THE
JUDAS BRIEF
THE
JUDAS BRIEF Who Really Killed Jes us?
GARY GREENBERG
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"Wh., is truth?"
"TItt scrit>eo .nJ to. Ph.ri.ecs '" on loA"..,.' ...." 'herdor<:, J o wh. «vc' they t • ..,h you and follow it,"
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For all the Jewish children who were beaten up by their Christian schoolmates for " killing Jesus"
C ONTENT S
NOTH ON
TH!o1!NOlOG~
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The Grupe/;: FQ(!, Fic/ion, or Spuu/,;/jonr
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""! CHAnE" 7 W~ R~~11y K~ow
What Do
abo", Judas?
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WI"" Really Happlmed?
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NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY AND CITAT I ONS
O~"U"'Si ,~· Il I (AUD •• 1I bibbc~1
qUOl.,,"'" or, from.1I< New R•• i .. d S""d,ud V.,,;oo= .11 JOO¢pbu, qu". ..;"", au hom , .... Wali • ., Whi""" Ph,1o q""'01~""'« from the C. O. Y<mg. ,"n.I~· ,jon; all Mi,ho.h qUOIOtK>U' ,,' ('IN\'! .h. j.«.h N"",oo< ,," ",1' ''''0:.11 quo •., •.,.,. irom ,he .arly
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WlH:n citing .",i.nt >our«., indudrng the ,.,If ch"",h (.,hen, I gener.lIy U5< ".oo" d >chob rly 'n,.irukp"'I
, FOI >om< of th< 1J\Qr< ,,""ur. <" hard to find w,i,ing. of the ... If .hu«h I.,h .... J h. ... . bo i",]udc:J the fer ,;,•• ion losm., .. "'hId, >t. k')'N to ,h. "-iDduding Jude" ;am".. , .nd G.Jile<-!h., loo,dy c')lT"pond '0 ,h. """Ofy fint-«O'"IY J<w. bdi<,.. d '0 h... b<.D ruled 0,..1 by KiDS David . nd which w ..." .... UY ru .... OV'«.b.eo in 'It<...,cmd ....d 6..." «n'"Iin BCE, H,rod ,he G.. at in ,he lint cen'ury OCE, .1><1 Agrippa J in , .... nnt «n,ury Cr.
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1 Jews in The Dock; Pila re in the Cho ir
0 .. A DAY thot an be pl< crll' ,ifi ' ;"n 0/ til< man known to hi,to
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would 'p",," to br o.. rwhelmifl& from. Rooun ,-;''''poin'' je,u, p.nchrd ,I>< imminent "'ming of . new kingdom for ,h •• .,ion "i
1".01. ."..."..,. .."",ironed Of .",ho,i.. d by Rome. I Ii, "h;.f disciple. Pc"" ,,1I.d him "tl>< .\I..... h," • titk .i5nifyio~ a 'p<'u, decl.,'. , ,,,d ..;on from God in h..wn IM.n!>.", 16, [6 - 171. Somr of hi< di«ipl«u.ro tit< Roman·.ppoint.d hillb prien of ,h. J..... of nuning the TeOlpk in'o . den of ,hi . gain" him, h. ,.fu>Cd '0 . n...... IM... k 15'._ 5)' Romao ><>Idle" ridiculed . nd . bused him by p,... rend,og ,h.o, lot "'... h, King of .h, j ...... (Mark '5"6-101. A, ,he .od of ,h. ,,;al. l'it.t< ordered him ,.., be <,,,,,,liro .nd ordered ,h. CrO" 10 be
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• inKtibtd ",j,h ,h. "'ord. "King oj ,he J....... to indi<-.« tbe
Roman judgmem, Pil. ,. .ct«! ocrording to m. ion m.y haY< Ix>m. So, who kill«l Jesu.? No, ,h;, i,n', a trick ~ u ... tion, no! if you ,cod the SO$poi >«'oun" . nd OIh« au;stw, liter:atur<. The <2>y an,,,,..,, ought to bt Pomiu. PiLa,... 1Ill! ,be goop<1 a",ho .. ,od .t..,ir OIr;,,;.n ro"tempo!'>';" d ido 'r ><em '" like ,hi, ""PO"'''' So ,hoy changed ,he q ....,;"n ol'ghdy .nd a,ked who "' • • """potI,ih l." f<>t rho
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«ming /xt$. frequ.",ly Iy'ng .oou, wh.r h.ppllg Jew"h kadm to kiU Juus: in,1 «'urn try~ to fearne Je.u. duough p<,jurrJ tnti· mony; and f.".. sizoJ.bou, howling mob. of blood·miNty J'w, ",naming "Crucify him!" and "Hi< blood b< on u. aDd on ou, childr ,hat fr<»t lou~h.bl, 1'0"";' of Ponfi.... PiI.'" a,. """"'. kindly dedi· cated jUft" oompkt,ly con';rKed 01 jeo ... ,' inn"""'" ond ""'ermined to .... him f"'e, only to be .. bulled time ond 'SOin by ,h_ dr:monic j,wi,h crowd •. Pe,h.". they were ah'd "l it"""'" p«lltKm , Pe,h • .,. they w~n: lru. · 'rated .. their inabili ty,,, convin« Jow, , h.. knde"""", CIIr"tian ,nt<'pn:' ""pIed with 1"''1urnt mio,.. p.o~ th.. the dud J.. u. wos t he li.ing M<ssiah , Bu , t he do"'oge wa. done. H.vins f,l .. ly bed 'hr ' ''p',,,.ibility fo.. The "".. h of j<>u •• it wo. nOl long before the gO)Spe l audi,"""" idr:nri lied ' he J..... d 01 Pil.t< .. ,he kill .... of jesu, . lIy the ,urn of t he firs' ce"'"t)'. o., i"i," I•• de~ '",h ., Jgn."u, 01 Ant ioch, 01>< of , ht, early church 1,,1>0:..... ",ould rouTinely d.nouoc. ,h".. "Chri" . kj llin ,j . ",~'· ' So. who killed J«u,) F", Chn,,;"n<, it w .. the "'u, Je ..... not " . .. " Pil.t<, To . dd milk to the me... PilOTe not ""Iy ...,oped Cn,i"i'n condemnation for hi. I>cioou, . ct bu, <,
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• shown up /0, Pi l.,.', "ibunal, they ""uld ,,"v< gi..,,, him "",h",i."k public .uppon wbrn h, offered t" ttl .."" 'herr .\1......1. lbcy """ld Iu,-. chonged the COIlH< of hinory. It d"",n', >e<m to fu,". >e""d the go.po:! o.. ,h",,' pUtpo« to uplain ,hi. p.... ling . l>s<"....
Pilate In History
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"hi, conri"",,1 murd." 01 propk UDll'i,d . nd ulKonOOnnrd,.oo hi. J1<>,ui""' ...00 most ~u, inhuma"ity.'" J<sus was ap!,," <". Iy lud,y evm '0 .p.... r bdoTC him.o oltt, a oo, Pilat< did "ot .okrat< popul .. religious outside .. and hi. _,,val from offi«. H, m• .....:red a j.", .. h (bot ...·.. n Jud. . . nd G.lil .. ). oo hi. foHo"",.., This P"'I'h .. fmm ......"" much om fot the Roma .. ,,'rul .he govrn\o, of Syria, who ho< Syri. n jp>".rno.-, h.ro', wolcomt when h. tu .b,i, ,i,y .ho.-u., .hen, • prracher ... ho taught .he immi· ..... coming of. n.... "",,·Roman kingdom would ruk thr "'<>lId fo, .11 rime,. prurbn h.iltJ by I.'S, J.";,h crowd ••• thrir "o,, ·Rom . .. king, • prot""ur who 'W...ivdy drnouocw tho Rom ....... ""'io"'d j.wi.h gOY' .rnmrn... " . don of thie.",," . nd • politic.1 octivi.. ,,+to dioropttd Trmpl • • ",/lie . nd .. Iigiou. ritu.ls? Ld. just .. y .ho •• uming J«u, 1000< WOIlld,,', or!".,.t.he top of tho gov<mO'" Ii.. of .hings.o do ]",10'" dinnt"
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The EvoMnc Images In Early Christian Uterature A. 1QU p"",.. d ,h'ough Christian li"""urr in duonologi.;:al ord.r. you can
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Pil.,.,
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The Gospel of Peter
11>" ,,,,nd toward ,nlu",~ng Jew"" bI.",. and exo",,..,,"S PiI.« ...ached ilS ..... in .h. """",onon "",1 t,,,, koo,,·n • • ,he CMpti 0{ P., .... Chri." •• tU , ,",ibmed to
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rion, ...ould ><<'<1" .uch • d.im. Moo. ",hoi." d . .. it '0.11< I. " 0' ."Iy scwnJ «''''''y.' F..id."" . ugg.... ,b.. during the .. cnod «murr, Ch,i"i>.. . t,udy deb.«d wh"l«, ,hi. gooI"'l .""oUr , . "'" from h.od.' It ~P"''' '0 luvc b<-co r.,.d •• ""riP'"'" in >Om< Syrian . nJ lOf;yption Ch,i.tUn chu"' ..... ' Around 100, 8i"'op Snapion of Antioch b.orrc 'o hin' .hot J"u, moy not hove l>e . gain .. J.ru•.
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Coo«><, J,"" to do ,I>< ....... Su' no .... J'd. Luke .. ,lk. "on,f<>rmod """" o' ,I>< o",i·Pilo....,ribo';"". in,o .uti·Herod . .."don" ,h. >... ,bot of Ih" do«."", ,h. "Tonglui Pil ... d,d"', eVrn order rho: Cfuc,lixion. a.,ord,ng to ,hi. «xl. Thi, d<,dopm •• ' i, in ..... "'tonK in 'hot .he c.o.pel '" luh h.. Pil . .. KIld j",,,,, lO H«od ror in" ...;· p.iQn and He",.!. finding J«u. inooeo"'. te!urned him '" Pilot< lor
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con,inuod pJ:6~uJ. 'Ih .houk! Dote that ,hi. H«oo, • ...,n of H! , ,",'" [h. Ronun" ppoi",ed .,,1.. of G.lik<, wI><,. jeo .... condu.c'«i hi. "'inimy, bo, he was .100. Jew. Pila .. , how""", w ... Gon,i!.. s.o ,ho .hiltin~ 01 ~i'O",i. bili,)" lrom pil ... H", h. d n ",",mpl«e_ Pi l.", w ... horoul!.hly ;nno,:c"~ bo.,ng no wk in Of ""po",ibililj" fOf ,h. kw Nck.
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Otl"ler Christ ian Accounts of Pilate I b,i.Ay obocn'ed ,bov. ,h., ,h. I...
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Chri>!ian i.,h.. , Ignatiu, of Anti""h, m.,rred '0 Jew> .. Ch,i,,-kill .... In hilt iclla '0 ,he: M' gnc:,i.m, hr .. abou, tlto ."itt,ing of Jeou ..... ,h. hand, of ,h. Cbmt.hllj~g ""'" umk, Porum. Pil.t< the governor .nd ~leroJ the king."'" Ign.hU' d .. d r . ffix •• bLom< for the de.th 01 l«" 01[ 'he '"ChriC.ation , ugg<'" d"t h. "'.•• inAu<1l<w by 'he Go.f'<1 01 Luke, He m«ltK>n' Pil ... . Dd H.rod only lot the purp<»< of fixing 'll< , i"... of ,he: wh,l. ,hey we .. both in olfi<e. N' "" give< no h< h<>ld •• i,her oJ 'hrm ~po".ible. Only ,Ito J........ 8uil,y. indk.rioll The """"""".nt"", arn>tian w,i.. , I,m...., noted . s on< 0/ Cltrif hun,. ... "Y' ,h•• jesu, ~w •• ar= .. d by .h. priem. ,OIt-
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Tpo. ".'. To ... ......,........ XI; ECF .. 1.<.• .<>., ,,
, duaed belor< Bw>< ,hi,d..,rntury eht;,,;." writer Orig
w= ",,<;.od '0"" divino pu""h"",n.,
t"" low
",&u«l, .hm Pil ... ,,<>DId .... Y< Otigon 'W th .. it
w., n<>t ><> """,n Pil.,. ,h., coo·
d<mneJ him (who knew 'h>t 'for """l' ,he ]e.... hod ddi ..... d Him'l ... II>< Jew;'h nonon, which h,d bml cond<TI"",,1 ~ GOO .nd rp<,,,,d 0"" ,he ",'hok .><,h,'·" By this .ime, w< ,.n '<'< ,hat influroti,[ Cn,;,ti." think ... condemncJ the enti .. J<wi.n notion f<>r tt.. ck .. h of J<su, "hik &l. ntin;; Pilo... mnesty. Bi.hop H ippoJytu" • cont<mporary of Origen, ... ,... th .. J.. u. """ """,u~ by Pllo« . nd deridN by ,II< ",ldie".nd lUiled to, rf"ft by tho Jew .. "" While H ippol~,u, ockno", ledg« rhat Pibre h.d J..... wn.pped. h< exempts the governor from bbmt fo( Jesu,' deatn. "'''n;; tlu., i, wa, 'h< Jew. who n.iled j<su, til< lIuth Luke and J<>hn bUm< the Je .... fot cnxifyinj; Je>u. but on ly John ckpict> Pi], .. a ctll>lIy ... hiPFins J<> .... Thi, tbot ,he: bi.hop·, account "'"'Y t.. .. b«n inll ... n<ed by the Gospcl
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Loct.ntiu •• •
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notn., third..:entury Christi.n w"tcr. had this to ..y .bout
A.nd ",h<100& to .... oflie< 0/ .... R" ..... iods<. II< "m IUm '" H,rod ,i>< T« ..«n. ,nO p«< J<wo them .. I,... .., .. ,I>< i~ 0/ .... " own law. ",ho h•• i"ll ,t< po.' .. 0/ porn"',,,, His Iwk. ,..,.. ,,""" Him", !Iw- . .... "'" '"o"'god • .0 .tnock hom ""th h.n .... ~ut "" lIim. "",wn 0/ thocn>. $p>' "" hi< rot<, P ' IIi., ",II .nO "i"'l'" to
,loti.
, .. I, ......... «r,,,,,,,,,,. I",,,, the (..,., ",.mop of ll'«1_ I.IV;· in Rol""",,.,.I. '091. h, n; EC"f '.'-1.• .0",,n. Ot
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" . lIi""",,""'.. "On l's.rlm H. From ,lor E"f'O'irit,,".~ " " J. ","""h ;""""" j ..... ",-" ",km . ",-,n " .""m«d to 1>.0_ .... bod,. ......Id be ..........!.od "",;"d bdoft ..pmll. Tho ..... _ .... w . .
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.,,- Anm"'" ....,t to d ... tho bod,.,,-
, od in"""u,, " dn
I
THljllDA ' SOIEf
,or .nd ....... ... """' . . ' ..... ,; "''' ... 'or , "Idod .... 00 . . ..--, .... • ""'" Hiroo ... it...
,-..-.1
n... No...... ....,,....thl by ......
fO" by :t........,100 01 IlofOd ,"" who ... mllo... lor """eLI bt drr-:0 • •Iwy ,ods< Him xcordin& '" ,.........."
,,,,,,,tr.,
,h:;",...... """',
In t .... ".i~I·. '.n''"' of ~""s, Pil ... cond""" 0(, '"qu,,}, .nd po.... jud""",III uf ex«u,ioo. Th. dccioioo i. nu.dr by 11,,00 "1>11 ,I>< J.... exc,,,1< l..Jgm,n<. II. a)", add. tha, ,b. Je.... IU:Jvd jou. ,n<"",,) • ., u"dc. j.w,s!: taw. Th" ;"'~ ,lut 'Ix ........... no em... '1""'" RUn !. .... ouch •• ,!.,,""" 10 be 1:,"3 of tIx J....~ ond J.."" ""I, I"'t 'u d..1b for .1Ob"", J<w;ol: law for w:.X. fill< d.arJn that he ...,!.,ed ~ Ia ..... ). He 0'<eII s!:,ftJ ,... 8oa>::c of ~ from p,ta .. fII Htrod Ind , ... by ,he R".....".oId1e<> J......... UCCUIMlners. Uao,".... Ion romp\«tly 0"" ......1 !'i1'1< ond .he Ro ....... of '''1 .0.01......." .................. " d 'nn>fu~ aU '1\01 , \""''''' Herod • ..d ,t.. ...... He _ . n to n.n been hepil, ""'......... by tIx GoIp.n 0( I'd... I><)
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10'"
mod,,..
,.,.he
Pllat~:
OIrIsllan folk H ~ro
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Tn. pro::.... of •• "".... ""3 Pil ... kOm< JOn of Ori."." ... ..,. The . ..Iy
,Iu,
.hird..,"",,,'}' tarin wril" .....,....,.., who Ct:HIdtn: ... Pil ... '0 101' h.. roI< ,n ,he .....'h of J""'- J.... b<>'!tonI 1Iu>.... d.clor .. lum blu ..~ _ eo!ho' Pita ....... U "I'f'h< .....i:..... to tIx """"'" com ... 01 )a .... WI- the """""'_
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.,. ~f$ 7 o("'~I_)(lY,ra'.7.""""" 17· Iki. )(\"U~ U, <.p ........ . . . . . . 0
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riIo". N<w T......... Af"X.'''... ;"
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Thi •• «ount i. especially in«I«ting in tn.t it ""knowlny <>lb., Cb,i.ti:m writ! ,b< Roman empe"" ox",u,ed Pil,« for hi, "",ion. _ Th" at I...... So Pil,,, i. ultimatciy exon« .. ed, .' a Rom.n emperor ., the tim< of Jcsu,' <x«urion. !io.........., W< know thot Pi!a« w•• n', .x«utod
tn.,
tn.
for bill .ok in ehol ... p",ilCd PiLoto .. . p",ph,," .nd •• 'h< first Genlil •• t ,I>< d<.rh of J...u. to m:ogniu bis d ivinity." By tf>< .ix,h century, Pilat< h. d ",,,n " .. quality th .. th< Coptic Church clt<:l.rt
"'.i .....
No< only did •• dy Ch,i,,;." aU." to I'il. «', ell.,,,, •• bona Me •• by , he miJ·ronnh cen'urr. he beg." '" ' Pr<" in Ori".i." .n_ In oome pon .. ~.!.. ,t.< .ni« . lign«J h,m <>PJ)O'l '" "b.. h. "" D.nie!. '" ",he,
bibli
Judas and tile JewIsh Nation Judo. didn't lor••• ""ell a. Pib« did. No nominonOll.> IOf ";o,hoo0, =n , l><, v('fIly voi« of forsive",,«, 0... ,I>< IoSl tv.. o thou.,nd ye,,". hundred. 0] million., pcrMp> billio", 01 people h,v, &spi<e<1 by whid he con,um",",ed hi< d~. h.. bee" .... ,he mourn", lor bo".y.1. But ('.hri ...... w,ren't ..,isii.ed with iu" pounding"" Juw', reput.,ton. They bo!," <0 . . . him •• ,ymooli,ing.1I Jew, ,,"'no didn', ' '''''pt Jnu •. AuguSline. the .. in,ed C1uistun ""hoi." wrote of him'
o.
Foo- • • ><>me ,run~ ••r< ..;J ",hi< "'l""'le Pet".... y.,.t< "'" 0 w"" ...,.ru.-. aI (.hr;ot, who both ,b;"
s..--, 00._
" . Brown " " ' , 0,7'!0, .,;,;,. ... upo,.; .... ... J<-
.. Iu.rrJ 0Itit0t.....J
now, ill
th...
,""',.....,._ ...... Ib .....
luoo 01 ........ 0'0<1, ,lob 'PO<'" oI_u.Jno.s
,Iu,
In .,.t"" wvrd.. whorn ,he Goopob ,.u~. J...... JHl ...........,"I.-vil ..... hould und bov.oyat 01 jnu. mun< ,lut "'" mtin )<wi'" ... rion b.... ~ J...... \nom joot>" (l>Iui: 14:~J). AuptOri ....•• ,..""h~ 1IDpI0D tI,.I' dUo ""lot opr!a TO .11 ~ who ...;.a }1;ou.n 0 ....1,-- ha. i"'flO'Ol infif "" O' ....... D """'Ih< It.. " .. nd.U j<wo who ...1.....1 Chn.. _ d.. ".d"";l ond wick«l. brmo, Ih.o, ,lory "'" he born. A_,n< """'" in tbt 1.0.. iou, ,h-b.bly d,do', ..... d .ny .poe...1 prop< """vine< f< probably got . H .,,,.. nom -... I< I<w i,h 1<,;l"u...... Judah ..... ,lItlou"h "'" 01 I~ob and . ,i••1 m I_ph Ia< I..dmhip 01 ,I>< ,...,1>.• tribel 011 ....1. Jacoo h. d design . .. d I_ph •• hi, I>< handl <>f a IQtt I...t.hlluol .. IIttroyod tf>< dnw.. ,od Ir.ok, 01 'h< .... ';an 011"..1 by k.nJi._ him ~ to fotd""r>.nJ rt'C< _th .nJ l>rael In the In 1 11 BeE. .be Ia.. <>f ,be nOr1hnn kinlOOm W<1'< ...... by the A-.;y"''''' .h, ~ 01 ,he 1<0 i0oi "iboo of lo... d. n.. k.ncOOm of J..d.ah OUtY.Vftl <. down to the limo 01 me B.a, Koi
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".'' 11 n... .o .-1:o""".nd
"'.ed.,
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... &.orr............. r-. .",.t;fCI' ......... 09-<'
" kintpJ""" '" ]" ••1and Jud>~ were di"ide< .."",i.,ion of til< .. maining Heb«w p<"I'k with ,I\< t."j""y 01 Jud1h !y.lh~("'h in Hebrew). A Jew wn OOIIl<'Oll< from Judah . F<>r eh,w;."" '''''''(01<, th< .... ,n< Jusoc;',i"", Fir ... it .uggost«l Jud • • •• evil ac, "'. , foretold by "".ip,ur< in , .... action, of Jw.Loh 'he..,n "f Jacob. s..;""d. the na"" corresponded t" ,ho poh''''.1
,n..,
",hoI... h.J alu.dy put ,h,,,, two ponlld. tog«"" ..d .hu~ thd'n« tb .. iII th< year> imrnsinS hostil"i .. I:><,,,, .. n J<ws "nd O'ri.".... Wo willl(lOk .. 'hat tyidenc. in Tt1() ...
w., • 1.«
,h..
.""us«! u.., '''
The Current View Dropi« n"m.. ow inmn.;'t< exomined in l. t<, ch.pt, .. I, wh." " ad tot\< ~.zi execution of ov.r ,; x m,lI;"n j.w•. At its ha"" ".nd,.he 0<,,,""";00 ,h.. Jew. ,",'ere ",min olly 'esponSl bl. for .he de.,h of jo,"", ,ha, ,h. j<w. w... Mo,,;"' .kiliers," ,Iu, ,I:>< J'w" (lY. of ""l_ ie •• nd .pi... forced tho Romon gO,",fOO' ' 0 "",'ry ,he innocent Jesus. '" recrn' y...... I",""',i ly in re>
.b<>u, ,....
WI,,,,"
T"'JUDA. BR IH
"
""III!
enor"",o' "umo., Qf diffie"I,;" in tf>< Goopd ... hi"or;.,;.lIy , dlabk ",u"". They h••• m.de long ",;<1<. in .howing 0' ,h. many laye .. J<... lopm< g<>< ,0"1<'" 01 e. rlb ""'rCe>. ",hel"'r '1"""ing from l ••,i.!. ..:,iplu,o or f"'lII S"'l'd or from 0(1''''' urli" "'m~. Th. ",hoi .... ""[ ,,ely de",ri"" ,hi, Ion .. procr,,,,, as ",.rrangi,,!! til<- moteria l !(, o<>:ommoda ... ,Ii< aumor', thrologia l per.p«."tiv<_ lR< mol'< . ccur ... du,l'&" would b< flu, rh< gokmic.1 Of th.clog".1 point. N"'V,h.I ... , no m." .. Oow 6n.ly , h. "'hoi .... , I;" and dice ,it<- gospel text<. h<>w thinly th< v, rioW! 1.),<" of .~ full)" th to t] r«ip<, "hen it e<>m<'O '0 ,he q"''''OfI 01 who killed Jesus, ,hey st ill "',.. up ,he .. ",.. cQld Stud, J"".. were respon,ibl •. Tl>< chid < mou philo-Semitic ex< .1 ", condud ... ··!le<. u.. 'hey dio,i,;"" !i.e., the Jewi.h ","Tt]IV<<< involved in ..,uing him a nd giving him 0 . . . fO the Roman. fO he PU' '0
o.
,i,,,,,
.n<>tht,
de.,h ."'" Joho Dominic ero ... n•• nothe, prominwnont oeholao . nd . u,""'" 01 ... e,.1 ,'olume. on Jesu •• nd ... Iy Ch,i"i.nity, '!KG"" Brown don not 5<> far ing ,he I:o.lIac i<>u. roo" 01 Sem"j ,m in ,he Gmp,,", died .... "'" he COthm;ne,J. emtIC . gainst 'he Je",;'h Temp le ra,h .. than fo, !I,"""n 'SO;n" Romo," In h;. vin>-, when)e.". over· ,umal ,he .. l>k:; of ,he mo""y-d .... "S0.... he ""n,
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, .. n,,,t, ,10<-17. '7. c.o..." " ", "'_xi_ " . Ihl
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I N H"
00" 0, p' ....n l IN Till C"OI k
'1
,iun of tho T<mplo •• nd it ...... "th.. "'" "f ,ylIloolio dntr<><,iOll , in dO«l and WQrd, 'S.;"'t 'he Tomplo" thot 1«1." hi. Of .... ' and oX<'<;'Il,ionJ' In con"..,.;"n with ,I\< prol>lo"" of .n.i·S.m;",m .m""g Christi. no, the S«onJ V.. kon Council had 'hi' 10 00: ·' Wh., happened in Chri«', ",>
I.,.'.
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'0""
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New T..,.mforkol cri. "i.", tho< queuiO£l' 'ho id.. of >criptu",1 ;n<,raocy 'tTld '" ,«.be gmpel a«<>un"" pteS<1',ing' g.... roUy "Ii. bl. o .. roll pi<> 'ur< 01 wh., happr;ly a li",..lIy accu .. t < 011< witb
["P«! '0 . 11 'ho . ign,Ii<. D' ing campo wi,h rq;:>rd how ,h.y undm.tand the go.",,1 portray. 101 ,I\< Im ...ctioo 1\<".'Od' Pila,. ond 'no J'w" The di.i"'''' concerns how ,h.y ...1..... ,he •• "a·tHblicol ..i"ned. On on< .i00< who ,cc< bro>d g<»p<1 piaUIO ,h..
'0
• hows Jew, hu llying Pilo .. un,n he yield, to moh p ..... u .... 'The~ .. ,Iu .. e Nat. os a "",.k. p<~ ' pin< I". gov
fi",
• I,housh th~y would I>< .mons "'" '0 .dm;, 'hat nOf .11 J.w> .,. r<spoosrhlt.io, "' .., h."""npoosibk fow. Fo, this ~P. "'" hi"""".1 ."i .nd ,ho, ,I\< goop<1 picture ~o" IJ be n;'roric.o lly . ccu'.... I d;,pu" , hi, o"oly,i. in ch.",,, ~. On ,I>< ",1><, .i00< woo '""P' tl>< v.~dity 01 . ..
,It.,
<"',,-
bibl;.,.1 <"Vid ..... t lu., .ho,,~ Pi l.t< • • • ""ong.willed ~o .. mor nO! <>oily cow..! I»' proto"ing ,h..,ng •. For ,hi. group, N .... w •• • 1.., . wily pol,,,. cia" who ..... a good oppoJtUnit, to do. I.vor /or 'h< Jewi.h . u,.OOtid a nd win [h.ir .upport. Hi •• ncu.ion of J«u. w .. . imply cI .... poli';co isnM .0 "I'pe'" hioc,,'io:;s, khalkng. ,lti. . .-g u"",", 010<>. in , OfR"" ,h .. ""'"' Jow' h.d nothing 1<><10 ,.-"It ,I>< "".,h of '9. !bn, o,.
J'" &.,.... ' ... .. J I,<mph>u, addNI.
. }cooK..nd ,bo, ...1 ,. ..... srnnoriom of Jcwt """"kin) be htkI "'"I""",bIo lor 1M ..... 01. ft.w miIpidrd.f<wioh 1<' 'L 'I'(Ib.,. '.,. dod', ... 1'lI1>td ....... ~ Taco ....... ..,hob,. is ,he idt....., Jcwt N.d to do " .. h ,II< drd, ...thOU! Iny J...... dI inptl., riu • .fft< Rom.on mili.ary "nd I. ..... h iI<~ of }dut,. ion d,., rouId lud.o tho do.th. of .""".. ndt of innaun. J.... in o • .,..".owd
.....ru"l
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"""/t.,,,,•• 'h" J'nI!'''''''oI,
The Areumenl Ahead
In rht k>I~ .hop...... ..., will 10k......... ,11<1 cri,,,,,,11oo1< .. ,ht,.,.peI atCoIIf>I. 01 .. hat Iuppm rho ioN .mold ond ,be JOOPd WNndictiorII ....d _ _ """""'.... WlU ... tba. rht tho ..... og.>.ln .. ,he je.oI........ ,'01 ."" that. """"' S,kriy hos,Of.,.1 _no/) =>«..... n.. ..~ will sMw 'hOI dk:n: ..... no pIo< II)' Jewuh .mhoriti<. to kill)eo"" Judu did "'" h< ",Ir... of B.a .. bbo. 0< &.nand ,hOI j ..... be lisa';"'" it ..-ill ht ''1!utd th .. du.ing.he P•• ..,~. hohd. y, nuu ..... d Meom< ,<:>I.otil<. An in"'ff.." i"" ltd by B.a •• b"'. h.d ltd 10 rio« .nd . len, ",. J, '0 .... P""'"' ony .1mIrn.. 01 proia' .nd i ....... di. 'eI, quell , ", "",In.k> of Omo ,hOI '""" cam< ,.. .... ..boo Iud d<.rloptd. "'I" loUo... in (;.oh. 10. ..;'h hi< ....... 8" of , lit immintm roauns of ,II< k'""",", of God. A, he ~ j .ruultn>....... crowdo of G.lib" ... ppomn who hod «> for tho: holiday< luik< u.rrio< of 11.-.." •• ,lIonfl'. From N.o,,', p<~ .... thi> ..... nat m. -. '" prherinf; ..... ....",td '0 ""'" in 1'"" du, ;ns w .... arod ..,ul,td in , he do.. h. of a" '''''''''''u' nu","",
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Jew, in ,h. ,,",.k. of ,,," Je.dly in.uttt:<:l;on ,hal hod juor
.""ti,
o<currcd.
The Jew i,h a.,h", ;,;.. ,,'«i to find 0 ""y!O kec-p the The Jewi.h .",hur;';" t hen opmed up n fulluwm ..1m by o)l.r¢< h<Jhd.y bt;val, .",y,ng .. 'h, hoo« 01 ADD .... fOrIner blgh pciw. l.tI"" -;n-I...... of 11'1< rnrn:o' Irish pries., eo .. p .....nd OR< of til< mo" inn.entiol politic.l ~g"",. in tl>< Jewi.h go.ernontn" 1ht ' g'«men, ",11«11", J",u,' .. I.... . Ito, Ii>< holiday....."., """'d, ,he «"loW had lrlr J"'u",Iom, .oJ h;'lolI<>,",,,,, "'en, hom. '0 G.lit.r. PiI.", m;,i.lly agr« •• II< bf'<'>u~ h •• " ,h. go,'" "",', "".dq .. ,· '", < j... i.h au,hori,ies h.d no ,...y ,,, ignof'< Pilote" "nlet wltbou, ..... ,in.g" "" I"orr conf,on .. tion, bu, ,h.y hop«! t1"" Pil . .. would keep hi. 1"I\Jni,,,,,,", ro ollow jeou. to " " .. in with Ann .. 10< ,he: hoi idly> .oJ . h.n II< .. I• • sed. o<dereol him ,0 be crucili.d. j .. u,. ""nc"n«l th •• ,iot. " '",,Id Io. d '0' gr • ., monr i"""",,,. do •• h•. .. ked b;, full-... to <'em"n c.hn, 'old them ,h .. ,he kinSdOtn wos immi· ",nt, and ..iJ that when tht kingdom , m.«I, It< and his fullow«l and a. , It< Chn"i,,, Ni< b•.,."", mol'< Gentil •. lot •• Cnri"i.ru began '0 sec wh .. happc1l.d to jesu, as • be",y.l and bl.med Judl • • nd ,he: Je>Oo'i,h .u,hori,;'" for wlta, happ
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Some M e thodoloeiclll Considei"ations
Th• ..,..,...1I«1 jeou, Qu«, .• ",hol. "" a numbe, 01
" t" ev. I" . .. go.pel d . ;m.
;tho", ..hOI ...1)1 happen.d . F", example, i[ •
• rory II.. muJripk .tf""UtiOll' in iRom< ««Iibi lity th.n if . "ory ""pu n in ooly "". oou"' •. Th< goo.l i. to find om whot in tit. 801)'<1 . rona can I<siti mo,dy "" t ~ back to til< ,i..... of J<>u,.nd ",h .. 11 ""'... moy "" 1.,«
;nventio .... We will, of COIl"". "",k. "'"' of ,uch «clmiqua from tim<'O ,i ..... '" with . nr .",h tool" however, th1"..",i.1 dOlI" yiekl to ouch .n. I)'I;.;.1rr~ ... _ Wi.h ,II., in mind, I w'n' <0 prop.>« th .. 0 low . ddi,;"". ] •• ile.i. be . d
,==d. ,""
0'
tility j.",. Jrokh {i8~'''' Ih. least hrutiit lUi' is "'me li~tly to be do~, to ,he hi.",ric.o/ ",,'h than the '"0>< h""tik text. The ugumcnt in ,upro" of .hi. ",i... ion follows: AII.arly Christi.. w rit ... (.h.. w< know of) . xhibi ••,"'>< degr« of boo· ' ility '0"...." ,be Jews and Jewish oppoo
d'J"Olid Jews DC .ha... id Roman. crucified J.. u., what would ,"!;"'n .. . h.. M.. k probably knew of 0" cteJible "'0 ' « ,h., .. i th . . . venion in.n e.. l.... """,<)", ...,.,.ti ... ligh. "nJ ,II< I.... is",,,,,, likely", be do.... '" !hc Of;gm.1 onde
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ror
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1N Till Doc~: P'l..An IN Til. CIIOI ..
'1
Wrn.re ,nCOft .;.rncU. '" rhe GOIpti. "~.d d;if""8 degrees of a~p'OWII fo r Pilar., Ih< OM . ho.,ik "'.. u. more boltik .icw. of J<..... All of the 8<><.,.1. pro. "" Pi!..« in. h«i ". improv•. " ....". unlikely, ,h.,tfo .... n ou.ho, h""tik ", ,he Je.... and I."... ble 10 I'il.,e would ,.ke • <\eo<'i[l1iOIt 0/ p;t ... ond ",oke i, h,"h ,hon i, in a ........ c. e.!>«i.lly :c .""h.n . ", ",,,,,ld .1 .... hov< the off"" of 'mp,Q.iOj1; ,he i."g< 01 ,h. J<w •••, I.." by """'p.ri"",. F", "".mpl<. in M. ,k. Pib", moho no e.pl;';i. ,,.,,,ment ,lut he nnd. J...... innocen, of ,he ch..go •• bu, in John. Pil .... m.kes tltmr ""en « i& .lly d«1orcd Jesu. he innocn1> ro pro •• • nt Pila .. in t he ho.. po<>iblo light vi,·j·vi, the J ...... ? The likolihood il ,lu, M... k neve. kn....' o' • ,d"blo lOUT« ,h.... id Pib ,. doc/"",d J.. u. innocon, on th ..... which su~" 'M' ,ho d .. irn i• • I. ", inwndon. Agoin. ,he test i'"(11 ,he chronologi<.l ora"'" incident. thon th< la'e, g<>ecount is mol'<' lik. ly to be do"" to to. historical «uth 'Mn tho ca,1ict "ffllion. J . The alli,uM j<ws '""",rd j ....s prior '" the cruci{ixio~ should be iudgtd based 011 ""~~' Je,w, ~ctwally said whik be It'a, alive aod no. on 1,~chinlP ... ,,,,,kd af'« his dea'h. Th. I"'indg«l f)fl ,t.c b.... of ",h.. l""'" said >od did wh,l. t.c wa. ali ••. Nobody C1n he h.ld , ..ponsibl< fo< k""w,"II "",... hiOj1; ' hou' l e.... ,h., MO"', b«n ,.,.... I.J. Thi. «i«rion is f'Orticu!.rly diffiml' '0 apply, be<>u.. it .... nti. ny invol.... the whole cong< 0/ 'ool, .. oed ' 0 dd ... m"", ",h., ~ion< of to. SO>j)OJ< in!tan<" whcn: .""h informati"" <'n he cli<:it!;.n mi<$ion . xpand.d 10 .h. l..
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T " . J UDAS Bo, ••
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G.n,il ... Whilt ,h<-u nuy be good ,h«)logi<>1 <xp l.n.tion, lor why .h, nUot¢ of .he mj";"" dunged, rll< """" impo' ... ' ."""",n for "'" pu ... p<>O<' i. '0 <1<.<"";0< ,. ho, ,Ito: .ON« 0/ .h. ", ...ion nuy have !><en bolo ... J"'"' w., .rucifi..J. f{ jeo", prior to hi. UUM ... h... hing. J.. WI may h:ow ..id to , be Jewish !'C. wken trying '" u~.1>< Coop
"""0
th.,
2 The Gospels: Fact, Fiction, o r Spec ul atio n?
I-l ow .. LOULl .... ,II< C.... pcU •• ""'orical "",,",,1 ~I~ >p<'pp1, sood b",,,,ial II.... well do.ho ""'1"1 _ t t l > ...... ~ .. 01' .., ,mpor'"'" pI«« o( hi .. "...",1 ... drncd
"''''''''"?
""he, n""",I".." .h.. I>00I<, I..mOo .,.am'nUlI'~ q"""""''- In ••,,,,mPler. bo .......... I w.nI '0 yO<' an 0\'.,.. ...... of .,,,..«.1 , II< pr<>l>lcm. w< f ...... hen
«> ........... bl< .mount oi h,,,,,,,,,,L crtd,biLII,. Unfoctwuloaal inf<wm:o. ,_ .................If. "Tho 01 ~h"hc-w. /....""mpl<. roklS lO.br
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T" " ) U"",S.'H
Ar<".1e Mo"b.", in ,h. 'hird pen"", giving no ."iJ.:ncc ,h .. ,I>< "u,bor . nd "" ' poom< ",hoUn ronsid<, • 1.>.", .ddition by 0 < un>< I"'non Uonn '}:1J; '9,.6: '0"). While ,h_ Goophe, t>ctween P:· ,ion bttw<"cip!.. 0/ )eou. we con idtn'ifr with ,hi. rov0< of Ch,istioMY, i, ,h., " ",il ,he .od 01 th. otorne Chl ,,,i.n ochol.,.. bn '0 a..ocio« ,h"", lo~r guspt l. ", ilh ,h. [Jadi,;"n. 1 kl.n'ilicotion. 01 II>< aud,,,,,. Bu, ,ho .. who mod< """ iouren 0< ,imply ...ene,ion. Prior '" ,bat time, Cn,i.. i.D w,i,.,. . ppear '0 luv< though' of the .. iour g<»pt1<s,' ",ithout . ny 'p«iti.< att,ibution, ond dtnti6«i thrm by ,h.,..",.. i"",. 01 ,h. «X,, ,,,,,h .. "',h. Go.p",..! to .i,htril>uI..! in Chri"i.. ,ommun it;". The Gos,m 0{ Pel.,. as ""nti<>n,d in ,h.
.ti
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• . j ..n. Mort". o;.,jOf'" ~"b Tryp,., CV~ ED" 1.1.").0.'''', ) . ~. E'~ti<,.J IiUtory ~,, <. em.,. .... ~ q# a......"
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t" - . I 0<11""1' '" ,>11, lltitJ ''''t.,.,...
. ""'" """"
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<. n.... ".dod< tho G",p<' 0{ I'«n. tho Go>p.I o{n..-, ,.. Gwp. tho Goopd 0{ n.o-.. tho c",p.! 0{ &~_. .... Co,p.! 0{ M..ltIn.u, . ocI tho Go.p.I 0{J..J.>,.
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'.1-.
THE Goo n 1S: fACT, F,CT,O", OR S. . CIlLATIO"?
"
p",.iom ch.rt«, h. d b.< "",nub"u," 01 5,,"ptl. and .nd ",her writins' in the na"", of ."",t l... nd or"". from the hln< of Jc>u, .pptaB to have bcro "'-"" ... who "rldy thrs< is. lI.. ",Ii",e that opprox.im."dy h.1I of til< ktt." .",i hoted to Paul "'= DOl wriltro by him, nor "'... tl>< Oo:J. Philipp'."s. I .rId 1 eo.-;mlll."" and Ro""' .... • TlIe5."
Int,,.
nsu.<1
w.
Matthew and Marl< Th. identification in Cb.isti.n tr.dition of Matthew and !l.la.k as ,It< . u,hors 0/ the re.pt,"i,.. (IOOptls ."'ibut"! '0 'h<m ..."" to derive lrom .n unreliable d.in, I""" an early o«onJ-«mu,y o"i"ia" ,,~; .. , .'Doed Pop· i ... 0", ~ .. Jen« hi • • ""b""on <~ fr"'" ,he fo""h-c.n,u'y ool<s. rop· ;a...' "'" ro roll«< 'he ,rodi,i"" • • bou, ,ht , .. ching< 01 'he 'po<,ko." raj>;•• hi"",,11 h.d nNeT met .ny of the apood.... nd "lied on."..1 , .. di,i"", from 'he ,Ide .. 01 bis cl.y 10. inlonnation. " '''gg ... ing ,ha, t ..... .Ider. were un.",. ", of .ny w."iogs .ttributed .0 the ' J">'!"" who knew Jos,,", H. ",...,ion. ,I>< <xi'«n<e of o."Sli.n wri.;ngs but &00. not con.i
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~_ .... fo< ... mpl<. u"m.on • _ ~n ."",- . ,. ,,_
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7...., f......,pI<. lIlo .... ,""- l"7. ''', ,.,. ,61 . •• 50<. I", ... .. pI<. !oro ~ " ."", " 0,,,,,," .-" .h. • _ $<e, I ....... mpl<. lIro~·" '-'!_
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them a. teli.bk •• wh.t the ,Ide .. h.d to .. y. " Thi> . nongly , uW'" t t...t ,hro. OIhc. known Ch,i>ti.n ""itingo we", .mibu,e .... Popi ••• • ay> Eusry thc Apootle Pe ..,. and the <>
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'0
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Mark '""ins !>ecotn< ,I>< int<rpr.<><>'U "" "......"be"'; 01 < by Cbrilt . For I>< ... ,,1><, hn< thi"", "'" '" omit ""1 01 ,.., 'hmg< wlH<;h I>< h...l ..... ,d, .nd "'" tu ... ", ....r 01 ,hrm f.[>
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'""'ow.... '"
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EUKbiu. then say> rapi . . .dded tl>< follow;ns "''''''rk Mot· ,1>< .., "So .hen M ."he", wrote.he ol"2<'ko in ,he Hk."" The" 'wo q.O'N «>mp,i~.11 01 P. pi ..•• xlKlwn commen,. ry.", 'he .Itoged <>rigin. of ,he Gospol. 01 M.. l . nd M.tthew. In tl>< I... occond «.rury. 'he Christian ",rite, I'<JIM'" "PO'" 'he d , im ..... d< by P'pi .., ,ho. M .. thcw wrot< hi, g<>dd word .1", u..d by Pap;... indi o a,.. tho, lrenaru. used Pap;a... hi> Shortly .he,. .lte •. in .h< <1.,.." 01 ]ewi,h origin" III ,."",,,, ,It< I, og.. g< u$< mentioned in ret .. ', "",ond epi«"' .. heing hi, 00fI. " lI.t. li ke I.. nata" he doe.n·, .. y ",he,. he g<>t ,hi, inl""m. ·
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'.' 1bOl .. H .... q . 'bod.,) .)9_'"
•• , lbod., H'_' O' '7, lr ......... ~ H.",,/n "'.1: F.CF , . .." .. " • . ,0 , EwoIMu .. Ea/hi4,rK4/. fI,,,,,,? .,'].0-,. ' . ' IMd,
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rion, He <10." how....., indic"" ,h., in ~ " own tim<, it ",os tr.di,ion.1 .. ie'" .nd h • • cc« in the fourth =,u'Y ror • ...,.,i.. i"8 the Go.p<1 01 M.tthew wi,h 'he Apost le ~\atth<w ,"d the Go'pel 01 ~J.r\: wi,h .n • • "",late 0/ 'he Ap,,.,I. p.,e,. The ~vide~ ,uggu" ,h •• on undocu' nlCnted ,udinoo ,u,ing ro P.p;.. • •nd hi. in , parti.o:ui.ar community bee."", Ch,i,,; •• dogma. .nd, wi,h ..,h ,ui>onhe ... " '",,, hi. "'" in Hebrew 0' Ar.",oi<, It i. o'l:rwhdming.ly .=p«'d .1tlOfIg New Te"amcnt .mol. " that ,h •• u,hor <>f th, Gosp<1 of ~,"tth",' wrote '" Gruk . nd th., ,he .." "'. .. no indicia of n.,ing been ",,,,,to,ed i,,,,, Greek I""" A,., maic." So, wh .."',, text P"Pi • • i. uJking i, .. no' 'he Goopel of M>1,hew. While i, mig", be "sued ,hot P.pi.. of M.rthew, .nd .. id.oce indic .... Ih .. Aron,.k tran,l.,ion, existed, unltkdy, ""und. If ,hnc •• ny ",ure".re SO wrong ,bout M.nl>ew, how .1n we uly on wh .. '''''1 .. ).• bou, M.,• • <SpI.,k. An i",poor"'o' p...,hlem w i,h p.pi.. •• de.criptioo of M .. k·. gosp<>d I"",n<, 'hat P.pi •• ·• sourc. h.od in mind ""h.r ,b. n th< one tooW ",f., '" .. ,h. Gospel 01 .\\.. k. De'p;t< thno hi"o'ic11 dilfu:uJti< •• Papi ...... ms ", be m;ponoibJc for ,he ",nd (I.,·Pl08 io ,he bre ",:olld ",,,tury ."d c"minuing ,nlo the .arly Ihird <etttut)' 10 iden,ify ,)", ."tho" of ,nesc 'Wu gospew •• one of ,It. "... 1... pootlc. , nd Mark .. ,h. to Peter.
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Luk(! Th•• 0thQr of Luk. 'p""'ilic.lly oars thot at the , in.. h. began hi, «n "h.nd.d on.o "" by ,h.,.. ",ho from tl>< beginning w<'" 'l'ewitn..... and .. rvant< of th< word" (Luk. , , ~), Bu, I>< m.k« no ~rti< l' m." .... nd p«p.,..n Oln', know, H •• n.me: may ho,'< i>«n. """.phor for Ot"",," "''''''''''''Dr or ,he Ch""u,n r.. Jc.r "f hi, "", ," Luk. does.n', n..... hIS ,Or ,01 1 u,' ",I>< •• citing a -'<>Ute •• Tradr!,"n hold, rh .. Luke ,",'", co",p;tnKm '0 Pi"l, bu, ,h, .u,hor 01 Lok. ",.k.. "" ouch < A!"",t ko, u"'vonally .«id.n« may h.w bun .... pon.ibk for tho .. rlr Ch,i .. i.n tr.dition th .. Luke ...... r aul', comp;tnion. At ..venl point> in Acto, ,I>< • ."hor u,," ,h. 'urn "wo" ",herr ... Iking >Om< .«ivi,i« of P.ul, I) 11>i. 0.. 01 "".... Ita. kd to th. idea ,bor I.oh w.. wi,h Paul at 'ho tim< th... <,..,"IS oc, Uti,.i, ... .. ",flea¢
,h.
ID
h.,..
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no.
,,,,ion
,ve"
theology"~
II ,h. au,hor ()f I.uh-Acts kn ..... Paul, it woold ...", th ... he ""qua'nI>n« "'.. ca,,,, I ., bes" n... .."hut 01 Luk., therefote, ,,'ould ><em to h< "'. If he "'., . corrol"nion of P,ul, the m.1nr <'!TO'" he m.k", wi,h .... p""" to Paul', ""r"", . nd .,,,, hing '''ggest ,h., h• • h",,1d h< , .. J """ [ioo.lyat """ wirh r<sorJ [" hi, ","""oor. "f joo"" If h< wa< n<~ • clooo mmpanion 0/ r . ul, tn .. ,houlJ m." '" C"m mol< ..-at}'.
.ftc,
H. ~ I ...
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s.. Art. ""<>-"17' ~l- ' l' , >;I_ I~' '1,,-.1,, 6, ~_ n
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'I, TW" " • . a . ,;0""" '<-90,
'J",
TKE GOSPElS: FACT, F ,CT,O';, O R SfECUlATlOl<)
"
Joh, A. p<>in'"J OUI . I)()\"e, ,I>< Go>;p<1 of J<>hn h,. . I"-""g< 'h" SUIIS<''' ,h .. ,he Iltloved DIsciple WIS 'he of ,he sosp<1 leX, bu, ,I>< 80Spei does nOf identify who ,o. Beloved Discip l, Hi, ;.i,n';'y i. Oil< of 'hoo< in«."",in,; i,,,,,,, ,h" )oI.,ooin< schob ... like ro aboUl. The idenc.: "'" hov. WOITJ«ting ,he .o,h"".nip of Joon wi,h ,he Ap<>n" John app<>I' in ,he 1.... >«ond II.d Ch,is,i'n 1"'MIed a mollS Chti.ti. n.... In """,idefing 'M rossibili,y ,he Apos,1e John may h,,'e boen ,he lIelO'ed Di,dpl., "'. shoold !\Of' ,h .. ,he Go>;pel of John never r.f<" '" ,h. Apostl, John by name, To ,be: . rJlUm«lI ,1., ,h •• u"">< didn', need fO men' ,ion 'M >post le', nom< . i""" h. ",f... red ro him . , ,h. Beloved Di>n of Z.bode., and on on< ooc•• ion. the Goopel 01 John m.k" • eo,o. l. olfh. nd «",,",k abou' dl< P"'1<1IN of ,he "<00' of z.he.iN" and .... me othed<-< the Belond Diocipi< I~] '~ I. nu, ,h • • u,h", 01 'he ("""pel of John o",d on earl;'r wrio", ]<X, by a diff.",o, .mho< for .. I. .., ",me of hi, work , . 0 he inf<"«l from John 7' U . ",hioch ",ad" " ).10"" g.1". )'OU o",,,,,,d,i,,.. Ii, ;., "I <011..... nO! ffom MMn, bu, (,om . h. ",,"i. «II.). and you ,i«"!JI mi". k,n1y 1'1 . «. ,h. orisin of ,;«ume;.ion with M osco ... h" than w;,h Ab .. h. m • • nd ,tt. a ",hor 01 Jo~ i"" loxb • mff<'e I"-"ia",h, (hu, d",..·t .pecin.:.lly mention Ab,ah.ml , Why w",,1d ' he .",hot of ,h" p.... g< ;lId..d•• qo",e Irom J,,'" 'hot <"..tain; an error tos<,h« w i,h.
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" .he m.,.' pro~l. aplo".,;"" i, th.1 •• he au,h". ,..Iie.! on. ""ill,. $(Iur<. in which .h. «ro, .b·uJy P''''''''! , h i• • 1", ""idnl. ,h., ,h. , ",ho, of John is , •• "'nably f,,,,ili,, ,"-"ft j,"" ish la .... nd ".Ji, ;<>" .Rd •• b«do«, ",,,,,Id h... kno"'" ,h., Ah"ru.m wao r<>pom;bl, lo< the P""";':' ,,( <;reu"",''';'''' . So. why wuulJ h, ..."hu«.he i''''eot;''" tQ J""i .. in gen.,.llindudiog Is.." .nJ J.rob l 'arh« ,h.n ju>t to Abrabam? Her. ,he rno1t 1ih1r nplan.. . ion would >«:m to h<
w.,
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,h.
,ha, the «>
,Iu, 'he ,u,h", of th< >ou«e «>till uti..,
«xl, Thi, impl,,, Ih., tl>< I"... g< in John .. ,,',k. ",moved from the ()tigi_ n.1 .urhor. Jr "'.. rhi. ~ond.ry ",~i"en lOU"" [h., ,he .mho. ,,/ John
=<;.,d •• nd oi"". it WaS .«h"ic.lly t";,,,,h •. he loft ,h. p.... ge """h.nged. Implici. in tbi, ",;.uk. i. ,h., .h • • u.ho, of ,ho: origin_I I'>''''S'' ""Y not
110'-0 btcn, kl>Ow l«lgubio J<w .nd, ,h«dore, very unli k
til< ori&in of ci,cumci.ion , AI ... implici[ i. I< .bou[ J.wi,h "odition th.n the fi"t au.hor, bu. "ill nOl as knowlM~ ..bl< .. on onii •• ry J.w living in G.lil .. or Jude. would h.... ixg<. If w, con d:ipk from G.li l« dooc to J"u,? Aft« .11, how Iil«ly is it th .. tho: author of John would , dd • ocp>M< text, rotIuining crron and not outhor«l by tho: IIam< pon? The moi[ likely "'tlCl",ion i. til .. ,he .u.hor of John "lleJ ()[) a numbor of written OO=.... j I.." ootn< "j which haJ DO ",n"",.ion '0 J"u,' inne, eird •.
'0
Usage Note Despi,. 'he qu, .. iorubk iJ,n,ifi<:o,iO
When Were the Cospels Written? 1/ wc con', be OUr< who wrOlc ,he Goopr diJ ,hey h",. 10 ... Iy on 'id;', oou.-.:<' for ,hoi, info.-ro>ti",,1 If
THO GOIUU: FACT, F, CT,ON.
o.
S.lC~UTIONI
.,
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,II< Ion... how 1<>0<1 wtrt ...... """",..1 IX'... ,hIt • u.<, ""'........ of... . wid. WI«< <11 o
'0 ..........,
vt..,.
pice. C"",pd. dOl< '0 ,he ro."h ""'...,.... lX'hilt ... don', h..., ..... odrna: ,"""",,,... he ~Io ..."h 1>'" ..uJ......bon wu.!.bout ,lit ,Dd "' ....
_d
«
m.:m>
'har .... tun
thormd_ wero.n "",~I.t ...... u.htr .h.n ,hOI poUtl . I'!.:.tw much , ..!i.r,. tho ptdlk", ' " bt rnol .. d. In .....blil.hins • I...... poI"bIt "" ••• ".,. «it.tion uood by .cI.aI.", i..... ........, of .ny "f.,..""" .o.ho J....."h "'011 of Ba. Ko>Ir.hbo ...bou, '} ' CE .n.! ,II< Jc",.....inK tmp.oc' oro ,ho j ........ hrn tho: II""..., ..... tu· ally P'" d"",'n tho: ,..,bell;.,.,.n.! borr«l tho- J...., f,om jly dry. This '''M<''' '0 many .. ~." tht Go'pel. ,,', rt . 1""", <~ ... inly W't itt'" ""fon: 'h i< ...nlt. A. '0 'h< , .. I... , lik.ly d... , ..,1001> .. h1'" ' '''m",od '0 "" ... ht Go.pt l. b. .. J Of' ,h.",... nd 'v'n" ",,""Ito,....! In ,h •• <~ .. and On tho appar,n, .acit "'hr, tl<'< "Th' Syr><>pri< P.oMt"," t:.-Iow), For M.tthow, M.tI', • ...J Luh. on, of ,lit ehOd en ..ri. fur darin5 ,he- Go.pel< invol .... ho ;,out oI ... ht ..".,. ..·,11 ht left httc"P"" . "",h, ......,... wdl on up ..._n •• """'" yo\>.nd w,rwad you..Dd ....... JOV in .... "''''1 oid..-
,,
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,""""'n
>m'
., ",1>0
Th" .. bolt.v< ,h... p,a .... g.. "'-ere wfi".n .flo< ,h. lac, of tl>< Roman captu .. of Isud and 'M of ,Il< ].\O,i,h Tempi. d ... "'" !l<JSpcho l.... col>." b<1i< ou'_
.r,.,
""",octi""
t"
break of hu.,'];"" in 66 CE_ lIu, $O .... ",hoi." d.,pu,. th ... in[.'I"""";OO' ,he < Tem_ pi., th. ...,..Id h••• "",de ""'''' tJtructioD. Thi> b n .. ".oup ''l!'"'' f()f • 1"<'70 CE d". for .11 of ,be , ..... .,.,is. Raymond !:trown. how=r, has ~ ,h.. ",hile ,her. ore ;""al .nemp" to mo,.., the ~ospt if the Co.pel. wcre wrimn
,.,n""
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= ..
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moch of. scholarly f<>llowing" H •• 1",,,.,... i•• growing ten_ dency '" dote !.lor• • nor ]0." " "umbo, of l<~oW-. .Jso beli..~ '~11 <mph •• i, in ,h. Goip< IoII"w,,, of J< period 'IK oks«"",;"" of ,i>< T<mple, ""hppostd '" ,he p«wor period, wh"" " .... 1 J<wi,h reilgio"' ",hoo!. of thought fIouri>1xd. Th< bill,,!! philooophical "I'potIt• .lillieu), bee."", w< don', Iuv, .oy "lear ,h'ooolog;c..ll."Jm.. k, cited, .och., til< T"",pl, n, 11>< ",oJ''''Y'' ,,, . "Sue 'hat the <1l~ ""tu" 01 it> 'hrology ud Otri«u)· "8Y and ,br"", ..",b .. 'Il< upurnoo 01 a.mt;'"" lrom Jewish ')'''asogUf$
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.nd 'h,
'"gg<'''
~
01 .oy Jewi'h group, ",h.... h.o ,i>< Ph.n>ca ".d
pn...,
a I""t'7"" rovirolltl1< ,,1 the 0111<, g<>sp<1$. Th, """.d ochohrly """"n,", is [b .. John da ... ", about 90-[ [0 CL ", Brown, ....,."" ,., lbod.
Where Were tile Gospels Written? Trodi, ion pla. •• ,ru, lu,no"h;p of Mark in Rom • . Though po,,;bl., ,hi. vicw p",l,.bly
rdl""" ,I>< u"",liabl. report of P,pi.. C,-""",,-,,inIlM... ., a
....,,<>1 ... h.ve .uggestn." A fe ... ""hob,., h... , uAA..,«l G.lil"", bu, R.ynl<>nd II",..." , in hi. ,u,vey of '"" •• id.""., nod. the aQ;um.nt
,h.
unron,iDCing. >0 A. to Mattl><w, most ",hoi." woold rrobably pl.e< it> ",illin in An.ioch, in Syria,. city that h. d . very largo: Jewi.h pop.lotion." Lux.', 'peei,1 i" ,..", in Paul>, . ctivilies I" ,dl.ct<'d i" Acn) .ugg<>t> tbot l.uX< probably .ddr.... d Paul in, churches in Gr«<;< or Syri. , who", P. ul f Ephe,,, ... ",'i,t. oomc sugge"ing 0 Syrian 10<.1•. " Tho brood ",holo,ly , on .. n, u, i, ,II.. non< of SOSpcl •• ,ho .. "'rooe from Jud •• '}! Golil.., 0' addro>Scd t h.m .. I• ., dirrt!ly to person> frOOl t h".. a", ...
,o.
Oral Sources
Af.., Jeou. d,.d. thcr •• , n boo littl. doubt th .. peopl. "'1>0 [u,.", him 0' k""w . bout him told "",ie. ,bout tho event> in hi. Lf•. n-.., a"",'o/ic cirde rhot .u,,,,,,nu. and the <~" of hi, hk. , oJ tho" ".okn" .nd a"""ia' .. ""'Y h... also .p... d .och "QOO. Some of ,h.,.. may h••·• circuiOlN "" i'hin 'pu,' inn« d'de .nd "uok~t... we COn ... "",.bly ... ~'n. th., ",he" ks4 btowkJg abou, J •• "" ""J ,h.t m.ny of thn< reports would in"'itably ,i=lat< wi,hi" o.ri"ian com.mu"i,;'" So".. of thn< ()f ",...0" may ha.. h. d • ~..;. in f.cr and so"'" "uy h>•• hoen ,h. ~ult <>I 'he ine.iubl< ,")thmak ing ,h., follow. in ,he ..... ke of """t""'<""1 "gu.... c""fronting ..,hor;,y. F,I.. bu' ~>J>I>I., t .. J,~o,,,· m,y h••·• I>ewme .«.",cd .. f. cr,. Eve"