The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments

s

WHAT CHEMISTRY IS

METALS

WORDS USED BY CHEMISTS T H E IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY

2 4

CHEMISTS OF THE PAST

6

YOUR HOME LABORATORY EQUIPMENT FOR CHEMISTRY SETTING UP YOUR HOME LABORATORY MAKING APPARATUS FOR EXPERIMENTS SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS CORRECT LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

9 10 12 14 16

M R . FARADAY'S CANDLE

18

You — SCIENTIST! ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, AND MIXTURES

20 22

WATER AND GASES WATER — OUR M O S T IMPORTANT COMPOUND . . . OXYGEN — T H E RREATH OF L I F E

24 26

HYDROGEN — LIGHTEST OF ALL CARBON DIOXIDE NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS CHLORINE — FRIEND AND F O E

28 30 32 34

CHEMICAL FORMULAS 36 38

58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72

MORE ABOUT FORMULAS VALENCES AND FORMULAS

T H E SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

CHEMICAL SHORTHAND T H E PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

SODIUM AND POTASSIUM CALCIUM — FOR BUILDING L E T ' S COMPARE T W O METALS ALUMINUM — IN ABUNDANCE MANGANESE — METAL OF MANY COLORS W E LIVE IN AN AGE OF IRON COPPER —YESTERDAY, TODAY SILVER — O N E OF THE " N O B L E " METALS

74

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CARBON — ELEMENT OF A MILLION COMPOUNDS. T H E CHEMISTRY OF CARBON COMPOUNDS T H E FORMULAS OF CARBON COMPOUNDS A LOT OF HYDROCARBONS CARBOHYDRATES — SWEET AND BLAND MANY KINDS OF ALCOHOLS CARBOXYLIC ACIDS FATS AND OILS FOR ENERGY SOAP AND SOAP MAKING P R O T E I N S — T H E BODY-BUILDING FOODS COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL FIBERS PLASTICS — A MODERN GIANT

76 78 80 82 84 88 90 92 94 96 100 102 104

ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS T H E MYSTERIES OF SOLUTIONS WORKING WITH ACIDS WORKING WITH BASES SALTS — CHEMICALS OF MANY U S E S

40 42 43 46

48 50 54 56

106

T H E FUTURE OF CHEMISTRY WHAT'S AHEAD IN CHEMISTRY?

NONMETALS IODINE — VIOLET OR BROWN? SULFUR AND I T S COMPOUNDS SILICON — T H E ELEMENT Y O U STEP ON B O R O N — F U T U R E ROCKET-POWER E L E M E N T ? . .

CHEMICAL MATHEMATICS WORKING OUT CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

109

W H E R E TO G E T CHEMICALS AND EQUIPMENT . . . 110 COMMON CHEMICALS AND T H E I R FORMULAS 111 INDEX

112

Acetic acid. 90, 91 Acids, 23, 42, 4 3 ; carboxylic, 9 0 ; fatty, 92, 9 3 ; household items containing, 44; making, 4 4 ; test for, 43, 44; traits of, 42 Acrolein, 93 Albumin, 9 7 , 99 Alchemists, 6, 7, 36 Alcohols, 7 9 , 88-89 Alum, 64, 65 Aluminum, 64-65; chloride, 6 4 ; foil, 7 2 ; hydroxide, 65; sulfate, 64,65 Ammonia, 3 2 , 3 3 , 4 3 ; fountain, 3 3 ; making, 3 3 ; solubility of, 3 3 ; uses of, 32 Ammonium, a l u m , 6 4 ; chloride, 3 3 ; cyanote, 7 8 ; hydroxide, 3 3 , 43 Apparatus, how to m a k e , 12, 16 Aristotle, 6 Arrhenius, Svante, 4 0 Atmosphere, 27 Atomic energy, 5 Atomic weights, 38, 3 9 , 107 Atoms, 36, 3 7 , 3 8 , 39 Baekelond, Leo H., 104 Balance, hand, 15 Balloons, 28 Bases, 2 3 ; household items containing, 45; test for, 4 3 , 4 5 ; traits of, 43

Benzene, 80, 81 Berzelius, Jons, 36 Bessemer, Henry, 69 Borax, 5 7 ; bead test, 56 Boric acid, 57; test for, 57 Boron, 56

Boyle, Robert, 6, 7 Bronze, 70 Calcium, 6 0 - 6 1 ; bicarbonate, 6 0 ; carbonate, 45, 6 0 , 6 1 ; chloride,

47, 61; hydroxide, 45, 60; oxide, 45t 6 0 ; sulfate, 6 0 , 61 Candle, 18-19; contents of, 18 Carbohydrates, 7 9 , 84-87 Carbon, 7 6 ; atom, 3 7 ; compounds, 2 3 , 76-77, 7 8 , 8 0 - 8 1 ; forms of, 7 7 ; test for, 77 Carbonate, calcium, 45, 6 0 , 6 1 ; copper, 7 1 ; cupric, 7 1 ; ferric, 6 9 ; iron, 69; magnesium, 6 3 ; manganese, 6 7 ; potassium, 5 9 ; sodium, 5 8 ; zinc, 63 Carbon dioxide, 3 0 - 3 1 ; cycle of, 3 0 ; making, 3 0 , 3 1 ; test for, 3 1 ; uses of, 30 Carboxylic acids, 7 9 , 90-91 Casein, 9 8 , 9 9 ; glue from, 9 8 ; making of, 98 Cavendish, Henry, 28 Cellulose, 86 Charles, Jacques, 28 Cheese, 99 Chemical, common names, 1 1 1 ; formulas. 1 1 1 ; where to buy, 110, 111 Chemistry, careers i n , 109; future of, 109; importance, 4 ; w h a t it is, 4 Chemists, 6 Chloride, aluminum, 64; ammonium, 3 3 ; calcium, 4 7 , 6 1 ; copper, 7 1 ; cupric, 7 1 ; cuprous, 7 1 ; ferric, 6 8 ; ferrous, 6 8 ; iron, 3 5 , 6 8 ; magnesium, 6 2 ; manganese, 6 7 ; silver, 7 2 ; sodium, 4 1 , 5 8 ; zinc, 2 8 , 4 7 , 62 Chlorine, 3 4 - 3 5 ; bleaching w i t h , 3 5 ; compounds, 3 4 , 3 5 ; making, 3 5 ; test for, 34 Chloroform, 89 Coal a g e , 7 6 ; mining, 76 Coagulation, 9 6 , 101 Colloidal dispersion, 100 Colloids, 2 3 , 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 ; light test for, 101

Iron, 6 8 - 6 9 ; carbonate, 6 9 ; chloride, 3 5 , 6 8 ; hydroxide, 6 9 ; oxide, 6 8 ; salicylate, 9 1 ; sulfate, 6 9 ; sulfide, 5 3 ; tannate, 91

Compounds, 22, 23 Copper, 7 0 - 7 1 ; carbonate, 7 1 ; chloride, 7 1 ; hydroxide, 7 1 ; replacement of, 6 2 , 7 1 ; salicylate, 9 1 ; sulfate, 6 2 , 7 1 ; sulfide, 5 3 , 71 Copperas, 69 Crystallization, 2 1 , 58 Crystals, 4 1 , 64 Cuprammonium, 103 Cupric salts, 7 0 , 71 Cuprous salts, 7 0 , 71 Curie, M a r i e , 7 , 20 Curie, Pierre, 7, 20

Kalium, 59 Kekule, August, 8 0 , 81 Kitchen as laboratory, 4 Laboratory, safety, 16; setting up, 1 0 - 1 1 ; techniques, 16-17 Lavoisier, Antoine, 6 Lime, 4 3 , 60 Lime water, 31 Lye, 43

Dalton, John, 36, 3 7 D a v y , Humphry, 7 , 5 9 , 60 Decantation, 20 Democritus, 6 Detergents, 9 5 Dispersions, colloidal, 100-101 Distillation, destructive, 7 7 ; of ethanol, 8 9 ; of w a t e r , 61

Magnesium, 6 2 - 6 3 ; carbonate, 4 7 , 6 3 ; hydroxide, 6 3 ; sulfate, 4 1 , 4 7 , 6 2 , 63 Manganese, 66-67; carbonate, 6 7 ;

chloride, 67; dioxide, 25, 66; hydroxide, 6 6 ; sulfate, 66, 6 7 ; sulfide, 5 3 , 6 7 Measurements, 14 MendeleefF, Dmitri, 3 9 Metalloids, 23 Metals, 23 (see also individual metals); tests for, 5 3 , 56 Methane, 8 0 , 8 1 , 83 Methanol, 8 8 , 89 Metric system, 14 M i l k , protein i n , 98 Minerals, 54 Mixtures, 2 2 , 23 Moseley, Henry, 3 9 Muriatic acid, see Hydrochloric acid

Eggs, protein in, 96-97 Electrolysis of w a t e r , 25 Elements, 2 2 , 2 3 , 38-39 Empedocles, 6 Emulsification, 101 Equations, chemical, 106*108 Equipment, laboratory, 8 ; improvised, 9 , 1 1 ; where to buy, 110 Esters, 7 9 , 92 Ethanol, 8 8 , 89 Evaporation, 21 Faraday, Joseph, 18 Fats, 9 2 - 9 3 ; extracting, 9 3 ; test for, 9 3 Fehling solution, 85, 8 7 , 98 Ferric salts, 6 8 , 69 Ferrous salts, 6 8 , 69 Fibers, 102-103; tests for, 102, 103 Filtration, 2 0 , 21 Fire extinguisher, 3 0 Formulas, 7 4 - 7 5 , 106; carbon compounds, 8 0 - 8 1 ; of common chemicals. 111 Fractionating of o i l , 82 Frasch, Herman, 50 Fructose, 84

Naphthalene, 83 N a t r i u m , 58 Neutralization, 46 N i t r a t e , potassium, 3 2 , 4 1 , 5 9 ; silver, 72 Nitric acid, 42 Nitrogen, 3 2 - 3 3 ; in atmosphere, 32 Non-metals, 23 O i l , cracking of, 8 3 ; crude, 8 2 ; fractionating of, 82 Oils, 92-93 O l e i n , 92 Organic compounds, see Carbon compounds Orsted, Hans C , 64 O x i d e , boric, 5 7 ; calcium, 6 0 ; magnesium, 6 2 ; silver, 7 2 ; zinc, 62 O x y g e n , 26*27; in atmosphere, 2 7 ; making, 2 7 ; test for, 25

Gasoline, 82 Gelatin, 99 Glass tubes, bending, 13; cutting, 13; glazing, 13 Glycerol, 9 2 , 93 Glossary, 2 Glucose, 84, 85 G r a h a m , Thomas, 100

Paracelsus, 6, 7 Peptization, 101 Periodic table, 38-39 Permanganate of potassium, 66, 67 Petroleum, 82 Phenol, 91 Photography, 7 3 ; without a camera, 73 Photosynthesis, 86 Plaster of Paris, 61 Plastics, 104-105; tests for, 104 Potash, 5 9 , 94 Potassium, 5 8 , 5 9 ; a l u m , 6 4 ; carbonate, 5 9 ; ferrocyanide, 6 8 ; flame test for, 5 9 ; hydroxide, 9 4 ; iodide, 3 4 , 4 8 , 4 9 , 8 7 ; nitrate, 3 2 , 4 1 , 5 9 , 6 1 ; nitrite, 5 9 ; permanganate, 6 6 , 67 Priestley, Joseph, 7, 26 Proteins, 7 9 , 9 6 - 9 9 ; in e g g , 9 6 , 9 7 ; in foods, 9 6 , 9 7 ; in milk, 9 8 ; tests for, 9 7 , 99 Proust, Joseph, 3 7 Prussian blue, 68 Pyrolusite, 66

H a l l , Charles, 6 4 , 65 Hydrocarbons, 7 9 , 82-83 Hydrochloric a d d , 3 4 , 44 Hydrogen, 28-29; making, 2 8 , 2 9 ; safety w i t h , 2 9 ; test for, 2 5 , 28

Hydrogen iodide, 49 Hydrogen peroxide, 26, 27, 67 Hydrogen sulfide, 5 2 , 5 3 ; in chemical analysis, 5 3 ; making, 53 Hydroxide, 4 3 ; aluminum, 6 5 ; ammonium, 3 3 , 4 3 ; calcium, 6 0 , 6 1 ; copper, 7 1 ; cupric, 7 1 ; ferric, 6 9 ; ferrous, 6 9 ; iron, 6 9 ; magnesium, 6 3 ; manganese, 6 6 ; potassium, 9 4 ; sodium, 4 3 , 9 4 ; solubility of, 108; zinc, 63 Hypo, 4 9 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 7 3 Indicators, color table, 4 4 , 4 5 ; homemade, 4 2 ; types of laboratory, 43 Iodide, potassium, 3 4 , 4 8 , 4 9 , 87 Iodine, 4 8 - 4 9 ; making, 4 8 , 4 9 ; removing, 4 9 ; solubility of, 4 8 ; test for, 4 9 ; tincture of, 48 Iodoform, 89

Radium, 2 0 , 21 Rayon, 102; making, 103

112

Rochelle salt, 8 5 Rubber, 82 Rust, 68 Safety, 16 Sal ammoniac, 4 3 Salicylic acid, 9 0 , 91 Salt, table, see Sodium chloride Saltpeter, 3 2 , 4 1 , 5 9 , 61 Salts, 2 3 , 4 6 - 4 7 ; household items containing, 4 7 ; making, 4 7 ; names of, 4 6 ; solubility of, 108 Scheele, Karl, 7 , 2 6 Schweitzer's reagent, 103 Scientific method, 21 Silicic acid, 55 Silicon, 54-55 Silicones, 54 Silver, 7 2 - 7 3 ; bromide, 7 3 ; chloride, 7 2 ; nitrate, 7 2 ; oxide, 7 2 ; sulfide, 72 Soap, 9 4 - 9 5 ; h o w it acts, 94; making, 9 5 ; testing, 9 5 Soda ash, 5 9 , 94 Sodium, 5 8 ; acetate, 9 1 ; aluminate, 64; bicarbonate, 58; bisulfale, 4 2 , 5 8 ; carbonate, 5 8 , 5 9 , 7 2 ; chloride, 4 1 , 5 8 ; flame test for, 5 9 ; hydroxide, 4 3 , 4 5 , 9 4 , 9 5 ; hypochlorite, 3 4 ; salicylate, 9 1 ; silicate, 54, 55; sulfate, 5 8 ; sulfide, 5 3 ; tetraborate, 5 7 ; thiosulfate, 4 9 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 7 3 Solutions, 2 0 , 2 3 , 4 0 - 4 1 ; behavior of, 4 1 ; conductivity of, 4 0 ; making, 4 1 ; saturated, 41 Starch, 86-87; making, 8 7 ; test for, 87 Stearin, 92 Steel, 69 Stoppers, rubber, 12 Sucrose, 84, 85 Sugars, 84-85; test for, 8 5 Sulfate, aluminum, 6 4 ; calcium, 6 0 , 6 1 ; copper, 6 2 , 7 1 ; ferric, 6 9 ; ferrous, 6 9 ; iron, 6 9 ; magnesium, 4 1 , 4 7 , 6 2 , 6 3 ; manganese, 66, 6 7 ; sodium, 5 8 ; zinc, 6 2 , 63 Sulfide, antimony, 5 3 ; cadmium, 5 3 ; copper, 53, 7 1 ; cupric, 7 1 ; hydrogen, 5 2 , 5 3 ; iron, 2 2 , 5 3 ; manganese, 5 3 , 6 7 ; silver, 7 2 ; sodium, 5 3 ; zinc, 5 3 , 63 Sulfur, 2 2 , 5 0 - 5 1 ; casting w i t h , 5 1 ; forms of, 5 0 , 5 1 ; melting, 5 1 ; precipitated, 5 1 ; production of, 50 Sulfur dioxide, 5 2 ; makinq, 52 Sulfuric acid, 42 Sulfurous acid, 44, 52 Symbols, alchemists', 2, 6, 3 6 ; chemical, 36 Table salt, see Sodium chloride Tannic acid # 90, 91 Tincture of iodine, 48 Titration, 46 Turpentine, 83 Urea, 78 Valences, 7 4 - 7 5 ; chart of, 75 V i t r i o l , green, 69 Vulcanization, 50 Washington Monument, 64 V/ater, 2 4 - 2 5 ; as a catalyst, 24; clearing, 6 5 ; composition of, 2 4 , 2 6 ; distilling, 6 1 ; electrolysis of, 2 5 ; hardness of, 6 1 , 9 5 ; as solvent, 24 W a t e r of hydration, 108 Waterglass, 55

Wohler, Friedrich, 7, 78 Zinc, 25, 62-63; carbonate, 6 3 ; chloride, 2 8 ; hydroxide, 6 3 ; sulfate, 6 2 ; sulfide, 5 3 , 63