English for Beginners: Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку

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Федеральное агентство по образованию

ENGLISH FOR BEGINNERS

Учебно-методическое пособие для вузов Составители: О.М. Золина С.В. Колтакова М.С. Хаханова

Воронеж 2007

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Утверждено научно-методическим советом факультета РГФ 6 февраля 2007 г., протокол №2

Рецензент д.ф.н., проф. М.А. Стернина

Учебно-методическое пособие подготовлено на кафедре английского языка в профессиональной международной деятельности факультета РГФ Воронежского государственного университета. Рекомендовано для студентов 1-го курса факультета международных отношений, обучающихся по специальности – Международные отношения 030701 (350200), изучающих английский язык как второй иностранный.

Для специальности 030701 (350200) – Международные отношения

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Lesson 1 English alphabet Letter

Sound

Letter

Sound

Aa

[eΙ]

Nn

[en]

Bb

[bi:]

Oo

[əʊ]

Cc

[si:]

Pp

[pi:]

Dd

[di:]

Qq

[kju:]

Ee

[i:]

Rr

Ff

[ef]

[ɑ:]

Ss

[es]

Tt

[ti:]

Gg

[ʤi:]

Hh

[eɪt∫]

Uu

[ju:]

Ii

[aΙ]

Vv

[vi:]

Jj

[ʤeΙ]

Ww

[´dΛblju:]

Xx

[eks]

Kk

[keΙ]

Yy

[waΙ]

Ll

[el]

Zz

[zed]

Mm

[em]

1. Listen to the letters of the alphabet. Practise saying them. [eΙ]

a h

[i:]

b c d e g

p t v

[e]

f

l m n s

x z

[aΙ]

i

y

[əʊ]

o

[u:]

q

[ɑ:]

r

j k

u w

2. Practise saying these abbreviations: BBC, USSR, IQ, WC, KGB, CNN, UFO, CBI, CIA, EU, PhD, VSU, TV, SMS, MMS, DJ, ID, PR, GPRS, SOS.

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3. Find the abbreviations in this chart. For example: USA. U

M

T

V

O

S

D

V

D

K

A

P

V

I

P

C

C

W

C

I

D

F

B

I

Q

4. Spell the names of the famous people: Mel Gibson, George Bush, Hugh Grant, Tina Turner, Naomi Campbell, Madonna, Louis Armstrong, Tom Cruise. 5. Unscramble the names: leneH, kMra, vaDid, artiMn, niontoA, andAlraex, danLi. 6. Read and listen to the conversation: A How do you spell your first name? B J – A – M – E – S. A How do you spell your surname? B H – A - double R – I – S – O – N. A James Harrison. B That’s right. In pairs, ask and answer the same questions. 7. Work in pairs. Student 1 dictates the words, Student 2 writes them down. Student A Student B William Shakespeare Elizabeth II Tony Blair Charles Dickens Margaret Thatcher Oscar Wild Winston Churchill Jerome K. Jerome Horatio Nelson Lewis Carroll 8. Read and learn: Two and four and six and eight. What’s your name? My name is Kate. One, three, seven, nine and ten. Please, what is your name, again?

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Lesson 2 Sounds: [i:], [e], [æ], [eI], [m], [p], [b], [f], [v], [t], [d], [n], [l], [h]. Letters: e, a, b, d, f, l, m, n, p, t, v, h. Practise saying: B, b → [b]: bin, Bob, bill, bet, bed, bid, mob, sob, rob, snob, bell, belt, lob, Ben. P, p → [p]: Pit, pet, pop, pin, pip, mop, pen, pin, pick, dip, lop, pit, Pete, pond. N, n → [n]: Nick, not, net, non, nest, tent, nip, nickel, nipple, sin, pin, tin, vent. L, l → [l]: lip, leap, peel, lick, till, kill, still, let, live, little, ill, tell, bead, lit. D, d → [d]: din, don, vend, dent, desk, dot, doc, kid, dip, did, Ted, Dom, pod. T, t → [t]: ten, tin, net, Kent, sent, bent, vent, let, tip, sit, set, tepid, tend. V, v → [v]: vet, vend, vent, vim, vex, visit, velvet, vest, vessel, visa, vis-a-vie. F, f → [f]: fin, fob, fit, fill, sniff, fox, self, frisk, fix, fest, flop, flip, flip-flop. H, h → [h]: hill, hell, hello, hid, hi-fi, hem, hilt, helm, helmet, Holland. [v-f] [d-t] [b-p] vend-fend den-ten bin-pin vest-fest din-tin Ben-pen eve [i:v]-if bend-bent mop-mob live [laIv]-life [laIf] vend-vent nip - nib send-sent dib-dip leave [li:v]-leaf [li:f] E, e [i:] [e] [i:] pet [pet] me [mi:] ten [ten] be [bi:] men [men] Pete [pi:t] bet [bet] eve [i:v] ‘ee’→ [i:]:feet, meet, peel, feel, leek, teen, fee, deed, free, fee, Lee, beef. ‘ea’→ [i:]: bean, veal, seal, leak, meal, dean, bead, flea. But! bread [e], head [e]. ‘ie’+ consonant → [i:]: niece, piece, field, mien. But! friend [frend]. [i: - e] peek – peck teen – ten meet – met seed –send leek - let veal – vet feed - fed beet - bet 1. Practise [i:] - [e]: leek, net, me, set, test, be, tea, deep, beet, tent, meet, mead, feet, peel, meal, pet, met, eat, beat, been, feed, veal, men, leaf, leave, vet, bet, men, ten, beef, vent, sent tempt, let, fee, beetle, step, feed, set, mead, beef, peel, bean, bet, pen, leek, meat, vet, send, beat, bend, deed, Pete, Crete, Kent. 2. Read the following: Drink ten teas. I see ten trees. Eat veal and beef. I see ten leaves. I eat peas and beans. I see you and Tim. The lesson begins in ten minutes. Eve is Pete’s niece. Ten men set out to climb Ben Nevis.

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3. Dialogue: - What do you like eating, Eve? - Bread and cheese, beans and peas. - Do you like meat? - Yes, I like beef and veal. - What is your favourite drink? - Tea with milk. Ask your partner what he /she likes eating. 4. Read and learn : A bee and a beetle beat a beefeater. A bee and a beetle are busy eating beef and drinking beer. Be as busy as a bee. See new places, meet new faces. A friend in need is a friend indeed. All’s well that ends well. A, a [eΙ ] [æ] [eI ] pane [peIn] man [mæn] tale [teIl] bad [bæd] name [neIm] map [mæp] mate [meIt] pan [pæn] 5. Practise saying: pan, mane, lame, pane, sat, mate, sad, name, mat, tap, tale, ten–tan, men–man, pen–pan, bend–band, send–sand, met–mat, pet–pat. Tell Ben my name. My name’s Ann. Send Ben my map, please. Send Bess my map and my plan, please. That sad man has red hat and black slacks. 6. Dialogue: - Have you got a pet? - Yes, I have a cat. His name is Patrick. - Not a bad name for a cat. My friend Sam has a rat. It’s black and fat. - I hate rats. They are bad pets. 7. Have you got a pet? Tell what his/her name is and how you feed it. • meat (beef, veal, chicken) • beans I feed my pet on • peas • bread • cheese • tea What’s your pet’s favourite dish? 8. Read and learn: A black cat sat on a mat and ate a fat rat. Manners make the man. That man sat on my hat in a tram. He is a bad man, that man, that’s a fact. I am glad I had my bag in my hand Or he might have sat on that.

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Lesson 3 Sounds: [aI], [I] [s], [k], [t∫]. Letters: c , i . Read: li:t lIt bi:t hi:d si:t li:d bi:t

b Id h Id s It lId bIt

let bed hed set led bet

læt bæd hæd sæt læd bæt

I, i [aI] [I] tin [tIn] fin [fIn] sin [sIn] bin [bIn]

[aI] like [laIk] fine [faIn] five [faIv] Nike [naIk] But! live 1) [lIv] 2) [laIv]

‘ai ’ → [eI]: pain, main, vain, stain, mail, maid, tail, fail. ‘ay’→ [eI]: May, day, gay, say, lay, way. ‘ind’→ [aInd]: kind, mind, find, bind, grind. ‘ild’→ [aIld]: mild, wild, child ‘igh’ → [aI]: high, night, bright, light, right, sight. 1. Practise saying: like, pistol, dislike, bind, pit, night, maid, line, fatal, pine, pipe, tie, pin, Mike, bad, main, lip, mail, mane, man, file, fill, lap, pale, kind, light, mild, tan, pie, tame, take, fail, sin, sane, pill, sand, sip, child, pit-a-pat, die, lie, tan, right, lime, pain, tail, made, dine, cap, taste, din, Anne, afraid, life, bag, kite, apple, hide, ride, tale, sail, Nike, Nile (the). C, c [si:] c + e, i, y → [s] c + other letters → [k] place [plaIs] cat [kæt] clean [kli:n] cite [saIt] icy ['aIsI] doc [dɒk] face [faIs] cycle [saIkl] cycle [saIkl] 2. Practise saying: cake, cent, crime, cave, cat, 'centre, cent, pence, 'pencil, case, can, can’t, cod, icy, cot, 'accent, cop, 'civil, place, cafe, accident, cede, cell, 'central, 'coffee, fence, 'Celsius, Cinderella, 'Canada, 'Scotland, Mace'donia. ‘ck’ → [k]: kick, black, cock, lick, sick, clock, 'cockpit, black, pick, Patrick. ‘ch’, ‘tch’ → [t∫] chop, cheap, match, catch, cheese, chat, chain, check, cheek. 3. Transcribe the words: black, crisis, crisp, chimpanzee, match, cent, sack, chat, cat, cheap, cell, cap, chick, van, child, bad, cheese, catch, nice, Chinese. 4. Write the words: [baIk], [kaInd], [haI], [pIk], [t∫i:p], [mæt∫], [t∫i:z], [naIs].

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5. Use the words to complete the table: beef, veal, like, ten, bike, bed, sight, site, mile, peal, men, tin, five, pen, tea, Nile, see, meet, pet, be, mill, net, pill, tell, bean, tea, till, ban, pin, pat, mine, mild, pick, bit, bill, black, step, bad, pike, vet, beef, nine, men, pan, peel, cat, lick, leap, bright, child. [æ] [I] [i:] [e] [aI] 6. Practise saying: æ- e I - i: I -e aI - I e I- aI pane – pine tan – ten pill – peel pin – pen like – lick late – line vat – vet sill – seal tin – ten spy – spin pain – pie man – men lip – leap lit – let sky – skin tame – time pan – pen bit – beat till – tell lime –limp lame – lime bad – bed tin - teen bit – bet fine – fin 7. Read the following: Tim lives in a city. It is a big busy city. I like ice-cream. Little Nick likes eating ice-cream. It’s nine o’clock in the evening. It’s time to go to bed. Little Tommy likes apple-pies and self-made cakes. He likes eating them. His mum gives him a piece of apple-pie every day. Little Mike likes looking at bright lights. Mike’s niece is nice. 8. Dialogue: Bill: Is Tim in? Liz: Is he coming to the pictures? ÿÿ Mrs. Smith: Tim’s ill. ÿÿ Bill: Here he is! Hello, Tim. Tim: Hello, Bill. Liz: Are you ill, Tim? Tim: Is it an interesting film? Liz: It’s “Big Jim and the Indians”. Bill: And it begins in ten minutes. Mrs. Smith: If you are ill, Tim….. Tim: Quick! Or we’ll miss the beginning of the film! 9. Underline the word with a different sound: Nike kind tin line late sad fake day cake coffee can centre film slip mild milt 10. Read and learn: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Can you can a can as a canner can can a can? I like my tie and my pipe. Never mind. It slipped my mind. Mind your manners. As pretty as a picture. Big fish eat little fish. Eat to live not live to eat. Time will tell.

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Lesson 4 Sounds: [g], [ʤ ], [aI], [I], [j], [ŋ] Letters: G g, Y y, J j, ‘dge’, ‘ing’. Read the words in phonetics: [g] [get] [eg] [bæg] [grIn] [gri:n]

[j] [jet] [jes] [jel] [jelp]

[ʤi:] [ʤi:nz] [ʤǽk] [ʤaIv] [eʤ]

['jeləʊ]

[t∫] [mæt∫] [t∫i:z] [t∫i:ks] [kæt∫] [fet∫]

Gg [ʤi:] g + e, i, y → [ʤ] gem[ʤem] gin[ʤIn] gel [ʤel] gene [ʤi:n]

g + other letters→ [g ] gas [gæz] bag [bæg] glad [glæd] egg [eg]

But! give [gIv], get [get], girl [gɜ:l], gift [gIft], giggle [gIgl] etc. ‘gu’ + vowel → [g]: guess, guest, guild, guile, guilt, guinea-pig, disguise. 1. Practise saying: grace, grant, gem, glide, gin, guest, gimp, gain, gap, a'gain, guilt, gene, ge'netic, guile, gape, 'garage, 'gender, game, slag, gale, 'savage, 'colleague, 'genius, glade, gland, glad, guess, Greece, Ge'neva, 'Belgium. Jj [ʤeΙ]→ [ʤ]: Jack, jam, jet, joy, jazz, jeans, job, jail, joke, Jamaica, Ja'pan. ‘dge’ → [ʤ]: edge, bridge, budget, badge, budge, budgie, wedge. ‘ing’ → [ŋ]: speaking, skating, skiing, playing, ding, sing, ting, wing, king. 2. Read and compare: [ʤ ] gin jeep Jerry age Jane Jilly

-

[t∫] chin cheap cherry H chain chilly

[k] - [g] kop - glop coat – goat catch – get cane – gain can – gang kilt - guilt

3. Read the phrases: a cheap jeep; teach Japa'nese at college; the edge of the bridge; orange juice; a village jail; a 'dangerous bridge; drink gin; George likes telling jokes; Jane enjoys feeding the budgies; Jack en'joys jam and jazz. 4. Read and learn: Be just before you are 'generous. Can you i'magine an i'maginary 'manager i'magining 'managing?

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Yy [waI] [I] [aI] [j] gym my yes cyst sky 'yellow lynch try yell hyp'notic type yelp But: dynasty [I]; pyramid [I]; syrup [I]; syringe [I]; Syria [I]; typical [I] etc. “Yy” in syllables that are not stressed → [I]: happy, easy, sadly, rainy, windy, Daddy, 'symmetry, nanny, ferry, Harry, day, 'agency, chilly, badly. 5. Practise saying: dye, dy'namic, 'dynamite, gym, 'typist, hy'ena, hyp'nosis, hyp'notic, lynch, 'mystical, my'self, 'nylon, rye, yet, sym'metrical, 'symbol, yep, 'symptom, 'system, 'syndicate, style, yell, yes, Bye-bye, yak, 'gypsy, chilly, by, dry, nanny, ferry, silly, gene, try, gin, gleam, gentle, type, Yalta, 'Yankee. 6. Read and learn: Why do you cry, Willie? Why do you cry? Why, Willie, why, Willie, why, Willie, why? Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. A windy day, a rainy day, a sunny day, a snowy day, a chilly day. 7. Ask your partner: What do you do on a windy/ rainy/snowy/chilly day? • watch TV ● invite friends and give a party ● cry • drink gin ● play chess • play computer games ● read plays • play in the rain 8. Dialogue: Myra: Hello, Mike! Mike: Hello, Myra. Hello, Violet! You look nice, Violet. Would you like some ice-cream, Violet? Violet: No, thanks, Mike. I’m busy typing. I have to type ninety-nine pages by Friday. Mike: Never mind. Would you like to come riding with me tonight, Violet? Violet: Not tonight, Mike. I’m going for a drive with Nigel. Mike: What about Friday? Violet: I’m going climbing with Miles. Mike: Hm! Oh, all right. Bye! Myra: Violet, he’s put something behind your typewriter. Violet: Is it something nice, Myra? Myra: No. It’s a spider. 9. Use the prompts in brackets to make up the dialogue: A: Do you like …….? (flying / driving / climbing / horse riding / bicycle riding ) B: Yes. It’s quite exciting. A: Would you like to come ………with me on Friday? B: Not Friday. Some other time.

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Lesson 5 Sounds: [s–z], [ks–gz], [ɒ], [əʊ], [ɔɪ]; [u:], [∫n], [ʒn]. Letters: s, x, z, o, ‘oo’, ‘oi’, ‘oy’, ‘oa’, ‘tion’, ‘sion’. Read the words in phonetics: [sIn] [si:t] [set] [sænd] [bi:st]

[∫i:p] [∫Ip] [sæ∫] [dæ∫] [smæ∫]

[zi:l] [zIp] [zed] [ti:mz] ['i:zI]

[tekst] [nekst] [tæks] [I'gzæm] [I'gzækt]

Ss [s] sand, sea, seat, safe, save, nest, spell, rest, beast, feast, stress, press.

[z] tease, please, ease, peas, fees, means, teams, bags, rags, meals.

1. Practise saying [s–z]: peas, sat, sad, zeal, pens, zip, seeds, zero, maps, zinc, meals, prize, desks, hats, saint, zany, stands, zed, teams, dads, zebra, webs, fizz, plates, lamps, bags, dress, jeans, seal, Z, zap, Santa, 'Scotland, 'Zambia. 2. Read and compare: said - Z pence - pens sip - zip police - please piece - peas seal - zeal price - prize rice - rise Xx [ks] [gz] text, next, tax, fax, Max, X-ray, exotic, exact, exam, e'xample, mix, extra, ex'plain, 'Texas, Mexico. e'xaggerate, e'xamine. Sh → [∫]: shave, shake, shame, she, ship, sheep, flash, smash, 'Shakespeare. 3. Read and compare: sea - she sip - ship sack - shack 4. Read [Iz]: page - pages age - ages cage - cages

seats - sheets seep - sheep mass – mash dress - dresses press - presses stress - stresses

price - prices prize - prizes Alice - Alice’s

sell - shell sake - shake save - shave dash - dashes crash - crashes match - matches

...‘tion’→ [∫n]: action, motion, revolution, constitution, fraction, execution. ...‘sion→ [ʒn]: division, invasion, decision, provision, conclusion.

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...‘sure’→ [ʒə]: pleasure, measure, leisure, treasure, exposure. 5. Read and learn: She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. Action speak louder than words. Eat with pleasure, drink with measure. Oo [əʊ] [ɒ]

[əʊ]

pot

rose go shock home box 'nobody 6. Practise saying: so, smoke, smog, spoke, job, dock, office, cotton, shot, flock, hole, lorry, code, foxes, nobody, open, sorry, note, rob, robe, holiday, sorry, often, horrible, October, November, Ro'meo, Rome, 'Poland, 'Tokyo. ‘oi’,’oy’→ [ɔɪ]: oil, soil, choice, spoil, joint; toy, en'joy, em'ploy, boy, moist. ‘o’ +’ll’, ‘ld’, ‘st’→ [əʊ]: toll, roll, old, cold, bold, post, most. But! doll [ɒ]. ‘oa’ → [əʊ]: road, load, boat, coat, loaf, roast, toast, soap, moan, groan, loan. ‘ow’ →[əʊ]: low, sow, snow, n'arrow. [αʊ]: town, down, brown, gown, power. oo [υ] shook look book But! blood [Λ] flood [Λ] -But! good [gʊd ], wood [wʊd ], foot [fʊt ]

[u:] soon mood stool goose zoo

7. Practise saying: book, wood, wool, hook, noon, zoo, soot, took, cool, zoom, look, food, pool, rook, room, goose, loop, loose, loom, soon, shampoo, tattoo. 8. Use the words to complete the table: road, close, foot, roll, moist, coat, zoom, soap, oil, post, note, lot, stool, cold, dot, cotton, so, wool, box, coil, cod, boat, float, coin, Joan, spot, boy, soil, load, mood, look, pot, toast, taboo. [u:] [ɒ] [əʊ] [ɔɪ] [ʊ] 9. Practise saying: The stool is made of wood. It’s cold on the road. The boy enjoys the toy. It’s cool near the pool. The robe is made of cotton. Look up the cookery-book. The coat is in the boat. Take a loaf and make a toast. 10. Find the rhyming words: roll, sorry, bowl, low, town, hello, down, lorry.

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11. Repeat after your teacher: 1) A cook A good cook A good cook took A good cook took a book A good cook took a cookery-book A good cook took a good cookery- book A good cook took a good cookery-book to cook 2) Most cotton robes were sold to unknown old boatmen. 12. Dialogue: A: Oh what a shame! You broke the rose pot! B: It’s not my fault! The boss crashed the pot because he was angry. A: Who smoked in the office and spoilt the woolen sofa! B: Again it was the boss. A: Bad boy! 13. Read and learn: Lots and lots of clocks and watches have gone wrong. Oh, no! Don’t go home alone. Nobody knows how lonely the road is As you sow, so you will mow. A rolling stone gathers no moss. Honesty is the best policy. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Lesson 6 Sounds: [θ], [ð], [w], [h], [u:], [ʌ], [aʊ], [ju:], [ə]. Letters: ‘th’, ‘w’, ‘wh’, ‘u’, ‘ou’, ‘er’, ‘or’, ‘ew’. Read the words in phonetics: θi:m

fɪfθ

θɪk

sɪksθ tenθ welθ

θɪn θi:f

ðeɪ ðem ðeə

ðɪs ði:s ðæt

wɪð

ðəʊ

wʌn

ləʊ

f ʌn

snəʊ

ðʌs

braʊn

rʌn

gaʊn

‘th’ [θ]

[ð]

bath bathe moth mother breath breathe tenth within 1. Practise [θ]: tooth, teeth, toothpick, toothy, thanks, theme, thin, thick, thief, theft, third, thirsty, depth, tenth, faith. [ð]: the, then, that, this, thane, them, thy, they, these, those, with, these, though. 2. Practise saying numerals: fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth…. Ask your partner: What date is it today? For example: 12/3 the twelfth of March 25/2/2007 the twenty-fifth of February, two thousand and seven.

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Ask your partner: When is your birthday? ‘er’, ‘or’ → [ə] : to'gether, 'feather, 'leather, 'brother, 'father, 'mother, a'nother, 'rather, 'other, 'doctor, 'motor, 'teacher, 'worker, 'sailor, 'winter, 'summer. 3. Read and compare: [s] – [ð] [d] – [ð] [s] – [θ] [f] – [θ] bays – bathe Dan – than mouse - mouth free – three close – cloth day – they sick - thick fin – thin whiz – with doze – those sink - think Fred – thread breeze-breathe die – thy pass – path phone – throne 4. Dialogue: A Who is that woman? B Where? A Over there. B Do you mean that lady with a thick cat? A No, I mean the lady with a thick handbag. B Ah, this is Jack’s mother. A And where is his brother? B He got thirsty and went out. 5. Read and learn: This fish has a thick fin, that fish has a thin fin. Mother, father, sister, brother, hand in hand with one another. Like father, like son. Like mother, like daughter. Wealth is nothing without health. Birds of a feather flock together. ‘w’ → [w]: win, with, twelve, well, week, weak, wake, without, web, window. ‘qu’ → [kw]: quit, quite, 'quiet, quick, quiz, quote, quilt, Quaker, quack, queen. ‘qua’→ [kwɒ]: quality, quantity, quarrel, squash, quarry, 'quandary, squat. ‘wh’→ [w]: why, when, watch, wish. ‘wh’+ o → [h]: who, whose, whole. 6. Practise: who, wheat, wheeze, quick, wick, wide, whoop, whiskers, wheel, why, woke, squash, weave, web, queen, weep, wage, wood, witch, wish, Wales. U, u [ju:], [u:] [ʌ] due [dju:] bus [bʌs] use [ju:s] run [rʌn] mute [mju:t] rude [ru:d] fun [fʌn] ‘ew’→ [ju:]: few, pew, new, view, Sew, knew, chew [u:]. ‘o’ + m, n, v → [ʌ]: love, honey, money, company, wonderful, onion, London. ‘ou’ → [ʌ]: country, young, couple, enough [In'Λf ], cousin, tough [tʌf]. ‘ou’→ [aʊ]: house, mouse, out, sound, about, doubt [daut], without, pound. 7. Practise: un'til, funny, computer, just, about, lucky, under, use, rude,

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'summer, 'subject, hurry, some, proud, 'currency, uni'versity, u'nite, country, company, wi'thout, shut, few, come, must, chew, much, 'current, 'June, Ju'ly, 'Russia, 'Ulster, 'Utah, 'Cuba, 'Budapest. dress - undress usual – unusual well – unwell written – unwritten wanted - unwanted wise – unwise used - unused welcome - unwelcome true - untrue 8. Dialogue I Love You Russ: Honey, why are you so sad? (Janet says nothing) Russ: Honey, why are so unhappy? I don’t understand. Janet: You don’t love me, Russ! Russ: But, honey, I love you very much. Janet: That’s untrue. You love my cousin, Sunny. You think she is lovely and I’m ugly. Russ: Janet, just once last [la:st] month I took Sunny out for lunch. You mustn’t worry. I like your company much better than Sunny’s. Janet: Oh, shut up, Russ. Russ: But, honey, I think you are wonderful. You mustn’t … Janet: Oh, SHUT UP! 9. Work n pairs: Student 1: Let’s buy a cup. Student 2: Let’s buy a cup and some nuts. Student 3: Let’s buy a cup, some nuts and some honey….(a brush, a bus, a bun, some butter, one onion, a rubber duck, a monkey, a lovely butterfly). 10. a) Read the dialogue. Pay attention to the sound [u:]: A: Excuse me. B: Yes? A: Could you tell me where I can get some good shoes. B: Yes. There’s a very good shop next to the supermarket that sells good shoes. I’m going there too. b) Use the following prompts to act out similar dialogues: toothpaste, football boots, chewing gum, fruit juice, cookery book / supermarket, fruit shop, newspaper stand. 11. Underline the word with a different sound: hurry sunny tune fun thanks these third theme why wage wish whole thing link nothing sing come some home love few knew pew chew 12. Read and learn: As snug as a bug in a rug. Well begun is half done. Where there’s will, there’s a way. Out of sight, out of mind.

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Lesson 7 Sounds: [r]; [ɜ:]; [ɪə]; [aɪə], [jʊə]. Letters: ‘r’; ‘wr’; ‘rh’; ‘ir’; ‘er’; ‘ur’; ‘yr’. Read the words in phonetics: ru:m

fɜ:

hɪə

faɪə

'kjʊə

rʊk

bɜ:n

mɪə

waɪə

'pjʊə

rəʊp

tɜ:n

dɪə

spɪə

'djʊə

rəʊl

gɜ:l

pɪə

dɪ'zaɪə

ɪnd'jʊə

R, r → [r] rent, reed, read, re'fine, relo'cate, re'ject, repeat, repay, sorry, lorry hurry, current, carry, berry, merry, cherry, ferry, marry. ‘wr’ → [r] wrap, wreak, wreath, wreckage, wren, wrench, wrest, wrestle, wretch, wriggle, wring, wrinkle, wrist, writ, write, writhe, writing, wrong. ‘rh’→ [r] rhetorical, rhino, rhyme, rhythm, rhythmical, rhapsody, rhetoric, Rhine (the), Rhesus factor (Rh. factor), Rhodes. 1. Read and learn: Robert Rowley rolled around a roll-round. Where is a roll-round Robert Rowley rolled around? The rain is raining all around. ‘ir’; ‘er’; ‘ur’; ‘yr’ → [ɜ:]: skirt [skɜ:t], her [hɜ:], fur [fɜ:], myrtle [mɜ:tl]. ‘ir’+vowel→ [aɪə]: fire [faɪə], wire, hire, re'tire, ins'pire. ‘yr’ → [aɪə]: lyre [laɪə], tyre, tyrant ['taɪərənt] ‘er’+ vowel →[ɪə ]: here [hɪə], mere, severe [sɪ'vɪə]. ‘ur’+vowel → [jʊə]: cure [kjʊə], pure, endure [ɪn'djʊə]. ‘eer’ → [ɪə]: deer [dɪə], beer, peer, leer, veer, pio'neer, engi'neer. ‘ear’→ [ɪə]: dear [dɪə], hear, fear, near, ear. ‘ear’ + consonant → [ɜ:]: search [sɜ:t∫], pearl, earn, learn, re'search. But! heart [hα :t] But! bear [beə], pear, wear. ‘wor’ → [wɜ:]: word, work, world, worm, worse, worst, 'worship, worth. 2. Practise saying: skirt, lyre, shirt, search, fire, perch, per, bird, mire, myrtle, circle, circus, church, fear, mere, pure, tyre, swirl, bear, beer, pearl, work, curse, worm, ear, hear, veer, hire, cure, search, worse, 'merchant, 'mercy, deer, dear, girl, nurse, thirsty, world, pear, severe, Bert, Serbia, Luxemburg, Berlin, Turkey. 3. Write the words: [fɜ:st], [skɜ:t], [dɪə], [hɪə], [fɜ:], [hɜ:], [lɜ:n], [bɜ:d], [faɪə], [t∫ɜ:t∫], [wɜ:k], [bɪə], [wɜ:ld].

17

4. Study the table and then complete it: [i:] [e] [ɜ:] he hen her me men term … … …

[ɪə] here mere …

[aɪ] ice time …

[ɪ] lip six …

[ɜ:] bird girl …

[aɪə] fire hire …

[ju:] tune tube …

[ʌ] cup up …

[ɜ:] fur purse …

[jʊə] pure during …

5. Listen and repeat: Herbert er Sherman sir Turner early weren’t world colonel Thursday

worst thirsty dirty Burton

skirts shirts nurse Curse these nurses!

6. Dialogue The Worst Nurse Sir Herbert: Nurse! Colonel Burton: Nurse! I’m thirsty! Sir Herbert: Nurse! My head hurts! Colonel Burton: NURSE! Sir Herbert: Curse these nurses! Colonel Burton: Nurse Sherman always wears such dirty shirts! Sir Herbert: And such short skirts! Colonel Burton: She never arrives at work early! Sir Herbert: She and ... er ... Nurse Turner weren’t at work on Thursday, were they? Colonel Burton: No, they weren’t. Sir Herbert: Nurse Sherman is the worst nurse in the ward, isn’t she? Sir Herbert: No, she isn’t. She is the worst nurse in the world! 7. Read and learn: A little girl with a pretty curl. Bert flirts with all the girls. An early bird catches a worm. A picture is worth a thousand words. Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. 8. Find the rhyming words and write a poem: girl, dear, fire, cure, earn, curl, near, desire, learn, pure.

18

Lesson 8 Sounds: [α:], [ɜ:], [eə]. Letters: ‘ar’, ‘are’, ‘ear’,’ar’ + vowel, a vowel + consonants + le. Read the words in phonetics: beə speə deə kəm'peə weə

ə'fα: ə'pα:t ə'kα: 'pα:t∫mənt kəm'pα:tmənt

wɜ:k wɜ:ld wɜ:m 'wɜ:∫Ip

'α:mI 'fα:mə '∫α:p '∫α:k '∫eə

‘ar’ → [α:] : far [fα:], arm [α:m], dark [dα:k], park [pα:k], yard [yα:d]. ‘ar ’+ vowel → [eə]: bare [beə], spare [speə], dare [deə], compare [kəm'peə]. But! are [α:] ‘air’→ [eə]: pair [peə], hair [heə], fair [feə], chair [t∫eə]. 1. Practise saying: start, park, dart, dare, mare, smart, spare, cart, care, compare, farm, fare, farther, tar, afar, air, rare, farce, parch, parchment, pardon, pair, pare, 'sarcasm, bar, yard, 'varnish, 'Jaguar, Tony Blair, 'Denmark. ‘a’→ [α:] before sk, ss, st, th, n + consonant: dance, glass, grass, last, ask, class, past, bath, father, task, mask, glance, brass, branch, chance, France. 2. Compare: [Λ – α:] [æ – α:] cup – carp hut – hart cut – cart bun – barn much – march

match – march cap – carp cat – cart ban – barn hat – heart

3. Use the words to complete the table: face, hat, rare, what, watch, arm, name, are, plate, hare, park, past, place, yard, bag, was, take, flag, share, scarf, ware, wash, dark, quality, table, square, wander, quarrel, carp, care, spare, bath, vase, march, class, branch, wasp. [eɪ] race

[æ]

[α:]

rash

part

4. Listen and repeat: marvellous Ah bar Arnold far So they are! car can’t star garden

guitar Barbara Margaret Charles smart

[eə] pare

[ɒ ] want

Martin Martha dark laugh photograph

19

5. Dialogue At a party. Margaret: Where’s your glass, Barbara? Barbara: It’s on the bar. Martin: Barbara! Margaret! Come into the garden! Martha and Charles are dancing in the dark. Margaret: In the garden!? What a laugh! Barbara: So they are! They are dancing on the grass! Margaret: They are dancing under the stars! Martin: And Arnold is playing hid guitar. Barbara: Doesn’t Martha look smart! Margaret: Look at Charles! What a marvellous dancer! Barbara: Ah1 Let’s take a photograph of Martha and Charles. Martin: We can’t. It’s too dark. 6. a) Listen and repeat: What a fast car! What a funny dancer! What a fantastic guitar! b) Practise the conversation using the words below: A: Look at that car! B: What a fast car! (glass, guitar, car, dancer, photograph, scarf, star, carpet / dark, fast, dirty, marvellous, smart, funny, fantastic) 7. Work in pairs: What do senior citizens of your country normally do in the evenings? Choose from the list and make a report. You can add something to the list. • walk in a park arm in arm • sit on benches in the yard in the dark • darn holes in a scarf • drink beer at a bar • go to live on a farm • become very calm • grow palms and other plants 8. Read and learn: A large car comes to the dark park in the afternoon. He laughs best who laughs last. Old habits die hard. 9. a) Words ending in ‘le’. Group the words according to the pronunciation [eI ] - [æ]: apple, table, sable, saddle, able, fable, maple, cable. b) Underline the word with a different sound: middle riddle idle giggle goggle noble toddle cobble hydroelectric hypnosis hysterical hymnal

20

Lesson 9 Sounds: [ɔ:]. Letters: ‘or’, ‘or’ + vowel, ‘oor’, our’, oar’, ‘aw’. Silent letters. Practise: u: ɒ ʊ pool Polly pull fool folly full cooed cod could wooed what would

ɔ: Paul fall cord ward

‘or’ → [ɔ:] : short [∫ɔ:t], horse [hɔ:s], lord [lɔ:d], north [n:θ]. ‘or’ + vowel → [ɔ:] : sore [sɔ:], shore [ʃɔ:], store [stɔ:]. ‘oor’→ [ɔ:] : door [dɔ:], floor [flɔ:], But! poor [pʊə], moor [mʊə]. ‘our’ →[ɔ:] : four [fɔ:], course [kɔ:s], source [sɔ:s]. But! sour [aʊə], our [aʊə], hour [aʊə]. ‘oar’→ [ɔ:]: board [bɔ: ], coarse [kɔ:s], soar [sɔ:]. ‘al’→ [ɔ:]: tall [tɔ:l], call, salt, ball, small, alter. ‘alk’ → [ɔ:]: talk [tɔ:k], chalk, walk. ‘aw’ → [ɔ:]: saw [sɔ:], dawn, paw, awful, law, claw. 1. Practise saying: norm, gorge, orbit, order, ore, port, pork, portly, nor, north, pour, ignore, sore, shore, offshore, core, four, more, dawn, call, small, source, tall, hour, paw, horse, torn, torch, sour, cord, pork, more, lord, our, walk, 'Portugal, 'Norway, 'Georgia, the 'Caucasus, York, Baltic, Malta, 'Capricorn. ‘war’ → [ɔ:]: war [wɔ:], warm , ward, warn, water, wander. ‘wor’ → [wз:] : work [wз:k], word, world, worth, worthy. 2. Compare: [ɒ] – [ɔ:] Don – dawn cod – cord pot – port fox – forks spots – sports

[ɔ:] – [ɜ:] short – shirt four – fur torn – turn warm – worm walk – work

3. Use the words to complete the table: no, fork, rose, month, worm, box, stone, more, word, come, curl, some, dot, short, work, spot, sport, world, rope, road, snob, code, word, done, company, phone, cord, worse, onion, four, door, Monday, clock, sworn, mole, coal, ford, cozy, cop, woe, worry, worthy, follow, swallow, copy, foggy, fold, cold, postpone, most, coast, cost, once, oh. [əʊ]

[ɒ]

[ɔ:]

[ɜ:]

[ʌ]

21

4. Listen and repeat: or footballer score Paul four towards all audience always forward

George the ‘Roarers’ awful airport morning

reporter forty walking York falling

5. Dialogue Announcer:

A football match This morning the Roarers football team arrived back from York. Paul Short is our sports reporter, and he was at the airport. Paul Short: Good morning. This is Paul Short. All the footballers are walking towards me. Here’s George Ball, the goalkeeper. Good morning, George. George Ball: Good morning. Are you a reporter? Paul Short: Yes. I’m from Channel 4. Please tell our audience about the football match with York. George Ball: Well, it was awful. We lost. And the score was four, forty-four. But it wasn’t my fault. Paul Short: Whose fault was it? George Ball: The forwards. Paul Short: The forwards? George Ball: Yes. The forwards. They were always falling down or losing the ball! 6. Work in pairs: Imagine you are on the seashore. What can you do in the morning, afternoon, evening? • take a short walk along the shore • ignore the whole world, relax more • explore the shore • ride a horse • forget all awful things • swim in warm salty water • do a crossword • watch the dawn 7. Read and learn: The dawn is gorgeous in the gorge. Forty plus four is forty-four. The more you get, the more you want. Any port in a storm.

8. Silent letters. a) Practise: debt [det], eight [eIt], sign [saIn], hymn [hIm]. b) Cross out the silent letters in these words (see the table at p. 28 ): a) autumn d) writer g) comb j) half m) climb b) listen e) walk h) knight k) foreign n) psalm c) know f) psychic i) high l) daughter o) doubt c) Write the words: a) [wɔ:k] _____ d) ['raItə] _____ g) [waIt] ____ j) [kα :sl] ____ b) ['lIsən] _____ e) ['dɔ:tə] _____ h) [naIf] ____ k) [hu:z] _____ c) ['ɔ:təm] _____ f) ['α :nsə] _____ i) [tɔ:k] ____ l) ['krIsməs] ____

22

Lesson 10 Sound [ə] We use the sound [ə] in words and syllables that are not stressed. 1. a) Practise these. In the words on the right the spelling has been changed to show you when to make the sounds [ə]. 1. a photograph of Barbara

ə photəgrəph əf Barbərə

2. a glass of water

ə glass əf watə

3. a pair of binoculars

ə pair əf binoculəs

4. a photograph of her mother

ə photəgraph əf hə mothər

and father 5. a book about South America

ənd fathər ə book əbout South əmericə

b) Listen and repeat: Look at the clock.

Look ət thə clock.

What’s the time?

What’s thə time?

It’s six o’clock.

It’s six ə’clock.

It’s a quarter to seven.

It’s ə quartə tə seven.

c) Now practise these. Pay attention to the sound [ə]. Example: A: What’s thə time? B: It’s ə quartə tə twelve. 1) 9.15 2) 3.00 3) 11.15 4) 5.45 4) 5.00 5) 7.45 6) 8.15 7) 6.00 8) 9.45 2. Read the story aloud. The spelling has been changed to show you when to make the sound [ə]. Bob Ellis, 29, is ə dolphin trainə. His day starts ət five ə’clock in thə morning. He gets up, həs ə showə, ənd then he gets dressed. Aftə breakfəst, ət əbout six ə’clock, he catches thə bus tə work. He arrives ət thə əquariəm ət half past six ənd feeds thə dolphins. Aftə that, they practise for thə show until lunchtime. Bob həs ə break for lunch from half past twelve till half past one, then thə show starts. ət five ə’clock in thə aftənoon, he feeds thə dolphins əgain ənd then he goes home. In his free time Bob loves going for long walks in thə countryside with his dog, Jack. Bob cən swim very well, ənd he likes swimming in thə pool, bət he nevə swims in thə sea becəse he is əfraid əf sharks.

23

3. Study the examples and then put more questions to the text, and answer them, paying attention to weak and strong forms of the verbs. Weak forms: Strong forms: Does [dəz] Bob’s day start at five a.m.?

Yes, it does [dʌz].

Has [həz] Bob got a dog?

Yes, he has [hæz].

Does [dəz] Bob feed the dolphins twice a day?

Yes, he does [dʌz].

Can [kən] Bob swim very well?

Yes, he can [kæn].

4. a) Dialogue.

Shopping

The words in italics are weak forms and have the sound [ə ] here. A: I’m going to the post office. B: Can you buy something for me at the supermarket? A: But the supermarket is a long way from the post office. B: No. Not that supermarket. Not the one that’s next to the cinema. I mean the one that’s near the fruit shop. A: Oh, yes. Well, what do you want? B: Some cigarettes and a box of matches and an envelope. b) Use the prompts to act out similar dialogues: library, tobacconist’s, mile, swimming pool, butcher’s, cigars, tin of sweets, address book. 5. Practise saying. Pay attention to the sound [ə] i: - ɪə E-ear bee-beer tea-tear pea-pier bead-beard geese- gear

ɪə - e ə ear – air beer – bear pier – pear hear – hair tear – tear Cheers! - chairs

6. Put the phrases in the correct order and act out the dialogue. Mrs Lear: Look, dear! That mountaineer is drinking beer. Mrs Lear: Cheers! Here’s to the mountaineer! Mr Lear: Let’s have a beer here, dear. Mrs Lear: Sh, dear! He might hear. Mrs Lear: What’s a good idea! They have very good beer here. Mr Lear: The atmosphere here is very clear. Two beers please. Mr. Lear (drinking his beer): Cheers, dear! Mr. Lear: His beard is in his beer. Waiter: Here you are, sir. Two beers.

24

Таблицы правил чтения Таблица 1

Четыре типа чтения английских гласных букв в ударных слогах Гласные буквы Типы чтения

a [eI]

o [əʊ]

i [aI]

y [waI]

e [i:]

u [ju:]

[eI]

[əʊ]

[aI]

[aI]

[i:]

[ju:]

I

Открытый слог

fate

note

dine

type

mete

due

II

Закрытый слог

[æ]

[ɒ]

[I]

[I]

[e]

[Λ]

fit

gym

met

cut

[ɜ:]

[ɜ:]

her

fur

term

turn

fat

not

Слог, закрытый III

буквой r в

[ɑ:]

[ɔ:]

[ɜ:]

конце слова

far

nor

fir

hard

short

firm

[eə]

[ɔ:]

[´aIə]

[´aIə]

[Iə]

[jʊə]

«немой» e или

fare

more

fire

tyre

here

cure

л бой

daring

snoring

firing

tyrant

zero

during

или перед

[ɜ:] Byrd

согласной Слог, прикрытый букв й r IV

читаемой гласной

25

Таблица 2

Чтение гласных букв в неударном слоге Буквы

Чтение

a

[ə] [ə]

e

[I] не читается

i

[I] не читается

o

[ə] не читается

u

y

Положение в слове в

Примеры

предударном

и a´side, a´cademy

послеударном слогах

´capital, ´slogan

в послеударном слоге перед n + согласная в

предударном

и

послеударном слогах

предударном

и

послеударном слогах

предударном

in´vite, ´music, ´incident ´pencil, pupil

перед конечной l в

ex´plain, ´ticket ´vessel, ´open

перед конечными l, n в

´student, ´present

и

послеударном слогах перед конечными l, n

to´day, ´freedom ´pistol, ´lesson

[ju:]

в открытом слоге

u´nite

[ə]

в закрытом слоге

´difficult

[I]

в открытом и закрытом слогах

´fifty, ´Egypt

26

Таблица 3

Чтение сочетаний гласных букв в ударном слоге Буквосочетания ai ay

Чтение [eI]

Примеры Spain, wait, nail day, play, say

ai + r

[eə]

chair, fair, dairy

au

[ɔ:]

August, Austria, auction sea, tea, leak, meat

ea ee

[i:]

deceive, receive

ei ea + r ee + r eu в начале и в середине слова ey ia ie

meet, need, feed, seed

[Iə]

near, dear, fear

[eə]

bear, wear

[Iə]

beer, engineer, deer

[ju:]

Euclid, Europe, neutral

[eI]

they, grey, survey

[´aIə]

diagram [æ], liar, diary

[´aIə]

quiet, diet

[i:]

piece, niece

io

[´aIə]

pioneer, riot, lion

oa

[əʊ]

coat, boat, coach

oa + r

[ɔ:]

board, coarse, hoarse

[ɒI]

noise, poison, voice boy, alloy, destroy

[u:]

too, cool, loom, spoon

[ʊ]

book, look, cook, took

[ɔ:]

door, floor

oi oy oo в конце слова и перед l, m, n oo + k oo + r

27

ou

[aʊ] [Λ] [u], [u:]

house, sound, out cousin, country, courage. could, would, wound [u:]

ou + r

[´aʊə]

sour, our, hour

[ɔ:]

four, court, source Таблица 4

Чтение согласных букв, имеющих два чтения Буква

Чтение

c

[s]

перед e, i, y

nice, pencil, cycle

[si:]

[k]

в остальных случаях

clean, cat, cot, cut

g

[ʤ ]

перед e, i, y

page, gin, gypsy

[ʤi:]

[g] [s]

s [es] [z] x [eks]

[ks] [gz]

Положение в слове

Примеры

в остальных случаях, также green, garden, go, gun в исключениях give, forgive, get, forget, target в начале слова, перед и see, test, caps после глухой согласной после гласной, звонкой согласной и между bees, opens, please гласными в конце слова и перед six, text согласной перед ударной гласной

exact, exam Таблица 5

Чтение сочетаний согласных букв Буквы

Чтение

ck

[k]

Положение в слове после гласной, читаемой кратко

[t∫] ch

[k] [∫]

tch

[t∫]

Примеры black, Nick, tick chess, teach

в словах иностранного происхождения

chemistry, school

после гласной, читаемой

match, sketch, patch

chivalry, machine

28

кратко nk

[ŋk]

в конце слова

ink, thank, think

[ŋ]

в конце слова и перед сочетаниями ing, er в словах глагольного происхождения

sing, singing, singer

[ŋg]

перед буквами l, r, а также u single, hungry, + гласная (где u читается [w]) language

ng

ss

[s]

в середине и в конце слова

missing, Bess, mess

sh

[∫]

в любом положении

shave, dish, she

ph

[f]

везде

phrase, geography

[θ]

в начале и в конце знаменательных слов

thick, myth, earth

[ð]

между гласными, в начале служебных слов, в указательных местоимениях и некоторых наречиях перед гласными, кроме o

bathe, the, this, then

th

[w] wh wr

when, why, which

[h]

перед o

who [hu:], whose [hu:z], whole

[r]

в начале слова

write, wrap, wrong

Таблица 6

Чтение сочетаний гласных с согласными Буквы

Чтение

Положение в слове

Примеры

gu + гласная

[g]

в начале слова

guess, guide, guest

согласная + se

[s]

в конце слова

tense, nurse, purse

ign

[aIn]

в конце слова

sign, de´sign

ange

[eInʤ]

везде

arrange, strange

aste

[eIst]

в середине и в конце слова

waste, haste, taste

29

ought

[ɔ:t]

везде

sought, brought, ought

dge

[ʤ]

edge, bridge, dodge

sion

[ n]

в середине и в конце слова после гласной

sure

[ ə]

после гласной

vision, division, decision, explosion pleasure, treasure

tion

[∫n]

в конце слова

revolution, option

qu

[kw]

перед гласными

question, quite, quick

al

[ɔ:l]

в ударном слоге

salt, malt, all, always

alk

[ɔ:k]

в ударном слоге

chalk, walk, talk

aw

[ɔ:]

в ударном слоге

law, saw, draw

a + ft

[ɑ:ft]

в ударном слоге

after, afterwards

a+n+ согласная a + sk

[ɑ:n]

в ударном слоге

[ɑ:sk]

в ударном слоге

ask, mask, task

a + ss

[ɑ:s]

в ударном слоге

class, glass, grass

a + st

[ɑ:st]

в ударном слоге

cast, last, past, vast

a + th

[ɑ:θ]

в ударном слоге

[ɑ:ð]

dance, chance, glance

bath, path father, rather

ear+согласная

[ɜ:]

в ударном слоге

learn, earn, early

eigh

[eI]

в ударном слоге

eight, weigh, weight

ew

[ju:, u:]

в ударном слоге

new, dew, blew

igh

[aI]

в ударном слоге

night, fight, sight, light

i + ld

[aIld]

в ударном слоге

child, mild

i + nd

[aInd]

в ударном слоге

kind, mind, find, blind

ow

[əʊ] [aʊ]

slow, know в ударном слоге

how, brown, town

30

ow + er

[´aʊə]

в ударном слоге

flower, shower, tower

o + m, n, th, v

[Λ]

в ударном слоге

wa

[wɔ:]

в ударном слоге

come, son, mother, love, some, brother want, wall, was, war

wor

[wɜ:]

в ударном слоге

work, word, world

Таблица 7

«Немые» (нечитаемые) буквы «Немая» буква

Сочетания

Примеры

b

в диграфе bt

debt [det], doubt [daʊt]

b

в диграфе mb

comb [kəʊm], climb [klaɪm]

g

в диграфе gn

foreign [´fɔ:rɪn], sign [saɪn]

gh

в сочетаниях igh, high [haɪ], eight [eɪt], brought eigh, ough, augh [brɔ:t],daughter [´dɔ:tə] в диграфе wh, за when [wen], why [waɪ] которым не следует буква o в диграфе kn в начале knife [naɪf], knee [ni:], kneel слова [ni:l], knight [naɪt] в сочетаниях alf, alk, half [hɑ:f], walk [wɔ:k], calm

h k l

alm

[kɑ:m]

n

в диграфе mn

autumn [´ɔ:təm], hymn [hIm]

p

в диграфе ps

psalm [sɑ:m], psychу ['sɑIkI]

t

в сочетании stle

wrestle [´resl], whistle [´wɪsl]

w

в диграфе wr

write [raɪt], wrong [rɒŋ]

u

в сочетании gu+гласн guess [ges], guide [gaɪd]

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Учебное издание

English for Beginners Учебно-методическое пособие для вузов

Составители: Золина Ольга Михайловна Колтакова Софья Владимировна Хаханова Марина Сергеевна

Редактор Т. Д. Бунина