English Grammar In Use with Answers: A Self-study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Students of English

English Grammar in Use

A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students of English

with answers THIRD EDITION

Raymond Murphy ~ CAM B R ID G E

~ Ul\"IVERS ITY P R ESS

C A M RRI I>G F. UNIVE RS ITY r RE S S

Camb ridge, New York, Melbo urne, Madrid, Cape Tow n. Singapore, SilO Paulo Cambridge University Press T he Ed inburgh Building. Cambridge C Bl l RU, UK www.carob ridge.org Information o n this tide : ww w.cambridge.o rg/978052 153289 1

o Ca mbridge University Press 2004 This publication is in copyright. Subiecr to statutor y exception and to the provi sion s of releva nt collective licensing agreements. no reprod uct ion of an y part rna)' take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 7th printing 2005 Printed in Singapore by KHL Print ing Co Pte l td A c<Jt<Jloglli! reco rd (or tbis publicJliotl is ovaitable from the Bntish UbrJ1)' ISBN- 13 978 -0-52 1-53289-1 Edition with answers ISBN- IO 0-52 1-53289-2 Edition with an swers ISBN· 13 978-0-52 1-53290-7 Edition without answers ISBN -I O 0-52 1-53290-6 Editio n without answe rs ISBN- 13 978-0-52 1-$3762 -9 Edirion wit h C D-RO.\ 1 ISBN- to 0-52 1-53 762-2 Editio n with C D- RO~ I ISBN- 13 978 -0-52 1-843 11-9 Hardback edit ion with C D· RO .\1 ISBN-I O 0-52 1-843 11- 1 Hardback edit ion with CD-RO .\t ISBN· 13 97 8-3- 12-53 4086-2 Klett edition wit h CD-RO .\ I ISBN· to 3- 12-53 4086- 1 Klett ed ition with C D- R O ~ t ISBN- 13 978 -3- 12-53408 4 ·8 Kieft edition ISBN- IO 3- 12-5 3408 4-5 Klett edition

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Contents T h. mks \-ji To the student viii To rhe reac her x

Present .m d p,,1 $[ I Present con tin uous \1 am doing ' .l Present simple (I do : 3 Present continuou s and present simple 1 il am doin g an d I do l 4 Present conn nuo us and presen t simple J (I am doin g and J do l 5 P J, S[ simple II did) 6 Past co n rin uo u-, (I was doing I

Present perfe,-f ,,111,1 p.1St - Pre-sen t perfect I II hav e do ne ) S 9 10 11 11

Present pe t ie..:t .2 II have do ne} Present perfect con tinu ou s II han: been doingl Present perfect co ntinu ous an d simple II have been doin g and I have do ne) How lon g ha ve ~ ou . been t ... : For and since When ... ? and How long ... ? .

13 Present perfect JnJ

r .hl

I d hone done and I did ,

14 Present pe rfect and r .ht .! II have d on e an d I d id t 15 Past pe rfect U had done! 16 P.lSI perfect con tinuous il had been doing t 17 H ave gO I a nd have t S Use d to (d o)

Futu re 19 Present tenses tl am doing I I do l fur the fut ure 20 rl'mt goi ng to (dol 11 " i ll/sha ll 1 " WilllshJ.1I 1 1 3 I will a nd I' m goi ng \0 1 ~ \\'ill be doing ,U1J wi ll ha ve do ne 2. 5 W hen I d o I When I' ve d o ne When an d if .\lo.l.lls 2. 6 Can, co uld and rbet abl e 10 Could (d ol an d co uld ha ve tdo net 2. 8 ." ust and ca n't 2 9 .\ 1.1 ~' a nd might I 30 ." .l ~' a nd rnig ht 1 3 1 Ha ve w a nd mu vt 31 .\ l ust mu stn't n...edn't 33 Should I 34 Sho uld 2. 3 5 Had bener It's time ,. , 36 Would J- Can'Could'Wo uld ~ou .. . ? esc. (Req uests. offers. permissio n and invirarionst

-r-

IF 'IOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS 'IOU NEED TO STUDY. USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

If ami wish .l8 If I do •..•md If I did ... 39 If I knew,., I w ish I knew ... 40 If I had known ..• I wish I had kn own ... 4 1 \Vi"h

Passire 42 Passin ' I (is done I was done ]

43 Passin ' 2. (be done I been don e ! being don e ) 44 Pas sive 3 45 It is sa id that •.• H e is said to • .• 46 H ave som ething don e

H e is suppo sed to ...

Reported speech 47 Reported speech 1 j He said th at .••) 48 Reported speech 2. Q ltestioflS •.md .1lIxiliJry ('n bs 4 9 Quest ions 1 50 Questions 2. (Do ) 'O U kn ow w here ... ? I He asked me wh ere •.• ) 5 1 Auxili'lr}· verbs Iha ve/dozca n erc. j I think so I I hope so etc. 52 Q uest ion ta gs (do you ? isn't it ? ere.I

-bIg 53 54 55

56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

.md the i,,{illiti('e Verb + -ing (en jo y doing ! stop doing ere.I Verb + to ••. (decide to . .. ! forget to .•• ere. I Verb (+ o bject) + to ... (I want ) 'O U to ••• etc. I Verb + -in g or to 1 (remember/regret etc. ] Verb + -ing o r to 2. (try/needlh e1p l Verb + -ing or to 3 (like I wou ld like erc. l Prefer a nd wou ld ra ther Preposition (in/for/about ere. I + -ing Be/get used to someth ing (I'm used to ... ) Verh + preposi tion + -ing (succeed in -ing I accuse som ebod y o f -ing ctc.] Exp ressio ns + -in g To ••• • for .. . a nd so t hat •.. (pur pose ) Adjective + to .. . To ••• (a fraid to do l a nd preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing t See so mebody do a nd sec so mebody doin g -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed e;Hly. f

A rticles JIII/ nouns 69 Cou nta ble and uncountable 1 70 Co unta ble and uncountable 2 7 1 Counta ble nouns with ala n an d som e 72 Alan and the 73 The 1 74 The 2. (schoo l! t he school ere. I 75 The 3 (children I the children ! 76 The 4 Ithe giraffe I the teleph on e ! th e piano etc.• the 77 Na mes with a nd wit ho ut the 1 78 Na mes with an d with out th e 2

iv

+

ad iecnve t

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

79 S in ~u lJr and plur.ll 80 X oun ... no un (a tenni s ball f .l headache: 8 1 -\ rvour sisler\ nam e! and o f ... (rhe na me o f the book t

Pronouns .l lId det erminers 82. :\l y sdf/~' ours elfJth em seh' es ere. 83 .-\ friend of mine .\l y own home On my own f by myself 84 Ther e ... •1Od it .. . S5 Some a nd .lny 86 X o/non c/a nv X othing/nobodv etc. 87 :\I uch. man v.H n le. few. a lot. plentv SS All / .1.11 o f m O\1 / movr o f no / non e of etc 89 Both f both o f neither f neither o f either f either of 90 :\ 11. every J.nJ whole 9 1 Each and c u'~ Relati re clauses 92. Relanve cla uses I: clauses with who/t hat/w hich 93 ReI.HiH' cla uses 2.: cla uses with an d without who/ tha t/which 94 Rela nve clauses 3: whose/wh om/wh er e 95 Relative clauses 4: exrra mformanon daus~ ( I I 96 Rela tive cla uses 5: e xtra info rmation clau ses l2.1 9 - -mg an d -ed cla uses rrhe woman talking 10 Tom. [he ~()y injured in the accident ' A J ;ecfU '('S JI1,I .I,/I"('rI'5

98 99 100 10 1

Adle..-nves endin,!: in -ing and -ed (bo ring/bo red ere-.1 Adj ective s: a nice new house. you loo k tired Adiecnves and adve rbs I {quick/quickly} Adiec rives .1OJ adve rbs 2. (\H·llJf,H tIl.1Cc. ha rd/hardly}

102. So an d such 10.3 Eno ugh and too 104 Q Uill". prcnv. ra ther .1nJ 105 106 10; 10 8

fa i rl ~"

Co m p.mson I (cheaper. more expensive etc. t Com pa rison 2. tmc ch bcncr / a n j better / berrcr a nd better / Ihe sooner th e better) Com pa rison 3 ' 0< •• • 0< I than ! Superlatives uh c longest. the mo st enjoy able erc.!

109 \'('ord o rder I: ver b + ubject: place and time 110 \X'ord order 2. : ad verbs with the verb I I I Still. ~'e l an d alr eady 112. h en

.-\ny more f any lo nger I no longer

COll lllll~· t i()ll$

11.3 IH 115 116 11118

.lIt.l prepositions Althou gh I tho ugh I even though In spite of f despite In C,1 ~e Unless As lon g as Provided/p rovidi ng As (:\ s I wall ed along the st reet .•. / As I wa s hungr y ... J Like a nd a ~ .-\ ~ if / .1\ th ough / likc

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHIOl UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

120 By a nd unt il

By th e time ...

Prepositione 12 1 Allon /in (ti me)

122 On time a nd in time 123 In/a t/on (position) I 124 Inla llon [pos ition! 2 125 In/a llon (pos itio n! 3 126 127 128 129 130 13 1 132

133 134 135 136

ToI:nlinlinto In/a llo n (o ther uses)

By N oun + preposit io n (reaso n for . ca use of ere. I Adjecnv e + pr eposit ion 1 Adjecrive + p repos itio n 2 Verh + prepo sition I to a nd a t Verb + preposit io n 2 aboullfor/oflafter Ver h + prepo sit io n 3 about a nd o f Verb + preposition 4 ofI fo r/from/an Verb + preposition 5 inli ntol withltolon

Pb rasal rerbs 137 Phra sal ve rb s 1 138 Phr a sal ve rb s 2 139 Phr a sal verbs 3 140 Phrasa l ver bs 4 14 1 Phr asal verbs 5 142 Phrasal verbs 6 143 Phrasa l ver bs 7 144 Ph ra sa l ver bs 8 145 Phra sa l ve rbs 9 Appendix 1 Append ix 2 Appe ndix 3 Appe nd ix 4 Append ix 5 Append ix 6 Append ix 7

Study guide

Int roduct ion in/o ut o ut on/off ( Il on/off (2l Up/do wn up ( I) up (2) aw ay/back

Regu lar a nd irregular verbs 292 Present a nd past tenses 294 T ht' futu re 29 5 Modal ve rbs (ca nJco uldJwillJwo uld erc.) 296 Sho rr form s (I'm I yo u've J didn't etc. I 297

Spelling 29 8 Amer ican English 300

Addit io na l exerc ises

302

326

Key to Exercises 33 6 Key to Ad ditional e xercises Key to Stud y gu ide 372 Inde x

At the end an d in th e end

368

373

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY. USE THE STUOY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

Thanks I wrote the o riginal ed itio n o f English Grammar in Use when J was 3 reacher at the Swan Schoo l o f English. O xford. I would like to repeat my tha nks to my co lleag ues an d students at the school for their help. encou ragement and interest at tha t time. .vt ore recentl y I woul d like to than k all the teachers and students I met and who o ffered their thoughts on the previous edition. It was tun to meet you all and extremely helpful for me. Rega rding t he prod uctio n of t his th ird edition . I am grate ful [ 0 Alison Sha rpe, Liz Driscoll. jane \t.J irs and Kamae Design. I would also like to thank Cambridge University Press for permission to access the Cambridge Intern ation al Co rpus. Thank you also to the follow ing illustra tors: Paul Fellow s. Gillian \ b n io. Roger Penwill. Lisa Smith and Simon \'('iIIiams.

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To the student T his book is fo r students who want help with English gra mmar, It i~ wri tt en tor you to woe without ,1 reacher, T he hoo k will be useful for yo u if you are not sure of the answers to q uest ions like t hese: o What is the difference between J did and I JJJI·c JOlle? o When do we use u 'ill for the futu re: o \"'hat is the str ucture after 1 w isb? o "" hen do we S3 }' used to do a nd when do we say me.' to doing: o When do we use the? o What is the difference between like and .IS: Th ese and many other poi nts o f English grammar are explained in the boo k and the re are exercises on each po int . l evel Th e hook is intended mainly for intermediate students tsrudenrs wh o hav e alr ead y stu d ied t he basic gram ma r of English), It concentrates on those str uctures wh ich inte rmedia te srudeo rs want to use. bur whic h often cause difficuhv, Some advanced stude nts who have prob lems wit h grammar will also find the boo k useful. Th e hook is

110 1

suitable fur elementary learn ers.

How th e book is organ ised There are 145 units in the hook . Each unit concent rates on a particula r mint of gra mmar. Some probl ems (for example, the present perfect or the usc of tbl'l arc covered in mo rt' than o ne unit. For a list of units. sec the Co ntents at the beginning of rhe book .

Each unit con sists of two feeing pages. O n rhe left there ar e explanat ion s and examples; on the right there are exercises. At the back of the rook there is a l':ey for you to check yo ur answers to t he exercises (page 33 6l . There are also seven Appendices at the back of the hook tpagcs 191- 30 1I. These includ e irregula r verbs. summaries of verb forms, spelling and America n English. Finall y. there is a deta iled Index at rhe back o f rhe honk tpage 3731. How to use the book T he units arc not in ord er of d ifficulrv, so it is /l 0 1 intended th at you wo rk th rou gh the book from beginnin g to end. Every learner h .1S different problems an d you shou ld usc th is hook TO help rou with the gramm ar that )'011 find difficult.

It is suggested rha r you work in t his way: Use the Ccm /('lIts and/or index to find whic h unit deals with the point vonare interested in. If you arc not sure whic h units you need to study. usc the Sf/,.i)' gll ;.I.· on page 316. o Study rhe ex plan anons an d exa mples on the.' Iefr-h.md p.lge (If rhe unit ~'nu h.r ve chosen. a Do the exerci ses on the right -hand page. D C heck you r an swers with the Key, D If your an swers are not correct, study the left-ha nd page again to see what went wrong.

a a

You can of co urse usc the book simply as a reference hook without doin g the exercises.

VIII

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To the teacher English Grammar in Use wa s writt en as a self-stu dy gra mmar book , hut teachers may also lind it useful as additional course mat erial in cases w here further work on grammar is nece ss
Prepositions ere.I. They a re nor ordered according to level of difficu lty, so (he hoo k should nor be wor ked throu gh fro m beginning to end. Irs bo uld be used selecnvelv a nd tle xiblv in acc ordance with the gra mmar sylla bus bei ng used and the d itticulries srude nrs are ha ving.

The book ca n be used for immediate con solidat ion o r for later revisio n or remed ia l work . It migh t be used by the whole class or by individ ual stu dents needing extr a help. The lett- han d pagt"i (explanatio ns and exa mples) are w ritten for the stu de nt to use indi vid uall y, nut they may of cou rse be used by the teacher as a sou rce of ideas and informa tion on w hich to base a lesson. The st udent then has rhe left-hand page as a record of whar has bee n ta ught an d can refer to it in the futu re, The exe rcises ca n be done ind ividuall y, in clJ SS or as homework. Ah e m anvelv land additionally], individua l st udents can be directed to st udy cert ain units of the book b~" themselves if t he)' have particular difficulti es nor shared ll)' o ther stude nts in their class. Don 't forget the Additio"..,1exercises at t he hack o f the nook {see To the srcd en n. The ht){)k is sold wit h or witho ut a C D Rom. Thi s co ntai ns furt her exercises on all t he units in the noo k. as well as a bank o f 1.700 test qu estion s from which users ca n select to co mpi le their own resrs. T he C D Ro m is also availabl e sepa ratel y. An editi on o f r."glish Gramma r ill Use wit hout the prefer this for use wit h their students,

10:'-')'

is also available. Some reach ers may

English Grammar in Use Third Edition T his is a new ed itio n o f b tglish Grammar ill USI'. The differences between this ed ition and rhe seco nd edition are: o Th ere Me eight new units on ph rasal verbs (Units 138- 145 1. There i.. a lso

.1 new unit on w ish (Unit 41 ), Units 42-81 and 83- 137 all have different numbers from the second edition.

o So me of the ma ter ial has been revised o r reor gani sed. and in mo..( u n irv there are

minor chang es in the exam ples, evplana nons an d exerci..e... o T he Add itional exercises ha ve been extended . Th e new exerci-esa re 14- 16, 25. 30-3 1. and .17- 4 1. o T he book has been redesigned wit h new co lour illuvrranons. o T here is a new CD Ro m with further exe rcises to accom pany the book.

x

Regular and irregular verbs 1.1

Regu lar verbs

If a verb is regu lar. the past simple an d pa st pa rtici ple end in -ed. For example. i"{j,,ilh'e

d ean

\1 d

past simple . . c eane past partIcIple

finish

use

paint

sto p

carry

finished

used

paint ed

stopped

carrie d

For spelling rules. see Appendix 6. For the PIlSl simple (I cleaned I they finished I she carrie d ere.I, see Unit 5.

We use the past participle to make the perfect tenses an d all th e passive forms. Pa ful tenses tha"d'h aYhad clean ed ): . o I have clea ned the wind ows . ipresem pertect - see Units 7-81 o Th ey were st ill working. They had n't finished . (Polst perfect - see Unit 15) Passive tis cleaned I was cleaned erc.]: o He was carried out of t he room. tpast SImp le pJ SS;I'eJ Uni 42-44 . • d _ (present pertec .. t pJ sslI'd . see nu s o ThiIS gate has as iJust Leeen pamte

I

1.2

irregular verbs When the past simpl e and past participle do not end in -00 [for example. I saw I I have see the verb is irregula r, With some irregular verbs, all three form s (in/i" itil,t>. past s"" plt> and past p.lrticiple ) are th same. For example. hit: o Don't hit me. (;,,{illitil'e) o Somebody hit me as I came into the roo m. (p.lst sim ple) o I've never hit anybody in my life. tpost participle - present per{eet) o George wa s hit o n the head by a sto ne. (p.lst participle - p.lssil'e)

With oth er ir regu lar verbs. t he past sim ple is the same as the past parti ciple Ibm different f t he infinitive), Fo r example, tell -- w id : . o Ca n you tell me w hat to do ? (in{il1itil'e) o She told me to co me back the next da y. [past simple! o Have yo u la id anybody about your new jo b? tpast participle - present pertecn o I was tol d to come back the next day, (P.:lst pJrtieiple - p.:lssil'e)

With oth er irregular verbs. all three forms are different. Fo r exa mp le, wake -- wok e/woken o I'll wak e you up. (i,,!initlt'e) o 1 wok e up in the midd le o f t he nigh t. tpast Sill/pIe! o Th e: ba by ha s wok en up. tpost participle - present per{eetJ o I was wo ken up by a loud noise . (P.:Ist participle - passwet 1.3

The follow ing verbs can be regu lar or irregu lar: b urn dream lean learn

--

burned dreame d lea ned learned

burnt d ream t [dremr]" 0' 0 ' lean t [lenr] " 0 ' lea rnt 0'

smell -- smelled spell spelled spill spilled spoil spo iled

--

-

o r smelt 0' 0' 0'

speh spilt spoilt

• pronu nc

So you can say: o I leanr out o f the wind ow. o r I leaned o ut of the window. o The din ner has been spo iled. or T he dinner ha s been spo ilt. In British English the irregular form (b urn t/learn t etc.l is mo re usual. For American English. set" Appendix 7.

292

Append 1.4

l.isr of irreg ula r verbs

//I fill/tll"t'

p.HI sill/ph-

be

wa ""were hea t beca me bega n

"""

beco me begin

brn d bet bite blow break brin!/: broadcast build bun l bu ~-

catch choose come cost

cr« p cut deal d ig

do dra w d rink drive ea fall feed feel figh, fi" d

p.Jst p-uticip!e

ill{il/ilil'e

past simple

past participle

""'" bea ten

light lose make mean meet

lit lost made mea nt

lit lost made meant

becom e begun

""m

""m ber

p"

m" paid

bit blew broke brought broa dca st buill bunt bo ught ca ught chos e ca me cost crept cut dea lt

bitte n blow n broken bro ught broa dcast built burst bo ught ca ught chose n co me cos t c rept c ur dealt

put read ride ring rise

pm

pm

read Ired ' rode rang rose

read [red ]" ridd en rung risen

ru n

U"

'" '"seck

said sa w so ught sold sent

'"" sa id

dug

du,

d id d rew d ran k drove

done dr aw n d runk driven ea ten fa llen

"',

'"iell fed iell fo ught found

fed felr foug ht fo und

fl«

fl, d

fl, d

fly

tlew forbade

flown fo rbid den fo rgotten forgiven frozen

fo rbid forget

I freeze

Ioegive

I '« grve

I gogro w hang haw hear hide hit ho ld

I I hukeeprt eel I knknow l a~"

lead

1 leave

forger

fo rgave i roze got gave went grew hung had hea rd hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led

lefr

go< given gon e gro wn hun g

h,d heard hidden hit held

hun kep t k nelt k nown laid

I,d left

lend

lent

lent

1«

1«

1«

lie

I.t)'

la in

sell send se

'Ow sha ke shine "shoot sho w shrink shu I sing sink sit sleep slide spea k spend spit split spread spring sta nd steal stick sting stink strike swea r swee p swim swing tak e tea ch tear tell thin k throw understa nd wa ke wea r weep win write

'" sewed

m" paid

seen so ught sold sent set sewn/sewed sha ken sho ne sho t show n/showed shrunk shut sung sunk

shoo k shone shot showed shran k sh ut sa ng sa nk sat slept slid spo ke spen t spa t split spread spra ng stood stole stuck stun g sta nk str uck swo re swept swam swung look ta ugh t to re to ld thought thre w understood woke wore wept

slept slid spo ken spent spat split spread sprung "ood stolen stuck stung stunk struc k swo rn swept swum swung take n taug ht torn tol d t hought th row n understood wok en worn wep t

woo

woo

wrore

written

'"

.. pronunciation

Present and past tenses p resent

simple

continuous

I do

I a m doing present continuous (- Units l , 3- ..\1 o 'w here's Ann?' 'She's playing tenn o Please don't distu rb me now, I'm

present simple (- Unit s 2-4 J o An n o ften plays ten nis. I work in a bank, but I don't enjo y it muc h. a Do )'O U lik e pa rt ies? o It does n't rain so much in sum mer.

a

p resent pe rfect

I have done

presmt perfect simp le (-

Units 7-8, 10- 14 ) o Ann has pla yed tennis ma ny times. I' \ 'C lost my key. H ave you seen it anywhe re? o How long have )' O U and Chris kn own eac h ot her? o A: Is it still raining? B: No, it has Slo ppe d. o Th e house is dirt)'. I haven't cleaned it fo r week s.

o

past

=

I did

I wa s doin g

pass (O IIt; 1IIIOIIS

afternoo n. my key a few da ys ago .

o 110'>' o o

T here wa s a film o n TV last nigh t, hut we didn 't wa tch it. What d id yo u do w hen you finished wo rk yesterday?

I had done past perfect (.... Unit 15 l o It wa sn't her first gam e of ten nis. She had pla yed many tim es befo re. o They cou ld n' t get int o the ho use because th ey had lost t he key. o T he ho use wa s dirty beca use I hadn't clean ed it fo r weeks. For th e passive, su Un its 4 2-44.

294

I have been doi ng present perfect continllolls I.... Un its 9- 11' ::: An n is tired . She has been pla ying ten nis. You' re out of brea th. H ave you been ru nning? c H o w long have you been lea rn ing English? :J It's still ra in ing. It ha s been raining a ll da y. a I haven't been feeling well recent ly. Per ha ps I sho uld go to t he docro r,

past simple (- Units 5-6, 13- 14 ) o Ann pla yed ten nis yesterday

past pertea

working. o Hello . Arc ) "O U enjoying the parry! o It isn't rain ing a t the moment.

( .... Unit 6 ) :J I saw Ann a t the spo rIS cent re yesterday. She was playing tenn is. e I dro pped my key when I was tryi n to open the door. o T he televisio n wa s o n, hut we we re watching it. o What were yo u do ing at this t ime yesterday?

I I had been doin g

past perfect cen tmuous (.... Unit 16 ) o Ann was tired yesterday eve ning because she had been playing ten ni in t he afternoo n.

o Geo rge decided to go to t he docto r beca use he hadn 't been feeling well

3.1

List o{ {utu re {orm s:

o I'm leaving tomo rrow. o My train leaves at 9.30. o I'm going to leave to morrow. o I'll leave tomorrow. o I' ll he leaving tomor ro w. o I'll have left by th is time to morrow. o I hope to Stt you before I leave tom orrow. 3.2

p resen t continuous present sim ple

going to will {'It/lfe continuo us [uture perfect present sim ple (be)

( ( ( ( ( ( (

Unit 19A ) Unit 19B) Units 20, 23 ) Units 2 1-23) Unit 24 ) Unit 24 ) Unit 25 )

future actions

We use the present contin uous [I'm doin g ) to r arrang ements : o I' m leaving tom or row. I've got my plane ticket. (already plan ned and ar ranged) o 'When are they gett ing ma rried ?' 'On 14 Jul y.' We use t he present simple tl leave I it leaves erc .j for timetables, programmes etc, : o ~t y tra in leaves at 11.30. (according to the timetable) o What time does the film begin? \'('e use lhe) going to ... to say what somebod y has alread y decided to do: o I've decided no t to stay here any longer. l' m goin g to leave to mor row. (or I'm leaving romorrow.I :: ' Yo ur shoes are dirt)".' ' Yes, I know, I'm goi ng to dean them.' We use will 1'111 when we decide or agree to do some thing at the time of speaking: :: .\ : I don't want )"ou to sta y here any longer. B: OK. I'llleave tomorrow. (B decides th is at the time of speaking ) o That bag look s heavy. I'll help you with it. e I won 't tell anybody what happened. I promise. (won't =will nOl l 3 .3

Futu re J,Jp pm ings a nd situatio ns

.\ l ost oft en we use will 10 talk about future happenings (' something will hap pen' ) o r sit uations t ' sornerhing will he' j: o I do n't t hink John is hap py at work. I think he'll leave soon. o This time next yea r I'll be in Japan , Where will you be? We use (bel going to when the situation noll' shows what is going to happ en ;" the fut ure : ::::: Look at those black d ouds. It's going to ~ ain . (you can see the douds now ) 3 .4

Futur e co nti nu ous and [uture perfect

Will be (doling = will be in the middle of (doing someth ing): o T his time next week I'll be on holid ay. I'll be lying o n a beach o r swimming in the sea. We also use will he -ing for future actions (see Unit 24C): o What time will you he leaving to morrow ? We use will have (doneI to say th at someth ing will alread y be com plete before a time in the futur e: o I won't be: here this time to mo rro w. I'll have alread y left. 3.5

We use the presen t ('lOt will ! after whenlifJwhileJbefo re etc. (see Unit 25): o I ho pe to see you before I leave tomorrow. (not before I will Ieavel o Wh en you are in London agai n, come and see us. (not When you will be ) o If we don't hurry, we' ll be late.

Modal verbs (can/could/will/wouid etc.) Th is appendix is a summary of mod al verbs. For more information. sec Units 2 1-4 1. 4.1

Co mpa re can/co uld etc. for actions:

can

0 I can go out tonight. 1- there is not hing to stop me )

co uld

o I can 't go o ut tonight . o I could go O U I to nigh t. but I'm not very keen . o I couldn't go out last nigh t. ( = I wasn't able ]

ca n or ma y

o

wilVw on't

o

I th ink I'll go ou t ton ight .

o

I promise 1 w 0 0 ·( go out . .

would

~:any }Igo out

ro nighr! 1= do yuu allow mel

o I wou ld go out to night . but I have too much 10 do. I promised I wouldn't go O UI .

o shall

o Shall I go ou t ton ight? Ide you think it is a good idea ?)

sho uld or ought 10 mu st

o I ! Shouhld J go out tonight . 1= it would be a good thing

needn 't

aug 1 to

(0

do l

o I mu st go o ut toni ght , 1- it is necessary! o I mustn 't go o ut ton ight. 1= it i.. nece....ary that I do nor go o ur) o I needn 't go o ur ro nigbr . ( = ir i s not nece....ary l

Compa re could have .. . I wou ld have ... etc. :

4 .2

co uld wou ld

0 I co uld have go ne ou t la..r night. hut I decided to ..ta y at home. 0 I wou ld have Kane o ut la st night . hut I had roo m uch to do .

shouhld ur o ug t to needn't

0 I needn't hav e gone ourlast nighr. 1= I went

0Ij shouhld Iha ve go ne our last night. I' m sorrv. I did n't. oug t to OU I.

hut it was not necessarvr

We use will/wou ld/m a y CIC, to ..ay whether somerhi ng i.. possible. im po..sible, pro bable. cer etc. Co mpa re: will wo uld sho uld or ought 10 ma y or might o r could m ust can't

o ' Wh;u lime will she be here?"

'She'll be here soon.'

o She would he here now. but she's been delayed.

o

j

She shouhld a ug t 10

o She

I~~;ht

I

be here soon .

(=

.

I expect she Will he here soo n I

\ be here now, I'm not ..ure. 1= II's possible rhat she IS here ! could o She m ust be here. I sa w her co me in. o She ca n't poss ibly be here. I know for certain that she's .1WdY on holid a y,

Compa re would ha ve .. , I should ha ve .. . etc. : will wou ld sho uld or ought to ma y or might or co uld mu st ca n't

296

o

She will hav e a rrived hy now, 1= befo re now I o She would ha ve arrived earlier, hu t she was delayed. o I wo nder where she is. She mav

I

j oshouguhldt to Ihave ar rived bv. now .

might have arrived. I'm not sure. (= it's p<)')slhlC' th.n "he hd~ drTI\L'J I co uld o ShC' must have a rrived hy now. 1= I'm sure - there is no ot her ~sihiliry l o She can't pos sibly have arri ved yn. It's much too ea rly, (= it's impossible t o She

I you've I didn't etc.)

Short forms (I'm 5.1

In spo ken English we u..ua lly '>d y I'm I you've I didn 't etc . (short fo rms o r COll t r,;c ti o ,ts) rat her than I a m I yo u ha ve J did not etc . We also use these sho rt fo rms in informa l writ ing (for exa mple. a letter o r messa ge to a friend ), " 'hen we write sho rt fo rm s, we use a n apostrophe n for th e mi..sing lenertsj: I' m :: I a m vou 've e you bAH' didn't e di d nQf

5.2

List of sho rt fo rms: I I'm

'm = am

's :: is o r has ' re :: ar e ' ve :: ha n:' 'II :: wi ll 'd :: wo uld o r had

I

be's

I

she's

I

l' ve

h,'11 I,h,'11 1"11 he'd I she'd I'd

it's yo u'r e

you 've you 'll yo u' d

we 're we ' ve we' ll we 'd

they ' re they've t hey'll they'd

\ ca n he i.. or ha\ : a She's ill. 1= She is ill. I :J She's gone away", t= She ha\ gone) but let's :: let us: :::: l et 's go no w. (= l et u\ go t 'd can he would o r had : a I'd see a doctor if I were you. 1= I would see ) :J I'd never seen her before. ( = I had neve r seen ! \X'e use so me o f these sho rt fo rms (especia lly 's l after q uest io n wo rds (who/w ha t etc.I a nd afte r th a tfth erclh ere: who's what's wh e re's ho w's that's there's here's who'll th e re' ll who'd o Who 's rha r woman ove r th ere? t= who is) o What's ha ppened ? ( = what has I o Do yo u think th ere'll he many people at th e pa rt y? (= th ere will) \X'e a lso USl' ..ho rt forms (especia lly 's l a fter a no un : o Ca therine's go ing o ur tonight. (= Catherine is) o My best friend 's JUSt gor ma rried . ( = ~ I y best friend has) Yo u ca nnot use 'm I 's I 're I ' vc I 'II I 'd .H the en d o f a sent ence (beca use the verb is stressed in th is positio n): o ' Arc you tired ?' ' Yes, I a m.' l llOt Yes, I'm .j o Do yo u know where she is ? (1I0 t Do yo u know wh e re she's? ) 5.3

Xega rive sho rt forms isn 't aren't wasn't weren't

(= (= (= (=

ca n't wo n't shan't

(= ca nno t ] 1= will no t )

is not ) a re no t ) wa s not) werc not )

(= sha ll not )

don 't doesn't didn 't

t= do not ] 1= docs nor ) (= d id no t )

hav en't hasn't had n't

(= ha ve not ) (= has not) (= ha d not )

co uld n't wo uldn 't sho uld n't

(= could no t ) (= would not) (= should not )

mustn't need n't daren'i

(= m ust nor ) (= need no t ) t= da re not}

Xeganv e sho rt forms fo r is and are ca n he: he isn 't I she isn't I ir isn't o r he's not ! she's no t ! it 's not you a ren'l ! we a ren't I they a ren 't o r yo u' re not ! we're no t I t hey're no t

Spelling

----'6.1

No uns. verbs a nd adjectives ca n ha\"c the to llowing end ings: no un -+ · <J·es (p/ltr.z1J

verb -+ -sl-es (a fter he/she/in verb -+ -i ng

verb -+ -ed ad jective + -ct {ccnnparatiuet ad jective + -CSI (SJlper l,; t i l'e) adjective + -ly (ad l'er b) When we use these end ings, there a rc so metime.. changes in spelling. These cha nges ar e list

below. Nouns and verbs -+ -sl--es

6.2

The ending is . C'S when the wo rd ends in -sl-sv- shl-chl-x: bus/b uses

miss/misses

wash/washes

march/marches

search/searches

box/box es

Note a lso: poreto /po ta toes do/d ocs

rornat rstomatoes go/goes

Wor ds ending in - y {baby, carry. cas ~' erc. t

6.3

y cha nges to ie before t he end ing os :

baby/babies

sro ry/sro ries

hu rr y/h urries

st udy/studies

y cha nge s to i before the endi ng -cd : stud y/stu d ied h urry/hurried

co u nrryzco unr rie s apply/a p plies

sec reta ry/sec rera ries t ry/tries

a p ply/a p p lied

tr y/t ried

y changes to i befo re t he en d ing s -er a nd -cst: eas y/ca sicr/ea siest hcavy/heavicr/heaviest

luck y/luckicr/lu ck icst

y cha nges to i bef ore the end ing -ly: ea sy/ea sily hea vy/h ea vily

ternpor.l rylte III pora rily

y do es no t cha nge be fore -ing: hurrying st udy ing app lying

tr ying

y docs no! cha nge if the wo rd en d s in a ro u -e!" + y h ty/· ey/. oy/· u y): play/pl ay s/p laye d mon key/ mo nk eys enjo y/e njo ys/en jo yed ~,

6 .4

An exce pti o n is: da y/daily Note al so : pay/pa id la y/laid

sa y/sa id

Ver bs cnd ing in -ie (d ie, lie, tiel

If a verb end s in -ie, ic changes to y befo re the ending -ing: d ie/dying

lie/lying

tic/tying

. ;1 t i 0 II are I ~)wr/lttltrl;. Tbe <xhtr Inttrl; tb I; d f Il. erc. }are i Olf5fm ,m t ktltr\"

298

bu y/bu ys

Appen 6.5

\,(Iords end ing in -e (ho pe. dance. wide etc.)

verbs If i.l verb ends in -c, we leave ou t c before t he endi ng -ing: hope/hop ing smi le/smiling dance/da ncing con fuse/co nfusing Except ions are belbeing and verbs ending in -ee: see/seeing 0-' agree/agreeing If a verb ends in -c. we add -J to r the past {of regu lar verbs): smi le/smiled dance/da nced co nfuse/confused hope/ ho ped

Adiectivee and sd verbs It an ad jective end s in -c, we add -r and -st for the com parative and superlati ve: wi de/wi dcr/widcst lare/later/larest large/la rger/largcsr It an ad jective ends in -e. we keel' e before -Iy in the adverb: pol ite/polirely ext rcme/c xrremely a bsc lutela bsolutcly It an ad jective ends in -le (simple. terr ible erc. ). t he adv erb end ing is -ply, -bly etc. : simple/simply rerrible/rerribl j reaso na ble/reasona bly 6.6

Doubling conson ants (sto p/stopping/stopped, wet/ wette r/wett est etc. I Sometimes a word end s in vou-el + conSUl/,m t. For example: sto p plan rub big wet thin prefer regr et Before the end ings -ingl-edl-cr/-cst. we dou ble the co nso nant at t he end. So p - pp. n - nn etc. For exam ple: stop plan


" - "" p

pp

b

bb

g -

gg

I

II

n -

nn

stopping planning rubbing bigger wette r thinner

sto pped planned rubbed biggest wettes t thinnest

It rhe word has more t han one sylla ble (prefer. begin ctc.l , we double the conson ant at rhe end anI)· if the fin.ll sy"',blc is stressed: per M l'T I permitt ing I permitt ed preFER I preferring I preferr ed Tt·G RET I regrettin g I regrette d beG IN I beginning It the final sylla ble is no t stressed. we do not do ub le the final conso na nt: deVELop I developing I deve loped VISit I visiting I visited r~ ,\l L\l be r I remembering I remembered H APpen I hap pening I ha ppened In Brit ish English, verbs ending in -I have -11- before -ing and -ed wheth er the final syllable is stressed or not: rra\ TI / travelling I travelled cancel ,' cance lling / cancelled For America n spelling, see Appendix 7. Note that we do 1/ot double the final consonant if the word ends in uoo consonants (-n . -lp, -ng erc.]: start I star ting I sta rted help I helping / helped long I lo nger I longest we do /lot double the final co nso nant if t here are tw o vowel letters before it t-oil, -ecd etc.]: need I need ing "needed ex plain / explaining I explained boil / boiling I bo iled loud I louder I loudest q uiet I quiete r I quietest chea p I che aper I chea pest we do not double y or w at the end a t words. {At t he end of words y an d w are not conso na rus.] sta y I staying I sta yed grow I gro wing new I newer I newest

American English T here are a few grammatical diffe rence s betwee n British English and Ameri can English: Unit

BRITISH

A~IER I CAS

7A-B and

The present perfect is used for an action in the past with a result now : o I've lost my key. Have you seen it!

Th e present perfect O R past sim ple c used: o I've lost my key, Have you seen or I lost my key, Did you see it: j She's go ne o u " , h :J Sa IIy rsn t ere. Sh e went out. Th e present perfect OR past simple c used: _ I' h j l' ve just had ... m not ungry. I "lust ha d Iun :J .\: \'(lhat time is Mark leaving! He has alrea dy left. e: . He alrea dy left. Have you finished your work y or Did yo u finish yo ur wor k ~et ?

I3A

o Sail)' isn't here. She's gone out. The present pt'rfu t is used with just. alrea dy and yet: . o I'm not hungry. 1\:(' just had lunch. a

A:

B:

What time is Mark leav ing ? He has alread y left.

o Have you finished your wo rk yet ?

=

I

17C

British speakers usuall y say: have a hath have a shower have a break have a holiday

American speakers say: tak e a bath tak e a shower tak e a break tak e a vacano

21D

Will or shall C3n be used with l/we: o I will/shall be late th is evening. Shall I ... ? and shall we ... ? arc used ask for adv ice etc. : o Which way shall we go?

Shall is unusua l: o I will be late th is evening. Should I ... ? and sho uld we ... ? are usual to ask for advice etc. : o Which way should we go?

and 220

(0

28

American speakers use must not in t sit uation: o Sue hasn't contacted me. She m not have gotten my message.

32

Nee dn't is unusual. T he usual form need 10 : o We don 't need to hurr y.

34A-B

I--- 5 1B

70B

After demand, insist etc. you can use shou ld : o I demand ed t hat he sho uld apologise. o We insisted that something shou ld be don e abo ut the problem.

T he slIbi,mctil'e is normally used. Sho unu sual after demand, insist etc. : o I demanded [hal he apologize." :J \X'e insisted that something be d about the problem .

British spea kers gene rally use Have you: I Isn't she? etc. o ....: Liz isn 't feeling well. B: Isn't she? What's wron g with her:

American speakers generally use Yo u She isn"? etc. : o ....: Liz isn't feeling well.

Accommodation is usually uncountable: o There isn't enough acco mmod ation.

Accommod ation can be co untable: o There aren't enough accommodati

1\:

She

i~ n 't?

• ~b ny ver bs t lKhng In -i\<: in Bnll~h English I J poI ~iworg.:r m ld~~i.J l i\.C erc.}are IJ pologil d org.:r nil tA ptci .1lil t erc.t in AfI\('ne J n Engbsh.

300

\X'har \ wro0 F- wit

~pt1r

"Ilh

- lit

Appe 1 Un it

i 4B

79C

BRITISH

AM ERICAN

tolin hospital twir hou t th e): o Th ree people were in jure d and tak en TO hospital.

to/in the hospital: o Three peop le were inju red and tak en to the hospital.

I X o un s like go vern rnent/ rea mzfam ily etc . I ca n han: a singular or plural verb: The team i ~are playing well.

Th ese nou ns no rma lly take a singula r verb in American English: o The team is pl a Y ing:..::w.:.e1:::L~

= the weekend I at weekends =\'('ill be here at the "..eekend ? at the front I at th e bac k (o f a grou p erc.j: =l et's sit at th e fron t Io f th e cinem a I.

o n th e weekend I on weekends: o Will you be here on the weekend ?

I3 IC

different from or different Co : It was different from/to what I'd expected.

differ ent from or different than : o It was different from/than what I'd expected.

132..\

wri te to so mebody: !:l Please writ e to me soon.

write (to) so mebody (wit h or wit hout to): o Please write (to) me soo n. 1---British ..pea kers use both ro und a nd around: America n spea kers use around (nor usually C He turned round. or 'round') H(' turn ed aro und . o He turned around.

137C

British spea kers use borh fill in and fill out: Ca n you fill in this form ? or Ca n yo u fill o ut this fo rm?

American speakers use fill out: o Ca n you fill o ut this form ?

HI B

get o n = p rogress :J How ar e you getti ng on in your new

America n speakers do no t use get on in this way,

II!I

B

1140

31

yo u

=

=

in the front I in the hack (of a gro up erc.). o l et's sit in t he front (of the movie t heater).

- - ---1

job?

IH D

gel on (with somebody): :t Richard gets on wel l with his new neighbou rs.

get along (with som ebod y): o Richard gets along well with his new neighbors.

do up a room ere. : o Th e kitchen looks great now that it has been don e up.

do over a room etc. : o The kitchen look s great now th at it has been don e over.

Appendix BRITISH

AME RICA N

I.J

T he ver bs in this section tbum . spell ere. I can be regular or irregular (b urned or bu rnt , spelled or spelt ere.I,

T he ver bs in this section are norm ally regular (burned. spelled etc.j.

The past participle of get is got: o Your English has got much bett er; (= has beco me mu ch better) Have got i~ also an alrernanve to have: o )',..e got two brothers. 1= I have two brothers.I

The past participle o f gel is gotten: o Your English has ga lie n much bener,

British spelling: tr avel -. t ravelling I tr avelled cancel -. cancelling I cancelled

American spelling: travel -. traveling I traveled cancel -. ca nceling I ca nceled

6.6

Have got = have (as in British English): o I've got two brot hers.

Index The numbers in the index are unit numbe rs nul P
alan 6 Cj- 72 .u.m and tfl,. 71,73.-\ .I lutl.. 1 .I few 87E .J!.JI/ wn h
able t f~ .JMe t o ) 16 abo ul .lJj~l i H· +.JI"ml

130. 1318

American F.ngti§h APre-nJ I'l 7 an see a anltll' l.Jbo/lIIlI'ilhf(o r ) IJ OB anno yed (.J/~ ,"IIu';lhI("'J IJOB answer .m .JIlSU'l"r 10 so m t l hi"g 1290 to .JIIS'I," oj quesl ion (no pr('pos ition ) 1328 an~' 69C. 85-86 .111)' an d Jome 1'15 .11I}'ln.a.\'/.J' I)'fj,/rMII)·I IJ i" gl

verb .. .,1""'1 I B- 134 accuse (v i i 618. I J.L\

an d passive 41 adja:ri \ n 98-101 .Idja-ri, n + tu ... 6;-66

,lleti\t

I'~

.

JJin;ri\t - 68 aJ It">:ri \ n endi n/: in ·mg and -ed

ss

o rde r " f JJ je.;tin", 1/9 ad jectfi. n a tter verb, 9<JC ad jec-ri,n and ad ver bs 100- 10 1

compa ratives )0 5-10:>u~rJJ ri \C'lo 101)

.1<1;(":1'1 , ('\

+ rrt"f'O\ lfKHl

130-01

admn 1+ ' lIIg l 53. 56;\ aJ\anl;l~e l ofl inlllJl 60.-\. 119B

adv erbs .IJ je.:ri\ e\ and Jd \,t rh~ 100- 101 com pa ratives 10 58

posmon oi .ld\C'rl>!. with she 'erh IJ lwJ ,-s• .I/so ('K.I 110

....f vice tuncounlJhk nou m - 08 ad\i~ 1+ 10 _•••md -,ngl S5e affo rd h tu ... J 54A, .\ 6.-\ afraid cu(J 13 L\ r ill ,1(r,li d soll/ol 5 I I) .4r.Ji.llo d" and .Jr"uJ oi. /wllg 66:\ after .J{t..., • prncnl ~, mrk I present pertece 2.B.-iS .J{1<'r .. ' /IIg 608. 68 C /0" 1.: 4 1('r I B D 01.1\0 128 agree 1. /0 ...l 5" :\.56:\ all SS. 'JO .1/1 and 011/ II" - 5B. 1I118 .JI/ luil 88 .Jff and bo tf, 89E .JI/. t l Y,....' and /l"lmlf' 90 pos ition of.JfI I JOC alk1ted III is .J1lf.'IoWd ... 1 "5A all ow I . 10 .. . ,1nJ .i ,lg) 5Se .661>

already 1110 .J/f('.JJ~·

with rhe present perfec'l

T ~i l ion oi .Jl rt .JJ y J 10 a.Iw . ~ ...ition oi oil;', ) 110 ahhocgh 113 a ~s .JIII',I)'J d o

,11\<0

I

3.

and 1'/11 .d'I'.I~·s d ll lll[o:

f"'Xi linn o f .Jlu '.J}'$ 110 amu ed -lJ>l.J: tJ • I., •.. 6 .l e -lm .J: t J 011(11)'

J.JOe

.J' I.\'l l'h f'Tt !I.l-!l6 " " 1 ••. 01" ." 86

.J,,}, and "'J 86 C .111)' lof i 81'1 .I ,, ) ' and t ltl!tl' 89 E .J/I~' .. comp aratives 1068 ,m)' more I .I II)' IUl/gtT 1118 apo logis(' (to slJ"'t'I,,~i)' f i jT) 62. 132:\. 1358 apostrophe lin ..hort formsl :\ ppendi \ 5 apostroph e 5 (\1 8 1.8.lA appe ar (. tu ..• 1 548 appl~' li " TI I B e . approve (ui .. -iltg l 62 A . 13 5:\ :lan) I: Iques rion ta~ ) 52D arr ange (. to .. ,) 54:\• .l 6/\ arriv e (;/110111 126C a nid~ (.J{,JlJltbt) 69-78 .J/.JIJ 69-72 .J/.JII and 11..1' 72. 73:\

tb t 72-78 I IIIr Je/",01 C1O: , 74 cinldren I t ilt children ere. 75 thl ' with names 77- 78 a ~ 107. 116- 118 .JJ S" WI .JJ 2S ,o\- 8 .JS ..• .JS lin compa rative semen..:t'SJ J
107 .JJ 1""g.JJ IUS .Js (;; ar Ilk- \,Ink' rime as ) 116A .JJ an d ll'I!tIl 1 16 .JJ (;; N:..;;IUo,e) 1168 .JJil n d li kf 117 .Js li l .JJ tl"!lf KIJ 118 a\ hamed (0(. 13 1.0\

,,'

.JJk in p.1\si,·(' lo('TllCTk.b ..4A

J o ~.",rl"i'lg " 1Hl. 5H ,1$1.: Iwwlll'IJ,1t .. to .. . S4 D .Is k sWI1l'llrl dy (no rrcro~i l iun ) .JJk {wm r hoJ,·} to

132 B

,uk

/S(II >/(4/(.,])' 1 rUT I H C

a\lun i§hed .JJlfIIlisbrJ • to ... 6SC .JJfWlislJr ,/.JIIf,)' I30C

.

.J1 ( ti m~1

011 lil t' "lid

II I

.InJ

avoid ,. ·ing l 53. 56A a ware (of ) 13 1S awa y {ver b .. oIWoly) 137. 145 ha~k

inldllfJI/ the " .Jek 1140 verb .. /"'el.: 14 _~

bad l.JII I3IC ba~all:~ (unco unla hle nou nl 70 8

beca use 100 113B-C

bed lin bed 110 11t'd ) 74C, I14A. UM been 10 8A. 11 68 beento and gUIIl 'I' j 71> before

!rt fi!ft .. presenl simpl(' 25A !rrfiju' • omg 60B begin I. -;ng or 10 .,.1 S6C beginning Idl II" IJrginning ) 1218 being is and I" iJ bring) 4C believe (i,,) 136A

,I"

believed ( il ;s belit'ml ... I 45A be tter ID.l C

{,ad better JSA-B between (noun . /l('t 1('('('I1) 11 9E b lame 1358 bond bored and !rnrmg 98 bortJ It'lt'' I30C

born 0 I('.JJ "u'" ... J 44C both (n f) 119 /ro tb ... dlld 891> bo lll an d <1/1 89 E posinen of f,oth IIOC bo lhcr ,. -ing o r to . . . J 56C bottom (<1I I 11e " u ttum ) 124 C bou nd (11<>111/,1 10 .1"1 6SF. bread Iunc oun rahlej 70 B brea k /I'f,lk ;lIt" 1368 b,eak d"lI' lI 137 A. H l ll nrrdk liP 144 D busy (hllJy J oilrg ~""rll"ng l 63 C bv 120. 118 'fry' after the passive "18. U 8C Iry (. ·m g ) 60 8 b )· ", p ..l( I )'''"Nd ( ere. lB by ttbe time] 120 IJ" and II/Ilil U OB h}' d'oII1Cf'I I,,. pm t ere. 128 A 11)' ( 01' I f,,. b llS ('fC. 128B .J p/d)' by S1}.J kn~.J Tt ere, 1l8C adiecnve .. by I30C

can 26 ill tbe 1.'//./ 1118

Irus ilion l 12.1- $ .Jt th e .Jgr "i ,.. 11 7B .ldjt\:ti\-~ ".JI 13OC.13 IC \ ·('r .... " .Jt 132 au itude Itoll ,It

auxi liary verb s I~ al-":I mod al verbs) in qu c-stious 49A-B in sho rt answers ere. 5 1 in l.jllCStion lags 51

? 37 and ot her modal verbs

Cu ll /I}'f}// •• • CIl II

Arptmd i\ 4 u n ) (coJ" ", >I' 26. 28

("If" " rip

S7C

..a.pablC' (ull 13 18

care (( lm t 13 J B cheq ue ,,,1Jequ e {< >r ••• 119A lry' d~
,dill""

clauses lI'/~"

and

,f da u'on

15

If d .lu'on 38-40 ·illg dl U'on MI, 97

relanvectaees 91-96 col lide (wi th ) 136C com paratives 105-107 ,umpa r,u i\'es with el't'll l 11C complain (to ~mltb..>tI), .lINJl/llo( ... 1 134£ com pou nd nou ns (
erc.t

~O

eoecen era re 1011) 136£ coo duional ~n lCtlCes (if ~mcm:es l tf l du ... 15C if J ..III and if I d,d 38 if I klll'lt', if I u-ere ere. 39 if I I",,J kll"ll'II, If I hol d !'f't'll ere.

,.

1I"less I l ,i A .lS /nllg ds 115B

pnwidillK I pr/JI ·i.l...d I 158 ,0n ~ralU la lc

(UlII 61 B, U 5D coe necnon (lI' iIN IH.,t ,, ·t't ll ) 1 1 ~ E w n\dous {l'll 13 1B con side r r- ' '''K) H,56A comisl (oil I.H A com;).cl (lI'iIN IJ('w '('t'lI) 119E con tinue (. If) ... or · j" 8 ) SnC co ntinuou s IC O\C\ \I.'c present co ntin uo us, pOl'1 con tin uous \'erh\ Ollt u\>CJ in con nn uous lenses 4A, 6E. I nc . 16E. 17A con tractio ns {short form s] A ppen d ix .i corner (i" l.ltl,," ,II... (o"'t'd 114E c(luld 16, 1 7, 29C Cf ", /d and l/ 'l... tf) 1bD (I IItI.I Mol and (uuld I", ,'t.' «/011'"

"

....mld,, ·t 11o.lI 'f' (dllllt'} 27E, 2~ B Cfl/lt.l in ,f ~n1('f1(es 3SC. 39 E,

40D I wish I ((Juld 4 1C co uld ' ' ''fIll ••• t 37 (fmt.l a ~J OIht"r l11<»Jal \ 'C'fbl. Appt"nJ ix 4 cou ntahlc and ull( ounlJhk nouns 69- 70 cra,h (illlol 136 8 al lica! (oli I3 IA cro ..·ded,"·itlll I3I C

374

damage [unco untable noun ! 70 8

excited 1.lbollt , U OB

,I" m.,gl"o 1.!'1D dare _loK

exclamatio n.. t \ \ ·hJ / ... .'J - 1.-\- 8 excuse If' m fo!B CXpt"C1 ' t'..., rc<"1 so I I ,I,,,, 't .·.1:,.,·,·t "', SI D

decide ,11'<"1,1" • 10 .. . j 4. j 6.-\

d"ci.l" Jg.lII/st • ' lI1g 61.-\

dehghted 111·/11" 1311B demand ,1...",,1,,,1 . s/.,(HllJ 34A- 8 ,1 dem.mJ fi" I .!~ A

den y t. -mg l 53. 56.-\ depend 10>11 135D dependm r I.m, 13 IC depressed land dep r..ssi>lg l 'IS deserve I . to ... 1 j·H . j6A des pite 113 did lin pJ ~t ~j m pk quecnons and ~ I in·s l 5C die 10(1 I3B. diffn"en, c t/" tu « >fI 119E diffn"mt tf,..,,,,lt fll 13 IC di fficuh~· Ih ./I't' Jl{fj.-"It>· • ·mg l

63. direct speech JnJ reported ,pt"'(l.·h 4:"'-4 8, JOB disappointed d,SJppoml d • to ... 6SC diSJPf.o/llt 1 a nd .i'SJppom tmg

9' JiSJpp.>imed Icit/, J 30B di\<."Uss 100 preposition ! 133 .-\ divide Ii,,'ol 1368 doJd Ot"'i l in prewnl ~ im pk 'l ut"'olium and n~ l i\ e-s, 1 C do up 144D

do..n IH-rt> . ,1,,11''11 13- .1 4!drum dre.nn of • -1IIg 61 .-\. 6f,D ,I re.l'" .Ibo " tlv ( 134.-\ du ring 119 each lol'l 9 1 e,lt·1I o t her Sl C -ed clau ses 9either 1" ,-1 S'J

1/(,'... esther 5 1C

enber ... ,,, S'JD either and .l l/~. 119t: elder lOnE eldc« Ill SD enco urage 1+ 10 ••• 1 .'i.'i B end ill II,c end and .It t /'t' I;'n,1 I.!! B .ll l" e t'" d C po~i l l onl 11 4C e'"f " p 143f. l"njo y I. ·mg l S3A, $4 .-\. 56.-\• .'iSA enou~ 103 cn, ious 101" 13 1A c\ en I I! posirion o i ('I·e" 110 t'1't.' /1 tfl lt"lJm I I.!D t'1't''' tbo llgh I I.!D. I I3E l"' f."I" m 'ilh the rr~r pt"rtn:11 IIA C\ f."n' 90 el~n· and .Ill 90

t'l~">f>tl~·'l'I't'I)~"'d(,I't.'f')·'lJillg

9O.-\--e ('I't'n· .lnJ (,old , 9 1 el't'~"Q>le ,lOd ('1·1.'1)· (mt' 9 1D

expect • tf) ... SS.-\ expect... d 'I f IS "."" ('<"1('.1 t/~.I r , 4 5A experience ', uunl.lfolc ..r uo<:u unl.l foit noun ' -u.-\ explain j 4 D. D ! .-\

bil t. to .. . 1 $4 .-\. jfo.-\. N-D 104 famous DI C lann I. -III ~ ' 53.-\. j f,.-\ far ' , f.Jflfi' rtl' ('r/f".l rtl,,('T IOSC f".lr • ,;o mr .lTJ.tl\ t I(lto.-\ fasl 1018 fcd up 111"1//.'1 MH . 130C b irl ~'

f"'"

rod

J o \~>l1 f",,1 t1nd I...", . .I'" wm I..dmg · 4E . 1«1M.(' 6!-A ,,,,,/ . J.dlf.'\."tl\ ( 'J'K. 10llB fcw 6'K. S[cu- and .I f"lt" S- D- E ft'1t"...1" SS finish tI"i s/, .. ·mg '-' tI"i sl>off 141C 1'011"

'm

It's tl.' t' tIrst tnne 1", "( th ' tIrSl1f.lJtl" t':ct • t"

SC

6SD th" tIrSI t ll'f' ,fJ \ 'J ':N D fond lO( ' 131.-\ fo r " " wu h the present ro:rft'\."t S.-\. 'JB. I I- I:! ff" and m,,'t' I.!,-\ fi " .lnJ to . ,. ' purJ"- '\t1 f, .. IIB C ff" .md durmx 11'1 noun e ,i,r 1.!'1.-\ .IJ j<:'d il(' . f,lr I J l1 D. IJ IC I t"rt> . f;" 133. 13.l B fOr)l:<:'1 I. III .. . I :q , .\ 6.-\ fOr)l:i, ... ' fi>/l f,l B. I HB frili\hlened loll 13 1.-\ from .IJ jl...·t i\C· • ,-rum 131C \t"rt> .. ,-"'111 13_' C frnnl lml.ltl/", thf , ,-" mt ' 11 4D full wI" 131B fu rio us 1,11''' IIIII/·/tllI1i,, ) 13llB fum ilul'(' lun, ounlJ." lt no un l - 0 8 fun hcr !USC fUlurl" 1'J- !5 . .-\pJ'<'nJI \ 3 r r........ nt tconlot"> inr In... furur... I q g"''' g ''' ! U 1( '111 !-I_!-! ' 1·,11 J.nJ sf..lll 11 D. l ! D I/'Ill J.nd guilt!: ,. , ! 3 l/'lff be ,1"lIIft ,julur... ..:untlnuous ' 14 ' I/"Iff 1'.II 'C' J.. n.' ,iururc J"C'rit'\.'1 ' ! 4 fUlure \\ IIh 11 ·1",'11. ,,- l"1":. 1 j . I IH. 115C. I I " B

c.

gener ous t+ prepo \ ition l IJ U:\ geogra phical names with JnJ wit hou t tbe -gerund see - i n~ ger g" 1

in the

pJ ~~i \ e

.... 0

g.·t 5"mo'tbl"~ .1" " 1' " 6C ~.-, 5<.." t<me to ./0 5<'IIIe,llIIlg 55 B g.-1 1I5I'd to 6 1 gO'1 + adrecnve 99 C grt ro la plJ-:el 12t>C go't ",/ullt/. m /o ff' I! 6L 1311.\ go't /l)' I r .o\.

g'" 01/1

of UIIC

g"totl 1"1 8 gt't.m"ol'r lll"lfl.·' 1"5 8 gn 1>.,,1.: 10 I".K

~"

gwe In p.I\\l\ e \(" men.,-n gwl' lip .U B. 1" 3F. gl,ynut 139( gIlY.m ·.I)· 1" 58 ~ad t+ to ... I 65(

.. .. .-\.

go 511"Im",m!!'sl.'oppmg (1 c. 63 0 gv 0 1/ 1101,.1.1)' / 0'1 ol ITlp et c. 12- ( 0 1/

"1'.1' so ","me do/.Ioill/{

67 l, e.1, o f/oll><:mllfrom 134B

!KIp hdp • to .•• 55A C.lII ·t 1~lp 57C hom~ ;-.. c. 11H,

hop<

,.

go

h,wl' and 1'.11'1' xol 17 h,wl' lJrl'.lk fJSI 1 1'.11'1' .1 1>.111.> l· f c. I-C 1"", ".Will!!, WI' ·, t' hill 'lII!! 1.'1c. I -C b.ll'l' to (and lI/"s l) 3 I b.I/'1' got to 3 10 I!.II 'I' so snetbing d 0 1l1' 46 II.J/'i"g (d Oli'" H D. 61lC !K.. with t he present simple- or C.lII 4D

I,,,~ + prC"iC'TII simpleIN.J~ .IlIJ uTsl, " I A

l!B

I hopr 50 1 1110/'1' 1101 5 I D Impr • 10 • • • 5·B., 56 .\ hoo.pital l/}()s,,'t.111 th.., 1105pit.lll -" 8. 125.\ .\n"Il"ficiln English Appen dix 7 00 '" abou t t » -illgl 60.\ how lon g .. . ? 1+ presenr ~rfn.-r l

11-1 1

53B. I..OB. 141.\

ho w lon l/. is it since .•• ; 11C

gO"11 JUIII!! and go " " tll.lO .i 68

go 0'" 139.-\.

s....,f

1400 . I.. IC going 10 :\ ppn1d i\ 3 g<JI"_~ to and Inll 23

:W.

zun

1I".l51'Url' gomg to gone 10 and Ilt't l/ to :"0

good

r»

f. 1/ 6U,\ . UI ( g,,, f of SO"" '<"II' 10

.I" 501ll1:'1Im l1(.

g,,,ltl to 5"'lIo'UII" 130,\ g,,,... / .anJ 11',-/1 10 1.\ It~ 110 g."" f t + -mK) 63.\ gOl ol' J I'f' gott 1- .-\. 3 10 got ten l.-\ml"rican Enltli\h l Appe ndix !tue\\ II ,1:' '''55 5.,1 .i I 0 ./>t'l

if 15. 38- 40 if I .10 .. . H C If 1 ./0 J nd If I Jlti 38 ,; I k""u'. if 1 U '<"T" (1" c. 39 If I h old 1.:/If' II"II. if I hil,1 1Je('II et c.

.0 If Jn J /1"/,('" 15 0,380 if + sl" mld J.. D if ,,,,~. 85C even if 111D iland/l/C.lS(' 114B .15 if 118 if 1= II'b/'l/' r, ) 50 imagin e ( + -illgl .'iJ. 56 A impressed twit"''')"1 IJOC

.,j

hJd bette r 3.\.\-8 hair l..ollnlJ~I,' o r un..lllml.lhk noun ' -0.\ half 'Of l SS hap pen !J60

1'''' /.'.1"""• 10 ...

happ~

65C

" .1"p~".1I.. m l" "'th 130 8

hard lU I B-C hardl~ I II I ( ha te 1,.1(., .1" " ' 1: I itl .I" 58 " IJ btl' 58B-C ha\ d'h il' 11.'.11'''' J,~".., lprC"iC'TII pn-fa.-rl 7- 14 1.·.1'T 1...,.11 ·i ,,!! IprC"iC'TI I prrfa... .;on llnuou \1 9-10

1,•.

.3D

JrdI>r.l, 5<,mrpoJ)" doil/g

67

-ing d all\C'\ 68. 97

in\i\l i.uisl + JhcJII/J 34A- o imiSlon 62 A. 1J6E in \pil~ of 6OA. 113 in\t ead of ( + ';lIg1 60A intend 1+ til ... or -illg l 56C in terested 1m ' 60A. IJIC mll"Ntr,1m .10m!! ilnJ inlern tr d 10 .I" 66 8 i" taesle. 1 a nd iJlIl" Ntmg 98 into 126 E verb + ;11/0 1J6B il/ and imo 1J 8A invitalion (I.. ) 1290 invite i /fl 'it.. + t f>

558

i/fl·itt' s..mr / I)" to sOIll I'I1>mg I J6D i rrq~u lar verbs 5B, Appe ndix I il and there 84 il'$ no ~n
. 3A

'"

mm ct I I I ill tnne Jn J "'/ lill,.. 111,\ /II tb l' "11.1 JnJ stthc end 1128 ill tp
had /.0 .1.1 ,1""" Ip ,ht perin.·n l.i b,d /" -"1/ .I"ing ' p,l, t pt·rt-"" ..on tinuous t 1(, b.ld Ipa'! oi b.ll·1'1 1d!'.f k mlll '/l l 1 Wi5'-' I'd kll"WII

'''- lIltin i l i l ~ and to + -hlg fiOC lIltinili\ r for purpose (lll .,.111 ont tv p USI d lette,) 64 ad in: rivl'S + i n l1 n i l i v~ 6.'i- 6li infinilive with ou t to after lII.lk.., an d it'! 55 Ll w..,lI1rilf soml'pod ,. do 67 infonnal ion IUTl<;cl!,I nlahle noun ! 70B -ing (bl'ill!!. pl.l)"illg ere.I 53,55-63 IJt'i,,}! {.Iml f } Ipassi\'e1 4.. 8 verbs • •illg 53,55-59 1><111" 1: «lOll'" 53 D.68C \'erb\ + -ing or tu ... 55-58 prepositions + " " g 60.66 10 + ·i"1: and lo-inl1 niti\'l' 60C ..sed 10 + ·il/8 6 1 \"rrb\ + prepeJo\i lion + ·i,,!! 62, 66D exprt'S\jorl\ + -m /{ 63 1:<' sWlm"''''g ' 1:<) sl><:,ppiJl1: et c.

43.-\.- 8 i n li niti \ ~ in rr po rroo sf'l"«h \~rl:>!. + inl1nili\"r 54-59

4S1)

.:om inu,>u\ inl1n iti"e (to 1Jt' d",,,g l

HB perin."'! intin ili\'e (10 I!.II"" do"l') H B. 58C in lini l i\~ aitr ! a queslioll word

540 \erl:>!. . ohjm • intiniti\'e 55 \ erk • infinili\r or -m.l{ 55-58

il'$ lime .. . 3.1C il'$ worth 1+ ·ill g ) 6JA jealous to!) 1.1 IA jU\ t ;/151 with the pre....nt perfect 7C ;/15/ i ll (.151" I I"" i/l5t'l5 116A i/l5/ hI tim r 1l2 A

keen (... 1) IJ 1C

' ''J' kr l'p O il

5.l. 56A. 141A

I.:I"I'P liP /w lth ...J 14J A I.: l'I"P .lll'd)' (from ..., 145B kind (ki"d of Sf>m",ml' ,., ,10 som r ,I1/JlJ: 1 1>t' kmd /.. 5<''''l'cme) 65 8, 130A know 1/.." dwh.l1 ch:.

+

to ... 1 54 0

Iale and lalel)' IOIB Iil ujth (.III 132C learn 0",,,1'1 1+ to .. .1 54.56A

leave le" ,'t" fu r I H e 11'
11/'111. can, "1115/ etc.] 2 1-22, 26-r . :\ pP<'ml ix 4 more

moda l verbs

out 1JS C

.:()m p,ua ri\~

less 107A

m ore in

ICI let som d " " ly do ~'IIl .../lIl11g 55 0 let '/011.'" 1420 like (\'r rbl l ike J Olllg I to ,10 5S u ,t", IJ " ke 37E, 55A, 5S B-C bke Ip rrJ"l»irio nkonj ul1l."t ion l

110/ ••• "")'

like and
:\

nlllst and OIber moda l verb-, .-\pPC'nd i.. 4 m~"iCIfI~'ou T\d f C'I': , Ird k ..i' e

pmnounst S2 I,,. m )-self I lry' pJl IT~/f ('I.: . S3C na.mn wirh .lnd w' lhoul tIJl' - ---II na lional i l~' word~ wnh tI,1.' - 6 C olE

Itx,k + adi«"tl \'C' 99C, l oo B I""k JSIf 118 look Jt 132C

IfH,k forl4tt'r 1330 144 0

loo k b.JeR (11/ 145C lot (
lo ve 1m·...,/oillg I tu ,/0 .} II

Im't" 55 A, 58 8-C bel{.lfli" I" ''t''wltl, 127A luck [unco un ta ble no u n) 70B Il'fJIIIrI

IUAAal\ C (uncountable no u n ) 70 B

"'need ," to d o and ""I'd d"m/< 5-8 ""eed /"r

119.'1.

II/tIkl.' SII /II ..IJ(JJ)' .Io Sfllll('th mg

551>

Ul" k(' "/! 1431'., 144 ,1,. man age (+ to .. . J 26 D. 54A, 5(,'\

many (imd IIIl1 el1) 69C. 11 7 "'''"y (of) 1111 marn(d (tu ) 13 1C may 2'J1-]O 11I<1) . " 5 ll'f.'ll 30D lII" y f ••• f ,178 -C lIIoJ) ' a nd ot h(,r moda l \'('rk Ap JX"nd ix 4

mean lJ.djeni\·(' - mean of so m roll(' /0 do ${Jm et h m g I II(' mea n to $f"'lt"OlIel 65 8 mc:ani (nnu n) 7'J1B

eeed n'r 32

needn't and

II IIIStll '/

32.'1.

/leed' ll 11" ,,,, ,J ,,,,el and ,/I,il/ 't llee,l/o ,do l J10 needn't and orher moda l \erk Appendi x 4 All\l"rit:a n English Appendi .. ~ negative p resent \ im plc 2C pa st sirnpl... 5C neg.lri\'t' quC">r inn~ ..

qn

" n, /10111' and .1>,,' 116 negative short i<;rm ~ AprrnJi x 5 .3

mi"hl 29- 30 m ight in If '>C'11l('ocn 30 B, 3SC. 400 might
376

min('/)'fll/ TSI lBA

II('lther.1", f, neuher .-1" l et,'. 5 1C 1I('/l IJer ... /lo r II')!) neuher a nd ""'". !I9 f 111:"er never wirh the p rcscer pt·Tic,:r S.\ p osition of nere r 110 new \ tu ncou nt.rblc noum - ott -91\ nice: snice of SW Ilt" "'!, In do 5fJ",e/I""g I I,.. 1II,'e t" S' ",I<.. )//,' I

65 B. 130.-\. 00

I/O an d none In(I !Ib.-\..I\!1

and "II)· S6 IIr.,bod)·hlfJ"<:mel m,/blllg/llf'II-l,ere

110

see 110 I/o

wuh .:o m p.ua ri\ C'\ 10f>8 JIII/gl'r 1118

00"'

mme IOf l and ,m 86.-\.1111

"olle aod " I'I/ber 119E

om

"''' Jm I. llor do " n tl....r ...

of u{ and 's8 1

of I ",,"e ,,( I "'..st ui t1.:. oss.

9."

I"ltl! o f! IIl'ltl...., .,' l elt l' er 'if s'il.

9."

"fril'nd 01 "''''I.'/)·" " , s t1.;. S3.\ 0(11'1 .Ule r .l i Uperl.lU'c- lOSE noon · " f 1298

+ of 130:\ . 131.\-8 \erl- + ..f 1338. 134. 135.-\. off uerh + o f!'1 l J ". H Q- HI offn u,fl'r ,n pa \\I\e ">C'mc:n...b -H.-\. "rkr + 10 ••. 5·H . 56.-\

0"

"" '1I1l\l"1 111 u n I/m, .InJ III t" >le 111.-\ OIl , ~il i..n l 123-11$ " " " 1>115 1 OJI J t r .1m t1.,;. 11$£ " " H1t:hrr Uln l 11- C-0 .ldlC\." t,\e + 01' I3I C \ C'I't> + ( , t! 1350. 136E. Ir.

I"O- H I anOl hl"l' 81C onJ~ tp< l'loirio n 0; '''11)'. 1 10

ORC'

neit her toft 89

m ake

n tlun~ '

adjecnv e

mllSllI't 31e. 32.-\ m llSt and sl10uld H

look fOTU '"rJ t l} 6OC, 62 A, 137B

liP

mflst + nou n - 5.'1. m ost ,ufl 1111 m"st in superlanve , l OS much rand m.1 /1\·) 69 C , 8m ild} /nf l 88 '

m"sf and e.", ·t 28 mlf$t and b","t' to 31

n o Ifm~er I mJ/ .•. oJ"y 10llger 111 B

so

oJl/

m U\ 1

'ill'",

louk

m O ~1

mncb + comparanve 106:\

11k... and
Ion' you lon k a nd )"fN/ ·re lookmK

105

II/I)re 111B

no un + noun rc om pou nd

I n .:. S IC

'If" S90

nou n\

counuble .mJ un.:ountahlC' 69-70 $in~ u IJ r .lnd plurJl 69, 71, 79

ou"h l 10 J JO ,,"gI.t .lO\l orher modal

\ef~

.-\. ppe O\li\ 4 0" '

" I/t "f 11b [ 'erh + ( I/It U-- 139 "l/t a nd ' )/I/ ..f 13~ .-\. o wn 11I\ ' 01/'1//'''1//$1'' I w ", r

il:JB

" " "1.\' ""'1/ I 11K

.

"tI

"11''' cs r

). mr "/I'''

t l.:.

pa per ,,,;uul1l.lhle and un,,;o Unf .lh le , - 1I.\ panicip le clau ses l-iJlK a nd -ed ~ l,1U ""' ~ ' /'oS . 9pa~~i\' e

42- "-\ pih, i\ l' and active "2 .\ b.l· afn-r ehe pa\\i\(' 411\ vimple ten .....\ "1C u» be ,fw le /"','.1I1.. d etc. lln h n ili\ e ' 4J.\ - B pcrfecr u n'>C'i .. 3C cont muouc le n ~ " 30 heeng Id" 1/l'! 8 l<e/ 44D It 1$ $./i,I I".11 4 5.-\ pa\l t 'lot"( al ....) pa~1 conn nco us. pa \ 1 perfect dnd pa\1 'imple ' p.m a fter r".InJ 'l'Is/,· J S- -\tl pail Jft... r rd rJtl,'e' 59D pa~1 dll (', It SI" " .. 3 5C p.l\r .lftc, .15 ," I HlD p,C">C'nl .lnJ r.l-.t I ...nln

.\rrrnJl\. 1

pa \ 1 r;onlinuou , II 1<'.11 dur'/g ' to P.l\t c.. minu.. u~ .InJ r.l\1 .imrle

6C-0 p.l\1 comin uou\ Jnd IISt'J 10

pa\t

C{lI1tll1U(lU~

ra "l\'e " ;D

J:)E

pa ct perfect l ~i m plC' l lI lI,l
I.;;

p,l,t rc:rfnl and prewnr I',e.'r in.l

1.'iR p.N rc:rfC',:t .m el p.l~e \ implC' 15C p.l'f J'C'riC', :, .lll( r II 40 p.! ~' perfect p.!\ , i' ( H C pa " pain l con einuou \ I I 1/.1,1 1>#;'1'11 dfJillRI 16 pa\l ,implC' II ,1,,1, 5 p.!\1 \im pl( J nel pJ '>l' contmuous

i>C-O p.!\1 \im p!.: .and pr('\('f11 perfect 12-1 4 p.! ~1 \ Im p\(' .anel Pol \{ pttfn:t 15C p.!\1 \ im pk p.!"i'( 42C P;l ~

p,;~' p,;~'

in pa\..i\C' '>C'nfC'no:n 44 .\ uo",t f.. ..J.\·, for somttlm lg

IU8

6bD prepositions in relarive cla uses 9JC.96 A ;1//01 aft er 3 superlative I OXE lik t a nd olS 117 f"r and d llril1g 119 11" 120, 128 b,· a nd ""til 1208 olt/em lm llimc:l 111-122 Oil tmlt a nd ill ","e 121 A .Jt th t 1'11,1 and m t l1t' end 1228 ,;tloll /", lptrsi lio ni 123- 125 tololtl",lm to 126 ml,;tkm tor ber u\C"S 1 11 7

b,· c,;rlb,.bllSt1c.1 2S B

p.Jy lvcli: 14K pcopk 79 0 pC'riC'C1 ~ prN:n' pC'ri«t. pa\l

p«t",

perfect infinili, ( 110 ".JI 't J OIItI 4 J8 11'<'\ \ i' C'I. 54 8. 5SC persuade 1+ tu ... I H 8 pho ne em the pl"mt 1270 phu llt s< ""c>lI<"'~' lOU J'4'"C'ptl\iti" n 1

1328 ph•."'t N CIi: I·H C phOlop- aph '" ,; pl.'l,togrJpl, 124.\ J plmt"gr,;pl.' of sm " rcm .. 12': 1 8 pheacal verb, ,I/' '',11i: dm.." I grt f ill

13':"-1 4.' int ro d ncnon 1<> phra 1\ ( rb<. 13; phr'h.ll \C'r'" + prepe ilion I"'" ,111',,~' frum ...1.:. 1 13- 8 pt )\i rio n o t objec t It" ", tbe light ( K .I

.m l llf m it""l'r':. I I] -C + il/I",,' I Jil-I .19 ert> + , ml"1'- 140- 14 1

verb I

prepoviticns 12 1- 136 fo, an d smce 12A in q ues tions 49 C prept ...inon s + -/IIg 60. t>t> I'e:r'" + pre positjonc • -mg 61.

erb + " pld"" ,,, 141- 14-1 l ert> + ,m·,n-!/},/(/.: 1-15 pia... 1+ to . ..·1 5-1 .-\. 56 .-\ plca \eel plr,lse,f + to ... 6SC pl.',m:,f /l'lIh !J08 plcnTY1" 1 I S-B plural ,md \i n~u l.J. r 6 9, i l . 7 '::1 th')·III..e'm ltlll'lr U\.l"el for sml/eb.. .IyhlOl..>d.l· t're. H5 E-:. 86 D, 'I(lC ~pd l llll( ot plura l nUU n\ .J" pJ'C'nJ i\ 6 poin l Il.'rre s ,/II 1""'" ill + ·illg 6.\A p""" ,sCJm e" lIillg l oll IJ 2C 1",illl .",t I J 9C poIi(:C ' plural! - 9 C pulile: I

pu/ltr o f SfJ/tI rolll' IcJ do so m l"th m g 11>(" 1",1Ih' tu s<,m t o ll t IJOA

po!o lpone: , . -"'gl 53. 5 6 A prc:fc:r :'9 II MII.t p,..itr jjA, .l 8 8 - C . 59 8 p rt ,-'" '''''1' tl" rlg ! {ol""tllrr} :'9:\. 60C, 136D

'f)

noun + preposition 129 aeljc:cri'n . preposinon 130-] 1 " e:r ~ + pr eposstjon 131-136 phr.a"-l\ verb « prepocinon 1378 prN:nt ~ present co ntin uou s, present \imple:, present pC'ri«t r r('\('f1t tt"1lloon io r the fUfUre: 19, .-\J'PC'"nd i'l .1 prese nr and J'.l\l tenses .-\p pc:nJ i\ 1 prnnll con linuou\ tI ';111 doillg l I pre-em connneoes a OO present sim ple: 3-4 ';lII/u J,;rr I>("w g 4 ( pre-er n con rineous for rhe future 19. 20 8 • .-\ppc:nJ ix ] present connnuous passive 4 ]0 pr esent po;:rf«t lsimp lC'1 ( 1 I1oll 'l' d'>fIr l 7-8 pre-e m perfecr with this "" m llng. t"J" ,. e re. H8, 14 8 presen t perfect sim ple a nel con tm uous

10- 11

pr C\I.'nf perfec t w ith Im ll' I" ng. fur .\lId nnce 1 1-1 1 pr e\ent pt:rtl'.:t an d r'I ~ 1 sim pl... 11-1 4 rr(\(' nt pt°rfC'\.·t a nd ra ~f pt"ri l'l;f 15 B r r........n! pt:rtl-':I aller II'h /' 1I 1 .,B r re:\ent pcrtl'.:t pa\\i s'( 4J C r rf"
IOXF .-\rt1l"rKa n English Appc:-nelix 7 prC\(nl pcr fC'C1 l;Onl inuo u \ tI h ,)I "I'

I>("ell duil/g ) 9- 10 prt"'oC.'m pt"rfC'\.l .:ontin uou~ and prC'lo('n! eemti nuou\ 9C prnc:n! pt"rfl'<:t eemti n ullus;lOO \i mple: 10 -1 1 ['I"t"'>('m pC'rfC'\.l con t in uoo\.1OO pa~t pt"rfn."t comi nuou\ 16C pr nnl l \ im ple: II d o l pr('\('f1f simpk aOO prnent \"Onlinuuu\ 3- 4 prnc-nt simple: for t nc fut ure: 19 B r rnc:nt \i mple: allC'T wllell ancl il 1 5• .-\ppc:-ndix 3 prC'\t"TII simpk p.1s\i se: 42C

pret...nd t » til ... 1 54 8 prett y (p ,elty gl l prison (pr;m" 1 tht prison ) 7 4 B. 125A probably

proJIolM,· + " ·/11 228 position of pmiMbf)· 110 progrew (uJK:o unl .J. bk nou n) 70 8 progr essive tenses see co ntin uo us promi\C' promi~ ( + " '1 111" '011/.11 ]6B pmmi~ + t o '" 5 4 A. 56 A pemect (fromJ.Jg.Ji'u tl I ]5C proud loll 13 I A provide (U'flhl 136C pro" idc:dlprovidi n~ 1158

".""'" to .. . for purpe~

64

.m purpc lSt 127D

pu' put Ollt 1] 9 A

p ,,' off H R. 140. 14 1C p"I OII 140 p UI uplJo,, '" 142 A Pll t up u'lth 1440

plll .Ju vy 1458 q untion \ 4 9-50 pr('\('f1f \im pk qunrions 2C , 49 8 pa st sim ple: quesrions 5C, 498 negative q ues nons 4'::1D embedded q uC"\r inn s (Do y"" kllllll' /I·holt ... /) 50 A

reported quesnons 508 q uestion ug\ 51 q uite 104 rathe r II'rmld ,olth e, 5 '::1C

1',/ rather )~)Ie did somethi" g 5 '::1 D rather cold 1 r
recommend r u wl/llle'lId + 5hlmM 3 4 A-B " '<"eJm",,.,,,{ + til ... anel ·i" g .H e rd lc xivc pro no un \ (II/)'sl'lf, )~ m rsdf ('(c ) I'll /I)' m,·s,.{f/,~m,s"'f cee. Inc rcfu\C' (+ til ... 1 54 A,56 A

rc:gr...1 (+ ·ill/o1 an d III ... ) 53 1>, 5 68 rc:gular a nd irrc:gular \'cr~ Ap pt'nJ i:l: I rd alio n\ hi p ( ,..I1111I1/'t U'I'I'II) 11'::1E rd al ivc da u\ cs 9 2-96 relat ive: dau\C'S as obin;1 9 3 preprn.itio n\ in rd a tlve: c:Ia uM"\

93C Ir pc::'!i uf rd ali \'C" da u'io(' 95 re:tu ivC' prono uns 91-96 wi", 91-96 lI"lJid1 '::12-'::13,95-96 IW O

tbolt 92-'::14 tl1.1t a nJ u4Mt 92 C

1I'1" ,St' 'H A.958 whom 94 B., 95 R., 96A-8 Il'h,.,t 94C,95B of 114""" 1 of u-bich 968 rd}' jail I 135 D

remembe r u m...mb...r + 10 ••• and .in.': 56 8 rem t"" b..., Imu1wh
remind

u mi".'

+ 10 •• •

558

rt'mi"d nf M!>" " 1 I 34C

reported speech 4 7-4 8 reported qUO:-Slions .lOB respons jble lfo r) 131 C rise (i,,) 11 9C risk 1+ .illg) H.56 A roo m lco um a hl( or unco untable no un) 70A

's laf'O\uop h( ,' 81 ,83A, Apprond ill 5.1 u id (i t is $o1id thJtl 45A u m( (l IJt"$o1Itlt".l'j I 73C. 10 7C ul i~ficd

$o1tis{il'd and $o1tisf)'i"K 98 $o1tis{it"
u,

$01)'

and ull 4 !1C

wy

(+ t o •••J 4l1D

scared 10fJ 13 1A SC-Cf'(' ry IUIXnu nu hk nllu nl 70 B sc-hool lu lmllf I tl,l' j('/'oo/) i 4:\ sea 1U'.l' I thl' k'.l') 740 S('arch Ifo rl B 3C see wit h lilt" pr("',C'nt simple o r C.l'II 40 see w mro>ll' doldoUlK 67 juoff 140C

seem to ... 548 jum + adject ive 9'JC ·'>C1f lm)'sdflytm rsd f etc. l 8! .83e series 798 shall a nd will 220 sl",lI llit ,t"? I I n I.ds ... • sh
sl1(J<·k ,1 end sho( ki/lg '18 IJOC

slme k d ,l l l by

shun (ofJ 131 B shun fonns (1'' ''. W"f"t\ didn't l·I<:.1 Appendix 5 . sho uld 3.1-.14 j /m ' l ld an d lI
slm 'lld and other mod al n' rhs Append ix 4 ShOUT (II' in p,H sin' SC/ll('rlI.·<'S 44A sIm I<' SO",rollt' Iml<'!lI'h
54D uff 141C ShOU' llp 14J E similar (to l UI C simple: pau '"' pau simple: s~ m pk prC"(nl sc:c: pr~1 simple: smce: wilh prnnll rc:rfn., 8A. 98, I I- I! j inct" ollld for I!A hou' 10llK ;s II si"u ... t 12C si"u (:0: hn:a u'iCl 1168 j hull'

378

sing ular an d plu ral b9. - I, i 'J thn l ,h e",!lht'ir u\.l"d for $(~m cboJ ,·/I/lJm,h ... tc. g5 E, 86 D. 90 (; . sli lth tl ~· 4+ compa ra uvet 106A

smdl with Ih(' present

~; m pl('

surprised slIrp ris..,1 + tv ... b5C slI rp . i$j'J and Sll rp rlsmg 9S m rpriuJ .l l l/t~- 1JOC \ U\PCCl IOr' 1 t>!B. 135,\ ~ u spicinu \ lOr'1 I J 1.\

a nd can

4D

1.lItS

smell w m ...,IIi".': /1",,,,lill.': 6i D smdl + ad jectiv e 99C so so amlc so do l cxc, SI C 1 t l1/llk so, Ilm Pt" so et c. 5I 0 W IpurJ"OSCl 64D so and SlIC/, 10! so + oId ja.,i\'(' + t l' olt 1O! 8

m.n

so 101/g oJS t1 58

tJ It" 5!

tolkt" $(1/1/..bodv /II 1388 t.lkt" 01" 140 . t.llu J OWl/ 141.\ tolk t" III' 143

talk t.l l k to SO ",n 1fJ.l\- 132.\ ulk oJ/.. u JlII(';lm rg 62 .J". 13.t J"

",t

1.I\Ie:

solution Ito l 1290 SOfTK' 69(. 7 1, as SOIIIt" with \,-ounl.lhk nou ns -I SOIIIt" and oJlI\' 85

so",dJOti}l~"'l'O'It'lwmt"//,j1/.':1 $OI"nj .Jlert" son,t' /o fl gg

1~UC">tIl '"

U!.. ('

ss

wit h tilt" pro:-srn l sim pk or ".11/ 4 D tastr + adject ive 9 9(:

luch It"oJclJ in p.Jssi\ t" ..nII('f'I(<'S 44 '\ tt'.Jell u m,n xlcl\- I.'OIl· to .II) s"'" t"th mg 5-iO

' ,Jd .. + 10 ••• 558 telephone see phoe e 1e:1I

soon loJs SOOll oJs l ! 5A- 8 W~

w;n ' + to ... 65C wr~' to do and w rn' /".lolh<Jll l

It'll in p.l\Si\ (' ..nII('f'I(~ 44 .\ uif and Sol)" .f IlC

wrn' oll"!(}" tl(or 1300

10'11 U J"'t'f",t" 10 480. H B

d~"g 66C

,rel'sorry: (or

.

1300

adtt't., i"t 9'JC sUl",d olS I( I l g \ pact l spolu an d s ~p.lU I 738 spea k Ito) I3!A \peci<'S "7'JB \ pelling Appendix 6 spe nd Ispl'lI,1 riml'!lIIrlllr}'1 6J C. 1.)6F. . spire 1m spite O{I I I j sea rt Ist,l rt + to . . . or - /IIg l -,; f,C \lal (' verbs 11Ike, ki wI/', bl'l,,"~ erc.t 4,-1... bF.. 1Oe. 16[, I -A slill I I I Mill and vet I I 1C SOlln d +

-,U c.

stupid lstllpid ,,{ s" meWlj' ,,, .I" so",,,," lillgl 65 B. 130 .\ suhjuneti\'l" H B .\ m...r;.:an English .\ pptndi" succc:ed l i ll + -il/gl 61 .\ . 660. 136.\ such s" d, and so IO! SIIC/' .1, 11- 8 suff..... 1("'''' . 135C s u ~ ('S t

SIl~St + ~//(J"I.I

34A- 8,558

Sll ggt",t + -IIIK B . 54A. 56A supcrlati\(' I/w ,gr st!/ )f'st nc.1 108

suJ'PO'\'l" tl su ~

SlfppU~ soh,on j I 0 IHt' is SIlP/'( 1U'd to ... 1

458 SUf('

Sll rt" + to . .. 65E.. 848 mrt" OPoll ,ulf t

1J IB

um ,n lmrg

tt'll som n ." t' 11'1.' <11 10 J o 54 D

so und

stop sl"p + ·ill !! 53. 56,-1.. Sto p s,m ,...O>/I' I{",m l + ·ing 61 B.66D

, /0

Idl olf I'-I C temporal dOl u~ ud1e" dJusn l ! 5 tend l + ' " . .. l S'-B

than lOS. 10lhank 628. U ! B. I3j B IhJt

II''''

;.11.1 tb .'1 4-B in relanv e d ,IU'on ':l2-':l4 lht - ! --g the and ./1./11 - ! , - 3 A ,1.0" .<'.1. lilt' sk\' CK . - 38 tb l' " 11I, '111,/ , tlJ~ she.ure ere. - 3D Sd Jt H,l1 tilt s.-llo,,1 - .dnldren 1,11.. dlll.l reI' - 5 tbe + .Idjl'<.:t i\ ... It h(' )YI/ m g erc.t

-,.

tbe + n.ninn .llit\ word s Ithe Frenclr l · ((. 1 -foC t/.o e with ~('()~r.l rhic.l 1 namt~ til" I\; ,h \lr l.T(s. huildin~\ ('K. -8

tll(' ... II..,· ... Iwith ..o mp.u.u i\ l"S ' IIlbO tb(' + \ uptrl.llil l"lI h... o lJt', 1 (,IC. I

lOse lh('f(' I.lnd III 84

d-,'u s 'IU 1'<111/1 III •.. 6J .J" 111<" t' ' l"IlIl m m l !;Jm u lJ ('I... S4 B I I1<'rt" 1$ + -mg or -t". ' 'J-O Ih ('\1lhc:mlThcir lU..N h >f $(IIIIt'! .. !
IhinL. Ilhm k .Ind " ",II'lI/hl/1I: 48 1111il/ 1: so. I Jm, '1 tlm,k so _li D Ilm,l: o{ . ·mg -'i.-A. ...1.\. 66 0 II,,,,!: .11.." " JnJ tJ.·mk ,,{ I14 C Ihou gh I I3 E .l'$ though l iS l'I 'l''' t lH.>IIg lJ 1110 _ 1DE

th rea len . + 10 .. , 1 5·P., j6.-\ th ro w tlmsu- In /,ll JJ1D th row ,llI','y I.' - e. 145B rill \ee unti l time its the fIrsl tim" 1" '1' ... fI(

verbs + pre posinon 61, U 2- \] 6 phr;ls;]] verbs Il>re,l1, ,1m/'ll / 81·f "'I

crc. t Ir-1 -1j wail Ifilr l I D C ( + 10 ... ) .H A, 6f> \)

....a nt

warn

It's tim" ... 3 .\ (

II',/"r ~(}"'t'tllft' (/mll

coun table or uncountable noun

s"mclhl"g 55B u-urn someolle ol/,/IIOIII somc/hing

- 0.-\ timt.' an d 11IIIII1C 111.-\ tired Im ·.1 and tlrmg 98 011

tm'd o{ 13 IB to + intinitiv e infinitive

It "

I,,· , I "

U 4F was/w ere .'iD U',/S/U'/'Tt.' -ill8 (pasr co nt inuo us) uvuhrcre gWlIg /0

,/0 erc.t see

todo

to .!f>D an d were in if ....-nrcnccs 39C

U' ,IS!r I'l'f(' ,1/1/,· /I',I S

to 126 to + -I"g 6nc noun + to 1191)

w ast e (II',lsle t im e/III"' /I')', 0.1 rnlste o'- lime/money) 6.~( wea ther lllnCt>unlahll' eou n } 70 B

ad jective + 10 I JO.-\. 13 IC verb + to 13.!, U6D 100 and ('"w'gh 103 to p 1.11 tln'/op l 1.!4(

well 10 1:\ were rused with l/ht.'!s!Jelil ) .We.

tra nsla te If ro m/i ll t" 1 1 .~6B travel tuncoumable noun ! -O B trouble slnu-c Im,,/>/(' doi"g somcthm KI 63B tr y try + to ... o r -mg 5'7.-\ try fi li I 139 C trvon 140C
""t

139 film o il/oIl 13- e. 140,'\ fum up 14.!.-\, 143 E tum ,/01/'11 I....! two-word verbs 0;«" ph ra ~a l verbs typi cal tol l !J 18 tu",

uncoun tab le nouns 69--0 understa nd 1I1l11C'/wh,1t + to •. . 1

.'i4D univcrsirv (mlll 'l'rHt l' I

thc 1II~Il'l'rsIIY I - :"' B unless 115.-\ unril (o r fili i

IIl1lil + pres en r sim ple I pre....·nr

perfcci 15:\ -8 III/til and hy I.!OB up (verb + "P) l J" , 1-I.!- 1"'4 up set (,I/",,,n I 30 B usc (i/'s II" 11$1' + .ill!:1 6.1.-\

used /ISI'd 10 ,Ill IS (' t.'Il{l'tIf!i('d 10 6 1

I ,"" " sed to d"ill!: and I uscd /0 do IlIF, 6 1D usually {posinon o t /lS1I.llI y l I It) verb s sec also pre'>C nt, polsr, fllmre, pa\~ i \' c ctc. w rlls not uscd in continuum rl'ose s 4A,6E, IDe. If>E, 17A liST of irregular mh~ Appendi x 1.4 pn.-scnr 'lIId I'.ISI I,'n",', Appl'nJix .! "l'rhs + ·ing ,mJ 'crt-· • : (inriniril l'! ,.-, ..

(>

201>

n an

w h at /1'11,11 in qUl.'srions II'h,l/ '-or? 6 4(

-1 9

W'Jl,lt ! (e:t.: c1am;lI io ns ) iIA-B /l'h, lt .IllJ /",rt jre[;ui ,'c o;buses) 9.!C. 9,m /l'I1
%C wh en

scben + present simpll.' { present pcri.....r 15 w"ell ,mJ /f 15D, "SD 11'11"11 + -ing 6 8B ('/ '1'>1 II'!J('J/

1I'''t.'1I .md

111D 16

,IS ]

where lin relative cbuscs l 94 C. 95B whether .'in which II'lIlc" in question s 49 wl!ich in relative clauses 92-93,

95-96 ,ll/I", ,,,I'!SW1/(' of whicll 96B

while rdllle + presen t simple I present per fect .!5A

w/'ill' + · i l/ I{ 6il i~ rdllle and dll rin g 1198 who who in ques tion s 49 rdm in relative clauses 91-96 rdm and /f·hos(' in relative clauses 94:\ rdm and whom in relative d ,lus(' s

".

whole 900-E w/ tl,,;, w(,olc 1171> whom ;n qu",tions 49 C in relaliv c dauses 94 1\, 96A- R " lIJmll/t'!some of lI'llO'" 96 1~ whose lin rd,uiw d,w,,'s) '\I4A, 95 (\ wh y /l'1,y im 'flclitill 'f 1' ·K. 1.. , : 491) wh y in rl.'btil'l.' d ,HN " 'l4 t:

" ill : I-~~ ll'lll y,m: .! I C-D, J7A 11'/1/ and ;1.',/11 ll D,HD 11'/1/ and goi llg /0 23 will /1•• ,f oillg (futu re connnuous! 14 willIM/ ·!.' dane (future perfect ) 14 "'IN in if end wh t.'11 sentences 15, II S( will and U'f>llid J6 R, Appe ndix 4 will in the passive 4J A 0",,'/ ... , lI·ill \'till ? 52 D wil/ and other fueure forms ApPI.'ndlx 3 will and other modal verbs Appendix 4 w ish 4 1 11f'lsh I klll'II' ere. .19, 4 1 1 wish /,.1kml/l '/f etc. 40 C, 4\ /l'i s/, and Impt' 4 1A wish ... /1 '1111/.1 41 D with nou n + w ith 11 9E adjective + u-ith BOB- C, IJ 1C verb + sc -itls 1J6C without 1+ ·ill g) 60B wo m (= ,, ·/ll lIoll 2 1- 21 wo rd o rder "0.1",' s" ml'lJ,illg ,IfillI' 46 question s 49 ncganvc questions 49D embedd ed q uestions Hso you k llOIl' /I'/MI ... ?) 50A reponed questions SOB o rde r of adje cnves 99 verb and objec t rngcrhc r 109A place and nmc I0 9R position of adve rb s wit h the verb (" Iso, "I"',I\'s ere.I 110 word order wirh phrasal verbs I/llm Oil the lighl, 111 m it Oil erc.j

\J7( work uncounrnble noun 70 B,74C 11 'Ilrk oul 1398 worried (,ibmrt) U OB wo rse lOse WOt SI

rose

won h (il s U'lITIIJ + .i ngl 63A wou ld 36 l('Iwld and will 36B WOllld )'O ll ... ? 37A rmllld )" liI /ike? I'd lib, 37 E ll'lllrid in If sentences 38-40 lI'i511 ... ll'lwld 4 1D 1('11/11,1 /lk d /rll'elllilld Jm:fa + to ...

55 A, 5 8B-C 5SB, 59 8 ll'lllrid rather 59C-D ll',,,,/d an d othe r rno,bl verbs Appeu dix 4 wri te /I·rift.' 1/1 JJ 1A wr ite dow" 1411> rmllld />rc(cr

yet \'<'/

)'C I

and iHi/l I l i e present perfect 7C

+