Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy
Publisher Lulu inc., 2010
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, altered in any form or by any means: mechanical, electronic, with photocopying, etc., without the prior written permission of the publisher of the journal, or authors of articles. When citing a reference to this publication is required.
Editor Michael Temosh
Art editor Nataliya Zyryanova
Technical editor Denis Grigoriev
Reviewer Alexander Kireev Zhaxylyk Sabitov Dmitriy Adamov
Contact address
[email protected]
© RJGG, 2010
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The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
RJGG
Arabian clusters of haplogroup E1b1b1c1 (M34)
A.A. Aliev, D.L. Tartakovsky
Abstract Haplogroup E1b1b1c1* (M34) and its subclade E1b1b1c1a* (M84) were detected among the Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula. A possible reason for migration of the founder of cluster E1b1b1c1a-E from the Levant to the Arabian Peninsula could be the Crusades.
Theme talk
The sample of cluster E1b1b1c1a*-E consists of five 67-marker haplotypes. This cluster’s TMRCA is 1090±510 years.
The highest diversity of subclades of haplogroup E1b1b1c1 (M34) is observed in the Levant and Anatolia, therefore its ancestral home is often placed in the Eastern Mediterranean [1, 2, 3]. In addition, haplogroup E1b1b1c1* (M34) and its subclade E1b1b1c1a* (M84) were detected among the Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula [4, 5], where they form specific clusters — E1b1b1c1-B [6] and E1b1b1c1aE [7]. Knowing the age of the clusters and their area of distribution, we can find out the history of clusters’ origin and resettlement of their carriers. In this paper we will try to find out the history of E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a subclades in the Arabian Peninsula on the example of these clusters.
Despite the fact that, due to different size of samples, the ages of these clusters’ founders are different, it should examine the entire period of their confidence intervals, which are intersected. It is possible that both clusters have arisen in about the same medieval era and are linked to the migration of their founders from the Levant to the Arabian Peninsula according to some important event. What could cause this migration? We think that a possible cause of the medieval migrations from the Levant could be the Crusades — a series of Western invasions to oust the Muslims from Palestine, which lasted almost two hundred years (1096 - 1272 years).
Arabian clusters: when and why? The first crusade ended with the capture of Jerusalem and the massacre of Muslims [9].
To find out the origin of the clusters, let us define their ages with the probability of 95% according to [8]. At the time of writing the paper (July 2010) cluster E1b1b1c1-B has had only two 67-marker haplotypes (N=2). Obviously, due to such a small number of haplotypes, their TMRCA (time to most recent ancestor) is “too young” and is 350±320 years, and gives us no reason to draw any definite conclusion about the history of its origin.
Apparently, these invasions, and, as a result of them, looting and killings, forced part of the Muslims to seek refuge from persecution of the Crusaders closer to Mecca. This, in our view, could cause to arise at least one cluster of Arabia — E1b1b1c1a-E.
_____________________________________________________________ Received: July 16 2010; accepted: July 18 2010; published: July 19 2010 Correspondence:
[email protected]
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The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
Conclusions
RJGG E1b1b1c1a*-E is 1090±510 years ago. They possibly arose at one time.
1) Carriers of subclades E1b1b1c1* (M34) and E1b1b1c1a (M84) identified in the Arabian Peninsula, where they form clusters E1b1b1c1-B and E1b1b1c1a-E.
3) A possible reason for migration of the founder of cluster E1b1b1c1a-E from the Levant to the Arabian Peninsula could be the Crusades.
2) The TMRCA of cluster E1b1b1c1*-B is 50±320 years ago, the TMRCA of cluster
References 1. C. Cinnioğlu et al. (2003), «Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia». Hum Genet (2004) 114 : 127148. DOI 10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 2. Mirvat El-Sibai, Daniel E. Platt, Marc Haber, Yali Xue, Sonia C. Youhanna, R. Spencer Wells, Hassan Izaabel, May F. Sanyoura, Haidar Harmanani, Maziar Ashrafian A. Bonab, Jaafar Behbehani, Fuad Hashwa, Chris Tyler-Smith, Pierre A. Zalloua. Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: a coastal-inland contrast. Annals of human genetics, 2009. 3. A. A. Aliev, Bob Del Turco. Modern carriers of haplogroup E1b1b1c1 (M34) are the descendants of the ancient Levantines. Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. Vol 1, 2010.
4. Haplozone E3b, Arabian E-Y-DNA Project, Arab DNA Project. 5. Cadenas et al. (2007), «Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman», European Journal of Human Genetics 16: 1–13, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934 6. E1b1b1c1*-B cluster 7. E1b1b1c1a*-E cluster 8. Адамов Д. Расчет возраста общего предка по мужской линии для «чайников». The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy (Русская версия), Том 2, №1, 2010 г. 9. Раймунд Ажильский, История франков, которые взяли Иерусалим (Raimundi de Aguiliers. Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem) в кн. «История крестовых походов в документах и материалах», М., 1975 г.
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Origin, Distribution and Migrations of I2b*-Subclades
Hans De Beule
(18 september 2008 – http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/)
Abstract Until now the resolution of most scientific articles was not detailed enough to say something about the small haplogroup I2b*. The purpose of this paper is to describe the continental origin, distribution and migrations of the I2b*-subclades. To calculate a minimum spanning network 101 European I2b* samples were used. Starting from this network, clusters within the known I2b* subclades (I2b*-A, -B and –C) were determined by combining DYS448 and DYS19 values. Origin of the samples, distribution and place of origin of the surname were taken into account to pinpoint the Continental samples (together with the related British Isles samples) on the map of Europe. The Upper Rhine region clearly played a prominent role in the history of I2b*. This region has the highest frequency of I2b*s and the greatest cluster-diversity.
Introduction is seen as one of the cultures that lead to the first Germanic culture: the Jastorf culture – 6th to 1st century BC.
I2b* (old I1b2*; positive for SNP’s: S23, S30, S32, S33; negative for M223) is an old and robust clade that originated about 4500 years ago in northern Europe. I2b* consists out of three subclades –A, -B and –C. According to Ken Nordtvedts’ (2008) modal values spreadsheet for haplogroup I; I2b*-A is characterized by DYS448 = 19, I2b*-B by DYS448 = 21 and I2b*-C by DYS448 = 20.
Because of the known distribution of the related M223 clade I2b1 ( I1b2a or I1c in the old naming conventions), it appears that the point of origin of I2b* should be looked for in the valleys of the river Elbe.
I2b* can be linked to 3000 to 2700 years old skeletons found in the Lichtenstein cave in the German Harz mountains. Thirteen of the 19 male skeletons found there, can be determined as belonging to haplogroup Ib2*. Culturally these founds belong to the Unstrut-culture (between the river Unstrut and the Southern Harz mountains) which: is rooted in the Funnelbeaker Culture (also called TRB or Trichterbecher) – 4000 BC to 2700 BC - characterized by gatherer-hunters becoming farmers;
Figure 1: distribution of I1c (current I2b1) as presented by Wiik (2008).
_________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ Received: July 28 2010; accepted: July 30 2010; published: August 5 2010 Correspondence:
[email protected]
*Remark: In 2008 I-L38 (aka I2b2 in 2010) was known as I2b*.
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Seen this information it is tempting to conclude that I2b* is linked to the Albe and to the TRB-culture. The results of this study however do not match this theory.
RJGG As an historical point of reference the values for 3 Lichtenstein-individuals Y1, Y2 and Y3 were added (although the DYS448 values for these samples were predicted). The STR-loci used were: DYS 19, 392, 389i, 448, 389ii, 385a, 385b, 391, 439, 390. Loci with identical values for all samples were not used. Appendix A refers to the used samples which STR-values are online available.
Subjects In order to explain the distribution of I2b* in Europe 5 approaches were combined: 1. calculation of the minimum spanning network;
Number and origin of the 101 I2b* samples 1 2 2 3 6
2. clustering of the samples in subclades; 3. studying of the historical origins of the samples within each cluster; 4. studying of the distribution and first place of occurrence of the sample’s surnames;
Belgium (BEL) Netherlands (NET) Switzerland (SWI) Denmark (DEN) Ireland (IRE)
6 France (FRA) 12 Scotland (SCO) 13 Germany (GER) 53 England (ENG) 3 samples out of the Lichtenstein cave (Y1, Y2 and Y6)
From different samples with identical surnames only the sample with the most known markers was used. Non-European I2b* samples were not used because it proved too difficult to pinpoint them to a European location of origin. As an exception only a few non-European samples with a known European origin were included.
5. calculation of the MRCA between Continental en British Isles-samples within each cluster.
Methods 1. Calculation of the minimum spanning network and clustering of the samples
In the Fluxus software it is optional for the entered STR-values to choose between a standard weight (of 10) or a customized weight (with a maximum weight of 100).
According to Bandelt (1999) the multitude of plausible phylogenies trees is best expressed by a network which displays alternative potential evolutionary paths. A minimum spanning tree for a set of sequence types connects all given types, such that the total length (the sum of distances between linked sequence types) is minimal. The minimum spanning network serves as a good point of departure to reconstruct the most likely tree by taking geographical information into account. The Median Joining Networks in this paper are created by the Fluxus 4.5 Software.
For the STR-values, weights based on mutation rates (Chandler 2006) were entered. For example: locus DYS19 has a mutation rate of 0.00151 per generation -or- 1 mutation every 662,25 generations; this means 1 mutation every 16 556 years (662,25 x 25 years per generation). Because of the mutation rate of 1/16k years, sixteen was entered as a weight.
2. Clustering of the samples in subclades
To create a minimum spanning network for I2b*, 10 STR values for 98 samples were used, all selected out of the ysearch (2008) and SMGF (2008) databases. All samples have the following values: DYS454 = 12, DYS455 = 10 and DYS448 =19, 20 or 21.
To determine to which I2b* subclade the samples of the network core belong, Jim Cullen’s Haplo-I-Subclade Predictor was used (see Figure 2). This predictor works on a weighted genetic distance algorithm. In basic terms, the predictor makes a large number of random sample obser15
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
vations of the entered haplotype and predicts, for each observation, which modal haplotype best describes the sample of markers. Each modal haplotype is rated in percent by its ability to best describe the sample of markers during the trials. The Haplo-I-Subclade Predictor is based on subclade modal values and geographic distributions from the research of Ken Nordtvedt.
RJGG Bowden (2006) describes that to maximize the benefits of surname-based ascertainment, care needs to be taken in sampling. Common surnames should be avoided where possible. The more frequent names are likely to have had multiple founders and may provide less reliable links to a specific region. For all Continental samples and all samples mentioned in the MRCA paragraph below, the distribution of the surname was mapped (see Figures 7 and 8) when:
3. Studying the historical origins of the samples within each cluster In some cases the ysearch database links STR-values to a name, birth date, date of death, place of birth/death of the most distant known paternal ancestor of the sample. Although not all ysearch users choose to post this information on the website, it often contains valuable information. This information should be seen as indicative, since it is very difficult to check. In some cases, when the origin of the sample was not entirely clear, the family was contacted and asked for additional information.
1. the sample was not already linked to a known location; 2. the name did not rank among the most popular surnames. For example: the distribution of the surnames of the three Danish samples was not taken into account since they refer to the 3rd, 4th and 5th most popular Danish surnames); 3. the distribution map had a clear geographic centre. In case there were two centres, the location of first occurrence of the surname was selected.
4. Studying the origin and first place of occurrence of a sample’s surnames 5. Calculation of the MRCA between Continental and British Isles-samples within each cluster
Surname research sometimes gives a hint of the likely cultural background of a sample. In some cases the information is highly indicative, in others most speculative. As an additional historical source surname research is meaningful. For an overview of the origins of I2b* surnames see Appendix B.
To calculate the MRCA between Continental and British Isles haplotypes the maximum of available STR-information was used. Mostly, 37 markers (the first 3 FTDNA panels) were used. When this was not possible, 32 or 25 markers were used to calculate the MRCA.
As Bowden (2007) argues, the link between surname and Y-chromosomal haplotype is imperfect, due to multiple founders for names and historical non-paternities and adoptions.
FTDNA’s population geneticists state that 25 years best expresses a typical generation prior to the Dark Ages (476-1000 AD) and 25 to 30 years per generation for the period thereafter. Since this paper covers both timeframes MRCAs were calculated for generations of 25 years as well as for generations of 30 years.
Nevertheless unrelated men sharing surnames are significantly more likely to share haplotypes than are men carrying different names. This demonstrates that surnames have been associated with specific haplotypes for many generations and suggests that access to the Ychromosomal diversity of past populations might be possible through the selection of modern samples based on surnames known to exist in a particular region during the medieval period.
To calculate the genetic distance between 2 haplotypes, each single point mutation was counted as a mutational event.
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Example of a MRCA calculation with a genetic distance of «10»: The average mutation rate of the 37 markers of the first three FTDNA panels is 0.004952. This means the average mutation rate for the 37 markers is 1/202 per generation. Taking into account 37 markers this means one mutation every 5.5 generations (202/37). Calculating with generations of 25 years this means one mutation every 136 years. A genetic distance of 10 equals 1360 years between two haplotypes -or- 1360/2 = 680 years between both involved haplotypes and their MRCA.
Figure 2 shows the core of the minimal spanning network with DYS448 subclades indicated. Figure 3 displays the entire network. As the colour codes in the networks show, the combination of the values of DYS19 and DYS448 clusters the samples within a subclade.
ENG14 also representing ENG41;
ENG31 also represents ENG36;
ENG39 also represents ENG40, ENG42;
FRA6 also represents ENG4;
SCO3 also represents SCO4;
SCO10 also represents ENG25;
Y1 also represents GER13;
close inspection of STR-values of the samples of the network’s core;
BEL1 also represents NET2;
SCO5 also represents SCO6;
comparison with networks with alternative settings;
Nodes representing several samples:
ENG26 also represents ENG29;
The phylogenetic network displays the relationship between the inserted weighted STRvalues and shows all possible evolutionary trees. This means that the original Fluxus network displayed much more links between the nodes. To eliminate the unlikely links, thus to reconstruct the most likely tree, all available information was used:
Calculation of the minimum spanning network
DEN2 also represents DEN3, ENG44, ENG45, ENG46, ENG47, ENG48;
Y6 also represents IRE4, IRE6, ENG38, ENG43.
Results
RJGG
ENG7,
17
genetic distance;
available geographic information;
haplogroup prediction (Cullen, 2008).
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Hg I prediction: ENG53 I2b*-C: 49% I2b*-B: 39%
Hg I prediction: ENG31 I2b*-A: 36% I2b*-C: 23% ENG36 I2b*-C: 49% I2b*-B: 32%
Figure 2: I2b* subclades of the network core. Nodes represent haplotypes and are proportional to the number of sampled individuals. The codename of the sample refers to the country of origin of the sample. The length of the links represents the genetic distance. The colour of the nodes refers to specific DYS19 and DYS448 combinations. Hg I prediction: Y2 I2b*-C: 94% I2b*-A: 3%
Figure 3: the most likely I2b* network displaying all 101 samples.
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Clustering of the samples
RJGG dicted DYS448 value) belongs to I2b*-C and 3% to the undefined orange cluster.
The table and pie charts below summarize the subclade frequencies for:
all samples;
the Continental samples;
the British Isles samples. I2b*C
I2b*-B
Cont. 1* 7 2 2 Isles 7 19 14 0 Total 8 26 16 2 * = predicted
?
3 1 4
1 5 6
I2b*-A
Sum 3 8 4 31 2 14 8 70 5 22 12 101
Of the 101 samples (including the 3 Lichtenstein samples) 47% belongs to I2b*-B, 39% to I2b*-A, 8% to I2b*-C and 6% to the undefined orange cluster (with DYS19=16 and DYS448=20). Due to the overrepresentation of British Isles samples the overall pie chart is probably not representative.
Figure 5: Continental I2b* frequencies per subclade.
Of the 70 British Isles samples 49% belongs to I2b*-B, 34% to I2b*-A, 10% to I2b*-C and 7% to the undefined orange cluster.
8%
12%
25% 22%
5%
16%
6% 4%
2%
Figure 4: I2b* frequencies per subclade.
Figure 6: British Isles I2b* frequencies per subclade.
Looking at the 31 Continental samples, 45% belongs to I2b*-B, 49% to I2b*-A and only 3% (in casu the Lichtenstein sample with the pre19
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
RJGG the Irish surname distribution was based on the Primary Valuation property survey of 1848-1864 (per household);
Studying the historic origin of the samples within each cluster For details or an overview of the known geographic origin of the samples, please refer to appendix A. All small circles, displayed on Figure 7 below, refer to samples with a documented geographic place of origin.
the French surname distribution based on the census of 1891-1915;
was
the Dutch surname distribution was based on the phonebook-entries of 1993;
Studying the origin and first place of occurrence of the sample’s surnames
the Belgian surname based on the census of 1998;
distribution
was
Concerning the surname distribution several (free and online available) sources have been used:
the German surname distribution based on phonebook-entries of 2002.
was
In all cases the known information of the samples, the surname distribution and the location of first occurrence of the surname was used as a check before pinpointing a location with a small triangle on the map below.
the English surname distribution was based on the England and Wales census records of 1891; the Scottish surname distribution was based on the 1891 Scotland census records;
The little square refers to one case where the surname itself refers to a Dutch locality.
Figure 7: the distribution of Continental and related British Isles I2b* samples. Circles represent known geographic origins of the samples, triangles represent the areas with the highest frequency of a sample’s surname, a square represents the origin of a locational surname.
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Calculation of the MRCA between Continental en British Isles samples within each cluster
RJGG interpreted with caution. One should keep in mind that the MCRA age estimate does not reflect an actual crossing of the Channel. We can assume that the crossing of the Channel took not place before the MRCA date. This date limits the historic scenarios.
To learn more about the historic relation of the Continental and British Isles samples, the MRCAs were calculated between Continental samples and the samples linked to it, whenever:
For example: the MRCA of a German and English sample could have lived between 1145 and 1289 AD, while the forefathers of the English sample crossed the channel as French Huguenots in the 16th century. In this case we know only that the Channel was not crossed before 11451289 AD.
the Continental sample has at least three direct links to other samples; the related samples belong to the same DYS448-DYS19 cluster as the Continental sample.
Figure 8 displays the geographic relationship between Continental and British Isles samples that are linked in the I2b*-network (see Figure 3).
The Lichtenstein samples were not taken into account. The age estimates of common ancestry of Continental and British Isles samples should be
Continental Sample
The MRCA calculated with generations of 30 years lived around …
Related with …
The MRCA calculated with generations of 25 years lived around …
DEN2 Tryk
ENG49 Hutchinson SCO5 Cruikshank SCO6 Harris (adopted)
578 BC 362 BC 362 AD
147 BC 33 AD 33 AD
NET2 Lems (BEL1 De Beule)
ENG12 Wootan IRE1 Finley ENG22 Brooks
316 BC 150 BC 182 AD
71 AD 209 AD 486 AD
GER10 Zimmer
ENG10 Mortimer ENG5 Cockrell GER2 Seiler (Saylor)
348 AD 779 AD 942 AD
625 AD 983 AD 1120 AD
GER4 Wehr
FRA1 Brion SCO12 Garscadden IRE2 Holland ENG1 Boucher FRA6 Le Roi ENG13 Bassett
205 679 499 779 861 861
AD AD AD AD AD AD
506 901 751 983 1052 1052
AD AD AD AD AD AD
GER13 Underwood
ENG2 Chapman ENG43 Holmes ENG34 Clark IRE4 Brabazon IRE6 Bellew ENG38 Sawyer
715 930 930 1145 1145 1361
AD AD AD AD AD AD
930 1110 1110 1289 1289 1469
AD AD AD AD AD AD
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Figure 8: relations between the Continental and British Isles I2b* samples (cfr. the MCRA table above).
Discussion
Migration scenario per cluster
Analysing the I2b*-network supports the clustering of I2b* in 3 major subgroups (I2b*-A, -B and –C) by using DYS448. It also shows that DYS19 (=DYS394) can be used to identify haplotype-clusters within these subclades.
I2b*-A Most continental I2b*-A’s are found in the Upper Rhine region (for a definition or map of the Upper Rhine, please refer to http://en.wikipedia.org). The Upper Rhine is the location with the highest number of continental samples and the greatest Ib2*-diversity. This seems to be the historic starting point of several I2b*-A subclades.
Analysis of the network shows that the combinations of DYS19 and DYS448 are not at random. These clusters seem to refer to distinct migration waves. In fact the DYS19, DYS448 combination might reveal how the I2b* tree evolved. Looking at the network route (see Figure 3) between the green (I2b*-A) and the white (I2b*-B) clusters, DYS19, DYS448 evolves from 15,19 to 16,19 to 16,20 to 16,21 and finally to 17,21. To determine which direction of this network route is upstream and which downstream further research is necessary to determine the age of I2b*-A, -B and –C.
The Upper Rhine region corresponds to the territories of the Germanic Istvaeones as mentioned by Tacitus (55-118AD). Green cluster hypothesis (DYS19=15, DYS448=19) This I2b*-C subcluster seems to have migrated to the Low Countries at an early point in time. The MRCA calculations suggests that they crossed the Channel before the 4th – 5th century. The structure of the network (see the connection 22
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
of BEL1, NET1, NET2 and GER7 which is connected to an Irish sample with the surname «Holland») and the MRCA calculations supports an Upper Rhine to Low Countries to British Isles migration.
RJGG I2b*-C The samples of the blue I2b*-C cluster (DYS19=15, DYS448=20) have no direct links to the continental samples; although the predicted haplogroup of Lichtenstein sampleY2 points in the direction of this haplogroup.
Orange cluster hypothesis (DYS19=16, DYS448=20)
Probably this cluster was a Germanic group that left for the British Isles at a very early stage. The limited amount of DYS19=15, DYS448=20) samples are located in North-England, Ireland and Scotland.
The DYS448 and DYS19 values of the orange cluster seems to reflect an intermediary step between I2b*-B and I2b*-C. The only direct continental link is sample GER9 which comes from the Upper Rhine region.
Oppenheimer’s (2006) genetic analysis shows that there were major Scandinavian incursions into northern and eastern Britain during the Neolithic period and before the Romans.
Yellow cluster hypothesis (DYS19=16, DYS448=19) The Upper Rhine sample GER4 of the yellow cluster seems to be the absolute centre of I2b*-A. MRCA calculations suggest that from this point a migration wave to the British Isles started around the 11th century. The samples and surnames involved seem to point to a strong relation with the Norman invasion.
General conclusion On the European continent, the frequency of I2b* as well as the diversity of DYS448 and DYS19 combinations is highest in the Upper Rhine region.
I2b*-B The concentration of the continental I2b*’s in the Upper Rhine region, along the Rhine, needs further examination.
The I2b*-B cluster has several centres: The white cluster (DYS17=15, DYS448=21) starts in Denmark and links the continent (Denmark) to Yorkshire. The MRCA calculation indicates a migration in between the 3th of 4th century). This might correspond with a migration of Anglii or Cimbrii.
Is this the location of origin of I2b* (or some of its subclades) or did I2b* (or some of its subclades) migrate to this location? If the former is true it might help to explain why the distribution of I2b* is mysteriously low in North Europe. In both cases the question is which people and cultures were involved? Is there a relation to the LBK-finds (Linear Pottery Culture) in the Upper Rhine region? Or do we need to look for Celtic or Germanic migrations?
The red cluster (DYS19=16, DYS448=21) seems to connect North Germany to Yorkshire and Ireland. Looking at the MRCA between the continental sample GER13 and the connected British Isles samples it looks as if the migration took place during/after the battle of Hastings (1066 AD).
In order to solve this gigantic puzzle it would be very revealing to look for other (sub)haplogroups that correlate with the I2b*subclades and compare their distributions.
Another red cluster centre seems to be connected to the main I2b* centre in the Upper Rhine region. Here too, the connected British Isles-samples suggest a connection to the Norman-invasion of the Isles.
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Webreferences 1. Free network software: http://www.fluxus-engineering.com 2. Haplogroup I subclade modals: http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/FounderHaps.xls 3. Haplogroup I predictor: http://members.bex.net/jtcullen515/haplotest.htm 4. STR databases: http://www.smgf.org http://www.ysearch.org/ 5. Surname distribution maps: English and Scottish surnames: http://www.ancestry.co.uk/facts Irish surnames: http://irishtimes.com/ancestor/surname German surnames: http://christoph.stoepel.net/geogen/v3/Default.aspx
French surnames: http://www.geopatronyme.com Belgian surnames: http://www.familienaam.be/ Dutch surnames: http://www.familienaam.nl/ 6. Explanation of surnames: German surnames: http://www.duden.de/dudensuche/werke/famnamen/ French surnames: http://www.jeantosti.com/noms/t1.htm English and Scottishsurnames: http://www.ancestry.co.uk/facts and http://www.houseofnames.com/
References 1. Bandelt Hans-Jürgen, Forster Peter, Röhl Arne.(1999) Median-Joining Networks for Inferring Intraspecific Phylogenies. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 16(1): 37-48. 2. Bowden Georgina R., Balaresque Patricia, King Turi E., Hansen Ziff, Lee Andrew C., Pergl-Wilson Giles, Hurley Emma, Roberts Stephen J., Waite Patrick, Jesch Judith, Jones Abigail L., Thomas Mark G., Harding Stephen E., Jobling Mark A. (2008) Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname-Based Sampling: The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England. Molecular Biology and Evoution. 25(2):301–309. 3. Capelli Cristian, Redhead,Nicola, Abernethy Julia K., Gratrix Fiona, Wilson James F., Moen Torolf, Hervig Tor,Richards Martin, Stumpf Michael P.H., Underhill Peter A., Bradshaw Paul, Shaha Alom, Thomas Mark G., Bradman Neal, Goldstein David B. (2003) A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles. Current Biology, Vol. 13, 979– 984, May 27.
4. Chandler John F. (2006) Estimating Per-Locus Mutation Rates. Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 2:27-33. 5. Schilz Felix (2006) Molekulargenetische Verwandtschaftsanalysen am prähistorischen Skelettkollektiv der Lichtensteinhöhle. Dissertation, Göttingen. 6. Tacitus. Germania. Ambo-Klassiek, 1992, pp. 175-205. 7. Oppenheimer Stephen (2006) Myths of British Ancestry.Prospect Magazine. Issue 127, October 2006. 8. Weale Michael E., Weiss Deborah A., Jager Rolf F., Bradman Neil, Thomas Mark G. (2002). 9. Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration. Molecular Biology and. Evoution. 19(7):1008–1021. 10. Wiik Kalevi. 2008. Where did European Men Come From? Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 4:35-85.
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Appendix A: Samples Network User Surname ID ID Y1, Y2, Y6 Lichtenstein cave GER1 P88QG Strohmeier GER2
U9HMG Saylor
GER3
4BRM9 Ochs
GER4
RQS47 Wehr
FRA5
SMGF
FRA6
50508 Le Roi
SCO1
3G37R Findley
SCO2
CC6CC Hutchison
SCO3
6D9UQ McKinney
SCO4
PJ7UT
SCO5
F5M64 Harris-adopted
1791 - 1798 Kolmar, Posen, Poland
SCO6
UN3VU Cruikshank
SCO7
FFKC9 Adam
Origin sample 750 BC, Osterode am Harz, Germany 1649-1729 Bogen, Bavaria, Germany Jacob Seiler, 17151793 °1625 Poppenhausen Germany °1720 Heidelberg, Pfalz, Germany
Tavernier
°1795 Scotland
MacLeay
GER 5
66196 Krassin
GER6
SMGF
GER7
6WNX5 Steinmetz
°1756 Germany
SCO8
NAJ27 Parks
GER8
VUERB Hartung
SCO9
X5F8D McClellan
GER9
9TD9J Marschall
1620-1700 Geisleden, Germany °1755 Ommeray, Lorraine, Germany
SCO10
2AADH McKinzey
SCO11
BTE2U Levack
GER10
BBB59 Zimmer
SCO12
SMGF
GER11
8VWK5 Creswick
IRE1
JYWUE Finley
°980 Ireland
IRE2
AWMBB Holland
°1780 Ireland
IRE3
K3V8G Menary
°1841 N-Ireland
IRE4
BPKEY Brabazon
IRE5
F9J8G
1692-1772, Ballinvoher, French Park,IRE 1841, N-Ireland
IRE6
GHSTC Bellew
ENG1
BAYSF Boucher
ENG2
GY8X3 Chapman
ENG3
9GDC6 Doane
ENG4
BQ4UU Lay
ENG5
BKVDK Cockrell
ENG6
8PF4W Phillips
ENG7
5DZHE Berry
Tietjen
°1866 Darmstadt, Germany Schmidt 18201868, Upper Rhine,Lorraine, Germany °1790 Germany
GER12
X22KV Greene
GER13
X8EDM Underwood
DEN1
SMGF
DEN2
TWRDQ Tryk
DEN3
N9812 Peder Andersen 1742, Hojrup, Tonder
BEL1
N14392 De Beule
NET1
SMGF
Van Hoesen
NET2
SMGF
Lems
FRA1
8GD73 Brion
FRA2
JHH9G Rogers
FRA3
58EBF Guittard
Hansen
Garscadden
1832-1865 Berlin °1742 Denmark
°1560, Zele, Belgium
1504 Rotterdam, Netherlands Kirrberg, Elzas, France Tancred de Hauteville 9751078, France
25
Walden
1710-1776 Mountbellew Co Galway, Ireland
°1807 England
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved ENG8
HDNJD Terry
ENG9
8GEWA Daniel
ENG10 ex56
2YGGC Mortimer
ENG11
VBT8X Morrel
ENG12
7CBQN Wootan
°1620 England
ENG13
NAZCH Bassett
°1830, Llanelli, Wales, England
ENG14
NYYDS Pittman
ENG15
R3EY7 Chewning
ENG16
WXSVN Butler
RJGG ENG32
GFEDE Moses
°1765 England
ENG33
6JQN9 Todd
°1635 -1704 Wiltshire England
ENG34
6CXZ5 Clark
ENG35
SZ9FV Foster
1595 England
ENG36
9U6JZ Furbey
°1840-1892 Whitnash, Warwickshire, England
ENG37
UGUGG Greenwood
ENG38
4ZSBU Sawyer
ENG39
584DC Speak
ENG40
JCE48
ENG41
RAYMJ Rawls
Chowning, 16201660 Wotham, Kent, England 1819-1905, Colerne, Wiltshire, England
J7JWB Scharschmidt
ENG42
RPGYZ Payne
ENG18
BKAY5 Mills
ENG43
XMAJP Holmes
ENG19
P2894 Weakley
ENG44
WQUH5 Stanley
ENG20
SMGF
Ellis
ENG45
DZ53W Brinley
ENG21
FG6NF Rust
ENG46
SMGF
Worthington
ENG22
B7J2M Brooks
°1690, Lancastershire, England
ENG47
SMGF
Bennett
ENG23
DXF2E Cullen
1579, Upton by Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England
ENG48
VNQYP Weston
ENG49
E77WQ Hutchinson
ENG24
SMGF
ENG50
QP5ZD Dodd
ENG25
VX6H2 Oldfield
ENG51
GFCJX Flory
ENG52
Z9X3R Gilmore
ENG53
PEU8S Riviere
SWI1
MN9NA Lehman
SWI2
7F3ME Flora
Milner
ENG26
A996E Weathers
ENG27
F6NNW Miller
ENG28
QHMNK Evans
ENG29
WFS7K Withers
ENG30
ZVCW3 Campbell
ENG31
EEVS5 Hamblin
Hall, 1813-186 Hanley castle, Worcestershire, England °1696 England
1854-1920 Haworth, Yorkshire, England °1695 England
°1588 England
26
1623-1702 Bedfordshire, England °1698 England
Speake
ENG17
1695-1743, Martock, England
1620 England
°1745 England
Holme, 1632-1703 England
1779-1838 Aldby, England
The name Fox was changed to Riviere in 1895. °1702 –1778, Schauffausen ,Switserland Fleury, 1682-1741 Switzerland
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Appendix B: About the Network’s Surnames GER1: Strohmeier: This sample comes from Bogen, Bavaria, Germany.
DEN1: Hansen: Danish patronym: son of Hans.
GER2: the name Saylor is a variant of Seiler.
DEN2: Tryk: Danish surname traceable until 1742 in Tønder nearby Branderup.
GER3: Ochs: Low-German surname, meaning ox. Low German was spoken in Westphalia. The Ochs sample is traceable to 1625 in Poppenhausen, Germany. The surname itself was first found in the Rhineland (Westphalia).
BEL1: De Beule: this sample is traceable until 1560 near Dendermonde, Flanders, Belgium. NET1: Van Hoesen: this surname refers to the Dutch locality Huizen in North-Holland. First found in Haarlem in 1388 (Baertout van Huesen).
GER4: Wehr: this surname refers to the locality Wehr in Reinland-Pfalz, Germany. The sample is traceable up to 1720 in Heidelberg, Pfalz. Today most German Wehr’s are found in the landkreis Eichsfeld.
NET2: Lems: this family has a traceable family tree up to 1504, in the neighbourhood of Rotterdam at the mouth of the Rhine. Most Lems today live in south-west Netherlands, along the North sea coast.
GER5: Krassin: his sample is traceable until 1791 in Kolmar, Posen, Poland (ancient Prusia). GER6: Tietjen: today most Tietjens live in North Germany in the Landkreis Osterholz.
FRA1: Brion: this sample is traceable up to Kirrberg, Upper Rhine, France. The name is common in entire France.
GER7: Steinmetz: this German sample is traceable until 1756. This occupational name has its highest concentration in the landkreis Trier – Saarburg.
FRA2: the Rogers sample is traceable in direct paternal line to Tancred de Hauteville (975-1058) in France. This Norman was a minor noble in Normandy.
GER8: Hartung: this sample is traceable until 1620-1700 in Geisleden, Germany.
FRA3 Guittard: common in Puy-de-Dôme and in the region Tarn, surname of Germanic origin, Widhard (wid = wood + hard = hard).
GER9: Marschall this sample is traceable until 1755 in Ommeray, Lorraine (département Moselle), France.
FRA4: Long: frenck for tall. In France this surname is common in the southeast. This name is also widespread in Great-Britain.
GER10: Zimmer; this sample is traceable until 1866 in Darmstadt, Germany. The highest concentrations of German families with the surname Zimmer is found in the German landkreis Saarlouis.
FRA5: Tavernier: French occupational name common in Picardie and Nord-Pas-de-Calais. FRA6: Le Roi: French for the king. This surname is common in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and in Picardie. The related surname Le Roy is common in Bretagne and in Normandy.
GER11: Creswick: the Schmidt sample is trackable til 1820-1868 in Upper Rhine/Lorraine Germany.
SCO1: Findley: from the Scottish name Fionnlagh / Fionnlaoich, meaning «fair hero» from the Gaelic elements «fionn» meaning white or fair and «laoch» meaning warrior or hero. First found in Banfshire in the northeasterly Grampian region of Scotland, where they were descended
GER12: Greene GER13: Underwood; the sample is traceable til 1832 in Berlin; the surname is traceable until 1791 in Kolmar, Posen, Poland (old Prusia). 27
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from the chiefs of the Clan Farquharson, one of the great clans, known as the clan Chattan.
RJGG IRE1: Finley Scottish: from the Gaelic personal name Fionnlagh (Old Irish Findlaech), composed of the elements fionn ‘white’, ‘fair’ + laoch ‘warrior’, ‘hero’, which seems to have been reinforced by an Old Norse personal name composed of the elements finn ‘Finn’ + leikr ‘fight’, ‘battle’, ‘hero’.
SCO2: Hutchison First found in Northumberland were they were seated from very early times, some say well before the Norman conquest (1066). SCO3: MacKinney: Irish names, first found in the Irish county Monaghan, where they were they were known as the lords of Truagh.
This sample recently comes from Dublin, Ireland, but much much earlier from Balchristie, Fife, Scotland, and before that the west coast of Scotland, and before that the east cost of Ireland... and before that... we get deep into the myths of Macbeth's father's lineage
SCO4: Mac Leay: Gaelic name (Origin Gaelic) The son of Clay. SCO5: Cruikshank Scottish surname. First found in Kincardineshire where they held a family seat from very ancient times.
son - Macbeth Fionnladh b.c. 1005 Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland; son - MacBeatha McFinlay b. 1045 Cromarty, Ross and Cromarty, Scotland; d. 1093 Cromarty, Ross and Cromarty, Scotland; md. 1079 Bethoca McBrad daughter of Andrew McBrad;
SCO6: Harris (adopted) SCO7: Adam: The surname Adam is of great antiquity in Scotland. Duncan Adam, son of Alexander Adam, lived in the reign of King Robert Bruce (1274-1329), and had four sons, from whom all the Adams, Adamsons, and Adies in Scotland are descended.
son - Ruari (Rory) McFinlay b. 1080 Cromarty, Ross Cromarty, Scotland; son - Fergus McFinlay b. 1145 Aberdeenshire, Scotland;
SCO8: Parks: English and Scottish: from Middle English, Old French parc a metonymic occupational name for someone employed in a park or a topographic name for someone who lived in or near a park. In the Middle Ages a park was a large enclosed area where the landowner could hunt game.
son - Eugenius McFinlay b. 1184 Perthshire, Scotland; son Fearchar McFinlay son - Archibald Finlay b. 1248 Perthshire, Scotland;
SCO9 McClellan
b. 1210 Roushknot,
son - William Finlay b. 1300 Perthshire, Scotland;
SCO10: McKinzey: variation of SCO3.
son - Andrew Finlay b. 1344 Perthshire, Scotland;
SCO11: Levack: The Levack name appears in Caithness records from about the mid 1600s. It is said to be affiliated to the MacLea and the Livingstons.
son - John Finlay b. 1390 Perthshire, Scotland;
SCO12: Garscadden: Scottish name with lots of spelling variations. First found in Dumbartonshire(Gaelic: Siorrachd Dhn Bhreatainn), presently the Council Areas of West and East Dunbartonshire, where they were anciently seated, some say before the 12th century.
son - John Finley b. 1418 Perthshire, Scotland; son - John Findley b. 1450 Coupar Angus, Perthshire, Scotland;
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son - Andrew Finley (Fyndlay) b.c. 1480/1483 of Perthshire, Scotland;
where they mixed with the Scots who also migrated to Ireland.
son - James Finley b. Sept. 15, 1530 Cuper Angus, Balchristie, Fife, Scotland.
ENG2: Chapman: the same as Chipman, a trader, a shopman; from the Saxon ceapan or cypan, to buy or sell.
IRE2: Holland: this Irish surname, refers to the Netherlands -or- is a reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó hÓileáin, a variant of Ó hAoláin, from a form of Faolán (with loss of the initial F-), a personal name representing a diminutive of faol ‘wolf’.
ENG3: Doane: Anglo-saxon topographic name for a downland dweller (from Old English dun ‘down’, ‘low hill’), first found in Cheshire were they were seated from very early times, some say well before the Norman conquest.
IRE3: Menary: Irish surname with lots of variations and a possible french Huguenot origin.
ENG4: Lay: variant of Lee. ENG5: Cock(e)rell: Middle English for cockerel, a young cock.
IRE4: Brabazon: this surname refers to someone from the duchy of Brabant (Belgium). By the thirteenth century, it was also an occupational name for a mercenary, specifically a member of one of the more or less independent marauding bands of mercenaries, noted for their lawlessness and cruelty, who originated in Brabant but in the course of time accepted recruits from almost anywhere The earliest of the name recorded was Tomas Brabazon, listed as a tenant in the Domesday Book of 1086. Other records of the name mention Thomas Brabezon, 1273, in Yorkshire county.
ENG6 Philips: patronymic from the personal name Philip. ENG7: Berry: from the province of Berri, in France. First found in Devonshire, where they were granted lands by William the Conqueror after 1066. ENG8: Terry English and Irish: from the common Norman personal name, T(h)erry (Old French Thierri), composed of the unattested Germanic element þeudo- ‘people’, ‘race’ + ric ‘power’. Theodoric was the name of the Ostrogothic leader (c. 454–526) who invaded Italy in 488 and established his capital at Ravenna in 493. His name was often taken as a derivative of Greek Theodoros. There was an Anglo-Norman family of this name in County Cork.
IRE5: Walden: habitational name from any of the places, in Essex, Hertfordshire, and North Yorkshire, named Walden, from Old English w(e)alh ‘foreigner’, ‘Briton’, ‘serf’+ denu ‘valley’. IRE6: Bellew: first found in Yorkshire were they were granted lands by William the Conqueror after the Norman conquest in 1066. This family came to Ireland around 1200 with the Normans from England and settled in the East in Counties Meath & Louth and then to the west in Co. Galway in the 1650's.
ENG9: Daniel: from the Hebrew personal name Daniel ‘God is my judge’. ENG10 Mortimer Norman name. First found in Herefordshire, where there were seated from early times and were granted lands by William of Normandy, their liege lord, for their assistance at the battle of Hastings in 1066 AD. This sample was traceable until 1635 in Wiltshire.
ENG1: Boucher (Origin French) A butcher; a blood-thirsty man. French and English: occupational name for a butcher or slaughterer, Middle English bo(u)cher, Old French bouchier (also with the transferred sense ‘executioner’), a derivative of bouc ‘ram’. This sample is traceable until 1740 in Virginia where they were part of the ScotsIrish migration wave. The theory is that they were French Huguenots who fled to Ireland
ENG11: Morrel: Having yellow hair. First found in Norfolk where they were seated from early times and were granted lands by Duke William of Normandy after their assistance at the battle of Hastings 1066. 29
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ENG12: Wootan: English: habitational name from any of the extremely numerous places named with Old English wudu ‘wood’ + tun ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’. This name is related to the Wootten, Woten, Wooten and Wooton families. This anglo-saxon name was first found in Kent were they were anciently seated at Marley before and after the Norman conquest. Today Wootan is numerous in Kent and Lancashire.
RJGG ENG21: Rust English (chiefly East Anglia) and Scottish: nickname for someone with red hair or a ruddy complexion, from Old English rust ‘rust’ (from a Germanic root meaning ‘red’). First found in Kent were they were anciently seated as lords of the manor. ENG22 Brooks; derivation of «brook», or a small stream. Also a name given to those who came from Brooksbank, the name of several places in England. First found in Essex where they were granted lands by William the Conqueror for their assistance at the battle of Hastings.
ENG13: Welch sample with a surname derived from the French Basset: a little fat man with short legs and thighs. ENG14: Pittman English: topographic name for someone who lived in a hollow –or- German (Pittmann): probably from a compound personal name formed with Pitt, a short form of Peter + Mann ‘man’.
ENG23: Cullen: habitational name from the Rhineland city of Cologne. When the name arrived into England shortly after the events of 1066, the name was changed from «de Cologne» to various spellings, most commonly as Cullen, a popular variant at the time. The known male line of this sample extends back to the early 1500's in Nottinghamshire, England.
ENG15: Chewning: variation of the name Chew: which refers to the Anglo-Saxon personal name Ceawa. First found in Somerset were the family were granted lands by William of Normandy for their assistance at the battle of Hastings 1066 A.D.
ENG24: Milner Northern English (mainly Yorkshire) and Scottish: variant of Miller, retaining the -n- of the Middle English word, which was a result of Scandinavian linguistic influence, as in Old Norse mylnari.
ENG16: Butler: this family derives their origin from the old Counts of Briony or Biony, in Normandy, a descendant of whom, Herveius Fitz Walter, accompanied the Conqueror into England. His son, Theobold, went with Henry II. into Ireland, where, having greatly assisted in the reduction of the kingdom, he was rewarded with large possessions there. The king afterward conferred on him the office of chief Butler of Ireland.
ENG25: Oldfield: This name is of Anglo-Saxon origin, and is locational from any of the various places thus called: Oldfield in Yorkshire, Worcestershire or Cheshire. The surname Oldefeld was first recorded in 1297 in Yorkshire. ENG26: Weathers/Withers: AngloSaxon names, first found in Hampshire where they were seated from very early times before and after the Norman invasions.
ENG17: Scharschmidt: although an English sample, a German name. ENG18 Mills: Scottish and English: topographic name for someone who lived near a mill.
ENG27 Miller: English and Scottish: occupational name for a miller.
ENG19: Weakley: variant of Weekley? habitational name from a place in Northamptonshire called Weekley, from Old English wic ‘settlement’, perhaps in this case a Roman settlement, Latin vicus + leah ‘wood’, ‘clearing’.
ENG28: Evans:Welsh for John. First found in Herefordshire where they were seated from very ancient times (before the Norman conquest). ENG29: variation of ENG26.
ENG20 Ellis: Contracted from Elias. ENG30: Campbell: the origin of the name can be Scottish, Celtic or Gaelic. The ancient Camp30
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bell family may be traced as far back as the beginning of the fifth century in Lochore, Argyleshire, Scotland?
RJGG ENG40 Speake: cfr Speak ENG41: Rawls: patronymic from a medieval form of the personal name Ralph. First found in Cornwell were they were anciently seated as Lords of a manor.
ENG31: the surname Hamblin is a corruption of Hammeline, which was taken from Hamelen, a town on the river Weser, Germany. In England the surname was first found in Gloucestershire where they were seated from very early times and were granted lands by William of Normandy for their assistance at the battle of Hastings 1066 AD.
ENG42 Payne: from the Latin Paganus, now out of use, meaning a man exempt from military service. ENG43: Holmes: English (mainly Yorkshire) and Scottish: topographic name for someone who lived by a holly tree, from Middle English holm, a divergent development of Old English hole(g)n; the main development was towards modern English holly.
ENG32: the surname Moses has endless spelling variations (Moy, Moye, Moyes, Moesen, Moi, …) which is characteristic for a Norman surname. The name was first found in Shropshire and they were anciently seated as lords of the manor.
ENG44: Stanley: a market-town in Gloucestershire, England. The place of a tin mine, stan, tin, Welsh, ystaen, and ley; or from the Saxon, stan, a stone, and ley--the stony place.
ENG33: Todd: scotch name for a fox, first found in Berwickshire were they were seated from early times. ENG34: Clark, a clergyman, a scholar, one who can read and write.
ENG45: Brinley: first found in Cheshire were they were seated from very early times, some say well before the Norman conquest (1066).
ENG35: Foster: English: reduced form of Forster.
ENG46: Worthington: first found in Lancashire, before and after the Norman conquest. The name Worthington is derived from the locality whence the family came. Its etymology is three Saxon words. 'Wreath in ton' that is. 'Farm in town'. Twenty miles north-east of Liverpool in Leyland hundred, parish of Standish, county of Lancaster, England is the town Worthington. Here and in the adjacent manors resided the family of Worthington for many generations, being established, from the time of the Plantagenets (who ruled the Dutchy of Normandy in between 11441204).
ENG36: this name refers to the little NorseViking village of Fearby in North Yorkshire. The sample is traceable til 1840 in Whitnash is Warwickshire. ENG37: Greenwood:English: topographic name for someone who lived in a dense forest, from Middle English grene ‘green’ + wode ‘wood’, or a habitational name from a minor place so named. ENG38: the surname Sawyer was first recorded in Norfolk England where they were seated from early times and their first records appeared on early census rolls taken by the early kings of Britain to determine the rate of taxation of their subjects.
ENG47: Bennett: first found in Lancashire; Dutch, Scottish or English origin. ENG48: Weston: first found in Staffordshire having be granted lands as a tenant in chief by William the Conqueror.
ENG39: English: nickname for someone thought to resemble a woodpecker in some way, Middle English spek(e) (a reduced form of Old French espeche(e), of Germanic origin).
ENG49: Hutchinson: the son of Hitchins or Hutchins (Hugh).
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ENG50 Dodd: from the Middle English personal name Dodde, Dudde, Old English Dodda, Dudda, which remained in fairly widespread and frequent use in England until the 14th century. It seems to have been originally a byname, but the meaning is not clear; it may come from a Germanic root used to describe something round and lumpish—hence a short, plump man.
RJGG SWI1 Lehman: this sample was traceable til 1702 in Schaufhausen, Switzerland. SWI2: Flora / ENG51: Flory: The name of Flory/Flora in Germany was often spelled Flori, a spelling that has close associations with Switzerland. In Britain the name was first found in Somerset.
ENG51: Flory: cfr SWI2. ENG52: Gilmore: Gaelic, the henchman or follower of the chief, one who carried the chief's broadsword, from gille, a servant, and mor, large, great. ENG53: Riviere: in 1895 a Fox adopted his mother’s surname Riviere (French for river).
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Origins of Hg I-L38 (I2b2) Subclades (5th
Hans De Beule
of April 2009 - http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/)
Abstract Network analysis confirms I-L38-B (and especially the Lichtenstein variant) as the ancestral I-L38 clade. Distribution of continental I-L38 samples with known geographical origin confirms the Upper Rhine area as region with the highest I-L38 frequency and diversity. Distribution of I-L38 (I2b2) in the Netherlands does not support a Saxon ancestry. Further analysis is needed to clear out the relation of I-L38 to the Rhine, to study the possible link to early bronze age cultures as the Michelberg culture and to investigate the correlation to other clades as R-L21*.
Introduction
Distribution of Haplogroup I-L38 in the Netherlands
As conversations on
[email protected] pointed out I-L38 is thinly spread over Europe; from Italy and Spain to Slovenia, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium and the British Isles. I-L38 is almost absent in Scandinavia and East Europe. As Ken Nordtvedt remarked: this spread indicates an old haplogroup, or possibly a haplogroup travelling faster than others. The distribution of I-L38 does not correlate that of haplogroup I-P30 (I1a). I-L38 seems to have leaked into France, as if it arrived before I-P30.
Recently Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn published «Zonen van Adam in Nederland» (suns of Adam in the Netherlands). This book presents DNA-profiles of 410 Dutch ‘suns of Adam’ and describes the distribution of haplogroups in the Netherlands. The 410 samples were linked to genealogical information and geographical location of the oldest known ancestor in the male line. The haplotyping was done by the FLDO (Forensic Laboratory for DNA research) based in Leiden, Netherlands. Of the 410 samples, 8 belonged to I-L38 (belonging to 5 families – see Table 1 below).
A previous paper (De Beule, 2008) pointed out that on the European continent, the frequency of I-L38 as well as the diversity (demonstrated by various DYS448 and DYS19 combinations) is highest in the Upper-Rhine region (see Figure1). This contradicts the supposed origin of I-L38 in the middle Elbe region. This view is mainly built on the finds of the I-L38 Lichtenstein bones in the Harz mountains and the high frequency of I-M223 (I2b1) in this region. I-L38 and I-M223 however separated already during the LGM. There is no reason to assume a correlation between I-L38 and I-M223.
The haplotyping was done by the Haplogroup I predictor and was based on 16 markers: DYS 393; 390; 19; 391; 385a; 385b; 439; 389i; 392; 389ii; 458; 437; 448; H4; 456; 438. It is remarkable that almost all pinpointed I-L38 samples can be found very near main rivers; in casu the Rhine, Neckar, Scheldt and Meuse.
_____________________________________________________________ Received: July 28 2010; accepted: July 30 2010; published: August 5 2010 Correspondence:
[email protected]
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Lichtenstein cave Osterode am Harz middle Elbe region
UpperRhine region
Figure 1: distribution of Continental and related British Isles I-L38 samples. Dots represent known origins of samples, triangles and squares are educated guesses based on the sample’s surname. The colours indicate specific DYS19-DYS448 clusters as a demonstration of I-L38 diversity (De Beule, 2008). Table 1: Dutch I-L38-families of the «Zonen van Adam in Nederland» study.
Surname Blaas
De Booij
Lems
Meert Spée
Hg I prediction I-S23 refers to I2b2 I-S23-A =>36% I-S23-A-RecLOH =>36% I-S23-C =>16% I-S23-B =>8% I-S23-B =>48% I-S23-A =>24% I-S23-A-RecLOH =>24% I-S23-C =>5% I-S23-C =>60% I-S23-A =>19% I-S23-A-RecLOH =>19% I-S23-B =>1%
I-S23-B =>96% I-S23-A =>2% I-S23-A =>48% I-S23-A-RecLOH =>48% I-S23-B =>2%
Location of the oldest known forefather Rees (Germany)
Near the river Rhine.
Kleve (Germany)
Near the river Rhine.
Hoogvliet (Netherlands)
This haplotype is similar to that of the Belgian De Beule family, with an historical origin around Zele along the river Scheldt (near St Amands) Hoogvliet is located near of the mouth of the Rhine. Village near the river Scheldt (also very near Zele). Near the river Meuse.
St Amands (Belgium) Baarlo (Netherlands) 34
Remarks on the geographic locations
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Whereas the coastal distribution of haplogroup I (dominantly I-M253 and I-M223) in the Netherlands supports a Saxon origin; the distribution of I-L38 does not. If I-L38 had a Saxon origin the samples would be found grouped together with the other haplogroup I samples along the Northsea coast and in Frisia (see Figure 2).
Network of Continental I-L38 This network analysis is performed as described in the paper «Origin, Distribution and migrations of I2b*»-paper. The network below is based on 33 continental I-L38 samples with known geographical background coming from a number of sources (see Appendix B).
Figure 2: distribution of haplogroup I in the Netherlands map based on locations of origin of the oldest known forefather – blue dots represent I-L38.
Continental subclades I-L38-A and I-L38b-B
The sample (#33) is small; but highly indicative since I-L38 is a small haplogroup.
Network analysis (see Figure 3) supports the view that haplogroup I-L38 basically consists out of two continental varieties: I-L38-A and I-L38-B. Hopefully a SNP will be found soon to determine I-L38 subclades. In the meantime it is pragmatic to distinguish I-L38-A versus I-L38-B.
Whenever the samples were included in «Origin, Distribution and migrations of I2b*», the same code name is used. This is why the sample code not seems coherent at first sight.
I-L38-A
I-L38-B Figure 3: continental I-L38 network with a red line dividing I-L38-A and I-L38-B. The colours refer to the DYS19-DYS448 clusters as described in «Origin, Distribution and migrations of I2b*subclades».
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The network also suggests that subclades I-L38-D, I-S23-A-RecLOH and I-L38-15 could be seen as varieties of I-L38-A and I-L38-14 could be a variety of I-L38-B. I-L38-C seems to be a Scottish variant of I-L38B.
RJGG geographical location of the Lichtenstein cave. Since I-L38 samples are found from the source to the mouth of the Rhine it probably makes more sense to see the spread of continental I-L38 in relation to the Rhine. There is a high and divers concentration of I-L38 in the Upper Rhine region:
Instead of identifying subclades or clusters, this paper categorizes the samples either in haplogroup I-L38-A or I-L38-B. This is done based on STR-values, the Haplogroup I Predictor and the network results. In the network, the Lichtenstein node Y1 (also representing sample GER13 from Berlin) seems to be the root of all other branches.
As a previous paper (De Beule, 2008) indicated there is a high concentration of I-L38b-A in the Upper Rhine region. Also see Figure 1. As a paper in preparation by Steve Ralls on IL38b-14 shows; 35% of all known (#17) I-L3814 samples comes from the Upper Rhine region (35% is related to the British Isles and the remaining 30% is spread from Sweden to Italy).
Distribution of Continental I-L38 Based on the network structure it is tempting to relate the geographical origin of I-L38 to the
I-L38 map
Michelsberg
Figure 4: the distribution of Continental I-L38 samples based on the known origin of 33 samples. Red dots representing I-L38-B, yellow dots I-L38-A. The callout marks the location of the Michelberg, the green arrows displays a hypothetical migration route of the ancestral I-L38.
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Discussion and Further Investigation Migration hypothesis Starting from the Upper Rhine, some groups probably followed the Rhine downstream (possibly even crossed the Channel), others followed the Rhine downstream. The ancestral I-L38 variety seems to have travelled along the Rhine til Kleef / Rees and from there on travelled east to the area of the Lichtenstein cave in the Harz mountains. See Figure 4. To explain these migrations they should be seen in their historical context (i.e. in the context of the emerging bronze age). The Harz region (where the Lichtenstein cave lies) was an early centre of copper/bronze and the Rhine was an evident trade route for bronze objects. Figure 5: distribution of the Michelberg culture.
Michelberg culture
Correlation with R-L21*
The distance of both I-L38-A and I-L38-B to their Most Common Recent Ancestor is 135 generations (calculated with Ken Nordtvedt’s «Generations» spreadsheet). Calculated with generations of 30 years this means their MCRA lived 4800 years ago. With a standard deviation of 25.7% this implies a MCRA living between 5850 and 3750 years ago. In Germany this timeframe refers to the transition of the Late Neolithic into the Early Bronze Age.
The spread of I-L38 also resembles the spread of R-L21* (R1b1b2a1b6*) – see Figure 6. Just as I-L38 (see Figures 1 and 4), haplogroup R-L21* seems connected to the course of the Rhine and to the British Isles.
Conclusion The deeper one digs into the history of I-L38 the more relations appear with the Upper Rhine area and bronze age cultures.
Looking at the distribution of artefacts belonging to the Michelberg culture a pattern emerges that resembles the continental distribution of IL38 (see Figure 5 compared to Figure 4).
The separation of I-L38-B and I-L38-A seems to have taken place in the early bronze age in Germany. Looking at the distribution of I-L38, rivers (and especially the Rhine) seem to have played an important role. It is along these rivers that bronze objects were distributed.
The Michelsberg culture blossomed from ca. 6400 to 5500 years ago. For more information on the Michelberg culture, see Appendix A. It is interesting that this culture links the Upper Rhine region to the Middle Elbe.
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Figure 6: the distribution of R-L21*(cfr. the R-L21 Project).
May be the different clusters of I-L38 can lead to a better understanding of the historical migrations up and down the Rhine. May be there even was a relation to copper/bronze that could explain the I-L38 presence in the Harz mountains (a known prehistoric centre of copper and bronze)
and the British Isles. In this respect it also is interesting to look at the cultural sphere of the Michelberg culture. May be there even is a relation to R-L21* which seems to have a similar distribution than I-L38.
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Webreferences 1. Haplogroup I predictor: http://members.bex.net/jtcullen515/haplotest.htm 2. Ken Nordtvedts Generations Spreadsheet http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/Generations2.xls 3. DNA-list focussed on haplogroup I: http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/index/Y-DNAHAPLOGROUP-I/
4. FTDNA L38 project: http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx 5. I2b2 project website: http://tinyurl.com/2b76jd 6. R-L21 project website: http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R-L21/default.aspx
References 1. Hans De Beule. Origins, distribution and migrations of I2b*subclades posted on dna-forums.org on 18 September 2008 (in 2008 I-L38 was still called I2b*).
People interested in this paper can find it at the FTDNA IL38 project site (see URL above) or can email me. 2. Steve Ralls. Paper on I-L38-14 (in preparation).
Appeal To learn more about I2b2 it is crucial to be able to pinpoint a sample to a geographical location. This is why the group administrator of the FTDNA L-38 project Tim Weakley urged all I2b2’s
who joined the project , to enter in the information (name and location if possible) for their most distant known ancestor in the male line. Please do!
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Appendix A: Michelberg culture For more information on the Michelberg culture, refer to: http://www.comparchaeology.org/Michelsberg.htm
(1998) argued that the pottery of the Paris Basin was possibly older than in Germany and suggested that its development should be associated with the Menneville Group of «Early Post-Rössen» and the initial phase of the Early Chasséen (Chassey) culture (Jeunesse 1998).
A few interesting quotes: The Michelsberg culture is named after the Michelsberg, a hill at Untergrombach, Kr. Bruchsaal, Baden-Württemberg, Germany and llasted from ca. 4400-3500 cal BC. The Michelsberg sites distribution includes the area around the Middle Rhein (Rhine) River, Belgium and the Paris Basin. A few sites with Michelsberg pottery are reported from Central Germany and the Czech Republic.
In Belgium the pottery assemblage of Spiere «de Hel» began to be seen as a kind of western development that exhibit a geographically transitional subgroup, resembling Michelsberg and to some extent the neighboring cultures (Vanmontfort 2001, Vanmontfort et al. 1997). In the east (Central Germany, Bohemia and possibly even Moravia) Michelsberg-like pottery occurs during the Baalberge Phase of the TRB’s Middle-Elbe and South Group, which begins to form around 4000/3800 cal BC.
In Germany, Schumacher saw parallels between the Michelsberg culture and the Late Mesolithic pottery making Kjøkkenmødinger culture (now Ertebølle culture) as early as 1908 (Lüning 1969). Similarities with the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB) pottery were also noted and some researchers still include the Michelsberg culture in the TRB interaction sphere (i.e. «the TRB in the larger sense».
In the South Group and adjacent regions the Baalberge Phase gives way to TRB Phase II sometime between 3600/3400 BC (Baldia et al. in press a, in press b, exhibiting similarities to the Boleráz Phase of the Baden culture. Baden «influence» is even suggested on the Central German Schöninger Group (Raletzel-Fabian and Furholt 2006). In southern Germany near the Bodensee (Lake Constance), the Michelsberg culture gives way to the Horgen culture around 3600/3400 cal. BC. In the Northwest German state of Hessen (Hesse) and adjoining regions Michelsberg evolves into the Wartberg culture at that time. At the same time Michelsberg is replaced by the later Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB or Middle Neolithic I) at its northernmost fringes.
Until the 1960’s the culture was seen as part of the «lake dwelling sphere of the northern Alps and its piedmont», which includes Aichbühl, Pfyn and Horgen. In the 1960’s the Michelsberg culture was separated from these cultures and seen as evolving out of Bischeim, a late phase of the Rössen culture in the Middle Rhein (Rhine) River region of Germany. On the other hand, the American archaeologist Scollar (1959, 1961) stressed the Michelsberg culture’s western origin. Similarly Dubouloz
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Appendix B: samples User ID
Network ID
Surname
Origin sample
P88QG U9HMG 4BRM9 RQS47 66196 VUERB 9TD9J BBB59 8VWK5 X8EDM 2MCE9
Y1 Y2 Y6 GER1 GER2 GER3 GER4 GER5 GER8 GER9 GER10 GER11 GER13 GER14
Strohmeier Saylor Ochs Wehr Krassin Hartung Marschall Zimmer Creswick Underwood Schlenke
Ancestry
GER15
Heltzel
FTDNA 105008 ZvAiN
GER16
Roland
GER17
Blaas
Johann Tobias Heltzel [also Höltzel] , b. 1732 in Palatinate, Germany, d. 23 November 1792, Paradise, York Co., Pa. Gasper Roland, b. ca. 1721, Palatine, Germany, died ca. 1709, Drake Creek, Warren Co., Ky. Rees Germany
ZvAiN N14392 ZvAiN SMGF
GER18 BEL1 BEL2 NET2
De Booy De Beule Meert Lems
Kleve, Germany 1560 Zele St Amands, Belgium NET, Rotterdam, 1504
ZvAiN 8GD73 N25287 53868
NET3 FRA1 FRA7 FRA8
Spée Brion
Baarlo, Netherlands Kirrberg, Elzas, FRA Hauteville-la-Guichard, France Bellemagny, Alsace
140263
FRA9
N17917
NOR1
E2623
POL1
MN9NA 7F3ME
SWI1 SWI2
Claude REYNAUD Ommund Ommundson Adalbertus/Wojc iech Tatucha 1750 Lehman Flora
W3MJW SMGF N9812
SLO1 ITA1 DEN3
Wanchick Gandola Peder Andersen
Jean GUITTARD
Osterode am Harz Osterode am Harz Osterode am Harz 1649-1729 Bogen, Bavaria 1715 Methingen Metzingen °1625 Poppenhausen °1720 Heidelberg, Pfalz 1791 - 1798 Kreis, Kolmar, Posen 1620-1700 Geisleden °1755 Ommeray Lorraine °1866 Darmstadt b1820 Fredrich Schmidt Upper Rhine Lorraine 1832 Berlin 1861 Bosseborn (Kreis Hoxter)
Bâtie Montgascon(38),France Fjellestad,b.1812 Norway. Warta,Lodz,Poland
°1702 Schauffausen SWIT 1682 Joseph Jacob Fleury was listed as a French Huguenot from Palatinate Germany, though another report lists Solothurn, Switzerland Jastrabie, Slovakia Primo Gandola, b. ca. 1812, Bellagio, Italy 1742, Hojrup, Tonder
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Early Bronze Age Origin and Late Iron Age (La Tène) Migrations of I-L38
Hans De Beule
(November 2009 - http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/)
Abstract I-L38 is a small clade with a continental distribution scattered around the Upper Rhine (Rhineland - Palatinate). It also is present on the British Isles. This paper tries to reveal how I-L38 migrated from its continental core to the British Isles. In order to do so, 3 methods have been combined: Firstly, a trendline was calculated for the geographical Y and X co-ordinates of samples with known origin (belonging to I-L38 and other haplogroups). Secondly, a phylogenetic tree was made for I-L38 samples with known origin. Thirdly, the historical context was studied. Combining these approaches lead to the conclusion that: starting from the Upper Rhine, I-L38 spread during the EBA in an area between Rhine, Danube and Elbe; I-L38 migrated in the Late Iron Age I-L38 with Celtic La Tène people, through Belgium, to the British Isles.
Introduction Haplogroup I-L38 is defined by the SNPs L38/S154, L39/S155, L40/S156, L65/S159. In the ISOGG tree its current name is haplogroup I2b2. It is an ancient clade with a limited number of members.
I-L38C with DYS448=20.
Network analysis (De Beule September 2009) visualized the separation between I-L38A (DYS448=19) and I-L38B (DYS448=21). In this network some of the DYS448=20 samples are positioned as intermediary nodes between I-L38A and I-L38B.
1. Main clusters of I-L38 To be consistent with previous papers, this paper mainly focuses on I-L38A and I-L38B.
Until now, no SNP was found to separate I-L38 (although L39 looks promising).. Several researchers structured I-L38 using different markers into different clusters. Initially Ken Nordtvedt separated I-L38 into 3 clusters using DYS448:
In this approach I-L38-14 can be considered as a cluster within I-L38B and I-L38D as a cluster within I-L38A.
I-L38A with DYS448=19;
2. The EBA separation of I-L38
I-L38B with DYS448=21;
Using the Generation Spreadsheet of Ken Nordtvedt it seems that I-L38A and I-L38B separated 135 generations ago (error range: +/-35 generations). Calculated with generations of 31
_____________________________________________________________ Received: July 28 2010; accepted: July 30 2010; published: August 5 2010 Correspondence:
[email protected]
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years this means that the two clades separated 4185 years ago; this is during the EBA (Early Bronze Age) which started in Germany 4400 to 4200 years ago. This estimate of age is useful since from that moment on it becomes possible to track and compare the migrations of multiple clusters of I-L38.
RJGG MCRA calculation mentioned in Method 2. Michelberg is dated from 4200 to 3500/3400 BC and at best could be linked to ancestors of the I-L38 MCRA. Michelberg culture also does not explain the relation between the Upper Rhine region and the British Isles.
6. The EBA Upper Rhine connection 3. The Upper Rhine origin of I-L38 Connecting the Upper Rhine region to the EBA it is interesting that the first EBA groups in the Rhine, Danube and Elbe/Saale regions (Adlerberg, Singen, Straubing, Unetice) appeared around 2400/2200 BC. (Mail dr. Dirk Fabian).
As De Beule (September 2008 and April 2009) pointed out the distribution of continental I-L38 samples with known geographical origin confirms the Upper Rhine area (Rhineland – Palatinate) as region with the highest continental IL38 frequency and diversity; thus as the likely point of origin of I-L38. For a map of the Rhine see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RheinKarte.png
Traditionally, the EBA in Southern Germany has been subdivided into several separate groups such as Adlerberg, Singen, Straubing, Neckar, Upper Rhine, etc on the basis of grave goods and funeral practices. Upon closer examination this separation appeared questionable. Instead, it became apparent that within the EBA there are more elements, which are common to these groups than differences. (Libber, 2004) In other words: there must have been interaction (gene exchange) between these groups.
4. Virtual absence of I-L38 in the Netherlands Integration of data of the Dutch project De zonen van Adam in Nederland lead to the conclusion that I-L38 is virtually absent in the Netherlands. This implies that historical scenarios that involve north Germanic people (Jutes, Frisians, Angles, Saxons, …) became unlikely. Although there are very few Belgian data available, two Belgian I-L38 samples were located around the river Scheldt. Ongoing research http://www.brabant-dna.org/joomla/ will improve the knowledge on Belgian DNA. This is important since Belgium is geographically positioned on the most likely route from the Upper Rhine to the British Isles. The distribution of I-L38 in the Low Countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg) seems to be related to the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt. (De Beule September 2008).
Figure 1: Spread of EBA groups in southern German (Libber 2004 - after Kraus 1988).
7. I-L38 and the Lichtenstein cave The Lichtenstein cave (Schilz 2006) links I-L38 to the (pre-)Urnfieldculture (1300-700 BC). In this cave, in Osterode-am-Harz 3000 year old bones were found. Y-DNA analysis categorized them as I-L38 (# 13), R-S21 (# 1) and R1a (# 2).
5. Re-evaluation of the Michelberg scenario Based on the distribution De Beule (April 2009) suggested a link between the Michelberg culture and I-L38. This, however, does not fit the 43
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Recently, two direct descendants of the I-L38 bones were found, living in the valley next to the cave, proving that haplotypes can stay at one location during millennia. The known STR-values of the Lichtenstein bones are shown in Appendix 1.
- S28/U152 (Alpine Celts) – common in the Alps in regions of Alpine Germany, Switzerland and Northern Italy, but also from Greece to the Bay of Biscay. - L21/S145 (Insular Celts) – common in the Celtic Isles of the North-West coast of Europe such as Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, etc, but also found in France, Germany and Scandinavia.
Inserting these STR-values in Jim Cullen’s Haplogroup I Predictor the most likely haplogroups are: -
Haplotype Y1: I-S23-A: 41%;
-
Haplotype Y2: I-S23-C: 72%;
-
Haplotype Y4: I-S23-A: 33%;
-
Haplotype Y6: I-S23-B: 67%;
-
Haplotype Y3: R1b-Frisian: 32%;
-
Haplotype Y5: R1a: 33%.
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- M153, M167 (Iberian Celts) – common in regions of Spain and Portugal with a CelticBasque-Iberian heritage such as Minho, Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, Euskara, Catalonia and down to Andalusia, but also in the Celtic Isles, France and Germany. (http://www.celticheritage.org/SteveJones.php) The next paragraph tries to clarify the possible relations between I-L38 and R1b-clades with a method based on geographical co-ordinates.
Looking at the I-L38 predictions it is remarkable that all three DYS448 clusters seem to be present in the Lichtenstein cave.
Method 1: geographical analysis To investigate the relation between I-L38 and other subclades, it is interesting to focus on the possible relation with the R1b «River», «Alpine» and «Insular Celts». It also is worthwhile to see whether there is a geographic relation between IL38 and its brother clade I-M223.
8. I-L38 and related haplogroups The diversity of haplogroups in the Lichtenstein cave confirms that during the Bronze Age populations consisted out of several haplogroups. So, haplogroups whose distribution is related to the distribution of I-L38 might learn us something about I-L38. In a previous paper Hans De Beule suggested that the distribution of some R1b subclades seemed to mirror that of I-L38.
To investigate the geographical relation between I-L38 and the subclades mentioned above, locations of the oldest known ancestor were selected for each clade from FTDNA projects. Sometimes the available data needed to be reduced (e.g. for R-S1 every 10th row was used. If this sample did not display geographical information, the next sample in line was used, etc).
In this context it is interesting to mention professor Steve Jones, a Welsh geneticist. In an article in Y Faner Newydd he linked R1b to the Celtic culture and separated the most important R1b clades into the following scheme:
Only for I-L38, extra locations were added from the Dutch research De zonen van Adam in Nederland.
- S21/U106 (River Celts) – common in Austria particularly around the western core UrnfieldHallstatt area, along the Rhine to the Netherlands and down the Danube to Bulgaria. This haplogroup was also found in the Lichtenstein cave.
For the selected data the decimal geographical co-ordinates were looked up. For each subclade, these co-ordinates were inserted in an Excel spreadsheet. All inserted data were displayed in a graph and for each subclade Excel was used to calculate a trendline. 44
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Using the trendlines:
RJGG ing an organic gradual diffusion. Seen the distribution of the I-L38 subclades around known EBA locations, it is plausible to attribute the spread east to EBA-groups.
- it is possible to compare the trendlines (although the result should be treated with caution);
This also might explain the predicted presence of the 3 I-L38 clusters in the Lichtenstein cave (the yellow trendline actually crosses the Lichtenstein location).
- it is possible to compare the trend to known historical locations/points of reference; As points of reference geographical coordinates of the following historical locations were added to the graph: EBA-locations (Adlerberg, Singen, Straubing, Neckar, Upper Rhine, Unetice); Celtic locations (Hallstatt, La Tène) and the Lichtenstein cave (in Osterode-am-Harz).
Cluster I-L38B seems to have gone further to the east than I-L38A.
Conclusions (figure 3): - it is possible to translate points of interest (eg. two crossing trendlines) to geographical coordinates.
Since the trendlines only are very rough indicators, the comparison of the trendlines of several clades only leads to hypotheses:
Conclusions (figure 2):
- Three trendlines, I-L38 (orange), R-U152 (dark blue) and R-L21 (light blue), cross near contemporary Frankfurt, suggesting a common origin that could be linked to the La Tène culture that started to spread from the middle Rhine region.
Starting from the Upper Rhine region - The trendlines of I-L38A and I-L38B to the west are strikingly similar. This suggests that the clusters I-L38A and I-L38B probably travelled together to the west. This means that IL38 carriers were not travelling alone (eg as travelling smiths or metal merchants) but as a group.
- R-U152 also is connected to Switzerland, this being the reason Steve Jones classifies this group as Alpine Celtic. The trendline crosses the archaeological site of La Tène that gave its name to this culture.
On their way to the British Isles the mixed IL38 lot seems to have crossed Belgium what explains its presence around the rivers Meuse and Scheldt. On the British Isles the trendlines have a weak relation, possibly indicating several (non related) crossings of the Channel.
- The trendline of R-S21, classified as River Celtic by Steve Jones, partly resembles the trendline of I-L38. This clade also was present in the Lichtenstein cave.
- The trendlines of I-L38A and I-L38B to the east and northeast are less similar indicat-
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Results of the geo-analysis of I-L38 subclades
Figure 2: the I-L38 A (yellow), I-L38B (red) and I-L38C (blue) trendlines projected on a map.
Results of the geo-analysis of I-L38 and other haplogroups
Figure 3: the I-L38 (orange) , I-M223 (pink) and R1b-trendlines projected on a map. R-L21 (light blue), R-S21 (black), R-U152 (dark blue).
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average mutation rate derived by Doug McDonald from the Sorenson database;
Method 2: PHYLIP tree of I-L38 In order to get an idea of the timeframe of the I-L38 division, Tim Weakley made the following PHYLIP tree using:
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a probability of 95% that the TMRCA is no longer than indicated; an years.
the infinite allele mutation model;
average generation interval of 30
Figure 4: PHYLIP tree, kindly made by Tim Weakley. The interpretation of this tree is entirely to the account of Hans De Beule.
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Interpretation:
RJGG Tène migrations left traces along the rivers Meuse, Scheldt and other rivers on the British Isles.
It is interesting that the oldest branches (GER1 and GER9) which separated 4000 years ago, cover the German EBA area.
Traces along the river Meuse (Maas in Dutch)
During the dark grey coloured period there apparently was a direct migration to the British Isles.
In Baarlo, along the Meuse (where one of the two Dutch I-L38) samples is located two bronze buckets were found that served as urns.
When looking at I-L38 Upper Rhine samples (encircled) and the other I-L38 samples it is remarkable that most splits happened around 2200 years ago (the light grey area), during the late iron age.
These buckets indicate a link to the Upper Rhine region.
Method 3: study of the historical-cultural context Traditionally the iron age is divided in the Early Iron Age (corresponding to the Hallstatt culture) and the Late Iron Age (corresponding to the La Tène culture).
Meuse
Around 600 BC trade in continental Europe started to change, shifting wealth and power to the area west of the Alps. Probably this shift was a result of the founding of the Greek colony Massalia (Marseille). Because of this the trade routes that crossed the Alps were abandoned in favor of new routes that followed the course of the Rhône. In the area west of the Alps (the Southwest of Germany, the Rhine area and EastFrance) a hierarchical society develops, leaving us impressive grave hills and grave gifts.
UpperRhine
Scheldt
Medio 450 BC central Italic cultures took over the leading role from the Greek colonies. The new trade routes directly cross the Alps, through Switzerland to the Middle Rhine area and to middle France. Grave goods show that men were buried with there weapons and suggest small egalitarian communities of warriors. For unknown reasons this is the period of the Celtic migrations, the most spectacular being the besiege of Rome and the plundering of Delphi (Bourgeois, 2003).
Figure 5: distribution of bronze buckets in Europe – Bloemers 1991, after Kimmig 1983 -a: 7th-6th century BC, b: 5th century BC, c: centres of production.
Wallony as well as in Flanders, luxurious La Tène graves have been found together with bronze buckets that were used as urns, for example in Eigenbilzen near Maastricht. (Clerinckx, 2005).
Although the spread of I-L38 has nothing to do with Celtic migrations to the South, there seems to be a relation between migrations that connect the Rhine area to the west. The early La
In Limburg (border area between Belgium and the Netherlands) graves with valuable grave gifts have been found. The objects are dated 450 BC 48
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and are related to the Marne-Middle Rhine tradition. It seems that these graves were an expression of (late) Celtic aristocracy (Bourgeois, 2003).
RJGG being actual imports with Swiss characteristics. What is perhaps most impressive about the British swords is their relative isolation from continental development. If the number of La Tène brooches can be taken to be a reflection of intensity of importation, then the period from 450 to 350 BC was a time of much interaction, after which, until about 100BC, the intensity of contact dramatically declined (Cunliffe, 2005).
Traces along the river Scheldt (Schelde in Dutch) In the early La Tène period lots of depositions (swords and other valuables) were thrown in the river Scheldt. These depositions took place less than 10 km from the two located Belgian I-L38 samples (in Zele and Sint-Amands). In Zele also a grave hill was found. Research on pollen showed that the grounds have been grazed; indicating cattle and permanent settlement.
Archaeological evidence of the so called La Tène Arras group (named after the Arras cemetery in Yorkshire) indicates a folk movement into eastern Yorkshire early in the 4th century BC. The evidence suggests small bands arriving with little more than their personal equipment and settling down among the (Bell Beaker) natives. Artefacts show cultural influences affinity to the Alsace region, Switzerland, Champagne and Burgundy region (Cunliffe, 2005).
Also in the adjacent Berlare La Tène pottery was found that could be dated precisely to 450 BC (Bourgeois, 2003).
As the map below illustrates it is safe to say that the British Isles received a La Tène influx from the Atlantic coast ranging from the estuary of the Rhine/Meuse/Scheldt to the estuary of the Seine and even more south to the estuary of the Loire.
Traces along British rivers Around 400 BC the La Tène culture extents to Great Brittain and to Transdanubia (the eastern part of Austria and Hungary) (Haywood, 2001). A remarkable number of La Tène weapons have been recovered from lakes, rivers and bogs. Some of the finest examples were dredged from the river Thames in and around London. Other rivers have yielded treasures such as the magnificent Witham Shield, from the river Witham, near Lincoln, swords and scabbards from the river Nene near Peterborough, and a unique bronze shield found in a former watercourse at Chertsey, Surrey in 1985. Close contact with the continent only appears at the mid fifth century BC; thereafter the British and French traditions diverged, hinting at the beginning of some degree of cultural isolation. The 20 or more daggers of the La Tène type I (450-300 BC) found in Britain, mainly in the Thames area, can be arranged in a typological sequence lasting until the 4th century BC. At least 17 swords of the La Tène I type have been identified from the rivers Thames and Witham, but only two or three have any claim to
Figure 6: the routes by which concepts of La Tène art reached Britain and Ireland (Kearney, 2006).
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To link the map above to the actual Y-DNA distribution one should take into account that:
Data of the ongoing Hertogdom Brabant DNA project in Flanders will be welcome to finetune this theory.
- also in later centuries/millennia there was an influx of continental Y-DNA from the same Atlantic shores;
The La Tène link does not explain the presence of I-L38 in the Lichtenstein cave (1000-750 BC) unless there were earlier bronze or iron age migrations to the north-east. Seen the distribution of I-L38 around well known EBA locations it is plausible to presume an early and gradually diffusion of I-L38 from the Rhine into northeastern direction.
- the invasions of later centuries (Romans, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, etc) pushed the older «native» populations to the west and to the north.
Conclusion The definition of the La Tène culture as formulated in the Columbia Encyclopaedia fits the spread of I-L38 strikingly well:
Lingering questions It still is a mystery why I-L38 is so small in size. The answer to this question might reveal more about the historical position of I-L38 and offers a challenge for future research.
lä tĕn, ancient Celtic site on Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland, that gives its name to the second and final period of the European Iron Age. The earliest phase of Tenian culture, from the 6th to the late 5th cent. b.c., spread from the middle Rhine region East into the Danube valley, South into Switzerland, and West and North into France, the Low Countries, Denmark, and the British Isles; this was the period of the first of the great Celtic migrations. Tenian culture flourished until subjected to the advances of the Roman Empire. Native coinage appeared in Gaul during the latter part of the period, along with the fortified townships eventually conquered by Julius Caesar.
It also is a pity that the exact frequencies of I-L38 in SW Germany, in Belgium, in Luxemburg, in north-east France, in Austria, Switzerland, north Italy and the British Isles is not available (yet). Exact frequencies could help solving questions as: Is there a historical relation between the (low) frequency in Belgium and the genocides Julius Caesar described in his De Bello Gallico (account of his campaign against the Belgae) -orDid Roman pressure trigger a migration of Belgae to the British Isles?
I-L38 could have migrated out of the Upper Rhine area (Rhineland-Palatinate) in the era of La Tène migrations (around 450 BC). To reach the British Isles I-L38 crossed, among other regions, the Low Countries. Archaeological artefacts and studies suggest that the migration that crossed the Low Countries took place in three stages:
in a first phase along the Meuse;
in a second phase along the Scheldt;
the cross of the Channel in a third phase.
How did I-L38 cross France ? What is the relation between English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish I-L38’s? How and when did I-L38 migrate south to the Alps (Austria, Switzerland, North-Italy).
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Webreferences 1. PHYLIP Software: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHYLIP 2. Haplogroup I subclade modals: http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/FounderHaps.xls 3. Haplogroup I predictor: http://members.bex.net/jtcullen515/haplotest.htm 4. About generation interval: http://www.smgf.org/ychromosome/generation_interval.j spx )
5. To determine decimal geographic coordinates: http://www.begeleidzelfstandigleren.com/aardrijkskunde/ losse_animaties/geopositie.html 6. For an overview of the R1b SNP tree: http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR09.html 7. About «De Zonen van Adam in Nederland»: http://www.barjesteh.nl/DNAproject.htm 8. About: Ken Nordtvedt’s Generation Spreadsheet http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/Generations2.xls
References 7. De Beule Hans. Origins of Hg I-L38 (I2b2) Subclades. 5th of April 2009. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx 8. Schilz Felix (2006) Molekulargenetische Verwandtschaftsanalysen am prähistorischen Skelettkollektiv der Lichtensteinhöhle. Dissertation, Göttingen. 9. Haywood, John. The historical Atlas of the Celtic World, 2001 Thames & Hudson Ltd, London. 10. Heem - en Oudheidkundige Kring Berlare, 1999 nr. 2 en 2001 nr. 1. 11. Kearney, Hugh. The British Isles, a history of four nations, second edition, 2006, Cambridge, Cambridgde University Press, p. 28. 12. Libber Birgit. Zu den frühbronzezeitlichen Gruppen in Süddeutschland. Universität, Leipzig, 2004. 13. Oppenheimer Stephen (2006) Myths of British Ancestry. Prospect Magazine. Issue 127, October 2006.
1. Bourgeois I., Gelorini V., De Clercq W., Deforce K. & Van Strydonck M. 2003c: De ijzertijd in Zele (ca. 800 - ca. 50 v.C.): aan de periferie van een veranderende wereld, Tijdschrift van het Verbond voor Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek in Oost-Vlaanderen 57, 11-24. 2. Bloemers JHF, van Dorp T (Editors). Pre- & protohistorie van de lage landen. Open Universiteit, De Haan, 1991, 496p. 3. Clerinckx Herman. Kelten en de Lage Landen. Davidsfonds, Leuven, 2005, 293 p. 4. Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition, 2004, Columbia University Press. 5. Cunliffe Barry, Iron Age communities in Britain (an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh century BC until the Roman Conquest, Routledge, Oxon and New York, 2005. 6. De Beule Hans. Origin, Distribution and Migrations of I2b*Subclades. 18th of September 2008. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx
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Appendix A: STR values of the Lichtenstein bones Of the Lichtenstein bones the following STR-values are made public: T\DYS 391 389i 439 389ii
438
437
19 392 393 390 385a 385b ∑
HG
Y1
11
12
11
28
10
15
16
11
13
25
13
17
6
I2b (100%)
Y2
11
12
11
27
10
15
15
11
13
25
13
17
3
I2b (100%)
Y4
11*
12
11*
1
I2b (100%)
Y6
11
12
11
28
10
15
16
11
13
24
13
17
3
I2b (100%)
Y3
11
13
12
29
12
15
14
13
13
23
11
14
1
R1b (100%)
Y5
11
13
11
30
11
14
15
11
13
25
11
13
2
R1a (100%)
10
17*
*: Uncertain
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Appendix B: Decimal geographical co-ordinates Oldest Known Place of Origin of the Y-DNA sample I-M38 I-M38A 1695, Martock SOM UK 1801 Ballycloghan, Antr, N. Ireland 1690, Upton, Nottinghamshire 1649-1729 Bogen, Bavaria °1625 Poppenhausen °1720 Heidelberg, Pfalz 1791 - 1798 Kreis, Kolmar, Posen 1620-1700 Geisleden 1861 Bosseborn (Kreis Hoxter) Rees Germany 1560 Zele Hoogvliet Rotterdam, 1504 Baarlo, Netherlands Kirrberg, Elzas, France Hauteville-la-Guichard, France Bellemagny, Alsace °1830, Llanelli, Wales, England 1819-1905, Colerne, Wiltshire, England I-L38B 1623-1702 Bedfordshire, England 1779-1838 Aldby, England 1854-1920 Haworth, Yorkshire, England 1692-1772, Ballinvoher, French Park,IRE °1635 -1704 Wiltshire England 1490 Wiltshire, England, UK 1820, MountBellew, Irleland 1765, Huntly, Aberdeenshire 1715 Methingen Metzingen °1866 Darmstadt 1832 Berlin Kleve, Germany
Longitude (pos=east neg=west)
-2,7658 -7,7045
St Amands, Belgium Bâtie Montgascon(38),France Fjellestad,b.1812 Norway. Warta,Lodz,Poland °1702 Schauffausen SWIT Jastrabie, Slovakia Primo Gandola, b. ca. 1812, Bellagio, Italy 1742, Hojrup, Tonder Switzerland Kienberg 1732 in Palatinate, Germany, d. 23 November 1792, Paradise, York Co., Pa. I-L38C °1755 Ommeray Lorraine 1880, Lumphanan, Aberdeensh Hall, 1813-186 Hanley castle, Worcestershire, England °1840-1892 Whitnash, Warwickshire, England
Latitude (north)
50,9705 53,6521
-2,8861 12,6893 10,1467 8,6785 9,4955 10,1941 9,3073 6,3955 4,04 4,3586 6,0971 7,0646 -1,3021 7,0656 -4,1629
53,2143 48,9109 50,0921 49,4007 53,7322 51,3532 51,7484 51,7619 51,0682 51,8633 51,3307 48,8219
R-U152 Ryton Gateshead UK Galway Wortegem Naila, Germany Rokytnice Orlickyck Horach Baden Jaszarokszallas Bentz-Stüdlin Gondiswil Vaud Salins Aunis Altavilla Monferrata Santander Blanes Bad Königshofen im Gabfeld Holbeach Lincs England Hartest, Suffolk Croxton near Thetford Esneux Zug Suisse Civenna Italy Stange Hedmark Norway
49,1255 47,6773 51,6791
-2,2593 51,4388 -0,4812 1,2696 -1,9535
52,1049 52,8524 53,8294
-8,6668 52,6376 -1,9916 51,246 -1,9916 51,246 -8,5004 53,4609 -2,4042 7,779 8,651 13,4119 6,1313
51,8718 52,3148 49,8718 52,5222 51,7843
53
4,2045
51,054
5,5304 6,7795 16,669 8,6355 17,1651
45,5801 58,0863 50,454 47,6969 48,1395
9,2629 9,6027 7,9677
45,9872 55,5555 47,4382
7,7669
49,433
6,6937
48,7113
-2,2334
52,0772
-1,5216
52,2703
-1,7578 -9,0516 3,5109 11,7085 16,4655 9,0852 19,9787 8,503 7,8723 6,5373 5,8806 0,8327 8,3779 3,8067 2,7925 10,4673 -0,0139 -0,6799 -0,7534 5,5686 8,5163 9,2722 11,1918
54,946 53,2737 50,8515 50,329 50,1646 53 47,6442 49,4786 47,1456 46,5609 46,9426 46,083 44,994 43,4607 41,6739 50,2985 52,8039 52,1395 52,4226 50,5337 47,166 45,9427 60,7174
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved Assentoft Lunde A Denmark Viereck Wauchope Isle of man Stafford Meulebeke St Germain en Laye Triefenstein Kusel, Palatinate Germany Gerlfongen Nancy Brülten, Fischental R-L21 Esens Ostfriesland Ger Poznan (Pol) Arendal (Nor) Vimmerby (Sweden) Hardaland (Nor) Jämtland 'Sw) Leidschendam-Voorburg (Ned) Mulheim Bundesbach Wurzburg Neustadt Weil-der-Stadt Baden-Württemberg Le bourgneuf-la-fôret Brittany (france) Drain (Fra) Montussaint (Fra) Zurich Ranville-Breuillaud Ranville-Breuillaud, France Stuttgart, Germany Bundenbach, Germany Zurich, Switzerland Heihiller Gloucester, England Sturton-Le-Steeple, Notts. UK Britford, Wiltshire, England Chalmers, McDonough,IL;Wales Inverness, Scotland Isle of Bute, Scotland
10,149 13,153 14,0412 -3,1302 -4,5479 -2,1161 3,2884 2,0936 9,6029 12,0728 9,064 6,1826 8,6739
56,4404 55,392 53,5491 55,9335 54,2358 52,8049 50,9497 48,8986 49,8095 52,228 48,799 48,6906 47,4716
7,6118 16,9254 8,7669 15,855 6,2876 14,9593
53,6478 52,406 58,4593 57,6656 60,2469 63,171
4,3585 6,8865 7,3774 9,9278 11,835 8,8692 9,3502 -0,9711 2,9325 -1,206 6,2924 8,538 -0,1165 -0,1164 9,1807 7,3774 8,5383 -2,1067 -2,2483
52,0754 51,4268 49,8419 49,794 49,8246 48,7517 48,6614 48,1635 48,2019 47,339 47,4329 47,3686 45,9021 45,9017 48,7763 49,8415 47,3685 49,1916 51,8662
-0,8194
53,3457
1,7518
53,7937
-3,5398 -4,2313 -5,0561
52,4486 57,4763 55,8354
RJGG Ayrshire/Renfrewshire Sligo, Ireland Dublin Ireland Belfast, N. Irela Limerick, Ireland 1865 Antrim, Ireland County Cavan, Ireland Littleton, Tipperary Marans, France Ballymoney,Antrim,No.Ire. I-223 Århus Amt, DK Londonderry, Ireland Rennertehausen, Hesse Erristø, Vejle, Denmark Bozec, Czech Republic Devon, England Tanum, Bohuslan, Sweden Oberlustadt, Bayern,Germany Reedham, Norfolk, England Llanfair Dyffrin Clwyd Den. Wales Melton, Suffolk, England Pentrich, Derbyshire Swaffham, Norfolk, Eng. Osterwald, Germany Nova Bela,Austro-Hungary Dorchester, ENG Ilvese, GER Suffolk, England Farlam, Cumberland Genarp, Sweden Leksvik, Norway Inveraray scotland Tyrone, Ireland Eichwalde, Germany Buscot, Berkshire Essex Worsham R-S21 Villach, Karnten, Austria Basel, Switzerland Emmental Distr. Switzerland Vilkaviskis, Lithuania Rypin, Poland Montauerweide Prussia
54
-4,5427 -8,4709 -6,2672 -5,9299 -8,6266 -6,2169 -7,3357 -7,738 -0,9914 -6,2781
55,8296 54,2702 53,3436 54,5968 52,6634 54,7129 53,948 52,6367 46,3082 54,8626
10,2124 -7,325 8,6905 9,7036 17,5954 -3,2238 11,3384
56,1577 54,9938 51,0261 55,5491 50,3186 50,703 58,7189
8,2635 1,5688
49,2438 52,56
-3,4112 1,3332 -1,4189 0,6882 7,0341 18,1229 -2,4331 9,6804 0,9714 -2,6943 13,4011 10,6272 -5,0735 -8,8881 13,619 -1,6666 0,668
51,4197 52,1063 53,0684 52,6465 52,534 47,7439 50,7102 54,403 52,1868 54,9217 55,5992 63,6722 56,2302 53,2068 52,3729 51,6753 51,7657
13,849 7,5812
46,6155 47,5591
7,7505 23,0363 19,41 4,4861
46,9163 54,6476 53,0654 51,7888
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved Vigny, Pontoise, France Eisenberg, Germany Meppel, Netherlands Oudorp, Netherlands Seboncourt, Aisne, France Gand, Belgium Bæk, Denmark Smaland, Sweden Altona, Hamburg, Germany Szentpéterfa, Hungary Braunton, Devon, UK Dublin, Ireland Lanarkshire, Scotland Glatonbury Somersetshire England Bitton, Gloucestershire UK Isle of Pabbay, Scotland
1,9275 11,9011 6,1957 4,7714 3,4771 3,7211 9,6168 14,3332 9,9637 16,48 -4,1611 -6,267 -3,7033
49,0768 50,9677 52,7003 52,6323 49,9534 51,0531 55,2904 58,0402 53,5429 47,0944 51,1128 53,3438 55,524
-2,7176 -2,4592 -1,4892
51,1458 51,4242 50,7286
RJGG London, U.K. Manchester, England Upholland, Lancashire Argyll, Scotland Levens, UK East Brent, SOM, England Dublin Killingworth Middlesex CT Northumberland, England Motherwell, Scotland Bideford, Devon Baltinglass, Ire. Duns, Berwickshire, Scotland Cumbria, England Stepney, Middlesex Kelling, Norfolk, England
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-0,1259 -2,234 -2,7101 -5,2379 -2,7873 -2,9388 -6,267 -1,5675 -2,2562 -3,9948 -4,2069 -6,7098
51,4997 53,4801 53,5152 56,4289 54,2677 51,263 53,3438 55,0342 55,3373 55,7887 51,0193 52,9414
-2,3422 -2,7971 -0,0426 1,1137
55,7778 54,5768 51,5173 52,9408
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Phylogenetic Relations and Geographic Distribution of I-L38 (aka I2b2) (29th
Hans De Beule
of June 2010 – http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/)
Abstract The first section of this paper presents a 49 marker network analysis of 64 I-L38 haplotypes. This network is used to visualize the phylogenetic relations between the 64 haplotypes. The second section maps the geographic origin of I-L38 samples from several public databases. Whenever possible the phylogenetic relation between samples with known geographic origin was visualized on the map. Calculating the MRCA between these samples creates a hypothetical timeframe to explain the relations. The third section describes the construction of a distribution map of I-L38. The general conclusion is that, at this moment, most evidence points to a relation between I-L38 and the migrations of Late Bronze Age (Urnfield Culture) and Iron Age (Hallstatt, La Tène) people.
1. On the Structure of I-L38 Determination of subgroups of I-L38 is difficult because the genetic variety within I-L38 is too small to be significant. To gain insight in the structure of I2b2 without narrowing down the structure to a limited set of markers, it is useful to calculate a minimum spanning network to cluster the samples.
Introduction Haplogroup I-L38 is defined by the SNPs L38/S154, L39/S155, L40/S156 and L65/S159. In the ISOGG tree its current name is haplogroup I2b2. It is believed to be an ancient clade. Ken Nordtvedt estimated the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) of all living I-L38s at 4100 years ago.
For the first times such a network was made for I-L38 starting from a 67 marker set.
Until now, no SNP was found to separate I-L38. Several researchers structured I-L38, into different clusters, using different markers. Initially Ken Nordtvedt separated I-L38 into 3 clusters using DYS448:
I-L38A with DYS448=19;
I-L38B with DYS448=21;
I-L38C DYS448=20.
(later
called
I-L38Scot)
Method: calculation of the minimum spanning network and clustering of the samples According to Bandelt (1999) the multitude of plausible phylogenetic trees is best expressed in a network that displays alternative potential evolutionary paths. A minimum spanning tree for a set of sequence types connects all given types, such that the total length (the sum of distances between linked sequence types) is minimal. The minimum spanning network serves as a good point of departure to reconstruct the most likely
with
_____________________________________________________________ Received: July 28 2010; accepted: July 30 2010; published: August 7 2010 Correspondence:
[email protected]
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the number of mutations between two samples, as displayed in the Fluxus network, was counted;
tree by taking geographical information into account. The Median Joining Networks in this paper are created by Fluxus 4.5.1.6 Software.
Ken Nordtvedt’s I2b specific mutation rates were used. The average mutation rate used to calculate the MRCA is based on 48 markers: 0,002311697 (or 1/432 per generation). This equals one mutation every 9 generations (432/48)-or- one mutation every 279 years (9 generations * 31 years).
To create a minimum spanning network for I-L38, STR values of 64 samples with known 67 marker set were used. All samples were selected out of the FTDNA I-L38 project. By ignoring the multicopy markers (in the 4 FTDNA panels) the 67 marker set was reduced to the following 49 STR loci to create a network: DYS393, 390, 19, 391, 458, 455, 454, 447, 437, 456, 607, 576, 570, 442, 537, 641, 472, 406, 511, 490, 534, 450, 444, 481, 487, 572, 640, 492, 565.
RJGG
Example: When the number of mutations between two samples is «20», this equals 20* 279 years = 5580 years between the two haplotypes -or- 5580/2 = 2790 years between both involved haplotypes and their MRCA.
426, 388, 439, 392, 448, 449, 460, H4, 438, 531, 578, 590, 425, 557, 594, 436, 520, 446, 617, 568,
Results
Appendix A refers to the used samples that can be found at the FTDNA I-L38 project.
Figure 1 shows the minimal spanning network of the 64 I-L38 samples. This network displays the relationship between the 49 (weighted) STRvalues and shows the most likely evolutionary tree. The «torso» of the network is displayed in bold red lines. It is interesting to note that:
In the Fluxus software it is optional to correct the STR-values with a customized weight (the standard weight is 10 and the maximum weight is 100).
1. the «torso» has three distinct arms – the samples tied to these arms only partially fit the traditional STR-subgroups listed in Appendix A.
Following Qamar (2002) a weighting scheme with a five-fold range was used in the construction of the networks. The weights assigned were specific for each haplogroup and took into account the Y-STR variation across the haplogroup in the whole population. The following weights were used: variance 0-0.09=weight 90; variance 0.1-0.19=weight 70; variance 0.2-0.49=weight 50; variance 0.5-0.99=weight of 30 and variance 1.00=weight 10.
2. with the exception of the I-L38Scot cluster, there does not seem to be a relation between clusters of samples and geographical origin, suggesting the respective I-L38 clusters spread together as a mixed lot; 3. the sample (A7) nearest the crossing of the three arms of the «torso» is geographically linked to Solothurn (Switzerland) in the High Rhine area, emphasizing thus the relation of IL38 and the Rhine.
To calculate the MRCA between related haplotypes with known origin (see Figure 3 and Appendix C): generations of 31 years were used (this is the median paternal generation interval calculated by SMGF);
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Interesting I-L38-A cluster separated by DYS442 = 11
Figure 1: phylogenetic 49 marker network of 64 I-L38 samples . Nodes represent haplotypes and are proportional to the number of haplotypes representing it. The length of the links represents the genetic distance. The colour of the nodes and the codename of the sample refers to the clusters as defined in the FTDNA I-L38 project: yellow nodes = I-L38-A; red nodes = I-L38-B; dark blue nodes = I-L38-Scot (I-L38-C); green nodes = I-L38-D; white nodes = I-L38-E; light blue nodes = I-L38-14.
2. Mapping the Geographical Spread Introduction of I-L38
In 2008, a map with pinpointed I-L38 samples showed that the Upper Rhine region (Rhineland – Palatinate) has a high I-L38 frequency. Also was proved that this region harbours a high I-L38 cluster diversity (demonstrated by various DYS448 and DYS19 combinations), making it a likely point of origin of the I-L38 haplogroup. (De Beule 2008 and 2009).
Since the discovery of I-L38 in may 2005 then called I(X) - an increasing number of samples with known geographic origin became available on public genetic databases. In 2005 it was puzzling why I-L38 was that absent in northern (Scandinavian) Europe.
Since 2009, gradually, an increasing number of samples with known East and Southern European origin pop up, demanding an updated state of affairs.
After it became known, in May 2006, that the bones that were found in the Lichtenstein cave (in Osterode-am-Harz) could be attributed to haplogroup I-L38, it was tempting to conclude that the Harz region was the cradle of I-L38.
This sections pinpoints the publicly available samples of I-L38 on a map (and shows the phy58
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Most MRCAs go back to Iron Age (Hallstatt, La Tène) or Late Bronze Age (Urnfield Culture) age, suggesting that I-L38 might have been one of the haplogroups that spread on the waves of these cultures. In this respect it is noteworthy that the 3000 year old artefacts that are found in the Lichtenstein cave also belonged to the Urnfield Culture (Schilz, 2006).
logenetic relations between them) in order to meet this demand.
Method A distribution map of I-L38 samples was made using the known geographical origin of 84 I-L38 samples from the following public STR databases:
Ysearch (Search by Haplogroup / I2b2);
The FTDNA I-L38 project;
RJGG
It is important to recognize that there are still vast areas of Europe of which very little Y-DNA data are known. To draw conclusions about the presence/absence of I-L38 in Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Balkan countries, France, etc. more I-L38 samples with known origin are needed.
SMGF, status May 2010 (with search values: DYS393=13, 426=11, 392=11, 459=8,10, 455=10, 454=12, YCAII= 19,19).
To overcome this drawback, section 3 constructs a predicted distribution map of I-L38.
Refer to Appendix B for an overview of the pinpointed I-L38 locations. 3. Constructing a I-L38 Distribution Map Results
Introduction
Figure 2 shows the distribution of the samples with known geographic origin.
Since most researches simply did/do not test on SNPs determining I-L38, no real distribution map of I-L38 is available. A rough and predicted I-L38 distribution map can be made using a workaround.
Some of the pinpointed samples were also used in the network analysis. When these phylogenetic related samples are connected interesting patterns emerge (see Figure 3):
Chiaroni (2009) summarizes the structure of haplogroup I as shown in Figure 4.
one can almost see how I-L38 migrated from the Upper Rhine to the coast of Normandy (France) to cross the Channel to enter England and Ireland;
According to the ISOGG 2010 tree, SNP M436 (aka P215 or S31) defines haplogroup I2b. Itself, I-M436 (I2b) consists of the subclades: I-M223 SNP- (defined by SNP M223, called I2b1 by ISOGG);
from the Upper Rhine region there are also connections to the north (Southern tip of Norway), east (Poland) and south (Spain);
I-L38 (defined by SNP L38, called I2b2 by ISOGG).
the Lichtenstein cave (yellow dot) is situated right on the «northern route»;
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Figure 2: pinpointed I-L38 samples with known geographic origin.
Figure 3: phylogenetic related I-L38 samples with known geographical origin; the yellow dot represents the Lichtenstein cave. The white numbers indicate the time (years ago) to the MRCA of the two samples.
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In other words:
RJGG Remark: a part of the I-M436 haplotypes does not belong to either I-M223 or I-L38. This group is labelled I-M436* (aka I-P215* or S31*). IM436* is believed to have spread lightly and uniformly over Europe, excluding Scandinavia. IM436* is ignored in the reasoning above since the light and uniform spread will not affect conclusions about I-L38 too much.
«Haplogroup I-M436» = «Hg I-M223» + «Hg I-L38» -so«Haplogroup I-L38» = 2Hg I-M4362 - «Hg I-M223»
Haplogroup I-L38, (not mentioned by Chiaroni)
Figure 4: the structure of haplogroup I according to Chiaroni (2009).
Method
I2b (SNP M436) in European countries. It does not display percentages on the distribution of IM223 or I-L38.
Subtracting the I-M223 % value of a country from the overall I-M436 % of that country theoretically results in an indication of the I-L38 percentage in this country.
Eupedia states that: The sample size for each country or region is at least 100. Italy, Germany, England and Ireland have over 2000 samples each, France and Spain over 1000, Portugal over 900, Belgium over 750, the Netherlands, Finland and Hungary over 650, Greece over 500.
Estimated % of M436 per country Drawing on various sources, Eupedia (see references) displays the frequencies of haplogroup 61
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The division of Italy is as follows: North Italy is everything until Liguria and EmiliaRomagna; Central Italy comprises Tuscany, Marche, Umbria, Latium and Abruzzo. South Italy is everything else to the south, except Sardinia and Sicily, which have been made into separate categories due to their specific history and relative geographic isolation.
RJGG were combined there was a need to correct the outcome. Since the I-L38 values in Belgium (cfr. Hertogdom Brabant DNA project) and the Netherlands (cfr. Zonen van Adam in Nederland) are known, a correction factor could be applied to correct the combined Wiik + Charioni I-M223 values.
The division of Germany is as follows: North Germany includes the Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony (+ Hamburg and Bremen) and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. West Germany is the Rhineland, Hessen and Saarland. South Germany is Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. East Germany is composed of Brandenburg, Berlin, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia.
Estimated % of M223 per country Kalevi Wiik (2008) visualized the distribution of I-M223 on a map of Europe (see Figure 5). Also Chiaroni (2009) published a distribution map of M223 (see Figure 4). Both maps were used to estimate the percentage of I-M223 in the countries/regions mentioned in the Eupedia distribution table (see Table 1).
Figure 5: distribution of I-M223 (formerly known as I1c) according to Kalevi Wiik (2008).
This corrected I-M223 % could be subtracted from Eupedia’s I2b (I-M436) percentages to estimate the percentage of I-L38 per country/region. In some cases this resulted in a «negative percentage», meaning «even less than zero %» presence of I-L38.
Results Because the percentages of I-M223 were based on gradient maps and different researches
Table 1: the last column displays the estimated percentage of I-L38 per country.
Region/ Haplogroup Belgium Albania Austria Belarus BosniaHerzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark England
I2b% Eupedia
I-M223 categor y Wiik
I-M223 category Charioni
4,50 3,00 2,00 1,00
8,00 2,00 5,00 1,00
4,00 0,00 2,00 0,00
0,50 1,00 1,00 4,00 5,00 4,50
2,00 6,00 2,00 1,00 10,00 6,00
0,00 0,00 0,00 2,00 3,00 2,00 62
Combined Corrected Wiik & % %I-L38 Charioni I-M223 category 12,00 3,20 1,30 2,00 0,53 2,47 7,00 1,87 0,13 1,00 0,27 0,73 2,00 6,00 2,00 3,00 13,00 8,00
0,53 1,60 0,53 0,80 3,47 2,13
-0,03 -0,60 0,47 3,20 1,53 2,37
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Region/Haplogro up France North Germany East Germany West Germany South Germany Greece Hungary Ireland North Italy Central Italy South Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Scotland Serbia Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Colour key:
RJGG
I2b% Eupedia
I-M223 categor y Wiik
I-M223 category Charioni
4,00 5,00 3,00 7,00 3,00 1,50 2,50 4,00 2,50 5,00 2,50 1,00 1,00 0,00 6,00 1,00 1,00 3,00 2,00 4,00 4,00 1,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 1,00
4,00 12,00 12,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 1,00 4,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 1,00 1,00 2,00 10,00 2,00 1,00 2,00 4,00 4,00 2,00 1,00 3,00 1,00 5,00 5,00
5,00 3,00 2,00 4,00 2,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 1,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 0,00 6,00 3,00 2,00 0,00 1,00 0,00 0,00 2,00 0,00 10,00 2,00 2,00
3-4 %
2-3 %
1-2%
Figure 6 visualizes the estimated percentages on a map of Europe. If this rough approach reflects the distribution of I-L38 in Europe sufficiently correct, it means we can expect more IL38 samples to pop up along the Danube (Serbia, Slovakia, ...) and in Southern European countries as Portugal, Spain and Italy.
Combined Corrected Wiik & % I%I-L38 Charioni M223 category 9,00 2,40 1,60 15,00 4,00 1,00 14,00 3,73 -0,73 12,00 3,20 3,80 8,00 2,13 0,87 6,00 1,60 -0,10 2,00 0,53 1,97 4,00 1,07 2,93 3,00 0,80 1,70 4,00 1,07 3,93 4,00 1,07 1,43 3,00 0,80 0,20 3,00 0,80 0,20 2,00 0,53 -0,53 16,00 4,27 1,73 5,00 1,33 -0,33 3,00 0,80 0,20 2,00 0,53 2,47 5,00 1,33 0,67 4,00 1,07 2,93 2,00 0,53 3,47 3,00 0,80 0,20 3,00 0,80 0,20 11,00 2,93 -0,93 7,00 1,87 1,13 7,00 1,87 -0,87 0-1%
0%
Remark on Portugal: One can find an indirect evidence of the presence of I-L38 in Portugal at the Iberian DNA project of FTDNA. According to the Cullen Haplogroup I predictor the families Ochoa, Baptista, Cardoso and Dos Anos turn out to be members of I-L38-A (probability 38-39%) or I-L38-RecLOH (probability 38-39%). Three of the four families are linked to Cape Verde, a former Portuguese colony.
Remark on Italy: The distribution of the surnames of the known Italian samples suggest that they «leaked» into Italy from across Alps. For the distribution maps of the Italian surnames: see Appendix D. These maps suggest that I-L38 has a higher presence in Northern Italy than in Central Italy. 63
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Figure 6: estimated % of I-L38 per country on a map also displaying known origins of I-L38 samples.
4. Further Discussion
The Urnfield Culture (1200-750 BC) developed into the Hallstatt culture (750-450 BC) that led to the La Tène culture (450–50 BC).
Looking at the predicted distribution, it becomes clear that there is still much to discover concerning I-L38.
Given the age and the spread of I-L38 it seems logical that the migration of I-L38 from the Upper Rhine region to all its current locations can only be explained by successive independent collective and individual migrations taking centuries.
At this moment the geographic distribution of I-L38 samples with known geographic origin, enriched with: phylogenetic relations between samples shown by the network analysis;
From an archaeological point of view, it can be argued that the distribution of I-L38 played a role in Late Bronze Age (Urnfield Culture) and Iron Age (Hallstatt, La Tène) migrations.
MRCA calculations;
the estimated distribution of I-L38 in regions of which very few Y-DNA data are known;
The former could explain the Urnfieldartefacts that are found in the Lichtenstein cave; the latter could be tied to La Tène (De Beule, 2009) artefacts.
points in the direction of a relation between I-L38 and the spread of Late Bronze Age (Urnfield Culture) and Iron Age (Hallstatt, La Tène) cultures. 64
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In this respect it is interesting to look at the distribution of Iron Age stamped pottery in western Europe. It is important to stress that Iron Age stamped pottery only occurs in specific European regions. This type of pottery is found in the vast area encompassed by the Rhine, Danube, Marne and Rhône basins, in Armorica, in Cornwall and the western part of Britain, in the Golasecca and Este culture regions and the Alps, in the high Hérault in southwestern France, in the central areas of the Iberian Peninsula along the Ebre River, the Tagus and the Guadiana Rivers. Figure 7 clearly shows this European phenomenon and emphasises its continental origin in the seventh and sixth centuries BC, slowly spreading further south. Some examples of fine stamped grey pottery, show that they used the same La Tène models that we find in northern France, the British Isles or Germany. The forms of the vases may vary from region to region, but the stamped motifs are very similar.
RJGG Further research focussing on the presence of I-L38 in Serbia, Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Galatai region in Turkey, etc… is needed to generate accurate data for these regions and to confirm (or reject) the supposed link to Hallstatt and/or La Tène cultures. We can expect more I-L38 samples to pop up in Southern European countries and regions along the Danube.
Such decorated vessels can be found from the beginning of the early Iron Age on, or in what used to be called Hallstatt, but especially by the sixth century BC and since the beginning of the late Iron Age or La Tène (Gamito, 2005).
Figure 7: distribution of Iron Age, La Tène linked, stamped pottery (Gamito, 2005).
In southern Europe La Tène artefacts are also found in the south of France, the north of Italy, the south eastern Alps and in the Lower Danube region. From a linguistic point of view the Hallstatt and La Tène culture is tied to the Celtic-speaking peoples that entered the historical records with the Hallstatt culture. By the end of the Hallstatt period, the Celts had moved outward from Central Europe in almost all directions: first into France, Spain, and Britain, then southward into northern Italy, and then eastward into the Balkans and Asia Minor as the Galatians of the Bible (see Figure 8) (Noonan, 2008).
Figure 8: supposed spread of Celtic language (Noonan, 2008).
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References 1. Bandelt Hans-Jürgen, Forster Peter, Röhl Arne.(1999) Median-Joining Networks for Inferring Intraspecific Phylogenies. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 16(1): 37-48. 2. Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani S., van Gestel AWJM, Plooij FX, Uitgeversmaatschappij Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn en Co’sZonen van Adam in Nederland; Rotterdam en Gronsveld, 2008, 405p. 3. Chiaroni Jacques, Underhill Peter A., Cavalli-Sforza Luca L. Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution 20174–20179 _ PNAS _ December 1, 2009 _ vol. 106 _ no. 48. 4. De Beule Hans. Origin, Distribution and Migrations of I2b*Subclades, 18 september 2008, posted on http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/ 5. De Beule Hans. Origins of Hg I-L38 (I2b2) Subclades, 5th of april 2009, posted on http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/
6. De Beule Hans. Early Bronze Age Origin and Late Iron Age (La Tène) Migrations of I-L38, november 2009, posted on http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/ 7. Gamito Teresa Júdice, The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula, Journal of interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, volume 6, 2005, 571-605. 8. Noonan, Michael. Celtic Crossings Lecture. 2008: https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/noonan/www/Celtic%20lectu re.IE.pdf 9. Qamar Raheel, Ayub Qasim, Mohyuddin Aisha, Helgason Agnar, Mazhar Kehkashan, Mansoor Atika, Zerjal Tatiana, Tyler-Smith Chris, Mehdi Qasim. Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 May; 70(5): 1107–1124. 10. Schilz Felix. 2006. Molekulargenetische Verwandtschaftsanalysen am prähistorischen Skelettkollektiv der Lichtensteinhöhle. Dissertation, Göttingen. 11. Wiik Kalevi. 2008. Where did European Men Come From? Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 4:35-85.
Webreferences section 1: On the Structure of I-L38 1. Free network software: http://www.fluxus-engineering.com 2. Haplogroup I subclade modals: http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/FounderHaps.xls 3. Haplogroup I predictor: http://members.bex.net/jtcullen515/haplotest.htm 4. Public STR database: http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx? section=yresults 5. Calculation of the I-L38 MRCA: http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/MRCA%20Ages.ppt
6.
Definition of the Upper Rhine and High Rhine: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhein-Karte.png 7. Average mutation rates for I2b: Relative-m(i) excel file at http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net 8. Median paternal generation interval: http://www.smgf.org/ychromosome/generation_interval. jspx 9. Hertogdom Brabant project: http://www.brabant-dna.org/
Webreferences section 2: Mapping the Geographical Spread of I-L38 1. Public STR database: http://www.ysearch.org/ 2. Public STR database:http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default. aspx?section=yresults
3. Public STR database: http://www.smgf.org/ychromosome/search.jspx
Webreferences section 3: Constructing a I-L38 Distribution Map 1.
Estimated frequencies of European haplogroups: http://www.eupedia.com/europe/european_ydna_haplogroups.shtml 2. Eupedia Sources http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_eu rope.shtml#Sources 3. Sorensen Molecular Genealogy Foundation (aka SMGF): http://www.smgf.org/pages/ydatabase.jspx
4. Public STR database: http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx? section=yresults 5. ISOGG 2010 tree: http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpI.html 6. Iberian DNA project: http://www.familytreedna.com/public/IberianDNA/default. aspx?section=yresults
Webreferences section: Further discussion 1. Noonan, Michael. Celtic Crossings Lecture. 2008: https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/noonan/www/Celtic%20lecture.IE.pdf
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Appendix A: Samples to Create the I-L38 Network (Figure 1) Most Distant Ancestor
Thomas Cullen, °1690, Upton, Nottinghamshire John Fortner, °1775, North Carolina, USA
Network code
I-L38-A Patrick Connolly b.c 1808 Bulgaden Co Limerick IRE
A1
I-L38-B
Owen Ragon, °1797
A2
Andrew Wolfe Peter Lawrence 1774 (NC) -1856 (IN)
A3
Patrick Bellew, °1820, MountBellew, Irleland
Christian Deterding, °1792 and 1799 Fridolin Hurbi, °1767 Robert Thadeus McClellan, °1895 TN Johan Fuchs (Fox), °1784, Prussia, Germany Georg Simon Wehr, °1720, Heidelberg, Germany Evans Samuel Robison about °1765 - 1826
A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12
William Barker Hauteville-la-Guichard, France
A13
Hugh Bullock Elijah (Wm E.) Butler, °1819, Colerne, Wiltshire Matthew Weakley, °1695, Martock SOM UK James Smith, °1792 - 1868 William Robinson, °1614-1668 Jean Guittard, °1614, Bellemagny, Alsace, France
A15
Joseph Price, °1796 Horatio Huggins, Gingerland, Nevis, WI
A21
Loran White, °1952 Brooks Samuel Dale, °1801, Ballycloghan, Antr, N. Ireland
A23 A24
A16 A17
Roger Chievre 960 - 1000 Thomas Sivers 1680 1714 Stone Haworth Foster
B8
I-L38-C or I-L38-Scot
A19
McCratic John MacKenzie, °17xx M:Dicie Williamson Wilson McKenny, °1758, of VA Samuel McKinney, ° 1840, TN Nicholas McKinney, 1822, Franklin Co., AL Johnson McKinney, °1764, VA of AL
A22
A25 67
B1 B2
A18
A20
A27
John Garrison, °1799 Claude Reynaud, °1723, Bâtie Montgascon, France John White, 1862-1907 Phila PA Enoch Cornelius Seaver, °1834, North Carolina Ommund Ommundson Fjellestad, °1812, Norway Jesse Campbell, °1820, South Carolina, USA
Elisha Foster, °1766 1833, b: VT/MA - USA Henry Hutchison Michael Weathers, °1733, Surry Co. VA Francisco Fox Henry Hainer, Ulster Co. NY
A14
A26
B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 Sc1 Sc2 Sc3 Sc4 Sc5 Sc6 Sc7
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I-L38-D
RJGG I-L38-14
Reece Vandever Morrel, °1795, Camden Dist SC Richard Wootten of Warwick, °1614, England Thomas Boucher, °1780 western VA
141 Hezekiah Haney, °1770, Halifax Co. NC James Rawls, °1734, Nansemond Co., Virginia Suárez Johannes Böhly, °1702, Switzerland Grantner Joseph Seiler, °1687, Germany
D1
D2 D3
I-L38-E William Chaffee Shannon, °1876 NY Edward Richardson, °1701 Adalbertus/ Wojciech Tatucha, °1750, Warta, Lodz, Poland
E1 E2
142 143 144 145 146 147
E3
Appendix B: Overview of the Pinpointed I-L38 Locations (Figure 2) Database
Family Name
Origin
SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF
Standage Gandola Jackson Hansen Bennett Mezic Spagnotto Fosson Tavernier Fridal Adam Garscadden Worthington Tietjen Weinheimer Van Hoesen Hill Dale Kronenberger Bottemiller
SMGF SMGF SMGF SMGF
Craig Heidenreich Grund Clare
°1758, Berry, Sussex, England °1864, Porleza, Como, Italy °1782, Haydock, Lancashire, England °1833, Frederikshavn, Hjorring, Denmark °1772, Nutwood, Sussex, England °1878, Mali Podlog, Slovenia, Austria-Hungary °1885, Vallo, Italy °1855, Magnechilas Ayas, Aosta, Italy °1847, Lille, Nord, France °1795, Lundy, Fyn, Denmark °1879, Leith, Scotland °1879, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland °1812, Ropley, Hampshire, England °1654, Dellien, Bleckede, Niedersachsen °1837, Antonin, Tarnopol, Galizien Ukraine °1582, Huizen, North Holland, Netherlands °1674, Old Swinford, Worchestershire, England °1801, Maghadone, Derry, Ireland °1811, Plock Poland °1795, Brockhagen, Steinhagen Westphalia in Kreis Gütersloh °1813, Prestonpans, Scotland °1710, Hullhorst, Lubbecke, Westphalia °1857, Valašské Meziříčí, Moravia, Austria-Hungary °1886, Newton, Prestwick, Lancashire, England
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Database ZvAiN ZvAiN ZvAiN ZvAiN FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA SMGF FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA
Family Name Blaas De Booy Meert Spée Strohmeier Saylor / Seiler Ochs Wehr Krassin Hartung Marschall Zimmer Underwood Schlenke De Beule Lems Brion Guittard Reynaud Ommund Ommundson Tatucha Lehman Wanchick Peder Andersen Brabazon Mortimer Bassett Butler Oldfield Evans Furbey Sawyer Hutchinson
FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA
John van Brussel Dirk Gerritz Kors Dam Joseph Seiler Patrick Connolly Wendelin Stehle
FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA
Matthew Weakley Thomas Rix Thomas Cullen Edmund Rule
RJGG
Origin Rees Germany De Lier Netherlands St Amands, Belgium Baarlo, Netherlands °1649 -1729, Bogen, Bavaria °1715, Methingen Metzingen °1625, Poppenhausen °1720, Heidelberg, Pfalz °1791 - 1798, Kreis, Kolmar, Posen °1620 - 1700, Geisleden °1755, Ommeray Lorraine °1866, Darmstadt °1832, Berlin °1861, Bosseborn (Kreis Hoxter) °1560, Zele °1504, Hoogvliet Rotterdam Kirrberg, Elzas, FRA Hauteville-la-Guichard, France Bellemagny, Alsace Bâtie Montgascon, France °1812, Fjellestad, Norway °1750, Warta, Lodz, Poland °1702, Schauffausen SWIT Jastrabie, Slovakia (Žiar nad Hronom) °1742, Hojrup, Tonder °1692 - 1772, Ballinvoher, French Park, Ireland °1635 - 1704, Wiltshire England °1830, Llanelli, Wales, England °1819 - 1905, Colerne, Wiltshire, England °1813 - 186, Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, England °1854 - 1920, Haworth, Yorkshire, England °1840 - 1892, Whitnash, Warwickshire, England 1623 - 1702, Bedfordshire, England °1779 - 1838, Aldby, England (south east of Whitehaven) °1849, Veldhoven, Netherlands °1754, Heemskerk, Netherlands °1708 in Sembach, Germany °1808, Bulgaden Co Limerick IRE °1717-1785, Bittelbronn, Hohenzollern Zollernalbkreis, Tubingen, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany °1695, Martock SOM UK °1622, Brancaster, England UK °1690, Upton, Nottinghamshire °1534, Balsham, Cambridgeshire 69
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Database FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA FTDNA ysearch ysearch ysearch ysearch ysearch ysearch ysearch ysearch ysearch ysearch
Family Name Patrick Bellew George Cruickshank William Cornwell Judde Alexander Farquhar Bower Connolly Deterding Hurbi Kelly More Rule Salvesen Stehle Suarez
RJGG
Origin °1820, MountBellew, Ireland °1765, Huntly, Aberdeenshire °1609, Terling, Essex, England °1554, Winterbourne Wiltshire °1880, Lumphanan, Aberdeensh Elgin, Moray, Scotland 1750 County Limerick, Ireland Hannover/Hanover, Germany Kienberg, Solothurn, Switzerland Dundalk, Louth, Ireland Wick, Caithness, Scotland Balsham, Cambridge, England Vennesla, Vest Agder County, Norway Bittelbronn-Haigerloch, Hohenzollern, Germany Garrovillas de Alconetar, Spain
Appendix C: Overview of the Pinpointed Locations with their Genetic Distance and MRCA Calculation (Figure 3)
Location 1
Location 2
Warta Lodz (E3)
Bâtie Montgascon (B3) Bâtie Montgascon (B3)
Garovillas de Alconetar (144) Solothurn (A7) Methingen (147)
Solothurn (A7) Methingen (147) Fjellestad (B6)
Mountbellew(B1)
Mutations counted on Fluxus network
Years ago to MRCA
28
3.911
23
3.213
15 18 14
2.095 2.514 1.956
23
3.213
17
2.375
Hauteville-laMartock (A17) Guichard (A14) Hauteville-la-Guichard (A14) Heidelberg (A10) Heidelberg (A10) Colerne (A16)
13 15 16
1.816 2.095 2.235
Limerick (A1) Upton (A26)
20 28
2.794 3.911
Hannover (A6) Bellemagny (A20)
Bellemagny (A20) Ballycloghan (A25)
Upton (A26) Warwick (D2)
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Appendix D: Distribution Maps of the known Italian I-L38 Surnames http://www.gens.labo.net/en/cognomi/genera.html
Fosson
Gandola
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Spagnotto
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Haplogroups E1b1b1c1 (M34) and E1b1b1c1a (M84) among Jews. Could Abraham be E1b1b1c1 or E1b1b1c1a?
A.A. Aliev, D.L. Tartakovsky
Abstract The present paper clarifies the TMRCA of the Jews of haplogroup E1b1b1c1, the origin of Jews of haplogroup E1b1b1c1a (M84) and answers the question: «Could Abraham be E1b1b1c1 (M34) or E1b1b1c1a (M84)?».
Retrospect
tives was converted to Judaism and became the ancestor of the Jewish line of E1b1b1c1.
The problem of the origin of the Jewish carriers of E1b1b1 subclades has been paid sufficient attention [1, 2, 3, 4], including our previous papers [5, 6]. Nevertheless, development of DNA genealogy is not standing still, the number of people being tested for Y-DNA are increasing and the amount of new information is constantly growing, which requires a certain correction of previous conclusions.
The specific structure of Jewish sample of haplogroup E1b1b1c1 (the vast majority of the haplotypes belong to one cluster) makes the TMRCA very sensitive to including of any new haplotype not belonging to that cluster. In a previous paper [5], due to the lack of 37-marker haplotypes, 25-marker haplotypes (the calculation of which does not give enough accuracy) were used. To improve the accuracy of the calculation, for the present paper only the 37-marker haplotypes, which number significantly increased (N=55), were used. Due to the «instability» of the TMRCA of the Jewish E1b1b1c1, the authors emphasize the importance of the confidence interval calculated with 95% probability.
In brief, a summary of papers [5, 6] reduces to the fact that different subclades of haplogroup E1b1b1 (M35) have been presented in the Middle East from ancient times. From these subclades, the maximum time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) among Jews has E1b1b1c1 (M34) subclade: 3375±430 years ago. It comes at a time of settling Jews in Canaan. E1b1b1a1, E1b1b1a2 and E1b1b1a3 subclades were included into the Jewish community in later times. It was suggested that in Pre-Jewish times Canaanite carriers of E1b1b1c1 could be among such historically evidenced people as Amorites, Hittites, Philistines and Horites, and one of their representa-
Also, the origin of Jews of haplogroup E1b1b1c1a (M84), which has the largest number of clusters, has not been adequately studied so far. In addition, the simultaneous presence of E1b1b1c1 (M34) subclades among Jews and Arabs contributed to the assumption of belonging «Y-chromosomal Abraham» (a conditional common ancestor of the Arabs and Jews) to one of these subclades. The question of the lifetime of common ancestors of Jews and Arabs of haplo-
_____________________________________________________________ Received: July 28 2010; accepted: July 30 2010; published: August 7 2010 Correspondence:
[email protected]
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groups E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a has not been studied yet.
RJGG Could Abraham be E1b1b1c1 (M34)? To answer this question let us briefly outline the current situation. According to the Bible and the Muslim tradition, Abraham is the distant ancestor of Cohens and Seyyids, and more — Jews and Arabs. According to historians, (that generally confirm the time mentioned in the Old Testament), in particular, [13, 14, 15], Abraham lived about 4000 years ago.
The aim of this paper is to clarify the TMRCA of the Jews of haplogroup E1b1b1c1, the origin of Jews of haplogroup E1b1b1c1a (M84) and answer the question: «Could Abraham be E1b1b1c1 (M34) or E1b1b1c1a (M84)?».
The most recent common ancestors of Jews of E1b1b1c1, E1b1b1c1a
Currently there is no clear opinion about Abraham’s haplogroup — the known characteristics fit just two haplogroups: J1 and J2. Y-DNA tests of Jews and Arabs are largely related to haplogroups J1 and J2 and revealed that Jews and Arabs have two common ancestors who lived about 4000 years ago: 4200±500 years for haplogroup J1 and 4375±530 years for haplogroup J2 [16], in other words, roughly in the period of Abraham, and therefore, in the time of the division of Arabian and Jewish genealogical lines.
For our research we will use Jewish E1b1b1c1 haplotypes from Haplozone E-M35databases. These are the haplotypes belonging to the E1b1b1c1-D1 cluster [7], and one haplotype from the category E1b1b1c1-Miscellaneous [8]. The calculation according to the algorithm [9] shows that the most recent common ancestor of the sample (N=55, 37 markers, the expected modal haplotype in FTDNA order: 15-25-13-10-18-19-11-12-12-13-12-30-16-9-911-12-24-14-20-31-15-15-17-17 – 10-10-19-1915-13-16-18-33-34-13-10), lived 5650±2820 years ago with the probability of 95%.
Which of the two ancestors is true Abraham? J1 or J2? The situation is complicated by the fact that among the Cohens and Seyyids both J1, and J2 are presented. According to the study [17], TMRCA of J1 Seyyids is 1300±260 years ago, which, within the confidence interval, corresponds to the lifetime of Imam Ali.
To determine the TMRCA of Jews of haplogroup E1b1b1c1a (M84) we used haplotypes of the Jewish clusters E1b1b1c1a*-A [10], E1b1b1c1a*-B [11], E1b1b1c1a*-C [12] from Haplozone E-M35 database. Our calculation shows that the TMRCA of the sample (N=54, 37 markers, the expected modal haplotype in FTDNA order:
However, if one looks at the haplotypes databases, one can see that the role of «Abraham’s haplogroup» is also eligible for haplogroups E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a: the carriers of these haplogroups are among both Arabs and Jews, including as a Seyyids [18] and Cohens [19]. However, judging the draft, the number of E1b1b1c1carriers compared to the one of J1 and J2 is much smaller (1% E1b1b1c1 compared to 37% J1e, 19,6% J2a4h, 12,2% J without downstream subclades, 14,8% R1b1c1 and 15% of 13 other subclades among Cohens and 3% among Seyyids). It makes an exact calculation of ancestral ages complicated, but, nevertheless, the origin of Cohens is already has been widely studied and reported in the literature [20, 21] and is beyond the scope of the current paper, which studies the origin of haplogroups E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a among Jews. At the same time, the problem of origin E1b1b1c1 Cohens has not been studied yet and is interesting for genealogists.
13-24-13-10-17-17-11-12-12-13-11-31-19-9-911-11-26-14-20-33-15-15-16-17 – 10-10-19-2216-13-18-18-31-34-13-10) is 4100±1740 years, with 95% probability. As one can see, both ages exceed the time of the Jewish invasion in Canaan. It means that at the time of the invasion and conversion of local population belonging to haplogroups E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a into Judaism, they were two groups of distant relatives. Rather, each of them were inhabitants of one town conquered the Jews.
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The presence of more than one such haplotype may indicate to their non-random nature. Formally, it gives reason to consider version about E1b1b1c1 or E1b1b1c1a, studied in this paper, as the haplogroup of Abraham.
RJGG 13-24-13-10-17-18-11-12-12-13-11-30-19-9-911-11-27-15-20 -32-15-16-16-17-10-10-19-2217-13-18-18-32-33-13-10-10-8-15-15-7-10-108 -10-10-0-21-24-18-11-12-13-17-7-11-25-2115-13-12-14-10-12-10-11) is 440±410 years ago.
At the time of writing the paper (July 2010) in Sharifs DNA Project and Cohen DNA Project there were 3 haplotypes of E1b1b1c1a Seyyids and 2 haplotypes of E1b1b1c1 Cohens, as well as dozens of Arabian and Jewish E1b1b1c1a and E1b1b1c1 haplotypes [22]. Haplotypes of E1b1b1c1 Seyyids and E1b1b1c1a Cohens are not available yet (but it is not ruled out that E1b1b1c1 Cohens are non-deep clade tested E1b1b1c1a).
Obviously, for such a small sample it is prematurely to draw final conclusions, but, according to the present data, their TMRCA does not confirm their origin from the Biblical Aaron, and the TMRCA of the Arabian and Jewish E1b1b1c1 much older than Abraham’s lifetime.
Conclusions
The TMRCAs of Arabian and Jewish E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a (the expected modal haplotype in FTDNA order:
1) Subclades E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a were included in Jewish community during the conquest of Canaan. With 95% probability the TMRCA of Jewish E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a are 5650±2820 and 4100±1740 years.
14-25-13-10-17-18-11-12-12-13-11-31 for E1b1b1c1 and 13-24-13-10 - 16-17-11-12-1213-11-31-17-9-9-11-11-26-14-20-32-14-15-1617-10-10-19-22 - 15-13-17-19-31-35-13-10 for E1b1b1c1a) are 8080±3890 and 4080±1440 years ago.
2) Subclades E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a both found among Jews and Arabs, including a small number of Cohens and Seyyids. The calculated TMRCAs show that the most recent E1b1b1c1 ancestor of Arabs and Jews lived 8080±3890 years ago and the most recent E1b1b1c1a ancestor of Arabs and Jews lived 4080±1440 years ago. The most recent common ancestor of E1b1b1c1a Seyyids lived 4080±1560 years ago, the most recent common ancestor of E1b1b1c1 Cohens lived 440±410 years ago.
Consequently, the Jewish and Arabian lines of E1b1b1c1 divided one from the other several thousand years before biblical Abraham. On the other hand, the common ancestor of the Jewish and Arabian E1b1b1c1a lived in the same historical era as the biblical Abraham. The result demonstrates the close affinity of Jewish and Arabian E1b1b1c1a.
3) TMRCA calculations show that, according to formal characteristics, subclade E1b1b1c1 can not claim to be the Abraham’s haplogroup.
The TMRCA of E1b1b1c1a Seyyids (the expected modal haplotype in FTDNA order:
4) The most recent common ancestor of the Jewish and Arabian E1b1b1c1a lived in the same historical era as the biblical Abraham, but a contradiction in the calculated TMRCA of Cohens and Seyyids to historical data exclude haplogroup E1b1b1c1a from the contenders for the role of «Abraham’s haplogroup». Despite this, the results indicate close relationship of Jewish and Arabian E1b1b1c1a lines.
13-24-13-10-17-17-11-12-12-13-11-30-9-9-1111-26-14-20-32 -14-15-16-17-11-9-9-22-16-1318-20-32-34-14-10-10-8-15-15-7-10-10-8-10 10-0-21-23-19-11-12-13-17-7-11-26-20-13-1312-15-10-12-10-11) is 4080±1560 years ago, that more than thousands years over the era of Ali and excludes their Seyyid origin. The TMRCA of E1b1b1c1 Cohens (the expected modal haplotype in FTDNA order:
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RJGG
References 1. Coffman-Levy. A mosaic of people: the Jewish story and a reassessment of the DNA evidence. Journal of Genetic Genealogy 1: 12-33, 2005. 2. Klyosov A.A. Origin of the Jews and the Arabs: Date of their Most Recent Common Ancestor is Written in their YChromosomes – However, There Were Two of Them. Nature Precedings, 2010. 3. B. Bonnґe-Tamir et al. Maternal and Paternal Lineages of the Samaritan Isolate: Mutation Rates and Time to Most Recent Common Male Ancestor, 2003. 4. P. Shen et al. Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation, 2004. 5. Aliev et al. Legacy of Ancient Canaanites in the DNA of modern Jews, Proceedings of the Russian Academy of DNA Genealogy, 2009. 6. Aliev A.A. Origin of «Jewish» clusters of E1b1b1 (M35) haplogroup. RJGG Vol.2, No.1, 2010. 7. Cluster E1b1b1c1-D1 – Jewish cluster 8. E1b1b1c1-Miscellaneous haplotype of Spector 9. Дмитрий Адамов. Расчёт возраста общего предка по мужской линии для «чайников». The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy (Русская версия), Том 2, №1, 2010 г. 10. E1b1b1c1a*-A cluster 11. E1b1b1c1a*-B cluster 12. E1b1b1c1a*-C cluster
13. «Biblical Chronology», Catholic Encyclopedia (1913). 14. Thompson, Thomas (2002). The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham. Valley Forge, Pa: Trinity Press International, 2002. 15. G. F. Hasel. Chronogenealogies in the Biblical History of Beginnings. 16. Клёсов А.А. Какая гаплогруппа была у Авраама – J1 или J2? Вестник Российской Академии ДНК-генеалогии, Том 3, № 2, 2010, февраль. 17. Клёсов А.А., Лугуев Р.Г. Произошли ли сейиды от генеалогической линии Пророка Магомета, а Пророк, как и евреи – от Авраама? Вестник Российской Академии ДНК-генеалогии, Том 2, №7, 2009 г., декабрь. 18. Sharifs DNA Project 19. Cohen DNA Project 20. Michael F. Hammer, Doron M. Behar, Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Brian Hallmark, Tamar Erez, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Saharon Rosset, and Karl Skoreck. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Hum Genet. 2009 November; 126(5): 707–717. Published online 2009 August 8. doi: 10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5. 21. Anatole Klyosov. Comment on the paper: Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish Priesthood, Human Genetics, 126(5), 719–724 (2009). 22. Haplozone Е-М35
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Contents
The origin of haplogroup I1-M253 in Eastern Europe Alexander Shtrunov................................................................................... 1 Arabian clusters of haplogroup E1b1b1c1 (M34) Akper Aliev, Dmitry Tartakovsky................................................................ 12 Origin, Distribution and Migrations of I2b*-Subclades Hans De Beule........................................................................................ 14 Origins of Hg I-L38 (I2b2) Subclades Hans De Beule........................................................................................ 33 Early Bronze Age Origin and Late Iron Age (La Tene) Migrations of I-L38 Hans De Beule........................................................................................ 42 Phylogenetic Relations and Geographic Distribution of I-L38 (aka I2b2) Hans De Beule........................................................................................ 56 Haplogroups E1b1b1c1 (M34) and E1b1b1c1a (M84) among Jews. Could Abraham be E1b1b1c1 or E1b1b1c1a? Akper Aliev, Dmitry Tartakovsky................................................................ 72 About the influence of population size on the accuracy of TMRCA estimation, done by standard methods using STR locus complex Dmitriy Adamov, Sergey Karzhavin (Translation - Vasili Gavrilov)................... 76
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