA-75/10).
Zooplankton: Tiny aquatic animals eaten by fish (NavyIEnv-04). Zooxanthllae: Very small yellow-green algae.
Appendix A: Example Environmental Calculations Air Calculation................................................................................................................................................................. 871 Carbon Monoxide Hourly Rolling Average Calculations.................................................................................................. 871 Combustion Air Calculation.............................................................................................................................................871 Combustion Air Fuel Ratio (Air Fuel Ratio. Air to Fuel Ratio or Combustion Air to Fuel Ratio)....................................... 872 Combustion Correction Factor (or Correction Factor)..................................................................................................... 872 Combustion Residual Oxygen in Flue Gas ..................................................................................................................... 872 Destruction and Removal Efficiency ...............................................................................................................................872 Dew Point Temperature .................................................................................................................................................. 873 Heat (or Heat Load) ........................................................................................................................................................ 873 Heat of Formation (Enthalpy of Formation. Enthalpy of Hydration or Enthalpy of Reaction)........................................... 873 Henry's Law .................................................................................................................................................................... 874 Humidity Ratio (HR) (Absolute Humidity or Specific Humidity) ....................................................................................... 874 Standard Condition.........................................................................................................................................................874 Time Weighted Average Example...................................................................................................................................875 VOST (Volatile Organic Sampling Train) ........................................................................................................................ 875
Air Calculation In calculations, air is assumed that it contains 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen. The volumetric and gravimetric analyses of air are as follows: Volumetric analysis of dry air Oxygen: 21% of air or 0.21 mole, or 0.21 lb-mole, when air is assumed at 1 mole. Nitrogen: 79% of air or 0.79 mole, or 0.79 Ib-mole, when air is assumed at 1 mole. Thus, 0.21 moles of O2+ 0.79 moles of N2 = 1 mole of air; or 1 mole of O2 + 3.76 moles of N2 = 4.76 moles of air. This equation shows that for each volume (mole) of oxygen, 3.76 volumes (moles) of nitrogen or 4.76 volumes (moles) of air are involved. Gravimetric analysis of dry air Air molecular weight 0.2102 +0.79N2 =1moleofair 0.21~32 + 0.79~28 = 28.84 Ib/lb-mole 6.72 +22.12 = 28.84 1 +3.2917 =4.2917 (A) 0.2330 0.23 1
+0.7670 +0.77 +3.35
= 1, air base calculation =
1
= 4.35
(B)
Both equations (A) and (B) are based on unit oxygen calculation. However, comparing equations (A) and (B), the different nitrogen values, 3.2917 and 3.35, are because of the approximation in equation (B). Oxygen mass fraction = 0.21~32128.84= 23% Nitrogen mass hction = 0.79~28128.84= 77% Thus, one pound of air can be expressed by: 0.23 Ib O2 + 0.77 Ib N2 = 1 Ib air; or 1 Ib O2 + 3.35 Ilb N2 = 4.35 Ibs air. This equation shows that for each Ilb of oxygen, 3.35 llbs of nitrogen or 4.35 Ibs of air are involved. Air standard volume: Any gas at standard conditions has a volume of 359 ft3llb-mole (see standard condition). Air density = weight/volume = 28.841359 = 0.0808 Iblscf, where: scf = standard cubic feet.
Carbon Monoxide Hourly Rolling Average Calculations This example is to show how carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) emission limits can be used as one of the permit conditions. 1.
Tier I limits: The applicant can demonstrate compliance by meeting the recommended de minimis CO limit of 100 ppmv (corrected to 7% oxygen, dry basis) on an hourly rolling average (HRA). Example: Find HRA and waste feed cut-off time during incineration, if CO is greater than 100 ppmv.
Data and calculation are shown below: Time(hr) CO HRA calculation(ppmv) 0 (60x30)/60 30 (60x30)/60 357 30
1
1
5:OO 30 (60x30)/60 * Waste feed cut-off; and ** waste feed re-start
value 30 30
1 30
Tier I1 limits: The minimum CO limit would be waived if the applicant demonstrates that THC emissions are not likely to pose unacceptable health risk. There are two alternative approaches to demonstrate that THC emissions are acceptable: 2.1. A health-based approach based on site-specific risk assessment; or 2.2. A technology-based approach where the applicant demonstrates that THC levels do not exceed a good operating practicebased level of 20 ppmv (hourly rolling average, corrected to 7% oxygen, dry basis and reported as propane). The CO limits for either Tier I or Tier I1 must be corrected to dry stack gas and 7% oxygen in the stack gas. The correction to dry stack gas is necessary only for instruments that measure CO on a wet basis. This correction factor for humidity and oxygen would initially be determined during the trail burn and annually thereafter unless specified more frequently in the permit. The oxygen and humidity correction factors would be applied continuously. The CO limits can be implemented in either of two formats: 3.1. An hourly rolling average format; or 3.2. A cumulative hourly timeabove-a-level format. The cumulative hourly timeabove-a-level format is designed to allow hourly average CO emissions equivalent to the hourly rolling average format. This alternative format is provided to minimize the cost of instrumentation needed to monitor, analyze, and record CO levels.
Combustion Air Calculation For the combustion of methane, CH4, determine combustion air requirements. CH4+ 2(1 + e)(02+ 3.76N2) C02+ 2H20+ 2e02 + 2(1 + e) (3.76)N2,where e = excess air. For this example: actual air = 2(1 + e) and theoretical air = 2; Percent theoretical air = 2(1 + a)/2(%) = (1 + a)(%) and Percent excess air = [2(1 + a) - 2]/2(%) = a(%) For more examples, the combustion of propane is as follows:
+
+
100% theoretical air: C3Hs+ 5 x 1.0(02+ 3.76N2) 3CO2+ 4H20 + 18.8N2,The 100% theoretical air is equivalent to 0% excess air combustion. 2. 80% theoretical air: C3Hs + 5 x 0.8(02 + 3.76N2) 2C0 + C02 + 4H20 + 15.04N2.The 80% theoretical air is equivalent to 20% deficient air combustion. 150% theoretical air: C3Hs + 5 x 1.5(02 + 3.76N2) 3CO2 + 4H20 + 2.502 + 28.2N2. The 150% theoretical air is equivalent to 50% excess air combustion. 1.
+
+
Combustion Air Fuel Ratio (Air Fuel Ratio, Air to Fuel Ratio or Combustion Air to Fuel Ratio) The airlfuel ratio can be expressed by the following two options: AFm = (AirBuel) = n(l + 3.76)/nf, by mole AFw = (AirIFuel) = n(l + 3.76) x 29/(nf x Mf), by weight, where n = moles of oxygen; nf = moles of fuel; Mf = molecular weight of fuel; 29 = molecular weight of air (actually 28.84) Example: Calculate the theoretical airlfuel ratio for the combustion of octane (C8H18). Solution: The combustion equation is: C8H18+ 12.502+ 12.5(3.76)N2 8C02+ 9H20+ 47.0N2 The theoretical airlfuel ratio on a mole basis is: AFm = (12.5)(1+3.76)/1 = 59.5 moles air/mole fuel The theoretical airlfuel ratio on a weight basis is found by introducing the molecular weights of the air and fuel. That is: AFw = 59.5(28.84)/114.2 = 15 lb airflb fuel
To correct the measured C02 to a desired O2 level of 0% excess air (i.e., at the theoretical air condition): C = CF x G; where: C = corrected parameter value at the desired O2 level; C, = measured parameters such as CO or C02 which are required to be corrected to a desired O2 level. For this example: C02 (at 0% O2level) = CF x (C02), = 1.55 x 7.5% = 11.625% This figure can be checked with the dry C02 level fiom the theoretical air combustion of CH4 from Equation A. That is: C02 = 141 + 7.52) = 11.73%. The discrepancy between the 11.625% and 11.73% values is probably due to rounding off certain values; in any case, the values are very close. Example 2: Conversion between two correction factors Given: CO at 7% O2level Determine: CO at 10% 0 2 level CO at 7% O2 is (CO)7= [(2 1-7)/(2 1-O,)](CO), (C), where: subscript m refers to the measured value. CO at 10% O2 is (CO)lo= [(21-10)/(21-0m)](CO)m (D) From the ratio (D)/(C), (CO)lo= (1 1/14) x (CO), = 0.7857 x (C0)7
+
Combustion Residual Oxygen in Flue Gas The residual oxygen (% 02) in flue gas can be calculated by the following equation: Excess air (%) = % 02/(21% - % 02). In this equation, excess air is a given condition that is the ratio of excess air to the theoretical air amount. Thus, the residual O2 after combustion can be determined. Example, a 50% excess air combustion of propane is: C3H8+ 5 x 1.5(02+ 3.76N2) 3CO2+ 4H20+ 2.502 + 28.2N2. The residual 0 2 in flue gas is: 50% = %02/(21% -% 02). Thus, O2= 7%. This value can be checked by actual calculation of O2 fraction in the flue gas, i.e., O2 = 2.5/(3 + 4 + 2.5 + 28.2) = 6.6%. The discrepancy between the 7% and 6.6% values is probably due to rounding off certain values; in any case, the values are very close.
+
Combustion Correction Factor (or Correction Factor) For comparison purposes, it is sometimes necessary to correct a measured value of a compound's concentration at the stack to a certain desired concentration. The way to make such a correction follows. The correction factor (CF) for oxygen is defined as: CF = (2 1 - desired 02)/(21 - measured 02). Example 1: CF calculations Cl& + 2(02 + 3.76N2) C02+ 2H20+ 7.52N2 (A) Cl& + 2(1.5)(02 + 3.76N2) C02 + 2H20 + O2 + 11.28N2 (B) Equation (A) depicts combustion at 0% excess air and Equation B shows 150% air combustion. The following calculation is to show how C02 measured at 150% of theoretical air combustion (50% excess air) is converted to 0% excess air combustion. O2 measured at the wet condition of Equation B = 141 + 2 + 1 + 11.28) = 6.5%. O2 measured at the dry condition of Equation B = 1/(1 + 1 + 11.28) = 7.5%. To correct the measured (dry) O2 value to a desired (0% O2 in products): CF = (21 - 0)/(21 - 7.5) = 1.55 C02 measured at a dry condition (Eq. B) = 141 + 1 + 11.28) = 7.5%
+
+
Destruction and Removal Efficiency Calculation of a sample volume required to meet 99.99% DRE 1.
Computation of maximum W, to satisfy 99.99% DRE Given conditions: 1.1. POHC designated by the permit writer: hexachlorobenzene; 1.2. Concentration of POHC in waste feed: 1.OW, 1.3. Waste feed rate: 1000 lbsihr. Solution: 1.4. Wh = (concentration of POHC in waste)(waste feed rate) = (0.01)(1000 Ibihr) = 10 lbihr 1.5. Wo = Wb(l-ORE) = (10 lb/hr)(l-0.9999) = 0.001 Ibihr Note: The expression of the DRE to 5 or 6 decimal places is justified because an error by as much as 25% in the Wo would affect only the fifth decimal place.
Computation of minimum weight of POHC sample that can be collected. Given conditions: 2.1. Detection limit of hexachlorobenzene in analytical sample extract as injected in the GCMS: 1 ng/uL or 1 ug/mL; 2.2. Average extraction efficiency: 60%. Solution: 2.3. Because the extracted sample is concentrated via evaporation before injection into the GCMS, then the minimum weight of collected hexachlorobenzene is independent of extract liquid volume. The minimum detectable total weight of POHC collected as obtained from laboratory analysis: = (detection limit)/(extraction efficiency) = (1 2.4. WSBmPIe ug/mL)I(O.60) = 1.667 ug 3. Computation of the POHC stack gas loading Given conditions: Stack gas volume flow rate at standard conditions, Q = 85382 scflmin. Solution: 3.1. POHC concentration (c,) = (total weight of POHC in sample)/(volume of sample at standard conditions) 3.2. c, = (WJQ)(l hrI60 min) = [(0.001 Iblhr)l(85382 scflmin)][l hrl 60 min] = 1.95 E-10 Iblscf = 8.85 E-07 gradscf Note: This computation assumes 100% collection of the POHC on the filter, resin module, and impingers. 4. Computation of minimum stack gas sample volume (V,,) = (1.667 E-06 grams)l(8.85 E-07 gramslscf) = Vstd= WsamplJcB 1.884 scf 2.
Dew Point Temperature Example: Trichloroethylene(C2HC13)is incinerated with methane gas at theoretical air conditions. Calculate the mole analysis of the combustion products and determine the dew point of the products for a total pressure of 14.696 psia Solution: 1. C2HC13+ CH4 + 3.5(02 + 3.76N2) 3C02 + 3HC1+ H20 + 13.16N2. 2. The total number of moles in the products is, n = 3 + 3 + 1 + 13.16 = 20.16 Moles. 3. The mole fraction of the products is: y~02= 3120.16 = 14.88%; y ~ c l =3120.16 = 14.88%; y~20= 1120.16 = 4.96%; y ~ 2= l3.16l20.16 = 65.28%. 4. The dew point of the products is the temperature at which the vapor is saturated with water. It corresponds to the partial pressure of the water vapor, or: pwo = y ~ x~p =o 0.0496 X 14.696 = 0.7298 psia. 5. The saturation temperature corresponding to 0.7298 psia is about 94 F. Therefore: dew point = 94 F. 6. This example illustrates two facts; namely: 6.1. Nitrogen is about 65% of the combustion product gas. This means that most of the fuel is used to heat the nitrogen in the air to the incineration temperature.
6.2. The dew point is 94 F. The moisture in the combustion gas would condense if the stack gas temperature is cooled below 94 F. Because the condensed moisture may contain HCI, the HCI will probably be corrosive to the stack or other parts in the incinerator that are downstream of the condensation point. Therefore, in designing this incinerator stack, the combustion gas should be maintained above 94 F.
Heat (or Heat Load) Heat is also known as heat load. It is an interactive flow of energy between a system and its surroundings which is caused by a temperature difference between the system and the surroundings. Typical heat units include: Btu and Calorie. The conventional signs of heat are as follows: (1) Heat added to the system is positive. (2) Heat liberated from the system is negative (cf. work).
An adiabatic process is a process in which no heat is transferred between a system and its surroundings. Applying the first thermodynamic law under the steady state, heat can be obtained: Q = mCp(T2 - TI) Where: m = mass flow Cp = constant pressure specific heat TI = temperature at state 1 T2= temperature at state 2 Example: Determine heat rate. Data: Mass flow rate = 1200 Iblmin, Cp = 0.26 Btuflb-F, initial and final temperatures = 200 F and 1200 F respectively. Solution: Q=mCp(T2 - TI) = 1200 x 0.26 x (1200 - 200) = 3.12 x lo5 Btulmin.
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Heat of Formation (Enthalpy of Formation, Enthalpy of Hydration, or Enthalpy of Reaction) Heat of formation (enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of hydration, or enthalpy of reaction) means the quantity of heat transferred during the formation of a compound from its elements at standard conditions (temperature = 25 C (77 F) and pressure = 1 atm) where the energy level of all elements (reactants, in this case) is assigned to be zero. Heat of formation can be determined from the change in enthalpy resulting when a compound is formed from its elements at constant temperature and pressure conditions. Example: At standard conditions, methane formation may be expressed CH4. If the heat transfer were accurately as: C + 2H2 measured, the heat of formation, Hf, would be -17.9 Kcallgmole. Solution:
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Applying the Thermodynamic First Law to this process, and using Table 12.3 in (Wylen-73, p502), heat of formation can be obtained by: Hf = h2 - hl = hCH4- hC - hZm= -17.9 Kcallg-mole - 0 - 0 = 17.9 Kcallg-mole Thus, the measurement of the heat transferred actually provides the enthalpy difference between the products and the reactants. If zero value is assigned to the enthalpy of all elements at standard conditions (25 C and 1 atm pressure), then the enthalpy of the reactants in this case is zero. The enthalpy of CH4 at 25 C and 1 atm. pressure (relative to this base in which the enthalpy of its elements is assigned to be zero) is called its enthalpy of formation. The enthalpy of CH4 at any other state would be found by adding the change of enthalpy between 25 C and 1 atm. and the given state to the enthalpy of formation. That is, the enthalpy at any temperature and pressure is: H(t,p) = Hf + enthalpy change from the conditions of 25 C and 1 atm. and the given conditions.
Henry's Law Henry's Law is the measure of the volatility of a substance in a dilute solution of water at equilibrium. It is the ratio of the vapor pressure exerted by a substance in the gas phase over a dilute aqueous solution of that substance to its wncentration in the solution at a given temperature. For HRS purposes, use the value reported at or near 25 C. [atmosphere-cubic meters per mole (atmm3/mole)] (40CFR300-AppIA-9 1). An expression which relates the concentration of a chemical dissolved in the aqueous phase to the concentration (or pressure) of the chemical in the gaseous phase when the two are at equilibrium with each other (Course 165.6). H = CaKw, where: Ca = Concentration of compound in air and Cw = concentration of compound in water. The law can be expressed in several equivalent forms, a convenient form being: C, = HCI where C, and C1 are the gas-(g) and liquid-(]) phase concentrations. The constant (H) is the ratio at equilibrium of the gas phase concentration to the liquid-phase wncentration of the gas (i.e., moles per liter in airlmoles per liter in solution) (EPA-90108). For dilute solutions, where the components do not interact, the resulting partial pressure (p) of a component "A" in equilibrium with other components can be expressed as: p = cAH;where: p = equilibrium partial pressure of component "A" over solution c = concentration of "A" in liquid phase, g-mole/cm3 of pure A H = Henry's law constant, (atrn-~m~)/(~-mole) at the same temperature and pressure as the solution In comparing with Henry's law, Raoult's law is for concentrated solutions (Hesketh-79, p145).
Humidity Ratio (HR) (Absolute Humidity or Specific Humidity) Humidity ratio (HR) (absolute humidity or specific humidity) is defined as HR = [water vapor mass (m,) in air-vapor mixture] 1 [air mass (ma) in air-vapor mixture] = [vapor molecular weight (M,) x vapor partial pressure (p,)] / [air molecular weight (MA x air partial pressure (pa)] = 0.622~ Jp, = 0.622 x RH x pg/pa, where: RH = relative humidity and p, = saturation vapor pressure. Example: Compute humidity ratio, air mass, and water vapor mass. Data: 2000 ft? air-water mixture at 14.696 psia, 90,F, has a relative humidity of 70%. Solution: From the Steam Tables (Wylen-73, p649), the saturation pressure for water vapor at 90 F is 0.6982 psia. The partial pressure of the water vapor in the mixture is then p, = RH x p, = 0.7(0.6982) = 0.489 psia. Since the total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures, the air partial pressure equals pa = P - pv = 14.696 - 0.489 = 14.207 psia. HR = 0.622pJpa = 0.622 x 0.489114.207 = 0.02135 Ibs of water vaporllb of dry air = 150.5 grains of water vaporllb of dry air. The result is often expressed as grains of water vapor per pound of dry air (where 1 Ib = 7000 grains). The value of 0.0215 Ibs of water vaporllb of dry air can also be obtained from a Psychrometric Chart (Wylen-73-p708) based on the parameters of dry-bulb temperature (90 F) and 70% relative humidity. Because the water vapor content of combustion air behaves like a heat sink during the combustion process, it can significantly affect the actual combustion temperature achieved. This example also shows that a Psychrometric Chart can be a very convenient tool to use in determining the water vapor content of ambient air. Air mass (ma) = (pa x V)/(R, x T) = (14.21 x 144 x 2000)/(53.33 x 550) = 139.6 Ibs. Where: R, = air gas constant; and T absolute temperature. Water vapor mass (m,) = HR x ma = 0.02135 x 139.6 = 2.98 Ibs.
Standard Condition Examples of standard condition calculations are shown below: Example 1: For a British system, the standard conditions often used and their corresponding volumes at 1 pound-mole weight are as follows (EPA-84/09): Using the ideal gas equation, the equation, V2 = VI(PlT2/P2Tl),can be applied to this case. One atm, 32 F. Its corresponding volume can be obtained by using the ideal gas equation: PV = nRuT
One atm, 32 F. Its corresponding volume can be obtained by using the ideal gas equation: PV = nRuT One atm, 32 F. Its corresponding volume can be obtained by using the ideal gas equation: PV = nRuT V, = nRuT/P = 1 x 1545(60 + 460)/(14.6959 x 144) = 379
rt3 V70= 1 x 1545(70 + 460)/(14.6959 x 144) = 387 ft3
Example 2: For a metric system, at 0 C or 273 K and 1 atm, Vo = I(kg-mole) x 0.08206(atm-m3)/(kg-mole-K)(O+ 273)/l (atrn) = 22.4 m3
Time Weighted Average Example The time weighted average is the average value of a parameter (e.g., concentration of a chemical in air) that varies over time (Course 165.6). The average value can be expressed as TWA = sum[(Ci x Ti)]/sum(Ti), where: i = l,2,3 .....; C = concentration; and T = time of exposure. Example: Calculation of TWA Data: Concentration m , Ex osure time (hours)
2.5
Example 3: For idea gas equation applications, the ideal gas equation can be used to calculate a gas volume at any conditions. Assuming that at a constant pressure, the ideal gas equation can be expressed as: Mole basis calculation V2 = Vl (n2)T2/[(nl)Tl], nl = 1 for standard condition V2 = Vl (n2)T2/T1 Mass basis calculation PV = nRuT = lxRuT for standard condition = 28.9RT, where R = RUM,M = air molecular weight V2 = Vl(m2)T2/(28.9Tl) Where: 1 and 2 refer to standard and actual temperature conditions respectively; n = moles, m = mass; V = volume; P = pressure; and T = temperature. Example 4: In emission analysis, standard conditions use 29.92 in. W.C. (inch water column, [760 millimeters of mercury]) and 68 F (20 C). A cubic foot measured at this pressure and temperature is known as a standard cubic foot. When a stack test is performed to check the level of emissions from an incinerator, both temperature and pressure are measured during the test in addition to the pollutant of interest. The test results are then converted to standard conditions (grainldry standard cubic foot) using the temperature and pressure measured. In this way, all test results of all sources including incinerators can be compared on the same basis, i.e., all results are reduced to standard conditions (EPA-83/06). Example 5: A volume of 20 m3 was drawn from a spirometer at 20 C and 700 mm Hg. What was the standard volume drawn (EPA83/06, p3-45)? Solution: Using the ideal gas equation, the equation, V2 = Vl(PITZ/P2TI), can be applied to this case. Where: V2 = volume at condition 2 (standard condition to be determined) V1= volume at condition 1 = 20 m3 PI = pressure at condition 1 = 700 mm Hg P2= pressure at condition 2 = 760 mm Hg TI = temperature at condition 1 = 20 C + 273 = 293 K T2= temperature at condition 2 = 25 C + 273 = 298 K VZ= (20 x 700 x 298)/(760 x 293) = 18.7 m3
Solution: TWA = [(I5 x 3 + 21 x 2.5 + 18 x 2.5)/(3 + 2.5 + 2.5)] = 17.8 PPm
VOST (Volatile Organic Sampling Train) Example: Determine whether VOST sample size is sufficient to measure 99.99% DRE for POHC, CC14 (carbon tetrachloride) (cf. calculation in destruction and removal efficiency) (EPA89/06, p6). Data: Waste feed rate: 15.2 kg/min (2000 lbhr). POHC feed concentration: 500 ppm (500 ppm = 500kg/106kg = 0.5gkg-feed). Stack gas flow rate: 4500 scfm (127.4 m3/min). (1 m3 = 35.31 @) Lower detection limit: 2 ng (I O-gg = 10 E-09g) per trap. VOST: 3 trap pairs (measured at different time), 500 mumin (.5 Ltmin) flow rate per pair, 20 L sampldpair Solution: POHC input rate, Wi = waste feed rate x POHC concentration, Wi = 15.2(kg/min) x O.S(g/kg) = 7.6 g/min. POHC stack output rate at 99.99% DRE, Wo = Wi(1DREIIOO), Wo = 7.6(1-0.9999) = 0.00076 g/min. POHC concentration (PC) in stack gas at 99.99% DRE = Wo/(stack gas flow rate) = 0.000761127.4 = 0.0000060 dm3. (stack gas flow rate is a given condition). 0.0000060 g/m3 x (10 E+09 ng/g) x (10 E-03 m3/L) = 6.0 ngn. (1 g = (10 E+O9)x(lO E-09)g = (10 E+09)ng) (1 L = 1000 cc = 10 E+03 cm3 [m3/(10 E+06 an3)] = 10 E-03 m3}. Sample amount collected on one pair of traps = 20(L) x 6.0(ng/L) = 120 ng. Conclusion: Since the VOST lower detection limit for CC14is 2 ng, the sample is sufficient to detect CC14 to determine a DRE of 99.99% or lower. A margin of safety above the detection limit is desirable. This calculation assumes both traps in a pair are combined for analysis. If they are analyzed separately, the distribution of mass on each trap must be considered.
Appendix B: Special Environmental Definitions Air Pollutant Type.................... ;....................................................................................................................................... 877 Air Pollution Control Equipment ......................................................................................................................................877 Baseline Gasoline ...........................................................................................................................................................877 878 California List Waste (52 Federal Register 25760. July 8. 1987) .................................................................................... Cascade Impactor...........................................................................................................................................................878 Combustion Equivalence Ratio or Equivalence Ratio (ER).............................................................................................878 878 Complete Incineration..................................................................................................................................................... Continuous Emission Monitor (CEM) ..............................................................................................................................879 Data Qualifiers ................................................................................................................................................................879 Dispersion Model ............................................................................................................................................................ 880 880 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by an Alkali Process..................................................................................................... Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Lime Scrubbing Process ......................................................................................881 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Limestone Scrubbing Process.............................................................................. 882 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Magnesium Oxide Process .................................................................................. 882 Flue Gas Desulfurization(FGD) by a Sodium-Based Once-Through Scrubbing ............................................................ 882 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Spray Dryer with a Baghouse or ESP .................................................................. 883 Flue Gas Desulfurization(FGD) by a Wellman-Lord Process......................................................................................... 884 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) System Comparison..................................................................................................... 884 Force............................................................................................................................................................................... 885 Gas Chromatography (GC>Compound Separator..........................................................................................................885 Ideal Gas Law ................................................................................................................................................................. 885 Incinerator Operating Temperature................................................................................................................................. 886 InternationalOrganization for Standardization(ISO) ...................................................................................................... 886 IS0 9000......................................................................................................................................................................... 886 IS0 14000....................................................................................................................................................................... 887 IS0 Acronym ..................................................................................................................................................................887 Measurement System Performance Specification..........................................................................................................888 Method (Analytical) Qualifiers .........................................................................................................................................888 Mixture Property.............................................................................................................................................................. 888 Nitrogen Oxide Emission Control....................................................................................................................................888 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System (OHSAS) ....................................................................................888 Pressure .........................................................................................................................................................................889 Property of Gas Mixture ..................................................................................................................................................889 Property of Ideal Gas Mixture ......................................................................................................................................... 889 Reference Method (or Reference Sampling and Analytical Method) .............................................................................. 891 Relative humidity............................................................................................................................................................. 895 Shell UOP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 895 Sulfur Oxide Emission Control ........................................................................................................................................895 Treatment Technology .................................................................................................................................................... 896 Uncertainty...................................................................................................................................................................... 897 Viscosity.......................................................................................................................................................................... 897 Waste Paper Type .......................................................................................................................................................... 897
Air Pollutant Type Typical air pollutants (grouped into four classes), their sources, and their potential health effects are shown below (AP-40): 1. Organic gases which include: 1.1. ~araffins"~.~ from the source of processing and transfer of petroleum products; use of solvents; motor vehicles, etc. 1.2. ~ l e f i n s " ~from , ~ , ~the source of processing and transfer of gasoline; motor vehicles, etc. 1.3. Aromaticsab3c7d: The source is the same as for paraffins 1.4. Others: 1.4.1. Oxygenated hydrocarbonsb7csd(aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids) from the use of solvents & motor vehicles 1A.2. Halogenated hydrocarbonsb'c~d (carbon tetrachloride, perchlororethylene, etc.) from the use of solvents 2. Inorganic gases which include: 2.1. Oxides of (nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide) from the combustion of fuels; motor vehicles, etc. 2.2. Oxides of sulfUrab%4e (sulfur dioxide, sulfur tioxide) from the combustion of fuels; chemical industry, etc. 2.3. Carbon monoxide5 from the use of motor vehicles; petroleum; metals industry; etc. 3. Aerosols (particulate matter) which include: 3.1. Solid particles4e (carbon or soot) from the source of combustion of fuels; motor vehicles, etc. 3.2. Metal oxides & saltsd from the source of catalyst dusts from refineries; motor vehicle; combustion of fuel oil, etc. 3.3. Silicates and mineral dustsdfrom the source of minerals industry; construction 3.4. Metallic fumesdfrom the source of metals industry 4. Liquid particles which include: 4.1. Acid dropsd from the source of combustion of fuels; plating; battery manufacture 4.2. Oily or tarry dropletsdfrom the source of motor vehicles; asphalt paving and roofing; asphalt saturators; petroleum refining 4.3. Paints and surface coatingsf from the source of various industries Where: a: Plant damage; b: Eye irritation; ': Oxidant formation d: Visibility reduction; e: Danger to other health; and f: Other
Air Pollution Control Equipment APCE means any equipment or facility of a type intended to eliminate, prevent, reduce, or control the emission of specified air contaminants to the atmosphere (40CFR52.741-91). Types of APCE include: 1. Particulate matter control
2.
3.
1.1. Inertial separator such as cyclone separator 1.2. Wet collection device 1.2.1. Spray chamber 1.2.2. Cyclone type scrubber 1.2.3. Orifice type scrubber 1.2.4. Mechanical scrubber 1.2.5. Mechanical, centrifugal collector with water spray 1.2.6. High pressure spray 1.2.7. Venturi scrubber 1.2.8. Packed tower 1.2.9. Wet filter 1.3. Baghouse (fabric filter) 1.4. Electrostatic precipitator Organic vapor control 2.1. Afterburner 2.1.1. Direct-fire afterburner 2.1.2. Catalytic afterburner 2.2. Boiler used as an afterburner 2.3. Adsorption equipment 2.4. Vapor condenser 2.5. Absorption equipment 2.5.1. Packed tower 2.5.2. Plate or tray tower 2.5.3. Spray tower and spray chamber 2.5.4. Venturi absorber (AP-40) Acid gas control 3.1. Sulfur dioxide control 3.2. Nitrogen oxide control
Baseline Gasoline 1. Summertime-The term baseline gasoline means in the case of gasoline sold during the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator) a gasoline which meets the following specifications (BASELINE GASOLINE FUEL PROPERTIES): 1.1. API Gravity 57.4 1.2. Sulfur, ppm 339 1.53 1.3. Benzene, % 1.4. RW, psi 8.7 1.5. Octane, R+M/2 87.3 91 1.6. IBP, F 1.7. lo%, F 128 218 1.8. 50%, F 1.9. 90%, F 330 1.10. EndPoint,F 415 32.0 1.11. Aromatics, % 1.12. Olefins, % 9.2 58.8 1.13. Saturates, % Wintertime-The administrator shall establish the specifications of baseline gasoline for gasoline sold at times other than the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator). Such specifications shall be the specifications of 1990 industry average gasoline sold during such period (CAA211.k-42USC7545-91).
California List Waste (52 Federal Register 25760, July 8,1987) 1. Liquid hazardous wastes: Including free liquid associated with any solid or sludge, containing free cyanides at concentrationsgreater than or equal to 1,000 mg/L. 2. Liquid hazardous wastes: Including free liquid associated with any solid or sludge, containing the following metals (or elements) or compounds of these metals (or elements) at concentrations greater than or equal to those specified below: 2.1. Arsenic and/or compounds (as As) 500 mg/L; 2.2. Cadmium and/or compounds (as Cd) 100 mgL; 2.3. Chromium (VI and/or compounds (as Cr VI) 500 mg/L; 2.4. Lead and/or compounds (as Pb) 500 m a ; 2.5. Mercury and/or compounds (as Hg) 20 mg/L; 2.6. Nickel and/or compounds (as Ni) 134 mg/L; 2.7. Selenium and/or compounds (as Se) 100 mg/L; and 2.8. Thallium and/or compounds (as Th) 130 mg/L. 3. Liquid waste having a pH less than or equal to two (2.0). 4. Liquid hazardous wastes containing polychlorinated biphenyls at concentrations greater than or equal to 50 ppm. 5. Hazardous wastes containing halogenated organic compounds in total concentration greater than or equal to 1,000 mgikg.
Cascade Impactor An impactor is a sampling device that employs the principle of impaction (impingement) to collect successively smaller sizes of particles. It is commonly used to determine the particle size distribution of exhaust streams from industrial sources. It can be directly attached to an EPA Method 5 sampling train and easily inserted into the stack of an industrial source (see particle size measurement device for more related terms) (Course 413, p4-8; EPA-84/09). Typical impactors consist of a series of stacked stages and collection surfaces. Depending on the calibration requirements, each stage contains from one to as many as 400 precisely drilled jet orifices, identical in diameter in each stage but decreasing in diameter in each succeeding stage. Adhesive, electrostatic, and van der Wads forces hold the particles to each other and to the collection surfaces. Moreover the particles are not blown off the collecting plate by the jets of air because the jets follow laminar flow paths so at no turbulent areas exist. This results in complete dead air spaces over and around the samples. Particles are collected on preweighed individual stages, usually filters made of glass fiber or thin metal foil. Once the sample is complete, the collection filters are weighed again, yielding particle size distribution data for the various collection stages. Occasionally there are some dusts that are very difficult to collect, and require grease on the collection filter for adequate particle capture. Once the particles have been fractionated into discrete ranges, a chemical analysis can be performed on the collected particles. The effective range for measuring the aerodynamic diameter is generally between 0.3 and 20 pm. Some vendors have claimed size fractionation as small as 0.02 pm with the use of 20 or more
stages. An impactor is one of the most useful devices for determining particle size. This is because of the impactor's compact arrangement, mechanical stability, and its ability to draw a sample directly from a stack. In addition, the impactor measures the aerodynamic diameter of particles, which describes the movement of the particles in a gas stream. Particle movement information is extremely useful in designing air pollution control equipment, especially mechanical collectors which depend on aerodynamic drag forces for particle collection.
Combustion Equivalence Ratio or Equivalence Ratio (ER) The actual fuel-air ratio divided by the stoichiometric (theoretical) fuel-air ratio. The actual fuel-air ratio is that air which is supplied to a combustion system that is more or less than that of the amount required for theoretical combustion. This is a measure of whether the combustion is fuel rich or fuel lean combustion (ER>l is fuel rich while ER
I Stoichiometric ER=1 Lean ER 1
Complete Incineration The ultimate goal of the incineration of waste is to convert the waste materials into harmless combustion products so that they can be safely emitted to the environment. When a waste is completely incinerated, the elements in the waste are generally assumed to follow the following reaction patterns: 1. Hydrogen, H H20 2. Carbon, C C02 3. Chloride, C1 HCI or C12 4. Fluoride, F HF or F2
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
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Sulfur, S SO2 Nitrogen, N N2 Alkali metals Carbonate Sodium, Na Na2C03 Potassium K KOH Non-alkali metals Oxides Copper, Cu c u o Iron, Fe FqO However, complete incineration is solely a theoretical concept. In actual practice, partially oxidized products of incomplete combustion (PICs) are formed. These PICs may include carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and a whole myriad of other organics. It is always possible to over design an incinerator or to use extra fuel for higher flame temperatures to ensure sufficiently complete combustion. However, either of these corrective measures increase the cost of incineration (see incineration for more related terms).
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Continuous Emission Monitor (CEM) Types of CEM include: 1. Continuous inorganic emission monitor 1.1. Electroanalytical method 1.1.1. Electrocatalytic oxygen analyzer (EPA-81/09) 1.1.2. Polarographic analyzer (EPA-81/09; 84103a) 1.2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyzer (FTSIR) (EPA-84103a) 1.3. Gas filter correlation analyzer (EPA-84103a) 1.4. Infrared spectrophotometer (Course 165.5) 1.5. Luminescence analyzer 1.5.1. Chemiluminescence analyzer (EPA-84103a) 1.5.2. Fluorescenceanalyzer (EPA-84103a) 1.5.3. Photoluminescence (flame photometric) (EPA84103a) 1.6. Nondispersion infrared (NDIR) (EPA-8 1/09) 1.7. Nondispersion ultraviolet (NDUV) (EPA-81/09) 1.8. Paramagnetic oxygen analyzer (EPA-8 1/09) 1.8.1. Magnetic wind instrument (EPA-84103a) 1.8.2. Magneto-dynamic instrument (EPA-84103a) 1.8.3. Magneto-pneumatic instrument (EPA-84103a) 1.9. Second derivative absorption analyzer (EPA-84103a) 2. Continuous organic emission monitor: 2.1. Gas chromatography (a)--compound separator (EPA84103a) 2.2. GCIcompound detector or compound separatorlcompound detector 2.2.1. GCIAFID (gas chromatographylalkali flame ionization detector) (EPA-84103a) 2.2.2. GCIDD (gas chromatographyldual detector) (EPA-84103a) 2.2.3. GCtECD (gas chromatography/electrolytic conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) 2.2.4. GCIECD (gas chromatography/electron capture detector) (EPA-84103a)
2.2.5. GCIFID (gas chromatographylflame ionization detector) (Course 165.5) 2.2.6. GCMECD (gas chromatographyhall electrolytic conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) 2.2.7. GCPID (gas chromatographylphotoionization detector) (Course 165.5) 2.2.8. GCITCD (gas chromatography/thermal conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) 2.2.9. GCITSD (gas chromatography/thermionic specific detector) (EPA-84/03a) 2.3. Hybrid chromatograph monitor (EPA-84103a) 2.3.1. GCDR (gas chromatographylinfrared absorption spectrometer) (EPA-84103a) 2.3.2. GCMS (gas chromatographylmass spectrometry) (EPA-84103a) 2.4. Radiation emission-absorption instrumentation 2.4.1. Infrared absorption (EPA-84103a) 2.4.2. Ultraviolet absorption (EPA-84103a)
Data Qualifiers Data qualifiers are symbols added as a suffix to analytical results used to flag data: 1. Organic Analysis: A-Indicates that a Tentatively Identified Compound (TIC) is a suspected aldol-condensation product. B-The analyte was found in the associated blank as well as in the sample. It indicates possiblelprobable blank contamination and warns the data user to take appropriate action. This flag must be used for a TIC as well as for a positively identified Target Compound List (TCL) compound. C-Applies to pesticide results where the identification has been confirmed by Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (GCMS). Single component pesticides 10 nglml in the final extract shall be confirmed by GCMS. D-Identifies all compounds identified in an analysis at a secondary dilution factor. If a sample or extract is reanalyzed at a higher dilution factor, as in the E flag below, the DL suffix is appended to the sample number on Form I for the diluted sample, and all concentration values reported on that Form I are flagged with the D flag. E-Identifies compounds whose concentrations exceed the calibration range of the GCMS instrument for that specific analysis. This flag will not apply to pesticidesPCBs analyzed by GCIEC methods. If one or more compounds have a response greater than full scale, the sample or extract must be diluted and reanalyzed. If the dilution of the extract causes any compounds identified in the first analysis to be below the calibration range in the second analysis, then the results of both analyses shall be reported.
2.
3.
J-Positive identification, but estimated concentration. This flag is used either when estimating a concentration for TIC where a 1: 1 response is assumed, or when the mass spectral data indicate the presence of a compound that meets the identification criteria but the result is less than the sample quantitation limit but greater than zero. N-Presumptive evidence of presence, TIC. NJ-Estimated concentration of a TIC. P-Used for a pesticide/aroclor target analyte when there is a greater than 25 percent difference for detected concentrations between the two GC columns. Q-No analytical result. R-Quality control indicates that sample results are rejected and data are not usable (compound may or may not be present). Resampling and reanalysis are necessary for verification. S-Estimated due to surrogate outliers. T-Compound present in the TCLP blank. U-Indicates compound was analyzed for but not detected. The sample quantitation limit must be corrected for dilution and for percent moisture. X-Other specific flags and footnotes may be required to properly define the results. If used, they must be fully described and such description attached. If more than one is required, Y and Z are used as needed. If more than five qualifiers are required for a sample result, the X flag can combine several flags. For instance, the X flag may combine the A, B, and D flags for some samples. Metals Analysis, flags differing from organic analysis: B-Indicates analyte result between the instrument detection limit and contract required detection limit. E-The reported value is estimated because of the presence of interference. An explanatory note must be included with the results. M-Duplicate injection precision not met. N-Spiked sample recovery not within control limits. S-The reported value was determined by the Method of Standard Additions. W-Postdigestion spike for Furnace Atomic Absorption analysis is out of control limits (85-1 15%), while sample absorbance is less than 50% of spike absorbance. * Duplicate analysis not within control limits. + Correlation coefficients for the Method of Standard Addition is less than 0.995. Method (Analytical) Qualifier: 3.1. A-Flame Atomic Absorption (AA). 3.2. AS-Semiautomated Spectrophotometric. 3.3. AVlAutomated Cold Vapor AA. 3.4. C-Manual Spectrophotometric. 3.5. CV-Manual Cold Vapor AA. 3.6. F-Furnace AA. 3.7. NC-Not calculated as per protocols. 3.8. NR-The analyte is not required to be analyzed. 3.9. P-ICP.
Dispersion Model A dispersion model is a mathematical representation of the transport and turbulent diffusion processes that occur in the atmosphere. Generally, such a model relates pollutant concentrations for specific receptors and averaging times to emissions from pollutant sources. This relationship is a function of meteorological conditions and the spatial relationship between sources and receptors. Thus the input data requirements for a dispersion model include metwrological data, source data, and receptor information. Based on the EPA "Guideline on Air Quality Models, EPA450-2-78-027, 86/07," the following are EPA recommended dispersion models (EPA-89/08). Terrain Flat or Rollin Complex complex Complex
UrbanRural Urban or
1 Urban
1 urban Rural
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1
Annual or Hour1 Annual ~our~y Annual or Hourly
I
I
Selected ISCLT ISCST LONGZ SHORTZ COMPLEX
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD). by- an Alkali Process Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by an alkali process is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Dual-, or double-, alkali scrubbing is a nonregenerable or throwaway FGD process that uses a sodium based alkali solution to remove SO2from combustion exhaust gas. The sodium alkali solution absorbs SO2, and the spent absorbing liquor is regenerated with lime or limestone. Calcium sulfites and sulfates are precipitated and discarded as sludge. The regenerated sodium scrubbing solution is returned to the absorber loop. The dual-alkali process has reduced plugging and scaling problems in the absorber because sodium scrubbing compounds are very soluble. Dual-alkali systems are capable of 95 percent SO2 reduction. Particulate matter is removed prior to SO2 scrubbing by an electrostatic precipitator or a venturi scrubber. This is done to prevent fly ash erosion of the absorber internals and to prevent any appreciable oxidation of the sodium solution in the absorber due to catalytic elements in the fly ash (EPA-84/03b, p8-15). Although the doublealkali process regenerates the scrubbing reagent, it is classified as throwaway since it does not produce a salable product and generates solids that must be disposed of in a landfill (EPA-84/03b, p8-6). 1. Process chemistry: The sodium alkali solution is usually a mixture of three components: 1.1 Sodium carbonate (Na2C03),also called soda ash; 1.2 Sodium sulfite (Na2S03);and 1.3 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also called caustic. A
The SO2 reacts with the alkaline components to primarily form two salts: (a) sodium sulfite (Na2S03);and (b) sodium bisulfite (NaHS03)as indicated in the following main absorption reactions: 2NaOH + SO2 Na2S03+ H20 NaOH + SO2 NaHS03 Na2C03 + 2S02 + H20 t+ 2NaHS03 + C02, where t means reversible reactions Na2C03+ SO2 2NaS03 + C02 Na2S03+ SO2+ H20 2NaHS03 In addition to the above reactions, some of the SO3 present may react with alkaline components to produce sodium sulfate. For example: 2NaOH + SO3 Na2S04+ H20 Throughout the system, some sodium sulfite is oxidized to sulfate by: 2Na2S03+ O2 2Na2S04 After reaction in the absorber, spent scrubbing liquor is bled to a reactor t h k for regeneration. Sodium bisulfite and sodium sulfate are inactive salts and do not absorb any SO2. Actually, it is the hydroxide ion (OH), sulfite ion (SO3)- and carbonate ion (C03)- that absorb SO2 gas. Sodium bisulfite and sodium sulfate are reacted with lime or limestone to produce a calcium sludge and a regenerated sodium solution (EPA-84/03b, p8-16). 2NaHS03 + Ca(OH)2 Na2S03 + CaS03(1/2H20) + 3/2H20 Na2S03 + Ca(OH)2 + 1/2H20 CaSO3(112H20) + 2NaOH Na2S04+ Ca(OH)2 2NaOH + CaS04 Where Ca(OH)2is lime; CaS03(1/2H20)is sludge Process description: The dual-alkali process uses two loops: (2.1) absorption; and (2.2) regeneration. 2.1 Absorption loop: In the absorption loop, the sodium solution contacts the flue gas in the absorber to remove SO2. 2.2 Regeneration loop: The products (Na2S03and Na2S04) from the absorption loop are mixed with lime slurry to produce a calcium sludge and a regenerated sodium solution (NaOH). In this example, the regenerated sodium solution is the mixture of (a) sodium sulfite (Na2S03);and (b) sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The third component of the sodium solution, sodium carbonate (Na2C03)(also called soda ash), is not regenerated and therefore new soda ash is needed for the system (EPA84/03b, p8-16).
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Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Lime Scrubbing Process Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by lime scrubbing process is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Lime scrubbing uses an alkaline slurry made by adding lime (CaO), usually 90 percent pure, to water. The alkaline slurry is sprayed in the absorber and reacts with the SO2 in the flue gas. Insoluble calcium sulfite
(CaS03) and calcium sulfate (CaS04) salts are formed in the chemical reaction that occurs in the scrubber and are removed as sludge. The sludge produced can be stabilized to produce an inert landfill material or can be stored in sludge ponds. See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. 1. Process chemistry: A number of reactions take place in the absorber. Before the calcium can react with the SO2, both must be broken down into their respective ions. 1.1. SO2dissociation: SO2 is absorbed in the water and form sulfite (SO3)-and sulfate (SO4)- ions. S 0 2 ( , ~ , + s02,qu,, SO2+ H20 H2SO3or SO2 + H20 + 112 O2 H2S04, if there is excess oxygen. H2S03 2H+ + (SO3)--or H2S04 2H+ + (SO4)1.2. Lime (CaO) dissolution: Lime is slaked with water to produce a calcium slurry of CaO and H20 or calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. The calcium hydroxidelwater mixture is a solution containing calcium ions (Ca)* and hydroxide ions (OH)-. caq,, + H2O + Ca(OH)z,,u,w, Ca(OH)2 Ca* + 2(OH)1.3. Overall reactions: Now that the SO2and lime are broken into their ions, namely, (SO3)- and Ca*. Calcium ions combine with sulfate and sulfite ions to produce a calcium sulfate and calcium sulfate sludge. The basic reactions occurring are: Ca* + (SO3)- + 2 ~ ++ 2(OH)CaS03(,,lia)+ 2H20or Ca(OH)2 + H2(SO3) Ca(S03)+ 2H20 Ca* + (SO4)--+ 2H+ + 2(OH)CaS04(,nd) + 2H20or Ca(OH)2+ H2(S04) Ca(S04)+ 2H20 From the above relationships and assuming that the lime is 90 percent pure, it will take 1.1 moles of lime to remove 1 mole of SO2gas (EPA-84/03b, p8-6). 2. Process equipment: The equipment necessary for SO2 emission reduction comes under four operations: 2.1. Scrubbing or absorption: Accomplished with scrubbers, holding tanks, liquid-spray nozzles, and circulation pumps. 2.2. Lime handling and slurry preparation: Accomplished with lime unloading and storage equipment, lime processing, and slurry preparation equipment. 2.3. Sludge processing: Accomplished with sludge clarifiers for dewatering, sludge pumps and handling equipment, and sludge solidifying equipment. 2.4. Flue gas handling: Accomplished with inlet and outlet ductwork, dampers, fans, and stack gas reheaters (EPA84/03b, p8-7). 3. Process description: A typical schematic lime FGD system is as follows: 3.1. Flue gas from the boiler first passes through a particulate emission removal device (such as a variable throat venturi scrubber [EPA-81/12, p8-81) then into the
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absorber (such as a fixed-throat venturi scrubber [EPA81/12, p8-81) where the SO2 is removed. The gas then passes through the entrainment separator to a reheater and is finally exhausted out of the stack. Individual FGD systems vary considerably, depending on the FGD vendor and the plant layout. ESPs or scrubbers can be used for particle removal with the various absorbers used for SO2removal. 3.2. A slurry of spent scrubbing liquid and sludge from the absorber then goes to a recirculation tank. From this tank, a fixed amount of the slurry is bled off to process the sludge, and, at the same time, an equal amount of fresh lime is added to the recirculation tank. Sludge is sent to a clarifier, where a large portion of water is removed from the sludge and sent to a holding tank. Makeup water is added to the process-water holding tank, and this liquid is returned to the recirculation tank. The partially dewatered sludge from the clarifier is sent to a vacuum filter, where most of the water is removed (and sent to the process-water holding tank) and the sludge is sent to a settling pond (EPA-84/03b, p8-7).
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Limestone Scrubbing Process Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by limestone scrubbing process is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Limestone scrubbers are very similar to lime scrubbers. Limestone scrubbing uses an alkaline slurry from limestone (CaC03) in an absorber to react with SO2 in the flue gas. Calcium sulfite (CaS03) and calcium sulfate (CaS04) salts are formed in the reaction and are removed as sludge. Two major equipment differences between lime and limestone scrubbing are: Their uses of feed preparation equipment; and Their higher liquid-to-gas ratios (since limestone is less reactive than lime). Even with these differences, the processes are so similar that an FGD system can be set up to use either lime or limestone in the scrubbing liquid (EPA-81/12, p8-11). Process chemistry: Limestone scrubbing's process chemistry is also very similar to lime scrubbing's. Limestone (CaC03) is slaked with water to form aqueous (CaC03) and is sprayed in the absorber. Sulfite and sulfate ions are produced as SO2gas contacts the water. These ions combine with calcium ions to produce calcium sulfite and calcium sulfate sludge. The basic reactions are (EPA-81/12, p8-11): SO2+ CaC03+ H20 + 0 2 CaS03+ H20+ C02+ O2 SO2+ CaC03+ H20+ 112 0 2 CaS04 + H20+ C02 The only difference is in the dissolution reaction that generates the calcium ion. When limestone is mixed with water, the following reaction occurs (EPA-84/03b, p8-11): CaC03(,lid) + H20 Caw + (HC03)-+ OH-. Process description: The equipment necessary for SO2 absorption is the same as that for lime scrubbing, except in
the sluny preparation. The limestone feed (rock) is reduced in size by crushing it in a ball mill. Limestone is sent to a size classifier. Pieces larger than 200 mesh are sent back to the ball mill for recrushing. Limestone is mixed with water in a slurry supply tank. Limestone is generally a little cheaper than lime, making it more popular for use in large FGD systems (EPA-81/12, p8-11).
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Magnesium Oxide Process Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by magnesium oxide process is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Magnesium oxide scrubbing is a regenerable FGD process used to remove SO2 from combustion exhaust gas. Magnesium oxide (MgO) slurry absorbs SO2 and forms magnesium sulfite. Magnesium sulfite solids are separated by centrifugation and dried to remove moisture. The mixture is calcined to regenerate magnesium oxide and produce concentrated SO2 gas for production of sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur (EPA-81/12, p8-2 1). Particulate matter is removed from boiler exhaust by a precipitator or wet scrubber prior to entering the absorber. Magnesium oxide slurry is sprayed and absorbs SO2 according to the following simplified reactions: Mg(OH)2 + 5H20+ SO2 MgSO36Hz0 MgS03(6H20)+ SO2 Mg(HS03)2+ 5H20 Mg(HS03), + MgO 2MgS03 + H20 2MgS03 + 0 2 + 7H20 2MgS047H20 The aqueous slurry used for scrubbing contains the hydrated crystals of MgO, MgS03, and MgS04. A continuous side stream of this recycled slurry is sent to a centrifuge where partial dewatering produces a moist cake. The liquor removed from the crystals is returned to the main slurry stream. The moist cake is dried at 350 to 450 F in a direct contact or rotary bed drya. The dried cake is then sent to a calciner where coke is burned at very high temperatures (1250 to 1340 F) to regenerate magnesium oxide crystals according to the following reactions: 1. Cake dryer MgS03 6H20 MgS03 + 6H20(vapor) MgS04 7H20 MgS04 + 7H20(vapor) 2. MgO regeneration in calciner MgS03 MgO + SO2(concentrated gas) C + 1/202 CO (gas) CO + MgS04 C02+ MgO + SO2(concentrated gas)
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Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Sodium-Based OnceThrough Scrubbing Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by sodium-based once-through scrubbing is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Sodium-based throwaway (once-through) scrubbing systems are the overwhelming choice for FGD systems installed on industrial
boilers. These systems use a clear liquid absorbent of either sodium carbonate (Na2C03), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHS03). Sodium-based systems are favored for treating flue gas from industrial boilers because: Sodium alkali is the most efficient of the commercial reagents in removing SO2 and the chemistry is relatively simple. They are soluble systems, as opposed to sluny systems, making for scalsfiee operation and fewer components. Such systems can handle the wider variations in flue-gas composition resulting from the burning of many different fuels by industry. The systems are often smaller, and operating costs are a small percentage of total plant costs. In some cases, these plants have a waste caustic stream or soda ash available for use as the absorbent. These systems have been applied to only a few large utility boilers because: The process consumes a premium chemical (NaOH or Na2C03) that is much more costly per pound than calcium-based reagents. The liquid wastes contain highly soluble sodium salt compounds. Therefore, the huge quantities of liquid wastes generated by large utilities would have to be sent to ponds to allow the water to evaporate. 1. Process chemistry: The process chemistry is very similar to that of the double-alkali process, except the absorbent is not regenerated. 2. Process description: Exhaust gas from the boiler may first pass through an ESP or baghouse to remove particulate matter. Sodium chemicals are mixed with water and sprayed into the absorber. The solution reacts with the SO2 in the flue gas to form sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, and a very small amount of sodium sulfate. A bleed stream is taken from the scrubbing liquor recirculation stream at a rate equal to the amount of SO2 that is being absorbed. The bleed stream is sent to a neutralization tank and aeration tower before being sent to a lined disposal pond. Some coal-fired units use ESPs or baghouses to remove fly ash before the gas enters the scrubber. In these cases, the absorber can be a plate tower or spray tower that provides good scrubbing efficiency at low pressure drops. For simultaneous SO2 and fly ash removal, venturi scrubbers can be used. In fact, many of the industrial sodium-based throwaway systems are venturi scrubbers originally designed to remove particulate matter. These units were slightly modified to inject a sodium-based scrubbing liquor. Although removal of both particles and SO2 in one vessel can be economically attractive, the problems of high pressure drops and using a scrubbing medium to remove fly ash must be considered. However, in cases where the particle concentration is low, such as from oil-fired units, simultaneous particulate and SO2 emission reduction can be effective (EPA-84/03b, p8-20).
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Spray Dryer with a Baghouse or ESP Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by spray dryer with a baghouse or ESP is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). In a FGD spray process, alkaline is injected into a spray dryer with dry particle collection in a baghouse or ESP. Spray dryers have been used in the chemical, food processing, and mineral preparation industries over the past 40 years. Spray dryers are vessels where hot flue gases are contacted with a finely atomized wet alkaline spray. The high temperatures of the flue gas, 250 to 400 F, evaporate the moisture from the wet alkaline sprays, leaving a dry powdered product. The dry product is collected in a baghouse or ESP. Flue gas enters the top of the spray dryer and is swirled by a fixed vane ring to cause intimate contact with the slurry spray. The slurry is atomized into extremely fine droplets by rotary atomizers. The turbulent mixing of the flue gas with the fine droplets results in rapid SO2 absorption and evaporation of the moisture. A small portion of the hot flue gas is added to the spray-dryer-discharge duct to maintain the temperature of the gas above the dew point. Reheat prevents condensation and corrosion in the duct. Reheat also prevents bags in the baghouse from becoming plugged or caked with moist particles. Sodium carbonate solutions and lime slurries are the most common absorbents used. A sodium carbonate solution will generally achieve a higher level of SO2removal than lime slumes. When sodium carbonate is used, SO2 removal efficiencies are approximately 75 to 90 percent, lime removal efficiencies are 70 to 85 percent. However, vendors of dry scrubbing systems claim that their units are capable of achieving 90 percent SO2reduction using a lime slurry in a spray dryer. Lime is very popular for two reasons: 1. Lime is less expensive than sodium carbonate. 2. Sodium carbonate and SO2 form sodium sulfite and sodium sulfate which are very soluble causing leaching problems when landfilled. Some of the evaporated alkaline spray will fall into the bottom of the spray dryer and be recycled. The majority of the spray reacts with SO2 in the flue gas to form powdered sulfates and sulfites. The particles, along with fly ash in the flue gas, are then collected in a baghouse or electrostatic precipitator. Baghouses have an advantage because unreacted alkaline material collected on the bags can react with any remaining SO2 in the flue gas. Some process developers have reported SO2removal on bag surfaces on the order of 10 percent. However, since bags are sensitive to wetting, a 35 to 50 F margin above the saturation temperature of the flue gas must be maintained. ESPs have the advantage of not being as sensitive to moisture as baghouses. However, SO2 removal is not quite as efficient using ESPs. The major differences between wet absorption SO2 scrubbers and spray dryer systems is in the scrubbing method and the amount of moisture during the scrubbing action. In a wet scrubber, flue gas is saturated with liquid sprays (usually alkaline). SO2 is absorbed by the water and also reacts with the chemical. Absorption increases as temperature decreases. Flue gas is cooled
and saturated with the scrubbing liquid to remove SO2. At optimum operating temperatures efficiency is usually > 90 percent. In a spray dryer, finely atomized alkaline droplets are contacted with flue gas which is at air preheater outlet temperatures (250 to 400 F). The flue gas is humidified to within 50 F of its saturation temperature by the moisture evaporating from the alkaline slurry. Reaction of the SO2 with the alkaline material proceeds both during and following the drying process, although to what degree is not completely understood. Since the flue gas temperature and humidity are set by air preheater outlet conditions, the amount of moisture that can be evaporated into the flue gas is also set. This means that the amount of alkaline slurry that can be evaporated in the dryer is limited by flue gas conditions. Alkaline slurry sprayed into the dryer must be carefully controlled to avoid moisture in the flue gas from condensing in the ducting, particulate emission control equipment, or the stack. SO2removal efficiencies are generally < 85 percent. The major problems with dry injection systems are the low sodium utilization in the process and the disposal of leachable sodium sulfur compounds. U.S. EPA reports that only 40 to 60 percent of the dry alkaline injected material is used at high SO2 removal conditions (EPA-81/12, p8-24).
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Wellman-Lord Process Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by Wellman-Lord process is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). The Wellman-Lord process is a regenerable FGD process used to reduce SO2 emissions from utility and industrial boilers and produces a usable or salable product. This process is sometimes referred to as the WellmanLordfAllied Chemical process, Allied Chemical is refening to the regeneration step. 1. Process chemistry: In the Wellman-Lord process, the SO2 is absorbed by an aqueous sodium sulfite solution which forms a sodium bisulfite solution according to the following equation: SO2+ Na2S03+ H20 2Na2HS03 Some oxidation occurs in the absorber to form sodium sulfate, which is unreactive with SO2gas. Na2S03+ 1/202 Na2S04 The formation of sodium sulfate depletes the supply of sodium sulfite available for scrubbing. This can be made up by adding sodium carbonate to the scrubbing slurry to combine with sodium bisulfite according to the following chemical reaction: Na2C03+ 2NaHS03 -3 2Na2S03+ C02 + H20. The absorbent is then regenerated by evaporating the water from the bisulfite solution. 2NaHS03 Na2S03+ H20+ SO2(concentrated gas) The concentrated SO2 produced in the regeneration step is then sent to the Allied process for conversion to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid (EPA-84/03b, p8-26). 2. Process description: The process equipment includes an electrostatic precipitator for removing particulate matter; a
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venturi scrubber for cooling flue gas and removing SO3 and chlorides; an SO2 absorber; an evaporator-crystallizer for regenerating the absorbent; and the Allied Chemical process for reducing concentrated SO2 gas into elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. The absorber is a plate tower. SO2 gas is scrubbed with a sodium sulfite solution at each plate. A mist eliminator removes entrained liquid droplets from gas exiting the absorber. There is a direct-fired natural gas reheating system in the absorber stack to reheat cleaned gas for good dispersion of the steam plume. The solution (sodium bisulfite), collected at the bottom of the absorber, overflows into an absorber surge tank. This solution is pumped through a filter to remove any collected particulate matter. A small side-stream is sent to a purge treatment system where sodium sulfate is removed. The solution is then pumped to the evaporator for regeneration of the sodium sulfite solution. The evaporator is a forced-circulation vacuum evaporator. Solution is recirculated in the evaporator, where low-pressure steam evaporates water from the sodium bisulfite solution. When sufficient water is removed, sodium sulfite crystals form and precipitate. Concentrated so, gas (95% by volume) is removed by the steam. The sodium sulfite crystals form a slurry that is withdrawn continuously and sent to a dissolving tank, where condensate from the evaporator is used to dissolve the sodium sulfite crystals into a solution. This solution is pumped back into the top stage of the absorber. The water vapor is removed from the evaporator s overhead S02/H20 vapors by water-cooled condensers. The SO2 is compressed by a liquid-ring compressor and sent to the Allied Chemical SO2 reduction plant (EPA-84/03b, p8-27).
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) System Comparison Comparisons between dry and wet FGD systems can be made in four major areas: 1. Waste disposal: Lime, limestone, doublealkali, and dry FGD systems produce a sludge that must be disposed of properly. New installations must meet all solid waste regulations including stringent RCRA regulations. The regenerable FGD processes, including Wellman-Lord, magnesium oxide, and citrate, generate a usable product (sulfur or sulfuric acid) that has a commercial value. The dry FGD systems produce a dry waste product that can be discarded using conventional fly ash removal systems instead of sludge removal systems. However, sodium-based dry FGD systems are undesirable because they produce waste products that easily leach from conventional landfills. 2. Chemical reagent requirements: Lime and limestone are cheaper than sodium based absorbents and are readily available. In dry scrubbing systems, a higher stoichiometric ratio of lime is necessary to achieve SO2 reduction efficiencies similar to wet lime and limestone scrubbing
Force Force is an action of one body on another which causes acceleration of the second body unless acted on by an equal and opposite action counteracting the effect. Force is a vector quantity (Markes-67). Force can be expressed: F = mdgc Where: m = mass; g = local acceleration of gravity; and gc = gravitational acceleration. The example values and units of gc are as follows: gc= 32.17 (lbm-ft)/(lbf-sec2) = 1 (sl~~-ft)/(~bf-sec~) = 1 (lbm-ft)/(poundal-sd) = 1 (kg mass-m)/(newton-sec2) = 1 (g mass-cm)/(dynssec2)(Holman-pl 8) The above values can be interpreted as: 1 Ibf = 32.174 (lbm-ft)/sec2 1 Ibf = l (slug-ft)/secZ 1 poundal @dl)= l (lbm-ft)lsec2 1 dyne = (g-cm)/sec2 1 newton = (kg-m)/sec2 At the sea level, g = 32.17 (ft)/(sec2)= 9.8066 (m)/(sec2), therefore, 1 Ibm weighs 1 Ibf (cf. weight).
The most common type of GC column is a liquid coated on an inert solid support contained in a small bore (118 in.) stainless steel or glass tube. The choice of the proper liquid mating is crucial and is usually similar in chemical structure to the sample components of interest. Organic compounds can be divided into five classes of solute polarity ranging from most polar (Class I) to non-polar (Class V). Compounds having similar boiling points can be separated by choosing wlurnn materials of the appropriate polarity. With the right choice, the order of elution of the sample components can be manipulated. Through selection of the best solid supportniquid phase combination, and through optimizing sample size, flow rates, column temperatures and length, and the sensitivity of the detector, a gas chromatograph can be adapted for almost any sample analysis situation (EPA-84103a). Once the compounds of interest have been appropriately separated by a gas chromatography, they are swept into a detector for compound identification. GC and its compound detectors include: GCIAFID (gas chromatography/alkali flame ionization detector) (EPA-84103a) GCJDD (gas chromatography/dual detector) (EPA-84103a) GCIECD (gas chromatography/electrolytic conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) GCIECD (gas chromatography/electron capture detector) (EPA-84103a) GC/FID (gas chromatography/flame ionization detector) (Course 165.5) GCIHECD (gas chromatographyhall electrolytic conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) WAR (gas chromatography/infiaredabsorption spectrometer) (EPA-84103a) GCIMS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) (EPA84103a) GCIPID (gas chromatography/photoionization detector) (Course 165.5) GCITCD (gas chromatography/thermal conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) GCITSD (gas chromatography/thermionic specific detector)
Gas Chromatography (GC)-Compound Separator Gas chromatography (GC)-compound separator is one of the continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). GC is a common technique used for separating and analyzing mixtures of gases and vapors. GC is an instrument which uses the gas chromatography separation technique to segregate the components of organic substances in a mixture (cf. chromatograph). A gas mixture is percolated though a column of porous solids or liquid coated solids which selectively retard sample components. A carrier gas is used to bring the discreet bands to a detector and through analysis of the detector response and the component retention time, the sample can be identified and quantified. Gas chromatography has been in use in the laboratory since 1905; however, it has only recently been used in continuous monitoring applications.
Ideal Gas Law An ideal gas law is a law or an equation that describes the relationship among pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas. A general form for any number of moles of an ideal gas is (cf. equation of state): PV = nRuT = mRT, n = m/M, R = RUM Where: m = mass, Ib or g; M = molecular weight, Ib/lb-mole or g/g-mole; n = number of moles (Ib-moles, g-moles or kg-moles); R = gas constant; Ru = universal gas constant = 82.0575 (atm-~m~)/(~-mole-~) = 0.082 1 (atm-m3)/(kg-mols~) = 0.7302 (atm-ft')/(/b-mole-R) = 0.0821 (atm-liter)/(g-mole-K)
3.
efficiencies. Consequently, costs for lime or limestone materials will be somewhat higher in dry systems. SO2 removal efficiencies: Regarding SO2 removal efficiencies, all of the wet scrubbing processes are capable of at least 90 percent removal efficiency. Most units are capable of 95 percent removal efficiency. These systems have been installed and operating for a number of years with good reliability. Dry scrubbing is capable of removing at least 75 to 85 percent SO2. Vendors of dry FGD equipment claim 90 percent capabilities. This technology is very attractive for utility boilers buming low sulfur western coal. With improvements, dry scrubbing may be used on boilers buming medium sulfur coal (2 to 3 percent) in the near future.
1o6 (g-cm2)/(sec2-g-mole-~) lo4 (kg-m2)/(sec2-kg-mols~) = 1545 (Ibrfi)/(lb-mole-R) = 4.9686 x lo4 (lb,-ft2)/(sec2-lb-mole-R) = 8.3 144 x 1o6 (Pa-cm)/(sec-g-mole-K) = 8.3144 x lo3 (kPa-cm)l(sec-g-mo1e-K) = 8.3 144 x 10' (kPa-m)/(sec-g-mole-K) = 0.1724 (psi-ft3)/(lb-mole-R) = 10.73 (psia-d)flb-mole-R = 2 1.83 (in-~~)(d)/(lb-mole-R) = 62.4 (mm-Hg-liter)/(g-mold) = 555 (mm-~~)(ft~)/(lb-mole-R) = 1.9872 Btu/(lb-mole-R) = 1.9872 cal/(g-mole-K) = 8.3 144joule/(g-mole-K) = 8.3 144 x (N-m)/(g-mole-K) = absolute pressure = absolute Temperature, R or K =460+F = 273 + C = volume, ft3 (EPA-81/12, p2-8; 84/09).
= 83.144 x = 8.3 144 x
P T R K V
Incinerator Operating Temperature The following information summarizes the typical ranges for temperature and residence time in six most popular incinerators (EPA-81/09, p2-2): (1) Rotary kiln: 500-2900 F. (2) Liquid injection: 1500-2900 F. (3) Fluidized bed: 840-1800 F. (4) Co-incineration: 300-2900 F. (5) Starved air: 900-1500 F. (6) Multiple hearth: (a) drying zone: 600 to 1000 F. (b) incinerating zone: 1400 to 1800 F. (7) In general, for gas or liquid waste, the residence time is less than two seconds. For solid waste, it is in the range of hours, depending on solid sizes and its nature. This general rule applies to all types of incinerators.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) IS0 is the International Organization for Standardization. Established in 1947, this is a non-government federation of national standards bodies from around 150 or so different countries. In fact, "ISO" is a word, derived from the Greek isos, meaning "equal," which is the root of the prefix "iso-" that occurs in a host of terms, such as "isometric" (of equal measure or dimensions) and "isonomy" (equality of laws, or of people before the law). BSI is the British Standards Institution, which is the oldest standards body in the world. It actually stems form a meeting of various industrial institutes in 1901 which created a long running committee for standards, which later evolved into the BSI as it is today. Incredibly, BSI alone has over 20,000 standards! (See http://www.standardsglossary.com/, 2004).
IS0 standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, processes, and services are fit for their purpose. For example, the format of the credit cards, phone cards, and "smart" cards that have become commonplace is derived from an IS0 International Standard. Adhering to the standard, which defines such features as an optimal thickness (0,76 mm), means that the cards can be used worldwide. International Standards thus contribute to making life simpler, and to increasing the reliability and effectiveness of the goods and services we use. The complete list of IS0 standards can be found at http://www.standardsglossary. com/isol.htm. The most commonly used IS0 standards are IS0 9000 for quality standards and IS0 14000 for environmental management system standards. (See http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/aboutiso/introd ml, 2004).
I S 0 9000 The term IS0 9000 refers to a set of quality management standards. IS0 9000 currently includes three quality standards: IS0 9000:2000, IS0 9001:2000, and IS0 9004:2000. IS0 9001:2000 presents requirements, while IS0 9000:2000 and IS0 9004:2000 present guidelines. All of these are process standards (not product standards). IS0 first published its quality standards in 1987, revised them in 1994, and then republished an updated version in 2000. These new standards are referred to as the "IS0 9000 2000 Standards." ISO's purpose is to facilitate international trade by providing a single set of standards that people everywhere would recognize and respect (see http://www.praxiom.codisointro.htm, 2004). IS0 9000 is developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), that define, establish, and maintain an effective quality assurance system for manufacturing and service industries. The IS0 9000 standard is the most widely known and has perhaps had the most impact of the 13,000 standards published by the ISO. It serves many different industries and organizations as a guide to quality products, service, and management. An organization can be IS0 9000-certified if it successfully follows the IS0 9000 standards for its industry. In order to be certified, the organization must submit to an examination by an outside assessor. The assessor interviews staff members to ensure that they understand their part in complying with the IS0 9000 standard, and the assessor examines the organization's paperwork to ensure IS0 9000 compliance. The assessor then prepares a detailed report that describes the parts of the standard the organization missed. The organization then agrees to correct any problems within a specific time frame. When all problems are corrected, the organization can then be certified. Today, there are approximately 350,000 IS0 9000-certified organizations in over
150 countries (see http://searchcio.techtarget.com/gDefinitiod 0,294236,sidl9_gci512546,00.html, 2004). The new IS0 9001:2000 standard introduces some new requirements and modifies some old ones. These requirements are summarized below. For more detail, please see the associated IS0 9001:2000 clauses (in brackets). 1. Communicate with customers (7.2.3). 2. Identify customer requirements (5.2,7.2. I). 3. Meet customer requirements (5.2). 4. Monitor and measure customer satisfaction (8.2. I). 5. Meet regulatory requirements (5.1). 6. Meet statutory requirements (5.1). 7. Support internal communication (5.5.3). 8. Provide quality infrastructure (6.3). 9. Pmvide a quality work environment (6.4). 10. Evaluate the effectiveness of training (6.2.2). 11. Monitor and measure processes (8.2.3). 12. Evaluate the suitability of quality management system (8.4). 13. Evaluate the effectiveness of quality management system (8.4). 14. Identify quality management system improvements (5.1,8.4). 15. Improve quality management system (5.1, 8.5).
IS0 14000 The IS0 14000 series is a family of environmental management standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The IS0 14000 standards are designed to provide an internationally recognised framework for environmental management, measurement, evaluation, and auditing. They do not prescribe environmental performance targets, but instead provide organisations with the tools to assess and control the environmental impact of their activities, products or services. The standards address the following subjects: environmental management systems; environmental auditing; environmental labels and declarations; environmental performance evaluation; and life cycle assessment (see http://glossary.eea.eu.int, 2004). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is working with the Global Environment & Technology Foundation to implement an Environmental Management System (EMS) initiative. The EMS initiative allows EPA and the Global Environment & Technology Foundation to assist small and medium-sized government organizations to implement an environmental management system at a local facility or organization. An EMS is a set of management processes and procedures that allows an organization to analyze and reduce the environmental impact of its activities. First adopted by private industry, the EMS approach is increasingly common in the public sector. Through the EMS initiative, EPA is providing both direct and indirect assistance in the area of municipal wastewater treatment technologies. Direct assistance includes one-on-one discussions about design, operation and maintenance of systems, and the identification and solution of problems. Indirect assistance includes support for the development of regulations; technical information; guidance, assessments, evaluation, and cost estimates
for the design, construction, and operation, and maintenance of municipal wastewater treatment facilities (see http://www.epa. gov/OW-OWM.html/isol4001/ems.htm, 2004). The following chart presents the IS0 14000 family of environmental management standards and names the ISO/TC 207 subcommittees responsible for preparing them. Please visit the official ISO/TC 207 website for information on the current status of the individual IS0 14000 standards (see http://www.inem.org/htdocs/iso/ iso14000-intro.html#Preface, 2004). IS0 family and its standards include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Environmental Management Systems: IS0 14001, IS0 14004, ISO/TR 14061, IS0 14063 Environmental Auditing: IS0 14010, IS0 14011, IS0 14012, IS0 14015, IS0 19011 Environmental Labeling: IS0 14020, IS0 14021, IS0 14024, ISO/TR 14025 Environmental Performance Evaluation: IS0 14031, ISO/TR 14032 Life Cycle Assessment: IS0 14040, IS0 14041, IS0 14042, IS0 14043, ISOITR 14047, ISO/TS 14048, ISOITR 14049 Environmental Management Vocabulary: IS0 14050 Environmental Aspects in Product Standards: ISOITR 14062, IS0 Guide 64
I S 0 Acronym IS0 acronyms are listed below (see www.qualitydigest.com/ pdfs/0201CERT-INTRO.pdf, 2004): AS9100-Quality system requirements for suppliers to the aerospace industry (previously known as AS9000) CE Mark-European Union product safety testing requirements CEN-European Committee for Standardization CGSB-Canadian General Standards Board EMAS-Environmental Management Audit Scheme IS0 14000-International environmental management system standard administered by the International Organization for Standardization IS0 9000--international quality management system standard administered by the International Organization for Standardization IS-International Organization for Standardization NAP-U.S. National Accreditation Program QS-9000-quality system requirements for suppliers to the Big Three RvA-Dutch Council for Accreditation SA8000-Social accountability standard SCC-Standards Council of Canada TE Supplement-Quality system requirements for tooling and equipment suppliers to the Big Three TL 900GQuality system requirements for suppliers to the telecommunicationsindustry UKAS-United Kingdom Accreditation Scheme VDA 6.1-Verband der Automobilindustrie, quality system requirements for suppliers to German automakers
Measurement System Performance Specification For hazardous waste incineration, the performance of C02, 0 2 , and THC measurement is recommended below (EPA-90104): 1. For C02measurement 1.1. Zero Drift (less than span value): -1.2. Calibration Drift (less than span value): +/- 5% 1.3. Calibration Error (less than calibration gas value): +/5% 2. For O2measurement 2.1. Zero Drift (less than span value): -2.2. Calibration Drift (less than span value): +/- 0.5 2.3. Calibration Error (less than calibration gas value): +/0.5% 3. For THC measurement 3.1. Zero Drift (less than span value): +/- 3% 3.2. Calibration Drift (less than span value): +/- 3% 3.3. Calibration Error (less than calibration gas value): +/5%
5.
6.
Method (Analytical) Qualifiers Method (analytical) qualifiers are symbols added as a suffix to analytical results to identify the analytical method used to measure the analyte. 1. A-Flame Atomic Absorption (AA). 2. AS-Semiautomated Spectrophotometric. 3. AV-Automated Cold Vapor AA. 4. C-Manual Spectrophotometric. 5. CV-Manual Cold Vapor AA. 6. F-Furnace AA. 7. NC-Not calculated as per protocols. 8. NR-The analyte is not required to be analyzed. 9. P-ICP. 10. T-Titrimetric.
Mixture Property Mixture property includes: The mass of a mixture is equal to the sum of the masses of its constituents: m = SUM mi. Where: m = total mass of a mixture; mi = mass of constituent i; SUM = summation of constituents. The total number of moles of a mixture is equal to the sum of the number of moles of its constituents: n = SUM ni, where n = total moles of a mixture, ni = moles of constituent i. The mole fraction is defined as: yi = ni/n. Where: yi = mole fraction of constituent i; ni = number of moles of constituent i; n = total moles of a mixture. Dalton model: When gases or vapors (having no chemical interaction) are present as a mixture in a given space or a given volume, the properties (e.g., pressure) of each component are considered as though each component existed separately at the same volume and temperature of the mixture (EPA-81/12, p2-9; Sonntag-71, p362). The pressure exerted
by one component of a gas-mixture is called its partial pressure. For an ideal gas mixture, the total pressure of the gas-mixture is the sum of the partial pressures, namely: P = SUM Pi. Where: P = total pressure; Pi = pressure of each component of the system. For this case, the partial pressure of component i is equal to the mole fraction of component i in the mixture, i.e., yi = ndn = Pip. Amagat model: When gases or vapors (having no chemical interaction) are present as a mixture in a given space or a given volume, the properties of each component are considered as though each component existed separately at the same pressure and temperature of the mixture (Sonntag71, p363). For an ideal mixture, the total volume of the gasmixture is the sum of the each component volume, namely: V = SUM Vi. Where: V = total pressure; Vi = volume of each component of the system. For this case, the volume fraction of component i is equal to the mole fraction of component i in the mixture, i.e., yi = ndn = Vi/V. A mixture of ideal gases is also an ideal gas.
Nitrogen Oxide Emission Control The techniques of nitrogen oxide emission control include: 1. Fuel denitrogenation (EPA-81/12, p7-4) 2. Combustion modification (EPA-84/03b, p7-5) 2.1. Staged combustion (or off-stoichiometric combustion) (EPA-84/03b, p7-8) 2.2. Low excess air (EPA-84/03b, p7-9) 2.3. Flue gas recirculation (FGR) (EPA-84/03b, p7-10) 2.4. Low NO, burner (EPA-84/03b, p7-12) 2.5. Reduced air preheat and load reduction (EPA-84/03b, p7- 13) 2.6. Steam and water injection (EPA-84/03b, p7-13) 2.7. Catalytic combustion (EPA-81112, p7-8) 3. Flue gas treatment: Nitrogen oxide emissions can be reduced by treating the flue gas after it leaves the combustion zone. The techniques include: 3.1. Exxon thermal DeNO, process (EPA-84/03b, p7-13) 3.2. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) (EPA-84/03b, p7-15) 3.3. Shell UOP (EPA-84/03b, p7-20) 3.4. Wetsimultaneous NO, and SO2 reduction (EPA-81/12, p7-24)
Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System (OHSAS) OHSAS 18001 was created via a concerted effort from a number of the world's leading national standards bodies, certification bodies, and specialist consultancies. OHSAS helps in a variety of respects. It helps: minimize risk to employees, etc.; improve an existing OH&S management system; demonstrate diligence; gain assurance; etc. The benefits can be substantial. There are six (6) primary sections that classify the requirements in OHSAS 18001. Within these six sections of
the Standard are the specific requirements that an organization must apply to implement an International Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS). The Standard tracks very closely with the IS0 14001 Standard and is designed to integrate with both the IS0 9001 and IS0 14001 management systems. Many sub-clauses are very similar, such as management review, document control, and corrective and preventive action. OHSAS 18001 system is geared towards reducing and preventing accidents and accident-related loss of lives, time, and resources. OHSAS 18001 can be applied to any type of business, organization, or industry that wishes to manage its risks for Health & Safety in the work place. OHSAS specification gives requirements for an occupational health and safety (OH&S) management system, to enable an organization to control its OH&S risks and improve its performance. It does not state specific OH&S performance criteria, nor does it give detailed specifications for the design of a management system (see http://ohsl8.vintara.com/ information~over~l8001 .html, 2004). The elements of OHSAS 18001 include: 1. Policy and Commitment 2. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, & Risk Controls 3. Legal Requirements 4. Objectives & Programmes 5. Organization & Personnel 6. Training, Communication & Consultation 7. Documentation & Records 8. Operational Controls 9. Emergency Readiness 10. Measurement & Monitoring 11. Accident & Incident Investigation, Corrective, & Preventive Action 12. Audit & Review
Pressure The normal component of force per unit area. Various pressure units are shown below (Course 502, p20, Student Workbook): 1 atm = 14.6959 pounds/inch2 (psia) = 21 16 pounds/foot2 absolute (psfa) = 33.91 ft. water = 406.9 in. water = 29.92 in. mercury (in Hg) at 32 F = 760 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) = 760 Torr = 1.013 E+06 dynes/cm2 = 1.013~10~ newtons/m2 1 inch Hg = 0.491 psi 1 r n i c r o n ~ ~l o=4 m = 1 0 ' m m ~ ~ 1.933 = x1 0 ~ ~ ~ s i 1 microbar = 1 dynelsquare crn 1 tom = 1 mm Hg
Property of Gas Mixture Property of gas mixture includes: Mass: The mass of a mixture is equal to the sum of the masses of its components. Mathematically, it can be expressed as m = x l + x 2 +... mi+... where: m = total mass of the mixture; mi = mass of component i Mass fraction: The mass of component i divided by the total mass of the system. Mathematically, mole fraction (xi) is defined as xi = mJm where: xi = mass fraction component I; mi = mass of component I; m = total mass of the mixture Mole: The total number of moles of a mixture is equal to the sum of the number of moles of its components, namely n = ni + n2 + ...ni + ... where: n = total number of moles of the mixture; ni = moles of component i. Mole fraction: The moles of component i divided by the total number of moles. Mathematically, mole fraction (yJ is defined as yi = niln where: yi = mole fraction; ni = moles of component i; n = total number of moles The number of moles, the mass, and the molecular weight of a substance are related by m=nM where: m = mass; n = number of moles; M is the molecular weight Pressure: The total pressure of a mixture is the sum of the partial pressures, namely p = p , + p 2 + p i +... where: p = total pressure; pi = pressure of component i. Partial pressure: The pressure exerted by one wmponent of a mixture. Partial pressure is defined as Pi = Y i where: pi = partial pressure; yi = mole fraction; p = total pressure of the system For this case, the partial pressure of component i is equal to the mole fraction of component i in the mixture, i.e. yi = ni/n = pi/p.
Property of Ideal Gas Mixture Properties of ideal gas mixture include (Jones-p397): 1. Gibbs-Dalton law: Also known as the Dalton law. The law states that in a mixture of ideal gases, the properties of each wmponent behaves as if it existed alone in the system at the volume and the temperature of the mixture (Holman-p312; Wark-p323).
Constant pressure specific heat: The constant pressure specific heat of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. mmCpm= mlCpl + m2Cpz+ m3Cp3+ ... Cprn = ( ~ I / ~ ~ )+C(m~/mrn)Cpz PI + (m3/mm)C~3 + ... cp, = xlCpl + xzCpz+ x3cp3+ ... where: Cp, = constant pressure specific heat of the mixture; Cpl, Cp2, Cp3 = constant pressure specific heat of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; Cpl, Cp2, Cp3 = constant pressure specific heat of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; XI, x2, x3 = mass fraction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Constant volume specific heat: The constant volume specific heat of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. mmCv, = mlCvl + m2Cv2+ m3Cv3+ ... Cv, = (ml/mm)Cvl+ (m2/mm)Cv2+ (m3/mm)Cv3+ ... cv, = xlCvl + x2Cv2+ x3Cv3+ ... where: Cv, = constant volume specific heat of the mixture; Cvl, Cv2, Cv3 = constant volume specific heat of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; Cvl, Cv2, Cv3 = constant volume specific heat of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; xl, x2, x3 = mass fraction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Enthalpy: The enthalpy of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. ... Hm=H1+H2+H3+ mmhm= mlhl + m2h2+ m3h3+ ... h, = (ml/mm)hl+ (m2/mm)h2 + (m3/mm)h3+ ... hm=xlhl + x2h2+ x3h3+ ... where: H, = enthalpy of the mixture; HI, Hz, H3 = enthalpy of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; hl, h2, h3 = specific enthalpy of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; xl, x2, x3 = mass fraction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Entropy: The entropy of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. S m = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 +... mmsm= mlsl + m2s2 + m3s3 + ... s,= (ml/mm)sl+ (m2/mm)s2+ (m3/mm)s3+ ... S, = XIS1
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
+ X2S2 + X3S3 + ...
where: S, = entropy of the mixture; S1, Sz, S3 = entropy of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; sl, s2, s3 = specific entropy of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; xl, x2, x3 = mass fraction of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively Gas constant: The gas constant of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. mmRm= mlRl + m2R2+ m3R3+ ... Rm= (ml/mm)R1+ (m2/mm)R2+ (m3/mm)R3+ ... R, = xlRl + x2R2+ x3R3+ ... where: R, = gas constant of the mixture; R1, R2, R3 = gas constant of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; m, =
12.
total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; R1, RZ, R3 = gas constant of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; xl, x2, x3 = mass hction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively For the universal gas constant (Ru), it can be expressed as Ru = MmRm where: Ru = universal gas constant; R, = gas constant of the mixture; M, = molecular weight of the mixture Internal energy: The internal energy of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. u m = u 1 + u 2 + u 3 +... mmum= mlul + m2u2+ m3u3+ ... u,,, = (ml/mm)ul+ (m2/mm)u2+ (m3/mm)u3+ ... u,,, = XlUl+ x2u2 + X3U3 + ... where: Urn= internal energy of the mixture; U1, U2,U3 = internal energy of components 1,2, and 3 respectively; m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; ul, u2, u3 = specific internal energy of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; XI, x2, x3 = mass fraction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Mass: The mass of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. m m = m l + m 2 + m 3 +... where: m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Mole: The number of moles of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. nm=nl+n2+n3 + ... where: n, = number of moles of the mixture; nl, n2, n3 = number of moles of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Molecular weight: The molecular weight of an ideal gas mixture can be expressed as M, = ylMl + y2M2+ y3M3+... The above equation can be derived from the mass equation, m, = ml + m2 + m3 + ...because m = nM, where m = mass, n = number of moles, and M molecular weight, the above equation becomes + (n3/nm)M3+ ... nmMm= (nl/nm)M1+ (n2/nm)M2 M, = ylMl + y2M2+ y3M3+ ... where: M, = molecular weight of the mixture; n = number of moles of the mixture; nl, n2, n3 = number of moles of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; MI, M2, M3 = molecular weight of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; yl, y2, y3 = mole fraction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively; Pressure: Dalton law or the law of additive pressures: In a mixture of ideal gases, the pressure of a mixture of ideal gases equals the sum of the pressures of its components as if each component existed alone at the temperature and volume of the mixture (Jones-p393). Mathematically, it can be derived from the ideal gas law equation as follows: Pm = nmRuTflm = (nl + n2 + n3 + ...)RuTmNm = nlRuTmNm+ n2RuTmNm + n3RuTflm + ... Pm = P I ( T ~VmI , + ~2(Trn,Vm) + ~3(Trn.VmI +... where: p, = pressure of the mixture; Ru = universal gas constant; Tm= temperature of the mixture; V, = volume of
13.
14.
15.
16.
the mixture; n, = number of moles of the mixture; nl, n2, n3 = number of moles of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; pl(Trn, Vm), PdTrn, Vm), ~3(Trn,Vm) = Pressure of components, 1,2, and 3 existing at the temperature T, and the volume V, Pressure fraction: Pressure fraction is equal to mole fraction (yi). Using component 1 as an example, mole fraction for component 1 is YI = nl/nm= [(p~Vd/(RuTm)I[(RuTrn)/~mvdI =P J P ~ where: yl = mole fraction of component 1; pl/pm = definition of pressure fraction; V, = volume of mixture; n, = number of moles of the mixture; nl = number of moles of component 1; pl = pressure of component 1 existing at the temperature T, and the pressure V, Temperature: The temperature of an ideal gas mixture is the same for each component and for the mixture. T m = T 1 = T 2 = T 3 =... where: T, = temperature of the mixture; TI, T2, T3 = temperature of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Volume: In general, for any gas or gas-vapor mixture, the volume of each component of a mixture is the same as the volume of the mixture because the molecules of each component are free to move throughout the entire space occupied by the mixture. Consequently, V m = V 1= V 2 = V 3 =... where: V, = volume of mixture; V1, VZ,V3 = volume of components 1,2, and 3 respectively However, under the Amagat law, Leduc law or the law of additives volumes, in a mixture of ideal gases, the volumes of a mixture of ideal gases equals the sum of the volumes of its components as if each component existed alone at the temperature and pressure of the mixture (Jones-p394). Mathematically, it can be derived from the ideal gas law equation as follows: V, = nmRuTJpm = (nl + n2 + n3 + ...)RuTJp, = nlRuTm/pm + n2RuTJpm + n3RuT$pm + ... Vm = Vl(Trn ~rn)+ V2(Tm, PA + VAT,, PA +.-. where: pm= pressure of the mixture; Ru = universal gas constant; T, = temperature of the mixture; V, = volume of the mixture; n, = number of moles of the mixture; nl, n2, n3 = number of moles of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; VIP,, p d , V2(Tm,P,), V3(Tm,prn) = volume of components 1,2, and 3 respectively existing at the temperature Tmand the pressure p, Volume fraction: Volume fraction is equal to mole fraction (yi). Using component 1 as an example, mole fraction for component 1 is Y1 = nllnrn = [~rnV1)~(R~Trn)I[(R~Tm)~~mVrn~1 =VINm
where: yl = mole fraction of component 1; VINm = definition of pressure fraction; V, = volume of mixture; n = number of moles of the mixture; nl = number of moles of component 1; V1 = volume of component 1 existing at the temperature T, and the pressure p,
Reference Method (or Reference Sampling and Analytical Method) 1. The following reference methods are provided in Appendixes to 40CFR, PART 50--NATIONAL PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar2001 (see 0800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfrfr2002/julqtr/40c50. 12.htm, 2004). Appendix A - reference method for the determination of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere (pararosaniline method). Appendix B - reference method for the determination of suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere (high volume method). Appendix C - measurement principle and calibration procedure for the measurement of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere (non-dispersive infrared photometry). Appendix D - measurement principle and calibration procedure for the measurement of ozone in the atmosphere. Appendix E - reference method for the determination of hydrocarbons corrected methane. Appendix F - measurement principle and calibration procedure for the measurement of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere (gas phase chemiluminescence). Appendix G - reference method for the determination of lead in suspended particulate matter collected from ambient air. Appendix H - interpretation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone. Appendix I - Appendix I to Part 50--Interpretation of the 8-Hour Primary and Secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone. 1.10. Appendix J - reference method for the determination of particulate matter as PMlO in the atmosphere. 1.11. Appendix K - interpretation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for particulate matter. 1.12. Appendix L to Part 50-Reference Method for the Determination of Fine Particulate Matter as PM2.5 in the Atmosphere. 1.13. Appendix M to Part 50-Reference Method for the Determination of Particulate Matter as PMlO in the Atmosphere. 1.14. Appendix N to Part 50--Interpretation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. 2. The following reference methods are provided in Appendixes to 40CFR, PART 60 for New Stationary Sources. 2.1. Appendix A-1 to Part 60, Test Methods 1 through 2F 2.1.1. Method 1 - Sample and velocity traverses for stationary sources. 2.1.2. Method 1A - Sample and velocity traverses for sources with small stacks or ducts. 2.1.3. Method 2 - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate (Type S pitot tube).
Method 2A - Direct measurement of gas 2.1.4. volume through pipes and small ducts. Method 2B - Determination of exhaust gas 2.1.5. volume flow rate from gasoline vapor incinerators. 2.1.6. Method 2C - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate in small stacks or ducts (standard pitot tube). Method 2D - Measurement of gas volumetric 2.1.7. flow rates in small pipes and ducts. 2.1.8. Method 2E - Determination of landfill gas production flow rate. 2.1.9. Method 2F - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate with three dimensional probes. 2.2. Appendix A-2 to Part 60, Test Methods 2G through 2C 2.2.1. Method 2G - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate with two dimensional probes. 2.2.2. Method 2H - Determination of stack gas velocity taking into account velocity decay near the stack wall. 2.2.3. Method 3 - Gas analysis for carbon dioxide, oxygen, excess air, and dry molecular weight. 2.2.4. Method 3A - Determination of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in emissions from stationary sources (instrumental analyzer procedure). 2.2.5. Method 3B - Gas analysis for the determination of emission rate correction factor or excess air. 2.2.6. Method 3C - Determination of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, and oxygen from stationary sources 2.3. Appendix A-3 to Part 60, Test Methods 4 through 51 2.3.1. Method 4 - Determination of moisture content in stack gases. 2.3.2. Method 5 - Determination of particulate emissions from stationary sources. 2.3.3. Method 5A - Determination of particulate emissions from the asphalt processing and asphalt roofing industry. 2.3.4. Method 5B - Determination of nonsulfuric acid particulate matter from stationary sources. 2.3.5. Method 5C [Reserved]. 2.3.6. Method 5D - Determination of particulate emissions from positive pressure fabric filters. 2.3.7. Method 5E - Determination of particulate emissions from the wool fiberglass insulation industry. 2.3.8. Method 5F - Determination of nonsulfate particulate matter from stationary sources. 2.3.9. Method 5G - Determination of particulate emissions from wood heaters from a dilution tunnel sampling location. 2.3.10. Method 5H - Determination of particulate emissions from wood heaters from a stack location.
2.3.1 1. Method 5H - Determination of low level particular matter emissions from stationary sources. 2.4. Appendix A-4 to Part 60, Test Methods 4 through 10B Method 6 - Determination of sulfur dioxide 2.4.1. emissions from stationary sources. 2.4.2. Method 6A - Determination of sulfur dioxide, moisture, and carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion sources. Method 6B - Determination of sulfur dioxide 2.4.3. and carbon dioxide daily average emissions from fossil fuel combustion sources. 2.4.4. Method 6C - Determination of sulfur dioxide emissions from stationary sources (instrumental analyzer procedure). Method 7 - Determination of nitrogen oxide 2.4.5. emissions from stationary sources. 2.4.6. Method 7A - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources--Ion chromatographicmethod. 2.4.7. Method 7B - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources (Ultraviolet spectrophotometry). 2.4.8. Method 7C - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources--Alkaline permanganatelcolorimetricmethod. Method 7D - Determination of nitrogen oxide 2.4.9. emissions from stationary sources--Alkaline permanganatehon chromatographic method. 2.4.10. Method 7E - Determination of nitrogen oxides emissions from stationary Sources (Instrumental Analyzer Procedure). 2.4.1 I. Method 8 - Determination of sulfuric acid mist and sulfur dioxide emissions from stationary sources. 2.4.12. Method 9 - Visual determination of the opacity of emissions from stationary sources 2.4.13. Alternate method 1 - Determination of the opacity of emissions from stationary sources remotely by lidar. 2.4.14. Method 10 - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary sources. 2.4.15. Method 10A - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions in certifymg continuous emission monitoring systems at petroleum refineries. 2.4.16. Method 10B - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary sources. 2.5. Appendix A-5 to Part 60, Test Methods 11 through 15A 2.5.1. Method 11 - Determination of hydrogen sulfide content of fuel gas streams in petroleum refineries. 2.5.2. Method 12 - Determination of inorganic lead emissions from stationary sources. 2.5.3. Method 13A - Determination of total fluoride emissions from stationary sources-SPADNS zirconium lake method.
2.5.4. Method 13B - Determination of total fluoride emissions from stationary sources--Specific ion electrode method. 2.5.5. Method 14 - Determination of fluoride emissions from potroom roof monitors for primary aluminum plants. 2.5.6. Method 15 - Determination of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide emissions from stationary sources. 2.5.7. Method 15A - Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from sulfur recovery plants in petroleum refineries. 2.6. Appendix A-6 to Part 60, Test Methods 16 through 18 2.6.1. Method 16 - Semicontinuous determination of sulfur emissions from stationary sources. Method 16A - Determination of total reduced 2.6.2. sulfur emissions from stationary sources (impinger technique). 2.6.3. Method 16B - Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from stationary sources. 2.6.4. Method 17 - Determination of particulate emissions from stationary sources (instack filtration method). 2.6.5. Method 18 - Measurement of gaseous organic compound emissions by gas chromatography. 2.7. Appendix A-7 to Part 60, Test Methods 19 through 25E 2.7.1. Method 19 - Determination of sulfur dioxide removal efficiency and particulate, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides emission rates. 2.7.2. Method 20 - Determination of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and diluent emissions from stationary gas turbines. 2.7.3. Method 21 - Determination of volatile organic compound leaks. 2.7.4. Method 22 - Visual determination of fugitive emissions from material sources and smoke emissions from flares. 2.7.5. Method 23 - Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from stationary sources. 2.7.6. Method 24 - Determination of volatile matter content, water content, density, volume solids, and weight solids of surface coatings. 2.7.7. Method 24A - Determination of volatile matter content and density of printing inks and related coatings. 2.7.8. Method 25 - Determination of total gaseous nonmethane organic emissions as carbon. 2.7.9. Method 25A - Determination of total gaseous organic concentration using a flame ionization analyzer. 2.7.10. Method 25B - Determination of total gaseous organic concentration using a nondispersive infrared analyzer.
3.
2.7.1 1. Method 25C - Determination of nonmethane organic compounds (NMOC) in MSW landfill gases. 2.7.12. Method 25D - Determination of the volatile organic concentration of waste samples. 2.7.13. Method 25E - Determination of vapor phase organic concentration in waste samples. 2.8. Appendix A-8 to Part 60, Test Methods 26 through 29 2.8.1. Method 26 - Determination of hydrogen chloride emissions from stationary sources. 2.8.2. Method 26A - Determination of hydrogen halide and halogen emissions from stationary sources--isokineticmethod. 2.8.3. Method 27 - Determination of vapor tightness of gasoline delivery tank using pressurevacuum test. 2.8.4. Method 28 - Certification and auditing of wood heaters 2.8.5. Method 28A - Measurement of air to fuel ratio and minimum achievable bum rates for wood-fired appliances. 2.8.6. Method 29 - Determination of metals emissions from stationary sources. The following reference methods are provided in Appendix B to 4OCFR, PART 61 for Hazardous Air Pollutants. 3.1. Method 101 - Determination of particulate and gaseous mercury emissions from chlor-alkali plants-air streams. 3.2. Method lOlA - Determination of particulate and gaseous mercury emissions from sewage sludge incinerators. 3.3. Method 102 - Determination of particulate and gaseous mercury emissions from chlor-alkali plants--hydrogen streams. 3.4. Method 103 - Beryllium screening method. 3.5. Method 104 - Determination of beryllium emissions from stationary sources. 3.6. Method 105 - Determination of mercury in wastewater treatment plant sewage sludges. 3.7. Method 106 - Determination of vinyl chloride from stationary sources. 3.8. Method 107 - Determination of vinyl chloride content of inprocess wastewater samples, and vinyl chloride content of polyvinyl chloride resin, slurry, wet cake, and latex samples. 3.9. Method 107A - Determination of vinyl chloride content of solvents, resin-solvent solution, polyvinyl chloride resin, resin slurry, wet resin, and latex samples. 3.10. Method 108 - Determination of particulate and gaseous arsenic emissions. 3.1 1. Method 108A - Determination of arsenic content in ore samples from nonferrous smelters. 3.12. Method lO8B - Determination of arsenic content in ore samples from nonferrous smelters. 3.13. Method 108C - Determination of arsenic content in ore samples from nonferrous smelters.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3.14. Method 111 - Determination of Polonium-210 emissions from stationary sources. 3.15. Method 114 - Test methods for measuring radionuclide emissions from stationary Sources. 3.16. Method 115 - Monitoring for radon-222 emissions. Methodology for the determination of metals emissions in exhaust gases from hazardous waste incineration and similar combustion processes (40CFR266-Al9-3.1). Methods of sampling and analyzing for metals, as described in SW-846. Example metals and their sampling and analysis methods are as follows: 4.1. Arsenic(As) - 7060 4.2. Barium(Ba) - 7080 4.3. Cadmium(Cd) - 7130 4.4. Chromium(Cr) - 7 190 4.5. Lead(Pb) - 7420 4.6. Mercury(Hg) - 7470 4.7. Selenium(Se) - 7740 4.8. Silver(Ag) - 7760 Methods for organics chemical analysis of municipal and industrial wastewater (40CFRl36-AppIA): 5.1. Method 601 - Purgeable halocarbons 5.2. Method 602 - Purgeable aromatics 5.3. Method 603 - Acrolein and acrylonitrile 5.4. Method 604 - Phenols 5.5. Method 605 - Benzidines 5.6. Method 606 - Phthalate 5.7. Method 607 - Nitrosamines 5.8. Method 608 - Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs 5.9. Method 609 - Nitroaromatics and isophorone 5.10. Method 610 - Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 5.1 1. Method 6 11 - Haloethers 5.12. Method 612 - Chlorinated hydrocarbons 5.13. Method 613 - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 5.14. Method 624 - Purgeables 5.15. Method 625 - Baselneutrals and acids 5.16. Method 1624 revision B - Volatile organic compounds by isotope dilution GCIMS 5.17. Method 1625 revision B - Semivolatile organic compounds by isotope dilution GC/MS (Methods for chemical analysis of drinking water - analysis of trihalomethanes) (40CFR141-App/C): 6.1. Part I - The analysis of trihalomethanes in drinking water by the purge and trap method 6.2. Part I1 - The analysis of trihalomethanes in drinking water by liquid/liquid extraction 6.3.Part 111 - Determination of maximum total trihalomethanepotential The following 47 analytical testing methods are contained in the Third Edition of "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, PhysicalIChemical Methods" EPA Publication SW846 (November 1986) and its Revision I (December 1987), which are available for the cost of $1 10.00 from the Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402, (202)783-3238 (document number 955-001-00000-1) (40CFR260.11):
7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5. 7.6.
0010 Modified Method 5 Sampling Train Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS) 0020 0030 Volatile Organic Sampling Train 1320 Multiple Extraction Procedure Extraction Procedure for Oily Wastes 1330 Alumina Column Cleanup and Separation of 3611 Petroleum Wastes 7.7. 5040 Protocol for Analysis of Sorbent Cartridges from Volatile Organic Sampling Train 7.8. 6010 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Beryllium (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.9. 7090 7.10.7091 Beryllium (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.1 1.7198 Chromium, Hexavalent (Differential Pulse Polarography) 7.12.7210 Copper (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.13.721 1 Copper (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.14.7380 Iron (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.15.7381 Iron (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.16.7460 Manganese (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.17.7461 Manganese (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.18.7550 Osmium (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.19.7770 Sodium (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.20.7840 Thallium (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.21.7841 Thallium (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.22.7910 Vanadium (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.23.791 1 Vanadium (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.24.7950 Zinc (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.25.795 1 Zinc (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.26.9022 Total Organic Halides (TOX) by Neutron Activation Analysis 7.27.9035 Sulfate (Colorimetric, Automated, Chloranilate) 7.28.9036 Sulfate (Colorimetric, Automated, Methylthymol Blue, AA 11) 7.29.9038 Sulfate (Turbidimetric) 7.30.9060 Total Organic Carbon 7.3 1.9065 Phenolics (Spectrophotometric, Manual 4AAP with Distillation) 7.32.9066 Phenolics (Colorimetric, Automated 4-AAP with Distillation) 7.33.9067 Phenolics (Spectrophotometric, MBTH with Distillation) 7.34.9070 Total Recoverable Oil and Grease (Gravimetric, Separatory Funnel Extraction) 7.35.9071 Oil and Grease Extraction Method for Sludge Samples 7.36.9080 Cation-Exchange Capacity of Soils (Ammonium Acetate) 7.37.9081 Cation-Exchange Capacity of Soils (Sodium Acetate) 7.38.9100 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Saturated Leachate Conductivity, and Intrinsic Permeability 7.39.91 3 1 Total Coliform: Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique 7.40.91 32 Total Coliform: Membrane Filter Technique
8.
9.
7.41.9200 Nitrate 7.42.9250 Chloride (Colorimetric, Automated Fenicyanide (AAI) 7.43.9251 Chloride (Colorimetric, Automated Ferricyanide (AAII) 7.44.9252 Chloride (Titrimetric, Mercuric Nitrate) 7.45.93 10 Gross Alpha and Gross Beta 7.46.93 15 Alpha-Emitting Radium Isotopes 7.47.9320 Radium-228 Identification and listing of hazardous waste (40CFR261) 8.1. Representative sampling methods (40CFR261-All) 8.2. Method 1311, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) (40CFR261-A/2; 268-A11; SW846-method 1311) 8.3. Method 8280, method of analysis for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (40CFR261-A/ 10) 8.4. Extraction procedures (EP) toxicity test method and structural integrity test(40CFR268-A/9; SW846-method 1310A) Compendium of EPA-Approved Analytical Methods for Measuring Radionuclides in Drinking Water, developed by US Department of Energy in June 1998 and available at http://tis.eh.doe.gov/oepa/guidance/sdwa.htm, 2004. 9.1. Methods - Gross Alpha and Beta 9.2. Methods - Gross Alpha 9.3. Methods - Radium-226 9.4. Methods - Radium-228 9.5. Methods - Uranium 9.6. Methods - Radioactive Cesium 9.7. Methods - Radioactive Iodine 9.8. Methods - Radioactive Strontium 9.9. Methods - Tritium 9.10. Methods - Gamma Emitters
Relative humidity Relative humidity (RH) is defined as the ratio of the actual amount of water vapor present in the air to the amount which could exist at saturation. When the radio or TV announcer talks about percent humidity, he means percent relative humidity (% RH) (EPA84/09). RH can be expressed in the following equation formats: RH = [actual vapor mass (m,)]/[vapor mass required to produce a saturated mixture (m,)]
Shell UOP Shell UOP is one of the NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). Shell UOP is a dry process that simultaneously removes both NO, and SO, emissions. This process can also be designed to remove either compound separately. The process uses a copper oxide (CuO) catalyst supported on alumina. These catalysts are located in two or more parallel passage reactors. Flue gas containing both NO, and SO, is introduced into the reactor where the SO, reacts with
copper oxide to form copper sulfate (CuS04). At the same time ammonia is being injected which reacts with the NO,. The copper sulfate, and to a less extent the copper oxide, act as catalysts for the NO,-NH3 reaction. The following reactions occur in the reactor (SO2and NO, reduction): c u o + 1/202+ SO2 c u s o 4 4N0 + 4NH3+ O2 4N2+ 6H20 When the reactor catalyst is saturated with CuS04, the flue gas is redirected to a fresh reactor and the spent catalyst is regenerated. Hydrogen is used to regenerate the catalyst by reducing the CuS04 to copper and producing a concentrated SO2 gas stream. The SO2 gas is then used to produce sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur for commercial sale. The copper in the reactor is oxidized to CuO and the process is ready to be put on line again. The reactions that take place in the reactor during catalyst regeneration are: CuS04+ 2H2 CU + SO2+ 2H20 Cu + 1/20 c u o The Shell UOP process can be operated as a NO, emission reduction process by eliminating the regeneration cycle. The process can be operated as a SO, emission reduction process by eliminating the ammonia injection (EPA-81/12, p7-20).
+ +
+
+
Sulfur Oxide Emission Control Sulfur oxide emissions &om fossil-fuel-fired combustion sources can be reduced by various techniques. 1. Fuel desulfurization (EPA-81/12, p8-4) 1.1. Physical coal cleaning 1.2. Chemical coal cleaning 1.2.1. Microwave desulfurization 1.2.2. Hydrothermal desulfurization 2. Combustion of coal and limestone mixtures (EPA-81/12, p85) 2.1. Fluidized bed combustion 2.2. Limestone coal pellets as fuel 3. Coal gasification (EPA-81/12, p8-6) 4. Coal liquefaction (EPA-81/12, p8-6) 5. Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) (EPA-8 1112, p8-6) 5.1. FGD wet scrubbing process 5.1.1. FGD nonregenerable (throwaway) process (EPA-81/12, p8-7) 5.1.1.1. FGD lime scrubbing (EPA-84/03b, p8-6) 5.1.1.2. FGD limestone scrubbing (EPA-81/12, p8-11) 5.1.1.3. FGD double alkali scrubbing (EPA84/03b, p8-15) 5.1.1.4. FGD sodium-based once-through scrubbing (EPA-84/03b, p8-20) 5.1.2. FGD regenerable process (EPA-81112, p8-17) 5.1.2.1. FGD Wellman-Lord (EPA-84/03b, p8-27) 5.1.2.2. FGD magnesium oxide (EPA-81/12, p821) 5.1.2.3. FGD citrate (EPA-81/12, p8-22) 5.2. FGD dry scrubbing process (EPA-8 1/12, p8-25) 5.2.1. FGD spray dryer with a baghouse or ESP
5.2.2. 5.2.3.
FGD dry injection FGD other dry SO2processes
Treatment Technology Treatment technology means any unit operation or series of unit operations that alters the composition of a hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant through chemical, biological, or physical means so as to reduce toxicity, mobility, or volume of the contaminated materials being treated. Treatment technologies are an alternative to land disposal of hazardous wastes without treatment (40CFR300.5-91). Potential treatment processes and their EPA Codes are as follows. See each technology for definitions (40CFR264-AppL-Table2): 1. Thennal Treatment--By Alphabetic Order T14: Calcination T16: Cement kiln T08: Fluidized bed incinerator T10: I n h e d furnace incinerator T17: Lime kiln T06: Liquid injection incinerator T15: Microwave discharge T11: Molten salt incinerator T09: Multiple hearth incinerator T12: Pyrolysis T07: Rotary kiln incinerator T13: Wet air oxidation T18: Other (specify) Advanced electrical reactor Circulating bed combustor Fixed hearth (controlled air, multiple hearth, pyrolytic, or starved air incinerators) Flare Infrared system Oxygen-enriched incineration Plasma arc Supercritical fluid WestinghouseIO'Connor combustor 2. Chemical Treatment 2.1. T19: Absorption mound 2.2. T20: Absorption field 2.3. T21: Chemical fixation (solidification and stabilization) 2.4. T22: Chemical oxidation 2.5. T23: Chemical precipitation 2.6. T24: Chemical reduction 2.7. T25: Chlorination 2.8. T26: Chlorinolysis 2.9. T27: Cyanide destruction 2.10. T28: Degradation 2.1 1. T29: Detoxification 2.12. T30: Ion exchange 2.13. T3 1: Neutralization 2.14. T32: Ozonation 2.15. T33: Photolysis 2.16. T34: Other (specify) 2.17. Alkaline polyethylene glycol
2.18. Hydrolysis Physical Treatment-separation of components 3.1. T35: Centrifugation 3.2. T36: Clarification 3.3. T37: Coagulation 3.4. T38: Decanting 3.5. T39: Encapsulation 3.6. T40: Filtration 3.7. T41: Flocculation 3.8. T42: Flotation 3.9. T43: Forming 3.10. T44:Sedimentation 3.1 1. T45: Thickening 3.12. T46: Ultrafiltration 3.13. T47: Other (specify) Physical Treatment-removal of specific components T48: Absorption-molecular sieve T49: Adsorption (activated carbon and resin adsorption) T50: Blending T5 1: Catalysis T52: Crystalization (suspension freezing) T53: Dialysis T54: Distillation including steam distillation T55: Electrodialysis T56: Electrolysis T57: Evaporation T58: Magnetic separation T59: Leaching T60: Liquid ion exchange T61: Liquid-liquid extraction T62: Reverse osmosis T63: Solvent recovery T64: Striping T65: Sand filter T66: Other (specify) Dissolution Freeze drying (Lyophilization) Zone refining Biological Treatment T67: Activated sludge T68: Aerobic lagoon T69: Aerobic tank T70: Anaerobic lagoon T71: Composting T72: Septic tank T73: Spray irrigation T74: Thickening filter T75: Trickling filter T76: Waste stabilization pond T77: Other (specify) Enzyme treatmentfmutantor adapted microorganisms Lagoon (stabilization pond or oxidation pond) Land treatment (landfarming) Rotational biological contactor (RBC) White-rot fungus
Uncertainty Sources of uncertainty include: (1) Accuracy. (2) Bias. (3) Error. (4) Precision (ACS-87/11): Accuracy: (1) The difference between a measurement and true value (40CFR86.082.2-91). (2) The agreement between an experimentally determined value and the accepted reference value. See ASTM El80 (EPA-83). (3) The degree of agreement of a measurement (or an average of measurements) of a parameter, X, with an accepted reference or true value, T. It is usually expressed as the difference between the two values, X-T, or the difference as a percentage, 100(X-T)/T. It is also sometime expressed as a ratio, X/T. Accuracy is a measure of the bias in a method (EPA-8611Oa). Bias: (1) A constant or systematic error as opposed to a random error. See analytical parameters--laboratory. See ASTM El80 (EPA-83). (2) An inadequacy in experimental design that leads to results or conclusions not representative of the population under study (Course 165.6). (3) The difference between the average value of a set of measurements, X and the accepted reference or true value, T (EPA-84/03). Erroc Any deviation of an observed value from the true value (EPA-83). Precision: (1) The standard deviation of replicated measurements (40CFR86.082.2-91). (2) Variation about the mean of repeated measurements of the same pollutant concentration, expressed as one standard deviation about the mean (40CFR53.23-91). (3) The degree of agreement of repeated measurements of the same property. Also see ASTM El 80 (EPA-83).
Viscosity 1. Definition: Viscosity is the result of Newton's viscosity law. The law states that in fluid mechanics, the applied shear stress (S,) is proportional to the rate of deformation or to the velocity gradient normal to the velocity. Mathematically, it can be expressed as: S, = p(dV/dy) where: S, = shear stress; V = velocity in differential amount; y = distance normal to the velocity direction in differential amount; p = absolute or dynamic viscosity Viscosity is the result of two phenomena: Intermolecular cohesive forces and Momentum transfer between flowing strata caused by molecular agitation perpendicular to the direction of motion. Between adjacent strata of a flowing fluid a shearing stress results that is directly proportional to the velocity gradient. Viscosity is often defined as resistance to flow. See also Newton's viscosity law. Viscosity has the following unit systems 1.1. For dynamic viscosity (D,)
2.
1.1.1. In the cgs system, the unit of dynamic viscosity is pose (dyne-sec/cm2) 1.1.2. 1 centipoise at = 1 poisell o2 1.1.3. In the English system, the unit of dynamic viscosity is lb-sec/fi2 1.1.4. Dynamic viscosity of water = 1 centipoise at 68.4 F and atmospheric pressure 1.2. For kinematic viscosity (K.,) = (dynamic 1.2.1. Kinematic viscosity viscosity)/density 1.2.2. In the cgs system, the unit of kinematic viscosity is stoke (cm2/sec) 1.2.3. 1 centistoke = 1 stokello2 1.2.4. In the English system, the unit of dynamic viscosity is ft21sec 1.2.5. 1 centistoke = 1.076~10-~ (K,) ft21sec Viscosity measurement systems 2.1. Saybolt Universal viscometer is commonly used for petroleum products and lubricating oils. 2.2. Saybolt Furol viscometer is used for heavy oils.
Waste Paper Type Types of waste paper includes: No. 1 mixed wastepaper: Consists of a baled mixture of various quantities of paper containing less than 25 percent of ground wood stock, coated or uncoated. Prohibitive materials may not exceed 1 percent. Total out throws may not exceed 5 percent. No. 2 mixed wastepaper: Consists of a mixture of various qualities of paper not limited as to type of packing or fiber content. Prohibitive material may not exceed 2 percent. Total out throws may not exceed 10 percent. Super mixed wastepaper: Consists of a baled clear sorted mixture of various qualities of papers containing less than 10 percent of ground wood stock, coated or uncoated. Prohibitive materials may not exceed 112 of 1 percent. Total out throws may not exceed 3 percent. News wastepaper: Consists of baled newspaper containing less than 5 percent of other papers. Prohibitive materials may not exceed 112 of 1 percent. Total out throws may not exceed 2 percent. Super news wastepaper: Consists of baled sorted fiesh newspapers, not sunburned, free from papers other than news, containing not more than the normal percentage of rotogravure and colored sections. Prohibitive materials--none permitted. Total out throws may not exceed 2 percent. Corrugated container wastepaper: Consists of baled corrugated containers having liners of either jute or kraft. Prohibitive materials may not exceed 1 percent. Total out throws may not exceed 5 percent. No. 1 sorted colored ledger wastepaper: Consists of printed or unprinted sheets, shavings, and cuttings of colored or white sulphite or sulphate edger bond, writing, and other types of paper which have a similar fiber and filler content.
This grade must be free of treated, coated, padded or heavily printed stock. Prohibitive materials-none permitted. Total out throws may not exceed 2 percent. 8.
No. 1 sorted white ledger wastepaper: Consists of printed or unprinted sheets, shavings, and cuttings of white sulphite or sulphate ledger, bond, writing and other papers which have a similar fiber and filler content. This grade must be free of treated, coated, padded, or heavily printed stock. Prohibitive materials--none permitted.
9.
New corrugated cutting wastepaper: Consist of baled corrugated cuttings having two or more liners of eitherjute or kraft. Non-soluble adhesives, butt soles, slubbed or hogged medium, and treated medium or liners are not acceptable in this grade. Prohibitive materials may not exceed 1. Total out throw may not exceed 5 percent (EPA-83).
Appendix C: Definitions of Fuel Cell Technologies Fuel Cell.......................................................................................................................................................................... Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC).................................................................................................................................................. Direct Fuel Cell ............................................................................................................................................................... Direct Hydrogen Fuel Cell............................................................................................................................................... Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) .................................................................................................................................. Metal Air Fuel Cell (MAFC) ............................................................................................................................................. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)............................................................................................................................... Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) .................................................................................................................................. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) ........................................................................................................ Pressurized Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (PSOFC)................................................................................................................... Regenerative Fuel Cell or Reversible Fuel Cell .............................................................................................................. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) .........................................................................................................................................
900 900 900 900 901 901 901 902 902 903 903 903
Fuel Cell A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electrical energy. The basic physical structure of a fuel cell consists of an electrolyte layer in contact with a porous anode and cathode on either side. In a typical fuel cell, gaseous fuels are fed continuously to the anode (negative electrode) and an oxidant (i.e., oxygen from air) is fed continuously to the cathode (positive electrode); electrochemical reactions take place at the electrodes to produce an electric current. Through the electrochemical reactions, chemical energy is converted to electrical energy without combustion, producing pure water, a nominal amount of heat that can be recycled into other functions (via cogeneration), and a small amount of carbon dioxide (C02). A fuel cell operates in a fashion similar to a continuous battery, producing electricity as a result of an electrochemical reaction between two gases (primarily hydrogen and oxygen). However, it differs in several respects. The battery is an energy storage device. The maximum energy available is determined by the amount of chemical reactants stored within the battery itself. The battery will cease to produce electrical energy when the chemical reactants are exhausted (i.e., discharged). In a secondary battery, recharging regenerates the reactants, which involves putting energy into the battery from an external source. The fuel cell, on the other hand, is an energy conversion device that theoretically has the capability of producing electrical energy for as long as fuel and oxidant are supplied to the electrodes. See Figure below for reference.
I
W
when operated at higher temperatures (approximately 250 C). The electrolyte is retained in a matrix (usually asbestos), and a wide range of electrocatalysts can be used (e.g., Ni, Ag, metal oxides, and noble metals). Therefore, the electrolyte contains K+ and (OH)-. The electrolyte is sandwiched between an anode and a cathode electrode. When hydrogen Hz generated from a fuel is charged to an anode electrode, Hz reacts with the hydroxide ion (OHY to produce water and electrons 26. Transporting from the anode to the cathode, the electrons pass through a power driver and transfer power from the fuel cell to a loading system such as an automobile motor. At the cathode, the electrons react with water and oxygen to produce hydroxide ion (OH)-. The hydroxide ions (OH)- then travel to the anode for reacting with Hz, thus completing the fuel cell cycle. The main electrochemical reactions occumng in AFCs include: 1. Fuel: ~ a t u r a igas (which is first sent to a fuel reformer to produce Hz) 2. Anode reaction: Hz + 20H- 2H20+ 2e' 3. Cathode reaction: %02+ H20+ 2 6 20H4. Overall reaction: Hz + %02 H20 + electric energy + heat (DOE-02112, pl-4 & 4-3) 5. See Figure below for reference
+ + +
Load
n
I
(positive ion)
Ekrnlyte (Ion Conductar) Figure: Schematic of an Alkaline Fuel Cell PmdoaOlksOut
RoductOlsosOul
4
Anode
4
Cathode Electsolytc
(IonConductor) Figure: Schematic of a Fuel Cell Concept
Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) As the name implies, an AFC is characterized by an alkaline electrolyte. The electrolyte in this fuel cell typically is concentrated (85 wt%) KOH and is operated at temperatures less than 120 C. NaOH has also been used in this type of fuel cell
Direct Fuel Cell A type of fuel cell in which a hydrocarbon fuel, such as methanol, is fed directly to the fuel cell stack, without requiring a reformer to generate hydrogen.
Direct Hydrogen Fuel Cell A fuel cell that is directly powered by pure hydrogen as the fuel rather than by the hydrogen that is produced from the reformation of hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline, diesel, propane, natural gas).
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) As the name implies, a DMFC is characterized by the direct use of liquid methanol as a fuel. Unlike many other fuel cell types, a DMFC does not need a reformer and that has the potential to reduce the overall weight and cost of a fuel cell engine. As shown in the chemical reaction equations below, a methanoVwater solution (approximately 3% methanol) is introduced to anode electrocatalysts that spontaneously break the methanol molecules apart. Once broken up, the carbon atom combines with the oxygen atoms from the methanol and water at the electrode to form carbon dioxide. The hydrogen atoms are further divided into hydrogen protons Hf and electrons e-. The hydrogen protons pass through an electrolyte membrane to the cathode. Meanwhile, the electrons are forced to travel through an external circuit to the embedded cathode electrocatalysts where the hydrogen atoms (hydrogen protons Hf) and electrons e- are reunited and are combined with oxygen to produce water. The main electrochemical reactions occumng in DMFCs include: 1. Fuel: Liquid methanol 2. Anode oxidation reaction: CH30H + H20 +C02 + 6Hf + 6 6 3. Cathode reduction reaction: 6Hf+ 31202 + 6e: 3H20 4. Overall reaction: CH30H + H20+ 3/202 t C02 + 3H20 5. See Figure below for reference
+
allows the air to circulate through the cathode. The oxygen from the air moves through the carbon cathode and gets in touch with the electrolyte. As a result, the zinc of the anode gets oxidized and ZnO is generated. The free electrons released by this reaction can be used to drive an external electrical load. The cell voltage at open circuit is approximately 1.4 volt when a zinc anode is used. The cell produces electrical power as long as metallic zinc is available. When zinc is used for the anode, it is possible to recycle the ZnO back to zinc by an electrolysis process, which consumes energy. So it is possible to achieve a closed loop for the fuel zinc. The main electrochemical reactions occumng in MAFCs include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Fuel: Zinc, aluminum and magnesium Anode reaction: Zn + 2(OHy ZnO + H20+ 2eCathode reaction: 11202 + H20+ 2 6 2(OH)Complete reaction: Zn + 1/202 ZnO See Figure below for reference
+
+
+
Zinc Pellets Introduced into Top of Zinc Electrode Negative Terminal
Electrolyte Out'
71
Positive Terminal
I
Air Inlet from Air Blower
,
Figure: Schematic of a Metal Air Fuel Cell (Source: Metallic Power Company, [email protected]) --
~n$le
~ath"ode Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (Ion Conductor)
Figure: Schematic of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Metal Air Fuel Cell (MAFC) As the name implies, an MAFC is characterized by the use of metals as fuels. The fuel metals include zinc, aluminum and magnesium. The power stored in these metals is quite high (energy density) and therefore it is possible to achieve impressive power densities with such systems. Using a zinclair fuel cell as an example, it consists of a zinc anode, which is surrounded by an aqueous electrolyte (KOH). For the cathode, often a layer of carbon is used, which offers good electrical conductivity and
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) As the name implies, an MCFC is characterized by a molten carbonate electrolyte. Generally operating at high temperatures [650 C (1200F)], an MCFC consists of a molten electrolyte of alkaline lithium and potassium carbonates Li2CO3&CO3 in which the species CO? is transported from the cathode to the anode. The high operating temperature is needed to achieve the molten state of the carbonates to provide sufficient conductivity of the electrolyte. An advantage associated with this high temperature is that noble metal catalysts are not required for the electrochemical oxidation and reduction processes that occur within the cell. Molten carbonate fuel cells are being developed for natural gas and coal-based power plants for the industrial and electric utility sectors. The anode process involves a reaction between hydrogen and carbonate ions ~ 0 ~ frOm ' - the electrolyte that produces water and carbon dioxide C02 while releasing
electrons. The cathode process combines oxygen and C02 from the oxidant stream with electrons from the cathode to produce carbonate ions that enter the electrolyte. It is a common practice in an MCFC system that the C02 generated at the anode will be recycled to the cathode where it is consumed. This will require devices that will either: (i) transfer the C02 from the anode exit gas to the cathode inlet gas (TO2 transfer device"); (ii) produce C02 by combustion of the anode exhaust gas, which is mixed with the cathode inlet gas; or (iii) supply C02 from an alternate source. The main electrochemical reactions occurring in MCFCs include: 1. Fuel: Natural gas and coal 2. Anode reaction: Hz + ~ 0tH20 ~ +~ C02-+ 2e3. Cathode reaction: %02+ C02+ 2e- ~ 0 ~ ' 4. Overall reaction: Hz + %02tH20 5. See Figure below for reference
+
+
Anode reaction: Hz 2H' + 2e3. Cathode reaction: %02+ 2H? + 2 6 t H20 4. Overall reaction: Hz + %02t H20 2.
5.
See Figure below for reference
FU
PAFC
PRODUCT GASE RESIDUAL FUE
ROWCT GASES ESIDUAL OXIDANT ANODE'
I CATHODE ELECTROLYTE (ION CONDUCTOR)
Figure: Schematic of a Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell F
MCFC
PRODUCT GAS RESIDUAL FU
ODUCT GASES ID UAL OXIDANT ANODE' I \ CATHODE ELECTROLYTE (ION CONDUCTOR)
Figure: Schematic of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) As the name implies, a PAFC uses concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as its electrolyte. A silicon carbide matrix is used to contain the acid. Both anode and cathode electrodes that are made from Pt andlor its alloys also function as catalysts. Temperatures of about 390 F or 200 C and acid concentrations of 100% H3PO4 are commonly used now while the operating pressure can exceed 8 atm. The main electrochemical reactions occurring in PAFCs include: 1. Fuel: If a hydrocarbon such as natural gas is used as a fuel, reforming of the fuel by the reaction CH4 + H20= 3H2+ CO, followed by shifting of the reformate by the reaction CO + H20 = Hz + C02 are required to generate the fuel needed by the cell. CO is a poison when present in a concentration greater than 0.5%. Any sulfur compounds present in the fuel have to be removed prior to use in the cell (upstream of the reformer) to a concentration of <0.1 ppmV. The fuel cell itself, however, can tolerate a maximum of 50 ppmV of sulfur compounds.
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) The PEMFC is also known as proton exchange membrane fuel cell. In a PEMFC, the electrolyte is sandwiched between two Ptimpregnated porous electrodes. Within the cell, Hz at the anode provides protons that pass through the electrolyte and releases electrons (6) that pass through an external circuit to reach the cathode. The protons diffuse through the membrane to the cathode to react with the O2 being supplied to the cathode while picking up the electrons and forming water at the cathode. The fuel cells typically run at low temperatures ( 4 0 0 C) and pressures (< 5 atm). The main electrochemical reactions occumng in PEMFCs include: Fuel: Natural gas is usually the primary fuel for a PEMFC. The cells are not sulfur- or CO- tolerant. Anode reaction: Hz .-) 2H+ + 2eCathode reaction: %02+ 2H++ 2 6 tH20 Overall reaction: Hz + %02 H20 See Figure below for reference
+
LOAD
e-d* FU
PEMFC
PRODUCT GASES RESIDUAL FUEL
RODUCT GASES ESIDUAL OXIDANT
ANODE'
I CATHODE ELECTROLYTE (ION CONDUCTOR)
Figure: Schematic of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Pressurized Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (PSOFC) The PSOFC is used in a hybrid system. A solid oxide fuel cell is operated under high pressures such that its hot, pressurized exhaust gases are used to drive a microturbine generator for additional power generation. For more information, see http://fuelcells.si.edu/so/sox3.htrn, 2004.
chromite (e.g., Lao,8Cao,2Cr03) interconnect joining the anodes and cathodes of adjacent units. The fuel reactions and the electrochemical reactions occurring in SOFCs include: Fuel processes: CO and hydrocarbons such as methanol can also be used as fuels in an SOFC. At the high temperatures within the cell, it is feasible for the steam reforming reaction (CH4 + H20 3H2 + CO) and the water gas shift reaction (CO + H20 HZ+ C02) to take place efficiently to produce the H2 that is to be oxidized at the anode. Any sulfur compounds present in the fuel have to be removed prior to use in the cell to a concentrationof <0.1 ppmV. Anode reactions: Hz + 02' H20 + 26; CO + 02- C02 + 26 Cathode reaction: O2+ 4 6 2 d Overall reaction: O2+ H2 + CO H20+ C02 See Figure below for reference
+ +
Regenerative Fuel Cell or Reversible Fuel Cell A regenerative fuel cell or reversible fuel cell is a fuel cell that is capable of producing electricity from H2 and O2 and use electricity in the reverse direction (e.g., via electrolysis) to create the H2 and O2 in the first place.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) A single SOFC unit consists of two electrodes (an anode and a cathode) separated by an electrolyte. Fuel (usually H2 or CH4) arrives at the anode, where it is oxidized by oxygen ions coming from the electrolyte, thereby releasing electrons (i)to an external circuit. On the other side of the fuel cell, an oxidant (02 or air) is fed to the cathode, where it supplies the oxygen ions (&) for the electrolyte by accepting electrons from the external circuit. The electrolyte conducts these ions between the electrodes, maintaining overall electrical charge balance. The flow of electrons in the external circuit provides useful power. A solid oxide fuel cell is one of the two high temperature fuel cell types (along with molten carbonate fuel cells) that operate at temperatures of 800 to 1000 C. Due to its high operating temperature, the solid oxide fuel cell is typically fueled by a direct feed of pressurized natural gas. Internal reforming of the natural gas produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide that are oxidized in the fuel cell to produce electricity. Because of the ability to oxidize carbon monoxide, various hydrocarbons can be reformed and introduced into the SOFC without the need for carbon monoxide clean up. This simplifies the system considerably and adds fuel flexibility. Owing to the high temperature of operation, the fuel cell relies heavily on the use of ceramic materials for the electrodes, electrolyte, and interconnecting elements. The most widely used ceramic electrolyte is zirconia stabilized with 8 to 10% of yttria. This is a solid, nonporous metal oxide, typically Zr02 doped with Y2O3 and is referred to as yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) which is used to transport the oxygen ion from cathode to anode. Because of the solid electrolyte, SOFCs can minimize corrosion, leakage, and electrolyte management problems normally associated with liquid electrolytes; and because of the high-temperature operation, internal reforming can be achieved. The anode is typically constructed from an electronically conducting nickevyttria-stabilized zirconia cermet (NiNSZ), a blend of various ceramic and metallic constituents. The cathode is based on conducting metallic materials such as perovskite and lanthanum manganate (LaMn03). To generate a suitable voltage, fuel cells are not operated as single units but as a series of array of units or "stack," with a doped lanthanum
+ +
+
+
"* LOAD
ODUCT GASES IDUAL OXIDANT ANOD~ I CATHODE ELECTROLYTE
'
(ION CONDUCTOR)
Figure: Schematic of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
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APA: American Pharmaceutical Association (EPA-92/12) APCA: Air Pollution Control Association (EPA-97/12) APCD: Air Pollution Control Device APCD: Air Pollution Control District (EPA-97/12) APCE: Air Pollution Control Equipment APCS: Air Pollution Control System APDS: Automated Procurement Documentation System (EPA97/12) APEG: Alkaline Polyethylene Glycol APHA: American Public Health Association (EPA-97/12) API: American Papa Institute API: American Petroleum Industry (40CFR86) APR: Air Purifying Respirator APRAC: Urban Diffusion Model for Carbon Monoxide from Motor Vehicle Traffic (EPA-97/12) APT: Associated Pharmacists and Toxicologists APTI: Air Pollution Training Institute (EPA-97/12) APWA: American Public Works Association (EPA-97/12) AQ-7: Non-reactive Pollutant Modelling (EPA-97/12) AQA: Air Quality Act AQC: Air Quality Committee AQCCT: Air Quality Criteria and Control Techniques (EPA97/12) AQCP: Air Quality Control Program (EPA-97/12) AQCR: Air Quality Control Region (EPA-97/12) AQD: Air Quality Digest (EPA-97/12) AQDHS: Air Quality Data Handling System (EPA-97/12) AQDM: Air Quality Display Model (EPA-97/12) AQL: Acceptable Quality Level (40CFR86) AQMA: Air Quality Maintenance Area (40CFR51.40) AQMD: Air Quality Management District (EPA-97/12) AQMP: Air Quality Maintenance Plan (EPA-97/12) AQMP: Air Quality Management Plan (EPA-97/12) AQSM: Air Quality Simulation Model (EPA-97/12) AQTAD: Air Quality Technical Assistance Demonstration (EPA97/12) Ak Administrative Record (EPA-97/12) Ar: Argon Ak Arkansas ARA: Assistant Regional Administrator (EPA-97/12) ARA: Associate Regional Administrator (EPA-97/12) ARAC: Acid Rain Advisory Committee (EPA-97/12) ARAR: Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (RCRA) (40CFR300.4) ARAR: Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Standards, Limitations, Criteria, and Requirements (EPA-97/12) ARB: Air Resources Board (EPA-97/12) ARC: Agency Ranking Committee (EPA-97/12) ARCC: American Rivers Conservation Council (EPA-97/12) ARCS: Alternative Remedial Contract Strategy (EPA-97/12) ARG: American Resources Group (EPA-97/12) AMP: Accidental Release Information Program (EPA-97/12) ARC: Air Resources Laboratory (EPA-97/12) ARM: Agricultural Runoff Model (EPA-9 113) ARM: Air Resources Management (EPA-97/12)
ARNEWS: Acid Rain National Early Warning Systems (EPA97112) ARO: Alternate Regulatory Option (EPA-97/12) ARPA: Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPO: Acid Rain Policy Office ARPS: Atmospheric Research Program Staff ARRAR: Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (EPA-9 1112) ARRP: Acid Rain Research Program (EPA-97/12) ARRPA: Air Resources Regional Pollution Assessment Model (EPA-97/12) ARS: Agricultural Research Service (EPA-97/12) ARTS: Augusta Regional Transportation Study (DOE-9114) ARZ: Auto Restricted Zone (EPA-97/12) AS: Absorber AS: Area Source (EPA-97/12) As: Arsenic ASA: American Standards Association ASAP: As Soon As Possible ASC: Area Source Category (EPA-97/12) ASCE: American Society of Civil Engineers ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCP: American Society of Consulting Planners ASDWA: Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (EPA-97/12) ASHAA: Asbestos in Schools Hazard Abatement Act (EPA97112) ASHP: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (EPA-92/12) ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refigerating, and AirConditioning Engineers (EPA-97/12) ASIFHESE: Alphabet Soup Index for Health and Environmental Science and Engineering ASIWCPA: Association of State and Interstate Water Pollution Control Administrators (EPA-97/12) ASMDHS: Airshed Model Data Handling System (EPA-97/12) ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASPA: American Society of Public Administration ASRL: Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory (EPA-97/12) AST: Advanced Secondary (Wastewater) Treatment (EPA-97/12) ASTHO: Association of State and Territorial Health Officers (EPA-97/12) ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials (EPA-97/12) ASTSWMO: Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Management Officials (EPA-97/12) ASV: Anodic Stripping Voltammetry AT: Advanced Treatment (EPA-97/12) AT: Advanced Treatment (EPA-97/12) AT: Alpha Track Detection (EPA-97/12) AT: Ash Trap At: Astatine ATC: Acceptable Tissue Concentration (EPA-9113) ATE: Acute Toxicity Endpoint (EPA-9113) ATERIS: Air Toxics Exposure and Risk Information System (EPA-97/12) ATMI: American Textile Manufacturers Institute ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
ATS: Action Tracking System (EPA-97/12) ATS: Administrator's Tracking System ATSAC: Administrator's Toxic Substances Advisory Committee ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (40CFR300.4) ATTF: Air Toxics Task Force (EPA-97/12) ATTIC: Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center Au: Gold AUR: Air Unit Risk (EPA-92/12) AUSA: Assistant United Statei Attorney AUSM: Advanced Utility Simulation Model (EPA-97/12) AVS: Acid Volatile Sulfides (EPA-9113) AWMA: Air and Waste Management Association AWQC: Ambient Water Quality Criteria (40CFR300-AA) AWRA: American Water Resources Association (EPA-97/12) AWS: American Welding Society AWT: Advanced Waste Treatment AWT: Advanced Wastewater Treatment (EPA-97/12) AWWA: American Water Works Association (EPA-97/12) AWWARF: American Water Works Association Research Foundation (EPA-97/12) AZ: Arizona B.P.: Before Present (DOE-9114) b.p.: Boiling Point B: Boron Ba: Barium BAA: Board of Assistance Appeals (EPA-97/12) BAC: Bioremediation Action Committee; Biotechnology Advisory Committee (EPA-97/12) BACER: Biological and Climatological Effects Research BACM: Best Available Control Measures (EPA-97/12) BACT: Best Available Control Technology (40CFR51) BADCT: Best Available Demonstrated Control Technology BADT: Best Available Demonstrated Technology (EPA-97/12) BAF: Bioaccumulation Factor (EPA-97/12) BAP: Benefits Analysis Program (EPA-97/12) BaP: Benzo(a)Pyrene (EPA-97/12) BaP: Benzo(a)Pyrene (EPA-97/12) BARF: Best Available Retrofit Facility BART: Best Available Retrofit Technology (EPA-97/12) BASIS: Battelle's Automated Search Information System (EPA97/12) BAT: Best Available Technology (EPA-97/12) BAT: Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (40CFR467) BATEA: Best Available Treatment Economically Achievable (EPA-97/12) BBS: Bulletin Board System BBS: OSWER Electronic Bulletin Board System BCC: Blind Carbon Copy BCCM: Board for Certified Consulting Meteorologists BCF: BioconcentrationFactor (40CFR797) BCPCT: Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology (EPA97/12) BCT: Best Control Technology (EPA-97/12)
BCT: Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology (40CFR430) BCT: Best Conventional Technology (EPA-9113) BD: Background Document BDAT: Best Demonstrated Achievable Technology (EPA-97/12) BDCT: Best Demonstrated Control Technology (EPA-97/12) BDT: Best Demonstrated Technology (EPA-97/12) Be: Beryllium BEA: Bureau of Economic Advisors BEA: Bureau of Economic Analysis BEIR: Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (DOE-91/4) BEJ: Best Engineering Judgement (EPA-97/12) BEJ: Best Expert Judgment (EPA-97/12) BEP: Black Employment Program BF: Bona fide Notice of Intent to Manufacture or Import (IMDIOTS) (EPA-97/12) BG: Billion Gallons BGD: Billion Gallons per Day BHET: Bis-(2-hydroxyethy1)-terephthalate(40CFR60.561) BHNL: Brookhaven National Laboratory BHP: Biodegradation, Hydrolysis, and Photolysis (EPA-92/12) BHP: Brake Horsepower (40CFR86) Bi: Bismuth BI: Brookings Institution BIA: Bureau of Indian Affairs (40CFR147.2902) BIAC: Business Industry Advisory Committee BID: Background Information Document (EPA-97/12) BID: Buoyancy Induced Dispersion (EPA-97/12) BIOPLUME: Model to Predict the Maximum Extent of Existing Plumes (EPA-97/12) BIOPLUME: Model to Predict the Maximum Extent of Existing Plumes (EPA-97/12) BIOS: Basic Input Output System (computer) Bk: Berkelium BLM: Bureau of Land Management BLOB: Biologically Liberated Organo-Beasties BLP: Buoyant Line and Point Source Model BLS: Bureau of Labor Statistics BMP: Best Management Practice(s) (EPA-97/12) BMR: Baseline Monitoring Report (EPA-97/12) BNA: Base, Neutral, and Acid (BNA) Compounds BO: Budget Obligations (EPA-97/12) BOA: Basic Ordering Agreement (Contracts) (EPA-97/12) BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (EPA-97/12) BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand (EPA-97/12) BOD5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand as Measured in the Standard 5-Day Test (EPA-92/12) BOF: Basic Oxygen Furnace (EPA-97/12) BOM: Bureau of Mines or U.S. Bureau of Mines BOP: Basic Oxygen Process (EPA-97/12) BOPF: Basic Oxygen Process Furnace (EPA-97/12) BOYSNC: Beginning of Year Significant Non-Compliers (EPA97/12) BP: Boiling Point (EPA-97/12) BPA: Blanket Purchase Agreement BPA: Bonneville Power Administration (DOE-9114)
BPCT: Best Practicable Control Technology BPJ: Best Professional Judgment (EPA-97/12) BPT: Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available (40CFR430.222) BPT: Best Practicable Technology (EPA-97/12) BPT: Best Practicable Treatment (EPA-97/12) BPWTT: Best Practicable Waste Treatment Technology (EPA97/12) BPWTT: Best Practical Wastewater Treatment Technology (EPA-97/12) Bq: Becquerel (a radiation unit) (40CFR302.4-AB) BQU: Bacterial Quantity Unit Br: Bromine BRI: Building-Related Illness (EPA-97/12) BRS: Bibliographic Retrieval Service (EPA-97/12) BSCO: Brake Specific Carbon Monoxide (40CFR86) BSHC: Brake Specific Hydrocarbons (40CFR86) BSI: British Standards Institute (EPA-97/12) BSNO,: Brake Specific Oxides of Nitrogen (40CFR86) BSO: Benzene Soluble Organics (EPA-97/12) BST: Benzene Study Team (MCA) BTG: Benzene Task Group (MCA) Btu: British thermal unit (40CFR60) BTX: Benzens-Toluene-Xylene (40CFR61.131) BTZ: Below the Treatment Zone (EPA-97/12) BU: Bargaining Unit BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen (EPA-97/12) bw: Body Weight (EPA-92/12) BY: Budget Year C: Carbon C: Cyclone C: Degree Celsius (centigrade) (40CFR60-94) Ca: Calcium CA: California CA: Capacity CA: Carbon Absorber CA: Citizen Act (EPA-97/12) CA: Competition Advocate (EPA-97/12) CA: Cooperative Agreements (EPA-97/12) CA: Corrective Action (EPA-97/12) CAA: Clean Air Act (EPA-97/12) CAA: Compliance Assurance Agreement (EPA-97/12) CAAA: Clean Air Act Amendments (EPA-97/12) CAB: Civil Aeronautics Board CAD: Computer Assisted Design CAER: Community Awareness and Emergency Response (EPA97/l 2) CAFE: Corporate Average Fuel Economy (EPA-97/12) CAFO: Concentrated Animal Feedlot (EPA-97/12) CAFO: Consent AgreementIFinal Order (EPA-97/12) CAG: Carcinogen Assessment Group, US. EPA (EPA-92/12) CAG: Carcinogenic Assessment Group (EPA-97/12) CAIR: Comprehensive Assessment of Information Rule (EPA97112) cal: Calorie (40CFR60) CALINE: California Line Source Model (EPA-97/12)
CAM: Compliance Assurance Monitoring (EPA-97/12) CAM: Compliance Assurance Monitoring rule (EPA-97/12) CAMP: Continuous Air Monitoring Program (EPA-97/12) CAMU: Corrective Action for Solid Waste Management Unit (40CFR264.552) CAN: Common Account Number (EPA-97/12) CAO: Corrective Action Order (EPA-97/12) CAP: Corrective Action Plan (EPA-97/12) CAP: Cost Allocation Procedure (EPA-97/12) CAP: Criteria Air Pollutant (EPA-97/12) CAPMoN: Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (EPA-97/12) CAR: Corrective Action Report (EPA-97/12) CARB: California Air Resources Board CAS: Center for Automotive Safety (EPA-97/12) CAS: Chemical Abstract Service (EPA-97/12) CASAC: Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (EPA-97/12) CASLP: Conference on Alternative State and Local Practices (EPA-97/12) CAST: Council on Agricultural Science and Technology CASTNet: Clean Air Status and Trends Network (EPA-97/12) CATS: Corrective Action Tracking System (EPA-97/12) CAU: Carbon Adsorption Unit (EPA-97/12) CAU: Command Arithmetic Unit (EPA-97/12) CB: Carbon Bed CB: Continuous Bubbler (EPA-97/12) CBA: Chesapeake Bay Agreement (EPA-97/12) CBA: Cost Benefit Analysis (EPA-97/12) CBB: Chesapeake Bay Basin CBC: Circulating Bed Combustor CBD: Central Business District (40CFR52.2486) CBD: Commerce Business Daily CBEP: Community Based Environmental Project (EPA-97/12) CBI: Compliance Biomonitoring Inspection (EPA-97/12) CBI: Confidential Business Information (EPA-97/12) CBO: Congressional Budget Office CBOD: Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand (EPA-97/12) CBP: Chesapeake Bay Program (EPA-97/12) CBP: Combustion By-product CBP: County Business Patterns (EPA-97/12) CCJRTS: Chemical CollectionIRequest Tracking System (EPA97112) CC: Carbon Copy CC: Closed Cup (EPA-92/12) cc: Cubic Centimeter (40CFR60-94) CCA: Competition in Contracting Act (EPA-97/12) CCA: Council of Chemical Associations CCAA: Canadian Clean Air Act (EPA-97/12) CCAP: Center for Clean Air Policy (EPA-97/12) CCAP: Climate Change Action Plan (EPA-97/12) CCC: Criteria Continuous Concentration (EPA-9 113) CCDF: ComplementaryCumulative Distribution Function (DOE9 114) CCE: Carbon Chloroform Extract CCEA: Conventional Combustion Environmental Assessment (EPA-97/12)
CCERP: Committee to Coordinate Environmental and Related Programs CCHW: Citizens Clearinghouse for Hazardous Wastes (EPA97/12) CCID: Confidential Chemicals Identification System (EPA-97/12) CCMA: Certified Color Manufacturers Association CCMS/NATO: Committee on Challenges of a Modern Society/North Atlantic Treaty Organization (EPA-97/12) CCP: Composite Correction Plan (EPA-97/12) CCP: Comprehensive Carcinogen Policy (OSHA) CCS: Counter Current Scrubber CCTP: Clean Coal Technology Program (EPA-97/12) CCW: Constituent Concentrations in Waste (40CFR268.43) CCWE: Constituent Concentrations in Waste Extract (40CFR268.41) Cd: Cadmium CD: Climatological Data (EPA-97/12) CD: Criterion Document CDB: Consolidated Data Base (EPA-97/12) CDBA: Central Data Base Administrator (EPA-97/12) CDBG: Community Development Block Grant (EPA-97/12) CDC: Centers for Disease Control (EPA-92/12) CDC: Communicable Disease Center CDD: Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (EPA-97/12) CDF: Chlorinated dibenzofuran (EPA-97/12) CDHS: Comprehensive Data Handling System (EPA-97/12) CDI: Case Development Inspection (EPA-97/12) CDM: Climatological Dispersion Model (EPA-97/12) CDM: Comprehensive Data Management (EPA-97/12) CDMQC: Climatological Dispersion Model with Calibration and Source Contribution (EPA-97/12) CDMQC: Climatological Dispersion Model with Calibration and Source Contribution (EPA-97/12) CDNS: Climatological Data National Summary (EPA-97/12) CDP: Census Designated Places (EPA-97/12) CDS: Compliance Data System (EPA-97/12) CE: Categorical Exclusion (EPA-97/12) Ce: Cerium CE: Conditionally Exempt Generator (EPA-97/12) CE: Cost Effectiveness CEA: Cooperative Enforcement Agreement (EPA-97/12) CEA: Cost and Economic Assessment (EPA-97/12) CEA: Council of Economic Advisors CEAM: Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling (EPA-9113) CEARC: Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council (EPA-97/12) CEAT: Contractor Evidence Audit Team (EPA-97/12) CEB: Chemical Element Balance (EPA-97/12) CEC: Cation Exchange Capacity (40CFR257.3.5) CEC: Clearinghouse on Environmental Carcinogens CEC: Commission for Environmental Cooperation CEC: Commission of European Communities CECATS: CSB Existing Chemicals Assessment Tracking System (EPA-97/12) CED: Committee for Economic Development CEDE: Committed Effective Dose Equivalent (DOE-9114)
CEE: Center for Environmental Education CEE: Center for Environmental Education (EPA-97/12) CEEM: Center for Energy and Environmental Management (EPA-97/12) CEFIC: Counseil Europeen Des Federations De L'Industrie Chimique CEI: Compliance Evaluation Inspection (CWA) (EPA-97/12) CELRF: Canadian Environmental Law Research Foundation (EPA-97/12) CEM: Continuous Emission Monitoring (EPA-97/12) CEMA: Conveyor Equipment Manufacturer's Association CEMS: Continuous Emission Monitoring System (EPA-97/12) CEO: Chief Executive Officer CEP: Council on Economic Priorities CEPA: Canadian Environmental Protection Act CEPP: Chemical Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPA-97/12) CEQ: Council on Environmental Quality (40CFR6.101 CEQA: California Environmental Quality Act CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980) (EPA-97/12) CERCLIS: CERCLA Information System (40CFR300.5) CERCLIS: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (EPA-97/12) CERI: Center for Environmental Research Information (EPA) CERT: Certificate of Eligibility (EPA-97/12) CESQG: Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator (EPA97112) CEST: Community Environmental Service Teams (EPA-97/12) CETIS: Complex Effluent Toxicity Information System (EPA9 113) CETTP: Complex Effluent Toxicity Testing Program (EPA-9113) CEU: Continuing Education Units cf.: Compare Cf: Californium CF: Conservation Foundation (EPA-97/12) CFA: Consumer Federation of American CFC: Chlorofluorocarbons (EPA-97/12) CFC: Combined Federal Campaign cfh: Cubic feet per hour (40CFR86.403.78-94) CFM: Chlorofluoromethanes(EPA-97/12) cfm: Cubic feet per minute (40CFR86.403.78-94) CFR: Code of Federal Regulations (EPA-97/12) CFS: Cubic Feet per Second CFU: Colony Forming Unit CFV: Critical Flow Venturi (40CFR86) CFV-CVS: Critical Flow Venturi-Constant Volume Sampler (40CFR86) CGS unit: Centimeter-Gram-Secondunit (absolute metric unit) CHABA: Committee on Hearing and Bio-Acoustics (EPA-97/12) CHAMP: Community Health Air Monitoring Program (EPA97112) CHC: Chemical of Highest Concern (EPA-9113) ChE: Cholinesterase (EPA-92/12) CHEMNET: A mutual aid network of chemical shippers and contractors (NRT-8713)
CHEMNET: Chemical Industry Emergency Mutual Aid Network (EPA-97/12) CHEMTREC: Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (NRT-8713) CHESS: Community Health and Environmental Surveillance System (EPA-97/12) CHIP: Chemical Hazard Information Profiles (EPA-97/12) CHLOREP: Chlorine Emergency Plan (NRT-8713) CHNTRN: Channel Transport Model (EPA-9113) CHRISIHACS: Chemical Hazards Response Information SystemIHazard Assessment Computer System (NRT-8713) Cin: Curies per Liter (DOE-9 114) ci/m3: Curies per Cubic Meter (DOE-9114) Ci/yr: Curies per Year (DOE-9 114) CI: Color index CI: Compression Ignition (EPA-97/12) CI: Confidence Interval (EPA-97/12) Ci: Curie (4OCFRl90.02) CIA: Central Intelligence Agency CIAQ: Council on Indoor Air Quality (EPA-97/12) CIBL: Convective Internal Boundary Layer (EPA-97/12) CIBO: Council of Industrial Boiler Owners CICA: Competition in Contracting Act (EPA-97/12) CICIS: Chemicals in Commerce Information System (EPA-97/12) CIDAC: Cancer Information Dissemination and Analysis Center CIDRS: Cascade Impactor Data Reduction System (EPA-97/12) CIIT: Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (EPA-92/12) CIMI: Committee on Integrity and Management Improvement (EPA-97/12) CIRLG: Chemical Industry ~e&latoryLiaison Group CIS: Chemical Information System (EPA-97/12) CIS: Contracts Information System (EPA-97/12) CJE: Critical Job Element CJO: Chief Judicial Officer CKD: Cement Kiln Dust CKRC: Cement Kiln Recycling Coalition (EPA-97/12) CL: Chemiluminescence(40CFR86) CL: Chlorine CLC: Capacity Limiting Constituents (EPA-97/12) CLEANS: Clinical Laboratory for Evaluation and Assessment of Toxic Substances (EPA-97/12) CLEVER: Clinical Laboratory for Evaluation and Validation of Epidemiologic Research (EPA-97/12) CLF: Conservation Law Foundation (EPA-97/12) CLI: Consumer Labeling Initiative (EPA-97/12) CLIPS: Chemical List Index and Processing System (EPA-97/12) CLP: Contract Laboratory Program (40CFR300-AA) CLS: Chlorine Scrubber cm: Centimeter(s) (40CFR86.403.78-94) CM: Corrective Measure (EPA-97/12) Cm: Curium CMA: Chemical Manufacturers' Association (EPA-97/12) CMAA: Crane Manufacturers' Association of American CMB: Chemical Mass Balance (EPA-97/12) CMC: Criteria Maximum Concentration (EPA-9113) CME: Comprehensive (groundwater) Monitoring Evaluation
CME: Comprehensive Monitoring Evaluation (EPA-97/12) CMEL: Comprehensive Monitoring Evaluation Log (EPA-97/12) CMEP: Critical Mass Energy Project (EPA-97/12) CMPU: Chemical Manufacturing Process Unit (40CFR63 Subpart G Appendix) CN ratio: Carbon Nitrogen Ratio CNG: Compressed Natural Gas (EPA-97/12) CNP ratio: Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus ratio CNR: Composite Noise Rating (DOE-9114) CNS: Central Nervous System (EPA-92/12) CO: Carbon Monoxide (40CFR88.103-94) Co: Cobalt CO: Colorado COz: Carbon dioxide (40CFR86.403.78-94) COA: Corresponding Onshore Area (40CFR55.2) COB: Close of Business COCO: Contractor-OwnedKontractor-Operated(EPA-97/12) COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand (EPA-97/12) COE: Corps of Engineers (DOE-9 114) COE: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers COFA: Certification of Fund Availability (EPA) COG: Council of Governments COH: Coefficient Of Haze (EPA-97/12) COHb: Carboxyhemoglobin COLA: Cost of Living Adjustment COLIS: Computerized On-Line Information Service COM: Continuous Opacity Monitor COMPLEX: Complex Terrain Screening Model COMPTER: Multiple Source Air Quality Model COMS: Continuous Opacity Monitoring System CON: Selected Contractor or "Awardee" Conc: Concentration (40CFR86.403.78-94) CONG: Congressional Committee CORMM 1: Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System (EPA-9113) CORPS: Army Corps of Engineers COS: Conservative Opportunity Society COWPS: Council on Wage and Price Stability CP: Construction Permit (DOE-9114) CPCCP: Spill Prevention Control and CountermeasurePlan CPDA: Chemical Producers and Distributor Association (EPA97/12) CPF: Carcinogenic Potency Factor (EPA-97/12) CPI: Consumer Price Index CPK: Creatine Phosphokinase (EPA-92/12) CPL: Chemistry and Physics Laboratory CPM: Continuous Particle Monitor CPO: Certified Project Officer (EPA-97/12) CPP: Compliance Policy and Planning CPR: Campaign for Pesticide Reform CPR: Center for Public Resources CPR: Coalition for Pesticide Reform CPS: Compliance Program and Schedule CPSA: Consumer Product Safety Act (40CFR762.3) CPSC: Consumer Product Safety Commission CPSDAA: Compliance and Program Staff to the Deputy Assistant Administrator
CPU: Central Processing Unit (computer) CQA: Construction Quality Assurance (40CFR265.19) Cr: Chromium CR: Community Relations CR: Congressional Record CR: Continuous Radon Monitoring (EPA-97/12) CRA: Civil Rights Act CRA: Classification Review Area CRAC: Chemical Regulations Advisory Committee (CMA) CRAVE: Carcinogen Risk Assessment Verification Endeavor (EPA-92/12) CRC: Community Relations Coordinator (40CFR300.4) CRDL: Contract-Required Detection Limit (40CFR300-AA) CRGS: Chemical Regulations and Guidelines System CRL: Central Regional Laboratory CRM: Certified Reference Material (40CFR50.l -h). CROP: Consolidated Rules of Practice (EPA-97/12) CRP: Child-Resistant Packaging (EPA-97/12) CRP. Community Relations Plan (40CFR300.4) CRP: Conservation Reserve Program (EPA-97/12) CRQL: Contract-Required Quantitation Limit (40CFR300-AA) CRR: Center for Renewable Resources (EPA-97/12) CRS: Congressional Research Service CRT: Cathode Ray Tube CRTK: Community Right-to-Know (40CFR372.1) CRWI: Coalition for Responsible Waste Incineration CS: Caustic Scrubber Cs: Cesium CS: Compliance Staff CSCT: Committee for Site Characterization (EPA-97/12) CSDT: California State Department of Transportation (DOE-9114) CSF: Confidential Statement of Formula (40CFR455-table 8) CSGWPP: Comprehensive State Groundwater Protection Program (EPA-97/12) CSI: Clean Sites, Inc. CSI: Common Sense Initiative (EPA-97/12) CSI: Compliance Sampling Inspection (EPA-97/12) CSIN: Chemical Substances Information Network (EPA-97/12) CSMA: Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association CSO: Combined Sewer Overflow CSO: Combined Sewer Overflow (40CFR35.2024) CSPA: Council of State Planning Agencies (EPA-97/12) CSPI: Center for Science in the Public Interest CSRL: Center for the Study of Responsive Law (EPA-97/12) CSS: Commodity Stabilization Service CST: Certification Short Test (40CFR86.096.3-94) CT: Chimney Tray CT: Closed Throttle (40CFR86) CT: Connecticut CTAP: Chemical Transport and Analysis Program (EPA-9113) CTARC: Chemical Testing and Assessment Research Commission (EPA-97/12) CTE: Chronic Toxicity Endpoint (EPA-9113) CTFA: Cosmetics, Toiletries, and Fragrances Association CTG: Control Technique Guideline (40CFR52.25) CTG: Control Techniques Guidelines (EPA-97/12)
CTSA: Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment (EPA-97/12) cu.: Cubic (40CFR86.403.78-94) cu.m/day: Cubic meter per day, used in the HEC derivation of an RK (EPA-92/12) cu.m: Cubic Meter (EPA-92/12) Cu: Copper cu-ft: Cubic Feet (40CFR60) CV: Chemical Vocabulary (EPA-97/12) CV: Coefficient of Variation (EPA-9113) CVAAS: Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (40CFR266-A9) CVS: Constant volume sampler (40CFR86.403.78-94) CW: Congress Watch CW: Continuous working-level monitoring (EPA-97/12) CWA: Clean Water Act (aka FWPCA) (EPA-97/12) CWAP: Clean Water Action Project (EPA-97/12) cwt: Hundred Weight (40CFR406.61) CWTC: Chemical Waste Transportation Council (EPA-97/12) CZARA: Coastal Zone Management Act Reauthorization Amendments (EPA-97/12) CZMA: Coast Zone Management Act (16USC145 1-1464) D&D: Decontamination and Decommissioning (DOE-9114) d.: Density D.P.H: Doctor of Public Health D.P.Hy.: Doctor of Public Hygiene d: Day (DOE-9114) DA: Deputy Administrator DA: Designated Agent DA: Dilution Air DAA: Deputy Assistant Administrator D,: Aerodynamic equivalent diameter (EPA-8190b) D,: Aerodynamic resistance diameter (EPA-8/90b) DAFGDS: Dual Alkali Flue Gas Desulfwization System (40CFR60-AG) DAIG: Deputy Assistant Inspector General DAMDF: Durham Air Monitoring Demonstration Facility DAPSS: Document and Personnel Security System (IMD) (EPA97112) DAR: Defense Acquisition Regulations DAR: Direct Assistance Request DASD: Direct Access Storage Drive DASE: Dutch Association of Safety Experts (EPA-92/12) dB: Decibel (40CFR201.1) dBA: Decibel, A weighted (DOE-9114) DBA: Design-Basis Accident (DOE-9114) DBCP: Dibromochloropropane DBE: Design-Basis Earthquake (DOE-9114) DBP: Disinfection By-Product DCA: Document Control Assistant DCCLC: Dynamic Coupled Column Liquid Chromatographic (40CFR796.1720) dcf: Dry Cubic Feet (40CFR60) DCI: Data Call-In (EPA-97/12) DCI: Data Call-In (EPA-97/12) dcm: Dry Cubic Meter (40CFR60) DCN: Document Control Number
DCO: Delayed Compliance Order (EPA-97/12) DCO: Document Control Officer (EPA-97/12) DCP: Direct Current Plasma DCP: Discrimination Complaints Program DD: Deputy Director DDD: Dichloro-diphenyl dichloroethane DDO: Dispute Decision Official (40CFR35.3030) DDT: Dichloro-Diphenyl Trichloroethane (EPA-97/12) DE: Delaware DE: Department of Education DE: Destruction Efficiency DEC: Department of Environmental Conservation DEC: Direct-shell Evacuation Control (40CFR60.271a) DEIS: Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DOE-9114) DEMA: Diesel Engine Manufacturers Association DEPP: Dredge and Fill Permit Program DERs: Data Evaluation Records (EPA-97/12) DES: DiethylstiIbesterol(EPA-97/12) DESCON: Computer Program that Estimates Design Condition (EPA-9113) DETA: Dyes Environmental and Toxicology Organization DF: Dilution Factor (EPA-9113) DFC: Direct fuel cell DfE: Design for the Environment (EPA-97/12) DFLOW: Computer Program that Calculates Biologically based design flows (EPA-9113) DHEW: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) (EPA-92/12) DHFC: Direct hydrogen fuel cell DHHS: Department of Health and Human Services DI: Diagnostic Inspection (EPA-97/12) DI: Dry Injection DL: Detection Limit (40CFR300-AA) DLA: Designated Liability Area (40CFR57.401) DM: Demister DMA: Designated Management Agency (40CFR130.2) DMA: Dimethylaniline (40CFR57.302) DMFC: Direct methanol fuel cell DMR: Discharge Monitoring Report (40CFR122.2) DMT: Dimethyl Terephthalate (40CFR60.561) DMT: Dispersion Modelling and Transport (MCA) DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid (EPA-97/12) DNAPL: Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (EPA-97/12) DNPH: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine(4086.090.3-94) DNT: Dinitrotoluene DO: Dissolved Oxygen (EPA-97/12) DOA: Department of Agriculture DOCA: Dissolved Organic Carbon/liter (40CFR796.3 180.a) DOC: Department of Commerce (40CFR300.4) DOD: Department of Defense (40CFR300.4) DOE: Department of Energy (40CFR300.4) DOEd: Department of Education DOE-RL: Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office (DOE-9 114) DOE-SR: Department of Energy, Savannah River Operations Office (DOE-9114)
DOI: Department of Interior (40CFR300.4) DOJ: Department of Justice (40CFR300.4) DOL: Department of Labor (40CFR300.4) DOS: Department of State (40CFR300.4) DOS: Disk Operating System (computer) DOT: Department of Transportation (40CFR300.4) DOTr: Department of Treasury DOW: Defenders Of Wildlife (EPA-97/12) D,: Particle diameter (EPA-8/90b) DPA: Deepwater Ports Act (EPA-97/12) DPD: Method of measuring chlorine residual in water (EPA-97/12) DPD: n,n-Diethyl-ParaphenyleneDiamine DPLH: Direct Productive Labor Hour (DOE) DPN: DiphosphopyridineNucleotide DQO: Data Quality Objective (EPA-97/12) DRA: Deputy Regional Administrator DRC: Deputy Regional Counsel DRE: Destruction and Removal Efficiency (EPA-97/12) DRES: Dietary Risk Evaluation System (EPA-97/12) DRMS: Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service (EPA-97/12) DRR: Data Review Record (EPA-97/12) DS: Dichotomous Sampler (EPA-97/12) DS: Dissolved Solids DS: Dry Scrubber DSAP: Data Self Auditing Program (EPA-97/12) dscfi Dry Standard Cubic Feet (EPA-97/12) dscm: Dry Standard Cubic Meter (EPA-97/12) DSS: Decision Support System (EPA-97/12) DSS: Domestic Sewage Study (EPA-97/12) DT: Detectors (radon) damaged or lost (EPA-97/12) DT: Detention Time (EPA-97/12) DU: Decision Unit (EPA-97/12) DU: Dobson Unit (EPA-97/12) DU: Ducks Unlimited (EPA-97/12) DUC: Decision Unit Coordinator (EPA-97/12) DW: Drinking Water (EPA-92/12) DWEL: Drinking Water Equivalent Level (EPA-97/12) DWS: Drinking Water Standard (EPA-97/12) DWSRF: Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (EPA-97/12) Dy: Dysprosium DYNHYD4: Hydrodynamic Model (EPA-9113) DYNTOX: Dynamic Toxic Model (EPA-9 113) e.g.: For Example E: Exponent (e.g., 1.5E-6 = 1.5 x 10 to the power of -6) (EPA92/12) EA: Endangerment Assessment (EPA-97/12) EA: Enforcement Agreement (EPA-97/12) EA: Environmental Action (EPA-97/12) EA: Environmental Assessment (EPA-97/12) EA: Environmental Audit (EPA-97/12) EAB: Exclusion Area Boundary (DOE-9114) EADS: Environmental Assessment Data Systems EAF: Electric Arc Furnaces (EPA-97/12) EAG: Exposure Assessment Group (EPA-97/12) EAP: Environmental Action Plan (EPA-97/12) EAR: Environmental Auditing Roundtable (EPA-97/12)
EAS: Economic Analysis Staff EASI: Environmental Alliance for Senior Involvement (EPA97112) EB: Emissions Balancing (EPA-97/12) EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code EBR: Experimental Breeder Reactor (DOE-9114) EBS: Emergency Broadcasting System (NRT-8713) EC: Effect Concentration (EPA-9113) EC: Effective Concentration (EPA-97/12) EC: Effective Concentration (EPA-97/12) EC: Emulsifiable Concentrate (EPA-97/12) EC: Emulsifiable Concentrate (EPA-97/12) EC: Environment Canada (EPA-97/12) EC: European Communities; or Ecology Subcommittee EC: European Community (Common Market) ECA: Economic Community for Africa (EPA-97/12) ECAO: Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, S u p A n d Health Risk (EPA-91/12) ECAP: Employee Counseling and Assistance Program (EPA97112) ECD: Electron Capture Detector (EPA-97/12) ECE: Economic Commission for Europe ECETOC: European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre ECHH: Electro-Catalytic Hyper-Heaters (EPA-97/12) ECHO: Each Community Helps Others (EPA) ECIETC: European Chemical Industry Ecology & Toxicology Center ECL: Environmental Chemical Laboratory (EPA-97/12) ECL: Executive Control Language ECLA: Economic Commission for Latin America ECOS: Environmental Council of the States (EPA-97/12) ECR: Enforcement Case Review (EPA-97/12) ECRA: Economic Cleanup Responsibility Act (EPA-97/12) ECSL: Enforcement Compliance Schedule Letters ED: Department of Education ED: Effective Dose (EPA-97/12) ED: Electron Diffraction (40CFR763-AA) EDIO: 10 Percent Effective Dose (40CFR300-AA) EDA: Economic Development Administration EDA: Emergency Declaration Area (EPA-97/12) EDB: Ethylene Dibromide (EPA-97/12) EDC: Ethylene Dichloride (EPA-97/12) EDD: Enforcement Decision Document (EPA-97/12) EDE: Effective Dose Equivalent (DOE-9114) EDF: Environmental Defense Fund (EPA-97/12) EDNA: Environmental Designation for Noise Abatement (DOE9 114) EDP: Electrodeposition (40CFR60.311) EDP: Electronic Data Processing EDRS: Enforcement Document Retrieval System (EPA-97/12) EDS: Electronic Data System (EPA-97/12) EDS: Energy Data System (EPA-97/12) EDT: Edit Data Transmission EDTA: Ethylene Diamine Triacetic Acid (EPA-97/12) EDX: Electronic Data Exchange (EPA-97/12)
EDXA: Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (40CFR763-AA) EDZ: Emission Density Zoning (EPA-97/12) EEA: Energy and Environmental Analysis (EPA-97/12) EEC: European Economic Commission EECs: Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EPA-97/12) EED: Estimated Exposure Dose (EPA-92/12) EEG: Electroencephalogram(EPA-92/12) EEI: Edison Electrical Institute (DOE-9114) EEOC: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EER: Excess Emission Report (EPA-97/12) EERL: Eastern Environmental Radiation Laboratory (EPA-97/12) EERU: Environmental Emergency Response Unit (EPA-97/12) EESI: Environment and Energy Study Institute (EPA-97/12) EESL: Environmental Ecological and Support Laboratory (EPA97112) EETFC: Environmental Effects, Transport, and Fate Committee (EPA-97/12) EF: Emission Factor (EPA-97/12) EF: Exposure Frequency (EPA-91112) EFO: Equivalent Field Office (EPA-97/12) EFTC: European Fluorocarbon Technical Committee (EPA-97/12) EG&G: EG&G Idaho, Inc. (DOE-9114) EGR: Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EPA-97/12) EH: Redox Potential (EPA-97/12) EHC: Environmental Health Committee (EPA-97/12) EHS: Extremely Hazardous Substance (EPA-97/12) EI: Emissions Inventory (EPA-97/12) EIA: Economic Impact Assessment (EPA-97/12) EM: Environmental Impact Assessment (EPA-97/12) EIL: Environmental Impairment Liability (EPA-97/12) EIP: Economic Incentive Program (40CFR51.490) EIR: Endangerment Information Report (EPA-97/12) EIR: Environmental Impact Report (EPA-97/12) EISIAS: Emissions Inventory SystemIArea Source (EPA-97/12) EISIPS: Emissions Inventory SystemtPoint Source (EPA-97/12) EIS: Environmental Impact Statement (EPA-97/12) EIS: Environmental Inventory System (EPA-97/12) EKG: Electrocardiogram (EPA-92/12) EKMA: Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach (EPA-97/12) EL: Exposure Level (EPA-97/12) ELEVEN-AA: 11-Aminoundecanoic Acid (40CFR704.25) ELI: Environmental Law Institute (EPA-97/12) ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (EPA-92/12) ELR: Environmental Law Reporter (EPA-97/12) ELWK: Equivalent Live Weight Killed (40CFR432.11) EM: Electromagnetic Conductivity (EPA-97/12) E-MAIL: Electronic Mail EMAP: Environmental Mapping and Assessment Program (EPA97/12) EMAS: Enforcement Management and Accountability System (EPA-97/12) EMIJRFI: Electromagnetic InterferencdRadio Frequency Interference (40CFR60.721) EMI: Emergency Management Institute (NRT-8713) EMR: Environmental Management Report (EPA-97/12) EMS: Enforcement Management System (EPA-97/12)
EMSL: Environmental Monitoring Support Laboratory (EPA97112) EMSL: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (EPA97112) EMTD: Estimated Maximum Tolerated Dose (EPA-92/12) EMTS: Environmental Monitoring Testing Site (EPA-97/12) EMTS: Exposure Monitoring Test Site (EPA-97/12) ENM: Environmental Noise Model (DOE-9114) EnPA: Environmental Performance Agreement (EPA-97/12) EO: Ethylene Oxide (EPA-97/12) EO: Executive Officer EO: Executive Order EOB: Executive Office Building EOC: Emergency Operating Center (EPA-97/12) EOD: Entrance on Duty EOE: Equal Opportunity Employer EOF: Emergency Operations Facility (RTP) (EPA-97/12) EOJ: End of Job EOP: Emergency Operations Plan (NRT-8713) EOP: End Of Pipe (EPA-97/12) EOT: Emergency Operations Team (EPA-97/12) EOY: End of Year EP tox: extraction procedure toxicity EP: Earth Protectors (EPA-97/12) EP: End point (40CFR86.403.78-94) EP: End Use Product (EPA-97/12) EP: Environmental Profile (EPA-97/12) EP: Equilibrium Partitioning (EPA-9113) EP: Experimental Product (EPA-97/12) EP: Extraction Procedure (EPA-97/12) EPA: Environmental Protection Agency (40CFR86.403.78-94) EPAA: Environmental Programs Assistance Act (EPA-97/12) EPAAR: EPA Acquisition Regulations (EPA-97/12) EPACASR: EPA Chemical Activities Status Report (EPA-97/12) EPAYS: EPA Payroll System EPCA: Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPA-97/12) EPCRA: Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (40CFR22.40) EPCRA: Emergency Preparedness and Community Right-toKnow Act (EPA-97/12) EPD: Emergency Planning District (EPA-97/12) E-PERM: Electret-Passive Environmental Radon Monitor EPI: Environmental Policy Institute (EPA-97/12) EPIC: Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center (EPA97112) EPNL: Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPA-97/12) EPO: Estuarian Programs Office (NOAA) EPRI: Electric Power Research Institute (EPA-97/12) EPTC: Extraction Procedure Toxicity Characteristic (EPA-97/12) eq: Equivalent (40CFR60) EQIP: Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EPA-97/12) ER: Ecosystem Restoration (EPA-97/12) ER: Electrical Resistivity (EPA-97/12) Er: Erbium ER: Extrarespiratory (EPA-92/12) ERA: Economic Regulatory Agency (EPA-97/12)
ERA: Equal Rights Amendment ERAB: Energy Research Advisory Board (DOE-9114) ERAMS: Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System (EPA-97/12) ERC: Emergency Response Commission (EPA-97/12) ERC: Emissions Reduction Credit (EPA-97/12) ERC: Environmental Research Center (EPA-97/12) ERCS: Emergency Response Cleanup Services (EPA-97/12) ERD&DAA: Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration Authorization Act (EPA-97/12) ERDA: Energy Research and Development Administration ERISA: Employee Retirement Income Security Act ERL: Environmental Research Laboratory (EPA-97/12) ERNS: Emergency Response Notification System (EPA-97/12) E m . Enforcement Response Policy (EPA-97/12) ERPG: Emergency Response Planning Guideline (DOE-9114) ERT: Emergency Response Team (EPA-97/12) ERT: Environmental Response Team (40CFR300.4) ERTAQ: ERT Air Quality Model (EPA-97/12) Es: Einsteinium ES: Enforcement Strategy (EPA-97/12) ES: Entrainment Separator ESA: Endangered Species Act (EPA-97/12) ESA: Environmentally Sensitive Area (EPA-97/12) ESC: Endangered Species Committee (EPA-97/12) ESCA: Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (EPA-97/12) ESCAP: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (EPA-97/12) ESECA: Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination Act (EPA-97/12) ESH: Environmental Safety and Health (EPA-97/12) ESP: Electrostatic Precipitators (EPA-97/12) ESU: Electrostatic Unit et al.: and elsewhere et seq.: and the following one(s) ET: Emissions Trading (EPA-97/12) ET: Extrathoracic Region of the Respiratory Tract (EPA-92/12) etc. (et cetera): and so forth ETI: Environmental Technology Initiative (EPA-97/12) ETP: Emissions Trading Policy (EPA-97/12) ETS: Emergency Temporary Standard ETS: Emissions Tracking System (EPA-97/12) ETS: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (EPA-97/12) ETV: Electrothermal Vaporization ETV: Environmental Technology Verification Program (EPA97/12) Eu: Europium EUP: End-Use Product (EPA-97/12) EUP: Environmental Use Permit (EPA-97/12) EUP: Experimental Use Permit (40CFR168.22) EVA: Ethylene Vinyl Acetate EWCC: Environmental Workforce Coordinating Committee (EPA-97/12) EX: Executive Level Appointment EXAMS: Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EPA-97/12) ExEx: Expected Exceedance (EPA-97/12)
EXIMBANK: Export-Import Bank of the U.S. FIM: Food to Microorganism Ratio F/M: Food to Microorganism Ratio (EPA-97/12) F: Fahrenheit (40CFR86.403.78-94) F: Fluorine F1: First Filial Generation (in experimental animals) (EPA-92/12) FAA: Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation (40CFR87.2) FAC: Free Available Chlorine FACA: Federal Advisory Committee Act (EPA-97/12) FAME: Framework for Achieving Managerial Excellence FAN: Fixed Account Number (EPA-97/12) FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization FAR: Federal Acquisition Regulation (40CFR34.105) FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board FAST: Fugitive Assessment Sampling Train FATES: FIFRA and TSCA Enforcement System (EPA-97/12) FAV: Final Acute Value (EPA-9113) FBC: Fluidized Bed Combustion (EPA-97/12) FC: Fluorocarbon FC: Fuel Cell FCC: Federal Communications Commission FCC: Fluid Catalytic Converter (EPA-97/12) FCCC: Framework Convention on Climate Change (EPA-97/12) FCCU: Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (EPA-97/12) FCMZ: WASP Food Chain Model (EPA-9113) FCO: Federal Coordinating Officer (40CFR300.4) FCO: Federal Coordinating Oflicer (in disaster areas) (EPA-97/12) FCO: Forms Control Officer (40FR300) FDA: Food and Drug Administration (40CFR160.3) FDAAL: Food and Drug Administration Action Level (40CFR300) FDF: Fundamentally Different Factors (EPA-97/12) FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation FDL: Final Determination Letter (EPA-97/12) FDO: Fee Determination Oflicial (EPA-97/12) FE: Fugitive Emissions (EPA-97/12) Fe: Iron FEA: Federal Energy Administration FEC: Federal Executive Council FEDS: Federal Energy Data System (EPA-97/12) FEFx: Forced Expiratory Flow (EPA-97/12) FEGLI: Federal Employee Group Life Insurance FEHB: Federal Employees Health Benefits FEI: Federal Executive Institute FEIS: Final Environmental Impact Statement (DOE-9114) FEIS: Fugitive Emissions Information System (EPA-97/12) FEL: Family emission limit (40CFR86.090.3-94) FEL: Frank Effect Level (EPA-97/12) FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency (40CFR300.5) FEPCA. Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act; enacted as amendments to FIFRA (EPA-97/12) FERC: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (EPA-97/12) FERSA: Federal Employee Retirement System Act FES: Factor Evaluation System (EPA-97/12) FETRA: Finite Element Transport Model (EPA-9113)
FEV: Forced Expiratory Volume (EPA-97/12) FEV,: Forced Expiratory Volume-one second (EPA-97/12) FEVI: Front End Volatility Index (EPA-97/12) FEW: Federally Employed Women FF: Fabric Filter FF: Federal Facilities (EPA-97/12) FFA: Flammable Fabrics Act FFAR: Fuel and Fuel Additive Registration (EPA-97/12) FFDCA: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (40CFR160.3) FFF: Firm Financial Facility (EPA-97/12) FFFSG: Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generator (EPA-97/12) FFIS: Federal Facilities Information System (EPA-97/12) FFP: Firm Fixed Price (EPA-97/12) FFPA: Farmland Protection Policy Act FGD: Flue-Gas Desulfurization (EPA-97/12) FGETS: Food and Gill Exchange of Toxic Substances (EPA-9113) FGR. Flue gas recirculation (EPA-8 1/12) FHA: Farmers Home Administration FHA: Federal Housing Administration FHLBB: Federal Home Loan Bank Board FHSA: Federal Hazardous Substances Act FHWA: Federal Highway Administration (40CFR93.101) PI: Formaldehyde Institute FIA. Federal Insurance Administration FIC: Federal Information Center FICA: Federal Insurance Contributions Act FID: Flame Ionization Detector (EPA-97/12) FIFO: First W i r s t Out FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (EPA-97/12) FIM: Friable Insulation Material (EPA-97/12) FINDS: Facility Index System (EPA-97/12) FIP: Federal Implementation Plan (40CFR52.741 .a) FIP: Federal Information Plan FIP: Final Implementation Plan (EPA-97/12) FIPS: Federal Information Procedures System (EPA-97/12) FIT: Field Investigation Team (EPA-97/12) FL: Florida FL: Full Load (40CFR86) FLETC: Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (EPA-97/12) FLM: Federal Land Manager (EPA-97/12) FLOSTAT: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Program that estimates the arithmetic mean flow and 7410 of rivers and streams (EPA-9113) FLP: Flash Point (EPA-97/12) FLPMA: Federal Land Policy and Management Act (EPA-97/12) FLSA: Fair Labor Standards Act Fm: Fermium FM: Food Chain Multipliers (EPA-9113) FMAP: Financial Management Assistance Project (EPA-97/12) FMC: Federal Maritime Commission FMFIA: Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act FMIA: Federal Meat Inspection Act (2 1USC60) FML: Flexible Membrane Liner (40CFR258.40-93) FMO: Financial Management Officer FMP: Facility Management Plan (EPA-97/12)
FMP: Financial Management Plan (EPA-97/12) FMS: Financial Management System (EPA-97/12) FMVCP: Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program (EPA-97/12) FN:Fog Nozzle FNSI: Finding of No Significant Impact (40CFR1508.13) FOE: Friends of the Earth (EPA-97/12) FOI: Freedom of Information (EPA-92/12) FOIA: Freedom Of Information Act (EPA-97/12) FOISD: Fiber Optic Isolated Spherical Dipole Antenna (EPA97/12) FONSI: Finding of No Significant Impact (EPA-97/12) FORAST: Forest Response to Anthropogenic Stress (EPA-97/12) FORTRAN: Formula Translation FP: Fine Particulate (EPA-97/12) FPA: Federal Pesticide Act (EPA-97/12) FPAS: Foreign Purchase Acknowledgement Statements (EPA97/12) FPC: Federal Power Commission FPD: Flame Photometric Detector (EPA-97/12) FPEIS: Fine Particulate Emissions Information System (EPA97/12) FPM: Federal Personnel Manual (EPA-97/12) FPPA: Federal Pollution Prevention Act (EPA-97/12) FPR: Federal Procurement Regulation (EPA-97/12) FPRS: Federal Program Resources Statement (EPA-97/12) FPRS: Formal Planning and Supporting System (EPA-97/12) FR: Federal Register (EPA-97/12) FR:Final Rulemaking (EPA-97/12) Fr: Francium FRA: Federal Register Act (EPA-97/12) FRB: Federal Reserve Board FRC: Federal Records Center FRC: Functional Reserve Capacity (EPA-92/12) FRDS: Federal Reporting Data System FREDS: Flexible Regional Emissions Data System (EPA-97/12) Freon-1 13: trichlorotrifluoroethane(DOE-9 114) FRES: Forest Range Environmental Study (EPA-97/12) FRM: Federal Reference Methods (EPA-97/12) FRN: Federal Register Notice (EPA-97/12) FRN: Final Rulemaking Notice (EPA-97/12) FRS: Formal Reporting System (EPA-97/12) FRTIB: Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board FS: Feasibility Study (40CFR300.4) FS: Forest Service FSA: Food Security Act (EPA-97/12) FSP: Field Sampling Plan FSS: Facility Status Sheet (EPA-97/12) FSS: ~ederalSupply Schedule (EPA-97/12) ft: Feet (40CFR60) FT: Full Time ft2: Square Feet (40CFR60) ft3: Cubic Feet (40CFR60) FTA: Federal Transit Administration (40CFR93.101) FTC: Federal Trade Commission FTE: Full Time Equivalent FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared Analyzer
FTP: Federal Test Procedure (40CFR89.3-94) FTS: Federal Telecommunications System FTS: File Transfer Service (EPA-97/12) FTS-IR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyzer FTT: Full Time Temporary FTTS: FIFRAITSCA Tracking System (EPA-97/12) FTU: Formazin Turbidity Unit FUA: Fuel Use Act (EPA-97/12) FURS: Federal Underground Injection Control Reporting System (EPA-97/12) FVC: Forced Vital Capacity (EPA-8190b) FVMP: Federal Visibility Monitoring Program (EPA-97/12) FWCA: Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (EPA-97/12) FWP: Federal Women Program FWPCA: Federal Water Pollution and Control Act (aka CWA) (EPA-97/12) FWPCA: Federal Water Pollution and Control Administration (EPA-97/12) FWQC: Federal Water Quality Criteria (EPA-91/12) FWS: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (40CFR233.2) FY: Fiscal Year FYI: For Your Information G&A: General and Administrative Cost GIDSCM: Gramsl(dry standard cubic meter) GKW-HR:Grams per kilowatt hour (40CFR89.3-94) GIMI: Grams per mile GMI: Grams per mile (EPA-97/12) GIML: Gramslmilliliter, 1 milliliter = 1 cc = 1 cm3 G/Ncm: Gramsl(norma1cubic meter), 1 normal cubic meter = 1 dry standard cubic meter G: Gram (40CFR60) Ga: Gallium GA: Georgia GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (EPA-97/12) GAC: Granular Activated Carbon (40CFR141.61.b) GAC: Groundwater Activated Carbon GACT: Granular Activated Carbon Treatment (EPA-97/12) gal: Gallon (40CFR60) GAO: General Accounting Office GRI: Gas Research Institute GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade CAW: Global Atmospheric Watch (EPA-97/12) GBL: Government Bill of Lading GCIAFID: Gas Chromatography/AlkaliFlame Ionization Detector (EPA-84103a) GCIDD: Gas Chromatography/DualDetector (EPA-84103a) GCIECD: Gas Chromatography/Electrolytic Conductivity Detector (EPA-84103a) GCIECD: Gas Chromatography/Electron Capture Detector (EPA84103a) GCIFID: Gas Chromatography/FlameIonization Detector (Course 165.5) GCMECD: Gas Chromatography/Hall Electrolytic Conductivity Detector (EPA-84103a) GCIIR: Gas Chromatography/InfraredAbsorption Spectrometer (EPA-84103a)
GC/MS: Gas Chromatograph/ Mass Spectograph GC/MS: Gas ChromatographyIMass Spectrometry (EPA-84103a) GCIPID: Gas ChromatographyPhotoionization Detector (Course 165.5) GCD'CD: Gas Chromatography/ThermalConductivity Detector (EPA-84103a) GCITSD: Gas Chromatography/ThermionicSpecific detector (EPA-84103a) GC: Gas chromatograph (40CFR86.090.3-94) GC: Gas Cooler GC: General Counsel GCC: Global Climate Convention (EPA-97/12) GCP: Good Combustion Practices GCVTC: Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (EPA97112) GCWR: Gross Combination Weight Rating (40CFR202.10) Gd: Gadolinium GD: Guidance Document GDE: Generic Data Exemption (EPA-97/12) Ge: Germanium GEA: Glossary of EPA Acronyms GEI: Geographic Enforcement Initiative (EPA-97/12) GEMI: Global Environmental Management Initiative (EPA-97/12) GEMS: Global Environmental Monitoring System (EPA-97/12) GEMS: Graphical Exposure Modeling System (EPA-97/12) GEP: Good Engineering Practice (40FR51) GEQ: gram-equivalent (40CFR60) GF: General Files GFF: Glass Fiber Filter (EPA-97/12) GFO: Grant Funding Order (EPA-97/12) GFP: Government-FurnishedProperty (EPA-97/12) GI: Gastrointestinal (EPA-92/12) GICS: Grant Information and Control System (EPA-97/12) GIs: Geographic Information Systems (EPA-97/12) GIs: Global Indexing System (EPA-97/12) GLBC: Great Lakes Basin Commission GLC: Gas Liquid Chromatography (EPA-97/12) GLERL: Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (EPA97112) GLICP: Great Lakes Initiative Contract Program GLNPO: Great Lakes National Program Office (EPA-97/12) GLP: Good Laboratory Practices (EPA-97/12) GLWQA: Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (EPA-97/12) GMA: Grocery Manufacturers Association GMCC: Global Monitoring for Climatic Change (EPA-97/12) GMT: Greenwich Mean Time GNP: Gross National Product GOCM: Goals, Objectives, Commitments, and Measures GOCO: Government-OwnedContractor-Operated(EPA-97/12) GOGO: Government-Owned/ Government-Operated (EPA-97/12) COP: General Operating Procedures (EPA-97/12) GOPO: Government-Owned/Privately Operated (EPA-97/12) GOTCHA: Generalized Overall Toxics Control and Hazards Act GPAD: Gallons-per-acre per-day (EPA-97/12) GPD: Gallons Per Day GPG: Grams-per-Gallon (EPA-97/12)
GPM: Gallons Per Minute GPO: Government Printing Office GPR: Ground-Penetrating Radar (EPA-97/12) GPS: Groundwater Protection Strategy (EPA-97/12) GPT: Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (EPA-92/12) GRIDSCF: Grains/(dry standard cubic feet), 1 grtdscf = 2,300 milligrams/dscm GR: Grab Radon Sampling (EPA-97/12) GR: Grain GRAS: Generally Regarded As Safe GRCDA: Government Refuse Collection and Disposal Association (EPA-97/12) GRGL: Groundwater Residue Guidance Level (EPA-97/12) GS: General Schedule GSA: General Services Administration GT: Gas Turbine (EPA-97/12) GTN: Global Trend Network (EPA-97/12) GTR: Government Transportation Request (EPA-97/12) GVP: Gasoline Vapor Pressure (EPA-97/12) GVW: Gross Vehicle Weight (40CFR51.73 1) GVWR: Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (40CFR88.103-94) GW: Grab Working-Level Sampling (EPA-97/12) GW: Grab Working-Level Sampling Groundwater GW: Groundwater (EPA-97/12) GWDR: Groundwater Disinfection Rule (EPA-97/12) GWM: Groundwater Monitoring (EPA-97/12) GWP: Global Warming Potential (EPA-97/12) GWPC: Groundwater Protection Council (EPA-97/12) GWPS: Groundwater Protection Standard (EPA-97/12) GWPS: Groundwater Protection Strategy (EPA-97/12) H.R.: House of Representatives h: hour (40CFR86.403.78-94) H: Humidifier H: Hydrogen H20: Water (40CFR86.403.78-94) Ha: Hahnium HA: Health Advisory (EPA-97/12) ha: Hectare (40CFR401.11) HAC: Heating and Air Conditioning HAD: Health Assessment Document (EPA-97/12) HAP: Halogen Acid Furnace (40CFR260.10) HAP: Hazardous Air Pollutant (EPA-97/12) HAPEMS: Hazardous Air Pollutant Enforcement Management System (EPA-97/12) HAPPS: Hazardous Air Pollutant Prioritization System (EPA97/12) HAPPS: Hazardous Air Pollutant Prioritization System (EPA97112) HAS: Health Assessment Summary (EPA-92/12) HAS: Homeland Security Act HATREMS: Hazardous and Trace Emissions System (EPA-97/12) HAZMAT: Hazardous Materials (EPA-97/12) HAZOP: Hazard and Operability Study (EPA-97/12) HB: Health Benefits HBEP: Hispanic and Black Employment Programs HBFC: Hydrobromofluorocarbon
HBV: Hepatitis B Virus (29CFR19 10.1030) HC: Hazardous Constituents (EPA-97/12) HC: Hydrocarbon(s) (40CFR86.403.78-94) HCA: Hydrogen Chloride Absorber HCC: House Commerce Committee HCCPD: Hexachlorocyclo-pentadiene (EPA-97/12) HCFC: Hydrochlorofluorocarbon(EPA-97/12) HCHO: Formaldehyde (40CFR88.103-94) HCP: Hypothermal Coal Process (EPA-97/12) HCS: Hydrogen Chloride Scrubber HCT: Hematocrit (EPA-92/12) HDD: Halogenated Dibenzodioxins (40CFR766.3-93) HDD: Heavy-Duty Diesel (EPA-97/12) HDDT: Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck HDDV: Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle HDE: Heavy-Duty Engine (EPA-97/12) HDF: Halogenated Dibenzofurans (40CFR766.3-93) HDG: Heavy-Duty Gasoline-Powered Vehicle (EPA-97/12) HDGT: Heavy-Duty Gasoline Truck (EPA-97/12) HDGV: Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicle (EPA-97/12) HDPE: High Density Polyethylene (EPA-97/12) HDT: Heavy-Duty Truck (EPA-97/12) HDT: Highest Dose Tested in a study (EPA-97/12) HDV: Heavy-Duty Vehicle (40CFR88.103-94) HE: Heat Exchanger He: Helium HEAL: Human Exposure Assessment Location (EPA-97/12) HEAST: Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (EPA91/12) HEC: Human Equivalent Concentration (EPA-92/12) HECC: House Energy and Commerce Committee (EPA-97/12) HEEP: Health and Environmental Effects Profile (EPA-92/12) HEI: Health Effects Institute (EPA-97/12) HEM: Human Exposure Modeling (EPA-97/12) HEP: Hispanic Employment Program HEPA filter: High-Efficiency Particulate Air filter (EPA-97/12) HEPA: High-Efficiency Particulate Air (EPA-97/12) HERL: Health Effects Research Laboratory HERS: Hyperion Energy Recovery System HERS: Hyperion Energy Recovery System (EPA-97/12) HES: High Energy Scrubber HEX-BCH: Hexachloronorbomadiene Hf: Hafnium HFC: Hydrofluorocarbon HFID: Heated Flame Ionization Detector (40CFR86) HFPO: Hexafluoropropyleneoxide (40CFR704.104) Hg: Mercury Hgb: Hemoglobin (EPA-92/12) HHC: Human Health Criteria (EPA-9113) HHDDV: Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle (EPA-97/12) HHDFLOW: Historic Daily Flow Program (EPA-9113) HHE: Human Health and the Environment (EPA-97/12) HHEM: Human Health Evaluation Manual (EPA-91/12) HHFA: Housing and Home Finance Agency HHS: Department of Health and Human Services (40CFR26.101)
HHS: Department of Health and Human Services (Formerly HEW) (40CFR300.4) HHV: Higher Heating Value (EPA-97/12) HI: Hawaii HI: Hazard Index (EPA-97/12) HIT: Hazard information transmission (NRT-8713) HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (29CFR1910.1030) HI-VOL: High-Volume Sampler (EPA-97/12) HIWAY: A Line Source Model for Gaseous Pollutants (EPA97/12) HLLW: High-Level Liquid Waste (DOE-9114) HLRW: High-Level Radioactive Waste (40CFR191.02) HLW: High-Level Waste (DOE-9114) HMIS: Hazardous Materials Information System (EPA-97/12) HMS: Hanford Meteorological Station (DOE-9114) HMS: Highway Mobile Source (EPA-97/12) HMTA: Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (EPA-97/12) HMTR: Hazardous Materials Transportation Regulations (EPA97/12) HO: Headquarters Offices Ho: Holmium HOC: Halogenated Organic Carbons (EPA-97/12) HOC: Halogenated Organic Compound (40CFR268.2) HON: Hazardous Organic NESHAP (EPA-97/12) HOV: High-Occupancy Vehicle (EPA-97/12) HP: Horse Power HP: Horse Power (40CFR401.11) HPLC: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (EPA-97/12) HPLC: High-pressure liquid chromatography (40CFR86.090.3-94) HPMS: Highway Performance Monitoring System (EPA-97/12) HPV: High Priority Violator (EPA-97/12) HQ: Hazard Quotient (EPA-91/12) HQ: Headquarters HQCDO: Headquarters Case Development Officer (EPA-97/12) hr.: Hour(s) (40CFR87.2-94) HRA: Hourly Rolling Average HRC: Human Resources Council HRGC: High Resolution Gas Chromatography (40CFR766.3-93) HRMS: High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (40CFR766.3-93) HRS: Hazard Ranking System (40CFR300.4) HRS: Hazardous Ranking System (EPA-97/12) HRUP: High-Risk Urban Problem (EPA-97/12) HSA: Historic Sites Act of 1935 (40CFR6.301) HSDB: Hazardous Substance Data Base (EPA-97/12) HSL: Hazardous Substance List (EPA-97/12) HSP: Health and Safety Plan HSPF: Hydrologic Simulation Program (EPA-9 113) HSWA: Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (EPA97112) HT: Hypothermally Treated (EPA-97/12) HTHE: High Temperature Heat Exchanger HTP: High Temperature and Pressure (EPA-97/12) HUD: Department of Housing and Urban Development HVAC: Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning HVAC: Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning system (EPA97/12)
HVAF: High Velocity Air Filter (40FR60.471) HVIO: High Volume Industrial Organics (EPA-97/12) HVL: Highly Volatile Liquid (40CFR195.2) HW: Hazardous Waste (EPA-97/12) HWDGR: Hazardous Waste Disposal Guidelines and Regulations HWDMS: Hazardous Waste Data Management System (EPA97112) HWERL: Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory (See RREL) HWGTF: Hazardous Waste Groundwater Task Force (EPA-97/12) HWGTF: Hazardous Waste Groundwater Test Facility (EPA97/12) HWIR: Hazardous Waste Identification Rule (EPA-97/12) HWLT: Hazardous Waste Land Treatment (EPA-97/12) HWM: Hazardous Waste Management (40CFR270.2) HWPF: Hazardous Waste Processing Facility (DOE-9 114) HWR: Heavy-Water Reactor (DOE-9114) HWRTF: Hazardous Waste Restrictions Task Force (EPA-97/12) HWTC: Hazardous Waste Treatment Council (EPA-97/12) Hz: Hertz (40CFR60) i.e.: That Is i.m.: Intramuscular (EPA-92/12) i.p.: Intraperitoneal (EPA-92/12) i.v.: Intravenous (EPA-92/12) 11.4: Innovative/Alternative(EPA-97/12) UI: Infiltrationhnflow (40CFR35.905) UM:Inspectionh4aintenance (40CFR51.350) I: Interstate (DOE-9114) I: Iodine IA: Interagency Agreement (EPA-97/12) IA: Iowa IAAC: Interagency Assessment Advisory Committee (EPA-97/12) IADN: Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (EPA-97/12) IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency (DOE-9114) IAG: Interagency Agreement (EPA-97/12) IAP: Incentive Awards Program (EPA-97/12) IAP: Individual Annoyance Prediction (DOE-9114) IAP: Indoor Air Pollution (EPA-97/12) IAQ: Indoor Air Quality (EPA-97/12) IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer (EPA-97/12) IATA: International Air Transport Association IATDB: Interim Air Toxics Data Base (EPA-97/12) IBA: Industrial Biotechnology Association IBP: Initial Boiling Point (40CFR86) IBR: Incorporation by Reference (40CFR60.17) IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IBSIN: Innovations in Building Sustainable Industries (EPA97112) IBT: Industrial Biotest Laboratory (EPA-97/12) IC: Inhibition Concentration (EPA-9113) IC: Internal Combustion (EPA-97/12) ICAIR: Interdisciplinary Planning and Information Research (EPA-97/12) ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization ICAP: Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma (40CFR266-A9) ICB: Information Collection Budget (EPA-97/12)
ICBEN: International Commission on the Biological Effects of Noise (EPA-97/12) ICC: Interstate Commerce Commission ICCP: International Climate Change Partnership (EPA-97/12) ICE: Industrial Combustion Emissions Model (EPA-97/12) ICE: Industrial Combustion Emissions Model (EPA-97/12) ICE: Internal Combustion Engine (EPA-97/12) ICGEC: Interagency Collaborative Group on Environmental Carcinogenesis ICI: Independent Commercial Importer (40CFR89.3-94) I C E : International Center for Industry and Environment ICP: Inductively Coupled Plasma (EPA-97/12) ICR: Information Collection Request (EPA-97/12) ICR: Institute of Cancer Research (EPA-92/12) ICRDB: International Cancer Research Data Bank ICRE: Ignitability, Corrosivity, Reactivity, Extraction (EPA97112) ICRP: International Commission for Radiological Protection (EPA-92/12) ICRP: International Commission on Radiological Protection (EPA-97/12) ICRU: International Commission of Radiological Units and Measurements (EPA-97/12) ICRU: International Commission on Radiological Units (40CFR141.2) ICS: Incident Command System (EPA-97/12) ICS: Institute for Chemical Studies (EPA-97/12) ICS: Intermittent Control Strategies (EPA-97/12) ICS: Intermittent Control System (40CFR51.100-nn) ICTCB: International Congress on Toxic Combustion Byproduct ICWM: Institute for Chemical Waste Management (EPA-97/12) ID fan: Induced Draft Fan ID: Idaho ID: Inside Diameter (40CFR60) ID50: Infectious Dose 50 IDHW: Idaho Department of Health and Welfare (DOE-9114) IDLH: Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (EPA-97/12) IDLH: Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (29CFR1910.120) IDOD: Immediate Dissolved Oxygen Demand IEB: International Environment Bureau (EPA-97/12) IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEMP: Integrated Environmental Management Project (EPA97/12) IEMS: Integrated Emergency Management System (NRT-8713) IES: Institute for Environmental Studies (EPA-97/12) IFB: Invitation for Bid (EPA-97/12) IFCAM: Industrial Fuel Choice Analysis Model (EPA-97/12) IFCS: International Forum on Chemical Safety (EPA-97/12) IFIS: Industry File Information System (EPA-97/12) IFMS: Integrated Financial Management System (EPA-97/12) IFPP: Industrial Fugitive Process Particulate (EPA-97/12) IG: Inspector General IGCC: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (EPA-97/12) IGCI: Industrial Gas Cleaning Institute (EPA-97/12)
IINERT: In-Place Inactivation and Natural Restoration . Technologies (EPA-97/12) 11s: Inflationary Impact Statement (EPA-97/12) IJC: International Joint Commission (on Great Lakes) (EPA97/12) IL:Illinois ILO: International Labor Organization IMEP: Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (40CFR85.2122) IMF: International Monetary Fund IMM: Intersection Midblock Model (EPA-97/12) IMPACT: Integrated Model of Plumes and Atmosphere in Complex Terrain (EPA-97/12) IMPACT: Integrated Model of Plumes and Atmosphere in Complex Terrain (EPA-97/12) IMPROVE: Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environment (EPA-97/12) in HzO: Inches of Water (40CFR60) in Hg: Inches of Mercury (40CFR60) in.: Inch(es) (40CFR86.403.78-94) IN: Indiana In: Indium INEL: Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (DOE-9114) INPUFF: A Gaussian Puff Dispersion Model (EPA-97/12) INT: Intermittent (EPA-97/12) 10: Immediate Office IOAA: Immediate Office of the Assistant Administrator IOAU: Input/Output Arithmetic Unit IOB: Iron Ore Beneficiation (EPA-97/12) IOU: Input/Output Unit (EPA-97/12) IP: Inhalable Particles (EPA-97/12) IPA: IntergovernmentalPersonnel Act IPA: IntergovernmentalPersonnel Agreement IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (EPA-97/12) IPCS: International Program on Chemical Safety (EPA-97/12) IPDWS: Interim Primary Drinking Water Standard (SWDA) IPM: Inhalable Particulate Matter (EPA-97/12) IPM: Integrated Pest Management (EPA-97/12) IPP: Implementation Planning Program (EPA-97/12) IPP: Independent Power Production (40CFR72.2) IPP: Integrated Plotting Package (EPA-97/12) IPP: Inter-media Priority Pollutant (document) (EPA-97/12) IR: Infrared Ir: Iridium IRA: Initial Rate of Absorption IRAC: International Association of Research on Cancer (France) IRB: Institutional Review Board (40CFR26.102) IRG: Interagency Review Group (EPA-97/12) IRI: Industrial Risk Insurance IRIS: Instructional Resources Information System (EPA-97/12) IRIS: Integrated Risk Information System (EPA-97/12) IRLG: Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group (Composed of EPA, CPSC, FDA, and OSHA) (EPA-97/12) IRM: Intermediate Remedial Measures (EPA-97/12) IRMC: Inter-Regulatory Risk Management Council (EPA-97/12) IRP: Installation Restoration Program (EPA-97/12)
IRPTC: International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (EPA-97/12) IRR: Institute of Resource Recovay (EPA-97/12) IRS: Internal Revenue Service IRS: International Referral Systems (EPA-97/12) IS: Interim Status (EPA-97/12) ISA: Instrument Society of American ISAC: Industry Sector Advisory Committee ISAM: Indexed Sequential File Access Method (EPA-97/12) ISC: Industrial Source Complex (EPA-97/12) ISCL: Interim Status Compliance Letter (EPA-97/12) ISCLT: Industrial Source Complex Long Term Model (EPA97/12) ISCST: Industrial Source Complex Short Term Model (EPA97112) ISD: Interim Status Document (EPA-97/12) ISE: Ion-specific electrode (EPA-97/12) ISMAP: Indirect Source Model for Air Pollution (EPA-97/12) ISO: International Organization for Standardization (EPA-97/12) ISO: International Science Organization ISO: International Standard Organization ISPF: (IBM) Interactive System Productivity Facility (EPA-97/12) ISS: Interim Status Standards (EPA-97/12) ISTEA: Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (40CFR93.101) ISV: In Situ Vitrification ITC: Innovative Technology Council (EPA-97/12) ITC: Interagency Testing Committee (EPA-97/12) ITC: International Trade Commission ITDP: Individual Training and Development Plan ITII: International Technical Information Institute (EPA-92/12) ITP: Individual Training Plan ITP: International Travel Plan ITRC: Interstate Technology Regulatory Coordination (EPA97112) ITRD: Innovative Treatment Remediation Demonstration (EPA97112) ITSDC: Interagency Toxic Substances Data Committee IUP: Intended Use Plan (EPA-97/12) IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (29CFR1910.1200) IUR: Inventory Update Rule (EPA-97/12) IW. Infectious Waste IWC: In-Stream Waste Concentration (EPA-97/12) IWS: Ionizing Wet Scrubber (EPA-97/12) J: Joule (40CFR60) JAPCA: Journal of Air Pollution Control Association (EPA-97/12) JCL: Job Control Language (EPA-97/12) JEC: Joint Economic Committee (EPA-97/12) JECFA: Joint Expert Committee of Food Additives (EPA-97/12) JEIOG: Joint Emissions Inventory Oversight Group (EPA-97/12) JLC: Justification for Limited Competition (EPA-97/12) JMPR: Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (EPA-97/12) JNCP: Justification for Non-Competitive Procurement (EPA97/12)
JOFOC: Justification for Other Than Full and Open Competition (EPA-97/12) JPA: Joint Permitting Agreement (EPA-97/12) JPL: Jet Propulsion Laboratory JSD: Jackson Structured Design (EPA-97/12) JSP: Jackson Structured Programming (EPA-97/12) JTU: Jackson Turbidity Unit (EPA-97/12) k: 1000 K: Kelvin (40CFR86.403.78-94) K: Potassium kg: Kilogram(s) (40CFR86.403.78-94) kkg: I000 kilogram(s) (40CFR401.11) km: Kilometre(s) (40CFR86.403.78-94) KOV: Knock Out Vessel kPa: Kilopascals (one thousand newtons per square meter) (40CFR52.741-94) KPEG: Potassium Polyethylene Glycolate Kr: Krypton KS: Kansas Ku: Kurchatovium kW: Kilowatt (40CFR89.3-94) KWH: Kilowatt Hour (40CFR401.11) KY: Kentucky L: Liter (40CFR401.11) La: Lanthanum LA: Load Allocation (40CFR130.2) LA: Louisiana LAA: Lead Agency Attorney (EPA-97/12) LADD: Lifetime Average Daily Dose (EPA-97/12) LADD: Lowest Acceptable Daily Dose (EPA-97/12) LAER: Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (EPA-97/12) LAI: Laboratory Audit Inspection (EPA-97/12) LAMP: Lake Acidification Mitigation Project (EPA-97/12) LARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer (29CFR1910.1200) LAS: Linear Alkylate Sulfonate LASER. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Ib: Pound(s) (40CFR86.403.78-94) LC LO: Lethal Concentration Low LC: Lethal Concentration (40CFR116) LC: Liquid Chromatography (EPA-97/12) LC50: Lethal Concentration 50; concentration lethal to 50% of the animals (EPA-92/12) LCA: Life Cycle Assessment (EPA-97/12) LCD: Local Climatological Data (EPA-97/12) LCL: Lower Control Limit (EPA-97/12) LCLO: Lethal Concentration Low; the lowest concentration at which death occurred (EPA-92/12) LCM: Life Cycle Management (EPA-97/12) LCRS: Leachate Collection and Removal System (EPA-97/12) LD 0: Lethal Dose Zero LD LO: The lowest dosage of a toxic substance that kills test organisms (EPA-97/12) LD LO: Lethal Dose Low LD: Land Disposal (EPA-97/12)
LD: Lethal Dose LD: Light Duty (EPA-97/12) LD50: Lethal Dose 50; dose lethal to 50% of the animals (EPA92/12) LDC: London Dumping Convention (EPA-97/12) LDCRS: Leachate Detection, Collection, and Removal System (EPA-97/12) LDD: Light-Duty Diesel (EPA-97/12) LDDT: Light-Duty Diesel Truck (EPA-97/12) LDDV: Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle (EPA-97/12) LDGT: Light-Duty Gasoline Truck (EPA-97/12) LDH: Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase (EPA-92/12) LDIP: Laboratory Data Integrity Program (EPA-97/12) LDR: Land Disposal Restrictions (EPA-97/12) LDRTF: Land Disposal Restrictions Task Force (EPA-97/12) LDS: Leak Detection System (EPA-97/12) LDT: Light-Duty Truck (40CFR88.103-94) LDT: Lowest Dose Tested (EPA-97/12) LDV: Light-Duty Vehicle (40CFR88.103-94) LEL: Lower Explosive Limit (40CFR52.741) LEL: Lowest Effect Level (EPA-97/12) LEP: Laboratory Evaluation Program (EPA-97/12) LEPC: Local Emergency Planning Committee (40CFR300.4) LERC: Local Emergency Response Committee (EPA-97/12) LEV: Low-Emission Vehicle (40CFR88.103-94) LFG: Landfill Gas (EPA-97/12) LFL: Lower Flammability Limit (EPA-97/12) LGR: Local Governments Reimbursement Program (EPA-97/12) LHDDV: Light Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle (EPA-97/12) LI: Langelier Index LI: Langelier Index (EPA-97/12) Li: Lithium LIDAR: Light Detection and Ranging (EPA-97/12) LIFO: Last IdFirst Out LIMB: Limestone-Injection Multi-Stage Burner (EPA-97/12) LLNL: Larwence Livermore National Laboratory LLRW: Low Level Radioactive Waste (EPA-97/12) LLW: Low Level Radioactive Waste (EPA-91/12) LMFBR: Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (EPA-97/12) LMR: Labor Management Relations LNAPL: Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (EPA-97/12) LNEP: Low Noise Emission Product LNG: Liquified Natural Gas LOAEL: Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level(EPA-97/12) LOC: Letter of Credit (40CFR35.3 105) LOC: Level of Concern LOC: Library of Congress LOD: Limit of Detection (EPA-97/12) LOE: Level of Effort LOEC: Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (EPA-9113) LOEL: Lowest Observed Effect Level (EPA-8/90b) LOIS: Loss of Interim Status (SDWA) LONGZ: Long Term Terrain Model LOQ: Level of Quantitation (40CFR766.3-93) LOT: Light off Time (40CFR85.2122) LP: Legislative Proposal
LPC: Limiting Permissible Concentration (40CFR227.27) LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (40CFR86.094.3-94) Lpm: Liter per minute (40CFR60) LQER: Lesser Quantity Emission Rates (EPA-97/12) LQG: Large Quantity Generator (EPA-97/12) LRC: Lewis Research Center (NASA) LRMS: Low Resolution Mass Spectroscopy LRTAP: Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (EPA-97/12) LSI: Legal Support Inspection (CWA) LSL: Lump Sum Leave LST: Low Solvent Technology LTA: Lead Trial Attorney LTA: Long Term Average (EPA-9 113) LTD: Land Treatment Demonstration LTHE: Low Temperature Heat Exchanger LTO: Landing Takeoff (40CFR87.2-94) LTOP: Lease to Purchase LTR. Lead Technical Representative LTS: On Line Tracking System (EPA-97/12) LTU: Land Treatment Unit Lu: Lutetium LUIS: Label Use Information System (EPA-97/12) LUST: Leaking Underground Storage Tank(s) (current usage omits the "L") LVW: Loaded Vehicle Weight (40CFR88.103-94) Lw: Lawrencium LWCF: Land and Water Conservation Fund LWDF: Liquid Waste Derived Fuel LWK: Live Weight Killed (40CFR432.11) LWOP: Lease with Option to Purchase LWOP: Leave Without Pay m.p.: Melting Point m: Metre(s) (40CFR86.403.78-94) M: Molar (40CFR60) m2: Square Meter (40CFR60) m3: Cubic Meter (40CFR60) M5: Method 5 MA: Massachusetts MAB or MCA: Monoclonal Antibodies MAB: Man and Biosphere Program MAC: Management Advisory Committee MAC: Mobile Air Conditioner (EPA-97/12) MACT: Maximum Achievable Control Technology (CAA-title 111) MADCAP: Model of Advection, Diffusion, and Chemistry for Air Pollution MAER. Maximum Allowable Emission Rate MAFC: Metal air fuel cell MAG: Management Advisory Group MAOP: Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (40CFR192.3) MAPCC: Michigan Air Pollution Control Commission MAPPER: Maintaining, Preparing, and Producing Executive Reports MAPS: Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study MAPSIM: Mesoscale Air Pollution Simulation Model (EPA97/12)
MARC: Mining and Reclamation Council MARPOL 73/78: International Convention for the Prevention of Oil Pollution from Ships, 1973, as Modified by the Protocol of 1978 (4OCFRl10.1) MATC: Maximum Acceptable Toxic Concentration (EPA-97/12) MATC: Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (40CFR797.1330) MATC: Maximum Allowable Toxicant Concentration MAWP: Maximum Allowable Working Pressure MBAS: Methylene-Blue-Active Substances (EPA-97/12) Mbbl: 1000 barrels (one barrel is equivalent to 42 gallons) (40CFR419.11) MBDA: Minority Business Development Agency MBE: Minority Business Enterprises (40CFR35.6015) MBTA: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (4OCFR52.1161) MC: Multiple Cyclones MCA: Manufacturing Chemists Association MCEF: Mixed Cellulose Ester Fiber MCFC: Molten carbonate fuel cell MCL: Maximum Contaminant Level (40CFR142.2) MCLG: Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (EPA-97/12) MCP: Methylcyclopentane (40CFR799.2155) MCP: Municipal Compliance Plan (CWA) MCS: Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (EPA-97/12) MD: Mail Drop MD: Maryland Md: Mendelevium MDA: Methylenedianilline MDL: Method Detection Limit (EPA-97/12) ME: Maine MEC: Model Energy Code (EPA-97/12) MED: Minimum Effective Dose (EPA-92/12) MEFS: Midterm Energy Forecasting System MEFV: Maximum Expiratory Flow Volume (EPA-92/12) MEG: Multimedia Environmental Goal MEI: Maximally (or most) Exposed Individual (EPA-97/12) MEI: Maximum Exposed Individual MEK: Methyl Ethyl Ketone MEM: Modal Emission Model MENS: Mission Element Needs Statement MeOH: Methanol (CH30H) (40CFR86.090.3-94) MEP: Multiple Extraction Procedure (EPA-97/12) meq: Milliequivalent (40CFR60) MERS: Monticello Ecological Research Station (EPA-9113) MESOPAC: Mesoscale Meteorological Reprocesser Program MESOPLUME: Mesoscale "Bent Plume" Model MESOPUFF: Mesoscale Puff Model MESS: Model Evaluation Support System MEXAMS: Metals Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EPA9 113) MF: Membrane Filter (40CFR121.21) MF: Modifying Factor (EPA-92/12) MFBI: Major Fuel Burning Installation MFC: Metal Finishing Category MFL: Million Fibers per Liter (141.23.a)
mgkg: Milligrams per Kilogram = (approx.) ppm (40CFR116) m&: Milligrams per liter = (approx.) ppm (40CFR116) Mg: Magnesium Mg: Megagram = 1o6 gram (metric tons or tomes) (40CFR72.74 1-94) mg: Milligram = 10" gram (40CFR60) Mgal: One Thousand Gallons (40CFR419.11) MGD: Million Gallons Per Day MH: Man Hours MHD: Magnetohydrodynamics MHDDV. Medium Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle (EPA-97/12) MI: Michigan MIBK: Methyl Isobutyl Ketone MIC: Methyl Isocaynate MICE: Management Information Capability for Enforcement MICH: Michigan fiver Model (EPA-9113) MICROMORT: A One-in-a-Million Chance of Death from an Environmental Hazard min.: Minute(s) (40CFR87.2-94) MINTEQA2: Equilibrium Metals Speciation Model (EPA-9113) MIPS: Millions of Instructions Per Second MIS: Management Information System MIS: Mineral Industry Surveys MITS: Management Information Tracking System MJ: Megajoule(s) (1 million joules) (40CFR86.090.3-94) mL/L: Milliliters per Liter (40CFR434.11) ML: Meteorology Laboratory ML: Military Leave mL: Milliliter = 10" Liter (40CFR60) ML: Minimum Level (EPA-9113) MLAP: Migrant Legal Action Program MLSS: Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids MLVSS: Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids mm: Millimeter = 1o - meter ~ (40CFR60) MM5: Modified Method 5 (sampling method) MMAD: Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (EPA-92/12) mmHg: Millimeters of Mercury; a measure of pressure (EPA92112) MMPA: Marine Mammal Protection Act MMS: Minerals Management Service (DOI) MMT: Million Metric Tons Mn: Manganese MN: Minnesota MNT: Mononitrotoluene MO: Missouri Mo: Molybdenium MOA: Memorandum of Agreement MOBILE: Mobile Source Emission Model MOBILESA: Mobile Source Emission Factor Model (EPA-97/12) MOD: Miscellaneous Obligation Document MOD: Modification MOE: Margin Of Exposure (EPA-97/12) MOI: Memorandum of Intent mol. wt.: Molecular weight (40CFR60) mol: Mole (40CFR60) MOS: Margin of Safety (EPA-97/12)
MOS: Metal Oxide Semiconductor MOU: Memorandum of Understanding MP: Manufacturing-use Product (EPA-97/12) MP: Melting Point (EPA-97/12) mpc: 1000 Pieces (40CFR427.71) MPC: Max. Permissible Concentration (radiation) MPCA: Microbial Pest Control Agent (EPA-97/12) MPG: miles per gallon (40CFR600.003.77-94) mph: Miles per hour (40CFR86.403.78-94) MPI: Maximum Permitted Intake (EPA-97/12) MPN: Maximum Probable Number (EPA-97/12) MPN: Most Probable Number MPO: Metropolitan Planning Organization (40CFR51.138) MPP: Merit Promotion Plan MPRSA: Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (40CFR2.309) MPTDS: MPTER Model with Deposition and Settling of Pollutants MPTER. Multiple Point Source Model with Terrain MPWC: Multiprocess Wet Cleaning (EPA-97/12) MRA: Minimum Retirement Age mrem: Millirem = 10-3rem (40CFR60) MRF: Materials Recovery Facility (EPA-97/12) MRID: Master Record Identification number (EPA-97/12) MRL: Maximum-Residue Limit (Pesticide Tolerance) (EPA97/12) MRP: Multi-Roller Press (in sludge drying unit) MS: Mail Stop MS: Mass Spectrometry MS: Mississippi MSA: Management System Audits MSA: Metropolitan Statistical Area (40CFR60.331) MSAM: Multi-Keyed Indexed Sequential File Access Method MSBu: 1000 Standard Bushels (40CFR406.11) MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet (40CFR370.2) MSEE: Major Source Enforcement Effort MSHA: Mine Safety and Health Administration (DOL) MSIS: Model State Information System MSL: Mean Sea Level MSPB: Merit System Protection Board MSW: Medical Solid Waste MSW: Municipal Solid Waste (EPA-97/12) MSWLF: Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (40CFR258.1) MT: Montana MTB: Materials Transportation Bureau MTBE: Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether MTD: Maximum Tolerated Dose (EPA-97/12) MTDDIS: Mesoscale Transport Diffusion and Deposition Model for Industrial Sources MTF: MultiplsTube Fermentation (40CFR141.21) MTG: Media Task GroupMTF: Multiple-Tube Fermentation MTL: Median Threshold Limit (EPA-92/12) MTP: Maximum Total Trihalomethane Potential (40CFR142.2) MTS: Management Tracking System (OW) MTSL: Monitoring and Technical Support Laboratory MTU: Mobile Treatment Unit (40CFR261.4(f))
MTZ: Mass Transfer Zone MUP: Manufacturing-Use Product (EPA-97/12) MUTA: Mutagenicity (EPA-97/12) MVA. Multivariate Analysis MVAC: Motor Vehicle Air Conditioner (40CFR82.152) MVAPCA: Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act MVEL: Motor Vehicle Emissions Laboratory MVh: Minute ventilatory volume for human (composite value expressed in cu.m/day) used in the HEC derivation of an R E (EPA-92/12) MVho: Minute ventilatory volume for human in an occupational environment, assuming 8 houdday exposure (composite value expressed in MVIIM) Motor Vehicle InspectionIMaintenance MVIACSA: Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Saving Act (40CFR600.002) MVICSA: Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act MVMA: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association MVRS: Marine Vapor Recovery System MVTS: Motor Vehicle Tampering Survey MW: Megawatt(40CFR401.11) MW: Molecular Weight MWC: Machine Wet Cleaning (EPA-97/12) MWC: Municipal Waste Combustor (40CFR60.5 1a) MWG: Model Work Group Mwh: Megawatt Hour@)(40CFR401.11) MWI: Medical Waste Incinerator MWL: Municipal Waste Leachate MWTA: Medical Waste Trucking Act of 1988 MYDP: Multi-Year Development Plans n.a.: Not Available (EPA-92/12) NIA: Not Applicable NIA: Not Available N: Newton (40CFR60) N: Nitrogen N: Normal (40CFR60) N2: Nitrogen (40CFR86.403.78-94) N20: Nitrous Oxide (EPA-97/12) NA: National Archives NA: Nonattainment Na: Sodium NAA: Nonattainment Area (EPA-97/12) NAAEC: North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (EPA-97/12) NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards (EPA-97/12) NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards Program (CAA) (40CFR57.103) NAAS: National Air Audit System (OAR) NAC: National Academy of Sciences NAC: Nnitric Acid Concentrator NACA: National Agricultural Chemicals Association NACA: National Agricultural Chemicals Association (EPA-97/12) NACEPT: National Advisory Council for Environmental Policy and Technology (EPA-97/12) NAD: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADB: National Atmospheric Data Bank
NADPINTN: National Atmospheric Deposition Prograrn/National Trends Network (EPA-97/12) NADP: National Atmospheric Deposition Program NAIS: Neutral Administrative Inspection System) NALD: Nonattainment Areas Lacking Demonstrations NAM: National Association of Manufacturers NAMA: National Air Monitoring Audits NAMS: National Air Monitoring Stations NAMS: National Air Monitoring System (40CFR58.1-c) NANCO: National Association of Noise Control Officials NAPAP: National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program NAPAP: National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (CAA402) NAPBN: National Air Pollution Background Network NAPBTAC: National Air Pollution Control Technical Advisory Committee NAPCTAC: National Air Pollution Control Techniques Advisory Committee NAPIM: National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers NAPL: Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (EPA-97/12) NAPS: National Air Pollution Surveillance (EPA-97/12) NAR: National Asbestos Registry NARA: National Agrichemical Retailers Association (EPA-97/12) NARA: National Air Resources Act NARA: National Archives and Records Administration NARM: Naturally-occumng or Accelerator-produced Radioactive Material NARS: National Asbestos-Contractor Registry System NARSTO: North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone (EPA-97/12) NAS: National Academy of Sciences (EPA-97/12) NAS: National Audubon Society NASA: National Aeronautices and Space Administration NASDA: National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (EPA-97/12) NATICH: National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATS: National Air Toxics Strategy NAWC: National Association of Water Companies NAWDEX: National Water Data Exchange Nb: Niobium NBAR: Non-Binding Allocation of Authority NBS: National Bureau of Standards (See NIST) NC fines: Nitrocellulose fines NC: North Carolina NCA: National Coal Association NCA: Noise Control Act of 1972 NCAC: National Clean Air Coalition NCAF: National Clean Air Fund NCAMP: National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides NCAQ: National Commission on Air Quality NCAR: National Center for Atmospheric Research NCASI: National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvements NCC: National Climatic Center NCC: National Computer Center
NCEPI: National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (EPA-97/12) NCF: Network Control Facility NCHS: National Center for Health Statistics (NIH) n C i . : Nanocuries per Liter (DOE-9 114) NCI: National Cancer Institute NCIC: National Crime Information Center NCLP: National Contract Laboratory Program NCM: National Coal Model NCM: Notice of Commencement of Manufacture (TSCA) NCN: Nitrocarbonitrate (40CFR457.3 1) NCO: Negotiated Consent Order NCP: National Contingency Plan (40CFR300.4) NCP: National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (EPA-91/12) NCP: Noncompliance Penalties (CAA) NCP: Nonconformance Penalty (40CFR86.1102.87) NCR: Noncompliance Report (CWA) NCR. Nonconformance Report NCRIC: National Chemical Response and Information Center NCRP: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (DOE-9114) NCS: National Compliance Strategy: NCTR: National Center for Toxicological Research NCV: Nerve Conduction Velocity NCVECS: National Center for Vehicle Emissions Control and Safety NCWQ: National Commission on Water Quality NCWS: Non-Community Water System (EPA-97/12) Nd: Neodymium ND:North Dakota NDD: Negotiation Decision Document NDDN: National Dry Deposition Network NDIR: Nondispersive Infrared Analysis (40CFR86) NDS: National Dioxin Study NDS: National Disposal Site NDUV: Nondispersion Ultraviolet NDWAC: National Drinking Water Advisory Council NE: Nebraska Ne: Neon NEA: National Energy Act NEDA: National Environmental Development Association NEDS: National Emissions Data System (EPA-97/12) NEEC: National Environmental Enforcement Council NEEJ: National Environmental Enforcement Journal NEIC: National Earthquake Information Center (DOE-9114) NEIC: National Enforcement Investigations Center (40CFR16.13) NEMA: National Electrical Manufacturer's Association NEP: National Energy Plan NEP: National Estuary Program (40CFR35.9000) NEPA: National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (40CFRl508.21) NEPI: National Environmental Policy Institute (EPA-97/12) NEPPS: National Environmental Performance Partnership System (EPA-97/12) NER: National Emissions Report
NEROS: Northeast Regional Oxidant Study NESCAUM: Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management NESHAP: National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (CAA) (40CFR300) NETA: National Environmental Training Association NETA: National Environmental Training Association (EPA-97/12) NETTING: Emission Trading Used to Avoid PSD/NSR Permit Review Requirements NFA: National Fire Academy (NRT-8713) WAN: National Filter Analysis Network NFFE: National Federation of Federal Employees NFIP: National Flood Insurance Program (40CFR6-AA) NFPA: National Fire Protection Association NFRAP: No Further Remedial Action Planned (EPA-97/12) NFWF: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation ng: Nanogram = 1o-' gram (40CFR60) NGA: Natural Gas Association NGPA: Natural Gas Policy Act NGWIC: National Groundwater Information Center NH: New Hampshire NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Study NHMIE: National Hazardous Materials Information Exchange (NRT-8713) NHPA: National Historic Preservation Act NHPA: National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 NHTSA: National Highway Traffic Safety Act NHTSA: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT) NHWP: Northeast Hazardous Waste Project Ni: Nickel NICS: National Institute for Chemical Studies NICT: National Incident Coordination Team (EPA-97/12) NIEHS: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences NIEI: National Indoor Environmental Institute NIH: National Institutes of Health (EPA-92/12) NIM: National Impact Model NIMBY: Not In My Backyard NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (29CFR1910.20) NIOSH: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (EPA-97/12) NIPDWR: National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (EPA-97/12) NIS: Noise Information System NISAC: National Industrial Security Advisory Committee (EPA97/12) NIST: National Institute for Standards and Testing (40CFR89.394) NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology (Formerly NB S) NITEP: National Incinerator Testing and Evaluation Program Nitrogenous BOD: Nitrogenous Bacteria Oxygen Demand NJ: New Jersey NJIT: New Jersey Institute of Technology NLA: National Lime Association
NLAP: National Laboratory Audit program NLETS: National Law Enforcement Teletype Systems NLGI number: National Lubricating Grease Institute number NLM: National Library of Medicine (EPA-92/12) NLT: Not Later Than nm: Nanometer = 1 meter NM: New Mexico NMC: National Meteorological Center NMFS: National Marine Fisheries Service (40CFR233.2) NMHC: Nonmethane Hydrocarbons (EPA-97/12) NMHCE: Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Equivalent (4OCFR86.094.3-94) NMOC: Non-Methane Organic Component (EPA-97/12) NMOG: Non-Methane Organic Gas (40CFR88.103-94) NMP: National Municipal Policy NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMVOC: Non-methane Volatile Organic Chemicals (EPA-97/12) NNC: Notice of Noncompliance NNPSPP: National Non-Point Source Pollution Program No.: Number (40CFR86.403.78-94) NO: Nitric oxide (40CFR89.3-94) No: Nobelium NO2: Nitrogen Dioxide (40CFR58.1) NOA: Nearest Onshore Area (40CFR55.2) NOA: New Obligation Authority NOA: Notice of Arrival (EPA-97/12) NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (DOC) (40FR300.4) NOAA: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency (EPA97112) NOAC: Nature of Action Code (EPA-97/12) NOAEL (NOEL): No Observable Adverse Effect Level (EPA97112) NOAEL: No Observed Adverse Effect Level NOC: Notice of Commencement NOC: Notice of Construction (DOE-9114) NOD: Notice of Deficiency (RCRA) NOD: same as Nitrogenous BOD NOEC: No Observed Effect Concentration (40CFR797.1600) NOEL: No Observable Effect Level (EPA-97/12) NOHSCP: National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan (40CFR300) NOI: Notice of Intent NOIC: Notice of Intent to Cancel (EPA-97/12) NOIS: Notice of Intent to Suspend (EPA-97/12) NON: Notice of Noncompliance (TSCA) NOPES: Non-Occupational Pesticide Exposure Study NORA: National Oil Recyclers Association NORM: Naturally Occumng Radioactive Material (EPA-97/12) NOS: National Ocean Survey (NOAA) NOS: Not Otherwise Specified (40CFR261-AVIII) NOVICD: Notice of Violation/Compliance Demand NOV: Notice of Violation NO,: Nitrogen Oxides (CAA302) (EPA-97/12) Np: Neptunium NP: Office of New Production Reactors (DOE-9114)
NPAA: Noise Pollution and Abatement Act NPCA: National Parks and Conservation Association NPCA: National Pest Control Association (EPA-97/12) NPDES: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (EPA97/12) NPHAP: National Pesticide Hazard Assessment Program (EPA97112) NPIRS: National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (EPA97/12) NPL: National Priority(ies) List (40CFR300.4) NPM: National Program Manager NPN: National Particulate Network NPR: New Production Reactor (DOE-9 114) NPRM: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking NPS: National Park Service NPS: National Permit Strategy NPS: National Pesticide Survey (OW) NPS: Non-Point Source NPS: Nonpoint Source Model for Urban and Rural Areas (EPA9113) NPTN: National Pesticide TelecommunicationsNetwork (EPA97/12) NPUG. National Prime User Group NRA: National Recreation Area NRC: National Research Council (EPA-92/12) NRC: National Response Center (40CFR300.4) NRC: Non-Reusable Containers NRC: Nuclear Regulatory Commission (40CFR6 1.101) NRCA: National Resource Council of America NRD: Natural Resource Damage (EPA-97/12) NRDC: Natural Resources Defense Council (EPA-97/12) NREL: National Renewable Engineering Laboratory (Formerly SERI) NRHP: National Register of Historic Places (DOE-9114) NRMRL: National Risk Management Research Laboratory (Formerly RREL, before June 1995) NRR: Noise Reduction Rating (40CFR211.203) NRT: National Response Team (40CFR300.4) NRWA: National Rural Water Association NSC: National Security Council NSD: No Structure Detected (40CFR763-AA) NSDWR: National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (EPA97/12) NSEC: National System for Emergency Coordination (EPA-97/12) NSEP: National System for Emergency Preparedness (EPA-97/12) NSF: National Sanitation Foundation NSF: National Science Foundation NSF: National Strike Force (40CFR300.4) NSO: Nonferrous Smelter Orders (CAA) (40CFR57.101) NSPE: National Society of Professional Engineers NSPS: New Source Performance Standards (CAA) (40CFR467.02) NSR: New Source Review (EPA-97/12) NSSC: Neutral Sulfite Semi-Chemical NSTL: National Space Technology Laboratory NSWMA: National Solid Waste Management Association NSWS: National Surface Water Survey
NTA: Negotiated Testing Agreement NTA: Nitrilotriacetic Acid NTE: Not to Exceed NTI: National Toxics Inventory (EPA-97/12) NTIS: National Technical Information Service (40CFR89.3-94) NTN: National Trends Network NTNCW: Non-Transient Non-Community Water System (40CFR141.2) NTNCWS: Non-Transient Non-Community Water System (EPA97112) NTP: National Toxicology Program (29CFR1910.1200) NTS: Nevada Test Site (DOE-9114) NTSP: National Transportation Safety Board NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Units (40CFR131.35) NURF: National Utility Reference File (CAA402) NV: Nevada NVPP: National Vehicle Population Poll NWA: National Water Alliance NWF: National Wildlife Federation NWPA: Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (40CFR191.02) NWRC: National Weather Records Center NWS: National Weather Service (NOAA) NY: New York O&G: Oil and Gas O&G: Oil and Grease (40CFR420.02) O&M: Operations and Maintenance (EPA-97/12) 010: Owners or Operators (40CFR260-AI-93) 0:Oxygen 0 2 : Oxygen (40CFR89.3-94) 03:Ozone (EPA-97/12) OAIAP: Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs (EPA) O m . Office of Administrative Law Judges (EPA) OAQPS: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (EPA) OARM: Office of Administration and Resources Management @PA) OASDI: Old Age and Survivor Insurance OC: Object Class OC: Office of Controller (EPA) OC: Open Cup (EPA-92/12) OCAPO: Office of Compliance Analysis and Program Operations (EPN OCD: Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (EPA-97/12) OCE: Office of Civil Enforcement (EPA) OCE: Office of Criminal Enforcement (EPA) OCEM: Office of Cooperative Environmental Management (EPA) OCI: Office of Criminal Investigations (40CFR16.13) OCI: Organizational Conflicts of Interest OCM: Office of Compliance Monitoring (EPA) OCPSF: Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers (40CFR414.11) OCR: Office of Civil Rights (40CFR7.25) OCR: Optical Character Reader OCS: Outer Continental Shelf (40CFR55.2) OCSLA: Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (40CFR55.2) OD: Organizational Development OD: Outside Diameter (40CFR60)
ODBA: Ocean Dumping Ban Act of 1988 ODBU: Office of Disadvantaged Business Utilization (EPA) ODP: Ozone-Depleting Potential (EPA-97/12) ODs: OzonsDepleting Substances (EPA-97/12) OEC: Observed Effect Concentration (40CFR797.1600) OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (EPA-97/12) OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer (40CFR85.1502) OEP: Office of External Programs OER: Office of Exploratory Research (EPA) OERR: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (EPA91/12) OF: Optional Form (EPA-97/12) OFA: Office of Federal Activities (EPA) OFFE: Office of Federal Facilities Enforcement (EPA) OFR: Office of the Federal Register OGC: Office of General Counsel (EPA) OGWDW: Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water (EPA) OH: Ohio OHEA: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment (EPA) OHMITADS: Oil and Hazardous Materials Technical Assistance Data Systems (EPA-92/12) ohm: Electrical Resistance Unit (40CFR60) OHR: Office of Health Research (EPA) OHRM: Office of Human Resources Management (EPA) OHSS: Occupation Health and Safety Staff OIA: Office of International Activities (EPA) OIG: Office of the Inspector General (EPA) OIRM: Office of Information Resources Management (EPA) OK: Oklahoma OMB: Office of Management and Budget (40CFR31.3) OMEP: Office of Marine and Esturine Protection (EPA) OMHCE: Organic Material Hydrocarbon Equivalent (40CFR86) OMMSQA: Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems, and Quality Assurance (EPA) OMNMHCE: Organic Material Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Equivalent (40CFR86) OMS: Office of Mobile Sources (EPA) ONRW: Outstanding National Resource Waters (EPA-9113) OP Year: Original Production Year (40CFR85.1502) OP: Office of Prevention (EPA) OP: Operating Plan OPA: Office of Policy Analysis (EPA) OPA: Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-380) OPAC: Overall Performance Appraisal Certification OPAR: Office of Policy Analysis and Review (EPA) OPF: Official Personnel Folder OPIDN: Organophosphorus Induced Delayed Neurotoxicity (40CFR798.6450) OPMO: Office of Program Management Operations (EPA) OPP: Office of Pesticide Programs (EPA) OPPE: Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation (EPA) OPTS: Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances (4OCFR179.3) OR: Office of Enforcement (EPA) OR: Oregon ORA: Office of Radiation Programs (EPA)
ORD: Research and Development (EPA) ORM: Other Regulated Material (EPA-97/12) ORME: Office of Regulatory Management and Evaluation (EPA) ORNL: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DOE-9114) ORP recorders: Oxidation Reduction Potential Recorders ORP: Oxidation-ReductionPotential (EPA-97/12) ORPM: Office of Research Program Management (EPA) ORV: Off-road Vehicle OSNS: Operationg S y s t d i r t u a l Storage 0 s : Orifice Scrubber 0 s : Osmium OSC: On-Scene Coordinator (40CFR300.4) OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Act OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (DOL) OST: Office of Science and Technology, U.S. EPA (EPA-92/12) OSTP: Office of Science and Technology Policy (White House) OSW. Office of Solid Waste (EPA) OSWER. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (EPA91/12) OT: Overtime OTA: Office of Technology Assessment (U.S. Congress) OTAG: Ozone Transport Assessment Group (EPA-97/12) OTC: Ozone Transport Commission (EPA-97/12) OTEC: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTR: Ozone Transport Region (EPA-97/12) OTS: Office of Toxic Substances (EPA) OTTRS: Office of Technology Transfer and Regulatory Support @PA) OUST: Office of Underground Storage Tanks (EPA) OW: Office of Water (EPA) OWEC: Office of Wastewater Enforcement and Compliance (EPN OWF: On the Weight of the Fiber OWOW: Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds (EPA) O W : Overall Work Programs (40CFR51.138) O W E : Office of Waste Programs Enforcement (EPA) OWRS: Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S. EPA (EPA-92/12) OX: Oxidation (40CFR141.61.b) OY: Operating Year OYG: Operating Year Guidance oz: Ounces (40CFR60) OZIPP: Ozone Isopleth Plotting Package OZIPPM: Modified Ozone Isopleth Plotting Package P&A: Precision and Accuracy P.O.: Per os (by mouth) (EPA-92/12) P: Phosphorus p: Probit Dose Extrapolation Model (EPA-92/12) P2: Pollution Prevention (EPA-97/12) PAISI: Preliminary AssessmedSite Inspection (EPA-91/12) Pa: Pascal pressure) (40CFR86.403.78-94) PA: Pennsylvaina PA: Policy Analyst PA: Preliminary Assessment (40CFR300.4) Pa: Protactinium PAA: Priority Abatement Areas
PAAT: Public Affairs Assist Team (40CFR300.5) PADRE: Particle Analysis and Data Reduction Program PAFC: Phosphoric acid fuel cell PAG: Pesticide Assignment Guidelines (EPA-97/12) PAG: Protective Action Guide (DOE-9114) PAGM: Permit Applications Guidance Manual PAH: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon PAH: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (EPA-97/12) PAHO: Pan Americn Health Organization PAI: Performance Audit Inspection (CWA) (EPA-97/12) PAI: Pesticide Active Ingredient (40CFR455-table 10) PAI: Pure Active Ingredient compound (EPA-97/12) PAIR. Preliminary Assessment Information Rule PAL: Point, Area, and Line Source Air Quality Mode PALDS: PAL Model with Deposition and Settling of Pollutants PAM: Pesticide Analytical Manual (EPA-97/12) PAMS: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (EPA97/12) PAN: Perooxyacetyl Nitrate PAPR: Powered Air Purifying Respirator PARS: Precision and Accuracy Reporting System PASS: Procurement Automated Source System PAT: Packed Tower Aeration (40CFR141.61.b) PAT: Permit Assistance Team (RCRA) (EPA-97/12) PATS: Pesticide Action Tracking System (EPA-97/12) PATS: Pesticides Analytical Transport Solution (EPA-97/12) Pb: Lead PBA: Preliminary Benefit Analysis (BEAD) (EPA-97/12) PBB: Polybromated Biphenyls (40CFR704.195) PBC: Pacific Basin Conference PBC: Packed Bed Condenser PBDD: Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin (40CFR766.3) PBL: Planetary Boundary Layer PBLSQ: The Lead Line Source Model PBPK: Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (EPA-92/12) PBS: Packed Bed Scrubber PC&B: Personnel Compensation and Benefits PC: Personal Computer PC: Planned Commitment PC: Polycarbonate PC: Position Classification PC: Pulverized Coal PCA: Principle Component Analysis (EPA-97/12) PCA: Production Compliance Audit (40CFR86.1102.87) PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (EPA-97/12) PCC: Primary Combustion Chamber PCDD: Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxin (40CFR766.3) PCDF: Polychlorinated Dibendzofuran (40CFR766) PCE: Perchloroethylene (EPA-97/12) PCE: Pollution Control Equipment PCE: Pyromehic Cone Equivalent pCin: Picocuries Per Litre PCi: Picocurie = 10-l2Curie (40CFR60) PCIE: President's Council on Integrity and Efficiency in Government PCIOS: Processor Common Input/Output System
PCM: Phase Contrast Microscopy (EPA-97/12) PCN: Policy Criteria Notice (EPA-97/12) PCNB: Pentachloronitrobenzene PCO: Pest Control Operator (EPA-97/12) PCO: Printing Control Officer PCON: Potential Contractor PCP: Pentachlorophenyl PCRC: Pesticedes Chemical Review Committee PCS: Permanent Change of Station PCS: Permit Compliance System (CWA) PCS: Primary Coolant System (DOE-9114) PCS: Probable Cargcinogenic Substances PCSC: PC Site Coordinator PCSD: President's Council on Sustainable Development (EPA97/12) PCV: Positive Crankcase Ventilation (40CFR85.2122) PCW: Post Consumer Waste (40CFR246.101) Pd: Palladium PD: Position Description PD: Position Document (EPA-92/12) PD: Project Description PDCI: Product Data Call-In (EPA-97/12) PDFID: Preconstruction Direct Flame Ionization Detection PDMS: Pesticide Document Management System (OPP) PDP: Positive Displacement Pump (40CFR86) PDR: Particulate Data Reduction PE: Polyethylene PE: Population Equivalent PE: Program Element PEF: Particulate Emission Factor (EPA-91/12) PEI: Petroleum Equipment Institute PEL: Permissible Exposure Level (DOE-9114) PEL: Permissible Exposure Limit (40CFR763.121) PEL: Personal Exposure Limit PEM: Partial Equilibrium Multimarket Model PEM: Personal Exposure Model PEMFC: Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell PEPE: Prolonged Elevated Pollution Episode PEQI: Perceived Environmental Quality Indices PERF: Police Executive Research Forum PESTAN: Pesticides Analytical Transport Solution PET: Poly(ethy1eneterephthalate) (40CFR60.561) PF: Potency Factor PFC: Perfluorated Carbon (EPA-97/12) PFCRA: Program Fraud Civil Remedies Act (EPA-97/12) PFT: Permanent Full Time P E E : Permanent Full Time Equivalent PHC: Principal Hazardous Constituent (EPA-97/12) PHDD: Polyhalogenated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin (40CFR766.3) PHDF: Polyhalogenated Dibenzofuran (40CFR766.3) PHs: U.S. Public Health Service (EPA-92/12) PHSA: Public Health Service Act (EPA-97/12) PI: Preliminary Injunction (EPA-97/12) PI: Program Information (EPA-97/12) PIAT: Public Information Assist Team (40CFR300.4) PIC: Products of Incomplete Combustion (EPA-97/12)
PIC: Public Information Center PID: Photon Ionization Detector PIGS: Pesticides in Groundwater Strategy (EPA-97/12) PIMS: Pesticide Incident Monitoring System (EPA-97/12) PIN: Pesticide Information Network (EPA-97/12) PIN: Procurement Information Notice (EPA-97/12) PIP: Public Involvement Program (EPA-97/12) PIPQUIC: Program Integration Project Queries Used in Interactive Command (EPA-97/12) PIR: Product of Incomplete Reaction PIRG: Public Interest Research Group (EPA-97/12) PIRT: Pretreatment Implementation Review Task Force (EPA97112) PIS: Public Information Specialist PIT: Permit Improvement Team (EPA-97/12) PITS: Project Information Tracking System (EPA-97/12) PL: Public Law (DOE-9114) PLIRRA: Pollution Liability Insurance and Risk Retention Act (EPA-97/12) PLM: Polarized Light Microscopy (EPA-97/12) PLO: Public Land Order (DOE-9114) PLUVUE: Plume Visibility Model (EPA-97/12) PM: Particulate Matter (40CFR86.094.3-94) PM: Program Manager Pm: Promethium PMIO: Particulate Matter (nominally 10 pm (micrometers) diameter) and Less (EPA-97/12) PM15: Particulate Matter (nominally 15 pm (micrometers) diameter) (EPA-97/12) PM2.5: Particulate Matter Smaller than 2.5 Micrometers in Diameter (EPA-97/12) PMA: Pharmceutical Manufacturers Association PMAS: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (EPA97112) PMEL: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (EPA-97/12) PMIP: Presidential Management Intern Program PMIS: Personnel Management Information System (OARM) PMN: Premanufacture Notification (TSCA) (40CFR700.43) PMNF: Premanufacture Notification Form (EPA-97/12) PMR: Pollutant Mass Rate (EPA-97/12) PMR: Proportionate Mortality Ratio (EPA-97/12) PMRS: Performance Management and Recognition System (EPA-97/12) PMS: Personnel Management Specialist PMS: Program Management System (EPA-97/12) PNA: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (EPA-97/12) PNA: Probablistic Noise Audibility (DOE-9114) PNL: Pacific Northwest Laboratory (DOE-9114) Po: Polonium PO: Project Officer (EPA-97/12) PO: Purchase Order POC: Point Of Compliance (EPA-97/12) POC: Program Office Contacts POE: Point Of Exposure (EPA-97/12) POGO: Privately-OwnedGovernment-Operated(EPA-97/12) POHC: Principal Organic Hazardous Constituent (EPA-97/12)
POI: Point of Interception (EPA-97/12) POLREP: Pollution Report (EPA-97/12) POM: Particulate Organic Matter (EPA-97/12) POM: Polycyclic Organic Matter (EPA-97/12) POP: Persistent Organic Pollutant (EPA-97/12) POR: Program of Requirements (EPA-97/12) POTW: Publicly Owned Treatment Works (40CFR117.1) POV: Privately Owned Vehicle (EPA-97/12) PP: Pay Period PP: Pollution Prevention PP: Polypropylene (40CFR60.561) PP: Priority Pollutant (CWA) PP: Program Planning (EPA-97/12) PPA: Pesticide Producers Association PPA: Planned Program Accomplishment (EPA-97/12) PPA: Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 PPB: Parts Per Billion (EPA-97/12) PPE: Personal Protective Equipment (EPA-97/12) PPG: Performance Partnership Grant (EPA-97/12) PPIA: Poultry Products Inspection Act (21USC453) PPIC: Pesticide Programs Information Center (EPA-97/12) PPIS: Pesticide Product Information System (EPA-97/12) PPIS: Pollution Prevention Incentives for States (EPA-97/12) PPMPPB: Parts per million/parts per billion (EPA-97/12) ppm: Parts Per Million = (approx.) mgkg (milligrams per kilogram) = (approx.) mg/L (milligrams per liter) (40CFR116) PPMAP: Power Planning Modeling Application Procedure (EPA97112) PPPA: Poison Prevention Packaging Act PPSP: Power Plant Siting Program (EPA-97/12) PPT: Parts Per Trillion (EPA-97/12) PPT: Permanent Part Time PPTH: Parts Per Thousand (EPA-97/12) PQL: Practical Quantitation Limits (40CFR264A9) PQUA: Preliminary Quantitative Usage Analysis (EPA-97/12) PR: Pesticide Regulation Notice (EPA-97/12) Pr: Praseodymium PR: Preliminary Review (EPA-97/12) PR: Procurement Request PRA: Paperwork Reduction Act (EPA-97/12) PRA: Planned Regulatory Action (EPA-97/12) PRA: Probablistic Risk Assessment (DOE-9114) PRATS: Pesticides Regulatory Action Tracking System (EPA97112) PRC: Planning Research Corporation (EPA-97/12) PRG: Preliminary Remediation Goal (EPA-91/12) PRI: Periodic Reinvestigation (EPA-97/12) PRM: Prevention Reference Manuals (EPA-97/12) PRMO: Policy and Resources Management Office (EPA) PRN: Pesticide Registration Notice (EPA-97/12) PRP: Potentially Responsible Party (40CFR35.4010) PRP: Potentially Responsible Party (EPA-97/12) PRZM: Pesticide Root Zone Model (EPA-97/12) PS: Point Source (EPA-97/12) PS: Polystyrene (40CFR60.561) PSAM: Point Source Ambient Monitoring (EPA-97/12)
PSC: Program Site Coordinator (EPA-97/12) PSD: Prevention of Significant Deterioration (EPA-97/12) PSE: Program Subelement PSES: Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources (40CFR467.02) PSI: Pollutant Standards Index (EPA-97/12) PSI: Pounds Per Square Inch (EPA-97/12) psi: Pounds Per Square Inch (Pressure) PSI: Pressure Per Square Inch (EPA-97/12) PSI: Pressure Per Square Inch (EPA-97/12) psia: Pounds Per Square Inch Absolute (40CFR60) psig: Pounds Per Square Inch Gauge (40CFR60) PSIG: Pressure Per Square Inch Gauge (EPA-97/12) PSM: Point Source Monitoring (EPA-97/12) PSNS: Pretreatment Standards for New Sources (EPA-97/12) PSOFC: Pressurized solid oxide fuel cell PSP: Payroll Savings Plan PSS: Personnel Staffing Specialist PSTN: Pesticide Safety Team Network (NRT-8713) PSU: Primary Sampling Unit (EPA-97/12) PSY: Steady-State, Two-Dimensional Plume Model (EPA-9113) PT: Packed Tower PT: Part Time Pt: Platinum PTA: Part Throttle Acceleration (40CFR86) P-TBB: p-tat-butylbenzaldehyde (40CFR704.33) P-TBBA: p-tert-butylbenzoic acid (40CFR704.33) P-TBT: p-tert-butyltoluene (40CFR704.33) PTC: Positive Temperature Coefficient (40CFR85) PTD: Part Throttle Deceleration (40CFR86) PTDIS: Single Stack Meteorological Model in EPA UNAMAP Series (EPA-97/12) PTE: Permanent Total Enclosure (40CFR52.741 .a.4) PTE: Potential to Emit (EPA-97/12) PTFE: Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) (EPA-97/12) PTMAX: Single Stack Meteorological Model in EPA UNAMAP series (EPA-97/12) PTO: Patent and Trademark Office (DOC) PTPLU: Point Source Gaussian Diffusion Model (EPA-97/12) Pu: Plutonium PU: Pulmonary region of the respiratory tract (EPA-92/12) PUC: Public Utility Commission (EPA-97/12) PUREX: Plutonium-Uranium Extraction Plant (DOE-9114) PV: Project Verification (EPA-97/12) PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride (EPA-97/12) PWB: Printed Wiring Board (EPA-97/12) PWS: Public Water SupplyISystem (EPA-97/12) PWS: Public Water System (SDWA) PWSS: Public Water Supply System (SDWA) PWSS: Public Water Supply System (EPA-97/12) PY: Prior Year Q: Quench QAIQC: Quality Assistance/Quality Control (EPA-97/12) QA: Quality Assurance (40CFR766.3) QAC: Quality Assurance Coordinator (EPA-97/12)
QAMIS: Quality Assurance Management and Information System (EPA-97/12) QAO: Quality Assurance Officer (EPA-97/12) QAPP: Quality Assurance Program (or Project) Plan (EPA-97/12) QAT: Quality Action Team (EPA-97/12) QBTU: Quadrillion British Thermal Units (EPA-97/12) QC: Quality Control (40CFR766.3) QC: Quench Column QCA: Quiet Communities Act (EPA-97/12) QCI: Quality Control Index (EPA-97/12) QCP: Quiet Community Program (EPA-97/12) ql*: Cancer Potency Factor (EPA-9113) QL: Quantification Limit (EPA-97/12) QNCR: Quarterly Noncompliance Report (EPA-97/12) QS: Quench Separator QSAR: Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (EPA-9113) QSI: Quality Step Increase QT: Quench Tower QUA: Qualitative Use Assessment (EPA-97/12) QUIPE: Quarterly Update for Inspector in Pesticide Enforcement (EPA-97/12) R&D: Research and Development (EPA-97/12) R: A l b l (CnH~n+1) PUP R: Degree Rankine (40CFR60) R: Rankine (40CFR86.403.78-94) Ra: Radium RA: Reasonable Alternative (EPA-97/12) RA: Regional Administrator RA: Regulatory Alternatives (EPA-97/12) RA: Regulatory Analysis (EPA-97/12) RA: Remedial Action (40CFR300.4) RA: Resource Allocation (EPA-97/12) RA: Risk Analysis (EPA-97/12) RA: Risk Assessment (EPA-97/12) RAATS: RCRA Administrative Action Tracking System (EPA97112) RAC: Radiation Advisory Committee (EPA-97/12) RAC: Raw Agricultural Commodity (EPA-97/12) RAC: Reference Air Concentration (@m3) RAC: Reference Ambient Concentration (EPA-9 113) RAC: Regional Asbestos Coordinator (EPA-97/12) RAC: Regional Asbestos Coordinator (EPA-97/12) RAC: Response Action Coordinator (EPA-97/12) RAC: Response Action Coordinator (EPA-97/12) RACM: Reasonably Available Control Measures (EPA-97/12) RACM: Reasonably Available Control Measures (EPA-97/12) RACM: Regulated Asbestos-Containing Material (40CFR61.141) RACT: Reasonably Available Control Technology (EPA-97/12) RAD: Radiation Adsorbed Dose (unit of measurement of radiation absorbed by humans) (EPA-97/12) RADM: Random Walk Advection and Dispersion Model (EPA97112) RADM: Regional Acid Deposition Model (EPA-97/12) RAGS: Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfkd (EPA-91/12) RAM: Random Access Memory (computer)
RAM: Urban Air Quality Model for Point and Area Source in EPA UNAMAP Series (EPA-97/12) RAMP: Rural Abandoned Mine Program (EPA-97/12) RAMS: Regional Air Monitoring System (EPA-97/12) RAP: Radon Action Program (EPA-97/12) RAP: Registration Assessment Panel (EPA-97/12) RAP: Remedial Accomplishment Plan (EPA-97/12) RAP: Response Action Plan (EPA-97/12) RAPS: Regional Air Pollution Study (EPA-97/12) RARG: Regulatory Analysis Review Group (EPA-97/12) RAS: Routine Analytical Service (EPA-97/12) RAT: Radiological Assistance Team (40CFR300.4) RAT: Relative Accuracy Test (EPA-97/12) RB: Red Border RB: Request for Bid (EPA-97/12) Rb: Rubidium RBAC: Re-use Business Assistance Center (EPA-97/12) RBC: Red Blood Cell (EPA-97/12) RBC: Rotating Biological Contactor (40CFR35.2035) RC: Regional Counsel RC: Responsibility Center (EPA-97/12) RCC: Radiation Coordinating Council (EPA-97/12) RCDO: Regional Case Development Officer (EPA-97/12) RCO: Regional Compliance Officer (EPA-97/12) RCP: Regional Contingency Plan (40CFR300.4) RCP: Research Centers Program (EPA-97/12) RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (EPA-97/12) RCRIS: Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System (EPA-97/12) RD&D: Research, Development and Demonstration (EPA-97/12) RDIRA: Remedial DesigdRemedial Action (EPA-97/12) RD: Remedial Design (40CFR300.4) RDD: Regional Deposited Dose (EPA-8/90b) RDF: Refuse-Derived Fuel (EPA-97/12) RDNA: Recombinant DNA rDNA: Recombinant DNA (EPA-97/12) RDU: Regional Decision Units (EPA-97/12) RDV: Reference Dose Values (EPA-97/12) RE: Reasonable Efforts (EPA-97/12) RE: Reportable Event (EPA-97/12) Re: Rhenium REAG: Reproductive Effects Assessment Group REAP: Regional Enforcement Activities Plan (EPA-97/12) RECLAIM: Regional Clean Air Initiatives Marker (EPA-97/12) RED: Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document (EPA-97/12) REDA: Recycling Economic Development Advocate (EPA-97/12) redox: Oxidation Reduction REE: Rare Earth Elements (EPA-97/12) REEP: Review of Environmental Effects of Pollutants (EPA97112) REF: Reference ReFIT: Reinvention for Innovative Technologies (EPA-97/12) REI: Restricted Entry Interval (EPA-97/12) REM: (Roentgen Equivalent Man) (EPA-97/12) REM/FIT: Remedial/Field Investigation Team (EPA-97/12) REM: Remedial Engineering Management
REM: Roentgen Equivalent Man (radiation unit) REMS: RCRA Enforcement Management System (EPA-97/12) REP: Reasonable Efforts Program (EPA-97/12) REPS: Regional Emissions Projection System (EPA-97/12) RESOLVE: Center for Environmental Conflict Resolution (EPA97/12) RF: Radio Frequency RF: Response Factor (EPA-97/12) Rf: Rutherfordium RFA: Regulatory Flexibility Act (EPA-97/12) RFB: Request for Bid (EPA-97/12) RFBAT: Reasonably Foreseeable Best Available Technology RfC: Chronic inhalation reference dose (EPA-8/90b) RfC: Inhalation Reference Concentration (EPA-92/12) RfC: Reference Concentration (EPA-9 1112) RFC: Regenerative fuel cell or reversible fuel cell RfC,: Subchronic inhalation reference dose (EPA-8/90b) RfD: Oral Reference Dose (EPA-92/12) RfD: Reference Dose (EPA-9 1/12) RFD: Reference Dose Values (EPA-97/12) RFI: Radio Frequency Interference (40CFR60) RFI: Remedial Field Investigation (EPA-97/12) RFP: Reasonable Further Programs (EPA-97/12) RFP: Request for Proposal (EPA-97/12) RFP: Rocky Flats Plant (DOE-9114) RFQ: Request for Quote RgD: Regulatory Dose (EPA-92/12) RGS: Research Grants Staff RH: Reheat Rh: Rhodium RHRS: Revised Hazard Ranking System (EPA-97/12) RI/FS: Remedial InformatiodFeasibility Study (EPA-97/12) RIJFS: Remedial InvestigationReasibility Study (EPA-91/12) RUFS: Reports of InvestigatiodFeasibility Studies (DOE-9114) RI: Reconnaissance Inspection (EPA-97/12) RI: Remedial Investigation (EPA-97/12) RI: Rhode Island RIA: Regulatory Impact Analysis (EPA-97/12) RIA: Regulatory Impact Assessment (EPA-97/12) RIC: Radon Information Center (EPA-97/12) RIC: RTP Information Center RICC: Retirement Information and Counseling Center (EPA97/12) RICO: Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (EPA-97/12) RID: Regulatory Integration Division RIF: Reduction in Force RIM: Regulatory Interpretation Memorandum (EPA-97/12) FUN: Regulatory Identifier Number (EPA-97/12) RIP: RCRA Implementation Plan (EPA-97/12) RISC: Regulatory Information Service Center (EPA-97/12) RJE: Remote Job Entry (EPA-97/12) RJS: Reverse Jet Scrubber RK: Rotary Kiln RLL: Rapid and Large Leakage (Rate) (EPA-97/12) RM: Risk Management (EPA-92/12)
RMCL: Recommended Maximum Contaminant Level (this phrase is being discontinued in favor of MCLG) (EPA97/12) RMDHS: Regional Model Data Handling System (EPA-97/12) RME: Reasonable Maximum Exposure (EPA-91/12) RMIS: Resources Management Information System (EPA-97/12) RMO: Records Management Officer RMP: Revolutions Per Minute Rn: Radon RNA: Ribonucleic Acid (EPA-97/12) rO: Rated output (40CFR87.2-94) RO: Regional Office ROADCHEM: Roadway Version that Includes Chemical Reactions of BI, NO2, and O3 (EPA-97/12) ROADWAY: A Model to Predict Pollutant Concentrations Near a Roadway (EPA-97/12) ROADWAY: A Model to Predict Pollutant Concentrations Near a Roadway (EPA-97/12) ROC: Record Of Communication (EPA-97/12) ROD: Record of Decision (40CFR300.4) RODS: Records Of Decision System (EPA-97/12) ROC: Reactive Organic Gases (EPA-97/12) ROI: Region of Influence (DOE-9114) ROLLBACK: A Proportional Reduction Model (EPA-97/12) ROM: Read Only Memory (computer) ROM: Regional Oxidant Model (EPA-97/12) ROMCOE: Rocky Mountain Center on Environment (EPA-97/12) ROP: Rate of Progress (EPA-97/12) ROP: Regional Oversight Policy (EPA-97/12) ROPA: Record Of Procurement Action (EPA-97/12) ROSA: Regional Ozone Study Area (EPA-97/12) RP: Radon Progeny Integrated Sampling (EPA-97/12) RP: Respirable Particulates (EPA-97/12) RP: Responsible Party RP: Responsible Party (EPA-97/12) WAR: Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (FIFRA) (40CFR166.3) RPM: Reactive Plume Model (EPA-97/12) RPM: Remedial Project Manager (40CFR300.4) rpm: Revolutions per minute (40CFR86.403.78-94) RPO: Regional Planning Oflicer RPO: Regional Program Officer rPR: Rated pressure ratio (40CFR87.2-94) RQ: Reportable Quantities (EPA-97/12) RRC: Regional Response Center (40CFR300.4) RREL:Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (EPA) (Formerly WRL) RRT: Regional Response Team (EPA-97/12) RRT: Requisite Remedial Technology (EPA-97/12) RS: Registration Standard (EPA-97/12) RSCC: Regional Sample Control Center (EPA-97/12) RSD: Risk -Specific Dose (~.g/m~) (EPA-97/12) RSE: Removal Site Evaluation (EPA-97/12) RSKERL: Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory RSPA: Research and Special Programs Administration (40CFR300.4)
RT: Regional Total RTCM: Reasonable Transportation Control Measure (EPA-97/12) RTD: Return to Duty RTDF: Remediation Technologies Development Forum (EPA97/12) RTDM: Rough Terrain Diffusion Model (EPA-97/12) RTECS: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (29CFR1910.20) RTF: Reactivity Task Force (MCA) RTM: Regional Transport Model (EPA-97/12) RTP: Research Triangle Park Ru: Ruthenium RUP: Restricted Use Pesticide (EPA-97/12) RV: Residual Volume (EPA-92/12) RVP: Reid Vapor Pressure (40CFR86) RWC: Receiving Water Concentration (EPA-9113) RWC: Residential Wood Combustion (EPA-97/12) S&A. Sampling and Analysis (EPA-97/12) S&A: Surveillance and Analysis (EPA-97/12) S&E: Salaries and Expenses s.c.: Subcutaneous (EPA-92/12) s1cm3: Structures per Cubic Centimeter (40CFR763-AA) s/mm2: Structures per Square Millimeter (40CFR763-AA) SITCAC: Scientific/TechnicalCareers Advisory Committee S: Scrubber s: Second (40CFR60) S: Sulphur SlS: Smooth-OneSide (40CFR429.11) S2S: Smooth-Two-Sides (40CFR42.119) SA: Special Assistant SA: Sunshine Act SAB: Science Advisory Board (EPA-97/12) SAC: Secretarial Advisory Board SAC: Sulfuric Acid Concentrator SAC: Support Agency Coordinator (40CFR300.4) SAC: Suspended and Cancelled Pesticides (EPA-97/12) SACTI: Seasonal/Annual Cooling Tower Impacts (computer code) (DOE-9114) SADAA: Science Assistant to the Deputy Administrator SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers (40CFR89.3-94) SAED: Selected Area Electron Difffaction (40CFR763-AA) SAEWG: Standing Air Emissions Work Group (EPA-97/12) SAIC: Special-Agents-In-Charge(EPA-97/12) SAIP: Systems Acquisition and Implementation Program SAIP: Systems Acquisition and Implementation Program (EPA97/12) SAMI: Southern Appalachian Mountains Initiative SAMWG: Standing Air Monitoring Work Group (EPA-97/12) SANE: Sulfur and Nitrogen Emissions (EPA-97/12) SANSS: Structure and Nomenclature Search System (EPA-97/12) SAP: Sampling and Analysis Plan SAP: Scientific Advisory Panel (EPA-97/12) SAP: Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (EPA-92/12) SAR. Sodium Absorption Ratio SAR: Start Action Request (EPA-97/12)
SAR: Structural Activity Relationship (of a qualitative assessment) (EPA-97/12) SARA: Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (40CFR280) SARAH2: Surface Water Assessment Model for Back Calculating Reductions in Biotic Hazardous Wastes (EPA-9113) SAROAD: Storage and Retrieval Of Aerometric Data (EPA-97/12) SAS: Special Analytical Service (EPA-97/12) SAS: Statistical Analysis System (EPA-97/12) SASS: Source Assessment Sampling System (EPA-97/12) SATO: Scheduled Airline Traffic Office SAV: Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (EPA-97/12) Sb: Antimony SBA: Small Business Act SBA: Small Business Administration (40CFR21.2) SBC: Single Breath Cannister (EPA-97/12) SBO: Small Business Ombudsman SBS: Sick Building Syndrome (EPA-97/12) Sc: Scandium SC: Sierra Club (EPA-97/12) SC: South Carolina SC: Steering Committee SCAC: Support Careers Advisory Committee SCAP: Superfund Comprehensive Accomplishments Plan (4OCFR35.4010) SCAP: Superfund Consolidated Accomplishments Plan (EPA97/12) SCBA: Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (EPA-97/12) SCC: Secondary Combustion Chamber SCC: Source Classification Code (EPA-97/12) SCDISWDC: Soil or Soil and Water Conservation District (EPA97/12) SCDHEC: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DOE-9114) SCE&G: South Carolina Electric and Gas Company (DOE-9114) scf: Standard Cubic Feet (40CFR60) SCF: Supercritical Fluid scfh: Standard Cubic Feet Per Hour (40CFR60) SCFM: Standard Cubic Feet Per Minute (EPA-97/12) SCLDF: Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund (EPA-97/12) scm: Standard Cubic Meter (40CFR60) SCORPIO: Subject Content-Oriented Retriever for Processing Information On-Line SCR: Selective Catalytic Reduction (EPA-97/12) SCRAM: State Consolidated RCRA Authorization Manual (EPA97/12) SCRC: Superfund Community Relations Coordinator (EPA-97/12) SCRP: Superfund Community Relations Program SCS: Soil Conservation Service, US. Department of Agriculture SCS: Supplementary Control StrategyISystem(EPA-97/12) SCS: Supplementary Control System (40CFR57.103) SCSA: Soil Conservation Society of America (EPA-97/12) SCSP: Storm and Combined Sewer Program (EPA-97/12) SCW: Supercritical Water Oxidation (EPA-97/12) SD: South Dakota SD: Spray Dryer
SD: Standard Deviation SDBE: Small Disadvantaged Business Enterprise SDC: Systems Decision Plan (EPA-97/12) SDI: Sludge Density Index SDWA: Safe Drinking Water Act (EPA-97/12) SDWC: Secondary Drinking Water Criteria (SDWA) SDWIS: Safe Drinking Water Information System (EPA-97/12) Se: Selenium SEA: Selective Enforcement Auditing (40CFR89.3-94) SEA: State Enforcement Agreement (EPA-97/12) SEA: StatdEPA Agreement (EPA-97/12) SEA: Supplementary Environmental Analysis (like EIS) SEAM: Surface, Environment, and Mining SEAM: Surface, Environment, and Mining (EPA-97/12) SEAS: Strategic Environmental Assessment System (EPA-97/12) sec.: Seconds (40CFR87.2-94) SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission SEDS: State Energy Data System (EPA-97/12) SEE: Senior Environmental Employee SEGIP: State Environmental Goals and Improvement Project (EPA-97/12) SEIA: Socioeconomic Impact Analysis (EPA-97/12) SEIA: Solar Energy Industries Association SEM: Scanning Electronic Microscope (40CFR763-AA) SEM: Standard Error of the Means (EPA-97/12) SEP: Standard Evaluation Procedures (EPA-97/12) SEP: Structural Integrity Procedure (RCRA) SEP: Supplementary Environmental Project (EPA-97/12) SEPWC: Senate Environment and Public Works Committee (EPA-97/12) SERATRA: Sediment Contaminant Transport Model Simplified Lake/Strearn Analysis (EPA-9 113) SERC: State Emergency Planning Commission SERC: State Emergency Response Commission (40CFR300.4) SERI: Solar Energy Research Institute (See NREL) SES: Secondary Emissions Standard (EPA-97/12) SES: Senior Executive Service SES: Socioeconomic Status SET: Site Evaluation Team (DOE-9114) SETAC: Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (EPA-97/12) SETS: Site Enforcement Tracking System (EPA-97/12) SF: Safety Factor (EPA-92/12) SF: Slope Factor (EPA-91/12) SF: Standard Form (EPA-97/12) SF: Superfund (EPA-97/12) SFA: Spectral Flame Analyzers (EPA-97/12) SFDS: Sanitary Facility Data System (EPA-97/12) SFFAS: Superfund Financial Assessment System (EPA-97/12) SFIREG: State FIFRA Issues Research and Evaluation Group (EPA-97/12) SFS: State Funding Study (EPA-97/12) sf& Standard Cubic Feet (DOE-9114) SGOT: Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (EPA-92/12) SGPT: Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (EPA-92/12) SHORTZ: Short Term Terrain Model (EPA-97/12)
SHPO: State Historic Preservation Officer (DOE-9 114) SHWL: Seasonal High Water Level (EPA-97/12) SI unit: System International (Meter-Kg-Second)unit SI: International System of Units (EPA-97/12) Si: Silicon SI: Site Inspection (EPA-97/12) SI: Spark Ignition (EPA-97/12) SI: Surveillance Index (EPA-97/12) SIC: Standard Industrial Classification (EPA-97/12) SIC: Standard Industrial Code (DOE-9114) SICEA: Steel Industry Compliance Extension Act (EPA-97/12) sigma g: Geometric Standard Deviation (EPA-92/12) SIMS: Secondary Ion-Mass Spectrometry (EPA-97/12) SIP: State Implementation Plan (40CFR5 1.350) SIS: Stay In School SITE: Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (EPA-97/12) SIWSA: Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (DOE-9114) SL: Sick Leave SLAEM: Single Layer Analytical Element Model (DOE-9114) SLAMS: StatdLocal Air Monitoring Station (EPA-97/12) SLANG: Selected Letter and Abbreviated Name Guide SLN: Special Local Need (EPA-97/12) SLRL: Sex Linked Recessive Lethal (40CFR798.5275) SLSM: Simple Line Source Model (EPA-97/12) Sm: Samarium sm3: Standard Cubic Meter (40CFR464.02) SMART: Simple Maintenance of ARTS (EPA-97/12) SMCL: Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (EPA-97/12) SMCRA: Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (EPA97112) SME: Subject Matter Expert (EPA-97/12) SMO: Sample Management Office (EPA-97/12) SMOA: Superfund Memorandum of Agreement (40CFR300.4) SMP: State Management Plan (EPA-97/12) SMR: Standard Mortality Ratio (EPA-92/12) SMR: Standardized Mortality Ratio (EPA-97/12) SMSA: Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (EPA-97/12) SMYS: Specified Minimum Yield Strength (40CFR192.3) SN: Smoke Number (40CFR87.2-94) Sn: Tin SNA: System Network Architecture (EPA-97/12) SNAAQS: Secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards (EPA-97/12) SNAP: Significant New Alternatives Project (EPA-97/12) SNAP: Significant Noncompliance Action Program (EPA-97/12) SNARL: Suggested No Adverse Response Level SNARL: Suggested No Adverse Response Level (EPA-97/12) SNC: Significant Noncompliers (EPA-97/12) SNCR: Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction SNG: Synthetic Natural Gas SNL: Sandia National Laboratories (DOE-9114) SNUR: Significant New Use Rule (EPA-97/12) SOz: Sulkr Dioxide (EPA-97/12) SOC: Synthetic Organic Chemicals (EPA-97/12) SOCMA: Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association
SOCMI: Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (EP A-97112) SOEH: Society for Occupational and Environmental Health SOFC: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell SOM: Sensitivity of Method (FDA) SOP: Standard Operating Procedure (40CFR61.61) SOT: Society of Toxicology SOTDAT: Source Test Data (EPA-97/12) SOW: Scope Of Work (EPA-97/12) SOW: Statement of Work (40CFR35.6015-45) SP: Shaft Power (40CFR87.2-94) SPAR: Status of Permit Application Report (EPA-97/12) SPCC: Spill Prevention, Containment, and Countermeasure (40CFR112.3) SPE: Secondary Particulate Emissions (EPA-97/12) SPECS: Specifications SPF: Structured Programming Facility (EPA-97/12) SPI: Society of the Plastics Industry SPI: Strategic Planning Initiative (EPA-97/12) SPL: Sound Pressure Level (DOE-9114) SPLMD: Soil-pore Liquid Monitoring Device (EPA-97/12) SPMS: Special Purpose Monitoring Stations (EPA-97/12) SPMS: Strategic Planning and Management System (EPA-97/12) SPOC: Single Point Of Contact (EPA-97/12) SPS: State Permit System (EPA-97/12) SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (EPA-97/12) SPUR: Software Package for Unique Reports (EPA-97/12) sq ft: Square Feet sq m: Square Meter sq.cm.: Square Centimeters (EPA-92/12) SQBE: Small Quantity Burner Exemption (EPA-97/12) SQC: Sediment Quality Criteria (EPA-9113) SQG: Small Quantity Generator (40CFR261.5) SR: Special Review (EPA-97/12) SR: State Route (DOE-9114) Sr: Strontium SRAB: Source Receptor Analysis Branch (EPA) SRAP: Superfund Remedial Accomplishment Plan (EPA-97/12) SRC: Solvent-Refined Coal (EPA-97/12) SRF: State Revolving Fund (EPA-97/12) SRF: State Water Pollution Control Revolving Fund (40CFR35.3 105-i) SRM: Standard Reference Method (EPA-97/12) SRP. Special Review Procedure (EPA-97/12) SRR: Second Round Review (EPA-97/12) SRR: Submission Review Record (EPA-97/12) SRS: Savannah River Site (DOE-9114) SRTS: Service Request Tracking System (EPA-97/12) SS: Settleable Solids (EPA-97/12) SS: Spray Saturator SS: Superfund Surcharge (EPA-97/12) SS: Suspended Solids (EPA-97/12) SSA: Social Security Administration SSA: Sole Source Aquifer (40CFR149.2) SSAC: Soil Site Assimilated Capacity (EPA-97/12) SSAC: Soil Site Assimulated Capacity
SSC: Scientific Support Coordinator (40CFR300.4) SSC: State Superfund Contracts (EPA-97/12) SSC: Superfund State Contracts (40CFR35.6015-47) SSD: Standards Support Document (EPA-97/12) SSE: Safe Shutdown Earthquake (DOE-9114) SSEIS: Standard Support and Environmental Impact Statement (EPA-97/12) SSEIS: Standard Support and Environmental Impact Statement (EPA-97/12) SSEIS: Stationary Source Emissions and Inventory System (EPA97112) SSI: Size Selective Inlet (EPA-97/12) SSMS: Spark Source Mass Spectrometry (EPA-97/12) SSN: Social Security Number SSO: Sanitary Sewer Overflow (EPA-97/12) SSO: Source Selection Official (EPA-97/12) SSRP: Source Reduction Review Project (EPA-97/12) SST: Supersonic Transport SSTS: Section Seven Tracking System (EPA-97/12) SSU: Standard Saybolt Unit (a viscosity unit) SSURO: Stop Sale, Use and Removal Order (EPA-97/12) ST: Spray Tower STALAPCO: State and Local Air-Pollution Control Officials (EPA-97/12) STAPPA: State and Territorial Air Pollution (EPA-97/12) STAPPA: State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators STAR: Stability Wind Rose (EPA-97/12) STAR: State Acid Rain Projects (EPA-97/12) STARS: Strategic Targeted Activities for Results System (EPA97/12) START: Superfund Technical Assistance Response Team std: Standard (40CFR60) STEL: Short Term Exposure Limit (EPA-97/12) STEM: Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (EPA-97/12) STN: Scientific and Technical Information Network (EPA-97/12) STORET: Storage and Retrieval of Water Quality Information (EPA-9 113) STORET: Storage and Retrieval of Water-Related Data (EPA97112) STP: Sewage Treatment Plant (EPA-97/12) STP: Standard Temperature and Pressure (EPA-97/12) STTF: Small Town Task Force (EPA) (EPA-97/12) SUNFED: Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development SUP: Standard Unit of Processing (EPA-97/12) SURE: Sulfate Regional Experiment Program (EPA-97/12) SUS: Saybolt Universal Seconds (29CFR1910.1200) SV: Sampling Visit (EPA-97/12) SV: Significant Violater (EPA-97/12) SVI: Sludge Volume Index SW. Slow Wave (EPA-97/12) SWAP: Source Water Assessment Program (EPA-97/12) SWARF: Waste fkom Metal Grinding Process (EPA-97/12) SWC: Settlement With Conditions (EPA-97/12) SWDA: Solid Waste Disposal Act (EPA-97/12)
SWDF: Solid Waste Derived Fuel SWDF: Solvent Waste Dervide Fuel SWIE: Southern Waste Information Exchange (EPA-97/12) SWMU: Solid Waste Management Unit (EPA-97/12) SWPA: Source Water Protection Area (EPA-97/12) SWQPPP: Source Water Quality Protection Partnership Petitions (EPA-97/12) SWTR: Surface Water Treatment Rule (EPA-97/12) sy.: Synonym SYSOP: Systems Operator (EPA-97/12) T&A: Time and Attendance t: Metric Ton T: Temperature, degrees Kelvin (40CFR87.2-94) Ta: Tantalum TA: Travel Authorization TACB: Texas Air Control Board TAD: Technical Assistance Document (EPA-97/12) TAG: Technical Assistance Grant (EPA-97/12) TALMS: Tunable Atomic Line Molecular Spectroscopy (EPA97112) TAMS: Toxic Air Monitoring System (EPA-97/12) TAMTAC: Toxic Air Monitoring System Advisory Committee (EPA-97/12) TAO: TSCA Assistance Office TAP: Technical Assistance Program (EPA-97/12) TAPDS: Toxic Air Pollutant Data System (EPA-97/12) TAPP: Time and Attendance, Payroll, and Personnel TAPPI: Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (40CFR60.17.d) TARC: Toxics Testing and Assessment Research Committee TAS: Tolerance Assessment System (EPA-97/12) Tb: Terbium TB: Tracheobronchial region of the respiratory tract (EPA-92/12) TB: Trial Bum TBD: To Be Determined TBP: Trial Burn Plan TBT: Tributyltin (EPA-97/12) TC: Target Concentration (EPA-97/12) Tc: Technetium TC: Technical Center (EPA-97/12) TC: Total Carbon TC: Toxic Concentration (EPA-97/12) TC: Toxicity Characteristics (EPA-97/12) TCB: Toxic Combustion Byproduct TCC: Tagliabue closed cup, a standard method of determining flash points (EPA-92/12) TCDD: Dioxin (Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) (EPA-97/12) TCDF: Tetrachlorodi-benzofurans(EPA-97/12) TCE: Trichloroethylene (EPA-97/12) TCF: Total Chlorine Free (EPA-97/12) TCLP: Total Concentrate Leachate Procedure (EPA-97/12) TCLP: Total Concentrate Leachate Procedure (EPA-97/12) TCLP: Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (EPA-97/12) TCM: Transportation Control Measure (EPA-97/12) TCP: Transportation Control Plan (EPA-97/12) TCP: Transportation Control Plan (EPA-97/12)
TCP: Trichloroethylene (EPA-97/12) TCP: Trichloropropane (EPA-97/12) TCRI: Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (EPA-97/12) TD:Dispensed Fuel Temperature (40CFR86.098.3-94) TD: Toxic Dose (EPA-97/12) TDB: Toxicology Data Base (EPA-92/12) TDD: Telecommunication Devices for Deaf (40CFR12.103) TDE: Tetrachlorodiphenylethane TDF: Tire Derived Fuel TDI: Toluene Diisocyanate TDS: Total Dissolved Solids (40CFR131.35) TDY: Temporary Duty Te: Tellurium TEAM: Total Exposure Assessment Model (EPA-97/12) TEC: Technical Evaluation Committee (EPA-97/12) TED: Turtle Excluder Devices (EPA-97/12) TEG: Tetraethylene Glycol (EPA-97/12) TEGD: Technical Enforcement Guidance Document (EPA-97/12) TEL: Tetraethyl Lead (40CFR86) TEM: Texas Episodic Model (EPA-97/12) TEM: Transmission Electron Microscope (40CFR763-AA) TEP: Technical Evaluation Panel (EPA-97/12) TEP: Typical End-use Product (EPA-97/12) TEP: Typical End-use Product. Technical Evaluation Panel (EPA97112) TERA: TSCA Environmental Release Application (EPA-97/12) TES: Technical Enforcement Support (EPA-97/12) TEXIN: Texas Intersection Air Quality Model (EPA-97/12) TFS: Tin Free Steel TFT: Temporary Full Time TFTE: Temporary Full Time Equivalent TGAI: Technical Grade of the Active Ingredient (EPA-97/12) TGIF: Thank God It's Friday TGO: Total Gross Output (EPA-97/12) TGP: Technical Grade Product (EPA-97/12) Th: Thorium THC: Total Hydrocarbons (EPA-97/12) THCE: Total Hydrocarbon Equivalent (40CFR86.090.3-94) THM: Trihalomethane (40CFR141.2) THM: Trihalomethane (EPA-97/12) TI: Temporary Intermittent (EPA-97/12) TI: Therapeutic Index (EPA-97/12) Ti: Titanium TIBL: Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (EPA-97/12) TIC: Technical Information Coordinator (EPA-97/12) TIC: Tentatively Identified Compounds (EPA-97/12) TIC: Total Inorganic Carbon TIE: Toxicity Identification Evaluation (EPA-9113) TIM: Technical Information Manager (EPA-97/12) TIM: Time in Mode (40CFR87.2-94) TIP: Technical Information Package (EPA-97/12) TIP: Transportation Improvement Program (40CFR51.392) TIS: Tolerance Index System (EPA-97/12) TISE: Take It Somewhere Else (Solid Waste Syndrome. See NIMBY) (EPA-97/12)
TITC: Toxic Substance Control Act Interagency Testing Committee (EPA-97/12) TITC: TSCA Interagency Testing Committee TKN: Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen T1: Thallium TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography (40CFR796.2700.a) TLEV: Transitional Low-Emission Vehicle (40CFR88.103-94) TLM: Tolerance Limit Median TLV: Threshold Limit Value (EPA-97/12) TLV-C: TLV-Ceiling (EPA-97/12) TLV-STEL: TLV-Short Term Exposure Limit (EPA-97/12) TLV-TWA: TLV-Time Weighted Average (EPA-97/12) Tm: Thulium TMDC: Total Maximum Daily Limit (EPA-97/12) TMDL: Total Maximum Daily Load (EPA-97/12) TMI: Three Mile Island TML: Tetramethyl Lead (40CFR86) TMRC: Theoretical Maximum Residue Contribution (EPA-97/12) TN: Tennessee TNCWS: Transient Non-Community Water System (EPA-97/12) TNT: Trinitrotoluene TNT: Trinitrotoluene (EPA-97/12) TO: Task Order (EPA-97/12) TO: Travel Order TOA: Trace Organic Analysis (EPA-97/12) TOC: Total Organic Carbon (40CFR268.2) TOC: Total Organic CarbodCompound (EPA-97/12) TOC: Total Organic Compound (40CFR60.561) TOD: Theoretical Oxygen Demand TOD: Time-Origin-Destination (40CFR52.2294) TOD: Total Oxygen Demand TODAM: Transport One-Dimensional Degradation and Migration Model (EPA-9113) TOT: Time-of-Travel TOTAL: Total Respiratory Tract (EPA-92/12) TOX: Tetradichloroxylene (EPA-97/12) TOX: Total Organic Halogen TOXI4: A Subset of WASP4 (EPA-9113) TOXIC: Toxic Organic Transport and Bioaccumulation Model (EPA-9 113) TOXIWASP: Chemical Transport and Fate Model (EPA-9113) TP: Technical Product (EPA-97/12) TP: Total Particulates (EPA-97/12) TPA: Terephthalic acid (40CFR60.561) TPC: Testing Priorities Committee (EPA-97/12) TPD: Tons Per Day TPES: Toxic and Pretreatment Effluent Standards TPI: Technical Proposal Instructions (EPA-97/12) TPQ: Threshold Planning Quantity (40CFR355.10) TPSIS: Transportation Planning Support Information System (EPA-97/12) TPTH: Triphenyltinhydroxide (EPA-97/12) TPW: Tons Per Week TPY: Tons Per Year (EPA-97/12) TQM: Total Quality Management (EPA-97/12) TR: Target Risk (EPA-91/12)
T-R: Transformer-Rectifier(EPA-97/12) TRC: Technical Review Committee (EPA-97/12) TRC: Total Residual Chlorine (40CFR420.02) TRD: Technical Review Document (EPA-97/12) TRE: Total Resource Effectiveness (40CFR60.611) TRE: Toxicity Reduction Evaluation (EPA-9113) TRI: Toxic Release Inventory (EPA-97/12) TRIP: Toxic Release Inventory Program (EPA-97/12) TRIS: Toxic Chemical Release Inventory System (EPA-97/12) TRLN: Triangle Research Library Network TRLN: Triangle Research Library Network (EPA-97/12) TRO: Temporary Restraining Order (EPA-97/12) TRS: Total Reduced Sulfur (40CFR60.281) TRU: Transuranic, a Classification of Wastes (DOE-9114) TRW: Transuranic Radioactive Waste (40CFR191.02) TS: Total Solids TSA: Technical Systems Audit (EPA-97/12) TSCA: Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (40CFR704.3) TSCATS: TSCA Test Submissions Database (EPA-97/12) TSCATS: TSCA Test Submissions Database (OTS) TSCC: Toxic Substances Coordinating Committee TSCC: Toxic Substances Coordinating Committee (EPA-97/12) TSD: Technical Support Document TSD: Technical Support Document (EPA-97/12) TSD: Treatment, Storage, and Disposal (40CFR260-AI-93) TSDF: Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility (EPA-97/12) TSDG: Toxic Substances Dialogue Group (EPA-97/12) TSI: Thermal System Insulation (EPA-97/12) TSM: Transportation System Management (EPA-97/12) TSO: Time Sharing Option (EPA-97/12) TSP: Teleprocessing Services Program TSP: Thrift Savings Plan TSP: Total Suspended Particulates (40CFR51.100) TSPC: Toxic Substances Priority Committee TSS: Terminal Security System TSS: Total Suspended (non-filterable) Solids (EPA-97/12) TSSC: Toxic Substances Strategy Committee (16 Fed. Agencies) TSSG: Toxic Substances Strategy Group TSSMS: Time Sharing Services Management System TTE: Temporary Total Enclosure (4OCFR52.741.a.4) TTFA: Target Transformation Factor Analysis (EPA-97/12) TTHM: Total Trihalomethane (40CFR141.30) TTN: Technology Transfer Network (EPA-97/12) TTO: Total Toxic Organics (40CFR413.02) TTY: Teletypewriter (EPA-97/12) TU: Toxic unit (EPA-9 113) TU: Turbidity unit (40CFR141.13) TU,: Acute Toxic Unit (EPA-9113) TU,: Chronic Toxic Unit (EPA-9 113) TUCC: Triangle University Computer Center TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority (EPA-97/12) TVOC: Total Volatile Organic Compounds (EPA-97/12) TVS: Total Volatile Solids TW: Test Weight (40CFR88.103-94) TWA: Time Weighted Authority TWA: Time Weighted Average (EPA-97/12)
TWMD: Toxics and Waste Management Division TWS: Transient Water System (EPA-97/12) TX: Texas TZ: Treatment Zone (EPA-97/12) U: Uranium UAC: User Advisory Committee (EPA-97/12) UAM: Urban Airshed Model (EPA-97/12) UAO: Unilateral Administrative Order (EPA-97/12) UAPSP: Utility Acid Precipitation Study Program (EPA-97/12) UAQI: Uniform Air Quality Index (EPA-97/12) UARG: Utility Air Regulatory Group (EPA-97/12) UCC: Ultra Clean Coal (EPA-97/12) UCCI: Urea-FormaldehydeFoam Insulation (EPA-97/12) UCL: Upper Confidence Limit (EPA-92/12) UCL: Upper Control Limit (EPA-97/12) UDDS: Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (40CFR86) UDKHDEN: Three-Dimensional Model Used for Single or Multiple Port Diffusers (EPA-9113) UDMH: Unsymmetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine (EPA-97/12) UEL: Upper Explosive Limit (EPA-97/12) UF: Uncertainty Factor (EPA-97/12) UFL: Upper Flammability Limit (EPA-97/12) UHWM: Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest (40CFR259.10) UIC: Underground Injection Control (40CFR124.2) UL: Underwriters Laboratories, 333 Pfingsten Road, North Brook, IL 60062 (40CFR60.17.f) ULEV: Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (EPA-97/12) ULINE: Uniform Linear Density Flume Model (EPA-9113) ULP: Unfair Labor Practices UMERGE: Two-Dimensional Model Used to Analyze Positively Buoyant Discharge (EPA-9 113) UMTRCA: Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act UMTRCA: Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (EPA97/12) UMTRCA: Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 (40CFR23.8; 300-AA) UMW: United Mine Workers Union UN: United Nations UNAMAP: Users' Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution (EPA-97/12) UNECE: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (EPA-97/12) UNEP: United Nations Environment Program (EPA-97/12) UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organization U03: Uranium Oxide (DOE-9114) UOD: Ultimate Oxygen Demand UOUTPLM: Cooling Tower Plume Model Adapted for Marine Discharges (EPA-9113) UPLUME: Numerical Model That Produces Flux-Average Dilutions (EPA-9 113) UPS: United Parcel Service (40CFR86) UPWP: Unified Planning Work Program (40CFR51.138) URT: Upper Respiratory Tract (EPA-8/90b)
USAO: United States Attorney's Office USATHAMA: U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency (DOD) USBM: United States Bureau of Mines USC: Unified Soil Classification (EPA-97/12) USC: United States Code USCA: United States Code Annotated USCG: United States Coast Guard (40CFR300.4) USDA: United States Department of Agriculture (EPA-97/12) USDOI: United States Department of the Interior USDW: Underground Sources of Drinking Water (40CFR144.3) USEPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency USFS: United States Forest Service (EPA-97/12) USFWS: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (DOE-9114) USGS: United States Geological Survey (DOE-9114) USP: U.S. Pharmacopeia (EPA-97/12) USP: United States Pharmacopoeia USPHS: United States Public Health Service USPS: United States Postal Service USS: United States Senate UST: Underground Storage Tank (40CFR280) USTR: United States Trade Representative UT: Utah UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator (EPA-97/12) UTP: Urban Transportation Planning (EPA-97/12) W : Ultraviolet (EPA-97/12) W A , UVB, W C : Ultraviolet Radiation Bands (EPA-97/12) UV-VIS: Ultraviolet Visible (40CFR796.1050) UZM: Unsaturated Zone Monitoring (EPA-97/12) VIV:Volume for Volume (EPA-92/12) VIV:Volume Per Volume (40CFR60) V: Vanadium V: Volt (40CFR60) VA: Veterans Administration VA: Virginia VALLEY: Meteorological Model to Calculate Concentrations on Elevated Terrain (EPA-97/12) VALLEY: Meteorological Model to Calculate Concentrations on Elevated Terrain (EPA-97/12) VAT: Value Added Tax VCM: Vinyl Chloride Monomer (EPA-97/12) VCP: Voluntary Cleanup Program (EPA-97/12) VDT: Vidw Display Terminal VE: Value Engineering (40CFR35.905) VE: Visual Emissions VE: Visual Emissions (EPA-97/12) VEO: Visible Emission Observation (EPA-97/12) VF: Volatilization Factor (EPA-91/12) VHAP: Volatile Hazardous Air Pollutant (40CFR61.241) VHS: Vertical and Horizontal Spread Model (EPA-97/12) VHT: Vehicle-Hours of Travel (EPA-97/12) VISTTA. Visibility Impairment from Sulfur Transformation and Transport in the Atmosphere (EPA-97/12) VISTTA: Visibility Impairment from Sulfur Transformation and Transport in the Atmosphere (EPA-97/12) VKT: Vehicle Kilometers Traveled (EPA-97/12)
VMT: Vehicle Miles Traveled (EPA-97/12) VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds (EPA-97/12) VOL: Volatile Organic Liquid (40CFR60.111b) VOM: Volatile Organic Materials (40CFR52.741) VOS: Vehicle Operating Survey (EPA-97/12) VOST: Volatile Organic Sampling Train (EPA-97/12) VP: Vapor Pressure (EPA-97/12) VQ: Venturi Quench VS: venturi Scrubber VSD: Virtually Safe Dose (EPA-97/12) VSI: Visual Site Inspection (EPA-97/12) VSS: Volatile Suspended Solids (EPA-97/12) VT: Tidal volume (EPA-90/8b) VT: Vermont W: Watt(s) (40CFR87.2-94) W: Wolfram WA: Washington WA: Work Assignment (EPA-97/12) WAC: Washington Administrative Codes (DOE-9114) WADTF: Western Atmospheric Deposition Task Force (EPA97/12) WAP: Waste Analysis Plan (EPA-97/12) WASP4: Water Quality Analysis Program (EPA-9 113) WASTOX: Estuary and Stream Quality Model (EPA-9 113) WAVE: Water Alliances for Environmental Efficiency (EPA97112) WB: Wet Bulb (EPA-97/12) WB: World Bank WBC: White Blood Cell(s) (EPA-92/12) WBE: Women's Business Enterprise (40CFR33.005) WCED: World Commission on Environment and Development (EPA-97/12) WDF: Waste Derived Fuel W O E : Washington Department of Ecology (DOE-9114) WDROP: Distribution Register of Organic Pollutants in Water (EPA-97/12) WENDB: Water Enforcement National Data Base (EPA-97/12) WERL: Water Engineering Research Laboratory (EPA-97/12) WET: Whole Effluent Toxicity test (EPA-97/12) WF: Weighting Factor (40CFR86) WG: Wage Grade WG: Work Group WGI: Within Grade Increase WHB: Waste Heat Boiler WHC: Westinghouse Hanford Company (DOE-9 114) WHO: World Health Organization (EPA-97/12) WHP: Wellhead Protection Program (EPA-97/12) WHPA: Wellhead Protection Area (EPA-97/12) WHWT: Water and Hazardous Waste Team (EPA-97/12) WI: Wisconsin WIC: Washington Information Center WICEM: World Industry Conference on Environmental Management (EPA-97/12) WINCO: Westinghouse Idaho Nuclear Company, Inc. (DOE-9114) WIPP: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (DOE-9114) WISE: Women In Science and Engineering
WL: Warning Letter (EPA-97/12) WL: Working Level (radon measurement) (40CFR192.11) WLAITMDL: Wasteload Allocation/Total Maximum Daily Load (EPA-97/12) WLA: Wasteload Allocation (40CFR130.2) WLM: Working Level Months (EPA-97/12) WMO: World Meteorological Organization (EPA-97/12) WNP-1: Washington Nuclear Plant No. 1 (DOE-9114) WNP-2: Washington Nuclear Plant No. 2 (DOE-9114) WOT: Wide Open Throttle (40CFR86) WP: Wettable Powder (EPA-97/12) WPCF: Water Pollution Control Federation (EPA-97/12) WPPSS: Washington Public Power Supply System (DOE-9114) WQA: Water Quality Act of 1987 WQAB FLOW: Water Quality Analysis System Flow Data subroutine (EPA-9 113) WQC: Water Quality Criteria (EPA-92/12) WQM: Water Quality Management (40CFRl30.2) WQS: Water Quality Standards (40CFR130.2) WRC: Water Resources Council (EPA-97/12) WRDA: Water Resources Development Act (EPA-97/12) WRI: World Resources Institute (EPA-97/12) WS: Wet Scrubber WS: Work Status (EPA-97/12) WSF: Water Soluble Fraction (EPA-97/12) WSRA: Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (EPA-97/12) WSRC: Westinghouse Savannah River Company (DOE-9114) WSTB: Water Sciences and Technology Board (EPA-97/12) WSTP: Wastewater Sewage Treatment Plant (EPA-97/12) wt: Weight (40CFR86.403.78-94) WTP: Water Treatment Plant WV: West Virginia WWEMA: Waste and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Association (EPA-97/12) WWF: World Wildlife Fund (EPA-97/12) WWTP: Wastewater Treatment Plant (EPA-97/12) WWTU: Wastewater Treatment Unit (EPA-97/12) WY: Wyoming Xe: Xenon XRF: X-ray fluorescence Y: Yttrium Yb: Ytterbium yd2: Square Yard (40CFR60) yr: Year (40CFR60) YTD: Year to Date ZBB: Zero Base Budgeting ZEV: Zero Emissions Vehicle (EPA-97/12) ZHE: Zero Headspace Extractor (EPA-97/12) ZID: Zone of Initial Dilution (40CFR125.58) Zn: Zinc ZOI: Zone Of Incorporation (EPA-97/12) Zr: Zirconium ZRL: Zero Risk Level (EPA-97/12) pCiL: Microcuries per Liter (DOE-9114) pCi/mL: Microcuries per Milliliter (DOE-9114) pg/m3: Micrograms per Cubic Liter (DOE-9114)
pgIm3: Micrograms Per Cubic Meter (EPA-97/12) pg: Microgram = 1 o - gram ~ (40CFR60) pL: Microliter = 1 0-6liter (40CFR60)
pm: Micrometer = 1 w6 meter pmol: Micromoles (EPA-92/12)
Appendix E: References (1OCFRxxx-91), 10 Code of Federal Regulations, Parts xxx, 1991 Edition. (29CFR1910-89), "Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens; Proposed Rule and Notice of Hearing," Federal Register, Tuesday, May 30, 1989. (29CFRxxx-91). 29 Code of Federal Regulations, Parts xxx, 1991 Edition. (40CFRxxx-91). 40 Code of Federal Regulations, Parts xxx, 1991 Edition. (ACS-8711 l), "Quality Assurance Of Chemical Measurements," An American Chemical Society (ACS) Short Course Prepared in November 1987 and Offered at EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory On September 7-8, 1988. (AENclosure-04) The glossary of the Atomic Energy Act terms developed by the DOE Fernald Closure Project and available at http://www.fernald.gov/50th/glossary.htm, 2004. (AENmixedW-04) The glossary of mixed waste terms developed the DOE Ames Laboratory in Ames, Iowa and available at http://www.etd.ameslab.gov/etd/library/glossary/gloss~ 1,2004. (AP-13), "Atmospheric Emissions from Manufacturing Processes," EPNAP-13, 1965.
Sulfuric
Acid
(AP-27), "Atmospheric Emissions from Manufacturing Processes," EPNAP-27, 1966.
Nitric
Acid
(AP-40), "Air Pollution Engineering Manual," 2nd Edition, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, USEPA, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, Stock No. 055-003-00059-9, May 1973. (AP-42), "Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors," 1981. (AP-5 l), "Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1969. (MI-931), "Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes-Volume on Atmospheric Emissions," American Petroleum Institute (MI) Publication 931, Chapter 13-Filters and Wet Collectors for the Removal of Particulate Matter, 1974.
(Arbuckle-89), "Environmental Law Handbook," J. G. Arbuckle, et al. Tenth Edition, Government Institutes, Inc. 966 Hungerford Drive #24, Rockville, MD 20850, 1989. (ASHRAE-77) "American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers Hand Book, 1977 Fundamentals," ASHRAE Inc. 345 E. 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, 1977. (ATSDR-90/9), "The Public Health Implications of Medical Waste: A Report to Congress," Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (Beachler-8711I), "Bay County, Florida Waste-to-Energy Facility Air Emission Test Results," D. S. Beachler, et a]., Air Pollution Control Association Specialty conference on Thermal Treatment of Municipal, Industrial and Hospital Wastes, Pittsburgh, PA, November 3-6,1987. (Brownell-91/04), "Clean Air Handbook," F. William Brownell & Lee B. Zeugin, Published by Government Institutes, Inc., 966 Hungerford Dr., #24, Rockville, MD 20850, Phone (301) 2519250, April 1991. (Brunner-84), "Incineration Systems and Selection and Design," C. A. Brunner, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1984. (Brunner-85), "Hazardous Air Emissions from Incineration," C. A. Brunner, Chapman and Hall, 1985. (CMair-04) The glossary of air pollution control (APC) developed by US EPA's Office of Air Quality and Planning and Standards (OAQPS) and available at, http://www.epa.gov/oar/ oaqpdpeg-cadpegcad O.html,2004. (CAA/CO2gas-04)The glossary of greenhouse gas terms developed by U.S. Department of Energy in 1995 and available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oia.E/1605/95report/glossary.html,2004. (CMC02gas1-04) The glossary of greenhouse gas terms developed by the U.S. Department of Energy in 2002 and available at ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oia.E/1605/c~ ggrptiO57302.pdf, 2004. (CMozone-04) The glossary of ozone depletion terms contained
in EPA regulations and available at http://www.epa.gov/ozonel dehs.html2004.
(CAAxxx-42U.S.C.yyyy-91),"Environmental Statutes, 1991 Edition," Published by the Government Institutes, Inc., 4 Research Place, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850, March 1991. (Calvert-84), "Handbook of Air Pollution Technology," S. Calvert, and H. M. Englund, John Wiley & Sons, 1984. (Cheremisinoff-77), "Air Pollution Control and Design Handbook, Part 1 and Part 2" P. N. Cheremisinoff and Richard A. Young, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1977. (Coco-86), "Finding the Law," A1 Coco, Government Institute, Inc., 966 Hungerford Drive #24, Rockville, MD 20850, 1986. (Conn-85), " Pesticide Regulation Handbook," R. L. Conn, et al., Executive Enterprises Publications Co., Inc., 1985. (Course 165.3), "Incident Mitigation and Treatment Methods," Environmental Response Team, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. EPA, U.S. Government Printing Office: 1987-748-121-67038. (Course 165.4), "Air Surveillance for Hazardous Materials," Environmental Response Team, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. EPA, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 84-100. (Course 165.5), "Hazardous Materials Incident Response Operations," Offered by Environmental Response Team, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. EPA, U.S. Government Printing Office: 1987-748-121-40722. (Course 165.6), "Environmental Risk Assessment," Environmental Response Team, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. EPA, U.S. Government Printing Office: 1988-548-158-67072. (Course 165.7), "Introduction to Ground Water Investigation," Environmental Response Team, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. EPA, U.S. Government Printing Office: 1978-748-121-67038. (Course 165.8), "Response Safety, Decision-Making," Environmental Response Team, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. EPA. (Course 165.9), "Sampling for Hazardous Materials," Environmental Response Team, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. EPA. (Course 400), "Introduction to Air Toxics," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 401), "Site Specific Source Monitoring and Evaluation for Air Toxics," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA
Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 41 l), "Air Pollutions Dispersion Models-Fundamental Concepts," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 413), "Control of Particulate Emissions," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (EPA-80/04), Student Workbook, EPA450-2-80-067, April 1980. (EPA-81/10), Student Manual, EPA450-2-80-066, October 1981. (Course 414), "Quality Assurance for Source Emission Measurement Methods," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 415), "Control of Gaseous Emissions," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (EPA-81/05), Student Workbook, EPA450-2-81-006, May 1981. (EPA-8 1/12), Student Manual, EPA450-2-8 1-005, December 1981. (Course 416), "Inspection Procedures for Organic Solvent Metal Cleaning (Degreasing) Operations," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 420), "Air Pollution Microscopy," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 423), "Dispersion of Air Pollution-Theory and Model Application," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. Selected Reading Packet, EPA450-2-8 1-077, October 1981. Student Workbook, EPA450-2-8 1-075, October 1981. Instructor's Guide, EPA450-2-81-076, November 1981. (Course 426), "Statistical Evaluation Methods for Air Pollution Data," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 427), "Combustion Evaluation," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. Student Manual, EPA450-280-063, February 1980. Student Workbook, EPA450-2-80-064, February 1980. Instructor's Guide, EPA450-2-80-065, February 1980. (Course 434), "Introduction to Ambient Air Monitoring," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1.
(Course 439, "Atmospheric Sampling," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Student Manual (Second Edition), EPA450-2-80-004, June 1983. (Course 444), "Air Pollution Field Enforcement," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 445), "Baseline Source Inspection Techniques," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 446), "Inspection Procedures and Safety," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 277 11. (Course 450), "Source Sampling for Particulate Pollutants," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Student Workbook, EPA450-2-79-007, December 1979. (Course 452), "Principles and Practice of Air Pollution Control," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 454), "Effective Permit Writing Workshop," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 464), "Analytical Methods for Air Quality Standards," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 468), "Source Sampling and Analysis of Gaseous Pollutants," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 470), "Quality Assurance for Air Pollution Measurement Systems," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 474), "Continuous Emission Monitoring," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. Student Laboratory Workbook, No EPA number, December 1980. Regulatory Documents, EPA450-2-83-001, January 1983. (Course 480), "Control Measures for CO, 03, and NOx," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1.
(Course 482), "Sources and Control of Volatile Organic Air Pollutants," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 277 11. Student Workbook, EPA450-2-8 1-011, March 1981. Regulatory Documents, EPA450-2-8 1-012, March 1981. Instructor's Guide, EPA450-2-8 1-010, May 1981. Regulatory Documents Updates and NSPS Regulations, EPA450-2-84-001, April 1984. (Course 484), "Motor Vehicle Emissions Control - Diagnosis and Repair," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 485), "Motor Vehicle Emissions Control - Anti-tampering and Misfi~eling,"Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 486), "Motor Vehicle Emissions Control - Quality Assurance for I/M Programs," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course 502), "Hazardous Waste Incineration," Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Student Manual (draft), No EPA number, March 1986. Student Workbook (draft), No EPA number, March 1986. Instructor's Guide (draft), No EPA number, March 1986. (Course SI: 410), "Introduction to Dispersion Modeling: Selfinstructional Guidebook," EPA 45012-82-007, March 1983, Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course SI: 412), "Baghouse Plan Review: Student Guidebook," EPA 45012-82-005, April 1982, Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course SI: 412B), "Electrostatic Precipitator Plan Review: Selfinstructional Guidebook," EPA 45012-82-0 19, July 1983, Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course SI: 412C), "Wet Scrubber Plan Review: Self-instructional Guidebook," EPA 45012-82-020, March 1984, Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course SI: 412D), "Control of Gaseous and Particulate Emissions: Self-instructional Problem Workbook," EPA 45012-84-007, September 1984, Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1.
(Course SI: 428A), "Introduction to Boiler Operation, Self Instructional Guidebook," EPA 45012-84-010, December 1984. (Course SI: 431), "Air Pollution Control Systems for Selected Industries: Self-instructional Guidebook," EPA 45012-82-006, June 1983, Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI), U.S. EPA Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1. (Course SI: 445), "Introduction to Baseline Source Inspection Techniques: Self-Instructional Guidebook (draft)," no EPA number, December 1985. (Course SI: 476A), "Transmissometer Systems Operation and Maintenance, an Advanced Course," EPA45012-84-004, September 1984. (CRWI-5/89), "Technical Issue Brief," Coalition for Responsible Waste Incineration (CRWI), located at 1330 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Suite 300, Washington DC, 20036, May 1989. (CWAihydrology-04) The glossary of water hydrologic (WH) terms developed by U.S. Geological Survey and available at http://water.usgs.gov/wsc/glossary.html, 2004.
(DOD-78/01), "A Glossary of Selected Aquatic Ecological Terms," Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, Department of Defense (DOD), Report No: ARCSL-SP-78002, January 1978. (DOE-85/06), "Hazardous Chemical Defense Waste Management Program," Prepared by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. for the Department of Energy (DOE), June 1985. (DOE-91/04), "Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Siting, construction, and Operation of New Production/reactor Capacity, Volume 3: Sections 7-12, appendices A-C," DOEIEIS0 144D, April 1991. (DOI-70/04), "Glossary of Water Resource Terms," Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Department of Interior (DOI), NTIS PB-255-156, April 1970. (EPA-72), "Wet Scrubber Study," EPA R2-72-118a, NTIS PB213-016, 1972. (EPA-72/08), "Afterburner Systems Study," EPA R2-72-062, NTIS PB-212-560, August 1972. (EPA-72a), "Field Operations and Enforcement Manual for Air Pollution control. Volume 111: Inspection Procedures for Specific Industries," APTD-1102, 1972.
(CWNmining-04) The glossary of mining terms developed by the Pennsylvania Department of Protection and available at (EPA-73), "Package Sorption Device System Study," EPA R2-73http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/minres/dms/website/~ini 202,1973. ng/glossary.html, 2004. (EPA-73/06), "Field Surveillance and Enforcement Guide: (CWNwastewater-04) The glossary of wastewater discharge Combustion and Incinerator Sources," APTD- 1449, June 1973. terms for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (EPA-73/08), "Development Document for Proposed Effluent (NPDES) developed EPA and available at http://cfpubl.epa.gov/ Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards npdes/glossary.cfm?programmid=O,2004. for the Phosphorus Derived Chemicals, Segment of the Phosphate (CWNWbasics-04) The glossary of water basics terms developed Manufacturing Point Source Category," EPA440-1-73-006, by the U.S. Geological Survey and available at http://capp.water. August 1973. usgs.gov/GIPk2o_gloss/, 2004. (EPA-73/12), "Recovery of Fatty Materials from Edible Oil (CWAIWquality-04) The glossary of water quality assessment Refinery Effluents," EPA660-2-73-015, December 1973. terms developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and available at http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/glos.html,2004. (EPA-73a), "Field Surveillance and Enforcement Guide for Primary Metallurgical Industries," EPA 450-3-73-002, 1973. (CWAIWscience-04) The glossary of water science developed by (EPA-74), "Background Information for New Source Performance U.S. Geological Survey and available at http://ga.water.usgs.gov/ edu/dictionary.html,2004. Standards: Primary Copper, Zinc, and Lead Smelter," EPA450-274-002a, 1974. (CWAxxx-33U.S.C.yyyy-91), "Environmental Statutes, 1991 Edition," Published by the Government Institutes, Inc., 4 Research (EPA-74/01), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Place, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850, March 1991. Guidelines; Building, Construction, and Paper Segment of the Asbestos Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74(CZMAxxx-16U.S.C.yyyy-90), "Environmental Law Deskbook, 0174 January 1974. 1990 Edition," Published by the Environmental Law Institute, 1616 P. Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. (EPA-74/01), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance for New Sources, Beet
Sugar Processing, Subcategory of the Sugar Processing Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-002b, January 1974.
Electroplating, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-003% March 1974.
(EPA-74/01b), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Cement Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74005%January 1974.
(EPA-74/03e), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Major Inorganic Products, Segment of the Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440- 1-74-007% March 1974.
(EPA-74/01c), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Feedlots, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-004% January 1974. (EPA-74/02), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Red Meat Processing Segment of the Meat Product and Rendering Processing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-012a, February 1974. (EPA-74/02a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Smelting and Slag Processing, Segments of the Ferroalloy Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-008a, February 1974. (EPA-74/02b), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for Tire and Synthetic, Segment of the Rubber Processing, Point Source Category," EPA440- 1-74-013%February 1974. (EPA-74/03), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for Apple, Citrus and Potato Processing Segment of the Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-0274 March 1974. (EPA-74/03a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Basic Fertilizer Chemicals Segment of the Fertilizer Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-011 a, March 1974.
(EPA-74/03f), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Secondary Aluminum Smelting, Subcategory of the Aluminum, Segment of the Nonfmous Metal Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-019e, March 1974. (EPA-74/03g), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Synthetic Resins, Segment of the Plastics and Synthetic Materials Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-010% March 1974. (EPA-74/03h), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Grain Processing, Segment of the Grain Mills, Point Source Category," EPA 440-1-74-028a, March 1974. (EPA-74/04), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Plywood, Hardboard, and Wood Preserving Segment of the Timber Products Processing," EPA440-1-74-023%April 1974. (EPA-74/04a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Major Organic Products, Segment of the Organic Chemical Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-009% April 1974. (EPA-74/04b), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Petroleum Refining, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-014% April 1974.
(EPA-74/03b), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Bauxite Refining Subcategory of the Aluminum Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-019c, March 1974.
(EPA-74/04c), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Soap and Detergent Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA4401-74-018% April 1974.
(EPA-74/03c), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Cane Sugar Refining, Segment of the Sugar Processing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-002c, March 1974.
(EPA-74/05), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Dairy Product Processing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-021a, May 1974.
(EPA-74/03d), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Copper, Nickel, Chromium, and Zinc, Segment of the
(EPA-74/05a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Unbleached Kraft & Semi-chemical Pulp, Segment of the Pulp,
Paper, and Paperboard Mills, Point Source Category," EPA440-174-0254 May 1974. (EPA-74/06), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Catfish, Crab, Shrimp, and Tuna, Segment of the Canned and Preserved Seafood Processing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-020% June 1974. (EPA-74/06a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Steel Making, Segment of the Iron and Steel Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-I -74-024%June 1974. (EPA-74/06b), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Textile Mills, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-022a, June 1974. (EPA-74/07), "Field Surveillance and Enforcement Guide for Petroleum Refineries," EPA450-3-74-042, June 1974. (EPA-74/08), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Processor, Segment of the meat Products, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-031, August 1974. (EPA-74/08a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Wet Storage, Sawmills, Particleboard and Insulation Board, Segment of the Timber Products Processing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-033, August 1974. (EPA-74/09), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Synthetic Resins, Segment of the Plastics and Synthetic Materials Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-036a, September 1974. (EPA-74/09a), "System Analysis Requirements for Nitrogen Oxide Control of Stationary Sources," EPA650-2-74-091, September 1974.
(EPA-74/12b), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Animal Feed, Breakfast Cereal, and Wheat Starch, Segment of the Grain Mills, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-039% December 1974. (EPA-75/01), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Renderer, Segment of the Meat Products and Rendering Processing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-031d, January 1975. (EPA-75/01a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the synthetic Polymers, Segment of the Plastics and Synthetic Materials Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75036b, January 1975. (EPA-75/01b), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the formulated Fertilizer, Segment of the Fertilizer Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440- 1-75442% January 1975. (EPA-75/01c), "Inspection Manual for Enforcement of New Source Performance Standards: Municipal Incinerator," EPA3401-75-003, January 1975. (EPA-75/02), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Calcium Carbide, Segment of the Ferroalloy Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75-038, February 1975. (EPA-75/02a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Electric Ferroalloys, Segment of the Ferroalloy Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA 440/01-75-038%February 1975.
(EPA-7411I), "Common Environmental Terms," NTIS No. PB254-630, November, 1974.
(EPA-75/02b), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Primary Copper Smelting Subcategory and the Primary copper Refining Subcategory of the Copper, Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75032b, February 1975.
(EPA-74/12), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Textile, Fabrication Materials and sealing Devices, Segment of the Asbestos Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74035%December 1974.
(EPA-75/02c), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Secondary Copper Subcategory of the Copper, Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75-032c, February 1975.
(EPA-74/12a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Fabricated and Reclaimed Rubber, Segment of the Rubber Processing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-74-030% December 1974.
(EPA-75/02d), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Raw Cane Sugar Processing, Segment of the Sugar processing, Point Source Category," EPA440- 1-75-044, February 1975.
(EPA-75/04), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Poultry, Segment of the Meat Product and Rendering Process, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75-03lb, April 1975. (EPA-75/07), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Oil Base Solvent Wash Subcategories of the Paint Formulating and the Ink formulating, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75-050a, July 1975. (EPA-75/07a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Paving and Roofing Materials (Tars and Asphalt), Point Source Category," EPA440- 1-75049%July 1975. (EPA-75/09), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Fish Meal, Salmon, Bottom Fish, Clam, Oyster, Sardine, Scallop, Herring, and Abalone, Segment of the Canned and Preserved Fish and Seafood Processing Industry, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75-041 a, September 1975. (EPA-75/09a), "NO, Combustion Control Methods and Costs for Stationary Sources," EPA600-2-75-046, September 1975. (EPA-75/09b), "Inspection Manual for Enforcement of New Source Performance Standards: Portland Cement Plants," EPA340-1-75-001, September 1975. (EPA-75/10), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Fruits, Vegetables and Specialties, Segment of the Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75046t, October 1975. (EPA-75/10a), "Development Document for EMuent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Coal Mining, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75-057, October 1975. (EPA-75/10b), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Clay, Ceramic, Refractory and Miscellaneous Minerals, Vol. 111, Mineral Mining and Processing Industry, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75-059d, October 1975. (EPA-75/10c), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Minerals for the construction Industry, Vol. I, Mineral Mining and Processing Industry, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75-059b, October 1975. (EPA-7511l), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Significant Organic Products, Segment of the Organic Chemical
Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75-045, November 1975. (EPA-76/03), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Explosive, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-76-060j, March 1976. (EPA-76/03a), "Flare Systems Study," EPA600-2-76-079, March 1976. (EPA-76/03b), "Inspection Manual for Enforcement of New Source Performance Standards: Asphalt concrete Plants,'' EPA340-1-76-003, March 1976. (EPA-76/03c), "Preliminary Evaluation of Air Pollution Aspects of the Drum-Mix Process," EPA34O- 1-77-004, March 1976. (EPA-76/03d), "Workbook for Operators of Small Boilers and Incinerators," EPA450-9-76-001, March 1976. (EPA-76/04), "Development Document for Best Technology Available for the Location, Design, Construction and Capacity of Cooling Water Intake Structures for Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact," EPA440-1-76-015a, April 1976. (EPA-76/06), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Other Non-Fertilizer Phosphate Chemicals, Segment of the Phosphate Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-75043%June 1976.
(EPA-76/10),"EnvironmentalPollution control Pulp and Paper Industry. Part 1-Air," EPA625-7-76-001, October 1976. (EPA-76/11), "Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatment Techniques for Industrial Wastes," Prepared by Arthur D. Little, Inc., NTIS PB-275-054 (Volume I), and PB-275-287 (Volume 11), November 1976. (EPA-76/12), "Supplemental for Pretreatment to the Interim Final Development Document for the Secondary Aluminum, Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing," EPA440-1-76-081c, December 1976. (EPA-76/12a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines (BPCTCA) for.the Bleached Kraft, Soda, Deink and Mono-integrated Paper Mills, Segment of the Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-76-047b, December 1976. (EPA-77), "Electrostatic Precipitator malfunctions in the Electric Utility Industry," EPA600-2-77-006, 1977. (EPA-77/01), "Municipal Incinerator Enforcement Manual," EPA340-1-76-013, January 1977.
(EPA-77/07), "Supplement for Pretreatment to the Development Document for the Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-77-087%July 1977. (EPA-7711I), "Flue Gas Desulfurization System Manufacturers Survey," EPA450-3-78-043, November 1977. (EPA-77a), "New Source Performance Standards Inspection Manual for Enforcement of Sulfuric Acid Plants," EPA340-1-77008,1977. (EPA-77b), "A Survey of Sulfate, Nitrate, and Acid Aerosol Emissions and Their Control," EPA600-7-77-041, 1977. (EPA-78/01), "Control Techniques for Nitrogen Oxides Emissions From Stationary Sources-2nd Edition," EPA450-1-78-001, January 1978. (EPA-78/03), "Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems: Design and Operating Considerations, Volume I, Executive Summary," EPA600-7-78-030%March 1978.
(EPA-78/06a), "A Mathematical Model of Electrostatic Precipitation (Revision 1): Volume 11. User Manual," EPA600-778-1 1Ib, June 1978. (EPA-79), "Particulate Control by Fabric Filtration on Coal Fired Industrial Boilers," EPA625-2-79-021, 1979. (EPA-79/01), "Guidelines for Particulate Sampling in Gaseous Effluents from Industrial Processes," EPA600-7-79-028, January 1979. (EPA-79/01a), "Evaluation of Dry Sorbents and Fabric Filtration for FGD," EPA600-7-79-005, January 1979. (EPA-79/01b), "Design Guidelines for an Optimum Scrubber System," EPA600-7-79-018, January 1979. (EPA-79/01c), "Enhanced SO3 Emissions Combustion," EPA 600-7-79-002, January 1979.
from
Staged
(EPA-79/02), "Summary Report-Sulfur Oxides Control Technology Series: Flue Gas Desulfurization, Wellman-Lord Process," EPA600-8-79-001, February 1979.
(EPA-78/03), "Operation and Maintenance of Particulate Control Devices on Selected Steel and Ferroalloy Processes," EPA600-278-037, March 1978.
(EPA-79/03), "A Review of Standards of Performance for New Sources-Petroleum Refineries," EPA450-3-79-008, March 1979.
(EPA-78/03a), "Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems: Design and Operating Considerations, Volume I, Executive Summary," EPA600-7-78-030a, March 1978.
(EPA-79/03a), "A Review of Standards of Performance for New Sources-Portland Cement Industry," EPA450-3-79-012, March 1979.
(EPA-78/03b), "Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems: Design and Operating Considerations, Volume 11, Technical Report," EPA600-7-78-030b. March 1978.
(EPA-79/03b), "A Review of Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources-Incinerators," EPA450-3-79-009, 1979.
(EPA-78/03c), "The Effect of Flue Gas Desulfurization Availability on Electric Utilities, Volume I, Executive Summary," EPA600-7-78-031a, March 1978. (EPA-78/03d), "The Effect of Flue Gas Desulfurization Availability on Electric Utilities, Volume 11, Technical Report," EPA600-7-78-031b, March 1978. (EPA-78/03e), "Flue Gas Desulfurization System Capabilities for Coal-fired Steam Generators, Volume I, Executive Summary," EPA600-7-78-032%March 1978. (EPA-781030, "Flue Gas Desulfurization System Capabilities for Coal-fired Steam Generators, Volume 11, Technical Report," EPA600-7-78-032b, March 1978. (EPA-78/06), "A Mathematical Model of Electrostatic Precipitation (Revision 1): Volume I. Modeling and Programming," EPA600-7-78-11la, June 1978.
(EPA-79/04), "Guidance for Lowest Achievable Emission Rates from 18 Major Stationary Sources," EPA450-3-79-024, April 1979. (EPA-79/04a), "Chemical Aspects of Afterburner Systems," EPA600-7-79-096, April 1979. (EPA-79/05), "Decision Series, Sulfur Emission: Control Technology and Waste Management," EPA600-9-79-0 19, May 1979. (EPA-79/06), "A Review of Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources-Asphalt Concrete Plants," EPA450-3-79-014, June 1979. (EPA-79/06a), "Continuous Air Pollution Source Monitoring Systems Handbook," EPA625-6-79-005, June 1979. (EPA-79/08), "Development Document for Existing Source Pretreatment Standards for the Electroplating, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-79-003, August 1979.
(EPA-7911 l), "Decision Series, S u l h Oxides Control in Japan," EPA600-9-79-043, November 1979. (EPA-79/12), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Gum and Wood Chemicals, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-79-078b, December 1979. (EPA-79/12a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Ink Formulating, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-79-090b, December 1979. (EPA-79/12b), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Painting Formulating, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-79-049b, December 1979. (EPA-79/12c), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Refining, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-79-014b, December 1979. (EPA-79/12d), "Source Sampling for Particulate Pollutants: Student Workbook," Course 450, EPA450-2-79-007, December 1979. (EPA-79a), "A Review of Standards for New Stationary SourcesNitric Acid Plants," EPA450-3-79-013, 1979.
(EPA-80/05), "TI-59 Programmable Calculator Programs for Instack Opacity, Venturi Scrubbers, and Electrostatic Precipitators," EPA600-8-80-024, May 1980. (EPA-80/05a), "Source Category Survey: Industrial Incinerators," EPA450-3-80-013, May 1980, NTIS PB80-193-303. (EPA-80/08), "Planning Wastewater Management Facilities for Small Communities," EPA600-8-80-030, August 1980. (EPA-80/08a), "Research Summary, Controlling Sulfur Oxides," EPA600-8-80-029, August 1980. (EPA-80/10), "Draft Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines (BATEA), New Source Performance Standards, and Pretreatment Standards for the Photographic Processing Point Source Category," Contract No. 68-01-3273, Prepared by Versar, Inc. for EPA, October 1980. (EPA-8011I), "Dioxins," EPA600-2-80-197, November 1980. (EPA-80/12), "Continuous Emission Monitoring: Student Laboratory Workbook," Course 474, No EPA number, December 1980.
(EPA-79b), "A Review of Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources-Sulfuric Acid Plants," EPA450-3-79-003, 1979.
(EPA-80/12a), "Hazardous Waste Generation and Commercial Hazardous Waste Management Capacity," SW-894, December 1980.
(EPA-80), "Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions from Petroleum Refining (5 Volumes)," EPA600-2-80-075, 1980.
(EPA-80a), "Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use: Chapter 27, Primary Lead Industry," EPA600-2-80-168, 1980.
(EPA-80/02), "Controlling Nitrogen Oxides," EPA600-8-80-004, February 1980.
(EPA-Sob), "Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use: Chapter 28, Primary Zinc Industry," EPA600-2-80-169, 1980.
(EPA-80/02a), "Survey of Dry SO2 Control Systems," EPA600-780-030, February 1980.
(EPA-80c), "Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use: Chapter 29, Primary Copper Industry," EPA600-2-80-170, 1980.
(EPA-80/02b), "Combustion Evaluation: Student Manual," Course 427, EPA450-2-80-063, February 1980.
(EPA-81), "Inspection Manual for Evaluation of Electrostatic Precipitator Performance," EPA 340-1-79-007, 1981.
(EPA-80/02c), "Combustion Evaluation: Student Workbook," Course 427, EPA450-2-80-064, February 1980.
(EPA-81/03), "Sources and Control of Volatile Organic Air Pollutants: Student Workbook," Course 482, EPA450-2-81-011, March 1981.
(EPA-80/02d), "Combustion Evaluation: Instructor's Guide," Course 427, EPA450-2-80-064, February 1980. (EPA-80/03), "Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental Assessment, Volume I (Supplement A)," EPA6007-80-041, March 1980. (EPA-80/04), "Control of Particulate Emissions: Student Workbook," Course 413, EPA450-2-80-067, April 1980.
(EPA-81/03a), "Sources and Control of Volatile Organic Air Pollutants: Regulatory Documents," Course 482, EPA450-2-81012, March 1981. (EPA-81/04), "Control Techniques for Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Stationary Sources," EPA450-3-81-004, April 1981. (EPA-81/04a), "Emission Volatile Organic Compounds from Drum-Mix Asphalt Plants," EPA600-S2-81-026, April 1981.
(EPA-81/05), "Control of Gaseous Emissions: Workbook," Course 415, EPA450-2-8 1-006, May 1981.
Student
(EPA-81/05a), "Sources and Control of Volatile Organic Air Pollutants: Instructor's Guide," Course 482, EPA450-2-8 1-010, May 1981. (EPA-81/09), "Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration," SW-889, September 1981. (EPA-81/10), "Control Of Particulate Emissions: Student Manual," Course 413, EPA450-2-80-066, October 1981. (EPA-8l/lOa), "Dispersion of Air Pollution-Theory and Model Application: Selected Reading Packet," Course 423, EPA450-281-077, October 1981. (EPA-8111Ob), "Dispersion of Air Pollution-Theory and Model Application: Student Workbook," Course 423, EPA450-2-81-075, October 1981. (EPA-81/11), "Dispersion of Air Pollution-Theory and Model Application: Instructor's Guide," EPA450-2-8 1-076, November 1981. (EPA-81/12), "Control of Gaseous Emissions," Student Manual, EPA450-2-81-005, Course 415, December 1981. (EPA-82/02), "Sampling and Analysis Methods for Hazardous Waste Combustion," EPA600-8-84-002, NTIS PB84-155-845, February 1982. (EPA-82/04), "Baghouse Plan Review: Student Guidebook," Course SI:412, EPA450-2-82-005, April 1982. (EPA-82/04a), "Baghouse Plan Review," Course SI:412A, EPA450-2-81-005, April 1982. (EPA-82/05), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Ore Mining and Dressing," EPA440-1-82-061b, May 1982.
(EPA-82/09), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Textile Mills, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-82-022, September 1982. (EPA-82/09a), "Control Techniques for Particulate Emissions from Stationary Sources-Volume 1 and 2," EPA450-3-81-005a & b, September 1982, NTIS PB83-127-498. (EPA-82/10), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Coal Mining, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-82-057, October 1982. (EPA-82/10a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Coil Coating, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-82-071, October 1982. (EPA-8211 I), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Leather Tanning and Finishing," EPA440-1-82-016, November 1982. (EPA-8211la), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Steam Electric," EPA440-1-82-029, November 1982. (EPA-8211 lb), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Aluminum Forming, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-82-073b, November 1982. (EPA-8211lc), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Metal Molding and Casting (Foundries), Vol. I, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-82-070b, November 1982. (EPA-8211Id), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Ore Mining and Dressing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-82-06 1, November 1982. (EPA-8211le), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Porcelain Enameling, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-82-072, November 1982.
(EPA-82/05a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing," EPA440-1-82-024, May 1982.
(EPA-82/11f), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Steam Electric, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-82-029, November 1982.
(EPA-82/07), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Electrical and Electronic Components, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-782-075b, July 1982.
(EPA-83), "Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology," Supported by EPA, Compiled and Published by ASTM, Special Technical Publication 832, Publication Code Number 04-83200016, 1983.
(EPA-82/08), "Controlling VOC Emissions from Leaking Process Equipment," EPA450-2-82-015, August 1982.
(EPA-83/01), "Continuous Emission Monitoring: Regulatory Documents," Course 474, EPA450-2-83-001, January 1983. (EPA-83/02), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Electrical and Electronic
Components, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-83-075b, February 1983.
(EPA-84/02b), "A Profile of Existing Hazardous Waste Incineration Facilities and Manufacturers in the United States," NTIS PB84-157-072, February 1984.
(EPA-83/03), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Electrical and Electronic Components," EPA440-1-83-075, March 1983.
(EPA-84/02c), "Trial Bum Protocol Verification at a Hazardous Waste Incinerator," EPA600-2-84-048, February 1984.
(EPA-83/03a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Nonferrous Metals, Vol. 111, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-83-019b, March 1983.
(EPA-84/03), "Calculation of Precision, Bias, and Method Detection Limit for Chemical and Physical Measurements," EPA1s Office of Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance, March 1984.
(EPA-83/03b), "Introduction to Dispersion Modeling: Selfinstructional Guidebook," Course SI:410, EPA450-2-82-007, March 1983.
(EPA-84/03a), "Feasibility Study for Adapting Present Combustion Source Continuous Monitoring Systems to Hazardous Waste Incinerators, Vols. I & 11," EPA600-8-84-001a, March 1984.
(EPA-83/06), "Atmospheric Sampling," Course 435, EPA450-280-004, June 1983.
(EPA-84/03b), "Wet Scrubber Plan Review: Self-instructional Guidebook," Course SI:412C, EPA450-2-82-020, March 1984.
(EPA-83/06a), "Development Document for EMuent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Metal Finishing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-83-091, June 1983.
(EPA-84/04), "Sources and Control of Volatile Organic Air Pollutants: Regulatory Documents Updates and NSPS Regulations," Course 482, EPA450-2-84-001, April 1984.
(EPA-83/06b), "Air Pollution Control Systems for Selected Industries: Self-instructional Guidebook," Course SI:43 1, EPA450-2-82-006, June 1983.
(EPA-84\08), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Battery Manufacturing, Vols. I & 11, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-84-067, August 1984.
(EPA-83/06c), "Atmospheric Sampling: Student Manual," Course 435, EPA450-2-80-004, June 1983.
(EPA-84/08a), "Health Assessment Document for Chromium, Final Report," EPA600-8-83-014F, August 1984.
(EPA-83/06d), "Air Pollution Control Systems for Selected Industries: Self-instructional Guidebook," Course SI:43 1, EPA450-2-82-006, June 1983.
(EPA-84/09), "Control of Gaseous and Particulate Emissions," Course SI:412D, EPA450-2-84-007, September 1984.
(EPA-83/07), "Guidance Manual of Hazardous Waste Incinerator Permits," SW-966, NTIS PB84-100-577, July 1983, Volume I of the Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance Series. (EPA-83/07a), "Electrostatic Precipitator Plan Review: Selfinstructional Guidebook," Course SI:412B, EPA450-2-82-019, July 1983. (EPA-83/09), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-83-084, September 1983. (EPA-83/09a), "Wet Scrubber Inspection and Evaluation Manual," EPA340-1-83-022, September 1983, NTIS PB85-149-375. (EPA-84/02), "A Profile of Existing Hazardous Waste Incineration Facilities and Manufactures in the United States,'' NTIS PB84157-072, February 1984. (EPA-84/02a), "Fabric Filter Inspection and Evaluation Manual," EPA340-1-84-002, February 1984, NTIS PB86-237-716.
(EPA-84/09a), "Transmissometer Systems Operation and Maintenance, an Advanced Course," Course SI: 476A, EPA450-284-004, September 1984. (EPA-8411I), "Performance Evaluation of Full-Scale Hazardous Waste Incineration," 5 volumes, EPA600-2-84-181a,b,c,d,e, NTIS PB85-129-500, November 1984. (EPA-84/12), "Introduction to Boiler Operation, Self-instructional Guidebook," Course SI:428A, EPA450-2-84-010, December 1984. (EPA-85/08), "Quality Assurance Procedures for the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory," Document Control No., QAP-0006-GFS, August 1985. (EPA-85/09), "Survey of Selected Firms in the Commercial Hazardous Waste Management Industry 1984 Update," Prepared by ICF, Inc. September 1985. (EPA-85/09a), "Operation and Maintenance Manual for Electrostatic Precipitators," EPA625-1-85-017, September 1985. (EPA-85/09b), "Air Pollution Source Inspection Safety Procedures: Student Manual," EPA340-1-85-002a, September 1985.
(EPA-85/10), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Pesticide, Point Source Category," EPA440-1-85-079, October 1985.
(EPA-86/12), "Prevention References Manual - Chemical Specific, Volume f: Carbon Tetrachloride," EPA Contract No. 68-02-3889, Work Assignment 98, December 1986.
(EPA-85/10a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Metal Molding and Casting (Foundries), Point Source Category," EPA440-1-85-070, October 1985.
(EPA-87/03), "Handbook, Ground Water," EPA625-6-87-016, March 1987.
(EPA-8511 I), "Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program Interim Guidance," 9223.0- 1A, November 1985. (EPA-85/12), "Introduction to Baseline Source Inspection Techniques: Self-Instructional Guidebook (draft)," Course SI:445, no EPA number, December 1985. (EPA-86/01), "RCRA Orientation Manual," EPA530-SW-86-001, January 1986. (EPA-86/03), "Hazardous Waste Incineration: Student Manual (draft)," Course 502, No EPA number, March 1986. (EPA-86/03a), "Hazardous Waste Incineration: Student Workbook (draft)," Course 502, No EPA number, March 1986. (EPA-86/03b), "Hazardous Waste Incineration: Instructor's Guide (draft)," Course 502, No EPA number, March 1986.
(EPA-87/06), "Emission Data Base for Municipal Waste Combustors," EPA530-SW-87-021b, June 1987. (EPA-87/06a), "Municipal Waste Combustion Study: Combustion Control," EPA530 SW-87-021c, June 1987, NTIS PB87-206-090. (EPA-87/06b), "Municipal Waste Combustion Study: Flue Gas Cleaning Technology," EPA530-SW-87-021d, June 1987, NTIS PB87-206- 108. (EPA-87/06c), "Municipal Waste Combustion Systems, Operation and Maintenance Study," EPA340-1-87-002, June 1987. (EPA-87/07), "Land Disposal, Remedial Action, Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Waste," Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Research Symposium at Cincinnati, Ohio, May 6-8, 1987, EPA600-9-87-015, July 1987. (EPA-87/07a), "Prevention Release Manual: User's Guide Overview for Controlling Accidental Releases of Air Toxics," EPA600-8-87-028, July 1987.
(EPA-86/05), "EPA Guide for Infectious Waste Management," EPA Office of Solid Waste, EPA530-SW-86-014, NTIS PB86199-130, May 1986.
(EPA-87/08), "The Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986," EPA600-8-87-045, August 1987.
(EPA-86/06), "Operation and Maintenance Manual for Fabric Filters," EPA625-1-86-020, June 1986.
(EPA-87/08a), ''National Dioxin Study," EPA530-SW-87-025, August 1987.
(EPA-86/07), "Superfbnd Treatment Technologies: A Vendor Inventory," EPA540-2-80-004, July 1986.
(EPA-87/08b), "Prevention References Manual: Chemical Specific: Volume 8: Control of Accidental Releases of Hydrogen Fluoride," EPA600-8-87-034h, August 1987.
(EPA-86/09), "Handbook: Control Technologies for Hazardous Air Pollutants," EPA625-6-86-014, September 1986. (EPA-86/09a), "Pennit Writer's Guide to Test Burn Data: Hazardous Waste Incineration," EPA625-6-86-012, September 1986. (EPA-86/10), "Waste Minimization Issues and Options," EPA 530-SW-86-041. (EPA-86/10a), " Quality Assurance Procedures for the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory," GAP-0006-GFS, October 1986. (EPA-86/10b), "Technical Resource Document: Treatment Technologies for Dioxin-Containing Wastes," EPA600-2-86-096, October 1986.
(EPA-87/09), "The Safe Drinking Water Act," EPA Region 5, September 1987. (EPA-87/10), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard and the Builders' papa and Board Mills," EPA440-1-87-025, October 1987. (EPA-87/10a), "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Organic Chemicals, Plastics and Synthetic Fibers," EPA440-1-87-009, October 1987. (EPA-88/08), "Application of Radon Reduction Methods," EPA625-5-88-024, August 1988.
(EPA-88/08a), "Technological Approaches to the Cleanup of Radiologically Contaminated S u p d n d Sites," EPA540-2-88-002, August 1988. (EPA-88/09), "Air Pollution Modeling as Applied to Hazardous Waste Incinerator Evaluations, An Introduction for the Permit Writer," Office of Solid Waste, Waste Treatment Branch, September 1988. (EPA-88/09a), "Final Report on Biosafety in Large-Scale rDNA Processing Facilities," Prepared by Battelle for EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Contract 68-03-3248, Project Officer, J. 0. Burckle, September 1988. (EPA-88/09b), "The Inside Story - A Guide to Indoor Air Quality," EPA's Office of Air and Radiation, EPA400-1-88-004, September 1988. (EPA-8811 I), "Meeting on Medical Waste, Definition, Tracking, Information Needs," An EPA Meeting Report, November 14-16, 1988, Annapolis, MD, November 1988. (EPA-88/12), "Development of a Thermal Stability Based Index of Hazardous Waste Incinerability," A draft annual report prepared by the University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) for EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, December 1988. (EPA-88/12a), "Hospital Waste Combustion Study: Data Gathering Phase," Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA450-3-88-017, December 1988. (EPA-89/01), "Guidance on Setting Permit Conditions and Reporting Trial Bum Results," EPA625-6-89-019, January 1989, Volume I1 of the Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance Series. (EPA-89/02), "Hospital Waste Incinerator Field Inspection and Source Evaluation Manual," EPA340- 1-89-001, February 1989. (EPA-89/03), "Trial Bum Observation Guide," EPA530-SW-89027, March 1989. (EPA-89/03a), "Operation and Maintenance of Hospital Medical Waste Incinerators," EPA450-3-89-002, March 1989. (EPA-89/03b), "Hospital Incinerator Operator Training Course: Volume I, Student Handbook," EPA450-3-89-003, March 1989. (EPA-89/03c), "Hospital Incinerator Operator Training Course: Volume 11, Presentation Slides," EPA450-3-89-003, March 1989. (EPA-89/03d), "Hospital Incinerator Operator Training Course: Volume 111, Instructor Handbook," EPA450-3-89-003, March 1989.
(EPA-89/06), "Hazardous Waste Incineration Measurement Guidance Manual," Volume 111 of the Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance Series, EPA625-6-89-021, Prepared by MRI for EPA, June 1989. (EPA-89/08), "Guidance on Metals and Hydrogen Chloride Controls for Hazardous Waste Incinerators," No EPA number, August 1989, Volume IV of the Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance Series. (EPA-89/09), "Technical Guidance Document: The Fabrication of Polyethylene FML (flexible membrane liners) Field Seams," EPA530-SW-89-069, September 1989. (EPA-8911l), "Decision-Makers Guide to Solid Management," EPA530-SW-89-072, November 1989.
Waste
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(SW-108ts), "Solid Waste Management Glossary," Federal Solid Waste Management Program, NTIS PB-259-501, 1972.
(Webster-68), "Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language: Second College Edition," David B. Guralnik, Editor in Chief, The World Publishing Company, 1968.
(SW-846), "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Volumes 1A - 1C: Laboratory manual, PhysicaVChemical Methods, and Volume 11: Field Manual, PhysicalIChemical Methods," Third Edition, Office of Solid Waste, US Environmental Protection Agency, Document Control No. 955-001-00000-1, 1986.
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(Wittle-93/07), A Personal Letter from J. Kenneth Wittle of the Electro-Pyrolysis, Inc. to Dr. C. C. Lee on July 16, 1993. The address of the Electro-Pyrolysis, Inc. is Suite 1118,996 Old Eagle School Road, Wayne, PA 19087.
(TSCA-AIAI-91), means Toxic Substances Control Act, Section 1, Asbestos Information Act of 1988 (PL100-577, 10131/88). Excerpted from "Environmental Statutes, 1991 Edition," Published by the Government Institutes, Inc., 4 Research Place, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850, March 1991.
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