Życie wirtualnych dzikich

Wielu osobom trudno wyobrazić sobie pracę bez Wikipedii. Choć nie zawsze stanowi pełne, wystarczające i bezbłędne źródło wiedzy, to właśnie od niej studenci, naukowcy, czy inni użytkownicy Internetu zaczynają poszukiwania informacji na interesujący ich temat. Książka Dariusza Jemielniaka stanowi przewodnik po świecie Wikipedii, nie jest to jednak „instrukcja obsługi”, wprowadzenie w techniczne niuanse, czy też prezentacja dziejów popularnej encyklopedii. Autor przedstawia Wikipedię i ruch Wikimedia jako organizację czy nawet zjawisko społeczne, zaś jego książka jest etnograficzną podróżą po świecie tytułowych „wirtualnych dzikich”, świecie opartym na otwartej współpracy i samoorganizacji. Czytelnik ma dzięki temu okazję poznać nowe, interesujące oblicze świata organizacji zaprezentowane przez doskonale znającego realia pracy ruchu Wikimedia Autora. dr hab. Beata Glinka, prof. UW, Wydział Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

Ta książka otwiera oczy. Umożliwia wyjątkowy wgląd w zamknięty świat aktywistów Wikipedii. Profesor Jemielniak jest mocno zaangażowanym Wikipedystą i jednocześnie międzynarodowym naukowcem z dziedziny zarządzania. To podwójne umocowanie pozwala mu na dotarcie do słabo znanych materiałów, które przedstawia w złożonej, pogłębionej analizie. Rezultaty jego badań są przedstawione w niniejszej książce. Otwiera ona oczy czytelnika na gry o władzę i mechanizmy zarządzania stojące za pozornie chaotyczną, anarchistyczną społecznością otwartej współpracy (...). Książka Jemielniaka jest lekturą obowiązkową dla wszystkich, którzy chcą zrozumieć przyszłość współczesnych organizacji. prof. dr hab. Andrzej K. Koźmiński, członek korespondent PAN, profesor Akademii Leona Koźmińskiego

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SPIS TREŚCI

PODZIĘKOWANIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 WPROWADZENIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Dlaczego warto badać społeczności otwartej współpracy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Świadomość zbiorowa, głąby, przegrani i inne błędne założenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Zawartość książki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

WIKIPEDIA W TELEGRAFICZNYM SKRÓCIE: LICZBY, ZASADY, EDYTORZY

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27

Wikipedia: podstawowe fakty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Podstawowe zasady i normy zachowania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Życie społeczności, status i reprezentacja samego siebie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

FORMALNE ROLE ORAZ HIERARCHIA

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55

Role społeczne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Głosowania nad przyznawaniem uprawnień administratora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Choroba licznikowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Ścieżka zdrowia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Czy system upadł? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Czy admiństwo to wielka rzecz? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Dymisjonowanie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Klika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Egalitarny system władzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

6

ŻYCIE WIRTUALNYCH DZIKICH. NETNOGRAFIA WIKIPEDII... DLACZEGO MUSIMY UMIERAĆ ZA GDAŃSK?

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93

Rozwiązywanie wirtualnych konfliktów . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Zapraszamy na Danzig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Wieczna wojna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Pokój z pominięciem konsensusu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Trajektorie konfliktów . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Współpraca, konflikt, a może i to, i to? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

WIELKI BRAT PATRZY

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131

Kontrola przez śledzenie zmian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Kontrola przez strukturę wypowiedzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Kontrola przez procedury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Przyczyny biurokratyzacji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

NIE UFAJ NIKOMU: PRAWDA JEST... GDZIEŚ TAM

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157

Zaufanie a społeczności open source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Sprawa Essjaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Na czym polegał występek Essjaya? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Późniejsze debaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Zaufanie i kontrola referencji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Zaufanie do procedur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

CZY LECI Z NAMI PILOT?

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183

Odejście założyciela? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Ojciec Założyciel czy Ojcowie Założyciele? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Zmieniająca się rola Walesa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Przełomowe eksperymenty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Dziecięca pornografia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Tryby przywództwa w społecznościach otwartej współpracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Przekroczony Rubikon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

SPIS TREŚCI MIĘDZY ANARCHIĄ A BIUROKRACJĄ: ZARZĄDZANIE W WIKIPEDII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Wewnętrzni interesariusze ruchu Wikimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Relacje między WMF a organizacjami lokalnymi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Relacje między WMF a społecznościami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Forking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Niekompletna z definicji? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

UWAGI KOŃCOWE

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261

Nowe wolności i altruizm, czy wyzysk na nowo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Wikipedia jako zagrożenie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Zakończenie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

DODATEK 1: METODYKA BADAŃ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Etnografia a przeniknięcie do badanej społeczności . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Narracja w pierwszej osobie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Metody badawcze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Pytania badawcze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Etnografia wirtualna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Nazewnictwo i powody, dla których badanie oparto na dwóch Wikipediach . . . . . . 284

DODATEK 2: PIĘĆ FILARÓW WIKIPEDII

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289

Wprowadzenie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Pięć filarów . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Czym Wikipedia nie jest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Podstawowe pojęcie neutralności . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Wikipedia: Prawa autorskie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Wikipedia: Wikietykieta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Podstawowe zasady etykiety Wikipedii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Wikipedia: Ignoruj wszystkie zasady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

BIBLIOGRAFIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

7

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10

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23

24

ŻYCIE WIRTUALNYCH DZIKICH. NETNOGRAFIA WIKIPEDII... ZLNLSHG\VWyZ2SLVXMċ]MDZLVNRZ\VWċSRZDQLDZ:LNLSHGLLQLVNLHJR SR]LRPXZ]DMHPQHJR]DXIDQLDZğURGRZLVNXZNWyU\PRFKURQDZLU WXDOQHJRZL]HUXQNXLSU\ZDWQRğýWRGZLHQDMğFLğOHMFKURQLRQHğZLċWRğFL 3U]H]DQDOL]ċSU]\SDGNXSRZDīQHJRNU\]\VX]DXIDQLDZ:LNLSHGLL SRND]XMċīHNRQWURODUHIHUHQFMLPRīHRVâDELýMHGQĆ]FHFKSU]\FLĆJD MĆF\FKOXG]LGRSURMHNWXNWyUĆMHVWPRīOLZRğýVWZRU]HQLDZL]HUXQNX RVRE\PDMĆFHMV]HURNĆZLHG]ċ 6NXWNLHPWHJRIXQNFMċNRQWUROLUHIH UHQFMLMDNWHī]DXIDQLDPLċG]\OXG]NLHJRSU]HMPXMH]DXIDQLHSURFH GXURP:UR]G]LDOHW\PRSLVXMċGODF]HJRVSRâHF]QRğýWDNVLOQLH VNRQFHQWURZDQDQDWZRU]HQLXZLHG]\RZ\VRNLHMMDNRğFLRG U]XFDU]HF]\ZLVWHUHIHUHQFMHLWRīVDPRğFL .ZHVWLD]DXIDQLDRWZLHUDUR]ZDīDQLDZNROHMQ\PUR]G]LDOHGRW\ F]ĆF\PDXWRU\WHWyZLSU]\ZyG]WZDZUXFKX:LNLPHGLD'RNRQXMċDQD OL]\UR]ZRMXUROL-LPP\·HJRÅ-LPERµ:DOHVD3RND]XMċīHDXWRU\WHW\ Z:LNLSHGLLQLHRWU]\PXMĆWDU\I\XOJRZHM2SLVXMċHZROXFMċSU]\ZyG] WZD:DOHVD]DUyZQRZZ\QLNXMHJRğZLDGRPHJRRGHMğFLDMDNLZVNX WHNMHJRQLHSRUDGQRğFLSU]\ZyGF]HMZGZyFKSU]\SDGNDFK3RND]XMċ īHZ\EUDQ\SU]H]:DOHVDLGHNODURZDQ\SU]H]HĕPRGHOSU]\ZyG]WZD MHVWVSU]HF]Q\]SRGHMPRZDQ\PLSU]H]QLHJRG]LDâDQLDPL=UR]ZRMX SRPQLHMV]HJREXQWXVSRâHF]QRğFLSU]HFLZNRVZHPXSU]\ZyGF\Z\ VQXZDPV]HUV]HZQLRVNLQDWHPDWSU]\ZyG]WZDZRUJDQL]DFMDFKRWZDU WHMZVSyâSUDF\:UR]G]LDOHVWDZLDPS\WDQLHRWRMDNLHURG]DMHSU]\ ZyG]WZDZMDNLFKZDUXQNDFKVWRVXMĆWHVSRâHF]QRğFL :NRĕFRZ\PUR]G]LDOHNRQFHQWUXMċVLċQDNZHVWLDFK]DU]ĆG]DQLD OHF]W\PUD]HPQDSR]LRPLHFDâHJRUXFKX:LNLPHGLD2SLVXMċJâyZQ\FK LQWHUHVDULXV]\:LNLPHGLD)RXQGDWLRQLMHM5DGD3RZLHUQLF]DORNDOQL SDUWQHU]\IXQGDFMLRUD]:LNLPHGLD&KDSWHU$VVRFLDWLRQ]U]HV]HQLH RZ\FKSDUWQHUyZORNDOQ\FKMDNWHīVDPHVSRâHF]QRğFLHG\WRUyZ RUD] ]ZLĆ]NLPLċG]\QLPLZW\PSU]HV]âHLDNWXDOQHQDSLċFLD3U]H]DQDOL]ċ ZDONLRZâDG]ċLU\ZDOL]DFMLR]DVRE\UR]ZDīDPPRīOLZRğýRGHUZDQLD VLċJUXS\HG\WRUyZRGRJyâXUXFKX:LNLPHGLDOHF]X]QDMċWDNLVFH QDULXV]]DPDâRSUDZGRSRGREQ\]XZDJLQDHODVW\F]QHG]LDâDQLD :LNLPHGLD)RXQGDWLRQMDNWHīVSUDZRZDQĆSU]H]IXQGDFMċNRQWUROċ QDG]DVREDPL5R]G]LDâ]DP\NDMĆRJyOQLHMV]HREVHUZDFMHQDWHPDW ]DU]ĆG]DQLDZUXFKX:LNLPHGLDLZQLRVNLSU]\GDWQHZEDGDQLDFK VSRâHF]QRğFLZLUWXDOQ\FK6WDUDPVLċRGNU\ýMDNUXFKRFKRWQLNyZ UDG]LVRELH]SRVWċSXMĆFĆSURIHVMRQDOL]DFMĆLU\ZDOL]DFMĆ R]DVRE\DWDNīHMDNLHSURFHGXU\]DU]ĆG]DQLD]DSHZQLDMĆPX Z]JOċGQĆVWDELOQRğý

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25

WIKIPEDIA W TELEGRAFICZNYM SKRÓCIE: LICZBY, ZASADY, EDYTORZY

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28

ŻYCIE WIRTUALNYCH DZIKICH. NETNOGRAFIA WIKIPEDII... :LNL6KXWWOHµDXWREXVXNXUVXMĆFHJRQDPLċG]\QDURGRZ\PORWQLVNX Z+RQROXOXWZRU]RQHVĆWDNE\PRīOLZHE\âRğOHG]HQLHGRNRQ\ZDQ\FK SU]H]Xī\WNRZQLNyZ]PLDQQDVWURQDFKRSLV\ZDQ\FKXSURV]F]RQ\P Mċ]\NLHP]QDF]QLNyZSR]ZDODMĆF\PQDâDWZHGRGDZDQLHSRJUXELHĕ SRFK\OHĕF]\WDEHOEH]NRQLHF]QRğFLQDXNLSHâQHMVNâDGQLMċ]\ND+70/  ,GHDVWURQZLNL]RVWDâDSRUD]SLHUZV]\SRND]DQDZURNXSU]H] :DUGD&XQQLQJKDPDNWyU\QD]ZDâVZRMHG]LHâR:LNL:LNL:HE ,GHD:LNL:LNL:HEE\âDDWUDNF\MQ\PZ\ERUHPGODZLHOXSU]HGVLċ ELRUFyZLZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQRMĆGRNRPXQLNDFMLZVSyOQHJRUR]ZLMDQLD SRP\VâyZEXGRZDQLDGRNXPHQWDFMLZ,QWUDQHFLHLGRG]LğVWDQRZL LVWRWQ\HOHPHQWZLHOXSURMHNWyZ]ZLĆ]DQ\FK]]DU]ĆG]DQLHPZLHG]Ć *UXG]HZVNLL+HMGXN*UXG]HZVNLL+HMGXN1RJDOVNL L.RZDOF]\N -HMSRSXODUQRğýMHV]F]HZ]UDVWDâDNLHG\-LPP\ Å-LPERµ:DOHVyZF]HVQ\G\UHNWRU]DU]ĆG]DMĆF\ÀUP\%RPLV,QFXUX FKRPLâZURNXSURMHNWHQF\NORSHGLLLQWHUQHWRZHMRQD]ZLH1XSHGLD 1XSHGLDPLDâDE\ýHQF\NORSHGLĆLQWHUQHWRZĆREH]SâDWQLHGRVWċS QHM]DZDUWRğFLSLVDQĆSU]H]HNVSHUWyZ&KFĆFGRUyZQDýVWDQGDUGRP UHSUH]HQWRZDQ\PSU]H]WUDG\F\MQHHQF\NORSHGLHWZyUF\1XSHGLL ]DZDUOLZVZRLPSURMHNFLHLGHċUHFHQ]MLQDXNRZHM]DPLDVWPHFKDQL ]PyZZLNL&Dâ\VHUZLVRSDUW\E\âQD]DâRīHQLXīHMHJR]DZDUWRğý PLDâDE\ýWZRU]RQDSU]H]QDXNRZFyZ]DGDUPRZUDPDFKSUDF\SUR SXEOLFRERQR 1RZDHQF\NORSHGLDUR]ZLMDâDVLċZ\MĆWNRZRZROQRZLċF/DUU\6DQ JHU]DWUXGQLRQ\SU]H]:DOHVDE\QDG]RURZDýSUDFHQDGQLĆSHâQLĆF\ WHīIXQNFMċUHGDNWRUDQDF]HOQHJRSRGMĆâSRP\Vâ]DSURSRQRZDQ\SU]H] %HQD.RYLW]DL]DVXJHURZDâE\GRWZRU]HQLDPDWHULDâyZHQF\NORSH G\F]Q\FK]DSU]ĆFRSURJUDPRZDQLHLLGHċZLNL3RP\VâWHQE\â]JRGQ\ ]]DâRīHQLDPL:DOHVDPyZLĆF\PLRVWZRU]HQLXHG\WRZDOQHMLRJyOQR GRVWċSQHMHQF\NORSHGLLZLċFZVW\F]QLXURNXXUXFKRPLRQR VHUZLVLQWHUQHWRZ\:LNLSHGLDFRPSRF]ĆWNRZRPDMĆF\VSHâQLDýIXQNFMċ JHQHUDWRUDWUHğFLGOD1XSHGLL 3RP\VâRND]DâVLċSUDZLHQDW\FKPLDVWRZ\PVXNFHVHP:SLHUZV]\P URNXG]LDâDQLDZ:LNLSHGLLVWZRU]RQRRNRâRW\VLċF\ZSLVyZZGUXJLP ²MXīW\VLċF\:W\PF]DVLH1XSLHGLDDOERPLDâDSUREOHP]GRWDU FLHPGRğURGRZLVNDNDGHPLFNLFKDOERğURGRZLVNDWHQLHSU]HMPRZDâ\ 

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Liczba haseł na angielskiej Wikipedii, grafika autorstwa HenkvD, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EnwikipediaArt.PNG

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Liczba tygodni pomiędzy kolejnymi 10 milionami edycji, na podstawie http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Katalaveno/TBE (dane z 2 września 2012)

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checkuser administrator

steward

biurokrata rewizor

Typowe ścieżki zaangażowania dla najpopularniejszych ról społecznościowych: wybór na administratora jest zwykle pierwszym krokiem do stania się checkuserem lub rewizorem (choć nie jest on formalnie wymagany, to stosuje się go w praktyce, zawsze niezbędny jest natomiast dla podjęcia funkcji biurokraty). Role wyższego zaufania to biurokrata, checkuser i rewizor, które można przyjmować wewnątrz projektu, z tym że dwie ostatnie wymagają uwierzytelnienia tożsamości przed Wikimedia Foundation oraz pełnoletniości. Rola stewarda, uprawniająca do odbierania uprawnień oraz dająca dostęp do wszystkich narzędzi technicznych właściwych dla pozostałych ról społecznościowych we wszystkich projektach, lecz zakazująca używania ich w sposób naruszający lokalne reguły, nie wymaga teoretycznie doświadczenia w którejkolwiek z ról wyższego zaufania, lecz w praktyce doświadczenie w co najmniej jednej z nich jest typowym oczekiwaniem w stosunku do kandydujących.

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METODYKA BADAŃ

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Dodatek 2: PIĘĆ FILARÓW WIKIPEDII Co nie jest polonocentryzmem? 3LV]ĆFDUW\NXâ\QDOHī\SDPLċWDýīHFKRý3ROVNDQLHPRīHE\ýQD:LNL SHGLLZ\UyīQLDQDF]\IDZRU\]RZDQDWRMHGQDNMċ]\NSROVNLMHVWXSU]\ ZLOHMRZDQ\SRGREQLHMDNMċ]\NLRMF]\VWHQDLQQ\FK:LNLSHGLDFK 'ODWHJRLQIRUPDFMHRSROVNLFKZ\GDQLDFKNVLĆīHNF]\ÀOPyZEĆGĩ FLHNDZRVWNLWâXPDF]HQLRZHQLHVWDQRZLĆMXīSRORQRFHQWU\]PyZ=WHM SU]\F]\Q\OHSLHMMHVWSU]\NâDGRZRVWRVRZDý]ZURWÅZ\GDQ\SRSROVNXµ ]DPLDVWÅZ\GDQ\Z3ROVFHµ1DOHī\WHīLQIRUPRZDýRGDWDFKSUHPLHU\ Z3ROVFHGDQHJRW\WXâXJG\ī]Z\NOHMHVWWRMHJRSLHUZV]HZ\GDQLHZMċ ]\NXSROVNLP

Zasada punktu widzenia oponenta 1LHSU]HNRQXMHPQLHWRFRPyZLFLHRÅSLVDQLX]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDRSR QHQWDµ1LHFKFċZ\UċF]DýDQLZVSLHUDýRSRQHQWyZ:LHOX]QLFKVWZLHU G]DU]HF]\NWyUHVĆMDZQLHQLHSUDZG]LZH&]\FKFHFLHSRZLHG]LHýīH DE\E\ýQHXWUDOQ\PSLV]ĆFDUW\NXâDE\ZLDU\JRGQLHSU]HGVWDZLý SXQNWZLG]HQLD]NWyU\PVLċQLH]JDG]DPPXV]ċNâDPDý" 3UDZGRSRGREQLHZ\QLNDWR]QLHSHâQHJR]UR]XPLHQLD]DVDG\QHXWUDO QRğFL3LV]ĆFSRZLQQRVLċVWZLHUG]LýW\ONRW\OHÅ7HQDWHQDUJXPHQWXMH īHWRLWRZ]ZLĆ]NX]W\PWRLWDPWR.URSNDµ0RīQDWRURELýRWZDUFLH EH]PRUDOQ\FKVNUXSXâyZSRQLHZDīWRVWZLHUG]HQLHSU]HND]XMHVLċGR NRJRğLQQHJREH]īDGQHJRNRPHQWDU]D7RMHVWQDMZDīQLHMV]\PRPHQW -HğOLQDV]\P]DPLDUHPMHVW]HEUDýVXPċOXG]NLHMZLHG]\QDGDQ\WHPDW ]JXELOLE\ğP\ZDīQĆF]ċğýLQIRUPDFMLSRPLMDMĆFF]\MHğDUJXPHQW\ :DUWR]DXZDī\ýīHFRğ]EOLīRQHJRGRQHXWUDOQHJRSXQNWXZLG]H QLDIXQNFMRQXMHZğURGRZLVNXQDXNRZ\P8F]HQLSUyEXMĆFXGRZRG QLýMDNLHğWZLHUG]HQLHPXV]ĆPLċG]\LQQ\PLSU]\WRF]\ýDUJXPHQW\ NWyUHPRJâ\E\]DSU]HF]\ýLFKWH]LH3R]ZDODWRLPZ\MDğQLýGODF]HJR ]LFKSXQNWXZLG]HQLDDUJXPHQW\SU]HFLZQLNyZVĆ]DZRGQH7DNL VW\OSUDF\Z\PDJDWUHQLQJXGDMHWDNīHOHSV]ĆZLHG]ċQDWHPDWPD WHULDâyZĩUyGâRZ\FKDWDNīHVSUDZNWyUHPRJâ\E\ýQLHGRVWU]HJDQH SU]H]ODWD-HğOLXF]HQLQLHRSLHUDMĆVLċQDIDNWDFKOXEMHğOLXī\ZDMĆ W\ONRIDNWyZGRZRG]ĆF\FKV]F]HJyOQHJRSXQNWXZLG]HQLDV]\ENR WUDFĆVZRMĆSR]\FMċLUHSXWDFMċ

Spory nt. neutralności -DNPRJċXQLNQĆýQLHXVWDQQ\FKVSRUyZFRGRQHXWUDOQRğFLMDNLHJRğ DUW\NXâX"

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ŻYCIE WIRTUALNYCH DZIKICH. NETNOGRAFIA WIKIPEDII... 1DMOHSV]\PVSRVREHPE\XQLNQĆýSURZDG]HQLDWHJRURG]DMXÅZRMHQµ MHVWSDPLċWDQLHīHZV]\VF\WXWDMMHVWHğP\Z\VWDUF]DMĆFRLQWHOLJHQWQL LXPLHP\MDVQRZ\UDīDýVZRMHP\ğOL²LQDF]HMQLHSUDFRZDOLE\ğP\ ZVSyOQLHQDGWDNLPSURMHNWHP *G\UR]SRF]\QDVLċVSyUQDWHPDWWHJRFRÅSRZLQQRµE\ýSRZLHG]LDQH ZDUW\NXOHOXEQDWHPDWWHJRFRMHVWÅSUDZG]LZHµQLHZROQRQDPSU]\M PRZDýZURJLHJRQDVWDZLHQLD0XVLP\]URELýFRW\ONRZQDV]HMPRF\ E\]DWU]\PDýVLċQDFKZLOċL]DGDýVRELHS\WDQLHÅMDNWHQVSyUPRīH ]RVWDýU]HWHOQLHVFKDUDNWHU\]RZDQ\"µ,WU]HEDRWRS\WDý]DNDīG\P UD]HPJG\SRMDZLVLċQRZDNRQWURZHUVMD1LHMHVWQDV]\P]DGDQLHP HG\FMD:LNLSHGLLWDNE\RG]ZLHUFLHGODâDQDV]HZâDVQHXQLNDOQHSRJOĆG\ DSRWHPREURQDLFKSU]HGZV]HONLPL]PLDQDPLSUDFXMHP\UD]HPGR GDMĆFQRZĆWUHğýDOHWDNīHJG\WRNRQLHF]QHGRFKRG]ĆFGRNRPSURPLVX QDWHPDWWHJRMDNSRMDZLDMĆFHVLċNRQWURZHUVMHSRZLQQ\E\ýRSLVDQH WDNE\E\â\DNFHSWRZDOQHSU]H]ZV]\VWNLH]DDQJDīRZDQHVWURQ\

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Użycie zasady jako pretekstu =DVDGDQHXWUDOQRğFLMHVWXī\ZDQDF]DVDPLMDNRSUHWHNVWDE\XVXQĆý WHNVWNWyU\Z\JOĆGDQDVWURQQLF]\&]\WRQLHSUREOHP" :ZLHOXSU]\SDGNDFKWDNMHVW:LċNV]Rğý]QDVMHVWSU]HNRQDQD īHIDNWLīNWRğQDSLVDâVWURQQLF]\WHNVWQLHMHVWVDPZVRELHZ\VWDU F]DMĆF\DE\RGUD]XWHQWHNVWXVXQĆý-HğOL]DZLHUDFHQQĆLQIRUPDFMċ WHNVWSRZLQLHQE\ýSRSURVWXRGSRZLHGQLRSU]HUHGDJRZDQ\²ZīDG Q\PUD]LHXVXQLċW\

Dodatek 2: PIĘĆ FILARÓW WIKIPEDII &]DVDPLPRīHE\ýNâRSRWZRNUHğOHQLXF]\MDNLHğVWZLHUG]HQLHMHVW SUDZG]LZHOXEXī\WHF]QH]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDDUW\NXâXV]F]HJyOQLH JG\MHVWZğUyGQDVNLONDRVyE]QDMĆF\FKVLċQD]DJDGQLHQLX:WDNLP SU]\SDGNXGREU]HMHVWXPLHğFLýVZRMH]DVWU]HīHQLDQDVWURQLHG\VNXVML DUW\NXâXMHğOLPDP\SRGVWDZ\E\VĆG]LýīHDXWRUWHQGHQF\MQHJRPD WHULDâXQLHEċG]LHVNâRQQ\DE\JRSRSUDZLýSU]HQRVLP\WHNVWQDVWURQċ G\VNXVML$UW\NXâSRZLQQRVLċFDâNRZLFLHXVXZDýGRSLHURZRVWDWHF] QRğFLQLJG\MDNRUXW\QRZ\VSRVyEUHDNFMLQDVWURQQLF]RğýWHNVWX

Problem kontrowersyjnych założeń &R]SU]\SDGNDPLJG\DE\QDSLVDýNLONDDUW\NXâyZQDMDNLğRJyOQ\ WHPDWPXVLP\SU]\MĆýMDNLHğNRQWURZHUV\MQH]DâRīHQLD":HĩP\QD SU]\NâDGHZROXFMRQL]P&]\PDP\VWUHV]F]DýGHEDWċSWÅHZROXFMRQL]P NRQWUDNUHDFMRQL]PµZNDīG\PDUW\NXOH" 2F]\ZLğFLHīHQLH&K\EDQLHPDWHPDWyZNWyUHPRīQDE\Z\âRī\ý EH]SU]\MċFLDMDNLFKğ]DâRīHĕNWyUH]NROHLNWRğPRīHX]QDý]DNRQ WURZHUV\MQH7DNZ\JOĆGDU]HF]\ZLVWRğýQLHW\ONRZELRORJLLDOHWDNīH ZÀOR]RÀLKLVWRULLÀ]\FHLWG -HVWWUXGQRQDNUHğOLýRJyOQH]DVDG\NWyU\PLPRīQDE\NLHURZDý VLċZHZV]\VWNLFKNRQNUHWQ\FKSU]\SDGNDFKDOHMHğOLGDQH]DâRīHQLH MHVWEDUG]RGREU]HSU]HG\VNXWRZDQHQDLQQHMVWURQLHSUDZGRSRGRE QLHQLHPDSRZRGXE\MHG\VNXWRZDýZSLVDQ\PSU]H]&LHELHWHNğFLH :DUWRMHGQDNGRGDýMDNLğQLHZLHONLQLHQDU]XFDMĆF\VLċRGQRğQLN1D SU]\NâDGMHğOLSLV]HP\MDNLğDUW\NXâRHZROXFMLRZDGyZPRīHP\ GRGDýMHGQRNUyWNLH]GDQLHīHNUHDFMRQLğFLQLHZLHU]ĆīHRZDG\OXE LQQHī\ZHVWZRU]HQLD SRGOHJDMĆSURFHVRZLHZROXFMLLZVND]DýF]\WHO QLNRZLRGSRZLHGQLDUW\NXâ-HğOLMHVWMDNDğGHEDWDGRW\F]ĆFDNRQNUHW QHMVSUDZ\PRīQDMĆSU]HGVWDZLýQDVSHFMDOQHMGHG\NRZDQHMMHM VWURQLH

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ŻYCIE WIRTUALNYCH DZIKICH. NETNOGRAFIA WIKIPEDII... 'RF]HUZFD:LNLSHGLDE\âDXGRVWċSQLDQDQDQDVWċSXMĆF\FK ]DVDGDFK 7UHğý:LNLSHGLLMHVWXGRVWċSQLDQDZRSDUFLXROLFHQFMċ*18)UHH 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ/LFHQFH8G]LHODVLċ]H]ZROHQLDGRNRSLRZDQLD UR]SRZV]HFKQLDQLDOXEPRG\ÀNDFMLWUHğFLDUW\NXâyZ:LNLSHGLL ]JRGQLH]]DVDGDPL/LFHQFML*18:ROQHM'RNXPHQWDFMLZZHU VMLOXEGRZROQHMSyĩQLHMV]HMRSXEOLNRZDQHMSU]H])UHH6RIW ZDUH)RXQGDWLRQQLH]DZLHUD6HNFML1LH]PLHQQ\FKEH]7HNVWX QD3U]HGQLHM2NâDGFHLEH]7HNVWXQD7\OQHM2NâDGFH

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Dodatek 2: PIĘĆ FILARÓW WIKIPEDII EPXVLV]SRVLDGDýSUDZDDXWRUVNLHGRZSLVDQHJRWHNVWXVDPDJR

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