Encyclopedia of US Economic History

Index A A & P, II:871 A.A. Houseman and Company, I:81 AAA. See Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933); Agricultural Adjustme...

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Index A A & P, II:871 A.A. Houseman and Company, I:81 AAA. See Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933); Agricultural Adjustment Administration AAP. See American Academy of Pediatrics ABA. See American Bar Association ABC. See American Broadcasting Company Abilene, Texas, I:221, 222 Ableman v. Booth (1859), I:350 Abolition of slavery, I:1, 101, II:928–29, 958, 1001. See also Slavery Allan Pinkerton and, II:796 Amasa Walker and, II:1072 Bleeding Kansas (See Bleeding Kansas) Emancipation Proclamation (See Emancipation Proclamation) Freedman’s Bureau and, I:343, I:343–44 Georgia industries and, I:367–68, 369 Henry Brown Blackwell and, I:101 Henry Clay and, I:181 John Brown and, I:102–3, 420–21 in Maryland, II:605, 607 Salmon Portland Chase for, I:155–56 Samuel Howe and, I:450 special interest groups and, II:948 by Thirteenth Amendment (See Thirteenth Amendment) underground railroad and (See Underground railroad) in Virginia, II:1066–67 Abraham Lincoln: A History, I:425

Abrams v. United States (1919), I:116 ABS. See Antilock braking systems Abstinence. See Temperance Abundance, vs. scarcity, II:899 Abzug, Bella, II:1125 A.C. Nielsen Company, II:723–24 A.C. Roebuck and Company, II:902 ACA. See American Communications Association Acadia National Park, II:597 Accidents industrial (See Industrial accidents) nuclear reactor (See Nuclear reactor accidents) Accounting. See also Financial services industry regulatory principles of, II:897, 898 surplus in, II:976 Acheson, Dean, I:545 ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union Acme Sucker-Rod Company, I:516 Acquired immune deﬁciency syndrome. See AIDS Acquisitions and mergers, I:529, 530–31, 537, II:622, II:623. See also Antitrust law; Leveraged buyouts; speciﬁc companies and conglomerates in advertising industry, I:5 in airline industry, I:20 Celler-Kefauver Act and, II:655 effect on labor movement, II:553–54 military-industry, II:638 in Northern Securities Case, II:736 in oil reﬁning industry, II:954 trust-busting and, II:1025–27 Act of Union (1707), II:911 Act to Regulate Commerce (1887), I:274

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Actions and defenses. See also Antitrust law AT & T, I:182, 210, II:655 Microsoft Corporation, I:217, II:1027 against tobacco industry, II:1008 wrongful death, I:332 Actra Business Systems, II:699 Actuals market, I:197 ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) Adair v. the United States (1908), II:1143 Adams, John Alexander Hamilton and, I:413–14 boycott of British goods, I:495 conservatism and, I:205 George Washington and, II:1096 as Vice President, I:416 Adams, John Quincy on Adams-Onis Treaty, I:1 Andrew Jackson and, I:504 Henry Clay and, I:181 intrastate public works and, II:611 James Monroe and, II:658, 659 Monroe Doctrine and, II:656–57 Old Southwest and, II:750 Adams, Samuel, I:110, 113, 495, II:952, 1011 on Constitution, I:12 John Hancock and, I:416 Paul Revere and, II:873 Sugar Act and, II:974 Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, I:1–2 Manifest Destiny and, II:598 Old Southwest and, II:750 Adamson Act (1916), II:1117 ADC. See Aid to Dependent Children 1147

Index

Addams, (Laura) Jane, I:2, I:2–3, 468 Adding machines. See Calculators ADEA. See Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1967) Adena culture, II:670 Adhesives, for furniture industry, I:354 Adjustable rate mortgages, II:669–70 Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923), II:638 Administration of Justice Act (1774), I:494 Adult diapers. See Incontinence aids Advance Research Project Agency, I:487 Advanced Photo System, I:273 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, II:646 Advertising, I:3–5 by A & P, II:871 Albert Lasker in, II:566–67 by automobile industry, I:69 of cereal products, I:527–28 for cigarettes, II:732 by C.W. Post, II:807–8, 808–10 electric, I:430 by Gillette Company, I:375–76 by H. J. Heinz Company, I:431 John Galbraith and, I:358 Lydia Estes Pinkham and, II:797–98 by Nabisco, II:675 national (See National advertising) by Neiman Marcus, II:600 newspaper (See Print advertising) by oligopolies, II:751 by P & G, II:822–23, 824–25 for Pepperidge Farm, II:887 print (See Print advertising) on radio, II:852 by tobacco industry, I:41, I:41–42, 257, II:1008 by Upjohn Company, II:1046 by UPS, II:1041 Advertising agencies Barbara Proctor in, II:825–27 emergence of, I:3–5 Advisory Board of the Civil Service. See Civil Service Commission AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission Aerospace industry in California, I:135 1148

Curtiss-Wright, II:970 evolution of, I:21 in Florida, I:325 General Motors and, I:366 Guggenheim Foundation and, I:366 Henry Ford in, I:332 Howard Hughes and, I:450–52 military-industrial complex and, II:638 in Missouri, II:648 in New Mexico, II:713 in Texas, II:995 Aeterni Regis, II:1009 AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children Afﬁrmative action, I:6–7 AFL. See American Federation of Labor AFL-CIO, I:121, 157, 426. See also American Federation of Labor; Congress of Industrial Organizations creation of, II:556 ﬁrst convention of, I:34 in late 20th century, I:212 UFW and, II:1039 Africa exploration of, II:1009 mercenaries in, II:622 slave trade and, I:8–9 triangular trade in, II:1017–18 African American women executives, II:825–27 African Americans. See also Slavery afﬁrmative action and, I:6–7 black codes and (See Black codes) Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, I:121, I:121–22 in cities after World War II, II:813–14 in cities and towns, II:971 citizenship for, I:169 in colonies, II:910 CORE and, I:201–2 Dred Scott case (See Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)) educators, I:142, I:142–43, II:1093–94 employment in WW II, II:1085 exodusters, I:299 in farmers’ alliances, I:308–9 Fifteenth Amendment and (See Fifteenth Amendment) Fourteenth Amendment and (See Fourteenth Amendment)

Frances Perkins, II:784 in inner cities, I:372, I:373, II:1046–47 Kennedy programs for, I:403 in Knights of Labor, I:426 Liberian colonization of, II:581 Michael Harrington on, I:421–22 migration from South, I:399–400, II:1046, 1049 Negro National League, I:83 in New Jersey, II:712 in North Carolina, II:731 in Oklahoma, II:749 poverty and, II:816 Proclamation of Pardon and Amnesty, I:343–44 during Reconstruction (See Reconstruction) in slums, II:932 in television, II:683 tenant farming by, I:16 in Tennessee, II:989–90 Thirteenth Amendment and (See Thirteenth Amendment) in the Union Army, I:283 in unions, II:850, 851 urban riots and, I:291 voting rights of, I:170–71, 316, II:586, 1067 World War I migration of, I:399 after World War II, II:810 Africans in great migration, I:399 in Virginia, I:8–9, I:9 Age discrimination in employment, I:303 federal legislation prohibiting, I:246, 303 Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1967), I:246, 303 Aggregate demand, I:13, I:14 Aggregate reﬁning, ASARCO and, I:40 Aggregate supply, I:13–14 Agribusiness. See Farming Agricultural Act (1937), I:388 Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933), I:17, I:275, I:388, 522, II:703 Agricultural Adjustment Administration, I:242, 266, II:703 Agricultural colleges, II:561. See also Land grant colleges Agricultural cooperatives, II:562 Agricultural credit, I:242, 306, 374

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Agricultural Credits Act (1923), I:388 Agricultural economy. See also Farming in Alabama, I:22, 24 in Arkansas, I:53 in California, I:133 of Cherokees, II:1013 after Civil War, I:307–9 in colonial period, I:9–10, 16, II:909–11, 913–14 in early Republic, I:16, II:1078–79 farm credit and, I:306–7 federal involvement in (See Agricultural policy) in Florida, I:324–25 free silver issue in, I:340 during the Great Depression, I:239–41, I:243 Hawaii and, I:422–24, I:423 in Idaho, I:457, 459 in Illinois, I:464, 465 in Indiana, I:475, 477 instability of, I:292–94 in Iowa, I:495, 497 in Kansas, I:520–22 in Kentucky, I:532–34 machinery and, I:15 in Maine, II:598 market revolution and, II:602–3 in Maryland, II:605, 607 in Massachusetts, II:608–9 Mayas and, II:611 in Michigan, II:631, 632 migrant workers in, II:635 in Minnesota, II:639, 641 in Mississippi, II:644–45 in Missouri, II:646, 648 in Montana, II:661 in Nebraska, II:697 in Nevada, II:702 in New Hampshire, II:707, 709 in New Jersey, II:710 in New Orleans, II:716 in New Sweden, II:717–18 in New York, II:718, 719, 720 in North Carolina, II:730–32 in North Dakota, II:733 in Ohio, II:745, 746 in Ohio Valley, II:746–47 in Oklahoma, II:748 in Oregon, II:757 in Pennsylvania, II:778, 780 Plains Indians and, II:800

populism and, II:805–6 radical unions and, II:850 Reconstruction Finance Corp. and, II:868 in Rhode Island, II:874, 877 seasonal unemployment in, II:906 slavery and, I:8–9, II:1033, 1078 (See also Slavery) in the South, I:16, I:173, I:173–79, I:176, 179, II:958, 981–82, 1083 (See also Slavery) in South Carolina, II:939–40 in South Dakota, II:941–43 temperance movement and, II:986 in Texas, II:996–97 transition from, II:1108 in Utah, II:1051 after War of 1812, I:267–70, I:268 after World War I, II:1084 in Washington state, II:1091, 1092 in Wisconsin, II:1120 during WW II, I:239–43, I:241 Agricultural equipment. See Agricultural machinery Agricultural industry. See Farming Agricultural innovations, I:14–15, 16–17, II:1075–76 Agricultural laborers Cesar Estrada Chavez and, I:157, I:157–58 slavery and, I:8–9, II:1033, 1078 (See also Slavery) unions for, II:1038–39 Agricultural machinery, I:14–15. See also speciﬁc equipment, e.g., Tractors Caterpiller Incorporated, I:145–47 for cotton farming, I:96, 537 cotton picking machines, I:96 C.W. Post and, II:807 Cyrus McCormick and, II:612–16 farmers’ alliances and, I:307 John Deere and Co., II:961 manufactured in Illinois, I:464–65 manufactured in Iowa, I:498 from Maytag Corporation, II:612 mechanized, I:292 from Montgomery Ward, II:662

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

steel plow, II:961 for wheat farming, I:265 Agricultural Marketing Act (1929), I:241, 388, II:832 Agricultural mechanization. See Farm mechanization Agricultural policy, I:211, 275, 388–90, I:389. See also names of speciﬁc legislation and agencies Agricultural productivity, with machinery, I:14–15, 16–17 Agricultural protest, I:307–9 Agricultural reform, II:568–69. See also names of speciﬁc legislation Agricultural Services Division, of Land O’Lakes, II:562 Agricultural subsidies, II:971 Agricultural Wheel, II:805–6 Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, I:157 Agriculture. See also Farming in colonial period, I:16 in Colorado, I:192–94 environmentalism and, I:288–89 Henry Wallace on, II:1075–76 regulation of (See Agricultural policy) in South Carolina, II:939–40 subsidies for (See Agricultural subsidies) subsistence (See Subsistence agriculture) tenant farming in (See Tenant farming) in Virginia, II:1066 in West, II:1108 Agriculture Department (U.S.), I:150, 327 Aid to Dependent Children, II:816, 935. See also Social Security Act (1935) Aid to Families with Dependent Children, I:404, II:935, 1099, II:1099 AIDS pharmaceutical industry research on, II:788 treatment for, II:1046 Ailes, Roger, II:683 AIM. See American Indian Movement Air America, I:460 Air-brakes, invention of, II:1106 Air cargo service. See Air freight service Air Commerce Act (1926), I:21, II:831 Air conditioning 1149

Index

by General Electric, I:364 invention of, I:140–41 Air fares, airline deregulation and, I:19–20, 21 Air Force Academy, I:193, 194 Air Force One, I:105 Air Force Space Operations Center, I:193 Air Force (U.S.), space program of, II:945 Air freight service, by UPS, II:1040–41 Air mail, I:19, 20–21 Air Mail Act (1925), I:21 Air pollution, automobiles and, II:972 Air quality, environmentalism and, I:289 Air trafﬁc controllers, I:17–19 Air travel increases in, I:17 vs. railroads, II:855 Airbus, I:103 Aircraft Boeing, I:103–6, I:104 by General Motors, I:366 jet, I:364 tires, I:93 Aircraft engine industry General Motors and, I:366 in New Jersey, II:712 Aircraft industry, I:21. See also Boeing Corporation; McDonnell Douglas in Georgia, I:369 growth in 1920’s, II:831, 832 interstate commerce and, I:491 in Kansas, I:522 Kelsey-Hayes Corp. and, I:531 in Missouri, II:648 Airline Deregulation Act (1978), I:17–18, 19, 21, 210 Airline hubs, I:19, 20 Airlines, I:20–21 air trafﬁc controllers’ strike in, I:17–19 deregulation of, I:17–21, 210 Eastern Airlines, II:1024 oil industry and, II:1019–20 Pan American World Airways, II:1019–20 vs. railroad industry, I:311 during Reaganomics, II:864 regulation of, II:869 Airplanes affecting ozone layer, II:763 1150

agricultural uses of, I:15 vs. railroads, II:1016 Akron, Ohio, II:745 Alabama, I:22–25, I:23, II:928 Alabama (Confederate warship), I:25 Alabama Development Ofﬁce, I:24 Alamo, II:996 Alaska, I:25–28, I:26 oil pipeline in (See TransAlaska Pipeline System) Alaska Highway, I:27, 28 Alaska Marine Highway System, I:28 Alaska Native Claims Settlement (1971), I:29–30 Alaska purchase, I:25, 28–29 Alaska Railroad, I:27, 28 Alaska-Yukon-Paciﬁc Exposition, II:1091 Albany Regency, II:950 Albee, Edward, II:1059 Albers, William, I:550 Albuquerque, New Mexico, II:715 Alcoa. See Aluminum Company of America Alcoholic beverage industry black market in, II:987 consumption in, II:986–87 Eighteenth Amendment and (See Eighteenth Amendment) during Great Depression, II:987 prohibition and (See Prohibition) regulation of, II:1030 smuggling in, II:987 temperance movement and, II:986–87 Twenty-First Amendment and, II:1030 Alcoholic beverages ban of, I:279 beer, I:117–19, I:118, I:130–31 causing diseases, II:828 prohibition of (See Prohibition) Twenty-ﬁrst Amendment and, I:279 Alder Gulch, II:660 Aldrich, Nelson W., II:876 Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908), I:311, II:772 Aldrin, Edwin, Jr. (Buzz), II:945, II:946 Ale boycott of, I:118 in brewing industry, I:119 Aleuts, I:28, II:738

Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf, I:87 Alexander IV (Pope), II:1009 Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, I:543 Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, bombing in Oklahoma, II:750 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, II:931 Algonquians, I:99–100, II:800 Alien Contract Labor Laws, I:48 Aliens, illegal, I:390 All-Bran (Cereal), I:528 All-Crop Harvester, I:15 Allegheny Mountains, I:49 Allegheny River, II:746 Allen, Ethan, II:1060 Allen, Gracie, II:1059 Allen, Paul, I:31–32, 360–62, I:361, II:632, 633 Allen, Robert E., I:65 Allen and Ginter, I:41 Allergies, from food additives, II:886–87 Allied Command Europe, of NATO, II:729 Allied powers, in World War II, I:57, II:1131–32 Allied Signal Aerospace, I:53 Allis Chalmers, harvesting machinery from, I:15 Allocation, of resources, I:32–33 Allstate Insurance, II:904 Almanacs, publishing of, II:834 Almond Joy (Candy), I:434 Almy, Brown, and Slater, II:925, 999, 1080 Almy and Brown, II:893, 924–25, 949 Altair 8800 computer, I:32, 199 Altair computers, I:32, 199, 361 Alternative energy sources, II:1052 Alternative medicine, II:798 Altgeld, John Peter, II:842 Aluminum Company of America Andrew Mellon and, II:619 antitrust action against, II:655 Wooster Rubber and, II:885 Aluminum industry Henry Kaiser and, I:520 monopolies in 1920’s, II:832 oligopolies and, II:751 in Oregon, II:758 TVA and, II:992 Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, I:30 Alzheimer’s disease, Ronald Reagan and, II:863

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

AM transmission. See Amplitude modulaton transmission Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, I:443 Amana society, in Iowa, I:497 Amazon.com, I:489 Ambulances, by General Motors, I:366 Amelio, G.F., I:512 Amendment, constitutional. See speciﬁc amendments, e.g., Thirteenth Amendment America Online, I:488 with Netscape, I:47–48, II:699 Stephen Case and, I:143–44 American, II:980–81 American Academy of Pediatrics, Sheppard–Towner Act and 915 American Airlines, establishment of, I:19 American Anti-Slavery Society, II:928, 1033 American Arbitration Association, I:50, 51 American Association of Retired Persons, II:583 American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, I:87 American Bar Association, I:529 American Bell Telephone Company AT&T and, I:63 formation of, I:65 American Biscuit Company, II:675 American Brands, II:797 American Broadcasting Company in entertainment industry, I:287 vs. NBC, II:681 American Can Company, II:622 American Cancer Society, II:1007 on smoking, I:42 American Civil Liberties Union, II:921, 1001 American colonial period advertising in, I:3 agricultural economy in (See Agricultural economy, in colonial period) alcohol consumption during, II:986 Alexander Hamilton and, I:412–14 boycotts during, II:1011 British Empire and, I:38 British loyalists during, I:37–38 conservatism in, I:204 corporate colonies in, I:189–90

distribution of wealth in, I:190–91 duties during, II:1010–11 economic depression during, II:951–52 economic development in, II:909–12, II:910 economy of, I:9–10 emigration and immigration during, I:465 food production regulation during, II:844 Georgia during, II:939 government economic intervention during, II:580 Harpers Ferry armory and, I:420 John Hancock and, I:415–16 land speculation in, II:1114 lumber industry in, II:591–92 Maryland in, II:605 money during, II:951–52 Native Americans during, II:951 Native Americans in, II:691 Navigation Acts in, II:694–95 New France in, II:707 North Carolina during, II:939 prohibition in, II:828 proprietary colonies in, I:191 search and seizure in, II:1011 slavery during, I:8–9, II:926–27 smuggling during, II:951, 973, 1010–11 South Carolina during, II:939 state rights during, II:957 subsistence agriculture during, II:971 taxation during (See Colonial taxation) in Tidewater, II:1002 tobacco during, II:1006, 1008 triangular trade during, II:1017–18 wampum in, II:1078 American Colonization Society, I:181, II:581, 928 American Communications Association, II:851 American Express, McGraw-Hill and, II:617 American Federation of Labor, I:33–34, 480, 543, II:704–5, 833, 849, 851, 1012. See also AFL-CIO antitrust legislation and, II:655 automobile industry and, II:1038 vs. CIO, I:201

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

formation of, I:382, 383, II:558–59 John Lewis in, II:577 as labor monopoly, II:555–57 in late 19th century, II:1127–28 in North Carolina, II:732 origins of, II:948 UMW and, II:1039 American Fur Company, II:639, 659 American Indian Movement, I:540 American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978), II:691 American Indians. See Native Americans American Institute of Certiﬁed Public Accountants, II:976 American League (Baseball), II:721 American Legion, I:34, 373 American Liberty League, I:205, II:705 American Locomotive Company, I:166 American Machine and Foundry Company, I:122, 418, 419 American Marconi Company, II:852 American Medical Association, II:915, 948 American Messenger Company, II:1040 American Motors Company, I:165 American Museum, John Scudder’s, I:79 American Plan, I:34 American Protective League, I:34 American Railway Express, II:1101 American Railway Union, I:35, 229 Pullman and, II:841, 842, 1143 American Red Cross, I:548 American Retail Federation, II:601 American Revolution, I:9–12, 35–37, I:36 Articles of Confederation and, I:58 Boston in, II:608–9 Boston massacre and, I:110–11 Boston Tea Party and, I:112–14, I:113 British loyalty during, I:37–38 coal industry after, I:184 Connecticut during, I:202 costs of, II:1083 economic development after, I:506–8 economic impact of, I:473–75, II:1078–82, II:1079 European loans for, I:296–97 France and, I:507 1151

Index

funding of, II:853 indentured servants before, I:473 Indiana during, I:475 Intolerable Acts and, I:495 Iroquois and, I:499 James Monroe in, II:658 mercantilism and, II:621 metalwork in America and, II:893 money for, I:213–14, 296 national debt and, II:684 Native Americans and, I:99–100, II:689, 989, 1013 naval stores as imports after, II:694 Navigation Acts and, II:694–96 New Jersey during, II:710 Ohio after, II:745 paper industry during, II:774 Patriots in, I:204 Paul Revere in, II:873, 874 Quebec Act and, II:847 Robert Morris and, II:665–66 Second Continental Congress and (See Second Continental Congress) slavery and, II:928 Springﬁeld Armory during, II:950 Thomas Jefferson and, I:509 trade after, II:1082 Virginia during, II:1066 war bonds during, I:107 War of 1812 and, II:1087 westward expansion after, I:474 American Safety Razor Company, I:375 American Sheet and Tin Plate, II:1044 American Smelting and Reﬁning Company, I:39–40, 410 American Stock Exchange, II:963–64, 1073–74 merger with NASDAQ, II:965 New York Stock Exchange and, II:721 OTC markets and, II:762 American Sugar Company, II:1045 American System of Manufactures, I:420, II:608 American Telephone and Telegraph Company. See AT & T American Temperance Society, II:828–29, 986–87 American Tobacco Company, I:41–42, II:1006, 1007, 1008–9 1152

antitrust legislation against, I:182, 257, II:654, 1008–9 break-up of, II:916, 1025 American Trust Company, II:1102 American Union Telegraph Company, I:387 American War of Independence. See American Revolution American Water Works, II:1053 American Woman Suffrage Association, II:724 Americans for Democratic Action, I:358 Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), I:42–43, 246, 303 Ames, Oakes, I:43–45, 262–63, II:1036 Ames, Oliver, I:43–45, II:1036 Amex. See American Stock Exchange AMF. See American Machine and Foundry Company Amgen, Inc., II:788 Amoco Corporation, II:787 Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, II:707 Amplitude modulaton transmission, I:364 Amtrak, II:855 Amundsen, Roald, II:738 Amusement parks, I:45–46 Coney Island, New York, I:45 Disney World, I:281, 325 Disneyland, I:45–46, 248, 287 Dream City, I:45 Euro Disney, I:281 Amway, I:244 Anaconda Copper Corporation, I:40, 410 Anarcho-syndicalists, IWW as, II:555 Anasazis, I:46, II:625–26, 837, 943–44 Anderson, Arthur Edward, I:46–47 Anderson, Delaney and Company, I:46 Andreesen, Marc, I:47–48, II:698 Angel Island immigration station, I:163 Angier, Susanna, I:43, 44 Anglican Church, Puritans and, II:845 Anglo-American Oil Company Ltd. (England), II:786, 787, 954 Anheuser-Busch, I:130–31, II:648 Animal culture in Montana, II:660

in Nebraska, II:697 in New Mexico, II:713 Animation, computer, I:512 Anne (Queen), II:710 Annexation of suburban areas, II:972 of Texas, II:996–97 Annuities interest rates on, I:320 as private pension plans, II:783 Anthony, Susan B., II:724, 1124 Anti-immigration laws, I:48–49 Chinese Exclusion Act, I:162–64 Anti-Imperialists, I:468 Anti-income taxes leagues, I:321 Anti-Saloon League, I:118, II:829, 987 Anti-slavery movements, I:11, II:928. See also Abolition of slavery Anticommunist movements. See also Communism; Red scare conservatism and, I:205 illegal drugs and, I:460–61 Antidumping duties, HarleyDavidson and, I:419 Antietam, Battle of, I:283 Antilock braking systems, I:531–32 Antitrust law, II:654–55, 735, 1045. See also speciﬁc legislation, e.g., Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) AFL and, I:33 AT & T and, I:182, 210, II:655 Aluminum Company of America and, II:655 American Tobacco Company and, I:182, 257, II:654, 1008–9 ‘‘Beef Trust,’’ II:654, 765 Department of Justice and, II:1026 free enterprise and, II:580–81 General Electric and, I:364 Grangers and, II:686 labor movement and, II:553–54 labor unions and, II:727 Microsoft and, II:634, 699 muckraking movement and, II:672 in New Deal, II:703 NFL and, II:1024 Northern Securities and, II:736 after Sherman Antitrust Act, II:1026 Standard Oil Co. and, II:980, 1009

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Union Paciﬁc and, II:1037 violation from 1897-1920, I:293 Aoki, Teruaki, II:938 AOL. See America Online Apaches, II:713, 800, 944 Apollo space program, I:105, II:946 Appalachia, poverty programs for, I:402 Appalachian Mountains, I:49, I:50 Apple Computer Corporation, I:511, II:786 in Colorado, I:194 Microsoft Corporation and, II:632–34 as Netscape reseller, II:698 Sony and, II:937 Stephen Wozniak and, II:1133–35 Apple computers, I:144, 511, 512 BASIC for, II:632, 633 Bill Gates and, I:361 introduction of, I:199 Microsoft software for, II:633 Apples in Washington state, II:1092 Appliance industry, I:261, II:831, 832 General Electric, I:97, 364 General Motors, I:367 Maytag Corporation, II:612–13 rebates in, II:866 Appreciation, deﬁned, I:49–50 APS. See Advanced Photo System Aramis, II:568 Arapahos, I:192, II:800 Arbitration, of Alabama claims, I:25 Arbitration (Labor), I:50–51, II:687 Archbald, Robert, II:599 Archipelagoes, Philippines, II:789 Architecture Daniel Burnam Hudson and, I:128–29, I:129 Frank Lloyd Wright and, II:1135–37 Louis Henry Sullivan and, II:974–75 of Mayas, II:611 Victor Gruen and, I:408 Arctic Alaska Fisheries Corporation, II:1032 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, I:27 Aristocracy Thorstein Bonde Veblen on, II:1059–60 in Tidewater, II:1002

Arizona, I:51–53, I:52 acquisition of, II:598, 989 admitted as state, II:978 Arkansas, I:53–56, I:54 Arkwright, Richard, II:876, 893, 924–25, 949, 999 Armat, Thomas, I:285, II:670 Armed Forces draft for, II:908–9 in military-industrial complex, II:636–38 segregation in, II:859 in Vietnam War, II:1064 after World War II, II:811 Armored vessels. See Ironclads Armories, Harpers Ferry, I:420 Armour, Philip D., II:1120 Arms race, I:56–57 Arms smuggling, I:462 Arms treaty, Richard Nixon and, II:725 Armstrong, C. Michael, I:65 Armstrong, Neil, II:946 Armstrong, Samuel Chapman, II:1093 Army of the Republic of Vietnam, II:1064, 1065 Arnold, Thurman, II:655 ARPA. See Advance Research Project Agency ARPANET, I:487 Arsenal of Democracy, I:57 Arsenals Arsenal of Democracy, I:57 in Harpers Ferry, I:420, II:950 Arthur, Chester, I:345, II:950 Articles of Confederation, I:57–59, 473–74 Alexander Hamilton and, I:413 by Second Continental Congress, I:213, 314 on sovereignty, II:944, 981 state rights in, I:207, II:563, 957, 981 weak federal government under, I:10, I:11, 12, 207, II:563, 1095 Artisans, Incas as, I:470 Artists, in New Mexico, II:713 Arts and Entertainment Network, I:287 ARU. See American Railway Union Aruba, II:715 ARVN. See Army of the Republic of Vietnam A.S. Abell Co., II:1003

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

ASARCO. See American Smelting and Reﬁning Company ASCII Microsoft, II:632 ASE. See American Stock Exchange Ashmore, Harry S., I:55 Asia exploratory interest in, II:1009 rubber from, II:1005 Asian Americans Chinese Americans, I:163–64 Japanese Americans, I:441, II:566 Asian ﬁnancial crisis, I:59–60 Assassination of Huey Long, II:583–84 of Martin Luther King, Jr., I:171, II:990 of Rutherford B. Hayes, I:172 Assembly lines, I:60, I:61. See also Industrial Revolution efﬁciency in, II:983 in fast food restaurants, I:548 Henry Ford and, I:279 in housing construction, II:573 in mass production, II:608 for Model T, II:650–51, 786 in 1920’s, II:831 scientiﬁc management and, II:901 for Sears catalog fulﬁllment, II:903 Assets, deﬁned, I:60–61 Astaire, Fred, II:1059 Asthma, Pepperidge Farm bread and, II:886–87 Astor, John Jacob, I:62, I:62–63 American Fur Company and, II:639 fur trading and, II:733 New York Central Railroad and, II:720 in Oregon, II:755 in Oregon Country, II:759 War of 1812 funding by, II:1088 Astronauts, II:945–46 Asylums. See Psychiatric hospitals AT & T, I:63–66 Alexander Graham Bell and, I:86–87 antitrust action against, I:182, 210, II:655 breakup of, II:1026 military-industrial complex and, II:637 as Netscape reseller, II:698 1153

Index

R & D labs for, II:871 RCA and, II:861 Atanasoff, John V., I:199 Atchison, David, I:523 ATF. See Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Atkinson, Henry, I:99 Atlanta Compromise, II:1094 Atlantic and Paciﬁc Tea Company, II:871 Atlantic Charter, II:1131 Atlantic City, New Jersey, II:1024 Atlantic Command, of NATO, II:729 Atlantic Ocean telegraph cables under, II:1014 Tidewater and, II:1002 Atlantic Richﬁeld Company, I:29, II:787 Atlantic Telegraph Company, II:1014 Atlas Shrugged, II:857, 858 Atomic bombs in arms race, I:56 Harry S. Truman and, II:1022, 1132 in New Mexico, II:713 testing of, I:58 Atomic energy. See Nuclear energy Atomic Energy Commission, II:739 Atoms, nuclear energy and, II:739 Atoms for Peace, II:739 Attgeld, John, I:525 Attucks, Crispus, I:110 Audio cassette players, II:664, 936, 937 Audio tapes, II:937 Audiometers, II:723, II:723–24 Audiovisual instruction, McGrawHill and, II:616 Auditing, Arthur Anderson and, I:46 Australia, minimum wage laws in, II:638 Austria-Hungary, in WW I, II:1129 Authors’ League, II:835 The Autobiography of an Idea, II:975 Automation. See also Industrialization of elevators, II:761, 762 minimum wage laws and, II:638–39 Automobile equipment and supplies industry electric motors, I:364 electric starters, I:366 engines (See Engines) 1154

polish, I:93 Rubbermaid in, II:885 Sears, Roebuck and Company in, II:905 Automobile industry, I:66–68. See also speciﬁc companies, e.g., Chrysler Corporation in Alabama, I:24 Asia vs. U.S., II:879 assembly line in, I:60 deindustrialization of factories in, I:229 in Delaware, I:235, 236 foreign laboratories in, I:334 government contracts in, II:969 during Great Depression, II:969 growth in 1920’s, II:831–32 impact of interstate highways on, II:812–13 in Indiana, I:477 in Japan, I:478 Kaiser-Frazer Automobile Corp. and, I:519–20 Kelsey-Hayes Corp. and, I:531–32 labor unions in, II:1038 Maxwell Motor Corp., II:969 in Michigan, II:629, 631–32 in Missouri, II:648 NAFTA and, II:729 Ohio and, II:746 oligopolies and, II:751 Packard Motor Co., II:969–70 petroleum industry and, II:786 rubber tires in, II:1042–43 in rust belt, II:888–89 safety standards in, II:676–77 structural unemployment in, II:968 William Crapo Durant and, I:263–64 women in, II:1121 during World War II, II:969 Automobile parking, elevator systems for, II:761 Automobile service industry, Firestone in, I:317 Automobiles, I:68–69. See also speciﬁc makes and models, e.g., Studebaker automobile air pollution and, II:972 Chevrolet Model 490, I:263–64 dependency on, II:972 electric, I:68, 367 equipment and supplies (See Automobile equipment and supplies industry)

European, I:366 expanded use of, I:261 fuel-efﬁcient, I:367 gasoline consumption of, II:752 import quotas on, II:848 increase in, II:972 oil industry and, II:998 vs. public transportation, II:967 vs. railroads, II:1016 steel roller bearings for, II:930 wheels for, I:531 windows in, II:799 Automotive industry. See Automobile industry Avon Books, II:835 Axis powers, in WW II, I:57, II:1131–32 Ayer, F.W., I:4 Ayllon, Lucas Vazquez de, II:605 Aztec-Tanoan, II:800 Aztecs, I:69, 216, II:626, 1010, 1018

B Babbage, Charles, I:199 Babcock, Havilah, I:536 Baby boom, I:71, I:71, II:1133 Gerber Products Company and, I:370 retirement of, I:392–94, I:393 Baby foods, Gerber, I:370–71, I:371, I:431, I:431 Baby strollers, II:886 Back country, I:71–72, II:1002 Bacon, Nathaniel, II:1002 Bacon’s Rebellion, II:1002 Bacteria brewing industry and, I:118 canning and, I:137 Bahamas, Christopher Columbus in, II:1009 Bailey, James A., I:80 Baker, Newton, II:908 Baker, Sarah Josephine, II:915 Bakers and bakeries Nabisco Foods Group in, II:675–76 Pepperidge Farm as, II:886–87 Baker’s Chocolate, II:809 Bakewell, Robert, I:149 Bakke, Allen, I:6, 7 Balance of payments, I:72. See also National debt Balance of trade, I:72–73, I:73 Balanced Budget Amendment, I:73

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Balanced Growth Act, I:313 Balcony House, II:626 Baldridge, Malcolm Howard, I:73–74 Baldwin, Joseph G., II:644 Baldwin, Roger, II:1001 Baleen, II:1113 Ballantine, Ian, II:835 Ballantine Books, II:835 Ballinger, Richard A., II:794–95 Ballmer, Steve, II:632, 634 Balloons, Rubbermaid and, II:885 Baltimore, Lord (Cecilius Calvert), II:605 Baltimore, Maryland, II:605, 607 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, I:74–76, II:605 Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and, I:400 in West Virginia, II:1102 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, II:854 Baltimore Orioles Camden Yard ballpark for, II:607 New York Yankees and, II:721 The Baltimore Sun, II:1003, 1004 Bancroft, George on impact of Navigation Acts, II:695 on mercantilism, II:621 Bank of America, I:374, II:1102 Bank of England, I:397 Bank of Italy, I:374 Bank of North America, I:11 Bank of the United States. See National banks Bank reserves, II:846 Bank robberies, II:796 Bank War, I:77–78 Banking Act (1933), I:377 Banking Act of 1935, I:312, 313 Banking industry in 1920s, II:833 Amadeo Peter Giannini in, I:374–75 business practices in, I:116 centralized (See National banks) deregulation of, II:896–98 in England, II:877 federal involvement in, I:275 Federal Reserve Act and, I:311–12 Federal Reserve System and, I:312–13, I:313

First Bank of the United States (See First Bank of the United States) fractional reserve system, I:337 General Motors Corporation and, I:367 during Great Depression, I:394 investment (See Investment banking) Jayson Gould and, I:386–87, I:387 in late nineteenth century, II:772 during Napoleonic Wars, II:677 national banks (See National banks) New Deal and, II:704 in New York, II:719, 720 in North Carolina, II:731 in Panic of 1907, II:553–54 in Pennsylvania, II:780 regulation of, I:210, II:580, 896–98 reserves in, II:846 in Rhode Island, II:876 Second Bank of the United States (See Second Bank of the United States) surplus in, II:976 Wells, Fargo in, II:1101–2 Bankruptcy credit and, I:224 ﬁnancial panics and, I:316 laws after Panic of 1837, II:770–71 penny auctions and, II:782 by Union Paciﬁc, II:1037 Banks from 1897-1920, I:293 Bank War, I:77–78 causes of failures of, I:316 central banks, I:150–52, II:846 centralized (See National banks) commercial prime rate and, II:819 credit from, I:223–24 FDIC and, I:310 Federal Land, I:241 Federal Reserve (See Federal Reserve banks) First National Bank (See First Bank of the United States) international, II:672 multinational, II:672 national (See National banks)

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Second National Bank (See Second Bank of the United States) wildcat, II:1116 Bannocks, II:738 Bantam Books, II:835 Barbados, II:973 Barbarossa, I:78–79, II:1131–32 Barbary States, I:78–79, II:1018–19, 1081 Barbary Wars, II:1019 Barbed wire, I:79, 221, 222, II:754–55 Barclays Bank of California, II:1102 Baring Brothers and Company, II:773 Barksdale, Jim, II:698 Barnum, Phineas Taylor, I:79–80, I:80 Barnum and Bailey Circus, I:80 Barre, Vermont, II:1062 Barron, Clarence W., II:1075 Barrows, Harlan H., I:266 Barrymore, John, II:1089 Bars (Drinking establishments), back, I:122 Barter, I:81 in early Utah, II:1051 economy (See Subsistence economy) Bartlett, William Erskine, II:1005 Baruch, Bernard Mannes, I:81–82, 513, II:637, 1086 Baruch Plan, I:81 Baseball, I:82, I:82–83 Baltimore Orioles, II:607, 721 Chicago Cubs, II:1138 Cincinnati Red Stockings, I:82 New York Yankees, II:721–23 Basic oxygen furnaces, II:960 BASIC (Programming language), I:199, 361, II:632–33 Batchelder, David, II:791 Batteries, I:278, 317 Battle Creek, Michigan, II:631, 807–8, 808–10 Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company, I:526–27, 530 Battles. See under name of town, e.g., Shiloh, Battle of Battleships, I:364 Batts, Thomas, II:1102 Bayer Company, heroin and, II:788 Bean, Leon Leonwood, I:83–84 Bear markets, I:84–85, II:964, 965 Beard, Charles, II:695 1155

Index

Beauvoir, Simone de, I:544 Beavers, trapping of, I:133 Bechtel, Stephen Davison, I:85–86 Bechtel Corporation, I:85 Bechtel-McCone Corporation, I:85 Beck, Dave, II:556, 557 Becknell, William, II:713, 895 Bednarz, Edward J., II:797 Beef industry, cattle drives and, I:221, 222, II:584 ‘‘Beef Trust,’’ II:654, 765 Beer Adolphus Busch and, I:130–31 assembly line in, I:60 history of, I:117–19, I:118 industry (See Breweries) pasturization of, I:130 Beissel, Johann Conrad, II:1054 Bell, Alexander Graham, I:86, I:86–87, 174, II:1053 AT&T and, I:63–66 Bell, Patrick, I:14 Bell Brand Foods, I:42 Bell Company Alexander Graham Bell’s, I:86, I:87–88 AT&T and, I:63–66 Bell Helicopter Textron, I:103 Bell Laboratories, I:63, 64, II:665 Bell XP-59 airplane, I:364 Bellcom, I:64–65 Belmont Springs Water Company, I:185 Ben Franklin stores, II:1070, 1071, 1077 Beneﬁciaries, of trusts, II:1027 Beneﬁts, employee. See Employee beneﬁts Benezet, Anthony, II:828 Benjamin, Curtis G., II:616 Bennet. James Gordon, I:87–88 Bennett, R.B. St. Lawrence Seaway and, II:891 Bennett Biscuit Company, II:675 Benny, Jack, I:42, II:1059 Benoist, Thomas W., I:20 Benton, Thomas Hart, I:345 Benz, Carl, I:68 Beringia, I:88–89 Berkeley, Baron John New Jersey and, II:710 Berkeley, William, II:1002 Berkshire Hathway, I:128 Berky Photo, I:273 1156

Berlin blockade, I:187, II:604 Berlin Decree of 1806, II:678 Berlin Decrees (France), II:1087 Berlin Wall, I:186, I:188, II:858 Bernard, Francis, II:952, 974, 1011 Berners-Lee, Tim, I:199 Bernhardt, Sarah, II:1059 Berra, Lawrence (Yogi), I:82, II:723 Berries crops, I:135 Berry, Clifford, I:199 Bertelsmann AG, I:144 Beryllium in Utah, II:1052 Bessemer, Henry, I:89, II:960 Bessemer process, I:89, 269, II:960, 1043 Andrew Carnegie and, II:780 Best, C. W., I:145 Best, Daniel, I:145 Best Buy vs. CompUSA, I:411 Betamax video recorders, II:937 Bethlehem-Fairﬁeld shipyards, II:607 Bethlehem Steel military-industrial complex and, II:637 using scientiﬁc management, II:901 Bethlehem Steel Corporation, II:984, 1044 Bethune, Albertus, I:89 Bethune, Mary McLeod, I:89–91, I:90 Bethune-Cookman College, I:91 Bets, in futures markets, I:197 Betty Crocker’s Picture Cook Book McGraw-Hill and, II:616 Beverage industry breweries (See Breweries) juices, I:371 soft drink industry (See Soft drink industry) Beveridge, Alan, I:160, II:1128 Beveridge, Albert Jeremiah, I:91–92 B.F. Goodrich Company, I:92–93, II:745 B.F. Goodrich Tire Company, I:93 BIA. See Bureau of Indian Affairs Bickmore, Lee S., II:675 Bicycles, I:93–94, 122 Biddle, James, I:505 Biddle, Nicholas, I:94–95, 504, II:779 ﬁrst banks of the U.S. and, I:76, 77–78, 150–52

Bienville, Sieur de in Louisiana, II:716 Bifocal lenses, by Benjamin Franklin, I:339 Big business Huey Long and, II:583 Robert LaFollette and, II:560 in 1920’s, II:832 Big Business and the Wealth of Nations, I:155 Big Four, II:956 Big stick diplomacy, I:95–96 Big Three, II:969, 970 Bikini Atoll test site, I:58 Bill of Rights, I:336 controversy over, I:12 in Land Ordinances, II:564 Native American policy and, II:690, 691 Billiard tables, I:122 Billy the Kid. See Bonney, William Biloxi, Mississippi, II:645 Bina, Eric, I:47 Biotechnology in agriculture industry, I:17 Biotechnology industry in New Jersey, II:712 R & D labs for, II:871 Birds, environmentalism and, I:289 Birds of passage, I:96 Birdseye, Clarence, I:326, II:809 Birmingham, Alabama, I:22, 24 Biscuits Gondolo (France) with Nabisco Foods, II:675 Bison. See Buffalo Bissot, Jean Baptiste, I:475 Bituminous coal, I:184 Bituminous Coal Act of 1937, I:184 Black, Duncan, I:96–97 Black, James, II:829 Black Americans. See African Americans Black and Decker Corporation, I:96–98 Black Codes, I:98, II:867 Black Friday, I:387 Black gold, I:98–99 Black Hawk, I:99–100 Black Hawk War, I:99–100, 464 Northwest Ordinance and, II:737 Wisconsin and, II:1118 Black Hills, II:942 Black Hills National Forest, II:943 Black market, I:100–101, II:602

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

for illegal drugs, I:459–60, 462 for liquor, II:987, 1030 Black markets in shortages, II:920 Black Mountains, I:49 Black Muslims, I:202 Black Panthers, I:202 Black Thursday, I:397 Blackfoot, II:800 Blackwell, Henry Brown, I:101–2, II:724 Blaine, James G., II:829 Blair, Francis P., II:950 Blakiston Company, II:616 Blanchard, Thomas, II:950 Bland-Allison Act, I:102, 340, 378, 381 Bland-Allison Act of 1878, II:916 Blast Furnaces, I:139 Blatz brewery, II:1120 Bleeding Kansas, I:102–3, 520, 523 Bleustein, Jeff, I:419 Blind, schools for, I:449–50 Blithedale Romance, I:120 Block grants for urban renewal, II:1047 Blockades, I:103 in American Revolution, I:11 of Cuba, II:947 on France, I:284 Blue Bell Inc., II:732 Blue-collar workers. See also Unskilled labor deindustrialization and, I:229 Blue Label Air, II:1041 Blue Ridge Parkway, II:1067 Blueberries, in Maine, II:598 Blueridge Mountains, I:49 Blum, John M., I:154 Boat industries, I:122 Boating equipment, I:122 Boats expanded use of, I:261 steam (See Steamboats) Bobcat automobile, wrongful death suits and, I:332 Bodega Bay nuclear reactor, II:739 Bodin, Jean, II:847 Boeing, William E., I:21, 103–4, I:104 Boeing aircraft, I:103–6, I:104 Boeing Aircraft and Transportation Company, I:104 Boeing Company, I:103–6, I:104

Boeing Corporation, I:21, II:638, 1092 BOFs. See Basic oxygen furnaces Bogart, Humphrey, II:1007 Boilers, steamboat, II:958–59, 960 Boll weevils, infestations of, I:106 Bombardier, I:103 Bombings Haymarket, I:426–27, I:427 Oklahoma, II:750 Bombs atomic (See Atomic bombs) hydrogen, I:58 Bonaire, as New Netherlands, II:715 Bonanza farms, I:106–7, II:733 Bonaparte, Napoleon, I:520 economic warfare by, I:284 Ida Tarbell on, II:980 Louisiana and, II:716 Louisiana Purchase and, II:585, 586–87, 941 in Napoleonic Wars, II:677–79 Bond, William, II:669 Bond issues by TVA, II:992 Bonds, I:107. See also Stock markets federal debts and, I:310 Glass-Steagall Banking Act and, I:377 junk, I:517 liberty, II:581–82 in mutual funds, II:673–74 regulation of, II:907 saving (See Saving bonds) Bonneville Dam, I:519, II:758 Bonneville Power Administrations, I:360 Bonney, William, II:713 Bonsack Company, I:257 Bonus March, I:395 Book clubs, II:835 Book-of-the-Month Club, II:835 Book publishing industry. See Publishing industry The Book Table, I:543 Booklink, I:144 Boone, Daniel, I:107–9, I:108, I:226, 532, II:1116 Boone, Nathan, I:109 Bootlegging, II:1030 during prohibition, II:987 Borden, Gail Jr., I:109 Borden, Henry Lee, I:109 Borden Incorporated, I:109–10, 137 Border Patrol (U.S.)

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

the war on drugs and, I:461 Boston, Massachusetts, II:608–10 Boston Tea Party (See Boston Tea Party) subways in, II:967 Boston and Albany railroad, II:720–21 Boston Associates, II:589 Boston Manufacturing Company, II:590, 846, 999 Boston Manufacturing Industry, II:589 Boston Massacre, I:110–12, II:1011 Boston Police Strike of 1919, II:833 Boston Port Act of 1774, I:494 Boston Tea Party, I:10, 112–14, I:113, II:609, 1011 Paul Revere in, II:873 punishment for, I:494 Quebec Act and, II:847 Bottling, of Coca-Cola, I:185 Bourbon whisky, from corn, I:216 Bowdoin, James, II:913, 914 Bowling equipment, I:122 Boxer Rebellion, II:754 Boy Scouts of America, II:948 Boyce, H.H., II:1002 Boycott, Charles, I:114 Boycotts, I:114. See also Strikes in American colonies, I:10, II:1011 on British imports, II:1081 of California grapes, II:1039 vs. embargo, I:283 Irish tenant farmers, I:114 by labor unions, II:557 Montgomery bus, I:24, 121, 169–70 secondary, II:979 Stamp Act of 1765 and, II:952 by Virginia, II:1066 Boynton v. Virginia (1960), I:170 BP America Inc., II:787 Brace, Julius, II:786 Braceros. See Migrant labor Braddock, Edward, I:347, II:1095 Bradford, William, II:794 Bradwell, Bessie, I:159 Braille, Louis, I:450 Brakes air, II:1106 by Firestone, I:317 manufacturing of, I:531–32 Branch Dividian compound, II:750 Brand names, I:115 1157

Index

consumer loyalty to, I:4, 5 Pepperidge Farm as, II:887 in retail industry, II:871 Rubbermaid as, II:885–86 Brandeis, Louis Dembitz, I:115–17, I:116 Brandt, John, II:562 Brandywine Iron Works, II:590–91 Brave New World indictment of Henry Ford, I:330 Brazil discovery of, II:1010 steel dumping by, II:961 sugarcane in, II:973 Breakfast cereal products industry. See Cereal products industry Breeden, Richard C., II:897 Breer, Carl, I:167 Bretton Woods Agreement, I:72, 117, 298 Breweries, I:117–19, I:118 Adolphus Busch and, I:130–31 Miller Brewing Company, I:118, II:1120 in Missouri, II:648 in Wisconsin, II:1120 Brezhnev, Leonid, I:188 BRI. See Business Risk International Bridges Brooklyn, I:120 by Stephen Bechtel, I:85 suspension, II:881–82 Bridgestone, II:1005 Brinkley, Allen, II:706 Brisbane, Albert, II:1055 Britain. See Great Britain British Board of Trade, I:189 British colonialism. See American colonial period British East India Company, I:112–14, I:113 British Foreign Enlistment Act of 1819, I:25 British imperialism. See also Great Britain; Imperialism joint stock companies and, I:514 British Medical Resource Council, I:42 British Navigation Acts, I:473, II:1082 British Petroleum, Alaskan oil ﬁelds and, I:29 British West Indies, II:973 triangular trade in, II:1017–18 Brook Farm, I:120, II:1055–56 1158

Brookings Institute, NAFTA and, II:728, 729 Brooklyn Bridge, I:120, II:881–82 Brotherhood of Labor, II:859 Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, I:229 Brotherhood of Railroad Brakeman, I:229 Brotherhood of Railway Carmen, I:229 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, I:120–21, I:121, II:859 Broward, Napoleon, I:324 Brown, Edmund G., II:863 Brown, George W., I:14 Brown, Henry, II:802 Brown, John, I:1, 102–3, 420–21, II:1067 Brown, Lovonia, I:91 Brown, Moses, I:176, II:999, 1080 Brown and Benchmark, II:1004 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), I:6, 169, II:989–90 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), I:511, II:801 Browne, Carl, I:223 Brownell, Francis H., I:40 Brownie cameras, I:271 Browning, John, I:194 Brown’s Ferry nuclear reactor, II:740 Brown’s Raid. See John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry Browsers (Computer), I:47–48 Bruce, Blanche Kelso, I:98 Brunswick, John Moses, I:121–22 Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company, I:122 Brunswick Corporation, I:121–23 Brussels, Belgium NATO headquarters in, II:730 Bryan, William Jennings, I:123–24, II:977, 978, 990, 1062 ‘‘Cross of Gold Speech’’ by, I:225–26 on farmers, I:307, 309 in Populist movement, II:806 on silver coinage, I:381–82 vs. William McKinley, I:340 vs. William Randolph Hearst, I:429 BSCP. See Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Buchanan, James, I:421, II:941 Buckley, William, Jr., I:205 Budget deﬁcit, I:124–25, I:125 Budweiser beer, I:131

Buell Motorcycle Company, I:419 Buena Vista, Battle of, I:181 Buffalo extermination of, I:125–27, I:126 Native Americans and, II:800 Buffet, Warren, I:127–28 Buick automobiles, I:366 Buick Motor Company, I:263–64 Building law, II:1016 slums and, II:931–32 Building materials, I:97 Buildings architects for (See Architecture) as real property, II:819 reinforced concrete in, II:869–70 Bulge, Battle of the, II:1132 Bull markets, I:84–85 in 1920s, II:964, 965 in 1982, II:965 fraudulent stock in, I:254 Bull Moose Party, II:978 Bulldozers, I:147 Bulletproof vests, I:259 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms the war on drugs and, I:461 weapons smuggling and, I:462 Bureau of Corporations, I:491 Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, I:466, II:784 Bureau of Indian Affairs, II:690 Bureau of Insular Affairs, I:513 Bureau of Internal Revenue, II:923 Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI and, I:209 input-output analysis and, II:571–72 Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, II:959 Bureau of Navigation, II:959 Bureau of Reclamation, I:499 Bureau of Refugees, Freemen, and Abandoned Lands. See Freemen’s Bureau Burgess, John William, I:205 Burke, Edmund, II:621 Burlingame Treaty, I:163 Burlington, Vermont, II:1062 Burlington Industries, II:732 Burlington Mills, II:1000–1001 Burlington railroad, in Northern Securities Case, II:735–36 Burner, David L., I:93

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Burnham, Daniel Hudson, I:128–29, I:129 Burns, Arthur, I:405 Burns, George, II:1059 Burr, Aaron, I:414, II:792 Busch, Adolphus, I:118, 130–31 Busch beer, I:131 Busch Brewery Company, I:131 Buses boycotts of, I:24, 169–70 Greyhound Bus Lines, II:782 Bush, George deregulation by, I:210 on foreign trade, I:342 on highway construction, I:493 on illegal drugs, I:461 NAFTA and, II:728 savings and loan associations and, II:897, 898 Business consultants, in scientiﬁc management, II:901 Business cycles, I:130, I:131–32 in economic theory, II:899–900 theories of money and, II:847 Business enterprises minority, II:826 Business-government relations. See Industrial policy Business history, I:154–55 Business machines, I:278, II:1096–97 Business management. See Management The Business of Being a Woman, II:980 Business publications McGraw-Hill and, II:616–17 Wall Street Journal (See Wall Street Journal) Business Risk International, II:797 Business Software Alliance, II:799 Business trusts, I:529, II:1027 Business Week, II:616–17 Butadiene, II:998 Butch Cassidy and the Wild Bunch, II:796 Butler, Nicholas Murray, I:205 Butler, Smedley D., I:501 Butte, Montana, II:660 Butter, Land O’Lakes and, II:562 Buy American policy, II:833–34 Byrant, Joseph, I:499 Byrd, Harry, II:1067 Byrd, Robert C., II:1104 Byrd, William, II:730

C CAB. See Civil Aeronautics Board Cabinet making, I:122 Cable cars. See Streetcars Cable companies, regulation of, II:599 Cable television, II:683, 684, 1003. See also Television broadcasting Cablegrams, II:986, 1014 Cables, steel, in suspension bridges, II:882 Cabot, John, II:924 Cabral, Pedro Alvares, II:1010 Cabrillo, Juan Rodriquez, I:133 Cadillac, I:67, 263–64 Cadillac Automobile Company, I:366 Cahokia, Illinois Mound Builders in, II:670 Cajuns, II:584 Calculating-Tabulating-Recording company, I:485 Calculators, I:485 Caldwell, James, I:110, 111, II:885 Calhoun, John C. on agricultural interests, I:205 intrastate public works and, II:611, 612 on nulliﬁcation, I:177, II:939, 957–58, 981 on secession, II:981 on tariffs, II:981–82 California, I:131–36, I:134 acquisition of, II:989 federal grants for railroads in, II:856 gold rush in, I:43, 133, 147 grape boycott and, II:1039 Leland Stanford and, II:955–56 Pony Express in, II:804 rice in, II:878 seasonal unemployment in, II:906 California Civil Rights Initiative, I:6 California Gold Rush of 1849, II:755 Alaska and, I:28 displacement of Native Americans by, I:306 Panama Canal and, II:766 panics of late 19th century and, II:772 California Indians, I:306 California Paciﬁc Railroad Company, II:956

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

California Petroleum Company, II:998 California Plant Protection, II:797 California Test Bureau, II:617 Callabra Software, Inc., II:699 Calloway, Cab, I:122 Calvert, Benedict Leonard, II:605 Calvert, Cecilius (Lord Baltimore), II:605 Calvert, George, II:605 Calvin, John, II:845, 1126 Camay soap, by P & G, II:823 Cambodia, II:1065 Cambrai, Battle of, I:148 Cambria Iron Company, II:871 Camcorders, Sony, II:937 Camden and Amboy railroad, II:710 Cameras Kodak, I:271 motion picture, I:278 video (See Video cameras) Campaign contributions, II:582 Campbell, Joseph, I:136 Campbell Soup Company, I:136–37, 431, II:886–87 Camping equipment, I:122 Camus, Albert, I:544 Canada borders of, I:214 canals in, II:938 fugitive slaves in, II:1033 NAFTA and, II:728 Soo Locks in, II:938 U.S. investments in, I:468–69 Vermont and, II:1060 whaling in, II:1113 Canadian Overseas Telecommunications Corporation, I:64 Canals, I:267, 269, 294–96 Chesapeake and Delaware, I:235 Erie (See Erie Canal) for mining industry, II:938 Native American, II:943 in New York, II:718 Panama, I:251, 292 Soo Locks and, II:938–39 Welland, II:891, 1100–1101 Canary Islands, II:973, 1009 Cancer research on, II:788 smoking and, II:1007–8 Candle industry, II:821–22, 824 Candler, Asa, I:185 1159

Index

Canned foods industry, regulation of, II:845 Canning industry, I:137 assembly line in, I:60 in Minnesota, II:641 in Wisconsin, II:1120 Cannon Mills, II:732 Canon Corporation, I:512 Cans, beer, I:118 Cantillion, Richard, I:288 Cantor, Eddie, II:1059 CAP. See Central Arizona Project; Community Action Program Capac, Huayna, I:470 Cape Canaveral, I:325, II:945 Cape Verde Islands, II:1009–10 Capital, I:137 human, I:452–53 physical, II:789 requirements for savings and loan associations, II:897–98 in sole proprietorships, II:936 through stock sales, II:963 Capital consumption, I:209 Capital expenditures, I:13, I:14 Capital gains tax, I:137–38 Capital goods, I:138 Capital investments, I:495 Capitalism, I:138 Adam Smith on, II:932–33 David Ricardo and, II:877 Franklin D. Roosevelt and, II:883 John Keynes and, I:535 Joseph Schumpeter and, II:899–900 labor movement and, II:553–55 Marcus Alonzo Hanna for, I:416–17 New Deal and, II:706 pay equity and, II:777 private property rights in, II:819 vs. radical unions, II:849, 850 religion and, II:934 robber barons and, II:880 westward expansion and, II:1108 work ethic and, II:1126 Capone, Al, II:1030 Capper-Volstead Act (1922), II:562 Caramel, I:433–34 Carey Act (1894), I:499 Cargill, II:1032 Caribbean area exploration of, II:1010 1160

sugarcane in colonies of, II:973 Carnegie, Andrew, I:138–40, I:139 Booker T. Washington and, II:1094 entrepreneurship and, I:288 Homestead steel strike and, I:443 industrial development and, II:653–54 monopolies and, I:198 in Pennsylvania, II:780 as robber baron, I:478, 481, 528, II:879, 960, 1074 steel for railroads and, II:855 U.S. Steel and, II:1043 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, I:139, 140 Carnegie Hall, I:140 Carnegie-Illinois Steel, II:1044 Carnegie Institute of Technology, I:140 Carnegie-Mellon University, I:140 Carnegie Steel, I:33, 139, II:780, 1043 Carpetbaggers, I:55, 140, II:867, 939 Carr, Patrick, I:110 Carrier, Willis Haviland, I:140–41 Carrier Engineering Corporation, I:141 Carry out restaurants. See Fast food restaurants Carson, Kit in Nevada, II:700 in New Mexico, II:713 Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company, II:662 Carson City, Nevada, II:700 Cartels, I:141–42, 317 Carter, Jimmy on civil service reform, I:172–73 deregulation by, I:210 Georgia and, I:369 ICC and, I:492 OPEC oil embargo and, II:752 Panama Canal and, II:767 Ronald Reagan and, II:863 Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Inc., II:601 Carteret, George, II:710 ‘‘Carter’s Little Liver Pills,’’ II:787–88 Cartier, Jacques in New France, II:707 Northwest Passage and, II:738 St. Lawrence River and, II:891

Cartography, telegraph and, II:669 Cartwright, Alexander, I:82 Caruso, Enrico, II:852 Caruthers, Wallace, I:259 Carver, George Washington, I:142, I:142–43 Carver, John, II:794 Carver Reseach Foundation, I:142 Case, Stephen, I:143–45 Casey, Jim, II:1040 Casey, Robert, II:780 Cash. See also Money as bank reserves, II:846 Cash crops, I:145, II:602–3. See also Agricultural economy Casinos Donald Trump’s, II:1024 in South Dakota, II:943 Cass, George W., II:733 Cass, Lewis, I:523 Catalog companies. See Mail-order business Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance, II:971 Catalogs, of books, II:835 Caterpillar Tractor Company, I:145–46, 464 Caterpillar Tractor Incorporated, I:145–47, I:146 Cathode ray tubes, for television, II:681 Catlin, Lynde, II:720 Catskill Mountains, I:49 Cattle Armand Hammer, I:414 in Black Hills, II:942 longhorn, I:147, II:584 Cattle drives, I:147–49, I:148, II:584, 754 cowboys and, I:222 railroads and, I:221 Cattle industry, I:149–50, II:584 after Civil War, I:221, 222 in Arizona, I:51 in Colorado, I:192 in Florida, I:324 in Iowa, I:497–98 in Kansas, I:521–22 in North Dakota, II:733 in Oklahoma, II:748 open range and, II:754–55 in Oregon, II:757 railroads and, II:994–95 Richard King and, I:540–41 vs. sheep ranchers, II:914–15

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

in Texas, II:993–95, 997 in Washington state, II:1091 in Wyoming, II:1139 Cattle Inventory Report, I:150 Cattle towns. See Cow towns Cavelier, Robert, Sieur de la Salle, I:475 in Louisiana, II:715 in Mississippi, II:64–45 in New France, II:707 in Ohio Valley, II:747 Cayugas, I:499 CBNEB. See Credit Bureau National Extension Bureau CBS. See Central Broadcasting System CBS/Sony, II:937 CCC. See Civilian Conservation Corps; Commodity Credit Act CCRI. See California Civil Rights Initiative Celler-Kefauver Act (1950), II:655, 1026 Cement industries Henry Kaiser and, I:519 highway construction and, I:493 Census calculators for, I:485 tabulation of data from, I:439–40 Census Bureau calculators for, I:485 tabulation of data, I:439–40 Central America, II:626, 657 Central Arizona Project, I:53 Central banks, I:150–52, II:846 Central Broadcasting System. See CBS in entertainment industry, I:286–87 owning New York Yankees, II:722 publishing and, II:836 radio and, II:852 Central business districts, II:1049 Central Intelligence Agency Armand Hammer and, I:415 Howard Hughes and, I:452 illegal drugs and, I:460–61 Central National Bank, I:150–52 Central Paciﬁc Corporation, II:1102 Central Paciﬁc railroad, I:152–54, I:153 beginning of, II:1015 founders of, II:955 Paciﬁc Railway Act and, II:856

railroad war, II:856 Union Paciﬁc railroad and, I:479, 481, II:956, 1037 Central Powers, in WW I, II:1129–30 Central Utah Project, II:1051 Centrally planned economy, I:196 Century products, Rubbermaid and, II:886 Cereal crops, I:388–89 Cereal products industry. See also Kellogg Cereals advertising in, I:527–28 C.W. Post in, II:807–8 Kellogg Company, I:526–30 in Michigan, II:631 Nabisco Foods and, II:675 oligopolies and, II:751 Certiﬁcate of Freedom, for indentured servants, I:473 Certiﬁcates of deposit, II:673 C.F. Holding Corporation, I:195 CFC. See Chloroﬂuorocarbons Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, I:46 Chain stores, I:154 Charles E. Merrill and, II:623–25 J.C. Penney and, II:777–78 Kroger Company and, I:549 in retail industry, II:871 Chalmers, I:67 Champlain, Samuel de, II:1060 in New France, II:707 Champlain-Hudson Canal, II:1062 Chandler, Albert B., I:534 Chandler, Alfred DuPont, I:154–55 Chandler, Henry, II:1002–3 Chandler, Norman, II:1003 Chandler, Otis, II:1003 Chaney, James, I:170 Channel Command, of NATO, II:729 Chapbooks, II:834 Chappe, Claude, II:1053 Charbonneau, Toussaint, II:659 Charitable foundations. See Charitable trusts Charitable institutions. See Charities Charitable trusts, II:1027 Daniel Guggenheim, I:410 S.S. Kresge and, I:547 Will Kellogg and, I:530 William Randolph Hearst, I:429 Charities, I:549 Charles and Co., II:887

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Charles Center development, II:607 Charles E. Merrill and Company, II:623 Charles Elmer Hires Company, I:437 Charles I, II:605 canal in Central America and, II:766 settling North Carolina, II:730 South Carolina and, II:939 Charles II, II:778 Charles III, II:716 Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837), I:208 Charleston, South Carolina, II:939 Chase, Salmon, I:155–57, 215, 314, II:681 Chase Manhattan Bank, I:206, 235 Chavez, Cesar Estrada, I:157, I:157–58, II:1038–39 Chavis, Patrick, I:7 Checks, II:653 Cheese Borden, I:109 in Wisconsin, II:1118, 1120 Cheese cooperatives, II:562 Chemical industry after War of 1812, I:267 in Delaware, I:235 DuPont Company, I:235, 260 environmentalism and, I:288–89 from Exxon Corporation, I:301–2 in Florida, I:325 Cheney, Benjamin, II:733 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station, II:740 Cherokee v. Georgia (1831), II:1013 Cherokees, I:320, II:985. See also Trail of Tears agrarian economy of, II:1013 in Alabama, I:22 in Georgia, II:1014 in Oklahoma, II:749 in Tennessee, II:989 in West Virginia, II:1102 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, I:235 Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, I:75 Chesapeake Bay, I:190–91, II:605, 1002 Chesapeake (Ship), II:1087 Chester, Colby M., II:809 Cheves, Langdon, I:76, 77 Chevrolet, Louis, I:263–64 Chevrolet Motor Company, I:263–64 1161

Index

Chevron Oil Company, II:786, 787, 790 Chewing gum industry, II:1137–38 Cheyenne River, II:943 Cheyennes, II:800 in Colorado, I:192 in Nebraska, II:696 Chiang Kai-Shek, I:164 Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad Company, I:435 Chicago, Illinois architecture of, II:974–75, 1135 as commodities market, I:197 Fire of 1871 in (See Chicago Fire of 1871) Hull House in, I:2–3 slums in, II:931 streetcars in, II:966–67 Chicago Board of Trade, I:197, II:762 Chicago Cubs, II:1138 Chicago Federation of Labor, I:464 Chicago Fire of 1871, I:118, 128, 158–60, I:159, I:315, II:974 Chicago Radio Laboratory, II:1145 Chicago’s World Fair, II:1046 Chickasaws, I:22, 320, II:749, 1013–14 Chiksika, II:984 Child labor, I:160–62, I:161, II:935 in Alabama, I:24 Eugene Victor Debs and, I:229 Florence Kelley and, I:525–26 Frances Perkins and, II:783–84 Knights of Labor and, I:543 in late 19th century, II:1127, 1128 laws banning, I:92, 303–4, I:304, II:1016 Mary Jones and, I:515 New Deal and, II:703 NRA and, I:513 regulation of, II:610, 686 in Rhode Island, II:876–77, 893 in spinning mills, II:949 Child Labor Act (1919), I:162, II:1117, 1128 Child safety seats, II:886 Child welfare for African Americans, I:89–91 legislation for, I:92 Child Welfare Conference, I:91 Children’s Bureau, II:915, 1128 Children’s literature, II:836 Chile, Monroe Doctrine and, II:658 China 1162

airline route to, II:1019 command economy in, I:197 computer program piracy and, II:799 ﬁnancial crisis in, I:43 Open Door Policy and, II:754 Richard Nixon and, II:725 tribute in, II:1018 Tyson Foods in, II:1032 Chinese Americans, I:163–64 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, I:162–64, 466 Chinooks, II:738 Chiron Corporation, II:788 Chisholm, Jesse, I:164 Chisholm, Shirley, II:1125 Chisholm Trail, I:148, 164 Chisolm, Jesse, I:148 Chloroﬂuorocarbons DuPont response to, I:259 ozone and, II:763 Chocolate industry Baker’s Chocolate, II:809 Hershey Foods Corporation, I:433–34 Choctaws, I:164, 320, II:1013–14 in Louisiana, II:716 in Oklahoma, II:748, 749 Christian Front, I:218–19 Christianity, Native Americans and, II:692–93, 717, 755, 837, 895 Chromacolor picture tubes, II:1145 Chrysler, Walter Percy, I:165, 166–68, I:167, I:522, II:930 Chrysler Corporation, I:164–66, 522, II:930 assembly plant in Missouri, II:648 in Delaware, I:236 Dodge factory and, II:888 federal grant to, II:631 vs. Ford Motor Company, I:332 Lee Iacocca and, I:455–56 Maxwell Company, I:67, 167 military-industrial complex and, II:637 Studebaker and, II:969 unions in, II:923 Church of England, I:398. See also Anglican Church Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. See Mormonism Churchill, Winston Harry Hopkins and, I:446 Iron Curtain and, I:187 John Keynes and, I:535

WW II and, II:1131–32 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Cigarette making machines, I:257 Cigarettes. See Smoking; Tobacco industry Cigarmakers’ International Union, I:383 Cincinnati, Ohio, II:745. See also Porkopolis Porkopolis and, II:806–7, 822 Cincinnati Red Stockings, I:82 CIO. See Congress of Industrial Organizations Circular ﬂow of economic activity, I:168 Circular saws, I:97 Circuses, Barnum & Bailey, I:80 Citicorp Harley-Davidson and, I:419 in South Dakota, II:943 Cities and towns. See also names of speciﬁc cities development patterns for, II:971 edge (See Edge cities) expansion of, II:967 market revolution and, II:602–3 racism in, I:399, II:971 sprawl of, II:967 streetcars in, II:966–67 tenements in, II:988–89 in Virginia, II:1066 Cities Service Company, II:790 Citizen’s Industrial Alliance, II:808 Citizenship. See also Constitution of the United States Fifteenth Amendment and, II:1001 Fourteenth Amendment and, I:169, 316, 336–37, II:1001 Citrus industry. See Fruit crops City Beautiful Movement, I:168 City life. See Urban life City planning, I:168, II:971 Lyndon Johnson and, II:814 in Maryland, II:607 Victor David Gruen and, I:408 Civil Aeronautics Board, I:19 Civil Liberties Bureau, II:1001 Civil rights, I:510–11 ADA in, I:42–43 CORE for, I:201–2 Dred Scott case in (See Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)) Henry Brown Blackwell and, I:101–2

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Hispanic, I:157, I:157–58 Kennedy/Johnson programs for, I:402–3, II:814 legislation for (See speciﬁc legislation, e.g., Civil Rights Act) movements of (See Civil rights movements) during Reconstruction (See Reconstruction) right-to-work laws and, II:879 rise of, I:290 Samuel Howe and, I:450 Civil Rights Act (1866), I:98, 168–69, II:867 Civil Rights Act (1875), I:168–69, 510 Civil Rights Act (1964) ADA and, I:43 Civil Rights Act of 1875 and, I:169 Jim Crow laws and, I:369, 511 as major discrimination law, I:246 Martin Luther King, Jr. and, I:540 passage of, I:290, 403, II:814 purpose of, I:6 state legislation and, II:990 women and, II:1123, 1124 Civil Rights Act (1991), I:303 Civil rights demonstrations, I:169–71, I:171, I:539–40 Civil rights movements, I:6–7, 169–72, I:171 in Alabama, I:24 Asa Philip Randolph and, II:858–60 CORE and, I:201–2 Martin Luther King Jr. and, I:538–40 in Mississippi, II:645 in Oklahoma, II:749 poll tax and, II:804 1950’s and 1960’s, I:98 Civil Service Act (1883), I:172–73 Civil Service Commission, I:172, II:950 Civil Service Reform Act (1978), I:172–73 Civil Service Reform Association, I:172 Civil Service Retirement Act (1920), I:172 Civil Service Retirement System, II:783 Civil War. See also Slavery

agriculture after, I:16, 307–9 Alabama claims after, I:25 Alabama during, I:22 Allan Pinkerton and, II:796 Altanta during, I:369 Arizona during, I:51 Arkansas after, I:55 Baltimore and Ohio railroad during, I:75 baseball origins during, I:82 Black Codes after, I:98 blockade in, I:103 bull market after, I:107 California during, II:955 canned goods during, I:326 cattle industry after, I:147, 149, II:754 Central Paciﬁc Railroad before, I:152 Confederate States in (See Confederate States of America) Connecticut during, I:202 constitutional amendments and, I:208 costs of, II:1083 cotton and, I:538 Cumberland Gap during, I:227 Dred Scott Case and (See Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)) early Republic to, I:267–70, I:268 economic causes of, I:175–78, I:176, II:939 economic impact of, I:178–80, I:179, II:1027 equipment contracts for, I:43–45 Fifteenth Amendment and (See Fifteenth Amendment) ﬁnancing, I:156, 215, 311 Fourteenth Amendment and (See Fourteenth Amendment) Georgia during, I:369 gold output after, I:381 government land policy before, I:390 greenbacks in, II:1116 Idaho during, I:457 Illinois during, I:464 income tax during, II:923 Indiana during, I:477 indigo crops before, I:478 industrialization and, I:173, I:173–75, 426, 478, 481 Iowa during, I:497 ironclads during, I:498

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Kansas during, I:521 Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and, I:523 Kentucky and, I:532–33 KKK during, I:551 labor unions after, II:557–58 McCormick reaper and, II:615 messaging services in, II:1106 Minnesota during, II:639, 641 Mississippi during, II:644 Missouri during, II:648 Molly Maguires after, II:652 Nat Turner’s Rebellion and, II:679 national banking and, II:681 National Road and, II:688 Nebraska during, II:696 New Jersey during, II:712 New Orleans during, II:716–17 North Carolina during, II:730 nulliﬁcation and, II:981 Ohio during, II:745 Oklahoma during, II:749 pharmaceutical industry after, II:788 plantations and, II:801 Proctor and Gamble after, II:822 railroads and, I:475, 477, 479, 481, II:854, 855 revenue for, I:230 Rhode Island during, II:876 rice growing after, II:878 segregation after, I:510 Sherman’s March in, II:917–18 shipbuilding industry during, II:919 South Carolina during, II:939 spoils system after, II:950 state rights and, II:958 steel industry and, II:959 sugar industry after, I:423 Tennessee during, II:989 Texas during, II:994 Thirteenth Amendment and (See Thirteenth Amendment) trade with Mexico during, I:540 Virginia during, II:1067 wagon industry during, II:969 West Virginia during, II:1102–3 westward expansion after, I:499 whaling in, I:423, II:1113 Civil War Amendments. See Fifteenth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment; Thirteenth Amendment 1163

Index

Civil Works Administration, I:242, II:704 Civilian Conservation Corps, I:180, 242, 275, II:703–4 Civilian Production Administration, II:1088 Civilians, in work force, II:1035 Claims (International law) Alabama, I:25 Clamshell Alliance, II:741 Clapp, Norton, II:1110 Clarendon, Earl of. See Villiers, George William Frederick Clark, Charles B., I:536 Clark, Charles E., II:597 Clark, F.W., I:214 Clark, George Rogers, I:475 Clark, James H., I:48, II:698 Clark, William, II:575, 646, 941. See also Lewis and Clark expedition Clarke-McNary Act (1924), II:757, 1110 Classiﬁcation Act (1923), I:172 Clay, Henry, I:180–82, 350 intrastate public works and, II:611–12 nulliﬁcation and, II:939 political challenges by, I:78 slavery and, II:929 Tariff of Abominations and, II:982 Clay, James, I:182 Clay, Thomas, I:181–82 Clayton, Powell, I:55 Clayton and Dubilier, II:1043 Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), I:182. See also Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) AFL and, I:33 anti-labor interpretation of, II:555–56 collective bargaining and, I:189 competition and, II:832 Federal Trade Commission Act and, II:1026 vs. free enterprise, II:580–81 labor unions and, I:275, II:727 monopolies, II:654–55, 916 price ﬁxing and, II:1045 Sherman Antitrust Act and, I:274–76, 491 under Woodrow Wilson, I:293, II:1117 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, II:766 Clean Air Act, I:289, II:992 Clean Water Act, I:289 1164

Clearinghouses, for rebates, II:865 Clemens, Samuel. See Twain, Mark Clermont, II:959, 962 Cleveland, Grover annexation of Hawaii and, I:424 imperialism and, I:468 Jacob Coxey and, I:223 populism and, II:806 railroad strikes and, I:35, II:841, 1143 Silver Purchase Act and, II:773 silver vs. gold standards and, II:917 temperance movement and, II:829 trust-busting by, II:1025, II:1026 Cleveland, Ohio, II:745–46, 953–54 Cliff dwellers. See Anasazis Cliff Palace, II:626 Climate in Dakota Territory, II:941 in South Dakota, II:942–43 Clinique, II:568 Clinton, Bill, AFDC and 935 air trafﬁc controller strike and, I:18 on Alaskan environmental protection, I:27 antitrust actions of, II:1026 Arkansas and, I:56 balanced budget under, I:536 conservatism and, I:206 deregulation by, I:210 foreign trade policy of, I:342 Mexican Bail-Out and, II:627 military-industry acquisitions and mergers and, II:638 NAFTA and, II:728 Tyson Foods, Inc. and, II:1031 weapons smuggling and, I:462 Clinton, DeWitt, I:295, II:718 Clinton, George, II:718 Clinton, Henry, I:38 Clinton Tax Package of 1993, II:828 Clipper ships, I:182–83, II:919 Clock and watch industry, I:202, II:902–3 Close machining, II:608 Closed shops, I:183, II:979 Clothes dryers, II:613 Clothing industry John Jacob Aster and, I:62–63 in Mississippi, II:645 in New York, II:718–19

Northwest Fur Co., II:938 ‘‘off the rack’’ garments, II:718, 922 Sears, Roebuck and Company in, II:905 in South Dakota, II:941 Clothing stores. See also Retail stores L. L. Bean, I:83–84 Clovis, New Mexico, I:183 Clovis culture, I:183, II:765 CMA. See Crédit Mobilier of America CNBC, II:683, 684 CND. See Council of National Defense Coal bituminous, I:184 formation of, I:183–84 Hill, Griggs and Company, I:435 TVA’s use of, II:992 whaling industry and, I:423 Coal gas, II:1052 Coal industry, I:183–84 labor strikes in, II:1039 Molly Maguires and, II:651–52 in Montana, II:661 in Ohio, II:745–46 OPEC oil embargo and, II:752 in Pennsylvania, II:779 in Wyoming, II:1139 Coal mining, I:184 after Civil War, I:174 in Arkansas, I:55 in Kentucky, I:533–34 labor unions and, I:543 railroads and, II:855 in West Virginia, II:1104 Coal oil, I:98 Coastal Zone Act, I:235 CoAxial Systems Engineering Company, II:1003 Cobb, Howell, I:369 Cobb, Raymond, I:369 COBOL, for personal computers, II:632–33 Coca-Cola beverages, I:184–86 cocaine in, II:788 Coca-Cola Company, I:127, II:1012 Cocaine, I:459, I:460, I:461, II:788 Cocaine wars, II:622 Cockerill, John A., II:839 Cocoa, I:433–34 Codorus (Steamship), II:591

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Coer d’Alene, II:738 Coercive Acts. See Intolerable Acts (1774) Coffee A & P and, II:871 instant, I:326 Maxwell House, II:809 production of, I:39 Coffeemakers, I:97 Cofﬁn, Charles, I:364 Cofﬁn, Levi, II:1033–34 Coinage Act (1792), II:653 Coinage Act (1834), I:380 Coinage Act (1965), II:948 Coins minting of, II:642 in money supply, II:653 silver (See Silver coins) Spanish, II:791 as specie, II:948 Cold War, I:186, I:186–89, I:187 highway construction during, I:493 Korea and, I:544 military build-up during, I:310 military-industrial complex during, II:637–38 Monroe Doctrine and, II:657–58 national debt and, II:685 postwar boom and, II:810 R & D spending cut in, II:871 selective service system and, II:908 Soviet Union and, I:415 space race during, II:945–46 Coldwell Banker Company, II:905 Coleman, Thomas, I:258 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, I:120 Collateral, I:189 Collective bargaining, I:183, 189, II:557, 817. See also Labor Unions; speciﬁc legislation, e.g., National Labor Relations Act NIRA on, II:556 Taft-Hartley Act on, II:979 Collective settlements, II:1054, II:1054–56 Brook Farm, I:120, II:1055–56 College Work-Study Program, II:814, 1098–99 Colleges. See Universities and colleges Colombia, Panama Canal and, II:766–67, 768 Colonial Air Transport, II:1019

Colonial America. See American colonial period Colonial governors, I:190–91 Colonial taxation, I:10–12, 35–36, II:821. See also Stamp Act (1765); Sugar Act (1764); Townshend Acts (1767) Colonies corporate, I:189–90 proprietary, I:191 Color City, at NBC, II:682 Color motion pictures, II:671, 832 Colorado, I:192–94, I:193 acquisition of, II:989 copper mining in, I:39 silver mining in, I:39, 40, 409–10 Colorado River Project, I:500 Colorado Smelting and Reﬁning Company, I:410 Colorado Springs, Colorado, I:192–93 Colt, Elizabeth Jarvis, I:194 Colt, Samuel, I:194–95, 202, II:893, 951 Colt 45, I:194 Colt ﬁrearms, I:420 Colt revolver, I:96 Colter, John, II:1139 Colt’s Manufacturing Company, I:194–96, I:195 Colt’s Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company, I:194 Columbia, Maryland, II:607 Columbia Pictures Entertainment, II:937 Columbia River Basin Project, I:500 Columbia River Highway, II:757 Columbia University, I:415 Columbian Exchange, I:196 Columbian Exposition, World’s. See World’s Columbian Exposition Columbus, Christopher, I:149, 196, 514 corn and, I:216 encomiendas and, I:285 horses and, I:447 Native Americans and, II:691 rubber and, II:1005 Spanish sponsorship of, II:1009 sugarcane and, II:973 tobacco and, II:1005–6 Treaty of Tordesillas and, II:1010 Comanches, II:800 Combinations. See Monopolies

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Combines Caterpiller Incorporated, I:145–47 by Cyrus McCormick, II:615 for wheat farming, I:265, 326 Comcast Corporation, II:634 Comedy Central, I:287 Comic strips, II:839 Cominform, II:604 Comite des Citoyens, II:802 Command economy, I:196–97 Commerce. See also Trade Alaskan, I:28–29 in American colonies, I:9–10 interstate (See Interstate commerce) Lewis and Clark Expedition and, II:575 in Utah, II:1052 Commerce and Labor Department (U.S.), II:959 Commerce Court, II:599 Commerce Department (U.S.), II:959 steel dumping and, II:961 trademarks and, II:1012 Commercial laundry equipment, II:613 Commercial treaties. See Trade agreements Commission for Relief in Belgium, II:795 Commission on Country Life, II:795 Commissions (Fees), in advertising industry, I:3–4 Committee of Industrial Organizations. See Congress of Industrial Organizations Committee on Industrial Organization, II:704–5 Committee to Investigate Communist Activities, I:219 Commodities, I:197 Commodity Credit Act, I:388 Commodore Computers, II:786 Common Cause, II:948 Common law, regulation of business in, II:1025 Common stocks, II:963 Commonwealth of the Philippines, II:789. See also Philippines Communes. See Collective settlements Communications, military, II:1106 Communications Act (1934), II:853 Communications equipment in airline industry, I:21 computers (See Computers) 1165

Index

telephones (See Telephones) Communications industry. See also Telecommunications industry AT & T (See AT & T) Bell Laboratories, I:63–64, II:665 MCI Telecommunications, I:65, 194 Sprint, I:65 telegraph and, II:666–68 Western Union (See Western Union Corporation) Communism. See also Anticommunist movements; Red scare Ayn Rand on, II:858 Charles Coughlin on, I:218–20 Cold War and (See Cold War) Franklin D. Roosevelt and, II:882–83 freedom of speech and, I:117 in Korea, I:544–46 labor unions and, II:556, 879, 979 Marshall Plan and, II:603–4 military-industrial complex and, II:636 New Deal and, II:705 private property rights in, II:819 Ronald Reagan and, II:862–63 vs. socialism, II:935–36 in Vietnam, II:1063–65 Communist Bloc countries, collapse of, I:57 Communist Party labor unions and, II:979 radical unions and, II:850–51 Communitarianism, II:1051, 1054 Community Action Program, I:276 Community Development Act (1974), II:1047 Community of True Inspiration, I:497 Community Service Organization, I:157 Commuting, streetcars and, II:967 Compact disc players, II:664, 937 Company unions, II:555, 558 Compaq Computers, I:199 Comparative advantage (Commerce), I:197–98 Competition, I:198. See also Monopolies Adam Smith on, II:932–33 among airlines, I:19–21 foreign, I:211 in hospitality industry, I:448–49 1166

as industry type, II:820 monopolistic (See Monopolistic competition) in oil reﬁning industry, II:954 oligopolistic, I:198, II:751 in rubber industry, II:1043 in steel industry, II:960 tariffs and, II:983 in textile industry, II:1000 in tobacco industry, II:1008 in trucking industry, II:1020 trust-busting and, II:1025–27 Compositek Engineering Corporation, I:531 Compromise of 1820. See Missouri compromise Compromise of 1850, I:1, 350, 523 Compromise of 1877, I:179 Comptoir, II:707 Compudyne, I:412 CompUSA, I:411–12 CompuServe, I:488 Computer animation, I:512 Computer Center Corporation, I:360 Computer electronics industry, I:411 Computer games, I:200 Computer industry, I:199–200 competition in, I:198 Digital Equipment Corp., II:963 IBM (See IBM) impact on railroads, II:855 Microsoft Corp. (See Microsoft Corporation) NAFTA and, II:729 in Nevada, II:702 Stephen Wozniak in, II:1133–35 Steve Jobs and, I:511–12 structural unemployment in, II:968 Texas Instruments, I:199, II:995 Computer networks, I:486 Computer operating systems, I:199 Computer software, piracy of, II:799 Computer software industry Microsoft and, II:633–34 R & D labs for, II:871 Computers. See also speciﬁc types of computers Bill Gates and, I:360–62, I:361 in business, A.C. Nielsen and, II:724 chain stores for, I:411–12 CompUSA, I:411–12 development of, I:485–86

in entertainment industry, I:285, 288 for input-output analysis, II:572 Internet browers and, I:48 PCs Unlimited, I:236 stock exchanges and, II:762 viruses in, I:360 Warren Buffet and, I:127 Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, II:1096–97 Comstock, Henry T.P., I:200 Comstock Lode, I:200, II:700 ConAgra, II:1031 Concentrated Industries Act (1950), II:655 Concentration camps, I:441, II:566 Concrete industry highway construction and, I:493 reinforced concrete, II:869–70 Condiments, I:430 Conestoga wagons, I:220–21 Coney Island, New York, I:45 Confederate dollars, I:200, I:201, II:1083 Confederate States of America Alabama as, I:22 economic state after war, I:173–74 ﬁnancial institutions in, II:1083 Louisiana as, II:585 money and bonds of, I:179, 200, I:201, I:215, II:1083 warships of, I:25 Confederation Congress Constitution and, I:12 land ordinances of, II:563 state rights and, II:957 Conference on the Limitations of Armament, II:754 Conglomerate corporations. See also Acquisitions and mergers from acquisitions and mergers, II:622 in advertising industry, I:5 as consolidations, I:206 Congregational Church, II:845 Congress of Industrial Organizations, I:201, II:727, 1012. See also AFLCIO; American Federation of Labor FDR and, II:556 formation of, I:34, II:559, 578, 1039 fruit industry workers, I:157 John L. Lewis and, II:851 UAW and, II:631

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Congress of Racial Equality, I:201–2 Congress of the United States. See also Continental Congress Crédit Moblier investigation by, I:43–45 Senate, I:92 sovereignty of, II:944 Connecticut, I:202–4, I:203 establishment of colony, I:190 population of colony, II:910 Puritans in, II:845 Stamp Act and, II:952 Connecticut Society for the Reformation of Morals, II:986 Conoco, I:259, II:787 Conquistadors, reward system for, I:285 Conrad, Carl, I:131 ConRail. See Consolidated Rail Corporation Conscientious objection, II:1001 Conscription. See Draft Conservation, I:180. See also Environmental protection of Alaskan resources, I:29–31 by CCC (See Civilian Conservation Corps) of forest resources (See Forest conservation) Gifford Pinchot and, II:794 paper industry and, II:775 petroleum, II:752 of rivers, II:1115–16 in Utah, II:1051 in Vermont, II:1062 water, II:757–58 whaling and, II:1113 William Howard Taft and, II:978 Conservatism, I:204–6 Consolidated Paper, II:1120 Consolidated Rail Corporation, II:721 Consolidation of businesses, I:206 (See also Acquisitions and mergers) of railroads, II:1015 of steel industry, II:960 Constitution of the United States, I:473 amendments to (See speciﬁc amendments, e.g., Thirteenth Amendment) vs. Articles of Confederation, I:10, I:57–58 conservatism in, I:205 copyrights in, II:1012

economic beneﬁts of, I:207–8 on income tax, I:321 John Hancock and, I:416 nulliﬁcation and, II:981 patents in, II:1012 piracy and, II:798 ratiﬁcation of, I:12, 314 on sovereignty, II:944 state rights and, II:957 trademarks and, II:1012 Constitutional Convention, I:207, II:1095 Construction industry Fairbanks Scale Co., II:938 houses, II:573–74, II:574 impact of interstate highway system on, II:812 in Oregon, II:758 pre-cast concrete blocks in, II:1136 in radical unions, II:850 seasonal unemployment in, II:906 for single-family housing, II:573–74 Stephen Davison Bechtel and, I:85–86 tools for, I:97 windows in, II:799 Consultants business, II:901 sole proprietorships for, II:936 Consumer advocacy, Ralph Nader in, II:676–77 Consumer electronics industry. See also Computer industry Eastman Kodak Company, I:271, 272–73, II:719, 871 General Electric Company (See General Electric Company) RCA, I:364, II:681, 683, 860 Sony Corporation, II:664–65, 936–39 Zenith in, II:1145–46 Consumer goods, I:208 during the Great Depression, I:239–41, I:243 supply and demand for, I:13 Consumer goods industry R. J. R. Nabisco, Inc., II:676 Sony Corporation in, II:665 Consumer News and Business Channel. See CNBC Consumer price indexes, I:209, I:209 after World War II, II:811

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

as cost of living index, I:217–18 real wages and, II:865 Consumer Products Safety Commission, II:869 Consumer protection Pure Food and Drug Act and, II:844–45 Ralph Nader and, II:676 Consumer research. See Market research Consumers, advertising’s inﬂuence on, I:4, 5 Consumption of alcohol, II:986–87 conspicuous, II:1060 of goods, I:209 ConTact, plastic coverings, II:886 Containment policy effect on military-industrial complex, II:637 Vietnam War and, I:188 Contemporary world (1974- ), I:210–13 Continental Airlines, I:20 Continental Army, I:58, 213, II:950 George Washington as commander of, I:36–37, 213, II:1095 Native American conﬂicts with, I:304 size of, I:37 volunteers in, I:11 Continental Congress, I:58, 114. See also American colonial period First, I:10, 495 James Monroe in, II:658 John Hancock and, I:416 in Maryland, II:605 Robert Morris in, II:666 Second (See Second Continental Congress) Continentals, I:213–14, 296, II:853 Continuous casting, II:961 Control program of microcomputer, II:632–33 Convention of 1818, I:214, II:658 Manifest Destiny and, II:598 Oregon Country and, II:759 Convict labor, I:22 Cook, Captain James in Oregon, II:755 in Oregon Country, II:758 in Washington state, II:1090 Cook, James, I:422–23, II:575 Cooke, Alistair, II:1065 1167

Index

Cooke, Jay, I:214, I:214–16 Cooke, Morris L., I:266 Cooke, Philip, I:51 Cookies by Nabisco Foods, II:675–76 by Pepperidge Farm, II:887 Cookman Institute for Men, I:91 Cooley, Wadsworth and Company, I:315 Coolidge, Calvin conservatism of, II:1062 Frank Kellogg and, I:529 imperialism and, I:468 prosperity and, II:831 Tennessee River development and, II:991 Cooper, Peter, I:75, 404 Cooper Tire & Rubber Company, II:1005 Cooperatives agricultural, II:562 dairy, II:561–63 farmers’ alliances and, I:307 Coors Brewing Company, I:118 Copper in coins, I:380–82, II:642, 948 Dingley tariff on, I:245 reﬁning of, II:712 for weapons, II:661 Copper industry from 1897-1920, I:293 oligopolies and, II:751 Paul Revere in, II:873 Copper mining in Arizona, I:51, 52 in Colorado, I:39 in Montana, II:660, 661 in Nevada, II:702 in Utah, II:1051 Copper reﬁning, ASARCO and, I:40 Coppers, George, II:675 Copy writers, of ads, I:4, II:567 Copying machine industry, II:1026 Copyright Act (1976), II:799 Copyright infringement, II:776, 798–99 Copyrights in Constitution, II:1012 WTO and, I:363 CORE. See Congress of Racial Equality Corn industry, I:216 in South, I:179 support loans to, I:388–89 Cornwallis, Charles, I:37 1168

Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, I:447 Corporate colonies, I:189–90 Corporate libraries, II:835 Corporate raiders Donald Trump, II:1024 T. Boone Pickens as, II:789–91 Corporate restructuring, I:216–17, II:1044 Corporation Credit Corporation, I:242 Corporations, I:217. See also speciﬁc corporations conglomerate (See Conglomerate corporations) deﬁned, II:820 multinational, II:672, II:672 Corps of Discovery. See Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Topographical Engineers (U.S.), I:344 Corruption in business, II:578–79 in labor unions, II:556–57 political (See Political corruption) in Reconstruction Finance Corp., II:868 Corte-Real, Gaspar de, II:553 Cortes, Hernan, I:69 Corvette automobile, I:332 Cosby, Bill, II:683 Cosmetics industry Estee Lauder in, II:567–68 regulation of, II:845 Cost of living indexes, I:217–18 Costs economies of scale and, I:276–77 Emergency Price Control Act, I:284 farmers’ alliances and, I:307 in health care, I:428 opportunity, II:755 of wars, II:1083 Cotton, I:537–38, I:538 boll weevils in, I:106 embargo on, I:283 industry (See Cotton industry) tariffs on, II:999 Cotton fabrics, II:589 Cotton gins, I:218, I:219 effect on market of, I:267 invention of, I:537 on plantations, II:801 Cotton growing, I:268

plantations and, II:801 sharecropping and, II:913 slavery for, I:267, 268, II:928, 1078 Cotton industry from 1897-1920, I:294 in Alabama, I:22, 24 in Arkansas, I:53 in Florida, I:324 in Georgia, I:367 during Great Depression, I:394 great migration and, I:399 James Duke Buchanan, I:258 in Louisiana, II:585 in Mississippi, II:642, 644–45 in North Carolina, II:730 in Oklahoma, II:748 price collapse in, I:308 in the South, I:16, 175–78, 179, I:179, II:999–1000, 1006 in South Carolina, II:939–49 support loans to, I:388, 389 in Tennessee, II:989 in Texas, II:993–96 in Virginia, II:1065 Cotton mills in Rhode Island, II:874, 876–77, 892–94, 924–25 Samuel Slater and, II:892–94, 924–25 Cotton-picking machines, I:96 Cotton Stabilization Corporation, I:241 Coughlin, Charles Edward, I:218–20, 395 Council for Personnel Administration, I:172 Council of Economic Advisers, I:405 on stagﬂation, II:951 on wage and price controls, II:1069 Council of National Defense, I:220, II:636 Country Life Commission, II:1076 Country Time, General Foods Company and, II:809 Coupons, vs. rebates, II:865 Courier, I:87–88 Court TV, II:683 Courts of Admiralty, II:1011 Covered wagons, I:220–21, I:221 Cow towns, I:221, II:584 Cowboys, I:221–22, I:222, II:1007 cattle industry and, I:221–22 in Texas, II:993–94 in Wyoming, II:1139

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Cox, James, II:726 Cox Communications Inc., II:1004 Coxey, Jacob Sechler, I:222–23, II:773 ‘‘Coxey’s Army,’’ I:223 CP/M, II:632–33 CPA. See Communist Party CPI. See Consumer price indexes CPSC. See Consumer Products Safety Commission Crackers, by Nabisco Foods, II:675–76 Craft unions. See Labor unions Craftspeople. See Artisans Craig, Jane, I:94 Crate & Barrel, II:872 Crazy Horse, II:696 CRC Press, Inc., II:1003 Credit, I:223–24 savings and loan associations and, II:896 from Sears, Roebuck and Company, II:904 Credit and debit card industry, I:223–24, II:653 Citicorp, II:943 Discover Card, II:905 savings and, II:896 Credit Bureau National Extension Bureau, I:224 Crédit Mobilier of America, II:1036 Oakes scandal and, I:43–45, 262–63 Thomas Durant and, I:262–63 Credit Union National Association, I:224 Credit unions, I:224 Creeks (Native Americans), I:22, 320, II:749, 985, 1013–14, 1081 Creel, George, II:908 Creighton, John, II:1111 Creighton Process for making plate glass, II:799 Creoles Separate Car Act and, II:802 Crime bank robberies, II:796 control of, II:849 ﬁghting, I:291 illegal alcohol and, I:119 Jimmy Hoffa and, I:438 national database of, II:796 organized (See Organized crime) from Prohibition, II:1030 in slums, II:931–32

train robberies, II:796 Crisco Shortening, II:823, 825 Crocker, Charles, I:152, II:956 Croly, Herbert, I:224–25 Crops failure of in 1835 and 1837, II:770 farmers’ alliances and, I:307 fruit (See Fruit crops) as real property, II:819 seed, I:388 vegetable, I:388 Cross Keys, Maryland, II:607 ‘‘Cross of Gold’’ speech, I:123, 225–26 Crowell Publishing Co., II:564 Crown Colonies, I:317 Crude oil. See Petroleum Crystal Light, II:809 CSO. See Community Service Organization CSRS. See Civil Service Retirement System CSX Corporation, I:75 CTR. See Calculating-TabulatingRecording company Cuba embargo on goods to, I:283–84 Helms-Burton Act and, I:432 Monroe Doctrine and, II:658 as protectorate, II:834 Spanish-American War and, I:467–68, II:598, 837, 947 Spanish occupation of, II:947 sugar industry in, II:947 Treaty of Paris (1898) and, II:789 Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act, I:432 Cuban Missile Crisis, I:57, 103, 188 Cugnot, Joseph-Nicholas, I:68 Culinary Foods, Inc., II:1032 Cullinan, Joseph S., II:786, 997–98 Cumberland Gap, I:226, II:1116 Cumberland Mountains, I:49 Cumberland Road, II:612. See also National Road Cumberland Valley, I:49 Cummings, Albert, II:1051 Curacao, II:715 Currency, I:226–27. See also Money appreciation in, I:49–50 exchange rate and, I:298 vs. gold, I:308 Greenback Party and, I:404–5 greenbacks in, I:405

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

in labor, I:100 Currency exchange rates. See Foreign exchange Current events, on radio, II:852 Curtis, George William, I:172 Curtiss-Wright, II:970 Custer, George Armstrong, II:696, 749 Custer’s Last Stand. See Little Big Horn, Battle of Custom Gun Shop, I:195 Customer service, at Neiman Marcus, II:600–601 Customs Board, II:1011 Customs duties, I:227, I:227. See also Tariffs Customs Service customs duties and, I:227 the war on drugs and, I:461 C.V. Mosby Company, II:1003 CWA. See Civil Works Administration Czech Republic, in NATO, II:730

D D-Day (1944), II:1132 Dacron, by DuPont, I:259 Daimler, Gottlieb, I:68 Daimler-Benz, I:103, 165–66 DaimlerChrysler Corp., I:165–66 Dairy cooperatives Land O’Lakes, II:561 Dairy industry Land O’Lakes and, II:561–63 in New York, II:718 in Wisconsin, II:1120 Dairy products, I:109–10 Dakota Southern Railroad, II:941 Dakota Territory, II:941 Dakotas (Native Americans), II:800 in Black Hills, II:942 in Minnesota, II:639 in Nebraska, II:696 Dallas Times Herald, II:1003 Damages secondary boycotts and, II:979 tobacco industry and, II:1007–8 Damigella, Thomas, II:1029 Dams construction of, I:500 in South Dakota, II:943 by Stephen Bechtel, I:85 in Tennessee, II:989, 991–92 1169

Index

Tennessee Valley Authority and, II:991–92 in Washington state, II:1092 Dana, Charles, I:87 Dance parties, on radio, II:681 Dandridge, Ray, I:83 Danish ships, embargo against, I:283 Darby, Abraham, I:184 Darrow, Clarence, II:921, 990 Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819), I:207 Dartmouth (Ship), I:112–14, I:113 Dartmouth University, II:845 Darwin, Charles, II:990, 1108 Darwinism, I:124 Data processing. See also Computer industry punch card system in, I:439–40 DATs. See Digital audio tapes Datsun automobiles, I:67 Davidson, Arthur, I:417–19 Davies, Chester, I:266 Davis, Jefferson, I:22, II:644, 867 Davis, John, I:205, II:738 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant, II:740 Davis Dam, II:702 Davis Strait, II:738 Day, Luke, II:914 Dayton, Ohio, II:745 Dayton Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls, I:89 De Forest, Lee, II:852 DEA. See Drug Enforcement Agency Deaf, Alexander Graham Bell and, I:86–87 Dean Witter Reynolds Inc., II:905 Death beneﬁts, I:383 Debit cards, II:653 Debs, Eugene V., I:35, 229–30, 480, II:849, 1002 American Railway Union and, II:841–42 Pullman strike and, II:1143 Debts, I:230–31 consumer, I:240 corporate, I:230 government (See National debt) vs. gross national product, I:230 national (See National debt) Decker, Alonzo G., I:96–97 Declaration of Independence, I:11 Benjamin Franklin and, I:339 John Hancock and, I:415–16 in Pennsylvania, II:778 1170

from Second Continental Congress, I:213 Thomas Jefferson and, I:213, 413, 508–9 Declaration of London, I:103 Declaratory Act (1766), I:10, II:953 Deere, John, I:231–32, I:232, II:961–62 Deere & Company, I:15 Defense industry in Alaska, I:27 in Colorado, I:193–94 Colt’s Manufacturing Company and, I:194–96 in Connecticut, I:204 Hughes Aircraft in, I:452 minorities in, I:243 in New York, II:719 in Utah, II:1052 Western Union in, II:1106 Defense spending, I:232–33 in Cold War, II:1085 military-industrial complex and, II:636–38 in Vietnam War, I:403 in WW II, I:395 Deﬁned beneﬁt plans, II:783 Deﬁned contribution plans, II:783 Deﬂation, I:233, II:847 DeGaulle, Charles, NATO and, II:730 Degler, Carl, II:706 Deindustrialization, I:229 Del Monte, I:327, II:641 Delaney, Clarence, I:46 Delaware, I:233–36, I:234 New Sweden in, II:717 as proprietary colony, I:191 Texas Company and, II:998 Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, II:605 Delaware and Raritan Canal, II:710 Delaware Economic Development Ofﬁce, I:235 Delaware Innovation Fund, I:235 Delaware River, II:962 Delawares (Native Americans), II:710 in French and Indian War, I:346 in Ohio, II:745 in West Virginia, II:1102 DeLeon, Daniel, II:849 Delivery services Pony Express as, II:804 UPS, II:1040–41 Dell, Michael, I:236–37

Dell Books, II:835 Dell Computer Corporation, I:412 Dell Laboratories, I:237 Delmonico Foods, Incorporated, I:434 Delta Airlines, I:19 Deltas, Mississippi, II:642 Demand (Economics), II:975–76. See also Supply and demand Deming, William Edwards, I:237–38 Demobilization, after WW II, II:811 Democractic-Republican Party formation of, I:76 Democracy, American Revolution and, I:35 Democracy in America, II:948 Democratic National Committee, II:725–26 Democratic Party formation of, I:509 in New York, II:950 slavery and, I:523 on tariffs, II:983 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, I:544 Dentsu, I:5 Denver, Colorado, I:192, 194 Denver Post, II:1003 Department of Agriculture. See Agriculture Department (U.S.) Department of Commerce. See Commerce Department (U.S.) Department of Energy. See Energy Department (U.S.) Department of Housing and Urban Development. See Housing and Urban Development Department (U.S.) Department of Justice. See Justice Department (U.S.) Department of the Interior. See Interior Department (U.S.) Department of the Treasury. See Treasury Department (U.S.) Department stores, I:238–39, I:239 J.C. Penney, II:777–78 Marshall Field, I:238, 314–15, I:315 Montgomery Ward, II:662 Neiman Marcus, II:599–601 in retail industry, II:871 Sears, Roebuck and Co., II:901–5 Wal-Mart, II:1070–71, 1077–78 Woolworths, II:871 Depew, Chauncey, II:720

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Deposit insurance, for credit unions, I:224 Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (1980), II:896, 897 Deposits, as bank reserves, II:846 Depreciation, I:239 Depression economic (See Economic depression) Great (See Great Depression) Deregulation acquisitions and mergers and, II:622 of airline industry, I:17–21, 210 of interstate commerce, I:490–92 of railroad industry, II:1037 during Reaganomics, II:864 in rust belt, II:888–89 in 1970’s, I:210 in supply-side economics, II:976 of telecommunications industry, II:1053 of trucking industry, II:1020 of utilities, II:1052 Desdunes, Daniel, II:802 Desegregation. See Racial integration Deseret. See Utah Design patents, II:776 DeSoto automobile, I:165, 167 Detergents, by Proctor and Gamble, II:823 Detroit, Michigan, I:68, II:629, 631–32 Devaluation, I:50, 72 Developing countries, in Cold War, I:188 Development of suburban areas, II:971–72 of urban areas (See City planning) Developmental disabilities, services for, I:449–50 Devery, Bill, II:721 Devos, Richard, I:244–45 Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant, II:741 Diamandis Communications Inc., II:1003 Diapers, disposable, I:537 Dickerson, O.M., II:621 Dickinson, John, I:10, II:1011 Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie, I:285

Dictating machines, I:278 DIDMCA. See Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (1980) Diesel engines, in ﬁshing industry, I:318–20, I:319 Diesel tractors, I:146 Dighton Academy, I:43 DiGiorgio Corporation, II:1039 Digital Audio Disk Corporation, II:937 Digital audio tapes, II:937 Digital electronics, II:665 Digital Equipment Corporation, II:963 Digital high-deﬁnition television, II:862 Digital video disks, II:938 Digitora, II:1046 Diller, Barry, II:683 Dillon, John A., II:839 DiMaggio, Joe, II:722 Dingley Tariff Act (1897), I:174, 179, 245, II:983, 1035 Dinwiddie, Robert, I:346 Dionne, Joseph L., II:617–18 Diplomacy big stick, I:95–96 dollar, I:250–52 Direct mail ﬁnancial services, II:623 retail industry, II:871 Direct marketing, I:5, II:1028–29 DIRECTV, I:66 Disability Rights Movement, I:450 Disabled legislation for, I:246 Samuel Howe and, I:449–50 Discount rates, I:245–46 Discount stores, II:872 K-Mart, I:547 Wal-Mart (See Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) Discover Card, II:905 Discovery and exploration of Africa, II:1009 of Alaska, I:28–29 of Asia, II:1009 of Caribbean area, II:1010 of Latin America, II:1010 Lewis and Clark (See Lewis and Clark Expedition) of South America, II:1010 Treaty of Tordesillas and, II:1009–10

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Discrimination, I:246. See also speciﬁc types of discrimination, e.g., Race discrimination Dishwashers, II:613 Disincentives, I:246–47 Disk Operating System. See DOS Diskman. See Compact disc players Dismal Swamp, II:679 Disney, Walt Elias, I:45–46, I:247, I:247–48, 287 Disney World, I:281, 325 Disneyland, I:45–46, 248, 287 Displaced Persons Act of 1948, I:467 Disposable diapers. See Diapers, disposable Disposable income, I:248–49 Disqualifying Act (1787), II:914 A Disquisition on Government, II:981 Diversiﬁed Systems Division, of Otis Elevator Company, II:761 Divestiture, of AT&T, I:63–66 Dividends, I:249, 291–92, II:963 Divine right of kings, II:944 Diving boats, I:353 Division of labor, I:249 international, I:198 in manufacturing, I:40–41 in mass production, II:608 Division of powers, I:313–14 Dix, Dorothea Lynde, I:249–50, I:250 Dixies, in New Orleans, II:716 Dixon, Maynard, II:566 DJIA. See Dow Jones industrial Average Dodge, Henry, I:99 Dodge Caravan, I:165 Dodge City, Kansas, I:221–22 Dodge Corporation, I:67, 165, 167 Dodge Main factory, II:888 Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement, II:888 DOE. See Energy Department (U.S.) Dole, James D., I:424 Dole, Sanford B., I:424 Dollar diplomacy, I:250–52 Domestic service, women in, II:1121 Dominican Republic, I:468, II:657 Donald Duck, I:247, I:247–48 Dorrance, Arthur, I:136 Dorrance, John Thompson, I:136 DOS from IBM, I:199 Stephen Case and, I:144 1171

Index

DOT. See Transportation Department (U.S.) Doubleday, Abner, I:82 Douglas, Donald, I:21 Douglas, Stephen, I:350, 523, II:805 Douglass, Frederick, II:928, 1034 Dow, Charles Henry, I:252, I:252–54, II:1075 Dow, Jones and Company, I:252, I:252–53, II:683, 1003, 1074–75 Dow Chemical, I:238, II:631 Dow Jones Industrial Average, I:252, I:252–54 Down payments, for mortgages, II:669 Downsizing, I:216 Downtown districts. See Central business districts Doyle, Bernard, II:1028 Dr. Garﬁeld and Associates, I:428 Draft, I:513, II:908, II:908–9 Drake, Edwin, I:98, II:786 Drake, Sir Francis in Oregon, II:755 potatoes in Britain and, II:815–16 Washington state and, II:1090 Dream City, I:45 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), I:208, 253–54, II:649 Dredges, II:959 Dreft detergent, II:823 Drew, Daniel, I:254–55, II:1058 Drew, Robinson, and Company, I:254–55 Drew Seminary for Young Ladies, I:255 Drew Theological Seminary, I:255 Drexel Burnham Lambert, I:517 Dried milk. See Powdered milk Drills, I:97 Drive-in movies, I:69 DRM. See Disability Rights Movement Droughts in Kansas, I:522 Native Americans and, II:944 in North Dakota, II:734 in Oklahoma, II:748 in South Dakota, II:941–43 in Texas, II:995 in Utah, II:1051 Drucker, Peter Ferdinand, I:255–56 Drug Enforcement Agency, I:461 Drugs illegal, I:227, 459–62 1172

regulation of, II:843–45 Drugstores, II:788 DRUM. See Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement Dry farming, I:256–57 Dust Bowl from, I:264–66, I:265 by Native Americans, II:943 on prairies, II:818 Du Bois, W.E.B., II:1094 du Pont, Alfred, I:258 du Pont, Éleuthère Irénée, I:235, 258–61, I:260 du Pont, Pierre S., I:258 du Pont, T. Coleman., I:235 Du Pont Chemical Corporation antitrust legislation against, II:654–55 Clayton Act and, II:655 military-industrial complex and, II:637 Du Pont family New Deal and, II:705 in U.S. Rubber Company, II:1042 Duane, William, I:78 Dubinsky, David, II:1038 Dubuque, Julien, I:497 Duffy-Mott, I:42 Dukakis, Michael, II:610 Duke, Benjamin N., I:41 Duke, James Buchanan, I:41, 257–58, II:731, 916, 1007–8 Duke, Washington, I:41, II:1008 Duke Endowment, I:258 Duke of York in New Jersey, II:710 in New Netherlands, II:715 in New York, II:718 Dumping (International Trade), of steel, II:961 Dun and Bradstreet, II:724 Duncan, Sherman, and Company, II:663 Duncan Foods, I:185 Dunlop, John Boyd, II:1005 Duplex Printing Company v. Deering (1921), I:114, II:555–56 DuPont, Pierre, II:930 DuPont Company, I:235, 258–60, II:1001, 1028, 1084 Dupont Highway, I:235 DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, I:259 Duquesne Amusement Supply Company, II:1089

Durable goods, I:208, 261–62 Duracell, I:376 Durant, Thomas Clark, I:43, 262–63, II:1036 Durant, William C., I:167, 263–64, 366, 530, II:631, 930 Durant Motors, I:264 Duryea, Charles, I:67, 94 Duryea, Frank, I:67 Duryea Motor Wagon Company, I:68 Dust Bowl, I:256–57, 264–66, I:265 Dutch Mennonites, II:1054 Dutch West India Company, II:715 Duties, customs. See Customs duties DVDs. See Digital video disks Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways, I:493 Dymaxion Corporation, I:351–52 The Dynamic Firm: The Role of Technology, Strategy, Organizations, and Regions, I:155 Dynamometers, II:721

E e-commerce. See Electronic commerce e-mail, I:199 E.A. Pierce and Company, II:624 Eads, James B., II:855 Eagle automobile, I:165 Eagle Credit, I:419 Earl S. Tupper Company, II:1028–29 Earl S. Tupper Research and Conference Center, II:1029 Earle, George H., II:780 Early American Republic, I:267–70, I:268, II:1078–82, II:1079 agriculture in, I:16 economy of, I:473–75, II:1082 state rights in, I:11–12 Earnings per share, II:819 Earp, Wyatt, I:221 Earthquakes Alaskan pipeline and, I:31 in Missouri, II:646 San Franciso, I:135 East Texas Oil Fields, II:995 Eastern Airlines, I:19, 21, II:1024 Eastern Europe command economy in, I:197 Marshall Plan and, II:604 Eastern Shore, II:1002

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Eastern Woodlands Indians, I:164, 270, II:1078 Eastman, George, I:270–72, I:271, II:1094 Eastman Chemical Products, I:273 Eastman Dry Plate Company, I:272 Eastman Kodak Company, I:271, 272–73, II:719, 871 Easton Branch Railroad, I:43, 44 Ebert, Horatio B., II:885 E.C. Knight Company, II:1045 ECA. See Economic Cooperation Administration ECOA. See Equal Credit Opportunity Act Econometric Society, II:900 Economic and Social Council, of UN, II:1040 Economic assistance dollar diplomacy in, I:250–51 to post-WW II Europe, I:186–87, II:603–4 Economic Cooperation Administration, II:604 Economic Cooperation and Development, I:335 Economic depression. See also Recessions of 1836-1844, II:999 of 1870s in Nevada, II:700, 702 of 1890 in North Dakota, II:733 of early 1890s, in Colorado, I:193 in colonial America, II:951–52 during American Revolution, I:12 Great (See Great Depression) national debt and, II:685 in New England, II:1000 after Panic of 1819, II:769 after Panic of 1837, II:770 after Panic of 1873, II:773 after Panic of 1893, II:773 Panic of 1907 and, II:771 vs. recessions, II:866 in Southern states, II:981 Economic development, I:275–76. See also Industrial development after the American Revolution, I:506–8 from agriculture, I:16 in Alabama, I:22, 24 in Alaska, I:25–28 in Arizona, I:51 in Arkansas, I:53, 55 in California, I:133–36

colonial, II:909–12 in Colorado, I:192–94 in Connecticut, I:202–4 in Constitution, I:207–8 in Delaware, I:233, 235–36 externalitites in, I:300–301 federal involvement in, I:273–75 in Florida, I:324–25 in Georgia, I:367, 369 Homestead Act and, I:178 in Idaho, I:457, 459 in Illinois, I:464, 465 in Indiana, I:475, 477 in Iowa, I:495, 497 in Kansas, I:520–22 in Kentucky, I:532–34 in Maine, II:598 in Maryland, II:605, 607 in Massachusetts, II:610 in Michigan, II:631–32 in Minnesota, II:639, 641 in New York, II:719, 720 in Oregon, II:757–58 over-production in, I:341 savings and, II:895–96 in 19th century, I:267–70, I:268 urbanization and, II:1048 in West Virginia, II:1104 after World War I, I:363 before World War I, I:362 Economic Development Incentive Program, II:610 Economic forecasting, II:571–72 Economic growth, I:275–76. See also Economic development Economic Opportunity Act (1964), I:276, 403, II:814 Economic Policy Institute, II:728 Economic recovery after Civil War, I:179 after WW II, II:603–4 Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, I:239 Economic reform, Michael Harrington on, I:421–22 Economic sanctions, by UN, II:1040 Economic Stabilization Program of 1971-1974, II:1070 Economic target areas, in Massachusetts, II:610 Economic theory. See under speciﬁc economists, e.g., Smith, Adam Economics circular ﬂow of, I:168 market theories of, II:601–2

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

models in, II:877–78 psychology and, II:1059–60 Reaganomics, I:211–12, II:863–65 ripple effect in, II:879 sectionalism and, II:906–7 supply-side (See Supply-side economics) surplus in, II:976 trickle-down, II:863–65 Economies of scale, I:276–77 chain stores and, II:625 in monopolies, II:693 in steel industry, II:960 Economists. See speciﬁc economists, e.g., Keynes, John Maynard Economy agricultural (See Agricultural economy) centrally planned, I:196 command, I:196–97 of early American Republic, I:473–75, II:1082 global, I:377–78, II:955 during Great Depression, I:394–95, I:395, 396, I:396–98, I:397 instability of 1897-1920, I:292–94 Internet and, I:488–89 underground, II:602 war (See War economy) Economy (Utopian community), II:1055 Edge cities, II:972 EDIP. See Economic Development Incentive Program Edison, Thomas Alva, I:277, I:277–78, 534 electricity and, II:1052, 1107 founding General Electric, II:719 inventions of, I:174 motion pictures and, II:670, 831 phonograph by, I:87 Edison Electric, I:278, II:719. See also General Electric company Edison General Electric Company, I:364 Edison Universal Stock Printer, I:277 Editorials, by Joseph Pulitzer, II:839 Edsel automobile, I:332 Education. See also Universities and colleges for African Americans, I:89–91, II:1093–94 1173

Index

in Alabama, I:24 discrimination in, I:170 Dorothy Dix and, I:249–50, I:250 as human capital investment, I:452–53 Kennedy/Johnson programs for, I:402–3 Education opportunity zones, II:1047 Educational publishing, II:616–18 Educational reform, II:889 Educators, African Americans, I:142, I:142–43, II:1093–94 EEC. See European Economic Community EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Efﬁciency (Business), I:277, 278–79 after WW I, II:1084 deregulation and, I:211 in factories, II:983–84 in present day, I:212 at UPS, II:1041 E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, I:258–60 Eighteenth Amendment, I:119, I:279, I:279–80, II:829, II:829. See also Prohibition temperance movement and, II:987 Twenty-First Amendment and, II:1030 Eisenhower, Dwight D. on Andrew Higgins, I:441 annexation of Hawaii and, I:424 arms race and, I:56 on educational discrimination, I:170 highway construction and, I:493 John Kenneth Galbraith and, I:358 Korean War and, I:546 on labor unions, II:556 military-industrial complex and, I:233, II:637 nuclear reactors and, II:739 The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, I:155 Reconstruction Finance Corp. and, II:868 St. Lawrence Seaway and, II:892 Vietnam and, II:1063 WW II and, II:811, 812, 813, 1132 Eisenhower-Remon Treaty, II:768 Eisner, Michael, I:280–81 1174

Elderly Michael Harrington on, I:421–22 policy for, I:392–94, I:393 social security and (See Social security) Townsend clubs and, II:1010 Elections, presidential, I:359–60 Electra Glide, I:418 Electric arc furnaces, II:961 Electric cars, I:68, 367 Electric equipment, II:702 Electric light bulbs. See Light bulbs Electric motors, I:364 Electric starters, autombile, I:366 Electric tools. See Power tools Electric utilities, II:1052 growth in 1920’s, II:831, 832 Electrical energy, vs. nuclear energy, II:739 Electricity Benjamin Franklin and, I:339 George Westinghouse and, II:1106–7 Rural Electriﬁcation Administration and, II:888 Tennessee Valley Authority and, II:991–92 Electromagnetism, Samuel Morse and, II:667–68 Electronic commerce, I:199, 488–89, II:653, 699–700, 872 Electronic Data Systems, I:367 Electronic funds transfer systems, II:653 Electronic information resources, II:617 Electronic mail, I:199 Electronic shopping. See Electronic commerce Electronics industry in Alabama, I:24 in Arizona, I:53 in Colorado, I:193 in Florida, I:325 by General Motors Corporation, I:366, 367 in Mississippi, II:645 in Missouri, II:648 in New Jersey, II:712 in Oregon, II:758 in Rhode Island, II:876 Sony Corporation and, II:664–65 Elevated streetcars, II:967 Elevators, II:761–62, 1049

Elevonic 101 elevator system, II:762 Eli Lilly, I:477, II:788 Elixirs, consumer protection against, II:844 Elizabeth I, II:1065 Elkins, Stephen B., II:1104 Elkins Act (1903), I:274, 491 Elks Clubs, II:948 Ellington, Duke, I:122 Ellis, Samuel, I:281, I:281–83 Ellis Island, I:281, I:281–83, 466 Ellsworth Air Base, II:943 Elmer’s Glue, I:110 Els. See Elevated streetcars Elysian Fields, I:82 Emancipation Proclamation, I:1, 156, 282–83, II:1001 ‘‘Embalmed beef’’ scandal, II:844 Embargo Act of 1807, I:283, 284, I:284, II:1087 Embargo Act of 1812, I:283 Embargoes, I:283–84 in early Republic, II:1081 during Napoleonic Wars, II:678 on oil, II:1052 (See also OPEC oil embargo) on textile, II:949 in Vermont, II:1060 against Vietnam, II:1065 Embassy Book Company Ltd., II:616 Embroidery, I:39 EMC Corporation, II:963 Emergency Banking Act (1933), II:703 Emergency Conservation Work. See Civilian Conservation Corps Emergency Court of Appeals, I:284 Emergency Price Control Act (1942), I:284–85, II:1069 Emergency Relief Act (1932), II:868 Emergency Relief Appropriation Act (1935), II:1129 Emergency Tariff Act (1921), II:1035 Emergency Tariff Act (1924), II:831 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, I:120, 421 Emhart Corporation, I:97 Emigration and immigration, I:465–67, I:466 after Civil War, I:174, 179–80 assimilation after, II:681 in Delaware, I:233 at Ellis Island, I:281, I:281–83 for factory work, II:846 to Massachusetts, II:610

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

vs. migrant workers, II:635 to Missouri, II:646 to Montana, II:661 to Nebraska, II:697 to New Hampshire, II:709 to New Jersey, II:710 to New Netherlands, II:715 to New York, II:718 to North Dakota, II:733 to Old Northwest, II:688 potatoes to America via, II:816 restriction of (See Immigration law) to Rhode Island, II:874, 876, 877 slums and, II:931, 932 urbanization and, II:1046, 1048, 1049 Warren G. Harding and, II:726 in West (See Westward expansion) to Wisconsin, II:1118 Emissions regulation of, I:67 of sulfur dioxide, II:992 EMP Foundation. See Experience Music Project Foundation Empire Brushes, Rubbermaid and, II:886 Employee beneﬁts, I:349, 383 C.W. Post and, II:808, 809 at IBM, II:1097 at Proctor and Gamble, II:822–23, 824 reform of, I:516 sick leave (See Sick leave) Employee incentives. See Incentives Employee motivation, I:470 Employee training for fast food restaurants, I:548 in scientiﬁc management, II:901 Employers Reinsurance, I:364, 365 Employment. See also Unemployment after Prohibition, II:1030 civil rights in, I:246 deindustrialization effects on, I:229 discrimination in, I:303, II:1122–23 fair practices in, I:303–4, I:304 full (See Full employment policies) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, I:362–63

during Great Depression, I:394–95, I:395, 396 in Keynes’ economic theory, II:847 labor unions in (See Labor unions) medical leave in, I:305–6 Michael Harrington on, I:421–22 part-time, I:212–13 practices, I:42 during recessions, II:866 in supply-side economics, II:976 temporary, I:211–12 through Tennessee Valley Authority, II:991–93 urban, I:372, I:373 in Vermont, II:1060, 1062 of women, II:1029 Employment Act (1946), I:124, 536 Employment discrimination, I:170 afﬁrmative action and, I:6–7 by age, I:303 Employment Standards Administration, I:304 Empowerment zones, in urban renewal, II:1047 Encarta, II:634 Encomienda, I:285, II:692, 717 Encyclopedia of World Art, II:617 Energy, nuclear. See Nuclear energy Energy crisis. See Energy shortages Energy Department (U.S.), II:741 Energy Research and Development Administration, II:739–40 Energy shortages, II:739, 751–53, 752, 815 aggregate supply during, I:13–14 Engels, Friedrich, I:525 Engineering Carrier Engineering Corporation, I:141 CoAxial Systems Engineering Company, II:1003 Compositek Engineering Corporation, I:531 genetic, I:17 John Roebling in, II:881–82 Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation, II:664–65 Engines diesel, I:318–20, I:319 Harley Davidson V-twin, I:417 jet, I:531

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

marine, I:122 steam (See Steam engines) V-8, I:366 England. See Great Britain England’s Royal Society of Arts, I:143 English Civil War, I:398 Enlightenment, I:508 Enola Gay (Airplane), I:105 Enterprise zones, in inner cities, II:1047 Entertainment industry, I:285–88, I:286 motion pictures and, II:670–71 Sony in, II:936 vaudeville (See Vaudeville) in Washington state, II:1092 Entrepreneurship, I:288 in business cycles, II:899–900 Environmental protection. See also Conservation Clean Air Act, I:289, II:992 Clean Water Act, I:289 on emission regulation, I:67 TVA and, II:992 in Washington state, II:1092 wildlife and (See Wildlife preservation) Environmental Protection Agency, I:211, 289, II:868 on smoking, II:1008 trucking industry and, II:1020 Environmentalism, I:288–90. See also Conservation in Alaska, I:27, 29–31 nuclear reactors and, II:740–41 in Oregon, II:758 recycling and, II:868–69 EOA. See Economic Opportunity Act; Equal Opportunity Act EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency EPCA. See Emergency Price Control Act Ephrata (Utopian community), II:1054–55 EPI. See Economic Policy Institute EPS. See Earnings per share Equal Credit Opportunity Act, II:1125 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, I:170, 303, 304, II:1123, 1124 Equal Opportunity Act, I:290–91 Equal Pay Act (1963), I:246, 303, II:1123 Equilibrium price, II:818 1175

Index

Equipment agricultural (See Agricultural machinery) automotive (See Automobile equipment and supplies industry) commercial laundry, II:613 communications (See Communications equipment) electric, II:702 industrial (See Industrial equipment) lawn and garden, I:97 ofﬁce (See Ofﬁce equipment and supplies) as personal property, II:819 sports, I:83–84, 122, II:936 transportation (See Transportation equipment industry) Equity, I:291–92 Equity securities, II:673–74 ERA. See Emergency Relief Act (1932) Erburu, Robert, II:1004 ERDA. See Energy Research and Development Administration Erdman Act (1898), II:1143 Ericsson, John, I:499 Ericsson, Leif, II:553 Erie Canal, II:891 building of, I:294–96, I:295 Michigan development and, II:629 New York Central Railroad and, II:720 New York development and, II:718 Ohio Valley and, II:747 Old Northwest and, II:750 success of, I:267 Erie Railroad, I:254, 386–87, I:387, II:1058 Erie War, I:254 Erosion, soil. See Soil erosion Erskine, Albert Russell, II:969 Escalators, II:762 Eskimos in Alaska, I:28 land rights of, I:29–30 Espy, Mike, II:1031 Esso, II:954 Estee Lauder, Inc., II:568 ETAs. See Economic target areas Ethnic diversity. See Multiculturalism 1176

Ethnic groups, neighborhoods for, II:1049 Ettor, Joseph J., II:850 Euro Disney, I:281 Europe airline routes to, II:1019 economic recovery in, after WW II, II:603–4 Marshall Plan and, II:811 Monroe Doctrine and, II:656–58, 659 in NATO, II:729, 730 Open Door Policy and, II:753–54 potatoes introduced to, II:815 European automobiles, I:366 European Economic Community, I:341 European loans, I:296–97 European Recovery Program. See Marshall Plan Evans, Oliver, I:297–98 Evers, Medgar, I:170 Evolution, teaching of, II:990. See also Darwinism Examinations, civil service, II:950 Exchange rates. See Foreign exchange Exchange Stabilization Fund, II:627 Excise taxes, I:298–99 Executive Order 8802, II:859 Executive Order 9981, II:859 Executive Order 11246, I:6 Exemptions, from custom duties, I:227 Exercise equipment, I:122 Existentialism, publishing industry and, I:544 Exodusters, I:299 Expansionism. See Imperialism Expansionists, I:299–300. See also Westward expansion Expenses proﬁt and, II:827 vs. revenue, II:872 Experience Music Project Foundation, I:32 Explorer browser, by Microsoft, I:48 Explorer I, II:945 Explosives, I:58, 233, 235, 258 Exports, I:300 agricultural, I:16, 17 in American Revolution, I:11 in colonial America, II:1006 colonial reliance on Britain, I:12

in early Republic, II:1080 effect on Asian ﬁnance, I:59 Embargo Act and, I:284 expansion policies in, I:389 impact of NAFTA on, II:727, 728 impact of Navigation Acts on, II:695 during Napoleonic Wars, II:677–78 as naval stores, II:694 quotas on, II:848 Report on Manufacturers and, II:870 restraints on, II:833 from Rhode Island, II:874 in textile industry, I:363 of tobacco, II:1006 Externalitites, I:300 Exxon Corporation, I:300–302, II:786, 787, 954. See also Standard Oil Company merger with Mobil, I:210 oil spill by, I:27, 300, 301 Exxon Valdez, I:27, 300, 301 Eye Care Centers of America, II:905 Eye glasses, I:339

F FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration Fabulous 40’s, II:803 Factories. See also Industrialization after Civil War, II:1027 child labor in, I:160–61, I:161 efﬁciency in, II:983–84 mass production in, II:608 during Napoleonic Wars, II:678 in New Hampshire, II:709 in New York, II:718 for Pullman cars, II:841 vs. putting-out system, II:846 reinforced concrete in, II:870 in Rhode Island, II:874, 876, 892–94, 924–25 in rust belt, II:888–89 Samuel Slater and, II:892–94, 949 sugar, II:973 in textile industry, II:999 urbanization and, II:1048 women in, II:718, 1124 working conditions in, I:426, II:1127–28

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

in WW II, women in, II:884, II:884–85 Factory Girls Association, II:590 Fair Employment Practices Commission, II:1022 Fair Employment Practices Committee, I:121, II:859 Fair Housing Act (1968), I:373, 511 Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), I:162, 303–4, I:304, I:524–25, II:556, 638, 703 Fairbanks Scale Company, II:938 Fairfax Resolves, II:1095 Fairless, Benjamin, II:1044 Fallam, Robert, II:1102 Fallen Timbers, Battle of, I:304–5, 475, II:1115 Families industrialization and, II:1124 medical leave for, I:305–6 Family and Medical Leave Act (1993), I:305–6 Family Assistance Plan, II:1100 Family channel, I:287 Family Medical Leave Clariﬁcation Act, I:306 Family Support Act of 1988, II:935 Famine, relief for, I:414 Fans, by General Electric, I:364 Fansler, Percival E., I:20, 21 Fanta (Soda), I:185 FAP. See Family Assistance Plan Far Western Indians, I:306 Fargo, William G., II:1101 Farm Bloc, in 1920’s, II:832 Farm Credit Administration, I:306–7 Farm Credit System, I:306–7 Farm equipment. See Agricultural machinery Farm Equipment Workers, II:851 Farm Holiday Association, I:309 Farm laborers. See Agricultural laborers Farm loans, I:242, 306, 374 Farm machinery. See Agricultural machinery Farm mechanization, I:14, 16, 292, II:1075–76 Farm products, industrial applications for, I:142–43 Farm protest movements, I:307–9 Farm Security Administration, II:703 Farm workers. See Agricultural laborers Farmall tractor, I:15 Farmer-Labor Party, II:639, 641

Farmers. See also Farming during the 1920s, I:240 foreclosure protection of, I:275, 394 Irish tenant, I:114 John Hancock and, I:416 loans for, I:306, 374 Paleo-Indians as, II:765 on prairies, II:818 protest movements of, I:307–9 sole proprietorships for, II:936 Farmers’ Alliance, I:307–9 federal involvement and, I:274 Henry Wallace in, II:1076 Kentucky and, I:533 overproduction and, I:16 platform of, I:490 populism and, I:522, II:686, 805–6 Farmers cooperative stores. See Cooperatives Farmers’ Holiday Association, I:498, II:782 Farmers’ Protective Association, II:1076 Farmers Regional Cooperative, II:562 Farming, I:16–17. See also Agricultural economy; Agriculture; Crops after WW II, II:810 cotton (See Cotton growing) dry (See Dry farming) electricity in, II:888 vs. factory jobs, II:1127 government policy on (See Agricultural policy) government subsidies on, I:389, 390 Greenback Party and, I:404–5 in Idaho, I:457, 459 in Illinois, I:464–65 by immigrants, II:941 in Indiana, I:475, 477 industrialization’s effect on, I:479, 481–82 in Iowa, I:495, 497–98 in Kansas, I:521–22 in Kentucky, I:532–34 in Louisiana, II:584 by Native Americans, II:943–44 New Deal and, II:883 price drops in, I:340 railroads and, I:497, II:854 rice (See Rice industry) in 1920’s, II:831, 832

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

strikes, I:394–95 sugar (See Sugar industry) techniques in, I:106–7 technological advances in (See Agricultural innovations) tenant (See Tenant farming) in Texas, II:995 westward expansion for, II:574, 576 Farms. See also Farming bonanza, I:106–7 increase in, I:16, 17 Farnum, Henry, I:262 Farragut, David, II:717 Farrell, Frank, II:721 Farwell, Field, and Company, I:315 FAS. See Federation of American Scientists Fashion shows, Neiman Marcus and, II:600 Fast food restaurants assembly lines, I:548 employee training programs for, I:548 franchises, I:338, 548 MacDonald’s, I:548–459 Fasteners, I:97 Faucets, I:97 FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation FCA. See Farm Credit Administration FCC. See Federal Communications Commission FDA. See Food and Drug Administration FDIC. See Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation FDIC Improvement Act (1991), I:310 FE. See Farm Equipment Workers Featherstonhaugh, George W., II:720 Fed Ex. See Federal Express Corporation Federal Advisory Council, I:311 Federal Aid Highway Act (1938), I:492 Federal Aid Highway Act (1944), I:493 Federal Aid Highway Act (1952), I:493 Federal Aid Highway Act (1954), I:493 Federal Aid Highway Act (1956), I:493 Federal Aviation Administration on air trafﬁc control, I:17, 18 1177

Index

deregulation and, I:210 Western Union and, II:1106 Federal Bureau of Investigation Armand Hammer and, I:415 control of maﬁa by, I:279 the war on drugs and, I:461 weapons smuggling and, I:462 Federal Communications Commission, I:287, 492 investigation of AT&T by, I:64, II:655 radio and, II:681, 852 Federal Credit Union Act (1934), I:224 Federal debt. See National debt Federal deposit insurance. See Deposit insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, I:242, 310, 377, II:703, 704, 897 Federal Economy Act (1932), II:1122 Federal Emergency Management Agency, II:743 Federal Emergency Relief Administration, I:275, 446, II:703, 704 Federal Employee’s Retirement System, II:783 Federal Express Corporation, vs. UPS, II:1041 Federal Farm Board, I:388, II:832 Federal government agencies of (See names of speciﬁc agencies) agricultural subsidies of, I:16–17 in air mail service, I:20–21 airline regulation by, I:19, 21 under Articles of Confederation (See Articles of Confederation) Congress (See Congress of the United States) under Constitution, I:10, I:12 Continental Congresses as (See Continental Congress) effect on supply and demand, I:13 Louisiana Purchase by, II:587–88 in market revolution, II:602 public land and, II:563 in Utah, II:1052 Federal Highway Act, I:69 Federal Highway Administrator, I:493 1178

Federal Home Loan Bank Act, I:241 Federal Home Loan Bank Board, II:897 Federal Insurance Contribution Act, II:783 Federal Labor Relations Authority, I:172–73 Federal Land Banks, I:241 Federal Ofﬁce of Education of Negroes, I:91 Federal Open Market Committee, I:245, 246, 312 Federal Radio Commission, I:286, II:853 Federal Railroad Administration, I:310–11 Federal regulations. See Government regulations Federal Reserve Act (1913), I:293, 311–12, 313, II:681, 772, 846 Federal Reserve banks, I:274, II:772, 846 discount rates and, I:245–46 FDIC and, I:310 prime rate and, II:819 Western Union and, II:1106 Federal Reserve Board. See also Federal Reserve System Alan Greenspan and, I:405–6, I:406 creation of, II:1117 monetary theory and, II:652 money supply and, II:653 Federal Reserve District, I:312 Federal Reserve Notes, I:293, II:772 Federal Reserve System, I:152, 312–13, I:313, II:580, 772. See also Federal Reserve Board federal involvement and, I:274 interest rates and, I:223 Jacob Coxey on, I:223 Nelson Aldrich and, II:876 purpose of, I:293 in stock market crash of 1929, II:965 Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, I:310, II:897 Federal Slitting Mill, II:590 Federal Tariff Commission, II:980 Federal Trade Commission, I:531–32, II:832, 916 creation of, I:182, II:581, 655, 656, 1026, 1117 Microsoft and, II:634 Packers and Stockyards Act and, II:765 Xerox Co. and, II:1026

Federal Trade Commission Act (1914), I:293, II:1026 Federalism, I:313–14. See also Federal government Alexander Hamilton and, I:413–14, II:1081 constitutional ratiﬁcation and, I:12 in Massachusetts, II:609 public lands and, I:390–91 The Federalist Papers, I:412, 413, II:948 Federated Metals Incorporated, I:40 Federation of American Scientists, I:462 Federation of Organized Trade and Labor Unions. See American Federation of Labor Fellowship of Reconciliation, II:1001 FEMA. See Federal Emergency Management Agency Female Labor Reform Association, II:590 The Feminine Mystique, II:1123, 1124 Feminism. See Women’s movement FEPC. See Fair Employment Practices Commission FERA. See Federal Emergency Relief Administration Ferber, Edna, on Gertrude Lane, II:564 Ferdinand, Franz, II:1129 Ferries, II:959 Ferris, George W. Gale, I:45 Ferris wheels, I:45 FERS. See Federal Employee’s Retirement System Fessenden, Reginald, II:852 FHA. See Farm Holiday Association FHLBB. See Federal Home Loan Bank Board Fiberglass, II:799 Fibers, synthetic, I:258, 260, II:1000 FICA. See Federal Insurance Contribution Act FICA taxes, I:393 Field, Benjamin, II:840 Field, Cyrus W., II:668, 1014, 1105 Field, Leiter, I:315 Field, Marshall, I:238, 314–15, I:315 Field and Stream, II:1003 Field Museum of Natural History, I:315 Fields, W.C., II:1059 Fifteen Passenger Act (1879), I:163

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Fifteenth Amendment, I:316, II:801, 802, 867, 1001 Nineteenth Amendment and, II:724 poll tax and, II:804 reentry to the Union and, I:316 Fifth Amendment, minimum wage laws and, II:638 Fifth Avenue (Automobile), I:165 Filene, Edward, I:224 Filene’s, II:901 Filling stations. See Service stations (Motor vehicles) Fillmore, Millard Fugitive Slave Act and, I:350 Japan and, I:505–6 Film industry. See Motion pictures Films. See Motion Pictures Finance Authority of Maine, II:598 Financial analysis, price-earnings ratio and, II:819 Financial crises Asian, I:59–60 depressions (See Economic depression) history of, I:316 panics (See terms beginning with Panic) recessions (See Recessions) Financial Institutions Rescue, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (1989), II:897, 898 Financial News Network, II:683 Financial services industry Amasa Walker in, II:1071–72 direct mail in, II:623 Merrill, Lynch and, II:623–25 in Minnesota, II:641 in New York, II:719, 720 in North Carolina, II:732 in Pennsylvania, II:779–80 Financial World, I:155 Findley, John, I:107 Fire prevention, II:1016 Fire-resistant clothing, I:259 Firearms industry, I:194–96, I:195, II:950–51 in Connecticut, I:202, 203 mass production in, II:608 Remington/Colt, I:420 Fireﬂy, Microsoft Corporation and, II:634 Fires Great Chicago (See Chicago Fire of 1871) in New Orleans, II:716

at Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (See Triangle Shirtwaist Factory) Fireside Chats, II:681, 852 Firestone, Harvey Samuel, I:317–18 Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, I:317–18, II:1005 Firewood, I:435 FIRREA. See Financial Institutions Rescue, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (1989) First Bank of the United States, I:76, 150–51, 274, II:602, 957 Alexander Hamilton and, I:76, 311, 413, II:1079 Andrew Jackson and, I:76, 77–78, 94–95, 504, II:770 bank war, I:77–78 money supply and, II:653 Nicholas Biddle, I:94–95 Panic of 1819 and, II:768 in Philadelphia, II:779 First Continental Congress, I:10, 495 First Navigation Act (1651), II:694 First Union bank, I:210 Fiscal policy, I:318 aggregate demand and, I:13 business cycles and, I:132 Fish, Frederick, II:969 Fish and Wildlife Service, II:1115–16 Fish industry in Alaska, I:27 environmentalism and, I:289 in Oregon, II:757 Fisher, Irving, II:966 Fisher, Joshua, II:924 Fisher, Shelton, II:617 Fisheries, I:318–20, I:319 in Alaska, I:27, 28 in Delaware, I:233 Grand Banks in, I:392 loans in, I:374 in Maine, II:597, 598 in Massachusetts, II:608–9, 610 in New England, I:177 in Oregon, II:758 Fishing, by Native Americans, II:738 Fishing equipment, I:122 Fisk, James, I:254, II:879–80 Fitch, John, II:959, 962 Fitzgerald, George, II:850 Five Civilized Tribes, I:320, II:1013–14 Cherokees (See Cherokees) Chickasaws (See Chickasaws)

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Choctaws (See Choctaws) Creeks (See Creeks (Native Americans)) Native American policy and, II:690 Seminoles, I:320, II:749, 1013–14 Fixed income, I:320 Fixed rate mortgages, II:669 Flagler, Henry, I:301, 324, II:954 Flappers, II:1007 Flat tax, I:320–22, II:924 Flatiron building, I:129 Fleetwood, Moses, I:83 Fleming, Peter, II:720 Fletcher v. Peck (1810), I:207 Flight control systems, I:18 Flint, Charles Ranlett, I:485, II:1042 Flivver. See Model T automobile Float glass, II:800 Floppy discs, design of, II:1134 Florida, I:322–25, I:323 Department of Environmental Protection, I:325 Native Americans in, II:1014 from Old Southwest, II:751 right-to-work laws in, II:879 slavery in, II:928 Florida (Confederate warship), I:25 Flour milling, I:267 Flour-mills, II:585 FLSA. See Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) Flying Cloud (Ship), I:182 FM transmission by General Electric, I:364 by Zenith, II:1145 FMLA. See Family and Medical Leave Act (1993) FNN. See Financial News Network Folsom culture, I:183, II:765 FOMC. See Federal Open Market Committee Food during the Great Depression, I:239–41, I:243 labeling of, II:843–45 price regulation of, I:284 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938), II:788, 845 Food, Tobacco, Agricultural and Allied Workers, II:851 Food additives causing allergies, II:886–87 dangers of, II:677 regulation of, II:844–45 1179

Index

Food Administration, I:294 Food and Drug Administration, I:293, II:845 pharmaceutical industry and, II:788 Food colorings, regulation of, II:844 Food containers, Pure Food and Drug Act and, II:844–45 Food industry. See also Farming Borden Incorporated, I:109–10, 137 Campbell, I:431, II:886–87 chocolate (See Chocolate industry) in Florida, I:325 Gerber, I:370–71, I:371, I:431 Heinz, I:430–32, I:431 Kellogg, I:526–30 Land O’Lakes, Inc., II:561–63 meat (See Meat industry) Nabisco Foods Group, II:675–76 regulation of, II:843–45 Food preservatives, regulation of, II:844 Food processing industry, I:325–27 in Idaho, I:459 in Iowa, I:498 in Maine, II:598 in Minnesota, II:641 in Pennsylvania, II:780 reform in, II:920–21 Tyson Foods, Inc., II:1031–32 Food stamps, I:291, 327, I:328 Food waste disposers, II:613 Football, I:436, II:1024 Foote, Cone & Belding, I:4, 5, II:567 Footwear, rubber. See Rubber footwear Footwear industry. See Shoe and footwear industry Forbes, I:327–29 Forbes, Malcom Stevenson, I:327–29 Force Bill (1833), I:551, II:982 Ford, Davis, and Bacon, II:1044 Ford, Gerald R. deregulation by, I:210 disbanding Atomic Energy Commission, II:739–40 Ronald Reagan and, II:863 Ford, Henry, I:60, 329–30, I:330, II:608 Alfred P. Sloan and, II:930, 931 assembly line and, I:279 Ford Motor Company, I:331–32 1180

Frederick Winston Taylor and, II:983 gasoline-powered tractors and, I:15 in labor relations, II:833 labor unions and, II:554 life of, I:329–30, I:330 Model T and, II:650–51 petroleum industry and, II:786 in 1920’s, II:831 Thomas Edison and, I:278 Ford, Henry II, I:455 Ford, John B., II:799 Ford Credit, I:331 Ford F-Series trucks, I:332 Ford Motor Company, I:330, I:331–33 assembly line in, I:60 assembly plant in Missouri, II:648 efﬁciency of, II:983 vs. General Motors, II:930 Henry Ford and (See Ford, Henry) Lee Iacocca and, I:455 mass production and, II:608 military-industrial complex and, II:637 Model T and (See Model T automobile) R & D labs for, II:871 Studebaker and, II:969 TQM and, I:238 unionization of, II:554 U.S. Rubber Company and, II:1042 using scientiﬁc management, II:901 wheels for, I:530–31 wrongful death suits against, I:332 “Fordism,” II:931 Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act (1922), I:333, II:831, 1035 Fordson tractor, I:15 Foreclosures. See also Bankruptcy on farms, I:309 mortgages and, II:669 Foreign affairs. See International relations Foreign aid. See Economic assistance Foreign coins, circulation of, II:642 Foreign competition, in automotive industry, I:334 Foreign exchange, I:298

money and, II:653 UN and, II:1040 Foreign immigrants. See Immigrants Foreign investments, I:468–69. See also International trade after Civil War, I:175 direct, I:335 in U. S. companies abroad, I:335–36 in the United States, I:333–35 Foreign laboratories, in automotive industry, I:334 Foreign markets. See International markets Foreign policy. See International relations Foreign trade. See International trade Forest conservation, II:593. See also Reforestation Gifford Pinchot and, II:794–95 in Oregon, II:757–58 Forest management, II:794 Forest Practices Act (1971), II:758 Forest products industry, II:591–93. See also Lumber industry in Alabama, I:24 in Alaska, I:27 in Arizona, I:51 in Arkansas, I:55, 56 in Florida, I:324 in Idaho, I:459 in Maine, II:597 in Michigan, II:631 in Minnesota, II:639, 641 in Mississippi, II:645 in Missouri, II:648 in Pennsylvania, II:778, 780 in Washington state, II:1092 Weyerhaeuser Company in, II:1110–11 wood products, I:354 Forest reserves, II:593 Forest Service (U.S.), II:978 action on Dust Bowl from, I:266 Division of Forestry, II:593 Gifford Pinchot as head of, II:794 river protection by, II:1115–16 Forests, in Georgia, I:369 Formosa Bakery (Mexico), II:675 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, I:551 Fort Boonesborough, I:532 Fort Gibson, II:1013 Fort Howard Paper, II:1120 Fort Miami, I:304

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Fort Stanwix, Treaty of, I:297, 304 Fort Wayne, Treaty of, II:985 FORTRAN, for personal computers, II:632, 633 Fortune Brands, I:42 Forward market, I:197 Fosdick, Harry Emerson, II:934 Foster, Rube, I:83 Foster Grandparents, II:1099 The Fountainhead, II:857, 858 401(k) plans, II:783 Fourdrinier, Henry, II:774 Fourdrinier, Sealy, II:774 Fourier, Charles, II:1055 Fourteenth Amendment, I:336–37 adoption of, I:314 Black Codes and, I:98 Civil Rights Act of 1866 and, II:867 Dred Scott case and, I:208 federal/state legislation and, I:169 Plessy v. Ferguson and, II:801–2 reentry to the Union and, I:316 Thirteenth Amendment and, II:1001 women’s rights and, II:1124 Fox Indians, I:99–100 Fox Network, I:287 FRA. See Federal Railroad Administration Fractional reserve system, I:337 France in American Revolution, I:37 embargo against, I:283 laissez-faire in, II:561 Louisiana and, II:642, 645, 716 Mississippi territory and, II:644, 645 Missouri and, II:646 Texas and, II:997 trade restrictions with, II:1087 Vietnam and, II:1063 Franchise Associates, Inc., I:449 Franchises, I:338 fast food restaurants, I:548 Howard Johnson’s, I:448 Francis Case Lake, II:943 Franciscan friars, I:51 Franklin, Benjamin, I:338, I:338–39, II:928, 1011 minister of France, I:509 at Second Continental Congress, I:213 on westward expansion, I:495

Franklin Life Insurance, I:42 Fraud, in securities industry, II:907 Frazer, Joseph, I:519 FRB. See Federal Reserve Banks FRC. See Federal Radio Commission Frears bakery (England), II:675 Free enterprise, I:339–40 Adam Smith on, II:579–80, 933 after WW I, II:1084 laissez-faire and, II:561 price and, II:818 private property rights in, II:819 private sector in, II:820 resources for, II:1108 in supply-side economics, II:976 Free market. See Free enterprise Free silver, I:340, II:806. See also Silver coins gold standard and, I:380–82 Greenback Party and, I:404–5 in monetary systems, I:102, 123, 245, 340 Nevada and, II:701 Free Soil party, I:1, 156 Amasa Walker in, II:1072 John Brown and, I:420 on public lands, I:442, 444 Free trade, I:340–42 John Keynes and, I:534–35 NAFTA and, II:728, 729 during Napoleonic Wars, II:677–78 Freed slaves, in Liberia, II:581 Freedmen’s Bureau, I:343, I:343–44, II:867 Freedom of religion, II:737 Freedom of speech for labor unions, II:979 Louis Dembitz Brandeis and, I:117 Freedom Rides, I:170, 202 Freedom to Farm Act (1996), I:210 Freeman, Daniel, I:444 Freeze-drying, I:326 Freight farmers’ alliances and, I:307 by steamboats, I:267 Freight transportation industry. See Shipping industry Frémont, John C., I:192, 344–46, II:759 in Nevada, II:700 Oregon Trail and, II:760 Fremont Canning Company, I:370

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

French and Hecht, Inc., I:531 French and Indian War, I:340, 346–48, I:347 Britain’s war debt from, I:10, 35–36 British role in, I:112 George Washington in, II:1095 Indiana after, I:475 Iroquois and, I:499 Louisiana after, II:584 mercantilism after, II:621 Mississippi River and, II:645 Missouri and, II:646 in New France, II:707 Ohio after, II:743 Ohio Valley and, II:747 Stamp Act and, II:951 Sugar Act and, II:973 Virginia in, II:1066 westward expansion after, I:495 Wisconsin and, II:1118 French Canadians, Native American conﬂicts with, I:304 French colonialism, Louisiana and, II:584 French exploration Alabama and, I:22 in Colorado, I:192 in Wisconsin, II:1118 French Revolution, I:506, II:1080, 1087 French West Indies, II:1017–18 Frequency modulaton transmission. See FM transmission Frequent ﬂyer programs, I:19–20 Fresca (Soda), I:185 Freud, Sigmund, I:544 Frick, Henry Clay, I:443, II:960 Friedan, Betty, II:1123, 1124, 1125 Friedman, Milton, I:13, 348–49, II:864 opportunity cost and, II:755 theories of money and, II:847 Fringe beneﬁts, I:349 Frobisher, Martin, II:738 Frobisher Bay, II:738 Fruehauf Corporation, I:531 Fruit crops, I:135, 389 in Florida, I:324, 325 in Georgia, I:369 Fruit juices, I:185 Fruitopia, I:185 FSA. See Farm Security Administration FSLIC. See Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation 1181

Index

FTA. See Food, Tobacco, Agricultural and Allied Workers FTC. See Federal Trade Commission Fuel Administration, I:294 Fuels from Exxon Corporation, I:301–2 Hill, Griggs and Company, I:435 petroleum, I:98–99 price regulation of, I:284 whaling industry and, I:423 wood as, II:592 Fugitive Slave Act (1793), I:350 Fugitive Slave Act (1796), II:679–80 Fugitive Slave Act (1850), I:349–51, II:1033 Fugitive slaves attorney for, I:156 black market and, I:100 Fugitive Slave Acts, I:349–50, II:679–80, 1033 underground railroad and, II:1033 Full Employment Act, I:313, 351 Full employment policies, I:313, 351, II:1035–36 Fuller, Margaret, I:120 Fuller, Richard Buckminster, Jr., I:351–53, I:352 Fulton, Robert, I:353–54, II:959, 962, 1057 Funding, of UN, II:1040 Fur trade in Alaska, I:28 canals and, II:891 during colonial peirod, II:911 in Illinois, I:462 Lewis and Clark Expedition and, II:576 in Massachusetts, II:608 in Minnesota, II:639 in Missouri, II:646, 648 on Missouri River, II:649 in Montana, II:659, 660 with Native Americans, II:693 in Nebraska, II:696 in New France, II:707 in New Netherlands, II:715 in New Sweden, II:717 in New York, II:718 in North Dakota, II:733 in Ohio Valley, II:747 in Oregon, II:757 in Oregon Country, II:758 on Oregon Trail, II:760 1182

in Washington state, II:1090 in Wisconsin, II:1118 in Wyoming, II:1139 Furnaces basic oxygen, II:960 electric arc, II:961 Furniture industry, I:354–55, I:355 expanded use of, I:261 by Gerber, I:370 in North Carolina, II:732 Sears, Roebuck and Company in, II:905 Fuses, I:97 Futures markets, I:197 F.W. Dodge Corporation, II:617

G Gadsden, James, I:357 Gadsden Purchase, I:51, 357, II:598 Gagarin, Yury, II:945 Gage, Thomas, I:494 Gail, John, I:109 Gaines Pet Food, II:809 Galbraith, John Kenneth, I:357–59, II:814 Gale, Leonard, II:668, 986 Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, II:854 Gallatin, Albert, II:688, 1087 Gallman, Robert E., I:276 Gallup, George Horace, I:359–60 Gama, Vasco da, II:1010 Gamble, James, II:821–22, 824 Gambling industry in Louisiana, II:586 in Nevada, II:702 Pinkerton National Detective Agency and, II:797 vs. speculation, II:949 Gambs, John S., I:358 Games computer, I:199 video, II:938 Gamesa (Mexico), II:676 Gaming industry. See Gambling industry Gandhi, Mohandas, I:143, 539 Garden tools, I:97 Garﬁeld, James A. assassination of, II:950 Marcus Alonzo Hanna and, I:417 Garn-St. Germain Act (1982), II:896–97

Garner-Warner Act, I:241 Garrison, Cornelius K., II:1058 Garrison, William Lloyd, I:1, II:928–29 Garrison Dam, II:734 Garvey, Marcus, I:400 Gary, Elbert H., II:960, 1044 Gas, natural. See Natural gas Gas leases. See Oil and gas leases Gasoline demand for, II:998 from Exxon Corporation, I:301–2 from Firestone, I:317 OPEC oil embargo and, II:751–52, II:752 in petroleum industry, II:786 prices in the 1970s, I:67 processing of, II:998 rationing of, II:860 from Standard Oil Co., II:954 subcompact automobiles and, I:332 Gates, Bill, I:360–62, I:361, II:632–34 DOS and, I:199 Internet and, I:488 Microsoft and, I:288 Paul Gardner Allen and, I:31–32 Steve Jobs and, I:512 Warren Buffet and, I:127 Gates, Horatio, I:37 GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gauchos, I:85, 147 Gaudette, Frank, II:634 Gauge Act (1846), II:854 Gayle v. Browder (1956), I:170 GDP. See Gross domestic product GE. See General Electric Company GE Information Services, II:699 Gehrig, Lou, II:722 Gelatin, Albert, II:588 Gemini space program, II:946 Gender discrimination. See Sex discrimination General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, I:362–64, 389, II:658, 728, 811, 834, 983 General Allotment Act (1887), II:690 General Assembly, of UN, II:1040 General Electric Company, I:364–66, I:365 antitrust action against, II:655

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Edison Electric as, II:719 GE Information Services, II:699 military-industrial complex and, II:637 NBC and, II:681, 683 photographic products by, I:273 R & D labs for, II:871 RCA-Victor and, II:860–61 General equilibrium theory, II:571 General Foods Corporation, II:641, 808, 809 General Land Ofﬁce, I:99 General Maximum Price Regulation, II:743 General Mills, Inc., I:327, II:1004 General Motors, I:67, 366–67, 477 Alfred P. Sloan in, II:929–31 antitrust action and, II:655 assembly plant in Missouri, II:648 automobile safety and, II:677 vs. DuPont, I:258–59 vs. Ford Motor Company, I:331 managerial revolution at, II:1001 military-industrial complex and, II:637 in Ohio, II:746 Oldsmobile Division, I:67 R & D labs for, II:871 sit-down strikes against, II:923 Studebaker and, II:969 TQM and, I:238 U.S. Rubber Company and, II:1042 William Durant and, I:263–64 General Paper Company, I:529 General strikes. See Strikes Generic drugs, II:788 Genetic engineering, I:17 Geneva Arbitration, I:25 Gentlemen’s Agreement, I:466 Geodesic domes, I:352 George H. Burr and Company, II:623 George III, I:38, 213, II:1011 Stamp Act of 1765 and, II:951, 952 George Peabody Company, II:663 George Washington Carver, Scientist and Symbol, I:143 Georgia, I:367–70, I:368 during American Colonial period, II:939 Cherokees in, II:1014 as proprietary colony, I:191

rice in, II:878 Sherman’s march through, II:917–18 slavery in, II:928 Gerard, James W., II:1089 Gerber, Daniel, I:370 Gerber, Dorothy, I:370 Gerber, Frank, I:370 Gerber Foods, I:431 Gerber Products Company, I:370–71, I:371 German Americans, in Wisconsin, II:1118 German laborers, great migration and, I:399 Germantown Statement, II:928 Germany embargo against, I:283 missile development by, II:944–45 war reparations from, I:362 in WW I, II:1129–30 in WW II, I:57 Gerstner, Louis, I:486, II:676 Gesner, Abraham, I:534, II:786 Getty, Jean Paul, I:371–72 Getty Oil Company, I:372 Ghent, Treaty of, II:1087, 1088 Ghettos, I:372–73, I:373. See also Inner cities GI Bill, I:243, 373–74, II:811 Giannini, Amadeo Peter, I:374–75 Giant Enterprises: Ford, General Motors, and the Automotive Industry, I:155 Gibbons, Thomas, II:1057 Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), I:207 Gide, Andre, I:544 Gifford, Walter S, I:64 Gila City, I:51 Gilbreth, Frank, II:901 Gilded Age, I:205 Gillette, King Camp, I:375–77 Gillette Blue Blade, I:375 Gillette Company, I:127, 375–76, 376–77 Gilman, George, I:154 Gilpin, Thomas, II:774 Giovannitti, Arturo M., II:850 Girard, Stephen, II:1087–88 Gist, Christopher, I:532 Gladden, Washington, II:934 Glass, plate. See Plate glass Glass ﬁbers, II:799 Glass-Owen bill, I:311. See also Federal Reserve System

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Glass-Steagall Banking Act (1933), I:241, 275, 377, II:704 for creation of FDIC, I:310 current view of, I:210 Glass waste, recycling of, II:868 Glassware, tariff on, I:245 Glauber, Robert R., II:897 Glenn, John, II:946 Glibreth, Lillian, II:901 Global economy, I:377–78, II:955 Globe Soap Company, II:824 GM. See General Motors GMT. See Greenwich mean time GNP. See Gross national product Godowsky, Leopold, I:122 Goethals, G.W., II:767 Going public (Securities). See Public offerings Gold coins, II:948 Gold eagles, from the mint, II:642 Gold industry, I:542 in Alaska, I:25, 27, 29, II:773–74 in Arizona, I:51 in Black Hills, II:942 in Colorado, I:192 Cornelius Vanderbilt and, II:1058 in Montana, II:660, 661, 941 in Nevada, II:700, 702 in New Spain, II:717 in Oregon, II:757 in Washington state, II:1091 Gold Reserve Act (1934), I:381. See also Gold standard Gold Resumption Act, I:378 Gold Rush of 1849, I:43, 133, 147, 378–80, I:379 Chinese laborers and, I:162–63 Cornelius Vanderbilt and, II:1058 gold resumption act and, I:378 Wells, Fargo and Company and, II:1101 westward expansion from, II:1108 Gold standard, I:380–82, 487, II:642 after Panic of 1873, II:733 balance of payments and, I:72 Colorado economy and, I:192 exchange rate and, I:298 IMF and, I:487 inﬂation and, I:225–26 Marcus Alonzo Hanna for, I:417 money supply and, II:653 1183

Index

during New Deal, II:704 in panics of late 19th century, II:733 price manipulation of, I:387, I:387 Richard Nixon and, II:725–26, 815 William Cullen Bryant on, I:123 Gold Standard Act (1900), I:382, II:725–26 Golden Gate Bridge, construction of, I:374 Golden Rule Mercantile Company, II:777 Goldwater, Barry, I:20–206, 348, II:814, 1064 Golf, II:1003 Golf channel, I:287 Golf equipment, I:122 Gompers, Samuel, I:33, 382–84, I:383, II:555, 558, 655, 1012 Good and Plenty, I:434 Good Neighbor Policy, II:657 Good Roads Bill, I:222, 223 Goodman, Andrew, I:170 Goodman, Benny, I:122 Goodnight-Loving Trail, I:148 Goodrich, Benjamin Franklin, I:92–93 Goodrich Tire, II:1043 Goodwin and Company, I:41 Goodyear, Charles, I:202, I:384, I:384–85, II:1005 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, I:53, II:1005 Gookin, R. Burt, I:431 Gorbachev, Mikhail, I:188 Gordon, Colin, II:706 Gordon, John Steele, II:902–3 Gore, Albert Jr., II:990 Gorgas, William, II:767 Gorges Foodservice, Inc., II:1032 Gorham Silver, II:874 Gorman, Leon Arthur, I:385–86 Gortari, Carlos Salinas de, II:728 Gott, Rodney C., I:418 Gough, John B., II:987 Gould, Jay, I:386–88, I:387 Daniel Drew and, I:254 as robber baron, I:478, 481, II:880, 1074 Union Paciﬁc and, II:1037 Government, federal. See Federal government Government contracts 1184

in automobile industry, II:969 of Cornelius Vanderbilt, II:1057 spoils system and, II:950 Government corruption. See Political corruption Government debt. See National debt Government employees. See Public employees Government housing. See Lowincome housing Government insurance. See Medicaid; Medicare Government intervention. See Government regulations Government lending, to Chrysler Corp., I:165 Government purchasing, vs. subsides, II:971 Government regulations. See also Deregulation on business, II:579–80, 1025–27 conservatism and, I:205 Constitution and, I:207 environmental, I:211 in free markets, II:601–2 for illegal drugs, I:459–60 of interstate commerce (See Interstate Commerce Commission) on labor unions, II:979 on liquor, II:1030 on railroads, II:1015–16 on sewer systems, II:1053 on stock market, II:964 on trade, II:957 of transportation, II:611–12 on utilities, II:1052 Government securities, II:681 Government spending policy aggregate demand and, I:13 on highways, II:967 Keynesian economics and, II:653, 673 Lyndon Johnson and, II:814 national debt and, II:685 reduced, II:976 in supply-side economics, II:976 Grable, Errett M., II:885 Graco, Rubbermaid and, II:886 Graduated payment mortgages. See Adjustable rate mortgages Graduated taxation. See Progressive taxation Graduation Act, I:391 Graff, Robert F. de, II:835

Graham Act (1921), I:64 Grain elevators farmers’ alliances and, I:307 regulation of, II:673 Grain Stabilization Corporation, I:241 Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, I:73 Grand Banks, I:392 Grand Coulee Dam, I:500, 519, II:757–58 Grand Rapids, Michigan, II:631 Grand River, II:943 Grand Teton National Park, II:1141 Grandfather clauses, II:804 Grange, I:497, II:685–86, 948 in Alabama, I:24 for farmers, I:307, 308–9 inﬂuence of, I:274 in Minnesota, II:639, 685 Montgomery Ward catalog for, II:595, 662 railroads and, II:673, 855 Granger laws, II:673, 685–86 Granger movement, I:497, 533, II:805 Granose (Cereal), I:526 Grant, Cary, II:1059 Grant, Ulysses S. on civil service, I:172 Ku Klux Klan and, I:551 spoils system and, II:950 in Vicksburg, II:717 Grape boycott, II:1039 Grape Nuts, II:807, 809 Grapes, I:135 Graphical user interfaces, II:633, 698 Graphophones, I:87 Grasses, on prairies, II:818 Grave Creek Mound, II:670 Gray, John, I:111 Gray, Robert, II:575 in Oregon, II:755 in Oregon Country, II:758, 759 Great Atlantic and Paciﬁc Tea Company, I:154 Great Britain advertising in, I:3 Alabama claims against, I:25 colonial Massachusetts and, I:494 colonial taxation by, II:951–53, 973–74 colonial workforce from, I:8 common law of, II:1025 embargo against, I:283

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

gold standard and, I:72 government of (See Parliament) investments in the U. S., I:333 Loyalists to, I:37–38 Mississippi territory and, II:644 national debt of, II:951, 973 Native Americans and, I:304, II:691–93 Oregon Territory and, II:758, 759, 989 Paciﬁc Northwest and, II:1090–91 Pan American Airways in, II:1019 Panama Canal and, II:766 spinning mills in, II:949 Texas and, II:997 trade restrictions by, II:1081, 1087 war with (See American Revolution; War of 1812) WW I blockade of, I:103 in WW II, I:57 Great Chicago Fire. See Chicago Fire of 1871 Great Depression, I:394–96, I:395, 396. See also New Deal A.C. Nielsen in, II:723 agricultural economy during, I:307, 309 agricultural programs during, I:17 air conditioning during, I:141 Alabama during, I:24 alcoholic beverage industry during, II:987 Amana society and, I:497 Arizona during, I:53 Arkansas after, I:55 Arsenal of Democracy in, I:57 ASARCO during, I:40 AT&T during, I:64 automobile industry during, I:67, II:969 baby boom after, I:71 Black & Decker during, I:97 book publishing during, II:835 boycotts during, I:114 Brunswick Corporation during, I:122 California during, I:135 causes of, I:313, 316, 396–98, I:397 child labor reform during, I:526 Chrysler Corporation during, I:165, 167 Connecticut during, I:203

cotton industry during, I:106 dairy industry during, II:562 Dust Bowl and, I:256–57 effect on economic liberalism, II:581 effect on free enterprise, II:580 end of, II:812 entertainment industry during, I:285–86 federal involvement and, I:275 federalism and, I:314 ﬁnancial panic of 1929 and, I:313 Firestone during, I:317–18 foreign trade and, I:341 foreign trade and, I:362 Franklin D. Roosevelt in, II:882, 883 General Motors during, I:366, II:930 Georgia during, I:369 Gillette Company during, I:375 gold standard and, I:72, 380–82, 382 gross national product during, I:132, 394–95, I:395, 396 H. J. Heinz Company during, I:431 Hawaii during, I:424 Hershey Foods Corporation during, I:433–34 Hooverville during, I:444–45 Huey Long and, II:583–84 Hugh Samuel Johnson after, I:512 ICC during, I:492 Idaho during, I:457 Illinois during, I:464 IMF during, I:487 immigration during, I:49 Iowa during, I:498 isolationism during, I:501 Jean Paul Getty during, I:372 John Keynes and, I:535 Kansas during, I:522 Kentucky during, I:534 Keynesian economics and, I:536, II:673 Kroger Company during, I:550 labor unions during, I:183, II:558, 727 Levitt and Sons during, II:573 Louisiana during, II:586 Martin Luther King Jr. and, I:538 Maryland during, II:607

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Massachusetts during, II:610 Maytag Corporation during, II:613 McGraw-Hill during, II:616 Merrill, Lynch during, II:624 Michigan during, II:631 minimum wage law during, I:526 Minnesota during, II:641 Mississippi during, II:645 money supply and, I:13, II:653 Montana during, II:661 Montgomery Ward during, II:662 motorcycle industry during, I:417–18 Nabisco Foods during, II:675 national economy during, I:292, 293–94 National Recovery Administration in, II:688 Neiman Marcus during, II:600 Nevada during, II:702 New Deal and, II:702–5 (See also New Deal) New Hampshire during, II:707 New Jersey during, II:712 New Mexico during, II:713 New York during, II:719 North Dakota during, II:733 Ohio during, II:746 Otis Elevator Company during, II:761 Pennsylvania during, II:780 Pennsylvania Railroad in, II:782 penny auctions in, II:782 photographs during, II:565–66 prohibition and, I:280, II:830, 1030 protectionism before, II:834 quantity theory of money and, II:847 radical unions during, II:851 radio broadcasting during, I:219 radio during, II:852 rationing during, II:860 Reconstruction Finance Corp. in, II:868 Rhode Island during, II:876 savings during, II:895 Second New Deal and, II:906 Smoot-Hawley Tariff and, II:933 social climate of, I:290 society during, I:279–80 South Dakota during, II:942–43 1185

Index

steel industry during, II:1044 stock market crash of 1929 and (See Stock market crash of 1929) tanks in, I:146 Texas during, II:995 textiles industry and, II:1000 Thomas Edison during, I:278 tire sales during, II:1042 Townsend clubs and, II:1010 tractor use in, I:146 trust-busting during, II:1026 UMW during, II:577, 1039 UPS during, II:1040 Utah during, II:1051 war economies and, II:1084 Washington state during, II:1092 Wells, Fargo during, II:1101 West Virginia during, II:1104 Weyerhaeuser Company in, II:1110 wheat demand during, I:256, 265 William Randolph Hearst during, I:430 Wooster Rubber during, II:885 working women during, II:1122 world trade and, I:362 WW II and, I:239–43, I:241 Wyoming during, II:1139 Zenith Radio during, II:1145 Great Lakes, II:938 Great migration. See also Emigration and immigration from 1630-1640, I:398–99 from 1910-1920, I:399–400 of Puritans, II:845 Great Northern Paper Company, II:597 Great Northern Railroad, I:434–35, I:435 in Northern Securities case, II:735–36 strike by, I:35 in Washington state, II:1091 Great Plains. See also Prairies agriculture in, I:16 sod houses on, II:936 Great railroad strike, I:400–402, I:401 Great Serpent Mound, I:402 Great Society, I:290–91, 401–4, II:814 Medicare and, II:618 welfare system and, II:1098 1186

The Great Train Robbery (Motion picture), II:832 Great Western Tea Company, I:549 Greeley, Horace, I:87, 120 Green, Adolphus, II:675 Green, William, I:111 Green Giant, II:641 Green Party, II:677 Greenback Party, I:404–5, II:916 inﬂuence of, I:274 Jacob Coxey in, I:222–23 James Weaver and, I:307 Greenbacks, I:405, II:1116 farmers’ interests and, II:686 Legal Tender Act of 1862 and, II:681 Greenbelt, Maryland, II:607 Greene, Katherine, I:218 ‘‘Greenmailing,’’ II:790 Greenspan, Alan, I:59, 312–13, 405–6, I:406 Greenspan and Company, Incorporated, I:405 Greenville, Treaty of, I:304–5, 462, 475, II:745, 984, 1087, 1115 Greenwich (England), II:955 Greenwich mean time, II:955 Gregg Publishing Company, II:616 Grenville, George, II:820–21, 951, 952, 973 Greyhound Bus Lines, II:782 Griffen and Sons (New Zealand), II:675 Grifﬁths, John W., I:182 Grimes, Annie, II:624 Grocery trade King Kullen supermarkets, II:872 Kroger Company and, I:549–50 Wal-Mart in, II:1071, 1077 Grodin, Charles, II:683 Grosh, Ethan Allen, I:200 Grosh, Hosea Ballou, I:200 Gross domestic product, I:248–49, 406–7, I:407. See also Gross national product durable goods and, I:262 environmentalism and, I:289 Gross income, I:471 Gross national income, I:471 Gross national product, I:407, I:408, I:471. See also Gross domestic product from 1897-1920, I:294 after WW I, II:1086 vs. debt, I:230

economic development and, I:276 during Great Depression, I:132, 394–95, I:395, 396 during recessions, I:132, II:866 Groundwater, for irrigation, I:499 Groups, special interest. See Special interest groups Growth equity funds, II:673 Gruen, Victor David, I:408 GTE Directories Corporation, II:1004 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, II:598, 628, 997, 1051, 1108 Guam Spanish-American War and, II:947 Treaty of Paris and, II:789, 837 Guangdong, China, I:163 Guaranteed annual income, II:1100 Guatemala, Monroe Doctrine and, II:658 Guerrila forces, in South Vietnam, II:1064 Guggenheim, Daniel, I:39–40, I:409, I:409–10 Guggenheim, Isaac, I:39 Guggenheim, Meyer, I:39–40, 409 Guggenheim, Murray, I:39, 40 Guggenheim, Simon, I:39, 40 Guggenheim, Solomon, I:39–40 Guggenheim Exploration Company, I:39 Guggenheim Foundation, I:410 Guggenheim Museum, II:1136, II:1137 GUI. See Graphical user interfaces Gulf and Western, publishing and, II:836 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, II:1064 Gulf Oil Company, II:620, 790 Gulfport, Mississippi, II:645 Gum, chewing, II:1137–38 Gunpowder, I:258, 260 Gunpowder industry, I:477 Guns. See Firearms

H Hachette (Magazine), I:144 Hague, Frank, II:712 Hague Opium Treaty, II:788 Hair care products, II:1073 Hair dryers, I:97 Haiti

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Monroe Doctrine and, II:657 as protectorate, II:834 U.S. intervention in, I:469 Hakluyt, Richard, II:909 Hall, John, I:420 Hall, Robert, I:322 Hallidie, Andrew Smith, II:966 Hallman, Michael, II:634 Hallmark Cards, Incorporated, II:648 Hallowell, Benjamin, II:952 Halpin, James, I:411–12 Ham ’n Eggs Plan, I:135 Hamburger University, I:548 Hamilton, Alexander, I:412–14 after the American Revolution, I:473–75, 507, II:1079 Articles of Confederation and, I:58 Bank of the U.S. and, I:76, 311, II:1079 central bank issue and, I:150, 152 on Constitution, I:12 federalism of, II:1081 ﬁrst tariff from, I:177 George Washington and, II:1095 mercantile interests of, I:340 national debt and, II:684, 1082 public lands and, I:391 Report on Manufacturers and, II:870 Thomas Jefferson and, I:509 on Whiskey Rebellion, II:1115 whiskey tax and, I:100, II:1114 Hamilton, Virginia Van der Veer, I:22 Hammer, Armand, I:414, I:414–15 Hammond, George, I:326 Hammond, James Henry, I:538 Hampton Institute, II:1093 Hancock, John, I:415–16, II:1011 on Constitution, I:12 merchant activities of, I:110, 113 Paul Revere and, II:873 at Second Continental Congress, I:213 Hancock, Thomas, I:385, II:1005 Handicap discrimination in employment, I:303 federal legislation prohibiting, I:246 Handicapped Organized Women, II:826 Handicraft, Native-American, II:944

Hanford Reservation nuclear research center, II:1092 Hanna, Marcus Alonzo, I:416–17 Harbors early American cities and, II:1048 in New Jersey, II:712 New Orleans as, II:716 Harding, Warren G. Ida Tarbell and, II:980 Jacob Coxey and, I:223 normalcy and, II:726 prosperity and, II:831 William Cooper Proctor and, II:823 William Howard Taft and, II:978 Hardware stores, I:384 Harlan, John Marshall, II:802 Harlem Railroad, II:1058 Harlem renaissance, II:859 Harley, William, I:417–19, 418 Harley-Davidson, Incorporated, I:417–20, I:418 Harley Owners Group, I:419 Harlow, Jean, I:451 Harmonicas, by Benjamin Franklin, I:339 Harper, Lawrence A., II:621 Harpers Ferry, West Virginia arsenal in, II:950 John Brown’s Raid on, I:1, 420–21, 450 Harpers Ferry Armory, I:420, II:950 Harriman, Edward, II:639, 641, 735–36, 894, 1037 Harrington, Michael, I:421–22 Harris, Townsend, I:506 Harrison, Benjamin antitrust legislation and, II:654 populism and, II:806 Sherman Silver Purchase Act and, II:773 William Howard Taft and, II:977 Harrison, William Henry in Ohio, II:745 Tecumseh and, II:985, 1087 trust-busting by, II:1026 Harrison Narcotic Act (1912), II:788 Harry N. Abrams, Inc., II:1003, 1004 Hart-Scott-Rodino Act (1950). See Concentrated Industries Act (1950) Hartford, George Huntington, I:154 Hartford Convention, II:1088

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Hartford Courant, II:1003 Harvard Economic Research Project, II:571 Harvard University, II:845 Harvesting machinery, I:14–15 from Caterpiller, I:145–47 by Cyrus McCormick, II:613–16 Hassel, Karl E., II:1145 Hatch Act (1940), I:172, II:950 Hawaii, I:422–25, I:423 Spanish-American War and, II:947 sugar industry in, II:947 Hawkins, John, II:1006 Hawley, Ellis, II:706 Hawley, Willis, II:933 Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930), I:241 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, I:120 Hay, John, I:425–26, 468, II:753–54, 946 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, II:767, 768 Hay-Herran Treaty, II:766 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, II:766 Hayes, Clarence B., I:530–31 Hayes, Rutherford B., I:102 Charles Fremont and, I:345 on Chinese immigration, I:163 on civil service reform, I:172 Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and, I:400, 401 during Reconstruction, II:867 Hayes Wheel Company, I:530 Haymarket Riot, I:426–27, I:427, II:554, 555, 842 Haywood, William, I:480, II:849, 850 Hayworth, Rita, I:42 Hazardous wastes, II:641 HBO. See Home Box Ofﬁce HDTV. See High Deﬁnition Television Head Start, I:291, 403, II:814, 816, 1099 Health Care Financing Administration, II:618 Health care industry in Alabama, I:24 children and, II:915 costs in, I:428 environmentalism and, I:288–89 familiy medical leave and, I:305–6 HMOs in, I:428 1187

Index

Kennedy/Johnson programs, I:402–3 Michael Harrington on, I:421–22 in Nebraska, II:697 prenatal care, II:915 public health, I:288–89 tobacco and, II:732, 1007 trends in food industry, I:327 Health insurance HMOs, I:427–28, 819–520 Kaiser Health Plan, I:519 Medicaid (See Medicaid) Medicare (See Medicare) at Proctor and Gamble, II:822 Health Maintenance Organization Act, I:428 Health maintenance organizations, I:427–28, 519–20 Hearst, George, I:200, 429 Hearst, William Randolph, I:200, I:429, I:429–30 Southern Paciﬁc Railroad and, II:894 Spanish-American War and, II:947 Hearst Foundation, I:430 Heating by Benjamin Franklin, I:339 fuels for, I:98–99 Hedge trimmers, I:97 Heilbroner, Robert L., I:155 Heinz, Henry John, I:430–32, I:431 Heinz Noble & Company, I:430 Heinz Pet Products, I:431 Heller, Walter, II:814 Heller Financial Corporation, I:419 Helms-Burton Act, I:432 Henderson, Richard, I:108 Henrietta Maria of France, II:605 Henry, Joseph, II:668 Henry, Patrick on plantations, II:801 on Stamp Act of 1765, II:952 Henry Varnum Poor: Business Editor, Analyst, and Reformer, I:154 Hepburn, William Peters, I:432 Hepburn Act (1906), I:274, 293, 432–33, 490–91, II:771, 1015 Herald of Freedom, Phineas T. Barnum and, I:79 Herjolfsson, Bjarni, II:553 Heroin, I:459–61, II:788 Hershey, Milton, I:433, I:433–34 1188

Hershey, Pennsylvania, I:433, I:433–34 Hershey Foods Corporation, I:433, I:433–34 Hershey Industrial School for Orphans, I:433 Hershey Kisses, I:433 Hertz Corporation, I:331 Heth, Joice, I:79 Hewes, George, I:114 Hewlett-Packard in Colorado, I:194 HTML and, II:699 as Netscape reseller, II:698 Heyl, Frederick W., II:1046 Hickock, Bill, I:221 Hideyoshi, I:505 Higgins, Andrew, I:441 High deﬁnition television, I:287, II:862, 1146 High-rise buildings. See also Skyscrapers in inner cities, II:1047, 1049 reinforced concrete in, II:870 High technology industry. See also Microsoft Corporation; Netscape Communications Corporation in Colorado, I:194 in Massachusetts, II:610 in New Hampshire, II:707 in New Jersey, II:712 in New Mexico, II:713, 715 in North Carolina, II:731, 732 stocks on NASDAQ, II:680 High yield bonds. See Junk bonds Higher Education Group, II:1004 Highland v. Russell Car & Snow Plow Company (1929), II:572–73 Highway Trust Fund, I:493 Highways. See also Roads construction of, I:492–93, 533 development of, I:69 government funding for, I:492–93, II:967 Hikino, Takashi, I:155 Hill, George Washington, I:41–42 Hill, Griggs and Company, I:435 Hill, James Jerome, I:434–35, I:435 in Northern Securities Case, II:735–36, 855 as robber baron, I:478, 481, 528, II:639, 641, 879 Weyerhaeuser Company and, II:1110 Hill, Joe, II:1051 Hill, John A., II:616

Hill, Percival, I:41 Hill, Wills (Lord Hillsborough), I:110, II:1011 Hill Publishing Company, II:616 Hillman, Sidney, II:1038 Hillsborough, Lord, I:110, II:1011 Hilton, Conrad, I:436 Hilton, William Barron, I:436–37 Hilton Corporation, I:436 Hire, Charles Elmer, I:437–38 Hires Root Beer, I:437–38 Hiroshima, bombing of, I:105, II:1132 His and Hers, II:601 Hispanic Americans, I:158, II:715 Hispanic Civil Rights Movement, I:158 Historical Records Survey, II:1129 History of the Standard Oil Company, II:980 Hitler, Adolph on German reparations, II:1130 invasion of Poland by, I:242 Ivy Lee and, II:570 Mein Kampf, I:330 relations between Soviet Union and United States and, II:637 WW II and, II:1131 H.J. Heinz Company, I:430–32, I:431 H.M. Goush Company, II:1003 HMOs. See Health maintenance organizations HMS Leopard, II:1087 Ho Chi Minh, II:1063 Ho Ti invention of paper and, II:774 Hoffa, Jimmy, I:438–39, I:439, II:556, 557, II:850 Hoffman, Paul G., II:604, 969–70 HOG. See Harley Owners Group Hogate, ‘‘Casey,’’ II:1075 Hohokam, II:943–44 Holding companies, II:736 Holiday Rambler Corporation, I:419 Holland, Pilgrims and, II:793 Hollerith, Herman, I:199, 439–40, 485 Holly Farms Corporation, II:1031–32 Hollywood, golden era of, II:1089 Hollywood Pictures, I:280–81 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, II:736 Holmes-Manley process, II:998 Holt, Benjamin, I:145 Holt, Charles, I:145–46 Holt Company, I:145

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Homart Development, II:904 Home appliances by Maytag Corporation, II:612–13 rebates for, II:866 Home Box Ofﬁce, I:287 Home Depot, I:411 Home front, in WW II, I:440–41, I:442 Home Loan Bank Act, I:394 Home loans. See Mortgages Home Mechanix, II:1003 Home ownership zones, II:1047 Homebrew Computer Club, I:511, II:1133 Homeless persons, in Great Depression, I:444–45 Homestead Act (1862), I:441–43. See also Westward expansion expansion due to, I:266 Great Plains and, II:962 homesteaders and, I:444 impact on North and West, II:1084 impact on North Dakota, II:733 northern economic development and, I:178 open range and, II:754 provisions of, I:173, 391, 521, II:696–97, 818, 941 Homestead-exemption law, in Texas, II:993 Homestead steel strike, I:139, 443–44, II:960 Homesteaders, I:444 Honda automobiles, I:67 Honda Motor Company, II:746 Honda motorcycles, I:418 Honduras, dollar diplomacy and, I:251 Honeywell, I:53 Hong Kong, inexpensive labor in, I:229 Hood, Zachariah, II:952 Hoover, Herbert C. on advertising, I:4 aviation industry and, II:831 Charles Coughlin on, I:219 Great Depression and, I:239, 394–95, I:395, 396 Hooverville and, I:445 international relations and, I:500–501 prohibition and, II:830 prosperity and, II:831 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and, II:657

Smoot-Hawley Tariff and, II:933 St. Lawrence Seaway and, II:891 Tennessee River development and, II:991 WW II and, I:239 Hoover, J. Edgar, I:34 Hoover Commission on Home Building and Home Ownership, I:91 Hoover Dam, I:85, 500, 519, II:686, 702 Hooverville, I:444–45, I:445 Hopewell culture, II:670 Hopis, I:51 Hopkins, Harry Lloyd, I:445–47, II:1129 Hopkins, Johns, II:607 Hopkins, Mark, I:152, II:956 Horizontal integration, in tobacco industry, II:1008 Horizontal mergers. See Acquisitions and mergers Horses, I:447 Hospitality industry, I:448–49. See also Hotels and motels Hospitals, psychiatric, I:249–50, I:250 Hostess Company (Canada), II:809 Hostile takeovers vs. acquisitions and mergers, II:622 Northern Securities Case and, II:736 Hotels and motels competition in, I:448–49 Hilton, I:436–37 Howard Johnson’s, I:448–49 impact of interstate highways on, II:812 Hotmail, Microsoft Corporation and, II:634 Hours of labor. See Work hours House of Commons. See Parliament House of Morgan, in stock market crash of 1929, II:966 House Un-American Activities Committee, II:570, 784 Housewares industry P & G in, II:821–23 Rubbermaid in, II:885 Housing low-income (See Low-income housing) single-family, II:573–74, II:574

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

tenements (See Tenement houses) Housing Act (1954), II:1047 Housing and Urban Development Department (U.S.), I:403 on city planning, II:1047 creation of, II:814 Housing Authority (U.S.), II:1046 Housing discrimination, I:373 Houston, Sam, II:996 Howard, Oliver, I:343, 344, II:918 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, I:452 Howard Johnson International, Inc., I:447–49 Howe, Elias, I:202 Howe, Julia Ward, I:450 Howe, Samuel Gridley, I:449–50 Howe, William, I:38 HTML, II:699 HUAC. See House Un-American Activities Committee Hubbard, Edward, I:104 Hubbard, Gardiber, I:86 HUD. See Housing and Urban Development Department (U.S.) Hudson, Henry in New Jersey, II:710 in New York, II:718 Northwest Passage and, II:738 Hudson Bay, II:738 Hudson (Company), I:67 Hudson Foods, Inc., II:1032 Hudson River Northwest Passage and, II:738 settlements, II:911 steamboats on, II:962 Hudson River Railroad, II:720, 1058 Hudson River Rubber Company, I:93 Hudson River Steamboat Association, II:1058 Hudson’s Bay Company in Oregon, II:755 in Washington state, II:1090 Huges Electric Heating Company, I:364 Huggies (Diapers), I:537 Huggins, Miller, II:721 Hughes, Howard, I:450–52, I:451, II:702 Hughes, Langston, I:544 Hughes Aircraft Company, I:238, 367, 451 Hughes Missile Systems, I:53 Hughes Tool Company, I:451 1189

Index

Hughes Tool Division, I:452 Hugoton Production Company, II:790 Hull, Charles, I:2 Hull, William, II:1087 Hull-Alfaro Treaty, II:768 Hull House, I:2–3, II:783 Human capital, I:452–53 Humble Oil, I:29 Hume, David, II:847 Humphrey, Hubert H., II:641 Hundred Days, II:991 Hungary, in NATO, II:730 Hunt, Jane, II:1124 Hunting by Native Americans, II:738 in Ohio, II:743, 745 Paleo-Indians and, II:765 Plains Indians and, II:800 of sea otters, I:25, 133 Hunting equipment, I:83–84 Huntington, Collis, I:133, II:880, 956 Hupas, I:306 Hurons, I:499, II:629 Hurricane Andrew, I:325 Hurricane Donna, I:325 Hurricane Opal, I:325 Hurricanes, I:325, II:940 Hussey, Obed, I:106 Hutchinson, Elisha, I:113 Hutchinson, Thomas, I:110–13, 494, II:952 Hutson, Cecil K., I:149 Hutton, Edward F., I:205, II:808, 809 Huxley, Aldous, I:330 Hyatt Corporation, II:1023 Hyatt Roller Bearing Company, I:366, II:930 Hydroelectric power plants, I:257. See also Water power Hydrofoil craft, II:920 Hydrogen bombs, I:58 Hypermart USA, II:1077 Hypertext Markup Language. See HTML Hypodermic needles, II:788

I ‘‘I Have a Dream’’ speech, I:170 Iacocca, Lido Anthony, I:165, 455–56, I:456 Iberian Peninsula, II:973 1190

IBM, I:439, 485–87 in Colorado, I:194 DOS from, I:199 Mark I computer from, I:199 Microsoft and, II:633 as Netscape reseller, II:698 punch card systems and, I:534–35 R & D labs for, II:871 Thomas Watson and, I:485, II:1096–98 IBM computers, I:361 IBM Global Network, I:66 IBM World Trade Corporation, I:486 IBT. See International Brotherhood of Teamsters Ibuka, Masura, II:664, 937 ICC. See Interstate Commerce Commission ICC Termination Act, I:492 Ice chests, I:122 Ice cream industry Borden, I:110 brewing industry and, I:119 Howard Johnson’s in, I:447–48 Iceberg sonar detection, I:87 Iceland, whaling in, II:1113 Ickes, Harold L., II:998 Idaho, I:457–59, I:458 Idei, Nobuyuki, II:937 IFAWA. See International Fishermen and Allied Workers of America IFLWU. See International Fur and Leather Workers Union I.G. Farben, II:570 Il Sung, Kim, I:544 ILGWU. See International Ladies Garment Workers Union Illegal aliens, employment of, I:390 Illegal drugs, I:227, 459–62, I:460. See also speciﬁc types of illegal drugs Illinois, I:99, 462–65, I:463 Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics, I:525 Illinois Steel, II:1044 I.M. Singer and Company, II:922 IMBs. See Intercontinental ballistic missiles IMF. See International Monetary Fund Immigrant laborers, I:174 in California, I:135 Cesar Estrada Chavez and, I:157, I:157–58

Great Migration and, I:398–99, 399–400 in Knights of Labor, I:426 Lowell system and, II:590 railroad, I:153–54 Immigrants birds of passage, I:96 in Connecticut, I:203 farming by, II:941 Great Migration and, I:398–99, 399–400 in Illinois, I:464 loans to, I:374 public lands for, I:442 subsistence agriculture and, II:971 in sweatshops, II:1016 in Texas, II:993 in textile industry, II:999 tobacco and, II:1007 Immigration. See Emigration and immigration Immigration and Nationality Act, I:467 Immigration law, I:467, II:831 Chinese Exclusion Act, I:162–64, 466 history of, I:48–49 Immigration quota system, I:164, 467 Impeachment of Frances Perkins, II:784 Richard Nixon and, II:726 Imperial Group Ltd., I:449 Imperial Hotel, II:1136, 1137 Imperialism, I:467–69, 505. See also Westward expansion after Panic of 1837, II:771 European, FDR against, II:882 Manifest Destiny and, II:598 in mid-19th century, I:28 Oregon Country and, II:759 Imports, I:469–70. See also International trade in American Revolution, I:11 during colonial period, II:911, 912 colonial reliance on Britain, I:12 custom duties on, I:227 impact of NAFTA on, II:727, 728 impact of Navigation Acts on, II:695 quotas on, II:848

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Report on Manufacturers and, II:870 Richard Nixon and, II:815 of steel, II:961 tariffs and, II:982–83, 1035 taxes on, I:333 in textile industry, I:363, II:949 trade negotiators in, I:74 INA. See Insurance Company of North America Inca, I:216, 470, II:815, 1010 Incentives, I:470 Income, I:471. See also speciﬁc types of income disposable, I:248–49 ﬁxed, I:320 pay equity and, II:777 quantity theory of money and, II:847 during recessions, II:866 vs. revenue, II:873 vs. spending, II:672–73 tax on (See Income tax) Income gap, I:471–72, I:472 Income statements, I:471 Income tax, II:923–24 constitutionality of, II:804 as progressive tax, II:828 state, II:830 tariff reduction and, II:1035 tariffs and, II:983 Incontinence aids, I:537 Incorporation, laws for, I:217 Indentured servants, I:472–73, I:473 in colonial period, I:8, 191, II:910, 926 on plantations, II:801 in Virginia, II:1065–66 Independence, Missouri, II:895 Independent Political Council, II:859 Independent producers, in petroleum industry, II:747 Index equity funds, II:673 India, sugarcane in, II:973 Indian Citizenship Act (1924), II:690 Indian Civil Rights Act (1968), II:691 Indian Creek Massacre, I:99 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988), II:691 Indian Mineral Development Act (1982), II:691 Indian Motorcycle Company, I:418 Indian Point Two nuclear reactor, II:740

Indian Removal Act (1830), I:164, 320, II:696, 1013 Indian Reorganization Act (1934), II:690–91 Indian reservations, II:690, 749 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975), II:691 Indian Territory, II:696 Choctaws in, I:164 Native American policy and, II:690 in Oklahoma, II:749 Indian Trade and Intercourse Act (1790), II:689 Indian Wars, I:270 Black Hawk War, I:99–100 in Colorado, I:192 Indian Creek Massacre, I:99 in Oklahoma, II:749 Pueblo Revolt, II:837 Seminole War, I:324 Sioux War, II:942 Whiskey Rebellion and, II:1114, 1115 Indiana, I:475–77, I:476, II:879 Indiana Agricultural College, II:843 Indiana Reﬁning Company, II:998 Indians. See Native Americans Indigo industry, I:477–78, II:695 Individual retirement accounts, II:783, 896 Individualism, Ayn Rand and, II:857–58 Indonesia, Asian ﬁnancial crisis in, I:60 Industrial accidents, II:1127 Industrial capitalism. See Capitalism Industrial Conference of 1919, II:980 Industrial development. See also Economic development from 1897-1920, I:292–94 environmentalism and, I:288–89 federal involvement in, I:273–75 Great Migration and, I:398–99, 399–400 in Northeast, I:268–69 in 19th century, I:267–70, I:268 Industrial equipment innovations in, I:174 as physical capital, II:789 Industrial management, II:608, 984 Industrial policy, I:477 Industrial pollution in inner cities, II:1047

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

in Ohio, II:743 Industrial productivity. See Productivity Industrial Revolution, I:478–80. See also Industrialization agriculture and, I:14 David Ricardo and, II:877–78 Francis Lowell and, II:588 imperialism triggered by, I:467 John D. Rockefeller in, II:881 labor unions during, I:183 lumber industry during, II:592 spinning mills in, II:949 Springﬁeld Armory during, II:950 standard time and, II:955 in textile industry, II:999 Industrial safety ﬁres and, II:1126 in food industry, I:327 in late 19th century, II:1127 with nuclear reactors, II:740 Industrial unions. See Labor unions Industrial Workers of the World, I:480–81, 516, II:554, 727, 1000, 1051 headquartered in Seattle, II:1092 as radical union, II:849–51 unskilled labor in, II:1128 Industrialization, I:481–83. See also Factories; Industrial Revolution effect on family life, II:1124 labor conditions and, II:727 in North, I:176–77 in North Carolina, II:730 special interest groups and, II:948 telegraph and, II:667 temperance movement and, II:986–87 urbanization and, II:1046 in West Virginia, II:1104 working conditions and, II:1127 Industry, deﬁned, II:820 Industry regulations, of interstate commerce, I:490–92 INF. See Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty Infant diapers. See Diapers Infant foods, I:370–71, I:371, I:431 Inﬂation, I:483, I:483 during American Revolution, I:11–12 from Confederate dollars, I:200 CPI and, I:209, 217–18 1191

Index

in early 1920s, II:832 effect on Iowa, I:498 Emergency Price Control Act, I:284 ﬁscal policy and, I:318 Lyndon Johnson and, II:814 monetary policy and, I:225–26 OPA and, II:1069 before Panic of 1837, II:770 Reaganomics and, II:864–65 real wages and, II:865 Richard Nixon and, II:725, 815 Ronald Reagan and, II:863 stagﬂation and, II:951, II:951 in 16th century Spain, II:717 theories of money and, II:847 from Vietnam War, II:1064 WW II and, I:440, II:811, 812 Information, in free markets, II:601 Information services, II:616–18 Information superhighway, I:483–84, 488, II:634 Infrastructure, I:484 Ingalls, John J., II:569 Ingalls Building. See Transit Building Ingersoll, Jared, II:952 Initial public offerings, I:484 Inland Waterways Commission, II:795 Inner cities, I:372, I:373, II:1046–47 slums in, II:932 Inner Harbor, in Baltimore, II:607 Input-output analysis, II:571–72 Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. See Wealth of Nations Insider trading (Securities), I:517 Insurance General Motors Corporation and, I:367 government (See Medicaid; Medicare) health (See Health insurance) muckraking movement and, II:671 unemployment, II:705, 706, 934 Insurance Company of North America, II:778 Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania, II:778 Insurance industry in Connecticut, I:202 in Minnesota, II:641 during Napoleonic Wars, II:677 in Nebraska, II:697 1192

in New Jersey, II:712 in Pennsylvania, II:778, 780 in Rhode Island, II:876 Sears, Roebuck and Company in, II:904 Sony in, II:936 Intangible personal property. See Personal property Integrated circuit board, II:786 Integration, racial. See Racial integration Intel Corporation, I:31–32, 53, 144 Intellectual property rights, II:728. See also Copyrights; Patents Interchangeable mechanisms, in mass production, II:608 Intercontinental ballistic missiles, I:56–57 Interest (Finance), I:223, 484 Interest rates, I:484 after American Revolution, II:1082 aggregate demand and, I:13 farmers’ alliances and, I:307 by Federal Reserve System, I:223, 245–46 ﬁxed income and, I:320 in Great Depression, I:397 in monetary theory, II:652 on mortgages, II:669–70 national debt and, II:684 Interior Department (U.S.), II:978 Interlocking directorates, II:1045 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, II:863 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efﬁciency Act (1991), II:1020 Internal combustion engines in ﬁshing industry, I:318–20, I:319 in Model T, II:650 Internal migration. See also Ruralurban migration to Alabama, I:24 from South to North, II:1046, 1049 westward (See Westward expansion) Internal Revenue Service, II:924 criticism of, I:321–22 depreciation, I:239 disincentives and, I:247 the war on drugs and, I:461 International Association of Machinists, II:851 International Brotherhood of Teamsters, II:1020

AFL-CIO and, II:556–57 Jimmy Hoffa in, I:438–39 RICO and, II:849, II:850 UFW and, II:1039 UPS in, II:1040 International Business Machines Corporation. See IBM International Court of Justice, of UN, II:1040 International equity funds, II:674 International ﬁnance, II:570 International Fishermen and Allied Workers of America, II:851 International Fuel Tax Agreement (1998), II:1020 International Fur and Leather Workers Union, II:851, 852 International Harvester Company, I:15, 464, II:614, 616 International Intellectual Property Alliance, II:799 International Labor Ofﬁce, I:162 International Ladies Garment Workers Union, II:851, 1016, 1121 Socialist Party of America and, II:851 WTUL and, II:1126 International Longshoremen’s Association, II:757 International markets from 1897-1920, I:292 advertising and, I:5 Anheuser-Busch in, I:131 competition in, I:229 currency in, I:117 dollar diplomacy and, I:250–51 economies and, I:377–78 pre-Civil War South and, II:1083 tobacco industry in, II:1008 Upjohn Company in, II:1046 UPS in, II:1041 International Monetary Fund, I:487, II:811, 1040 effect on Asian ﬁnancial crisis, I:59 formation of, I:117 intervention in 1998, II:879 post WW I and, I:363 International Multifoods Corporation, II:1032 International organizations. See speciﬁc organizations, e.g., United Nations International Paper Company, II:597 International Registration Plan, II:1020

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

International relations, I:500–501, 508, 546. See also World War I; World War II in American Revolution, I:35 big stick policy, I:95–96 with China, I:425 Lend-Lease Act and, II:571 Richard Nixon and, II:725–26 Ronald Reagan and, II:863 whaling and, II:1112–13 International Tax Agreement Act (1953), I:335 International Telephone and Telegraph, I:206–7 International trade, I:117. See also Exports; Imports after American Revolution, I:473, II:1080–81 barriers in, I:363 comparative advantage and, I:197–98 by federal government, in Constitution, I:206 free trade in, I:340–42 import taxes on, I:333 mercantilism and, II:579, 620–21 during Napoleonic Wars, II:677–78 negotiatiors in, I:74 protectionism and, II:833–34 reform of, I:362 RICO and, II:849 in 1920s, II:831 in South Carolina, II:941 tariffs and, II:983 War of 1812 and, II:1087 WW I and, I:362–63, II:1084, 1129–30 International Trade Administration, II:961 International Trade Commission, I:419, II:961 International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, II:851 International Whaling Commission, II:1113 Internet, I:487–89, I:488 America Online and (See America Online) competition and, I:198 computer program piracy and, II:799 development of, I:199 economy and, I:488–89 Explorer browser for, I:48

ﬁnancial transactions over, II:699 ﬁrst browser for, I:47–48 Microsoft and, II:634 Netscape (See Netscape Communications Corporation) shopping via, II:872 Internet commerce. See Electronic commerce Internet Explorer, II:699 Internment camps. See Concentration camps Interpublic Group of Companies, I:5 Interstate commerce, I:489–90 aircraft industry and, I:491 deregulation of, I:490–92 in early Republic, II:1080 Gibbons v. Ogden and, I:207 industry regulations of, I:490–92 labor unions and, II:555–56 Louisiana’s role in, II:585 Northern Securities Case and, II:736 prohibition and, II:987 railroads and, I:490–92 RICO and, II:849 shipping industry and, I:491 truck industry and, I:491–92 trust-busting and, II:1025–26 waterways and, I:491 Interstate Commerce Commission, I:293, 310–11, 489–91, II:771 formation of, II:1069 Granger laws and, II:673, 686 Hepburn Act and, I:432 investigating Southern Paciﬁc Railroad, II:894 Mann-Elkins Act and, II:599 purpose of, I:274 rate controls by, I:24 regulatory power of, II:978, 1015 robber barons and, II:880 time zones and, II:955 Interstate Commerce Commission Act (1887), I:489–92, II:580, 771, 956 Mann-Elkins Act and, II:599 monopolies and, II:654, 735 railroads and, II:855 Interstate Highway Act (1956), I:492–94 Interstate highway system, II:812–13 Intolerable Acts. See Coercive Acts (1774)

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Intolerable Acts (1774), I:36, 114, 494–95, II:847 Intranet, Netscape and, II:699 Inventions after Civil War, I:174 agricultural (See Agricultural innovations) George Westinghouse and, II:1106 patents for (See Patents) Thomas Edison and (See Edison, Thomas Alva) Investment Advisors Act (1940), II:907 Investment banking Jay Cooke in, I:214–16 John Pierpont Morgan in, I:174–75, II:663 speculators and, I:127–28 underwriting for, I:377 Investment Company Act (1940), II:907 Investments, I:495 foreign (See Foreign investments) IRAs, II:783, 896 Keynesian economics and, II:673 national debt and, II:684 opportunity cost and, II:755 real estate, II:897 regulation of (See Securities and Exchange Commission) return on (See Return on investment) by savings and loan associations, II:896–98 vs. speculation, II:948–49 Invincible Techonolgies Corporation, I:412 Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc. See Ku Klux Klan Iowa, I:495–98, I:496 Iowa State College of Agriculture, I:142 Iowa State Improved StockBreeders’ Association, II:1076 IPO. See Initial public offerings Iran-Contra hearings, I:461–62 IRAs. See Individual retirement accounts Ireland potatoes in, II:816 tenant farmers in, I:114 Irish immigrants Great Migration and, I:399 Lowell system and, II:590 1193

Index

in Massachusetts, II:610 in Missouri, II:646 Irish National League, II:569 Iron Dingley tariff on, I:245 for railroads, II:960 in steamboats, II:960 vs. steel, II:959–60 ‘‘Iron Curtain,’’ I:187 Iron industry after Civil War, I:174, 179 after Panic of 1873, II:773 after War of 1812, I:267 in Alabama, I:22 in Delaware, I:233 machinery and, I:269 mining in Minnesota, II:641 in New Jersey, II:710 in Ohio, II:745 in Pennsylvania, II:778–80, 779 Rebecca Lukens in, II:590–91 Iron lung, I:87 Iron ores, II:891 Ironclads, I:498–99 Irons (Appliances), I:97 Iroquois, I:499, II:800 Erie Canal and, I:294 in French and Indian War, I:346, 347 Ohio country conﬂict with, I:304 in West Virginia, II:1102 Iroquois League. See Iroquois Irrigation, I:499–500 in North Dakota, II:734 tailwater recovery systems, II:611 in Texas, II:995 IRS. See Internal Revenue Service Irwin, Richard D., II:1003–4 Irwin Professional Publishing, II:1004 Isolationism, I:500–502 Japan and, I:505 normalcy and, II:726 Israel, Mideast war and, II:815 Isthmian Canal Commission, II:767 Isthmus of Panama, II:766, 768 ITT. See International Telephone and Telegraph IUMUSW. See International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers Iverson, Clarence, II:734 Ivory soap, II:822, 825 1194

Ivy Lee and Associates, II:570 Ivy Lee and T.J. Ross, II:570 IWC. See International Whaling Commission IWW. See Industrial Workers of the World

J Jackson, Andrew, I:503, I:503–5 Alabama and, I:22 in Battle of New Orleans, II:716 Black Hawk War and, I:99 central bank issue and, I:150–52, II:770 child labor and, I:160 on economic equality, II:1108 ﬁrst banks of the U.S. and, I:76–77, 77–78, 94–95 Florida and, I:324 intrastate public works and, II:611–12 Kitchen Cabinet of, II:949–50 Martin Van Buren and, II:949–50 Mississippi Native Americans and, II:644 on national banking, II:580 Native Americans and, II:985, 1013 on nulliﬁcation, I:177, II:982 Samuel Slater and, II:892, 925, 949 spoils system and, II:949–50 states’ rights and, II:957–58 on Tariff of Abominations, II:981–82 Tennessee roots of, II:989 War of 1812 and, II:1088 on wildcat banks, II:1116 Jackson, Charles Thomas, II:667 Jackson, Kenneth T., II:967 Jacksonian democracy, I:504, II:1108 Jacobssen, Cornelis, II:778 Jails, I:249–50, I:250 Jamaica, II:1010 James, Edwin, I:192 James, Frank, II:749, 796 James, Jesse, II:749, 796 James Beam Distilling, I:42 James I, I:189, II:845, 1006, 1065 James II. See Duke of York James J. Hill Company, I:435 James O. Welch Company, II:675

James River, II:941 James S. Kirk & Company (England), II:824 Jamestown, Virginia, II:1065 economic development of, II:909–10 ﬁrst sawmill in, II:591 slavery in, I:8 Jams (Food), I:430 Jannus, Anthony H., I:20 Japan Asian ﬁnancial crisis in, I:60 atomic bomb on, I:56 automobile industry in, I:68, 367 economic effect on U.S., II:879 investments in the U.S., I:333–34 Matthew Perry and, II:785 motorcycles from, I:418, 419 Open Door Policy and, II:754 opening of, I:505–6 steel dumping by, II:961 textiles industry in, II:1000 TQM and, I:238 U.S. factories in, I:334 Vietnam and, II:1063 whaling in, II:1113 William Howard Taft and, II:978 WW II and, I:93, II:1131, 1132 Japanese Americans in concentration camps, I:441, II:566 in WW II battles, I:441 JavaScript, II:699 Jay, John, I:507 Alexander Hamilton and, I:413 on Constitution, I:12 Spanish negotiations of, II:1114 Jay Cooke and Company, I:215, II:773 Jay Treaty, I:506–8, II:678, 1115 The Jazz Singer (Motion picture), II:670 J.C. Penney, II:624 J.Crew Company, I:386 J.E. Liggett and Brother, II:1007 Jeep automobile, I:165–66 Jefferson, Thomas, I:508–10, I:509 after the American Revolution, I:473–74 agricultural economies and, I:341, II:1079 vs. Alexander Hamilton, II:413, 870

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Articles of Confederation and, I:58 Barbary States and, I:79, II:1019 coinage and, II:642 Declaration of Independence and, II:929 embargo and, I:283 on French Revolution, II:1080 James Monroe and, II:658 Lewis and Clark expedition and (See Lewis and Clark expedition) Louisiana Purchase and (See Louisiana Purchase) on national bank, I:76, II:1079 on national debt, II:1081 New Orleans and, II:716 on nulliﬁcation, II:981 Ordinance of 1784 and, II:737 on plantations, II:801 public lands and, I:391 on representative government, I:507 at Second Continental Congress, I:213 on slavery, II:928 spoils system and, II:949 states’ rights and, II:958 War of 1812 and, II:1087 on westward expansion, II:563 on whiskey tax, II:1115 Jefferson Embargo of 1807, II:949 Jeffersonian democracy, I:181, 508–9, II:1109 Jell-O, II:809 Jellies, I:430 Jenkins, Francis C., I:285 Jenney, William Le Baron, I:128 Jeppensen and Co., II:1003 Jeppensen Sanderson, II:1003 Jersey Standard, II:954 Jervis, John B., II:720 Jet engines, I:531 Jewelry industry, I:261 in Rhode Island, II:874, 876 Richard W. Sears and, II:902 J.I. Case, I:15 Jigsaws, I:97 Jim Crow laws, I:510–11 Black Codes and, I:98 in Georgia, I:369 Plessy v. Ferguson and, II:801 racial caste system and, II:868 South and, I:169 in Tennessee, II:989–90

J.M. Brunswick and Balke Company, I:122 J.M. Guffey Petroleum Company, II:620 Job Corps, I:276, 291, II:1098–99 War on Poverty and, II:814 Jobs, Steven Paul, I:511–12, II:633, 786, 1133 John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry, I:1, 420–21, 450 John Deere, I:106–7, 464 John Deere and Company, II:962 Johns Hopkins University, II:607 Johnson, Andrew Abraham Lincoln and, II:989 Black Hawk War and, I:99 on civil rights legislation, I:169 on Homestead Act, I:444 Nebraska and, II:696 opposition to civil rights of, I:98 Proclamation of Pardon and Amnesty, I:343–44 Reconstruction and, II:867 Tennessee roots of, II:989 Johnson, Hiram, I:501, II:894 Johnson, Howard, I:447–48 Johnson, Hugh Samuel, I:512–14 Johnson, John, I:38 Johnson, Lady Bird, II:1003 Johnson, Lyndon Baines on civil rights, I:6, 7, 170 dollar diplomacy and, I:251 economic growth with, II:814–15 expansion policy of, I:367 Great Society of (See Great Society) illegal drugs and, I:460 John Kenneth Galbraith and, I:357–58 Keynesian economics and, I:536 Michael Harrington and, I:421–22 poverty and, II:816 right-to-work law and, II:879 Trade Expansion Act and, I:341 Vietnam War and, II:1064 on welfare system, II:1098–99 Johnson, Reverdy, I:25 Johnson, William, I:347 Johnson & Son, II:1120 Johnson-Clarendon Convention of 1869, I:25 Johnson County War, II:1139 Johnston, Augustus, II:952

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Johnston, Joseph, II:918 Joiner, C.M., II:995 Joint-stock companies, I:217, 514 Jolliet, Louis, I:55, II:1118 in Mississippi, II:645 in Missouri, II:646 Missouri River and, II:649 in New France, II:707 Jolly Rancher, I:434 Jolson, Al, II:670, 1059 Jones, Edward, II:1075 Jones, Mary Harris, I:480, 514–16, I:515 Jones, Samuel Milton, I:516–17 Jones, William, I:77 Jordan Marsh and Company, II:662 Journalism. See also Muckraking; Yellow press James Gordon Bennet and, I:87–88 political, I:225 William Randolph Hearst in, I:429 yellow (See Yellow journalism) Journey in the Back Country, I:22 J.P. Morgan and Company, II:663, 966 J.P. Stevens and Company, II:732 J. Paul Getty Museum, I:372 Judicial restraint, intrastate public works and, II:611–12 Juices, by Gerber, I:371 Juicy Fruit gum, II:1138 Julius II (Pope), II:1010 The Jungle, I:92, II:844–45, 920–21 Junk bonds, I:517, II:897 Jupiter Communications, I:144 Just in time inventory systems, II:1020 Justice Department (U.S.) antitrust actions and, II:1026 antitrust law and, II:654 on AT&T, I:64, 65 Microsoft and, II:634 tobacco trust and, II:1008 J.Walter Thompson, I:4, 5

K K-car, I:165 K-H Corporation, I:532 K-Mart, I:547 Kahn, Albert, II:870 Kaiser, Henry J., I:428, 519–20, II:582, 758 1195

Index

Kaiser Aluminum and Chemicals, I:519 Kaiser-Frazer Automobile Corporation, I:519 Kaiser Health Plan, I:519 Kaiser Industries, I:519 Kaiser Paving, I:519 Kaiser Permanente, I:428 Kaiser Steel, I:519 Kalamazoo, Michigan, II:631 Kansas, I:520–23, I:521 acquisition of, II:989 antitrust legislation in, II:654 federal grants for railroads in, II:856 popular sovereignty and, II:805 slavery and, I:102–3, II:649 Kansas City, Missouri, II:648 Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), I:523, I:524 Gadsden Purchase and, I:357 Missouri Compromise and, I:520, II:649 Nebraska’s role in, II:696 Salmon Portland Chase and, I:156 sovereignty and, II:805, 944 Kant, Immanuel, I:120 Kaufman House, II:1136, 1137 Kawasaki motorcycles, I:418 KDFW-TV (Dallas), II:1003 Kearney, Denis, I:163 Kearney, Stephen Watts, I:51, 345 Keating, Edward, I:162, II:1128 Keating-Owen bill, I:92 Keelboats, I:524 Keith, Benjamin, II:1059 Keller, Helen, II:921 Kelley, Florence, I:524–26, I:525, II:783 Kelley, Oliver Hudson, II:685 Kellogg, Frank Billings, I:528–29 Kellogg, John Harvey, I:216, 526–30, II:807 Kellogg, Will Keith, I:526–30 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), I:529 Kellogg Cereals, II:631 Kellogg Company, I:526–28, I:527, I:530 Kellogg Toasted Corn Flake Company, I:527 Kelly, William, I:89, 269 Kelly Act (1925), I:21 Kelsey, John, I:530–31 Kelsey-Hayes Corporation, I:530–32 1196

Kelsey-Hayes Group of Companies, I:532 Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Corporation, I:531 Kelsey Wheel Company, I:530–31 Kendall, Amos, II:950 Kennedy, Edward, I:358 Kennedy, George, I:531 Kennedy, John E., I:4 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald on civil rights, I:170, 290, 539 Cuban Missile Crisis and, I:57, 103, 188 defeating Richard Nixon, II:725 expansion policy of, I:367 Keynesian economics and, I:536 Massachusetts and, II:610 Michael Harrington and, I:421–22 New Economy and, II:814 programs of, I:402–4, 421–22 in space race, II:945 on television, II:682 Vietnam War and, II:1064 on wage and price controls, II:1069–70 on working women, II:1123–24 Kennedy, Robert F. on civil rights, I:202 on union corruption, II:556 Kennicott, I:40 Kent State University, II:1065 Kentucky, I:181, 532–34, I:533 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798, II:981 Keogh plans, II:783 Kerkorian, Kirk, I:456 Kerosene, I:98, 534 gasoline and, II:998 in petroleum industry, II:786 from Standard Oil Co., II:954 Kerosene oil lamps, II:786 Kerry, John, I:461 Kettering, Charles, I:366 Kevlar, by DuPont, I:259 Key, Francis Scott, II:605 Keynes, John Maynard, I:13, 318, 348, 351, 534–36, II:581, 673 on national debt, II:685 vs. quantity theory of money, II:847 Keynesian economics, I:536 CPI and, I:209 money supply in, II:653 multiplier effect in, II:673

Keystone Bridge Company, I:139 Khrushchev, Nikita, I:188 Kibon Company (Brazil), II:809 Kidder, Peabody, I:365 Kiekhaefer Corporation, I:122 Kilby, Jack, II:995 Kilgore, Barney, II:1075 Kimberly and Clark Company, I:536 Kimberly, John A., I:536 Kimberly-Clark Corporation, I:536–37 Kimbies (Diapers), I:537 Kimsey, James, I:144 Kinetograph, I:278 Kinetoscope invention of, I:285 motion pictures and, II:670 King, Martin Luther, Jr., I:170–71, 538–40, I:539 activism of, I:157 in Alabama, I:24 assassination of, I:171, II:990 in Georgia, I:369 King, Richard, I:540–41 King Kullen supermarkets, II:872 King Philip’s War, II:608 King Ranch, I:540–41 Kingsbury, James W., I:99 Kinney Tobacco Company, I:41 Kirkendall, Richard S., II:1075 Kissinger, Henry, II:1065 Kitchen Cabinet, II:949–50 KKK. See Ku Klux Klan Kleenex, I:537 Klondike Gold Rush, I:27, 29, 541–42, I:542, II:773–74 Knickerbocker Baseball Club, I:82 Knickerbocker Trust Company, II:771 Knights of Labor, I:464, 515, 543, II:948 vs. AFL, I:33 in Colorado, I:192 founding of, II:558 method of labor organization, II:554 at Proctor and Gamble, II:824 radical unions and, II:849 Terence Powderly and, II:816 Knights of the White Camellia, II:801 Knives, electric, I:97 Knopf, Alfred A., I:543–44 Knopf, Blanche, I:543–44 Knopf Publishing Corporation, I:543

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Knowles, Toby, I:27 Knox, Henry, II:914 Knox, Philander C., I:251, II:736 Kodak cameras, I:271 Kohlberg, Kravis Roberts and Company, I:110 Kool-Aid, II:809 Korea, Republic of, I:544–45 Korean War, I:544–46, I:545 aircraft part production for, I:531 Cold War and, I:188 Colt ﬁrearms in, I:195 costs of, II:1083 credit during, I:223–24 highway construction during, I:493 military-industrial complex and, II:638 New York in, II:719 Otis Elevator Company in, II:761 wage and price controls in, II:1069 Kosovo, Yugoslavia, NATO forces in, II:730 Kotex feminine napkins, I:536 Kraft Foods, Incorporated, II:809 Krazy Glue, I:110 Kresge, Sebastian Spering, I:546–47 Kresge Foundation, I:547 Kresge Stores, II:623–24 Krispy Kitchens, II:1031 Kroc, Raymond Albert, I:548–49, I:549 Kroger, Bernard H., I:549–50 Kroger Company, I:438, 549–51 Kroger Grocery and Baking Company, I:550 KTBC-TV (Austin), II:1003 KTTV-TV (Los Angeles), II:1003 Ku Klux Klan, I:400, I:551, I:551–52 Freedom Riders and, I:202 during Reconstruction, II:801, 899 in Tennessee, II:989 Kwakiutl, II:738

L La Causa, I:157–58 La Favorita Bakery (Venezuela), II:675 La Follette, Robert, Jr., I:501

La India (Venezuela), II:809 La Mothe Cadillac, Antoine Laumet de, II:629 Labadie, Jean de, II:1054 Labor. See also Labor force activists in, I:135 anti-labor, I:425 child (See Child labor) convict, I:22 demand from 1897-1920, I:294 division of, I:249, II:999 federal involvement in, I:275 during the Great Depression, I:239–41, I:243 Lowell system of, II:589–90 Rhode Island system, II:874, 876–77, 925 skilled, I:426, II:1070 unskilled (See Unskilled labor) Labor contracts, yellow dog. See Yellow dog contracts Labor Department (U.S.), I:306 AFL and, I:33 automobile safety and, II:676–77 Labor disputes. See also Strikes arbitration in, I:51 against ASARCO, I:39, 40 Pinkerton National Detective Agency and, II:796–97 Pullman strike and, II:842–43 War Labor Board for, II:1086 Labor force agricultural (See Agricultural laborers) Chinese, in late 1800s, I:162–63 contemporary changes in, I:211–12 Great Migration and, I:398–99, 399–400 illegal alien, I:390 immigrant laborers (See Immigrant laborers) Mexican (See Mexican workers) retirement of, I:392–94, I:393 unemployment in (See Unemployment) women in, II:813, II:1029 (See Working women) Labor incentives. See Incentives Labor law, II:1128. See also Child Labor; names of speciﬁc laws Alien Contract, I:48 Frances Kelly and, II:784 National Recovery Administration and, II:687

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

in New Deal, II:556 for women, I:116 Labor-Management Relations Act. See Taft-Hartley Act (1947) Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, II:556 Labor markets, in developing countries, I:363 Labor movement, II:553–57, II:554, II:558–59 air trafﬁc controllers strike and, I:18 in Alabama, I:24 American Plan and, I:34 Florence Kelley and, I:525–26 in Illinois, I:464 Jimmy Hoffa in, I:438 John Mitchell and, II:649–50 Knights of Labor and, I:543 Mary Jones and, I:515 Molly Maguires and, II:652 in New Deal, II:706 in New Jersey, II:712 radical unions and, II:851 sit-down strikes in (See Sitdown strikes) yellow dog contracts during (See Yellow dog contracts) Labor organizations. See Labor unions Labor Policy Association, I:306 Labor relations air trafﬁc controllers strike and, I:18 at Proctor and Gamble, II:822–23, 824–25 RICO and, II:849 in 1890s, II:841–42 William Howard Taft and, II:978 Labor strikes. See Strikes Labor unions, I:480–81, II:557–59, 649–50, 1012. See also Labor law; Labor movement; speciﬁc labor unions, e.g., American Federation of Labor from 1897-1920, I:294 Amasa Walker on, II:1072 Asa Philip Randolph in, II:858–59 in automobile industry, II:1038 in baseball, I:82–83 Clayton Antitrust Act and, I:275 closed shops and, I:183 coal mining and, I:543 collective bargaining by (See Collective bargaining) 1197

Index

communism and, II:979 contemporary, I:212 corruption in, II:556–57 C.W. Post and, II:807, 808, 809 decline during 1920s, II:833 density of, II:554 at Dodge Main factory, II:888 freedom of speech for, II:979 in General Motors, II:931 growth of, in WW II, II:1085 Jimmy Hoffa in, I:438 in Michigan, II:631–32 for migrant agricultural workers, II:1038–39 on minimum wage laws, II:1128 in mining, II:1039, 1051 (See also United Mine Workers) movements against, I:34 NAFTA and, II:728 National Industrial Recovery Act and, II:686, 703 National Recovery Administration and, II:687, 703 under New Deal, II:577 in New Jersey, II:712 Norris-Laguardia Act and, II:726–27 in North Carolina, II:732 in Ohio, II:745–46 in Oregon, II:757 in Pennsylvania, II:780 radical (See Radical unions) in railroads, I:120–21, I:121, I:229, II:855, 859 reform of, II:556–57 right-to-work laws and, II:878–79 Samuel Gompers for, I:382–84 sit-down strikes by, II:923 in South Carolina, II:939, 940–41 as special interest groups, II:948 in steel industry, II:960 strikes and, II:967–68 Taft-Hartley Act and, II:978–79 in textile industry, II:1000 Times Mirror Co. and, II:1003 United Auto Workers (See United Auto Workers) United Farm Workers (See United Farm Workers) in Utah, II:1051 wages and, II:1070 women in, II:1126 1198

working conditions and, II:1127–28 yellow dog contracts and (See Yellow dog contracts) Laboratories for R & D, II:871 research, II:712 after WW II, II:810 Lace production, I:39, 409 Lachine Canal, II:891 Laffer, Arthur B., II:864, 976 Laffer curve, II:864, 976 LaFollette, Philip, II:1120 LaFollette, Robert Marion, II:559–61, 1120 Lager beer, I:118 LaGuardia, Fiorello H., II:727 Laissez-faire, I:206, II:561, 580 Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railroad, II:720 Lakes, II:943. See also names of speciﬁc lakes Lamont, Thomas W., II:966 Land Between the Lakes, II:992 Land-Grant Act. See Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Land-Grant College Act (1862), II:843 Land grant colleges, II:561, 843 Land grants for railroads, II:855, 856–57, 1036 for universities, II:561, 843 Land O’Lakes, Inc., II:561–63 Land Ordinance (1784), I:474 Land Ordinance (1785), I:391, 392, 474, II:563–64, 737 Ohio and, II:745 Land policy, I:390–92, II:1109. See also speciﬁc legislation, e.g., Northwest Ordinance Land reform, populism and, II:805–6 Land settlement British restrictions on, I:10 in colonial times, I:190–91, II:909–12, II:910 Land speculation in colonial times, II:1114 Robert Morris and, II:666 Landlords, II:877–78 Landon, Alfred M., I:522 Landrum-Grifﬁn Act. See LaborManagement Reporting and Disclosure Act Lands, public. See Public lands Land’s End, I:386

Lane, Allen, II:835 Lane, Gertrude Battles, II:564–65 Laney, Lucey Craft, I:89 Langbo, Arnold, I:527 Lange, Dorothea Margaretta, II:565–66 Langlade, Charles, I:346 L’Anse aux Meadows, II:553 Lansing-Ishii Agreement of 1917 Laos, II:1065 Laramie Treaty of 1868, II:942 Larson, T.A., II:1139 Las Casas, Bartolome de, II:692 Las Vegas, Nevada, II:702 Laser disk recorders, II:937 Lasker, Albert David, I:4, II:566–67 Latex, II:1004 Lather Company, I:531 Lathes, II:950 Lathrop, Julia, I:160–61, II:915, 1128 Latin America exploration of, II:1010 Monroe Doctrine and, II:656–59 as protectorate, II:834 Standard Oil Co. in, II:954 Lauder, Estee, II:567–68 Lauder, Joseph, II:568 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, I:258, 260–61 Law, John, II:716 Law enforcement, during Prohibition, II:987 Law of the Sea, I:319 Lawn and garden equipment, I:97 Lawn mowers, I:97 Lawrence strike, II:850–51 Laws of Burgos in 1512, II:692 Lawson, H.J., I:94 Lawsuits. See Actions and defenses Lead, Dingley tariff on, I:245 Lead mining in Colorado, I:39, 192 in Missouri, II:646, 648 in Montana, II:661 in Wisconsin, II:1118 Lead reﬁning, ASARCO and, I:40 League for Industrial Democracy, II:1001 League of Black Women, II:826 League of Five Nations, I:499 League of Nations, I:500, II:754, 1117 vs. United Nations, II:1040 Warren G. Harding and, II:726

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

League of Six Nations, I:499 Lease, Mary Elizabeth, II:568–69, II:569 Lease and rental services, I:485 Leavenworth and Pike’s Peak Express, I:520 Lee, Ann, II:1055 Lee, Arthur, I:207 Lee, Harris, and Lee, II:570 Lee, Henry, I:109 Lee, Ivy Ledbetter, II:570–71 Lee, Robert E. John Brown and, I:420, 421 vs. William Tecumseh Sherman, II:918 Legal Tender Act (1862), I:405, II:680–81 Lehigh valley, I:49 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, I:199 Leisure, motion pictures and, II:671 Leiter, Levi, I:315 Leland, Henry, I:366 Leland Stanford Junior University. See Stanford University Lelia College, II:1073 Lend-Lease Act (1941), I:57, 242, 501, II:571, 582, 1131 Leni-Lanape Native Americans. See Delawares (Native Americans) Lenin, Valdimir Ilyich, I:414 Lenzer, Robert, I:127, 128 Leon, Alonso de, II:993 Leontief, Wassily, II:571–72 Leontif inverse, II:572 Leopard (Ship), II:1087 Leroux, Pierre, II:935 Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, I:109 Lesseps, Ferdinand de, II:767 Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, II:1011 The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, I:154 Lettuce, labor activists and, I:135 Leuchtenburg, William, II:706 Levant Company, I:514 Lever Food Control Act (1917), II:572–73 Leveraged buyouts, II:662, 789–91 Levitt, William Jaird, II:573–74 Levitt and Sons, II:573 ‘‘Levittown,’’ II:573 Lewis, Eddy, I:379 Lewis, John Llewellyn, I:201, II:556, 559, 576–78, II:577, II:704, 851, 1038, 1039

Lewis, Meriwether, II:575, 941. See also Lewis and Clark expedition Lewis, Michael, I:128 Lewis, Sinclair, II:578–79 Lewis and Clark expedition, II:574–76, II:575, II:588 in Idaho, I:457 in Kansas, I:520 on Missouri River, II:649 in Montana, II:659 in Nebraska, II:696 Northwest and, II:1090 in Oregon, II:755 in Oregon Country, II:759 on Oregon Trail, II:760 westward expansion and, II:1108 Lewis and Clark Lake, II:943 Lewisohn, Adolph, I:39 Lewisohn, Leonard, I:39 Lexis-Nexis, II:1004 LG Group, II:1146 Liability in partnerships, II:775 of tobacco industry, II:1007–8 Liaison Ofﬁce for Personnel Management, I:172 Libby, II:641 Liberalism, II:579–81 Liberia, II:581 Liberty bonds, I:107, 203, II:581–82, 1129 Liberty Fleet Day, II:582 Liberty Media, II:683 Liberty Notes, I:294 Liberty Party, I:156 Liberty ships, II:582 Liberty Tree, II:952 Libraries, II:780, 835 Library of Congress, II:835 Licenses for commercial truck drivers, II:1020 for steamboats, II:958–59 tariffs and, II:983 The Life of Abraham Lincoln, II:980 Life Savers Company, II:676 Liggit and Myers, I:41, 257 Light bulbs from General Electric Company, I:364 incandescent, I:278 invention of, I:277 Light tenders, II:959 Lighting, fuels for, I:98–99, II:1111

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Lightning, Benjamin Franklin and, I:338, 339 Lilienthal, David, II:991 Liliuokalani (Queen), I:423–24 Limited liability companies, I:217 Limited partnerships, II:582 Lincoln, Abraham Allan Pinkerton and, II:796 Andrew Johnson and, II:989 biographies of, I:425 Black Hawk War and, I:99 Central Paciﬁc Railroad and, I:152 Civil War loans of, I:215 Emancipation Proclamation of, I:1, 156, 281–83, II:1001 Francis P. Blair and, II:950 Franklin D. Roosevelt and, II:882 on Homestead Act, I:444 Ida Tarbell on, II:980 northern economy and, I:178 Pony Express and, II:804 Pullman railroad car for, II:840 on railroads, II:1036 Reconstruction and, II:867 Southern vote against, II:958 Lincoln, Benjamin, II:914 Lincoln County War, II:713 Lincoln Motor Company, I:331 Lind, Jenny, I:80 Lind, John, II:639, 891 Lindbergh, Charles, I:21, 93, 501, II:681, 1019 Link Belt Combined Harvester, I:145 Liquid Paper, I:376 Liquor industry. See Alcoholic beverage industry Lisa, Manuel, II:659 Lisa (Computer), I:512, II:1134 Litchﬁeld Connecticut Association, II:828 Literacy, I:453 Literacy tests (Election law), II:804 Literary Guild, II:835 Lithic Indians. See Paleo-Indians Lithographs, I:130 Little Big Horn, Battle of, II:660 Little Juliana, II:962 Little New Deal, II:780, 1120 Little Tikes, Rubbermaid and, II:886 Little Turtle’s War, I:305–6, II:737, 1080, 1087 Livestock industry, II:584, 1139–40 Livestock in Porkopolis, II:807 1199

Index

Livingston, Robert, I:354, II:716, 962, 1057 L.L. Bean Company, I:83–84, 385–86 Lloyd, John Henry, I:83 Loans. See also Banking industry during Civil War, I:215 collateral for, I:189 debt and, I:230 from decentralized banking, I:274 defaults, I:316 European, I:296–97 farm, I:306–7, 388–90, I:389 to foreign governments, I:250–51 during Great Depression, I:394 national debt and (See National debt) to railroads, II:856 restrictions on for savings and loan associations, II:897 short-term, prime rate and, II:819 student, I:453 Lobbying, II:582–83. See also Special interest groups Lobsters, Maine, II:598 Local government, urban renewal and, II:1047 Locke, John, I:11, II:847, 929 Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, II:637 Lockheed Corporation, I:21 Lockheed Martin, I:103, II:638 Locks (Hardware), I:97 Locks (Waterways) deﬁned, II:938 Soo, II:938–39 Welland Canal and, II:1100–1101 Locomotives Dingley tariff on, I:245 by General Electric Company, I:364 by General Motors Corporation, I:366, 367 Log Cabin Syrup, II:809 Logged Off Land Company, II:1110 London Company, II:1065 Long, George, II:1110 Long, Huey Pierce, I:219, 395, II:583, II:583–84, 586 Long, Stephen, I:192 Long-haul rates, II:599 Long Island Airways, II:1019 1200

Long Island Cablevision Corporation, II:1003 Longhorn cattle, I:147, II:584 Longshoremen, in radical unions, II:850 Looms, power, II:588, 589 Loos, Clifford H., I:428 Lord & Thomas. See Foote, Cone & Belding Lorenzo, Frank, I:19 Lorilland, P., I:257 Los Alamos, New Mexico, II:713 Los Angeles Aqueduct, I:145 Los Angeles Chargers, I:436 Los Angeles Daily Times, II:1002 Los Angeles Times, II:1002–4 Lotta gum, II:1138 Lottery, for the draft, II:909 Lotus Development Corporation, II:633 Louis Kemp Seafood Company, II:1032 Louis XIV Louisiana and, II:584 Louisiana territory and, II:642, 645, 716 Louis XV Louisiana and, II:716 Louisiana, II:584–86, II:585 acquisition of, II:707 Huey Long in, II:583 Mississippi and, II:642, 645 purchase of (See Louisiana Purchase) rice in, II:878 slavery in, II:928 sugarcane in, II:973 Louisiana Purchase, I:1, 390, II:586–88, II:587, II:941, 996 affect on Lewis and Clark Expedition, II:575 Arkansas and, I:55 claims from, I:94 Colorado in, I:192 Daniel Boone and, I:108 Florida in, I:324 Thomas Jefferson and, I:441–42, 509, 520, II:1081 westward expansion from, II:1108 Louisiana Territory acquisition of, II:598, 678–79, 716 exploration of, II:792–93 Minnesota in, II:639 Mississippi River in, II:645

Montana in, II:659 Nebraska in, II:696 New Mexico in, II:713 Love, Spencer, II:1000–1001 Low-income housing, II:1046–47 Lowell, Francis Cabot, II:588–89, 999 in Rhode Island factories, II:877 system of labor, II:589–90 Lowell Machine Shop, I:269 Lowell textile mill, II:609, 707 Lower class, during Reaganomics, II:864 Loyalists vs. patriots, I:37–38 reactions to, I:11, 38 Lubricants from Exxon Corporation, I:301–2 fuels for, I:98–99 whale-oil as, II:1111, 1113 Lubricating oils, II:786 Lucas, George, I:512 Lucas County Unemployed League, II:851 Lucent Technologies, I:65 Lucite, by DuPont, I:259 Lucky Strike cigarettes, I:41–42 Lucre, by DuPont, I:259 Luhan, Mabel Dodge, II:566 Lukens, Rebecca, II:590–91 Lukens Iron Works, II:590, 591 Lukens Steel, II:590 Lumber, Chicago Fire of 1871 and, I:158–59 Lumber industry, II:591–93, II:592. See also Forest products industry in Alaska, I:27 in Arkansas, I:55 Gifford Pinchot and, II:794 in Kansas, I:521 in Louisiana, II:585 in Minnesota, II:639, 641 naval stores and, II:693–94, 695 in New York, II:718, 719, 720 in Oklahoma, II:748 in Oregon, II:757 in Pennsylvania, II:780 technological advances in, II:1110 in Washington state, II:1091, 1092 in West Virginia, II:1104 Weyerhaeuser Company in, II:1110–11

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Lumberjacks, in radical unions, II:850 Lusitania, I:103, 124 Lustig, Nora Claudia, II:728, 729 Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound, II:797 Lydius, Joseph, I:347 Lye, manufacture of, I:39, 409 Lynch, Edmund, II:623 Lynching, laws against, I:400 Lynn, John, II:1113–14 Lynn Female Anti-Slavery Society, II:797 Lyrca, by DuPont, I:258, 259

M M1, in money supply, II:653 M2, in money supply, II:653 M3, in money supply, II:653 M-16 full-automatic riﬂes, I:195 M-60 machine guns, I:196 M4A1 riﬂe, I:196 MacArthur, Douglas Korean War and, I:545–46 in Philippines, II:789 Macey, R.H., I:238 Machine guns, I:196, 531. See also Firearms Machine tool industry, I:269 Machinery. See also Equipment agricultural (See Agricultural machinery) in 20th century, II:1059 water power for, II:589–90 Macintosh, Charles, II:1005 Macintosh, Ebenezer, II:952 Macintosh computers. See Apple computers MacKenzie, John D., I:40 Mackinac Bridge, II:631 Macmillan, Kirkpatrick, I:93 Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Publishing Company, II:617 Macon’s Bill, Number Two, II:1081, 1087 MacPhail, Larry, II:722 Macune, Charles, I:308 MAD. See Mutual Assured Destruction Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company, II:1073 Madison, James, I:58 agricultural economies and, I:341

Alexander Hamilton and, I:413 in American Colonization Society, II:928 conservatism and, I:205 on Constitution, I:12 Erie Canal and, I:295 James Monroe and, II:658 on national bank, II:1079 National Road and, II:688 on nulliﬁcation, II:981 Old Southwest and, II:750 on plantations, II:801 public lands and, I:391 on special interest groups, II:948 states’ rights and, II:958 on trade restrictions, II:1081, 1087 War of 1812 and, II:1087, 1088 Maﬁa FBI and, I:279 Jimmy Hoffa in, I:438 Pinkerton National Detective Agency and, II:796 Magazine advertising. See Print advertising Magazine publishing, II:564–65 Magazines. See Periodicals Magins (Security trading), II:965 Magnetic Telegraph Company, II:668, 1105 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, II:753 MAI. See Multilateral Agreement on Investment Mail-order business, II:595, 872 book clubs and, II:835 Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company in, II:662 J.C. Penney in, II:777–78 John Wanamaker in, II:662 Jordan Marsh and Company in, II:662 Montgomery Ward in, II:661–62 Neiman Marcus in, II:600–601 in retail industry, II:871 Richard Sears in, II:901–3 Sears, Roebuck and Company in, II:662 Mailgrams, II:1105 Mailing lists, for direct marketing, II:871 Main Line Canal, II:747 Main Line of Public Works, II:778, 781 Maine, II:595–98, II:596

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

L. L. Bean in, I:83–84 prohibition in, II:828 as proprietary colony, I:191 slavery in, II:649 Mainframe computers, I:486 Mainstreet, II:579 Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award, I:74 MAN. See Materials as needed program Management Alfred DuPont Chandler on, I:154–55 Peter Drucker on, I:255–56 Manchuria, Open Door Policy and, II:754 Mangement Spencer Love and, II:1000–1001 Manger, George, I:118 Manhattan Elevator Railroad, I:387 Manhattan Island, acquisition of, II:715 Manhattan Project, II:713 Manifest destiny, II:598–99, 803. See also Westward expansion Oregon Country and, II:759 Puerto Rico and, II:837 westward expansion and, II:1107–8 Mann, James Robert, II:599 Mann-Elkins Act (1910), I:274, 490, II:599, 1015 Manufacturers Hanover, I:235 Manufacturing industry. See also Assembly lines in 1860s, I:267 from 1970-1997, II:820 acquisitions and mergers in, II:622–23 (See also Acquisitions and mergers) after Civil War, II:1027 Alfred P. Sloan in, II:929–31 division of labor in, I:40–41, 249 durable goods and, I:261–62 in early Republic, II:1080 environmentalism and, I:288–89 ﬁrearms and, II:950–51 in Georgia, I:367 Hamilton report on, II:870 Hershey Foods Corporation, I:433–34 in Idaho, I:459 in Iowa, I:497 legislation for, I:92 1201

Index

in Maryland, II:607 mass production in, II:608 methods by Du Pont, I:261 milk bottle cap machines, I:96 in Mississippi, II:645 in Missouri, II:648 in New Hampshire, II:709 in New York, II:718, 719, 720 in North Carolina, II:730–32 in Ohio, II:745, 746 real wages in, II:865 reﬁned methods in, I:276 reforms in, II:984 in Rhode Island, II:874, 876–77 in rust belt, II:888–89 spinning mills in, II:949 Taylorism in, II:984 trusts in, II:1025, 1027 in Vermont, II:1060 during War of 1812, II:1082 in Washington state, II:1092 water power for, II:589–90 Maples, Mike, II:634 Marathon Oil Company, II:1044 March on Washington, I:121, 170 Marconi, Guglielmo, II:852 Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Company, Ltd., II:852 Marcus, Herbert, II:599–600 Marcus, Stanley Harold, II:599–601 Marcy, William, II:949 Marine engines, I:122 Maritime industry in Rhode Island, II:874 Soo Locks in, II:938–39 subsidies for, II:971 Mark, Karl, I:426 Mark I (Computer), I:199, 485 Market price, II:818 Market research, I:5 in advertising industry, I:4, 5 by magazine reader panels, II:565 at Proctor and Gamble, II:825 Market revolution, II:602–3 Marketing Agricultural Marketing Act, I:241 integrated programs for, I:5 by Texas Co., II:998 in tobacco industry, I:257 of Tupperware, II:1028–29 Markets, II:601–2 revolution in, II:602–3 Maroney, Terah, I:103 1202

Marquette, Jacques, I:55, 475, 497, II:629, 1118 in Mississippi, II:645 in Missouri, II:646 Missouri River and, II:649 in New France, II:707 Marriott Corporation, I:449 Marsh, John, I:238 Marshall, George C., II:603–4 Marshall, James, I:378 Marshall, John, I:207, II:928, 1013 Marshall Field (Department store), I:238, 314–15, I:315 Marshall Plan, I:187, II:603–4, 811 Marshall Trilogy, Native American policy and, II:689–90 Martial law, in Hawaii, I:424 Martin, Billy, II:722 Martin, Homer, II:1038 Martin Company, II:607 Martinez, Arthur C., II:905 Martinique, II:973 Martins, Joseph W., I:546 Marx, Karl, I:229, 525, 535 Marxist socialism, II:936 Maryland, II:605–7, II:606 plantations in, II:801 population of colony, II:910 as proprietary colony, I:191 Stamp Act of 1765 and, II:952 Maryland Drydock, II:607 Mason, Roswell B., I:159 Mass communication technology. See Communications Mass production, II:608 of agricultural equipment, II:614, 615 of ﬁrearms, II:950 of housing, II:573–74 of Model T, II:651 quality control in, I:237–38 Mass transportation, in Michigan, II:631 Massachusetts, II:608–10, II:609 in American Revolution, I:36 establishment of colony, I:189 Francis Lowell in, II:588 Great Britain and, I:494 minimum wage laws in, II:638 Native Americans in, II:693 population of colony, II:910 Puritans in, II:845 Shays’ Rebellion in, II:913–14 Springﬁeld Armory in, II:950–51

Stamp Act and, II:952 Massachusetts Bay Colony, II:794, 910–11 Massachusetts Bay Company, I:514 minting coins, II:791 Navigation Acts and, II:694 Puritans and, II:845 Massachusetts Economic Development Incentive Program, II:610 Massachusetts Government Act (1774), I:494 Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, II:986 Master Card, Secure Courier encryption for, II:699 Matches, Dingley tariff on, I:245 Materials as needed program, I:419 Matewan Massacre, II:1104 Mathematics in economics, II:877–78, 899–901 Mayas and, II:611 Mathews, R.H.G., II:1145 Matthew, Henry, I:400 Matthew Bender and Co., II:1003, 1004 Maverick, Ebenezer, I:110 Maximilian, II:657 Maxwell, Hamish, II:809 Maxwell Company, I:67. See also Chrysler Corporation Maxwell House Coffee, II:809 Maxwell Motor Company, I:165, 167, II:969 Mayas, I:216, II:611, 626, 1005 Mayﬂower Compact, II:794 Mays, Benjamin E., I:539 Maysville Road Bill, II:611–12 Maytag Corporation, II:612–13 Maytag, Frederick Louis, II:612–13 Maytag, L. B., II:613 Mazda Motor Corporation, I:331 MBS. See Mutual Broadcasting System McCarren-Walter Act (1952), I:467 McCarthy, Eugene, I:358 McCarthy, Joseph, I:546 McCarty Farms, II:1032 McClellan, John L, II:556 McClintock, Mary Ann, II:1124 McClure, Samuel S., II:980 McClure’s, II:980–81 McCormick, Cyrus Hall, I:14, 16, 106, II:613–15, II:614

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

McCormick, Cyrus Hall Jr., II:614 McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, I:426, II:614, 615 McCormick reaper, II:613–16, II:615, II:818 McCoy, James G., I:147 McCraw, Thomas, I:155 McCrory, J.G., I:547 McCrory Stores, II:623, 624 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), I:77–78, 151, II:957 McDonald, Eugene F., Jr., II:1145 McDonald’s Corporation, I:548–49 McDonald’s University, I:548 McDonnell Douglas, I:21, 103, 104, 105 military-industrial complex and, II:637 in Missouri industry, II:648 McGovern, George, I:358 McGraw, Curtis, II:616 McGraw, Donald C., II:616–17 McGraw, Harold III (Terry), II:617–18 McGraw, Harold Jr., II:617 McGraw, James H., II:616–18 McGraw, James Jr., II:616 McGraw-Edison, II:970 McGraw-Hill, Inc., II:617 McGraw-Hill Broadcasting Company, II:617 McGraw-Hill Companies, II:616–18, 953, 1004 McGraw-Hill Company of Canada, Ltd., II:616 McGraw Publishing Company, II:616 McGraw Ryerson, II:616 McGuire, Robert, II:797 MCI Telecommunications in Colorado, I:194 suit against AT & T by, I:65 McKay, Donald, I:182 McKenzie, Alexander, II:733 McKinley, William assassination of, I:425 free silver advocates and, I:226, 382 Marcus Alonzo Hanna and, I:416–17 Puerto Rico and, II:837 Spanish-American War and, II:947 trust-busting by, II:1026 William Howard Taft and, II:977

vs. William Jennings Bryan, I:245, 307, 309 McKinley Tariff Act (1890), I:39, II:1035 McLane, Louis, I:78 McLoughlin, John, II:755 McLoughlin, William G., II:876 McNar-Haugen Bill, II:832 McParlan, James, II:652 McSweeney-McNary Act, II:757 McVeigh, Timothy, II:750 M.D. Anderson Medical Center, II:791 Meany, George, I:34, II:556–57 Meat import quotas on, II:848 rationing of, II:860 Meat industry from 1897-1920, I:293 abuses in, II:765 in Illinois, I:464 in Minnesota, II:641 muckraking movement and, II:671 in Porkopolis, II:807 in radical unions, II:850 regulation of, I:327, II:676, 677 transport in, I:326 unsanitary conditions in, II:844, 845 Meat Inspection Act (1906), I:327 Mechanization. See also Industrialization in early Republic, II:1080 effect on labor unions, II:577 Medicaid, I:249, 403, 428, II:618, 814 Medical industry. See Health care industry Medical leave. See Sick leave Medical publishing, II:616 Medical technology, space race and, II:946 Medicare, I:403, 404, 428, II:618–19, 814 Medieval corporations, I:217 Medium of exchange, II:619, 642, 652–53 Meet the Press (Television show), II:682 Megalopolis, II:972 Meganetworks. See Internet Mein Kampf, I:330 Melaren Consolidated Cone Company, II:675

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Mellon, Andrew, II:619–20, 780, 831 Mellon, Thomas, II:619–20 Mellon, William L., II:620 Mellon Bank Corporation, II:619–20 Mellon Plan, II:620 Mennonites, II:1054 Mental disorders ADA and, I:42 Dorothy Dix and, I:249–50, I:250 services for, I:449–50 Mental hospitals. See Psychiatric hospitals Mentzer, Josephine Esther. See Lauder, Estee Mercantilism, II:620–22, 677 in colonial America, I:9–10 vs. laissez-faire, II:561 liberalism and, II:579–80 monopolies and, I:340 Navigation Acts and, II:694 Mercedes Benz, I:24 Mercenaries, II:622 Merchandising department stores and, I:238–39, I:239 in entertainment industry, I:285 L. L. Bean in, I:83–84 Merchant Marine Act (1920), II:919 Merchant Marine Act (1936), II:919 Merchant Marine (U.S.), Alabama claims and, I:25 Merchant ships, liberty, II:582 Merchants Parcel Delivery, II:1040 Mercury outboard motors, I:122 Mercury space program, II:945 Meredith, James, I:170 Mergers. See Acquisitions and mergers Merill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and Beane, II:624 Merill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and Smith, II:624 Merit System Protection Board, I:173 Merrill Center of Economics, II:625 Merrill, Charles Edward, II:623–25 Merrill Foundation for the Advancement of Investment Knowledge, II:625 Merrill, Lynch stockbrokerage, II:623–25 Mesa Corporation, Inc., II:790 Mesa Limited Partnership, Inc., II:790 1203

Index

Mesa Verde, Colorado, I:46, II:625–26 Mesabi Range, mining in, II:641 Mesoamerica, II:626, 1010 Messaging services, during war, II:1106 Mestizos, II:626 encomiendas and, I:285 Native Americans and, II:692 Metalwork, II:892–93 Meteorology, Benjamin Franklin and, I:339 Metropolitan Museum of Art, I:415 Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, II:1053 Mexican Bail-Out, II:626–27 Mexican Cession (1848), II:628–29 Mexican exploration, of Utah, II:1049 Mexican Revolution, I:133, II:628 Mexican War, I:350, II:772 costs of, II:1083 Matthew Perry and, I:505, II:785 slavery after, I:523 Texas and, II:994, 997 westward expansion and, II:598, 1108 Mexican workers, I:39 Cesar Estrada Chavez and, I:157, I:157–58 Guggenheim industries and, I:39 in migrant labor, II:635 Mexico custom duties and, I:227 Nabisco Foods in, II:675 NAFTA and, II:728 New Mexico and, II:713 territory from, II:989 Texas and, II:993–94, 996–97 Tyson Foods, Inc. in, II:1032 U.S. investments in, I:468–69 Mezoamerica. See Central America MFN. See Most-favored-nation principals M.Guggenheim’s Sons, I:39 Miami-Erie Canal, II:745 Miamis (Native Americans), II:629, 745, 1114 Michelin Tire Company, I:93, II:1005, 1043 Michelob beer, I:131 Michigan, II:629–32, II:630 seasonal unemployment in, II:906 1204

sit-down strikes in, II:923 Soo Locks in, II:938–39 Michigan State University, II:561 Mickey Mouse, I:46, I:247, I:247–48 Micmacs, II:765 Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems, I:199, II:632 Microchips. See Semiconductor chips Microcomputers. See Personal computers Microprocessors, I:199, II:786 Microsoft Corporation, I:512, II:632–35, II:633 antitrust actions against, I:217, II:1027 Bill Gates and, I:360–62, I:361 Internet browsers by, I:48 market value of, I:365 MSNBC and, II:683 vs. Netscape Communications Corp., II:699 Paul Gardner Allen and, I:31–32 Warren Buffet and, I:127 Washington economy and, II:1092 Microsoft Network, II:634, 683 Microsoft Ofﬁce 97, I:199 Middle colonies, slavery in, II:927 Middle East mercenaries in, II:622 oil pipelines in, II:998–99 Middle Passage, II:635, 927, 1018 Midland nuclear power plant, II:741 Midvale Steel Co., II:983–84 Midwest agriculture in, I:16 development of, I:179–80 structural unemployment in, II:968 Migrant labor, II:635–36 in California, I:135 Cesar Estrada Chavez and, I:157, I:157–58 Michael Harrington on, I:421–22 in New York, II:718 in radical unions, II:850 railroad, I:153–54 in seasonal employment, II:906 unions for, II:1038–39 Migration across countries (See Emigration and immigration)

to cities (See Rural-urban migration) to suburbs and rural areas (See Urban-rural migration) to urban areas, II:971–72 to the West (See Westward expansion) Milan Decree of 1807, II:678 Milbank, Jeremiah, I:109 Miles, Michael J., II:810 Military blockade strategies in, I:103 during Cold War, I:310 Colt’s Manufacturing Company and, I:194–96 for evolving technology, I:232–33 General Motors and, I:366 hardware for, I:419 Harpers Ferry armory and, I:420 in Hawaii, I:421, 424 motorcycles for, I:418 spending of (See Defense spending) Strategic Defense Initiative in, I:233 tractor use in, I:146 Military Committee, of NATO, II:730 Military communications, II:1106 Military draft. See Draft Military-industrial complex, I:233, II:636–38 after WW II, II:811–12, 1085 Rubbermaid in, II:885 Military occupation, of Cuba, II:947 Military pensions, II:783 Military readiness for American Revolution, I:36 for WW I, I:220 for WW II, II:1084 Military supplies Connecticut and, I:202, 203 U.S. manufacture of, I:441, I:442, II:1084–85 from War Industries Board, II:1086, 1129–30 Military transport vessels, I:441 Military weapons missiles (See Missiles) nuclear (See Nuclear weapons) production of, I:522 Militias, in American Revolution, I:11 Milk

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Borden, I:109–10 bottle cap machines, I:96 during Great Depression, I:394 powdered (See Powdered milk) Milk-Bone Dog Biscuits, II:675 Milken, Michael, I:517 Milkshake machines, I:548 Miller Brewing Company, I:118, II:1120 Miller, Nathan, I:205 Miller-Tydings Act (1937) as antitrust legislation, II:655 Mills, II:1000 assembly line in, I:60 spinning (See Spinning mills) sugar (See Sugar industry) textile, II:1000 Milosevic, Slobodan, II:730 Milton Hershey School, I:433 Milwaukee breweries, I:118, 119 Mimeographs, I:278 Mincemeat, I:109–10 Minding the Store, II:601 Mineral industry. See Mining industry Minicomputers, I:486 Minimum optimum scale, I:277 Minimum wage, I:304, II:935. See also Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) establishment of, I:525–26 New Deal and, II:703 during Progressive Era, II:1128 regulation of, II:638–39, 686 Minimum Wage Board, II:638 Mining industry after Civil War, I:174 in Alabama, I:22 in Alaska, I:25, 27, 29 in Arizona, I:51 coal (See Coal Mining) in Colorado, I:192–94 copper (See Copper mining) gold (See Gold industry) in Idaho, I:457, 459 in Illinois, I:465 John D. Rockefeller in, II:881 in Kansas, I:520 labor unions in, II:649, 1039 (See also United Mine Workers) lead, I:39 in Michigan, II:631 in Minnesota, II:639, 641 in Missouri, II:646, 648

Molly Maguires and, II:652 in Montana, II:660, 661 Native Americans and, II:738 in Nevada, II:700, 702 in New Mexico, II:713 in Oklahoma, II:748 radical unions in, II:849, 850 safety standards in, II:676, 677 silver (See Silver mining) Soo Locks and, II:938 strip mining (See Strip Mining) in Tennessee, II:989 trusts in, II:1027 unions in (See United Mine Workers) uranium (See Uranium industry) Utah International in, I:364 in Vermont, II:1062 Ministry of International Trade and Industry, I:478 Minneapolis, Minnesota, II:641 Minnesota, II:639–42, II:640, II:856 Minnesota Cooperative Creamery Association, Inc., II:561–62 Minnesota Federation of Labor, II:639 Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, II:641 Minolta Company, Ltd., I:273 Minorities. See also speciﬁc minorities, e.g., African Americans afﬁrmative action for, I:6–7 Michael Harrington on, I:421–22 minimum wage laws effect on, II:638 publishing industry and, I:544 in slums, II:932 Minority business enterprises, II:826 Mint Act (1792), I:380, II:642 Minuit, Peter, II:715 Minute Maid Corporation, I:185 Minute Tapioca, II:809 MIP. See Monthly Investment Plan Mir, II:946 Mirabella, Grace, II:568 Miramax, I:281 The Mirror, II:1003 Mirror Printing and Binding House, II:1002 Mismatch unemployment, II:968–69 Missiles American, II:945 German, II:944–45 intercontinental ballistic, I:56–57

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Russian, II:945 during WW II, II:944–45 Mission Indians, I:306 Missions French, I:346 in Kansas, I:520 Native Americans and, II:692 Mississippi, II:642–45, II:643, II:928 Mississippi Red-Shirts, II:801, 899 Mississippi River, II:645–46 Missouri River and, II:649 Native Americans and, II:800 New Orleans on, II:715–17 Ohio River into, II:746 Porkopolis and, II:807 steamboats on, II:958, 959 Mississippi Territory, II:644, 680 Mississippian culture, II:670 Missouri, II:646–48, II:647, II:804 Missouri Compromise, II:648–49 Dred Scott case and (See Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)) Georgia and, I:367 Henry Clay and, I:181 Kansas-Nebraska Act and, I:520, II:649 Nebraska and, II:696 Salmon Portland Chase and, I:156 slave states and, I:177, 523, II:929, 979 Missouri Fur Company, II:659 Missouri Paciﬁc railroad, II:1037 Missouri River, II:649 damming of, II:943 Mississippi River and, II:645 Missouri Territory, II:646, 979 Mitchell, James P., II:556 Mitchell, John, II:649–50, 1039 MITI. See Ministry of International Trade and Industry MITS. See Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems Mitsubishi, I:333, 334 Mitsubishi Rayon Company, I:259 Mixers (Household), I:97, 548 Mobil Corporation, I:210, II:662, 787 Mobley, C.C., I:379 Model A automobile, I:330, I:331 Model K automobile, I:331 Model T automobile, II:650–51, II:651 in 1920s, II:831 assembly line for, II:608, 631, 901 1205

Index

in industry competition, I:67 vs. motorcycle, I:417 popularity of, I:366 reliability/affordability of, I:68–69, 329, 331 Modoc War, II:738 Mohawk & Hudson Railroad Company, II:720, 721 Mohawks, I:499 Molasses, II:973 Molasses Act (1733), II:651–52, 973 Molina, Marle, II:763 Moline Implement Company, I:513 Moline Plow Company, I:513 Molly Maguires, II:652, 796 Molybdenium, I:40 Monadnock building, I:129 Mondale, Walter, II:1099 Monetarism, II:864 Monetary systems in 1875, I:308 from 1897-1920, I:293, 294 appreciation in, I:49–50 Bland-Allison Act and, I:102 continentals, I:296–97 dollar diplomacy in, I:250–51 exchange rate and, I:298 Federal Reserve System and, I:312–13, I:313 fractional reserve system, I:337 hard vs. soft, I:225–26 International Monetary Fund and, I:117 in international trade, I:117 Mint Act and, II:642 reform in, I:222–23 U.S. dollar in, I:72 William Cullen Bryant and, I:123 Monetary theory, II:652 Money, II:652–53 after the American Revolution, I:473 as bank reserves, II:846 in colonial America, II:951–52, 1078 Confederate, I:179, 200, I:201 continentals, I:213–14, 296 federal government and, II:642, 680–81 international, II:653 as medium of exchange, II:619 metallic, II:948 in monetary theory, II:652 national debt and, II:684 1206

paper (See Paper money; Rag Money) as personal property, II:819 quantity theory of money and, II:847 specie as, II:948 transfers of, II:1105, 1106 wampum as, II:1078 Money market funds, I:320, II:673–74 Money supply, II:653. See also Money Great Depression and, I:13 Richard Nixon and, II:815 Mongollon, II:943–44 Monier, Joseph, II:869 Monitor (Ship), I:498 Monkey Trial, I:124 Monongahela River, II:746 Monopolies, I:217, II:653–56. See also speciﬁc antitrust legislation, e.g., Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) in 1920s, II:832 AT & T as (See AT & T) acquisitions and mergers and, II:622 after Civil War, I:175, II:735 in airline industry, I:19 in biscuit production, II:675 break up of, I:528–29 changing views of, I:210 on elevators, II:761 federal control of, I:274–75 Great Northern Railroad (See Great Northern Railroad) horizontal, II:954 as industry type, II:820 J.P. Morgan and, II:663, 664 labor movement and, II:553 in meat industry, II:765 Microsoft Corporation and, II:634 most frequent use of, I:337 natural (See Natural monopolies) Northern Securities Company (See Northern Securities Co. v. U.S. (1904)) in oil reﬁning industry, II:954 vs. oligopolies, II:751 patents and, II:776 in railroads, II:736, 855, 956 (See also speciﬁc railroads) RCA as, II:861 in shipbuilding, II:695

Southern Paciﬁc Railroad and, II:894 Standard Oil Co. (See Standard Oil Company) supported by National Recovery Administration, II:686 Theodore Roosevelt and, I:293 in tobacco industry, I:257, II:1008–9 trust-busting and, II:580–81, 1025–27 United States v. E.C. Knight Company and, II:1045 unstable markets and, I:293 U.S. Steel (See United States Steel) vertical, II:954 Monopolistic competition, I:198, II:751, 820 Monroe, James, I:94, II:658–59 Louisiana Purchase by, II:586–87 Matthew Perry and, II:785 Monroe Doctrine and, I:250, II:656 National Road and, II:688 Monroe Doctrine, I:468, II:656–58, 659, 947 deﬁned, I:250 Theodore Roosevelt and, I:95, 96 Monroe-Pinckney Treaty, II:1081 Monsanto, II:648 Montagu, John (Earl of Sandwich), I:422 Montana, II:659–61, II:660 in Dakota Territory, II:941 federal grants for railroads in, II:856 gold mining in, II:941 Missouri River in, II:649 Montana Strip Mine Reclamation Act (1973), II:661 Montcalm, Marquis de, I:347 Montesinos, Antonio de, II:692 Montezuma, I:69 Montezuma Castle, I:46 Montgomery, Alabama, I:22, 24 Montgomery bus boycott, I:24, 121, 169–70 Montgomery GI Bill, I:374 Montgomery Improvement Association, I:539 Montgomery Ward, II:595, 661–63, 871, 902 Monthly investment plan, II:624 Monts, Sieur de, II:707

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Moody, Paul, II:589 Moody’s Investor Service, Inc., II:953 Moon, II:945, II:945–46 Moon god, Aztec, I:69 Moors, II:973 More, Thomas, II:1054 Mores, Marquis de, II:733 Moreu River, II:943 Morgan, Arthur, II:991 Morgan, Charles, II:1058 Morgan, Harcout, II:991 Morgan, John Pierpont, II:663, II:663–64 investment banking and, I:174–75 monopolies and, I:198, II:553–54 Northern Securities Case and, II:735–36, 855 Panic of 1893 and, II:773 Panic of 1907 and, II:771 as robber baron, I:478, 481, II:641, 879, 1074 steel industry and, I:139, II:960, 1043, 1044 stock prices and, I:240–41 Morgan, John Pierpont, Jr., II:1044 Morgan-Hill Harriman railroad holding company, II:654 Morganization, II:663 Morison, Elting M., I:154 Morita, Akio, II:664–65, 937 Mormon Trail, II:760 Mormonism, II:1049, 1051 The Morning Call, II:1003 Morphine, II:788 Morrill, Justin Smith, II:561 Morrill Land Grant Act (1862), I:173, 178, II:561, 1084 Morrill Tariff of 1861, I:173, 178 Morris, John P., I:92–93 Morris, Robert, I:11, II:665–66 Morris Canal, II:710 Morrison, Samuel Eliot, I:413 Morrissey, Charles T., II:1062 Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, II:666–69, II:667, II:986, 1105 Morse code, II:666–67, 852, 986, 1105 Mortgages, II:669–70 Amadeo Peter Giannini and, I:374–75 prime rate and, II:819 rate impact as ripple effect, II:879

savings and loan associations and, II:896, 897 Morton, Nathan, I:411 Mosaic Communications Corporation, I:48, II:698 Mosaic (Web browser), I:47–48, II:699 Mosby College, II:1004 Mosby Inc., II:1004 Moses-Saunders Dam, II:892 Most-favored-nation principals, I:362 Motels. See Hotels and motels Mothers Against Drunk Driving, II:987 Motion picture cameras, I:278 Motion picture industry, I:285, 286, 287 growth in 1920’s, II:831, 832 Howard Hughes and, I:451 Michael Eisner and, I:281 Orion, I:286 Paramount, I:281 vaudeville and, II:1059 Walt Disney, I:247, I:247–48 Warner Brothers Pictures in, II:1088–90 Motion picture projectors, I:277, 285 Motion picture theaters, II:671 Motion pictures, II:670–71 color, II:671 funding for, I:374 made-for-television, II:682 Ofﬁce of War Information and, II:743 Ronald Reagan in, II:862 sound, II:670, 832 Motor Carrier Act, I:491 Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program, II:1020 Motor homes, I:419 Motor vehicles. See speciﬁc vehicle, e.g., Automobiles Motorcycles Harley-Davidson, Incorporated, I:417–19, I:418 import quotas on, II:848 Motorola, I:53, 199 Motors airplane, I:366 electric, I:364 by General Motors, I:366, 367 outboard, I:122 Mott, Lucretia, II:724, 1124 Mound builders, I:270, 402, II:670 Mount Saint Helens, II:1092, 1110–11

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Mounted Riﬂes, I:345 Mouse (PC), II:633 Moviefone, I:144 Movies. See Motion pictures Moving pictures. See Motion pictures Mr. Goodbar (Candy), I:433 MS-DOS, I:361 MSNBC Microsoft and, II:634 NBC and, II:683, 684 MSNBC Online, II:683 Muckraking, II:671–72, 920–21, 954, 979–80 Muller v. Oregon (1908), I:116 Multiculturalism afﬁrmative action for, I:7 in Louisiana, II:584 in Maryland, II:607 Multi-Fiber Agreement, I:363 Multilateral Agreement on Investment, I:335 Multilateralism, after the Cold War, II:658 Multi-Mailing Company of New York, II:871 Multinational enterprises, II:672, II:672 Multipliers (Economics), II:672–73 Muni, Paul, I:451 Munitions industry. See Weapons industry Munn v. Illinois (1877), I:490–91, II:673 Murdoch, Rupert, I:287 Murphy, Edgar Gardner, I:24 Murray, John, II:1113 Muscle Shoals, II:704 Muscovy Company, I:514 Museums Field Museum of Natural History, I:315 Guggenheim Museum, II:1136, II:1137 John Scudder’s American Museum, I:79 J.Paul Getty Museum, I:372 National Gallery, I:415, II:620 P. T. Barnum, I:79–80 Music in entertainment industry, I:285 on radio, II:681, 852 Mussolini, Benito, II:1131 Mustang automobile, I:455 Mutual Assured Destruction, I:57 Mutual Broadcasting System, II:852 1207

Index

Mutual funds, II:673–74, II:674 Mylar, by DuPont, I:258

N NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Nabisco Foods Group, II:675–76 NACA. See National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics NACW. See National Association for Colored Women Nader, Ralph, II:676–77, 948 NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement Nagasaki, bombing of, I:105, II:1132 Nagel Meat Markets and Packing House, I:550 Nance, James J., II:970 Nantucket, whaling in, II:1111 Napa Valley industries, I:136 Napoleonic Wars U. S. economic impact of, II:677–79, 1080, 1081 War of 1812 and, II:1087 Narrowcasting, II:601 NASA. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASD. See National Association of Securities Dealers NASDAQ, II:680 as OTC market, II:762 in U.S. stock market, II:963–64 Nash, Charles W., I:166 Nast, Conde, II:600 Nat Turner’s Rebellion, II:679–80 Natchez (Native Americans), II:716 Natchez Trace, II:680 National Academy of the Arts of Design, II:667 National advertising by C.W. Post, II:808 by Neiman Marcus, II:600 start of, I:4 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, I:20 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Boeing contracts for, I:105–6 creation of, I:56, II:945 National Airspace System Plan, I:18 National American Woman Suffrage Association, II:724 National Aquarium, II:607 1208

National Association for Colored Women, I:91 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, I:43, 121, 399, 400, 511, 539 Barbara Proctor in, II:826 origins of, I:169, II:948, 1094 National Association of Manufacturers, I:351 on American Plan, I:34 anti-labor campaign of, II:555 C.W. Post and, II:809 National Association of Realtors, II:583 National Association of Securities Dealers, II:680, 1074 Automated Quotation System of (See NASDAQ) National Bank Acts, I:178, 311, 337, II:680–81, 773, 846, 1084 National Bank of North Carolina, I:210 National banks, II:772–73. See also State banks creation of, II:1116 dismantling of, II:770 establishment of, II:602, 680–81 FDIC and, I:310 Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and, I:311 in Panic of 1907, II:772 National Biscuit Company, II:675 National Brewers Association, II:829 National Broadcasting Company, I:144, II:681–84, II:682 in entertainment industry, I:286–87 formation of, II:861 General Electric Company and, I:364–65 radio and, II:852 National Bureau of Economic Research, I:348 National Cancer Institute, I:528 National Cash Register, I:65, II:1096 National Cattle Trail, I:148 National Center for Supercomputing Applications, I:47, II:698 National Child Labor Committee, I:160, II:1128 National Child Welfare Committee, I:162, II:1128 National Civic Federation, II:649 National Commission for Child Welfare, I:91 National Conservation Association, II:795

National Conservation Commission, II:1076 National Consumers League, I:526, II:1128 National Cordage Company, II:773 National Council of Negro Women, I:91 National Council of Women, I:91 National Credit Union Administration, I:224 National Credit Union Share Insurance Act (1970), I:224 National debt, I:230, 310, II:684, II:684–85 after American Revolution, II:1078, II:1078, II:1081, 1082 after Civil War, I:215 British, I:10, 35–36, II:951 from French and Indian War, I:10, 35 George Washington on, II:1095 Reaganomics and, II:864 Richard Nixon and, II:725 supply-side economics on, II:976 National defense. See also Defense industry arms race and, I:56–57 Arsenal of Democracy and, I:57 blockade strategies in, I:103 military-industrial complex and, II:636–38 Presidential advisors for, I:81–82 women in, I:91 National Defense Act (1916), I:220 National Defense Advisory Commission, II:636 National Education Association, II:948 National Endowment for the Humanities, I:403 National Environmental Policy Act, I:289 National Farm Workers Association, I:157, II:1038–39 National Fish and Wildlife Association, I:320 National Football League, II:1024 National Forest Commission, II:794 National Gallery of Art, I:415, II:620 National Geographic Society, I:87 National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. See Grange National Highway Program, I:493 National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), II:686–87

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

on collective bargaining, I:183 Franklin D. Roosevelt on, II:638 Hugh Samuel Johnson and, I:513 industry regulatory boards and, I:242 on labor unions, II:556, 577–78, 1143 National Recovery Administration and, II:577–78 purpose of, I:275, II:703 National Industrial Recovery Administration, II:637, 686 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, I:289 National Interregional Highway Committee, I:492 National Journal, II:1003, 1004 National Labor Relations Act (1935), II:686 on child labor, I:162 on collective bargaining, I:51, 183, 189, II:556, 558–59 Communist party and, II:851 labor unions and, II:879 NLRB and, II:687 purpose of, II:704, 727, 906 on yellow dog contracts, II:1143 National Labor Relations Board, II:687, 704 agricultural workers and, II:1038 contemporary view, I:212 establishment of, I:189 in New Deal, II:556 settlements by, II:979 National Labor Union, II:557–58 National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, I:82 National Liberation Front, II:1064, 1065 National Maternity and Infancy Protection Act. See SheppardTowner Act (1921) National Monetary Commission, I:311, 313, II:772 National Mutual Life Insurance Company, I:535 National Negro Business League, II:1094 National Organization of Women, II:1123, 1125 National Park Service, II:1115–16 National parks Acadia, II:597 Grand Teton, II:1141

Yellowstone, II:1141 National Prohibition Party, II:987 National Railroad Passenger Corporation, II:855 National Recovery Administration, II:687–88 Franklin D. Roosevelt and, II:638 Hugh Samuel Johnson and, I:513 National Industrial Recovery Act and, II:577–78 wages and, II:703–4 working women and, II:1122 National Resources Committee, I:348 National Riﬂe Association, II:582 National Road (U.S. Route 40), II:605, 688–89, 1116 Ohio and, II:745 Ohio Valley and, II:747 Pennsylvania and, II:779 National Science Foundation, I:487 National Security Council, I:462 National Silver Party, I:123 National Tea, II:624 National Trades and Workers Association, II:808 National Union for Social Justice, I:219 National Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards, II:851 National Wage Stabilization Board, II:1086 National War Labor Board, I:243, II:1084 National Welfare Rights Organization, II:1099 National Woman Suffrage Association, II:724 National Women’s Political Caucus, II:1125 National Youth Administration, I:242 Nationalism, II:689 Herbert Croly and, I:225 Monroe Doctrine and, II:657 in trade, II:1011–12 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990), II:691 Native American policy, I:391, II:689–91, II:690. See also Native Americans Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, I:27 on removal (See Indian Removal Act (1830))

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Native American relocation, II:690, II:985, 989, 1012–14 Native Americans. See also speciﬁc tribes in Alabama, I:22 in Alaska, I:28, 29–30 in American Revolution, II:989, 1013 Andrew Jackson and, II:985, 1013 in Arizona, I:51 Battle of Fallen Timbers, I:304–5 canals used by, II:943 in colonial America, II:909–10, 912, 951 in Colorado, I:46, 192 Columbian Exchange and, I:196 corn and, I:216 displacement of, I:306 drought and, II:944 dry farming and, I:256–57 enslavement of, I:8 European colonization and, II:691–93, 944 European diseases and, I:285, 306, 320 farming by, II:943–44 in Florida, I:324 French and Indian War (See French and Indian War) government land policy and (See Native American policy) Great Britain and, II:691–93 handicrafts by, II:944 homebuilding by, II:944 horses and, I:447 Indian Wars (See Indian Wars) in Indiana, I:475 Klondike Gold Rush and, I:541–42 land ownership by, II:690, II:984–85 Lewis and Clark Expedition and, II:575, 576 in Louisiana, II:584 Martin Van Buren and, II:1014 in Michigan, II:629 in Mississippi, II:644 in Missouri, II:646 in Montana, II:660 in Nebraska, II:696 in New Hampshire, II:707 in New Mexico, II:713 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and, II:737 1209

Index

in Ohio, II:743, 745, 984–85 in Oklahoma, II:748–49, 1013–14 in Old Northwest Territory, II:984–85 in Oregon, II:755 in Oregon Country, II:759–60 Paleo-Indians, I:88–89 plants cultivated by, I:35 Proclamation of 1763 and, I:100 Proclamation of 1863 and, II:820–21 recycling by, II:868 relocation of (See Native American relocation) roads built by, II:944 slavery of, II:926 in South Dakota, II:941, 942, 943 in southeastern U.S., I:320 Southwestern, II:943–44 Spain and, II:691–93 Spanish exploration and, I:285, II:944 in Texas, II:993 Trail of Tears and (See Trail of Tears) unemployment of, II:943 unity among, II:985 wampum and, II:1078 in War of 1812, II:985, 1013, 1087 westward expansion and, I:320, II:1108 in Wisconsin, II:1118 Native Americans (Great Plains), I:192, II:800 Native Claims Settlement Act (1971), I:27 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization Natural disasters. See Droughts; Earthquakes; Hurricanes Natural gas, II:1052 by DuPont, I:258 in Oklahoma, II:748 OPEC oil embargo and, II:752 petroleum industry and, II:787 technology for, II:1107 from Utah International, I:364 in Wyoming, II:1139 Natural history museums, I:315 Natural monopolies, II:656, 693, 869. See also Monopolies Natural resources in Alaska, I:25, 28–29 1210

conservation of, I:180 for free enterprise, II:1108 in industrial growth, I:174 in Louisiana, II:584 as real property, II:819 Union Paciﬁc in, II:1037 Nautilus diving boats, I:353 Navajos, II:713, 944 Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, II:785 Naval Engineer Corps, II:785 Naval stores, II:693–94, 695, 874 Navigation Acts, I:340, II:621, 694–96, 878, 911, 918, 1006 Navio Communications, Inc., II:699–700 Navistar International Corporation, II:614, 616 Navy Consulting Board, I:278 NAWSA. See National American Woman Suffrage Association NBC. See National Broadcasting Company NCF. See National Civic Federation NCR. See National Cash Register NCSA. See National Center for Supercomputing Applications NDAC. See National Defense Advisory Commission NEA. See National Education Association Nebraska, II:696–98, II:697 Pony Express in, II:804 slavery in, II:649 slavery issues in, I:102–3 sod houses in, II:926 NEC Research Insititute, I:334 Neches Butane Products Company, II:998 Negro National League, I:83 Neighborhood Youth Corps, II:816, 1098–99 Neiman, Carrie Marcus, II:599–600 Neiman Marcus department stores, II:599–601 Nellis Air Force Base, II:702 Nelson, Horatio, I:284 Nelson, Kent C., II:1041 Nelson Mandela’s Children’s Fund, I:166 Neostar, I:411 NEPA. See National Environmental Policy Act Ness, John, I:111 Net earnings. See Proﬁt Net income, I:471. See also Proﬁt

Netcom, I:488 Netherlands Antilles. See Curacao Netherlands, investments in the U. S., I:333 Netscape Communications Corporation, I:488, II:698–700 Marc Andreesen of, I:47–48 Stephen Case and, I:143–44 Netscape Navigator, I:48, II:698–700 Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, I:546 Neutrality, I:501 Neutrality Act (1935), I:501 Neutrality Act (1936), I:501 Neutrality Act (1937), I:501 Neutrality Proclamation, II:1095 Nevada, II:700–702, II:701 acquisition of, II:989 Pony Express in, II:804 Nevada City, Montana, II:660 Nevada National Bank, II:1101 Nevada Test Site, II:702 Neville, John, II:1113, 1114 New American Library, II:835, 1003 New Amsterdam, II:715 New Bedford, whaling in, II:1113 New Deal, II:702–7, II:703. See also individual programs agricultural economy during, I:309 agricultural policies of, I:388 Alabama and, I:24 CCC in (See Civilian Conservation Corps) conservatism in, I:205 economic liberalism of, II:581 Equal Opportunity Act, I:290 Fair Labor Standards Act, I:303–4, I:304 federal involvement in, I:273–75 Frances Perkins and, II:1017 Franklin D. Roosevelt and (See Roosevelt, Franklin Delano) Great Depression and, I:394–96, I:395 vs. Great Society, I:403 Harry Hopkins in, I:445–47 Harry S. Truman and, II:1022 Hugh Johnson and, I:513–14 IBM and, I:485 Illinois and, I:464 Iowa and, I:498 John Kenneth Galbraith and, I:358 Kansas and, I:522

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Kentucky and, I:534 labor movement and, II:558–59, 577–78 in Mississippi, II:645 in Montana, II:661 in New Jersey, II:712 retirement and, I:392 second (See Second New Deal) social climate of, I:290 socialism and, I:208, II:1002 soil conservation during, I:266 in South Dakota, II:943 trust-busting during, II:1026 unemployment during, I:242 urban renewal and, II:1046 in Virginia, II:1067 Washington state and, II:1092 welfare system and, II:1098 West Virginia and, II:1104 working women and, II:1122 WW II and, II:1084 New Economic Policy, I:342, II:739 ‘‘New Economy,’’ II:814 New England colonial economy in, I:190–91 depression in, II:1000 rum distillation in, II:973 slavery in, II:927 textiles industry in, II:949, 999, 1000 whaling in, II:1111–12 New England Anti-Slavery Society, II:928 New England Emigrant Aid Company, I:523 New France, II:707 New Hampshire, I:191, II:707–10, II:708 New Harmony, II:1055 New Haven Railroad, II:654 New Jersey, II:710–13, II:711 Nabisco Foods in, II:675 in New Netherlands, II:715 New Sweden in, II:717 as proprietary colony, I:191 Standard Oil Co. in, II:954 New Jersey Generals, II:1024 New Lanark Mills, II:1055 New London, Connecticut, I:202 New Mexico, II:713–15, II:714, II:978, 989 New Netherlands, II:715, 718 New Orleans, Battle of, II:716, 1088 New Orleans, Louisiana, II:584, 715–17

Porkopolis and, II:807 port of, II:586 steamboat trafﬁc in, II:959 New Plymouth, II:794 New Republic, I:224, 225 New Spain, Viceroyalty of, II:717 New Sweden, II:717–18 New Valley Corporation, II:1106 New York, II:718–20, II:719 colonial economy in, I:191 in New Netherlands, II:715 population of colony, II:910 as proprietary colony, I:191 slums in, II:931, 932 spoils system in, II:950 suspension bridges in, II:882 during War of 1812, II:1057 New York and Mississippi Valley Telegraph Company, II:1105 New York Biscuit Company, II:675 New York Central Railroad, II:720–21, 782, 1058 New York Company, II:954 New York Electric Vehicle Company, II:969 New York Enquirer, I:88 New York Herald, I:3, 87, 88 New York Ice Cream Company of Oklahoma City v. Leibman, I:117 New York Manufacturing Company, II:893, 924 New York, New York Donald Trump’s development of, II:1022–25 subways in, II:967 sweatshops in, II:1016–17 New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company, II:1014 New York Newsday, II:1004 New York Stock Exchange, II:721, II:722. See also Stock exchanges Dow, Jones and, I:253 ﬁrst president of, I:47 vs. NASDAQ, II:680 OTC markets and, II:762 Sony Corporation on, II:665 stock market crash of 1929, II:966 stock value and, II:963 in U.S. stock market, II:963–64 on Wall Street, II:1073–74 Western Union and, II:1105 New York Times, I:144 New York Tribune, I:120 New York World, II:839

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

New York Yankees, II:721–23 New Yorker (Automobile), I:165 New Zealand, minimum wage laws in, II:638 Newark, Ohio, II:670 Newcomen Award, I:154 Newell Company, II:886 Newell Rubbermaid Inc., II:886 Newfoundland, Canada, II:553 Newport, Rhode Island, II:876 Newsday, II:1003 Newspaper advertising. See Print advertising Newspaper publishing, II:837–40. See also Yellow journalism James Gordon Bennet and, I:87–88 Los Angeles Times, II:1002–4 NEXT, I:512 Nez Perce War of 1877, II:738 Nez Perce, II:738 NFL. See National Football League NFWA. See National Farm Workers Association Ngo Dinh Diem, II:1063 Niagara Movement, II:1094 Niagara River, bridges over, II:882 Nicaragua anit-Communist guerillas in, I:96 Monroe Doctrine and, II:658 U.S. intervention in, I:469 Nice, Harry W., II:607 Nichols, Terry, II:750 Nickel, in coins, II:948 Nickel Plate Road, II:720 Nickelodeons, II:831 Nickerson, William, I:375 Nicolet, Jean, II:629 Nielsen, Arthur Charles, II:723, II:723–24 Nielsen, Arthur Jr., II:724 Nielsen Food and Drug Index, II:723 Nielsen Radio Index, II:724 Nielsen Ratings, II:723–24 Nightingale, Florence, I:250 Night-riders, during Reconstruction, II:801 Nikkon Corporation, I:273 Nineteen Hundred Corporation, II:904 Nineteen Hundred Washer Company, II:904 1922 Nine-Power Treaty, II:754 Nineteenth Amendment, II:724–25, 1124. See also Women’s suffrage 1211

Index

NIRA. See National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) Nissan Design International, I:334 Nixon, Donald, I:452 Nixon, Ed, I:121 Nixon, Richard Milhous, II:725, II:725–26 Alan Greenspan and, I:405 on dollar devaluation, I:72 draft reforms and, II:909 economic policies of, II:815 foreign trade policy of, I:342 Friedman, Milton and, I:348 gold standard and, I:381, 487 on Jimmy Hoffa, I:438, II:556 Keynesian economics and, I:536 New Economic Policy and, II:739 SALT I treaty and, I:188 on television, II:682 Vietnam War and, II:1064–65 on wage and price controls, II:1070 on welfare system, II:1099–1100 NLF. See National Liberation Front NLRA. See National Labor Relations Act (1935) NLRB. See National Labor Relations Board NMC. See National Monetary Commission Nobel Peace Prize for George C. Marshall, II:604 Martin Luther King Jr. and, I:540 Will Kellogg and, I:529 Noble Order of the Knights of Labor. See Knights of Labor Non-durable goods, I:208 Nonimportation Act (1806), II:1081 Nonintercourse Act (1809), I:284, II:1081, 1087 Non-Interest-Bearing Bond Bill, I:222 Nonpartisan League, in North Dakota, II:734 Nonproductive consumption, I:209 Nonproﬁt organizations, II:820 Nontariff trade barriers, II:833–34, 848 Nonunion employment, I:229. See also Labor Unions Nonviolence Cesar Estrada Chavez, I:157, I:157–58 1212

Martin Luther King, Jr. and (See King, Martin Luther, Jr.) Nootka Sound Convention, II:758 Nordstrom, John W., I:542 Noriega, Manuel, I:461–62 Normalcy, II:726 Normandy invasion, II:1132 Norris, Alexander, II:822 Norris, Frank, I:133. Norris, George, I:501, II:727, 991 Norris-Laguardia Act (1932), II:726–28, 843, 1143 Norse exploration, II:553 North American Air Defense Command, I:193 North American Free Trade Agreement, I:211, II:658, 728–29 Mexican Bail-Out and, II:626 patents and, II:777 trucking industry and, II:1021 North and South. See also South economic differences in, I:173, I:175–78, I:176, II:1082–84 on slavery, II:1033 North Atlantic Council, of NATO, II:729 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, I:187, I:187, II:638, 729–30 North Canal (Michigan), II:938 North Carolina, II:730–32, II:731 during American Colonial period, II:939 impact of Navigation Acts in, II:695 plantations in, II:801 as proprietary colony, I:191 North Carolina battleship, I:364 North, Charles, I:112, 113 North Dakota, II:733–35, II:734 in Dakota Territory, II:941 federal grants for railroads in, II:856 statehood of, II:942 North, Frederick, I:494, II:1011 North, Simeon, I:40–41, II:608 North Vietnam, II:1063, II:1063–65 Northeast. See also speciﬁc Northeastern states agriculture in, I:16 industrial development in, I:268–69 texile industries in, I:363 Northern Farmers’ Alliance, I:308 Northern Paciﬁc Railroad, I:435, II:856, 857

completion of, II:1109 funding of, I:215 in North Dakota, II:733 in Northern Securities Case, II:735–36 in Washington state, II:1091 Northern Securities Co. v. U.S. (1904), I:434–35, II:553, 641, 654, 735–36, 1025 Northrup, Anson, II:733 Northwest Airlines, I:19, 20 Northwest Fur Company, II:938 Northwest Ordinance, I:392, 474, II:737–38 Native American policy and, II:689 Ohio and, II:745 Ohio Valley and, II:747 on slavery, I:177, II:928 Northwest Passage, II:738, 758 Northwest Territory. See also Paciﬁc Northwest deﬁned, I:390 Michigan and, II:629 Minnesota and, II:639 Ohio Valley and, II:747 slavery in, II:928 states from, II:1080 Wisconsin in, II:1118 Northwestern Alliance, II:805–6 Northwestern Coast Indians, II:738–39 Norway, whaling in, II:1113 Notre Dame Mountain, I:49 Novell, with Netscape, II:699–700 Novels muckraking movement in, II:671–72 publishing of, II:834 (See also Publishing industry) Novonyx, II:699–700 NOW. See National Organization of Women Noyes, John Humphrey, II:1056 NPL. See Nonpartisan League NRA. See National Recovery Administration NRC. See Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRI. See Nielsen Radio Index NSC. See National Security Council NSFNET, I:487 Nuclear disarmament, I:188, II:725, 863 Nuclear energy, II:739–41, II:740

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

for electricity, II:1052 OPEC oil embargo and, II:752 Tennessee Valley Authority and, II:992 Nuclear power. See Nuclear energy Nuclear power plants, II:739–41, 1092 Nuclear reactor accidents, II:740, 1052 Nuclear reactors, II:739 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, II:739, 992 Nuclear research, II:713, 715 Nuclear submarines. See Submarines, nuclear Nuclear testing bans on, I:188 at Bikini Atoll, I:58 in Nevada, II:702 Nuclear Waste Policy Act (1982), II:741 Nuclear weapons Cold War and, I:188 history of, I:58–59 in Nevada, II:702 Nulliﬁcation, II:981–82 Hartford Convention and, II:1088 by South Carolina, I:177, II:939 state rights and, II:957–58 NUMCS. See National Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards Nuremberg War Crime Trials, II:1132 Nursing, women in, II:1121 Nussbaum, Aaron, II:902, 904 Nutrilite, I:244 Nutrition, I:327. See also Food industry N.W. Ayer & Son, I:4 NWLB. See National War Labor Board NWPC. See National Women’s Political Caucus NYA. See National Youth Administration NYC railroad. See New York Central railroad Nye, Gerald P., I:501 Nylon, I:258, II:1000 Nylon stockings, I:259 NYMVTC. See New York and Mississippi Valley Telegraph Company NYSE. See New York Stock Exchange

O Oahe Lake, II:943 OAS. See Organization of American States Objectivism, Ayn Rand and, II:858 Occidental Petroleum Company, I:415, II:790 Occupational retraining, II:631 Occupational safety. See Industrial safety Occupational Safety and Health Administration, II:869 OCD. See Ofﬁce of Civilian Defense Ocoma Foods, II:1031 OECD. See Ofﬁce of Economic Cooperation and Development OEM. See Ofﬁce of Emergency Management OEO. See Ofﬁce of Economic Opportunity ‘‘Off the rack’’ garments from New York, II:718 sewing machines and, II:922 Ofﬁce equipment and supplies business machines, I:278, II:1096–97 calculators, I:485 computers (See Computers) dictating machines, I:278 Ofﬁce of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. See Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Ofﬁce of Civilian Defense, II:743 Ofﬁce of Economic Opportunity, I:276, 291, II:1100 Ofﬁce of Emergency Management, II:743 Ofﬁce of Executive Management, II:1086 Ofﬁce of Legal Services, II:1099 Ofﬁce of Personnel Management, I:172 Ofﬁce of Price Administration, I:243, 284, II:743, 811, 860, 1069, 1084 Ofﬁce of Production Management, I:220 Ofﬁce of Thrift Supervision, II:897 Ofﬁce of War Information, II:743 Ofﬁce of War Mobilization and Reconversion, II:810–11, 1088 Ofﬁce personnel, women as, II:1121 Offshore drilling, II:586 Oglethorpe, James, I:367 Ohga, Norio, II:937 Ohio, II:743–46, II:744

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Native Americans in, I:304, II:984–85 sit-down strikes in, II:923 suspension bridges in, II:882 Ohio and Erie Canal, II:745 Ohio Company of Associates, II:747 Ohio Company of Virginia. See Ohio River Valley Company Ohio Life Insurance Company, II:772 Ohio River in Ohio Valley, II:746–47 Porkopolis and, II:806–7 Proctor and Gamble using, II:822, 824 Ohio River Valley Company, II:747 Ohio Valley, II:746–47 Oil crude (See Petroleum) price regulation of, I:284 from Utah International, I:364 Oil and gas leases in Alaska, I:29 in North Dakota, II:734 by Union Paciﬁc, II:1037 Oil depletion allowance, II:747 Oil derricks, I:516 Oil embargoes, II:1052 OPEC (See OPEC oil embargo) Oil industry. See Petroleum industry Oil pipelines in Middle East, II:998–99 in Texas, II:997, 998 Oil reﬁning, II:786, 787 Holmes-Manley process and, II:998 in New Jersey, II:712 Oil spills, Exxon Valdez, I:27, 300, 301 Oil well drilling rigs. See Oil derricks Oil wells Armand Hammer and, I:415 Titusville, I:98 Ojibwas, II:639 ‘‘Okies,’’ II:635 Oklahoma, II:747–50, II:748 acquisition of, II:989 Cherokee relocation to, II:1013–14 Oklahoma bombing, II:750 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, II:748 Old Northwest, II:750. See also Northwest Territory Land Ordinance of 1785 and, II:563 1213

Index

National Road and, II:688 Native Americans in, II:984–85, 1087 squatting in, II:1031 Old Northwest Territory, I:99 Old Slater Mill, II:925 Old Southwest, I:2, II:598, 750–51 Old Spanish Trail, II:895 Olds, Ransom E., I:67, 366, II:631 Olds Motor Vehicle Company, I:366 Olds Motor Works, I:67 Oldsmobile, I:263–64 Oligopolies, II:751 as industry type, II:820 in 1920’s, II:832 Oligopolistic competition, I:198 Oliver, Andrew, II:952 Oliver, Peter, II:952 Olmsted, Frederick Law, I:22 Olney, Richard, II:842 Olson, Floyd B., II:641 Olson, James E., I:65 Olympic games sponsorship of, II:1041 on television, II:683 Omaha World-Herald, I:123 Omnicom Group Inc., I:5 Oneida Community, II:1056 Oneidas, I:499 Ong, John, I:93 Onis, Luis de, I:1, II:750 Online information services, I:488–89. See also speciﬁc service providers Online services. See Online information services Onondaga, I:499 Ontario, Canada, II:1100–1101 OPA. See Ofﬁce of Price Administration OPEC, I:142, 301, II:604, 787. See also OPEC Oil Embargo OPEC oil embargo, I:30, 332, II:751–53, II:752, II:815, 1052 impact on Chrysler Corp., I:165 impact on North Dakota, II:734 impact on U.S. economy, I:211 nuclear energy and, II:739, 752 Open door policy (Far East), I:425, II:753–54 Open range, II:754–55 cowboys on, I:221, 222 sheep herders on, II:914, 915 Open shops, I:183 Operating systems (Computer), I:199 1214

DOS, I:144, 199 Windows, I:144, 199 Operation Overlord, II:1132 Opinion polls, I:359–60 Opium, II:787, 788 Opportunity costs, II:755 Optical scanners, in supermarkets, I:550 Oracle Systems, II:699–700 Order of Railway Telegraphers, I:229 Orders in Council (Great Britain), II:1087 Ordinance of 1784, II:737 Ordinance of 1787, I:58, II:1118 Ordinary shares. See Common stocks Ordway, Nehemiah, II:733 Oregon, II:755–58, II:756 Oregon Central Railroad, II:757 Oregon Country. See Oregon Territory Oregon Shortline, I:457 Oregon Territory, II:756, II:757, 989 acquisition of, II:598 cessation of, II:758–60 Idaho part of, I:457 James K. Polk and, II:803 Washington in, II:1091 westward expansion and, II:1108 Oregon Trail, II:760, II:760–61 in Missouri, II:646 in Oregon, II:755, 760 westward expansion over, II:1108 in Wyoming, II:1139 Oregon Treaty of 1846, II:759 Ore-Ida Foods, I:431 Ore-Ida Tater Tots, I:430 O’Reilly, R. Burt, I:431 Oreo cookies, II:675 Organic Acts, I:29, 327 Organic farming, I:17 Organization for European Economic Cooperation, II:604 Organization of American States, I:462 Organization of Brethren, II:828 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See OPEC Organized crime FBI and, I:279 illegal alcohol and, I:119 labor unions and, II:556 legislation against, II:849 Maﬁa, I:438

in Nevada, II:702 Organized Crime Control Act (1970), II:849 Organized labor. See Labor unions Original Grange Supply House, II:662 Orion Pictures, I:286 Orlon, by DuPont, I:259 Osborne, Richard J., I:40 Osborne Books, II:617 Osborne v. United States Bank (1824), I:151, II:957 Oscar Mayer, II:809, 1120 OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Health Administration Oswald the Rabbit, I:248 OTC markets. See Over-thecounter markets The Other America, I:421–22 Otis, Charles, II:761 Otis, Elisha Graves, II:761 Otis, Harrison Gray, II:1002 Otis, James, II:928, 952, 974 Otis, Norton, II:761 Otis Brothers and Company, II:761 Otis Elevator Company, Inc., II:761–62 OTS. See Ofﬁce of Thrift Supervision Otters, hunting of, I:25, 133 Outboard motors, I:122 Outdoor Explorer, II:1004 Outdoor Life, II:1003 Overland Mail and Express Company, II:1101 Overman, Lee Slater, II:762 Overman Act (1918), II:762–63, 1086 Over-the-counter markets, II:762, 965. See also Securities and Exchange Commission on NASDAQ, II:680 on New York Stock Exchange, II:721 Over-the-counter patent medicines, II:798 Owen, Robert L., I:162, II:1055, 1128 OWI. See Ofﬁce of War Information Oxford Biscuit Fabrik (Denmark), II:675 Oxford Provident Building Association of Philadelphia, II:896 Oxydol soap, II:823, 825 Oxygen, vs. ozone, II:763 Oysters, in ﬁshing industry, I:319 Ozone layer, II:763

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

P P & G. See Proctor and Gamble Company P.D. Magnetics, I:259 P-E ratio. See Price earnings ratio Pabst Brewing Company, I:118, II:1120 Paciﬁc Aero Products Company, I:103 Paciﬁc Electric Heating Company, I:364 Paciﬁc Fur Company, II:659 Paciﬁc Northwest. See also Northwest Territory Convention of 1818 and, I:214 Lewis and Clark Expedition and, II:1108 Oregon Country Cessation and, II:758–60 Washington in, II:1090–92 Paciﬁc Northwest Railroad, II:757 Paciﬁc Railroad, II:941 Paciﬁc Railway Act (1862), I:152, 262, 357, II:697, 856, 1036 Paciﬁc Western Oil Corporation, I:372 Paciﬁsm of Norman Mattoon Thomas, II:1001–2 during Vietnam War, II:814, II:1064–65 in WW I, II:654–55 Package delivery services. See Delivery services Packaged goods, marketing of, I:4 Packaging, for beer, I:118 Packard Motor Company, I:531, II:870, 970 Packers and Stockyards Act (1921), II:765 Packets (steamboats), II:958, 959 Paige, Satchel, I:83 Paine, Thomas, I:416, II:928 Paiutes, II:738 Paleo-Indians, I:88–89, 183, II:765, 943–44 Pall Mall cigarettes, I:42 Palmer, A. Mitchell, I:34 Palmer raids, I:34 Pan American Airlines, I:19 Pan American Airways, Inc., II:1019 Pan American World Airways, II:1019–20 Panama Canal, I:468 construction of, I:292, II:765–68, II:766

impact on shipbuilding industry, II:919 security in, I:251 William Howard Taft and, II:978 Panama Canal Treaty, II:768 Panhard et Levassor, I:68 Panic of 1819, I:316, II:768–69, 957 Panic of 1837, I:95, 274, 316, 385, II:769–71, 958, 1116 Panic of 1857, I:316, II:1072 Panic of 1873, I:107, 175, 404, 430 free coinage of silver after, II:916 railroads and, II:1109 Panic of 1893, I:175, 179–80, 316, 381, II:773, 841 public works projects after, I:223 Wells, Fargo and, II:1101 Panic of 1907, I:96, 274, 316, II:553–54, 771–72 Panic of 1929, I:316 Panics, of late 19th century, II:772–74 Paper industry, II:774–75 after War of 1812, I:267 in Florida, I:325 in Idaho, I:459 Kimberly-Clark Corp. and, I:536–37 in Maine, II:597, 598 in Michigan, II:631 in New Hampshire, II:707 in New Jersey, II:710 in Oregon, II:757 in Pennsylvania, II:774 Times Mirror Co., II:1003 Paper Mate, I:376 Paper mills. See Paper industry Paper money, II:948. See also Money in American Revolution, I:11, 12, 213–14 in early Republic, II:1080 Greenback Party and, I:222–23 Paul Revere and, II:873 from wildcat banks, II:1116 Paper Software, Inc., II:699 Paperbacks, II:835–36 Papermaking, in Maine, II:598 The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, I:155 Paramount Pictures, I:281, II:683 Parcel post. See also Postal service catalogs and, II:595, 662

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Sears, Roebuck and Company, II:904 Paris, France, I:168 Paris, Treaty of (1763), I:35 Alabama and, I:22 Proclamation of 1763 and, II:820 Paris, Treaty of (1783), I:297, 304, 473, 508 on Loyalists, I:38 Michigan and, II:629 Old Northwest and, II:563, 750 Paris, Treaty of (1873), I:390 Paris, Treaty of (1898), I:468, II:947 Philippines and, II:789 Puerto Rico and, II:837 Paris, Treaty of (1973), II:1065 Paris Exposition of 1900, II:761 Parke Davis, II:788 Parker, George, II:570 Parker and Lee, II:570 Parks, in Georgia, I:369 Parks, Rosa, I:169, 539 Parliament. See also Great Britain Navigation Act and, II:1006 Stamp Act and, II:952–53 Sugar Act and, II:973 taxation by, II:1010–11 Townshend Acts of, II:1010–11 Parsons, Albert, I:427 Partnerships, II:775 deﬁned, II:820 limited, II:582 PartsAmerica, II:905 Part-time employment, I:212–13 Pascagoula, Mississippi, II:645 Pascal, Blaise, I:199 Pasta, by Borden, I:110 Pasteur, Louis, I:118 Pasturization for beer, I:130 in food industry, I:326 Pataki, George, II:720 PATCO. See Professional Air Trafﬁc Controllers Organization Patent and Trademark Ofﬁce, II:776, 1012 Patent medicines marketing of, I:4 pharmaceutical industry and, II:787, 788 Patents, II:775–77, II:776. See also Copyright infringement in Constitution, II:1012 metalwork and, II:893 1215

Index

monopolies and, II:655 WTO and, I:363 Pathﬁnder automobile, I:334 Patriotism, in WW II, I:440–41 Patriots conservatism and, I:204 vs. Loyalists, I:37–38 Patroon system, II:715 Patterson, Pat, I:103 Pauly, John, I:159 Pawnees, II:800 Pay equity, II:777 Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909), II:1035 PCs. See Personal computers PCs Unlimited, I:236 Peabody, George, II:607 Peabody Conservatory of Music, II:607 Peace Corps, I:291 Peace of Amiens, II:678 Peace Treaty of Versailles, I:362 Peacekeeping forces military-industrial complex for, II:637 of UN, II:1040 Peach industry, I:369 Peanut butter, I:430 Peanut industry, I:142, 369 Pearl, Raymond, II:1007 Pearl Harbor, I:107, 424, 519, II:1131, II:1132 Pecans, I:142 Pegler, Arthur James, I:429 Pemberton, John Styth, I:185 Pencils, for Soviet Union, I:414 Pendleton, George H., I:172 Pendleton Act, II:950. See also Civil Service Act (1883) Penguin paperbacks, II:835 Penicillins, II:788 Penn, William, I:191, II:778 Penn Central Railroad, I:311 Penney, James Cash, II:777–78 Pennock and Lukens, II:590 Pennsylvania, II:778–81, II:779 colonial economy in, I:191 crude oil, II:953–54 population of colony, II:910 as proprietary colony, I:191 suspension bridges in, II:882 turnpikes in, II:1030 Pennsylvania Abolitionist Society, II:928 1216

Pennsylvania Central Railroad, II:605, 721, 779, 780, 782, 1067 Pennsylvania Main Line Canal, II:781 Pennsylvania Railroad, II:781–82, 871, 882, 1043 Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company, II:786 Penn-Texas Corporation, I:195 Penny auctions, II:782 Pennzoil, II:905 Pensions, II:782–83, 1010 policy for, I:392–94, I:393 Social Security providing, II:705, 706, 934 People’s Liberation Armed Forces, II:1064 People’s Party. See Populism People’s Republic of China. See China Peperrell, William, I:38 Pepperidge Farm Company, II:886–87 Pepsi-Cola, I:185 Per capita income, II:783, 831 Perez, Juan, II:1090 Perfect competition, I:198 Perfectionist Church, II:1056 Perfumes industry, II:568 Periodical publishing, II:616–17 Periodicals advertising in, I:3–4 distributed through grocery stores, II:624 muckraking movement in, II:671 Ralph Nader in, II:676 Perkins, Frances, II:783–85, II:784, II:934, 1017, 1098 Perkins Products Company, II:809 Perlman, Alfred E., II:721 Permanente Cement, I:519 Perot, Ross, I:512, II:728 Perry, Commodore Oliver Hazard, II:745 Perry, Matthew, I:505–6, II:785–86 Pershing, John, I:513 Personal computers, I:486, 511–12, II:786 ﬁrst, I:199 at Microsoft (See Microsoft) Personal income, I:471 Personal property, vs. real property, II:819 Pesos, pieces of eight as, II:791 Pesticide industry, II:677

Pesticides agricultural workers and, II:1039 environmentalism and, I:289 Peter Paul Cadbury, I:434 Peter Paul Mounds (Candy), I:434 Peterson, Charles S., II:1049 Petroleum Dingley tariff on, I:245 by DuPont, I:258 whaling industry and, I:423 Petroleum chemicals industry in Louisiana, II:585–86 Texas Co., II:998 Petroleum conservation, II:752 Petroleum industry, II:786–87. See also speciﬁc companies, e.g., Standard Oil Company airlines and, II:1019–20 in Alaska, I:27, 29–30 automobiles and, II:998 black gold and, I:98–99 in California, I:135 after Civil War, I:174 in Colorado, I:193–94 employment in, II:968 foreign partnerships in, II:998–99 impact of automobile on, I:69 impact of savings and loan associations, II:897 Jean Paul Getty and, I:371–72 jet fuel prices and, I:19 John D. Rockefeller in, II:880–81 in Montana, II:661 oil depletion allowance in, II:747 in Oklahoma, II:748, 749 in Pennsylvania, II:780 price increases in, II:815 price regulation in, I:284 spin-offs in, II:995 in Texas, II:995, 997–99 Thomas Boone Pickens, Jr. and, II:790 Union Paciﬁc in, II:1037 WW I and, II:998 in Wyoming, II:1139 Petroleum reﬁneries, II:786, 787, 953–54 competition among, II:954 monopolies among, II:954 Standard Oil Co., II:953–54 in Texas, II:997 Petroleum waste, recycling of, II:868

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Pﬁzer Company, II:788 PGR. See Procuraduria General de la Republica Phalanxes, II:1055 Pharmaceutical industry, II:787–89 in Michigan, II:631 in New Jersey, II:712 in Pennsylvania, II:780 regulation of, II:844–45 Upjohn Company in, II:1045–46 Pharmacia & Upjohn, II:1046 Pharmacia AB, II:1046 Phelps Dodge, I:40 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, II:642, 778–79 Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, II:773 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876, I:437 Philadelphia Smelting and Reﬁning Company, I:39 Philanthropy A.C. Nielsen and, II:724 of Alfred P. Sloan, II:930, 931 of Andrew Carnegie, II:780, 1043 in Maryland, II:607 of robber barons, II:880 William Cooper Proctor and, II:823–24 Philippe II, Duke of Orleans, II:716 Philippine Commission, II:977–78 Philippines Commonwealth of, II:789 preservation program for, II:794 Spanish-American War and, I:467–68, II:947, 977–78 Treaty of Paris and, II:837 U.S. intervention in, I:467–68, 469 William Howard Taft and, II:977–78 Phillip Morris Tobacco Company, I:119, II:809, 1007 Phillips, A.W., II:951 Phillips Curve, II:951 Phoenix, II:962 Phonograph records, I:122 Phonographs, II:860 invention of, I:277, 278 by Sony, II:937 by Thomas Edison, I:87 Photocopy industry. See Copying machine industry Photoelectric relays, I:364

Photographic ﬁlm, I:272 Photography Dorothea Lange and, II:565–66 Eastman Kodak and, I:270–72, I:271, I:272–73 Physical capital, II:789 Physical disabilities, ADA and, I:42 Piano cases, I:122 Pickens, Thomas Boone, Jr., II:789–91 Picketing, in strikes, II:967. See also Strikes Pickles, H. J. Heinz, I:430 Pieces of eight, II:791 Piecework, II:718 Piedmont region, tobacco in, II:1006 Pierce, Franklin, I:421 Piergallini, Alfred A., I:370 Pierpoint, Robert, I:111 Pigs, pork industry and, II:807 Pike, Zebulon, II:792–93 in Colorado, I:192 in Nebraska, II:696 Pike’s Expedition, II:792–93 Pike’s Peak, II:792, II:793 Pikes Peakers, I:192 Pilgrims, II:793–94 Pilsner beer, I:118 Pimas, I:51, 53 Pinchot, Gifford, II:794–95, 978 Pinckney, Elizabeth Lucas, I:478 Pinckney, Thomas, II:716, 795–98, 1080 Pinckney Treaty, II:645, 716, 795–96, 1115 Pinkerton, Allan, II:796 Pinkerton, Allan II, II:797 Pinkerton, Robert, II:796 Pinkerton, William, II:796 Pinkerton National Detective Agency, I:443, II:796–97 Pinkerton Security, II:796 Pinkerton’s Incorporated, II:797 Pinkham, Lydia Estes, II:797–98, II:798 Pinstripes Petites, II:905 Pinto automobile, I:332 Pipelines oil (See Oil pipelines) petroleum, I:98 by Steven Bechtel, I:85 Piracy, II:666, 798–99, 1018–19 Pistols, I:194–96, I:195. See also Firearms Pitcairn, John, II:799

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Pitney, Mahlon, II:555 Pitt, William, I:347, II:952 Pittsburgh Locomotive Works, I:139 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, II:779–80 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, II:799–800 Pittsburgh Reduction Company, II:619 PIXAR, I:512 Pizarro, Francisco, I:470 Placebos, II:844 PLAF. See People’s Liberation Armed Forces Plains Indians. See Native Americans (Great Plains) Plantations, II:801. See also Agricultural economy during colonial period, II:910 in Mississippi, II:644 in Old Southwest, II:750 during Reconstruction, II:867 for rice, II:878 slavery on, II:927 Plants, Native American, I:34–35, 196 Plastic money. See Money Plastics by DuPont, I:260 Tupperware, II:1027–29 Plate glass, II:799 Platt, Thomas C., II:808 Platt, Warren C., II:617 PlayStation I & II, II:938 Plessy, Homer, I:510, II:802 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), I:98, 399, 510–11, II:801–3, II:802 Plows by John Deere, I:231 steel, II:961 Plymouth automobile, I:165, 167 Plymouth Colony, I:190, II:794 Plymouth Company, I:514 Pneumatic tires. See Tires, ballon type Pocket Books, II:835 Poinsett, Joel, I:344 Point of service, I:428 Poland in NATO, II:730 in WW II, II:1131 Polaroid Corporation, I:273 Police, motorcycles for, I:417, 418 Polio, FDR with, II:883 Polishes, automotive, I:93 Political corruption. See also Muckraking 1217

Index

in New Jersey, II:712 Robert LaFollette and, II:560 from spoils system, II:949–50 Watergate scandal (See Watergate scandal) Political journalism, I:225. See also Journalism Political parties, spoils system and, II:949–50. See also speciﬁc political parties, e.g., Democratic Party Political protest. See speciﬁc movements, e.g., Civil rights movements Political reform of civil service, I:172–73 radio broadcasting on, I:218–20 Politics special interest groups and, II:948 spoils system and, II:949–50 on television, II:682 Polk, James K., II:803 California and, I:133 Charles Frémont and, I:345 Gold Rush of 1849 and, I:378 land acquisitions of, II:989 on Manifest Destiny, II:598 Mexican Cession and, II:628 Oregon Country and, II:759 Tennessee roots of, II:989 Texas and, II:997 westward expansion under, II:1108 Poll tax, II:803–4 Pollock, Charles, II:804 Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company (1895), II:804, 924 Pollution air (See Air pollution) controls, I:367 industrial (See Industrial pollution) in Ohio, II:746 water, I:302 Polo, Marco, II:1009 Poly-T, II:1028–29 Polygamy, II:1051 Polymers, by DuPont, I:258, 259 Polynesians, I:422–23 Pomos, I:306 Ponce de Leon, I:324 Pontiac’s Conspiracy, II:629 Pony Express, II:804, 986 Poor, Henry Varnum, I:154 1218

Poor Richard’s Almanack, I:338–39, II:834 Poor’s Publishing Company, II:953 Popular Library, II:835 Popular Science, II:1003 Popular sovereignty, I:523, II:805, 944 Population colonial, II:910 pre-Civil War, II:1082 in South Carolina, II:940 in Sun Belt, II:975 tenements and, II:988 of Texas, II:993 in Vermont, II:1060 in Virginia, II:1067 Population growth in North, after Civil War, I:179–80 pre-Civil War, I:299 in Utah, II:1051 Populism, II:639, 686, 805–6 African Americans in, I:98 agriculture industry and, I:16 Alabama’s support of, I:24 economic liberalism and, II:580 on farmers, I:307, 308–9 on gold standard, I:321 inﬂuence of, I:274 in Kansas, I:522 in Kentucky, I:533 Mary Lease and, II:568–69 as sectionalism, II:907 westward expansion and, II:1108 William Jennings Bryan, I:123 after WW II, II:813 Populist Party. See Populism Pork industry, II:807 Porkopolis, II:806–7, 822 Port Bienville, Mississippi, II:645 Ports. See also Harbors of New Orleans, II:586 in South Carolina, II:939, 940 in Wisconsin, II:1120 Portugal slavery and, II:926 Treaty of Tordesillas and, II:1009–10 Portuguese colonialism, slave trade and, I:8 Portuguese exploration, in Canada, II:553 POS. See Point of service

Post, Charles William, I:526, II:807, II:807–8 Post, Marjorie Merriweather, II:809 Post Cereals, II:631 Post Checks, II:808 Post City, II:808 Post Ofﬁce (U.S.) motorcycles for, I:418 vs. UPS, II:1040 Postal Savings, II:978 Postal service air mail, I:20–21 parcel post (See Parcel post) railroad strikes and, I:35 rural, II:595 U.S., II:1040 Postum Cereal Company, I:526, II:807–10 Postwar prosperity, II:603–4, 810–15, II:813 Potato famine, boycott and, I:114 Potatoes, II:815–16 Idaho and, I:457, 459 in Maine, II:597, 598 Ore-Ida Tater Tots, I:430 Potawatomis, I:99, II:629 Poultry industry, II:1031–32 Poverty, I:402–4, II:816, 953 in Alabama, I:22, 24 current increases in, I:212 in Kansas, I:522 Michael Harrington on, I:421–22 minimum wage laws effect on, II:638 in Mississippi, II:644–45 in New Mexico, II:715 photographs of, II:566 of sharecroppers, II:912 in slums, II:931–32 Social Security and, II:705, 706 socialism and, II:936 standard of living and, II:953 tenements and, II:988–89 urban riots and, I:291 welfare system and, II:1099–1100 in West Virginia, II:1104 Powdered milk, in WW II, II:562 Powderly, Terence Vincent, I:33, 543, II:554, 816–18, II:817, II:849 Power tools Black and Decker, I:96–97 cordless, I:97 productivity and, II:608

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

PowerAde (Beverage), I:185 Powers, Elmer, I:495 PPG. See Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company PPG Industries, II:800 PPOs. See Preferred Provider Organizations PR agencies. See Public relations agencies Praeger, Otto, I:20 Prairie architecture, II:1135, 1137 Prairie schooners, I:220–21 Prairies, II:818 Pratt, Enoch, II:607 Pratt and Whitney Company, I:203 Pratt Free Library, II:607 ‘‘Praying Indian’’ towns, II:693 Pre-Emption Act (1841), I:444 Precedence, state rights and, II:958 Precious metals minting of, II:642 in Rhode Island, II:876 Spanish explorers and, II:717 Preferential purchasing policies, II:833 Preferred Provider Organizations, I:428 Preferred stocks, II:963 Presbytery, for Puritans, II:845 Presidential advisors, I:81–82 Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, II:1124 Presidential elections, Gallup polls for, I:359–60 Press relations, II:570 Pressure groups. See Special interest groups Pressure packaging, II:763 Preston, Thomas, I:110–11 Price controls. See Wage and price controls Price discrimination, in meat industry, II:765 Price earnings ratio, II:819 Price ﬁxing, II:601, 1008, 1025–26 Clayton Antitrust Act on, II:1045 General Electric and, I:364 in meat industry, II:765 Northern Securities Case and, II:736 by Ofﬁce of Price Administration, II:743 oligopolies and, II:751 restrictions on, I:33

Swift & Company v. United States and, II:654 Prices, II:818 air fare, I:19 competition in, I:198, 358 consumer index of, I:209, I:209, I:217–18 Emergency Price Control Act, I:284 equilibrium of, II:975 farmers’ alliances and, I:307, 309 Hepburn Act and, I:432 impact of scarcity on, II:899 manipulation of, I:386–87, I:387 National Recovery Administration and, II:686 vs. opportunity cost, II:755 quantity theory of money and, II:847 regulation of (See Wage and price controls) Richard Nixon, freezing of, II:815 shortages and, II:920 stock (See Stock prices) supply and demand and, I:13 Prime meridian, II:955 Prime Motor Inns Inc., I:449 Prime rate, II:819 Principles of Scientiﬁc Management, II:901, 984 Print advertising, II:1002, 1004 by A & P, II:871 by C.W. Post, II:807–8 development of, I:3–4 by Montgomery Ward, II:662 by Neiman Marcus, II:600 Printing industry, I:3, II:1003 Prisons, I:249–50 Privacy Louis Dembitz Brandeis and, I:115–16 Prohibition and, II:987 Private corporations ADA mandates for, I:42 New York Stock Exchange and, II:721 Private property rights, II:819–20 Private sector, II:820 Privateering. See Piracy (Crime) Privatization in Great Britain, II:561 in Massachusetts, II:610

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Proclamation of 1763, I:100, II:820–21, II:821 Proclamation of Pardon and Amnesty, I:343–44 Proctor, Barbara Gardner, II:825–27 Proctor, Harley, II:822 Proctor, Henry, II:985 Proctor, William Cooper, II:821–22, 823–25, 824 Proctor and Gamble Company, II:821–23 Proctor and Gardner Advertising, II:826 Proctor Communications Network, II:826–27 Proctor Information Network, Inc., II:827 Procuraduria General de la Republica, I:462 Prodigy, I:488, II:905 Produce industry, II:834 Product development, at Proctor and Gamble, II:822–23, 824–25 Production, mass. See Mass production Productivity, II:827, 983–84 in mass production, II:608 National Industrial Recovery Act and, II:686 scientiﬁc management and, II:901 work ethic and, II:1126 Professional Air Trafﬁc Controllers Organization, I:18 Professions partnerships in, II:775 sole proprietorships in, II:936 Proﬁt, II:827–28 Proﬁt sharing J.C. Penney and, II:777–78 as private pension plans, II:783 Proctor and Gamble and, II:822, 824 Programming languages, I:199, 361, II:632–33 Progressive party. See Progressivism Progressive taxation, I:321–22, II:828, 830, 923–24 Progressivism, I:92, 293, II:980 economic liberalism and, I:205, II:580 Florence Kelley and, I:525–26 in Kansas, I:522 in Kentucky, I:534 labor law and, II:1128 Mary Jones and, I:514–16 in Minnesota, II:639, 641 1219

Index

Robert LaFollette and, II:559–60 Sinclair Lewis and, II:578–79 in Vermont, II:1062 welfare system and, II:1098 Prohibition, I:118–19, II:828–30, II:829 black market and, I:100 bootlegging during, II:987 brewing industry during, I:119, II:1120 Brunswick Corporation during, I:122 Busch brewery during, I:131 crime and, II:1030 Eighteenth Amendment and, I:119, 279–80 employment after, II:1030 enforcement of, II:987 Franklin D. Roosevelt on, I:280 Gifford Pinchot and, II:795 Great Depression and, II:1030 Hammer businesses after, I:414 interstate commerce and, II:987 privacy and, II:987 vs. temperance, II:987 Twenty-First Amendment and, II:1030 William Cullen Bryant on, I:124 Prohibition Party, II:829, 830 Project Apollo, II:946 Project Gemini, II:946 Project Head Start, I:291, 403, II:814, 816, 1099 Project Mercury, II:945, 946 The Promise of America, I:225 Property law, I:58, II:819 Property rights Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge and, I:208 personal freedom and, I:207 private, II:819–20 Prophetstown, Indiana, II:985 Proportional taxation, II:830 Proposition 187, I:135 Proposition 209 (California), I:6 Proprietary colonies, I:189–90, 191 Prospect Farms, Inc., II:1031 Prospectuses, II:907 Prosperity from 1921-1928, II:831–33 after WW II, II:812–15, 813, 814 recession after, II:866 1220

Prostitution, muckraking movement and, II:671 Protection of interests military-industrial complex and, II:637–38 vs. nationalism, II:689 Protectionism, II:833–34 quotas in, II:848 in trade, II:1012 Protectorates, II:834 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, II:1126 Protestantism, temperance movement and, II:986–87 Protests, war. See Paciﬁsm Providence, Rhode Island, II:874, 876 Psychiatric hospitals, I:249–50, I:250 Psychology economics and, II:1059–60 of wealth, II:1059–60 Psychotropic drugs, I:459–60 PTO. See Patent and Trademark Ofﬁce (U.S.) Pubco Petroleum, II:790 Public accommodations discrimination in, I:169, 170 segregation of, II:801–2, II:802 WPA and, II:1129 Public Broadcasting System, I:358, 403 Public Citizen, II:948 Public domain, for railroads, II:856 Public employees in Maryland, II:607 political activities of, II:950 spoils system and, II:949–50 strikes by, I:18 Public health, environmentalism and, I:288–89 Public housing. See Lowincome housing Public interest groups. See Special interest groups Public lands. See also Louisiana Purchase Homestead Act and, I:441–43, 444 land ordinances and, II:563–64 Public law 91-607, II:948 Public Law 20 of 1953, II:691 Public libraries, II:835 Public offerings, I:484, II:963 Public property, squatting on, II:1030–31 Public relations agencies, II:570

Public Roads Administration, I:493 Public schools, II:989 Public sector, II:820, 834 Public utilities. See Utilities industry Public utility holding companies, II:907 Public Utility Holding Company Act (1935), II:907 Public works, I:222 Public Works Administration, I:242, II:686, 703 Publisher’s Lunch Club, I:543 Publishers Paper Company, II:1003, 1004 Publishing industry, II:834–36 American, II:980–81 Benjamin Franklin in, I:338–39 Blanche Knopf and, I:543–44 entertainment industry and, I:285 existentialism and, I:544 feminism and, I:544 McClure’s, II:980–81 McGraw-Hill, II:616–18 minorities and, I:544 Moody’s Investor Service, Inc., II:953 New Republic, I:224–25 Standard & Poor’s Corp., II:953 technical (See Technical publishing) Times Mirror Co., II:1002–4 Pueblo Revolt, II:837 Pueblos (Native Americans), II:837, 895, 943–44 Puerto Rico, II:837, 1010 customs duties and, I:227 as protectorate, II:834 Spanish-American War and, II:947 Treaty of Paris and, II:789 Pulitzer, Joseph, II:837–40, II:838 Spanish-American War and, II:947 William Randolph Hearst and, I:429 Pulitzer Prize, creation of, II:840 Pullman, George Mortimer, II:840 Pullman, George W., I:35 Pullman, Illinois, II:841 Pullman Palace Car Company, II:840–41 strike against (See Pullman strike) Pullman strike, I:35, 229, II:554, 773, 840–43, II:842, II:1143

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Punch card systems, I:439–40 Purdue, John, II:843 Purdue University, II:843 Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), I:293, 327, 431, 460, II:788, 843–45 Pure Food and Meat Inspection Acts, I:92 Puritans, II:845 in Connecticut, I:202 in Massachusetts, II:608 Putting-out system, II:845–46, 949 PWA. See Public Works Administration Pyramiding reserves, II:846

Q Quaker Oats Company, I:327, 431 Quakers, slavery and, II:928 Quality control Harley-Davidson, Incorporated, I:419 Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award, I:74 theories of, I:237–38 Total Quality Management, I:238 Quantity theory of money, II:847 Quantum Computer Services Incorporated, I:144 Quarries, in Vermont, II:1062 Quartering Act (1774), I:494 Quebec Act (1774), I:10, 114, 494–95, II:847–48 Quesada, Gonzalo Jiminez de, II:815 Quesnay, Francois, I:168 Quest for the Best, II:601 Quetzalcoatl, I:69 Quincy, Edmund, I:111 Quotas immigration (See Immigration quota system) import, II:848 (See also International Trade) racial, I:6

R R & D. See Research and development Rabushka, Alvin, I:322 Race discrimination, I:169–71, 510–11, 538. See also African Americans; Racism; Slavery

afﬁrmative action and, I:6–7 Black Codes in, I:98 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, I:120–21, I:121 against Chinese Americans, I:163–64 ghettos and, I:372, I:373 Henry Brown Blackwell and, I:101 Ku Klux Klan and, I:400 poll tax and, II:803–4 protection in voting against, I:316 in urban areas, I:399 Racial integration, I:539 in labor unions, II:858–59 in radical unions, II:850, 851 school, I:6–7, 170 urban renewal and, II:1047 Racial violence against Chinese Americans, I:163 during civil rights movement, I:170 KKK and (See Ku Klux Klan) Racism. See also Race discrimination in inner cities, II:1047 KKK and (See Ku Klux Klan) in New Mexico, II:713 during Reconstruction, II:867 in South Carolina, II:939 in Tennessee, II:989–90 in urban areas, II:971 Racketeer Inﬂuenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. See RICO Radar, by General Electric, I:364 Radial arm saws, I:97 Radial tires, II:1043 Radiation from nuclear power plants, II:740–41 ultraviolet, II:763 Radical unions, II:849–52, II:850 Radicalism Robert LaFollette and, II:559–60 working class, II:554–55 Radio, II:852–53 in entertainment industry, I:285, 286 expanded use of, I:261 Franklin D. Roosevelt on, II:883 in homes, II:852 RCA and, II:861

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Rural Electriﬁcation Administration and, II:888 by Sony, II:937 transistors in, II:665 transmission, I:364 Zenith Electronics and, II:1145 Radio Act (1912), II:852, 853 Radio Act (1927), II:852, 853 Radio advertising, I:4, II:567 Radio broadcasting Charles Coughlin in, I:218–20 growth in 1920’s, II:831, 832 vaudeville and, II:1059 Zenith in, II:1145 Radio Corporation of America, I:364, II:860 General Electric and, I:364 NBC and, II:681, 683 Radio operators, II:853 Radio programs advertising on, II:675 motion pictures and, II:670–71 by NBC, II:681, 683 Nielsen Ratings for, II:723–24 vaudeville and, II:670 Radio Shack Computers, II:786 Radio transmitters, II:852 Radiograms, II:852, 853 Radiotelegraph. See Telegraph Radosh, Ronald, II:706 Rag money, II:853 Rags, paper, II:774 Rail Passenger Act, I:492 Railroad apprentice schools, II:721 Railroad companies. See also Railroads; speciﬁc railroad companies labor unions in, I:35, 120–21, I:121, I:229, II:558, 859 strikes of, II:554 Railroad gauges, II:854 Railroad industry. See Railroads Railroad pensions, II:783 Railroad Retirement Board, II:783 Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act (1976), I:492 Railroad War Board, II:856 Railroads, II:854, II:854–56. See also names of speciﬁc railroad lines from 1897-1920, I:294 Ames brothers and, I:43–45 in Arkansas, I:55 bankruptcy in, I:311 Civil War and, I:174, 178 1221

Index

in Connecticut, I:202 consolidation of, II:1015 Cornelius Vanderbilt and, II:1058 cow towns and, I:221–22 Daniel Guggenheim and, I:409, 410 in Delaware, I:233, 235 development of, I:268 dining car service, II:841 economic importance of, I:391 effect of trucking on, I:75 farmers’ alliances and, I:307 farming and, I:15, 107, 497 federal administration of, I:310–11 in Florida, I:324, 325 Granger laws regulating, II:673, 685 during Great Depression, I:394 Hepburn Act and, I:432–33 in Illinois, I:462, 465 impact of interstate highway system on, II:812 in Indiana, I:475 during the Industrial Revolution, I:479 industrialization and, I:481 interstate commerce and, I:490–92, II:1069 in Iowa, I:497 iron for, II:960 in Isthmus of Panama, II:766 James Jerome Hill and, I:434–35, I:435 John Stevens and, II:962–63 in Kansas, I:520–21, 521 in Kentucky, I:533 land grants to (See Land grants, for railroads) in Louisiana, II:585 luxury, II:840–41 in Maryland, II:605 in Michigan, II:631 in Minnesota, II:639, 641 in Missouri, II:646, 648 monopolies in, II:736, 855, 956 (See also speciﬁc railroad monopolies) in Montana, II:660–61 Morgan-Hill Harriman railroad holding company, II:654 national, II:1025 in Nebraska, II:697 in New Hampshire, II:707, 709 in New Jersey, II:710 1222

in New Mexico, II:713 in New York, II:718 in North Carolina, II:731 in North Dakota, II:733, 734 in North vs. South, II:1083 Northern Securities Company (See Northern Securities Co. v. U.S. (1904)) in Ohio, II:745 in Old Northwest, II:750 in Oregon, II:757 after Panic of 1873, II:773 in Pennsylvania, II:779–80 Railway Labor Act and, II:687 rates on, II:1015–16 Reconstruction Finance Corp. and, II:868 regulation of, II:1015–16 Richard King and, I:541 robber barons and, II:880 Saint Lawrence Seaway and, II:891 segregation in, II:801–2 sleeping cars on, I:139, II:840–41 in South Carolina, II:939 standard time and, II:955 steam-powered, II:962–63 strike of 1877 in, I:400–401, I:401 technological development in, II:1106–7 in Texas, II:994, 995 Thomas Durant and, I:262–63 transcontinental (See Transcontinental railroad) urbanization and, II:1048 in Vermont, II:1060, 1062 in Virginia, II:1067 in Washington state, II:856, 1091–92 in West Virginia, II:1102, 1104 in Wisconsin, II:1118 yellow dog contracts in, II:1143 Railway Labor Act (1926), I:121, II:687 Railway lines. See Railroads Railway Rate Regulation, I:432 Rain forests, II:758 Rainbow (Ship), I:182 Raleigh, Sir Walter, II:730 Ralston Purina, I:259, II:648 Ranches in Black Hills, II:942 on open range, II:754–55 on prairies, II:818

sheep (See Sheep ranches) in Texas, II:993–95 Ranchos, I:133 Rand, Ayn, I:405, II:857–58, II:858 Randolph, Asa Philip, I:121, II:858–60 Randolph, John, I:205, II:785 Rankin, Jeannette, II:915 RAP. See Regulatory Accounting Principles Rapid City Canyon Lake Dam, II:943 Rapid Creek, II:943 Rapp, George, II:1055 Rappites, II:1055 Rascob, John Jacob, I:205 Rationing, II:743, 860 by OPA, II:1069 during WW II, I:441 Rauschenbusch, Walter, II:934, 1001 Rawdon’s Volunteers, I:38 Rayon, II:1000 Raytheon, I:103, II:638 Razors, I:375–76 RCA. See Radio Corporation of America RCA-Victor Company, II:860–62, II:861 REA. See Rural Electriﬁcation Administration Reagan, Nancy, I:461 Reagan, Ronald, II:862, II:862–63 air trafﬁc controllers’ strike and, I:18, 19 cabinet of, I:74 California and, I:135 Cold War and, I:188 conservatism of, I:205 deregulation by, I:210 elimination of shipbuilding subsidies and, II:919 ﬁscal policy of, I:13 foreign trade policy of, I:342 FTC under, II:1026 on Great Society, I:404 illegal drugs and, I:461 on Keynesian economics, I:536 on laissez-faire economics, II:561 national debt and, II:685 OPEC Oil Embargo and, II:752 on railroad industry, II:1037 Strategic Defense Initiative and, I:233 supply-side economics and, II:976

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

on urban renewal, II:1047 Reaganomics, I:211–12, II:863–65 Real estate development, II:1022–25 Real estate industry in Minnesota, II:641 in Nebraska, II:697 Real estate investments, II:897 Real property, vs. personal property, II:819 Real wages, II:865 Reals (Coins), II:791 Reapers, II:613–16, II:615, II:818 Rebates, II:865–66 Rebellion of 1877, II:554 Recessions, II:866. See also Economic depression in business cycles, I:131, I:132 of early 1980s Alabama in, I:24 effect on Idaho, I:459 effect on Illinois, I:464 effect on Indiana, I:477 effect on West Virginia, II:1104 of early 1990s advertising in, I:5 Massachusetts in, II:610 New Hampshire in, II:707 Ohio in, II:746 effect on workers, II:1127 of late 1970s in Washington state, II:1092 of mid-1980s Colorado in, I:193–94 monetary theory and, II:652 of 1960s, II:815 of 1970s Alabama in, I:24 Sears, Roebuck and Company in, II:904–5 of 1980s effect on Iowa, I:498 effect on Kansas, I:522 Michigan in, II:631 New York in, II:719 Reaganomics and, II:864 in Virginia, II:1067 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934), I:341, 501, II:983 Reclamation Act (1902), I:499 Reconstruction, II:801, 866–68 agricultural economy in, I:179 Alabama during, I:22 carpetbaggers during, I:140

Florida after, I:324 Jim Crow laws in (See Jim Crow laws) Kentucky during, I:533 Mississippi during, II:644 poll tax during, II:803 scalawags in, II:867, 899 secession and, I:314 sectionalism during, II:907 South Carolina during, II:939 state rights and, II:958 tenant farming during, II:988 Tennessee during, II:989 Texas during, II:994 Virginia during, II:1067 Reconstruction Finance Corporation, I:241, II:867, 1084 Recreation, in Maine, II:597 Recycling, II:775, 868–69 Red Coach Grills, I:448 Red Cross Ambulance Corps, I:247 Red scare, I:546. See also Anticommunist movements American Plan and, I:34 labor during, II:555 Redstone, Sumner, II:683 Reed, Thomas Brackett, I:245 Reed, Walter, II:767 Reed Elsevier, II:1004 Reference books, publishing of, II:617 Reﬁneries. See Petroleum reﬁneries Reforestation, II:1110. See also Forest conservation in New Deal, II:704 in Oregon, II:758 Reforms. See speciﬁc type of reform, e.g., Political reform Refrigerants, II:763 Refrigerators expanded use of, I:261 in food industry, I:326 by General Electric, I:364 Refunds, rebates as, II:865 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1977), I:6 Regressive taxes, II:869 Regulator movement, I:72 Regulatory accounting principles, II:897, 898 Rehabilitation Act (1973), I:42 Reinforced concrete, II:869–70 Relays, photoelectric, I:364 Reliance Building, I:128 Religion

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

in market revolution, II:603 missions (See Missions) Religious conﬂict, in Maryland, II:605 Religious discrimination federal legislation prohibiting, I:246 great migration and, I:398–99 Religious institutions, I:255 Remington and Colt’s Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing, I:420 Remington Rand, I:485 Renewable resources, lumber as, II:592 Reno, Milo, I:309, 394 Reno, Nevada, II:702 Rentschler, Fred, I:103 Renwick, James, II:720 Reo Company, I:67 Reparations, from Germany, I:362, II:1130 Repayment, for lend-lease aid, II:571 Report on a National Bank, I:413, II:870 Report on Manufactures, I:413, II:870 Report on the Public Credit, I:413, 474, II:870 Representative government, I:507 Reproduction, scientiﬁc. See Scientiﬁc reproduction Republic of Korea, I:544–45. See also Korean War Republic of Korea Army, I:545 Republic of Panama, II:767 Republican Party formation of, I:156, 178, 521 on tariffs, II:983 War of 1812 and, II:1087 Requerimiento, II:692 Rerum novarum, I:219 Research and development, II:870–71 Research laboratories, II:712 Research Triangle Park, II:731–32 Reservation systems, airline, I:19 Reserve Mining Company, II:641 Reservoirs, TVA and, II:992 Resettlement Administration, II:703 Resolution Funding Corporation, II:897 Resolution Trust Corporation, II:897 Resource allocation, I:32–33 Restaurants fast food (See Fast food restaurants) 1223

Index

Howard Johnson’s, I:448–49 Restructuring, corporate. See Corporate restructuring Retail industry, II:871–72. See also Department stores computer chain stores, I:411–12 in New York, II:720 in Washington state, II:1092 Retail stores. See also Department stores drugstores, II:788 grocery, I:549–50, II:1071, 1077 variety, I:547 Retirement. See also Social Security Act (1935) policy for, I:392–94, I:393 saving for, II:895–96 Sun Belt and, II:975 Retirement income, II:782–83 Return on investment, II:964 Reuniﬁcation, of Vietnam, II:1064–65 Reuther, Walter, I:34, II:557, 1038 Revaluation, I:50 Revels, Hiram Rhoades, I:98 Revenue, II:872–73 for the Civil War, I:230 federal debts and, I:310 Revenue Act (1764). See Sugar Act (1764) Revenue Act (1862), I:321 Revere, Paul, I:111, II:873–74, II:874 Reverse discrimination, I:6, 7 Revolutionary War, American. See American Revolution Revolvers, I:194–96, I:195. See also Firearms Rexall Corporation, II:1029 Reynolds, John, I:99 Reynolds, Patrick, II:732 Reynolds, R.J., I:41, 257, II:731 Reynolds Tobacco, II:731, 732 Reyumer & Brothers, I:431 RFC. See Reconstruction Finance Corporation; Resolution Funding Corporation RFC Liquidation Act, II:868 RGM. See Rubber Goods Manufacturing Rhee, Syngman, I:544 Rhode Island, II:874–76, II:875 establishment of colony, I:190 Puritans in, II:845 Samuel Slater in, II:892–94 1224

spinning mills in, II:949 Stamp Act and, II:952 system of labor in, II:874, 876–77, 925 Ribbon method, of making plate glass, II:799 Ricardo, David, I:198, II:877–78 Rice, II:878 Rice industry in Georgia, I:367 growth of, I:267 in Louisiana, II:585 slavery and, II:1078 in South, I:179 in South Carolina, II:939–40 Richardson, Ebenezer, I:111 Richmond, Virginia, II:967 Rickey, Branch, I:83 RICO (1970), II:849 Riﬂes, I:195. See also Firearms Right-sizing, I:216 Right to privacy, I:115–16 Right-to-work laws, II:878–79 Rights of the Colonies Asserted and Proved, II:974 Riis, Jacob, II:932 Riley, John, I:111 Rio Rancho, II:715 Riots 1965-1967, I:291 in civil rights movement, I:171 in New Jersey, II:712 during Reconstruction, II:867 Watts, I:373 Ripple effect, in economics, II:879 Risks of speculation, II:948–49 in stock market, II:964 Ritchie, Albert C., II:607 Rittenhouse, David, II:642 Rittenhouse, William, II:774 Ritz Crackers, II:675 Rivera, Geraldo, II:683 Riverboats, on Mississippi River, II:646 Rivers. See also names of speciﬁc rivers protection of, II:1115–16 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, II:676, 1006, 1007 R.J.R. Nabisco, II:676, 732 RLA. See Railway Labor Act (1926) Roads. See also Highways; Turnpikes Alaska Highway, I:27, 28

Columbia River Highway, II:757 government building of, I:223 National Road (See National Road (U.S. Route 40)) Native-American, II:944 Nickel Plate, II:720 toll (See Turnpikes) Wilderness, I:226, II:1116 Robber barons, I:478, II:879–80, 1074 Andrew Carnegie as, I:478, 481, 528, II:879, 960, 1074 Cornelius Vanderbilt as, II:880, 1074 James Jerome Hill as, I:478, 481, 528, II:639, 641, 879 Jay Gould as, I:254, 386–87, I:387, I:478, 481, II:880, 1074 John D. Rockefeller as, I:478, 481, 528, II:1074 John Paul Getty as, I:371–272 J.P. Morgan as, I:478, 481, II:641, 879, 1074 Robberies, bank and train, II:796 Robert, Nicholas Louis, II:774 Roberts, Kohlberg Kravis, II:676 Robinson, Frank M., I:185 Robinson, Jackie, I:82, I:83, 369 Robinson, Nathaniel, II:1112 Robinson-Patman Act (1936), I:154, 182, II:655, 656, 1026 Roche, James, II:676–77 Rock music, on radio, II:853 Rockefeller, John D., II:880–81, II:881, II:1009 entrepreneurship and, I:288 Exxon Corporation and, I:300–301 founding Standard Oil Company, I:175, II:718–19, 745, 786 Ida Tarbell and, II:979–80 industrial development and, II:653–54 monopolies and, I:198, II:916 as robber baron, I:478, 481, 528, II:1074 Standard Oil Co. and, II:953–54, 1009 Rockefeller, William, I:39 Rockefeller, Winthrop, I:56 Rockwell, Norman, II:884 Rockwell International, I:103 Rocky Mountain Fur Company, II:659

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Roebling, John Augustus, I:120, II:881–82 Roebling, Washington, I:120, II:882 Roebuck, Alvah C., II:595, 901–2, 903 Rogaine, II:1046 Rogers, Ginger, II:1059 Rogers, Henry H., I:39, II:1094 Rogers, Will, II:1059 ROK. See Republic of Korea Rolfe, John, II:910, 1006 Roller-skating equipment, I:122 Ronald McDonald Houses, I:548, 549 Rookery Building, I:128 Roosevelt, Eleanor, I:91, II:565 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, II:882–84, II:883. See also National Recovery Administration; New Deal; World War II on 20th century liberalism, II:581 Arsenal of Democracy and, I:57 Bernard M. Baruch and, I:81 Charles Coughlin and, I:219 child labor and, I:162 on civil service reform, I:172 Council of National Defense and, I:220 economic recovery and, II:637 Frances Perkins and, II:784, 1017 George Washington Carver and, I:143 Good Neighbor Policy and, II:657 as governor of New York, II:719 Harry Hopkins and, I:446 Harry S. Truman and, II:1021 Henry Kaiser and, I:519 highway construction and, I:492 Huey Long and, II:583–84, 586 international relations and, I:501–2 Japanese-American internment by, I:441 John Kenneth Galbraith and, I:358 John Keynes and, I:535 on labor unions, II:558–59, 878–79 minimum wage and, II:638 New Deal programs of (See New Deal) Northern Securities Company and, II:641

Ofﬁce of Emergency Management and, II:743 postwar boom and, II:810 poverty and, II:816 pro-labor stance of, II:556 prohibition and, I:280, II:830 on radio, II:852, 853 RCA and, II:860 Saint Lawrence Seaway and, II:891 Second New Deal and, II:906 on social security, II:1098 socialism and, II:1002 Special Committee on Social Security and, II:934 trust-busting by, II:1026 on War Labor Disputes Act, II:1086 WW II and, II:1131–32 Roosevelt, Jack, I:369 Roosevelt, Nicholas I., II:962 Roosevelt, Theodore Albert Beveridge and, I:91 antitrust legislation and, I:182, II:654, 735 big stick diplomacy of, I:95–96 Booker T. Washington and, II:1094 dollar diplomacy and, I:250 Frank Kellogg and, I:528–29 Gifford Pinchot and, II:795 Henry Wallace and, II:1075, 1076 Herbert Croly and, I:225 imperialism and, I:468 international relations and, I:500 The Jungle and, II:844 The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, I:95–96 Marcus Alonzo Hanna and, I:417 McKinley assassination and, I:425 on muckraking, II:671, 980 Northern Securities Company and, I:435 Post Cereals and, II:808 Progressive Era and, I:293 railroads and, II:855 Robert LaFollette and, II:560 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, II:657 Rough Riders and, I:513 vs. Standard Oil Company, II:881 strengthening of the ICC, I:491

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

trust-busting by, II:553–54, 1025, II:1026 Upton Sinclair and, II:921 William Howard Taft and, II:977–78 vs. Woodrow Wilson, II:1117 Roosevelt Corollary, to Monroe Doctrine, I:468, II:657 Root beer, I:437–38 Root Glass Company, I:185 Root-Takahira Agreement, II:754 Roper, Sylvester H., I:67 Rosales, Arturo, II:626 Rosenwald, Julius Booker T. Washington and, II:1094 Sears, Roebuck and Company and, II:902, 903, 904 Rosie the Riveter, II:884–85 Ross, Donald, I:428 Ross, Ronald, II:767 Ross-Loos Plan, I:428 Rothstein, Jesse, II:728 Rouse, James, II:607 Rowell, George, I:4 Rowland, F. Sherwood, II:763 Roxbury India Rubber Company, I:384 Royal, John, II:859 Royal colonies, I:190, 191 Royal Dutch/Shell, I:301 Royal Geographic Society of London, I:344 Royal Greens, I:38 RTC. See Resolution Trust Corporation Rubber. See also Rubber industry rationing of, II:860 synthetic (See Synthetic rubbers) technology advancements in, I:93 Rubber footwear L. L. Bean and, I:83–84 U.S. Rubber Company and, II:1042–43 Rubber Goods Manufacturing, II:1042 Rubber industry, II:1004–5 in 1920s, II:831 B.F. Goodrich in, I:92–93 Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company and, I:122 Charles Goodyear and, I:384, I:384–85 Firestone and, I:317 1225

Index

in Ohio, II:647–48 oligopolies and, II:751 Rubbermaid in, II:885–86 sit-down strikes in, II:923 U.S. Rubber Company, II:1042, II:1042–43 Rubber sponges, I:93 Rubbermaid Incorporated, II:885–86 Rubin, Louis D. Jr., II:1067 Rudkin, Margaret Fogarty, II:886–88 Rufﬁn, Edmund, II:1066 Rum (Liquor), II:973, 1017–18 Runaway slaves. See Fugitive slaves Ruppert, Jacob, II:721 Rural areas farming and, I:389–90 Great Depression and, I:394 in Vermont, II:1060, 1062 Rural electriﬁcation, II:991–93 Rural Electriﬁcation Act (1935), I:24 Rural Electriﬁcation Administration, II:703, 888 Rural Free Delivery, Sears catalogs and, II:903 Rural life in Alabama, I:24 in Arkansas, I:55 electricity in, II:888 mail-order catalogs and, II:595 Sears catalogs and, II:903 Rural-urban migration, II:602–3, 813, 831, 971–72, 1046, 1048. See also Internal migration Rush, Benjamin, II:828 Rush-Bagot Treaty, II:659 Russell, Jane, I:451 Russell, W.H., I:521, II:804 Russert, Tim, II:683 Russia. See also Soviet Union Alaska and, I:25, 28 Cold War and (See Cold War) command economy in, I:197 in Oregon Country, II:758, 759 socialism and, II:935–36 in space race, II:945–46 steel dumping by, II:961 whaling in, II:1113 WW II invasion of, II:1131–32 Russian American Company, I:25 Russian Mennonites, II:818 Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905, I:544 ‘‘Rust belt,’’ I:211, II:888–89 Ruth, George Herman ‘‘Babe,’’ II:722 1226

R.W. Sears Watch Company, II:902, 903 Ryan, Claude, I:21, II:1040

S S & P. See Standard and Poor’s Corporation S & P 500 Corporate Stock Index, II:953 Saatchi & Saatchi, I:5 Sac Indians. See Sauks Sacagawea, II:659 Saco Defense, I:196 Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), II:1053 Safety air, I:19 industrial (See Industrial safety) Safety caps, Gerber, I:370–71, I:371 Safeway, II:624, 625 Sage, Russell, II:719 St. Johnsbury, Vermont, II:1062 St. Lawrence River, II:738, 891 St. Lawrence Seaway, II:891–92 Michigan economic development and, II:631 Ohio and, II:746 St. Louis, Missouri, II:648 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, II:838–39 St. Lucie Two nuclear facility, II:741 St. Mary’s River, II:938 St. Paul, Minnesota, II:641 St. Paul and Paciﬁc Railroad, I:435 St. Paul and Paciﬁc Railway Company, I:435 St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway Company, I:435 St. Petersburg, Florida, air travel to, I:20 Saks Fifth Avenue, II:568 Salaries. See Wages and salaries Sales, measurement of, II:723 Salespeople, value of, II:600–601 Salmon ﬁshing, I:319, II:757 SALT. See Strategic Arms Limitation treaties Salt, Dingley tariff on, I:245 Salt Lake City, Utah, II:1049 Salt Water Sportsman, II:1003 Sampson, Flem, I:533 Sam’s Clubs, II:1071, 1077 Samuel Slater and Company, II:893–94, 949

San Francisco, California, II:966, 967 San Francisco and San Jose Railroad, II:956 San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridges, I:85 San Francisco earthquake, I:135 San Giorgio Macaroni, I:434 San Juan Bautista (Portuguese ship), I:8 San Juan Hill, Battle of, II:837 San Lorenzo, Treaty of. See Pinckney Treaty San Salvador, II:1009 Sandalwood, I:423 Sandburg, Carl, II:570 Sanders, Thomas, I:86 Sandia National Laboratories, II:713, 715 Sandoz, Ltd, I:370 Sandwich, Earl of (John Montagu), I:422 Sandwich Islands, I:422 Sanitas Food Company, I:526, 530 Sanka Coffee Corporation, II:809 Sankyo Company, I:259 Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, I:357, II:996 Santa Clara County v. Southern Paciﬁc Railroad Company (1886), II:894 Santa Fe, New Mexico, II:894–95 Santa Fe Railroad, II:856, 1109 Santa Fe Trail, II:895 in Missouri, II:646 in New Mexico, II:713 Santa Gertrudis (Cattle), I:541 Santo Domingo, II:973 Saratoga, New York, battle at, I:37 Sarnoff, David, II:681, 861 Sartre, Jean-Paul, I:544 Satellite communications, II:1105 Satellite television programming, II:683 Satellites American, II:945 Russian, II:945 Saturday Evening Post, I:97 Saturn, General Motors, I:419 Saudi Arabia, II:999 Sauks, I:99–100 Sault Locks. See Soo Locks Saving bonds Civil War, I:215 Liberty, II:581–82 Savings, II:895–96, II:896

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Savings and loan associations, II:896. See also Banking industry vs. credit unions, I:224 failures of, II:896–99 during Reaganomics, II:864 Sawmill and Timber Workers, II:757 Sawmills. See also Lumber industry in colonial America, II:591–92 in Minnesota, II:641 Saws Black and Decker, I:97 for tree cutting, II:592–93 Say, Jean Baptiste, II:976 S.C. Johnson and Son Company, II:1136–37 Scalawags, during Reconstruction, II:867 Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industiral Capitalism, I:155 Scams, food, I:84 Scarcity, II:899 Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States (1935), I:242, II:686 Scheduling, standard time and, II:955 Schlaet, Arnold, II:997 Schlesinger, Arthur M, II:706 Schlitz Brewing Company, I:46, II:1120 Schneiderman, Rose, II:1126 School integration, I:6–7, 170, 511, II:989 Schools. See also Universities and colleges for African Americans, I:89–91 for the blind, I:449–50 Dorothy Dix and, I:249–50, I:250 public, II:989 railroad apprentice, II:721 Schumpeter, Joseph, I:276, II:899–901 Schurz, Carl, II:838 Schuster, M. Lincoln, II:835 Schuyler, David, II:1048 Schwab, Charles, II:960, 1044 Schwerner, Michael, I:170 Science, I:87 Scientiﬁc management, II:901 Scientiﬁc reproduction, II:1056 Scientists, military-industrial complex and, II:638 SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership Conference Scopes, John, I:124 Scopes trial, I:124

Scotch whiskey. See Whiskey Scotland, potatoes in, II:816 Scott, Dred, I:208, 253–54, II:649 Scott, F.A., II:1085 Scott, Robert E., II:728 Scott, Tom, II:1043 Scott, Winﬁeld, I:99, 100 Scott Paper Company, I:537 Scranton, William W., II:780 SCS. See Soil Conservation Service Scudder, John, I:79 SDI. See Strategic Defense Initiative Sea otters, hunting of, I:25, 133 Sea Witch (Ship), I:182 Seabrook Station nuclear power plant, II:739 Seafood industry. See Fish industry Seaports. See Harbors Search and seizure in colonial America, II:1011 Embargo Act and, I:284 Sears, Richard W., II:595, 901–3 Sears, Roebuck and Company, II:595, 662, 902–3, 903–5 advertising by, I:5 as catalog retail store, II:871 Sears Hardware, II:905 Sears HomeLife, II:905 Seasonal unemployment, II:906 Seasonal workers. See Migrant labor Seatbelts, laws for, I:67 Seattle, Washington, II:1092 SEC. See Securities and Exchange Commission Secession, I:176, I:314, II:981. See also Civil War John Calhoun on, II:981 Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and, I:523 by South Carolina, II:939 state rights and, II:957–58 tariffs and, II:983 of Virginia, II:1067 Second Bank of the United States, I:76–77, 152, 274, II:602 Andrew Jackson and, I:504, II:770 charter of, I:152, II:771–72 money supply and, II:653 Nicholas Biddle and, I:94–95, 152 Panic of 1819 and, II:768–69 Panic of 1907 and, II:771–72 panics of late 19th century and, II:772 in Philadelphia, II:779

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

rivals of, II:779 taxation of, II:957 on wildcat banks, II:1116 Second Continental Congress, I:213 American Revolution and, I:11, 38 Articles of Confederation by, I:314 George Washington and, I:36 sovereignty and, II:944 Second Great Awakening, II:603 Second Navigation Act. See Navigation Acts Second New Deal, II:704, 705, 906. See also New Deal Second Report on Public Credit, II:1079 Secret Committees on Trade and Commerce, II:666 Secretariat, of UN, II:1040 Secretary General, of NATO, II:729–30 Sectionalism, II:906–7. See also North and South Sector equity funds, II:674 Secure Courier encryption, II:699 Secure Transaction Technology, II:699 Securities Glass-Steagall Banking Act and, I:377 government, II:681 Jayson Gould and, I:386–87, I:387 statistics on corporate, II:953 Securities Act (1933), II:907 Securities Act Amendments (1964), II:907 Securities and Exchange Commission, I:242, II:907 creation of, II:704, 964, 1074 junk bonds and, I:517 public offerings and, I:484 Securities Exchange Act (1934), I:275, II:907, 1074 Security Council, of UN, II:1040 Seed crops, support loans to, I:388 Sega Dreamcast, II:938 Segregation, I:510–11. See also Racial integration Black Codes in, I:98 laws against, I:539 Plessy v. Ferguson and, II:801–2, II:802 of public schools, I:170, 511, II:989 in the South, I:403 1227

Index

in Virginia, II:1067 Seider, Charles, I:111 Seidman, L. William, II:897 SEL. See Sony Electronics, Inc. Selective Service Act (1917), II:856, II:908, II:908–9, 1086 Selective Service Act (1940), II:908 Self-government. See Representative government Semiconductor chips from Intel Corporation, I:31–32 manufacturing of, II:715 in PCs, II:786 Seminole War, I:324 Seminoles, I:320, II:749, 1013–14 Senate Foreign Relations Committee, I:461 Seneca Falls Convention, II:1124 ‘‘Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments,’’ II:1124 Senecas, I:499 Senior citizens, I:392–94, I:393 Separate but equal doctrine, I:510–11, II:801 Separate Car Act (Louisiana), II:802 Septic tanks, II:1053 Sequoia, II:1013 Serra, Junipero, I:133 Serranos, I:306 Service industries 1970-1997, II:820 in California, I:136 in Cleveland, Ohio, II:889 in Colorado, I:194 in Detroit, Michigan, II:889 in Georgia, I:367 in Hawaii, I:424 in Louisiana, II:586 in Massachusetts, II:610 in Minnesota, II:641 in Missouri, II:648 in New Jersey, II:712 in North Carolina, II:730–32 in Ohio, II:746 in Oregon, II:758 in Pennsylvania, II:780 in Pittsburgh, II:889 World Trade Oganization and, I:363 Service stations (Motor vehicles) impact of interstate highway system on, II:812 origins of, II:998 Serviceman’s Readjustment Act (1944). See GI Bill 1228

Settlement houses, I:2–3 Seven Years’ War. See French and Indian War Seventh Day German Baptist Church, II:1055 Sewage treatment, II:1053 Seward, William H., I:25, 28–29 Sewer systems, II:1053 Sewing machines, II:712, 921–22 Sex discrimination afﬁrmative action for, I:6–7 in employment, I:303–4, II:1122–23, 1125 federal legislation prohibiting, I:246 Henry Brown Blackwell and, I:101–2 women’s movement and, II:1124–25 Shakers, II:1055 Shale oil, I:98 Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, II:1102 Shanghai Opium Convention of 1909, II:788 Share, for e-mail document sharing, II:699 ‘‘Share the Wealth,’’ II:583–84 Sharecropping, II:912, II:912–13. See also Tenant farming market revolution and, II:602 in Mississippi, II:644 in North Carolina, II:730 during Reconstruction, II:801 in South, II:988 in South Carolina, II:940 Sharpe Lake, II:943 Shattuck, Frank C., I:536 Shattuck, Job, II:914 Shawnees, II:984–85 battles with, II:1114 Daniel Boone and, I:108 in French and Indian War, I:346 in Ohio, II:745 in West Virginia, II:1102 Shays, Daniel, I:12, 58, II:913–14, 951 Shays’ Rebellion, I:12, II:609, II:913, II:913–14 Articles of Confederation and, I:58, 207 Springﬁeld Armory and, II:951 Sheep ranches, II:914–15 in Oregon, II:757 in Washington state, II:1091 Shell Oil Company, II:787

Shells (Weapons), I:97, 366 Shenandoah valley, I:49 Shepard, Alan, I:93, II:945 Shepard, William, II:914 Shepard’s Citations, Inc., II:617, 1004 Sheppard, Morris, II:829, 915 Sheppard-Towner Act (1921), II:915 Sherman, General William Tecumseh, II:917–18 Sherman, John, I:417, II:681, 916 Sherman, William T., I:369 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), I:217, II:915–16, 1025, 1045. See also Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) American Tobacco Company and, I:257, II:1008–9 Frank Kellogg and, I:528 during the industrial revolution, I:479, 481 interstate commerce and, I:491 J.P. Morgan and, II:553 monopolies and, II:654, 656, 735 Northern Securities Company and, I:435 Pullman strike and, II:842 robber barons and, II:880 Southern Paciﬁc and Union Railroads and, II:894 Standard Oil Company and, II:881, 954 telephone communications exemption from, I:64 Theodore Roosevelt and, I:293 tobacco trusts and, I:41 against unions, I:427, II:727, 735, 1128 violation of, I:485 Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890), I:39, 340, 378, 381, II:773, 916–17 Sherman’s March, I:369, II:917–18 Shewhart, Walter, I:237 Shifting cultivation, II:611 Shillings, II:791 Shiloh, Battle of, II:917 Shipbuilding industry, II:918–20 in Connecticut, I:202 in Delaware, I:233 in Georgia, I:369 Henry Kaiser and, I:519 impact of Navigation Acts on, II:695 in Maine, II:597 in Maryland, II:605, 607 during Napoleonic Wars, II:677

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

naval stores for, II:693–94 in New Jersey, II:712 in Oregon, II:757, 758 in Pennsylvania, II:779 in Texas, II:995 in Washington state, II:1092 Shipping Act (1916), II:919 Shipping Board, I:294 Shipping Board of Directors, II:919 Shipping industry air vs. railroads, II:855 after Civil War, I:174 Gerber and, I:370 interstate commerce and, I:491 keelboats for, I:524 in Louisiana, II:586 mercantile, I:176 in New Orleans, II:716 in Rhode Island, II:874 Soo Locks in, II:938–39 Ships Benjamin Franklin and, I:339 clipper, I:182–83 electrically propelled, I:364 liberty, II:582 Shipyards in Delaware, I:233, 235 HMOs in, I:428 Shirley, Jon, II:633 Shoe and footwear industry, I:83–84, II:607, 610, 1042–43 Shoes, rationing of, II:860 Shopping malls, I:408, II:871 Shoreham nuclear facility, II:741 Short-haul rates, ICC regulation of, II:599 A Short Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, II:980 Short selling, II:965–66 Shortages, II:920 Shorthorn cattle, I:149 Shoshones, II:738 Shovel manufacturing, I:43, 44 Showboats, II:959 Shredded Wheat Company, II:675 Shrimp, in ﬁshing industry, I:319 Sick leave. See also Employee beneﬁts for families, I:305–6 Samuel Gompers for, I:383 Sideshows, P.T. Barnum and, I:79–80 Siemens-Martin open-hearth method, II:960 Sierra Club, II:948

Sieur de la Salle. See Cavelier, Robert, Sieur de la Salle Signaling, for railroads, II:1107 Sikorsky, I:103 Silberstein, Leopold D., I:195 Silcox, Ferdinand, I:266 Silent motion pictures, II:670, II:671, II:1089 Silicon chips, II:995 Silicon Graphics, Inc., II:698 Silk manufacturing, II:710, 712 Silver Brownie razors, I:375 Silver coins, II:916–17, 948 in Colorado, I:193 free (See Free silver) Gold Resumption Act and, I:378 gold standard and, I:226, 380–82 Greenback Party and, I:404–5 in monetary systems, I:102, 123, 245, 340 William Jennings Bryan on, I:380–82 Silver dollars, II:642 Silver mining in Arizona, I:51 ASARCO and, I:39, 40, 409–10 in California, I:43 in Colorado, I:192, 194 Comstock Lode, I:200 in Idaho, I:457, 459 in Montana, II:660, 661 in Nevada, II:700, 701 in New Mexico, II:713 in New Spain, II:717 shovels for, I:43, 44 in Utah, II:1051 Silver Party, II:701 Silver reﬁning, I:39, 40 Silver standard for currency, II:642 money supply and, II:653 Simon, Richard, II:835 Simon and Schuster, II:835 Simpson College, I:142 Sinatra, Frank, I:42 Sinclair, Upton, I:92, 135, II:920–21, 1003 on Ivy Lee, II:570 muckraking movement and, II:671–72 social reform novels and, II:844–45 Singapore, inexpensive labor in, I:229, 375–76

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Singer, Isaac, II:712, 921–23, II:922 Singer Sewing Machines, II:921–22 Single-family housing, II:573–74, II:574 Sioux. See Dakotas (Native Americans) Sioux Falls Air Force Training Base, II:943 Sioux War of 1876, II:942 Sit-down strikes, II:923 against General Motors, II:931 power of, II:556 by UAW, II:1038 Sit-ins (Civil rights), I:170–71, I:171, I:202. See also Civil rights movements Sitka, Alaska, I:28 Sitting Bull, II:696 Sixteenth Amendment, II:923–24 robber barons and, II:880 taxation and, II:804 Skelton, Owen, I:167 Ski, II:1003 Ski resorts, I:194 Skiing, II:1003 Skilled labor in Knights of Labor, I:426 wages and, II:1070 Skippy Peanut Butter, I:430 Skyscrapers, II:870, 974–75. See also High-rise buildings Slater, Hannah Wilkinson, II:893, 925 Slater, Samuel, I:160, 268, 537, II:874, 876–77, 924–25 ﬁrst factory of, II:892–94 mechanization and, II:1080 spinning mill of, I:176, II:949, 999 textile industry and, I:218 Slater Mill Historic Site, II:949 Slater system. See Rhode Island, system of labor in Slaughter, Thomas, II:1115 Slaughtering and slaughterhouses, II:807 Slave codes, II:925–26, 927 Slave trade. See also Slavery in America, I:8–9 outlawing of, I:1 in Rhode Island, II:874 Slavery, II:926–29, II:927. See also Nat Turner’s Rebellion in 1860 presidential campaign, II:772 1229

Index

abolition of (See Abolition of slavery) agricultural economy and (See Agricultural economy) in Alabama, I:22 banned by Northwest Ordinance, II:737 black market and, I:100 bleeding Kansas issue in, I:102–3 during colonial period, II:910, 911 conservatism and, I:205 in Constitution, I:207 in cotton industry (See Cotton growing) in early Republic, II:1078 encomiendas and, I:285 in Florida, I:324 in Georgia, I:367 institutionalization of, I:8–9 in Kansas, I:520, 523, II:649 Land Ordinances on, II:564 in Louisiana, II:584, 585 in Maine, II:649 market revolution and, II:602–3 in Maryland, II:605, 607 Mexican Cession and, II:629 Middle Passage and, II:635 in Mississippi, II:644 in Missouri, II:648–49 in Missouri Territory, II:979 Mollases Act and, II:651 Native Americans and, II:691 naval stores and, II:694 in Nebraska, II:649, 696 in New Spain, II:717 in new states, I:177 (See also Missouri Compromise) in North Carolina, II:730 in north vs. south (See North and south) on plantations (See Agricultural economy) rice and (See Rice industry) scalawags and, II:899 sectionalism and, II:907 sharecropping and, II:801 Sherman’s March and, II:918 slave codes and, II:925–26 in South Carolina, II:939–40 in Southern wealth, I:191 sovereignty and, II:805, 944 in sugarcane harvesting, II:973 in Texas, II:994, 996–97 1230

Thirteenth Amendment and (See Thirteenth Amendment) triangular trade and, II:1017–18 in Virginia, II:1066–67 women’s movement and, II:724 Slaves, I:473 Dred Scott case (See Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)) Fourteenth Amendment and (See Fourteenth Amendment) freed, II:581 fugitive (See Fugitive slaves) Slayback, Alonzo W., II:839 Sleds, I:122 Slidell, John, II:628 Sloan, Alfred Pritchard, Jr., I:366, II:929–31 Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, II:930, 931 Sloan School of Management, II:931 “Sloanism,” II:931 Slocum, Henry W., II:918 S&Ls. See Savings and loan associations Slums, II:931–32 beginnings of, II:1049 migration to, I:399 urban renewal and, II:1047 Smallpox, Native Americans and, I:285 Smelting industry from 1897-1920, I:293 Guggenheim industries in, I:39–40, 409–10 Smith, Adam, I:138, 275–76, 340, 535, II:932–33 on international division of labor, I:197–98 on laissez-faire economics, II:561 on mercantilism, II:579–80, 621 on resource allocation, I:33 on supply and demand, II:601 Smith, Alfred E., I:205 Smith, Jack, Jr., I:367 Smith, John, II:591, 605, 1065 Smith, Joseph, II:1049 Smith, W.A., II:786 Smith, Win, II:624 Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act. See War Labor Disputes Act (1943) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, II:1029 Smoking cancer and, II:1007–8 during colonial period, II:910

health effects of, II:1007–8 public, II:1007–8 tobacco industry and, I:41–42 women and, II:1007 during WW I, II:1007 during WW II, II:1007 Smoot, Reed, II:933 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930), I:341, II:831, 834, 933, 983 Smuggling of alcoholic beverages, II:987 in American colonial period, II:1010–11 in Colonial America, II:951 Mollases Act and, II:651 Navigation Acts and, II:694 U.S. Customs and, I:227 in Vermont, II:1060 SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Snively, Jack, I:51 Soap operas Proctor and Gamble sponsoring, II:825 on radio, I:4 Soap trade, II:821–23, 823–25, 1137–38 Sobel, Robert on Panic of 1819, II:769 on Panic of 1837, II:770 Social class in Louisiana, II:586 Sinclair Lewis on, II:579 in South Carolina, II:939, 940 temperance movement among, II:986 in whaling, II:1112 Social conditions, in early 1930s, II:565–66 Social criticism by Sinclair Lewis, II:578–79 by Upton Sinclair, II:920–21 Social Darwinism, II:654 Social Democratic Party, I:516 Social gospel, II:933–34 Social injustice, photographs of, II:565–66 Social philosophers, II:1054 Social reform. See also Muckraking Charles Coughlin on, I:218–20 CORE for, I:201–2 Harry Hopkins and, I:446–47 by Huey Long, II:583 Jacob Coxey and, I:223 John Lewis and, II:578

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Michael Harrington and, I:421–22 newspapers and, II:839 in Progressive Era, II:580 Samuel Howe and, I:449–50 welfare system for, II:1098–1100 by Woodrow Wilson, II:1117 Social security, I:392–93, II:934 elderly and, II:705, 706 Harry S. Truman and, II:1022 initiation of, II:1098 as pension, II:783 Townsend Clubs and, II:1010 Social Security Act (1935), II:934–35 coverage of, I:242, II:883–84, 906 deﬁned, II:703 importance of, II:705, 706 Medicare and, II:618 welfare system and, II:1098 Social Security Administration, I:392–93, II:934 in Maryland, II:607 Medicare and, II:618 poverty and, II:816 Social security taxes Medicare and, II:618 poverty and, II:1100 as regressive tax, II:869 Social welfare, in New Deal. See New Deal Socialism, II:935–36 Christian, II:1001 Florence Kelley and, I:525 Franklin D. Roosevelt and, II:883 Industrial Workers of the World and, II:727 Joseph Schumpeter and, II:900 Michael Harrington and, I:421–22 New Deal and, II:705, 1002 New Republic and, I:225 Norman Mattoon Thomas and, II:1001–2 private property rights in, II:819 radical unions and, II:850 social gospel and, II:934 Upton Sinclair and, II:920–21 in utopian communities, II:1055 Socialist Labor Party, II:849 Socialist Party, I:229, 230, II:849, 851

Socialized medicine, II:915 Society, impact of automobile on, I:69 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, II:692–93 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England, II:692–93 Sod houses, II:936 Soderstrom, Charlie, II:1040 Soft drink industry Charles Hires in, I:437–38 Coca-Cola, I:127, 184–86, II:1012 Pepsi-Cola, I:185 Software and Information Industry Association, II:799 Software industry. See Computer software industry Software Publishers Association, II:799 Soil Bank program, I:389 Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (1936), II:703 Soil Conservation Service, I:265 Soil erosion Dust Bowl and, I:256–57, 264–66, I:265 machinery for, I:256–57, 265 services for, I:265 Soil Erosion Service, I:265 Solar water distillation, I:87 Sole proprietorship, II:820, 936 Sonar detection, I:87 Sonoma Valley industries, I:136 Sons of Liberty, I:10, II:952 Sons of Temperance, II:829 Sony America, II:938 Sony Corporation, II:664–65, 936–39 Sony Electronics, Inc., II:938 Sony Kabushiki Kaisha, II:937 Soo Locks, II:938–39 Soto, Hernando de, I:22, 55, 324, 447, II:644, 645 Sound equipment industry, II:664 Sound motion pictures, II:670, 832 Soups, Campbells, I:136 South Abraham Lincoln and, II:958 African American migration from, II:1046 agricultural economy in (See Agricultural economy) colonial economy in, I:190, 191 cotton in (See Cotton growing) depression in, II:981

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Emancipation Proclamation and (See Emancipation Proclamation) plantations in (See Plantations) post-Civil War economy of, II:1083 prohibition in, II:829 sharecropping in (See Sharecropping) slavery in (See Slavery) state rights and, II:957–58 tariffs and, I:177, 179, II:981–82 tenant farming in (See Tenant farming) tobacco in, I:175, II:1006 western expansion and, II:958 South America, exploration of, II:1010 South Canal (Michigan), II:938 South Carolina, II:939–41, II:940 as proprietary colony, I:191 rice in, II:878 slavery in, II:927, 928 split from North Carolina, II:730 state rights and, II:957–58 on Tariff of Abominations, I:177, II:981–82 South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company, II:854 South Carolina Exposition and Protest, II:981 South Dakota, II:941–43, II:942 South Korea Asian ﬁnancial crisis in, I:60 inexpensive labor in, I:229, I:229 South Vietnam, II:1063, II:1063–65. See also Vietnam Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, I:188 Southern Alliance, II:805–6 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, I:170, 201, 539 Southern Farmers’ Alliance, I:308–9 Southern Nevada Water Project, II:702 Southern Paciﬁc and Union Railroads, II:894 Southern Paciﬁc railroad, I:153, II:856, 1037, 1109 Southern Power System, I:257–58 Southland Royalty, II:790 Southwest longhorn cattle in, II:584 Spanish claims in, I:2 1231

Index

Southwestern Indians, II:943–44. See also names of individual tribes Sovereignty, II:944 in Articles of Confederation, II:981 nulliﬁcation and, II:981 popular (See Popular sovereignty) states rights and, II:981 Soviet Union. See also Russia aid to, I:414 Armand Hammer and, I:414 arms race and, I:56–57 Cold War and (See Cold War) defense spending against, II:636 Marshall Plan and, II:603–4, 811 mercenaries from, II:622 NATO and, II:729, 730 Soybean industry, II:586 SP. See Southern Paciﬁc railroad SPA. See Socialist Party Space equipment, I:93 Space missions Apollo, I:105, II:946 Gemini, II:946 Mercury, II:945 Space race, I:188, II:944–46, II:945 Space shuttles, I:106, II:946 Space stations, I:106 Spackman, Walter, I:136 Spain. See also New Spain in Cuba, II:947 Louisiana and, II:716 Mississippi territory and, II:644 Missouri and, II:646 Native Americans and, II:691–93, 944 New Mexico and, II:713 in Oregon Country, II:758, 759 Spanish-American War and, II:946–47 Texas and, II:993, 996 Treaty of Tordesillas and, II:1009–10 tribute paid to, II:1018 Spanish-American War, II:946–47 costs of, II:1083 economy and, I:324, II:1084 Hugh Samuel Johnson and, I:513 imperialism during, I:467 isolationism prior to, I:500 Manifest Destiny and, II:598–99 New Spain and, II:717 1232

Philippines and, II:789, 977–78 Puerto Rico and, II:837 Spanish Civil War, I:501 Spanish coins, II:791 Spanish colonialism, I:1–2 Alabama and, I:22 horses and, I:447 Louisiana and, II:584 Spanish exploration in Arizona, I:51 in Arkansas, I:55 Christopher Columbus and, I:196 in Colorado, I:192 in Florida, I:324 missions and, I:306 Native Americans and, I:285 in Utah, II:1049 in Washington state, II:1090 Spearmint gum, II:1138 Special interest groups, II:948. See also names of speciﬁc groups lobbying by, II:582–83 spoils system and, II:950 Specie, II:948, 1072, 1116. See also Paper money ‘‘Specie Circular,’’ I:78, II:770, 1116 Specie Resumption Act, I:308 Speciﬁc tariffs, II:982–83 Speculation, II:948–49 Speech, freedom of, I:117 Speech synthesis, in elevators, II:762 Speeches by Daniel Webster, I:350 by Willam Jennings Bryan, I:123–24 Speed limits, OPEC Oil Embargo and, II:752 Sperm whale, II:1111–12 Spermaceti, II:1111–12 Sperry Corporation, I:332 Spies, August, I:427 Spindletop oil well, I:98 Spingarn Medal, I:143 Spinning mills, II:949, 999 The Spirit of Saint Louis, I:93 Spirituality, of Paleo-Indians, II:765 Spoils system, I:172, II:949–50 Spokane, Washington, II:1091 Sport utility vehicles, I:332, 367 The Sporting News Publishing Company, II:1003 Sports, in radio and television, II:683, 852

Sports advertising, I:375–76 Sports equipment L.L. Bean industries in, I:83–84 Sony in, II:936 Spot market, I:197 Sprague, Frank Julian, II:966 Springﬁeld, Vermont, II:1062 Springﬁeld Armory, II:950–51 Springﬁeld Plow Works, II:807 Sprint, competition with, I:65 Sprite (Soda), I:185 ‘‘The Spruce Goose,’’ I:451, I:451 Spruce Tree House, II:626 Sputnik, I:56, 188, II:638 Sputnik I, II:945 Spyglass, Inc., II:699 Squatters, II:1030–31 SSA. See Social Security Act (1935) SSI. See Supplementary Security Income Stagﬂation, I:211, 536, II:653, 951, II:951 Stagnation, in stagﬂation, II:951 Stakes, John, I:503 Stalin, Joseph, II:604 arms race and, I:56 Cold War and, I:186, 188 Harry Hopkins and, I:446 WW II and, II:1131, 1132 The (Stamford) Advocate, II:1003 Stamp Act (1765), I:10, 36, 112, 314, II:695, 951–53, 974, 1010 Stamp Act Congress, II:952 Standard and Poor’s 500 Index, II:673–74 Standard and Poor’s Corporation, II:617, 953 Standard Brands, II:676 Standard of living, II:953 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, I:362–63 trade and, II:1012 Standard Oil Company, I:529, II:953–54. See also Exxon Corporation antitrust actions against, I:182, II:654, 1009 breakup of, II:916, 1025 ﬁnancial problems in 1907, II:771 Ida Tarbell and, II:979–80 John D. Rockefeller and, I:175, 300–301, II:718–19, 786, 881 Joseph S. Cullinan and, II:997 in Louisiana, II:586 in Ohio, II:745

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

R & D labs for, II:871 as trust, I:175, II:1025–26 Standard Oil Company of California, II:790 Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, II:786 Standard Oil Trust, II:954 Standard Railway Time, II:1105 Standard Statistics Company, II:953 Standard time, II:955, 1105 Standardization, in mass production, II:608 Stanford, John A., I:253 Stanford, Leland, I:133, 152, II:955, II:955–56 Stanford University, II:955–56 Stanley Company, II:1089 Stanley Home Products, II:1028–29 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, II:724, 1124 Stanton, Henry Brewster, II:1124 Staple Act (1663), II:694 Star Wars missile defense system, II:638 StarKist Tuna, I:430, 431 Starr, Ellen Gates, I:2 Starters (Automobile), I:366 State banks. See also Banks Amasa Walker and, II:1071–72 FDIC and, I:310 Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and, I:311 vs. national banks, II:681 Panic of 1819 and, II:768–69 wildcat, II:1116 State income taxes, II:830 State Locks (Michigan), II:938 State rights, II:957–58. See also Federal government in Articles of Confederation (See Articles of Confederation) in Constitution, I:207–8 in early Republic, I:11–12, II:563 John Calhoun on, II:981–82 liquor regulation and, II:1030 nulliﬁcation and, II:939 on public accommodation discrimination, I:169 railroad regulation and, II:1015 South Carolina and, II:939 sovereignty and, II:944, 981 tariff nulliﬁcation as, I:177 on territorial expansion, II:563 States’ Rights Party, II:982

Statistical services, II:953 Steam engines New York Central Railroad and, II:721 in Rhode Island, II:874 by Robert Fulton, I:353–54 Steam locomotives, II:854 Steam power in agricultural machinery, I:14–15 for sawmills, II:592 in streetcars, II:966 Tennessee Valley Authority and, II:992 Steam-powered vehicles, I:297 Steamboat Act (1852), II:958–59 Steamboat Inspection Service, II:959 Steamboats, II:959 boiler explosions on, II:958–59 Cornelius Vanderbilt and, II:1057–58 in freight transportation, I:267 inspections of, II:958–59 iron in, II:960 John Stevens and, II:962–63 licensing of, II:958–59 on Mississippi River, II:646 in Missouri, II:648 on Missouri River, II:649 in Old Northwest, II:750 by Robert Fulton, I:353–54 safety of, II:958–59 Steel for cables, II:882 Dingley tariff on, I:245 dumping of, II:961 importation of, II:960–61 vs. iron, II:959–60 production of, II:960, II:960–61 Steel industry, II:959–61, II:960 in 1920s, II:831 in 1944, I:243 from 1897-1920, I:293 after Civil War, I:179 in Alabama, I:22, 24 Andrew Carnegie and, I:138–40 Bessemer process in, I:89, 269 Bethlehem Steel Corp., II:984 deindustrialization and, I:229 Henry Kaiser and, I:519 J.P. Morgan in, II:663–64 machinery and, I:269 in Maryland, II:607 Midvale Steel Co., II:983–84

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

mismatch unemployment in, II:969 monopolies and, II:735 in Ohio, II:745 oligopolies and, II:751 in Pennsylvania, II:779–80 railroads and, II:855 strikes in, I:33, 443–44 U.S. Steel, II:960, 1043–45 WW I and, II:1084 WW II and, II:1084 Steel plows, I:231, II:961 Steel rails, Dingley tariff on, I:245 Steelwork, in rust belt, II:888–89 Steelworkers’ Trilogy, I:51 Steffens, Lincoln, I:2, II:671 Steinbrenner, George M. III, II:722 Steinem, Gloria, II:1125 Stelle, John, I:373 Stephens, Alexander H., I:369 Stephens, John, II:854 Stephens, Uriah, I:543, II:558 Steuben, Friedrich von, I:37 Stevens, John, II:767, 962–63 Stevens, Robert Livingston, II:962 Stevens, Thaddeus, II:681 Stevenson, Adali, I:358 Stillman, Issac, I:99 Stillman’s Run, I:99 Stimson, Henry L., II:754 Stock exchanges Amex, II:963–64 Daniel Drew and, I:254–55 Dow, Jones, I:25, I:252, I:252–53, 254 NASDAQ, II:963–64 NYSE (See New York Stock Exchange) on Wall Street, II:1073–74 Stock market crash of 1929, I:310, 316, II:965, II:965–66 aggregate supply and, I:13 causes of, II:964 effect on economic liberalism, II:581 General Motors in, II:930 impact on J.C. Penney, II:778 impact on Oregon, II:757 labor unions and, II:727 liberty bonds and, II:582 Stock markets, II:963–64, II:964 in 1920s, II:833 bear markets, I:84–85 Bernard mannes Baruch in, I:81–82 1233

Index

bull markets, I:84–85, 397 ﬁnancial panics and, I:316 before Great Depression, I:394 during Great Depression, I:240–41, 396–98, I:397 Jayson Gould and, I:386–87, I:387 mutual funds in, II:673–74 NASDAQ and, II:680 national debt and, II:685 New York Stock Exchange in (See New York Stock Exchange) newspapers and, I:88 Securities and Exchange Commission and, II:704 speculators in, I:81–82, 127–28 Stock price indexes, II:953 Stock prices, II:964, 965 Stockade Building System, I:351 Stockholders, voting rights of, II:963 Stocks, II:963 common, II:963 fraudulent, I:254–55 Glass-Steagall Banking Act and, I:377 interest rates on, I:320 margin buying of, II:965 in mutual funds, II:673–74 over-the-counter (See Over-thecounter markets) as ownership shares, I:217 as personal property, II:819 preferred, II:963 price-earnings ratio and, II:819 prices inﬂated in 1920s, II:964–65 railroad, I:252 to raise capital, II:964 Stockton, Robert F., I:345 Stockton Wheel Company, I:145 Stoecki, Edouard de, I:28 Stombs, D.S., II:786 Stone, Kenneth, II:1071 Stone, Lucy, I:101–2, II:724 Stout beer, I:119 Stoves by Benjamin Franklin, I:339 by Maytag Corporation, II:613 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, I:1, 350, II:1033 Straight, Dorothy, I:225 Straight, Willard, I:225 Strategic Arms Limitation treaties, I:188, II:725 1234

Strategic Defense Initiative, I:233, II:863 Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise, I:154 Straus, Roger, I:40 Street drugs. See Illegal drugs Streetcars, II:966–67 elevated (See Elevated streetcars) from General Electric Company, I:364 passenger statistics for, II:968 Strikes, II:557, 967–68. See also Arbitration; Labor unions; National Labor Relations Board in 1920s, II:833 by air trafﬁc controllers, I:17–19 Armed Forces ending, II:727 of ASARCO, I:39, 40, 410 by Carnegie Steel, I:33 in Colt Firearms, I:195 deﬁned, I:50–51 in Hershey Foods Corporation, I:433–34 Homestead steel, I:443–44, II:960 of King Kullen supermarkets, II:872 by Knights of Labor, I:543, II:558, 816 of Kroger Company, I:438 labor unions and (See Labor unions) by Lowell system workers, II:590 in Maine, II:850 Mary Jones and, I:515 in Massachusetts, II:850 in McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, I:426 by miners, I:39, 40, 192, 410 National Labor Relations Board and, II:687 in New Jersey, II:712 Norris-Laguardia Act and, II:726 in North Carolina, II:732 in Ohio, II:746, 851 in Oregon, II:757, 850 peak era of, I:18 in Pennsylvania, II:780 at Proctor and Gamble, II:822, 824 Pullman (See Pullman strike) by radical unions, II:850

railroad, I:35, 400–401, I:401, I:426, II:554, 855 in Rhode Island, II:876 Sherman Antitrust Act and, I:337 sit-down (See Sit-down strikes) by TCI, I:22 in textile industry, II:999, 1000 by UFW, II:1039 by UMW, I:192, II:1039 by UPS, II:1041 War Labor Disputes Act and, II:1086 wildcat (See Wildcat strikes) by women’s unions, II:1126 after WW II, II:812 Strip mining in Montana, II:661 Tennessee Valley Authority and, II:992 Stripiculture, II:1056 Structural unemployment, II:968–69 Strutt, Jedidiah, II:893, 924 Studebaker, Clement, II:969 Studebaker, John, II:969 Studebaker, Peter, II:969 Studebaker automobile, I:477, II:969–71, II:970 Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, II:969 Studebaker Corporation, II:969 Studebaker Packard Corporation, II:970 Studebaker-Worthington Corporation, II:970 Student loans, as human capital investment, I:453 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, I:201, 539 Sturges v. Crowninshield (1819), I:207 Stuyvesant, Peter, II:718 Submarines nuclear, I:364, II:919–20 Robert Fulton and, I:353 Subsidiary Coinage Act (1853), I:381 Subsidies, II:971 for farmers, II:703 for railroads, II:857 for shipbuilding, II:918–19 Subsistence agriculture, II:971 Subsistence economy, II:602–3, 652 Suburbs growth of, II:968, 971, II:971–72, 1046–47, 1049

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

housing construction for, II:573–74, II:574 shopping malls in, I:408 sprawl of, II:972 streetcars in development of, II:967 in Vermont, II:1062 after WWII, II:813 Subways in Boston, II:967 development of, II:967 in New York, II:967 Sucker rods, I:516 Suffolk Resolves, I:495 Suffrage. See Voting rights Sugar, II:973 Dingley tariff on, I:245 import quotas on, II:848 rationing of, II:860 tax on (See Sugar Act (1764)) Sugar Act (1764), I:10, 36, II:652, 973–74, 1010 Sugar beet, II:973 Sugar industry, II:695, 973 in Cuba, II:947 growth of, I:267 in Hawaii, I:423, II:947 James Buchanan Duke and, I:257–58 in Louisiana, II:585 in West Indies, I:190 Sugarcane, II:973 Sulfa drugs, II:788 Sulfur dioxide, TVA and, II:992 Sulfur industry, monopolies in 1920s, II:832 Sullivan, Louis, I:129, II:974–75, 1135, 1136 Sultana, II:959 Summa Corporation, I:452 Sumner, Charles, I:25 Sun Belt, II:975 Sun Company, II:1003 Sun god, Aztec, I:69 Sun Microsystems, Inc., I:65, 199, II:699 Sunshine Biscuits, I:42 Superchannel, II:683 Supercomputers, I:486 Superior Rail Mill, I:139 Supermarket scanners. See Optical scanners, in supermarkets Supermarkets. See also Grocery trade Kroger Company and, I:549–50 optical scanners in, I:550

in retail industry, II:871, 872 Supplementary Security Income, II:1100 Supplex, by DuPont, I:259 Supply, II:975–76. See also Supply and demand Supply and demand, II:601, 975–76 Adam Smith on, II:579 aggregate, I:13–14, I:14 for agricultural products, I:16 government control of, II:581 price and, II:818 proﬁt and, II:827–28 resource allocation and, I:32–33 shortage in, II:920 theories of money and, II:847 wages and, II:1070 after WW II, II:811 Supply-side economics, II:863–65, 976 Supreme Allied commander, of NATO, II:729 Surface Transportation Board, I:492 Surface water, for irrigation, I:499 Surge (Beverage), I:185 Surplus, II:971, 976, 1080 Surveying, telegraph and, II:669 Susan B. Anthony dollars, II:642 Suspension bridges, II:881–82 Sutter, John, I:378, II:1101 Suzuki motorcycles, I:418 Swans Down, Postum Cereal Company and, II:809 Sweatshops, II:1016 inspection of and, I:525 NRA and, I:513 Sweet potatoes, I:142 Swift, Gustavus, I:174 Swift, Henry, II:952 Swift & Company v. United States, II:654, 765 Swinton, Ernest, I:148 Switchmen’s Mutual Aid Association, I:229 Sylvania Companies, I:273 Sylvis, William H., II:557–58 Synthetic ﬁbers, I:258, 260, II:1000. See also Nylon; Rayon Synthetic rubbers, II:1005

T Tab (Soda), I:185 Tabulating Machine Company, I:440. See also IBM

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Tabulating machines. See Calculators Taconite, in Minnesota, II:641 Taft, William Howard, I:96, II:977, II:977–78 antitrust legislation and, II:654, 664 Booker T. Washington and, II:1094 dollar diplomacy and, I:250, 251 Eugene Victor Debs vs., I:230 Gifford Pinchot and, II:795 income tax and, I:321 on Mann-Elkins Act, II:599 Progressive Era and, I:293 trust-busting by, II:1025, II:1026 vs. Woodrow Wilson, II:1117 Taft-Hartley Act (1947), I:114, II:851, 879, 978–79, 1022, 1039 labor unions and, I:183, II:556 Taft-Katsura Agreement of 1908, II:754 Taiwan, inexpensive labor in, I:229 Take out restaurants. See Fast food restaurants Taliesin (House), II:1136 Taliesin West, II:1137 Talk shows, on radio, II:853 Talking motion pictures. See Sound motion pictures Tallmadge, James, Jr., II:979 Tallmadge Amendment (1818), II:979 Tallow, animal, I:98 Tammany Hall, I:295 Tandy computers, I:144, II:632 Tandy Corporation, I:144, 411 Taney, George B., I:78 Taney, Roger B., I:207–8 Tang (Beverage), II:809 Tangible personal property. See Personal property Tanguay, Eva, II:1059 Tanks, I:366 Tanks (Military), I:146 Taos Trail, II:895 TAPS. See Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Tarbell, Ida Minerva, II:672, 954, 979–81, II:980 Tariff Commission, II:983 The Tariff in Our Times, II:980 Tariff of Abominations, I:177, II:981–82, 983 Tariffs, II:982–83. See also Taxation 1235

Index

of 1816, I:269, II:999 of 1828 (See Tariff of Abominations) ad valorem, II:983 antidumping suits and, I:419 in colonial America, I:10, II:1010–11 Marcus Alonzo Hanna for, I:417 multinational corporations and, II:672 during Napoleonic Wars, II:678 protective, II:833–34, 939 raises in, I:173–74 reduction of, II:1035 role of in Civil War, I:341 South and, I:177, 179, II:981–82 South Carolina on, II:939 speciﬁc (See Speciﬁc tariffs) state rights and, II:957–58 textile industry and, II:999 in trade, II:1012 William Howard Taft and, II:978 Tarleton’s Legion, I:38 Tartikoff, Brandon, II:683 Taurus automobile, I:332 Tax Act (1964), II:814 Tax Code, II:924 Tax evasion, I:452 Tax Reform Act (1986), II:828, 897 Tax services, I:46 Tax shelters, II:747 Taxation. See also Tariffs during 1920s, II:831 in Alabama, I:24 on bank deposit interest, II:804 capital gain and, I:137–38 on cigarettes, II:732, 1007 for the Civil War, I:230 colonial (See Colonial taxation) in Connecticut, I:204 of corporations, I:217 criticism of, I:321–22 direct, I:321 disincentives and, I:247 disposable income after, I:249 in early Republic, II:1082 excise, I:298–99 exemptions for railroads, II:857 by federal government, in Constitution, I:207 FICA, I:393 ﬁscal policy and, I:318 1236

ﬂat tax provision, I:320–22, II:924 George Washington on, II:1095 graduated, I:321–22 Grangers and, II:686 on imports, I:333 income (See Income tax) in Keynesian economics, II:653 Lyndon Johnson and, II:814 in Massachusetts colonial period, II:913, 914 multinational corporations and, II:672 national debt and, I:310, II:684–85 in New Jersey, II:712 origins of, I:321–22 as part of Navigation Acts, II:695 in petroleum industry, II:747 poll, II:803–4 progressive (See Progressive taxation) proportional, II:830 Reaganomics and, I:211, II:863 rebates and, II:865 reduction of, II:976 regressive, II:869 revenues from, II:976 Ronald Reagan and, II:863 savings and, II:895 in Second New Deal, II:704, 705 Sixteenth Amendment and, II:923–24 social security (See Social security taxes) Southern Paciﬁc Railroad and, II:894 Stamp Act as (See Stamp Act (1765)) by state vs. federal government, I:12 Sugar Act (See Sugar Act (1764)) supply and demand and, I:13 in supply-side economics, II:976 tribute as, II:1018–19 value-added, I:322 Vietnam War and, II:1064 Warren Harding and, II:726 on the wealthy, I:321–22 of whiskey, I:100, II:1113–15 WW I and, II:1129 WW II and, I:440

Taxpayer Relief Act, I:138 Taylor, Frederick W., II:608, 901, 983–84 Taylor, Myron C., II:1044 Taylor, Paul, II:566 Taylor, Zachary, II:628 Taylor-White process, II:984 Taylorism, II:608, 901, 984 TBS. See Turner Broadcasting System TCI. See Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company TCP/IP, II:699 Tea Act (1773), I:10, 110–11, 112 Teaching Dorothy Dix and, I:249–50, I:250 women in, II:1121 Teamsters. See International Brotherhood of Teamsters Technical publishing McGraw-Hill Companies and, II:616–17 after World War II, II:835–36 Technicolor. See Color motion pictures Technological innovations. See also Industrial Revolution agricultural (See Agricultural innovations) after Civil War, I:174 in present day, I:212 Reaganomics and, I:211 Technology Arthur Anderson and, I:46 as changing force, II:1059–60 economy and, I:174 transfer between counties of, I:74 in trucking industry, II:1020–21 Technology Advancement and Development Act (1989), I:465 Tecumseh, I:99, II:985 death of, II:984–86, 1081 in War of 1812, II:1087 Teerlink, Richard, I:419 Teﬂon, by DuPont, I:258 Tele-Communications, Incorporated, I:66 Telecommunications Act (1996), II:1053 Telecommunications industry, I:483–84, II:669. See also Communications industry AT & T (See AT & T) Communications Act and, II:853

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

General Motors Corporation and, I:366 impact on railroads, II:855 MCI, I:65, 194 in Nebraska, II:697 regulation of, II:599, 1053 telegraph in (See Telegraph) Telegraph, II:986 invention of, II:666–67, II:667, II:1053, 1105 vs. Pony Express, II:804 regulation of, II:599 transatlantic cables for, II:1014, 1105 Western Union, I:87 Telephone sales, Montgomery Ward in, II:662 Telephone surveys, by A.C. Nielsen, II:724 Telephones Alexander Graham Bell, I:86–87 invention of, I:174, II:1053 as mass communication tools, II:669 telegraph and, II:986, 1014 Telestar, I:64 Teletype, II:1105 Television cable (See Cable television) in entertainment industry, I:285, 286, I:286 expanded use of, I:261 high deﬁnition, I:287, II:862, 1146 RCA and, II:862 Richard Nixon on, II:682 Ronald Reagan on, II:863 Rural Electriﬁcation Administration and, II:888 Television advertising, I:5 Television broadcasting Fox Network, I:287 golf channel, I:287 on NBC, II:681–84 of news, II:682, 683 Nielsen ratings for, II:723–24 vs. radio, II:853 of sports, II:683 vaudeville and, II:1059 by Warner Brothers, II:1090 Zenith in, II:1145 Television Funds, Inc, II:674 Television sets color, II:681 import quotas on, II:848

as mass communication tool, II:669 radiation from, II:677 by Sony, II:936–37 transistors in, II:665 from Zenith Corp., II:1145 Telex, II:1105, 1106 Teller Amendment, I:468 Tellico Dam, II:992 Telling, Edward, II:905 Temperance movement, I:279, II:828–29, 928–29, 986–88. See also names of speciﬁc temperance organizations women’s movement and, II:724 Temporary employment, I:211–12 Temporary National Economic Committee, II:655 Tenant farming, II:988. See also Sharecropping by African Americans, I:16 in Alabama, I:22, 24 in Arkansas, I:55 after Civil War, I:179, II:585 vs. sharecropping, II:912, 913 in South Carolina, II:940 Tenement houses, II:931, 932, 988–89 Tenkswatawa, II:1087 Tennessee, II:989–91, II:990. See also Tennessee Valley Authority Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company, I:22, II:771 Tennessee Coal and Iron Company, II:553–54 Tennessee River, II:989–90, 991–93 Tennessee-Tombigbee canal, II:645 Tennessee Valley Authority, I:24, II:703, 704, 989, 990, 991–93 Tennessee Valley Authority Act (1933), II:991 Tenochtitlan, I:69 Tenskwatawa, II:985 Tenth Amendment, II:957 Tepees, II:800 Terracing, Mayas and, II:611 Territories of the United States. See also speciﬁc territories, e.g., Philippines Manifest Destiny and, II:598–99 Territory of Missouri, II:648 Terrorism, Oklahoma bombing as, II:750 Terry, Eli, I:202 Tesla, Nikola, I:174, II:1107 Tet Offensive, II:1064 Texaco, Inc., II:787, 997–99

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Texas, II:993–96, II:994 annexation of, II:989, 996–97, 1108 James K. Polk and, II:803 oil industry in, II:997–99 oil pipelines in, II:997 structural unemployment in, II:968 Texas and Paciﬁc Railroad, I:387 Texas Company. See Texaco, Inc. Texas Company of California, II:998 Texas Company of Delaware, II:998 Texas Corporation, II:998 Texas Fever, I:148, 149 Texas Fuel Company, II:997 Texas Instruments microprocessors from, I:199 silicon chip and, II:995 Texas-Mexican Industrial Institute, I:541 Texas Oil and Gas Corporation, II:1044 Texas Pipe Line Company, II:998 Texas Railroad Commission, II:995 Texas Research League, II:791 Texas v. White (1869), I:314 Texas War of Independence, I:194 Textbooks, publishing of, II:836 Textile factories, II:846 Textile industry, I:537, II:999–1001, II:1000 in Alabama, I:22, 24 Almy, Brown, and Slater, II:949, 1080 Asia vs. U.S., II:879 in Connecticut, I:202, 203 cotton farming and (See Cotton growing) cotton mills, II:874, 876–77, 892–94, 924–25 in Delaware, I:233 embargoes on, II:949 Francis Lowell and, II:588–89 imports and, II:949 James Duke Buchanan, I:258 in Massachusetts, II:609 NAFTA and, II:729 in New England, II:949 in New Hampshire, II:707 in New York, II:718 in North Carolina, II:731, 732 in Northeast, I:268–69 in Oregon, II:757 plantations and, II:801 in radical unions, II:850 1237

Index

in Rhode Island, II:874, 876–77, 892–94, 924–25 Samuel Slater & Co., II:949 sewing machines in, II:921–22 in South Carolina, II:940 stability in U.S. of, I:363 technological inventions in, I:218 after War of 1812, I:267, II:1082 Textile machinery, II:588–89 Textiles, import quotas on, II:848 Thailand, Asian ﬁnancial crisis in, I:59 Thames, Battle of the, II:985, 1087 Thatcher, Margaret, II:561 Thayendanegea. See Byrant, Joseph Theater, in entertainment industry, I:285 Theft, of intellectual property rights, II:798–99 Theocracy, Utah as, II:1049 Theology. See also Religion Social Gospel, II:1001 The Theory of Business Enterprise, II:1059–60 The Theory of Economic Development, II:900 The Theory of the Leisure Class, II:1059–60 Think straight-talk straight, I:47 Thiokol, I:103 Third World countries. See Developing countries Thirteenth Amendment, I:1, 169, 208, 316, II:801, 802, 929, 1001 Thomas, Clarence, I:369 Thomas, Evan, I:75 Thomas, Norman Mattoon, II:1001–2 Thomas, Philip, I:75 Thomas, Robert Paul, II:695 Thomas, Seth, I:202 Thomas Edison Program, II:746 Thompson, David, II:733 Thompson, J. Walter, I:4 Thompson, Joseph B., II:829 Thompson-Urrutia Treaty, II:768 Thomson, Edgar, I:139 Thomson, William, II:1014 Thomson-Houston Company, I:364 Thoreau, Henry David, I:120, 421 Thorne, George, II:662 Thorne, William C., II:662 Thread, cotton, II:893, 925 Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, II:740, 992, 1052 1238

Threshers, I:145–47 Threshing machines, I:14 Thrift institutions. See Savings and loan associations Thunderbird automobile, I:332 Ticker tape machines, II:964 Tide detergent, II:823, 825 Tide Water Associated Oil, I:372 Tidewater, Virginia, II:1002 Tiger Paw NailGard, II:1043 Tillinghast L’Hommedieu Huston, II:721 Timber Culture Act (1873), I:521 Timber industry. See Lumber industry Time standard (See Standard time) zones, II:955 Time and motion studies for mass production, II:608 in scientiﬁc management, II:901 Time managment, II:983–84. See also Productivity Time Warner Court TV and, II:683 Time zones, telegraph and, II:669 Times Mirror Co., II:1002–4 Times Mirror Magazines, II:1003 Times Mirror Press, II:1004 Tin cans, tariff on, I:245 Tin Lizzie. See Model T; Model T automobile Tinker, Grant, II:683 Tippecanoe, Battle of, II:745, 985, 1087 Tirborough Bridge, II:686 Tires, II:1004–5. See also Rubber industry aircraft, I:93 automobile, II:1042–43 ballon type, I:317 Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company and, I:122 Firestone, I:317–18 U.S. Rubber Company in, II:1042–43 Titusville oil well, I:98 Toaster ovens, I:97 Toasters, I:364 Tobacco, II:1005–6, II:1006. See also Smoking Dingley tariff on, I:245 Tobacco farming, slavery for, II:1078 Tobacco industry, I:41–42, II:1006–8 advertising in, II:1008

American Tobacco Co., I:41–42 in Georgia, I:369 growth of, I:267 horizontal integration in, II:1008 in Jamestown, II:910 in Kentucky, I:532–33 in Maryland, II:605, 607 monopolies in, II:1008–9 in North Carolina, II:730–32, 731–32 oligopolies and, II:751 in South, I:175, 179, I:179 vertical integration in, II:1008 in Virginia, II:801, 1065, 1066 Tobacco trust, II:1008–9 Tocqueville, Alexis de, II:948 Today Show, II:682 Todd, Sarah, I:62 Toilet seats, I:122 Tojo, Hideki, II:1131 Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation, II:664–65, 937 Toledo, Ohio, II:746 Toledo War of 1835, II:629, 631 Tollett, Leland E., II:1032 Toltecs, Mayas and, II:611 Tom Thumb, I:80 Tonight Show, II:682 Tony the Tiger, I:527, I:528 Tools Black & Decker, I:96–97 electric, I:96–97 power, I:96–97, II:608 Toombs, Robert, I:369 Topping, Dan, II:722 Tordesillas, Treaty of, II:1009–10 Tornadoes, in Oklahoma, II:748 Torpedoes, I:353 Torre, Joseph P., II:722–23 Torrey Pines Group, II:1102 Tory Rangers, I:38 Toryism, I:204 Total quality manangement, I:238 Tourism in Arizona, I:51 in California, I:136 in Colorado, I:192, 194 in Florida, I:324 in Georgia, I:369 in Hawaii, I:422–24, I:423 in Idaho, I:457, 459 in Illinois, I:465 in Louisiana, II:586

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

in Maine, II:597 in Massachusetts, II:610 in Michigan, II:631 in Minnesota, II:641 in Missouri, II:648 in Nebraska, II:697 in Nevada, II:702 in New Hampshire, II:709 in New Mexico, II:715 in North Carolina, II:730, 732 in Ohio, II:746 in Oklahoma, II:748 in Oregon, II:758 in Pennsylvania, II:780 in South Carolina, II:941 in South Dakota, II:943 in Tennessee, II:990 in Utah, II:1052 in Vermont, II:1060, 1062 in Virginia, II:1067 in Washington state, II:1092 in West Virginia, II:1104 in Wyoming, II:1141 Tourist industry. See Tourism Towboats, II:959 Towner, Horace Mann, II:915 Townley, Arthur C., II:734 Townsend, Charles, I:112 Townsend, Francis Everett, I:219, 395, II:934, 1010, 1098 Townsend, William, I:405 Townsend clubs, II:1010 Townsend Plan, I:135, 395, II:934, 1098 Townshend, Charles, II:1010–11 Townshend Acts (1767), I:10, 36, 110–11, 112, II:1010–11, 1066. See also Boston Tea Party Townships, in Old Northwest, I:53 Toxic substances, I:289 Toy industry, Rubbermaid in, II:886 Toyota automobiles, I:67 Toys, by Gerber, I:370 TQM. See Total Quality Manangement Tractors Caterpiller Incorporated, I:145–47 gasoline-powered, I:15, 17 for wheat farming, I:265 Trade, II:1011–12. See also Commerce balance of, I:72–73, I:73 free, I:340–42

international (See International trade) state rights and, II:957 triangular (See Triangular trade) Trade Act (1974), I:342 Trade agreements, I:341, 501, 506, II:983 Trade barriers with Great Britain, II:1081 nontariff, II:833–34, 848 tariffs as, II:983 Trade embargoes. See Embargoes Trade Expansion Act (1962), I:341 Trade quotas. See International trade Trade routes, triangular. See Triangular trade Trade Union Education League, II:851 Trade unions. See Labor unions Trademarks, II:1012 of Proctor and Gamble, II:822–23, 824 for RCA, II:861 Trades Union Congress (Great Britain), II:555 Trading blocks, II:1012 Traf-O-Data Company, I:31, 32 Trafalgar, Battle of, I:284 Trail of Tears, I:270, II:696, 989, 1012–14 Train robberies, II:796 Training employee, I:548, II:901 retraining, II:631 Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, I:27, 29–31 Trans-Arabian Pipe Line Company, II:998–99 Transatlantic cables, II:1014, 1105 Transatlantic ﬂights, Lindbergh’s, I:21 Transcendentalism, I:120 Transcontinental railroad, II:854–55, 1014–15, II:1015 building of, II:1109 completion of, I:133 economic affect of, I:179 grants for, II:856 Leland Stanford and, II:955–56 steamboats and, II:959 Transcontinental Railroad Act, I:173, 178 Transcontinental Treaty (1819), I:1–2, II:759 Transistors at Sony, II:937

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

in sound equipment, II:664, 665 Transit Building, II:870 Transmission Control/Internet Protocol. See TCP/IP Transportation. See also speciﬁc modes of transportation, e.g., Railroads Cornelius Vanderbilt and, II:1057–58 in Dakota Territory, II:941 federal funds for, II:612 between Great Lakes, II:938–39 horses for, I:447 John Stevens and, II:962–63 mass, II:631 Standard Oil Co. and, II:954 standard time and, II:955 streetcars, II:966–67, II:968 subsidies for, II:971 subways, II:967 urbanization and, II:1048 Transportation Act (1920), I:491, II:1015–16 Transportation Act (1940), II:1021 Transportation Department (U.S.), I:492, II:814 creation of FRA by, I:311 time zones and, II:955 Transportation equipment industry in Alabama, I:24 in Michigan, II:631 in Mississippi, II:645 in Utah, II:1051 Transportation industry agriculture and, I:15 in Alaska, I:27, 28 in Arkansas, I:55 in Louisiana, II:586 vs. migrant workers, II:635 Transportation revolution, market revolution and, II:602 TransWorld Airlines, I:19, 20, 21, 452, II:782 Transylvania Land Company, I:532 Trav-O-Lator, II:761 Travona Silver Mine, II:660 Trawlers, in ﬁshing industry, I:319, I:319 Treasury bills federal debts and, I:310 in mutual funds, II:673 Treasury Department (U.S.), I:348, II:770, 959 Treaties. See under the place of the treaty, e.g., Paris, Treaty of 1239

Index

Treatise on Political Economy and Taxation, II:976 Tree farms, II:593, 1110 Trent, William, I:346 Trevithick, Richard, I:297 Trials, Scopes trial, I:124 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, II:1016–17, 1126, 1127 Triangular trade, II:926–27, 1017–18, II:1018. See also Middle Passage; Slavery naval stores in, II:694 Sugar Act and, II:973 Tribal sovereignty, II:689–90 Tribute, II:1018–19 Trickle-down economics, II:863–65 Trinidad, II:1010 Trinitron television, II:936, 937 Triple Entente, II:1129–30 Tripoli, Africa, II:1081 Trippe, Juan Terry, II:1019–20 Trist, Nicolas, II:628 Trojan nuclear reactor, II:740 Trolleys. See Streetcars Tropical diseases, Panama Canal and, II:767 Trotter, William Monroe, II:1094 Truck farms, in Maryland, II:607 Truck industry, I:491–92 Trucking. See also Shipping industry for farm products, I:15 impact of interstate highway system on, II:812 Trucking industry commercial, II:1020–21 effect on railroad of, I:75 vs. railroad industry, I:311 Trucks Ford F-Series, I:332 by General Motors Corporation, I:367 True North Communications Inc., I:5 Truman, Harry S., II:1021, II:1021–22 after WW II, I:186, 187, II:810, 1085 Bernard M. Baruch and, I:81 economic policy of, I:351 Harry Hopkins and, I:446–47 Japanese bombing and, II:1132 Korean War and, I:545–46 Medicare and, II:618 Pentagon weapons industry and, II:636 St. Lawrence Seaway and, II:891 1240

Taft-Hartley Act and, II:978 wage and price controls and, II:1069 Trump, Donald John, II:1022–25 Trump, Ivana, II:1023 Trump Organization, II:1023–24 Trust-busting, II:580–81, 978, 1025–27, II:1026. See also Antitrust law Trust funds, II:783 Trust Indenture Act (1939), II:907 Trustees, deﬁned, II:1027 Trusteeship Council, of UN, II:1040 Trustors, deﬁned, II:1027 Trusts, II:1027. See also Monopolies business, I:529, II:1027 busting of (See Trust-busting) charitable (See Charitable trusts) Standard Oil Co., II:954, 1025–26 in tobacco industry (See Tobacco trust) Truth in Securities Act (1933), II:704 Tubman, Harriet, II:1033 TUC. See Trades Union Congress (Great Britain) Tucker, William, I:8 TUEL. See Trade Union Education League Tuna, StarKist, I:430 Tunnels, I:85 Tupper, Earl Silas, II:1027–29 Tupperware, II:1028–29 Tupperware Home Parties, II:1029 Turbo PC, I:236 Turkey, in WW I, II:1129 Turner Broadcasting System, II:683 Turner, Frederick Jackson, II:753 Turner, Nat, II:679–80 Turner, Ted, II:683 Turnpikes, II:1029–20, 1066 Turtle wax, I:93 Tuscaroras, I:499, II:1102 Tuskegee Institute, I:142, II:1093–94 TVA. See Tennessee Valley Authority TWA. See TransWorld Airlines Twain, Mark, I:468, II:646 Twenty-First Amendment, I:119, II:1030 Twenty-Fourth amendment right to vote and, I:316 Tyler, John Preemption Act of 1841 and, II:1030–31

Texas and, II:997 westward expansion under, II:1108 Tyler Preemption Act (1841), II:1030–31 Tyson, Don, II:1031–32 Tyson Foods, Inc., II:1031–32 Tyson, John, II:1031

U UAW. See United Automobile Workers Udall, Morris, I:358 UE. See United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America UFW. See United Farm Workers Uggins, C. J., I:89 UGTC. See Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company Ultraviolet radiation, ozone and, II:763 UMW. See United Mine Workers UN. See United Nations Uncle Tom’s Cabin, I:1, II:1033 Underground economy, II:602. See also Black market Underground railroad, II:926, 1033–35, II:1034 Underwood, Oscar, II:1035 Underwood Tariff Act (1913), I:245, II:1035, 1117 Underwriting, I:377 Unemployment, II:1035–36, II:1036. See also Social Security Act (1935) in 1920s, II:831 in 1944, I:243 after American Revolution, II:1082 after Panic of 1837, II:770 after Panic of 1873, II:773 after WW II, II:811 Keynesian economics and, II:673 in Louisiana, II:586 mismatch, II:968 national debt and, II:684 National Industrial Recovery Act and, II:686 New Deal and, I:242, II:702, 705, 706, 883 in New Jersey, II:710, 712 in New Mexico, II:715 in Ohio, II:746 public works and, I:223 in Rhode Island, II:876

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

in rust belt, II:888–89 seasonal, II:906 in South Dakota, II:943 stagﬂation and, II:951, II:951 structural (See Structural unemployment) WPA and (See Works Progress Administration) Unemployment compensation, I:229 Unemployment Conference of 1925, II:980 Unemployment insurance, II:705, 706, 934 Unfair competition (Commerce), II:734 Unfair labor practices, II:727 UNICEF, II:1040 Unilateralism, after the Cold War, II:658 Union Army, African Americans in, I:283 Union Iron Mills, I:139 Union Labor Party. See Populism Union of Concerned Scientists, II:740 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See Russia Union Paciﬁc Corporation, II:1037 Union Paciﬁc railroad, II:1036–38 Aimes brothers and, I:43–45 beginning of, II:1015 Central Paciﬁc and, I:479, 481, II:956, 1037 cow towns and, I:221 Gould, Jayson and, I:387 land grants to, II:856–57 in Northern Securities case, II:735–36 Paciﬁc Railway Act and, II:856 position in industry, II:855 prosecution of, I:529 railroad war and, II:856 Thomas Durant and, I:262 in Utah, II:1051 in Wyoming, II:1139 Union Paciﬁc Resources Company, II:1037 Union Party, I:219 Union shops, I:183 Union Station, architect for, I:129 Union Switch and Signal Company, II:1107 Unionist Party, II:982 Unions credit, I:224 education for, I:89–91

labor (See Labor Unions) schools for, I:89–91 Uniroyal, II:1042–43 Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company, II:1005, 1043 Unisys Corporation, I:65, 199 United Airlines, I:19, 20, 21 United Automobile Workers, II:631, 931, 1038 break with AFL, II:557 Chrysler Corporation and, I:165 Colt Firearms strike by, I:195 in Ford Motor Co., I:67, II:554 General Motors and, I:367 Henry Ford and, I:332 Kelsey-Hayes Corp. and, I:531 sit-down strikes by, II:923 United Cigar Store, II:1008 United Copper Company, II:771 United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, II:851 United Farm Workers, I:135, I:157, I:157–58, II:1038–39 United Farm Workers Organizing Committee, I:157 United Metals Selling Company, I:39 United Mine Workers, I:515, 534, II:649–50, 1039 in AFL, II:558 in Colorado, I:192 formation of, I:184 John L. Lewis in, II:576–78, 704 National Recovery Administration and, II:687 Socialist Party of America and, II:851 in West Virginia, II:1104 United Motors Corporation, II:930 United Nations, II:1040 after the Cold War, II:658 child labor and, I:162 creation of, II:1132 from League of Nations, II:1117 United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, I:81 United Nations Children’s Fund. See UNICEF United Ofﬁce and Professional Workers of America, II:851 United Packinghouse Workers of America, II:851 United Parcel Service of America, Inc., II:1040–42

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

United Public Workers, II:851 United Rubber Workers in Ohio, II:746 sit-down strikes by, II:923 United Service Organization, I:122 United States Asian ﬁnancial crisis and, I:60 in colonial times (See American colonial period) departments of (See under the department name, e.g., Labor Department) early Republic (See Early American Republic) government of (See Federal government) impact of OPEC oil embargo on, II:751–52 NAFTA and, II:728 in NATO, II:729, 730 in WW I (See World War I) in WW II (See World War II) United States Army. Corps of Engineers, Panama Canal and, II:767 United States Attorney’s Ofﬁce, the war on drugs and, I:461 United States Baking Company, II:675 United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, II:728 United States Chamber of Commerce, II:948 United States Congress. See Congress of the United States United States Electric Light Company, II:1052 United States Football League, II:1024 United States Rubber Company, II:1042, II:1042–43 United States Steel Corporation, I:89, II:960, 1043–45 in Alabama, I:22, 24 in Indiana, I:477 John Pierpont Morgan in, II:663 military-industrial complex and, II:637 as oligopoly, II:751 in Panic of 1907, II:771 Tennessee Coal and Iron Company and, II:553–54 vertical consolidation of, I:206 United States Timber Company, II:593 United States Treasury bills. See Treasury bills United States v. Carson, II:849 1241

Index

United States v. E.C. Knight Company (1985), II:1045 United Steelworkers, II:746 United Technologies Corporation, II:761–62 UNIVAC. See Universal automatic computer Universal automatic computer, I:485 Universal Negro Improvement Association, I:400 Universal Savings Accounts, II:896 Universal time. See Greenwich mean time Universities and colleges for African Americans, I:89–91, II:1093–94 agricultural, II:561 beneﬁts for veterans, I:373–74 Columbia University, I:415 Dartmouth, II:845 Harvard, II:845 military-industrial complex and, II:638 West Texas State University, II:791 Yale University, II:845 Unocal Corporation, II:790 Unskilled labor assembly lines and, I:60 in great migration, I:399 in Knights of Labor, I:426 minimum wage laws and, II:638–39 organization of, II:923 in radical unions, II:850, 851 unions for, II:1038 UOPWA. See United Ofﬁce and Professional Workers of America UP. See Union Paciﬁc railroad Upjohn, William Erastus, II:1045 Upjohn Company, II:1045–46 in Michigan, II:631 pharmaceutical industry and, II:788 Upjohn Pill and Granule Company, II:1045 UPS. See United Parcel Service of America, Inc. UPS Airline, II:1041 Upton Machine Company, II:904 UPW. See United Public Workers UPWA. See United Packinghouse Workers of America Upward Bound, II:1099 Uranium industry, II:715 Urban areas. See Cities and towns 1242

Urban development. See also City Planning in Maryland, II:607 in Massachusetts, II:610 in Missouri, II:648 in Nebraska, II:697 in New Jersey, II:710 in Ohio, II:743, 745 Urban enterprise zones. See Enterprise zones Urban life, II:1046–47 industrialization and, I:479–80, 482 slums in, II:931–32 Urban planning. See City planning Urban policy, after WW II, II:813 Urban renewal, II:746, 1046–48 Urban riots, I:291 Urban-rural migration, II:972. See also Internal migration Urbanization, II:1046, 1048–49 USA Networks, Inc., II:683 USFL. See United States Football League Usher, Hezekiah, II:834 USO. see United Service Organization Usonian homes, II:1137 USS Chesapeake, II:1087 USS Maine, II:947 U.S.S.R. See Russia USX Corporation, II:1044 USX-Delhi Group, II:1044 Utah, II:1049–52, II:1050 acquisition of, II:989 Pony Express in, II:804 Utah and Northern Railroad, I:457 Utah Copper, II:1051 Utah International, I:364 UTC. See United Technologies Corporation Utes, I:192, II:738 Utilities industry, II:1052–54 electric, II:831, 832, 1052 Gifford Pinchot and, II:795 as natural monopolies, I:210, II:656, 693 radio as, II:853 regulation of, II:869 steam, I:364 Utility Siting Act (1973), II:661 Utopian socialism, I:497 Utopianism, II:1054, II:1054–56 Utopias, I:395, II:1054

V V-8 engines, I:366 Vacuum cleaners, I:97 expanded use of, I:261 by General Electric Company, I:364 Vail, Alfred, II:668, 986, 1105 Vail, Theodore J., I:63, 64 Valentino, Rudolph, II:1059 Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, I:36, I:37 Valley National Bank, II:1102 Valley Turnpike, II:1066 Value-added taxes, I:322 Van Andel, Jay, I:244 Van Andel Creation Research, I:244 Van Buren, Martin Andrew Jackson and, I:504, II:949–50 depressions under, I:78 Erie Canal and, I:295 establishing U.S. Treasury System, II:770 intrastate public works and, II:612 Native Americans and, II:1014 spoils system and, II:950 Van Camp Company, I:477 Van Rensselaer II, Stephen, II:720 Van Sant, Samuel, II:641 Vance, Harold, II:969–70 Vancouver, George, II:758, 1090 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, I:478, 481, II:1057, II:1057–58 vs. Daniel Drew, I:254 vs. Gould, Jayson, I:386–87 New York Central Railroad and, II:720 as robber baron, II:880, 1074 Vanderbilt, William H., II:720 Vanderbilt University, II:1057 Vans (Motor vehicles), I:367 Vare, William S., II:795 Variety stores, I:547 Varity Corporation, I:532 Vassar gum, II:1138 VAT. See Value-added taxes Vaudeville, II:1058–59 in entertainment industry, I:285 vs. radio entertainment, II:670 VCR. See Video cassette recorders Veblen, Thorstein Bonde, II:1059–60 Vegetable crops, support loans to, I:388

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Venezuela, Standard Oil Co. in, II:954 Ventura, Jesse, II:639 Verifone, II:699 Vermeer Technologies, Inc., II:634 Vermilion range, II:641 Vermilion River, II:941 Vermont, II:1060–62, II:1061 Verrazano, Giovanni da, II:605, 710, 730, 874 Versailles, Treaty of, I:500, II:1130 Vertical integration, in tobacco industry, II:1008 Vertical mergers. See Acquisitions and mergers Vested groups. See Special interest groups Veterans, of WW II, housing for, II:573–74 Veterans Administration, military pensions and, II:783 VHS. See Video home system Viacom, I:144, II:683 Victor Talking Machine Company, II:860, 861 Victoria’s Secret, catalogs for, II:872 Video cameras, II:665 Video cassette recorders Sony Corporation and, II:664 transistors in, II:665 Video games, II:938 Video home system, II:937 Video tape recorders, II:937 Viet Cong. See People’s Liberation Armed Forces Viet Minh, II:1063 Vietnam, II:1063. See also North Vietnam; South Vietnam Dwight D. Eisenhower and, II:1063 France and, II:1063 Japan and, II:1063 reuniﬁcation of, II:1064–65 trade embargo against, II:1065 Vietnam War, II:814, II:814, II:815, II:1063, II:1063–65, II:1064 Colt ﬁrearms in, I:195 containment policy and, I:188 controversy in, I:403–4 costs of, II:1083 illegal drugs and, I:460 military-industrial complex and, II:638 New York and, II:719 Richard Nixon and, II:725

selective service system during, II:908–9 sit-down tactics protesting, II:923 space race and, II:946 spending for, I:403 Vigilantism, II:990 Villiers, George William Frederick (Earl of Clarendon), I:25 Villiers de Jumonville, Joseph de, I:346 Violence of labor strikes, I:33, II:1104 racial (See Racial violence) Virgin Islands, I:227, II:1010 Virginia, II:1065–67, II:1066. See also Back Country; Tidewater establishment of colony, I:189 plantations in, II:801 population of colony, II:910 Puritans in, II:845 slavery in, II:927 Stamp Act and, II:952 tobacco in, II:1006 turnpikes in, II:1030 Virginia City, Montana, II:660 Virginia Resolutions, II:952 Virginia (Ship), I:498 Visa, Secure Transaction Technology for, II:699 VISTA. See Volunteers in Service to America Vitagraph Company, II:1089 Vocational education, I:452–53 Volcanoes affecting ozone layer, II:763 in Hawaii, I:422, I:423 Mount Saint Helens, II:1092 Volkswagen, I:67 Volstead Act (1919), I:279, II:829–30, 987 Volunteers in Service to America, I:291, II:814, 1099 von Braun, Wernher, II:945 von Drais de Sauerbrun, Karl, I:93 Voting rights, II:867. See also Poll tax of African Americans, I:170–71, 316, 399, II:586, 1067 Fifteenth Amendment and (See Fifteenth Amendment) in Georgia, I:369 Nineteenth Amendment and (See Nineteenth Amendment) of stockholders, II:963

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

for women (See Women’s suffrage) Voting Rights Act (1965), I:6, 170–71, 511, II:814 Vulcanization, I:385, II:1005

W W. Duke, Sons and Company, I:41, 257 W. Edwards Deming Institute, I:238 W. K. Kellogg Foundation, I:530 WAAC. See Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps Wabash, St. Louis and Paciﬁc Railway Company v. Illinois (1886), I:490–91, II:1069 Waco, Texas, Branch Dividian compound in, II:750 Wade-Davis Bill, II:867 Wage and price controls, II:1069–70 farm, I:388–90, I:389 regulation from 1897-1920, I:293–94 Wages and salaries. See also Minimum Wage during the 1920s, I:240 for African Americans, I:399 civil rights in, I:246 impact of NAFTA on, II:729 increases based on CPI, I:208 minimum (See Minimum wage) multinational corporations and, II:672 national debt and, II:684 National Recovery Administration and, II:686, 687 real (See Real wages) regulation of, II:1128 Richard Nixon, freezing of, II:815 after WW I, II:1084 WW II and, II:810, 1084 Wagner, Johann, I:118 Wagner, Robert F., II:704 Wagner Act. See National Labor Relations Act (1935) Wagon industry during Civil War, II:969 Studebaker Corporation, II:969 Wagons, I:122 covered, I:220–21, I:221 on the Oregon Trail, II:760 Wal-Mart Discount City, II:1070 1243

Index

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., II:1070–71, 1077–78 vs. CompUSA, I:411 vs. Montgomery Ward, II:662 Walker, Francis Amasa, II:1071–72 Walker, James E., II:802 Walker, Patrick, I:111 Walker, Samuel H., I:194 Walker, Sarah Breedlove, II:1073 Walker, Thomas, I:226, 532 Walker method, of hair care, II:1073 Walker revolver, I:194 Walkman portable cassette player. See Audio cassette players Wall, Danny C., II:897 Wall, Joseph Frazier, I:497 Wall Street, II:721, 966, 1073–74, II:1074 Wall Street Journal, I:252, I:252–53, II:1074–75 Walla Wallas, II:738 Wallace, Henry, II:1075–76 Wallace, Henry Agard, II:1076 Wallace, Henry Cantwell, II:1076 Walras, Leon, II:571 Walt Disney Company Eisner, Michael and, I:280–81 in entertainment industry, I:286 NBC and, II:683 Walt Disney World, I:281 Waltham-Lowell System, II:588–89 Waltham system of labor, II:589–90 Walton, J.L. (Bud), II:1070 Walton, Sam Moore, II:1070, 1076–78 Wampanoags, II:794 Wampum, II:715, 1078 Wanamaker, John, II:662 War. See names of speciﬁc conﬂicts, e.g., World War II War bonds. See Saving bonds War economy, II:1082–85, II:1083 in American Revolution, I:11, 12 in Massachusetts, II:610 in Minnesota, II:641 in Montana, II:661 national banking system and, II:680–81 in New York, II:719 in Texas, II:995 from Vietnam War, II:1064 War Industries Board and, II:1086 in WW I, II:1129–30 War Emergency Tankers Inc., II:998 1244

‘‘War Hawks,’’ I:180, 181 War Industries Board, I:294, II:636–37, 1085–86, 1129 National Recovery Administration and, II:687 Overman Act and, II:763 War Labor Board, II:1086 War Labor Disputes Act (1943), I:243, II:1086 War Loan Act (1917), II:1129 War of 1812, II:1087–88 Andrew Jackson and, I:503–4 blockade in, I:103 Cornelius Vanderbilt and, II:1057 costs of, II:1083 economic impact of, II:677, 1081–82 effect on Erie Canal of, I:295–96 embargo and, I:284 Henry Clay and, I:180, 181 Illinois statehood after, I:464 income tax and, II:923 Matthew Perry and, I:505, II:785 metalwork in America and, II:893 national debt and, II:685 National Road and, II:688 Native Americans in, II:1012 New Orleans during, II:716 New York during, II:1057 Ohio during, II:745 piracy and, II:798 relations with Britain before, I:507, II:1081 Second Bank of the United States after, II:768 tariffs during, II:983 Tecumseh during, II:985 West Virginia during, II:1102 Zebulon Pike in, II:792 War on Poverty, II:814, 816, 1098–99 War powers, nulliﬁcation and, II:982 War Production Board, I:243, II:743, 860, 1084, 1088 War protests. See Paciﬁsm War Revenue Act (1917), II:1129 War Shipping Administration, II:998 Ward, Aaron Montgomery, II:595, 661–62 Warehouses elevator systems for, II:761 Granger laws regulating, II:685

Warne, Kate, II:796 Warner, Jack Leonard, II:1088–90 Warner Brothers Pictures, II:1088–90 Warner Communications, II:836 Warrior, I:99 Warsaw Pact, I:187, I:187 Warships, Confederate, I:25 Wasatch Front, Utah, II:1051 Washburn, Reuben W., II:1101 Washing-machines expanded use of, I:261 by General Electric Company, I:364 by Maytag Corporation, II:612–13 Washington, II:959 Washington, Booker T., I:142, II:904, II:1093, II:1093–94 Washington, D.C., I:168 Washington, George, II:1095–96 Alexander Hamilton and, I:413 in American Revolution, I:36, I:36–37 Articles of Confederation and, I:58 election of, I:12 Franklin D. Roosevelt and, II:882 in French and Indian War, I:346 on French Revolution, II:1080 isolationism and, I:500 Jay Treaty and, I:506–8 John Hancock and, I:416 as land owner, II:1114 national economy under, II:1078–80 on plantations, II:801 at Second Continental Congress, I:213 slavery and, II:928 Springﬁeld Armory and, II:950 Thomas Jefferson and, I:509 on westward expansion, I:495 on Whiskey Rebellion, II:1115 whiskey tax and, I:100 Washington, Treaty of, I:25 Washington Monument, II:1096 Washington Movement, II:828–29 Washington (State), II:856, 1090–92, II:1091 Washington Temperance Society, II:987 Waste disposal appliances for, II:613 radioactive, II:941

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Waste management, I:289 Waste paper, recycling of, II:868 Wastewater treatment, I:289, II:1053 Water conservation, II:757–58 Water distillation, I:87 Water pollution, from oil spills, I:302 Water power Harry S. Truman and, II:1022 for manufacturing machinery, II:589–90, 1080 in Tennessee, II:989, 991–92 in textile industries, I:269 by Westinghouse, II:1107 Water quality, I:289 Water rights, II:944 Water supply in Utah, II:1049, 1051 utilities for, II:1052–53 Watergate scandal civil service reform after, I:172 Howard Hughes and, I:452 Richard Nixon and, II:725, 726 Watermelon industry, in Georgia, I:369 Waters, Walter, I:395 Waterways. See also speciﬁc waterways, e.g., rivers, lakes, etc. Lewis and Clark Expedition and, II:575, 588 in Washington state, II:1091–92 Welland Canal, II:891, 1100–1101 in Wisconsin, II:1120 Wathen, Thomas, II:797 Watson, Arthur K., II:1096 Watson, Dick, I:486 Watson, Thomas, Jr., I:485–86, II:1096 Watson, Thomas A., I:64, 86, 87 Watson, Thomas John, I:485, II:1096–98 Watson-Wentworth, Charles (Maquis of Rockingham), II:952 Watt, James, I:297 Wax phonograph records, I:278 Wayne, Anthony, I:305, 475, II:1115 Wayne, John, II:1007 Ways and Means Committee, I:245 WCTU. See Women’s Christian Temperance Union Wealth distribution of, I:190–91, 212 pay equity and, II:777 psychology of, II:1059–60 socialism and, II:936

Thorstein Bonde Veblen on, II:1059–60 Wealth of Nations, I:138, II:932 on international division of labor, I:197–98 large-scale production and, I:275–76 on mercantilism, II:579–80 Weapons, ancient, I:183 Weapons industry, II:636–38 in Delaware, I:235 in Georgia, I:369 Weapons smuggling. See Arms smuggling Weatherby riﬂe, I:196 Weaver, James, I:307, 309, 404, II:569, 806 Web browsers, I:47–48, II:698–700 Web servers, Netscape and, II:699 Webb, Del, II:722 Weber, Max, I:288, II:1126 Webster, Daniel, I:78, 181, 205, 350, 385 Webster Publishing Company, II:617 WebTV Networks, II:634 Wedderburn, Alexander, I:495 Weicker, Lowell L., I:204 Weight Watchers International, I:431 Weinstein, Bernard, II:995 Weiser, Conrad, I:347 Weiss, Carl, II:583–84 Welch, John, I:364, II:683 Welcome, Ernest, II:859 Weld, Theodore Dwight, I:1 Weld, William, II:610 Welfare policy, II:1098–1100, II:1099 Welfare reform, I:212, II:1099–1100 Welland Canal, II:891, 1100–1101 Wells, Fargo and Company, II:1101–2 Wells, Frank, I:280 Wells, Henry, II:1101 Welsh, Charles Kingston, II:1005 Wentworth, John, I:38 Wesco Food Company, I:550 Wesley, John, II:828 West, Mae, II:1059 West Indies, II:1006 as New Netherlands, II:715 sugar industry in, I:190 West Shore railroad, II:720 West Texas State University, II:791 West Virginia, II:1066, 1102–5, II:1103 Western Auto Supply, II:905

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Western Electric, I:64, II:665, 1026 Western Federation of Miners, I:192, II:849 Western Inland Lock Navigation Company, I:295 Western Paciﬁc railroad, II:1037 Western Pueblos, II:837 Western Union Corporation, I:387, II:668, 1053, 1105–6 Western Union Financial Services, II:1106 Western Union Telegraph Company, I:87, II:1105 Westervelt, Conrad, I:103 Westinghouse, George, II:1052, 1106–7 Westinghouse Air Brake Company, II:1106 Westinghouse Corporation, II:861 Westinghouse Electric Company, II:719, 771, 1107 Westward expansion, II:598–99, 602, 1107–9, II:1109 Alaska purchase and, I:28 after the American Revolution, I:474, II:1079–80 into Arizona, I:51–53, I:52 Black Hawk War and, I:99–100 British restrictions on, I:10 effect on agriculture, I:16 government land policy in, I:390–92 Henry Clay and, I:181 Homestead Act and (See Homestead Act (1862)) Iowa and, I:495, 497 irrigation and, I:499 Kansas and, I:520 keelboats and, I:524 Land Ordinance of 1785 and, II:563–64 Lewis and Clark (See Lewis and Clark Expedition) Louisiana Purchase and (See Louisiana Purchase) Native Americans and, I:320 railroads and, II:1036–37 Richard King and, I:540–41 Santa Fe Trail in, II:895 slavery and, I:1 South and, II:958 South Dakota and, II:941–42 squatting and, II:1031 steamboats in, II:959 telegraph and, II:667, 1105 Texas and, II:993, 994–95, 996–97 1245

Index

urbanization and, II:1048 Wilderness Road in, II:1116 Weyapiersenwah, I:305 Weybright, Victor, II:835 Weyerhaeuser, Frederick, II:1110 Weyerhaeuser and Denkmann, II:1110 Weyerhaeuser Company, II:1092, 1110–11 Weyerhaeuser Timber Company, II:1110 Whalebone, II:1113 Whale-oil, II:1111–12 Whaling, I:392, II:1111–13, II:1112 in Connecticut, I:202 in Hawaii, I:423 Japan and, I:505 in Massachusetts, II:609 Navigation Acts and, II:694 in Rhode Island, II:874 Wheat industry combines in, I:326 Dust Bowl and, I:256–57, 264–66, I:265 during Great Depression, I:394 in Iowa, I:497 in Oklahoma, II:748, 749 price manipulation in, I:387 support loans to, I:388, 389 in Wisconsin, II:1120 Wheel industry, I:530–32 Wheeler, Burton K., I:501 Wheels, wooden, I:145 Whig Party conservatism in, I:204 on tariffs, II:983 Whirlpool Corporation, II:904 Whiskey by Armand Hammer, I:414 from corn, I:216 Dingley tariff on, I:245 in Kentucky, I:532 taxation of, II:1114 Whiskey Rebellion, I:100, II:1080, 1113–15 White, Hugh, I:111 White, J.M., II:984 White City, I:129 White Mountains, I:49 White Sands Missile Range, II:715 White supremacy movements KKK and, I:551–52 slavery and, II:927 in Tennessee, II:989 Whitney, Eli, I:537 1246

in Connecticut, I:202 cotton gin by, I:175–76, 218, 267, II:801 cotton industry and, II:925, 928 metalwork and, II:893 Whitney, Eli, Jr., I:194 Whitney, Richard, II:966 Whittlesey House, II:616 Wholesale industry partnerships in, II:775 in Washington state, II:1092 WIB. See War Industries Board Wickersham, George W., II:830 Wild and Scenic River Act, II:1115–16 Wildcat banks, II:1116 Wildcat strikes, II:1038 Wilder, Douglas, II:1067 Wilderness Road, I:226, II:1116 Wildlife preservation environmentalism and, I:289 whaling and, II:1113 Wiley, Harvey Washington, II:844, 845 Wilkes, Charles, I:345, II:759 Wilkinson, James, II:792 Willard, Daniel, II:856, 1085–86 Willard, Frances, II:829 Willes, Mark, II:1004 William C. Brown (Publisher), II:1004 William E. Ward House, II:870 William S. Kimball and Company, I:41 William Waltke Company, II:824 Williams, Roger Native Americans and, II:692 in Rhode Island, II:874 Willing, Morris and Company, II:665–66 Willkie, Wendell L., I:514 Willys-Overland, I:167 Wilson, Pete, I:135 Wilson, William Julius, I:6 Wilson, Woodrow, II:1116–18, II:1117 antitrust laws and, I:182, II:654–55 Bernard M. Baruch and, I:81 on child labor, I:162, II:1128 on Commerce Court, II:599 Council of National Defense and, I:220 dollar diplomacy and, I:251 election of, II:978 vs. Eugene Victor Debs, I:230

Franklin D. Roosevelt and, II:883 Harry S. Truman and, II:1021 Herbert Croly and, I:225 Ida Tarbell and, II:980 immigrants and, I:467 on international commerce, II:1084 international relations and, I:500 League of Nations and, II:726 on Mexican revolution, I:96 on national banking, II:580 Overman Act and, II:762 Progressive Era and, I:293 Robert LaFollette and, II:560 on tariffs, II:1035 trust-busting by, II:580–81, II:1026 Volstead Act and, II:987 War Industries Board and, II:1085–86 William Cullen Bryant and, I:124 WW I and, I:513, II:1129 Wilson Dam, II:991 Wilson Foods, II:1031 Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894), II:804, 923 Windmills, II:995 Window glass, II:799 Windows operating systems, I:144, 199 Wine industry, I:374 Winklmayr, Ivana Zelnickova. See Trump, Ivana Winnebagos, I:99–100 Winship, Jonathan, I:111 Winthrop, John, II:608, 845 Wire Wheel Corporation, I:531 Wisconsin, II:559–60, 1118–20, II:1119 Wisconsin Idea, II:560 Wise, Brownie, II:1029 Wise potato chips, I:110 Withholding tax, II:924 WLB. See War Labor Board WLDA. See War Labor Disputes Act (1943) WLR Foods Inc., II:1032 Wobblies. See Industrial Workers of the World Wolfe, James, I:347 Woman’s Home Companion, II:564 Woman’s Jounal, I:101 Women. See also Women’s movement

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

afﬁrmative action for, I:6–7 African American colleges, I:89–91 changing roles of, II:603 employment of (See Working women) rights of (See Women’s rights) smoking among, I:41, I:41, II:1007 in workforce (See Working women) in WW II, II:884, II:884–85 Women military personnel, II:908 Women-owned businesses Pepperidge Farm as, II:886–87 Sarah Breedlove Walker and, II:1073 Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps, I:91 Women’s Army for National Defense, I:91 Women’s Bureau, II:1121 Women’s Christian Temperance Union, I:279, II:829, 987 Women’s clothing industry, II:905 Women’s magazines Gertrude Lane and, II:564–65 Woman’s Journal, I:101 Women’s movement, II:1124–25, II:1125 Frances Kelly and, II:784 Ida Tarbell and, II:980 Nineteenth Amendment and, II:724–25 publishing industry and, I:544 working women and, II:1123 Women’s rights, II:1124–25 Barbara Proctor and, II:825–27 Eugene Victor Debs for, I:229 Nineteenth Amendment and, II:724–25 in Woman’s Home Companion, II:565 Women’s suffrage, I:229, II:1124 Henry Brown Blackwell and, I:101–2 Mary Lease and, II:568–69 Nineteenth Amendment and (See Nineteenth Amendment) Women’s Trade Union League, II:1121, 1126, 1128 Wood, as fuel source, II:592 Wood, Leonard, II:823 Wood, Robert, II:904 Wood ﬁnishes, I:354 Wood products industry. See Forest products industry

Wood-pulp, for paper, II:774 Woodruff, Ernest, I:185 Woodruff Sleeping Car Company, I:139 Woodworking industries, I:121–22, 354 Wool industry, I:258 Woolman, John, II:928 Woolson, Moses, II:974 Woolworths, II:871 Wooster Rubber Company, Rubbermaid and, 2:885 Wordsworth, William, I:120 Work ethic, II:1126 Work hours in early 20th century, II:1016 New Deal and, II:704 in Progressive Era, II:1128 unions and, II:558 for women, II:1121 Workers’ compensation, I:261 Working class in New York, II:718 radicalism, II:554–55 urbanization and, II:1048 Working conditions, I:426 in factories, II:1127–28 feminism and, II:724 at Proctor and Gamble, II:822, 824 in Rhode Island factories, II:877 in scientiﬁc management, II:901 in sweatshop, II:1016–17 Working women, I:269, II:813, II:1029, 1084, 1121–23, II:1122 in factories, II:718, 1124 in Knights of Labor, I:426 labor laws for, I:116 in late 19th century, II:1127 in radical unions, II:850 in Rhode Island factories, II:877 sewing machines and, II:922 wages of, II:1072 WW II and, II:810, 813, 884–85, 1029, 1133 Workingman’s Party of California, I:163 of New York, II:718 Workman’s Compensation Act (1913), II:639 Works Progress Administration, I:242, 446, II:703, 705, 1122, 1129 Workstations (Microcomputer). See Personal computers Work-Study Program, II:814, 1098–99

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

World Antislavery Conference, II:1124 World Bank, I:363, II:811, 1040 World Economic Conference, I:501 World fairs in Missouri, II:648 in Seattle, II:1092 Upjohn Company at, II:1046 World’s Columbian Exposition, I:45, 129, 464, II:1107 World Health Organization, II:1040 World News Service, II:616 World Publishing Company, II:1003 World Series, New York Yankees in, II:722, 723 World Trade Center, II:607, 761 World Trade Organization, II:834 GATT and, I:363 origins of, II:983 World War I, II:1129–30, II:1130 agriculture and, I:16–17, II:942 aircraft tires in, I:93 American Plan after, I:34 automobile industry during, I:67 Bernard Mannes Baruch investments before, I:81 blockade in, I:103 book publishing after, II:835 bull market before, I:107 cartels after, I:141 cellucotton and, I:536 Coca-Cola Co. during, I:185 Colorado after, I:193 Colt ﬁrearms in, I:194 Connecticut during, I:203 copper industry during, I:53 costs of, II:1083 Council of National Defense during, I:220 CPI during, I:209 draft in, II:908, II:908 durable goods revolution following, I:262 economy after, I:363, 396, II:1084 effect on antitrust movement, II:655 emigration/immigration before, I:466–67 Firestone during, I:317–18 foreign trade during, I:341 General Motors during, I:366 Gillette Company before, I:375 government farm policy during, I:388 Herbert Croly and, I:224, 225 1247

Index

Hershey Foods Corporation during, I:434 Illinois during, I:464 imports during, II:1035 Indiana industries during, I:477 industrial mobilization after, II:637 Iowa after, I:498 isolationism and, I:500 IWW activities during, II:554–55 Jane Addam’s efforts in, I:3 Kroger Company after, I:550 labor unions and, II:555, 558 League of Nations after, II:1040 Lever Food Control Act during, II:572–73 liberty bonds during, II:581–82 McGraw-Hill in, II:616 military-industrial complex in, II:637 Minnesota after, II:641 monopolies before, I:529 national debt and, II:685 Nevada in, II:702 normalcy and, II:726 North Carolina in, II:731 Ohio in, II:745–46 oil depletion allowance after, II:747 Oregon after, II:757 petroleum industry and, II:786, 998 pharmaceutical industry after, II:788 progressivism before, I:526 Railroad War Board in, II:856 retail stores during, II:871 Rhode Island during, II:876 shipbuilding during, II:919 smoking during, II:1007 South Dakota during, II:942 Springﬁeld Armory during, II:950–51 steel industry during, II:1044 Tennessee River development during, II:991 U.S. joins, I:500, II:1129–30 veterans from, I:373–74, 395 War Industries Board in, II:1085–86 Washington state during, II:1092 West Virginia after, II:1104 wheat production for, I:522 wheels produced for, I:531 1248

Woodrow Wilson and, II:1117 working women during, II:724, 1121 Wyoming during, II:1139 World War II, II:1131–33, II:1132. See also Postwar prosperity; Roosevelt, Franklin Delano AFL/CIO during, I:201 aggregate demand after, I:13 agricultural economy during, I:309 air conditioners after, I:141 air travel after, I:17 Alabama after, I:24 Alaska during, I:27 allied powers in, I:57 Arizona during, I:53 automobile industry during, II:969 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad during, I:75 Bessemer process after, I:89 Black & Decker after, I:97 bond market after, I:107 book publishing in, II:835 brewing industry during, I:119 Brunswick Corporation during, I:122 business cycles after, I:132 California during, I:135 canning industry in, II:1120 CCC and, I:180 Chinese immigration after, I:164 Chrysler Corporation during, I:165 civil service during, I:172 Coca-Cola Co. during, I:185 Colorado during, I:193 Colt ﬁrearms in, I:194 Connecticut during, I:204 costs of, II:1083 credit during, I:223–24 defense spending for, I:395 depreciation practice in, I:239 diesel engines in, I:147 DuPont during, I:259 Earl S. Tupper Co. during, II:1028 Eastman Kodak during, I:272 economic projections during, II:571 economic relief in Kansas, I:522 economic relief in Kentucky, I:534

end of Open Door Policy, II:754 end of Second New Deal, II:906 entertainment industry during, I:285–86, 287 exchange rates after, I:381 Firestone during, I:317–18 Ford Motor Company during, I:332 Franklin D. Roosevelt in, II:882, 884 furniture industry and, I:354 General Motors during, I:366 Georgia during, I:369 Gerber Products after, I:370 German missile development during, II:944–45 Gillette Company during, I:376 government farm policy after, I:388 Great Depression and, I:239–43, I:241 growth of suburbs after, II:1046–47 H. J. Heinz Company during, I:431 Harley-Davidson during, I:418 Harry Hopkins during, I:445–47 Harry S. Truman and, II:1021–22 Hawaii during, I:424 highway construction stopped by, I:492 home front during, I:440–41 Hoovervilles during, I:445 housing after, I:374 housing construction after, II:573 Howard Johnson’s during, I:448 IBM during, I:485, II:1097 illegal drugs since, I:459–60 IMF after, I:487 income tax during, I:321, II:924 Indiana during, I:477 inﬂation after, I:483 interest rates after, II:670 invasion of Poland in, I:242 Iowa during, I:498 isolationism before, I:500 IWW during, I:481 Jim Crow laws before, I:511 John Keynes and, I:535 Kaiser Corp. after, I:520 Keynesian economics and, I:536

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

Index

Kimberly-Clark Corp. and, I:537 KKK during, I:552 Korea after, I:544 Kroger Company after, I:550 labor disputes during, II:1086 labor movement after, I:183, II:559 Lend-Lease Act during, II:571 liberty ships during, II:582 Louisiana after, II:586 lumber industry after, II:1110 machine gun production for, I:531 Marshall Plan after, II:603–4 Maryland after, II:607 Massachusetts after, II:610 Maytag Corporation in, II:613 McGraw-Hill in, II:616 mercenaries after, II:622 military-industrial complex after, II:636–38 Mississippi after, II:645 Missouri during, II:648 Montana during, II:661 multiplier effects during, II:673 mutual funds after, II:674 Nabisco Foods after, II:675 national debt and, I:310, II:685 NATO after, II:729, 730 Neiman Marcus during, II:600 Nevada during, II:702 New Jersey during, II:712 New Mexico after, II:713 New York during, II:719 North Carolina during, II:731 Ofﬁce of Emergency Management during, II:743 Ofﬁce of Price Administration during, II:743 Ohio during, II:746 opposition to involvement in, I:514 Oregon during, II:758 Otis Elevator Company during, II:761 Pan American Airways during, II:1019 penicillin and, II:788 Pennsylvania during, II:780 Pennsylvania Railroad during, II:782 Philippines in, II:789 Pinkerton National Detective Agency during, II:797 poverty after, II:816

powdered milk in, II:562 prices during, I:284 private business after, I:275 prosperity after, II:812–15 protectionism after, II:834 rail transportation during, II:1037 railroad regulation after, I:310–11 rationing during, II:743, 860 Raymond Kroc and, I:548 RCA during, II:862 Reconstruction Finance Corp. during, II:868 recycling during, II:868 refugees from, I:467 research labs in, II:871 Rubbermaid during, II:885 Russia and U.S. in, I:186 savings during, II:895 Sears, Roebuck and Company and, II:904 shipbuilding and, I:519, II:919 smoking during, II:1007 social climate of, I:290 South Dakota during, II:943 supermarkets after, II:872 synthetic rubber during, II:1005 technical publishing after, II:835–36 television programs and, II:681–82 Tennessee Valley Authority during, II:992 Texas Company during, II:998 Texas during, II:995 United Nations after, II:1040 Utah during, II:1051 variety stores after, I:547 veterans of, I:373–74 wage and price controls in, II:1069 war bonds during, II:582 War Labor Disputes Act during, II:1086 War Production Board during, II:1088 Warner Brothers during, II:1089 Washington state during, II:1092 West Virginia after, II:1104 women during, II:1029, 1122 Wyoming during, II:1139 Zenith Corporation and, II:1145 Worldnet, formation of, I:66

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

World’s Columbian Exposition, I:45, 129, 464, II:1107 Worldwide Web. See also Internet America Online and, I:143–44 browsers for, I:47–48, II:698–700 development of, I:199 Wozniak, Stephen Gary, I:511, II:786, 1133–35 WPA. See Works Progress Administration WPB. See War Production Board WPP Group PLC, I:5 Wright, Frank Lloyd, II:975, 1135–37, II:1136 Wright, James, I:38 Wright, Louis B., II:939 Wright, Martha, II:1124 Wright, Orville, I:94 Wright, Robert C., II:683, 684 Wright, Wilbur, I:94 Wright Act (1887), I:499 Wrigley, Philip Knight, II:1138 Wrigley, William, Jr., II:1137–38 Wrigley Manufacturing Company, II:1138 Wrongful death lawsuits, I:332 WSRA. See Wild and Scenic River Act WTO. See World Trade Organization WTUL. See Women’s Trade Union League WW I. See World War I WW II. See World War II WWW. See Worldwide Web Wyandots in French and Indian War, I:346 in Ohio, II:745 Wyler’s bouillon, I:110 Wynn, Ed, II:998 Wyoming, II:1139–41, II:1140 acquisition of, II:989 in Dakota Territory, II:941 Pony Express in, II:804

X X-ray tubes, I:364 Xerox Company, I:334, II:1026 1249

Index

Xerox Learning Systems, II:1003 X-rays, dangers of, II:677

Y Y & S Candies, I:434 Yachting, II:1003 Yakimas, II:738 Yale, Linus, I:202 Yale University, II:845 Yalta Conference, II:1132 Yamazaki Baking Company (Japan), II:676 Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, II:644 Year Book Medical Publishers, II:1003 Yellow dog contracts, II:1143

1250

in 1920s, II:555

Z

Norris-LaGuardia Act and, II:726, 727

Zeder, Fred, I:167

Yellow journalism, I:429, II:947

Zedillo, Ernesto, II:626–27

Yellowstone National Park, II:1141 York Peppermint Patties, I:434

Zenith Electronics Corporation, II:1145–46

Yorktown, Siege of, I:11, 37

Zenith Radio Corporation, II:1145

Young, Brigham, II:1049, 1051

Zero inventory. See Just in time inventory systems

Young, Robert R., II:721 Younger brothers, Allan Pinkerton and, II:796 ‘‘Youth Dew,’’ by Estee Lauder, II:568

Zero Manufacturing Company, II:1138 Zilka, Donald, I:196 Zilka and Co., I:196

Yugoslavia, NATO forces in, II:730

Zinc industry, II:661

Yukon Gold Rush. See Klondike Gold Rush

Zion nuclear reactor, II:740 Zoning, in city planning, I:168

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY