This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
"lI"! u~ """'1 .(NI u:>'I!-
.-
puB 'iIOl~H 'todwlfl"""'lL .~'ld '",~H saw], Ie P"'ltdd- "IIU:>J:>Jl!P S
' "'I'
"'I'
""""'¥l
(H,61-tr61) NllSIW lD,n
.n1.390~ S'n'MVH:J 'A'M'M3811V
t>Ol
ALTAR
ALLOGENES, th~ third Ir:aW.t~ from Codex XI (45.1·69.20) of lhot !tAG ltAMM.A(lI U8R.o..V. i, a ·'book·· (68.21; cr. 69_17-18, ""here th~ plur:al is used) said 10 be wrin~n by • certain A1~ r'S!r;t.ncu:' "one 01. anolh...- .-..;.,., for Meuos ("middl., onc,~ i.e., th
105
...'1>0 subscqu~ntly Is described in uncrly lrarJsce-ndlnl and par.ldo.xical lemt. (61.25-67.20). A1I<>gftlcs thus is a non-chrislian Gn"",ic t""• ...illt a Sln;>nlly philosophical orienu'-'ion. (king lenns and penpe<:lIves charw:lerislic of Neoplatonism. lbe '''''''laI~ probalMy .... composed. in Gretk. during U1t Iale second or early Ihird etn.ury. IJIBUOC .... '1O'
Robinson, J. N.•1hc Thne $Ie)es of Seth and the CnOSlics 01. Pk>1inu..:' PJI, 132_42. In Proc"uing~ of the In'''rno'ltmo' Colloq.. ;!."n on Gnas'icisrn, cd. G. Widcngren. Slockholm, 1m. Tum~r, J. D. ··Xl. 3; Anneen.,...'· In Nag llamm
ALODIA. See 'Alw;l.
ALPHA AND OMEGA. S" Symbol. in Cop
ALPHABET IN COPTIC, GREEK. SU
Ap-
pnIJiL
ALPHABETS, COPTIC. Su
AppntJiL
ALPHABETS, OLD COPTIC-
ALTAR, a
plac~, $llUCIUre,
S~, Appou/iL
or lable on ",hkh sacn-
ficC$ are oRe""" to .. divinily. The word comes from Ih" Latin ,,1'''Te r,late
Pagan Altars Since prehistoric time~, "fl"rinp to ,uble""ne.n gods were made in pits, and olferinll" to heavenly gods were prt:S<'nl
106
ALTAR
;",.~
of I~
Chrlsllan Allan In Christianity also, the a"ar is the plaee of:SaCrifice. for it is only at lhe altar, con.id..r.... as holy. 1""1 the .randonnation of Ihe bread and win.. inlO the Body and Blood of Christ i, accomplished in the EtlCKARlST, lhrough which worshipers are in communion wilh God. In ...,me lex'S of the Copt;c tradition, Ihe concepl of ","crifice is liven .'ery clear upcession. In the early period of Chrislianily the altar alsu se....'ed as Ihe table (Gnoek Irupuaj un which Ihe gifts of b,..,ad and wine.o be ....,d foc the Eueharisl were laid b)' the congregalion, The altar th.. l became the plae.. of sacri6ee only alter the
~Iopment
of the litu'l)' in ....-hieh the priest offi· ciated_ When oonsrep.lions had g"""n '" large nurnbe", in the Constantinian period separale lables for lim were SoC'- up alongside the actual ....ch:aristic sacrilicW altar (Klauser. Vol.. 43.1935. pp. 179-80).
When in the coune of the Iou"h and fifth c..nt..r_ in tit.. practice of the COl'I!f"pt>on rnakinc such offerings apin rdl out of ..... and th.. elements 10 be ...ed for the Eucharist had inc""";ng!y 10 be suppli..d by .~ church. lhese lift .... bles also fell ;nlO disuse. N...... rthelcss. lhe.... an: still lIaces of such suhsidiary lables. One is ;1' a side niche in Ihe central church of Makhllrah al.()ihli (Grossmann. 1980, pp_ 225-27). In ,he ch..rch in fronl of Ihe p)'lon of Ih.. Lu~or lemple ....ch a tabl.. stood at Ih. .ide wall of lhe aJ»<". 80th cooid properly be inler· preled only a. 8;fl 'able. ;1' the sense m.. nlioned_ Otherwise In tit: legs an: less common bul occur in both main churches of the " ..Ilia. n.c altar of the La",r East Church of Qa!j;r W*ydah ....' ilj round. Sareral buolt-in a1w- basts of the early Chriu.... period ha,~ a funMr depres&iDn in 1M middle as in lhe Easi Church of tht pilgrim cenler of AIIO Mltl"- (Grossmann. 1977. pp. 35~38). ...-hieh ....... probabl,y the plloCe for a reliquary_ Besides ,hese .i",ple tabl..-altanl. massl,·e monolilhic altal"l and altars built of ..0 .... or bricks "'ere in use a' an early dale. The former ohen consisted of bloch that oriainally came from anOther c· lure and "'.:re reworked for .heic new usc. Th . lhe alt"r of the East Church of AbU Mjn~ con~is'cd of a .imple column drum f1attenu! on the back (Gro$$mann, 1977. p. 37)_ In Ihe church in lhe lsi. I..mple al .HI'-"-£ dedicated to Saint Slephcn. a for. m..r pagan "hac ....as taken O~er foc chmch u.e. Th.. form of ahac in uSC today in Eg}pl appear, l(l ha.'e developed in the Fatimid period. It cons;s15 of a cube built up of Quarried stone or. more rarel)'. of
ALTAR
bricb, as al l/An SIlT [),.. 'v..... AJt, which In ooly a few Cain is furnished ...irh an upper com ice. Nola· bk uceplion. arc in Cairo. l'bc lauer probolbly ..... its orill.n in !he monolithic marble .Iab uoe'd earli. er. A shalkno' r«:Unl"lar depreuion ...-as let InlO lhoe upper surface of lhe block. which orillinally held a ~Iic. Today. in !he same p1xe. !here is a consecnlW ~ board (.....~.,. In the b.d 01 lhe alrar. b<;inS the ca.1. I small but Tl"la1lvely deep CI\ilY like. niche ~ left open close 10 the IIoor. Ihis muSI be repnkd as the las! Yablte d lbe .....i....l rablr-dlapc
,..,ra!
107
rhe sanctuary, Is clo6ed off to"...rd the nave by a screen called the h'idlt, or ICONOSTASIS. built 01 wood. stone. or brid. 1118LlOCIUPHY
ApgpluMp'.'" P.lnoIm. ed.. J. B. Coldit... PC 65. cok. 11-4-'0. Paris. 18M. Braun. 1. Ihr c"'isH,clre Afl'" i" seiner ruclticJl/licIte.. En,...;d/ll"" Vois. 1-2. Munich, 1924_ Burn>e5l...... O. II. E. T1te ECf'Pliltn or Copric Ch"rch. Cairo, 1961. Butler. A. J. n... An<>ie", Comic Ch"rches 0/ EgJpl. Vol_ 2. Oxford, 1884; TI"pf". 1970. Daumas. F. "Rappon sur l·acli.·it,. de ]. InSlitul hnt:ais d'Archlo!ogie orienlale du Cai ... an Cours des annb=s 196&-1969. Comp,u ""ndus d.. I'Ac"d"",ie des /nscripllo... .., 8t:U..S-ullres, ]>p. 4%-501. Paris. 1%9. ~""udre•.
C. Die PaS'ophorien 1m .yrv-by;:an. lischen 0>11'''_ Wiesbaden, 1983. Calling, K.; 1, P, Kirsch; T, KlallSCr; and L. Ziehen "Allar I-Ill.'" Reol/uiion {i" An/ike ,md ChrislmI (1950):310-54, Grossmann. P. "Abt't Mini, Die OSlkireh"." Mil/c;!· /Um
~nge"
des de~/$chln a'ch~()IOfi,ch.n [nsl;I""_ Abuilll1lg Kai'Q 33 (1917),35-38. ___. "Abc. ~\lna. Die OslkiTl"he." Mimi/,mge" ties Je"lSehe~ areltaoJOlIisc},.n 1".,iIUlS-Ablei"",g Kajro J6 (1980):122-224.
___ Mill./oller/kll. IAmgh""j],,,ppe/iuchen "nd ...""'a"dle Typen I" Oberiigfl"M. Glud,$la
-::c:c
"Funcko im P.... sb)1erium de. Gruhkirc:he." Mm.;}""C.n des de"I$€~" "rrhlIologischen l,wiluu-AlHei/"nC K"iro 40 (1984):126-31. Kaiser. W. "SlaCk und Tempel von EJephantine."
Mlnei1""'01
ftS
tI~"lSClun
.rehii~kn
/n.liluu~Ableil"ncK"inI
33 (1911):13-81 . Kasser, R. K..Ui" T~ie. ~ 1972. KIau5er. T. "Die koo$anl;nischen Alw... der La..,..·
ansbasilika.- Rlj,nisdl. O""n"lschri!1 fin dtriSI1iche Allen"m$hottle "ntl /i>. Kirchelt~hjdl/e 43 (l935):119-8b.
Munitt, H. lA Scal. copu .... de /a BibJiDlhiuj"e "o,,,,,,,,/e d. P"ris, Vol. l. Cairo, 1930. Mu)'ser. 1. "De$ Vases aocharisliques en Bunelin de /" Sociill tI·a",hh>/ogi.. etJple 3
,..,rre."
(1931):9-28.
Nussbaum. O. Vcr Sumdor1 du Ll'''rgen am ~hrisl lichen .til",....,.. tie", I.h,. /(j()(). Bonn. 1965_ Onaseh, K. K~nll ~nd Ur"'gil der OSlkirche. Vienna, 1981. Rassan-Oehergh. M. "La [)(:curation peinte:' In L. ,ile mQ""sl;q". des Klilio. Lo"vain. 1984, Sladdmann. R. "Altar:' Lulon d.. .tgyp/Qlogie (1975): 145 -49.
108
ALTAR, CONSECRATION OF
ALTAR, CONSECRATION OF.
Anointing.
Mw allar is lhe culminalion of lhe u~monial con· secrabOn oJ • n......· church. The elabonte tel'Vke. rich in P'"\')'eQ and petitiona. is a rdIeClion 01 lhe ~erenCe felt I.......-d !he holy Iable. lhe place ..t>ae, al eve.,. ceiebralion oJ the omne Liu.Lf£Y. !he Io
wes
n
golden pot with manna. l'CP","nlinll Ihe brad 01 life dcscendins From hea''CTI; (10) the adorning 01 !he labefnaclc by 8clnoleel accon:linlllO lhe p;ttlel'Tl 5eClI by M.-s; (II) lhe makioll oJ a co·..enanl ..;.11 Da,'id for the buildin, 01 the house lNoI WOIS lalff completed by his son Solomon: (12) the sancti6ca-'>on of the house by God, in am",..,r '0 Sololl»O's pD)'Cn; (13) !he grand". 10 lhe aposlles the paltel'Tl oJ heavenly lhin.. and lhe hieratic orden and rituals: (14) the prayer to JQUIlI Chtisl. the Io,..,r of man, to h.a"" mercy upon the cool
ALTAR LIGHTS
Finally 1M Imhop takes the pol of m}TOn oil, pours the oil upon !he altar thn:e limn in III~ 10m> of lbr:
I""
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aha ai-Barakat ibn Kabar. MifbalJ aJ.?ulmah. Vol. I, pp. 1-43, Cairo, 1971. Horn.r, G. W. Th. S.",I" fo' Ihr Conue,ali(m 01" Chu'e" and AlIa' AeC'Of'dinl 10 the Coplie Rilr. london. 19(12_ AJlCHBIS.IIOP BAStUOS
109
Butle<, A. J. 110r AneVm Coptic Cltu.cnu of Etyp', Vol. 2, pp. 3-7,
'0 illumine 11I0' church. its sancluary. and the allar. ""hich mUSI be III during the lilurgy and OIher pnyers. "'''I' If senie".
ALTAR LIGHTS, lighl5
are held in brood daylight. In the Old TeS/amenl the Lord commanded Moses to make a larnps'and of pure gold according 10 a panicular symbolical de~ign (h. 25:31-40; 37:1724. etc.) and place it .. the south sid. of Ihe labe,.. nad. opposi'. lhe lllbl" (Ex. 2t>035). Wh.n S<Jlomon buil, lb. I"mple, he made len lampslands 0( gold in Ihe minor shrine (I Kp. 7:49; 1 Chr_ 4;7), These. logether wi.h lhe olher Con'enlS 01 Ibr: !empie, ",-ere .-emO\-ed 10 Babylon in SS7 1l.c. U"r. 52:18). In ~ Chrislian church, lhe kindling of 1....1 is .....,.,wet! "'ith lhe comin&:: 01 Christ.. "the liel" of lhe worid" (In. 12:"6). The book of Re,,,laoa descoribr$ lampstands 01 *",d ent:irdln'lhe Son of )'\an: ,he a\lIhor 5llw ,he lor-d as One who holds lbr: ..,.-en .. ars In His riah' hand and """Iks amtml lhe seven tam"", of gold (Rev. 1:12; 2:1). SainI Ierom" (c. J42-41O) "''all panicularly imprased b)' th" IJS<' of light ;n Easlern churches: '1lJrough all the churches of Ihe Casl, ""hen the Gospel i. 10 be r-ead, Hgha are kindled, lhough the ,un i~ al ...ady shining; nOl, indeed, to dispel dadnc"" but to e~· hibil a tokm of ;oy; . , , and that under the figure of bodily lighl. lhat light may be:set forth of wllicll we read in Ihe poaltar, -rlly woro i. a lantern unlO my feet. and a li&hl untO my palh.....• Inw" ,he oanclua'Y of :a Coptic: ehureh IWO ClIn, dl" lamps muSi remain consl....l1y Iii: _ in lhe easu.rn niche, and the 0''''''' h:anaing down ITom Ibr: do
""'tTI
.-u.
ALTAR.BOARD (m,'1!" or "I-l....·h
"I~ ..b),
o:onsecnolt:d rectanrular wooden pant! stl inlO a 5pedal .101 on Ibr: ... rface of the altar 10 be ~ as a '"Mli,",,,, rel"'wlJ)'. Usually il is decorated ""Ih a cross and bean the signs ., "l' yc ac (Jesus Christ Son of G<xI) in lhe fool' squa<es belween Ihe ar",s Ilr ,he ems•. [Sa olw' Antimens"'n.] BIBLlOGIIA,",lY
Burmestn. O. H. E, Th, Egyptian 0' COplic Clrutch. pp. 21-22. Cairo, 1%7.
110
ALTAR VEIL
A. J. BUller....ho ...Tites. "Finl of all-,o M m~nlioned only wilh SOl'T1IW and reJreI-com~ 1M anci~nt lamps of gl:»> ~namdled ...ilh $pl~ndid de· signs and bands of Arabi<; writing In lh~ mQStlo,dy coloun. TI>e.e. the work of thirTeenth century arT· ists. werc once hul'lJl before Ih~ haikal in many Copti<; church<$. bUI haw: no... tfItiTtly diS'lppearce!: ont or lWO Sp"-"'imtM howltff1" may M IIttD ~Il ,ht British MU!tUm and at South KttUing· Ion (Iht ....1C1Oria and Albtn loI.......ml ...." (las•• Vol. 2, pp. 69. 70) ,h~m
818UOGRAPHY Buller. A. J. The A"ti~nT Copric Chtm:lte. of Egypl. Vol. 1, pr- 321. 324. O~ford. 1884, Ibn al··Asst;1. al·SaIl. Kil!J.b ,,1-Qow!J."'>I. Cairo. 1927. ARClIBlSHOf' B.•SIUO$
ALTAR VEIL. Su Eucharistic Veils.
'ALWA, or Alodia. the moil soulherly of the Chris· rlo.n kingdoms of medieval Nubia. lis territorial e~· tem Is unkno...'" bul ...... apP"'rcnlly conside..ble. Aceording to lBtl SALIM .u..o.s....ltd. il was b'ltcr than lhe neighborinl kingdom of NAKotllUA The fronliff bet\OlCCfl Makouria and ''''wi wall at AL.UlW1B (the pIes)....il;"h was evidently SOm<':\lo'M'" ~•.,.,., the Founh and Fifth Cat.aBcu of the Nile. The capital. and presumably the ~esl ci,y. was al SOB.\. close 10 Ihe confluence of Ihc Blue and Whil~ Ni!<$. How much farTher Ihe kingdom ul~ndcd 10 Ihe ~ast. south. and west il nOI recorded. NOIhing is lnown of the hislory of 'Alwl prior Ihe lime of iu con~rsi<m 10 Chrisll
'0
....'e geoanop/lical informa,ion but "")'$ almos. n<>thing about 1M history or administ....tion of 1M kinldom. He ..."sled to believe lhal "the Chief of 'Al"", is a g.ealer person Ihan the Chief of Makouria. he has a stronger army. and his country is more c~1Cn si~ and more ferTile:' but modem scholan ques,ion ,he reliability oIthb "alemen'...110 $.lUl;t nlE .u<.Uu....!'l also "'Tote about ·Al...-a at second hand in his Ch.. rclt~ .nd Mmt.os~"';"s of EDP' .nd ~ Neiglrho..rl"t C(>IDt1~s. Much of his infO<1llal;"" is eridently copied from Ibn 5.lIm. but he aocs on 10 speak of 400 church"" and nwnc",," fine monasIcric!I. apparenlly dn.winl mainly on the """,,,J"C"" 01 his ;m31;nalion. The", is no rt:liable ;nforma,;"n about ,he organiution of Ihe church In ·Ah"'i. although a late mcdie,.,.l SOUrce indicales that Ih~re were iia epis· copal secI wi!h;n the counlry. All aUlhors "ll'"tt lhal 1M ;n....bitanu ....,'" Jacobile Chri$lillll$. Ac.cordinllO Ibn Salim. "Iheir [holy] boob;uc in the Grttk IOneue, ...·hich they m.ns1al:e into lheir .....-.. languar;e." Only a few ~ry h,;mentary lC>.ts in the Old Nubian language h:>"e been l'eCOYered from the lerrilOl)' of 'AI\ri. On Ihe basis of some pet:uliarit>es of wminl. F. L GRimm concluded lhat ,M lanauale spoken here may have heen diffe"'nt from the Old Nubian of the kingdom of Makourla, 'Alwi is mclllioned incidentally in a number of Iale medie,.,.1 Arabic documen.... dealing mostly ..-ith the ,.~ J.""mluk campaigns into Nubia. On a number of """,,,,ions ...'hen the ",,,,,,Iub anempt· ed 10 depose !he roler 01 Makouria. I.he laner fled for safely 10 Ihe district 01 al-AbY.-ab. within the lenitory of ·Alw:t.. This ttr:Megy ..'as not always successful. for On 31 leasl lwe> """,,,,ions ,he fu&itive ruler "'as captur~d by Ihe "king 01 al·Abwib·· and "'.,.. ""nl as a prisoner 10 Cairo. It i. nOi cl~ar from Ihe.., accounlS whelher the king of al·Abwlb ....'as in fac, ,he kinK of 'AI .....a or wh~thcr the southern king' dom at ,his time was divided inlO pclly principalilies. caeh ",-ilh iu own ruler. A Ihi,,~nlh..::enlU')· Mamluk emissary. 'Alam aJ·Dln Sanjar. reponed that he had to deal ",·ith nine indMdlaal ehlefs ...·hiIe on a dip60m3lic tnisPon 10·AIwlo.. F""", Ihe thirTeenth cenlUry on...·ard ·AI....1i. like !he nci&hboring kingdom of Makouria, .... increasin&1'f overrun by Arab nomads. A famili:lr Sudanese fclk lradillon. the so..::alled Funj Chronkle. auribuIes the final downfall of 'Alw1 and its capi"'-I ci,y of Saba '0 a combined attack of bedouin A",bs and ,he black Funj Sullllns of $cnnar in 1504, Modern scholarship has SUl&"'ted lhal ,he allack probably look piKe at an earlier date. and "'"as Ihe ....-ork 01 the '.lbda)1ab Arab< alone. Witen the 'Abdalbb in
AMBO
111
tlteir 'urn w<:re subjula,ed by the Funj. tn.: laller appropria'ed to their OWn hist<X)' the S10ry of the capture of Soba. At an c"cnlll, tn.: place w,," in ruins whcn it was ,;sited by Da,-id Reubenl in IS23. al,hough a few sun'iving inhabluonll "'c"" livin! in tenl!><"""Y shelters. The missionary John the S}-rian. ,.,1.0 had "isitcd the coun,ry a, about the same time. rcp:><1ed thaI the people "arc neither Christian•• Moors, nor Jews, bu, they li~e in thc desire of bccomin! Christb.ns," As " political en,ity the kinpiom 01 per..hcd alone with the Christian faith. II was incorpoJilled first "ithin the lribal IHl'ilOry of the ·Abdal· lab, and lalet" in the Funj kincdom of Senna<.
"AI",.
8!BUOGllAntY
Adam..
w.
Y. N.wiiJ. Corridor to A/ricll, pp. 43B-
S38. I'riltotCtotl. NJ.; 19n. Ki,.,.'alt, L 1'. "NOles on the TOf>O&Dilhy 01 the Christian Nubian Kinc
AMA. Sec Apa.
AMAZONS, See M)1ho1ogical Sub;«ts in Coptic
'no
AMBO. Dc..h'ed from the Greek ....ord apfJor." Imb6n, ,he ambo (Arabk, ."bll) is a ra~d pulpit lhat stal'ds at the fII,)I1!>eas! side of the nav",. II ;" built of white 0" colored marble, uone, Or wood, supponed on pillars. and Is reached by a .taircase. II is "Omelin,cs carved with crO&SCs and flowers. ~nely sculptured and f,lIcd with rkh dcsiBns. It can also be decor-Illed with !he imaB"" of the four e"anBelim or in$<:riptions of certain venes from the Bible, On the ambo of the Chureh of Saint MereuI" ius (OAVR "eo SAVfAVN) in Old Cairo arc inocribcd !hc w(>rds from Psalm 107:32, "Let ,h~m eAlol him in the ccngregati"n of ,he peoplc. and praise him in the a~scmbly of ,he elde1'$." From lhe ambo lhe Gospel Is sometimes read 10 !he people. and also cenain addreu~. such as p"p.al
Ambo in tho: Chul"Ch of a1·Mu'a1I~ (Old Cairo). C_n~sy.4Tab R~p,J,l~ 01 Er;ypf.
or ~ f
""''e
or
or
BIBLIOGRAPHY Bull~r. A.
J. Tlte Anciem Coptic Clt",clte. of Egypl. OxFord. 1884. Mala!!, T. Y. AI·K~"li'QIt 8~yl Alldlt. Alexandrla, 1982.
112
AMBULATORV
Si .....ykah. M. DaW Id-MalJ,a{ .t·Qibtt ..·.·Ahamm "I· ICAl~I'is M.'ll... t..4d}'U,..h ..t.A,h.. riyyaJ" pl. I. c.iro. 1932.
ChriM...... (2 >'01$., Paris, 18811); and LD giogrt>plo;..
de "EOPI< • rtpoqMe COPIl (Paris. 18'1.3). Other lilies are listed In A Copnc Bibliov"phy (Kam· meTeI'". 1950. 1969). BIBUOGJlAPHT
AMBULATORY. Su Alchilt:<:tural Ele_ftl$ of Churches.
AMELINEAU, EMILE CLEMENT (18501915). Frnch Egyptologist and Coptologis,. born al La Chai.<'-Giraud. Vendte. He was inItially lrained fo.- lhe church and was ordained In Ihe Catholic diocese of Rennes. He became amac,ed to E8YPtology by Felix Rooi"". ",'hO$C leelurn hc at· lended. Lat"r I,., .. udied Egyptian and Coptic in Paris und", Gaston MASPERO and S)'lvain Grei).:,ut. In 1382 he joined th" French Archaeological Mis· sion in Cairo for four yea,.. Hl! left the Catholic church in 1887. He excavated at Ab)'dos from 189~ to 18'18. Thl! antiquities he colle"ed were .wId in Paris on 8-'1 February 1904, not having ;""'n ade· quately catalogued. He wu p«>fnoo< of ,he histOl)' of ''eligions in the &:ole de$ Hautes Eludes. Hi. best "'... rk "''" in the field of Coptic stu~. in which he publi.he
_$1"'_
comm""",,'''',
BaJtnu. J.• n al. Dkrion"II.i... de biorr"-Plt~s {rtt". hris. 19).3-, DaW5O<1. W. R.• &lid E. P. Uphill. Who WDS Who i" ECplDlotl. lorIdan. 1972. Kamm...... r, W., compo A Coptic 8ib1Wuaphy. Ann Arbo•. 1'150: rep•. New York. 1%'1. AZIZ S. Ann.
,.isc..
M.IIN AL-DIN ·ABD.ALLAH IBN TAJ AL· RIVAsAH AL OIDTI. A nephew of the vi:
"';iT
AMMONIUS OF KELUA
missN. fearing fur his lile. he n:llred 10 his rni. dence. In lhe end he "'as arresled wilh his son TAj aI·Dln. ,,-ho al Ihe lime "'as .. 01", .t-d"wl.lt. and at>OIher by lhe name of KarIm aI·Dln. ",ho .... M..Jt....lI. They rell in.o disgxe and _n: torIu""" in prison. where Amln aJ-D!n ,,_ .u~ngled in Ihe end, ,n October or Noo.~her 1340. B.BuOCR,tI'Hl"
Ibn l:bjar aI·AsqaIj.ni. "1·D..n,, ,,/·Kdmm,,1t If A',.... .. /~fd·dIt .1.Tholmin"It, 2nd ed. Cairo. 1966-1967. Ibn Tag!lrf·8irdl. AI-Nuju", ./-Ultirglt /l Mu/uk AIif' ..·"·,,t·Odltinoh. Cairo. 1963_ Sul11l1 Y.1..l&l8
AMMON, LETTER OF.
113
Ar.obic has been publislw:d in J. P. Migne in Pa..<>locia Gruca. An unpublished GoeorJian ..,Iies is almost as complele as the Syria<: colle<:tion (Garine. 19S2. pp. 10)-101). BIBLlOCJlAPHY
lH.u".
Chic!)'. Dr .....'a'l J. n.. Cily. pp. 38-39. 0.ford. 1966. Cold;..,.. J. B.. ed, Apopltllu:,..."la I'atrum. PG 65. pp. 120-24. r,ris. 1864, Festugitn:. A J. ed. Hisloria """,,,('It,,,",,,,, ' " AegJplo. p. Ill. Bruuel" 1911. Kmoosko. M. Ammcl"ii Ere,."'ae £pU/olae. PO 10• pp. S61-616. Paris. 1913. Nau. F. Wins J·A"''''''''4$. PO 1 f. pp. 432-64. Pari•. 1914.
SU J..eller of Ammon.
AMMONIUS OF KELLIA. a disciple, with hi. AMMQNAS. SAINT. Anchonle and Bll-hop, The "POPlml[G/dATA 'HR~'" include. aboU1 fifleen ilems ...,Iallng 10 a founh...enlury Abba Ammonu who spenl al lea.'! lou"een yean 01 SCEr'S and WllS in louch wilh SainI ASTO!\'Y (Co.eJicr. 1364. pp. 12024, Ammonu 1_8. Antony 26) beE."... becoming a bishop. I, is not too bold w identify .his person wilh lhe "'mmonas who is mentioned In Chapter 15 of the Hlsrou.o. !>M)SA(;I{QII.\IIoI .s Aro:;YnO and "'ho is Sttppos.e
three brothers. of PAMllO, thc ecfebrale
114
AMMONIUS OF TUNAH
beta praen"Cd. but il is ""n- hklNl..
DOl
kn<no." "'htther afl)'
'UI)". H. Torp (1%5, pp. 167-61) Ihlnb that Ih.is Ammon,u, of Tunah is the AJT\OUn men.ioned in Chapter 9 cl the KISTOaa -....cHOaUlII IW Io£GYno (F<$l"';b'e. 1971. pp. 71-75). BIBLIOGRAPHY
AMMONIUS OF T{/NAH, four1lKentury hermit. The name 0( Amrnoniu. of Tunah {Thone in Coptic} i' mentioned in the Coptic inKriptions 0( al·Jabriwi (5<'0' DAn Al,-JABRAW1), on the 'iiht bank south of ASYOT, In tombs used by the hermit., alonl! with the nameS of Apollo. Anoup. Phib, and Pshoi of Jeremiah (Crum, 1902, pp. 45-46 and pl. 29. no. 31. He is ",presented on a fresco from aa... . l! (CICdat. 19()4-1916. p. 91) and aIM at FAIl,AS (Ku· binW. 1974. no. 90 and fie- SO)_ A sumnu.ry of his life is ~ven by the Copl<>-Anbi<: sn<.u.uuOJ
Clhla., J. U
MonlU'~re el
/il nkropoJtt Jtt &wit. M~oire, p.1blia par In memb,es de l'lnslitul fran~ais d'Archwlogie orientale 12, Cairo, 1904-
1916. Crum, W. E- Tlte Rock Tombs of Deir el.Gttbrawi, Vol. 2, ed. N. de G, Davies. !.£Inden, 1902, ___. n,eo(o&;cal TUIJ from Coplic Papyri. Oxford. 1913, Evelyn·Whittt, H. G. The MonllSuries oj lite W"di'" Nal""", PI. 2, 11ttt: HUlo')' of lite Moolasleries of Nirria "nd Seen•. New Va.... 1932. Festugitre, A. J.. Nl.. His/orio monaehorum i" Att:t:Ypla. Subsldill Hagiographica 53. Bn-.els. 1971. Two ]»rt5 in 1 >'01., Gnd tUt and Latin
,-
Guillauf'flO<1l. A. "Le Nom des 'AgapCttt:s.'" V~liae C/uUI;'nu 63 (1969):30-37. Kubinsb, J. 'nserip/iotu rreeqJle. ehrltie"..es (Faru IV). Warsaw. 1974. Torp, A. "La dote de b fondatlon du monas.e~ d'Apa Apollo de Baouil rl SOil abandon." Ml/""I"S d'llreMoiogie ttl d'his/aire 77 (1%5):153177,
AMPHILOCHIUS
OF
ICONltIM. Some schob", h...... though. lhal Amphilochiu. of lconiurn d<$erves 10 rank alongsjde 1I.lS'1. THE GREAT of
and GItOOOIl.Y Of t
ius al Antiocb, then an adv<x:a<e in Coos.
"'>',,"
of the olleonium by Basil of CaQarn in 373• in order to $UJId in the ....). of the Ariam ......, ....-e-re end""vor\"4l to pin poI5CSOion 01 all .he ..,.",. He died mer 394; &5i1 had died in 379. More Ihan one letler e~c,,",nged bet"'een Ikm le$tifiQ 10 lheir pre· occupa.ion wilh countering A10UlNARIANISM and .he docUines of the Arian Eunomiu., The extanl writings of Amphilochius a", Ie.. numerou. and In general less theological than those of Ihe other Cappadocian fathers. He lefl a treatise againsl the hereticS In "'hieh Ihe moral deviation. of the NeeHe 5<'cts-lhe ApolaCli"", the Me5SaliaIlS, and .he Ge.melli.es-are d>e principal larg:el.
AMPHlLOCHIUS OF !CONIUM
Ele>'en homilies are considered to he authentic (Geerard, 1974, pp, 230-23). They already witne.. 10 a Iilurgical Clde in Ihe preaching al Iconium. Some of them giye evidence of a desire to oppose ARIANI>!o1 and Eunomianism in a more deyelopod form lhan thaI enc<>untered by Basil and GregOI)' in lhe years "p to 380. Amphilochi"s answers Eunomius' doctrine Qf the innale names by an (>rthodQ~ inlerpretation of lhe Gnostic spe<'ulalions on the names of ChriSI, One of lhe homilies has been handed down only in Bohairic Coptic. II is pre· served in a tenth-eenl"l)' code~ of SainI MACARJUS (Vatican Coptic 61, fols. 194r_209v), The te~l of this homily on Abraham has been edited by L. van Rompay (Dalema, 1978, pp. 269-307). ]{ contains some IheoJogicallraits parallel 10 the other homilies, of which one of the most remark· able fonnuJas, no doubl retouched by an ardent Monophysile, is "One who came fonh from /daly will suffer in (his) body, but outside of his Godhead." A parallel development on the sacrifICe of Isaac in the Greek homily VII runs, "While lhe flesh suffered, lhe di,'inily did nOI suffer" (Datema, 1978, p. 302). Amphilochius also left some canonical wrilin8s: lhe Jambi ad Sel~~cum (Geerard. 1974, no. 3230), a s}'nodical lelter and a creed (nos, 32433244). Nearly lwemy·five fragments ha"e also been collected, Georg Graf (1944-1953, Vol. L p. 329; Vol. 3; p. 139, n, 20) points out that in lhe eighleenlh e"ntul')' lIly~ ibn al·fakhr included the lamhi ad Se!eueum in his canonical colleclion pre.erved in lhe manu· scripts of Beirut 517 (autograph) and Jerusalem, Holy Sepulcher 1 (1886, pp. 397-99). BU1the works of Amphilochiu, thaI were especially widespread in Arabic were two wrilings generally eonsidered apocr)'phal: a panegyric on B..
115
!conocl...tic Council of Saint Sophia in 815. ArgumenlS againSI authenticity were advanced by A. Voobus In 1960, They a,." not really convincing unless .....e acccpt lhal in lhe palristic period Ihe idea of a panegyric included a need 10 recall the elements of a biography. This is not lhe case, Greg(1)' of Nyssa left the life of Meliliu.• in complele obscuril}' at the poinl when he wrOle his panegyric. VMbus has ,hown lhe parallelism between lh" anonymous life of RabbuJa of Edessa, presen--ed in Syriac and daling from lhe .i'lh cenlul')', and Ihat of Basil by Amphilochius. There is nothing to pre' vent our believing thaI Ihe anonymons author drew his inspiralion from the panegyric on Basil, which he already knew, The problem of lhe Life. or ralher lhe Miracles, of SainI Ba.'il is entirely differenl. In the Greek tradilion lhey are allribuled either to Amphllochius of lcanium or to Basil', successor HeHadills of Caesarea. The series of the miracles consists of anecdotes badly stilched togeth",. Since HeHadius speaks in lhe firsl miracle, one can understand the aUribulion being gradually tmnsferred to him, It is less obvious t<:> think of lhe attribution to Amphi· lochius as added to that of Ilelladius, F. Combefis, the first editor in 1644, published the Miracles Under lhe name of Amphilochius. The majority of palrologisls rejeeled this OS-
116
Ai\IPULLA
n"lI.-d "It I, "'1'''ro '0 G'ego"" Thaun",'u'll'" And Ihc UI., 01 SalOl "nlon' con""n' ",,,,,,hrunl'll" ,hal h..,<, nol prr.cn•.-d ,.... maJOnl~ of pa'n::>log;'b from ackJK""kdginl! IOC a,u,bull'm '0 ~T"""\S'U I of A... 'and ..... One of ,hc !.J,·cs of AmpJoiIocIu", (lldIJlUllru
Alc,andc,. P. 1 "Th" Icon.",I;», Cuundl al 5, Sophia (81 5) and I" lkr.ninon (/10"") .. 0"",1><>,l<'" Oak, I'ap.., 7 (1953):35-66. Dal"",,,, C., .-d, A"W~"och;, ko"I.. ,,,,, Or"" Cur· pu' (;h,i
",ta
Arnpull3 ,hap... d like Ih.. he",,1 of Abu Mlna. A("",n dria PoIi'" c"a'ali"". 01 KOm al Dikb. C""n,',~
7-<.01,
Io:i.."
-
D.,
"
,, ' , ,
AMPULLA. An ampulla;" a "mall ~","ainc,' :OOOuI 3 .. Inchc, (9 em) high of f"11" ,'ellu" or ''''ange cia", l',oiiund in the neighborhood of lh,· $annu· "'} of &'j"t M~na>. nea, Ale,pndria. ,\m!",II"e, ldld "ith wat
Ampullo .ho";"11 full hgllrc of i\hu M,ll:; War..' ''', Na,ional ,\h",,,,,,) C,m'lcs,' Z,wll Kin'.
A\1rULl.A
I 17
"i,h bread
as ,,<'II as .he iotJ.,ntif,;nl! in$Coptlon ~"loriQ "tOOl< ... ~ .... (blc>.<;inll or ,he Jlol, 1'.1",,",,) " .... appca,oo F..,.., ,h" period Ih".., " ..... brv"ittd :run~lbe, about 6 ;nebn (15 en,) h,!:h, "nh the 6~,~ or Saint \lcnas p~-inl or " rt1"~ >enta,ion ofSaim Thee ... 'e"".... 'L--d In dop, foIlou· ina Ihe ..."'.. ...,he.na b_ ,\bou. Ihe ~ear 600, ,he ot.ltptJt of ~ntl'ull...., Inere",..d alld tt", ",he"", of r"l'r<'St'"mat",n, on ,t,.. medallion> "'as restricted. TIl" ",,,,e ",,,dallion ,,"h th~ worshipin~ fi~urc of SainI ,\lena, '-enemtcn'c more ""hematic and lin,'ar. An01lic, I~l"" "r ,tecor:uion 01 ,he arnf'Uila <""~i,,cd On one side of a ",clbllion ,,;,It ,he ab.,,'e ""hcma and on the other 01 the cul"lIi"ic legend encin:IC
It,,,
i\mp
Z'''''
I
corrnpondl; 10 lh~ pcnod .... hen ,h.. SaIlCIU''''' of Salnl ~knas llouri
......
'0
I. Conlai~ in the SNpt
of ,lit
pill!rim'~ bl
COlOn:!. ",Ih .. ~ ned ~d "ith ,,,.., handle$. 1M bel'" b.,ing d....oraled 0tI both surfaces "ilh rou.nd mcdallio.... in rthd The illu,muio". "'-;lh;11
"~~; ~ ., ,, /
{t
/
•
I
II r
1 •
,h.. fonn "oh-ed a. lollou'~ a. Th.. ~"'nl ... l ,~hcma a~ 3 .... prescnl~IM)n (JI Sain, Me",,", in m,II1:"" d ss. Ix:>th hands
"i,,,
raised '" a ,i~n of rl"il)'~r: al hIS le"l, he is "en~I':Il' cd 0" each ,ide b) ~ c3",d. Th" Teprcsenwtio" "I Ihe model, still da;.sical or \"'l"V ,,,"ollen, "a< pl~ccd in a ci...' ular bm
,,,,0\
A",p"llo of All'J ,\1",~ ,,1,1t 1<'," of th,' 1'."lu~, AI,'" aJldri~, Poli," c,c~,~tio"s 01 Kmn al-f)illa " Z>D/' Ki""
C,-,,,,,,.-
11R
'A.\1R[YYAH
8 mile, (\2 km) 'ourlt 01 'A",ri~"}'ah, nU!!l~!'Ou, lIncicnt capi'al, and pilla,., Ire about on tk ground c,'Cn to Ihi' da" During eAca,-ations carricd ,mr ;n 1929, rc",~in' of a ,mall. th,.c~-aisJcd, pil13rcd drurch WCr'C found lI'ith u nanhcx, hapli
,,
,,, ,Impulla in praise of ,\bf' ~1in" (SI. M~"~s), T~n" ~olta. s~\ ~nth·ei£hl h ~"nlurv_ Cvrme5\' Lo', l'yc M,,-\~, I'm, Paris.
by a sli", ne~k Th~ m()uth alld ",,,e were modeled ;n day, Ihe eyes p~inled, and 'he who]" ",uch~d up wilh color. Their prO
-~--~.
,,
, ,, ,, __ J,
,,
,.. -_., ~
,
,L
--
~
,
,,
.
"
..
'0
B18UOCRAP1IY
Kaufma'lIl, K. M, Vic ,\Jmll5SlOdrl, Leiptig. l~\() ___ Z"r Ik0'1Ographic der Me"as,,jmpulle,,. Cairo, \9\0_ Ki",. Z_ I.e.< Amp""Ie< J~ 51. Mbws des /011/1105 POIO""'fid ~ Ko", d-D,Ha, Wa,-"aw. f"rth"o1Jling Me,,£"r. C. Lc' ,1"'l'ouli,., il 1'~"I"Ki" all Jlu,,,,, d" V",v"e, Pari,. 1981. ZSOu Kiss
'AMRIYYAH (Mar"",).
a towaill~ ,ilc do,"" 10
thc Mcdi,erran"an co.'s' wc" "I' Alc:xa"dria nO'" nc,upid o"lv by bedouins_ In K(>m Aim Uri'ail (formerl;' calkd al-Kur-u," aJ-Tuw~11 si"'ored ab()ut
Plan of the Ihr'~~-ai,lcd church u' I'ele, Grussmmm,
'A1JI"i""~h COI("a\
ANACHORESIS
BIBLJOCR"PHY
Eilrnann. R,; A. Lang>docf; and H. E. Slier. "Bencht U~r die Vo.....nlersuchungen auf den Kuriim el· !uwil bei Amr1je." Mitteilu"v" du deu,~hen .or· cltaol<>cisclte.. ,..JlfluIS_Abre,Junl Kairo I (1930): 106-129. Mei"udU$. O. ClrriSli'''' Egy",' ",,,cre..1 and Mode"" p. 136. Cairo, 1977.
AMULET. See Maaical ObjeclS.
AMUN, SAINT, founh·unlury anchorite. Around 'he y..arno. Amun bKame lhe Ii... monk to ieltle
"In'"
i" tlw <10m 01 Oop/uIned rarl)·. he had Men obliccd 10 many by an uncle. buI lh"ft! wilb hiol ...ife in IOQI conl~ for ei.ht~n ,.ears. After bKomi"'. n>onk. he was in touCh with Sainl ....'
"''''Oftii
Aohanasius. Vi'a S. 1>0. PC 26. col. 919. Par· is, 1857. Chiuy. D J. TIt. Dl:SC.I. e,l}', pp. 11,29.32. Oxford. 1%6. PG 65. p. COlelier. J. B., ed. ApopJ"het"'al.
'.1"'.. .
128. Paris, 1864. E.·elyn.Whlle, H. G. The Mo,,"s'eriu o/Ilte W"d;'" N.irUn. Pt. 2, The HislOI'y of ,he Monlls..rie. of Nir,ill .nd New York. 1932. f"'luli
Sc.rn.
I...iICJES REGSAUl.T
ANACHQRESIS, lhe $lep by which an ascelic, following rhe example of &oint ASTONY. leaves hi. village "to whhdraw" (Greek. ""achort'") '0 rhe dc~e" and lhus becomes an AIiCII01l.ITE (a,,"ellort ..s). But Ihe oldest 81lesmtions of rhe word in Eel'r rtlate 10 a phenomenon of a lOCial ch.racler,
119
eNsiled b,. txce...i~e fiacal burdens. peasanrs ned from !heir "illages 10 rhe de.el"l or some olher place. This phenomenon, aJrcady no'ed in phara· onic Egypt (P~ner. 1975) and again under Arab dominalion. is particularly well known, 'hanks to papyri from me G.-..co-Roman period (Manln. 1934: Henne, 19$6; O.... unen. 1964). $<:,'e",1 his.torians. su<:h as A. Piganiol (1947, p. 376), ha"e thoul;hr !hal lhere Os a cI....e relationship bet....een Ihis ",,"chons;s of lho: peasants and rhe monastic .".clloresis. In 373 and 377 ,he emperor VaI<:O$ adoplf:'<:aSUrtS apil\$l ,hose among rhe monks ""ho soughl 10 escape their ci>il .nd military oblill"'llo1u (Pipniol. 1947. pp. 380-11). The monasteries sometim<:5 sen'Cd ll$ rm.V5 for cl'O"'m of people who fled hdore l1Ie exactions of the civil ollicials. as is apparenr .... the fifth cenlury from the lestimonyof loidot\lS 01 Peluoium (lel1er 191 PC 78, cob. 305A and Bj. The Pa.chomian Rules (see rACIfl). MRJS OF lAllI:!<slst). in pra<:ribinl the conduct to be adopted with rtprd 10 candida,~ for lhe m()o naWc lik call auenoion 10 ,be case-""hich mUSl !her"",,", ha,.., occulTed-of lhose who JlUS<:1Iled !he...... h"" in order 10 nope judICial procefthnp. Such candidales ..,n narurally 10 be nje<:led. The monasIi<: " d,«~. in bet, m\$ boo made. as it is ...... in doc Lift of $dir" "'JtlOfI)' (,\(~us. 1157. col. 8S3A). "our of vinue:' h II rhus of. quite different "",rw-.. from rhe IlIlIlCItorcsis of poeatant!! ~ing from their ~scaJ oblipTions. In accOm, plishing ir. the monk ...,....rales hi.......,1f from ",he "",rid:' thaI is. from aJl 'he objoeCll (peopk .nd 'hings) and occupa
'ha'
120
ANAMNESIS
The anchoritic life look dive!W fonns. From ,ht aMolute anchoritism of a Saini Antony or a 'ldJl 0#' TKtBf$. ",ho spent the greater pan of their lives in complete solitudr. to mo..., modente fo~ like the semi-ancho..-iti$m of lhe monks ol NITJ.IA and SCEt'1S. ....ftc..., a judicious baJance had ~n established bet...._ . the soIiu.,. and the communal life. Complete and IaWnl soIi'u
Amllineau, E. "Voyage d'un moine llYJ'lien dan. Ie dben:' Recu~;1 a~ "",·"U); relorils
K""eru". eonneT hislori.s<:he Foo-sc-hungen 26. Bonn, l%-t. Ft;SlugitTC. A.·J. Person,,1 Rtligion Among lire Croeks. pp. S3-61. Berkeley. Calif., 19S4; 2nd ed.,
,....
Guilbumont, A.. ~~ ooroception dLJ dt$tn chtt In moines d'f&yp!e:' Ret'w" 4t I'histoi,,, 4eS ."IiJ:ions 18ll {l97StJ-21. Henne. II. "Documents et .... ,"lltU $UT I'anach6
ANAMNESIS, a word ol Greek origin meaninl remembrance, memorial, or commemoration, and as suc-h ~ of the litufiY for lhe Eucharist. Greek ,'ersion. of the KriptUTa ltSC the .....o rd to translate •..nou. forms of the Hebrew mot Vcr. ....-hich in Anbic is pronounced dllikr. The lui of !hoe anamnesis ...,minds the bilftful of the u.n!'& sal.'ilie lh~ His wlkrings, eNcinion. r"",,,rn<:lion, and ascemion 10 hu\"..... The Eucharisl is ftOI only the m)'flery of the crucifi.ion but is a110 the fulfillment of ,he Lord's ;ns
won:
ANAPHORA OF SAINT BASIL
anamnesis does not only have lhe sense of lhe remembering, but also lh" r"pr~s~nting of all lhe main e,'enls and of making lhem present in lhe minds of tne faithful. This is wny tne anamnesis is prece
121
tion from death Ihat has swayed upon us; that to which we arC all bound in abe}'ance hccause of our sins: He descended into Had.s as accorded t" the Cross, He rose from the dead on the third day, as~ende
11 is notew011hy lhal lhe center of this anamnesis is the pl;estly action of ChriS! in His incarnation, His pas
,"'"
CAaR1El ABDELSHYED
ANAPHORA OF SAINT BASIL, anaphora normall~
used in th" Coptic church, and one of the three relained in Coptic service books when olhers. were abandoned in the Middle Ages, The e,pression "Anaphora of Saint Basil" is used to designate ei· Iher (I) thaI anaphora within it••lriel limits (from Ihe dialogue introducing the euchari~lic prayer to the concluding doxolQgy before the preface to lhe
!22
ANAPHORA OF SAINT BASIL
Fraction), or (2) that anaphora together with othe, prayers, or (3) the entire eucharistic liturgy of the Cop tie ehureh from beginning to end, with the Anaphora of Saint Ba;sil and the prayers used with it insened in their proper places within the common order, which als.<> supplies the pmycrs not proper to the other Coptic anaphoras, of Saint Cregory and of Saint CyriL The anaphora in the strict sense, like that of Saint Cregory, but unlike that of Saint Man/Saint Cyril, is nOl of Egyptian but of Syrian origin, with Syria taken broadly enough liturgically' to include Cappadocia if need be, It has the structural component. of Antiochwe anaphoras like that of Saint James, and differs strueturally from Ily,.antinc and Anneni· an anaphoras-them",h'es strongly influenced by Sy'rian usage-in only a few details, With the Antiochene Syrian anaphol'as, but not those of the By""ntine and Armenian rites, it shares the distribu'ion of role. ~tween priest, deacun, .nd people in the intercessory prayers after the eridesi" .nd the .c· damation of the people, "We ,how fonh Thy death, o Lord, , ." .fter the institution narrative. Its euch.ristic prayer, especially, is simHar to thc longer one in the anaphoric pan of the By>antine Li,urgy of Saint BasiL In assessing the textual relati(>oship of the two, scholars differ in their opinions, Of thC'S<' accepting a direct relationship between the two, ""me hold the older ,'iew that the Egyptian anaphora is an abridgment of the By>.antine one, reworked in COnfonni!y to traditional Egyptian uS;lge, while many accept the view of H. Engberding (1931. pp. I~~iii )xxi~) that the Egyptian le~' is cl~er to the Oliginal, while the Byzantine te~t is an expansion of the original one, with additions showing a taste for theological speculation based on biblical p=gcs_ Engberding ha., even suggested Basil lhe Groat a, the author of the theological expansion" and a more 'horough demonstration of the same thcsis has l:>een attempled by B. Capelle in his appendix 10 J, Doresse and E, Lanne (1960)_ One can l:>e im· pr",-~ed with the arguments for Basilian composition of ,he longer Byzantine anaphora while remaining skeptical about its being an expansion of a shaner and older anaphora whose primitive text is more faithfully retained in the Egyptian Saint Basil; the verbal ,imilaritie, l:>e,ween the two have not ken explained 10 everyone's satisfaction. While the Egyptian Anapbora of Saint Ba..il in the strict sense i. fundamentally Syrian in bOlh <:ompo' lition and structure, with ""me Egyplian retouching, the Basilian fonnula,)' (Anaphorn of Saint Basil
in the .econd sense given above), olltside of the properly ana[>horic seClion, includes a few Syrian praye,." borrow"d outright for usc in a Structural order, which is Egyptian_ A prayer of the ,'eil lhat ean easily be isolated al lhe fi"t prayer of the formulary is taken from the Syrian Liturgy' of SaiOl James, In the Syriac manuscript tradition a prayer of the ,'eil is the first elemcnt found in an anaphor. ic grouping, but while in the s'ruclOre of a Syrian liturgy it i, actually said immediately before the historical beginning of the anaphora in ,he SlriC! sense, in the Egyptian order i, find. its place immedialely after tbe prayer following the Gospel. Be'ween it and th~ beginning of the anaphora prope,·, .e,'eral other prayers intervene in the Eg)-ptian order, and ,hc placemcnt of a prayer of lhe veil at the beginning of the Egyptian anaph01ic formulary is probably due to imitation of Syrian formularies, wi,hout such imitations leading to alteration of the Egyptian order of service, The structure of the Coptic common order of servic~ now joined '0 the anaphoric forroulary to form the Anaphora of Saim Ba;sil in the widest sen", (lh~ third ,ense above) is peculiar to Egypt. Although most of its components can be found ehewhere in another structural order, ""me are '[1'Ccifi· cally Egyptian, for example, the reading of four pa<sag"l from the New T~'lam"nt (from Saint Paul, the Catholic Epistles, the Acts of the Apostles, and ,he Gospels), the absolutions before the prayer of incense preparing th~ readings and aftcr th" prayer of inclination following the Lord's Prayer, and lhe homologia (a confession of faith in the presence of Christ's body on the altar and in the mystery of His saving action,). The fraction of the consecrated bread takes place l:>efore the Lord's Prayer, a.~ in the West and East Syrian rites, but aClions ,hat would naturally follow (a consignation and commic'ion) are postponed until .ft"r ,he eleva'ion follo,"ing lhe Lord's Prayer wilh il. ernboli.
ANAPHORA OF SAINT CYRIL
of the yeil,
also u~ in the Mclchile ehur<;h of Aleundria unlil ilS local ...... ~s &'I"C way to lhe Intel",l obl.e",.,.nce of the B)'UIltine rile, In the Coplic church, lhe Creek leXI. which may ha"e !>ttn tlS<'d only in panicular circumstances. has nol !>ttn used for cenlul;es, wilh Coplic and. incrcasl"lly Anbic. beins lhe only liturgical bncuaaes rcuined. Some ohon Creek elements have ~n r...uined in tt..: CopIk Inl. especially in pans ~ W 10 the deacon and Ihe pcopk, waf
BIBUOGll4rHY The Crcd: In' is in E. Renaudol, L..t.. ,p.nom orienu.1ium ",olleelio (2nd ed.• frankfun and Lon· don, 1847; repr, franbol'OUlh, 1970); a1so;n AnIon Hiing; and Irmpn:l l'ahl, ~, P7u eJtCI,,"ufiea (Spic:ilegium l'ribu.~nse 11. fn1>ou..... 1968), pp. 347-57. only lhe ar>af"hon in lhoe Aria """nse); and in William f, Macomber, OrU~la/u. cltristiana ~ri odic. ~3 (1977):J03-33~ (with lhoe cOmmon orner). F.... a lisl of """... lce boob conui"';n, lhe Bohai.... it: and Arabic Inti printed. before 1961, ~ H. ~bLU: in J,W.ttpS E..p"e T......r""l. Vol. 3, pp. 6-11, n (Sludi e lesti 13,). Vatkan CIty, 1%4). A fourt«ntJ>.<entuoy ArIOic lUI Iuos bttn published by Khalil Samir in OrU~ud;" Chruli"n. Periodk. 44 (19711):342-90. An imponam ~i,,", ",-;I~ hao$ brcn published by J. Do~ and E. Lanne. Un ,n-'n ",elldiq..e de I. lil.....e "'OfI/e de S. &uile (Bibliod>tquc de M~ 47, Lounin. 1960). ",t.ich can be wpplcmenled by frlogmenes published by P. E. Kahle. &>Ia.i~h (Vol. I, p. 4()4. London, 1934) and by H. Qu«ke in Oritnlali4 ~II (1979):611-81. Transluions In Enensh are fo.. nd In John. Mar· quis of Bute, n.. Copfi", Morn;n, ServKe for Ihe Lord's Day (3rd cd., pp. ~-134, London. 1905); 1M C"plJe Lilw'D. a ..lhoriud by H. H. Abba K)'rillos (Vol. 6, pp. 57-117, Cairo, 19(3); Fayek M. ishak. A Complele Translalion of tJ.e Copli~ O"/wdtu Idass and Ihe UlUrtY of 51. Basil (Honll KQllg, 1974). French translallons are found In NOI'~ ",esse sell". I" lil..,p €op'e dlle de Saini 8asil. Ie G'a"d (Cairo, 1963), halian in Cuida 'a€;I. per ser..;.e /" Muu di ,;/0 altssa"d.i,,/} wp/O (Vatican Cil)', 1956), and Lalln In E. Renaudot, Guida lad/e, el~. (Vol. I, pp. 1-25 lof the Coptic r~tensionl and Vol. 1. I'P. 57-86 [of Ihe C,eek lexl). the anaphoric pat1 of lhe lauer being reprinted In H~nggi·Pahl, Guida lacil., ~Ie" pp. 34S-58). 5lUdie$ on lhe ~ubjetl arc O. H. E. Bunncst.r, "Riles and Ccromonie. of Ihe Coptic Ch .. rch, Pat1 lJ"' (T},. Easre... CJ",re},es Q,ume.ly 8 [19491950]: 1-39) re·edited in Burmc~ter, T},e £r),I";Qn 0' Coplic CII",'1:}" pp. ~6-90 (Publkallon! de la Sod"'· It d'A...,ht<>logie Cople, Texles el documents 10, Cairo, 1967).
123
Other-. are H. Enllberding. Das
ANAPHORA OF SAINT CYRil, lhe
tl'P' kally Egyptian of the Ihree llnaphoras rcuined in the eudtologion of the Coplk ",h.....,h. h ~ basi<::a1ly the same as the anaphoric: pan of lhe Creek U!U!'D' of Saint Mark ,hat was Fonne,'ly used in the Md· chile church of AleundrUo_ Although it is regularly called the Anaphon of SainI Cpil. it is inlroduced in Coptic eucb<>lo«ia as "Ihe AlUlphon of our holy fa,...... Mark the Apoale, which the 'hrice-blessed SainI C)TII the ArchbishOfl estabHshed.·· Although both die CoptIC Sain' Cyril and lhe Gn:ck Saint .\.taIk COfIUin tcxlual ,..nanlS peculia.r 10 the on<" or 10 the od>tr, both seem to be dcm'Cc OIhe' hand, Cop';" SainI Cyril ha$ tC"lual additions of ilS own thaI ar" n01 found In the ana· phone pan of Melehite SainI Mark. In lhe Coptic euchologia the Anaphon of Saint Cyril in lhe slncl .tnse, prefaced by proper prayers of the veil and of It..: ki.. of peace and followed by proper prayers of lhc fraclion (with its p<efacc), of embolism and of inclination after lh. Lord'. Prayec, and of lhanh' g,,',ng and of inclination after comm .. nion, Is de· signed for in""rt;on ,nto Ih", common order of the cuchariSlic liturgy ""hich is given In conneclion most
124
ANAPHQRA OF SAINT GREGORY
wilh Ihe An...,hor.! of Sain. Basil. The Ihree Unl pDyers of inleJ"CeS5ion after the pnyn- of 'M ...,il are eilher .0 ~ omitted or 10 be SUbsll'UIet! with shorter pr:o.yers .... hen the """pIIor.! of SaIni Cyril ..
-
In modem limes tht Anapbora. of Saini C)TiI .. l'IIll'1y used, and most of ~ music proper 10 .. na.s vown dim in tht me~ of the sincen. if it na.s fK)O Mn !'orKOIlen allogethc.r. Some eelebnnu ...., paye.. drawn from il in p~e of the CorTeSponding prayers in the Anaphono of Saim BMlI. and some effoos ~ made 10 restore ill inle&~ use. Tmi· .ionally il "''as.oeen ... especially apl for use in Lenl and in the Coplic month of K.i)-ahk before Chri.. ~.
BIBLIOGRAl'Hl'
A Greek text once u.ed in the Coptic Church ha. been published by W. F. ~ta
''''.
ANAPHORA OF
AUJlE1) COOY. OS.B.
SAINT GREGORY, one of lhe .h,ee anapboras rewneCIw att<>ched 1<> the Anaphora of Sain.
Basil.
The anaphora in lhe slriet $Cnso. like the An...,hor:a of $aim Basil. shows .he Sltuc.ure of an Mliochene or S)Tian anaphora. wilhoul lhe more strik· ingly Egyptian fearurel of the anaphora part of .he lJIU"D' of SaIni Mark and the "'-oaI'IlOIU. OF SoU.'l1" C'fUl. and il is presumably cl Syrian oripn. lIS adlopulion .0 £&ypt:latI Woe Ita. led 10 some sUuclu,.. aI duplica.ion ItO! lOu"" in the Ba5i.lian anaphora. In the dialozue al 1M becinning of the anapOora li'>en is a mixture 01 S)"rian clemen.. Wilh .he E.Jyplian, and there ..-e IWO inlroductiol15 10 the triple Holy, the fint chaBCIeris:licaIly Egyptian in St......· ing the "Holy" ",ng by ,hose pre$en,. the second Iypi<:ally S)rian in ilS emphasis on ,he "Holy" sung by .he angelic clloirs. A ~uli.rity of .he anaphora lies in it< heinl addre»ed no' to God the Father bUI to God the $on. 10 whom di~ine acts in 'he hislory of salvation before and after the Incamation are attribuled. boIh In the euchari.tic prayer after the triple Holy and in ,he ~rst of the two praye", of the ki.. 01 peace pl'eceding the anarhol'a proper. In the E1'ICl.EStS. Chrilt i, a~ked to change the gifl~ "'with Hi. <>wn \'oiee" as wcll as 10 send Hi. Hoi)' Spirit '0 hallow and change them. Although one of Ihe.\\IO alterna.ive prolye", of the 11.... of pexe preceding the anapho... proper may be a secondary addilion. both are addres.sed to Christ and th... ~. thaI ~uliarity of the anaphQT1L These pnyel'5 are p~eded by a pn",r cllhe ~eil lhat is c!<early secondary. for il is addreosed not to the Son bUI .0 lhe Falher. In ,he Greek recellSion. proboobly fo1ekhile, lhe~ is also an allemar.i..-e pn)'." of.he ...,il ..hich is idenlical with the Bynntine pra)'l'r of the clre"'bUtooo. and this is il5elf preceded b,- lhree olher prayeri' absent in the Coptic ,c<;ension. Of.nese Ihree.• be oecond. for the end of the prothesis. is addra.wd 10 Christ and is noI known in another «lnln!'; the lint. for the begin· ning of the prothesis. is borrowed from the An,iocbene lJlurgy of Saim James and the Ihird. 10 precede the Gospel. is idenlical wilh the prayer oIlhe Gospel in the Coptic common order. One COn· elude. t....... jus.! as in the case of the Anaphora of Saint Basil.• he original Anaplton of Sain. Gregory as an independent fonnulary began "";th a ]If
ANASTASIUS
su.......v. boe<:.Uie 11 is ad· d~ to Chrisl. In modem limes, some eelebnnu do not UK il al all. and some ~ pa1U of il in plal'e of the cornsponding pans of t~ Anaphor:o. of Saim 8Qosi1. on appropn...le feasts.
.nd EIsler, and on
P,lUt
B1BUOCRA'HY
GIft'"
A di&hLly Byuntinluf the Bohairic and Arabic texts. d. H. Malak in MII"ngeJ Eugene TiMe,,,m. vol. 3, pp. 6-8, 27. (Studi 00 lest; 233: Vat;"an Cit)·, 1%<4). The Sohainc text of a modern COplk cucholocion is lIivcn wilh lOme emendations and seleete
AF.lJlEo CODY, 0.5.8.
ANASTASIA, SALVT (ft:a.Sl: da)'. 26 Tobah). suth""entu')' foun&r 01. a m<>l!a!t...,.. ~ story of Sao"'t Anw"i' is tnuumiuw b)' the Lower EarPtian recension 01. the: Coplo-Arabic $YSUARION (Bas· !e1. 1916, p. 703: FOIJItI, 1954, p. lH [lut]; 1953, p, ~ I ~ Itntns, Dand by the rale of I)......:IEL IlEGU5olEllOS of SCIEJI$ (WWI al-Natrunl. in ",i1ich il occupies the second plac:~ (Guidi. 1900, pp. 535-64: 1901. pp.
51-53). Anaslasia .....,; the wife of a consul and a patri. cian, She was pu~d by the emperor Jl)$n"lAS and Ihus aroused 1M jealousy of lhe empreSJ TIlE(). DOItA. To avoid the ,,"0... 1, she went <>ff 10 Ale ...o· dria, and al a place called Ihe PEMPTON she fuundcd the monaslery called by her nallle (alS
125
of Sect... Daniel installed her in a cell 18 miles (17 kIn) from ScetiL He ICcrelly paid he.a ,isit once a -.,1< and JUpplioed her with waler th.-ough one of his disciples. In 576, 1"'eIlty-ei&h. yea... after M' ani"a! in Sectis. Daniel's
BIBUOGRAPHY
Cau...-enhe'll. P. ,,,,no Elude 'u. lu moine> i'ED?,e. Paris and Louvain, 1914. Delehaye, H. S)'Il
ANASTASJUS, Ihl"~"lh patriarch of the Sc<' of SainI M.ark (605-616). AnastUlus ...-as a prie<.t in A1cundria. • man of profound leamin& in th( $criplun"$ .nd the doctrines of the Copfic bilh, "'hen M was unanimously Klccled by tM bWtops and the cle'D of tho Coptic church to succeed IIlO.lolLW to 1M arehiq>iscopal Ihron.. of A1cundtU. Although his b~y has been compiled in dcta.il by s,I,,1a.us 'IIN 4lIl.ll)I$I'A· in the HISTOItY OF TlIE I'AnlA.RDIS. it seems .crance that his name doc:!I not appear in the sundar
126
ANASTASIUS
named Phoca., who laid hi. hand on the Bp.antine thran" and became emperor in 602, cir~urnsum~es surn>l.mding An..,ta,iu, be~arne even worse. In Al, exandria at this time, there was a ChaJcedonian by the name of Eulogius who wrote a dcfamal00' let· ter to Phoca. about AnaSt-aSius. Con,equently, the infuriated emperor issued an order to the prefe~t of Ale~andria that the Coptic patriarch should be dis· possessed of the impol1ant Chllrch of Cosmas and Damian and all it< dependencies and all that be· longed to it: it should be given to Eulogius, the misguided Chalcedonian. The saddened Anastasius apparently ned to a neighboring monastery where he eould bury his grief, Due to his increa
a
Af'leN-ard, the two leaders remained in the Coptic 1l}{lnastery "for a whole month meditating together upon the holy scriptures and profitable d<x:trine, ,peaking of these ma1te~ and di",ussing them," Then Athanasius returned to his province in peace and great honor after the conclusion of an act of unity' between Antioch and Alexandria, which reo mains in effect today. Anastasiu. spent his remaining years assiduously attending to the affai~ of the church. Evidently, he was a prolific Wliter on theological matters, thougb most of his work has be~n lost. From the day he ",,, on the archiepiscopal throne of Alexandria, he wrote an epistle, festal leiter, '>< bornily each begin. ning with a different leuer from the Coptic alpha· bet, Ac~ording to the lJistory 01 the Patriarchs. he wrote a book e\'el)' year of his reign, whether my<· lagogic or ,ynodaL In all, he pre,umably ~ompleted twelve books in hi, reign of tweke yea~. Azll S, ATtn
ANASTASIUS, abbot. Anastasius is said to h,,>e been Ihe abbot of a Pa<·homian monaste'}'. proba· bly tbat of poow. His petiod i, not indicated, but he is the author of se.'eral storie,. one of which, relat· ing to the adventures of a Nubian prince, aafr!, ha< be~n retained in the re~~nsion of tne Copto·Arabi~ Syt/AMRION of the Copts from Upper Egypt, Th~ name Oaft1 may be a play on words, as Cmm point' out, for this word is related to the At-abic qatr (desert) and describe, an anchorite. Using a Nubian im-asion for ~o\'er, tb~ prin~e reached the .-illage of Abnud, which is near Oif! (RamlL 1953-1963, Vol. 2, pt. 4, p. 174)~and became a monk in a monastel)' of Pachomius. This story will be found in the European ~ditjons of thc Synaxarion, ~ither that of Basset (l907, pp. 514-16) or that of Forget (19051922, Vols. 47 -49, pp. 353-55). Two 01her 'torie, of Athanasius ha\'e been publisbed by Crnm (1932), Such epi,ode. r«all fo,' uS a historical c\'cnt, the Nubian inv",ion, which would otherwis.c pa« unnoticed. At the ",me time, the)' allow us to date Alhana,iu, before the Islamic conquest. BIBLIOGRAPHY Crum, W. E. "A Nubian Prince in an Eg)ptian Mon· astery," In Swdies "rosen/cd to F, U. Griffith. pp. 137-48. london, 1932, Mu~ammad Ram~i. A/·Qamijs a/-}!
ANATHEMA
ANASTASIUS OF EUCAITA, a oclil..... cha,.. acler mv=IN in !he P~riod of th~ CYClE'> ("';ghlh cent..),). in nlation to the lqiend> conuming .he mar1}T THEODOII.l'$ $T1UT£LATU, ""00 "'.... from Eucaita. Ano.slasi... Is said 10 ha.e been bi5bop of EucaJta. lhe succ~ of a cer1;lin Sukian.... and il is ..:lIed lhal he composed an w<:omium in honor of Theodo.-e, lhe complete lelU rX which exi,lS in Sao· h;"lic (Morgan libraI)' M591. unpubli>hed). Por· lion. of th~ texi su ...... ive in Bohairic (Nalional Li· brary, Turin; now lost: ed. Rossi, 1893-1894), Thi' text gi"cs a lenlthy account of Ihe life of Thcodorus, ..anins with his family. His father, lohn, is said to have been a bold Egyptian IIOldler from the .ilIage of Apot (or Apor) near Shotcp. After fighlinl under the emperor Numerian, he married the daUShler of a prde<:1 and ""flll to li\'e in Analolia. ",-here hillOn Theodore w,.. born. 'file. odoR ",-as educaled by his pagan mOlller and became a bold warrior. l1>en foil...... the account 01 his batlle ",i!h the' dncon nn.- lhe laWn 01 Eucaita. his convenion, and his nu.nyr-d<>m for- rdwiro, 10 o/fer sacrifice. This 101 VCIIII 10 have ~n created In order 10 ··Egyptian""" th", famous military martyr. Il iI based on 'he Pas&ion 01 Thcodorus bdore he ...... associaled with the (lIIlIer Throdoru«. known as Ana'olius-who, In 'he Copek lradilion, forms paM of ,he cycle of BASIUMS the Gene",1. They are, of cou.--.e, independenl of each other. The encomium attribuled to Th~oru. of Antioch substantiales lhat they are different person, Ahhough in the Gr~k tradition lhe lwo Theod· 0= d""",lop from a ,inlle figure, ror hagiographl· cal reasons, Ihe Copeic; lradition sums al ~ ... t 10 be acquain.ed ",-ith .he tWo Theodor-n as para'e ~ •. ures, and Ihen '0 pIKe lhem in SQn'lt " 01 rela· lion 10 each Olher. albeil In a >'Cry coosuaI nunner, BIBLIOCRAPHY
Delma)". H. Urt"du "«'l".u de $dmlj ...fli/. gir.u. pp. 11-0. Paris. 19(19. ~, F. "Di a1euni manoserini copei che .. eon· ...rvano nella 8iblk>l«a Nazionale di Tonno." M~ ... ori~ Aagd,rni, oJi Tori"o, 2nd $CT., 43 (1893):223-340; 44 (1194):21-70. TTlo QRl.M'Ot
ANATHEMA, either a volive offering "" up in • temple (2 Mace. 2:13: Philo. Dc ~ila Mosis 1.2531 or, in I~ncraltcnns, t....t "'hieh is de'-oted 10 a di"inily
127
eiiheT colIKCraled Or aceunel .nd HOWOfOL51otl wtrt objcc· lionable, dissidcnlS _n not mbjccl to anathema (Hibry of Poilien Ubtr de oynodis II). In Eel" the ferocil)' 01 «<:ko:siasliral debate, linl between Anl"-S-'oSIUS t and hi. opponenlS and then bct..'ctrl C:Yal1. I and NESlOUl1S. made anathema and counln'ana'hema ~ and parcel of the Innory 01 ,itupern.lon. T1Ie ~, imporunl uamp;" of doc· lrinal """e"",nts. ~ition 10 which would inthe culpril in analhema and deposition worn clerical office. ...... Cyril's Twel.e Anathemas, drawn up in November 430 (Cl·nl. £puru/" 17), which Cyril l"1!quired NeSlorius '0 accept on pain of c.communka,ion. Neslodu.' Counter Anathomas 10 C}'ril preclpltaled Ihe summon. of the Firs' Council "f '''It[.S(JS in June 431 b~ EmperQr Theodosius 11. AnaihcmaJ continued to be append"d 10 doctri· nal suu"m"nts agreed by ,he councils in lhe East·
,-01."
128
ANATOUUS. SAINT
"" and WestCIn ~bUfl:Ms through ~ Middle Ares- AnlUhnna """ regarded as ~ mOOl serious discipli""ry measure. in,'OMn, complele oeplInl' tion rrom the fai1hful (Gnolian. Ch~rel",m n. ~anon 106). 11 .univeo to rhe presenl da)' in th<> Coptic ~hur<;h as a means of imposing sc.'c"" eccle.iaSllcal di.dpline on refractory clefSy and laymen. BIDLIOGRAPHY
Bindley, T, H.. and F. W. G~n. (Hcumenko/ Doc· ",men/S of Ihe Foilh. 4,h ed, pp. 124_37_ London, 1950. Cyril. £pistoJu. In PG n. cols. 9-390. Paris, 1864. Hiluy of Poit;."rs. ~,tIe 1pfOdu. In pt. 10, cob. 419-5046. ""n., 1&-45. Translate
ANATOLlUS, SAINT, lounMnltury manyr
rubahl.
HI< is 0 ..... or ,hi- pomonages of 1M Builidian cycle ...ternd 10 in dilferem lall in ,..,lalionsh,p "";Ib the .....,..., famous Theodo,.., Anat..,.. lius. n", IlIOSI importanl ~ of hi< m&n)Tdom is record...:! In one incompletee codex (Balesori and Hy.-emat, 19(8); 'WO fn,gmeems from leipri, con· sisl of Ihee bqinning and sonlCe olhe< pass.ago:l (lei· pold., 1906, p, 388). The complete texl may bee fC· consu¥cled from lbe abstn>cl of the Coplo-Arabic n1MHltIO~', probably derived Ihrough a ditfcren! redaction, Accordin& to the Syna>.ari<>n, Analoli"" "''as a gene",1 of Pen-ian origin under 0I0lU:TlA.'l Wh.:n thee pelXCltlionl began h.. confecssed bi$ faith. ()io. cletlan triN in "";n to ha'"e him persuaded a,,~ from btl faith by me ge..... raJ Romanu.. From here the Coptic lal continues. The SCenl< is set in Anlioch. ""alol"", h..,nl been lor1U.....t \>e. taUSC' 01 his 0JII'0ISiti0n '0 ,hee apos.tasy of Dioclelian, is pr,ll)in,.. Jems appurs 10 him, cures, and comll>nJ him. As Anatoli .... leavcs '0 10 ,he em· pl
*"
Analo1ius' head is peo:]ed and b.t1te'eS his body from fire. The emperor gi'"C$ ordec,." 10 he"e him bealen. bu, the soldiers in charge of ,his task b-ecorne blind. Invoking the Chrislian God, he .\.lI.... lhe soldieers, causing th.ir conversion and their manyrdom. Analolius Is taken bell>.... wild beasts to be mllr, I)'red, bul a lion speaks, pralsing "I'ulIoli"" and assailing the eemperor. Other ~lators in Ihe crowd adopt the Chrislian faith. Anatolius cures the em· peroo-. who oneee again is found in the deriI'l hands.. The "'~... Inlerrupttd ...-t.ecn Romanus the &C'f\e.. :oJ (anntb« famous Chanocl« of the C)'Cle) adYise lhe empecro. to jail AnalOlius indecfinitely. This Is one or the latest le:xts of lhe Basilidian Cycle, at leas, in .bee precse-rve
Halestri, I., and H. HY"ema', eeo:ts. ACID A-!oTlJrum, 2 vols. CSCO 43. 44, Paris, ]908. Leipoldt, J. "Vel7.eichnis decr koptischen Hand· sehrift..n." KOIDI", .Ie. HanJschri!l..n de. Un",,,.· sililslHbJlOIlKJ: :u uip~ Vol. 2. ed C. Vollers. Leipzig. 1906.
ANDA. S~~ Apa.
ANDA FARIJ. Su AnWr. Ruways.
ANBA RUWA YS (c. 1334-14()4), saint and monk known for his holiness (feast day: 21 Wbalt). H. was boom at Min)... Yamin in lhe GhaJbiyyah pr<Wince. His ori"nal name ..... bJ:Iaq Fun». bul he OS k"""'n in Coptic as Ruways, a diminulhc Arabic J'$'!Udonym ref~rring to Il,e younS carnel .hal was h;,; CQ",tant companion, After a shon I;me a•• fa,'m laborer, l'l:>~q Furayj de"oled himself entirely to a life of p"'yer. asccli· dsm. and self·abnegation, He used 1o fast for lon, periods, as 1~lilied by Palri.rch ,,"TntEW. He ",-as also bl~",d wi,h lhe po_r 01 dairvo)':ince lhal
ANCHORITE: 1·lislO'Y
um"d for I>im ,I>.... pill"" of The"!,I>an",, (Ih.. b
,.... ""pi
,h",
IlIS"(H' (,n('.o~lOS
ANCHORITE. [lI,i; ""'" ''0'"'''' of
p'u'I' 11"'0,", ,wd fol kim... 11,. {,,,I " .."Is tI,e drwlop"",,,, 01 lilt "'O,'"",,,n: al1d roum", ~onu <1""11,,,.. 11\"<1
/'''''I)U,
ilu. The ;ecol1d "lInde.• '0 /"Ik/ou ,k pJlIJo>aP/".J
"ss«i~,,~J willi
History AnehOfotcs a.., I",,"," ic hcrnli.. ",1>0:> em brand ,he hlg"""'- d<-@r or ...... aa'..c lire 1>1' ,.,. Ill"a',,'@ ,n,o ,"" ~l'Iian ~n and Io"nl in con.. plt't.. 5<:Ct... ion and .df-mon,f"""ion Tt\(, ann.al~ or ,.... Coptic church abound ,ot "",n,~." or ane""",.,. ",110 li"ed bUnl,... ulua1" la~ing 1'1 ........ h.-n ,h." anehori,e's dea,h wa.' illllni"cm. The'eupon. h.. would acquainl I>is ,'i~i· ",,', wilh hi. life slorv. When dca,h ell,ne, 'he an ehorl
129
Anba TimOlheu. (B Kil-ah.). Anbi KIn.. re'n,,: Ab,b), and ,.... penllen, ",RY TH~ UiYP1I,,-' (6 Ba.l' amudahl_ IJUI ho"e'er num"rou~ ,he r>aJT1C!> of an"horil'" included in lh.. S~-naxarion the I'artuli~ at 1M F12ll1n. (Budf<'. '1101), and lhe manu script>: kep' 3' Coplic mon:>sl""'" 111<.... must ha,'" been man, nKJr(" anchoOl~ ,,'ho bn-d "m: died unkno"'n I" histo" The man crediled ""Ilh mOlu",in, ,h.. anchori'ic lif.. '" AlIbi 1lU1:li ,"" anchon.. or ""'rmll par .. ~cel I~.. who ~n, "'Sl>1\ '''''1''\ as a n:d""" in ,.... &.ste." Dt"'"r1 befOll" "'" ,,-as ,-.s;tcd h,' Sain' ,,",,0 <,'\'_ .. ho I",.". buried h'm and lOr<>! .. h;,; lif.; "o~ Amon~ is al50 di'.-.l .. "h in'"lllliu, auchnril'" lor... although had '''I'PIK''lI broul'hl 10 him e"e'" .•i, mOrilll•. "nd ah..r """nll' '·..a". receil,..d man" ,'i,i'nn .. h<, "'e,," llirt'~,C(j t>- him 10 ,h" ,,"elk "a' of life. Simibl'h, An~ K~l;l. "'a, d~o;co'-'ITd rn' a hoI>' m'n n,me" Ani>:! f'8'''bo ahe' fih,'""en )<'M'S of soli,a,",' lik Artb~ Samuel Ihe Confe."" recorde
,,,riotl.
n,,,,,'
·n,"',
130
ANCHORlTE: Folklore
OUI in lIearch of solitude. Ap.o Nof.,....~ are told. was 10 mo~ by the srolies he heard aboul anchorites that .... deddnl 10 be(,ome onoe; and Anb#. Cha. lyiin li,~d loan ad,-ancnl:age al D~YIt A."tA M.w01L~ (),u..~uOs btl.".e he 6naJl)' be(,ame an anchorite. On lhoc other hand, sam<" anchoriles ne""r beIoo~ 10 a 1I>OnaOOIef)'. As in the case of Anbl 8(01', this _ bc.:au.e ..-..astid.m had not )"Il'1 be-en eotablished. Mary the f«}p(ian em~rked Oa a life of soIilude ,n the deoen ",ilhoul haYing Pf!:Yiously belonged 10 a eOll,..,nl. and "'-a$ Ialer met by Anbl. Zosima ~m ...). ",no "'TOIC her MOl)'. The e""enl of physical subjugalion and wlf·mani· ficalJon thai many anchoriles endured can be in· ferred. from Ihe facl that Anb:. Bolli lived On a daily ralion of half a loaf of b,..",d. »kl 10 han 1)<,en brought 10 him by a rnen. This is n:mini$(ent of lhe Slory of tm, prophc. Elijah. ,,'1>0 was similarly supporled by God ncar the brook Cherilh n KS". 17:2-6). Apa Nofar dwclt d",e to a palm tree and a spring of water. Anba Pidjimi and Anba Milsa eaeh fed on herb.~ge and drank dewdrops off leaves or I",,,s. It should not. howe,'cr. be assumeO" IhcUi "'lIS afflicted by a li,..,r diseue. and Ap.o Nobr died of f~r. Certain of them "'eTC a~ Wb;e0 e~lually ..,pented "ilh lhe help of Anb:. Samuel the Confessor and partook 01 Holy Commu. nion before he depar1nl this lile. .... 10 clothing. "-e are told lhal Anbl 8ll1A p.olm In.,-a and fibc.. iNO a pnnem. A f",,' ....... chon,~. how",.. r. _nl naked. a lOI<en of tnOl1i6-calion of lhe flesh: Ap;a Nofar ......... his lair long to cO'O"Cr his body. Anbli Pidjimi pteferred.• pen. od of naledn...... to cm..,r his body•• ince God p"" raimenl la Adam and Eve. and .ince lhe cherubim eO'O"Cr their bo
wo,..,
exercised Ihe gift of healing and """ e"enlually consocraled bishop of A.....n. Anchoritcs. on lhe "'hole. led angelie lives ...-h~e compl.... cly unknown to the outside "wid and immersed themselvn in p~r and meditation. 81BUOGJlAPHY
Budge. E. A. Wall i•. n.. Pa'a~ .". Gdnle.. cj'he FaiMrs. 2 \'Ok. London. 1907. f'Ol'£ SHE.>rolII>A III
Folklore The .."Of'(! slfih. (pl., s........
ft.,...
ANDREW OF CRETE (660-740)....
hymn writ. er and
ANDRONICUS
C",is Panum Cnoeeorum. nor identified by C. Gnf (1944l: the Third Homily on lhe Dormilton of the VirJill (PG 97. 1089-1109; Cb... h1rum Gnoa:or\lm 8183); on Salnl Nichol:>s (PG 97, CGk. 11921105; Clavis I'alrum Craecorum 8181); and the CIon· ons on Penance (Clam Plio,rum Graec:orum 8219). ..·hleh art nO( }'Ct pn:>p<:rly ioknli6M. Only On thr Prnenlalion of Mal)' in d", Temple
15 fou"d in the Arabk tradition of I"" Cop,s. h Is still unpublished. bul it is found in al least lh~e manuscripl' of Coptic origin (Coplk
Palli,,~hale.
Cairo. History 36. Graf. no. 564, Simaykah. no. 643, Egypt, \717, 1'01. 38b-~4b; National Library, Palis, Arab< 150. Egypt, 11\006, fol•. 193a-20I:o; .nd Vall· can Ubrary. "'"bie: 698, ElOpl, 1371. fols 139b-
,
SSbl· The homily ""'ai rud at ,lot liturgy on 3 Ki)-ahk. The incipit. £01l0,",,;n8 lhe Paris cala~ rnd5, "Thai the width of the anh rould be 5U"~ by hand Sfl8n or lhal the Wldlh of the <>cu.n could encom· r- the surbce ... :' Thi$ MabK homily IS also fou.. d in martU$Cripts dllll are not of Cop
Coptic. KH~L1L S"'''t~,
SJ.
ANDRONICUS. ,hlny·se'..nth patriarch of ,he See of Sa.im Marl< (616-621). AndronicUS ",as ulUln· imousJ)' elecled by lhe ckl"J,)' and the bishops of 'he Coptic church. His election univcfll&ily K· dlim<"d by the people 01 Aleundl'ia 10 ",hom he _ ,....'II known not only foo- hi$ piny but alto for his charitable chataetet", since he l:ll~e VnerousJy 10 the po<X" of hts communiI)'. E.-en the Chaludon.. aft diMidenlS a"""'l the inhabilanlS did not contest his nomina'ion. Andronicus "'71$ a man of immense "".... hh. and his lamil)' had a high aocial and poIilical Siandinc. His cousin became Alellandria's chid 3
",as
131
church. He """:lIS one of lhe '"eJY few 1a)·metI 10 altain the patriarchal dipity in Coptic hi$lory. for he was onl)' a simple deacon in the Chunh of lhe Angelion It the lime of his eltttOon. 11Iou&h he_ nOi a monk or a full·ftedged ~er. he /'llm3in~ a bachelor all his life and con6nel)' of 11r.. PDlrid ...IrS, their alTJti.... under ,Ite leadcnltip of the Pel'$..n cmperor C!t<:>sr0e5 II Pa,.. "iz. ~ended upon Ec3l't and th" Ert'P'i.ans lik" lac....... and "trod them down ... the o~en lread lhe Ih>aohing Roor. and eolltcl<"d their ""....Ith and all that they had inlO his [Ci>osroes'] trtasurics" (p. 434 [210D. Mier the conquesl of Iitt country, tltt Pn-sian "mperor dispo.!<'hed a ~lion of his amwd forces. under the command of a «noln Salar (probably :II corrupllon of Shahr 81"",,). to seize Alc""ndria and Ih.. adjKent di$lrict of Mareolia in the nonhem Nile Delta. On his "''ay t""'. .rd Ihc capilal. lhe Persian commander 5IIm:>Unded Ih" rich ar'C3 of the L'IA"TON m.mastery and ,..ized all iL~ establishments by stann. The Persian. Slaughtered all its monk, sa"": a f"w who succeeded in conc".I· ing themselves in hiding <po's. The troops pillaged c~el)'where and dcnudef all its ......alth and vast possessions. They leffthe Enaton comple,ely in ruit15- Once :II flourishing mon_ie inSlilution, It disappeal'Cd from the map_ ne\"Cr 10 rise apin. When the news of litis terrible cal_rophe reachnl Ale:r.andria. ilS authorities decided to ""COI.... e a peaceful wrnnder in the hopt of "";n, tltt city from bein& sacked and noined. Thus they opened the dl)' pt... 10 the in,7Iden ... ho entcred i\ ..nthoul liffin& a 6nvr. App>renlly the Pel'$iana feigned a peaceful enll')'. Afler ...,abli$hin, the...• sel,-es In headquarters later known as lhe e-I", of Ihe Persia they in,-joe
132
ANGEL
1m wilh Ihir lOilds of 1001 "nd ~UJ'J>«I 10 Uppe-r Ea,ypt. When Ih~y reachtd Iht cily of "!)(JOO. a nalive 1..... ;lor who m"y haw bten " Chalc:tdonian showtd lh~m the W3y 10 5Om~ adjaunl monast
Ihis
sacrilcg~.
,ht
P~rsians
P~""'n
bollalion... 11 was IMIC unlil W Byzamine cm""ror Hcrxliu. "''as abl~ bt~r in !lis
church..... BIBLIOGRAPHY
Milne. 1. A IUs/ory York, 1898.
of Egypt Undt, Roma"
Rille. New
A1.!l S. AT1YA
ANCEL, one of tht myriad 01 incorporeal C!"Ca' lUres wl>ost: naturaJ abode io henen and ..'1>0. on occ...io.... appear to man in !he shal'l' of human beings to rcv~1 God's will and carry 0111 Hi:!: commands. Tht appdIar.ion "moesKtl&er" 0' "alIIel" in lh", pro~y of ~hl was cOn· lil'1l1ol'd by Chris/. ",t-, He said of Jolin lhe 8apliSl, 'Thls is he of whom it is ..Tin"", 'Behold. I send my mesMnECr (or angd] bric>re lhy face, ..'1>0 sha.ll prepare lhy "'...y ~ u-.~ (MI. 11:10 'lOO"i"C Mal ):1). '"'" ""..... usage "'"lO5 applied lO some bishop; in c~ 01 churches in AsiII Minor (Rev. 1:%0; 2:1. 8. 11, 18; ):1. 7. 14). T1Ic &thers of lhe church mcordcd ,heir riews of lh" ctllt$lial h;"rarrhy. CUMr.... , CIt' ... l..EX.\Io:.,...... (C. 150~2IS) holds lhal "Ih" gTades here in the church of bishops, prcsb)'"",. deaa>.... are imilalions of Ihe ang"lIc glory .. :. (Slromata U. in A~le-Nkene Fathe13. Vol. 2. p. 505; Jurg.,ns. 1970. Vol. I. p. 184), According 10 CYRIL OF JUOSA~r.M (c. ) 15-)86). "After lhis "'" make m",ntion of h.,aven .. , of !he Angels. Archangtls. Vil1ues. Dominalionl, Princi· pallties. I'owe~. ThTon.,s. of lhe Cherubim with many faces: in effect repeating lhat call of David·s. 'Magnify !he Lord with me.' Wc make menlion also of Ihe Seraphim ..." (On ,he My.te,its 3,6. in A Seleci Library, 1935, Vol, 7. p. 134; Juri"ns. Vol. I. p, 362). ce~in
10$""
llo\5lL TtlE CREAl fc. BO~)79l states ,....t "Acco
lX"""'' '
17). ~t15 ()29_)89)••",..
Angel, Ihen. is called splril and 6n; Spirit n being a crea· ture of the imdloectual ."her.,; Fire, n bring of a purif)ing naturc.... BUI. ,-dau,.., 10 U', al leasl. we mUSl rttkon lh.. Angclic Nalure incorporeal. or at any """ as ncarly $0 as possiblc. Do y<>u $CC how we gel diU)' Over till! .ub""". and Canno' adva""" to any poin!. unl,," II be as fa' as Ihis. thaI "'e know there are Ang<:ls and Archangds. Thrones, Dominions, Princedoms, Powe~. Splendour" A.· cellls. Inlcl1igenl I'owe", or lntdligencie,., " (Ora';o~ 28.)1. in A Selut Llb,ary. Vol. 7. p. 300; JU'8en., Vol. 2. p, 31). JOHN CIIRl'SOSTOM (c, 347~407) Slate. lhat "If ,-isi· ble things al'c .uflicienl 10 teach us lhe grealness of 1M power of ,he Creator, and if you Ih",n comc 10 thc invioible powers. and you strain your mind 10 the armies of Ansels. Archanlels. Virtues aoo.... Thrones, Dominalion$. Principalil"". Powc-rs. Cherubim. Straphim, whal 'hou&hl. what word can de-dare His in~n"bable f1l&8l1ilictnc",r (Jlomilics on G~"csu 4.S, in loree-os. Vol. 2, p. 102)_ And Augustine (3S4~HOI ...·rites "Certainly 1M Apostle says: '\\'beIhc-r Th......,.. ..-hecher Dominations. wheUx:r Princip.hlies, ..~ther """",rs: And IMrefore I do . - 6rmly ~ievt' ,hat in tht he:t.v.. nly splenoo... lhere aft Thrones, Domin:IUions. Princi· palities and Po.....n. and 1 believe with an Unhcsilal' ing faith that lhcy somehow differ omong lh",m' sel>-o. Bul ... ,,·hal Ihey Ire and 00.... Ihe,' ......, differc-nt from each 0Ihc-r' do noI !rnow.'· fTo D'MillS agai"sl lhe PriJCi/lianlSll and O"l~nISIS II: 14. in Jurgerui. Vol. J. p. lIS). [Se~ alw' Archangels. Ch..",bim and SeraplHm. C"",dian Angel. Demons.] Fo' GI<WOMY Of
81BI.lOClUPHl' Jirjis MTkh~'J1 I.lunayn, Kitllb al.Khaliqah Cha)', a" Man;;urah a, al·MaM·ikah lVa.al.Shayarj~, pp. IS~ 78, Cairo. 1949. Jurgell5, W. A, The faith of ,hc Ea,ly Falh~", 3 "01•. Collegeville, Minn .. 1970-1979.
ANIANUS
L..cclercq. H, "Ange.... In Dieliormalr~ d'a,che%gie ckrhl,"", ,t deliw'gi" VoL t, cols. 2080-2161 Paris. 1907. Milani MIn!, '/lm al-Ltlh,il, Vol. 2, pp. 75-90, Cairo, 1936. Robert.<. A., and J. D<mald.on. eds. The Anle·Ni,,"e Farkers, Vol. 2. Grand Rapids, Mich .. 1956. Schaff. P.. and H, Wace, A Select LUnary of Nice"e and PO.II·Nice". Fathers 01 ,he ChriSlion eh""h, 2nd ser" Vols, 7 and 8. Grand Rapids, Mich" 1955. Turmel, J. "Histoire de l'angelologie des lemps aposloliqucs a la ~n du V" si<,cle." In Revue d·hi,· toir. el de Iil1erature reli8i.us~s, Vol. 3, pp, 53152. Paris, 1898 ARClIBISIJOP BASILIOS
ANGLICAN CHURCH IN EGYPT. Since 1815, when lh~ Church Missionary Society (ClI.IS) in London commissioned William J,,\wU 10 lead a learn of mis.>;ionaries, whose initial mandate was not to make con"ens among Muslims bUl 10 seek 10 bring about lhe "enlighlenmem and e1evalion" of '"those who are already outwardly meml><:r< of Chrislian churches," lhe Anglican Church has 1:>«n aClive in Egypt. JoweU Wa5 well received hy the Coptic Onhodox pmriarch, who gramed him lellers 10 principal priesls and mOna51eries, From 1824 10 1862 CMS missionaries. mO
133
chael and All Angels. Heliopolis; the Church of Je· su. lhe Lighl of lhe World, Old Cairo: the Church of the Good Shepherd. Ciza; the Egyptian <'ongrega· lion of All Sainll;' Calhedral. Zamalek: and a ,mall congregation attached 10 the hospital in Minuf. The Episcopal diocese of Egypt is geographically the large.t of the f,mr dioceses that eompri.e the province of Jerusalem and the Middle Easl, The Episcopal church is one of the smallest denomina· tions in Egypt, and tOlal church membership in lhe dioc~se is eSlimated al abou' one tho"--,,,nd. Only in Es-vpt ilself is there an indigenous congregation: elsewhere members are exclusively expatriate, BIBLIOGRAPHY Burrell, A. Carhcdral 0" Ihe Nil•. ~ History of All Sa;ms' Cathedral, Coin>. Oxford, 1984. La.hrey. F. 0, These Fifty Years, The Story oilhe Old CaimMcdicol Mission from /889/0 1939. 2nd ed, Cairo, 1946. Pany. E. C. "Unto Him Be the Glory in Ihe Ch"rch," Being ~n ACCOUnl 01 ,h~ Ar~b;c Ang/ican Chweh ;n Egyp'. Cairo. 1937. Vander Werlf, L L Christian Missio" 10 M",lims; Th~ Ruord, A"glican and Reformed ApprO<Jches ;n f"dia and Ihe ,Ilea, Eas'. 1800 10 1938, Sou,h Pas;>dena, uhf.. 197T. HIURY
WEIR
ANIANUS. the immediate Sut<'e""r a5 palriarch (68-85) to Saint "'~RK I the Evangelist and hi. firsl conven to lhe new religion in the region of Alexandria. When Mark 1 emered Rakoli., a suhurb of Alexandria. following his journey from Cyrene in the Pemapolis, the strap of his sandal bl'oke off, He found a cobbleI' named Anianus to repail' it. While ","orking on the sandal. an awl .lipped and pierced Anianus' hand. He lhen cried "Heis ho Theos," the Alexandrian Greek for "God i. one:' an u'lcrance 1hal opened lhe way for Mark to pl'Cach monolheistic Chrislianity 10 him while miracul<.>u.ly healing his wound in the name of Jesu. It is difficuh 10 know whe1her Anianus was Jew· i.h 01' a pagan native under the influence of the opulenl Jewish commUnil)' and its monotheislic teachings in Alexandria. Consequenlly, Mark was inviled 10 Anianus' home, where he laught his family the Gospel and bapli2Cd them all. This proved to be the beginning of a nth harye.l of other com'en. in this aTea, which provoked the pagan citizen, to defend their local gods againsl lhe intruder.
134
ANKH
Thu~ M~rlc
decided to disappt3r (or Ihe Wne he· fn,m the .scene of immi".,nt slrife He "n!ain"d An,anus all bishop. t"l!etn.r "ith th ...·., p...-.t.'.. 'en and se>en
In'
n...
ANKH, ancient 'Ef;,p,,,,n ;.ign of hie in hieroghph io. '.-an,mined to 'he Chri>
'u It.,
n.
,ht'1)",,"
1"'''''''
'ha,
At;"a. A. S His"',,' a; Fill""" C/"tl/ta,W' \1i1l. "'nod, I' Y.. 1980, 0·1....". l) The Sai"/.< of t.I:'P" Amsterdam. 197~. ll.uncaMh", ,\I. 'bto"e de N8Ii"e ,,,plr, Vol, I. lI<'i "n, 1966 i6 "01<., in progr.", St,,;,h. W,. and II. Wacc, Vicl"ma,,' '"~ ("Im>l/'''' /Jiu8r(lpi•.\" 4 ""Is. N"", Yo,". 1974. TilI"mon" L. S. r.. Mi"""rc .• I""" 'N"i' Il rI'i,I""" .,'d.,ia"iq"r, Vol. 2, PaIlS, 1711, 11711 S Min
Cros, ,h~p"d lik .. an Ca,ro,
.-I,,*~,
CO,,""" COpl'" ll,,,·r,l'r.,
ANNONA
in, to ilUch "'"ltI'S of c:hri$l:ian amiqui11 as JtUfl!olllS (.\<45·410) and $OZllM8< (fihh cCn!ury). BIBLlOGItAl'ltt'
Buds... E. A. TIt" Gods of the q,pri,l/u. 2 .-ok. London and Chicago, 1904; New York. 1969. Cra.mr. ,'d, Dc. "lIagyptiscJu LUu..zcicbn ;". cltrislIkM...kOJtliMhnt AOl'w•. Wlesbaden. 19S5. Neale. J M. A Hislory of Ihe Hal, Cilwrt:hThe P.,n."';},,'ll 0/ Alu.
u.."...
EMIU MAliD. ISlt.OO
ANNO MARTYRUM. SU Calendar. COplle.
135
connecTion wilh I.... ,'i,ns or .he Se\-eran emperors in !hal <:<>LInll)' (Thomas and ClaJ)"M, 1917, pp. 199f.). A$ in other pro,;neu of !he empire, il was 11(1( unusual 10 I...,. .ues« 10 impoK dcli,..,ries in kind fur ceruln requinl:menU of me army such ... food, clothes. and fuel. Anodter CIblipl;on '•.-... 10 prov;dc billet< (me.." ..",/ and trans;pon sen~ fur lht army (""r..n..e}. espedally in ,ime of "'a!' or during movemenlS of lroops. ~ Clltan, papyrolocical doeu_n.ation doc$ no')'CI allow us 1o _em uactly how 1M military "nllOl'l" tnIe,.ed and evolved.. II ...... y have S1aned ....ith irregular Imposllions for mili13ry supplies, demanded ..hen Ihe n~ .rose-....nce perhaps il frequern lu.u,.., io Ihe lroubled yurs of the third ocn.ul')' (see con ";Cling discussion of e,-idence in Van Berchem. 1937. and Carri~. 1977). The .. ~"o".. mili'..", was become a regular pan of Ihe laxaliO
'0
ANNONA, term for f.@ypt's annual
r
whe~l
crop
durinll Roman limes, A substantial p~n of the """0' "Q was destined 10 feed Ihe people of Rome (a""o· "" tivicQ .• "Mlm" url>is). In economic lerms, Ihe comribulion EiJ'pt had 10 furnish after ils conquest by the Romans in 30 B.C. ",as of par.>mOllnl impor· tance. as the .hipments from 1M Nile 10 {he Tiber provickd the imp"rial capital ew:ry year wilh ",'heal lor Four "". of .,,-el~ month... AUguslllS himself ...... med in 21 IIJ:. the cur" ""nonoe (lhe TQponsi· b,lity lOr .he lrain ..... pply). a fact thai ... "derUnes 1M politi<:al imponanco: of
or
.0
"""0"". •
...."0""
..,.,n
00'
"""0""
136
ANNONA
whut. b;ulq), meat. wine. ,inepr (Or eheap ",inc), oil. 'qttables, tt~tttT1l, Hay and dtaff were deli~red for the mounts (h<m;cs, eamds, mules, _ ) . OtheT ilems were eollccled for ftluipmcnt and fuel. fur aamplt.1tiodn (leather) and iron......Oillet- impomtnl pan ollhe mmUol')' ...._ .. In lhe: >rider sen.., ....,re dOlhes lor ,he soldien.. 1l>esc mil~af)' la-'
C2'ln.
,_.
The<e were still OIher taxes rel;lle
occrelary Iscri~ari"sJ for m,liUol')' affairs (
"""OIl"
'0
""on..,
a'rt''''''..
Abbadi. M. el. "'Annona mililaris' and 'RizIj:' of Nes.ana." In Alii dd XVlI Congr~S5O l"l.rna~io"ale di Papirologi" J, pp. 1057-1>2. Naples. 1984, Berckm. D. van. "L'Ann<)ne mili'aire dans l'Em· pire Romain au Ill' sieck" Mi!moirH d. la Soc;;· le "",ional. dtJ ~nliq"M,u d. FrG"cc, 8,h .er. 10 (1937): 117 -202. Bowman. A. K. The 7"0"''' Co'mciis of Roma" Egypl, pp. 77 -82, American S'udi.,. in Papyrology II. Toronlo.1971.
ANOINTING
_ _ -rhe Military O<:~\Ipation of Upper EuPt in ohe Rrign of Diocletian.'· 1M B"/k",, of '''~ AmrN_ S«~" oIl'''wo/ocWs 15 (1978):25-
".
"~
Rblt konomique de I'armk dans 1'''c"J'le romaine.'· In ,4_hs ," fis<;"/iti dans Ie montlr ""rique. pp. 373-93. Colloques n;olionaw du Cenlrt national de la r«herch., sdrnlifique
CIorrit. 1.·M.
936_ Paris. 1971.
Gucou. J. "Ostnkon irK lardif de I'IFAO." 8ullede /'/",'i'''1 /'''''fais d',!,rchi%gir onulQl, "" Caire 78 (1978):227-30, pI. 68, Johnson, A, C.• and L C. West. Byza"lin' £lIy!'l: Economic 1;',,"lt$, pp. 218-229. Pr;nee,,,n Un" v" ... ity Sludies in Papyrology 6. Princelon, 1949, lallemand. J. L'Adm;',;s,rd/io" civile de I'EKYPlt de I'av;,,,tmen, de Dioe/bien ol /" .,.iM;on Ii" d'octs, (l84-J8Z). Cm"'ib",lon b l'jlUde des '''pparrs '''' Ire I'Ecypte et /'Emp,u ol I" (in Ii" Iff' '1 au III' $Mek, pp. 168-220. Ac~mie Roj.... le de Bel· gique. CJasso.
'i"
Vol. 51. ,-,_ 2. Brussels. 1964.
Maceoull. L S. B. COptK Doc"..,.,,,,,,,,,! P"P'frl from ,.~ &;"~d~ Ubr"'Y /Y"k Uotivt:rsily'. I"ublka· 'ioll$ &. ... Soc,C1C d'AKMoIocic cople. Teles e'l Documents 11. c.iro, 1980_ Sepl:. A. "Essays on Bymntine &onornic Hlslol)'. Tht A....""" Ci,,",,, and Ihe AM""ris." ByztZntion 16 (19.t1~194)):393_444. Skat. T. C. "QPyn' from P''''Qpolis in lh~ Chu,e, BeQ"! Lib,,,')' Dublin. Che:;,er 8eatry M<;>nograp!ls II), Dublin, 19M. Thomos. J. D.. and W. CI.ryS$e. "A Projected Visil of Se"erus Aluandcr 10 Egyp1." Ancie'" Srx;ior}' 8 (1977): 195-207,
I.
An"''''''
HEINZ HEINEN
ANNUNCIATION.
s••
Chnilian Subje<:u in
Copfic An.
or SC1 p;onicular Ihinp apan 1$ sacn=d. Jacob lool< the stone he had used for his pillow and sec ic up as • monument. poorina oil 0\'Cr 1M lOp 01 It (
'IS
Christianity Anointing may be """'icd to ~nons and ob;cclS lOr <ei;g;ous pIl~. Wilh penon$. 1"'-0 special kinds of con!iCCralion 011 a.... uoed in lhe ritual of Ihe calcehurnenate, "''hlch Is pan of the baplisrnaJ ri,.. of the Cop,lc church, The Ii"" .. lhe oil of eale<;hesis, which is applied prior to tl>/: renuncia· lion of Sa'an. The pries' anoint' the person to be baptized first on the forehead. saying. "1 anoim you [name) ;n Ih" Name of Ibe Father and of Ihe Son and of 'he Holy Spirit One God; oil of c .. cchesis lor [name) in 'he Holy. Otte Only, Unive ....l and ApoW>lic Chureh of God, Amen." Then he anoints him on lhe !>tan. ,he palm and ""liS! 01 Ihe nghl hand. and the ~m and ""riS! of his left hand. sayIng, "May this oil btl... to nought all doc oPflOllilion of !he ~ . Amen. The second lithe oil 01 CJlordsm. called the ,,,I/i. d"ilm (£rom lbc (;fft'k meaning "eunn"lled olivc;' th... pu.... olive oil). After lhe pcr.;on 10 be i>apliud has rcnoun<:e
ANNUNCIATION, FEAST OF THE. Scc hasu. Major.
ANOINTING, the awlle.,ion or pouring of oil on a person 0< ;m object as ....ered rile. pracliced fro'" I;me immemorial by ,.. nom peoples and In seve....1 religions. II is known in Ambie •• masJ], Judaism Anoinling ""'as common for both religious ;>.nd mundane J'U'l""SCs. '0 consecrale eert.:oin pcrs.ons
137
138
ANOINTING
by all chun:h($. Eastern .00 Weslcrn alike_ Accord· ing '0 Ihe Consli,u,ions of Ihe Holy Aposlle!; (1970). 'Ihou shah tim anoinl him ",i,h holy oil and ahe.... wards baplize him wilh waler" (vii, I t: see aloo iii. 11». CVR1\. Of jEllUSALE.U also slated, ··Then. when ye were Stripped. ye were anointed with exorcised 0;1. from Ihe ''''ry hairs of your head 10 lhe soles ol your feel. After ma, ye were loci by ..... hand ,olhe boly Iont of bapti$m" (1955. 1'1'. uii-uiii; Stt also CltI)'SOS'l""'. Homil~ 0 .. I~ EpiSlle 10 rAe CoIoJSi·
aou.
p. 4).
Confirmation The anointing of confiTmalion is done immediately following bapti~m. The priest takes the chrism and prays o"er ;1. oaying. "Lord, 10 Whom alone is power. Who woTlts all miracles, and ro Whom noughl i< impos~ible. bUI Ihrough Thy Will. 0 Lord. Thy m;p.1 ~ active in all thinp. GradouoJy g~' that throuJlt Ihe Holy Spiri' in ,he OUtpoul"inz of lhe Holy Chrism, it y become a living oeaI and confinnalion 10 Thy "' IS, rltrouJh Thy Only Son Jesu. Christ our Lord." Afler lhis pra)·er. ,he ~I anoint. Ih" baptized person with the unCI Ion. ",orking the .ign "f the cr()$5 with his righl thumb lhirty·.ix limes on van· oul pans "f hi. body, saying. "In lhe Name "f lhe Father and of Ihe Son ."d of Ihe Holy Spinl. An unclion or lhe g,.."e of lhe H"ly Spiri,. Amen. An unc.ion of a pledge of ..... Kingdont of ,.... H ".",s. Amen. An unc'ion of Ihe fellowship of life "rnal and immona!. A_n. A holy unction of Christ our God .nd an iodi:osoluble sc:a.I. Amen. ibe perfeelion of Ihe Crace of rhe Holy Spirit .nd Ihe bTCMlpble of lhe Fanh .nd Ih~ Tn>lh. Amen. I anoinl you [nam~) wi,h Ihe h"ly oll in lhe Name "f lhe falher and "f the S<Jn and "f Ihe H"ly Spirit. Amen," The priesl lhen lays his hand upon lhe bapli"".! one and sa)'$, ·'May you be bleucd Wilh lh~ blessings of the Hu",,"nly and of Ihe Angels_ The Lord Je"". Chrill bless you. and in His Name:' Here .... breal..... on lhe bee of the i>aplized one...yin&. "Receive Ihe H"ly Spirit. and be • plIrified through J ...... Chrisl OUr Lord. W Whom is due Glory with His Richleous Father and lhoe Holy Ghosl." The fiJ'$1 refer<:1tC~ 10 anoinling "ifh ,he chrism after bapli$m was made by Terlullian (160-210): "After coming from Ihe place of washing we are rhoroughly anointed wllh a blessed uncri"", from lhe ancient discipline by which they ~,.., acCIlS· lomed 10 be anoinred wilh a hom "r oil·· (1970: see E:l:. 29:30). l.ik....
,_I
"I, is also neCC55aT)' mal .... should be anointed who is baptized, 50 Ihal having recei,·ed Ih~ chrism. lhal is, lhe .noinling. he may be anoinl~d of God. and have in him lite Crac~ of Christ·· (1951. p, 377. Consliwl;,ms o/llu Holy Apo.,le•. Bk, VII, 27. 42. 44, 1951. Pl'. 470-77). While Olher OnhodoJ< ",hurehes. bo,h Ch.al",edonian aOO non.chakedonian. preo;cribe unc.i<Jn "ith th~ chrism aIler baptism. they differ fTonl lhe Coplie dlun:h in the "'aY it iI applied. A.ceonIinllo !he Greek chul'Ch. the priesl anoints lbe forekod. ")'"". nostrils, ears. b .......... hands. r...... and .he back. In the Annenian cTnu-eh. Ihe forehead. eaJ'$. cy.es. Il<)!>trils. moulh. hands. breasl. should",,,. feel. and shoulde. blades a •• an()im~d. The S)'nan chuTches prescribe the an"iming or Ihe emire body. A""inring wilh rhe chrism was administered b}' bish~ and by pries.... Hilarion the DeatOn (c. 291371) Sl2ted Ihal ""alllOrt3 lh~ EcJ.l'lians presb)1ers gi'.., Ihe seal If a bishop be no! 1''''''''''''' (quoted in S<:u
'0
Those who from hetesy lum 10 onhodo.y•• nd '0 lhe pon'on of those ,,·110 a~ being ~,·ed. we receive accuTding 10 the following method and cu51om: Arisns and Macedonia"" and $abbalian" and Novalians. who call them,elves Cathari or Ari.teri, .nd Quarto-dedman. or Tetradi!e•. and Apollinarian•• we receive, upon their gi,'ing a ,,·rillen ~nuncialion (of lhelr errors] and .naI....·
ANOINTING
ma.itt ''''COry M
139
priests should tak", pIIn. Any numbet'. hoIoIcver. will do, and
Holy Matrlmon)' During.1>e se,...·ice of matrimony. Ihe priest prays 0'''''- the oil of anolnun,. sa}ing, "0 Masler, Lofd God Almighty. Fall>er of our Lord and Ottr God and Ottr Savio.- Jesus Chrisl, Who ",ith ,he fruit of II>e .""....1 oli"e lree anoin.ed p
n...
Unction
or rbe Slek
Unclioll of the sick is one of the .....""" sacra· menl$ of Ute church. in k«Pinl. with Ute teaching of James the Aposlle, "Is any arnonC you sid? Let him call lor the elden. of the church. and leI lhem pray ave. him, anoin,lng him wi,h oil in lhe name of Ihe lord; and Ihe prayer of failh will sa"e Ihe sick man, and lhe Lord will raire him up: and If he has committed sins. he will be lorgi.'en" (las, 5,141S), From Mark /dJ ("thOl:)' ... anoimed wilh oil many lhal we..., si<:k and hoealed lhem") one learns lhal the pn>
ConSKratlon of Buildings and ObJteu ""'hen a church is cOt\SeCra,td. it is arKJimed ..i,h llIe chrism aft.,.. pray,," 01 IOonsee_ion. The priesl!l C
and the ornamented Gospel in front of Ihe bishop, chantinj various appropriate hymll$ umil he IOomes to lhe window in the lOllS1em ..'111 behind IhIO altor. He sprinkles It with ...-atIOr. saying, "Unlo a holy con ...cralio
140
ANOINTING
c\ov..... columns. and COOlers of tbt church. HyiPl. "BIessed be tbt Lord Cod, """". and fore>'ef". Amen. H~ al ... ~ralcs !he allar by poulinl th.t hol.y oil llpOfI the tahl,. thrN limes in th,. I'orm N
of I"'" cn:>ss. Hying. "AI""lu;". How kw.,1y is th}· dwdlina paae,.. 0 Lord of Hosu ... [Ps- 14:1-")''' Finally. h,. ~""'CS the ~ilImal font wilh chrism. anoinling it 6..., tim~ ""yin,. ''We COI"t$C· Cnote ,his font ror Ih~ name of Saint John Ihe B;r.~ liSl. in Ihe Name of tile fath<:r and of th~ Son and of the Holy Spiril:' (Sec also BAPTISTUtY, CONSECRA· TlON OF.)
Consecralion of Vessels and Icons New "".sel•. Ihe plItcn, chalke.• poon, alld Ihe lile ha"e ID be anainle
McClintock. J .• and J. Strong. "Anoinl. In Cye/OIH' diD of 8ibl",.I. ThwlorkDI, and E:cclesUiSloc.l1iJ. nlllUFC, V~. l. pp, 239-<11. New Yorio:, 1894. Muf'Q'l' Bi:sMih and IqLlodiyUs Loblb. Kiljb u,ah dUluq<>tM-.lIh. Cairo. 1909. P~nge. J. dc. Le Roi Irb dtritim. Paris, 1949. N
,,1-10',,·
Perri..... H. R., ed. and m..... ''The ~ven Ecumenical eouncils." In A Select Library of lire Nke,,~ Dn,; PoS/.Nicene fOllters 01 lire CltriS/;t", Ch.. rch. ed. P. Schaff and II. Wa<:~. ser. 2. Vol. 14. erand Rapids. Mich" 1955. Scum"",re, W. E. "Un<:lion." In A Diclionary 01 Chris/jan "-'l/iq"W~$. Vol. 2, pp. 2000-2006. london, 1908, fo.,. Takri. al·Ka,,~'i. al·lad/doh, Glu, and Ca.irQ. 197... T~nullian. "&.plisrn." In The F"itlt 0( Ihe Early Fathus. V~. I, ed. W. A. Jurgens. eollege\'ill~. Minn.. 1970.
purpose_ (See WCIl.....lsnc ~ ) In "'1 the al:><:>-e-menlione
nlhl thumb, a practicc common 10 Western churches.
~m
and
81BLlOGRAPHY
•Abd al·J,tasI" al·Mu·i1dl. AI-MD',.,lu/iyytJh "I·,\/"qad· aD."h. Cairo. 1906. A,h:anasiu... Kit~b TDrlfb Q;,,,,,,' R.. /ab "J.Kohortul ...a·Tahl. ja",r Aw~,,1 a/·Madhbah. Cairo, 1959. Blocb. M. L~s Roi$ Ihaumall
ANOIl\'TING OF THE ETHIOPIAN EMPEROR. The tnDtJI powerful prine,. IUCCeNed 10 the Ethiopi.tln lhrone immedialely Upoll lhe dealh or rernoval of a $O>ereign, 001 his enlhronem~nl had 10 he I~lilimiud sooner or later by I"'" solemn a"oin1~nt al Ihe hands of the melropolilan, 'JlM> time:, the place, ~B<110 some e~t~"1 lhe manner of the coronalion vari~d throughoul Elhiopian history, The qu~slion whelher lhe empr~.. should be crown~d al Ibe same lime was also kit 1(1 Ihe discretion of lhe new so"e,."ign. Traditionally. the Calbed",l of Zion in Axum was lhe venue, allhough
...,-eral olher churchn ha,.., inc~ingly played a role in !he coronation pr.u;:I;ce since around 1500. n.., inveoti'ure "'U OOI1ducled in three: phas.es-'h~ prelu&.. Ih~ aII0inlment. and ."'" sequd. The sit~ and lhe oecasion ",~re announc:~d at leu! a momh earl;"r to lite public, ...i>o re ~n""''2Ie
ANOMOEANS
King of King< of ElhiopUo ""ing twice rejected, the questions were reiterated fo. the thiTd tlme. and he cut the thread ....i th hil s",.,..d and continued 011 his way. thereby symboliung the obstacles he might encounter in his reign and his delem'ination to .urmOUnt .hem. A group of c1e.-g:,·men then led him s;nling to the ac:compani_nt of the dr-um, sislrum. and stick$.. The procession again h,lted. as the church pce ...."aS shut ...d as lite sinp"I derxr from ",ithin po$ed QUe$riofu. ~ sillpng derxr from ""Wde rq>Iied, and lite pie opened. The ........-eipI spread ",Id p;eees, the,eby symbolizinl tim the kin,dom of hea....,n would nol be gained by fol'CC' but by the gi.ing of alms. The conYQ(ation culmi· nated with the proceSl of anointment, When the emperOT lat On hi. throne, the metro· politan admin;,tered to him a solemn OIlth to reo main loyal to the Orthodox bith. to ""Ie with jnstice, and '0 defend the SUl,e and 'he Telicion. The lIIoelrOJ'Olit... coofim>ed the (IIlllh by an _hem.. against all opponenlS to his rule and u,..eel the peoploe lO rally ""hind thri< so~. A spedal mass _ then cdebraled with a V",I deal of readings from the Hnly Scripnlres Iltld the wo.b of the f:nhe.... in lhe COUT"", of wh;"h the A81!1
ric"
BI8UOGILU'HV
Sel1a.if. Chrr)l!lqu~ dOl ,~t' .. de M~nelik 11. m' des '0;' d·Ethiop'e, t"'ns. Tesfa Sellas.i';, pp. 26~-78. Paris. 1930-1931. l.u<\olphu., J. A New History of E,hiopl". B~ing " FilII ""d Ac...mtJ~ DeKription of lh~ Kingdom Clf ANss"';", V"/g,,,'" TIro..,1z erroneously C.I/ed the
Gtl~rc:
Empire 1631.
of
Pru'~r
141
loIm, pp. 207-109. london,
Mlhlami Scllist Walda Masqal. Zeho Nata', pp. 727~42. Add;. Ababa. 1962: 2nd cd., 1969-1970. Rossin;, C., ~d. IlI,to,i" Sar~a De"gel (Malok S"g. ad). In CSCO 20, Scriptores Aetiopici 3. pp. 73-
...
T:oIla, B.. eG. and l.--ans. A Chronicle of £m~;or Y~""""" IV. Alhiopistische Forxhunaen I. Wint-len, 1m. Varenbuctt, J. ~Studien :wr abessini.d.en Rek.... ordnunl: (~ala Mangesl)." uitschn{1 fli' Au,.. tio~ ""d vert4'/lTJd,., Gebie'e ""d !>Order,m,,tische ArclrlloloKle 30 (1915-1916):1-45, BHRU
TAI'U
ANOMOEANS, the name a;'-.:n to the radical crouP of Arians who .,...--,ed about 356 under .he luJc.-ship of Eunomius, bis/ll)p of Cyzicus (360164), and the .. aodI....·· dexon A.eli= It is besW
Greek .......-d ""omotos (unlike), h,fe, rilll to Ihe relationship between the Fathu and Son "'ithin the Godhocad. The Son was Sla.ed 10 be: "unlike" the Father. in «>flU...I with thOIS')' of Nyssa III E"""",I",,, 1.6-) Actius, 50n of • minoT (lOWmmenl official who had died bankrupt, had lried his hand at fIIany I...des, includine that of goldsmith, befon: _tlina: "'" teachillJ that had • strona: theolog;caJ bias. His ta.... ts _.e the Gnostics.nd Manichaean$, .nd he maM his name through a celebealed d.,ba,illl vielOry ove. the Manid.......n leader Aphlhonius at AIe~andria about 345 (Pbilostorglus Hi.lOria eCcleJ;d'· tica 3.15). Aller a .pell at Antioch coinciding with Athanasius' return to Al''''''ndria from his second exile ;n 346. 1M: was ordained doeacon. and took ad n ...ge of Athanasiu$' third oxile to return to Ale ndria in 356. There he established himself as a on the
142
AN$INA
and ..-as a«..,.l~d by A.I\.:r.na$Ns' rival, Bishop Ceor&e of c.oppadoda, lOS d-.on (Epiph;onius Pana""'" 76.1.). He wu joined in AI<'Undri. by Eunomius....ho became his secretary and tMn the champion of lh~ Anomonn tau.., (Gregory of Nyssa hI E,m
Ii,,,
a Goosti.c ...ritina preset .... d in the Nag Hammadi libr.s,),. DIDUOGR.lf'HV BasiLr" Eu"o",;um. In?C 29, cuI...97-774, Par;s, 1886, Gregory of Nyssa. in eu"omi"m, In PG 45. col •. 2H-II22. Paris. 1863, Julian. The Wori<s of /he Emperor Julialt. 3 vol... cd. and English Inns. W. C. Wrlghl. Loeb Classical LIb",')'. Londoll and New York, 1913-1923. le Bacllelet, x. "An<>mi<ens." In Dicliom.aire de rhhHop cdv.oliq..e. Vol. I. cok. 1322-16. f'lltis. 19l1. PbilouorJi..... HisJorUJ euksiaSl.cIJ. ed. J. BidcL Die p;t<:h;,chen chrisdichen St:hriftsteller dcr t"!len drei Jahrhundcne %1. Be-rlin. 1913. Venabl.es. E. "Aetius.'· In DCB I, pp. 51-53. Repr New York. 1974. _ _. "Eunomiu• .'· In DCB 2. pp. 286-90. Repr. New York, 1974, Wickham, L. R. "Aelius and lhe Doctrine of Oi... lne lngeneracy," Siudia Palris/itt> 11 (1972): 259·63. W, H. C- fltE.":O
AN~INA, Ihe Arabic name of the city b.,;".... in Gred: as Antinol cr ANTUOQOJOUS. Lncaled on the n$I.ide oflhe Nile aboul 6 miles (95 kin) nonh of Mallawl in The proo'in« of MyU!, the city was founded in 130 by lhe emperor Hadri;on in honor of his friend Anlinous. who had drowned in lhe Nile. The ruin, of Antinoi!!Anl'inl al'C localed ju,t cut of Shayk 'AbAd~~. The earlte'l attestation of Chrlslianity in Anllnol!! An~inl is a nOlice in the wrillngs of WSEBll)S OF UESAlEA thai Bisbop Alexander of Jerusalem ...'rOle • leiter 10 lhe Christian. in Antinol!. which i"dieate! thaI Chrislianily had been CSlablished ill The cily by the middle of Ihe third eenlUry (Hl$loffl:l uclt.sMJ.i. Cd 6.11.1). CopIic·ADb;c hatiopaphic li1t.n.tnrt in· dicates lIIal Ant;.""x!Anlint ..... bUhopric by the MVllnm, ollht. founh Ct.nlu,>' ...mil • man namt
ANTICHRIST
nunneries in Antinol .nd its environs; the monasteries in the $lOme are.. were beyond counting (Pal· law..., /Aus;ae Hislory S9). [Sec .Iso: Aminoopotis; Dayr al·D!k: Dayr 31Najirj (Anlinoop<Jlis); Dayr Sunbil; and Shaykh $a'ld·1 BIBLIOGRAPHY Amtlineau. E. c.. GlOfr"Phie de I"Eople" ripoquc COplC. pp. 48~51. Pans. 11l9J_ Halkin. F. S. l'"chotn;; ViI"e Gr"ec"e. Subsidia Hllft· lo&J1lp/lioca 19. Bl\lSl.els. 1932. Mun;"., H. RuueiI du lislu ipiscopo/es de NgIisc copt•. Cairo. 194J. Timm. S. DdS chrisllich.J
ANTHROPOMORPHISM, the belief th.al
God ~ a bodiIr form like tha. of human bcinp. The belief dtri>"« from a liteJ1l1 rudinl of .he many Old Te&lamen. refertlla's 10 the eyes, bee. and hand. of God. This belief seems 10 have been widely held by Ihe monk! of Ell)pl in the lUI. foul1h and early ~nh <enturles. THEOPHllVS. J)"'triarch of Alu..ndria (J85412), refuted thi! belief in his festal leller of J9'9 and .roused a gre.. t deal of resen....em .mong the: monks. It is DOt cle;or how ...idesprdld the .n.h.... pornotl)bile bcl"h _re. J<>hn Cus.ian's account (CoIIaliooles 10_2ff.) indKales Wt lhe majority of 1M monks in KEllS (Wldi a1-~3!nin) we-re anth.... pomorp/tit.... Sozomen (Histori.. ecdui"slicII 8.11) Slates thaI a delegation of aniI)', threatening monk. visiled "Theophlh.ls. who did nOl relracl his critici.m of anlhropomorphism but accommodated the monks by condemning Orig.nism and attacking ....sp«ted Oriceni51 mor>ks. The Audiaru. a founh-cenlUI)' anthropo
BIBLIOGRAPHY A"g"stine. De hoeresibu•. In PL 42, cols, 21-~_ Paris, 1841. See KC, SO,76. OriOIOn, E. "L:a discussion d'''n moine amhropomorphite audi.n ave<: Ie palriarche Thtophile
143
d·Aluandrie en annh }99.~ Rev"e de I'O~, c!tTilie" 20 {1915/1917):92-IOO, 113-32. (;.,nnadi" •. Liber d' scnplO'1'b"s ecclesiasticis. In PL 38, 'ols. t059·1120. Paris, 1841,~•• ~. 34. Orlandi, T. "II doulere copto di "c.tonico di Tar$(}: Studio I.".rarln " .lOrieO."' In S'udiu P,eS,"letf /0 HaM J,'cob Pok>t
ANTICHRIST. 'enn oc<:uninll
~.,;l in Chrisoian
lit.nuure but •••oncep:ion of a p<J_rful being opposed 10 God at the end of the world 1000nd in earlier Jewish apocalyptic literature (c,g., D. 7:7f1.; t 1:40), This probably originaled in Iranian 'I<:h:uolOIY (Ih. bailie of Ahun> Maub with Angr;r. Main)"U). ar>d from the,e influenced Jewish ;tpOC4tlypllc wrilinl'!. Then: were many variations ..ith'n Jutlaism rtllecti", duall$C itIc2I curren' at the time. The J'O""'erfuI brine is """e1im" ca.lled Saran or Belial (e.&-. TCJlilmenl 0( IAri 18,12 in Chlorieswonh, 1983, p. 795), and is descnbe<:! as "the prin« of this world." The Qumran secl beli",-ed ,hat Belial would be at the head of the army of lhe Sons of Dark"".! againS! whom the Sons of Lighl walle war. In on. of Ihe Qumran hymns (16.15) there occ"rs .he pn>y'" "Suffer no!: Bellal to arise and imme"" himself in Thy sen"aJl"s spirit" (.ra.... Gaster, 1976. p. 201). Some1imes this ~l being was iden.'· lied with hisloriul penon" (c-c.. Caligub. who had threau:-ned .0 desc<:ralC 'he Jewish T.mple ;n .... D. 39/4ll). A C)"de of traditioM also arose around the lxliel' Wt "'ero would return wi.h a ranhian army (0 oake ,·.. ngeance on Rome. Chri5tian a5 ""ell as Je""ish apocalyptic lit.... look "p thIs belief and id.ntlfi.d Nero with Anli
n"..,
'0
(44
ANTIMENSION
1I111UOGRArHY 8ou~,
W. AntklotUt. london, 1396, CIwi~wonh. J. H., nt. The ali TesUlmenl Pse..de. Plt,.pIo., voL I. Garden Clly. N.Y., 198J. Cohn, N. The Pun.." 0{ ,he M,lunlfi..m. lon
De"
don, 1944. Ruutll, D. S. TM Mnhod ...<1 MeMq.t 0{ Jewish Apoc.l)pti~. London. 19M.
ruqt>s .1-1'.1115<'11 ./.(}ibfiyy<>11 w'H,'-Quddiu. Caim, 19~7_ IUtHBl51f01' B,,",uos
ANTINOE. Sn Antinoopolis.
ANTlNOOPOLIS (Arable, AnsiNi).
(1M elltry OPt ,IIi< andell' 1_'11 ," UpptT ED'pI eOllsists 0{ tw., ""icles; llter;or)' and Archaeological Sourct$ ....Ii
Archil""u''"·1
Literary and Archaeological Sources ANTIMENSION, a C
,te31
IIIBLlOGRAPHY
BOller, ",. J, The Anden/ Cop/ie Churches of €.,ypl. 2 vola. Oxford, 1884. Manq.ri)'Us 'A...,.<,laIlah. Man4Tot al.Aqdd.l (f ~IoM;'
In the [Ollrth and ~fth c,"muriel Ihe town of Anti· noopolis 1l000rished. for it was the capital of the pro,ince of the lhebaid u far as Aswan. The nllns were numeNus, and the hermits and monks lived in the \'kinily. This we learn from contemporary d""uments: Ihe te.L! relating to Saim ~ACHO""US ...,pealedly speak of it: the LXJTEt>. OF .',Ml.ION qUQI"" one of !he monks lMTlI at Anlinoopolis (ed. Halkin and FeSlu8ihe. 1982, pp. lIS, 16-4); Palladius' His· lAusi4Ic" speaks of the I....elve con,'ents of women in lhe 1O"-U of An,inoopolis and of Ihc 1.200 hermits liYinl around the IOwn. It speaks of me tn<>DUIO:ries and of the ca\~ ....bert lhey li,-ed (1898, vot l. pp. lSI-54). In the sixth ""DlUt)', John .\toKhus Sial knows this monastic community (Chaps.. 143 aDd 161, I"C 81), The Coptic ""'IS aka mention I..... places ...i>ert VU>eralm ...-.os paid in p;uticular 10 LIM: ...,lles of the saintS CIaudiIlS and Collum... (Orne"""', 1982. P. n: Mu)'§tI". 1937. p. 21; Till, 1935*1936, Vol. 1. pp. 168, 181; Godron, 1970. p. 566). In the )'liddle A,es the only alllhor ...-no give$ a genenl Yicw is ~BO sAul;! TIl£ A1t"'''''IAN {beginnin8 of tllincenth (tflIUty). He wrote after the desnuc· oon 01" A~nj by ~ SoI·Din (Saladin, 1169-1193), according 10 ",. Grohmann (1959, p. 441J). AbU. SAlih (Th~ Cluucltes, 1895, pp. 228-29. 244-45) places the monastery at "'ntlnoopolis, no doubt throulh confusion between the place·names An~in~ and Is· n:l., then the monastery of the greal saint Shiniidah, which he put. at lhe mollntaln Andariba. We may ....ondu if the amhor hOI. not confused Andariha and Atrtb, and must also rememlxr that the provo ince at InlS period was called Ta~:I. w..-Shiniidah (cf. Grohmann. 1959. p. 4301), We may n,;se the qu.,.·
,on.
ANTINOOPOLlS: Literal)' and Archaeological
lion oIlhe ci..ence 01 al1
,
. ,
•.......... _.
': ~: ... "'".•.•..... ,, . ,
· t: ,
,
'. ' ;,
,
'~-".~,
,
Sources
145
rq,on of Aminoopolis. AI·Maqm1 (ISSJ. Vol. 2. p. 502) names only lhe mOl\llMel)' of Yul)annis aIQ;osTr near Anlino<)pOlU. We InU$l also DOle Ihe te5(imon:l' of 1M tn"~~. for [hey $llw the wwn before its remains _ne used ror the building of a ~ ..vrh lU RilI,btl. We may n
I. "The anonymous Venetian of 1589 "'M &scri:>es anciml Antinoopolis in detail (V01"fI<S en £01'" Ie. 1971. pp_ 57-63). 2. J. w..'<Sl.EIIl. who in 1673 spo-nl ....-er:aI days II Abu l:Iinni< (1617. pp. 141-52: Eng. ed, 161S, pp. lJ2-~). He abo saw the 'omb 01 Ammoni· us. man)'r bi>.hop 01 lsni. ,,,,,nsfonned imo a mosque. and loouaht that Shl)--kh ·Ab.tdah (Ihe presem name of llIe village d~ 10 the mins of Anlinoopolis) comes from a confusion between tht appolialion 'dlJid (de"out), gi..en Ammoni· us and misunderstood by Ihe Ara\», and ·AW
'0
Two oeries. of uc.....lions ha~ 1l«n carried .... , in lh~ 1<>WlI and lhe necropolises tha, surround il. I. Between 1898 and 1910 Ga~1 eacavaled especiall)' the oecropolisct.. A critic.1 ,""counl of Ihese Cc;l.-.Iions is gr.~ by H. Leckrc:q in Dfcrio"".irt d·.....hklorit chrillllnne ~I de lill'rtU (Vol. I. pl. 2 cols.. 2326-60) and by It. Mallon in lhe $lime cficlionary (VoI_ 1. co .... 281~-8-61, Thd.- iniorm.ulon ..... completed by G. ufeb>..... (1910. 1915). Ii gener.tl view wilh a bil>lio&noplty on lI.e .subjecl can be found in H. Munier (l9~9). 2.. £inct T916 lhe It-alian missions from lh~ uni""rsi.ieo; of Rome and florence ha>-e 1CJl<:a>'aled chicfly the lown (Btuc" and Oonadooi. 1938; [)onadoni, 191~. 1915).
•,, ,, ,
~.~::::.-.:::::::::;··~!'~·i!i·i!i·_·_---_· .. ····r.. ·:::::~. Pan 01 die ruins of tlte medic,,,] ceMbile monastery .1 Antinoopol". CONru
BIBLJQGUrnV
B""cda, E., and S. [)onadoni, "Le prim~ ricerche ilaliane ad Anlin~," AtVPIU$ 18 (1938),285-.)10, Donadoni, S. "Anlino<' 1965-1968:' Mi"iolle arche· ~I~fica in EgiNo de//'Uni,'us;//! di Roma, pp, 14ff. IstitUlo di Studi del vicino orienle, seri~ archeo· l~ica 21. Rome, 1974. ___. "Aminoopolis." Lu;cQn dc, ,j·gypwlogie, Vol. I. Wiesbaden, 1975. Drescher, J. "Apa Claudius and lhe Thieves:' Bulle·
146
ANTINOOPOUS: Architecture
,,'n dO' I" SociJ!'i: d'A"'hklof/e rop,e
".
(I~2),63
Godron, G_ Tales copus ,d'''ifs • S,,,,II CI"..t/., t/'Aruitxh.,_ Pauolocill Syriaca lS (1970), Grohmann, A. SI"diO'.. :"T hWorisl;he.. G~"pJU.,
....d V..,....oIIU ..: des frfJ",tlIl.,ltJll."/iclt.,,, Atyplm. OsIeTTri
Archllecture In the second and third centuries A,D. lhe lown, whieh enMe
Church Bulldln,_ In Ihe Old Town The mll.n)' church buildinp m.,ntioned in several ..,.,.cn ~ no 10• • In existence. The Italian a ... chxolopal miMions. ",-hieh been prtSmt on the sile since i965. C:;lmC across a r- small chu..,h bu~dinl:' bu< ""'y In milfJirtal an... of lhe fonner 1OVo-n. Th~ is thoe ..,..en:1y piunder-cd ruin of an early Chmcian basilica in Ux 50••I1",""t quanr., of lown. We can see 1M coorse 0( part of m., Ollte., .....11 and the stylabale, "ttic:h abo live me po!Iition of the return ai5le. ll.S wellllS a cl)l'1 xces· sibk by stairs on bolh sides (UlWri. 1974. pp. 37_
Ita,,,,
u...
m
11 second $ma1l chun:.h ...." discovCTed in me area of 1M nonh necropolis of AlIlinoopoJis. It con· sise. of a small b;t$i1ica Wilh .. th....,·pan sanclual')' but without .. return aisl.,. Tn tiM: south liM:.e is an adjoining coun, botlnd.,d on the east side by several rectangular cham""n. One of lhese has •.,veral small soldier's sketches on One watL The building "'. .. daled to the fourth CenlUl)' by the excm'ators (Manfredi, 1966, p. 191; .ke.ch-plan in Pericoli, 1978, pp. 307-309, I1g, 9). A lhi.d chun:.h probably of the same date ....-a~ discov.. <ed in the so-called soulh n«ropoJis. It is a particularly larae bulldillg or wilican shap<: "ilh an unusually modeled tripll.1tile san<:lUary. The apse is adorned ",ilh an inlier ri"lt of .. pplied columns and in ....dilion 10 the cenlral main opCTIing has IWO omaIler and half·rounded enl""nc:es 10 fum> the si~.
The other chun::h buildings t""ceable in the cen· ter of the uno.... (Mitchell, 1'982. pp. In-79,
Building. In tM Southern Suburb " $£>me...llal i....e. number of rh c:h buildings h... bun p<e$l'rved In the late• ...,Ulhe suburb nf Aminoopoli5 called Upp<::r An!lnll, the ruins of which ..re called al·Mad!nah by the population liv· ing in lhe a'Ca (Clark
ANTINOOPOLIS: Architecture
147
---,-
-...:'..:'.
,,
.... ,
., Plan of
lh~y deri~~
,.
lh~
".-
/'
~
church in
th~ south~ast
quaner of Antinoopolis. Co,mesy /'.1
from lh~ ~nd of lh~ lale antiqu~ p~riod. On~ of thes~ churches has a ,anctuary de~eloped as a lriconch, It lies on lhe south edge of a laFge w611ed precinCI that also contains many two· or thre~'SlOried single buildings. At anolher place there is an accommodation block of s~,'eral rooms, each room containing se.eral bedsleads. Unf0l1unalely, all .hese buildings are stillla.-gely huried, so thaI imponant elem~nts are so far not available for ~,amination,
.
Only a small complex of ruins lying tl~ar th~ ri"eF was actually e,ca~a1Cd b)' the Egyptian Antiquities Organlzalion, and lhis was e,'identiy a sm.lI medie".1 e~nobite monaslery, Wilhin an ",~a sur· rounded by a meager wall lie a church. se\'eral ac~ommodalion building', and a lower. The chureh has a single aisle and in the west a nanhex ,eparaled from lh~ na~~ b}' a row of columns. The sanctu· ary a< usual consists of lhree chambers, in front of which is p],'<'ed a khurus (room belween the ...nc-
148
ANTIPHON
twry and naos) occup}'ing the emire width of the chureh, Of the a~commodalio" blocks, the larger one in the northeast calls for particular altell1ion, The laYOUt included twO or three "videntl}' com· munal dormitories on ea"h side of a wide corridor, From the number of wall niches it appears that Ihese were inlended for ,even or eight occupams each. On the kft b,"ide the enlrance were presumably the stairs to the upper .tory. The whole west side of the building was occupied by a lwo·aisle refectory. The lower is square, but only the inner partition waH. have survived. The "ulCr walls w"re presumably buill of Slone and ha"e been 10M, but three rooms arc apparelll, in addilion to the stair· wclL Enlrance may have b<'en from lhe easl by a dra"bridge at the level of 'he flr'St upper story, From a chronological poim of view, the whole complex, because of the de.'e!ope
ANTIPHON, a form of lilurgical chanl performed by two canlor< or Iwo groups of cantors, referred I"
as the nOllhern and SOUlhern chorus with regard to their posilion ne~l 10 the iconootasi' where Ihq stand in Ihe church, Each sings four verses aller' nately. Thi, fonn is commonly used in lhe annual and Kiyahkian psalmody. Antiphonal chanting has its origin in the Old Tes' tament, where It was used in lhe labcrnac1e and Iatcr in thc lemple, In I Chronicles 25 we learn how David divided the Le,'ites inl" groups to perfonn before the tent, until Solomon built lhc lcmpiC in Jerusalem, and in Ezra 3 we 'ead about lhe son, of Asaph praising the Lord with Ihelr cymbals in the manner prescribed by David. In 'he dalS of Nehemiah al the dedication of lhe wall of Jer",;alem the LevilCs we,"" broughl 10 celebrale lhis event in two choirs singing 10 Ihe accompanimenl of cymbals, Imes, and hafJ" (Neh. 12:27-42). It was also in antiphonal singing lhal [saiah heard lhe ser· aphim praising the Lord, calling ceaselessly 10 one anolher: "Holy, hoi}', holy Is the Lord of hosts: the whole earth is full of his gloI)" (Is, 6,3), Ecclesiastical historians differ as to 'he lime and lhe process by which anriphonal chanting was in· lroduced into Ihe Chrislian church. Some anribute it 10 a vi.ion seen by SainI Peter, and others 10 lhe initiali"e of SainI Ignatiu. of Anlioch (e. 70-c, 107) who followed Saini Peter as hishop of lhat city (Rus1Um, 1958, Vol. I. p, 52). According 10 Socra· les, "Ignalius, Ihird bishop of Anrioch in Syria from Ihe apostle Pelel', who also had held imercourse wi'b Ihe aposlles themselves, saw a vision of angels hymning in alternate chants lhe Holy Trinlly, Accordingly he introduced Ihe mode of singing he had observed in the vision inlO the Antiochian <'burch; whence it was lransmined by lradition to all the "Iher churches" (Ecc!H;a$I;C"; Hislory 6,8), In Theodoret', view, 'Th.1 excellcnt pair, Flayianus [bishop of Amioch] a~d Diodorus [hishop of Tarsus] lhough not }'et admined 10 lhe priesthood and ~lill ranked with Ihe laity, worked nighl and day to slimula'e men', zeal for trulh. They wCre lh" firsl 10 divide choirs Inro lwo parts, and 10 leach lhcm to sing the psalms of David antiphonally. In· troduced f'r<1 al Antioch, lhe praclice spread In all direOion" and penelrated to 'be cnds of Ihe eallh" (1953, p. 85). It I' al.o possible to lrace lhe aneeslr)' of the antiphon 10 Ihe Therapeulae, lhe Jewish cOmn1l1n;ly of a-"'etit CQn"ert' 10 ChriSlianity, and, lhrough them, to 'he musical renderings pedormed In lhe ancient Egyplian lemples, These Therapeutac, who Ii,'ed in the .. icinity of Lake Mareotis near Alexan, dria, al the time of Philo, rna}' have played a signifi, canl part in introducing this manner of religious
ANTONY OF EGYPT, SAINT
(han,in~
A.I
Penl~ Hlh~ ~n\
the ,,-hole nlglll un,il sunrise in oIJering up pntise5 and in tongs d Th:lonksti~in. SU"8 in chorw; by men and women. ... The singing i_If "''as n:ndered accord,,,. to the LaW$ of mU$kal an, which Sft'mS I<> ha,~ been bar· ~ from fcyptian .emple.. and "'"u 'Mn In_ mi,,~ 10 .ftc Christian Chun:h" (Kohler, p. 13~). (See .1M>: M.mc: Dncription of W Co
Kohler. K. "Thtrapeutae." In The JeM~Jlt Enqclo~d"•. Vol. 12. ed. Isidon: Sin&er. New York, n.d. ....111(001. J. B. TIN; Ap'>SIn/it: F~IIu:'J. pc. 2, p. JI. London, 1389. Jl.uslUm. 11. Kanis", Madi..", AI/In ,t"lab,..,1r
ANTIPHONARY. $u Difnlir.
ANTONY OF EGYPT, SAINT
(f~1
day. 22 TilOOhj. Ihird-foUl1h-cen,,,,1' hoermil_ The prIllClpal
source of OUr k.......·ledge of the life of Lhe
l
m~n
whom an ancien. ,"""ilion calls "w Fa.her of the Monks" ;s the bi<>graphy ....-rillen shortly af,c:. ""IOOy'S death (3506) by $.>.in. AntAl
149
I....... lhat he used not only his """n memories bul also lhe informalion Ii,..,n htm by someone who _ for"""", time a d,"iple of Anlony. (On ibis point, ,he publi>.hed Greek tUt mttSl be corrected in acconiance with tlte Coptic snd S)'riac: ...,rsio.....) This ....... probably SUAJ'tOOI Of' nortII$. who u;as at tbe same Ii...., • ~ipW of "'..ony and a friend of Athanasius. In addition to thf: bi~y wrillen by Athanas>us•• ltet-e are some 0Ihe!' soun:es Wt re--eal certain aspeeI5 of Antony's life and perwnalily. The >tIphahelical collnel'on of the AI'OI'HlHEGJIUTA P'ATIUJM Ita< colleeted under h.s name Ihit1y"';glu apOlheg.m, which Dl:\nies (1966) though' li,~ a better knowledge- of Anlonfo ,rue personality than ,n., bool 1»' Athanasiw. P'AU.ADlUS (190-4, pp. 63-74) rq><med lite recolleetions of a priest of NlTRIA. Cronius, who in his youlh hood ,,.,,.r Antony and his disciples. The ArabiC-Jacobite SY"':AXARIO~' add. some new informa,i"n to that given in ,he sources ciled above_ Anlony " ..s born of Chtistlan parents in the vii· lage of Q;m~n (modern·day Oim~n al··Atiis. in the ",g;on of al-Was!ah) aoout 251. After experiencing the death of his parenti ",'hen Ite was some tw{"nty yea", old and being mindful of ,he ""ords of Jesus on .enundation (MI. 1~:21) l'I'ad in the chu'ch, he &Dve a"'..y his goods, UINst"d his YOU"K: ".Ier to a eommonity of .irg'ns. and lived as a hermit outside Ihe rillag{", followin, tlte example of OIher 9SCnbcs al ,his lime_ Then hf: lTIO>'ed away, reaehing the mountainous region "t1el'l' the tombs and shul himself "p in One of tltem. ""Itere he lived"" a recluse for abooJt ten yea,,". heroially endurinl. according: 10 his biognopher. the most ,ioIcnt as~lts of the demons. Harassed by vlsilors. he wen' off 10 Ihe odu:r bank of the Nile and instal-Ie!cipIes then ea_ 10 live around him, thus forming lite lim eommunity of ,I-.. monast..!)' of P'ispir. silualed in pr<Wmity 10 II-.. ,;"oer. Some I,",enly y~ la,e•. he desired to live in ...,.ter solitude, and 51>, under lhe guidance of bedouins, he penetrated into the East· ern [)cs"rt and ,"stablished hirmelf in a hermitage si,ualed :1ooU' 10 miles (30 km) from ,he Red Sea at the foot of MOUn! Qulz"m, near ,he place "'h.,,.., toda)' stands the monaltery of Sain, AnlO<1Y (tlAn "--"lIlA A~!UNtYOs~ It w.. Ihere that he lived for about fot1), yugh, him. Quile frequently, according 10 ,he aCcoun, of Croni. u. ,-epot1ed h}' Palladius, he went tQ vi,it the disd· pies in Ih. monastery on the 'Nnb Qf the Nile. His great "'tmWn drew people from all o"cr Et.vp! 10
_1'1'.
150
ANTONY OF EGYPT, SAINT
yisil lhis place, where lhey could mul him in pers..m. On twO occasion. he wenl 10 Alexandria '(> sUJ'PQn Alhanasius in his 5lruggle against Ihe Ari· lUI'; it "'as in Ihe e......,.., of one of Ihe$e journeys. in 338. thai he .topped al Nilrla ane......"ise 1"'0"" in Crtd: and in s,riK und tht namt 01 __\fOti.U, a t·n. "nder Ant<>rly". nan>e. by Saini JDlOliIE (IN: >'iris i1hmribus 88. PI.. 23. col. 731). A Lalin lnllIW.lion wM made in lhe Iift«n'h century from '" c;......k I....' now loti (PG 40. cols. 977_1000). A Georgian ~rsion. made directly from • Gr«k 1....1. was puhh.hed by G. Garine (1955). There is .. fragm"nl in Coptic. edited by E. O. Win.. edt and .epublished by Garine (l955). gi"ing one COmplele Ielu,r. lhe end of another, and ,he beginning of. Ihird. Qulllalio"" in Coptic (.lso published by Garille) ar" found in the fifth cen,ury in lhe ....o.k. of SNF~wn. :rnd his disciple 8ESA. The aUlhemlcity of Ihe Ien"q i. q..... lionable. There 1..'1' se~1 ll'Silmonle:s '0 Ihe "';5Iola1)' ,.... livily of Anlony. In addi'ion 10 .he C(1lTCSpondence e_changed wilh Inc emperors of ,,·ltich Alhanasiu. speaks. t~re is n>enlion in lhe Mrso Gr....k Ufe of Saint Pachomius (Halkin, 19'32. p. 781 of a leller thai Anlony addrt'Sscd 10 A,hanasius Ihrough lhe medium or lWO hchomian monks ",ho had come to see him on ,heir "'~y to Alexandria, Another documem. Ihe Ltller of " ..,,,,on (Halkin, 1932, pp, 116-17), gi.'es lhe le.1 ofaleller ",rillen by Antony 10 Theodore, the succusor or Pachomiu•• a lener wriuen in Egyplian (i.c.. in Cop,Ic). AniOn)'. in facI, ",a. ignurant uf Greek (P.lladiu~, 1904, pp. 68-69). and Ihi. is probably whal Alhanasiu. mean, ",hcn he says lhal he was unleltered (ut•. chap. I. col.
841). The 5Iy)e and composition of ,hese letters are devoid of any an ;o.r,d bear .... ilneM 10 a real lack of cullUre. BUI more sU'l'risin. in such an aUlhor.re _ opinions .uggestiye of Drigeni.", .nd. hence. of Ihe high.... inl"lleclualism. Thus. """ r..ad. for """mple. all prtlapurian beings formed a sin· &Ie essence and .ha' Ihty became d;venlfied. laking various accordinalo Ihe degree of lheir fall. Anlony was pe.-....ps in conlact ....ilh lhe Origenist eirel... of Aluandria. Pallad,us (chap. 4) affirms lhal Anlony, on the occaslon of his joumeyll 10 Ihe cily. wen! sever.ol .im... lO visit oror... t'S THt BI.l.~D in his ceU. But the """ of lhe lellers Is ..ill very poorly established. and .he.... .... grea' dl\"ffIC11cC$ bnW'l'l'lt lhe various wrsions. It is nOI c.. naln I..... the Coptic fra&menu lhemseh'e:s .... pre... nt the 0";" inallal. A............u in fa.·or of ...uttenlicily ...... in addition 10 lhe anci..nl 1,,"limonies-. lhe polemic against Arianism. of which ...'C know AnlOllv was an adwrsary, aod lhe facl thaI one 01 theK ielll'l'S Os ad
,ha,
"">TIn.
ANTONIYOS MULOKHIYYAH
Saint ArllQny found in a hermit's cabin and lhe role lhal lhis
___, Leltres d~ S. AnNAne, Ver,ion g'orgienn~ eI fragments coptes, In CSCO 148_49. l.ouvain, 1955. Halkin. F. Sturcli Pachomii Vilae graecae, Subsidia Hagiographica 19, Vila Pn'ma, pp, 1-96: Epismla Ammonis epi,copI, pp. 97_1 H. B",sscl<, 1932. Hau,hen, l. "De do<:lrina spir;tuali chri>lianororrl orientaJium." Orien",Iia Christiana 30 (1933): pI 3, pp. 212[70]-216[74]. krome. De vi.-i< illustnbus. In PL 23, cols. 631-760, Pari., 1883. KJejna, F, "Antonius lind Ammonas, Unlel.."chung tiber Herkunh und Eigenan der alt"'ten Mi;nch._ bride," ZeilW:hrilr fiir katholi,elte Theologi. 61 (1938):309- 348. Reil7.en'lein, R. Va, Alh"nasi,,, W.ek liber da.<
Lehell de' A"/oni,,s. Ein phi/ologischer Beitrag zur Gesehichte des Miincnlum,. Heidelb.rg, 1914, Sleidl., B.. ed. Antonius M"",,,s e_emila 356 - t 956 Studia An'>Clmiana 38. Rome, 1956. Weinganen, II, De_ Urspmng des Mijneltwms im nachcons/(mlinischen Zeital"r, pp. 10-22, Golha, 1877.
151
ANTONY THE GREAT. S •• AntQn)" of Egyp" Sain!.
ANT'ONIY'OS MUL'OKHIVYAH, eighteenlhecntul)' Coplic Calholic pries!. Information abou1 him comes h"m he Arabic manuscript>, lhr~e of which are al lh~ C"ptic Palriarchate of Cairo, and from a report mad. in Cairo on 4 OctQbeT 1747 by the fTaneiscan priest Jacques de Krem,iOT, apos1olic prefect {)f Egypt. According to a manuscrip, from Faylrtm, his father's name was Mu'nis. An!"miyU.~ wa< born in Cairo in 1703. H. was one of a generation of COpl;<: Calholic. who <:ame to Rome 10 live II.< Tcgular monk,; wilh the Elhi"pian monks installed at San Stefano de; Mori ITom 1732. He was professed theTe according to lhe rule of SainI A~'TO"Y of lhe de.~n, as he was always to emphasize in later years. A1 Rome he continued ~i. 'ludie. in philo""ph}', and in 1735 he copied a manual of logic, which he probably u<ed for his >ludies. After ~i. theology "udin a1 Rom., he was ordained a priest. On 26 F.bruaT~Y 1743 he ani.'ed in Cairo. where be began hi, work", a mi",iona')' secular priest . Hi. mission consisted of "prea"hing in the pcople's homes, visiting lhe Calholics, and oOl failing in hi, dUly." Thu. in OctobeT 1747 he was in Cairo: how many years he continued 10 ~,eTcise this aposlolate is unclear. Much laler, in 1760, we have evidenc~ thaI An!Oniyl1' waS in Rome, copying manuscripls until 1763. H. was "ill working in liaison ",ilh the mi,.ioMries of Egypt; lhu. the !-fawlJ.di,h al.rtird/ (Tales of Confe..ions) were copied "at lhe request and fOT the usc of lhe Coplic Calholic monks and the mi"ionari,,<" (Graf, no. B 3). H~ musl have died shonly "her 1775, tbe dale of lh. last manu· scripl bearing his name. In 1735, An!uniyOs copi~d an anOn}'mOU, mallu,,1 of logi~. On this ,><;c",ion he signed him.elf A.n· luniyU' ibn Mu'ni, MulUkhi}'}'ah, In 1760, Anluniyl1s copiC
152
ANUB, SAINT
the title I!d,,'IJdi,h dl-rli./J/. The lnn"allon is 1»,.he Maronile IbrihJ.m IaI",iin al.si.mnnl (Cnof, 1949, p. /J71. no. e: Coptic Patriarchale. Cairo, Theology 281; Gw, no. 514; SimayUb, no, 379), In 1763 he copied a large folio manusc"", of 686 pqu containing the commentary on lhe Gooipcl of John by the Dutch ICS<.lil Comdiw. a upidc (d. 1637) for Ihc ...... of the small Coptic C>tholk com, munity of San Stefano, The .",." "''U poroNbly tno_ ....c4 by !he Copt .. CrAil. AL-~l who "''l>S Imn, "'i!h him al Soon Sl.efano dri />Iori ld. 1787). This is •he only known manuscript of .hif commentaJ)' (CW, 1951, p. 163, no. 8",; Coptic Pa'ri.rel"" .., Cairo, Th<"Ology 51; (inf, no. 508; Simal'l
iI '0 CyprianUl, prcfC<'\
or Atrib. An acCQUnt of vari·
0U5 cpi50de5 of martyrdom £011..- After hearing a !itTlTIOfI in church, "nub, who Ii,~ at Nacsi, ncar Atrtb, di"ribu,es hIS "","""ions amons poor and lloe!l 10 the prefect lysia in Cernnu.i, ..-ho has abo begun .he penccUiIon. In • '"",Ion, ,he Arctwl· cel MICHAEL uhons Anub 10 martyrdom, after "'h>ch ocCurs lhe ftnt e.chance of ......-do ",;u, Lysia, who lak... Anub.o A1Ith. At this point anOlh.... :lJ'lU""'n1 with CyprianU$ lakes plae.. , followed by .on"Te. "'hieb II "';.hcu, eft...,.•. 0tJ>e,- forms of lOTturc arc ~ribcd, and also a ,ision. In !he end Anub II sen, to Armeni"" in Alexan· dria, where a furthe. ClIehanlle of words and r"rther IOrt...... take place. Juliu. of Aqla~ visilS An..b in prison, ,me....hich An..b is martyred. This i. Fal· low~ by ,he .. sign....re.. of Julius of Aqfa~_ The teU 11 a typital production of the lale Copric hagiogrnphleal IlChool and is included in panicular in the C)'de of luliu. of Aqfah~. (see >lA.C1OGAAMIY: CYCl.ES). It "an be dated to the .eventh/eighth cen· tUTies.
u...
BtBllOGIUPHY Baleslri, I., and H. Hyvernal, cds, ACid Marty..,m, 2 vol... CSCO 43. 44, Baumeister, T. M..rty. "",k'"•. Dcr Mii'lyYer "I~
Sinnb,ld der Er/(},,,ng I" der L.., .."de ""d Un Kull d",r /l"iil,,,,,, Iwplist;It"" Kirclte. Munster, 1972. Tno
ORu,>lDr
BIBLIOGRAPH"
Grat, G. C..,<>Jor.... d.. ....lU<$<'nlS
e/viM... C(ItIu""u .... C.Ir., pp. 192-93. Sludi " ltSli 63. V,.,kan C.,·, 19.>4. Trosscn, J.·P. Lr~ Rd"'..... d" ptJlriG'eM ecpu u_ ](VI a.,.,e RO#tU! (1676- 17 IS); pp. 201 - IS: A""'.-.... by fra Giacomo da C,..,,,,,irio. Lw.embouJ"K, 1945. KJlAUl S..... J.. SJ. .,.",,",
APA. The Coptic term "1M is imereh.utgeabk wilh tl>c ~ .. bbd, ",'hich occurs in Semitic Ian· &UJl«CS. includinC S)'riac, Aramaic, and """n Hebre..', all mcanlnl "bthct'." 11tis is a title of =·u· .-nc.. usual'" pr...,-~i"8 names of I""'WIU in the church h;"norchy. His,orically .he lide is ell1endcd '0 the n"",tII of secullr rna")"" as well. It i. u.o inspired by the openinc of.he Lord's Pra.,=, and its ~Iin equn..lent of pDltr appars io the Latin VII)' oriainally in the Coplk ......TH(' ("plIttr) or ...... ""'n
ga''',
ANVB, SAINT, martyr ..nder rnocl"tian ([eaM day 24 Abib). fli. Pa§$wn h;os com" do....·n in only One Boltairic manu",rip' (Rom". Vatltan Llbmry, Coptn 66. [01•. 233-68; Balestrland Hyvcrnat, 1908, vol. I, pp. 200-241). The text opens with the wual ~ituation, in whith Diodelian sends out an editt to th" whole empire ordering sacri£C", to the Roman gods. The ..dkt reaches the du, Armeniu. in Al,,>andrla, \\'00 ~nds
"'tOY
APHRODITO
firmly ~tablished in Ihe Copllc Ii,-es of S.in. Pachomi... in the fourth century and ,,;u tDJIl'tlliued to medieval Europe in the Uolinited form of orbk.o, from which are derived the terms abboI in En&lISh and tiJJl,; in F~""h. lu Gl'ft'k equi~nl appeaD in the New Testament in thrffc places: Marie 1.:36, Romans 8:15, and Galatians 4:6. The Qnhodo" Ethiopians still call lhe head of thek ch\lrcll ,,-.. (our bther). The feminine occun as ~ or ........ , .....""'; mother) as the lille for nun... The lenn RM.l> (p
153
DI9UOCkAI'HY
Baumeister. T. Ala,.,,', 'nvic:,..s. Du Mlin)"rt" dis Sin,,· bild de. &1,""", ilf du Le~"de ulfd im Kllit de' fn
''''''
APA JEREMIAH MONASTERY. See o.oyr AI'" Jert'miah.
DIBLIOGRAI'HY
Crum. W. E. A Coptic Dictionary. O~f(}fd. 1939. Duponl. J. u Nom de I".. bb~ cltel; les wlitaires d'ErYpte, La Vie spirituelle 77. Paris, 19.7, Lefort. L. T. I.es Vie. coptej de S. Pocb,n,. Lau· fllnne, 1943. Pelleeeia. G., and G. Ro<:ca. Oi1;io",";o deill I"it"'i de Perret/on,. Rome. 1947. ,utI S, AltY<
APHRODITE. S,e M)1holOlical SubjttlS in Coptie An.
APHRODITO, a large town On the left bank
of ,he Nile to 'he south of "'s)111, 31 miles (SO km) away. and 10 the south_51 of T1ml. In Ihe middle of the Roman empire and ",'en in lhe Byzantine period and at the beginning of Ihe A",b e"" it was the capilal a n.ome (the lenth in Upper Eg)p1) and. judginll from .he mass of papy"; di",ewe"'" the~. a "e.,. imponam elly. In the si"h c"n.Uly "D. Ih", nome "'IS " .."'lowed up Imo the n.ome of the right bank. .....ieh had t i iu eapilal Antaeopolis (the p~..",t ~w a1·Kab!r). Info>nnation aboul the ar",'11 and e:tpansion of Christianity ;n this el.y is lIilI lao:ung, but it is l<.no>o>-n lhat ;n lhe '_'n and lu en.irons "·ere many churches and mof'tilmes. It is impouible someumes to dis!i"l"M one from anOlller, beaouse each is called simply l<>pOj (place). like L Antonini and P. Barison. A. Calderini. in hl$ Oi1;>onono (193519!1). enume....ted more lhan thiny ~hurch<'$, and an even brger number oi monasteries. "ithou! counting the vague refe~nccs to a top
or
APAlULE AND TOLEMAEUS, SAINTS, a """,k and a $
154
APHRODITOPOLlS
be. 1M larg~ number of r~ligi0U5 bltildinp prous ,hat ChrUtianily ,,_ imporunt In Ihls ,own. I' was !h~ discovery of a quaml1y of papyri ....,1",. inc to the lown ,hat allowed scholars to ronn """"e idea of lhe implanling of ChrislianilJ tn Ibis rqion. a disc""'tty thai took pl:>(e M the end of the .. intI~n.h e"'ntury ~ ...... funlter In>u''''tc
BIBLlOGRAPIlY
Antonini, L "'I.e ehies<: eriStilne dell'EfIillo dal [V al IX k<'olo ... ~<>ndo i documenti dei papiri gred." ..legyp'''; 20 (1940P29-208 .....p. 191-98. Bari",n, P. "Ricerche .ui monlSleri dell'Egitto bi,,' antino ed arabo .. ~ondo j documenli dd papiri gred:' Aecpt". 18 ([938):29MI48, e$p. 98-122, Calderini. A. Dj:/.lon~rio del "o"'i geog,apci e IOporrafic; de/l'Egltto gre~o-"""a>w. 5 \lob. Milan and C..i,o. 1935-[987_ Vol. [. repr" 1972, K:i.lhle. P. E.. ed. Bo/lYi""lt. 2 vols, london, 1954. Timm. S. Dos ehriSllieJt.kopt;uhe Avpte" in "r,,· biJC~' ZtiJ, 3 -.015- '0 date, Wiesba
,o\PHRODITOPOLIS. See Itfth.
APHU. monk and biohop of
O~)'rhynch"" during
the >econd half of the fourth century and lhe I>cgin· ning of th.. fifth. He ~ be5/. kno.....n through Coplic source. and. later. from Arabk sources as well. A complete aCeOun, of hi. life i' handt'd d,,",,, in a manuscript from Turin (Cal. 63000. cd. Ro.si. 18871892). He is al"" men/ioned in the life of P~Ul OF T~MM~H. The Apophthegm.ta (Creek ~olle<:tion) as· cribed 10 him oniy one apothegm, the content of .....hkh Seem, to be in agreemem .....ith (he Copti~ sourc....
Aceordlng 10 lhe Life. he ""'" a disciple of the first ....rmiu:, and he ~hoo;e a >'ery unusual kind of acesi5- He mind h,m",,1f "ilh a herd of buffalo in !he d~" and li~ed 10$ lht')" dOd. Once a ynr ooly he .._ld be v\siled by. brolhtr who ~minded him aboul EaKer. at which time he returned 10 town ~ panicipated ,n the ceremonies. Owing 0 .... of !he$e visits he heard SOmcorle readinB Tbcophll...• F<"Slal Lener apill5l the anmropol"l>O
h"
APION, FAMILY OF
482; Theophana Cltro"OfT
BIDl.IOCRAPH'· DOolon, E. "1.00 Discussion d'un moIne anthl"OPQ" morpMle audi.." av« I.. patrUo,d TMophile d'AKundrie en I'an~ 399." R d.. rOrienl d,rinen, series 2, 10 (1915):92_100, IlJ-28. FI<>ro\'Sky, G. "TheophiJus 01 ~ria and Apoo Aphou 01 Pnndje.~ In HQrry~ Wolfson J..bilee VoI..",e ... doe Oo:c.sion at "is Stwnty-~flh BirlhUy, Vol. 1. JC'rU:Wem, 1965. kvlllout, E. "1.00 Vie du bitnhalrftlX Aphou kfq.uo de Pemdje «byrinque)_" Rev..e o'£DpI<Jiop 3 (1135) 21~H. RoW, F. Il'al'rri copti de/M.....o Egido rli Torino, 2 \lOIs.. 10 issu,",,_ Turin, 1887~ 1892.
Tm> o..u.'1l>l
APION,
ISS
FAlloULY OF, wealthy landowne ...
prominent in Eg)ptian imperial and public lif. in the flNt half of the sixth century. The earliest known member of th. family, Apion J. hdd I.nd .round Herakleopolis Magna (sec ~IHtegius Apion. He "''as ~,'*U.I in SOl and rice-prefec1 of the £au m S03-SO". Emper· or Anaswius (491-5IS) appoinled him 10 ~. nize In. commi$sariat of th.. RDman armloes on the P.. nian front;"'r. and he SI.IJlPI>ed the t_T1 and pt. rison 01 Ede.... with ero>&h wheat 10 proris,ion the pnisons of Dan and Amid&. F1a\;us "''all . . . . rded as .....1)' effic:ient (Jheodorus 1.«101" Ep,'Iom, 482). He moved to Alexandria. m May S04 with limllar dutia-"to make the ..,Idie"" bread the.., and send a .supply" (Joshua Stylites, HistMY of ,h, C.lamities Which 8~f,,11 EJ.J$Q. Amido. ond All Muopolami.) -b\ll Wlt$ l;tIe•• «alled to Constanli"opk a11"lledly lor conspirins to obslruct lhe Persian umpaign lTheophann. Ch'onog,,,phia A.M_ 59'9S), While in Constantinople (50l!-5101 Ra~lul made the acq""inumce of SEV£~lJS OF "~"'IOC~, who dedi· c"ed his work Against Eu~S,~. 10 him Dnd a cer· taln Paul. (He thus at this time nlUst have ~en an aml·Chalcedonian.) In 510. however, Flavius was condemned by the emperor Anastasius on political grounds and ordained presbyter at Nicsea by force (Lydul, D~ magl.rtalibu. 3.11; Theodorus l«lor,
w.,
sn,
156
APOCALYPSE OF ADAM
his supporters, They made their mark in the "'''''ice e>f JUSTIN t and JUST''-I'AN BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chroniwn PtlscntJ/" 2 ,ols., cd. B. G. Niebuhr. Bonn, 1832. Hardy, 10, R. The Ltlyge ES/Qles of Byzanli". EgYP1. New York, 1%8. Jones, A, Ii. M. The Lata Rtlmon Empire, 2 vols. Nonnan, Okla" 1964. Joshua Stylite,. History tlf Ihe Ctl!tJ",ities Which Be_ fell Ede""tl, Amidtl, tlnd All Meso{X)/Qmltl, e<:l, W. Wright. Cambridge, 1882, LyJus, John. De mtlgiSlrmlbu" populi Romtlnl, cd. R. Warenseh. Ldplig, 1903. Martindale, J, R, The Prosopography of ,he La/a Roman Emp,h, Vol. 2, pp, 110-12 and 1034-36. Cambridge, 1980. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, 51 .-ols. Publis~ed by t~e Egypt Exploration Society in Graeco-Romtln Mem_ oir<, london, 1898, Procopius of Caesarea. Th, PasitJn War, cd. and trans. H. B. Dewing. Loeb Classical Libralj'. London and New York, 1914. Studien ~ur Pa/aeagraphic und Papymskunde, Vol. 10, Catalogus Papyrorum Raineri, Suie.• Gmua. Par< I. raw; Gracci pap)'roru"" "ul in /ibro "PaP>,"" Erzherzog Rainer-Fuhrer dureh die Ausle/· lung Wien 1894" descripli ""'1, e
FRf.~D
APOCALYP5E OF ADAM, the fifth tractate in Codex V of the NAG 1lA.\l.IlADJ UBRARY. It purports to be a re,c1ation gi"en b}' Adam to his wn Seth, "in the 700th year," that is, just prior to Adam's death (Gn. 5:3-5). This feature gh'es the doeumen' the character of a "last t""",ment" and associates il with other test.mentary iiteratur. in antiquity, Adam describe. hi. fall in the Garden of Eden as a lapse into ignorance. Three heavenly f,gures then appear to Adam, and their re,elation 10 him be· comes the subje~t of Adam', last testament to Seth. He desctibe'\ to Seth lhe origin of a special race of men .nd ,heir struggle against the creator god (called Sacla. the Almighly). Three attempt< arc made by the creator to destroy this race of men who posses< the knowledge of the eternal God, Two
of these lhreats arc drawn from weli-known Jewish traditions. but he..., they are given a new ime",reta· tion. For example, the biblical flood narrati,e is interpreted as the attempt of a wicked ~...,ator god to destroy the pure race of men that possess the spedal knowledge of the eternal god (67.22-76,7), Adam describes the d.,cent of a heavenly figure, the illuminator of knowledge. His appearan~e shakes the ~osm<>s of the creator god and his e.-il host. They persecute him, }'et he succeeds in revealing his knowledge 10 the special race of men. The narralive ends with an apocalypti~ scene reminiscent of Matthew 25. in which th<>sc who oppose the illuminator fall under the ~ondemnation of death but thosc wha <eeeive his knowledge "will Ih'e for· ever." The narrative breaks down into two sections that appea< to be two
APOCALYPSE OF JAMES, FIRST
not necessatily evidence of Christian influence, and many have argued thai Ihe dOCUmenl is e>'idence of Ihe e,istence of a type of non,Christian gnosticism ['OSScssing a redeemer mylhology, These two sources were edited probahly sOmelime prior 10 Ihe beginning of the .econd century Hl, during an early slage in Ihe de"e!opment of the &Ihian-Archomic lradition by a gmup thaI argued for a spirilualized understanding of baptism and ao ascelic lifest)'k The redaClOr'S ,'iews are mem clearly e,press.ed in his concluding >lalemenl (84,4_85,18,22b_31). The docunlCnt was composed originally in Greek and waS later translatoo into Coplic (Sahidic), BIBLIOGRAPHY Hedrid., C. W, The Apocalypse of Adam: II Literary and SO""c< Analy,;s. SBL Dissertation Series. Missoula, Monl" 1980, MacRae, G, W. ''The Apocalypse af Adam." In Nag Hammadi Codicc,< V. 2-5, and VI with Papyms Ber<Jlinen,is 8502, 1 and 4, ed. Douglas M. Par· rolt, Nag Hammadi Studies 11. loiden, 1979. Scholar, D. M. Nag /iammadi Bibliagraphy 19481969. Nag Hamll\adi Siudies l. Leiden, 19;1. Up' daled annually in Nav"m resramemum. CHARLES W. HH)RI<;K
APOCALYPSE OF JAMES, FIRST. Thi, of James ;s ,he fi1>1 of ,wo such apo
Apoc~lyp...
157
beart of ,he following ",change is Ihe rev'elalion to Jam .. of various formulas tbal will enable him [0 escape ,he hostile powers, including three heawnl)' "toll collectors" who stand between him and the Pree~iSlenl One, The te~1 bec"mes increasingly fragnlCnla'1' as il draw, to a conclu,ion BUI Ihe following ll\atters may be identified, First, Ihe secret traditioo is en· tmsted to James to hand On 10 Addai who is later 10 write it down (36: 13ff.), Further particulars, now obscure, aboUI lhe line of Iradition are ai,,, gi,'cn, involving, il seems, a certa;o Lc\'; and h;, ,wo sons. Second, James is puzzled by Ihe many WOmen who are the Lord's disciples (38, 15ff.), The problem of womanhood occupies the background through· oul, The que>1ion is abruplly raised ncar Ihe hcgin· ning (24.26-271: the formulas handed on '0 James by the resurrec,ed Lord include rderences Sophia and Achamolh and Ihe problem ;nvoh'ed in Ihe fael thai tb.e lal1er is '"female from a female" (35,10-13): finally we learn Ihal Ihe female follow· ers "f the Lord arc 10 be en~ouraged by James since "Ihe perishable has [gone up] 10 Ihc imperishable and Ihe female dement has attained '0 Ihis male elemem" (41.15-18). Thit-d. James is the leader of ,he early Christian communit)'. Alone poinl he is pre...med as rebllk· ing "Ihe 'wel,'e" (42.21-22). The lasl two pages (43_44) contaio" much mUli· lated ,'ersion of James's marty,-dom. This event is probably rcgarded as the pI'e1udc to the fall of Jeru· salem prev'iously announced (36.16-19). The fate of Jemsalem and i(S inhahitanls is apparently linked wi,h the defea, of Ihe cosmic powers ,hat Ihrealen James, For Jerusalem "is a dwelling place of a ilrea, numhcr of arehons" (25.1il-19). Tht ApQ<:Q/ypse of JQme$ is connecled with Valcn· linian gno,licism, especially Ihrough Ihe fonnulas re\'ealcd '0 James by Ihe Lord after thc resurreclion. Tiley are placed by lrenacus (Schmidt. 19(J7, 1.21.5; d. Epiphanius, Pa~ario" 36,3) in Ihe setting "f Ihe apolylmsis-a Valentinian rile of exlreme unclion. One of ,he formulas i, also cchoed in the Corp"s hcrm
'0
158
APOCALYPSE OF JAMES, SECOND
acter (ef, Eusehlus. Historia .ulesiasrica 1.13) aad pemaps thereby also to Jewish Christianity, The teaching about the ",..emy·two hea\'ens i! probably " fragment of ~oteric Jewish doctrine (Schoedel. 1970: sed. 1979).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOhlig, A. "MY'lterion und Wahrhell: Gesammelte Bcilrl!ge mr spal-antiken Religionsgeschichte:' Arluitm ZJ'T Geschichte des spaU,w Judea'"ms und des Urchristenlums 6 (1968): I02- 118. B1lhli8. A..• nd P, Labib. Kopti>eh·gno'tischc Apoka· IYP,et1 aus Codd V von Nag Hammadi im Kopt. i,ch,n Mu,eum ZJ' AItKairo. Special Issue: Wissmscha'tliehe Zeit,en,i't dOT Martin·Lulh,,· Universi/iJr. Halle·Willenberg, 1963. Brown. S. K. "James: A Religlo·Hlstorical Study of ,he Rdation.' between Jewi,h, Gnostic and Ca,ho· lic Christianity in the Early Period Through an Investigation of the Traditions about James the Lord's Brother." Ph.D, dissertation. flrown University. 1972. Grese, W. C. "Corpus Hermeticum 13 and Early Christian Literature_'" Studia ad Carpu, Hellenisticu", Nal,i Testa",enti 1979):85-86, Kasser. R. "Te~t .. gnostiques: Nouvelle. remarques 3. propos des Apoca.lYl"es de Paul, Jacques et Adam." Le AJ",;on 78 (l965):299-30~. ___. "Textes gno.tlques: Remarques II propos des editions recent"" du li,'re secret de Jean et des ApocalYl"es de Paul. Jacques et Adam."' fA Musion 78 (19~5):71-98, Schenke. H,·M. "Koptisch·gnostische Apokalypsen."' O,ient~li$ch. Uteralun.eilung ~1 (1966):23-34 Schmidt. Carl. "Irenaus und ,eine Quelle in Ad". Haer, 1. 29."' In Phi/meJia, Pa~1 Kleinert wm LXX. Gebrmstag. ed. Hermann Diels, K"r1 Holl, Paul Gennrich. and Emil KaUll.'ich. Berlin, 1907. Schoedel. W. R. '''The First Apocalypse of James."' In The Nag Ha",madi Library. cd. James M. Rob· inson. San Francisco, 1977, ___ "The (First) Apocalypse of James."' In Nag Ha",mQdi ("odice, V, 2-5 and VI with Papyrus Beroli"enJi< 8502. I ,,,,d 4. cd. D. M. Parrott. Nag Hammadi Studies II. Leiden, 1979. ___ "Scripture and the Se"enty·two He,,,,ens of the First Apocalypse of .lames."' Nov"", Testa· menlH", 12 (1970):118-29. Sed, N. "Les Dou,,", hebdomadcs, Ie char de Saba· oth et les soixante-dou,e langu...."' Nov"", Testament"", 21 (1979):156-84. Troger. K.·W" ed. GTlQsls ,,,,d Neue:; res/amem, PI'. 44-45. Berlin, 1973, WrLU~M
R. SCHOEDEL
APOCALYPSE OF JAMES, SECOND. Thi.' apocalypse constitutes the fourth tractate in Codex V of the N~G H~MMA()r uBRARY. It is called the Second Apot:al)'pse of James in order m distinguish it from its immediate predecessor in Codex V; both te~ts have the same anciem tide, The Apocalypse 0/ la"'eJ, The presence and order of the two apocalypses in Codcx V may be allribured to deliberate scribal organization. Although the two documem. stre.. dlffercnl aspects of the James tradition. the recipiem of the revelation is thc ""me in both tractarcs' James. the brother of Je.us (24.12-13; 50.t-23). In the First Apocaiyp.... Jomes is warned about his future sufferings (25.12-14; 30,13-15) at the hands of an angry mob (33,2-5). which James will stir 1'0 anger against himself (32.9-11). In its fragment''')' conclusion, ho""'e,,er. this document contains only ""ant reference to James's .uffering in accordance with these predictions. The Second Apocalypse, on ,he other hand, gives a detailed repon of the suffer· ing and death of James at the hands of a mob angered by hi. discourses. In short, the Second Apocalypse of James fulfill. the predictions of the First Apocalypse of Jam.s. Although it i. titled an "apocaIYl"e:' the second James text takes the forn, of a twO·pall repon to Theuda, the father of James, by a priest who was apparently p
APOCALYPSE OF PAUL
dom (Eusebiu... Hisraria uduuuri<:a !.H). linle is known .,oout the dale and """'en""ee or the d""umen'. like otheI" Ie>.ts from lbe Nas Hamrna.di library. il ...... probl>bly wnuen originally in Credt .nd then tnnslaled imo CopIic (Slhidic) iOmeli~ ~ the lIlioddIe of lhe fourth cenlury fLD. Tho lack of a1....iom to the drwloped C.-lit: lI)'Stenu of the _ d cenlUI')' A.D. •nd lhe Ne... Testamenl SUUe5l an early date for Ihe trac:gte. pouibly sometime before A.D. ISO. BIBUOGRAPHY
B
APOCALYPSE OF PAUL. part
o(Codoe>, \I
or
Ihe ~ KA.-.wI UBJlAllY. This is lhe account 0( • '-.,..",Iy j<>Ilrnq' made by lhe apl$Ie, from the Ihird sphere to the plemmallc c~ or lhe 0Cd0ad. the Ennead. and the Deud. hul begins his journey on the mountain or Jerichtl will. the alm of reaching Jerusalem. lhat is. the heavenly Jerusalem, ..hC!"<: the I...... l~.., aJ'Ol't1cs are galhered. On hi, _yo hul is accompanied by a ~l child. the Holy Spirit. who sho>o'S him the dilffliOll and suggcsu how he should conduct him~U ""hen confl'Of1ted by Ihe obIt""les of Ihe sphercs. ll>c aim of the journey is the acquisilion of knowledge: "leI your mind ."",ken. Paul. and sec rhat this mountain Ul'<Jn ",hich yw are Slanding is the mounrain of Jericho so rhat yeu may kno", lhe hidden rhings in those thar are visible." In the cou~ of this journey ro hea,'en, which at limes lakes On the appearance oi a descent 10 hell,
159
P"ul glimJ"'CS rhe organiulion of the heavenly
hosts. angelic and demonic. the inltrlocking or the sphere.. ...·ill! thei, doon and their keepers. and the punishment of a wieked _I. A"';""ing at the """" nllb heaven, hut bees. a demiurgic power ""00 qu~ion< him bef01"l' allowiftg him to pa'iS O
A.""sk>oo
160
APOCALYPSE OF PETER
moo> A.om~ in lhO" Boot 01 Tobit). We 5....uld OOIe, '00,
0'
,n W A.pot:"lypsc Poul C00515t5 of casting he,nlO a body pR'pafcd for her. Here ".., ha,.,. Ihe idea <Ji. mClnnpsydtosi5. nP""""d abo in lhe phrase: "the wI>ole race of ~moM, the OM lb. rn-eall bodies 10 a 5OU1-sccd. ~ 11 is the lkmons, lhen, who are raponsibk for the new incarnalion cl (he wicked ........ Furthennore, Tar1an>5. the inkmal place of punishmtn•. is situated no1 urw;kor Ihe eanh nor in the sublu ..... pan of Ihe Ileavens bOll on canh-an canh which the author does no1 hesitate 10 define as '1and of the dead" Or "world of the dead." Another ..,...ne laI:es place in lhe se,..,nlh heaven, willt Paul 8.$ prol.agonist, and is also wonh noliog. He meetS an old man there, a demlurge, who asks Paul Ihree que:s.tion5 before allowing him to pn>,..,ed: "Where are you going, Paul? , . Whe.,. are you from? .. How will you be abl,. U,l gel .......Y from me~" To these queSlions Paul gives the an,weI'S: "I am going to tlte plnce From which I came'" "1 am going down 10 lhe world of the dead in order 10 lead captive Ihe capt,vily Ihat was led caplivo in the captivity of Ilabylon." Paul is presented here as Ihe ... vi<>r going down into tlte ,,'orld of lhe dead 1o del"'er lhem from Ihe capl;"'ily of sin (Kroll, 1963; for ait:Jr",,,losi4 [captivity). d. Teol.. men. of Dankl S. 8, II, 13, where a Levilic Meuiah "'ill come and ,u,li,"'r from lhe ClIplivil)' <Ji. Beliar the 50Uis of ........inu and will taU them to re<.l. in Eden and New Jerusalem; see abo Mi!lrasJ, of Me/· eJr;udd:. ed. Woude, 1965; Ap«rypJron 0/ JerC'f't;,u,. ed. Kuhn. 1970). Paul docs not ~_r tho: third qtle:s.l:ion bul ho: lives Iho: old man a lien such lhal I"'" lr.cq>er of W ""'en,h hea,~ opens up to him .IM: ""'y to ,he Os:doad. Tltis q..esllo...·and·.,...-.loeC'IioD .~mbles closely lhe FirM AfHKaJypse of J-.a from Ihe Nag Hammadi Lib"",. Throueh his ans,,·e.., James. like Paul, tSCap<:5 the nngean<:e of lhe .oll-p.....rel$. So, lO the 101l-p.herer'$ q".,.,ion. "Where are you going?" One and lhe same ans....,.r i> ,i,..,n by Paul and James, "I am lo,ns 1o Ihe place from which I came."n.e kernel of ..II pom i~ conlkns.ed in this brief fom,,,la, which is nol wilho,,' echoes of lha, clan'" ..xample in ExIr(JCl 78 from TheM"I,,' (and also Irenae", 21.5).
BIBLIO(iRAPII"
Cumonl, f, Lux PerPClua, pp, 196fF. Paris, 1949. F«tugiere. A. J. l.<J RJvJ/(Jti')II aHem,ts Tri,mJgisIe, Vol. L p. 251, n. 2. Paris. 1944.
Henne<:!le, £d&a•• ,,"'ew Testo.me,,' ApocrypJro.. Vol. 2, cd. W. Se:h""",,ekher. London. 1963. Enalish I"'",". R. McL Wilson, pp. 322-89. Greac Brilain, 1915. 1CJoI1. J. COli u"d Hdk Der Myrlrm •..,,, Descel'ljjtj· iiimpfe. repro O\>l'TII$Udt, 1963. Kuhn, K. H. ~A Copcic Jeremiah ApOCI}'Phoa."' U Mu..t_ &3 (1970):291-350. Mu<do<:lr.. W. R.. and C. W. ~ta.cRac. '"The Apoea. I)J'$'I' oJ Paul:' pp. 41-63. In No.g H.mmllai Cod,· Ce3 V. 1_S lind VI. ed. D. M. Parrotl. Nag Ibm· modI Sludioes I. teiden, 1919. Scholem, G. Us Grands cour"n" de I. "'YstUp,oe /"ive. chap. 2. Paris. 196&. Schwa=. J. "te VO)'aCe a" del dans \a lill
APOCALYPSE OF PETER, Ihe third lexl of Code" VII and consiS!ing <Ji. a repon of Ihree vi· >ions ""en by Ih. llp05lle Peler, along with instruc' lions from Jesua, durinC the nieh' prior '0 ,he e",· cifis.ion. In a ~ lhat rec.alb Mallhew 16:34. Jesus tells PCler, "He [You?] ..ill ""CUM: you [him] lhrtt .im.,. durinl
APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE
,ee, the "new ligill" descend on Jesus, illu,traling Ihe difference belween lhe Gnoslic disciple and all others with inferior spiritual capabililies (72.473,14). The fourth ,egment i, made up of lhe Sav· ior's in,
161
The garmenl thaI Peler wears throughout sen,,,, as a vehicle lor re>'dalion (72,13-28), perhaps recall· ing lhe revelalOl)' charaeler of lhe ephoo worn by lhe Israelite high prie'l. Tile dale and place of composition of lhe Apoca· In'se {If Peler are impo<sible 10 fix, since il makes no clear hislOrical allusions to contemporary e>'em •. P. Perkins (1975) and A, Werner (1974) have demonslraled lhat lhere are all""ions 1(> Mauhew's r.o<>pcl and olher New Teslament mtdi· tion. aboul Peter. One is left 10 conclude thaI lhe earlier Greek "Or,ion of thi, tc~t rcached it. currem shape by the beginning of the ,econd cenlury, BIBliOGRAPHY BrashIer, J A. "The Apocalypse of Peter."' Ph.D. di<s. Claremont (Calif.) School of Theology, 1977. Brown, S. K., and C. W. Griggs. "The Apocalypse of PC>1U: Inlroduelion and Translalion."' Brigham Yo"ng Universi/y Studie, IS (1974_1975):13l_45. Krau.e, M., and v. Cirgis. "Die Pelrusapohlypse," In ChriSI
APOCRYPHAL
LITERATURE.
Pl'Operly speaking, lhis con,ists of the SQ·calied Old Testa· menl pseudepigrapha, The Old Teotament books called "apocryphal" by Proleslants and "deutero· canonical" by Roman Calholics were umil recently included in lhe biblical canon of lhe Coplic chur"h, Onll' at the beginning of Ihe lwenlielh cenmry and by order of CYRIL v (1874 _ 1927) were lhe following ixJoks removed from the "anon: Tobit, Judilh, lhe ""mplement of Eslher, the Wisdom of Solomon, Ecdesiaslicu.." lhe Bpisde of J.,..,miah, Baruch, the complement of Daniel (Susanna and lhe Three Yomh. io lhe Fire) and 1, 2, and 3 Ma"cahees. These books are normally included ;n lhe C"plic versions of lhe Bible,
162
APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE
The tenn apokriphon or th. more usual apogra· Ion had already acquired a pejoro.li,'e meaning in the 39th FeslQI L.lley of Saint HIMJ<""'U5, in which the Old Testament apocrypha of Enoch, Isaiah, and Moses are condemned a.~ heretical. Originall)', the Greek word meant simply hidden or secret (d, 4 Esd. 16:45-48). The condemnation of the apo<:ry' pha, caused no doubt by the exunslve use made of them, put a SlOp to their diffusion in onhodox circles, particularly in the Coptic church. In spllc of this, a sU'l'rising number of Coptic apocryphal manuscriplS hav. come down to us. They share the following general charoct.ristks: their dates of composition are late as compared to Grak and Aramaic te"" for the most pan being Iransla,ions from Greek; to a greater Or lesser degTee they shQW the effects of Christian reworking; they are nonnally works originating in, Qr strongly in/fuenced by, Egyptian Judaism; and they frequently take up 010-tifs and expression. fr"m the ancienl Egyptian rdigiQn. In several way< the Coptic tradition add. ~ignifi. cantly to our knowledge of the Old Te.tament apocrypha in general. At times it is the onl)', or the oldest, wimess to apocl)'phal works quotcd in early time.: or becausc it is independent of ,hc known Greek Qr oth.r traditions, it helps '<) c,plain the hist<)ry <)f ,he tradition of certain books, In general, i, adds elements from particular traditions that enrich those alr.ady known from other literatures. In order to emphasize the<e aspeCtS, the CQptic Old Testament apocrypha aTe here con.idered together with ,he other Old Testamen, apocl)'pha, grouped acCQrding 1<> ,heir genre, LIterature of Enoch Enoch, father of Methuselah, "walked with G<>d. and he was nQt, for God took him" (Gn, 5,24). He was taken up into hcav.n and there received the revelation of the di\,jne my"erle. concernIng the people Qf Israel and the end Qf lhe wodd, thus beCQming 'he most imponant representative of the apocalyp'ical re,'elations. His age, 365 years, ga"c rise to astronQmical and chronological speculations. Thus, from Ihe third century B.C. there appear apocalyptic and as'ronQmical traditiQns and writing> attribu'ed '0 ,his patriarch, The book called I EnQch or 'he Ethiopic Enoch gathers these traditions. some of which were composed originally in Aramaic. as is shown b~' the fragmcnts of eleven Aramaic manuscripts identified among ,he Dead Sea Scrolls (Milik, 1976), Thc cQllection was transla'ed inl<> Greek and from Greek intQ Ethiopic to--
ward the )'ear SOO, in which versiQn alQne the cn· tire collection i. preserved (Charles. 19(6). It can be divided intQ five sections, which differ in C<)ntcnts and proce.d from different periods: I. The lklQk QfWatchers (1-36) relates the fall of
2.
3.
4.
5.
the angol. and the cOl1uptiQn of mankind (Gn. 6:5-6) and de>crlbes lite journeys of Enoch l<> hell and to paradise. It is a pnxluct of the period before 175 Be The Parablcs of Enoch (37-71) that announce ,he coming of the great judgment arc in three parts called parables 0" similitude,;. This sec,iQn is not fQund in the Oum.--an fragments, and there is somc discussiQn as l<> whe,her the date of composition is pre·Christian. The As'ronQmical Book (72-82) promulgates ,he ancicnt priestly calendar of 36-4 da~.. and is priQr to 175 B.C, The Book of Dreams (83-90) CQntains a vision of the flood and another visiQn Qf the hi>lory of the world until the Maccabean periO the end of the world,
The Greek ve...ion of I Enoch was known in Egypt, as is shown by' the fragments ci'ed by M, Black (1970). But ,heTe was als<> a Sahidic Coptic version of a' leas' the last sectIon of the book, as can be seen from a fragment found in 1937 in ANTINOOr<JLlS (Istituto Papirologico "G. V;,e1li," Florcnce, Coptica Antin~, 9), dating from ,he sixth Or seventh century, and CQntaining I Enoch 93:3-8 (D<>nadQnl, 1960). A comparison of this Coptic text with the Aramaic texts on ,he subject shows that i, i•• very faithful ve...ion, the readings Qf which are to be preferred to thme Qf ,he E,hiQpic ,'e...ion, with which i, d;ffe ... in places. The Coptic version is Qf help in recomtructing the Greck versIon (d, Milik, 1976, pp. 81-g2), The few sUr>'iving Cop,ic manuscripts suggest tha, although 1 Enoch wa, kno.....n in the Coptic church, it was not widel)' available, No Coptic manuscript has been disc<)\'eTed of 2 Enoch, Or Sla,'<)nic Enoch, Qr Book of the Secret. of Enoch, ",emingly composed in Greek in the ninth Qr tenth century. but transmined only in SIXteenth· Qr se,'cntecnth·century Slav manuscript<, Nor are there Coptic manuscripts of 3 Enoch, OT HebJ"Cw Enoch, a mystical apocalypse from ,he mc· die,'al period in the opinion of G, G, Scholcm, However, H. Odebcrg (1973) considers ;t [0 date
APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE
from the second or third century A,D, and suggest" th.t the tradition, concerning Enoch·Metl"aton cir· culated in Egypt, and were taken o>'er by some GnoSlk groups there, This W<>uld parollel with thc books of Jehu (c, Schmidt, 1892), In Christian cirdes in Egypt the figure of En<xh was important, and they gathered many Jewish tra, dition" (see the Pierponl Morga" Fragmems 01 a Copric Enoch Apocrypho", Coptic Theological Texts 3, fol" 1-9, found in Hou, ed, W, E. Crum, 1913: A. Pierwn in Nickdsburg, ed.. 1976; Latin trans, Galitle in Milik, 1976, PI' 100-10.3). These fragments are extremely deteriorated and consist of very poor quality papyrus in • eO
163
famous person transfe", hi, spirituai or material legacy to hi, children or hi, followers. Example, of this genre can be found in the Old Testament (D!. 33; Gn, 49) and i~ the New Testament (In. 13-17). The apocryphal literature developed this genre, producing many works that received the name of 'esta· ments. The most repres.emative of these is the Te
" There are no known Cop1ie versions of the above· mentioned testaments. However, other testaments of the patriarch, do ",iSt in Coptic, A manuscript of the Monastel)' of Saint Macariu, (DAVR ANlIA MAOAR) dating from 962 in th., Vatican Library conlains the Testament of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in Bohai ... ie, as well a< writings anributed to Athanasius (manuscript no, 61, fol,. 163\'-98>': ed, Guidi, 1900, PI'· 157-80 and 22.3-64; German trans, Andel"S!On, in Sphin" 6, 1903, pp. 220-36, and 1, 19().3, PP, 77-94 and 129-42: French tran •. M. Chaine, in M Delcor, 1973, pp. 186-213: English tmns. of Testa· ment of Isaac and Testam.,m of Jacob, S. Ga,elle, in Box, 1927, PI', 55-89; trans. of Testament of Abraham, G, Macrae, 1972, Pr. 321-40). The Vatican manuscript is a fine example of how a collec-
164
APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE
tion of leslament. allribUled to the three patriarch, ,,"as formed in Christian circle.; this collection i, rderred to in ConStitutione. AposlOlicae and Priscil· ianu•. The three teswments narrate the death of each of the patriarchs, mixing discou"""" nar",· ti,'es, and visions. They begin with the sending of the archangel Michael to announce Iheir deaths, But befo", the di";ne plan i5 fulf,lled there is a series of episodes that g;"e a dramatic air 10 the narrath'es. They are a mixture of Haggadic legend, moral exhorta.ion, and apocalypse, Two of the testaments are ba.<ed un the Tutamenl of AhFaham, substan,ial fragments
and on their duties as regards prayer. He is then taken up 1010 he""en, wher. he observes how the condemned are punished and the ju,t re .....arded, A d;alogue with Ahmham ,erve, til hring 10 mind ,he divine favors afforded to thosc who honor the mem· ory of Isaac, The T,,"ament of I",,-"-c, with ;ts aliusions to the Trinity and itS ChriSlOlogical expre,sions, wOllld app<ar to be a Christian <Jocumem But "-..<ene Influences can be obs.,-ved in referenc· e, to fasting, ritual hath., the holiness of priests, and Ihe ri"er of fire.. Thus it is difficult to be exact in details of lhe history of its r.daction. The Testament of Jacob is koown only in Bohairic and In later Arabic and Elhiopic "ersions, II !ol. 10"", cl<xcly the biblical narrative of Ihe patriarch but also indode, a visit to heaven and to hell. In the descriplion there is a dear referen<'" 1() I Corinthians 2:9. Job app<ars in Coptic in a fifth. Tile Tc
"r
Apocalypses Although the a.pocal~'Plk genre is present in many apocr)'phaJ w
APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE
end of the world. The mosl widely known w"rk i, lhe book of Daniel. Bul the,e is an abundan<:e of conlcmporary and later wQrks, ,uch as lhe Book of Jubilee,. also known as Apocalypse of Moses and leptogene,is, which narrale God's rc..clation lo Moses Qn Mounl Sinai in a manner similar 10 Gene"i, and Exodus I-l~; lhe Story i, pre",nled in periods of forly-nine yea,.,;, Qr jubilee,. Wrinen in Hebrew toward lhe end of the second ceOlury RC as shown by fragments found in Ql1mran, lhe only completc ,'ersion is the Elhiopic (cd. Dillmann. 1859; trans. Charles, 1902). The name Apocal}pse of Moses is al.o given lQ a wQrk tran,mined in Greek. This deals with lhe Life of AJam and Eve and is a midra"hie work narrating Gene,is 1-4, daled to the fi,,,t eeOlury A,D, (ed. Tlschendorf, 1866. pp. I-HI. There are some small fragments in CQptic Bohairic on th~ Same subject h-Qm lhe Monastel)' of SaiOl Macarius (ed. Evelyn·White, 1926, p, 31), The book of 4 Ezra or Apocalypse of Ezra galhers various malerials, among which are the visions of £lra in Babylon concernin8 the fate of the people of hr~e1 abandoned in the hands of the gentiles and of the judgment and re"urreClion of the dead, Th;s W<Jrk was compiled toward lhe end of the first cen· lUI)' A,D. and has been Iransmined in Latin, Syriac, Ethiopk. Arabk, and Coplic ,'ersions. The Latin ,'''rsion is lhe mosl important. and it is included, IOgelher wilh other tex," auributed 10 Ezra, as an appendix 10 the Latin Vulgate under the name of 3 Ezra. Chapters 3-14 belong to 4 Ezra, A small frag· menl orlhe Coptk .'ersion containing 4 Ezra 13:2946 has been pr,,>\C,,'ed (ed. and lrans. Leipoldl and Violet. 1904, pp. 138-40). This fragment ;s a note· .....onhy aid in the reconSllllction of the lost Greek text. which is the basis fo,' all the "e,,,ions, The Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch and the Greek Apoca· fypse of Ezra, the Coptic .'ersions of .....hich are un"no.....n. show a Iilerary dependen~e Qn 4 Ezra. The Apocalyp~ of Elijah is ntaDl only in Coptic. and although it deals with similar subjects, is di,linct from lhe Book of Elijah (Sefer Elinahu) and other medie,'al Hcbre", works. The apocryphal book of Elia.' quoted by Origen aod other!' "" the source Qf I Corinthiaos 2:9 does not correspood to any of the pseudepigraph;c b<>oks of Elias known to us, The Coplic Apocal}pse of Elijah has been pre· served in four manuscrip" Jaling from the fOU'lh and fifth centuries, One of these is an Akhmimic text. which has been almost completely reconSlrucled from fragments at pre""nt in Paris and &din (ed. Sleindodf, 1899. pp. 19_44); lhree te,ts are in Sahidic, one of Ihem represented by si, folio
165
os (ed. SteinJorlf. 1899, pp, Sahidic 3-14), another by a fragment in the British lJbrary (Or. 7594, ed. Budge, 1912), and Ihe ,hird contain.' Ihe complete text (Chester-Beally Papyrus nQ. 1493; ed. Pieters· rna. C01nSloek, and Anridge, 1981), A small Greek fragment has also been disco.'ere
166
APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE
163-69). Vcry differenl in "ha"'''ler are some Gnostk works from Nag Hammadi. Although eonl ....ry 10 the Jewish religic:m, they can be considered as Old Testament apocrypha. The APOCALYPSE OF ADA.\!, for example. supposes familiarity wilh Jewish apoealyp· Ii" lestamenlS and judgment s,;enc.. and history is presented in periods. as is tme also of the PARA· PHRASE OF sHEM, which is also independent of Christian traditions. LIves of the Prophets This is a genre that originaled in Judaism and was developed among Chriqians, The most famous worl: is the Ascen.ion of Isaiah. This includes a Jewish nucleus called Ihe Martyrdom of Isaiah. in which Ihe death of the prophel under King Manas· ses is relaled. A complete Ethiopk ,'ersion and frag· mental)' Greel:, Latin. and $la., .'ersions of Ihe As· cension of Isaiah have been prese ....'ed (cd, Charles, 19O'Jj, The SUbSlanCe of Ihis malerial is a legend referred \0 in Hebrews II :37 and is similar in char· acler 10 Ihe Teacher of Righleousness of Ihe Qum· ran scrolls. As a consequence. il has been dated from Ihe firsl
same manuseripl dating from the ninth cemury, and an eighth·eentury Fayyumic fragment in Ihe British Lib.... ry (all ed, Kuhn, 1970). Although Ihere are clear traces of Christian rewor\;ing, this apoe,)'phon is basically Jewish and has importanl parallels in rabbink lilerature
Dldacllc and Poetic Literature Only a few fragments of 4 Ma~cabee" are in C"plie. and tllese are slill being reconstructed (cf. Lu· ehessi, 1981), It would appear to be a good ve~ion made fmm the Creek. ·rhis worl:, erroneously atlributed 10 J05Cphus. is a philosophical discourse on Ihe preeminence of religious reason over human passions and suffering. In the firsl century !I.e" the Palestinian Jew' continued 10 compose psalms, A collection in Cree\; of eighleen such psalms anributed 10 Solomon has ,'ome down to us, II i. of particular intereSI, as it sho"., Jewish messianic ideas in Ihal period. This is Ihe COlieClion \;nown as the Psalms of Solomon (ed. Gebhart, 1895). No Coptic ,'ersion of them is known. There is. howev· er. a fine penilenlial psalm in fifte~n \'crs"" the Pra)'er of Mana...,.. lransmined in Greel: in som~ manuscripts of the Septuagint. In many manu· scripts it appears as an appendix 10 the psalm., logelher with other canticles laken from Ihe Bible, It is considered 10 be the work of a firM· or second· century A.D. Jew and is wrillen in Gree\;. The Coptic Bohairic version is preserved in many ~odic", of Ihe psalms, The Sahidic version is preserved only in " manuscript in Vienna (K 8706; ed, Till and Sanzo 1939, pp. 90-97). BIIILlOGRAPHY
General Baleslri. 1.. and H. Hj'\Iemal. Acta Marly""". 2 \'vls. CSCO 43. 44. Paris. 1908. Budge, E. A. W. Miscellan"",,, COplic Tnts in Ihe Diolect of Upper EVPI. London, 1915, Charles. R. H. The Apocrypha and P.eud.pi~raph" oflhe Old Testame",. 2 vols, o.,ford, 1912, Charlcsworth, H" ed, The Pseudepjgrapha and MaJ· ern Research. Missoula, M(>n1.. 197/>. Denis, A.·M. I"lmduction aux pseudepjgraphe. grees d'J1ncien Testamem. Studia in \'eteris te
APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE
Kraft, R. A" ed, The Melhodology 01 TUlu,,1 CriUd.", In kwish Creek Scripl''''s will, Special ..11I,nlim, 10 rhe Problems ;n Samuel-King., Sociely of Biblical Literature. Texis and Translations I, Pseudipigrapha Serie. 1, M~<soula, Mont., 1972. Maser, M. 8ib/iogmph;e U" iiidisch-helleni'li.chen und inierte.tamerrr"ri.ch." UleralUr: /900-/970. Texle und Untersuchungen V" C••chichte de, allchn>llichen Li,eralur 106/2, Berlin, 1975. Milik, J. T. Ten Years 01 Discovery;n Ihe Wildernes. of h,d"a, Studies in Biblical Theology 26. Londo~. 1959. Muller, C. D. G. Di, Biicher der Einsuzu~g der Er-
""gel Michael und Cabnel. cseo <25, SeriplOre. Copliei 31. Louvain, 1962. Nickd.burg, G. W. E. Jewish Lilerature Berween 'he Bibl" and Ih" Misnah, London, 1981 Scholem. G. Jew;..h Gnos'ici.m, Meri
167
Munier, H. "Melan8es de Iincratur<: copte Ill. Manusclit' coptes sa'idiques d'A,sonan," ",.,nales du Senllee des Anliq"ilt, de l'Egyp' 23 (1923):210-
88 Odebcrg, H., cd. 3 Eno<:h or Ihe llebrew Book of E"och. Cambridge, 1928, Repr, New York. 1973. Peanon, S. A. "The Pierp0nt Morgan Fragment' of a Coptic Enoch Apocl)-phon." In Studies on II,. Tesla",ent or Abraham, cd. George W. E, Nickels· burg, Jr. Mi.soula, Mont., 1976.
The Testaments Anders.
of Abraham. Nordheim, E, von, "Das Zitat von Paulus in 1 Kor. 2.9 und ..,ino Beliehung zurn k"Ptischen Tn,tamont Jakobs," Z
liche Wissellsehafl65 (1974):112-20. Philonenko, M."Le TCSlamen. de Job." Se",ilico IS (1968):61-63.
168
APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE
S
Apocalypse of Zephaniah Dicbner, B, J, "Lilcrarl:rilischc Probkme der Zephanja·Apokal'r-pse." Nag Hammadi a"d enos;s, ed, R. MeL Wilson. Leiden, 1978. ___. "&merkungcn zum Te~t des sahidischen und des achmimischen Fmgments der sog. Zephanja·llpokat,-pse." Didheirne, Blouer wm AlteM hsramen1 14 (1979):54_60. Lefort, L T, "Coplica Lo,'anicn
''''''
HarriS, J. R., cd. Tire Fe" of Ihe Words of Barueh London, 1889. Hy"-emat, H. Bibliollrecae Picrpont Morgan codices cOpllcl, .. , Vol. 3\, pp. 194-260. Rome, 1922. Kuhn, K. II. "II Coptic Jeremiah Apocryphon." Le
APOCRYPHON OF JAMES
M"don 8J (1910):106-135, 291-326. Won, L T. "Coplic:a Lo>.. niensia." u M.... io>I 51 (19)3):24-32_ "fl"llllmenlS d·"p<><:l},.hes en eopleillmimiqll<':' Lt Mouion 52 (1939):1-10. ~:au. P. "fTa&menlS
A.. "Die Quellen des
neuen Jen:..ia·
Apo<;l}l'boas-" Z"iuchrif' I;;,..
U, ........ r ..
Gebh..-dl. O. '"<)n. Die PstJIm ... Solomo"., tum ersl· t" M
APQCRYPHON OF JMfES, alJo known "'" the Apo<;ryplv.1 EpW.Ic of JIlltlft. the second 11'l'C' W.e in Co
169
n:...,lalion IUperior 10 lhe canook:al one. The "apotl}l'hon" d~ on page IS wilh an ace""nt of Jesus' real :and filUilluc..nl inro hea,..,n. In :a m~"Sli cal vilion. Ja...... and Peler follow him in stage. thal correspond 10 the ascentS of the heart. lhe mind. and !he opirit. lhe une>.p«ted n:tum of lhe otM d>Kjp!cs during lhe ,·islnn. """'.....·tr. pm",nts
u.o....
110
APOCRYPHQN OF JEREMIAH
T"" tXhort.lllion 10 martyTdom .. ".,.11 as lIllUIy similar admonilion~ 10\10=<1 &lilt, zeal. tflon. and bowledgt
or Ihe product of one aUlhor. bout its 0""ral1 ....l'J'OS'" .... ckarly 10 kindle f;(IlIr&Jt and ual in an ;Ul\icled community.
BIBUOGIUP'tIy Brown, S. K.. JIUTfU_ Ph.D. DU$trtalion, 8rown Uni~tl"$ily. 1912. Kipa;en. Kaikhohen. GnOSlKUtn irr £,,,1, CJrriJli,,,,i· ty: A Swdy of ,10", EpiSlUlo Jocobi ApocryploQ ....i'lo Po,.,ic..lo, R"'f"''''t1c", SlttvollOtl. Ph.D. Di_na· lion, Oxford Univt'Sily, 1915. Kirehner. D. Eipufu/O Jacobi Apocrypho, Di, "3r., ScMi" " ..3 No~Holt1modi·Cod.,~ I, ""''' Jr"O"'II"',1",bt" It;omm,,,rrlitTf. 2 vol... !'b,D, Dlsstnalion. Btrlin·Humboldl Univ",rsily, 1917. Malinine, M., el a1. EpulU!" Jacob; Apocrypha. ZUr· ich. 1968. Schenke. H, M. "Der Jacobu$brief 'U$ dem Codex Jung." O...· "'nta/i'tuchc LUe,arll'leill",g 66 (1971):117-30. Williams. F, E. ''The Apocrypht.>n of James." In The No, Hammadi Library i" english, ed. J, M. Robin· son. New York. 1977.
'0
,,,,d
APOCRYPHON OF JEREMIAH, pan 01 lite body of Ibe r-udtPilPPhai liler;tlu,.,. oobotll tht Old Testamen, chara<:'tl"$ Junniah and 8an>ch. II oisu in a Coptic (Sahid>c:) ~ as ",.,U lIS in Anbic and Ganhuni "USiono. In Iht Coptic. il be..... Ihe lilk "I"ar.llipomc-na l...-cmiae,~ bul il is noc idtntical ",'ilb the other ....ort< kno
'IS
I-QU"'' ' '
In 'IS praenl form, ,he piece i. Chlistian. 8tU A. Manno""teiD (19211) loUgtsla in hili
r
APOCRYPHQN OF JOHN
awakes from his long sleep and ..;\nQlef hremDh's enny into Jerusalem. After 1M =o~ery of the 1~p1e \"t!lStb. a snvic.. olilunbai'lin, is held in which me whole people of Is"..l ~mdt<:h
join. B.lBUOGItAPH't'
Charlesworth, J. H. "'" Pu~depW"pII.. find Motlm< Rru"R:-Il, 1'1'. Ul(. Mkwula. Monl., 1976. Kuhn. K. H., M. "A Coptic Jeremw. Apocryphon:' u Al"siott ] (1970):95-135. 291-350. Marmol"Slcin. A. "Die Qudl..n des ~" JeremiaApocryphon.:' uilschrifl fllr die 11.."1....,,,,,,..,,/· 1i>::1u Wwenshafl27 (1923):327-37. K. H. Kutlt<
APOCRYPHON OF JOHN, apocryphal work duling wilh the ri..,11 Christ. A Coptic version of thi, "secret book" appeared in Berlin PllPY~ 8502, II was lhe" noted lhal [renacul may hav.. used a Greek veTSion in hi. ITeat;s<: Agoinsl All Ihe He,e.i... (1.29) wrinen before ~,l). 180, No>tably. 1M Nil(; HAMMADI UIIMRY contain. no fewer lhan three other vernons, each placed at the b<:llinning of a codex, th .... o:!<molWrnling thc import;....;,e of lhe ,,'ort. Allhouah rhe four """15 preem imponant ,-"muiom. one may recognize a shon veBion (Ihe 8<=rlin Paprrus and mal of Nas Hammadl Codex. Ill) and a long one (lhar of Codkes II and IV ofille Hal Hammadi Ubrasy). u.e laller I.ml'orwnale!y lNIdly ~ The' que5tioa arises whether !he 1o"lC'" veBion-in which rhe Chrntian .. ~mnll5 ..... more nllm~-const.ilJJ.les a '·Cbrislialliu.· tiorI~ of. tteaUw dud originally cOI'Iwned nothing of ChriR"n c'--:I<"I'_ Acconting lO OIMo- h)potbe. toea <e.,.. Gi.... rsen. 1%3), II is the longer «nion or Codices II .nd IV that is lhe older. The wort purpons 10 be: a reo,-dalion from rhe ~n Sa,ior to John son of Ztbeo:Iee. The Re'....akr pronounces ,enibl" curses "POI' anyone "too dares 10 di....,l.., Ihe mJSleri". 10 be revealed, a cUSIOmary future of "apocalypses" of. GDOSlk type, The subject of lhe revelation is the creation bolh of Ihe world and of man, as well all th" orialn of .... il and the savin, pow"r of knowl"dge (fnosis). To summa· rize Ih" eonl"nIS. we note that from the Invisible Spirit there emanated twelv" aeonS of liBlll of whom ,he last, Sophia, wished to produce by herSl:lf-witflout her hea.'"nly conson-a copy of th" Adam of 1Ighl. Sh" produced only an abonion, • demlur'i" named laldahaoth. Guarding jealously the
171
POW'" thai he derived from his moIhu, he c",a,t'd !he world of daRnot. Including art'hons. _ .... of e-viI. and so fonh. Thinkin. 10 produce an image of W FatJw:r, lbe: archons fashioned a huma.n body. Bill being purely p5)'Chic, it ""as Incapa~ of mo,,· iTt& until b1dat.orh ""as led by a ruse to bfalM a panicl" of ligtd ;nlO it. n." man immediately sho..-r:d hi~f .supt!rior 10 tM fru!ICDted ckmlufg". ..-boo wirh his anhoos lhen fashioned a purdy mal.... rial body. in ,,+'ich he imprisoned lbe: man. as in a ~tomb" and a""rcd hi. ~ wilh a ,..,,1 to man him forEeI his di"",,, nalure. A long .. wn emued bet,..ttn the Holy Spirit and rh" powers of "il. until u.e Sa.ior was 10 cOIl"" to convinc" "",n or their di.inc ooillin. We note also ttw the Rev.eal"r dec.la,..,d himself to be at one" thl: Fath"., th" MOIh"r. and Ihe $on. a typically (;no-stic triad. Although tllis due ... menl is an "",,ntial1y GnoMic work. i, is difficult '0 determln" til" ""'I 10 ..ilicll il helonged, At its base we may 6nd the mythological cosmogon}' d"scribed by I,..,na""'$ (1.2~). who de.· ignatM the adh",..,nti of this doctrine by the generall"rm "GnO
ruw"
MQS"S said, ..•"
Apan from the po"ible "Chtistianl>.:"ion" m"n· t;on"d abo"". other Intl""nc.es may ha"" come together in th" tut as w" now h....... it. So,.,.e ha"" n",oed occasional allW;Onl to Iran (S. Gi"""",n and R. KA$st-r), For instanoe, the demiuJ!e lalda-baoth, ". of ignoranc":' may be mod.,J"d on Ahri·
172
APOLl, SAINT
man, lhe principle of t:\Iil in ZQroa:jIn.anivn, of ""hom Plutarch "'TVte ilial be ..... like "cb"knes> and 'Cnonnce" (1m tiM Osiris 46). Funher, at The vet)' beJjnninl of the lexT, a Pha~ named Ari· mlIniDa insidiously suggt'SlS '0 John lhal the "Nuornn~ hal docri\'ed Them. NoIal>lY. in Greek hie ... lure !he name Arirnanaos appean on/y ,n <'onne<:tioo with Zoroa.uet". Hence il mi&ht ",,,,II be symbolic: in ow- .UI.. Additionally••here ia twn aplic:il mere"",.. 10' ~Boot oi Zo..-ter," ....·hic:b i551lid to Ii"'" precise information aboll! lhe role of
'M anltb. Inddtntally. III the ""'I)' end of .he Iortl -ersion In Code>< II there appears a ...,riu of ~Ir·re-.",lalions In "1 am"' S1yle t""l h:>s led 10 comparisons ....i lh Ihe Isis ....... Iogics. On Ihe whole. Ihe Apocryphon of John is a .'ery Imponam source bolh ror the Study of snosis and very possibly for the primitive Gnostic mythology, BIBUOGRAPHY Brot"k, R, ,'an den, ,turoge"es m,d A(/"",,,s' The Mylholoric,,1 Slrnc""e of Ihe Apo<;r}'pho" <4 Jo},,,. Nag Hammadi Siudies 17. Leiden, 1981. Giversen, S. Apocryphon J"11",,,,is; The Coptic Text of Ih. ~'}"p1wn Joh"n"is in lire N", H"...",,,di CoJu II, wilh translation. Inlroduclion, and com· mentat'}'. Copenhagen. 1963_ J.n_ItS, Y. "L'Apoc')l'!ton de Jean." Le Must"" 33 (1970),157~6S; 8.; (1971):43-60(; 403-432. "-ser. R. "Le Livn: ~cret de Jean.~ Re,...e de IIrWJo,ie el de plrilosopllie 14 (1964):140-50: 15 (1965):129-55; 16 (1966):163-81; 17 (1967):1-30. Kno""". M. and P. Labib. 0;., Orei Versiom>t des Apola:,-"JtOl1 des JoIum"es ;,.. KOf1Iist::~C>f Museu'" tu AfI·K"iro. AbhandIungen
"n
WIue. f. "The Apocryphon of John." In 17fe Nilll 1I"",..,.,di [.jJ""ry in Enlilisit. ed. J. M. Robinson. San Francl'ICo, 1977.
APOLl, SAINT, foul1h·century maMy' of Amiochi.n origin. who was put to dealh in I!gypt (feast day: I Misl'1lh). Hc appears only In the laler hagloInIIophic Coptic lradition, Of his PaSl5ion, ascrib<.'t.I to an eyew;'ness. the se,.,.'anl Se
fragmentar)' m.nU$C"'P'S are pre5e,.,.-ed. The lim consists of four iolioslrom Cairo (ed. E.·elyn·....ihile. 1926, pp. &8_93) and Ihe conlinuation or The lexl in .be Vabun Library (Cop! 611t. pp. 223-n. ed BaI,"""Ii and H}"'Cmal, Vol. I, pp. 242-48); of the sec· oed ~ an: only IWO folaos left in Leipzig (ed H. G. E..d~'J>-White. 1926). The bqinninc oi the leal in the Coptic 1&....... is ~ •. bu:t the .-onstruetion is possible throtlllh lhe absIt'Xt of the ~ and from the Ethiopic 'o"Ct"Sion....·hich is cloo;c in contenl even lhou'" diff"renl in ronn (ed Pereira, 19(11, pp. 73_98). The EthioJ"c tUI includes Three paSlSions-that of Ihe genera.! .II.lSTI:S. his "ife. Throclia.. and Itis son, Apoli, preceded by It nan-a.lion oi lhe pre"jOU$ history lteco
APOLLINARIANlSM
c....1d
ellbet' in Coptic o~ In Ami<: (i<
lIll!IUOGkAPHY &l1"5.ri. t. and H. CSCO 43.
H)'~m ...
AcT.. Mart)Yum. 2 ''01,.
u.
Ma,ty, I,,~ic,u•. De. Miir1y......Is Si... ..bild der Erl/j,u~g in de. Legend. und;m Kul, de. friib"" kopl;sch." Kirch •. MunSler. 1912. EV<'lyn-White, H, G. N..... Cop/ic TUL' f'Om Ihe Mo..· aSlery 0/ Saim Maca,i"s. New York. 1926. O'l<'ary. D, E, me Saim.l of Egypl. PI>, SO-I. New York. 1937. Ptfei..., M. E. Ael" Marly,uftl, 2 vol•. eseQ 37. 38. Paris. 1907. Tno QRUNDI B.umeisle~. T.
APOLLINARIANISM .. lht htresy of ApoIlinarius ... ApoIlinaris (c. 310-c. 390). who in abou.}60 became btshop of LaodOc",.' HellenistM: city In lhe Roman pTO'lin<:e of Syria. Apollinariu§ adopted Ihe Alnandrian·Niune .taChing co""eming ,he Son of God. He rnain· ...inn! ,hat ~ S«ond htwn of Ihe 81~ Trini,y i, c<)t'l<,mal and coequal ",·i.h God .he hlher. bUI in O,def 10 defend Ih~ full .I'd perle" divinity of Chri" .nd lhe full and perfecl union of godhead and manhood in Ch,;,;t agains' ARI""·""" he F"l1 into a he,.."ic.1 leaching by denying 'he exi,'enc" "f a human cotion.1 soul In Christ. UEUS laughl lha, Chris. was changeable and waS liable 10 sin, ahhough He Hlm..,lf did nol commit any .in. He ,,-all infallible. But H" infallibiti,y ,,~ I10l due (0 Hi> dimhy bul 10 His conques' OVi'r sin and His 6!!h. apillSl all .empwions of sin '0 "'hleh Hc "-as e>.p<>sed. And He ..~ liable 10 Sin ~ He, as human, """ free 10 do l"""! o~ bad. NeYerthel""", He
173
!he body, an unoational soul (psycloe oJocosJ. and
"'" ......
sp;riI. ot" the l'l1iona! soul. is ~ed in Chris! by ,he DiviM logOtO. The Divine J.osc>I Is. in fact. !he predominanl principle, the II>OSI i>O"~rful and inftuential demenl of aclion in ChrU\ and lhe n,."
....."'·.....Imine power [h", animal'" the body al'd lhe irrational Sotll ..ilh the di~;n~ supernalural and sublime life . Apollinarius could not admit the possibililY of a real union between the Logos and 'he ralional hI" man soul He fell lhal in [his case lhe Talional hu· man soul either mainlllin. ilS free will-and conse· quemly lhere w""ld be no real union l>eeause lhe human free will would remain "",i",,-Ol" 1 _ its free will. being "bsorl>ed u"erly in,o the logos. In order saVi' the leaching ,}un Chris, is one Person and.o demolWl lhe Arian '''''''hme of lhe duali.y in Chrisl, ApoJlinarius denied.he ,""islence of. ralion· al ....... in Chrisl and ...ogh. \hal lht loaOI ~Iao:ed the l'l1ional :soul. The main and fundamenUll <Jbj<"<:lion apins' the 1eachi"ll of Apoliinarius is 'ha' if Christ had 110 human nuionalloiOUllhen Chrisl's manhood " .... in· complete, and conwquenlly Chris' c""ld nOl redeem the "'hole of human nalllre but. only ilS spirit· ual demen... Chri.. nllts' have had " complele human n.ture uoi,ed (0 his divinity In order '0 redeem man's na,ure completdy. The compl.,t hu· man nature i, ~ompo..,d of a body and a ralional soul, and 'hus. the human nalure in man could nol be f~deemed if Ih. Redeemer had nOl a ",'ional soul, Bu' ChriS!. "'00 in fuCI i. God lhe Logos In· ..mate, came upecially 10 the world for lhe sal.'a· lion of mcn and to redttm ,he whole human nature. ApoUinarianism ..... relined "bly and eompe.en•• Iy br Saini .nv.....A5IUS .he Gnal .. 'he end of h.. Ilk, in • huge ,,«I: composed of Ih,..,e V'Olumes. II ..~ criticized Slrongly br ~ lHEGUAT and CR£CO. ," OF N.UlANZUS (19$$, Epistle 102). The _nlials of lhe texhinl "'- Apollinariu< had already be-en condemned rn. s)nod held in Alexandria under ,he chairma......ip of Sal", A.hanasnos the AposIolicOl in
'0
",.
.ha.
" should he OOIed here Saim Athanas,,,,, of Aleundria defended lhe full arK! perfecl divinily of Jesu. lhe ehriSl "I"in~l Arim. and he wllS "Iso lhe one who defended lhe full and perfect humanily of Jesus lhe CI"i.t against ApolHnariU$, Christ lhen. in lhe teaching of Alexandria as professed and con· f....d by Saint Alhanaslus and his succeSSoOTS. is the God-Man. the Incama'. Logos, who is nOl only di· ~in~ and nO. only hu"",n; He " \he Incamale l.o-
174
APOLLO OF
BAwq", SAINT
gas. " ..1>0 i$ perfect in iii. divinily and perfKl in Hu humanilJ. His diYinity and humanity ~ unlted .... ~ in ~ peorson. in Oil<' nalun: that acqui...,. the pr<>pfflies and qw>Jitie5 01. the 1_ .... tu...,. unit.ed lOzCthe~ ,n o~. in a "",I and ~ union ""i!houl ..,pa"'tion. In other ",...cds. this uniq..e union is insq>arable. The leaching of ApoIli ....ri... was repaledly Co.... demned in "" ..eraJ OIhe. synods held in Rome ..n· der .he chairmanship of Damasus of Rome Nt"..« n 374 and 380. A~lIinarius himsell "..as nC't Con· dcmned umil 375. Apollinarius and hi. t"aching we~. finally and ec· umen;.,ally coodemned by the Second Ecumen;"al Council held In Conslaminople in 381. Seve",1 imperial edicts wen: issued from 3&8 to 428. coo· demaing ApollilWius and Apollinariani..... but de· spite this it remained inllu=tial in Ihe ..,Iicious !haucht 01. ,he people. and many ollhc leaden of Eastern o.ri5lianily. 001 leasl thai cl £11TYCH£S. ",., real opposilton In Apollinarius carne from lhe ..,.. Yived Antiochcne School cl thcolo&ia... ~reRnted by f)i~ of Tarsus (BO-..,. 390) and TMroDOU OF IoIOi'SlUTU.. It fonned the background 10 the clash of.he Alexandrians and AlItio<:henes ..... t domi""led the h~tary of lhe church in the time of ,.ESTOOI;Ius and CYIUL. IlI1lLll)GRAPHY
Crn.., F. L.. ed. Oxford Diclionary of Iht ChT;s';an Church. Oxford. 1958. G~egory of Nazianzu•. '"Against Apollinarlus. lhe Second leiter 10 Cledonius."· In NiCe..., Po., Nice'" Fa'herr 0( Chn'I;"''' Church. Vol. 7. series 2. pp. 4'!-'H. ed. P. Schaff and H. W""e. Gnnd Rapido. Mich.. 1955. Lienmann. H. ApoIIi_ris von Litodice~ urld seine Sclwle (TUle und Untersuchungen I) Tubingen.
,h.
,,,.I
,....
Ludwi<:h. A. ,tpoliMri MU""hTasi! 'SJJMwruwl. leipzig. 1912.
RiedllU.tten. H. de. O. P_ -lJe$ Fraa:mencs d'ApoIlin.in .. IHEnniSles'.·· In Chu Komil ....... Ch.tbtlort. 3 vols.. ed. A. Crillmeier and H. Bacht. Wtlnbu.., 1951. Voisin. C. L·ApoItirlorisme. tlUde hiJlOJ'iqu •• til/iTOire e' do,."a/iq..e 'UT te dob", des CO"I""'erses "hri5InlotiQ"" ,". IV" .i}c1•. I.ouvain. 1901. BtSH(l' GREOORIOS
APOLLO AND DAPHNE.. 50e M)'\hologiaol Sub;eccs in Coptic An.
APOUONIUS AND PHILEMON. SAINTS (feastday 7 BaramltoU). fou".....emury 1lU.r1)T5_ n.ti~ ,lOry has eome oo...n to u, in lwo ,...nion.: the original Coptic and a "'te~ Arab;" Ir:>dition.
Coptic Tradition The oldest Xcount of the m.nyrdom of Apolloniu. and Ph,lemon is found in cha",er 19 of the tlL$T(lRlA .\tONACHOItU.. tN A&;YPTO. ","rinen around 400 (see the edition by FlOSlugiere). Accardin. to this lext. Apollo!tlul ....... a mook and a deacon who5e I.""., far his enemies 00 ;mp~ Philemon. a Aute p1ayeT ",-110 had been n:";ling him In prison.• hat the laneT eonfessed hirmdf a Chrisoian brio~ the judge. When the two men ...·ere to N burned. a cloud of dew m,rIOCulously euincuished the fin:. They were lhen t2len to the: p~fect In Alexandria_ En roule. ApoIloniU$ in<m>c.e4 lhe: soldiers in the Christian faith. Al the command of ,he p<efe<:l. all we~ drowned in the ...... the,r corp!e> being Ialer found on the shore. The author of lhe 1IiJlori" repons Ihat Ihe tnwele,.. had visited the manyrs' sanctuary on their pilgrimage to .he Egyptian mon", Of Apollonius he s;ly~, "We too him, along with those who died ",ilh him as mart}'n" ",hile ....... ""ere praying in lhe martyrium. And "'e fell do",,, before Cod and ,... ntta.ed thei~ bodies in .he ",.,bais:· It can be taken ... hiMorical fact .hal before 400 Ihen: ..... a sancluary consccnted '0 these martyn.. In it. followin, lhe EIDptian pracliu mumm~ fi.od "OO~ Ie! probably ",'Ore placed on nds. when: die)' cvuld M venenued. The Gred!; Passion (BiMio,lue, h.~ap/tic. ""«G 1514; M'G UPKton<'" Vol. I [Paris and Rome. 18651. 8&7-90) UIows the Io<:uion of this $lInctuary was A....T 1.... oorous. OIhenoise ,hi< «
""w
",•..,rwn.
mat
or
APOLLO OF SA-wtT. SAINT. Sea I'hib.
APOLLO THE SHEPHERD, SAINT
persecuting the Christians. The Sahidic reworking of Bibliotheca hagwgraph. ;CQ gmua 1514, pr<>bably undertaken in Ihe si~th cenlury. has been ediled by F. Rossi (Alii della R. accadernia d,1 Line,;, ser. 5, I [IS93]:3-136, 307. with ltalian tran.lationj, The le~t besins with a Martyrdom of Ad,",_ which is missing in the Greek version. There are relatively large changes in the part dealing with Arianu,. In the tenth centuT)' Symeon Metaphrasles reworked the Greek legend and loosely attached It at 14 D.eccmber to the rnarIyrdom of sainlS Thyrsus. Leudus, and Callinicus (PC 11~. 537-5()(1). In Ihe West the theme of the actor converted '"'as taken up afresh by Ihe baroque drama. The prolotype for Ihe phil,rnon Martyr of Jakob Bidennann (1578-1639) wa, the Latin tran
175
and pierces thc eye of the prefe<:t Arianus. A Chlis' tian suggests he put some of Ihe mart)'n;' blood on his eye. and it is healed, Arianus is Ihereby converted 10 Christianity. When Dioeletian leam, of the conversion, he summons Arianus to Alexandria to be tortured. He orders him Ihrown into a cistem. but an angel lifts Ananus out and places him at the 1001 of Dioelelian's bed. Terrified. Dioeletian in'tructs that Arianus be pot into a sack and thrown into Ihe ,ea, where he dH)wns. A dolphin brings Ihe body 10 Ihe shore of Ale~andria. and his ser..ams take it to Antinoopolis. as Arianu. had requested prior 10 hi, dealh. They lay it to resl beside the bodies of Phile· mon and Apollonius. Since Ihe Synaxarion memions Philemon before Apollonius, he appeal'S to be the principal figure. Nothing eonceming his con,"en;ion through lhe example of Apollonius is re<:orded, KHALIL SMIlR.
S.J,
BI8L1OGRAPHY Baumeister. T, Marlyr invictu!i. pp. 105-108, MUnsler, 1972. ___, "De. Marty",r Philemon." In Piela,. Fe>t!ichnl' fur Bernhard Kolling. cd. E. Das,mann and K. S. Frank. MUnsler. 1980, Delehaye. H, "Les martyn; d'Egypte:' "na/uto Bol/ond;Gna 40 (1922):5-154. 299-364. l"HEOfRIED BAUMEISITR
Arabic Tradition Neither the Arabic t.adilion in general no< the Coptic Arabic lradition in particular offers a Pas· sion "f Saints Apollonius and Philemon. Neverthe· less. the Copto·Arabic SYNAJURlON, in Ihe part com· pil"" by I.tIKNA>IL. bisbop of Atlib and Mallj between about 124() and 1250. commemorates these IwO martyn; on 7 BaramhAt. The following day. S Bar· amhal, has a commemm"ation of their pen;eCUlOr, ARJ.o.NUS, the prefect of ANTtNOOPOUS frequemly mentioned in the Acts of the Martyrs, and histori· cally well aueSled in the year 307. Be<;ause of Ihem he was converted and ,"'as sub.equently martyred himself. The accounts of the Passi"ns of Philemon and Apollonius and of Arionus are brief. They diffeT from the Greek and Ihe Coptic accounts. In Ihem Apollonius is the AUle player, while Philemon is the musician and singer. They are both pierced by ar· rows and killed. but one of the arrows rebounds
APOLLO THE SHEPHERD, SAINT,
monk at Seetis. Our knowledge of Saint Apollo is limiled to the AP<)"H1"HIiGMAH rATllUM. Apollo's place of origin is nowhere given. He was from a humble milieu. since. like his parems, he was a shepherd. whence his epithet. While keeping hi, flocks, he had a flight of famasy, asking himself how a child looked in its mother's womb. Unfortu· natdy Apollo passed from the fantasy to the acl. He cut Ihe womb of a pregnanl WOman in order to see how lhe felus looked. After the death of the woman and the child. he was so slricken with remorse that he became a monk al Seetis and remained persuad· ed Ihat hi, twofold crime could not be pardoned by
Goo. The Ethiopian Synaxarion gi\'es this slOry as an example of repenlance and foeuses on Ihe nlOdalily of hi, expiation. The texl of the Apophlhegmara says simply Ihal he pra)'ed without ceasini. The Elhiopian Syna~arion adds to this Ihal in his youth he had commiued all kinds of faults, and it embroiders somewhat On the manner of his penilence. He i, said to have gone imo Ihe "imerior" desert-Ihat is. the mosl remole from the valley of the Nile, len stades (about a mile and a half) from $cetiswithout bread to eal OT water to quench his thin;t and there li\'ed like the beasls. He is said to have li\'ed in the desert like Ihis for founeen years. at Ihe end of which lime an angel caused him to meet a deset1 father who assured him thaI God had par·
176
APOLOGIST
doMo,."T1 10 'M monks of Seeds.. The IDI>nol Jesson of litis piow ~OI} u. thai "'halever lhe 1N>p1irude oflhe crime OOe has 0I>mmilled, 0"'" mUSl IlCYn ~r of di>ine me...:y. Some doubt. surrounch !he fesu.1 dale of ApoUo, S AnlShl., for on the same day AI'OUJ) Of' .......1T is commemor.oted The mnnory of the bt~r may haw _Urac1ed that of this. Apollo. BIBLIOGRAP""
Budge, E. A. W., t.... ns. 111" Book. of Ille S4inlS oJ tJr" Elhiopi"n Church, 4 vol... Cambridge, 1928. Craf, C. Ca/alogue des ...onttSCriIJ "rabu cllrl/iens consr"'''s "u Coi,,,. St..di e lesti 6). V-,io::on Cily, 1934.
Troupeau, G. Co'alo:ue des mo"uscri,s o,Qks, Pl. t, M""usuils ell,eti",.., 2 wls, Pari., 1972-1974. Waddell, H" Iran•. The Deser! Fa/hus, London, 1981-
Ward, B., Ira".<. The Sayi",. of Ihe Duul FOlher. in Ihe Alphabnical Colleclion, Ciste...:'an Studies. Klliamaroo and Oxford, 1981Ro:N£.GEOlIGES COOUIl<
APOLOGIST, one oi a il"OUp of Chrlslian "'rilers who presenled an apol""a, or def~ of lhe Chrislian faith, 10 the non.chri"ian .... orid. In the Nno.' TQtalnC'nl .....ke through Ac1s provida such an apolOJia. "_'nn, in the second Century, Chris.li_ ~ a.ccuscd 01 ... rious kinds of calumnies, and lhe Apolog!w anempted to 'indicate OIrk1ians of false xcusaJions aname _k in dcfe,. of Ju
J...... Christ) won lhal doclrine a pemtanenl piKe in Chriotian IheolOl)'. The Apolopu include Arislides. lhe "'Titer of lhe EpUlle 10 Dio(ntfl<,: JuStin Ma"l--r; Talian; Alhenag. ons; ~hilus of Antklch; Minocius. Felix; and Tenulhan. Of these. JUSlin M.anyr (c. lOO-e. 1(5) and Tenullian (c. 160-HO) &K the rntl6l imponant, representil\l: the Greek and Ulin ...'O!i
APOPHTHEGMATA PATRUM
in c<>Unlcrin, ech.lS·s anack.. II furtho.r onw:wght on Christianil)l ...... ma
.,,<1
APOPHTHEG~"TAPATRUM, 1M coll«tion
al memonoble ..'ords and an«doI"", of lhe dQtrt lalhtrs.. In Ihe I,uh cenlury in PalQline, the monk lo$imu. wu already m,nlionins "the apophthegm. of lhe holy old n>en" (Zo
177
beoen in fairly cOm..-> use. (hal of '.r<>t!i.. or G",· de" of lhe fathen. monb. or holy old men. We find il .. lhe headins of Ill, Syriac coll«lion of ERam· sho ($C\'e""h ceOlury). In lhe Coplic cradilion. the lif, of JOHS CO!.OIOS wrillen al Ihe end of Ihe sev· ,nrh cemury by 7.ACHMUAS. BrSIlOP OF UKH •• in Lo...· er Egypt, menliolU the "Book of Ih. lIoly Old .Yen . .. 10 which rhe lltle of PQ,odis. has al.o been S;"'en" (1894, p. 322). The ArabiC ManuscripI 547 from Sinai conlains "a part 01 Ihe Pal"ikon known under Ihe name of the Gard,,, ..·h1ch comlsts of accOUnts of the Old Men and falhen" (~. 1973. P. 10). It is also under lhe lille Garde.. of ,lot: Mo<1L lhal the: ""abie colleclion of lhe apothegnos is published 1'IO"''I.cIays. in F.g)l'l. n.e collections arc ,'ery dilI"ere-nl from one anoI& e. in buch lhe malerial included Ind Ihe arr.ar>ge,.,.,nl of Iht ilems.. 8uI Ihe)' have a cOmmon base. consi5ling of a majorily of words Ind rcpo"'" of lhe great monb of SCUIS of lhe fourth Ind fift~ centur· ie•. Handed down omlly al firsl. prubably In Coplic. principally b)' the dl
178
APOSTATIZED COPTIC D1GNlTARIES
ei,~r
direc:lIy Ihrough the r""dine of the collec•ionl In Coptic and Anlllic or indireclly lIt"""'&h .he piKe liven 10 lite holy monks of lhe ~potheams in lite liluro. In lit'" tnORaSlenes, .he !"eadlJII of the CII'dm of 'lie Moooh ..... aI",'ay'l had an honored pl"'e duri"'llU>e COn",,,,,, meals. II is Rill .he daily J»'I'C.ice in the Monaslery of Samt "taeariuI (c.o.va A.'l.... MAl),I,K). The popWaT e
'0
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BouSM:I, W. Apoph'hermar", S,ut!ielt lilT Ceschkhre des al,em" MOOch,u"'•. Tiibingen. 1923. Chaine, M. Le M.. "u.crit de I.. vers;o" copl. Cit Jialrcle s"hidiqu. des .....p"phth.gm .. ,o p.. trurn," Cairo, 1969. Cotelier. J. B., ed, Apophthegmolo Potrum, In PC 65. col$. 71-440. Paris, 1864. Draguet, R. us Ci"q reuns;o". de /'udlicon syria· que d'aM" f"'ie. cseo 289. Scriptoru Syri 120. Louv~in. 1968. Cuy, I. C. Red.erchrs sur la ,rad;lio" "eeque du uApophrhep'
Ie'"
""
LUCIEN RIlGNAULT
APOSTATIZED COPTIC DIGNITARIES. See Profess;';",,,l Activitie' of Copu in Medieval
Em'
APOSTLES, 127 CANONS OF THE. See Canons, Apostolic.
APOSTLES, FAST OF THE. See Fam.
APOSTLES' CREED, a brief sWcment of faith. used only in the WelIlem church. baseQ1e conlribuled a s.ec,ion 10 i" allhough ItatemenlS of faith laid do"'n by Ihe apoo
'0
........
t'"
Such sw:rmccnlS expressinC belWf in !he Holy Trinily came 10 be blown ".er as the Apo$lles' Creed and. orilinally inc1udinc only nine claU5es. _ eIplltIdrd .1 51lccessr.~ stages in the generatiom that follo..ed. In his t!"eatee on the >'!'Q$1OLIC TIWlITlOS. HlPf'OL'rTUS mentio"" a Irnc apres6ion of failh. ;n the form of three questions dealing .... ,th belief in Ihe Holy Trini,y that we,"" asked by' prieslS durin, haptism. In Easlern churches Olher Statements 01 faith were common, .uch a~ the formula .Iill in use by the Coptic church for baptism: '" believe in One God, the Father Almighty, and His only·begOiten Son Jesus Chrlll e>ur Lord. and in thc He>ly Spirit, the Life·giver, and in 1M Resurreclion of the body. I b..He,·e in the one, !>oly, catholic, apostolic
APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTIONS
cburcb, Amen." Other formulas were u<ed by the cburches 01 Punt, Jeru
179
APOSTLES AND EVANGELISTS. See Christian Subjects in Coptic Art,
APOSTLES PETER AND PAUL r FEASTS OF THE. SU Festal Days. Monthly. APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTIONS, a vast
~a·
nQnical and liturgical WQrk circulated in Christian antiquity under this name from the end of the founh centu,)', but without the name of the author, It i< a reworking from "vcra]
180
APOSTOLIC FATHERS
~nnes
edilion (Metzger, 1985-1986), Ihis epitome has not appeared. Iii, tahn up in part in Ihe Coptic Eccleshwical C~nons and hcnc~ indirectly into Book 2 of the Cam",.' of Ihe Aposlles. Some parts of Ihe Aposlolic Consli/ulions exist also in Arabic translation in Ihe Oelale1
Funk, F. X Didascalia et Consiliwl/ones Aposlolor, urn, 2 vol" PaderboTTI, 1905; repr, Tllrin, 1959, J:I~fi+ D~wud, AI-DasquJiyyah Ow la'lim al-rus"l. Cai· ro, 1924; repro 1940, 1968. and 1975. Lagat,lc, P. de. "Apostolic Ca!'ons." In Aegypliaca, pp. 208-238. G611ingen, 1883: r"p. OsnebJiick, 1972. Coplic Ie" wilhoul trans, Lefort, L T. "Nol~ .ur Ie texle COpl~ des Constitu· tions apostohqll~s_" Le Museon, n.s. 12 (1911); 23-24. Leipoldl, J. Saidische A"s<~ge aus dem 8. B"che der ApoSlOlisch.n KonSlitulio>"n. Texte und Unwrsllchungen, N, F, 11, Leipzig, 1904, Metzger, M, U, Con"ilwions oposwliques. vol,. Sources ehdliennes 320. 329, and 336. Paris, 1985-1987. Greek text with French Iran •. Perier, i\" and j, perier. Les "eenl·vingt·sepl canons des ap{Jlr<$." 1'08, 1'1 4, PI'. 1'>64-93. Pari., 1912. Reid~l, W. D/e KircheMrechlsquelleM des Patr/ar· chols Ale.
APOSTOLIC FATHERS,
Th~ designation "ap-
()slOlic fathers" goes back to J. B, COleller, who in 1672 pllbJished a two-volum" "dition of Ih" Sanc/orum p~I... ,n qui temporib"s aposiol/ds f/oruer",1I. Since then it has been usual 10 group under the name of Patres apostolic/ certain early Christian wlilers who were regarded as disciples ()f the apos' lie., still belonging to Ihe apost()lic age. COlelier indllded among them Barnabas, CLEMENT OF ROME, IGNATIUS Of Am1OC1l. I'OLYURP OF SMYRN~. and HER· MAS, and he ediwd Iheir genuine or sUPP'-"ed wril· ings logether with Acts of Ihe Mar!)n relaling 10 Clement, Ignatius, and Polyca,>" In Ihe nineleenth century the circle was widened. lnclllded now in editions of Ihe apo
were Ih~ Epistle 01 Diognetus, the surviving fragmenls of Papia, of Hlerapolis and Quadratus, the fragments of tbe Pre,b},ter in Irenaeus of Lyon" and the DJDACHE lhal was discovered in 1873. During Ihe tW~nlieth cenlury the number of critical ,'okes increased, The notion that the wriling< of the a!'OSlOlic fathers follow those of lhe New Testament chrQnolQgkally cannO! be suslained becall'" the lalest pans of the New Testament and the oldesl elemenls of the apo,tolic falhers came inlO being al the same lime. Thes~ writing< mllst Ihere!Qre be slUdied together (d. Vielhauer, 1975). We mllsl al"" keep in mind thai Ihe lerm "apo.tollc falhers" covers writing< that ...aT)' greally among themselves, An edilion of the remnants of Coplic translalions ",as produced in 1952 by L·T. LefQrt. It cQnlains portions from Ihe Shepherd of Humas; Ihe Didache; the first pseudo-Clementine epislle De virgin/lare; the letters of Ignatius, wilh Ihe inauthenlic epislle to Hero; lhe fictitious, $O-called Roman martyrdon, of 19nalius and the Laus HeT<)ni~; and a later eulogistic and peliliQnary prayer directed 1Q Saint Ignatius, Lefort did m.t include Clem~nt's firs! ~plstle and Ihe Martyrdom of Polyearp in his ed;lion, For these he reft:rs to the edilions of C. Schmidt and of L Balestriand H. Hyvemat (1924). In 1981, 10, Lucchesi ann ""need supplements 1Q l..efon from Paris fulios: for 19natius, To Ihe Philadelphians, for th~ Shepherd of Herrllas, and for the first pseudo·Clemenline epistle D~ virgini'ale. BIIlUOCRAPUY
Aela rnar/yr~m 11, ed. l. Balestri and H. Hyvemal. CSCO 86, Scrip/ores COpl;Ca 6, pp. 62-89. Pari~, 1924; Lom-ain. 1953. CSCQ 125, Scriplores Coplica 15, lrans. into Lalin by H, HyveTTIat, pp. 4350. LoU"ain, 1950. Allaner, B., and A. Sluiber. Palrologie. 8th ed., pp. 43-58, Freiburg, Ilas~l, and Vienna, 1978. Fischer, J, A, Die aposlol,schen VJte" 8th ed., ?p. 9-15. Dannstadl, 1981. Lefon, L-T., trans, Les nres aposloliques ell Cople. cseo 135~36, Scriplores COpl/CO 17-18, Lom'ain,
1952 Lucchesi, 10, "Con,pll:men" aux peres aposloliqu,," en COl'l~." Analuta Bollal1diana \19 (1981);395408. Quas!en, J. PalroloK}' /, pp. 29-105. Utrecht, Brus· sels, 1950. Schmidt, C. Der ..sle Clemensbrief in al,kelp'i.scher Ubersel"mg. Texte und Untersuchungen 32, I, Leipzig, 1908, Vielhauer, P. Geschichte der urchrisllichen Lile'.-
APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION
114'. £l1l/~iIU"r itt Jas N~u~ T~SI"ttM"" d~ Ap<>kry,~ .. u..d di~ Qp<>slaJisdu.. V",~" Berlin and N~ York. 1975.
APOSTOLIC SEE. ~opaI seats have
Sinc~ tf>t, aplllUoft<, ..,.
all
t.e..n tOnSidcnd ~ltaI in hon-
or and rank.. as an bishops "'..,re "equal I~ of Jesus Chrisl" (IC....llus of An.ioch, A.D. JS.107). Saint C)l.nan. who P'"esided (M' • • he Council 01 Donha&~ in 2S(i.... r...-:l !he parity of epl5copal rank. con.erw:ling thaI since all churc..... were eqlQ.\ m~mbelS 01 one catholic (un;"'ersal) church. 50 were all bish(>fJ5 equal membe", of one episc~y. with Christ their Head. and to Whom ,hey were all ans""erable. foll""";,,g the e.pan,ion of Ch.i,t;anity and ,he Prolifenlllon of the Christian popula'ion. eplscOJ>llI scats multiplied in numl>cr. Some of them aequir
81BUOGRAPHY
181
.he bishops from tM aposll« of JC$U> Christ. to ""hom He said NA. the fa,her has ............ e'..,o so se1ld I ygu" (J1I. 20:21). The apo$llel appointed bishops ",ilo in tum ehme others '0 follow them. a pracriu that has conlinued umil Ihe prtStnI age. Accordingly......,.. s,nu the WtWft of Christianity. I~ bishopf ha,.., b«11 considered tht: SUCcessors 01 1M aplllUles. .. they _... enlrus.ta! wilh ti><prnilqe of mlnisuy as Ih'Cn 10
i>OdlnlN$. AI·KJ""fdv. 1I1-N_fiull /I T4TflJ1 a/. Ka..lsall. Cai 192J. J.,r;oujmus M rrah. T4rlbIt aUouIliqlq. Belru•• 19J1. IOrull al-An!uni_ 'Ap aU!4jdnu". Cairo. 1952. KlruU Maqir. AI.Waif a/-nlllli fI Ta',/s aJ.Ka..ISilIl. Cairo, 1925. Leclercq. H. ··Si~S" apos101ique:' In Dklio.... d'arelllolo';' cIrTitit:>tn~ ~I de lilurrfe, Vol. IS. Paris.I907-19SJ. Sunh'lln, f. A. ·'Aposlolic 5«:' In New C..,llo/ic Encyclopedio. New York. 1967.
"i'.,
ARCHBISHOP BAStUC>S
APOSTOUC SUCCESSION, term referring to th., unbrohn chain of spiritual authority passed to
.Each MOSTOUC SUo J.,rusalell>. Alt.undria. Anti-och, and Rom". mainlaincd .ke apo$lo/ic SUe«$sion in an uninlClTUp
182
APOSTOUC TRADITION
BIBUOGRA'HY A1~,
A. LA
Thiol~~
de S. Cyprien. f'ari5. 1922. Clarke. W. K. L First E"w/e 0( Clcmc,1/ to drL Co. "nIhi,"... London, 1931_ Ehtftardl. A.. The Apo>lOlitl:: Sueeusioof in 1M Finl Two Ce.""rie3 of lhe CAurch. London. 1953. Habib Jiljs.. A..~, "/-K,,n,...11 "I-s.b· ,,11. 2nd cd. Cai·
roo 1950. bidhllrwo. Bp. Na;m al·YAqUI {f Su. /l1·K,u,"""I. Cairo. 1894. &,'~" ,,1-&II,lIn al..Mawjild " Ki,flb SJtarfJ Ufiil .U...lln IH/·BndeUlin. Cairo, n.d. Jerui... U$ Masartah. AI....."", " a/·Asrd,. Beirut.
-"'0
)1..S 0( R"",e, l""nS. with "pp",,,,.... eri,i<:us and some critiliC1lll'lOles. lQndon. 19:W. Ha.......... J. M. La /)lu'Ki' tl'lIippotyre. Rom'. 1959. Hauler. E. Did~atiae Ap(molonun F,avne",,, Vu' "lie....'. La...... Lefpli.. 1900. Homer. (0. rite s.."'"IU 0( rite Apos,/a A,
BcN",;",. london. 1904_
rEdo..,.",.
""lman. It.. "lin R!cJen>ent ICCClkia
1888. Kirk, K. E. Tile Apo'IO/k. Miniury. lQndo... 194fi. Sulli,'aIl. F. A "Apostolic Succeuion." In New Ca,holi~ Enc<>'Clopcdu.. Vol I. pp. 695. 696. Nev.York, 1967, A~a(Bt511O"
B.l5lUOS
APOSTOLIC TRADITION, a lIlurgkaltreatise. previously known as the Egyptian Churl:h Order, by the ecdC$iasticaJ writer and theololian of Ihe R<>man church, H1PPQLYnlS (170-236). The original Greek te" was lost. but Arabic. Coptic. Ethiopian. and utiI' ,"CT$i(>t\$ have sur.. i~d. the oldesl ~Ing the Sahidic Coptic translation made aboul 500. Tht A""bk venion ...... made from a Copllc lexl not ntiie. than the tenlh CCnluO)'. In h.. won Hippol)1'" describe-d amon, olhcr thines the consecr.nion ccremooy of bhhops. 1M ordination of pries!> and deac:OM . .00 the oac... !ftCnt of bapc;'1IL He gi'-es the thlft cal""h""",1 Slcp5 d opo ~ of wlh in baptism in the lOIlowIng qo.... lion" -no )__ belit,~ In God the Fa""'r A1mighl}'? Do you !>d....... in Jaus Chrisl, the Son 01 God.....'hI> "''as born of th<' Holy Spirit and 01 lhe \OirFn Mary. "'"Ito ....as couc;61Nl at lhe lime of Ponliu, Pila~. dnd. and buried.....1to I'<;l5e from Lb.. dead on the third day. asc.. nded 10 Hea....... and "" at Ut.. righl lund of Hi, Falher. whence H.....,11 come 10 judge the quic," and lhe dead? Do you belie.... in the Holy Spiril, the Holy Calholic Church. and lhe rcsum:clion oi lhe body~" "Thereupon the pril"Sl anoinlO the bapl;>.ed with con&CCnoted oil. in Ihe name of Jesus Chri't, BIBUOGIIAPHY
Connolly, R. H, The So-c~lIrd Egyptian Ch~,ch 0,drr a"d Duivrd Docu",."ts, Cambridge Text. and SlUdie, 8,4. Cambridge. 1~16. J)i., G. T••l1liu on ApoS/eUe Tradirio" SI. Hippot.
rn
APSE. See Arehll""lura! Elemenls of Churehe$.
AQBAT. A1.- (utin. ucbat), The "llagc of al·
Aqb.a.t i~ mentioned in Iwclfth-centu')' documents or Norman Sicily. The nome means "the Copts." The village i. IOCite-ec lillie inlOlrnation aboul a1-1\qb6\ and only mention iI$ jurisdictional bor· de~ Th~ IOWn ICC"" to Ita"' been founded duri", Ute period of Muslim ",I~ on tho: island. bul it appeaI'5 IN' th<'re ...-ecre Cop!> in Sicily arlitr. ...·hen II ...'1 under Broanline adminislralion (Gre· JOriuo I. 1957. Vol. 1. p. 362}- The otenl of their prese""" on lhe island and the MlUrC <Jl their seI· tlement there are still nooI preci>ely known. Thet-e is. ltowe-....-. (IonC picce of tangible eYidenee lhat <.beds some ligbl on Ihe "alUre of their stay, at leasl in part. A tomb with ~Iin in""rip/lons belonging to a Coptic mere,,",nl from Alexandria ....ho dilNl in 602 has been unconrcd in h1ermo (GuillO'U. 1980. p. 25&). The town of al·Aq!:tt! had • church and a Chris· tian po""l.tion during the twelfth cemul)'.....hile the .urroundin& SoCnJemenu seem 10 have been pre. dominantly Mu.lim. But (l(hcr than its na_. Ihere is no infol'matlon indicat,ng the ethnic compooition of il~ inhabitan,.. The lown was located near the Oret" Ri"er in a "'ell,water.d area where .ugar cane wa! eulli"ated, CIQ'" by wlls a _,ilk-, linen·. and conon.producing region ",ith textile manufoocluring (Berehe•. 1~79. p. 545). II is "cry possible lhol Ihe
ARAB CONQUEST OF EGYPT
Copt. were i,,.-ohed In rh. r.:xtil. indusu)' For which lhey w." ramous In medieval limes. On the (>t.... hand. lhey n,ay ha •• be.n broughl '0 Sicily 10 ;mroduc. euhi,·~tion of "",,,rcan. on rhe .. land. BIBltOCIIA'HY
Berch.r. H..... aI. "Une M,ba).. btine obns la socieIt m..."lmane: Monreale a" XII' sitcl.... Annale. 34 (1979):S28-48. C...., S. f Diplomi GrtCl old Ara~ di Stcilia. Pale.. mo. 1868. Ou!wr. A.. and M. Amari. Cane e.,."p,,,I. de I. Sicile mod.rru .v.c I. Sicif• ... XlII' sitel•. Paris. 1859. G
........ """""
AQFAH~. \'il~
10 the 1OUlh_ of lhe mari"'l (district) of aI·fashn on the len bani: of lhe Nile .......1 II miles (4(1 km) SQU.h of Bani Sud. cdebr:alcd as 1M binhplace of Julius of Aqfa.hf. biosrapbtr of the marlyn and hi1Tl$OII a manyr (....e ....... TYllS.. CQrTIC). E. Am8i........ (1893. pp. 56-sa) "'lIy estabIi!J>cd lhe uac:t Iocalion of Aqfah~, which his predcceuors Iw:I .........d '0 plac. in lhe Deha. A monastery dedicalel.U(UJO'" for 7 Baramldo,. is men.ionel. 2, pl, 3. 1959. pp. 248 [Iexl). 3% [Irans.]). Indlca,es as SanhOl" plac. of ,.fuge th. Mona.lel)' or Saim Se.erns on Moum A.yilt,
,h.
IlIBLlOGRAI'HV
Am~1in.au, E, La Ct08r~phie d. I'Etyplc il I'~poqu£
Copl'. pp,
~-58,
Paris. 1893. RfNt-G(o~(;(S COQUIN
183
ARAB CONQUEST OF EGYPT. The con· que... under 'Amr ibn al··"t_ w..s lhe la.. or Ihe ",pid series of viclori.s in the y<'ar"$ A.H, 13-19jA.D, 635-640 lhal had led ,he Arabs 10 ove"hl'O"" the ......ken.d B}7.lInIin. provin<:.s of Ut. Near East. n.... conqutsol of J?&ypl marked Ih. vinual .nd of a rapid period of eJlp"nsion. !lince aner lhe ....in con· quest of the Pemapolis. Ih. Yiclolious Arab fan;:.. compelled 10 mati: time In lhe west.rn pans of Nom Arnca. During lhe p"riod of !he Onltodo. aliphs and Uman_. umil lh. facimid conquesl, Eel'! ...,mained on !he marzin oIlhe Islamic world. and
.....re:
"ri·.
sources,
Late Byzantine and early Arabic papyri also provide documtnt;l.ry e>'idencc for administrari,c and fiscal hislOry. , In addition. ece.!iastleal hislories
184
ARAB CONQUEST OF EGYPT
(paMicularly 'hat of SAW[l
nor at 'he lime of the arrival of lhe "'rabs. Funhermore, Sassanid rule, a, had lhe Aehaemenid rule a millennium before, undoubtedly led to 'he estab· lishment of gal'risons and centers of Persian life and religion in Ihc provinces and in the area around Ale'andria. John of Nikiou's narra,i,'e of the Persian occupation falls within a lacuna, but we learn from al-Hakam, F"tuh Mi~r (Tor,."y ed" 1922, 1" 74, l. [~) and later deri"ativ"" lh.l lhere w's (at 'he 'ime of the Arab conquest) a locality, near 'he Alexandrian suburb cane
ARAB CONQUEST OF EGYPT
Muhammad had communicated with the rul~rs or the world, demanding recognition, and that his messenger to Egypt, 1;I~!ib ibn Abi BalJii', had been kindly receive" b)' al.Muqawqas (who, howcver, w.u nOt in office at that timel, It ..... as further written by the Egyptian traditionalists that the "ruler" sent back various gifls with the messenger. T,,·o of these ",ere Egyptian slave girls, one of whom, a nalhe of ANT!.~OOP()L1S. be<:ame the mother by Mul)ammad of a wn named Ihrahim, Thi. emhroidery is or consid· erable age, for F",,,h Mj~r quotes it (pp. 45/J.) from a tradition reaching back to Hisham ibn Ish~q and it oceu,.,;, with only a brief reference to Egypt, in the Sirah of Ibn I,lp.q. There .eems linle reason to doubt the tradition, recorded at length by F",,,!} Mi~r (pp, 53ff.) of the previous visit of 'Amr to Egypl in the company of a Christian deacon whose life he had sawd in Pale,tine. In SO journeying, 'Amr ww; following the normal practice of the cara,-an tr:aders from the east· ern .ide of the Red Su; even if the stol}' has received much romall1ic accretion, there
11)5
through lhe W~dr Tuma)'l~t 10 Ihe eastcrn flank of the D<:lta, His goal was Babylon, which would give him Ihe most strongly foni6ed point i" Egypl and would cnable him to isolate the Delta before launching hi, attack on Aluandria . • Ie could thw; gain mastel)' of the whole Nile Vallcy by hoiding the crossing of the Nile al Gi,.a, The de<'i,ion to head straigbt for tbe Nile Valley was thu, a precon· eei,'ed ,tnHegr. which had the tactical advantage of enabling the Arab,. familiar with Ihe de<en rout"', to pass outsidc thc various Roman defen,;,'e posi· tions untillhey reached Tendunias, the Arabs' Umm Duna)'n. In taking Ihis route, 'Amr wa, probably foll"wing in Ihe steps of Ihe Persian, twenly )'ears before, They. too, nO douht. wished to avoid the dangerous entanglement, of the many branches of the Nile and the complexities of the canal ,)'S1em that led 10 Alexandria, The reduclion of al-FaramJl. i, sai" 10 ha"e occupied 'Amr for approximalely • monlh_a conven· tional rather than an e~act figure. According to Arab lradition" the assistance rendered by Ihe Coptic population '0 the Arabs began at this point (Pu_ IU!) M~r, pp. 58-59). The truth of Ihis st"emen, and of its consequences i. discussed below. 'Amr advanced from al-Farama without serious opposition to Bilbeis, where the caravan route roaches the eultivation, and thi, fen after a brief resistance. Further southwe't, a few miles north of Babylon, at Tendunias (Umm Dunayn; Fulrih Mi'i', p. 59, \0; Nikiou, p, c~ii, 7-101, somewbere in the A~baki)Yah region of modern Cairo and a Mrc>ngly defended Roman encampment. 'Amr met stronger resistance and sent urgently for reinforccment 10 'Umar, According 10 the most trustworthy tr~ditions, 'Urn" sent him 4,000 foot sold;er,; under Kharijah ibn KhudMfah, bringing the appro~imale total of 'Arne's lroops to 8,000 (F"I~!) Misrj but making no allowance far losses incurr.d en route. With these reinforcements, a funher battle ,,-as fo u ghl al 'i\yn Sbam, (HdiopoJi'I, nonh of Tendunias, perhaps afler the ,iege of Babylon had already begun, Hcre the hattle was won by a successful Arab cavairy maneuver that outflanked the strong Roman entrenchmcnts (Nikiou, p. c~ii, 8; FmlJ!) MiSr, p. 59, 14ff,. links thi, maneuver with the battle of Umm Dunayn). As a result of these ,'ictori"", whatcver their e~act sequen,", 'Amr was able 10 concentrate his ene'llie. On the sieg~ of Babylon, whose great circular wails sUITOunded by a moat dominated the are. hetween the Nile (which Ihen ran close beside it) and the Muqa!!am hills 10 the east and cOntrolled Ihe route ,outhward. It appe.rs, however,
186
ARAB CONQUEST OF EGYPT
Ihal in spite of the nalural adnntage of .Irildng hard at Bab}'lon, 'Antr al this point senl al leasl some of hi, 'mops to o.'er~Ome the Roman forces scau~red ralher 10000ly in the Fayyum and fanher soulh, ahhough the conquesl of Upper Egypl itsdf was left 10 a later phase of operalions, The facI remind~ us thaI Ihe Arab, were not adepl al ,iege warfare (Nikiou, PI'. cxi, Sf.; cxv, 9-10; d. BUller, 1902, p. Zl9, n. I: not in FW;;/J Mifr, which gives a laler account of a conquesl of the Fayyum. PI', 16970, d. Buller, PI'. 2181.). The number of the Roman defenders of Babylon, and indeed of Egypt as a whole, is very uncertain. John of Nikiou mentions numerous generals who were aClive al variou, point~ in the operalions, but their individual roles are vaguel}' described. The<>' dorus seems 10 have been commander in chief and cenainly played the leading role, and anolher George (1) was the commander of Babylon. Nor do we learn anylhing of Ine size or composilion of Ihe forces themsel.'e,. Thcre i, no doubl thaI Ihe ,trici milil<>ry formalions of the early Byzanline period had been replaced in Ihe reign of Juslinian by lroops (nr;lhmoi/ and garrisons commanded by tribunes (tribrmiJ, and b)' the levies of b"cdlnrii (pri"ate soldiers) rai,ed by Ihe owne~ of large estales II is likely lhat Ih~'Se 1"""""ly associated forces, whose normal dUlies were probably prol""li,'e in Ihe manner of a policc force ralhcr than mililary, were neilher well equipped nor well lrained 10 nlee! Ihe mobile and powerful Arab IhruitS in open warfare. Th.. multiplici,y of command may itself have been a factor in Ihe piecemeal defeal of Ihe Roman forces. The siege of Babylon began al Ihe end of Ihe ftooding of Ihe Nile (August-September) of A.H. 19/ A.D. 640, and conlinued for sewn monlhs bcfoTe i.. final capitulation in April 641. In the interval Iwo auempts al negolialions failed. The lirsl, probably abolll Ihe end of September, is recounled in Ihe Amb lraditions. Cyrus, after consultation wilh his colleagues in Ihe fonre... had himself secredy ferried over to "Ihe island" Rawdah (Rodah), There he conducled a lenglhy bul abortive parley wilh 'Amr, first Ihrough his own emissaries to the Arab camp, and then wilh Ihe Arab envo}'s sent 10 Rawdab, led by the powerful figure of 'UbAdah ibn al-¥mil. This epi.ode has Ihe ring of lrulh,lmt the different lradi· lion, rc
paymenl of tribute or continua,ion of the war_an; nO doubl historically conecl. After some debale among Ihe Romans, Ihe}' were refused, and Ihe ,iege conlinued. The """,ond episode is undoubledly hi"",ieal Ihough it has to be pieced together from F"wh Mifr and olher sources. According 10 fl
Meanwhile, having left a detachmenl to cnnlinue Ihe siege, 'Amr had been able 10 turn his allenlion 10 the subjugalion of the Delta. However, he made lillIe progTess, and soon relurned 10 the siege, In Febroary 641 Heradiu' had died, and by March ne"iS of Ihis reached the Arah camp omside the citadel, On learning of iI, Ihe Roman garrison losl hope, and Ihe Arabs pressed Ihe siege slill harder. The dramalic but probably unhislorical tradition of the fcat of al-Zubayr ibn al·'AwwAm seems to be· long to this ph...~ of Ihe siege (F",;;!) Mlfr, PI'. 63-64; nOI in Niki<>u). AI·Zubayr devoled himself 10 AllAh, undertaking to scale the walls and capture Ihe fonre... He. and olhers who followed him. reached Ihe 101' of Ihe wall. They were recalleJ from entering by 'Amr, who feared for Zubayr and al Ihe same time insist· ed, in answer 10 Zllbayr's prOlestations, ,hat Ihe Roman capilulalions should be by surrender and not by f"rce, The Roman garrison. onder ils aCling commander. surrendered after a funher hrid resis,aoce, and 'Amr had Ihus achieved his aim. The leTIDs <>f the agreed lrealy are not recorded in full in any recognizable form, but they are given in a .-ery succinct version by Jolln of Nikiou (1'. cHii. inil.). The condilions of surrender seent 10 be of a stricdy milital)' nalUre. And 'Amr. Ihe chief of the Muslim forces. encamped before the dladel of Babylon and be, ,ieged Ille Iroops Ihal ganisoned il. Now Ihe lat· ler received his promise Ihal they should nOI be
ARAB CONQUEST OF EGYPT
put to the sword, and they on their side undert<x>k to deliver up all the munitions of war. which were considerable. Thereupon he ordered them to evacuate the citadel, and they took a small quantity of gold and set out. And it was in this way that the citadel of Babylon in Egypl w"" ....k. en on the second day after the [festival e>f the] Resurrection, The te,t of the "Treaty of Mi~r" gi>'en in Butler, (Vol. 2. Pl'. 32-33), whatever its origin, does not seem te> be a rele,'ant document in this context. The doubts ca>t on its authcnticit), by S. Lane-Poole and L C. Caetani are not wholly dispelled by Butler's subsequent vigorous treatment of the te~t With Babylon lallen, the forces of 'Amr again turned northward and proceeded up the western side "f the Ddta, capturing Tcrenuthis. Nikiou (tbc main link between Bahyl"n and Ale.•andria. and later the Seat of Bishop J()hn). Kom Sharik and Sul!ays, and rea"hed the outskim; of AIe'andria at f.lulwa and Max (FUI~h Mi~r, pp. 73-74), 'Amr, as alwaY" at his least effecti,'e when facing a siege, failed to takc thc city (Nikiou, p. CJli~, 3) and left a detachment 10 cominue the siege. He "ncc more returned south to his new garrison at Babylon in order to meet Cyrus, who had returned in Septem· ber from Constantinople ,'ia Rhodes 10 Ale~andria (togcther with the commander·in-chiefTheodore), CyT\lS came armed with authority to ncgo,iatc a !",l'manent pe.ce from the succe",i", short·li"ed successors of lIeraclius. This was signed between the twO protagonists at Babylon in A.H. 20/A,D, 641. This final treaty of Alexandria, recorded by John of Nikiou (p. cu, 17ff,), unlike the previous submission at Babylon, co"ered the whole field of future relations in Egypt to Muslim rule and acceptance of subject Slatus. with payment of tribute and a two· dinar poll ta~ (JIZYAH) by all UnCOMel1e
187
said to have consistoo of lOO,otXI troops and civil· ians (Ewuh Mi
188
ARAB CONQUEST OF EGYPT
instruction of 'Uthm"n, left unchanged from that imposed after the original conquest. That is to say. the conquered remained protected persons on payment of the poll \.ax (the matter is recorded at length in F~IU~ Mi,r, Pl'. 82ff.). There is. in an~' case. no doubt that the second siege was conquest by foree (F~liih Mi
The relative ease with which Egypt fell before the sm.ll Muslim foree. was long explained as the reo sult of the cooperation of the Monophysite populalion, which, under the leadership of their patriarch, BENJAIoUN I, could no longer brook the long·standing Melchite persecutions, which reached a c1ima. un· der Cyrus himself. This view was challenged in forceful letms I>y A. J. Butlet, who regatded the Copts as ha,'ing remained faithful to their imperial allegiance in spite of all their nibulation, until after the surrender of Babylon or the capture of lhe Fay· yum. when lhey saw lhat ("nhet resistance would be fruitless. They .hen collaborated with the in,'ading forcn. Others have nOt been convinced by' this argument, and indeed the evidence, in spite of all the confusion in either di,..,ction, seems to point to the traditional view. In Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam (F"I"~ Misr, p, S8.20ff.) thete is a tradition going back to vague Egyptian SOUtces thaI Benjamin himself, on hearing of the arrival of 'A-mr at al. Farami, wrote to his flock that the power of Byzantium ....'as broken and that the "Copts'" should rally to 'Amr. That. if true, was not unduly presdent of him. in view o( the speed of lhe Arab conquests elsewhere. nor was he likely to be unaw","" that lhe Muslim lrealmen, of religious minorities would be governed by more rational procedure'! than those of Melehite persecu· tion, 00 lhe other hand. John of Nikiou, our earliest and nonnally mO." reliable source. appears to imply that the collaboration of lhe Copts began only after the approximate time of the submission of Babylon (Nikiou. p, cxiii. I). The issue is historical-
Iy cruCial. but the chaotic stale of the surviving lexl of John at this point does not permit a decision in favor of prolonged Coptic allegiance to Byzantium: the subsequent persecutions of the COPlS canied oul by Cyrus after his retum from Constanlinople (Nikiou, p. c,vi, 14, mispla<:ed) hardly affect the issue. Cyrus himself seems to ha\'e regreued his role in the final fall of Egypt but is not reponed to have felt any rankular remorse 0'""" his treatment of the Copts. Ironkally, the Arab traditionalist. fre· quently regard him as a Copt, that is, as Egyptian and nol Roman. Perhaps no solution of this prob· lem is possible with lhe evidence in its existing state. In any case. the ,'auscs of defeal were com· plex, The mili\.ary Failure of the By'anline gm·em· ment. the personal character of Cyrus, in panicular his persecution of the Copts. and the hostility of the overwhelmingly Monophysite population must all in different degrees have contributed to lhe defeat. The hostili'y of ,he Copt.<. ampiy JUSlified in their own eyes, ....'a' probabiy the deci,ive fudOr in lerms of local assistance provide<:! to the Muslim troop•. ranicularl)' in lhe Delta. This assistance is recorded be)'ond doubt in lhe la,er stages of lhe campaign hy the Arab chroniclers, possibly' in ",aggeraled l",m, (FwtJ}! Mi~r, Pl'. 73, 3Jf.: 74,16_17). 'Amr had established a new em in Egyptian hi510' I). when he firsl set up his standard just nonh of Babylon. on ,he site knawn heneefonh as al-Fustat ({ossam"" the camp, perhaps from a pre\'iously existing Byzantine camp). From ~.". 22/•.D. 643 on· ward the area between the river and the Muqanam Hills was divided into tribal and military all<>l' men Is. These familiar inalienable khillan< (districts) rapidly gr~w inlo a town that, io lutn. spread fat· ther north and east of the fonre". Their !y~nially excavated ruins are a familiar .ight today. Gradual. Iy. however, the center of uman gl<",ity moved slighlly farther n",'h, and the area of al·Fust"! be· gan to be abandoned when the Abba,id dynasly built al·
'ARAJ, AL·
tud in ",rum for a payment of jit)'.." (poll "'-~) of supposedly 1i.Ied. ta.~es. which were embod~d In Ihe terms of the capitulalion, aI t...... .liMn per adult male, and an additional kJu, ....j (land w:) payable by Ihose (includinl churches) pt>5lcssilll land in lhe provinces, In addition. 1M protecled populalion was required >0 pro>idt a 1MUUn: 01 dochina and '-Pftalic,lo any iliner,ml Mushm, TMs description is ~ enough 10 C01itT the innunwrable varialions of inltTpTflaUoa oIIered by Arab chronlclen, jurists. and wrilen on lUaIion. 10 ~. nothinl of many 01 Ihm modern SUCceuors conceminl lhe imposilion of lhese taxes, Much of Ihis confused material rellects the lheoretical wariations of a Ialer date, N~nhtlCS$. contempol1111Y pa.pyr11Ol SOme historical sources show dearly that lhe Dhim. mis in cady Mu~lim £gypt .....,re. in ract. rhe victims not SO much of a s)"item fi,ed (lriri". by the capitulation but of 1Te«uent and ~m;n,ly haphaz· ard chanlcs in starus and in level~ and incidence of laxation, Of rhese, the poll tax weIghed heavily on lay people and evenlually clerics alike, and at some periods cven the converted we"" not e.emp!. In mOSt other respecls th" Arab aulhorili"s did lilll" more I.... n adapt lhe ..Isting bureaacratlc 5)'$' I<m 10 a more efficient standard of admlnlslrsuion. This was foo:u"",d On lhe person of Ihe ,AGAacl-t. whose role is amply documeoted. lor uS in tWO sets of eolTftpOnden<:e, I .....t bet.....en Qun-ah and aa,ili· US of Aphrodito, and lhat bet..-een Papas, J»P~h of Apollonos An<>. and the ami. of the Thtbaid. The mailt effect 01 this was certainly to be seen in the pl'tWinees. ..'here the large estates and anopract
wen '"
a"
searches J. New Ha,'CIt, 1922. first printing in Leiden, 1920. Another n.litt'" Nilion under lhe title "u",J, ,u~r ..••.• /.M"'lrrib \0'35 edited by Abd al-Mug'un Arnir, Cairo. 1911. Refo,rences in
B1BUOGRAPHY
Ibn Abd al·l;lakam. 1'uWI} Mi~r wa·ilkhbotruM, edil' ed fcorn manuscripls in Paris and London b}' Chades C. TOn'e)' under the title TIt~ Hi.lOry of C""qu<J1 "I Ep-pl, Norlh Alriu G..d Spoilt, kno",n ;OS F"Iii.~ Mi.!" Yale Oriental Series, Re·
,It,
189
M~DleVAL
r.
M. FRASER
'ARAJ, AL-, small oasIs on the road that joins thc oasis nI Si"-~, wesl of Alexandria, to MwlT in the
190
ARCHANGEL
oasis of al·Ba~ariyyah, about 65 miles (100 km) from Siwa. A. Fakhry thinks that the ancient tombs that he excavated there pr...rv. lraces of paiming. of the Christian period, which would indicate that they must have been occupied by hermits (Fakhry, 1939, p, 614: 1973-1976, Vol. I), !lowe,'.r, A, de Cosson, who had wrillen earlier, advanced an opposing opinion (1937, pp. 226-29) BlBLIOGRAPHY
Co",on, A, de, "NOles on the Bahr~n, Nuwt'mis;>h and e1·Areg Oases in the Libyan Dc'CI1." Jo"mal of Ecyptian Mcnaeolog)' 23 (1937):226-29. Fakhry, A, "The Tombs of d-'Areg Oasis in the Liby. an Desel1," Amra/es d" Service des IInliq"i/<s de I'Egyple 39 (1939):609-19, MAURICE MARTIN, S.J. Rl'.N~-GE()RGES CCOUIN
ARCHANGEL (Coptic,
from the Greek &pXiryy.-Aoo;, arkhaggelos), superhuman being dwelling in hea,'en who ..e.'eal. to man God'. will and e,ecules His commands. Archangels occupy the eighth of the nine mnks in lhe hierarchy of lhe hea.venly h<>s\, which ha.> a lhreefold 'lro~lu", (see ANGEl.s). A Coptic doxology, forming part of the .ervice of the evening and the moming offering of incensc, indudcs the names of ,e,'en :m;:hangels who con· stantly glorify the Almighty: MICHAEl. (Mjlcha'll), GIl· llRIEl (Ghubriyal), R...,HAEl (RO~'Il), sURlEL (Su"",I), Sadakad, Saratael, and Ananael, they are the great, pure, and luminesccnl bcings who inlcrcc<Je on behalf of humanity. Commemoration dales of the first four archangel' are Michael on 12 Hatur, Gabriel on 22 Ki}'ahk, Raphael on 3 al·Nasi, and Surid on 27 Tobah. ;l.fXlWT6.\OC,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Marriott, W. B. "Angels and Archangels." In Dicli~ nary of ChriS/ian ""'tiql
ARCHBISHOP. Following the apostolic age, all hisbops of lh' church were con,id"red equal in
rank and dignity. According to Saint Cyprian (d, 258). "The episcopate is one, of which each bishop holds his part within the uodivided .lrocture, The church also is one howe'-cr widely she has spread among the multitude" (Th. Uniry of [he Calholic Churclt, in Jurgens, 1970, Vol. L p. 221). With time, howe,'er, ccrtain hishops came to be distinguished o,'er "lhers through lheir longer lenure in office and their experience in organization and admini'trati"n. lhus de""rving the lille of archbishop. Again lhe church had to follow lhe civic division of lhe country inlO provin~es, whereby the bishop of the cap;tal city of each province took precedence m'er other bishops. In additiop, some aposlolic cpiscopatcs. such as Jerusalem. Alexan· dria. Anlioch, Ephes"'_, and Rome had acquired .eniority due to the honor 01 having been estab· lished by the apo.tle. them.e1ves. In the founh century, the rank of METll-OroUTAN came into use, thereby giving the metropolitan bishop authority over other bishops in hi. province, AposlOlic Canon 34 stipulates: "The bishops every nation muSI acknowledge him who is firs' among them and ac~ount him as their head, and do nothing of consequence without hi. con.ent: bm each may do th""'e things only which concern hi. own parish and the country places which belong to it. But neithcr lei him (who i' the firsl) do anything without the consem "f all; for so there will be unanimily, and God will be glorified through the Lord in the Holy Spirit" (Tit, Apos/olka/ Canons, 1956, p. 590), Likewise Canon 9 of the Council of Anlioch (341) lay. down the following:
"r
II behooves lhe hishop in e"ery province to acknowledge the bishop who presides in lbc melropolis, and who has 10 lake thoughl for the whole pro"ince; because all men of business come together from evel)' quaner to the metrop' olis. Wherefore it i, de~r....d that he ha"e prece· dence in rank, and thaI lhe othcr bishops dn nothing extraordinary without him (according to the ancienl Canon which prevailed from the limes of our Fathers) or such things only a.' pertain 10 their own particular parishes a~d the districts subied 10 lhem, For each hishop has aUlhmity ove .. his own parish, both to manage it wilh thc piety which is incumbem on e"eryone, and to make provision for the whole distri~t ",hi~h is dependem on his city; to ordain presbyWfS and deacons; and to senle e"erything with judgment. But lei him undel1akc nothing further wilhput the bishop of the melropolis; ncithcr the lancr without lhe consent of the OIhers (The Ca"o"s of [he B/ess~d a'ld Holy fathero, 1956, p. 112),
ARCHDEACON
From lhe above and other canons, it is dear lhat the archbish()p's prerogative was to prcside over the synod, to head the ceremony of consecralion of bishops in his diocese, and to look into grievances as well as decisions of other local episcopal coun· cils. Following the introduction of lhe rank of patri· arch in the fiflh century, the bishops of paniarchal sees, for example, Rome and Constantinople, were designated archbishops at lhe Coundl of CHAL(EDON (451). BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ca",m5 of the Ble5sed a"d Holy Falhus AS5'mbl,d at Amio<eh i" Syria. In A S,lu/ Library ul th. Nicme aMd Posl-NiceMe FaIhus of the Chris/ior! Ch"Fch, 2nd ser" VoL 14, ed. P. Schaff and H. Wace. Grand Rapids, Mich., 1956. Cyprian of Canhage. The Unity 0/ II" Ca/~olic (h"Fch. In The Failh uf Ih. Early Falh~'S, Vol. 1, ed. W. A, Jurgens. Collegeville, Minn, 1970. Kirullus al·An!un!. 'A~r al·Majami', pp, 69, 70, 112. Cairo, 1952. Salim Sulaym~n. M"khla~ar Tonk" al·Ummalz al· Qib{iyall /f 'A~ray al- Wmlzal'l;yy"h wa-
ARCHDEACON. The rank of
ar~hdea~on dates
back to the apostolic age, Ha\'ing appointed seven dea~ons, "men of good repute, fuJI of the Holy Spirit and of wisdom," the apostles sclocted one of lhem, Stephen, 10 be their chief (Acts 6:1-6). How· ever, no mentioo is made to this pankular rank in tne leller wrillen b}' Cornelius, bishop of Rome (251-253), to Fabius, bishop of Antioch, ahhough Cornelius refel> to OIner ranks of the diaconate (Eusebius, !Jislorio uclesiostica 6.43). The pusition of archdea~on be<'ame fully estab· lished in the Eastern and Western chur~hes in the founh ~entury, as eviden~ed by the writings of Saint Augustine (De Divers;s Question.bus ad S;mpHd",,,,,,, lll. 9). Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus (393~ 466), in his hislory of lhe Council of NIC~EA, describes lhe posilion of nH~N~S'U5 as the prin~ipal dea~on ,reponed in E~sebi"s I, 25). The archdiac· onate e<Jually figures in lhe proceedings of the Council of EPHESUS (431), Seniority in the diaconate appears 10 ha,'e been lhe crilerion for promOlion to lhe archdeao:;onate. This rule, ne"enhe1ess, was not without its exceptions, as Athanasius hecame head of the deacons
191
though still young, without being lhe mosl .'enior of deao:;ons when the patriar~h ~l~~S[)ER r (312-326) appointed him ar~hdeao:;on, Likewise Saint JOHN CHRYSOSTO.II (347-407) ordained Serapion deacon and then archdeacon of the church of Constanlino-pie (Socrates, HlslOn'o ucluiastico 6.4; S<)lomen, lIisror;o eccles;ostica 8.9). On the recommendal;on of the cong'"egation and the clergy, a bishop ordains an archdeacon in ac~ordance with the sa~rament of holy orde"". The ordination semce follows immediale1y after the prayer of the aspasmos (Kiss of Peace) and before lhe congregation sings the hymn of lhe aspasmus, The bishop sa~w "Our M""ter, Lo:!"cc of man ... do 5<'nd the grace of Thy Holy Spirit upon Thy servant [Name] who is called to be an archdea~on through the vole and judgment of those who ha"e brought him into our midst and lhe requesl of those who have given aecounl of him, Make him worthy 10 be archdeacon for Thy holy church. , , lhal he may hold the ~hali~e of the pre~ious B1<JOd of the Lamb without blemish whkh is Thine only·begotten Son: that he may minister unto the orphans and help the widows, having carc of lhe servers. , . nor is this grace given Ihrough the impo~ition of our hands, we being sinners, but by the "isitation of Thy rich ~ompa",ion, it is given to th",e who are worthy of ii, ... We pray and besee~h Thee, the Good One and Lover of man, on behalf of Thy se",-ant [Name), that Thou should.l make him worthy of the grace of the ~al1ing of the archdiaconate lhrough lhe descent upon him of Thy HoI}' Spirit_" The bishop then lays hands upon him, and he take' part in the celebration of Divine lJmrgy, Thc archdeacon is charged wilh making ntt..sal)' arrangements for ~hurch sen.'i~es, assigning various tasks 10 deacons and subdeacons; safekeep· ing of church books, vessels, and vestments; ensuring that church charily is receh'Cd by the nee
Bunnester, O. H. E. The Egyptian or Coplic Ch",ch, Cairo, 1967, Cummings, D. Th. R"dder, Athens. 1908. lqlAdyus Yu~ann~ Labi!>. Kit~b al·Ab~"lm"d;YJah alSanawiy}'ah al·M""adossah, Cairo, 1911. M",~'"dl 'Ahd .I-Masih ~alib, ak AI·Khf
192
ARCHELAUS OF NEAPOLIS
ARCHELAUS OF NEAPOLIS is an imaginary figut"<' invemed by the Coptic authors of the period of the CYClES. Various homilies at"<' anributed to him. Information On his f,ctional personality can be drawn onll' from the coOlent of his humilies, and his mention in the Coptic·Arabic SYNA.XAl
The accounl of hi, life has !>een preserved in Sahidic iD a complete codex (NO'..... York. Pierpont Morgan Library M 579,1) and in various fmgments from DAYa A.~BA SHtNUDAlI (ed. Drescher. 1947), and is attributed 10 one Eusebius. ;l. hisloriographer of Rome who. in Ihe mind of "'hoe"er composed it. was ob,iously the same person as EUSEBtUS OF CA.ESAREA. withoul apparent reason for such an anribution. We are told that Archellides came from a noble and very pious famiJ)' of lhe city of Rome. He is educated b}' "philosophers" and sem to complete his education in Athens and Beirut, Along the .....ay he meetS a CO'l"e and is <0 ,truck by lhi< thaI he !-aloes a vow "f ,'irginity and goes '" the PaleSlinian monaste')' of Saint Romanus. He is accepled by the monks. performs great acls of asceticism, and is also t"<'spected for his .....isdom, Withoul any ne..... s of him, his mOlher is very sad: she opens a hoslel where
Drescher. J. Three Coptic L"gends: Hilario, Jirche/lit.., S.. sr."pcrs. Supplement to Annol« du Service des An/iqui',s de (Egypte 4. Cairo, 1947.
,h.
-.n
TITO ORlANDI
ARCHIMANDRITE, a lenn of Greek origin BIBLIOGRAPHY Vi" H. de, ed. and tranS. Homt!ie. copies de /" Val;can". Coptica I. 5. Copenhagen, 1922, 1929, TlTO ORUNDI
A.RCHELLIDES, SAINT, a Roman noble who became a monk in Palesline (feast day: 13 Tubah).
(orchein, to rule, and mandro, fold, byre) denoting the superior of a monaste')', Although il< precise application is the subjecl of conl"'''crs}'. "ne thing is certain: il wa< a higher-ranking Icrm than others such,," father. PRl)F-STos, and HF-GUMU
ARCHIMANDRITE
whole, Undoubtedly, its precise application changed from one coun,,'Y or penod to another. The oldest examples of the use of the tille in texts referring to Egypl are to be found in the Hi'/mia Lau,iaca of PAI.L\.DIUS and the lellers of ISIOORUS Of PELUSIUM (c. 360-440), The HislQTia lal<siQca. wrillcn around 410, con· tains the recollec
193
do
194
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS OF CHURCHES: Aisle
Papyri publW>ed by eruOl (19O\l, no. 124).nd by P V. JemSledt (1959. nO_ 3) r.how lhal !he lenn ".~himandrile·· >"35 sometime>o replx~ by Ihe Coplk >WJo "TOm
R~f
$ani,ry Saddk},a"k roof
Nave l"khe
""'<"""Y S)'nlhronon Telnconch r"",. . Triconch Triumphal an:h V..ult
Pastophorium BIBUOGJlAI'KY
!'iliac
Alcock. A. 1M Life of s.mue/ 01 KlII........". I...on-
cloP. 19&4. eruOl, W. E. C",tdope of rhe Copti€ .\",,,~lCripfs in rio. (on«lion of the JoII" Ryl"ndJ Lib,,,ry. "I.. n· dleS.er. 1909. 1I1or1"'lery 01 Epiph.muJ III ThdHS, Vol. I. p. 130; Vol. 2. <:Qmmtnlary 10 t~1 110. IJl_ New Yorl<. 1926. Crum. W. E... nd G. Sieinoorif. eds. /(opIUCM Rec1llsu.J:,mden ,hs "chIen /ah.h""detls "lOS Dieime. u,ipzig. 1911. lIalkin. f. Vllae GrMc"e. B",...,ls. 1932. Ilellgstenberg. W. "Re>'icw or Tn (opric Leg"/ rur, by A. A. Schiller." B)'umri"ische Zeilschrilr 34 (1934):9'0. bido..... , of Pelusium, Episwlae, PG 78, Turnhoul, n,d. JernSledl, P. V. Kop'skie '"ksly Er",ir"lh". Moscow, 1959. Kahle, P. Bal,,'iwh: Coplic TUlS lrom Dcir elS"I,,·it/lh. London, 19$4. lam~. G. W. H. A P"rri"k Greek LU!c01l. Oxford, 1%1-1968. Pa"l'>ire, J. "A
_
n..
EWA WlP'$lYotA
ARCHITECTURAL CHURCHES
ELEMENTS
OF
[TIt;, en'ry conlisu of forty-onc llniclu. MOJi ....re wrill... b,. Pe'e. Cros.sm""n. "St/prUirc,y- is b,. W. (;oJ/e"'s1i, "C<>1Wftn" by Hans-Gco'f s..wnn. 1M)' "'~ liS folk>ws: Colonnade Aisle Am~lalory CoI"mn C.". Diac:onicon Alrium B
'''''
,~,
J>rcsb}1c-ry Prothesis Proth)TOn RelUm :>isle
[See "Iso: Allar; Baldachin; !bsilica; kol\OSllt:Sis.]
Aisle An aisle is a passage on Ihe ,ide of lhe n ...e in a basilica·plan church, h is narrower Ihan lhe nave and is usually separated from i, by a row of col· umns connceled by an architl1lve (beam) or arches. The purpose of "isles is 10 enlarlle the inlerioc of a church beyond Ihe na.... Thus a church may have a nav<: {IT a nave and lWO or lou. aisles. depending on Ihe size of lhe communily il serves. The aisle roor is 10_. lhan Iha, of lhe nav<:. In Syri:o. North Mriea, and Europe i. fonnC'd a lean-to. bul in E&YJ>1 i usually lbl. £eyprian basili",,". like lhose or her Easl~m ".....ntries. """,... mt<:es of ...·indow!! in lhe aWes. We$lem basilicas have had aisle windows since.he 6hh cenlury (GilolCr. 1968, pp_ 39-.2). Chancteri5tic or Ihe fc)-ptian basil...., e>;<:epl: on the nonh coaSl, are lhe Ilkh", (..,., below) Iel inlO the ""'Itt walls of !he aisle, oo..lt in do,e sequc-nce (Drichrnann. 1937. p. ~). They ..... probablJ a.--c-lic of the oId...- mud-brick buildin& rnelhod. and
"of" B1BLlOC....rtIY
Deichmann, f. W. CnmdriUly,n" des KiFchenbau.. in friihchris/licher "nd "lU'"ri"lscher Zeit 1m M",.· gon/ande. Halle, 1937, Gun/er, R. Wa"d, Fcmle, und Lichr. Helford, 1968. Monne""l de ViII.rd, U. "La b.siliea cristiana in EgillO." In A,ui dd IV congress" i",.mllzioltal, di a'clteol"cia ~ri$li.n•. Vol. I Rome, 1940, Orlandos, A. K. Btto
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS OF CHURCHES: Apse
Ambulatory An ambubtol)' is a c<w~rrd walkway around lhe central .." of a buildin.. whi(,h is usually a CO\'" ~rcd hall but ma)' be an open coun. Ullin ......
n.e
b../..Iio, like the Gredc ~ridmnlOs. orit:lnally mnnl only the OJI""n -Sf*'e around a hou5e. An ambulatory may be in the fonn of a peri!;tyl~. Of" oo'onnadc (see below). such :as those sulTOl.lndi. . G,,"k temples Of counyards. but mon often it is enclosed in ...':lIb. as in chu.-.:hes of the basilica plan. The inner ...':lIls may be connected ""th the «n,n! pan of th~ building by on~ Of" mo..., oprninp. and the outer _lis may 01'<'" inlO small eha~ls. An ambulalol)' may be eamed around all four sides of lhe central area, or it may be U-shaprd. Ambulatories , " " u used in t~mples and palaces in ancient Ur. A"",r, Bahylon. and EiYPl, Examples in qypt are in the grave temple of Pcribsen, an early kin& of th $e<:ond Dynasty at Abydos (Urn al·Qa'h). and the innennost ""nctual)' of temples of the New Kingdom to the Roman period in Karnak. In early ChriS/ian architectu..., of the SiXlh cemu· I)' under Justinian. ambulatori"l' were lneo'l'Orated in la!"ie churches on the cent ....1 plan. Famous ex· amples a .... the church« or San Vilale in R,O\-enna and Saints Se!"ii", and Bacchus in Constantinople (Kraulhelmer, 1965, pp. 161-70). The East Church of AbU Mini. lItar Alexandria, had an amb,,>lalol)'. Ambublorin "'..,.... abo .-d in Egyptian c""'.-.:hes of the basilica plan, not3bly a linldn. of the two side a.islcs with the return a.'de (oee below) across the wCSlem end 01. the cbu.-.:h, as in the churches at Pbow. Ambulatories ....,'" used in a group 01. foul'Co.....nntd chutthe$ in lhe Nile Valley, lOme 01. ......;ch surn>oed in Nubia until the complec;"n of the !.swan Hi&h Dam in 1971 (GrDSlImann, 1980, pp. 85-111). Some buildiogs « the fatimid JM'riod (tenm 10 ""'elfth centw)") with a c~otllli plan ha>.., ambubtorics. for cumple, Pton _UUi'llTTAH lbec roofing of Ihe corner p
195
circulales in a. definile direction. The oame solution appcan in Ihe fire temple of the p-t:a.1 Parthian sun god a.1 Hatra in Mesopotamia. (Jl.CVIher. 1918, pp_ 4.H-39). In othe!" Iranian Ii.... lemples lhe comer ;area 01. the ,"",bu.!awry "'as &elltnl1y complelely scpa.r.tted oIf and n:>ofed with a small cupola of its own (Reuther, 1938, pp. 5SO-S7). In the small fourcoIumood chun;:hes «the Nile Valley a. .)-.nlllClri. cal solu.ion ""lOS again chosen. Only in lhe- vauJled buildings 01. Ihe Fatim'" JM'riod was a solu.ioD found that made it unnec:essary to ~ awoiliary arch« in the corner areas '0 carty the- vaulting. In thC5e cumpl«, squinch arches tonslmeted diag0nally 0>_ a corner ",~ne used 10 X".., lOS lhe $UPpon for la..er arches over lhe remaining space. &l... of this conslruction ha¥c .urvived in lhe comdor ,.,mlling of the accommudation building in DAn ANIl.I. IiADRA.. As_n (Gr"O$Smann, t982, pp. 245-46). 1,I11,11.10CR"PHY
Borchardt, L Agypllsche Tempel ",il U",gang, Cairo, In8, Deh'O}'•• C. "Ambit"•." In Reallu:ikcm ZJl-r by.:antin. isc/wl Kunsl, Vol. I. Pl'. 124-26. Stullgart. 1966. Grossmann, P. Ekph~"li"c. Vol. 2. Main •• 1980. ___ Milul~lt~rI;che LA",gh~l
H.--ouda. B. VordU
Apse All aJ"'C is an e~teosion of a rccungular hall, usually ",micircular and roofed by a semicircular dome. B«:ause 01 iI. Slrong visual eff~t, iI d.... ,,'S eye to inelf and therefore was used in Roman .. mples to dilplay the image of the god and in Roman basilicas for the emperor's throne. For simi. lar reasons it was ~d at the sanctu.ry end of e,nly Chri"ian churches for the altar. In episcopal churches it at"" accommodated the .ynthronon (the bishop's throne and seats of priestS on either side. see below) againSl the back wall. Ulter. after the
"''''ry
196
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS OF CHURCHES: Atrium
«DIUI:!'. when !he cl.. rgy mo""d f...,...,...ro n..arer.he ...,....
Ooor, As a rule. lhe v-eatesl care was applied 10 lhe
formalion of lhe semidomed area abowe lhe apse, In several churches M Abu MIni, numerous discov· eries of small mosaic liles poinl 10 the uislence .1.1 one lim.. of an apse mosaic. In .he Upper EcYPtian churches Ihe haIf-dome was ,,",ally adomed with ]»lminp. BIBUOGIlAPHY
,,'on.......... de Villard. U. "La basilka cmha...a in Epno.·' Air; tie/IV COtlgruso ;"/u.".:iOtl4le di a" clteolocUr crisfi,a ..... Vol. I, pp. 308-315. Rome.
.,.,. o.undos.
A. K.
fl.r
pp. 206-124. Athe.....
1932.
Atrium An alrium is an approximately IQII
The alrium I~ ~n fronl of lhe "'e51em end of ,he church and uwally malches It In ....-;d!h. A " ...11 {um/h",...) ....-as ol'ten buill in lhe cenler 10 be used for the washings. particularly al !he hands. tha' ......... e NSlOtllary !her... .... ...... in !he early period. In addition, the porticoes offered procect"on from the rain and """" Members of the congrep' tion rq>enling of Jr1e'fOl'S sins _re rntricted 10 lhe alrium. No rules ~ the fonrwion of !he ponicoes. Normally lhey .....e re the same on all four sides. allhough Basillc. A of Nea Anchia-Ius has ono: curved ponico (Sot.. nou. 1931. pp. 36-39). Somelimes the easl portiCO. fronling On the <:hurch. h... a more elaborale elevlltion or • diffe...,nl amngemenl of columns because it forms part or the church facade. In slK'h instances the church coft"n has no proper na.. hex (see belcow) beeau"" its func· tion as an ent",nc" is ~rv.d by the east ]X'rtico. Conversely. sometim..s if th.. church ha< a narthex. there is no east ponico. Hagia Sophia in Constan· linople has both a narth... and a dlSlinctive "a