Roman Republican Coinage, Volume I

ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE I ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE I BY MICHAEL H. CRAWFORD Lecturer in Ancient History University ...

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ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE I

ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE I BY

MICHAEL H. CRAWFORD Lecturer in Ancient History University of Cambridge

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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE NEW YORK PORT CHESTER MELBOURNE SYDNEY

Published by the Press Syndicate of the University ofCambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10
10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia ©Cambridge University Press 1974 First published 1974 Reprinted (with corrections) 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991 Printed in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Limited, Chippenham, Wiltshire Library ofCongress catalogUe card number: 77-164450 ISBN 0 521 07492 4 the set

UP

CONTENTS VOLUME I

List of tables

p age i

x

xi

List offigures

Xll1

Preface INTRODUCTION Introduction I

1

The first period of the denarius coinage The mint of Rome Mints outside Rome The denarius coinage The date of the denarius

II The pre-denarius coinage III

35

The second century- relative chronology c. 2o6-c. 144 B.c. (nos. 112-221) c. 143-c. 125 B.C. (nos. 222-72) c. 124-c. 92 B.C. (nos. 273-336)

IV The. second century - absolute chronology V

3 8 12 24 28

The first century 91-79 B.C. (Table XII) 78-49 B.C. (Table XIII) 49-45 B.C. (Table XIV) 44-31 B.C. (Tables XV-XVII)

47 47 55 65 71 75 75 82 89 ""94

Appendix: Relative arrangement of quadrigatus issues

103

CATALOGUE Note on use of the Catalogue

123

Abbreviations used and works cited in headings of the Catalogue

123

Collections cited in the Catalogue

126

Catalogue Appendix Modem forgeries Mis-read coins

131 547 548 553 56o 565

Plated coins Unofficial issues of bronze coins v

Contents

VOLUME II

1

Technique and technology

page 56 9

Metal

569 576 589

Struck coins Cast coins (28o-212 B.c.)

2

Weight standards

590 590 592 593 594 595

The Roman pound Ascertaining weight standards Gold Silver Bronze

3

Monetary magistrates Moneyers Monetary magistrates other than moneyers

Military issues 4

Special formulae Issues struck from Argentum publicum Issues struck by Senatus consultum

5

Administration and control

610 610 616 618 620

The people The Senate The mint Magistrates

6

Roman units of reckoning under the Republic Sestertius Silver and bronze Victoriatus Roman coinage in Livy Nummus

7

Coinage and finance

Inopia Size of issues of coinage Income and expenditure vi

621 621 625 628 630 632

Contents 8

Careers of the moneyers

9

Types and legends

10

page 708 712

Public types Private types

713

Approach to empire

734

725

Art and coinage

745

Addenda

751

PLATES Plates

755

Key to the plates

757

Bibliography

797

Concordances

820

Indices

859

Types

859

Legends

879

Sources

890

Persons

903

General

912

vii

TABLES

VOLUME I page 4

I

The first period of denarius coinage - 211-207

II

211-207

B.C.-

victoriati

25

III

211-207

B.C.-

denarii, quinarii and sestertii

26

IV

211-207

B.C.-

bronze

27

v

The pre-denarius coinage c. 28o-c. 212 B.C.

44

VI

Early second-century denarius coinage

49

VII

207-c. 170

53

VIII

207-144 B.c. - denarii

56

IX

207-146

58

X

Coinage 143-125

XI

Coinage 124-92 B.C.

66

XII

Coinage 91-79

B.C.

76

XIII

Coinage 78-49 B.C.

84

XIV

Coinage 49-45 B.C.

90

XV

The moneyers 44-c. 40 B.C.

96

XVI

The Pompeians 44-c. 40

97

XVII

The Caesarians 43-31

XVIII

Overstrikes

105

XIX

Control-marks on didrachms with RomafVictory R0 MAN 0

138

XX

Control-marks on denarii of C. Allius Bala

337

XXI

Control-marks on quinarii of L. Piso Frugi

342

XXII

Control-marks on asses of Q. Titius

345

XXIII

Control-marks on denarii of C. Vibius Pansa (1)

349

XXIV

Control-marks on denarii of C. Vibius Pansa (3a-b)

349

XXV

Control-symbols on quinarii of M. Cato

350

XXVI

Control-symbols on denarii of L. Titurius Sabinus

354

XXVII

Control-marks on second issue of denarii of C. Censorinus

358

XXVIII

Control-marks on denarii of Gargonius, etc.

364

B.C.

B.C.

B.C.

- victoriati

- bronze

6o

B.C.

B.C.

98

B.c.

ix

Tables XXIX

Control-marks on denarii of L. Censorious

XXX

Control-marks on denarii of C. Valerius Flaccus

XXXI

Control-marks on denarii of C. Annius

XXXII

Control-marks on denarii ofL. Volwnnius Strabo

page 378 380 382

XXXIII

Control-marks on denarii of C. Marius Capito

391 392

XXXIV

Control-marks on denarii of M. Volteius

400

XXXV

Control-marks on denarii of M. Volteius

401

XXXVI

Control-marks on denarii of L. Plaetorius

408

XXXVII

Control-marks on denarii of Q. Pomponius Rufus

XXXVIII

Control-marks on denarii of Q. Crepereius Rocus

XXXIX

Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus

XL

Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus

XLI

Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus

410 411 415 415 416

XLII

Control-marks on denarii of C. Piso Frugi

420

XLIII

Control-marks on denarii of C. Piso Frugi

424

XLIV

Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus

436

VOLUME II

570 573

XLV

Analyses of silver coins

XLVI

Analyses of plated silver coins

XLVII

Analyses of bronze coins

574

XLVIII

As and sestertius

623

XLIX

Growth in volume of production of as

627

L

Size of denarius issues 157-31 B.c.

LI

Size of quinarius issues 101-31 B.c.

642 674

LII

Size of sestertius issues 91-44 B.c.

675

LIII

Size of didrachm and drachm issues

676

LIV

Size of denarius, quinarius and sestertius issues 211-158 B.c.

677

LV

Size of late gold issues

LVI

Size of early gold issues

LVII

Size of bronze issues of denarius coinage

688 691 692

LVIII

Coinage and expenditure from 157 to so B.C.

696

LIX

Careers of the moneyers

708

LX

Types of aes grQ'De

717

LXI

Types of moneyers under Caesar

737

LXII

Portraiture in the Republican coinage

746

X

FIGURES

1

Form of trophy on victoriati of Metellus (no. 132/1)

2

Form of superstructure of prow on bronze of C. Saxula, etc. (nos. 173-7)

page 50

so

3 Pattern of control-marks of P. Crepusius (no. 361/1) 4

Shapes of blanks used for struck bronze coins

5

Relationship between hoard specimens and obverse dies

XJ

580

To my parents

PREFACE

I began to work in 1961 on the finances of the Roman Republic, with a particular interest in the effect on these of the Roman conquest of the Hellenistic World. It soon became apparent that an adequate account of the coinage of the Roman Republic was a necessary preliminary and I

was

gradually drawn into writing a

handbook on the Roman Republican coinage. Some of the work involved has been congenial, some has not; I have tried to do it all conscientiously. Chapter 7 presents some of the work with which I started in 1961; but the subject as a whole still cannot be properly studied in the absence of an adequate knowledge of the coinages of Rome's enemies during the last two centuries of the Republic and of the coinages, such as the cistophoric, used by Rome, but not struck by the main mint of the Republic or by its magistrates for empire-wide circulation. This book is in any case quite large enough; I have kept it to this size only by imposing on myself two major restraints. In the first place, I have only dealt with what may be called the mainstream coinage of the Republic; this is not easy to define, but it may be regarded as being coinage struck by officials of the Republic which was theoretically valid throughout the Empire; by way of example, the Social War coinage is excluded (it has no more place here than the Oscan denarii struck by Sertorius), as are all cistophori (it has never been clear to me why those of M. Antonius are traditionally included in handbooks on the Republican coinage, those of M. Cicero not) and all local bronze of the Triumviral period (in which category I include the •fleet' bronze of M. Antonius, but not the issues of L. Atratinus and Cn. Piso Frugi). The catalogue closes with three issues whose inclusion is not

perhaps entirely justifiable; but it is not likdy that any other handbook will ever include them. In the second place, I have considered the coinage of the Republic solely from the point of view of the issuing authority or authorities; there is much to be written about the behaviour of the Republican coinage in circulation, but not here. I have put down some thoughts on the context in which Roman coinage functioned and on the economic significance which it had inJRS 1970, 4
(

Preface I have attempted to illustrate every significant type, using the best specimen known

to me. Given the fullness with which I have been able to illustrate the coinage of the

Republic, I have not attempted to describe in the catalogue such minutiae as the various forms of the letter A or the precise punctuation of a legend, unless particu

larly significant. I am aware that my lists of control-marks are not quite complete and

that for reasons of space I have been able to list control-marks only for a selection of issues; but no attempt to list control-marks for more than a few isolated issues has

ever been published and one has

to

make a start sometime. I have attempted to

estimate the size of every issue (the principles followed are set out in connection with Tables L-Lvu); this seems to me a necessary advance from the traditional practice of estimating degrees of rarity, with its collectors' emphasis on distinguishing carefully between pieces which are 'of the greatest rarity' and pieces which are 'exceedingly rare'. In dating an issue, I have tried to distinguish between certainty, probability and conjecture (see P· 123). I have used only two abbreviations apart from those which are in common use in classical studies, '1.' for 'left' and 'r.' for 'right'. I have usually provided translations of Latin and Greek. Finally, the book was substantially finished in the autumn of 1971 and in the process of preparing it for the press I have not attempted to take systematic account of work appearing after that date. The writing of this book has taken me into many fields in which my competence is at best dubious and I have profited from the advice of those more knowledgeable

than I; apart from those mentioned below and in the course of the book, I have asked advice from Professor T.V. Buttrey, Dr C. H.V.Sutherland, the late DrS. II were read in

Weinstock and Mr A. Drummond; the Introduction and Volume

typescript by Professor F. W. Walbank, the catalogue in typescript by Professor H. B. Mattingly, in proof by Dr T. P. Wiseman; all were extremely helpful. In addition, others have read different parts of the book in the interests of clarity and accuracy: Professor M. I Finley Chapter t,Professor P. Grierson Chapter 2,Professor

d. Nicolet Chapter 6, Professor P. A. Brunt and Monsieur E. Fallu Chapter 7, Dr T. P. Wiseman Chapter 8, Dr J. A. North Chapter 9, Professor D. E.Strong Chapter 10. My stubbornness and ignorance account for the errors which remain. But my chief debt is to my teachers Peter Brunt and the late Isobel Henderson and to Moses Finley and Philip Grierson; I have learnt a great deal from them, and much of my education as an ancient historian and an economic historian is due to them. I must also record numerous debts of gratitude: to Tony Hackens for permission to quote from his thesis (Louvain, 1961); to Miinzen und Medaillen A.G., the Royal Numismatic Society, the Jahrbuch fiir Numismatik and the Court of the University of Glasgow for permission to reproduce material in their charge; more generally to the keepers of all the collections in which I have worked for showing me their material and allowing me to cite and illustrate it - it would be invidious to single out xiv

Preface particular individuals or museums; above all to Robert Carson, whose readiness to help in mastering the problems involved in producing a book of this kind has gone far beyond the call of duty or friendship; to the British School at Rome and to the Faculty of Classics of the University of Cambridge for financial support; to my College both for generous financial support and for the company with which it has surrounded me; to the Cambridge University Press for accepting this book for publication and for producing it with consummate skill and imagination; to Erica Mattingly for the beautiful drawings of Pis. LXVI-LXIX; to Geoffrey Bennett, June Ethridge, Genie Gordon, Helen Gebbett, Alison Jones, Lynda Lyne and Simon Williams for an immense amount of help with typing and indexing; finally to my wife, without whose impatient enquiries this book would have taken even longer to produce than it has.

MICHAEL CRAWFORD

Christ's College, Cambridge August 1973 I have taken advantage of the publication of a corrected reprint to put right a number ofmistakes in the first edition and to cite a certain amount ofmaterial which has since come to light. It is necessary to emphasize that it has not been possible to make sig nificant adjustments to the estimates of numbers of dies used for different issues or to the Tables which depend on them; I hope after further research in this area to pro duce an overall revision of this part of the book. Nor has it been possible to introduce more than very minor revisions to the indices.

Further, largely bibliographical, supplements may be found in A catalogue of Roman Republican Coins in the collections of the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh (Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Museum, 1983}; and a history of the coinage of the Roman Republic in The Roman Republic and the Mediterranean. Coinage, Money and the Economy (London: Methuen, 1983). MICHAEL CRAWFORD

Christ's College, Cambridge NOfJember 1¢2

j

I'

·' .,

,

!

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION The proper use of the Roman Republican coinage as a historical source depends on the ful£lm.ent of three conditions -a full and accurate account must be given of its content, a chronological framework must be provided and the mints at which it was

produced must be identified. The catalogue which forms the central part of this book attempts to satisfy the first requirement and the purpose of this introduction is therefore to discuss how far and on what grounds the various issues can be dated1 and assigned to their mints. The precious metal coinage falls naturally into two periods, the earlier with a silver coin weighing about six scruples as its unit (for Roman weights see p. 590), the later with a silver coin weighing about four scruples or slightly less as its unit. The earlier unit is the didrachm, or two drachma piece, the later unit is the denarius. It is clear, for reasons to be discussed below, that the earlier unit was suppressed because it had been debased beyond the point of acceptability and that there was no overlap i n production between the earlier unit, the didrachm, and the later unit, the denarius.2 A discussion of the chronology of the Roman Republican coinage can best begin by attempting to establish the date of the changeover from the didrachm to the denarius. I

THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE DENARIUS COINAGE

The first step

is

to consider what elements went to make up the earliest denarius

coinage. These are set out in Table

I

and fall into three categories -the silver

denarius with its related gold and silver pieces, the bronze as with its related bronze pieces and the silver victoriatus with its rare silver double and half pieces.

The silver denarius, worth ten asses (Vitruvius iii, 1, 8; Volusius Maecianus, Distr.

46) and therefore bearing the mark of value X, the quinarius, worth five asses and

therefore bearing the mark of value V,3 and the sestertius, worth two and a half asses and therefore bearing the mark of value liS, are plainly linked to each other, 1

2

For a discussion of method see M. H. Crawford, Roman Republican roin Jwards, 1-{); the earliest systematic discussion of method is that of Th. Mommsen, RMw, 411-73; of his various 'Aiters kriterien' only nos. t, 3, 7 and 11-12 are still precise enough to be valuable. For decisive arguments against the view that there was an overlap between the last didrachm, the so-called quadrigatus, and the denarius, see R. Thomsen, ERG ii, 2.70-7 (the description of the ; cf. 267 for the priority of Capitol hoard as a hoard including debased pieces is, however, erron the quadrigatus over the denarius; 328-30 for the absence of overlap b rween the quadrigatus and

eOUs,) d

the victoriatus. ' For the Etruscan and ultimately Chalcidian origin of these marks of value see J. W. Graham, Plwenix 1969, 35o-2.

3

·

Introduction TABLE I. The first period of denarius coinage- 211-207 B.c. 1 (Rome)

z

Victoriati Mars{Eagle gold pieces Denarii Quinarii Sestertii Bronze Mars{Eagle gold pieces Denarii Bronze Denarii Denarii

Anonymous

Anchor

M Apex

A/>fx and hammer

Victory Rostrum tridens

Bronze

Quinarii

Bronze

Quinarii

Bronze Anonymous

Quinarii 6 (Sicily) Victoriati Victoriati Victoriati Mars{Eagle gold pieces Denarii

Anonymous

C/M Com-ear

Quinarii

Com-ear and

4 (Sardinia) Quinarii

M

Victoriati Denarii

Com-ear

Victoriati Denarii Bronze Victoriati Denarii Bronze

M

5 (Sicily)

Anonymous

Crescent

c

Denarii Bronze Denarii Bronze Denarii Bronze Denarii

Caduceus

Victoriati Denarii Bronze

Comucopiae

3 (Central Italy)

Sestertii Bronze

�

Quinarii Bronze

Dolabella

Denarii

Quinarii

C.YAR

Denarii

Quinarii

CAL

Denarii Denarii Bronze

Branch

Com-ear and staff Staff

7

Wheel Dolphin

CN·CO Ceres/Hercules

tO

Denarii Denarii Denarii

Spearhead (Group 1) Victoriati Denarii

Denarii Bronze

R.2.

Quinarii Denarii

Quinarii

8

H

Asses 9

(Rome)

Anonymous

Sestcrtii Bronze

Quinarii

Bronze Semisses

4

The first period of the denarius coinage TABLE I (cont.) 10

(cont.) Quinarii Bronze

Q Anchor and

V

Q

Bronze

Bronze Spearhead (Group 2) MarsfEagle gold pieces Denarii Bronze 11 Anonymous

Victoriati

Club Victoriati

Denarii Bronze

Double-Victoriati

M

CROT

Victoriati

Torque 14

13 Victoriati 15 Victoriati

Victoriati 17

t6 Victoriati

incuse legend

Half-victoriati 18

�(T

Victoriati

B

Quinarii Bronze Victoriati

Pentagram

Half-victoriati Quinarii

Staff on reverse

19 Denarii Victoriati Mars/Eagle gold pieces Denarii Victoriati MarsfEagle gold pieces

Sestertii

Denarii

Bronze

r CIA Q

(Spain) Victoriati

Anonymous with

Bronze

c

Bronze Bronze

Denarii

Victoriati

Quinarii

N\

Victoriati

Quinarii

�

Victoriati Quinarii 21

20 Caduceus Knife

Denarii Denarii

Wreath

Denarii Bronze Denarii

the weight of the denarius being twice that of the quinarius and four times that of the sestertius. The gold coinage with the types Head of Mars/Eagle on thunderbolt displays similar marks of value. The smallest piece bears the mark of value XX and was therefore worth twenty asses (seep. 34), the piece twice its weight bears the mark of value X X X X and was therefore worth forty asses, thepiece three times its weight bears the mark of value -J,X and was therefore worth sixty asses. 5

Introduction

The bronze as, its double piece, the dupondius, and all its fractions are similarly hdd together by their related weights and by their marks of value. This is the system: II

=

Dupondius = 2 Asses

= 4 Semisses

I =As

= 2 Semisses

S = Semis

= 2 Quadrantes

� 8

Triens

= 2 Sextantes

Quadrans

= 3 Unciae

8

=

= =

Sextans

o

=Uncia

�

= Semuncia

= 8 Quadrantes

=

24 Unciae

= 4 Quadrantes = 12 Unciae =

6 Unciae

= 4 Unciae

= 2 Unciae

In addition, the denominations of decussis (10 asses), quincussis (5

asses),

tressis

(3 asses), dextans (10 unciae), dodrans (9 unciae), bes (8 unciae), quincunx (5 unciae) and quartuncia were occasionally produced. Although the bronze coinage thus forms a coherent system, this system, based on a progressivdy declining weight standard,

was

a component part of the Roman

Republican coinage from the very beginning. A

case must therefore be made for associating bronze of sextantal weight standard (based on an as weighing a sixth of a pound, that is two ounces) with the denarius.1

It is certain that the advent of the sextantal standard formed a distinct stage in the reduction of the weight of the bronze coinage. From this point, all denominations were struck; in the preceding period, the smaller denominations were struck and the larger ones were cast. At this point also there began the extensive use of symbols or letters added to the types in order to differentiate issues; only one symbol, a com-ear, and one letter, �,

are

found on bronze of heavier than

sextantal

standard.

Here lies the link with the denarius and its related pieces. Only one differential

symbol, again a com-ear, appears on the silver coinage which preceded the denarius coinage, whereas symbols and letters occur in profusion on the earliest denarius coinage. Furthermore, the same symbols and letters frequendy occur both on the sextantal as and its related pieces and on the denarius and its related pieces. It is only possible to dissociate the denarius from bronze of sextantal standard by making a mistaken initial assumption. This is that denarii without differential symbols or letters, so-called anonymous denarii, were earlier than denarii with symbols or letters.2 If this were so, anonymous denarii could in theory be associated 1 1

The association was first made, as far as I know, by M. Letronne, Considbatimu, 18; for the discussions of K. Samwer and M. Bahrfeldt and of later scholan see R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 76-9. H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, xliv, following Th. Mommsen, RMw, 2.97; for a brief discussion of anonymous denarii see R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 94-5·

6

·

The first period of the denanus coinage

with bronze of heavier than sextantal standard, itself of course anonymous. But I shall show below (p. 24) that anonymous denarii and denarii with symbols and letters are contemporary. The place of the victoriatus is less easy to decide. Although some symbols and letters are common to victoriati, denarii and bronze, the correspondence is less complete as far as victoriati

are

concerned, and it has been hdd that the victoriatus

appeared earlier than did the denarius and bronze of sextantal standard and that it was the coin which replaced the didrachm.1 I regard this view as mistaken and as incompatible with the evidence provided by a detailed consideration of all the issues which go to make up the earliest denarius coinage (see p. 28). Two general considerations may first be adduced. It is apparent that the victoriatus was at least in some way part of the denarius coinage. Not only do victoriatus, denarius and bronze certainly run side by side in the second period of the denarius coinage (see p. so), but both denarius and victoriatus suffered in the first period a small reduction in weight from their initial level of four and three scruples respec tivdy (see p.

11

for details).

It is also apparent that the victoriatus had in some sense a special status, since it bore no mark of value and had a curiou." later history.2 It is clear from the fact that the value of the denarius was expressed in terms of asses, and not vice

versa,

that

the Romans had decided (for possible reasons see p. 626) that their new silver unit was to be worth ten times their bronze unit. The resulting coin was one which, unlike the didrachm, bore no convenient rdationship with the coinage of Magna Graecia. There was thus a good reason for creating in addition a coin based on the drachma. The victoriatus was precisely a drachma. But if it was itself the silver coin which was introduced

to

replace the didrachm,

no

sufficient reason

can

be dis

cerned for creating the denarius in addition. Logically, the denarius precedes the victoriatus. In considering the issues which make up the first period of the denarius coinage,

�t standards, over

five criteria of arrangement must be home in mind: finds, w

a H. B. Mattingly, Studies Robinson, 210. 1 The ancient sources on the victoriatus are confused (Pliny, NH xxx.iii , 46-anua enim hie nummus ex · lllyn·a advectus mtrcis loco habebatur;Volusius Maecianus, Distr. 45-o/im ut peregnnus nummus loco mercis . habebatur); the close links between the victoriatus, its double piece and its half piece on the one hand and the denarius and its fractions on the other hand make it clear that the victoriatus was from the beginning a purely Roman coin; about this coin Pliny and Maecianus tell us precisely nothing. What they are talking about is surely the coinage of Apollonia, Dyrrhachlum and Corcyra, produced on the same weight standard as the victoriatus during the period of the middle Republic; it is this coinage which was carried in triumph from lllyria in 167 (Livy xlv, 43, s; cf. xliv, 27, 9). In Italy it doubtless was treated loco mercs i and hence found no place in coin hoards. Mommsen's theory (RMw, 389-400, cf. 372 and 490; this discussion has formed the basis of subsequent work, see most recently F. W. Walbank, Commentary on Polybius i, 162) should be rejected in toto; it postulates, briefly, that the advent of the Romans in Illyria in 229 led to the suppression of Corcyra's silver .

.

coinage, which was replaced by no. 101, and to the enforcement of a new standard on Apollonia and Dyrrhachlum; from this beginning the victoriatus is held to have developed. Thomsen's discussion of the victoriatus is entirely vitiated by his acceptance of the theories of St. Bolin, ERG ii, 354�. For the later history of the victoriatus see p. 628.

7

Introduction

strikes, die-links and style. Among all the hoards containing Roman Republican denarii and victoriati one group stands out because it alone includes a large number of hoards also containing Greek, Punic and Italic coins. The denarii and victoriati in this group of hoards are homogeneous and since the foreign coins with which they are found also

rum

up in association with the lastRoman didrachrns it is clear

that the denarii and victoriati in question are the first of their kind. I shall first discuss each issue in turn, then anempt to assess how long this period of the denarius coinage lasted. The mint ofRome Within the earliest period of the denarius coinage both signed and anonymous pieces occur. About the former there is no problem of description, but the laner demand special attention, particularly as some of them have been thought to be earlier than signed pieces. The earliest anonymous denarii and victoriati occurring in the hoards both fall into two main groups and a number of smaller groups.1 The two main groups of victoriati (nos. 44/1 and 53/1, Pl. IX and Pl. x ; see Table 1,

1-2) were first distinguished by H. B. Mattingly ;2 the first group, unlike the second, has a Jupiter with harsh features and normally only three locks of falling hair and a crudely executed Victory. Despite Mattingly's hesitation, the two groups

are

clearly contemporary, displaying identical panerns of wear in the hoards. The two groups of denarii are even more distinct (nos. 44/5 and 53/2, Pl. IX and Pl. x). The first (with which belong also quinarii and sestertii) has a Roma with splayed or curved visor, the second a Roma with peaked visor, not to mention numerous smaller stylistic differences. Like the two groups of victoriati, the two groups of denarii are clearly contemporary. Although the first group occurs alone in the Morgantina, Cheste and Locri hoards, the groups occur together in the Tivisa hoard3 and have the same weight standard. The neater victoriati, as Mattingly rightly points out, develop without stylistic break into the issues signed with a crescent and a cornucopiae (nos. 57-8) and the same is true of the denarii displaying a x, 11-12 and 19-20 with Pl. xu, 13-14).

Roma with peaked visor (compare Pl.

It seems reasonable in the circumstances to link the cruder victoriati and the denarii displaying aRoma with splayed or curved visor with each other. We thus have two roughly contemporary issues, the first consisting of victoriati, denarii, quinarii and sestertii, the second of victoriati and denarii. To the first issue The smaller groups in question are nos. 45-8 and 54-5. They arc stylistically distinct from each other and from other issues of this period; their weight standards suffice to attribute them to it. Since I cannot at the moment link any of them with signed issues or attribute any of them to a particular mint, they arc listed after each of the two anonymous issues of the mint of Rome, according to where the closest resemblance lies. All the groups in question may eventually find a home somewhere and may indeed be parts of other issues; I do not believe that style alone suffices to individuate an issue and regard the listing of the groups I have been discussing as provisional. • Studi1s Robinson, zu with n. 3. 1 Coin hoards, nos. 72, 75, 76 and 94· 1

8

The first period of the denan·us coinage belongs the anonymous Mars/Eagle gold coinage,I to each issue belongs part of

the prolific production of anonymous bronze.2 The second issue may certainly be assigned to the ·mint of Rome, since it develops into the mainstream Republican

coinage, beginning with the issue with crescent. The first anonymous issue should also be assigned to the mint of Rome, which had once already produced two separate groups of bronze coinage at the same time (see p. 43 n. 5). This first anony

mous issue is followed by the issues with anchor, apex and M, after the production

of which the workshop apparendy closed. As for the beginning of the two anonymous issues, it seems to me certain that the

victoriatus begins no earlier than the denarius. Mattingly's argument to the con trary depends on the assertion that the Morgantina hoard from the American excavations3 contains specimens of the developed victoriatus coinage and of only

the earliest denarius coinage. It would in any case be rash to place much weight on

a hoard consisting of only nine coins, but the assertion is in fact untrue. The denarius

in the hoard resembles my Pl. IX, 16, which is not the earliest of the issue to which

it belongs. It is apparent that the denarii belonging to the two anonymous issues

under consideration were produced on the same large scale as the victoriati and went through a considerable stylistic development. To assign them a later beginning

is hardly reasonable.

The denarii, quinarii and sestertii of the first anonymous issue show a considerable

range of styles (Pl.

IX,

10-24). The earliest pieces are presumably those on which

the head of Roma shows the greatest affinit y with the head of Roma on unciae of

the preceding period (compare Pl. IX, 10 with Pl. vm, 4). From this point the issue

develops in two directions: in the hands (presumably) of one arftst the visor becomes � more splayed and the hair more abundant, to acquire finally a curious and distinctive lock falling all the way down from behind the ear (Pl. IX, 16-17 and 19-21); in the

hands of another artist the visor becomes more rounded and the whole head more

elegant. Two further arguments may be adduced to confirm the correctness of this

arrangement. As it stands, the incuse legend, presumably derived from quadrigati of the preceding period, occurs at the beginning and gradually disappears ;4 and the quinarius and the sestertius, which were not struck after the issue came to an

end, appear in progressively decreasing quantities.

The development undergone by the denarii of the second issue is illustrated on

1

• •

•

Although the anonymous Mars(Eagle gold coinage is stylistically very diverse, such die-links as I have been able to discover make it impossible to divide the coinage into two stylistic groups; I therefore assign it all to one workshop. To some of it Mars(Eagle gold with anchor is astonishingly close (for a

near die-link see Pl. 1x, 7 and Pl. x, 5); I therefore assign all the anonymous Mars(Eagle gold coinage to the workshop which produced gold, denarii and bronze with anchor. For a tentative indication of the two groups see Pis. x1, 4-xu, 3 and xu, 4-12. Coi11 hoards, no. 72. The group of dcnarii under discussion was picked out by M. Bahrfeldt, Z/N 1878, 3o-5; he also argued (35-7) that the earliest denarii had an incuse legend (the rest of the article is no longer o f interest).

9

Introduction Pl.

x,

13-20. A curious feature of many examples of this issue and of its immediate

successors is the appearance of the further horse's tail in front of the nearer horse's

hind legs.1 Apart from isolated instances,2 the feature also occurs consistendy on nine closely rdated issues from Sicily (nos. 72-80, see below), and on two late issues, one anonymous and one with anchor (nos. 164-5, see p. 52). In the anonymous issue under consideration and its immediate successors the feature seems to be gradually disappearing. It is always present on the early coins with head in high relief and prancing horses; it remains

the relief diminishes and the horses change

a galloping action; on the last coins of the issue it is sometim es present, but usually as

to

not, while on denarii with crescent it is usually present and on denarii with comu copiae it is usually absent. To resume, we have two paralld anonymous issues from the mint of Rome, the first of which is followed by issues signed with anchor, apex and M, the second of which is followed by issues signed with crescent and comucopiae. Victoriati of both anonymous issues occur with didrachms of the preceding period in the Canosa hoard, denarii of both anonymous issues in the Tivisa hoard with coins of Emporiae and Saguntum,3 denarii of the first anonymous issue in the Cheste and Valera hoards, notably with Hispano-Punic coins; denarii with crescent and comu copiae occur in the Drieves hoard, which includes one Hispano-Punic piece, denarii with comucopiae in the Valera hoard; anonymous bronze occurs with Sardo-Punic issues of the latest period' in the Marseille and Perdas de Fogu hoards, with a Punic issue presumbly of the Second Punic War in the Tortoreto hoard.' This is a feature to which H. B. Mattingly, Studies Robinson, 216 n. 5, draws attention. In the issues with C (no. 107,Vatican 376), caduceus (no. 108,Montecarotto hoard) and owl (no. 135, Turin, F533). 1 L. Villaronga Garriga, Arse-SagunNm, Cat. 21 and 25. • L. Forteleoni, Le emissioni ntJJ1Utali, ser. vi; the date is disputed-236-231 (Forteleoni, pp. 54-68) orz16 (G. K. Jenkins, NC 1963, 243-4); apart from the evidence provided by the association of Sardo Punic coins with Roman coins, whose date is itself under discussion, the only argument ia that of Jenkins, who draws attention to the improbability of the revolt of 216 being without coinqe. 'Canosa-Coin /wards, no. 86 ; Tivisa-no. 94; Cheste-no. 75; Valera-no. 109; Drieves-no. 107; Marseille -no. 79; Perdu de Fogu-no. too; Tortoreto-no. tOt. J.-C. M. Richard in Bull. Comm. Arch. Narlxmm 1968, t o n . 25 and inJNG 1970,59-60 nn. 55-9, has expressed doubts about the Valera and Drieves hoards; the first may not be a hoard at all, both may be 'tresors de recuperation' of the late second century. Both hoards are probably silvenmiths' hoards, but that does not make them any the less hoards. The fact that the Valera hoard was found scattered on the surface does not prevent it from being a hoard either; it could have been in a perishable container and the coins could have been scattered by soil movement or by cultivation. The earliest report emphasises that there was no trace of pottery or buildings on the site; this fact, together with the amount of precioua metal involved, excludes the possibility that Valera is a site find. Against the view that Valera and Drieves are 'tr«ors de recuperation • may be urged the sheer improbability of Carthaginian issues, drachma of Saguntum and Saetabi and a Rhodian tetradrachm of Ameinias being available in the late second century (the tetradrachm of Ameinias is to be dated before zoo-a piece of information I owe to M. J. Price). It is also necessary to point out that the chronology of the Gallic 'monnaies a la croix' in which Richard is interested should be determined by the dated hoards in which they occur; these hoards should not be explained away in the interests of an a priori belief that 'monnaies a la croix' begin with the Roman occupatio.n of Gaul. The 'monnaies a la croix• in the Valera and Drievea hoards are regarded as belonging 'near the beginning of the coinage' by D. F. Allen, NC 1969, 4o-1, 6 3 and 68 (cf. postscript on p. 62 for Allen's acceptance of a Second Punc i War date for the Valera and Drieves hoards). 1 1

10

The first period of the denarius coinage

The silver in all seven issues was struck on a high, but declining, weight standard: Anonymous victoriatus (Rome 1)

3·375 gr. 4·5 gr. Denarius with anchor 4·5 gr. Denarius with M 4·5 gr. Denarius with apex 4·5 gr. Anonymous victoriatus (Rome 2) 3·375 gr. Anonymous denarius (Rome 2) 4·5 gr. 4·4 gr. Silver with crescent based on a denarius of Silver with comucopiae based on a denarius of 4·4 gr. Anonymous denarius (Rome 1)

The weight standard of the bronze is more complex. The bronze of the Roman Republic with Prow may be assigned without difficulty to three periods; in the first period all bronze was cast, in the second part was cast and part was struck (see p. 6), in the last, as we have seen, all was struck. Only bronze of this final period concerns us here (no. 5 6; note some pieces with variant obverse style, Pls. X-XI). The heaviest struck asses weigh about two ounces and the pen� thus character ised by a sextantal

or

lower weight standard.

Traditionally, all the bro� coinage falling between the appearance of the sextan tal

weight standard and the Lex Papiria of 91 (see p. 611) has been classified as

'sextantal' or 'uncial'. E. A. Sydenham even classified the anonymous bronze coinage as 'sextantal ', 'above uncial' and 'uncial'.1 But if one considers for a moment only the signed issues, the unsatisfactory nature of the classification 'sextantal' and 'uncial' is apparent. There is no point at which the weight standard evidendy became uncial and there are many issues which can only be classifi ed as sextantal or uncial quite arbitrarily.2 And although all but one of the silver issues of the denariuS coinage which I regard as early are of high weight standard, there are a

great many signed bronze issues, certainly contemporary (see p. 596), which are not merely of uncial but of semuncial weight standard. Furthermore, if one rums to the anonymous bronze issues, no adequate stylistic distinction is possible between heavy, supposedly early, pieces and light, supposedly late, pieces (see Pis. XI-XII with Key to Plates); the only exception is provided by a few very late pieces, to be regarded as an independent issue (nos. 197-8B). There are a few pieces of anony mous bronze so distinctive that they may be attached to an early signed issue (no. 1o6); but the vast, amorphous mass of bronze coinage of sextantal or lower weight standard should all in my view be regarded as early and as contemporary with early anonymous victoriati and denarii. Pliny's report of asses unciales facti

(NH xxxiii, 13- with the wrong date) should be regarded only as a record of 1 CRR, pp. 14, 26 and 33· • A point ignored by E. Bernareggi, RIN 1964, 13-19; seep. 52

11

n.

4·

Introduction

the fact that the weight standard of the as did in due course and by imperceptible stages become uncial. The only piece of evidence which might be hdd to contradict this view in fact supports it. This is the evidence provided by the existence of two rare issues of dupondii (nos. 56/1 and 69/1). The first is anonymous, the second, known only in one example, is signed with com-ear and K". All pieces are overstruck on asses of sextantal standard (see Table XVIII, 26 and 54) and are therefore technically of

uncial standard. Tradii t onally1 they are regarded as marking the point at which the uncial standard was introduced. But it is certain that the signed issue bdongs to the earliest years of the denarius coinage (see bdow) and the stylistic affinities of the anonymous issue, its prow carefully decorated with a dolphin, are entirely with like those on which it is overstruck. Both issues of dupondii should be attri buted to the earliest years of the denarius coinage and regarded as an attempt to

asses

save metal by striking what was in effect a fiduciary currency.2 Bronze issues of similarly light standard are to be found dsewhere in the early denarius coinage; I am certain that

this was introduced in the middle of the Second Punic War and it is not surprising that financial stringency led to their production. The rarity of the dupondii shows that this experiment at any rate was rapidly abandoned. If th� the mint of Rome produced with the introduction of the denarius coinage two paralld anonymous issues, followed by two sequences of signed issues, it re mains to consider that part of the early denarius coinage struck outside Rome and

to rdate it chronologically to the products of the central mint. Mints outside Rome One large group of issues may perhaps be attributed to a mint in central Italy (nos. 59-62, Table

I,

3). The coherence of the group (wherever struck) is apparent

from a number of factors, not least from the stylistic uniformity of the group. In particular, the earliest two denarii show the same change from a straight visor, copied from unciae of the previous perid o , to a curved visor (compare Pl. xm, 4-5 with Pl.

xm,

7-8), a change analogous to that occurgrin in the first anonymous

issue of the mint of Rome. The style of the whole group is indeed close to the style of this issue, without ever being quite identical; although the general appearance of Roma is similar, the spikes on the hdmet which are characteristic of nos. 44/5, 50/2,

51/1 and 52/1 do not occur in the group under discussion. Stylistic arguments for the coherence of the group are reinforced by other considerations. It does not include the victoriatus; its bronze, unlike most other early bronze, is almost never overstruck (Table

46 provides a solitary example); anonymous pieces which may be attached to signed issues are likewise almost entirdy lacking (no. 6oj1b, known to xvm,

1 1

E. A. Sydenham, CRR, p. 33· I have discussed this point briefly inJRS 1969, 291-2.

12

The first period of the denarius coinage me in two specimens and of the same distinctive style as no. 6oj1a, lacks a symbol on the reverse, presumably in error). The weight standard of the silver is uniformly high: Denarius with apex and hammer 4·5 gr. Denarius with caduceus Denarius with Victory

4·5 gr.

Denarius with rostrum tridens

4·5 gr.

4·5 gr.

(

The bronze issues have a very curious weight standard, only paralleled once else where in the early denarius coinage (seep. 22 n. 4). Asses with apex and hammer, with caduceus and with Victory are of full or nearly full sextantal standard, but many of the smaller denominations are struck not only on this standard, but also on a much lighter standard. Heavy and light pieces certainly belong together1 and shortage of bronze evidently explains the issue of some fractions of the as on a fiduciary basis. The next group (nos. 63-5, Table

I,

4) is securely attributed to Sardinia. It

consists of three issues, each composed only of quinarii and bronze (denarii with C have nothing to do with quinarii with C, compare Pl. xm, 13 with Pl. xx, 17-20).

The quinarii (with one of them a rare anonymous issue, no. 66/1, may be associated) are of uniform style and high weight standard: Quinarius with C based on a denarius of

4·5 gr.

Quinarius with M based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. Quinarius with M based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. They are also very rare. The structure of all the bronze issues is the same; all denominations are of very light weight and all are rare with the single exception of the sextans; this was produced in profusion, usually overstruck on Sardo-Punic bronze (Table XVIII, 47ff.).

These remarkable characteristics are unparalleled elsewhere. All three issues are represented in the Sardinian Perdas de Fogu hoard, otherwise largely composed of Sardo-Punic issues (see p. to); isolated examples of two of the issues

occur

in

the Cina Ducale and Minturno hoards.• It should not escape notice that the Praetors of Sardinia in 211-209 were a Cornelius, a Manlius and an Aurunculeius (seep. 32). Two, or perhaps three, groups may be located in Sicily (nos. 67-80, Table I, 5-'7)· The starting point for identifying the first two groups must be the two issues of denarii and fractions with com-ear (a symbole par/ant for Sicily). Both issues are rare and both are of high weight standard: Denarius etc. with com-ear (no. 68/1-3) based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. Denarius etc. with com-ear (no. 72/3-4) based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. 1 Hannover 175 and 176 are a heavy and a light semis with Victory 1 Coin hoards, nos. 97 and 98.

13

(no. 6t/3), die-linked to each other.

Introduction

But there the resemblance ends. The first issue is cruddy executed, the second beautifully done (compare Pis. XIII, 20-3 and XIV, 1-3 and XIV, 13-14); the first issue includes anonymous pieces attached to it on stylistic grounds,1 the second does not; finally the com-ears on the two issues are of quite different shape. To each silver issue may be assigned one of the two bronze issues with com-ear; bronze with com-ear and � resembles the first silver issue,1 bronze with only a com-ear the second issue. Both bronze issues have some unusual features. The first is of light weight and includes the dupondius as its highest denomination. The second is struck on two standards, the one fully sextantal, the other somewhat reduced; since the types are

slighdy different for the lighter coins, we probably have here two successive stages of the issue. But the most remarkable feature of the whole of the first bronze issue and of the early part of the second is the quadrans. Instead of the usual Hercules/Prow types, it displays the Hercules/Bull types of a quadrans originally struck in Rome as part of a collateral issue to the semilibral Prow bronze (no. 39/2 with p. 43 bdow), with the com-ear symbol added. These types were first revived for the bronze issue with com-ear produced before the introduction of the denarius coinage. The reasons both for the revival and for its perpetuation are equally obscure; the weight standards of the issues concerned are clear evidence of the attribution proposed: Semis with Prow, com-ear and � (no. 69/3)- average- 14 gr. Quadrans with Bull, of crude style (no. 69/5)- average- 6.25 gr. Sextans with Prow, and com-ear (no. 72/8)- average- 7 gr. Quadrans with Bull, of good style (no. 72/7)- average- 11 gr. For bronze of both types in both issues finds and overstrikes provide more than adequate evidence of Sicilian minting.3 A new hoard from Haluntium includes a quadrans with Bull of the first issue; bronze of the second issue, with Prow, was in the Barrafranca and Montagna di Marzo hoards; bronze with Bull bdonging to its predecessor in the pre-denarius period was in the Adrano hoard.' But the best evidence comes from the American excavations at Morgantina in Sicily :5 Bronze with Prow, com-ear and � 58 specimens 5 specimens Bronze with Bull, of crude style 3 specimens Bronze with Prow, and com-ear 1 specimen Bronze with Bull, of good style The evidence of overstrikes is equally dramatic. Both parts of the issue with com ear and � are frequendy overstruck on coins of Syracuse or Rhegium, as is bronze 1 • �

See Pis.

xrn, 21-2

and

:xtv, 2-3;

note particularly the denarius with incuse legend (Bastianelli 251

1 This resemblance is noted by A. AlfOidi,JNG 1965,42-5. BM). So first J. Friedllinder, ZfN 1871, 336; then P. Bonazzi, RIN 1922, s (who confuses the different issues hopelessly). Haluntium-AIIN 1968, 83; Barrafranca-Coin hoards, no. 96; Montagna di Marzo- no. 99; Aidone of the pre-denarius period- nos. 66 Adrano- no. 69; note also the Chiapazzi 68. 6 Information from T.V. Buttrey. =

and

hoards

and

14

The first period of the denarius coinage with Prow and com-ear (Table

XVIII,

22-3, s8, 61-6 and 70).

Other Roman issues

are more rarely thus overstruck (Table XVIII, 32, 38, 42, 46 and So). The question of the date of both issues of bronze is complex. As we have

seen,

both issues of denarii and fractions may be regarded as early, on the basis of their weight standard. Prima fac£e, the bronze associated with these two issues of silver should be contemporary with them. As far as the early part of the issue simply with com-ear is concerned, there is no difficulty; it follows on from bronze with com-ear of the pre-denarius period and thus presumably comes at the beginning of the denarius coinage. The later part of this issue and the issue with corn-ear and !(> are more problematical, since both are of light weight. Consideration of the former issue may be postponed and taken up as part of the general question as to how long a period the earliest issues of the denarius coinage cover (seep. 33). The latter issue may be shown to belong to the very beginning of that coinage despite its light weight; it occurs with anonymous bronze and with a Roman piece struck in Sardinia in the much misunderstood Mintumo hoard. This hoard is dated by its archaeological

context to before 191;1 but if the destruction level of this year provides a terminus ante quem for the hoard it is most unlikely that it also provides an occasion for burial. The owner of the shop where the hoard was found hardly buried it under the floor as the shop was burning; the hoard may in consequence be regarded as buried ± 200. It seems unlikely that a shop-keeper's hoard from a town less than a hundred

miles from Rome would not include pieces from the mint of Rome with symbols if these were already in circulation. The inference therefore is that the anonymous issues in the Mintumo hoard, together with the two signed issues (with C and with com-ear and!(>-), belong to the very beginning of the denarius coinage. We have already seen reason to believe this in the case of the issue with C and we have already seen that a low weight standard is no barrier to an early date for a bronze issue. There are also victoriati and gold pieces to be linked with the denarii and bronze from Sicily so far discussed. As far as the gold 2o-as piece with com-ear is concerned, no clear evidence exists; but the com-ear perhaps resembles that on no. 72/3 more closely than that on no. 68/1. There are altogether four issues of victoriati probably of Sicilian origin, two anonymous,' one with com-ear and one with CjM (the last including a group of pieces without the identifying letters). Of these, the two anony mous issues (nos. 67 and 70) and the issue with com-ear (no. 72/1) are certainly Sicilian. All four issues occur in the Serra Orlando hoard,3 to the virtual exclusion of other types; their representation in later hoards from the mainland is patchy. The first anonymous issue, with its notably heavy obverse style and with its reverse 1

See R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 197-204, for for the introduction of the denarius.

2 These are identified • Coin hoards,

no. 82.

an

expose of the special pleading of believers in a date of

187

by H. B. Mattingly, Studies Robinson, 213, in a slightly confused paragraph. 15

Introduction

invariably displaying the sword below the spear on the right of the trophy, provides 21

specimens (out of 89) in the Serra Orlando hoard. The second anonymous

issue provides the single victoriatus in the Mandanici hoard,t 3 specimens (out of 4) in the Morgantina pot-hoard and 45 specimens in the Serra Orlando hoard. The issue with com-ear occurs in the Serra Orlando hoard; here as on the denarius and bronze the com-ear is a symbole parlant for Sicily. As for the issue with Cj M (no. 71), it occurs not only in the Serra Orlando hoard, but also in the roughly contemporary hoard from Taranto;2 its attribution to Sicily is uncertain, but is supported by the stylistic similarity of its obverse to those of the second anonymous issue and the . issue with com-ear (all show stylistic affinities with Punic issues of Agrigentum of the Second Punic War period).3 That all four issues of victoriati are early is apparent both from their occurrence in the Serra Orlando hoard without other victoriati except for anonymous pieces from the mint of Rome and from their high weight standard: Anonymous victoriatus (no. 67/1) based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. Anonymous victoriatus (no. 70/1) based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. Victoriatus with C/M (no. 71/1) based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. Victoriatus with com-ear (no. 72/1) based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. The first anonymous issue shows in the crudity of its execution marked affiniti es with the first issue of denarii with com-ear (no. 68/1) and should be associated with it. Victoriati with com-ear share the same distinctive cast of Jupiter's nose with the

second issue of denarii with com-ear (no. 72/3) and should probably be regarded as

belonging to the same issue, despite the different form of the com-ear. The

second anonymous issue of victoriati and victoriati with Cj M should be regarded as

fairly closely related to victoriati with com-ear. Guessing what C and M stand

for seems to me pointless; they may represent the name of a as

man

(or men)

as

well

of a place. There are no grounds for supposing that any of the victoriati I have

been discussi ng here are earlier

than denarii and bronze with com-ear.

The main group of Sicilian issues is completed by two issues of denarii and quinarii, with dolabella and C.�, one of denarii, with C.�' and one of denarii and bronze, with branch (nos. 73-6, Table

I,

6). The issue with C.� includes a

small anonymous group of identical style with the signed pieces. At least two of the issues are clearly signed with men's names and it seems probable that the symbols also represent men's names. The homogeneity of the group appears pri marily from the distinctive form of the visor on the obverse of the silver, which also provides the link with the second issue of denarii with com-ear; a visor composed of three parallel lines occurs on these five issues and nowhere else in the early denarius coinage. All five issues also invariably show the tail of the further horse in front of the 1 Coin !wards, no. 84. 1 Coin !wards, no. 71. 1 As pointed out by E. A. Sydenham, NC 1932, 94-5; see my PL XIV.

16

The first period of the denarius coinage hind legs of the nearer horse. Two smaller features, the loop under the visor and

the curl on the left shoulder, link the issues with C· f>!, and branch. The issues with

do/abella, c·� 'and c. f>!, seem to follow on in sequence from the issue with com ear, the first two, like the issue with corn-ear, including the quinarius. One might be tempted to separate the issue with branch, since its bronze is both heavier than some bronze with com-ear and differs from it in fabric and style; but the close links between the denarii with C. f>!, and those with branch forbid this; rather the weight standard of the bronze was now restored to a full sextantal level (compare p. 19). The Sicilian origin of the four issues is adequately attested by their close stylistic link with the issue with com-ear, their early date both by this link and by their

heavy wcight-standard: Denarius etc. with adze based on a denarius of

4·5 gr.

Denarius with branch

4·5 gr.

Denarius etc. with C·� based on a denarius of 4· 5 gr. Denarius with Cf>!, 4·5 gr. The

next

issues to be considered are some apparent companions of the main

Sicilian group. There are first three issues of denarii, with com-ear and crooked staff, with staff and with wheel, and one issue of denarii and bronze, with dolphin (nos. 77-80, Table

1,

7). All have a peaked visor on the obverse of the denarius

(otherwise only occurring in this period on pieces from the second Rome mint, on some denarii with spearhead and on denarii with club, in all of which issues the helmet is very different in form), all invariably show the tail of the further horse in front of the hind legs of the nearer horse. Denarii with com-ear and crooked staff and with staff are in addition linked to denarii with C. f>!, and with branch by the loop under the visor and by the curl on the left shoulder. I am less happy about placing the issues with wheel and dolphin here, but their stylistic affinities seem to be here rather than elsewhere.1 E. A. Sydenham's association of the issue with wheel with the late second-century Narbo issue is not justified on stylistic grounds and may be decisively rejected.2 Its weight standard, like that of the three issues with which I wish to associate it, is high: Denarius with com-ear and crooked staff 4·5 gr. Denarius with staff 4·5 gr. Denarius with wheel 4·5 gr. Denarius with dolphin

4·5 gr.

The serration of the denarii with wheel seems to be a piece of decoration without further significance (see p. 581). 1

•

Note also an anonymous issue to be associated with the issue with dolphin on stylistic grounds (see Pl. XV, 13). CRR, p. 64; against, already, G. K. Jenkins, MusN 1958, 58 n. 4·

17

Introduction

Two isolated issues may perhaps be attributed to Sicily, the

as

with CN·CO

and do/abel/a and the semis with the types Ceres/Hercules and centaur (nos. 81-2). The first is known only in two specimens; its legend resembles in form the legends

C.� and C· � and its fine style is comparable to that of some of the bronze with com-ear; it is tempting to link it with denarii and quinarii with simple do/abel/a, but the different form of the implement forbids an absolute decision. The semis with Ceres/Hercules and centaur is overstruck on a piece of a pre-denarius issue with com-ear (no. 42/2) and may therefore itself also be of Sicilian origin; the head of Ceres is a type appropriate to Sicily. We

are

left with two large groups of issues, both of which

seem

to originate in

south-eastern Italy, and a number of smaller groups and isolated issues, few of

which can be attributed to any particular

area.

The first large group consists of issues with spearhead, RR, H, Q1 and V, which contemporary with each other, and of a second issue with spearhead and an issue with club, themselves contemporary with each other, but later than the other

seem

five issues (nos. 83-9, Table 1, 10). The weight standard of the silver is high, even if gendy declining : Victoriatus with spearhead• Denarius etc. with spearhead Denarius etc. with RR

Quinarius with H Quinarius with Q Denarius with spearhead•

Victoriatus with club'

based on a denarius of

4·5 gr. 4·5 gr. 4·5 gr. 4·5 gr. 4·5 gr. •.• gr.

4·4 gr. (probably- mean of 14 specimens in San

Angdo and Caltrano hoards - 3.15 gr.) Denarius with club

4·5 gr.

Denarii, quinarii and sestertii of the first four issues are linked mainly by similarity

of obverse style; all display a straight, markedly splayed visor and rdated profiles; the two later issues, characterised by the adoption of a peaked visor ( doubdess copied from no. 53/2), are linked to the first four issues by the first variety of the second issue with spearhead, displaying close similarities with the first issue with With this issue goes the issue with Q and anchor, which consists precisely of the denominations not present in the issue with Q. The assertion (H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 196 n. z; E. A. Sydenham, CRR,J> . zon.) that a with Q is overstruck on a c:oin of Cales is untrue; the piece is a with overstruck on a liardo-Punic c:oin (see Table xvm, 47, a). 1 For anonymous issu.es associated with th.ese victoriati see H. B. Mattingly, St'Udin Robinson, zu n. 4 and %16. • With issue I place the gold 6o-as piece with spearhead; its neat style is exactly that of this issue of denarii, quite that of the earlier issue of denarii with spearhead. • See above, n. z. 1

C

this

sextans

sextans

unlike

18

The first period of the denarius coinage spearhead in the form of the wing on the helmet and in the shape of the spearhead (see Pl. XVI, 3 and 16). In addition, the bronze coinages provi
thread not only by way of a general similarity of style, but also through an odd engraver's error, 2 for S, found on the issues with �' H and spearhead; the association of bronze with spearhead with the second issue of denarii

seems to

follow from its rdativdy low weight standard.1 Bronze with club is the odd man out, of divergent style2 and high weight standard: Bronze with RR Bronze with H Bronze with Q

based on an

Bronze with V

as of

Bronze with spearhead Bronze with club

36 gr. 40·5 gr. 36-31.5 gr. 40·5 gr. 36 gr. 54 gr.

But the similarity between silver with spearhead and silver with club is so great

(see Pis. XVI-XVII) that it seems best to place the latter here and postulate for bronze with club a ddiberate revival of weight standard (compare p. 17). The second large group centres round the mint of Luceria; it consists of two issues of silver and bronze, three of silver only and two of bronze only (nos. 97-103, Table I, 18). The most important issue is that with � and it is hdpful to begin with this; it can hardly be doubted that the � on this large and homogeneous issue, occurring also in the same form on the autonomous coinage of Luceria, is the mint mark of that city. The earliest bronze with � is post-semilibral, apparently not produced on a very large scale; with the advent of the sextantal standard, the mint begins to turn out a very substantial coinage; and production remains heavy as the standard declines. Two problems must be faced immed.iatdy, whether the history of the weight standard is one of consistent decline and how long the process lasts; for the weight standard eventually reaches a level not reached elsewhere in the Roman coinage till the mid-second century (except on the related issue with r). The steady deterioration of style which accompanies the decline in weight standard seems to me to provide adequate evidence that the latter is an uninterrupted process; support for this view may be found in an overstrike of a light-weight piece with � on a heavy-weight piece (Table

xvm,

84). I also bdieve that the whole production

of the mint took place over a very few years, beginning in 214 (see p. 44); the latest issues of all are sometimes overstruck on autonomous coins of Arpi (incidentally, evidence for the placing of the mint for the issues with � in Apulia), which are most unlikely to have been available for overstriking after about 200 (fable XVIII, 87);

than

Bronze with Victory and spearhead, in any case of later style the bronze issues now under discussion, cannot also be associated with denarii with spearhead, but must be regarded as an independent issue (contra A. Alfoldi, Festschrift Schramm, 5 n. 12). ' The blanks are sometimes made in a single, not a double, mould (see p. 579).

1

19

Introduction

and bronze hoards of the middle of the second century hardly contain any pieces with �,1 which suggests an issue both restricted in area of original circulation and of relatively short duration; nor can I see any reason for the continuation of the issue after the recovery of control of Italy from Hannibal.2 Silver with v consists mainly of victoriati, with rare quinarii; the issue of victoriati seems to go through three phases; the earliest pieces (occurring alone of this issue in the Udine hoard)3 have on the obverse a bead-and-reel border and a head of Jupiter with wild, straggly hair; in the second phase the bead-and-reel border remains, while the hair is disciplined into neat, tight rolls; in the last phase a border of dots appears. To judge by the shape of the neck truncation, quinarii with v seem to be associated with this last phase; the mint thus provides a rare example of the victoriatus being introduced initially without the denarius or its fractions; but both victoriati and quinarii should be associated with the sextantal phase of the bronze coinage with

v; quinarii with v and sextantal unciae with v display an almost identical obverse. All the phases of the victoriatus are represented in the hoards which contain the earliest signed issues of the mint of Rome, to be dated to about 207; certainly all the phases of the victoriatus have a consistendy high weight standard, as does the quinarius: Victoriatus with� based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. Quinarius with� based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. The reasons for the decline in the weight of the bronze are mysterious, particularly in view of the apparent success of other mints in restoring a declining weight standard to a full sextantal level (see pp. 17 and 19); one can only assume that the effectiveness of central control and the availability of metal varied markedly from area to area, perhaps not surprisingly in the midst of the Hannibalic War. The issue with vfT, consisting of both silver and bronze, should be regarded as a product of a subsidiary workshop at Luceria. The victoriatus, like the victoriatus with �' seems to go through three phases: the first phase displays on the obverse a small, neat head, with� on the obverse and Ton the reverse; in the second phase the head on the obverse is larger, the monogram ""[; occurs on the reverse; in the last phase, both obverse and reverse types are outspread and rather carelessly executed, while the mint-marks have returned to their original positions.' A rare half victoriatus, a quinarius and a very rare sestertius are associated with this last phase by reason of their plunging neck truncation. The weight standard is uniformly high: Victoriatus and half-victoriatus with �/T based on a denarius of

4·5 gr.

Quinarius and sestertius with von obverse based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. Bronze with

vfT is a small, homogeneous issue of very full sextantal standard.

three pieces in the Cittil Sant' Angelo hoard, Coin /wards, no. 129. Note also the die-link between a heavy and a light dextans with � (C. H. V. Sutherland, NC 1938, 129), indicative of nearly contemporary production. 1 Coin /wards, no. 84. • There are also a number of victoriati with incomplete or blundered legends, no. 98/1c-d.

1

Just the

t

20

The first per£od of the denarius coinage The issue is purely Roman1 and the traditional view that the two mint-marks, � and T, are evidence of an 'alliance coinage' cannot stand. The whole issue was clearly produced at Luceria; T may be a monetary magistrate's mark or an indication of the purpose to which the coinage was to be put. Of the remaining issues of this group, it is perhaps more convenient to take the bronze issues first. The issue with r is linked to the issue with v not only by its

style, but also by the fact that these two issues alone use the denominations of

dextans and quincunx. Like the issue with �'that with r goes through a decline in weight standard; there is also an as bearing the letters � and r and it

seems

clear

that the issue was produced at a subsidiary workshop at Luceria. It may indeed be the successor of the issue with �/T, with a different magistrate's or paymaster's mark. The issue with CIA, on the other hand, though displaying affinities with the issue with �,2 also has distinctive features of its own. It

is

similar in style and shares

the odd trick of using the mark of value - instead of I. But its trientes, unlike any other issue of the denarius coinage, are overstruck on coins of Acarnania and Oeniadae, across the Adriatic (Table

XVIII, 91

and 95, with p. 32). The issue as a

whole is also on a single weight standard. dearly belonging in Apulia, it should be attributed to a mint at Canusium.3 As for the silver issues of this group, their affinities are clearly here rather than elsewhere, by reason of the curious combination of victoriatus and quinarius, without denarius, which occurs nowhere else.4 In addition, victoriati with

M

share the bead-and-reel border with victoriati with �'found nowhere else in this period of the denarius coinage;6 quiD.arii with Q display a head of Roma with Phrygian helmet, shared with quinarii of the �/Tissue; quinarii with

M

and Q

have the legend ROMAin an exergue, like quinarii with � and unlike most other quinarii of this period; it is also remarkable that a hoard in which victoriati with Q were the only signed issue came from Foggia, a few miles from Luceria.6 Victoriati and quinarii with � were produced on Corcyra, presumably from booty in silver available after the operations which followed the Roman-Aetolian treaty of autumn 211,?

and thus share only a denominational structure with the rest of the group;

but it is remarkable that this shared structure is paralleled by the Roman use of the bronze coins of Acarnania and Oeniadae, doubdess from booty, to make coins of the issue with CIA .s Type copying seems to have been eclectic- the reverse type of the sextans is borrowed from the coinage of the Brettii, the types of the semuncia from the autonomous coinage of Luceria. I The blanks for the iSSUes with (... , r and C />. are made in a Single, not a double, mould (seep. 579). a SeeM. Bahrfeldt, ZjN 1895, 87, for arguments from provenance. • The issue with 0 includes two varieties of anonymous quinarii. 6 Victoriati with M also display a certain resemblance to unciae of Capua (E. A. Sydenham, NC 1932, 9 4-s). • Coin !wards, no. 87. 7 F. W. Walbank, Cort�»Umary on Polybius ii, u-13. • See above and p. 32. 1

21

Introduction Of the three small groups which remain, the first consists of issues with B, I, 19). The second and third issues are

pentagram, staff1 and C (nos. 104-7, Table

hdd together by their common striking of gold 6o-as pieces, by the similarity of the obverses of their denarii and most of all by the -die-link which exists between their victoriati ;1 denarii with C (including a small anonymous group) go through a stylistic sequence closely analogous to that undergone by denarii with staff. Denarii with B display an obverse style closer to that of denarii with pentagram than to any other style of this period; the awkwardness of the horses' legs on the reverse recalls some denarii with C. All four issues show a high weight standard for both silver and, where applicable, bronze:

4· 5 gr. 4·5 gr. Denarius with pentagram 4·5 gr. Denarius with staff gr. 4·5 Denarius with C Bronze with staff based on an as of 40.5 gr.

Denarius with B

The earlier of the two issues of denarii with knife and one of the two issues of I, 20) resemble each other and no other

denarii with caduceus (nos. 108-9, Table

issue in the whole of the denarius coinage. Both are of high weight standard: Denarius with caduceus 4·5 gr. Denarius with knife

4·5 gr.

The two issues are hdd together not only by their remarkably crude obverse style but by the occurrence of a border of dots on the reverse. The two issues with wreath and lv (nos. uo-u, Table I, 21) share a distinctive obverse style, with a markedly splayed visor and straggling locks.3 The weight standard of their silver is high, as is the basic weight standard of bronze with wreath:'

4·3 gr. 4·3 gr. Denarius with lv Bronze with wreath based on an as of 49· 5 gr. Denarius with wreath

.

The last issues to be considered are seven isolated issues of victoriati, those with torque, C ROT, M, V1 and \$, and two anonymous issues, the one including the double-victoriatus, the other with the legend ROMA incuse. The last (no. 96) is 1 • •

This issue includes anonymous bronze pieces, PL xx, 16; the semuncia is illustrated by M.

Vatican 255 and 337·

Anonymous denarii XXI, 2).

of

this style

should

linked by their distinctive style with signed pieces (see Bahrfeldt, Bllitter jar Manzjrft��Uk

be

associated

with denarii with

' As in the case of the issues with caduceus, apex and hammer, and Victory struck on a light standard as as on a full sextantal standard.

well

22

193o-33, wreath

682).

(see

Pl.

(see p. 13), fractions are

The first period of the denarius coinage certainly of Spanish origin; six of the seven specimens known come from Spain and a die for the issue

is

preserved in the Instituto de Valencia de Don Juan in

Madrid;1 the weight standard is high and the issue should be regarded as having been struck by Cn. or P. Cornelius Scipio before their defeats by the Carthaginians in 211; the loss of the die may easily have

occure r d

in the wake of the disaster.

The other anonymous issue, which includes the double-victoriatus (no. 90), is of extreme rarity; the presence of the double-victoriatus suggests very strongly indeed that the whole issue belongs close to the period of the quadrigatus, thus at the very beginning of the denarius system; weight standard and style support this placing. The five signed issues are diverse in character. Those with torque and CROT (nos. 91-2) are of considerable rarity and occur in no early hoards;2 specimens in museums

are

almost always worn and it is hard to form a true estimate of their

weight standards; but their styles resemble in no way that of late victoriati and they should be regarded as belonging to the early denarius coinage.3 As far as

can

be ascertained, all specimens but one of the issue with V1 (no. 94)

come from the Marcianise hoard (see p. 24); this suggests a Campanian origin, though an attempt at greater precision would be unwise-the letter V1 may stand equally for a place or a person. At all events, the high weight standard and bizarre style place this issue firmly in the early, diverse phase of the denarius system. Finally, the issues with M and \8 (nos. 93 and 95);4 both are of high weight standard and occur in large numbers in early hoards; the presence of the half victoriatus in the second issue suggests an early, experimental phase of the denarius system. The coherence within themselves of the groups I have described and their distinctness from each other both seem to me to be beyond question, except in a few isolated cases (see p. 17 and p. 19). There is also decisive evidence (see below) that all the groups were produced at about the same time, not in succession. Since no group has more than seven issues, it follows that the period to which the groups belong need have lasted only for a few years.6 I shall show below that the period begins in 211 and I shall argue that it is over by

c.

208; with the battle of the

Metaurus in the following year Rome was firmly in control of the Italian peninsula and the need for local production of coinage was over. 1

M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fur Munzfreunde

193o-33, 755·

Both issues include anonymous pieces, linked by their styles with signed pieces (see Pl. XVII). 1 It follows that CROT is to be taken as representing a personal name, presumably Croto, not the city of Croton, which remained in Hannibal's possession till zo3. ' For anonymous pieces to be associated with the issue with M, see H. B. Mattingly, Studies Robinson, z1z n. 4; for anonymous pieces to be associated with the issue with Vi, see Pl. XVII. ' There is no cause to be worried about the concentration of a large number of issues in a few years (as are, for instance, G. Gorini, Athenaeum 1969, 331; H. B. Mattingly, StuJjes Robinson, 220; C. A. Hersh, NC 1972,76, oddly expecting minting practice during the Second Punic War to be normal); many of the issues in question are very small and heavy production of coinage is in any case what one would expect in the middle of the Second Punic War (cf. p. 46 n. 4). 2

23

Introduction

First the evidence of the hoards. Since, apart from stray pieces, victoriati, denarii and their fractions and bronze do not occur together in hoards, the three types of hoards must be considered separately (see Tables II-IV). The three early victoriatus hoards of Serra Orlando, Taranto and Udine each reflect the coinage of a single area; the Serra Orlando hoard contains only Roman and Sicilian issues, the Taranto hoard contains Roman issues,

one

probably Sicilian issue and issues plausibly

attributed to the area of Tarentum, the Udine hoard contains Roman issues together with issues that were struck at Luceria or nearby and presumably travelled up the east coast of Italy. But the four later victoriarus hoards, Canosa, Italy, Pisa and Paesrum, present a balanced picture of the whole of the first phase of the victoriatus coinage. The rare issues with CROT and torque occur in no hoards of this period. The issue with Vl, of which all known specimens but one (BMCRR Italy 242) seem to come from the Marcianise hoard,1 is not represented in any other hoard and doubtless circulated in Campania only; the anonymous issue with incuse legend was produced in Spain (see pp. 22-3) and did not circulate in Italy. As for the very rare issues with pentagram and staff on the reverse, one example of the former is in the Pisa hoard. Otherwise, every group of the victoriatus coinage which includes issues of heavy weight standard is represented in each of the four hoards. We are presented with a picture of a body of coinage all of the same weight standard and all occurring in the same hoard context. The picture is also of a body of coinage more or less

contemporary; in none of the four hoards under consideration

are

any victoriati

more than slightly worn; clearly from the inception of the victoriatus to the time when the hoards were deposited only a few years can have elapsed. Early denarius hoards and early hoards with sextantal bronze provide a less complete body of evidence than early victoriatus hoards; but the overall picture is the same. Groups which include issues of denarii or fractions ofheavy weight standard are

all represented. Once again, none of the coins is more than slightly worn.

If then it is accepted that we are dealing with a body of coinage made up of distinct groups, each consisting of one or more issues of victoriati, denarii or sextantal bronze, all produced within a relatively restricted period, two problems arise, whether these three elements were introduced at the same time and, if so, when. The denarius coinage I have already mentioned that anonymous denarii have been held to be earlier than sextantal bronze (p. 6 above). This view cannot be maintained. As R. Thomsen, following E. A. Sydenham, rightly points out, the style of anonymous denarii is apparently contemporary with that of signed denarii, the latter undoubtedly associated with sextantal bronze;2 this argument may be reinforced by specific 1 1

Coin hoards, no. 90· ERC ii, 94-5; the last argument used by Thomsen is not entirely cogent, since it is not absolutely certain with which group of post-semilibral com-ear bronze one should associate com-ear quadrigatL

24

The first period of the denarius coinage TABLE II. 211-207 B.C.- victoriati In Table II the issues from Anonymous (Rome 1 and 2) to M are approximately contemporary and are followed by the also approximately contemporary issues from 1- (Group 2) to Staff on reverse. They all precede the issues from Club to Comucopiae Serra Taranto Orlando Anonymous (Rome 1) Anonymous (Rome 2)

Anonymous (Sicily A) Anonymous (Sicily B)

C/M

12 4 21

93 76

45

Italy

1

28

1

37

99 72

7

3 8

Pisa

Paestum

24

581 1301

35 1 8 2

10 6

4

2

1

1

7

7

4 1

3

4

11

2

1

2

12

3

13

1

2

2

5

2

3 1

6 2

5

Com-ear

Canosa

Udine

2

Spearhead Anonymous

1

Torque

CROT M 111 \8

Anonymous with incuse legend

1- (Group

1)

1-(f (Group 1)

Q M � 1- (Group

4 1 1

5 5 1

3

2

4

5 1 2

1

2 2

2 2)

1-fT (Group

2) (Group 3) L.(f (Group 3) Pentagram

1-

3

3

1

Staff on reverse 2

Club

3 16

Crescent Comucopiae (Totals of Roman coins in each hoard

89

191

14

119

197

85

291)

For bibliography see Coin hoards, nos. 82-4,86 and t02-3;NC 1970, St (Italy hoard); funher inspection of the Serra Orlando hoard has Jed me to modify the figures slightly; the Pisa hoard was seen liy Bahrfeldt (cf. Consularmanzen in ltalienischm Sammlungen, 1.4-15) and Willers (Corolla Numismatica, 317 n. 2, wrongly asserting that the coins are debased). 1

The Paestum hoard contains a further

23 anonymous

25

victoriati of uncertain attribution.

TABLE III.

211-207 B.C.- denarii,

quinarii and sestertii

In Table III the issues from Anonymous (Rome 1 and 2) to

and precede the issues from Club to Comucopiae

Pisticci Taranto Tivisa Anonymous (Rome 1) Anonymous (Rome 2) Anchor

78 2

2 2

Pv are approximately contemporary

Las

Orzi- Drieves Tar-

Ansias vecchi ? ?

quinia

8 15

1 3

Valera

2

+

M Apex Apex and hammer Caduceus Victory

Rostrum tridens c M AI<

Com-ear (Type A) Com-ear (Type B)

1 1

Dolabella

1

+

1

? ?

2

1 1

2

1

+

C·� C·Pi

Branch Com-ear Staff

?

+

+

and staff

Q Spearhead (Group 2)

I,

+ +

?

1

1

?

9 8 36

1

2

1

1

1

29

N\ � B Pentagram

3

1

12 1

l,JT Q

Staff on reverse

? 1

c

Caduceus Knife Wreath

+

?

2

1

�

Club Crescent Comucopiae (Totals of Roman coins in each hoard

1 1

?

Wheel Dolphin Spearhead (Group 1)

RS?. H

1

5

204

7

? +

1 1

120

38

1 1

1 1

1 1 1

13

u

1

1 1 2 10)

bibliography see Coin hoards, nos. 93-4 (the Tivisa hoard is now in the Museo Arqueologico di Barcelona), 104 and to6-9 (for the Drieves hoard see also K. Raddatz, Schatzfunde ii, pl. t8; for the Valera hoard Numisma 71, 1964, 25 and p. 10 n. S); p. 679 (Taranto hoard).

For

26

Tire first period of tire denarius coinage TABLE IV.

211-207 B.C. - bronze

In Table IV the issues from Anonymo\i.s (Rome 1 and 2) to that with Wreath are approxi mately contemporary and precede the issues from Club to Comucopiae Cina

Anonymous (Rome 1 and 2) Anchor Apex and hammer Caduceus Victoey

Mintumo

70

24

3

1

2

4

c M AR

Perdas

Ducale

de Fogu Tortoreto 11

s

1

1

Com-ear and � Com-ear

4

Branch Dolphin

� H

1

Anchor and Q v Spearhead

1

Q

"'

1

1.-{T r C/>..

1

Staff on reverse

7 1

Wreath Club

Crescent

Comucopiae (Totals

of Roman coins in each hoard

61

16

For bibliography see Coin hoards, nos. 97-8 and 1oo-1 ; the Cina Ducale, Minturno and Perdas de Fogu hoards also contain post-semilibral bronze with com-ear. The issue of Cn.Co(rnelius), known in two specimens, and the issue with Ceres/Hercules, known in one specimen, are omitted from the Table.

observations; both no. 44/5-7 (anonymous) and nos. 59/1 and 6oft (signed) borrow their style from the same post-semilibral unciae; incuse legends occur

on

no. 44/5

(anonymous) and on no. 68/tb (signed). Since the weight of anonymous denarii is the same

as

that of early signed denarii, it may be concluded that there is

no

reason to date anonymous denarii before signed denarii and sextantal bronze. The 27

Introduction

suggestion was made originally by Mommsen largely in order to produce a silver: bronze ratio the same as that in Sicily.1 It should be abandoned. I have also dealt incidentally (p. 7) with some of the arguments for regarding the victoriatus as earlier than the denarius. Two arguments make this theory untenable. In the first place, there is an enormous body of early denarius issues not associated with early victoriatus issues. It is not disputed that by the time the mint of Rome produced the issues with crescent and comucopiae, victoriatus and denarius were in production together. By this time, more denarii and sextantal bronze had been produced than victoriati (for the date of the issues with crescent and comucopiae and their relationship to the rest of the period of coinage under discussio n see below, p. 34); it is unreasonable to suppose that it had been in issue for a much shorter time. But the decisive evidence is provided by the Spanish hoards. Three hoards are now known2 combining quadrigati with native Spanish or Punic issues. The victoriatus was struck in Spain (no. 96 and pp. 22-3) and was clearly acceptable there; if it had been struck (even in Rome) for any length of time without the denarius we should expect to find hoards of victoriati with native issues; but we move straight from hoards of quadrigati with native issues to hoards of denarii with native issues, clear evidence that the latter, sometimes with victoriati as associated coins, replaced the quadrigati as Rome's chief silver coin.3 The date of the denarius• (see Addenda) It remains to date the introduction of the denarius system, consisting of victoriatus, denarius and sextantal bronze. The evidence is in my view now conclusive for a 1

RMw, 77-80 with 30l.

1

Granada- Con hoards, no. 33; Andalusa i - L. Villaronga Garriga, Arse-Saguntum, 119; Los Villares -K. Raddatz, Schatzfunde i, l06. The argument that n the Mandanici hoard a victoriatus occurs in a 'pre-denarius' context (H. B. Mattingly, Studies Robinson, l14 n. S) proves nothing; the earliest sextantal bronze in, for instance, the Cina Ducale hoard also occurs in a 'pre-denarius' context.

1

•

i

i

Four red herrings may be eliminated at the outset: the nummi nmJi ofPlautus, Casino to; the m·nummus of Plautus, Trinummus; the term OO
28

The first period of the denarius coinage date of 211 or conceivably the year before, but I should like to record my belief that the date proposed by H. Mattingly and E. S. G. Robinson in 1932 has always been far more right than the traditional date of 269, belief in which is incompatible with a critical scrutiny of the evidence. Since the arguments adduced by R. Thomsen may now be strengthened it seems worth setting them out as briefly and compre hensively as possible.

(1) The evidence of the hoards points strongly to the Second Punic War as the period in which the denarius system was introduced. First, the Spanish hoards. The Granada hoard and a new hoard from Andalusia combine quadrigati with coins of the last issue struck by the Barcids in Spain, to be dated between 218 and 209. Coins of the same issue

are then found with a very early denarius

in the Cheste hoard and an early half-victoriatus in the Mogente hoard, with slighdy later denarii in the Drieves and Valera hoards. The transition from quadrigatus to denarius system is surely to be sought in or near the period 218 to 209.1 Sicilian hoards provide comparable evidence. The Syracuse hoard links quad rigati with Syracusan silver going down to Hieronymus (216 to 215), a new hoard from Sicily links quadrigati with Syracusan silver going down to the Democracy

(215 to 212); in the Aidone 1908 hoard a bronze of the Syracusan Democracy is associated with Roman unciae of the last stage before the sextantal standard. The Barrafranca and Montagna eli Marzo hoards likewise go down to the Syracusan also

a denarius or 'tenner'. But there is no evidence or probability that the word and therefore denarius' existed before the creation of the silver piece with the mark of value X. The ancient sources are clear that the coin so named because made up of asses (see p. 3); the quadrigatus, like many of the silver units of Magna Graecia, was subdi'llided into ten litrae (cf. p. 626); there is no real resemblance at all (R. Thomsen, ERG ii, 143 n. 39, misses the po i of Mattingly's Robinson's argument). The 'edificio quadrangolare' at Paestum, when excavated, produced two victoriati (Atti Soc, MtJK'Ul Graecia vi-vii, 1965-{), 194-5), although dated by the pottery to the early third century (ibid., 86); but one of the two victoriati (lnv. no. 120) is (on any chronology) a second-century type (Cata logue no. 166/1 below); either the pottery is later the excavators thought or the victoriati are intruders (the site heavily disturbed before excavation). The date of the denarius is a problem which has generated an enormous secondary literature: President's Address; W. Giesecke, Deutsche Mflnzbl4tter 1934-5, 181, P. H. Webb, NC 1934, 221 238; H. Mattingly and E. S. G. Robinson, NC 1938, 1; H. Mattingly, NC 1949, 57; E. Cavaignac, REL 1953, to6; A. Stazio, AIIN 1958-59, 344; R. Thomsen, ERG i, Ch. 7 and ii, passim; L. H. Neatby and F. M. Heichelheim, Acta Antiqua (Budapest) 196o, 51. Most of this literature is of little interest. E. S. G. Robinson, EssaysMattingly, 40, for the dates of the Barcid coinage; for my view of the alleged on no. 296; for the first two hoards mentioned above, portraits on Barcid issues of Spain, p. 28 n. 2; for Cheste see Coin hoards, no. 75 (the denarius resembles my Pl. IX, 16); Mogente- no. 91; Drieves-no. 107; Valera-no. 109. The last four hoards contain drachms of Emporiae of Crysaor type, Group III, of the late third century (M. Almagro Basch and M. Almagro Gorbea, Numisma 71, 1964, 36-9). These drachms are found in the Los Villares hoard (see p. 28 n. 2) with a quadrigatus and in the Tivisa Las Ansias hoards (Coin hoards, nos. 94 and 104) with denarii of the same period as those in the Cheste hoard on the one hand the Drieves and on the other. near identity of weight standard between early denarii the drachms of Emporiae in question is in my view fortuitous; 4.50 gr. to 3.86 gr. the latter later 4-50 gr. to 4.20 gr., denarii •

was

ten

nt

than

was

The

and

1

and

see

see

also

also

and

and

drop

from

and

Valera hoards

from

29

The

Introduction

democracy but include Roman bronze of sextantal standard.1The inference is over whelming, that the denarius system was introduced in or near the period 218 to 209. The last group of hoards that is relevant is that containing coins of Carthage and her Italian allies. The most important is that from Locri,2 which contains one very early quinarius (as no. 47/la), together with silver of Carthage of the Second Punic War period and of the Bretti,i

all in fine condition. In addition, semilibral and probably also sextantal bronze is found with a coin of Capua of the period of revolt,3 post-semilibral bronze with bronze of the Brettii and Carthage,• sextantal bronze

with a bronze of Carthage,6 the coins of the Brettii certainly, the coins of Carthage probably being of the Second Punic War period.

(2) As we have seen, the early denarius coinage is marked by a multiplicity of mints and by an inability to keep the weight standard of the bronze (once even that of the silver, with no. 103) up to scratch. Both features are most readily compre hensible in the context of the Hannibalic War, when Rome lost control of much of Italy and commanders would have to make their own arrangements for coinage (see p. 6o4), and when there was a desperate shortage of metal.• 1

1

Syracuse- Coin hoards, no. 62; Sicily- S. Huner, SNR (forthcoming); Aidone- Coin hoards, no. 68; Barrafranca- no. 96; Montagna di Marzo - no. 99 (alao containing two Carthaginian pieces struck in Sicily during the Second Punic War). Two funher hoards may be mentioned, though I place little weight on them, since I am not entirely happy about their freedom from contamination; they are the Aidone 1909 and Grammichele hoards (briefly mentioned in AIIN 19()2-64, 223-4). The former includes Roman coins of the laststage before the sextantal standard and a coin of Hieronymus, the latter a Roman coin of the sextantal standard and coins of the Syracusan Democracy. G. Manganaro (Athenaeum 1965, 319; Archivio Storiro Sicilia Orientale 1969, 286) wishes to attribute the Poseidon/Trident issue of the Syracusan Democracy to the last years of Hieron II; he is probably wrong, but his proposed dating makes little difference to the argument here.

Coin hoards, no. 76.

In the Santa Maria di Capua Vetere hoard (Coin hoards, no. 56); I am no longer prepared to regard the light-weight quadrans in this hoard as extraneous. It has the same patination as the rest of the hoard and can be identified as a specimen of no. s6/s var. (see Pl. XI); de facto of uncial weight standard, it belongs in the sextantal period (there is another specimen in the Citti. Ducale hoard). If sextantal bronze is taken as beginning, with the denarius, in 211, the coin in question can be regarded as an isolated example infiltrated into Capua immediately before its capture and the loss of the hoard associated with that capture. ' In the San Vincenzo Ia Costa hoard (Coin hoards, no. 67). ' In the Tortoreto hoard (Coin hoards, no. 101). For the coins of the Brettii see E. S. G. Robinson,

•

NC 1964, 54·

•

Festus' testimony, s.v. Sextantari asses, that the sextantal standard was introduced propter bellum Punicvm secundum should mean that the measure was adopted during the war, not after it, when the financial pressure was less (cf. R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 171-2); there is no reason to connect the passage with the repayment of tributum after the war. G. Nenci argues (Athenaeum 1968, 14-18) that belw Punico prime in Pliny, NH xxxiii, 44 means not 'in or by reason of the First Punic War', but 'for the first time, in or by reason of the Punic War' and that Pliny thus, li.lte Festus, dates the sextantal weight standard to the Second Punic War. I find Nenci's translatio n wholly implausible; it is in any case ruled out of coun by the fact that Pliny dates the uncial weight standard to 217, thereby allowing (on Nenci's·view) about a year for the period of sextantal weight standard. The traditional view that Pliny (wrongly) placed the sextantal weight standard in the First Punic War must be retained. Nenci is clearly right to argue that Pliny and Festus both derive their information from Varro; the difference is that Pliny has garbled the information, whereas Festus has not. Nenci's handling of the numismatic evidence in general leaves a great deal to be desired, since he has missed the one fact agreed on by everyone, the contemporaneit y of the denarius and the sextantal weight standard.

The first period of the denarius coinote

Capuan and associated overstrikes (Table xvm, 1-7) provide decisive evidence that in 216/215, the weight standard of the bronze was only just slipping below semilibral. The sextantal weight standard, associated with the denarius, was pre sumably some years away. The overstrikes in question are primarily coins of Capua, Calatia and Atella, to be dated to their period of revolt from 216 to 211,1 overstruck on Roman coins of semilibral or very slighdy lower standard. Two arguments have been produced to invalidate their evidence; it has been asserted that the coinage of Capua, Calatia and Atella should be dated to an earlier period and that the coins overstruck would not have been those current immediately before the revolt.' Both arguments are contemptible. All the evidence to be derived from types, hoards and historical background argues for the attribution of the coinage of Capua, Calatia and Atella to their period of revolt. It is in any case inconceivable that a town such as Capua, possessing civitas sine suffragio and thus part of the Roman state, should have been allowed while under Roman rule to strike coinage, let alone silver coinage or coinage with an Oscan legend. As far as the second argument is concerned, it is of course true that coins over struck may include coins produced long before the date of overstriking. But to suggest that Capua in 216-211 would have overstruck only coins produced, on the conventional chronology, some 7e>-8o years earlier is the height of unreason. It is also unreasonable to suggest, as the conventional view demands, that at a time when Rome had adopted the uncial standard Capua would have used the much higher post-semilibral standard. The evidence of the Capuan, Calatian and Atellan overstrikes points unmistakably towards a date after 216/215 for the introduction of the post-semilibral weight standard and a date somewhat after that for the introduction of the denarius. (4) The evidence of the Capuan, Calatian and Atellan overstrikes is confirmed by a group of overstrikes by Carthage and Volcei, a community which joined Hannibal in the Second Punic War (Table xvm, 8-u). The Roman undertypes are in both cases semilibral and it follows that this was the Roman weight standard in the early period of the war.3 (5) Remarkable evidence is provided by oue sequence of overstrikes (Table XVIII, 61-2,66 and 48). Bronzes of Hieronymus (216-215) and of the Syracusan Democracy (215-212) are regularly overstruck by the issue with com-ear and K>'. This issue in tum is overstruck by the issue with M, which may consequendy be dated c. 210 (or, in theory, later). But this issue with its early style and heavy weight standard, occurg rin in hoards of the earliest stage of the denarius coinage, cannot be far (3)

1

1 I

For decisive arguments on dating see the paper of J.-B. Giard, CDI'IK'mo 1961, 235 (assuming, however, too early a date for the victoriatus); d. R. 'l'homseo, BRC ii, 107-15; 116-19. G. Moroni, RIN 1968, 97, produces no arguments worth the name. See, for instance, S. L. Caano, Bull. Mus. Imp. 1938, 11. cr. R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 115-16; 119-:Z:Z.

31

Introduction

separated in time from the institution of the denarius. It follows that this cannot be placed much before c. 210. (6) The issue with Cf>.., produced at Canusium in the earliest period of the denarius coinage (see p. 21), is regularly overstruck on bronze of the Acarnanian League and Oeniadae. The coinage of the latter is to be dated between 219 and 2111 and both coinages will have fallen into Roman hands when M. Valerius Laevinus captured the town of Oeniadae in 211; the coinage will have returned with Laevinus in early 210 and been despatched to a mint at Canusium for overstriking.2 Since the issue with C f>.. belongs to the earliest stage of the denarius coinage, the institution

of the denarius coinage is again located not much before c. 210. (7) The evidence so far points to a date a few years after 216/215 for the institution of the denarius. The excavations at Morgantina provide a near-certain terminus ante quem; coins of the earliest period of the denarius system appear sealed below a late

third-century destruction level, which should be dated to 214 or 211, years when the town rebelled and was recaptured by the Romans.3 Given the fact that the semi libra! standard was still in force in 216, the terminus ante quem of 211 is preferable for the institution of the denarius and the sextantal standard (see p. 43 for the duration of the post-semilibral standard).

(8) If then the denarius coinage was instituted by 211, but not very long, if at all, before, three Sardinian issues help to indicate a precise date. The issues with C, M and AR belong at the very beginning of the denarius coinage; it is almost

impossible not to regard them as struck by (L.) C(omelius), (P.) Ma(nlius Vulso) and (C.) Aur(unculeius), Praetors of Sardinia in 211, 210 and 209.'

(9) I have shown above that the newly instituted denarius coinage did not survive its early years unaffected by financial stress. Despite this fact, it is argued that the record of financial difficulties preserved by Livy is such that the denarius could not have been instituted at any rate in the middle years of the Second Punic War.6 As I have already argued,' the fiscal measures of the latter part of the war recorded by Livy were necessary precisely because the Roman Republic had determined on the restoration of a pure silver coinage. This argument may be reinforced by a detailed consideration of Livy's narrative. In the early years of the war, metal

(for coinage)

seems

to have been available.

Apart from tributum and other normal sources of revenue, not to mention reserves, 1 1 1

•

B. V. Head, HN•, 331. I owe this point to H. B. Mattingly (cf.JRS 1970, 232). T.V. Buttrey, Congresso 1961, 261. The arguments for later destruction (H. B. Mattingly, ibid., 269; NCirc 1962, 164) are special pleading; nor is it true that the later phases of the quadrigatus and its associated bronze canno t be fitted in between 215 and 212 (see p. 43); for the Mars(Eagle gold coinage see below. See p. 13; the entry in Coin hoards, Index i, should be for (L.) Cornelius, not for (M.) Cornelius (Cethegus). There is no plausibility in the view of L. Breglia, RAN 1949-50, 19-20, that M stands

for Mammula, Pr. in Sardinia, 217. Mattingly, Studies Robinson, 221 • JRS 1964, 29-32.

' H. B.

n.

4·

32

The first period of the denarius coinage

there was a loan from Hieron II in 216 (Livy xxiii, 21, 5). In 215 a tributum duplex was decided on, presumably in contrast to tributum simplex hitherto (Livy xxiii, 31,

1-2). But at this· point sources of revenue dried up. The loan from Hieron could not be repaid (Livy xxiii, 38, 12) and at the end of the year there was no money available with which to supply the Spanish army (Livy xxiii, 48, 4-8). A novel method of financing Roman operations was adopted, the

use

of credit.1

The contract for supplies to the Spanish army was let on the condition that payment would be made later (Livy xxiii, 48, 9-49, 4). The following year sailors were paid directly by wealthy individuals, not by the state (Livy xxiv, 11, 7-9), and credit was again used, to finance the building operations of the censors (Livy xxiv, 18, 1o-11, cf. 2 for inopia aerari). The owners of slaves manumitted to fight refused payment for the time being (Livy xxiv, 18, 12). After contributing their possessions, orphans and widows were to be supported by state purchases on credit on their behalf (Livy xxiv, 18, 13-14). Equites and centurions offered to do without their pay (Livy xxiv, 18, 15). But from 212 onwards metal again began to become available and the state in addition took active steps to make it available. Booty was coming in in almost every year from 212 (Syracuse) onwards, down to 2o6 (Spain).2 In addition, the

state used the Triumviri Mensarii to levy metal from private individuals in Rome in 210 (Livy :xxvi, 35-6; Festus, s.v. Tributorum conlationem)- perhaps the first and the last occasion on which an ancient state effectively mobilised the resources of its wealthy members; the gold in the aerarium sanctius was also used in 209 (Livy :xxvi,i 10, 11-13); and money was raised by renting out the ager Campanus (Livy :xxvii, 11, 8). It is significant that 2,400,000 denarii could be provided in 210 for Scipio to take to Spain (Polybius x, 19, 1-2). Credit financing, by contrast, disappears from the record, until Scipio was forced to use it in 205, perhaps partly for political reasons, as well as financial ones (though the state was forced soon after to sell land to raise cash, Livy :xxvi,ii 46, 4). The year

211 stands out as the beginning of a period in which the production of the new denarius coinage was eminendy possible. If then the denarius system was instituted in 211 (or perhaps in 212), it remains to decide how long its first phase, characterised by a heavy weight standard and a multiplicity of mints, lasted. This problem involves the problem of the Mars/Eagle gold. A number of factors place this in a general way in the same period as the 1 I shall argue later (p. 43) that the use of credit included the reduction of the weight standard of the bronze coinage below a semilibral level, the coinage thereby becoming even more fiduciary than it was already. ' See T. Frank, ESAR i, So-t and 83; after Syracuse (Livy xxv, 31, 8-11) there was Capua (xxvi, 14, 8), Nova Carthago (xxvi, 47, 7; Polybius x, 19), Tarentum (xxvii, 16, 7; Plutarch, Pab. zz) and the battle of the Metaurus (xxvii, 49, 6; Polybius xi, 3); for boot y from Spain in zo6 see xxviii, 38, S· The produce of the Spanish mines will also have become available from 209 onwards. It is not clear how it was intended tO finance the building programme of 2U (xxv, 7> 5).

33

Imroduction

earliest denarii:1 a similar pattern of anonymous and signed issues occurs; the weights of the different denominations are a scruple or multiples thereof; similar marks of value, in terms of asses, appear.' But whereas all signed issues of Mars/Eagle gold can be linked with signed issues of denarii, it is not immediately obvious how long the anonymous issue from the mint of Rome lasted. It is in my view most likely that it lasted from 211 to 209. The view that it began in 211 may be supported by two arguments: its denomina tional structure (see above) and its function (seep. 626 n .1)identify the Mars/Eagle gold as an integral part of the denarius system and it is reasonable to suppose that it was struck at the same time as the earliest denarii; and a specimen with com-ear, from a Sicilian mint, has turned up at Morgantina in the same destruction level as early denarii and victoriati.3 The terminus ante quem for both the anonymous and the signed issues of Mars/Eagle gold should be placed in or very soon after 209; the use of the aurum vicesimarium from the aerarium sanctius (Livy xxvii, 10, 11) was clearly only agreed on because all other gold available at that moment had been used. And in fact that part of the

aurum

vicesimarium which was

sent away from Rome

presumably provided the bullion for the signed issues of Mars/Eagle gold (other

than that with com-ear) from military mints.' If the Mars/Eagle gold is regarded as lasting from 211 to 209, certain consequences follow for the rest of the early denarius coinage. The first signed issues from the mint of Rome bore the symbols or letters anchor, apex, M, crescent and comucopiae

(see p. 10); since gold with only one of these marks is found, the adoption of the others is presumably to be placed after 209. But it cannot be placed very much after; the evidence of the hoards seems to show the symbols crescent and comucopiae appearing just as the phase of the denarius coinage characterised by a multiplicity The ManfEagle gold is rightly regarded as contemporary with the sextantal weight standard by H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 12; his absolute date of course depends on his date for the latter and is therefore wrong; but his rejection of the testimony of Pliny is a step in the right direction (pau H. J. Scharp,JMP 1918, t; B. J. H.aeberlin, FrankjuTur Manzzatlllft 1919, 17; W. Giesecke, ibid., 101). The crucial figures in the pusaae of Pliny in question (NHxxxi,ii 47), recording the interval between 269 and the date of the gold issue, and the number of sestertii to the pound of gold, are in any case hopelessly corrupt; all correction is arbitrary and time should not be wasted on the passaae (u, for instance, by R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 245-55 and 305�). 1 Not sestertii, as Pliny, NH xxxiii, 47, followed by H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, lv; J.-B. Giard, BSFN 1961, 91. For decisive arsuments in favour of asses see R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 299-300. S. Bolin, Bllltter jar MfJm:jr1111U:U, 1927-29, 273, 291 and 353, is wholly unconvincing. 1 T. V. Buttrey, Con(lf'IW1 19(i1, 263. ' I list the generals who received gold, with tentative suggestions as to what they did with it:

1

L. Veturius Philo in Gaul (500 lbs) P.Sulpicius Galba in Greece (500 lbs) M. M.arccllus in Btruria (500 lbs)

Q. Fabius Maximus inS. Italy (500 lbs) Garrison commander in Tarentum {too lbs) Q. Fulvius Flaccus in Campania (500 lbs)

Gold spent as bullion Gold spent as bullion Part struck as issue with pentagram Part passed on to C. Calpurnius Piso and struck u issue with staff Struck as issue with spearhead Gold spent as bullion Gold spent as bullion.

The issue with spearhead is associated with Tarentum by

34

R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 347·

The first period of the denan"us coinage of mints is drawing to a close; and at the mints at which Mars/Eagle gold was struck, it tended to be struck towards the end of this phase (see pp. 18 and 22); only a short time

can

therefore intervene between the end of the Mars/Eagle gold

in or very soon after 209 and the appearance of the symbols crescent and cornucopiae at the mint ofRome. About 207 seems appropriate for this appearance. To resume the discussion so far, the first period of the denarius coinage, struck atRome and at military mints outsideRome, should be regarded as running from

211 to c. 208 ;1 after this, coinage was concentrated at the mint ofRome, a step made possible by the recovery of control over Italy. A few issues in the following years seem to stand outside the main sequence of issues (see pp. 50 and 52) and were perhaps produced outside Rome; but the conclusion is not a necessary one and differences of style and fabric alone should never be used as evidence for a separate mint. In any

case, the

vast bulk of the coinage of theRomanRepublic between 2o6

and 84 falls into a single sequence which may be attributed without difficulty to the mint ofRome.2 Before moving on to this, however, it is necessary to go back and consider the didrachm coinage which preceded the denarius coinage. The institution of the latter is firmly placed in 211; the earliestRoman coinage may be dated, I believe, to 280 and the didrachm coinage as a whole reasonably assigned to the intervening 70 or so years. II

THE PRE-DENARIUS COINAGE

The first problem to be faced is that posed by the evidence of Pliny (NH xxxi,ii

42-4): Proxumum scelus fuit eius qui primus ex auro denarium signavit, quod et ipsum latet auctore incerto. PopulusRomanus ne argento quidem signato ante Pyrrhum regem devictum usus est. Libralis- unde etiam nunc libella dii c tur et dupondius - adpendebatur assis. (Various remarks on the linguistic legacies of this practice follow.) Servius rex primus signavit

aes.

Antea rudi

usosRomae

Timaeus tradit.

Signatum est nota pecudum, unde et pecunia appellata. Maxumus census

cxx

assium fuit illo rege et ideo haec prima classis. Argentum signatum anno urbis cccclxxxv Q. Ogulnio, C. Fabio coss., quinque annis ante primum Punicum bellum.Et placuit denarium pro decem libris aeris valere . .. 'The next most serious crime was to strike a gold coin; the culprit is unknown. The Roman people did not even use silver coin before the defeat of Pyrrhus; a bronze unit of a pound passed by weight . . . Servius

was

the first to strike a

bronze coin; Timaeus tells us that before that the Romans used uncoined bronze. 1

1

For the view of E. A. Sydenham that the denarius CQU/d not have been fi.nt struc:lt at Rome, one of the more fantastic theories foisted on the world by numismatists, seeR. Thomsen, ERG ii, 176-9. The only exception is the Narbo issue (no. 282 and p. 65); for the coinages of Sulla and his enemies

see pp. So-2.

35

Introduction

The coin of Servius bore a cow as its type, whence it highest census qualification was

120,000 asses

called pecunia. The and those who possessed this was

composed the prima classis. Silver was coined in the 485th year of the city, in the consulship of Q. Ogulnius and C. Fabius, five years before the First Punic War. And it was agreed that a denarius should be worth ten pounds of bronze ...' There are grounds for supposing that most of this (populus Romanus ...bellum) depends in essentials on Timaeus ;1 but still it

can

hardly be taken at its face value.

Coin hoards show Roman silver coinage in a Pyrrhic War context (seep. 38) and any possible chronology involves the corollary that the earliest Roman silver coinage

was struck outside Rome and that the date which impressed itself on the literary tradition was the date at which silver coinage was first struck in Rome. The problem is to decide which issue was involved and for this the literary tradition offers little help. It seems reasonable, however, to argue that if the whole of the pre-denarius coinage was struck outside Roii_le and Roman silver coinage had thus existed for (say) 50 years before it was struck in Rome, this event would hardly have been represented as it is represented in the literary tradition, populus Romanus (up to this point) ne argento quidem signazo usus est;1 Pliny's assertion, unsupported by the rest of the literary tradition, that the first silver coinage struck in Rome was the denarius coinage is clearly an unwarranted conflation of two separate pieces of information, that silver coinage was first struck in Rome in 269 and that the character istic (but later) silver coinage of the Republic was the denarius coinage. Pliny (Timaeus) is equally unhelpful on the origin of the Roman bronze coinage. No one now believes that Servius Tullius produced (signavit) coinage and the attempt by A. Alfoldi to avoid making Timaeus believe this either is understandable.3 But the selection of passages attributed to Timaeus by Alfoldi is arbitrary, (42)

populus Romanus ne argento quidem signato ante Pyrrhum regem deuictum usus est (43) antea rudi usos Romae Timaeus tradit (44) argentum signatum anno urbis cccclxxxv Q. Ogulno i , C. Fabio coss., quinque annis ante primum Punicum bellum. All this can be paralleled in the Roman annalistic and antiquarian tradition just as readily as the material which Alfoldi rejects; and it is difficult to believe that Timaeus can have referred to (aes) rude without making some reference to bronze in some different form. It is better to take the whole passage, populus Romanus ...bellum (except for the digressions on the linguistic legacies of the assis libra/is and on the etymology .

.

.

•

.

•

1 A. D. Momigliano, Mis� Rosra,ni, tlkrt. • So already H. Mattingly, NC 1924, t86. U the Capitol hoard (Coin /wards, no. 6o), in which the Roman pieces belong to the pre-denarius coinage, could be proved to be a consignment of coin intended for melting down and re-coining, production of coinage in Rome before the denarius would be certain. I MDAI(R) 1961, 64-79·

The pre-denarius coinage

of the word pecunia), as representing approximately what Timaeus wrote and to attempt to interpret it as a whole. It is important at the outset to draw a clear dis tinction between

aes =

a pound of bronze (a measure of value) and aes

=

a bronze

coin weighing a pound. Aes in the former sense is necessary to the Roman con ception of the 'Servian' census and it seems conceivable to me that this was described by Timaeus in terms of aes

=

a pound of bronze. But it is certain

that Pliny is not reporting the acrual words of Timaeus1 and I see no compelling reason to believe that Timaeus wrote in terms of aes

=

a bronze coin weighing

a pound.2 It seems to me most likely that Timaeus, after recording the introduction of

silver coinage at Rome after the Pyrrhic War, remarked that bronze was earlier weighed out as a measure of value; this innovation was supposed to be the work of Servius Tullius and before him the Romans

were

supposed merely to accumulate

bronze in heaps without measuring it (that is, aes rude); the 'Servian ' census was thus in terms of aes

=

a pound of bronze (so, as it happens, de vir. ill. 7, 8). Certainly

the retrojection of this concept to Servius Tullius will have been much easier than the retrojection of actual coinage. Pliny will then have converted a notice that Servius Tullius laid down that a pound of bronze was to be a measure of value into a notice that Servius Tullius signavit aes. But ifthis is what happened,Pliny (Timaeus) provides no evidence for the date of the introduction of bronze coinage at Rome.3 It is time to

turn

to the coins.4

After the work of Rudi Thomsen, there should not now be any dispute over the relative arrangemen t of the didrachm or pre-denarius coinage, except on a few minor points of no great importance. Table

v,

annotated where necessary, sets out

the relative arrangement and it remains to establish a fixed chronology. It should

be emphasised that all the available evidence supports the system proposed here and that the dating of one issue buttresses the dating of related issues.6 The first Roman issue of didrachms, Mars/Horse's head ROMANO, occurs as the only Roman issue in five hoards, Valesio, Mesagne, Torchiarolo, Oppido Lucano and an unpublished Italian hoard, the contents of which were communicated to 1 • 1

So A. D. Momigliano, Misullanea Rostagni, 181. Contra A. D. Momigliano, 185-7.

The date given by Pomponius for the creation of the office of Illvir a.a.a.f.f. is equally without evidential value, see p. 6o:z. • In suppon of my dismissal of Pliny, it is worth drawing attention to the fact that he is clearly more concerned to plot a decline in moral standards than to provide an accurate history of the Republican coinage (cf. G. Nenci, Athenaeum 1968, s�); his equation of the denarius with 10 libra! asses, although accepted in antiquity from Varro onwards (LL v, 169 and 174 (pace Th. Mommsen, RMw, 304 n. 47); Festus, s.v. Grave aes; Volusius Maecianus, Distr. 74; Priscian, de fig. num. 9), is clearly wrong, since it involves a bronze: silver ratio of 720 :t. 6 There is little that can be said about nos. 1-2; the fint was clearly struck at Neapolis some time after 326 (R. Thomsen, ERC iii, 78-81); the second presumably follows, since the legend is in Latin instead of in Greek (cf. R. Thomsen, ERC iii, 81-3). Both issues are presumably isolated fo.rerunners of the Roman Republican coinage proper; it is noticeable that there is nothing Roman whatever about their

typeS. 37

Introduction

me by G. L. Fallani.l In the first of these hoards, Valesio, the issue is associated

with coins of Tarentum of Evans's period VB, probably covering the early years of the third century. The hoard thus at first sight suggests a pre-Pyrrhic War date

for these didrachms. But it would be unwise to press this point very far.2 Although brutal cleaning of the hoard does not make it very easy to decide, the Tarentine coins appear more worn than the Roman coins; one Tarentine piece was dispersed unrecorded from the hoard and may have been later than the others ;3 and the owner of the hoard may have excluded deliberately any light-weight pieces of

Tarentum. The Mesagne hoard contains coins of Tarentum of Evans's period VE, apparendy just the finest pieces in the hoard, and two Mars/Horse's head ROMANO

didrachms;• the latter thus appear again in an early third-century context, but the Mesagne hoard is again incomplete. On the other hand, the Torchiarolo, Oppido Lucano and 'Fallani' hoards

to

gether show Mars/Horse's head ROMANO didrachms as the only Roman issues

in circulation at the time when the reduced standard was introduced at Tarentum, presumably towards the end of the Pyrrhic War. The Torchiarolo and Oppido

Lucano hoards include Tarentine light-weight pieces, together with, in each case, one Mars/Horse's head ROMANO didrachm.5 The evidence of hoards with only one Roman piece is not strong, but it is confirmed by the evidence of the 'Fallani' hoard; this contained several Mars/Horse's head ROMANO didrachms, together with didrachms of Neapolis; these latter went down to a slighdy later point in the

1

Oppido Lucano-information from D. Adamasteanu; Mesagne-Noe2, no. 677 (it is not apparent from Noe' that this hoard contains Roman pieces; I owe an account of its contents to C. M. Kruy); Valesio-Coin hoards, no. 12 (the account there should be corrected according to Ricerche e Studi 1967, 95; the hoard is not complete, but contained originally one further piece of Tarentum and one further piece of Metapontum); Torchiarolo-Coin hoards, no. 11; Italy -several didrachms with Mars/Horse's head ROMANO 35 didrachms of Neapolis (Sambon, no. 338, no 342, no. 365, no 366, no. 436, no. 437, no. 444, no. 447, no. 448, no. 450, no. 451, .

.

4 pieces 1 piece ( ?) 1 piece 11 pieces 2 pieces 1 piece 1 piece 1 piece 1 piece 1 piece 1 piece

no. 455, 2 pieces no. 456, 1 piece no. 457, 3 pieces no 458, 1 piece no 46o, 2 pieces no. 465, 1 piece no. 466, 1 piece no. 472, 1 piece no. 473, 3 pieces no. 476, 1 piece no. 477, 4 pieces). . .

As does R. E. Mitchell, NC 1966, 61H). A late piece will have been n particularly fine condition, such as to attract attention at the moment offinding. ' The hoard also contains a collection of earlier material and Neapolitan issues apparently of the same date as the Tarentine. ' R. E. Mitchell's dismissal of the Torchiarolo hoard (MwN 1969, SS n. 57) on the grounds of its 'diverse contents', after he has himself drawn attention to the occurrence in hoards of Roman didrachms with didrachms of Magna Graecia, is simply astonishing. The Roman didrachm n the Torchiarolo hoard is fresh, that in the Oppido Lucano hoard somewhat worn (and brutally i cleaned). R. E. Mitchell, RIN 1973, 8�109, requ res no separate refutation. 1

•

i

i

The pre-denarius coinage

sequence than the didrachms of Neapolis in the Torchiarolo hoard.1 It seems clear, therefore, that at the time when light-weight pieces were introduced at Tarentum, Mars/Horse's head ROMANO didrachms had not yet been superseded at Rome.2 Given this, it is hard to date the introduction of this small issue before the Pyrrhic War. There is a further strong argument in favour of the view that Rome's didrachms began no earlier than the Pyrrhic War, first adduced by E. S. G. Robinson.3 There are a large number of South Italian hoards of immediately pre-Pyrrhic War, Pyrrhic War or immediately post-Pyrrhic War date which might in principle contain Roman didrachms, but which in fact do not.4 This absence is intelligible

if Rome struck no coinage before about 280, well-nigh incomprehensible if she had struck didrachms since the fourth century.s For the second6 and third7 issues of didrachms, there is no firm evidence; but the fourth can be placed very closely. The system of control-marks used is an adaptation8 of that

on

a Ptolemaic series struck in honour of the deified Arsinoe II.

She and her brother-husband Ptolemy II Philadelphus were designated as the Theoi Adelphoi shortly before 272/1,9 but the sole cult of Arsinoe was not instituted 1

The latest didrachm of Neapolis in the 'Fallani' hol\rd is Sambon, no. 477,the latest in the Torchiarolo hoard is Sambon, no. 448.

The Benevento hoard (Coin hoards, no. 22) must be left out of the reckoning; the arguments of E. S. G. Robinson (NC 1945, 97) against the coherence of the hoard as reported are based on knowledge not available to A. J. Evans when he published it; his confidence in the hoard was clearly mis-placed (pace R. E. Mitchell, NC 1966,68 n. 2; MusN 1969, 55 n. 6o). a NC 1945, 97· ' The South Italian hoard itself (NC 1945,97); also Nee*, nos. 147,701 (with AIIN 1965-67, 40),772 (with AIIN 1965-67, 56), to6o (with AIIN 1965-67, 38), 1120 (with AIIN 1965-67, S6),Grimaldi 1933 (AIIN 19(io-61, 66), Metaponto 1955 (NSc 19(16, 176), Lucania 1957 - all with pieces of Tarentum of Evans's period VI; Noe•,nos. 128 897, 185, 1048,1049,1056,Taranto 1913 (AIIN 1965-67, 39),Ruvo (AIIN 1965-67, 46) - all with pieces of Tarentum of reducedweight. (I owe most of this list to C. M. Kraay.) • Three negative points may be made very rapidly. The weight standard of Rome's earliest didrachm was borrowed from Neapolis (see p. 590); the weight standards of later issues result from successive downward adjustments and do not depend on those of any other mint. The evidence provided by the overstrike of a Minerva/Horse's head bronze (no. 17/1a) on a Zeus Hellanios{Eagle bronze of Syracuse (Table XVIII, 13) is inconclusive; for the date of the undenype, probably 288{7-279{8, see R. Ross Holloway, RBN 1962, 16-17. R. E. Mitchell argues rightly (MusN 1969, 43-8) that the arguments for dating Rome's earliest didrachm based on the derivation of the obverse type from the coinage of Metapontum (R. Thomsen, ERG iii, 93-S) and on the supposed Carthaginian nature of the reverse type (R. Thomsen, ERG iii, 83-92) are weak to the point of non-existence (see also p. 713). In general, I place little weght on the 1

=

i

evidence of type parallels; even if one is certain that one type is borrowed from another, no more than a terminus post quem emerges. I regard it as probable, however, that the com-ear symbol on the reverse of Rome's earliest didrachm indicates that the mint was at Metapontum (see R. Thomsen, ERG iii, 156-7).

1 7

• •

The types of the coinage of Beneventum are copied from this issue,but after a quite uncertain intei::val 107). Arguments based on an interpretation of the types Hercules/Wolf and twins in terms of Fabian propaganda (as R. E. Mitchell, NG 1966, 66-7; MusN 1969, 56) are in my view misconceived (see p. 714n. 6). E. G. Huzar, CJ 1965-66, 337, misses this essential point. P. M. Fraser,Ptolemaic Alexandria, 215-16.

(pace R. Thomsen, ERG iii,

39

Introduction

until after her death in July 270.1 Although the Ptolemaic series could have begun in the earlier year, it is more likdy to have begun in or after 270. The Roman series can

hardly have begun till a few years later still.2

There is in any case compelling evidence for assigning it to an even later date. It is the latest of the silver issues with ROMANO and must therefore be contem porary with or later than the bronze issue with Minerva ROMANO/Eagle ROMANO (no. 23). And this is certainly a coin of the First Punic War. Of the pieces known to me (those listed by Bahrfeldt, together with a specimen in Oxford and a specimen in the collection of G. L. Fallani), two carry with them evidence of provenance, the specimen in Palermo and that of G. L. Fallani, from Tindari. A. Santamaria informs me in addition that he recollects two pieces passing through

his hands, both from Sicily. This strong prima facie

case

for Sicilian mintage is

reinforced by consideration of the internal evidence of the issue itself. It bears the same reverse type as an early group of the coinage of the Mamertini, an eagle on a thunderbolt,• it

uses

symbols as control-marks in the same way,• it has the same

weight standard.5 The issue

was

undoubtedly struck at Messana when Rome in

264 carried out the fateful decision to intervene on behalf of the Mamertini. The large issue of Roma/Victory ROMANO didrachms should be regarded as its contemporary and as the Roman coinage of the First Punic War. It seems probable then that the ROMA didrachms were only introduced after the First Punic War. Certainly the fust three issues are small and stylistically homogeneous, what one would expect in a period of steady, small-scale, peace-time production.8 A small hoard from Catanzaro7 confirms the view that the last of the ROMA didrachms, the quadrigatus, appeared only shortly before the Second 1 P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Auxandria, 217, cf. 228-30. 1 R. B. Mitchell's attempt to date it between 272 and 269 carries no conviction (NC 1966, 69-7o; the treatment in MwN 1969, 57 is ao brief as to be misleading); quite apan from the improbability of the view that Rome improved on the Ptolemaic system of control-marks immediately after the Ptolemaic issue began to be produced, the attribution of the largeat issue of ROMANO didrachms to a period of three years during which no major expense was incurred by the Roman state is wholly implausible. 1 M. SllrstrOm, Coinage of the Mlii'IUTtinu, Ser. ii-iv, esp. pl. v, 42; the issues are dated by SlrsttOm, p. 38, to 288-278, on no good grounds. • The Roman issue bears the control-marks plough, helmet, stork and sword, the Mamertine issues the control-marks helmet, bipennis, arrow, spearhead, spear, t (Ser. ii); spearhead (Ser. iii); thunder bolt, comucopiae, torch, bucranium, A, star, � (Ser. iv). 1 The Roman issue (with the exclusion of two very worn pieces in Florence and Berlin weighing 13.32 gr. and 12-44 gr.) ranges from 19.00 gr. to 15.00 gr. and has a mean (taking into account the Oxford and G. L. Fallani specimens weighing 17.12 gr. and 17.45 gr.) of 16.25 gr. The Mamertine issues have the following ranges and means: Ser. ii Ser. iii Ser. iv

21.26-13.76 gr. 19.1o-15.90 gr. 19.1o-15.28 gr.

16.78 gr. 17.43 gr. 17.05 gr.

copying of the obverse type of no. 25/1 on a Carthaginian issue (B. S. G. Robinson, Essays Mattingly, 38) is entirely intelligible on this chronology, as is the appearance of one of the ROMA bronzes (no. 26/4) asaociated with Stage II of the walls of Alba Fucens G. Menens, Alba Pucens i, 52-3). ' C. M. Kraay, in NoeJ, no. 2019.

• The

40

The pre-denarius coinage

Punic War. The hoard contains one Apollo/Horse ROMA didrachm with coins of the Brettii, a Hannibalic piece and assorted earlier issues. The absence of quadrigati from this Second Punic War hoard suggests that they had been introduced only shortly before it.1 It appears most likely, then, that the Republican silver coinage began at or about the time of the Pyrrhic war and that the ROMANO didrachms covered the period down to the end of the First Punic War; that the ROMA didrachms followed the First Punic War and that the last didrachms, the quadrigati, were introduced not long before the Second Punic War. Some confirmation for this chronology may be derived from a consideration of the bronze issues which ran parallel to the silver coinage. First, the La Bruna hoard.3 The symbolism of three of the varieties of aes signatum

which it contains is naval (see p. 718) and it is hard to imagine all or any of these being produced before Rome became a naval power during the First Punic War.' The coins associated in the hoard with these varieties of

aes

signatum were on my

view produced during the Pyrrhic War; the gap would be intolerable if they were dated much earlier.5 1

The same conclusion is suggested by the absence of wear on the quadrigati in the Syracuse hoard, buried in or after the reign of Hieronymus (see above, p. 30 n. 1). re ce of quadrigati at Selinunte dates them L. Breglia argues, AIIN 1958-59, 334, that the occurn before 250, when the site was abandoned; but the site produced a bronze of Hieronymus! It is more than doubtful whether the hoard, discussed by Breglia, consisting of didrachms of Corinth, etc., with one quadrigatus is a coherent group. 1 So Suidas, s. v. MoviJTa:, but the testimony has little value (for the view now t2ken of the etymology of the word moneta see E. Babelon, Mbn. Ac. Inscr. xxx:ix, 1914, 241; TLL, s.v.; from referring to the temple of Juno Moneta, the word carne to describe the mint there situated, then the article produced there). It seems to me worth recording my conjecture that Timaeus' interest in Mars and the October equus (see p. 713) was aroused by the fact that the types of Rome's earliest didrachm, introduced during the Pyrrhic War and hence part of Timaeus' subject-matter, were Mars/Horse's head. Tenney Frank's argument (ESAR i, 42-3), endorsed by R. E. Mitchell (MusN 1969, 42, cf. 71), that Rome could not have conquered S. Italy without minting coins in her own name is patently worthless. One might as well argue that the Phoenicians could not have become a great trading nation without minting coins. The extent of Roman intervention inS. Italy in the fourth century is irrelevant to the dating of the Republican coinage. 1 Coin hoards, no. 16. ' See Polybius i, 20, 8; 20, 13 with commentary of F. W. Walbank. 6 Although listed earlier as a group in the catalogue, the different varieties of au sigrw.tum were, I am sure, contemporary with the first four issues of aes grave (so rightly A. Alf�ldi, MDAI(R) 1961, 7o-1, who, however, mist2kenly regards issues with 'ramo secco' and fishbone types as Roman). Not only is the hoard context of aes sigrw.tum the same as that of the earliest aes grave (Ariccia and La Bruna, Coin hoards, nos. 13 and 16), but all the issues whose types convey any indication of date must be of the period of or later than the Pyrrhic War (see p. 718). It also seems to me that the notion of creating currency bars (to use a very general term) with types logically follows the notion of creating coins with types. The primitive cast bar found at Bitalemi in a sixth-century context, P. Orlandini, AIIN 1965-67, 3 and 13, has nothing whatever to do with Roman aes signarum. As for function, aes sigrw.tum can hardly have been intended for storage in the treasury, for which its types in high relief make it wholly unsuitable; nor can it be moneta privata (so F. Gnecchi, RIN 1900, 147) or Greek (soT. L. Comparette, AJN 1918, 1), since some of its types bear the legend ROMANOM (on the homogeneity of the whole group see L. Clerici, Economia, 236); nor can it be regarded as created with distinctive types to be dedicated to particular deities (so A. C. Deliperi, Numismatica 1943-45, 38), since it is usually found in fragments. The almost uniformly martial types

Introduction

Second, the Carife hoard.1 This includes five Roman semilibral semunciae,2 associated with the later stages of the quadrigarus (seep. 44); but it also contains a semuncia ofBrundisium.3 Now I believe that both the coinage ofBrundisium and

the hoard belong to the period of the Second Punic War; but the hoard cannot in any case be earlier than 244, the date of the foundation of Brundisium; and at this date there is evidendy no trace of the denarius coinage. One small piece of evidence may be adduced as militating against the dating of

the denarius to 269, the actual coinage ofBrundisium. This was begun on a post seems to me in the highest degreeimprobable that this

semilibral standard and it

standard would have been adopted if Rome had already adopted the sextantal standard, certainly associated with the denarius.' Finally, the Prow series of

aes

grave, contemporary with the quadrigarus,

seems

to portray a type of prow otherwise first found on the coinage of Antigonus Doson in an issue struck after 227 ;5 the quadrigarus and the Prow series of aes grave may reasonably be regarded as belonging to the same period. If then it is accepted that the Republican coinage began at or about the time of the Pyrrhic War and that the later stages took place at approximately the dates assigned to them above, it is possible by making a single, to my mind very plausible, assumption to bring the successive stages of the didrachm coinage into precise relationship with the years in which Censors held office (for the Censors and coinage seep. 6o2). The following are the years between the outbreak of the Pyrrhic War and that of the Second Punic War in which Censors who went on to complete their term of office

were elected:6 280, 275, 269, 265, 258, 252, 247, 241, 234, 230, 225, 220, twelve in all. If it is assumed that the RomajVictory didrachms which were

being struck at the outbreak of the First Punic War continued to be struck through out the war, something which is readily intelligible in view of their types (see p. 714), it will be seen that there

is

one issue with distinct types for every pair of Censors

from 280 down to and including 225, with the exception of those elected during the First Punic War. It remains necessary to explain the failure of the Censors of

220 to adopt new types, but I think that this is p�sible. The discrepancy in the ancient sources between 269 and 268 as the year when coinage was first struck at

t 1

suggest the hypothesis that aes signatum was created for the distribution of booty after a victory (see also below, p. 45 n. to); in any case it is clear that aes signatum, once issued, was treated as bullion note the piece reponed by E. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, 143-5, with the Umbrian legend FVKES SESTINES, meaning 'of the forge at Sestinum' (I owe this translation toR. G. G. Coleman). Coin hoards, no. so. Not sextantes, as n i Coin hoards; seeR. Garrucci, Le monete dell' Itala i antica, pl. lxxviii, u, cited in the original publication of the hoard.

BMC Italy, Brunds i u i m, no. 6. SeeR. Thomsen, ERC ii, to6-n note that the coinage of Firmum, colonised in z64, was on a libra! standard,R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 104-6. ' R. Thomsen, ERC iii, 147-9; for the attribution of the coinage see I. Merker, MusN t96o, 39· • Of the Censors ofz7z, Z53 and z36 one died in office, the Censors ofz31 were vitio creati; the Censors ofz7z were perhaps in any case appointed with the sole purpose of building an aqueduct. 1 •

42

The pre-denarius coinage

Romel is best explained by supposing that the decision was taken in 269 and that the Censors only got round to doing something about it in 268; the Censors of 220 may not have concerned themselves with the coinage unti1219, by which time the Illyrian War and the impending

war

with Carthage perhaps sufficed to postpone a

decision to adopt new types. Two problems remain, the dating of the various phases of the quadrigatus and of the point at which the Oath-scene gold is to be placed, and the dating of the different stages of the reduction of the weight standard in the Prow series of bronze coinage. To take the latter first, it is clear that the weight standard first dropped from a notionally libral one to a semilibral one, then declined through a series of post-semilibral standards, triental, quadrantal and approximations to these.' The semilibral standard belongs, I think, in 217; although it is conceivable that the financial position was felt to be serious enough in 218 to justify a reduction in weight standard,3 I now incline to think it more likely after the defeat at Trasimene in 217;' certainly the reduction had taken place by the time of the ludi Romani in September of that year (see p. 627 n. 1).5 The point at which the semilibral standard was abandoned

can

also, I think, be

fixed with reasonable precision. When Capua rebelled in 21�215, she overstruck Roman coins of the very end of the semilibral period (see Table xvm, 1-2), which should accordingly be regarded as ending by early 215 (see also p. 31).8 The stan dard is probably already quadrantal (based

on

an as of four ounces) in 214; the

vast bulk of the bronze struck in Sicily before the creation of the denarius system (no. 42/2-5) is of quadrantal standard and it seems reasonable to associate this upsurge in production with the arrival of Marcellus and the beginning of serious operations against Syracuse in 214.7 The quadrantal standard will then have lasted

till the introduction of the denarius in 211. No surprise need be felt at the speed with which the Romans reduced the weight standard of their bronze coinage, from notionally libral in 218 to quadrantal in 214; the Capuan reduction proceeded with equal speed between 215 and 211. For the sources seeR. Thomsen, ERC i, 33-4; add D. Hal. xx, 17 (20, 9). For details see p. 596. See R. Thomsen, BRC ii, 27-32, for a succinct demolition of the view that Rome abandoned and then returned to a libral standard; the theory of H. Mattingly, PBA 1963, 319-25, that Rome issued libral and reduced bronze simultaneously is unlikely to commend itself. 1 Cf. Livy xxi, 16, 3-6; I adopted this view inJRS 1964, 29. ' Pliny's dating of the uncial standard Q. Fabio Maximo dictatore (NH xxxiii, 45) is a garbled memory of a monetary measure taken in c. 141 (see p. 614); but the Lex Metilia de full onibus may be an economy measure of 217. In general, I think the reduction in weight standard more likely after a year of defeats. ' For reasons which are unclear, the mint of Rome produced on the semilibral standard not only the regular Prow series of bronze, but also a collateral series with distinctive types, no. 39/1-s (R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 229-31 with decisive arguments and earlier bibliography). • Cf. Livy xxiii, 48, 9, for a (renewed) appeal to fides in the financing of the war in summer 215. 1 So already JRS 1964, 30; no arguments can be derived from the standards of the coinages of rebel communities such as Capua, Meles and Volcei (contra R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 122-9); these standards will not have been higher than the Roman, but they may well have been lower. 1

1

43

TABLE V.

The pre-denarius coinage c. 28
Silver and gold c.

28oB.•c.

Man/Horse's headROMAN01

c.

275 B.c.

ApolloROMANO/Horse1

c. 269 B.c. c.

241 B.c.

Hercules/Wolf and twinsROMAN01 RomafVictoryROMANOt Man/Hone's headROMA' Apollo/HoneROMA' Mars/HoneROMA'

t

c.

225 B.C.

c.

217 B.C.

Struck bronze

Cast bronze Heavy Janus/Mercury series1

Goddess/LionROMANO• Minerva/Hone's head ROMAN01

Heavy Apollo/Apollo series' Dioscurus/Apollo series4

MinervaROMANO�eROMAN�

Wheel

Man/Horse's head ROMA' Apollo/HoneROMA' RomafDogROMA Hercules/PegasusROMA Man/HoneROMA'

Light Janus/Mercury series Light Apollo/Apollo series

RomafRoma series without symbol' series'

RomafRoma series with symbol Libral Prow series• Minerva/BullROMA as10

Quadrigati with incuse legend ROMA1

Semilibral Prow series (sextans to quartuncia) Semilibral Prow series (as to quadrans) Collateral series (triens to semuncia) Series with com-ear (quadrans) Oath-scene gold piece Oath-scene gold half-piece Half-quadrigati

c. 215 B.C.

c.

213 B.C.

Quadrigati with legend in relief on raised Post-semilibral Prow series (triens to tabletROMA semuncia) Quadrigati with legend in relief in linear frameROMA Series with com-ear (quadran.s to semuncia) Quadrigati with com-ear and legend in relief in linear frameROMA Series with I,.. (semis to semuncia) Debased quadrigati

Post-semilibral Prow series (decussis to quadrans)11

Series with I.- (as and semis)

For demolition of the notion of parallel production in different areas of the four ss i ues of ROMANO didrachms with their associated aes gravt, see R. Thomsen, ERG iii, 63-9, for positive evidence for their relative order, s7-«>; cf. also p. 37 for hoard evidence for the priority of no. 13. 1 These two issues cannot be regarded as struck in the same mint at the same time - the second is characterised by the occurrence of innumerable little variants, the first by their absence; their placing in the sequence is suggested by the following consid�rations- the Ardea hoard (Coin hoards, no. 20) shows that the first had been issued before or at the same time as the Apollo/Apollo and Dioscurus/Apollo series of aes grave (for which see n. 4 below) were issued; the second post-dates the foundation of Cosa in 273 (I owe this point to T. V. Buttrey), but shows no point of contact with the Hercules/Wolf issue of didrachrns, struck at Rome from 269. The argument ofR. Thomsen, ERG iii, 123, that because the Hercules/ Wolf and twins issue of didrachms and the Goddess/Lion issue of bronze derive their types from the same issue of Syracuse they were issued simultaneously, is invalid. 1 For the relative order of these two series of aes grave and for their association with the first two issues of didrachms, seeR. Thomsen, ERG iii, 7o-t, with cross-references; for the oddity that the second has a higher weight standard than the first, sec p. S 9S· • The consistent occurrence of this series in hoards (Coin hoards, nos. 20 and 21) otherwise consisting only of cc.rtainly Roman pieces shows that it too isRoman; it should be regarded as a series subsidiary to the Apollo/Apollo series. • There i s no real evidence for the placing of these two series in relation to each other, though their association as a pair with the second two issues of didrachms is clear enough; for the heavy unciae of theRomafRoma series, wrongly regarded as relevant byR. Thomsen, ERG iii, 16-23, see p. s66. 1

t;

• Sec p. 40 above. ' The association with each of these three issues of didrachms and struck bro.nze of a series of aes grave is straightforward; a strigil occurs as a symbol on the first issue of didrachms and on the light Janus/Mercury series of aes grave, a club on the third issue of didrachms and on a corresponding RomaR f oma series of aes grave; the light Apollo/Apollo series of aes grav1 is then left to be associated with the second issue of didrachms, on which no symbol occurs. Of the two types of struck bronze with divergent types, that with Roma/Dog has no symbol and should be associated with the Apollo/Horse issue, that with HerculeafPegasus has a club as a symbol and should be associated with the Mars/Horse issue .. The relative order of the three groups of silver, struck bronze and cast bronze is also readily established; pieces of the first two groups occur in the Italy hoard (Coin hoards, no. 28); the didrachms of these two groups are then to be regarded as having been produced in the same order as the

ROMANO didrachms from which their types were copied; the Basilicata hoard (Coin hoards, no. 29) adds pieces of the third group; the types of the didrachm of this group are to be regarded as resulting from a conflation of the types of the preceding two didrachms (soR. Thomsen, ERC iii, 76); the absence of the drachm from the third group is of no consequence. • For the different varieties of quadrigati and the order of their production, see Appendix, p. 103. • For the production in sequence of the two varieties of the libral Prow series of aes grave with prow r. and the series with prow 1., sec B. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, 25, 37 and 51-3. " This issue is odd; its typeS seem to have an approach analogous to that evident in the Prow series (sec p. 718 n. 8), but the occurrence of the legendROMA places the issue somewhat apart. I am tempted to regard it as produced to distribute booty after a victory, perhaps that over the Gauls in 225. 11 For the sequence of issues of bronze on ever lower weight standards between semilibral and quadrantal (including the issues in Sicily and a quadran tal issue from a mint at Luoeria), see p. 43.

Introduction

There appear to be three major sequences of quadrigarus coinage and five minor issues (including the issue with com-ear); with two of the three major sequences Oath-scene gold is associated.1 Within two of the major sequences, the legend ROMA changes from being incuse to being in relief; within one of them, light weight and debased coins eventually make their appearance. The first stage may be dated to about 215; a quadrigatus with the legend in relief appears in the Syracuse hoard,2 which contains Syracusan issues down to those of Hieronymus; the Reman issues in the hoard presumably go down to the point at which contact between Rome and Syracuse was broken by the revolt of the latter, in summer 215. Since Oath-scene gold is associated with one sequence of quadrigati which does not go beyond the stage with incuse legend and since in another sequence it is associated with an earlier phase than that with the legend in relief, it must be dated before 215; it is presumably an emergency coinage and is, I think, best associated with the semilibral reduction; it will have been produced in an attempt to bolster confidence in the coinage despite the reduction of the bronze standard.3 It is argued elsewhere (p. 626) that the last standard of the post-semilibral phase, the quadrantal standard, marked the re-creation of a bronze coinage whose face value and intrinsic value were approximately the same and that the debasement of the quadrigatus (for which see p. 569) followed because the treasury was unable to meet the expenditure involved. The last phase of the quadrigatus must therefore be dated in 213 or later; since the experiment was clearly a disaster, it should be dated in 212 and regarded as having been abandoned almost immediately. One general problem remains, the enormous bulk of quadrigatus coinage which was produced, on my view, over a relatively short time, between 225/4 and 212. But the problem is more apparent than real; the stylistic diversity of the quadrigatus coinage is to be explained by the fact that it was produced in three major sequences running side by side (though I would not wish to say that these sequences were necessarily produced at difer f ent mints); and it is clear that the period from 225 onwards demanded from Rome a military effort greater than any made before;4 state expendi ture

and volume of coinage were presumably on a scale to match the military effort.

I propose therefore the arrangement of the pre-denarius coinage as shown in Table v.6 1 For details see Appendix, p. 103; the link between silver and gold was first made by E. J. Haeberlin, ZJN 1908, 25cr2 (the article is otherwise of little interest); a brief discussion in R. Thomsen, ERG ii, 258-61; the classfi i cation of P. le Gentilhomme, RN 1934, t, is in my view too detailed; L. Breglia, 'Note stilistiche sui quadrigato', RAL 1951, 265, is of little use. 1 Coin hoards, no. 62; the new hoard from Sicily (see p. 30 n. 1) goes down to the same point in the quadrigatus coinage, but includes coins of the Syracusan Democracy; it well documents the isolation of the rebel area from Rome in the years immediately following the revolt. 1 For the dating of the various issues of half-quadrigati see Appendix, p. 103. ' See Polybius ii, 23, 11 with commentary of F. W. Walbank for the scale of Roman operations in 225 (to legions), P. A. Brunt, Manpower, 417-22, for Roman legions during the Second Punic War. 6 For the dating of nos. 1-2 see above, p. 37 n. s, for that of nos. 3-12 above, p. 41 n. 5.

The second century - relative chronology III

THE SECOND CENTURY- RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY1

The coinage of the second century may be divided into three periods, on the basis of the hoards in which the issues of each period first appear. There is in the first place a great group of hoards, which I regard as closing about the middle of the century (see Tables VIII-IX), at about the same time as the cessa tion of production of the as; the bronze hoards which belong to the group contain between them examples of almost every issue of bronze from the creation of the denarius system down to this point, while the smaller silver hoards contain a fair selection. We may regard the issue of Annius Rufus (no. 221), the latest in the group of hoards in question, as providing a point at which the coinage may be divided, and we may feel confident that we know which issues fall before it and which fall after it. Two very large hoards, Riccia and Masera, add almost identical sets of issues to the sequence which extends down to the issue of Annius Rufus (see Table x); the issue of Mn. Acilius Balbus (no. 271), stylistically inseparable from the latest issue in the Masera hoard (no. 270), may thus be regarded as providing another point at which the coinage may be divided. The coinage of the second century may conveniendy be regarded as finishing with the issue of denarii of Piso and Caepio as Quaestors (no. 330) and the three issues of quinarii and three of denarii which follow (nos. 331-6); again the hoards enable us to say which issues precede these seven and which come later (see Table :n).

c. 2o6 to c. 144 B.C. (nos. 112-221) Although the hoard evidence for this period leaves a great deal to be desired, I believe that the arrangement of the coinage may be regarded as reasonably secure. As arranged here, the coinage consists of three main groups; in the first, most

issues include silver as well as bronze; in the second, almost all issues consist of bronze only; in the third, most issues again include silver, now being produced on a much greater scale than ever before. The denarii of the third group form a tight stylistic unit (see p. 55); the issues to which they belong are also hdd together by a number of other features; no issue includes the victoriatus, very many adopt as the reverse type of the denarius the new type

of Victory in biga, the bronze which belongs to the issues under discussion

1 One general problem must be dealt with, the belief of Count de Salis, taken over by H. A. Grueber, and of E. A. Sydenham and others,in Italian mints subsidiaryto the mint of Rome operating throughout the second and first centuries; as propounded by Sydenham, NC 1941, 117-27, the theory is ldf' verifying, since anything that does not fit a pre-conceived view of what is appropriate to the mint of Rome is lumped into an Italian mint. An extreme example of a hare which should never have been staned is H. Mattingly's mint of Massalia, PBA 1957, 200; there was never a shred of eVidence for it. The issue of C. Antestius (no. 219), assigned by Sydenham to two mints (CRR, pp. 47-8), in fact forms a single die-linked sequence, the two styles in the issue of M. Aufidius Rusticus (no. 227) are inextricably die-linked to each other, e cos! via; for the production of serra te and non-serrate coins

in the

same

workshop (contra Sydenham, NC 1935, 215-20), see p. 581.

47

Introduction

is of uniformly low weight. The denarii of the first group (with a few unimportant exceptions) similarly form a coherent stylistic sequence (for details see p. so); in addition, the issues of this group are characterised by the not infrequent inclusion of the victoriatus and by a relatively high (though declining) weight standard for the bronze. Only two issues in the second group include denarii, that with gryphon and that ofPurpureo (nos. 182 and 187); the denarii of each issue are distinctive in style, quite unlike anything else, a fact which may be explained by their having been produced in isolation. The separation of the denarii of the three groups finds some slight confirmation in the hoard evidence (see also p. 51 n. 3 and p. 54 on nos. 139 and 197-8); a very small hoard from Kalaureia1 contains three issues from the first group, those of P. Maenius, Todus and Cn. Domitius (nos. 138, 141 and 147), and nothing later; another, slighdy larger hoard from Mirabella Imbaccari2 contains five issues from the first group, that of L. Plautius Hypsaeus and those with star, crescent, feather and female head (nos. 134, 113, 137, 163 and 127), and two from the second group, that with gryphon and that ofPurpureo (nos. 182 and 187), but nothing later. The most important problem which remains results from the existence of issues in this period which consist only of bronze; a few of these issues may be linked with issues which also include silver and may thus be fitted into the main sequence of issues (for details see below); but there remains a large number which cannot be assigned in this way. The evidence in fact suggests that they were produced as a great block which barely included issues of which silver formed part. At the lower end, there are several hoards which contain the issues of bronze only under discussion, but do not contain more than one or two of the issues to which the third group of denarii belongs (see Table IX). It is equally impossible to insinuate the issues of bronze only among the issues to which the first group of denarii belong; the bronze which goes with the latter forms a coherent stylistic sequence, with which most issues of bronze only have nothing in common. Finally, it is noticeable that the anonymous victoriatus (no. 166) in the Biancavilla hoard is very wom,3 which suggests a long gap between the issue to which it belongs and the latest issues in the hoard; this gap can only be fil]ed by the issues of bronze only under discussion. One further general point may be made before considering the sequence of issues in detail. The anonymous issues of this period are puzzling and I would not wish to assert that they were produced only at the isolated moments to which they are assigned; they are placed immediately before the signed issue which they most resemble, but may have been produced over a period of several years; I

am,

for

instance, fairly certain that anonymous silver did not die out with the appearance 1 1

Coin hoards, Coin hoards,

no. ut. no.

127.

1 Coin hoards,

no.

U4.

The second century TABLE VI.

112 113

Staff Star Rostrum tridens Trident

168 Helmet 173 C ·SAX (bronze only) 174 A· CAE (bronze only) 175 C SAE (bronze only) ·

176

PAE (bronze only)

177 178

PT or TP (bronze only) CINA (bronze only) BAL(bronze only)

1zo 1Z1 1ZZ

Knife Sow

179 180 181 182

Dog

183

123

Ram Meta ME

184 185 186 187

134

TAMP LPLH

135 136

Owl

137 138

Crescent

139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 16o 161 162 163 164 165 t66 t67

AN or AV

P·MAE Anonymous Anonymous Bird and TOD Bull and MD (bronze only) Shield and MAE (bronze only) Victory and LFP (bronze only) Victory and spearhead (bronze only) AVTR CN-DOM Q·MARI (bronze only) L ·MAMILI (bronze only) M·TITINI (bronze only)

188 189 190 191 192

SAX (bronze only) Caps of the Dioscuri (bronze only) Gryphon Wolf and twins (bronze only) Butterfly (bronze only) VARO (bronze only) MVRENA (bronze only) PVR OPEIMI (bronze only) P·BLAS (bronze only) OPEl (bronze only)

193

VAL(bronze only) AT or TA (bronze only) TVRD (bronze only)

194 195 196

Anchor (bronze only) Ass (bronze only) Star (bronze only)

197 198

Anonymous Anonymous

199 zoo 201

SAR NAT C·SCR

202

C·TAL C·MAIANI

S·FV (bronze only) SX·Q

203 204 205 zo6

CN·CALP L·COIL

207 zo8

PVR

209 210

Prawn Comuoopiae Anonymous

relative chrlmology

Early second-century denarius coinage

114 115 116 Butting bull 117A Rudder 1178 Bird and rudder (bronze only) 118 Helmet (bronze only) 119 Thunderbolt

124 132 133

-

211 212 213

Fly Dolphin (bronze only) TAL MAT

214 215 216

L·SAVF P·SVLA SAFRA FLAYS NATTA L·ITI C·IVNI Q·ME Crescent Mast and sail M ·ATILl SARAN Q·MARC LIBO

Feather Anonymous Anchor Anonymous

217 218

L·SEMPR PITIO C·TER LVC L ·CVP

219 220

C·ANTESTI M·IVNI

Anonymous

ZZ1

AN RVF

49

Introduction

of the issues with crescent and comucopiae (nos. 54-5), but continued into the following period side by side with the issues with staff (no. 112), etc.1 I now

tum

to consider the sequence of issues in detail. I list in Table VI the issues

in the order in which I think they belong and here provide detailed comment. (a) The issues from that with staff to that with meta (nos. 112-24) form a homo geneous group, with minor variations that help towards a detailed arrangement.

(1) The victoriatus. The form of the stem on the trophy in the issue with staff (no. 112) is the same as in the issues with crescent and comucopiae (nos. 54-5), belonging to the end of the earliest phase of the denarius coinage; thereafter, down to the issue of Metellus (no. 132) the form is differen t (see

Fig. 1). The

vic

toriati of nos. 119-21 are associated with each other by the way in which the legend sometimes appears framed between two horizontal lines.

Fig. 1. Form of trophy on vicroriati of Metellus (no. 13Z/t)

Fig.

z.

Form of superstructure of prow on

bronze of C. Saxula, etc. (nos. 173-'7)

(2) The denarius. The basic stylistic homogeneity of the group is broken by two slightly anomalous issues, those with trident and bull (nos. 115-16); some pieces of the first issue are perfectly normal, some have a rather crude style which leads on to that of the issue with bull (see Pis. JXI-xxu); presumably an extra en graver was temporarily employed. (3) The bronze. The style is homogeneous throughout, with a weight standard which oscillates in the region of 40.5-36 gr. The issue with staff is placed early because of the style of its victoriatus and I place close to it the issues with star, rostrum tridens and bull (nos. 113-14 and 116);1 the issue with helmet (no. 118) is placed here largely because of its weight standard, partly because its style is close

to that of the issue with bird and rudder (no. 117B). (b) Nos. 125-31

seem to belong in the same general period as nos. 112-24, but without forming part of the main sequence of issues. The issues of Q. Lutatius

Catulus and Varro and with female head (nos. 125-7) form a cohesive stylistic 1 Against the view which I took in Coin hoards, 3lr40· 1 The iaaue with rostrum tridms baa an aberrantly low weiaht atandard, perhaps a legacy of the period of financial stringency of the Second Punic War.

so

The second century - relative chronology

group, which seems to follow on from the issues with spearhead and club in the previous period (nos. 88-9; see Pls. XVI-XVII and XXIII). The high weight standard of the issue with shield and carnyx (no. 128) suggests a relatively early date for it; the head on the obverse of the issue with pentagram (no. 129) looks like an inferior copy from it and leads on to that on the two issues with staff (nos. 13<>-1); an element of continuity, while the weight standard rapidly declines, is provided by the curl on the left shoulder. (c) The issues from that of Tampilus to that with owl (nos. 133-5) form a small group which seems to follow the issue of Metellus (no. 132). (1) The denarius. The issue of Tampilus displays one style, which, like the use

by the moneyer of a monogram to sign his coinage, derives from the issue of Metellus, and another style which is somewhat different. This second style is characterised by the way in which the head of Roma is tilted so as to appear to gaze upwards. Nos. 133-4 share at least one obverse die;1 no. 135 is a slighdy anomalous issue,

since some pieces have the 'upward gazing' style of nos. 133-4, some a crude and quite unrelated style; again presumably an unskilled engraver was at work. (2) The bronze. The weight standard remains based on an as of about 36 gr.

(d) The issue of an Annius or an Aurelius (no. 136) continues the 'upward gazing' style of the denarii of nos. 133-5 and introduces yet another new style, which

can

only be described as angular and harsh; this style in turn carries through to the issue with crescent (no. 137), where it is joined by a third variant style (see Pl. XXIV, 9-12). These two stylesthen go on inuse down to the issue ofCn. Domitius (no. 147).1

A link with the next stylistic group is then provided by the distinctive triangular pendant ear-ring which appears with the two anonymous issues, nos. 139-40,3 and runs through as a feature present on some denarii in each issue in which denarii occur

as far as the issue with prawn (no. 156). Within the sequence as so far estab

lished, there are two points which call for comment. The issue of Sex. Quinctilius (no. 152) displays an aberrant style marked by the presence of a curl of hair on the left shoulder of Roma, as well as the normal style of neighbouring issues; there are denarii of this aberrant style, but without the moneyer's signature. And the two issues of Cn. calpurnius and L. Coilius share at least one obverse die.' Meanwhile, the weight standard of the bronze has showed a tendency to drop somewhat to one based on an as of about 36-31.5 gr.; the issues with bull and C. A. Hersh, in Mints, dies and currendts, no. 16. Two isolated and presumably casual variants occur; of the heads on the issue with crescent (no. 137) are unusually narrow; and an odd form of helmet with a double visor occurs on the iss.ues with crescent and of P. Maenius (die-linked to each other- see Pl. XXIV). • These anonymous issues are placed next to the issues which they most closely resemble, cf. p. 48. It is also worth noting that the specimen of no. 139 in the Lacco Ameno hoard (Coin hoards, no. 147) is substantially more worn than that of no. 197. ' Used by a piece of the former in the Montecarotto hoard, of the latter in the Petacciato hoard. 1 1

some

51

Introduction

monogram, shield and monogram, and Victory and monogram (nos. 142-4) are placed with the issue of Todus (no. 141) because of a shared weight standard, style and approach to the moneyer's signature;1 the issues of Q. Marius, L. Mamilius,

M. Titinius and S. Furius are placed with the issue of Cn. Domitius for similar reasons. (e) (1) Denarii with cornucopiae (no. 157) display a style almost identical to that of denarii with prawn, but at this point deterioration begins. An anonymous issue, the issue with fly and the issue of Talna all show the same coarsening of the features of Roma; the issues are also associated by the use of a new reverse type for the denarius, Luna in a biga of prancing horses.2 In the next issue continuing stylistic deterioration is accompanied by considerable stylistic diversification. The issue of

Matienus (no. 162) falls into two stylistic groups; the first has large, sketchily engraved heads on the obverse and a pair of horses on the reverse, the tail of the further horse of which shows in front of the legs of the nearer horse; the second has small, not intolerably ugly heads on the obverse and horses which are almost caricatures (with the hind-quarters squashed right down) on the reverse. The style of the first group is picked up by the issues with feather and anchor (nos. 163 and 165), with the latter of which an anonymous issue of denarii is associated (no. 164); the style of the second group is picked up by the issue with helmet (no. 168) with which anonymous issues of victoriati and denarii are closely associated (nos. 166-7).

(2) The deteriorating style of the denarius finds its echo in that of the victoriatus, briefly revived in this period (see Table vn), as part of the issues of Matienus and with fly and helmet and of an anonymous issue (nos. 159, 162, 166 and 168).3

(3) With the issue of Matienus, the weight standard of the bronze declines dras tically to one based on an as of about 27 gr.; the issue with dolphin, no. 16o, is placed in this general period by its weight standard and style. (f) Nos. 169-72 seem to belong to the same general period as nos. 132-68; their bizarre styles place them outside the main sequence of issues, but are of no help in dating them. (g) We are now faced with the group of issues which consists almost entirely of issues of bronze only;4 it begins, after the stylistic deterioration and declining weight standard of the preceding years, with a brave (though short-lived) attempt at higher quality. The first five issues (nos. 173-7) are associated by a curious and distinctive stylistic feature found at no other time, the representation of the super1 The issue with Victory and spearhead also belongs here, c:f. p. 19 n. 1. • The arrangeme nt of A. Klugmann, ZfN 1878, 63-5, rests on no real arguments. a Note the similar form of the letter A on nos. 159/1 and 166/1. ' The assertion of E. Bemareggi, RIN 1964, 7, that metal content provides a criterion for the relative chronology of the bronze issues of the Republic is without foundation, see p. 572; the analyses which he publishes are in any case, in the absence of detailed description, wholly useless for scientific

purposes.

52

The second century - relative chronology

TABLE VII.

207-c.170 B.C.- Victoriati San Angelo a Cupolo Caltrano Vicentino 11

Crescent Comucopiae Staff on obverse

4

11 1

4

8

4 1

7 1

Sow Dog Meta

1 2

3 2

2

3

fV\:..

1

2

M

1

10

Thunderbolt Knife

Fly

3

M

1

Anonymous

9

Helmet (Totals of Roman coins in each hoard For bibliography see Coin hcards, the figures slightly.

nos.

is

351)

112-13; further inspection of the hoards has led me

structure of the prow as in Fig. the weight standard

408

3 63 5

to

modify

the style as a whole of the issues is good and once more based on an as of about 31.5 gr. 2;

The next nineteen issues fall into a heavy-weight group with moneyers' names and symbols, a light-weight group with symbols and a group in between with moneyers' names. The weight standard of the first group is close to that of nos. 173-7, that of the last group is close to that of the bronze associated with the silver issues from no. 199 onwards; the issues in between are arranged on the assumption that during the period in which they were issued the weight standard steadily declined :1 Av. of specimens known to me from hoards

Av. of specimens in Paris, London and Hannover

32.16 31.41

28.27

30.01

29·37 27.97 27.19

C. Saxula A. Caecilius C. Saenius Paetus Pit(...) Cina Balbus Saxula Caps of the Dioscuri Gryphon She-wolf and twins

31·09 30.00 29.05 28.74 30.o6 29.61 28.66

Butterfly

27.75

28.59 27.80 27·75 26.56 26.67 25.65

1 An as of no. 196 is overstruck on a semis of no. 173 (see Table XVIII, 1o6); no. 191 is die-linked to no. 194 (see Pls. xxx, 14 and XXXI, 6).

53

Introduction

Av.

of specimens known to me from hoards

Varo Murena Purpureo Opeimi(us) P. Blasio Opei(mius) Valerius At(...) Turdus

Av.

of specimens in Paris, London and Hannover

28.25

26.96

27·57 28.04

26.53

27.0'2 26.46 26.29

25·5 4 25.66 26.()9

27.51 26.57 25.55

25.o6 23·99 22.08 25.13 23.82 21.25

25.48

Anchor Ass Star

(h) With the resumption of issues in silver, it becomes possible once more to make useful stylistic observations; at the same time substantial hoard evidence begins to become available again for the first time since the period of the Second Punic War. The two hoards of Ostia and Biancavilla,1 which just extend into the period under discussion, add between them the issues of Natta, C. Scribonius and C. Maianius (nos.

zoo-t

and 2.03) to the issues of the previous period (see Table IX); style,

weight standard and form of moneyer's signature serve to associate the issue of Saranus (no. 199) with that of Natta. At the end of the period under discussion, bronze and silver hoards combine to separate the issue of C. Antestius (no. 2.19) from earlier issues and the issues of M. Iunius and Annius Rufus (nos. 2.2.o-1) from the issue of C. Antestius·(see Tables VIII-IX). The relatively early position of nos. 199-2.03, including the issue of C. Talna (no. 2.02.), which goes closely with the issue of C. Scribonius, may be confirmed by consideration of stylistic detail. The thong of the whip in the hand of Victory in the anonymous issue withVictory in biga and that of C. Maianius (nos. 197 and 2.03) is always free, sometimes free in those of Saranus, Natta and C. Talna (nos. 199-200 and

2.02), never free in those of L. Saufeius, P. Sula, Safra, Flaus and Natta (nos. 204-8). The two anonymous issues, nos. 197-8, call for brief comment; the issue with Victory in a biga as reverse type (no. 197) forms a bridge between earlier issues with Luna in a biga and later issues. Some of the Victories on no. 197 and on no other contemporary issue have a goad instead of a whip; the design was presumably copied from denarii of Purpureo (no. 187), where Luna has a goad, but dropped out

almost immediately. In addii t on, the further horse is almost completely hidden

behind the

nearer

horse on no. 197, but not on later issues with Victory in biga.

As for the issue with the Dioscuri as reverse type (no.

198), it shares the high relief

and concave fabric of no. 197; it is also worth noting that in the Citta San Angelo shows the relatively small amount of wear one would expect on an issue of this period.

hoard,2 the first in which the issue appears, it 1 Coin hoards, nos. 126-7.

1 Coin hoards,

54

no.

129,

The second century - relative chrorw/ogy

The issues from no. 204 onwards are arranged to a certain extent arbitrarily, but the arrangement is not, I think, likely to be far wrong.1 The issues with Victory or Luna are placed first (nos. 204-8); the Dioscuri then seem to reappear (nos. 209-

10). The three issues of bronze only may belong almost anywhere in this period; their style and weight standard provide evidence only for this general placing. If the moneyer Q. Metellus (no. 211) is righdy identified with Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus (and who else can he be?), he will belong near the beginning of the period; the symbols on nos. 212-13 perhaps look forward to the appearance of symbols with moneyers' names on nos. 217-20. Nos. 214-16, all displaying the moneyers' names in exacdy the same form on the denarius, are surely a triumvirate; style and nomenclature place the issue of C. Terentius Lucanus (no. 217) next; symbols with moneyers' names then provide a unifying feature as far as the issue of M. Junius (no. 220), the last but one of the period under discussion. c.

143-c. 125 B.C. (nos. 222-72)

The hoard evidence for this period, as for all later periods down to the end of the Republic, is good enough to provide the basis of a detailed arrangement; the chronology of this period is thus best discussed by presenting a hoard table (see Table x) and adding detailed comments.!! The Petacciato hoard adds three issues, an anonymous issue and the issues of C. Curiatius Trigeminus and L. Iulius (nos. 222-4) to the issues of the previous period; the last issue brings us into the group of issues with the mark of value XVI, to be connected with the retari.ffing of the denarius at 16 instead of 10 asses (see pp. 612 and 622). As far as the issue of C. Titinius (no. 226) the style of the denarii (deriving from that of the previous period) is uniform, with a long, narrow head of Roma characterised by rather harsh features; with the issue of C. Titinius, however, a new style appears, with a rounded ornate head of Roma decorated by a necklace of pendants instead of a necklace of beads. This new style reappears intermittendy, in the issues of M. Aurelius Cota (no. 229), M. Baebius Tampilus (no. 236) and C. Serveilius M.f. (no. 239); it also influences what may be called the old style, so that of the ear-ring on the issues nos. 197-210 and 214-19 is as follows (cf. E. A. Sydenham, 121-2): no. 197, Anonymous, single or triple drop; no. 198, Anonymous, single drop; no. 199, Saranus, single or triple drop; no. 200, Natta, single or triple drop; no. 201, C. Scribonius, single or triple drop; no. 202, C. Talna, single or triple drop; no. 203, C. Maianius, single drop, once triple (Glasgow); nos. 204-10, L. Saufeius-C. Junius C.f., triple drop; no. 214, M. Atilius Saranus, triple drop, once single (W. Sicily (a) hoard); no. 215, Q. Marcius Libo, triple drop; no. 216, L.Semp ronius Pitio, triple drop, sometimes single (H. Mattingly, NC 1952, 68); no. 217, C. Terentius Lucanus, single drop; no. 218, L. Cupiennius, triple drop, once single (Illinois); no. 219, C. Antestius, triple drop or cluster. Bibliography for hoards should henceforward be sought at the foot of each Table. The discussion here supersedes that of R. Thomsen and myself in M. Thompson, '!'he Agrinion Jward, 118-30. The article of C. A. Hersh, 'The Agrinion find', NC 1966, 71, is of no interest; it entirely ignores the Roman evidence and asserts that the late second century was for the Republic inexpensive and hence likely to be characterised by small issues.

1 The form NC 1941,

•

55

Introduction TABLE VIII. 207-144 B.C.- denarii In Table

vm

the issues from Crescent to Meta are approximately contemporary with the

issues from QLC to Staff and wing. The issues from f\.fc. to

N RV follow on from the former Cani

Mirabella Kalaureia Imbaccari

Rome

Islands

Sicily

West

Lacco Ameno

1

1

?

Crescent Comucopiae Staff on obverse

1

Star

Rostrum tridens Trident Bull Rudder

1 ?

1

1

1

Thunderbolt Knife Sow Dog Ram Meta

QLC 'A Head

2

Shield and carnyx Pentagram

t

Staff and feather Staff and wing

f\.fc. M p.p

1

Owl

1

N Crescent

p.M.

t

AA CN·DO SX·Q CN·C�

2

?

2 1

t

Anonymous with Dioscuri Anonymous with Luna TOO and wren

1

1

t

1

1 1

1

1

L·COIL � Prawn

1

t 1

1

Comucopiae Anonymous with Luna

56

1

The second century

TABLE VIII

-

relative chronology

(cont.)

Mirabella Kalaureia Imbaccari

West

Rome

Cani Islands

Sicily

1

1

1

Lacco

Ameno

Fly

-,..., M Feather Anonymous with Dioscuri

3 2

Anchor

1

?

Anonymous with Dioscuri Helmet

2

1

GR

Ear D M Gryphon

PVR

Anonymous with Victory

1

1

3

3 10

8 24

4

3 8

1

1

Anonymous with Dioscuri

SAR NAT C.SCR

5 6

1 1

2

c.�

2

C.MINI L·SAV P·SV.A SAFRA

9 6

5 7 3

5 2

1

1

1 1

7 8

3

2 2

2

7

FLAVS C.IVNI C.F L·ITI M·ATILI SARN Q·MRC LIBO

2

2

1 1

1

4 7

2

L·SEM PITIO C."'ER·LVC L·C\1'

9 6

4

NAT}\

6 1

4

C.N"STI M·IVNI

3

2

2 1

3

3 2

1

1

1

1

2

4

1

3

3

1

1

3 1

N RV (Totals of Roman coins in each hoard

t

8

25

123

1 32

38

30)

For bibliography see Coin hoards, nos. 121, 124, 131-2., 135 and 1 47 (the figures for the Kalaureia hoard in Coin hoards disappeared between second proof and publication).

57

Introduction TABLE IX .207-146 B.C. - bronze •

BiancaItaly Crescent Comucopiae

1

Staff on obverse Star

1

Rostrum tridens Bird and rudder

2

Helmet

Sow 1

Meta

/'lk..

villa 2

1

M .J;,.P

1

4 13

5 2

36 6

1 1

2

3

1

1

3

1

7 13 8

1 1

1

15 25

s

1

17

1

10

3

14

1

3

11 1

2

1

Citta Sant' Giulia- Rochetta a Angelo nova Voltumo

1 2

1

1

AI

Avola

51 t6 8

4 1

4 2

Thunderbolt Knife

Dog

Ostia

Crescent T and wren

2

3

1

21

M and bull

3

7

1

36

2

8

3 4 1

20

/l.k ={)

and shield

and Victory

Victory and spearhead

CN·DOM Q·MARI L·MAMILI M·TITINI � Prawn Fly Dolphin

2

2

3

6 2

1

3

1

1

3

C·S/X A·CPc � T' CINA SASIX

2 2

1

2

3

3 1 1

2 2 3 3

1 2

3 5

3 4 1

3

20

1

1

20

2

1

1

1 1 4

3 3

11 8

4 1

31 23

� f\A

39 1 15

2

1

2

1 6

2

7

3

4 12

2

2

43

7 7

3

1

1

16

6

s 5 5 1

2

3

30 23 27 35 2

4

1 2

4

1

4 3 1

Caps of Dioscuri

58

5 7 1

s 1 1

2

The second century

TABLE IX

Ostia

Gryphon Wolf and twins Butterfly

3

8 10

Butterfly and vine-branch

2

3

VARO

villa

Avola 1 6

1

2

3

9 2

�ENA PV/ Otw P·BLAS OPEl

2

1

4

1

Vv A

3

2

3

3 6

1 7

1

1

3

2 1

5

4

T\RD Anchor Ass

7 1

5

relative chranology

(cont.)

BiancaItaly

-

2

Ciua Sant' Giulia- Rochetta a nova Volturno Angelo 15

4

1

19

5 2

3

3 16

3

10 13

7

3 2 1 1

5 21 21

1

1

10

5

36

8

2

1

15 25 13

8 +

1 3 1

5 8

1

5

1

2

Star Anonymous

SAR NAT C·SCR

10 1

C·MINI

1

L·SA \F P·SVLA SAFRA C.IVNI C.F

7 5 9

11

2

6

1

1 8

1

Mast and sail

1

4 1

M·ATILI Q·/'ARC LIBO L·SEM' PITIO C·"ER LVC

1 1

5 1 1

5 6

6

7

2

3

C·AFSTI

1 1

(Totals of Roman coins in each hoard

86

234

63

185

33o6

612

143)

For bibliography see Coin hoards, nos. 125-30 and 133 (the figures for the issues with staff and of L. Mamilius have been corrected). The i ssues with bull, ram and crescent (no. 212) and of S. Furu i s, C. Saenius and Q. Metellus, none of which are known in more than three specimens, are omitted from the Table.

59

TABLE X.

Coinage 143-125 B.C. San Giovanni

Anonymous with crescent C.CVR TRIGE L.IVLI L.ATILI NOM

Petacciato

Pachino

6 2. 1

1

Syracuse

.

2.

M.AVRELI COTA A.SPVRI C.RENI

1 3 1 1

2. 1

2.1

6 12.

1 1

12.

2.

38 14 1

1

1

1

40 6 17

8

6

94

3 2.

1

M.BAEBI Q.F T AMPIL

8

12.

2. 13

8 7

4

4

5

C.CVR F TRIGE

1

L.TREBANI C.AVG

1

TI.MINVCI C.F AVGVRINI C.ABVRI GEM M.MARCI MN.F

lncarico

6

SEX.POM

L.ANTES GRAG C.SERVEILI M.F

Maser&

1

4 2. 6

CN.LVCR TRIO

Riccia

1

2.

M.AVF RVS C.VAL C.F FLAC

CN.GELI P.PAETVS TI.VETVR

Agrinion

.

C.TITINI

8'

Banzi

1

39 43 6o 91 170

s

5 19

4

18 17 3 2.1 58

9 2. 1 t 4 14

1

121

2.3

5 2.

162.

73 2.9

1

2.0 2.4

8

1 1

46 .z8

13 11

s 2.

69

2.1

2.

sz 6

2. 2. 2. 3

15 2.

2.

3 6

4 8 6

.

C.NVMITORI P.CALP L.MINVCIV P.MAE ANT M.F M.ABVRI M.F GEM M.FABRINI (issue of bronze only)

7

L.POST ALB L.OPEIMI M.OPEIMI

2 1

1

63 64

15 25

4

28

4

1

30 32

4 3

25 41 65

7

2

2

M.ACILIVS M.F Q.METE M.VARG

. .

SEX. IVLI CAISAR Q.PILIPVS 0\ ...

39

1 8 15

.

1

T.CLOVLI

.

CN.DOM

1 23

M.METELLVS Q.F C.SERVEIL

2 3

3

so

1 5

2

4

3

1

3

68

to

36

4 1

3 3 1

4

1

4

3

7

C.METELLVS M.PORC LAECA MN.ACILI BALBVS (Totals of Roman coins in each hoard

230

46

64

129

39

For bibliography see Coin hoaf'ds, nos. 149, 151, 154, 157-8, 161-3.

3

36 1

Q.MAX C.CASSI T.Q. N.FABI PICTOR

1 2

7 78 42 4

Anonymous with elephant's head

7 17

1 2 2

3235

120 4

202)

Introduction

the heads become broader while retaining basically the same features.The original version of this style appears for the last time in the issues of C. Valerius Flaccus (no. 228) and M. Aurelius Cota (no. 229); cruder and more careful versions of the devdoped style go on side by side down to the issue ofP. Paetus (no. 233), the former

appearing in the issues of M. Aufidius Rusticus (no. 227) and A. Spurilius (no. 230), the latter in those of C. Valerius Flaccus (no. 228), C. Renius (no. 23 1), Cn. Gellius (no. 232), P. Paetus (no. 233); a combined version appears from the issue of Sex. Pompeius (no. 235) onwards. The Pachino and Syracuse hoards confirm the proposed arrangement of the issues which fall after the close of the Petacciato hoard (seeTable x); the Pachino hoard contains one of the two issues which fall before the retariffing of the denarius (neither is particularly common), one of the issues associated with it (all the others are very rare) and four of the issues which follow it (the issue of M. Aurelius Cota is very rare); the Syracuse hoard then adds six more issues, all so common that their absence from the Pachino hoard can only be explained by the assumption that they fall after its close. The more detailed arrangement of the two groups of issues which follow the retariffing of the denarius is clearly less secure; but there are certain arguments which may perhaps be adduced. The issue of M. Aurelius Cota seems particularly close to that of C. Titinius, that of A. Spurilius to that of M. Aufidius Rusticus; C. Renius, Cn. Gellius and P. Paetus look very much like a triumvirate. As for the next six issues, those of L. Antestius Gragulus and C. Serveilius M.f. clearly go together; their bronze is closdy similar, in style and weight, and unlike any other bronze of this period; in particular, the obverse of 238/3f is exactly the same as that of no. 239/3, where the lay-out is typical of the rest of the issue; furthermore, the denarii of Cn. Lucretius Trio are closer to those of L. Antestius Gragulus than to any others in this period. Since, finally, no.

there are good grounds for believing that the issue of C. Serveilius M.f. is the latest of the six issues under consideration (see p. 64), it seems reasonable to place the issues ofTi. Veturius, Sex. Pompeius1 and M. Baebius Tampilus as the first three of the six. A substantial problem now arises; the remaining issues before the close of the hoards (see Table x) fall into two distinct se

Maser& and San Giovanni Incarico

quences. This was recognised by E. A. Syde:nham who disentangled the two sequences for the most part correctly; I cannot, however, follow him in placing one sequence after the other.2 The two sequences are in my view contemporary and, although I do not feel entirdy happy about this conclusion, I see no way of avoiding 1

Even if the relationship of the of these issues proposed on pp. 266-8 is unacceptable, the typeS clearly have a very character. 1 CRR, pp. 56-64 (the issue of M. Aburius Geminus, . 250, is wrongly detached from its sequence and placed with that of M. Baebius Tampilus); for Sydenham's arguments see NC 1941, 123-4 (the issue of C. Metellus, no. 269, is treated as the iasue the two sequences).

two

reverse typeS similar

two

no

linking 62

The second century -relative chronology

it; inTable x one sequence is distinguished by being inset; I here discuss fi.nt the reasons for separating the two sequences, then the reasons for regarding them

as

contemporary, finally the way in which in my view the mint created the two sequences. The obverses of the denarii of the inset sequence are almost perfectly homo geneous (see Pls. xxxvx-xxxvm); the detailed arrangement adopted heremay bejusti fied by the following considerations. The denarii of the first five issues are in rather low relief and invariably display a border of dots on the reverse; the bronze of these issues is of homogeneous style and also displays a border of dots on the reverse, with one significant exception to be discussed below.The issue of M. Fabrinius of bronze only (no. 251 -not inTable x) may reasonably be linked with the five issues under consideration and all six issues divided into two triumvirates; the issues of P. Maenius and M. Aburius Geminus are die-linked to each other1 and it is to their bronze that the bronze of M. Fabrinius is closest; there are cogent reasons, to be discussed below, for placing the issue of M. Marcius, and hence also probably those ofTi. Minucius Augurinus and C. Aburius Geminus, before these three. After the issue of M. Fabrinius, there follows an almost certain triumvirate, consisting of M. Acilius, Q. Metcllus and M. Vargunteius (nos. 255-7), who all usc a slowly moving quadriga, otherwise unparallded in this period, as the reverse type of their denarii; in the course of this triumvirate the border of dots on silver and bronze is replaced by a line border.The issue ofT. Cloulius seems to follow, very close in style to that of M. Vargunteius; the denarii of the next four issues are in fairly high relief and seem to be followed by the denarii of N. Fabius Pictor (no. 268), M. Porcius Laeca (no. 270) and Mn. Acilius Balbus (no. 271). The last does not appear in the Masera or San Giovanni Incarico hoards and, although not particularly common, presumably falls after their close; the denarii of this issue and that of M. Porcius Laeca display the head of Roma with only two curls falling down the neck instead of three; the issue of N. Fabius Pictor seems to display the first traces of a stylistic deterioration which is more apparent in the issues of Lacca and Balbus. The obverses of the denarii of the other sequence display almost no point of contact with those of the sequence already discussed and arc in addition less homo geneous among themselves;2 it

is

consequendy possible to point to a number of

idiosyncrasies which serve to provide a basis for arrangement. The form of the spike adopted for the hdmet on the denarii of C. Curiatius 1

•

There are two denarii (Turin, F 64S; Hannover (no number), cf. M. Bahrfeldt, Nadltrllge i, 2) of M. Aburius Geminus with obverses of aberrant type; these obverses oould technically belong to the issues ofTi. Minucius Augurinus, P. Maenius Antiaticus, N. Fabius Pictor or to that.with elephant's head, but their style is almost certainly that of the issue of P. Maenius Antiaticus. The deoarii in question are of pure silver and should be regarded as hybrids produced in error by the mint. There seems to be no very oonsistent pattern in the occurrence of dotted and line borders on the silver

and bronze

of the sequence

now under discussion.

Introduction

f. Trigeminus and L. Trebanius seems to be taken over from the denarii of C. Serveilius M.£ (which is therefore to be regarded as the last before the emergence

of the two sequences, see above); it is an ornate form entirdy appropriate latter, absurdly out of place

Augurinus

are

on

the

on the former. The issues of L. Trebanius and C. then die-linked to each other.1 With C. Curiatius f. Trigeminus

these two moneyers should be regarded as forming a triumvirate. The

three issues, those of C. Numitorius, P. Calpurnius and L. Minucius (246-8), are similar both to each other and to the three already discussed; but a next

new stylistic feature appears. On denarii of L. Trebanius the point of attachment

of the wing of the helmet sometimes shows a tendency to be further back than usual; on denarii of L. Minucius sometimes and on those of P. Calpurnius always the point of attachment of the wing is right back, a feature which remains to the end of the sequence of issues. With the issue of L. Postumius Albinus (no. 252), the style of the head of Roma becomes muCh neater and at the same time begins to become gradually smaller; on denarii of Q. Pilipus (no. 259) a star appears on the flap of the helmet, again a feature which remains to the end of the sequence of issues. M. Metellus, C. Serveilius and Q. Maximus (nos. 263-5) then form a clear triumvirate; their issues are restored

by Sulla (see p. 81). With the denarii of C. Metellus (no. 269) the form of the ear

ring of Roma changes and the sequence of issues comes to an end.

If we turn to consider the chronological relationship of the two sequences, it

soon becomes clear that neither

can

follow the other; the Banzi and Agrinion hoards

contain a representative sdection of issues from the early parts

of both sequences

(see Table x), but go to the end of neither sequence. Other arguments may also be

adduced. The sequence which begins with the issue of Ti. Minucius Augurinus

(no. 243) cannot be the earlier, for the titulature on this very issue looks as if it was

adopted to distinguish it from that of C. Augurinus (no. 242); and the dodrans, struck by M. Metellus (no. 263) and C. Cassius (no. 266), bears a type which is a badge of the Caecilii, so that it must have been struck first by the former. Similarly the sequence which begins with the issue of C. Curiatius f. Trigeminus cannot be the earlier. The bronze of M. Marcius (no. 245) is unlike. the other bronze of the

sequence to which the issue bdongs, but adopts both a line border on the reverse

and its general style from the issue of L. Trebanius (no. 241); this is hardly con ceivable if the two issues are separated by the whole of the sequence to which the issue of L. Trebanius bdongs; it also seems unreasonable to suppose that Q. Metellus

(no. 256) was moneyer after M. Metellus (no. 263), apparently his younger brother; but this is a necessary consequence of placing first the whole of the sequence which

begins with the issue of C. Curiatius f. Trigeminus. Finally, the two freshest pieces 1

is a denarius (Rome, Capitol2858) of L. Trebanius with the obverse type of C. Augurinus; it is of pure silver (information from T. R. Yolk) and should be regarded as a hybrid produced in error by the mint.

There

The second century- relative

chronology

in the Agrinion hoard are those of M. Opeimius and Q. Pilipus, which belong to this sequence; it cannot in consequence without gross violence to the evidence be placed as a whole before the sequence which begins with the issue of Ti. Minucius Augwinus. If a parallel arrangement of the two sequences is accepted, it remains to consider

exactly what form the parallelism took. It does not seem possible that part of every triumvirate worked in each sequence, since there appear to be complete triumvirates within each sequence, for instance, M. Acilius, Q. Metellus, M. Vargunteius and M. Metellus, C. Serveilius, Q. Maximus. A system of two triumvirates every year, one to each sequence, conflicts with what we know of the Roman constitution (seep. 6o2). The only remaining possibility is that issues in each sequence appeared in alternate years and that the workshop which was not actually producing coins spent the first part of its free year preparing blanks, the second part, after the appointment of the moneyers, cutting dies; it is perhaps worth drawing attention to the fact that early in the fourth century Mytilene and Phocaea made an agreement under which the mint of each city struck in alternate years for both cities.1 It is noticeable that all the issues immediately preceding the appearance of the parallel sequences at Rome are very large and the labour was perhaps felt to be too much for one workshop. The way chosen of spreading the load was, however, inevitably rather wasteful and it was eventually brought to an end. In the sequence which begins with the issue of C. Curiatius f. Trigeminus, the issue of C. Metellus stands by itself at the end; in the other sequence, the issues of M. Porcius Laeca and Mn. Acilius Balbus seem to form a pair; I believe that all three moneyers should be regarded as forming the triumvirate in the course of which the two workshops were merged; no trace can be detected in the issues which immediately follow of any system of parallel sequences.

c. 124-c. 92 B.C. (nos. 273-336) The hoard evidence for this period is considerable and only occasionally puzzling; a satisfactory arrangement of the coinage can be derived from a hoard table (see Table XI) and from the patterns suggested by a number of stylistic features. The first issue of the period is that of Q. Fabius Labeo (no. 273), the only one added by the Lucoli hoard and an issue which displays both a fairly neat style which looks back to the previous period and a very crude style which looks forward to the following issues. Of these, the Zasiok hoard adds those from that of C. Cato to that of M. Tullius (nos. 274-80), arranged here on the assumption that the heads of Roma on the obverse of the denarius were becoming steadily larger and cruder. The Gerenzago and Terranova di Sicilia hoards next add the issue of M. Fourius Philus and the Narbo issue (nos. 281-2), the Bevagna hoard the issues of Q. Marcius 1

H. BengtSOn, Suwzwertrtige ii, no. zz8.

TABLE XI.

�

r

:a

8

:.=

j

1 1 3 1 3

2

Q.FABI LABEO C.CATO M.FAN C.F M.CARBO Q.MINV RVF C.PLVTI

�

1 1

CARD

M.TVLLI M.FOVRI L.F PHILI L.PORCI LICI, L.LIC, CN.DOM

�

L.COSCO M. L .LIC, CN.OOM L.POMPONI .F, L.LIC CN.DOM , M.AVRBLI SCAVRI L.LIC CN.OOM � C.MALLB C.F, L .L C. CN.b OM Q.MAR, C.F., L.R.

�;fS"�u>{ i\CVRT,

J i Jj�

M.CIPI M.F C.FONT MN.ABMILIO LEP P.NERVA L.PHILIPPVS T.DEIDI L.TORQVA CN.BLASIO Tl L. ESI

�

N.F

-�

!-<

2 2

..

1

:a

3 1 3

t

7 3 4

1

:a 3 2

1 1 1

1

1 1

2 1

1 1

1$

tl

16 6 6 3

.. ..

18 1

3 10 2 3 1

1<4 10 9 $ 3 s 3 $ 13 1 2

:a

j

l

3

j

!

� t

'

:a 3 1 1

1 :a

:a I

:a

..

16 1

$ 3 3 :a

8

wolf and twina . -

1 1

.,. � ..

t

�

j � jJ j� s

�

10

:a

1

6

..

3

J

1

3 +

3

I

1

1 1 6

t

a

+

:a

1:1 2

1

1 $ 1

1

? ? ?

?

?

..

3

1

1

1 3

..

:a :a

:a :a

..

... ;. ..

.g

r!a 3

ll u

$ s 3

:a

1

t

1 2

1 2

..

3 :a

..

1

3 1<4

..

1 11 1

2 2 3

3

3

1

1 s t

s

..

2

6

1

1

7

3

i

2

1

9

.. ..,

9 16 14 tl 10

u :1<4 u

6 11

11 3 6 15

..

21

1

1 1 :a

!

jj

7 7

i

:a

1 s 3

$ 3 9 17 8

..

1 :a

1

? 2 3

B �

..

? 1 t 1 1

:a

'

iii

2 3 1

1

6 1

Q.MET, CN. FOVL

M.SILA .SERGI SILVS Q AnonymO\d with Roma,

c<X

l

Coinage 124-92 B.C.

6 $ 15

�

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12 8 9 8 s

6 $ 9 8 $

8 6 1<4 1

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3

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8 $ 3 :a 3

3 t 6 2

1 1 16 2 2

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AP.CL, T.MAL, Q.VR C.PVLCHER

I a

P.LAECA

L.FLAMINI CILO MN.AQVlL

6

L.MBMMI Q.LVTATI CBRCO Q L.V ALERt FLACCI MN.FONTBI M.HERBNNI

1 1

L.SCIP ASIAG C.SVLPICI C.F L.MBMMI GAL L.COT L.THORIVS BALBVS

6 a a 1

a

1

5 a3 4 39 1

4 4 1 1

IS 4 9 5 1

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9 + 3 a 1

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s

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(issue

fi8l:M�AhEJ'

1 I 4 1 1

1 1

a 4 4 6 1

1

M.SERVEILI C.F P.SERVILI M.F RVLLVS LENT MAR.F PISO CABPIO Q P.SA IN Q of quinarii only)

B

a 5

1

C.FABI C.F L.IVLI M.LVCILI RVF L.SENTI C.F C.FVNDAN Q

T.CLOVLI Q (issue of quinarii only) Q (is sue of quinarii

3 4 1 IS

1 a

L.SATVRN C.COIL CALD Q.THERM M.P. L.IVLI L.F CAESAR L.CASSI CABICIAN

0\ �

I a

I I a

17 13 1 as

3a 10 a as 1

4 4 1 6 a

8 7 1 9

7 10 4 1 10

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10 1 9 3

31 4 1 a 18

I 1 1 1 7

17 10 1 5 1

15 17 7 6 4

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only)

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1 1 2 5 3 2 4 a

1 a 1 1

5

6

9 20

a

6

A.ALB S.F, L.METBL, C.MALL A.ALBINVS S.F C.MALL C.ALLI BALA (Totals of Roman coins in each hoard

biblioft:[.hy

'

184 186

�

68 113

89 912 336

84 264:1 102 130

74

79

47

74 225 617 4 80 311 131 5 299 405 ISO 481 S44 167 2S9

iuue

58)

hoard

see Coin hoards, nos. 164, 16 168 + 198 (after inapectina the Manfrla board I am able to report that the publication is inaccurate; the latest in the o . Aurelius Scaurusand I am convin that and the Terranova i:li Sicilia hoard form two Jots of the same hoard), 169, 111-2. 174�(theTaranto hoard hasco m e t o liaht in the Muaeo Nuionale di Taranto), 178-81, 184, 186, 189, 195, 197, 201, 203, 207-8, 210, 212-13 and 215; K. Raddatz, S
is

that

it

Introduction

etc., M. Calidius etc. and Cn. Domitius etc. (nos. 283-5). Strong evidence of stylistic continuity is provided by the curl which appears on the left shoulder of Roma on denarii of the mint of Rome from the issue of M. Tulliu s to that of Cn. Domitius etc., and by the tight roll of hair placed beside the flap of the helmet from the issue of Q. Marcius etc. to that of Cn. Domitius etc. With this last issue an attempt seems to have been made to improve the style of the denarius by reducing the size of the head of Roma. Large heads and small heads run side by side (while the general style of the denarius slowly improves) through the issues of Cn. Domitius etc., M. Sergius Silus as Quaestor and the anonymous issue with Roma, wolf and twins (nos. 285-7); the last two issues appear for the first time in the Maddaloni andPozoblanco hoards. The issue of Cn. Domitius etc. also marks the beginning of an ultimately success

ful attempt to restore the weight standard of the bronze coinage to a full uncial level, although light and heavy pieces occur side by side in the issues of C. Fonteius andP. Nerva.l Hoard evidence and stylistic considerations make possible a detailed arrangement of these issues and of other issues which do not include bronze, but are to be regarded as contemporary. The issues of M. Cipius, C. Fonteius and Mn Aemilius Lepidus (nos. 289-91) appear for the first time in the Monte Carotto and Taranto hoards; the three moneyers are probably to be arranged in this order with M. Cipius striking :first; his issue of bronze does not yet include the as and the obverse type of his denarius is copied on the uncia of C. Fonteius; the profiles of the heads on the denarii of all three issues are extraordinarily similar. .

A clear triumvirate is formed by the moneyers P. Nerva, L. Philippus and T. Deidius, with whose issues that of L. Torquatus as Quaestor is closely associated (nos. 292-5). All four issues display a similar style and fabric; in addition, the bronze of the first two place the moneyer's name on the obverse, the denarii of the last

three display the legend ROMA in monogram form. The evidence of the COrdoba after 1945 hoard is decisive for the placing of the triumvirate immediately after the issue of Mn Aemilius Lepidus. .

Cn. Blasio and Ti. Quinctius seem to belong together (the quadrans of the first

copies the obverse type of the denarius of the second); three rather scrappy and unsatisfactory hoards, La Barroc,ca Baressa and Segaro, suggest that the issue of L. Caesius is to be placed with them and the three moneyers together regarded as

forming the next triumvirate (nos. 296-8). The E1 Centenillo hoard then adds the issues of Ap. Claudius etc. and C.Pulcher (nos. 299-300); the issue ofP. Laeca (no. 301) is so close in style to the latter that the two can plausibly be assigned to a single year. The COrdoba 1916 hoard then

goes down to the issue of Q. Lutatius Cerco as Quaestor (no. 305); the two-piece visor of the helmet of Roma on the denarii of L. Flaminius Cilo suggests that 1 See p. 596 n. 4.

68

The

second century -relative chronology

it comes soon after the issue of P. Laeca, where the same feature occurs; and stylistic homogeneity suggests the association of the rare issue of Mn. Aquillius, which does not occur before the Torre de Juan Abad hoard, with the issue of L. Memmius.

The last issues in a style basically unchanged since the anonymous issue with Roma, wolf and twins (no. 287) appear in the Sierra Morena hoard, which just extends into the next stylistic group with the issue of L. Scipio Asiagenus (no. 311)

(see below). Three points call for retrospective comment. In the first place, the large and small heads which appeared side by side in the issues from no. 285 to no. 287 continue to appear, but no longer associated in the same iss\1e, down to

Large

no.

299:

heads

Small heads

M. Cipius C. Fonteius Mn. Aemilius Lepidus

P. Nerva L. Philippus T. Deidius L. Torquatus

Cn. Blasio

Ti. Q. L. Caesius Ap. Claudius etc. The identical profiles of the heads in each sequence make separate artists for the two sequences, let alone separate mints, very unlikely; but the fact that the two sequences to a certain extent consist of complete triumvirates recalls the parallel sequences of issues of the previous period; I suggest that for a few years two different

workshops prepared the blanks and that the artist employed to cut the dies cut large or small dies according to which blanks were to be used. Secondly, there is the issue of Cetegus, now known in only one specimen (not in Table XI), to be placed; its general style belongs in this period, but arguments from a single specimen are always hazardous; the way in which the hair below the flap of the helmet is represented is better paralleled on the issues from that of M. Sergius Silus (no. 286) to that of L. Torquatus (no. 295) than on later issues; since from P. Nerva onwards there appear to be complete trium virates, the issue of Cetegus is placed with that of M. Cipius, though without total conviction. Finally, there are the mysterious issues of A. Manlius Q.f. Ser. and Cn. Cornelius L.£ Sisena (nos. 309-10- not in Table XI); they are similar

69

to

each other, their

Introduction

general style seems derived from that of the Narbo issue (rather than being the model for it), the position of the mark of value is the same as on the issue of M. Tullius. The issue of A. Manlius occurs in the Sierra Morena hoard, which provides a terminus ante quem; a more accurate placing is not at present possible.1 With the issue of L. Scipio Asiagenus the practice of serration, previously em ployed for the Narbo issue, suddenly appears in the mainstream coinage of .the mint of Rome; at the same time a wholly new style appears and a change of artist must be postulated. The four serrate issues are here assumed to form a group (nos. 311-14); the Torre de Juan Abad hoard then adds the issue of L. Thorius Balbus, with which the issue of bronze only of L. Hostilius Tubulus (not in Table XI) is to be associated because of the similarity of their semunciae.

Of the moneyers who remain before the end of the century, L. Saturninus and C. Coilius Caldus, Q. Thermus and L. Iulius Caesar, L. Cassius Caeicianus and C. Fabius, all seem to form pairs; the first two pairs stand out because of their homo geneity of style, the last because of their similar approach to choice of obverse

type; the issues in question, or some of them, first appear in the San Lorenzo and Oliva hoards, but I do not feel dogmatic about their precise order, except, of course, that no arrangement is possible which places L. Saturninus in 103 (for the absolute chronology of this period see p. 75). The Ricina, Olmeneta and Paterno hoards provide a stylistically satisfactory sequence down to the issue of Lentulus Marcelli £ (no. 329); and this issue is sty listically inseparable from that ofPiso and Caepio (no. 330), which appears in the Carovigno and Imola hoards. There are missing from these hoards (apart, of course, from rare issues of earlier periods) and still to be discussed, just the three issues of quinarii only, those of P. Sabinus, T. doulius• and C. Egnatuleius (nos. 331-3), and three issues of denarii, those of L. Pomponius Molo, A. Albinus etc. and C. Allius Bala (nos. 334-6). The first group appears in the Crognaleto and Gioia dei Marsi hoards; it cannot be argued that quinarii are not present in earlier hoards

because deliberately excluded, for the quinarii in the Gioia dei Marsi hoard, which I have seen, are noticeably the least wom pieces in the hoard; they are therefore the latest pieces. The Carpena hoard adds the three issues of denarii and brings the

period under discussion to a close. 1

The large numbers of specimens of the two issues in the Berchidda hoard (Coin lwards, no. 249) be as evidence that they were struck in Sardinia; there is otherwise only one specimen of the issue of A. Manlius known to have been found on the island (AI/N 196o-61, 144). If A. Manlius may be identified with the Legate of 107-105, his issue need to be placed early in the period 118-107 to which he is at present assigned, say in tt8. It is interesting that these two issues have a line border on the reverse, unlike contemporary issues, presumably copied from the early victoriati which were assimilated with the new quinarii (see p. 628). cannot

used

will

t

70

The second century - absolute chronology THE SECOND CENTURY- ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY1

IV

(see Addenda)

The most important date for the coinage of the second century is the foundation of Narbo, for which occasion no. 2S2 was struck. The historians, whom I follow, date the foundation of Narbo firmly in uS, Velleius on two separate occasions;2 against this it is argued,s (1) that Velleius is capable of error4

(2) that the numismatic evidence supports a lower date (3) that according to Cicero, Brutus 159-6<>, the involvement of L. Licinius

Crassus with the foundation of Narbo belongs after his defence of Licinia in 113 (4) that Cicero's description of Crassus as adulescens at the time of the foundation

of Narbo places this much later than his prosecution of C. Carbo in 119, when he was admodum adulescensS (5) that the colony could not was

have been founded by Crassus in uS, because he

too young

(6) that Narbo 'fits' better in uo Of these arguments, (5) is no

more

than an assertion; there

was

clearly no legal

barrier to Crassus (and Domitius) founding Narbo while in their early twenties; ordinary commissioners for the foundation ofcolonies, as opposed to commissioners appointed lege Rubria, are not present in the list of magistracies which are men tioned in the epigraphic lex repetundarum6 and for which a qualifying period of military service was probably necessary;7 in any case Narbo was a popular measure and the people could if it wished, as often before, ignore such conventions as existed.8

(6) is a dangerous argument;9 Narbo is perfectly intelligible as a revival in 11S of the Gracchan programme.to 1 Three negative points may be made: the site finds from Nwnantia are without evidential value for the dating of the coinage of the Roman Republic (see Coin hoards, p. 5) and those from Entremont (Coin hoards, no. 56o) are too few to be significant; the reverse type of no. 261 does not contain a reference to the war against the Gallic king Bituitus (R. Thomsen and M. H. Crawford, in M. Thompson, The Agrinion hoard, 125); and attempts to identify moneyers should only be made when they have as far as possible been dated, not used as prime evidence for dating (see Addenda). ' Velleius i, 15; ii, 7 (cf. E. T. Salmon, Athenaeum 1963, to-u); Eutropius iv, 23; Jerome is hopelessly confused. 1 H. B. Mattingly, Hcmrmages Grenier iii, 1159. ' This argument is repeated in NC 1969, 95. ' FIRA i, 7, line 22. ' Cf. NC 1969, 95-6. 7

Polybius vi, 19, 1.

• See Th. Mommsen, St. i, 564 n. 1, for the absence of any age limit for minor office apart from that imposed by compulsory military service and for the possibility of ignoring even this age limit. ' Note that in NC 1969, 96 the year 114 is regarded as the one in which Narbo 'fits' best. 10 Cf. E. Badian,JRS 1956, 94 (better than the same author, Melanges Piganiol ii, 903); the milestone on the Via Domitia counting the miles from Narbo is best omitted from the discussion (A. Degrassi, Hommages Grenier i, 512, against whom P. M. Duval, Rftl. Arch. Narb. 1968, 3, produces no s ubstan tive arguments).

71

Introduction (1) is true,! but not really rdevant. I can see no grounds for supposing that Eutropius,

normally regarded (RE vi, 1523) as deriving from Livy for the Republic, here derives from Velleius; the failure of Florus and Orosius to mention Narbo need cause no surprise.2 (2) is discussed bdow. (3) does no more than take one of two possible views; a thematic arrangement of Brutus 159-6<> is as likdy as a chronological one (so A. E. Douglas in his com

mentary, though without knowledge of the controversy over Narbo); it is worth remarking that the placing of theNarbo affair where it is makes possible a striking and

significant contrast

with Crassus' tacitus tribunatus.

(4) ignores the fact that Cicero's terminology is not consistent; Crassus is admodum adulescens in 119 in Brutus 159, de off. ii, 47, adulescentulus in de

these are no doubt equivalent terms; but at de

or.

or.

i, 40; i, 121;

ii, 170 adulescens is used to de

scribeCrassusin 119 (cf. de off. ii, 49, where speeches by adulescentes et apud iudices

are mentioned, with Crassus very much in mind; note also de amic. 101 with ad Att. iv, 16, 2 for the equivalence of admodum adulescens and adulescens). All that the use of adulescentulus to describe Crassus at the time of the prosecution of Carbo and adulescens to describe him at the time ofNarbo shows et apud populum et apud senatunr'

is that the latter followed the former.' There is no indication of time interval.5 But even ifCicero could be taken as certainly meaning thatNarbo was founded long after the prosecution of Carbo, there is no guarantee that he was right. He was in the year 45 woefully ignorant of the composition of the commission which settled Greece in 146, his dates for Aemilianus' embassy to the East and Aemilianus' prosecution of L. Cotta, notoriously, differ from those of the historians. It is time to turn from all this uncertainty to the numismatic evidence.6 Between the Narbo issue and the issue of Piso and Caepio as Quaestors (no. 330, a special T. Salmon, CP 1963, 235, for Velleius' mis-dating of colonies during the Second Samnite War; but his uncertainty over Denona is best explained as uncertainty over status, not over date, see E. T. Salmon, Roman colonisation, n. 221, against H. B. Mattingly, NC 1969, 95· • I follow the Teubner text. 1 Contra H. B. Mattingly, Honrmages Grenier iii, u6o n. 2. ' But even so, note tk or. ii, 88 where adulescentulus and adulescens are used in the same context to describe the same moment in a man's career. 6 It is wonh remarking that the speech which excited Cicero's admiration was made to prevent the cancellation of the colony atNarbo (not to urge its foundation; cf. Cluent. 140; tk or. ii, 223; Quintilian vi, 3, 44) and may have been delivered some time after 118; compare the colony of Junonia, founded by a law of 123 (P. A. Brunt, 'Equites', 146-7), cancelled in 121. • The Agrinion hoard is best omitted from the discussion; it may well have been buried in 119 (so H. B. Mattingly, NC 1969, 331-2), though this is no more than a guess; but theview thatitisanormal currenc y hoard cannot stand; its three blocks of coinage have terminal dates as follows: Achaean League, c. 155 (so M. J. Price, on the basis of the Diakofto hoard); Athens, c. t6o (M. Thompson) or c. 130 (H. B. Mattingly); Rome, c. 130 (M. H. Crawford) or c. 120 (H. B. Mattingly). No conceiv able chronology can reconcile these terminal dates and there is no reason to suppose that the date of burial of the hoard bears any relation to any of them; each block of coinage can be related to the sequence of issues of the mint by which it was produced, but no arguments may be based on the combination of the three blocks. B. M. Levick, CQ 1971, 170, avoids the numismatic evidence, alone potentially decisive for the date of Narbo. 1 Cf. E.

72

The second century - absolute chronology

issue ad frumentum emundum) there

are

the issues of fifty-one moneyers; it is a

priori unli.kdy that for an extended period there should survive the issues of

all

three moneyers for each year and in fact with the most natural arrangement of the coinage (for details see pp. 65-70) the 51 issues are spread over 19 years. But the possibility must be admitted that they cover the theoretical minimum of 17 years; even on this view, however, it is impossible to bring the Narbo issue later than 116 unless the issue of Piso and Caepio as Quaestors is removed from 101-100.1 The attempt of E. A. Sydenham to remove it to the late 90S has nothing to recommend it;2 it is in any which

case

based

on

the mistaken view that there is otherwise no coinage

70 and 77). But H. B. Mattingly has recendy argued3 that Caepio was Quaestor and his coinage was struck in 1oe>-99, not 101-100; he holds that Saturninus• lex frumentaria was voted on between 5 December 100 (after Caepio had taken up office) and 9 December (the last day of can

be assigned to the 90S (see pp.

Saturninus• second tribunate) and successfully opposed by Caepio and that the issue of Piso and Caepio was produced in 99 without reference to Saturninus' lex frumentaria. But the manoeuvre is of linle use, since it only

manages to bring the

Narbo issue to 115, not to 114, the year for which Mattingly has most recendy argued;' it is also, I think, not to be adopted. If Saturninus' lex frumentaria were intimately connected with the disturbances which led up to his death, the silence of our abundant

sources

on these disturbances would be inexplicable. I bdieve

that Saturninus' lex frumentan'a was passed,5 that the Senate thought better of opposition and ordered Caepio and Piso (as it was entided, seep. 616) to strike to finance it. To resume the discussion of absolute chronology so far, it appears that the issue of Piso and Caepio was struck in 100, the Narbo issue in 118. The most distinctive issues of coinage between the beginning of the century and the Narbo issues are those which bear the mark of value XVI (nos. 224-8) and which reflect the re tariffing of the denarius at 16 instead of 10 asses. Assuming a reasonably

even

spread of coinage, these issues will belong to the late 1405; this dating is supported by the argument that the concentration of hoards in the period immediately before that of the issues with XVI results from casualties in the wars of 15o-146;8 and

if it is accepted that the issues with XVI are precisely contemporary with 1

For a model discussion of the evidence for this date

ands.

1 See above, n. 1

CR 1969, 267

·

see

T. R. S. Broughton,

MRRP

i,

578 nn. 3

1.

(see Addenda).

• See above, p. 71 n. 9· H. B. Mattingly, Rw. Arch. Narb. 19TZ, t, does not consider the argument developed in the text, and argues mainly on the basis of prosopographical speculation about the moneyers A. Manlius and L. Cosconius. 1 Though I cannot argue the point here, I believe that the law restored the Gracchan price, raised by the Lex Octavia shortly before (cf. Sallust, Hist. i, 6zM; Cic., ck off. ii, 72). • cr. PBSR t969, 78 n. 20; I DOW believe that I there date the group of hoards in question a quin quennium too early, but the substance of the argument is not affected.

73

Introduction

the retariffing of the denarius,1 they may be regarded as beginning in

c.

141

(seep. 613).2 The chronology of the first half of the second century has no absolutely fixed points; but most issues may, I think, be dated with reasonable certainty. If one assumes fairly continuous coinage in the period before the retariffing of the denarius, a reasonable assumption in view of the major

wars fought in the period, one arrives at a date in the middle 15os for the appearance of Victory in biga as a reverse type

of the denarius; this is the point at which the production of silver resumes after a long intermission and the resumption perhaps followed the decision in 158 to allow the silver mines of Macedonia to reopen and, presumably, to draw revenue from their functioning.3 The period of bronze coinage virtually unaccompanied by silver will have covered

perhaps fifteen years and thus have begun in about 170; some confirmation of this estimate is afforded by a

new

hoard from Thebes,' in which the Greek coins go

down to about 170 and in which there is a fresh specimen of a denarius of Matienus

(no. 162), which falls immediately before the period of bronze coinage. We are left with a period of some 35 years over which the coinage between the bronze issue with helmet and the issue of Matienus must be spread; although total precision is impossible, the dates given in the Catalogue out by more than five years either way.

are

clearly unlikely to be

To conclude the discussion of the chronology of the second century, I list a number of minor points which, although individually unimportant, cumulatively provide very strong confirmation of the dating proposed here for the period from the middle of the century onwards.

(1) An as of no. 196, which I date towards 158, turned up at Corinth in a pre146 context (Hesperia 1967, 362). (2) The reverse type of the denarius of Ti. Veturius (no. 234) portraying the foedus after the Caudine Forks cannot possibly, I think, have been produced after 137, in which year at the latest the unfavourable version of the story of the Caudine Forks became current; on my dating the issue belongs precisely to 137 (see com mentary on no. 234). (3) The San Giovanni Incarico hoard comes from close to Fregellae, destroyed by L. Opimius in 125 (in praetura, Asconius 17c); there is thus a presumption that the latest issue in the hoard, that of M. Porcius Laeca (no. 270), dates from no later than us. 1

In favour of this view may be urged the fact that the marks of value X and X (which

are

equivalents)

re-appear and replace the mark of value XV I; this may therefore be regardedu marking the moment when the denarius wu retaritfed. I The as Gaianuso( Statius, Silvae iv, 9. 22 is clearly anu of Caligula, not a retariffed as ofC. Gtacchus, pau H. Mattingly, PCPhS 19so-s1, 13-14. 1 Cusiodorus, sub anno 158, tMtalla in Macedonia reperta. Part of the produce of these mines was doubtless used for the coinage of the fint Macedonian region. ' BCH t969, 712.

74

The second century - absolute chronology

(4) There is on my chronology a concentration of moneyers who are attested as or who may be postulated as Gracchan supporters in 123 to 121 -C. Cato (later Cos. 114, see Cicero, de amic. 39), M. Fannius, son of the renegade Consul of 122 (Plutarch, C. Gr. 8 and 11), M. Papirius Carbo, perhaps Q. Minucius Rufus.1

(5) On my dating the two Carbones who appear as moneyers do so before rather than after the disgrace of C. Papirius Carbo in the course of 119.

(6) The Zasiok hoard comes :&om an area :&om which Roman hoards are other wise unknown till much later; it is perhaps to be connected with the Illyrian

cam

paign of L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus, beginning in 119, and its latest issue, that of M. Tullius (no. 280), is thus perhaps to be dated no later than 119.

(7) Saturninus' quaestorship is undated, except that it must fall before his first tribunate; his moneyership, if one follows my arrangement of issues in this period, runs :&om 5 December 105 to 4 December 104; his quaestorship may then imme diately precede it, his first tribunate begin on 10 December 104.

V

THE FIRST CENTURY

From 91

onwards

the hoard evidence is prolific and dated issues, to which other

issues may be related, become increasingly frequent; the arrangement of the coinage is best discussed by presenting hoard-tables (see Tables xu-xvu) and adding some comments.

91--79 B.c. (Table xu)1 The basic chronological framework for this period is provided by the regular coinage of the mint of Rome, consisting of the issues of the moneyers and of two aedilician issues, one issue of a Praetor and one issue of a Quaestor ;8 to this chrono logical framework it is possible to attach the military issues of the period. Nos. 337 and 34o-4. These six issues appear together in the Fiesole hoard; a number of pieces of evidence help to establish their relative order. The 'Hoffinann' hoard has only the issues of D. Silanus and L. Piso Frugi,' the Fuscaldo hoard only

these and the issues of Q. Titius and C. Vibius Pansa; the Fiesole hoard has only two out of the three types of L. Titurius Sabinus, thus suggesting that his issue is the last of the six under discussion. Of the six, Q. Titius and C. Vibius Pansa clearly belong to the same college of moneyers as each other, since the bronze types of 1

The Tribune who set out in 121 to undo Gracchus' legislation was a Minucius Rufus, elected of course in tzz and therefore perh4ps with Gracchus' approval 1 The treatment here supersedes that in NC 1964, 141. 1 For aedilician and quaestorian issues see p. 6o3; the issue of Q. Antonius Balbus as Praetor is stylistic ally indistinguishable from contemporary issues of moneyers and should be regarded as supplementing their issues and not as a military issue. ' The approximate date of the 'Hoffmann' hoard is established by its inclusion of Social War denarii (for which seeM. H. Crawford, in HNJ (forthcoming)) in fine condition; it must belong close to

90-89· 75

TABLE XII.

Jj�

..

O.SILANVS L.P L.PISO L.P.N PRVGI TITI VIBIVS C.P PANSA

'

3

8:

M.CATO

L.TITVRI L.P SABINVS

CN. LBNTVL

C.CBNSORIN L.RVBRI OOSSBN

L.c.MBMIBS L.P GAL

Coinage 91-79 B.C.

J

i

..,

�

l1 12$ 22 1 10 :au 3 2 103 2 <439 3 6 3 so 20 3 1 32 .. :al 21 1 2 1 J

�

...

i ...

..6 31 27 ... 120 21 115 ,.. 1 .s .s:a

11 J 1

:a6

..

1 .s

2

J

0

s

g

� 9 19 3

+ + + + +

r 7 1

+ + + + +

..

GAR OGVL VBR

+

L.IVLI BURSIO EX A.P.

• ..

2 s 1 1 1 1 3

1 2

MN.PONTBI C.P

0\

il

J j j I I! i i j IJ! j

Anonymous laue with types of GAR OGVL VBR M.PAN, L.CRIT ABO PL

-...)

:a IS

EXA.P. C.LICINIVS L.P MACBR P.POVRIVS CRASSIPBS ABO CVR C.NORBANVS

I

L.SVLLA IMPBR TBRVM L.CBNSORIN, P.CRBPVSI, C.LIMBTAN L.CBNSOR P.CRBPVSI C.MAMIL LIMBTAN

� 10 17 6 16 18� 1 l1 u.s 1 10 22 33 2 :a.s

•

2 2 2 3 1 12 19

;�

12 7 1 3

<41 + 1.5 31 12

92

101 .... ..

19<4 16.s7 +

1<43 10.. 19 t6 1 2 7 13 2 1

Q.ANTO BALD PR C.VAL PLA lMPBRAT c.ANNIVS T.P T.N ROCOS L.MANLI PROQ, L.SVLLA IMP

P

7 2 1 1 1 1

23 1

+

9 1$3

1 1 1

3 2 12 2

1 2

i

..

i

+ +

+

Q.MAX

l

::r.6

2 1

+ + + +

12.. 2

1

+

+

+ +

'

l

+ + + + + + +

i

+ + +

�M.P.I. BR

10 2 6 3

+

7 1

ADOnymoua blUe of qulnaril with ApolloJV.ictory

,.

12 16 6

+ + + +

i

�s=h�VS Q.P A.POST A.P S.N ALBIN

.. 1 2 13

.. ..

i

1

+

6o .,

9 13

22

..

6 3 �

1 2 1

3

.s sa

3

22 s

l

2 2 1

1 2 3

..

.s

2

11

3 3

2

l

1

2

2

2

1 2

1 3

1

..

..

1

.s

..

3

i

I

.s '

1

+ + +

3

6 6

..

+

1

� .. 3 13 1

J! 3 7 3 :as2 .. 5 18 2 31 2

3 2 1 1 l

l 2 l

9 1

3 1 l1 ..

3

1

..

1 2 10 1 9

,

1 2

+

L.VOL L.P STRAB C.MARI C.P CAPIT

'

+

, + +

L.PROCILI P C.POBLICI Q.P C.NAB BALD

TI.CLAVD TI.P AP.N (ToW. of Roman c:oi.nt in .-ch baud

1<40 171

200<4

1101 163 13<4.5

222

301 116

<42

1399 <4732

112

biblioaraphlatee Coilo "-41, n01. 221, :a:a.s, 227, 23t'�r;f� ·the2<4�ab :a�,� 26o, :a6:ace,:�1, 261, :a lc:a, ::r.l,l-9· , ·

Por The issue of

2

..,

�

+

� S.C.

L.PAPI

•

...

8 0 .. .B ] �g � 3 10 10 1 l1 8 6 .s .. 2 10 .. 1 3 I• 2 2 2 2 3 9 .. .s 2 2 1

terenab, known only in one specimen ,

t

laUet

tina of ao d or

31

ronac only.

93 ]SOO st?l

2

.

1

2

1 12.5

2

1

6

l 2

i .. 2

61 219 1<40

2 16

1<46)

The first century

each copy the silver types of the other and must have been planned in concert.1 Absolute chronology is more complex. The issue of M. Cato is copied on an Italian issue of the Social War with a Latin legend, hence of 89 or earlier; the issues of D. Silanus and L. Piso Frugi refer to the Lex Papiria (see p. 611), the issue of L. Piso Frugi is of unparalleled size; given then that both the Lex Papiria and the issue of L. Piso Frugi fall shortly before 89, it is hard to dissociate them from the Social War. Two arrangements are theoretically possible: 91

D. Silanus

90

L. Piso Frugi

Q. Titius C. Vibius Pansa 89

M. Cato

L. Titurius Sabinus or: 90

D. Silanus L. Piso Frugi

89

Q. Titius C. Vibius Pansa M. Cato

88

L. Titurius Sabinus (and others).

Of these arrangement,s the first seems to me somewhat preferable; it is not really credible that the tribunate of M. Livius Drusus in 91 should have been without coinage, and to move the issue of C. Allius Bala (no. 336) down to this year would open up larger gaps elsewhere in the 90S than exist already; it also seems to me more probable that a full college of moneyers would have struck in 90, the first year of the Social War, than in 89, when reserves were running down (see p. 637). If the first arrangement is correct, the Lex Papiria will belong in 91 ;2 it cannot, I

think, have been passed and put into effect (with the issues of bronze of semuncial standard and of sestertii produced by D. Silanus) if its author was a Tribune of 91--90 and ifhe observed the trinum mmdinum;8 it seems to me preferable to hold that Cn. Papirius

Carbo was the author and was Tr. Pl. 92-91.4

Nos. 338-9. These issues of bronze of semuncial standard with prow r., one of 1 For an overstrike by C. Vibius Pansa on a denarius of Q. Titius see Table XVIII, 111. Both Pansa and Piso show a similar approach to control-marks, first using,then abandoning,a one control-mark to one die system (see pp. 348-9 and 587). 1 By autumn 91 war could be seen to be coming; for the Lex Papiria as a precautionary measure see p. 596. 1 For the probable length of the trintun nundinum (17 days) see A. W. Lintott,CQ 1965,281, cf. 1968, 189; for the possibilitY of ignoring the trinum nundinum, cf. Asconius 65c. • There is no reason to suppose that the incident reported by Cicero, ck leg. iii, 42, and rightly attributed by T. R. S. Broughton to 92, took place before Crassus became Censor rather than after the Tribunes for 92-91 took up office (contra MRRP ii, 19).

77

Introduction

them referring to the Lex Papiria, may in theory bdong anywhere between 91 and 88 (after which prow r. disappears

as the reverse type of the bronze for a while); at least the issue referring to the Lex Papiria should, by analogy with the sestertii of D. Silanus, be placed close to the passing of the law. Either issue would provide

fractions to go with the asses of D. Silanus. Nos. 345-9· Of these issues, that of C. Censorinus appears in the Syracuse hoard, those of Co. Lentulus and L. Rubrius Dossenus in the Alife hoard; no less than three hoards then close with the issue of L. and C. Memmii. If the arrangement I have suggested of the moneyers down to L. Titurius Sabinus is acceptable, the next college may be regarded as that of 88; certainly C. Censorinus fits well as moneyer in 88 - he was probably exiled by Sulla at the end of that year and did not return to Rome till the end of 87.1 If his colleague was Co. Lentulus, L. Rubrius Dossenus may then be placed in 87; his types refer to the plague of that year and to place

him later causes insoluble problems of overcrowding with the moneyers who fall between him and the year 82.1 The issue ofL. and C. Memmii, the last of the four under discussion, should be placed in the latter part of 87; it is the first to be struck ex senatus consulto since 100 and this re-emergence of a formula appropriate to a coinage authorised late in the year (see p. 6o6) may plausibly be linked with the Marian capture of Rome and hence of the mint (seep. 6o3). The tenure of office of M. Fonteius (no. 347),of whom no coins are known (seep. 619),must be placed before his quaestorship in 84; the first year in which there is room is 88.8 Nos. 35<>-1. The issue of Gargonius etc. (no. 350A) appears in the Caserta hoard, that of M. Fannius and L. Critonius as Aediles in the Peiraeus hoard; no. 350A is the issue of a full college of moneyers and should be placed in the year after the year of office ofL. Rubrius Dossenus and L. and C. Memmii ,thus in 86; anonymous semuncial bronze with prow 1. (no. 350B) must be associated with it or with the issue of Mn. Fonteius; the latter is perhaps a less likely candidate, since the signed bronze which bdongs with it is such a small issue. There is no reason to assign M. Fannius and L. Critonius to a year other than that to which Gargonius etc. bdong. Nos. 352-8 and 36<>-4. These issues appear in the Berchidda hoard and (together with two Sullan issues) in the Monte Codruzzo hoard; a number of small points support the relative arrangement adopted here. Both L. Julius Bursio and Mn. Fonteius strike a distinctive issue

ex

argento publico (see p. 6o5), the bronze of the

latter, like that of Gargonius etc. has prow 1. as the reverse type; the extraordinarily Bat fabric of the denarii of C. Licinius Macer is most perfectly paralleled in the issues of Bursio and Fonteius; the only solitary issue in this period with which the

joint issue of bronze of C. Cassius and L. Salinator (no. 355) may be associated to Appian, BC i, 271 with commentary of E. Gabba. 1 For the debasement of the coinqe of L. Rubrius Dossenus, understandable in 87, 1 See commentary on no. 347· 1

see p. s69.

The first century

form a triumvirate is that of Macer; the issues of C. Norbanus and Laterensis1 then display the neat style and concave fabric of the issues of L. Censorinus etc. and

Q. Antonius Balbus; these issues in turn are then near the end of the period under discussion- the prolific serrate denarii of C. Mamilius Limetanus and Q. Antonius Balbus are the forerunners of the serrate denarii which are the regular product of the mint of Rome in the following period. The most natural arrangement of the issues under discussion is:

85

L. Iulius Bursio Mn Fonteius .

84 C. Licinius Macer C. Cassius L. Salinator

83

C. Norbanus Laterensis

82 L. Censorinus P. Crepusius

83-82

C. Mamilius Limetanus Q. Antonius Balbus as Praetor.

This arrangement is supported by the evidence of the Valdesalor hoard, in which the latest issues of the mint of Rome are those of C. Censorinus, L. Rubrius Dossenus, L. C. Memies, Gargonius etc. (anonymous variety), L. Iulius Bursio, Mn Fonteius .

and C. Licinius Macer.2 There are four further arguments in its favour. First, C. Norbanus turns out to

be moneyer during his father's consulship; second, he and L. Censorinus, clearly Marian supporters, appear as moneyers in the last two years of the Marian regime; third, the misunderstanding of the control-marks of P. Crepusius by C. Marius Capito (no. 378, of 81, see below) indicates that there was some change of personnd at the mint after 82;3 fourth, Q. Antonius Balbus, certainly Praetor in 83 or 82,4 appears striking an issue senatus consulto in preparation for the final struggle with

Sulla. The flat fabric of the denarii of P. Fourius Crassipes (no. 356) is closest to that of the denarii of C. Licinius Macer. 1 The placing of a type known only from one specimen is always perilous, but such evidence as there is points to the same year as C. Norbanus for Laterensis; in style of obverse, in its slightly concave fabric and in the nature of its serration the denarius of Laterensis is closer to the issue of Q. Antonius Balbus than to any other issue of the Republican coinage; it also shares with this issue a formal feature not found elsewhere, the placing of a control-letter below the head on the obverse. The possibility of identifying Laterensis with the M. Laterensis, Q. in the 6os (so H. B. Mattingly, NC 1956, 19�), canno t weigh against the numismatic evidence. Given then that Laterensis is to be placed close to Q. Antonius Balbus, the year of C. Norbanus is suitable. • Zephyrus 1965, 39 (not in Coin hoards); the latest issues of all are two Sullan issues (nos. 366 and 367). • There is, however, no change of style- the artists presumably did not change (see above on • B. Badian, Studies, too n. 79· serration in this period, also p. 581 n. 5).

79

Introduction Nos. 359 and 365-8. The two chief issues of Sulla

are

those with the titulature

IMP.ITERVM and the titulature IMP. (nos. 359 and 367), both consisting of aurei and denarii.1 On balance, I

now convinced that this is their relative order,

am

despite the implication of the titulatures that the order is the other way round;2 no. 359 appears in the hoards later than no. 367, but when it does appear it is markedly more wom;3 its absence from earlier hoards should be explained by its relative rarity. As for absolute date, no. 367 appears in the Santa Domenica and Capranica hoards,' which otherwise contain no piece later than 82, and it should be attributed to that year; no. 359 may therefore be attributed to 83 and connected with the preparations for the invasion of Italy. The titulature on the as of Sulla, no. 368, is closest to that

on

no. 367; the two

should clearly be associated.!' The denarii of C. Valerius Flaccus and C. Annius appear i n the Monte Codruzzo hoard (for which see above);8 as far as the issue of C. Annius is concerned, the evidence of the Monte Codruzzo hoard, which contains only examples of the early group offine style (Pl. XLVII, 14-15, cf. no. 366/1a-2b (Group 1), illustrates this style),7

fits well with the historical evidence, according to which C. Annius' governorship of Spain began only in late 82; the evidence of provenance is decisive for a Spanish mint for the issue.8 C. Valerius Flaccus was in charge of Gaul at least from 85 to 82,9 but it is most reasonable to attribute his issue of coinage to the period of Civil War at the end of his term of office.10 There is no evidence that these are issues struck for circulation in the East; neither they nor any other Sullan issue is prominent in the Kerassia hoard (Coin hoards, no 283) and the only find known to me of Sullan gold is of a piece from the Abruzzi of the issue no 367/4 (Arte e storia 1882, 48); none of the three issues of Sullan gold is based on a Greek weight standard. The only Sullan coinage struck for circulation in the East consists of imitations of Athenian New-style tetradrachms, some struck in the Peloponnese before the capture of Athens (Plutarch, Luc. 2, clearly talking about Greek coins, not about issues of Roman denarii, which hardly circulated in Greece), some at Athens after its capture. The first issue will be M. Thompson, NetJJ style silver coinage, 425-39, Group I, the second issue Groups II-III; Groups I-II seem to have been struck by M. Lucullus, but all this coinage seetns to have been called /\oVKoi/1\M.ta, doubtless because L. Lucullus was the officer chiefly identified in Greek eyes with exactions of money to finance Sullan activities. For a later inscription mentioning this coinage see G. Daux, RN 1935, 1, for the whole problem of imitations of Athenian New-style tetradrachms see E. J. P. Raven, NC 1938, 15o-8; G. le Rider, Melanges Julien Cain i, 323-35; the treatment of M. Thompson, 425-39 is vitiated by her mis-translation of Plutarch. • Against my own earlier view in NC 1964, 15o-1. Arguments from types as in H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 45�, are inconclusive - victory may be anticipated as well as celebrated. • In the Ferentino hoard, Coin hoards, no 261; I am aware that the evidence of a single small hoard is not decisive. � Coin hoards, nos. 256 and 253· ' It is worth remarking that the only two provenances known for the as are Western, Maddaloni (G. Riccio, Catalogo, 76) and the Tiber (M. Bahrfeldt, Nachlriige iii, 42). • The issue of C. Annius also appears in the Carovilli hoard, Coin hoards, no. 251. 1 c. Cavedoni, Ripostigli, st. ' See the Poio hoard, Coin hoards, no. 305. ' E. Badian, Studies, 88�. 1o The mint will have been Massalia (for stylistic arguments from similarities with late drachms of Massalia, see L. Laffranchi, Demareteion 1935, 117; the material is exhaustively illustrated by A. Alfi)ldi, RN 1969, pls. vi-xiii). The Gallic origin of the issue is reflected in its prominence in the Bompas hoard (Coin hoards, no. 290; so already NC 1964, 150 n. t); the issues of C. Annius and C. Valerius of course rapidly entered empire-wide circulation, see Table L. 1

.

.

So

The first century

Nos. 369-71. These 'restored' issues borrow the

reverse

types of nos. 263-5

and are, as it were, struck in memory of the men whose names appear on them, not by these men;1 the issues (which are not serrate) thus fall outside the regular annual series of issues of the moneyers. I have no doubt that the issues are Sullan (see commentary

on

no. 369), but no longer feel certain about their precise date;

they occur for the first time in the San Miniato hoard and thus belong between 82 and 8o;2 they were perhaps struck immediately after Sulla's capture of Rome, perhaps only in So, after the consolidation of the victory (see commentary on no. 369). No. 372. The evidence of the Bellicello and Capalbio hoards tends to place this issue, that of A. Postumius Albinus, as the first moneyer's issue after those of the college of 82 (for which see above), thus early in 81; the finds in the excavations at Norba confirm this placing.3 The city was destroyed soon after the capture of Praeneste, thus early in 81 (Appian, BC i, 439), and was uninhabited in the time of Pliny (NH iii, 68);' neither the temple of Juno nor the temple of Diana nor the site as a whole produced any coin later than a hardly worn denarius of A. Postumius Albinus,5 with the exception of a bronze of Nero from the temple of Juno and a bronze of Hadrian from the temple of Diana. Nos. 373-6. These issues occur for the first time in the Carrara hoard, which otherwise contains no pieces later than 81 (see below); starting from this year as the terminus ante quem,

each issue must be considered in turn. The anonymous issue of

quinarii (no. 373) is the most problematical;6 its absence from among the 33 quinarii in the Capalbio hoard is surely significant, given that it is so common; it also has no point of contact with the Sullan coinage. The best solution seems to be to regard it as struck during 81 by a now unidentifiable Marian remnant.1 The issue of Q. Metellus belongs between the closing of the Monte Codruzzo hoard in 82 and some time in 81; there is no difficulty in regarding it as struck in the course of his opera tions in Cisalpine Gaul, after a first imperatorial salutation.8 The issues with the legends Q(uaestor) and ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) (nos. 375-6) are identified as Sullan by their types (seep. 373);9like the issue of Q. Metellus they belong in 82-81, but Some of the original reverse dies may even have been kept and used again (see Addenda). Contra T. J. Luce, AJA 1968, 36; for the alleged piece in the Cingoli hoard see on Coin /wards, no. 237. The three issues are common enough i n first-century hoards (see Table L) for it to be certain that if they had been struck before 90 they would have appeared in the big hoards of the 8os. • NSc 1904, 423-30; cf. PBSR 1969, 82; this find should have been listed in Coin hoards. • NSc 1901, 558, cited by G. Lugli, Enc. It. xxiv, 926, does not seem to me to provide evidence for revival. • I have seen the coin, now in the Museo Nazionale di Roma. • The obverse is copied from that of no. 340/2 or that of no. 334/1 (cf. no. 335/1-2 and 10), the reverse from that of no. 345/2.

1 1

For the evidence, see p. 629. • So H. Mattingly, PBA 1953, 262; a second salutation, presumably in Spain, is recorded by ILLRP 366. Note the absence of the issue of Q. Metellus from the Poio hoard; the issue cannot be Spanish. • For the Sullan weight of the aureus of no. 375, see C. Cavedoni, Ripostigli, 147·

7

81

Introduction

I do not wish to do more than connect them in general terms with Sullan operations in Italy during that period.l Nos. 377-S. Of these two issues, that of C. Marius Capito appears in the Carrara hoard as the only moneyer's issue later than that of A.Postumius Albinus; the issue of L. Volumnius Strabo, which is very rare, appears in the Montiano hoard of 79

(see below) slighdy, but not gready, wom; this fact and the style of the issue suggest St as its date.

Nos. 379-St. The issues of L. Procilius and C. Poblicius appear in the San Miniato hoard; they may be assigned to So; to the same year, because of the close similarity of its obverse to that of C. Poblicius, may be assigned the gold issue of A. Manlius with the equestrian statue of Sulla (no. 3S1); the legend describing Sulla as Dictator goes with the statue and does not refer to his position at the time of the issue (he was simply Consul in So').

Nos. 3S2-4. The relative order of these three issues seems adequately established by the hoards; I suggest that they form a college and belong to 79· 7S-49 B.C. (Table XIII) Nos. 3S5-93. These issues all appear in the Roncofreddo hoard; as far as their relative order is concerned, four small hoards provide some evidence for the first four; their shared approach to choice of types associates the issues of C. Egnatius Maxsumus and L. Farsuleius Mensor; beyond this certainty is unattainable. I

think that the eight moneyers' issues cover, in pairs, the years 7S to 75 and that the issue of Cn. Lentulus, still very fresh in the Pontecorvo hoard, belongs precisely in 75; the erratic occurr ence of this very common issue in Italian hoards incidentally provides substantial evidence for a mint outside Italy; the issue should, I think, be connected with the war against Sertorius.8 No. 394· The absence of this very coriunon issue from the Roncofreddo hoard is decisive evidence that it belongs after the close of the hoard; there are, however, nine hoards which add this issue and this issue only to the issues in the Roncofreddo hoard;' it should be placed in 74·

Nos. 395-400. The evidence of the hoards is mosdy sufficient to establish a relative order; the minute issue of Q.Pomponius Rufus is placed where it is because of the similarity of its obverse to that on the issue ofP. Lentulus and of its system of control-marks to that on the issue of Q. Crepereius Rocus; I place the issue of Q. Crepereius Rocus before that ofL. Axsius Naso because the spread fabric of the 1

I withdraw the tentative suggea tion of Genoa as the mint for no. 376 (NC 1964> 151), leat it be treated as

more

than a mere suggeation.

I E. Badian, Athenaeum 1970· 8-14. 1 The iasue may have been paid for by exactions in Gaul (Sallust, Hist. ii, 98M, 9) and may have been described by Sallust, Hist. ii, 34M, lJU(U p.cunia ad Hispanienu bellum Merellofacta �rat (d. NC 1964, 84 n. 3). There are unfortunately no substantial Iberian hoards of the late 70S and 6os which might ' Coin hoards, nos. 299-307. refl� the circulation of the issue.

S2

The fim cmtury

latter links it to the next group of issues. As for absolute date, the issue of the

Quaestor P. Lentulus must be dose to 75 or 74;1 the sequence of issues does not allow the former year, but the latter accords well; the dating of the subsequent issues is to a certain extent arbitrary and minor variations would be possible in the dates which I adopt down to the issue of Kalenus and Cordus in 70 (for which see below). No. 402 (see Addenda). I take the issue of Magnus out of sequence, since the criteria for dating it are quite different from those for dating the denarius issues of this period. The issue is clearly triumphal; three occasions are thus possible, 81,:t 71 or 61. Of these the first is excluded by the fact that Pompeius was Propraetor,

not Proconsul (Licinianus 39 Bonn), and by the fact that he did not use the tide Magnus until he was in Spain;3 the second occasio n seems more likdy than the third - it is closer to the first period of military coinage and also provides a better context for the obverse type.• Nos. 401 and 403-40. This is perhaps the most difficult period of the Republican coinage to arrange satisfactorily, at any rate if a precise arrangement is attempted; the hoard evidence hdps only with part of it and the whole period is one of great stylistic diversity. I propose to

use

the hoard evidence to establish an oudine

arrangement and then with the hdp of stylistic and prosopographical arguments to attempt somewhat greater precision.6

The two important fixed points of the period from c. 70 to 50 are the joint issue

of M. Scaurus and P. Hypsaeus as Curule Aediles in 58 and the associated issues of

A. Plautius and Cn. Plancius as Curule Aediles in 55,8 all common or very common

issues. There are no hoards containing large numbers of issues later than c. 70 which do not contain the joint issue of M. Scaurus and P. Hypsaeus; but there are six substantial hoards containing

this issue which do not contain the issues of A.

Plautius or Cn. Plancius. These hoards may all reasonably be regarded as closing before 55· They fall furthermore into two groups, the second of which (Frauendorf, Note filiation to distinguish from the Q. Cyrene 75 or 74· 1 E. Badian, Hemus 1955, 107; 1961, ZS.J. 1 Plutarch, Pomp. 13 with F. Miltner, RE Di, Z073; for the acquisition of the title see Pliny, NH vii, 96 (after the African campaign); Dio xxxvii, 21, 3 (before 6z); the title came into particular prominence after the Eastern wus G. P. V. D. Balsdon, Historia 1950, 29�; cf. Appian, Mith. sS:t), but that does not bear on the question of when the title was first used. ' See commentary on no. 402; the attribution of the issue to the period after 49, as by H. Mattingly, NC 1963, 51, is impossible - its weight standard is far too high. H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 464-s, is wrong to assert that Q. Metellu s and Magnus triumphed together in 71, cf. Inscr. It. xiii, 1, p. s6s. ' The arrangement proposed by A. .Alf'Oldi , SNR 1954, s, may safely be gn i ored; his claim that stylistic analysis provides the only valid method for investigating the chronology of the Roman Republican coinage is a mere assertion, unsupported by argument or evidence; it is also inherently implausible, see my remarks in Cqjn luxzrds, 3; stylistic analysis should only be used as a last resort. As far as this period in particular is concerned, .Alf'Oldi's arrangement collapses over his
TABLE XIII.

Coinage 78-49 B.C. .s

]

78B.C,

r

M.VOLTBI M.P L.CASSI Q.P L.RVTILI FLAC P.SATRIBNVS L.RVSTI

0

'0

R.

:a

� Illa 2

2 1 1 1

L.LVCRBTI TRIO C.BGNATIVS CN.P CN.N MAXSVMVS L.PARSVLBI MBNSOR CN.LBN C.POSTV I

a

L.COSSVTI C.P SABVLA L.PLABTORI L.P Q P.LENT P.F .POMPONI RV S .CREPBRBI M.P ROCVS

8

J

L.N�

� ¥.'�iv�0fflfiNVs M.PLABTORIVS

L.AXSIVS L.F NASO VIL MN.F MN.N MN

.

1 I

.

s

�

(I)

1

�! !

0

+ + + + +

.. 1 1

+ + + +

+ + + +

1 I

.a

2

"'

+ +

+

+

i ;.J 1 1 1

2 1

I $$ 2 3:l 12

14 7

1

29

1

1

j

0

g

:a

g

9

u

11:

R

�

.g ll ..

�

�

8

1 l 11 4 2

t:l 4 6 1

32. 3 :a6 8

s

20 10

7 6

0

1 1

�

3 8

2 1 8 3

s

24

6

2 l

. 2

2 4 2

I :a 1

·8

�

e X

0

0

�

�

•

� �

!

8 3 .. s

8 :a 10 4

9

2

.. .. 1

2

6 s 1

2 2

2 1 1

1 I

..

2

3

2

1

2 1 1

1

2

1

1

� fta l · !I �

Cl s

(I)

II)

"'

9 :a 9 2 s

2

1

1

8

6 1 s 3 s

:a 1

1 1

J 3

I

3 3 3 1

1 I

1

2

1

l

g

·a. .:I

� � 9 3 I I

I 1

3

1

6

·

J ·� j

"

Cl IIQ

6

.. 1 I 2 2

8 2 .. 4 I

3 3 2

1

3 3 2 10 s

3 3 3

:at s

..

2 1

1

7 1

l

l

2

7

l

I

4 12

l 3 2 1

1 1 3 2

l 1

1

CEST

�

-8 � IIQ

I 1

1 2

6

3

7 8 s 11

4 7 ..

"B.C. P.GALB ABD CVR C.HOSIDI C.F. GBTA C.PISO L.F FRVGI M.PLABTORIVS M.F CESTIANVS ABD CVR

1 1 1

7 2 10

1 1 2 1

1 1

1 2

i

1 1

Q.POMPONI MVSA L.TOR�VAT L.ROSC FABATI LONGIN L.FVRI CN.F BROCCHl PAVLLVS LEPIDVS LIBO PAVLLVS LEPIDVS{ LIBO M.PISO M.F FRVG M.LEPIDVS

I

6

8

7 4 14 8 3

I I

P.YPSAB SVFBNAS 2

�

4

I I

6

I I I

I

3

I

I

3

2

I

6

I

4

6 2 2

�

I

I I

l

28 1 12 I

4 3 1

I

s I I I

I

I

2

L.VINICI CALDVS SBR.SVLP MARCBLLINVS

I

I

II

I

2

14 19

9

I

1

uB.C. A.PLAVTIVS ABO CVR CN.PLANCIVS ABO CVR BRVTVS �POMPEI RVFI BSSAL.F

s

4

I

C.MBMMI C.F .FONTBIVS P.F CAPITO P.CRASSVS M.F

49

I

I

�.CASSIVS

00 V\

3

I

sa B.C.

M.SCAVR, P.HYPSAEVS C.SBRVEIL C.F C.CONSIDI NONIANI PHILIPPVS FAVSTVS

I

2

I

3

I

4 7 8 9

2 2 s 2

IS 18

4

2

I

4

9

3

24

It

2 2

:1.

2 4

:1.

4

20 s I I

1

I

I

4

I

I

3

I

14 3 I

16 4 1 6 3 I I

7 3

I

s

6

I I

I

to 4

s 2

2

1

2

1

B.C.

�.SICINIVS BRI &VRB

Q.SIC IVS, C.COPONIVS PR (Total• of Roman coina in each board

<4

s

<47

99

For biblioaraPhy ace CAi11 ltt>ards, nos. 283, 289-90, 298, The aolai&tue of Mqnua is omitted from the Table.

13

6ooo

158

tooo

120 1226 1233 <44 8 200<4 399 47S 2<49 <427 s9 s63 39S s63 47 972 134 278 100 103:1. <42.1)

300, 302, 3<>8-9, 311-13, 315-17, 319 (now publiahed in AIIN 1965-7, 8s), 336-7, 339, 341, 3<4<4-s. s6s, 349-52.

Introduction Ancona and Compito) contains several issues not present in the first (Nea

Karvali,l

San Gregorio and Sustinenza). It seems probable that the several issues in question belong to the period betw.een 58 and 55 and that the Nea Karvali, San Gregorio and Sustinenza hoards close more or less with the joint issue of M. Scaurus and P. Hypsaeus. Certainly this is among the least wom in the Nea Karvali hoard and the Sustinenza hoard.2 The other issues in the Nea Karvali, San Gregorio and are thus to be attributed to the period between c. 70 and c. 58.

Sustinenza hoards

Three arguments may be used to support this conclusion. With the arrangement suggested we have a fairly even distribution of �ers between c. 70 and 50. Obviously the bulk of coinage struck may vary enormously from one period to another; but since the moneyership is to be regarded as an annual magistracy (see p. 6o2) and since nothing warrants the assumption that no coinage was struck for long periods in the 6os and sos, an even distribution of moneyers is what we should expect. The second argument depends on the Altamura and Licuriciu hoards and on a new hoard from Greece.3 Although there are no hoards containing large numbers of issues later than c. 70 which do not contain the issue of M. Scaurus and P. Hypsaeus, these three small hoards taken together are informative. Of the issues which I wish to assign to the period between c. 70 and 58, the Greek hoard contains the issues of C. Hosidius Geta, C. Piso Frugi and L. Furlus Brocchus; the Altamura hoard contains the issues of M. Plaetorius Cestianus (2 pieces), L. Roscius Fabatus and Libo; the Licuriciu hoard contains the issues of C. Hosidius Geta, L. Furius

Brocchus and Paullus Lepidus.The three hoards thus contain between them almost all the common issues which in my view belong to the period between c. 70 and 58 (the issue of Longinus is the only common one missing), but do not contain the issue of M. Scaurus and P. Hypsaeus of 58.

Finally, with the arrangementsuggested it is possible to give a satisfactory account of the careers of those moneyers who can be identified (seep. 708 and some detailed remarks below); although the strength of

this argument should not be over-rated, it has some value as confirmation of an arrangement adopted on other grounds. I now

turn to detailed comment on single issues or groups of issues.

Nos. 401 and 403-4. No. 403, the issue of Kalenus and Cordus, belongs in 70 (see on no. 403);' the other two issues, on grounds of style and fabric (see Pl. L), go closely with it; for what my opinion is worth, it is that the issue of Mn. Aquillius belongs in 71, the issue ofT. Vettius Sabinus (with that of Kalenus and Cordus) in 70.

me

1 I should like to thank T. Hadteos for showing photographs of this hoard. • I have the Sustinenza hoard, in the Museo Civioo di Verona. • For the hoard I depend on information from T. R. Volk, for the last on photographs shown me by T. Hadteos; for Licuriciu see Coin hoards, 331. ' The issue, which is not common, does not appear in the Nea Karvali, San Gregorio and Sustinenza

seen tint

no.

hoards.

86

The first

century

No. 405. This man re-appears as Curule Aedile in 67 (T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 150 n. 3); his moneyership could go in 68, but is surely better in

69.

No. 406. The curule aedileship ofP. Galba is to be dated in 69 (T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 136 n. 4).

Nos. 407-8. Both these issues include denarii of widely differing fabric, thick, of

small diameter and convex, or thin, outspread and flat; both fabrics appear in the issue of M.Plaetorius Cestianus, only the former in the issue ofP. Galba; I suggest that the issues of C. Hosidius Geta and C. Piso Frugi fall in the two years after the year to which Cestianus and Galba belong, thus in 68 and 67; it is worth mentioning that one of the Consuls of 67 is C. CalpurniusPiso. No. 409· For the date of the issue of M. Plaetorius Cestianus 67, see above on no. 405; the fabric is

as

Curule Aedile,

thin, outspread and flat.

Nos. 41o-12. These three issues share a style characterised by sharp, fine features and a fabric which is lighdy convex and fairly outspread; I think they go together and place them in the years 66 to 64. Two small points may be made- the head of Apollo in the issue of Q.Pomponius Musa (no. 410) is very close to that on some pieces of C. Calpurnius Piso (no. 408) (see Pl. L); and one of the Consuls of 65, in which year I place L. Torquatus, is L. Manlius Torquatus.1 Nos. 413-17. The issue of Longinus retains the fabric of nos. 41o-12, but the style is much coarser; this style is then perpetuated in the following issues. Longinus and L. Furius Brocchus perhaps

belong

in 63,2 the next three issues in 62 (the

joint coinage of Paullus Lepidus and Libo shows clearly that they belong in the same year as each other).

Nos. 418-21. Thekey issuehere is that ofP. (H)ypsaeus (no. 420), probably not less than two years before his curule aedileship, thus in 6o.8 The issues of M. Piso Frugi and M. Lepidus, associated with each other by their common use of certain priesdy symbols (found nowhere else on the Republican coinage) and by their neat style, perhaps belong in 61

-

one of the Consuls of 61 is M.Pupius Piso Frugi.

The issue of Sufenas is almost identical in style with that ofP. (H)ypsaeus (seePl. u); occurring slighdy worn in the Sustinenza hoard, it may be attributed to 59· No. 422. The joint issue of M. Scaurus and P. Hypsaeus, one of the largest of the late Republic, belongs in 58, probably by itself. Nos. 423-7. The piece of Philippus in the Sustinenza hoard is finer than those of M. Scaurus and P. Hypsaeus, which slighdy suggests a later date; also, insofar as one can compare male heads and female heads on coins, the style of the issue of Philippus seems to belong with that of the issues of C. Serveilius and C. Considius 1

The issues of Q. Pomponius Musa and L. Torquatus, which arc rare, do not appear in the Nca Karvali, San Gregorio and Sustincnza hoards Both use the titulaturc IIIVIR, cf. p. S99; the accent used in the legend on the iasue of L. Furius Brocchus recalls that used in the legends on the issue of Q. Pomponius Musa. The issue, which ia rare, docs not appear in the Nca Karvali, San Gregorio and Sustincnza hoards .

1 •

.

Introduction

Nonianus. These issues in rum, too rare for their occurrence or non-occurrence in hoards to be significant, are close in style to the issues of Faustus and C. Mem.mius

(nos. 426-7), which appear for the first time in the Frauendorf hoard. Turning to absolute chronology, I place C. Serveilius and C. Considius Nonianus in 57,Philippus, Faustus and C. Mem.mius in 56 ;1 in justification it may be remarked that one of the Consuls of 56 is L. Marcius Philippus, that the types of Faustus and C. Mem.mius

refer to events of 57 and that the moneyership of Faustus is best placed not less than two years before his quaestorship in 54· Nos. 428-30. These three issues appear for the first time in the Compito hoard and may plausibly be assigned to 55;2 for the issue ofP. Crassus this is indeed the only year available, since he was still in Gaul with Caesar in the first half of 56 and joined his father in Parthia in the second half of 54; it is presumably no accident that his father is Consul in 55.8 Nos. 431-2. For the date, 55, see above, p. 83 n. 6. Nos. 433-4. The Alesia and Grazzanise hoards suggest that these issues follow the issues of A.Plautius and Cn.Plancius; since they seem to form a pair, the years

down to 56 and 53-52, when the moneyers concerned, M. Brutus and Q.Pompeius

Rufus, were otherwise employed, are excluded; on balance, 54 seems the best year for their moneyerships, although it immediately precedes the year of Brutus' quaestorship, since 55 is already fully occupied by other moneyers. No. 435· The issue of Messala is dated patre cos.;' of the various theoretical possi bilities, 53 is shown to be right by the occurrence in a slighdy worn state of a denarius of Messala in the Brandosa hoard. Nos. 436-9. Of these four issues, that of Caldus appears for the first time in the Broni and Casaleone hoards, that of Marcellinus in the Brandosa hoard; the rare issues of L. Vinicius and Ser. Sulpicius are placed in this general period by their style. Greater precision emerges from a consideration of the evidence for absolute chronology; the issue ofL. Vinicius is perhaps best placed the year before his tribunate, thus in 52; the

style of the heads on the obverse, particularly the prominent noses, associates the issues of Caldus, Ser. Sulpicius and Marcellinus; the first two may be placed in 51,s in which year one of the Consuls is Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, and Marcellinus in so. Stylistic arguments cannot be used to separate the two parts of the issue of Faustus, with and without s(matus) c(onsultQ); for moneyers striking part of the issue ofone year smatus ccnsulto seep. 6o8. 1 The small Ancona hoard seems to close at the same time as the Compito hoard; its evidential value is DOt great. 1 This isaue provides sufficient evidence to undermine the theory ofH. B. Mattingly, NC 1956, 189, that issues struck smatus consulto are struck by Quaestors (a theory in any case not supported by any evidence, but only by a series ofhypotheses); if P. Crassus was Quaestor when he produced no. 430, he would have held the office a year before his elder brother. ' This issue provides the justification for assigning moneyers, other things being equal, to a year in which a relative held high office; in the arrangement which I have adopted for this period, only the isaue of M. Lepidus (no. 419) is detached from an available year ofthfs kind. 1 It is worth recording that in a small, unpublished hoard in the Museo Nazionale di Taranto, closing with the issue of Mn. Acilius (no. 442), there is a denarius of Caldus in an almost unwom state. 1

88

The first century

Nos. 44cr1. The issue of Q. Sicinius as moneyer alone is dated to 49 by the existence of his later issue with C. Coponius, Pr. 49; the issue ofNerius is dated by the names of the Consuls of 49· These two issues are the last regular issues before the outbreak of civil war.

49-45

B.c.

(Table xrv)l

Nos. 442-3. The issue of Mn. Acilius and of Caesar with an elephant as the reverse

type appear together in the Cadriano and San Cesario hoards; although the former bears no explicit Caesarian reference, its style is markedly different from that of the two Pompeian issues, nos. 44cr1, and looks forward to the Caesarian issues of

48, and it seems reasonable to regard it as a Caesarian issue. Whether Mn. Acilius was a moneyer who already held the office when Caesar arrived i n Rome and who

decided to stay and work for him or whether he was specially appointed cannot be

decided on the evidence available.

The status of no. 443 as the first military issue of Caesar is established beyond all

possible doubt by its

occurrence

as the only military issue of Caesar not only i n

the Cadriano and San Cesario hoards, but also in the Carbonara and San Giuliano hoards and by the greater degree of wear which it displays in later hoards, compared

with other military issues of Caesar.2 The absence of no. 443 from hoards of the sos makes it dear that the issue was only struck after Caesar moved into open rebellion.

No. 444· This issue is dated, since one of the two magistrates responsible for it is C. Coponius, Pr. 49· The mint will have moved with the Pompeians. No. 445· This issue is again dated, since it is struck for the two Consuls of 49; we know that coinage was struck for the Pompeians early in 49 at Apollonia, a process in which the Quaestor T. Antistius was reluctandy involved (Cicero, jam.

xili, 29, 4); the coyly anonymous Quaestor of no. 445/1-2 should be identified with

T. Antistius. We also know that the Consul L. Lentulus was i n Asia during 49

(Caesar, BC iii, 4, 1; cf. Josephus, Ant. xiv, 228, 232, 234, 236 and 240); no. 445/3 should be regarded as s�ck on that occasio n (see also p. 738). Nos. 446--7. The issues of Cn. Piso and Varro are associated with each other and

dated to 49-48 by their titulature and by their occurrence for the first time in the

San Niccolo di Villola hoard;• since the M. Terentius Varro cannot have been 1 1

It is worth drawing attention to the fact that the main sequence of military issues of Caesar in this have the simple legend CAESAR, while issues struck for use a fuller titulature. Notably the Surbo hoards (Coin Jwards, . 38<>-1). The attempt to date this issue to 47-46 made by A. Alfbldi, Antiquitas 4, iv, 9-18, must be regarded as a failure; even if the dragon which forms part of the reverse type African, that would not prove that the issue struck there (and consequently during the African campaign); nor is it relevant that the issue provoked African imitations it provoked a Gallic imitation. The evidence of the hoards is in any conclusive (see above); the gap in the hoards that would result the issue down to 47-46 is ignored by Alfl)ldi, 16-17, without an attempt to understand its significance. The type of Varro with a double obverse suggests production in unpeaceful conditions; both issues are rare and their failure to appear till the San Niccolo hoard causes no surprise; their absence from all hoards of the 70s, 6os and sos is, however, clear evidence for a date in the Civil War period.

period tends to

Morrovalle and

nos

him

were

-

was

also

from moving

even

1

89

case

TABLE XIV.

Coinage 49-45 B.C. 0

i>

'8

49 B.C.

MN.ACILIVS1 CAESAR with Elephant/Pontifical emblems1 L.LENTVLVS, C.MARC COS CN. PISO PRO Q. MAGN PRO COS VARRO PRO Q. MAGN PRO COS

J

]

�

+

+

+

+

�

5

j 30 6

�

(5 5 fl)

0

fl) .a

0

0

Cll ::::1 > :a

f0

!:!

�

� ; fl)j5 fl) >

·:; u

-e

Cl

26

6

2

+

24 .

2

2

+

.

1

(J

z

i fl)

Cl'>

0 "'

42 21

3 6 + +

.

�

.

+

1

+ + +

0

!:0 'C

Cll ll. 36 65

3

.

� ii 8 F.l> + +

s 38

+ 2

48 B.C. L.HOSTILIVS SASERNA C.VIBIVS C.F C.N PANSA ALBINVS BRVTI.F C.PANSA, ALBINVS BRVTI.F CAESAR with LII

9 2

9 1 . 1

3 1 2

2 1 1

. 2

1

1

.

+ + +

1 1

20

40 20 2

14 27

2

20 1 1

+

17

19

+

s

s

+ +

+ + +

3 6 4

+

1

+

1

47 B.C.

L.PLA VTIVS PLANCVS ALICINIVS NERVA

.

1

+

1

C.ANTIVS C.F RESTIO A.ALLIENVS PRO COS, C.CAESAR IMP COS ITER CAESAR with Venus/Aeneas carrying Anchises Q.METEL PIVS SCIPIO IMP (alone) Q.METELL PIVS SCIPIO IMP (with Legates) M.CATO PRO PR

1

5

+

2

+ + + + +

+

1 1

+

2

2

+

+ + + +

3

44 3 5 2

+ +

13

8

120 128

23

6

46 B.C.

MN.CORDIVS RVFVS T.CARISIVS C.CONSIDIVS PAETVS (CAESAR) with COS TERT DICT ITER CAESAR with Venus and Cupid/Trophy M.POBLICI LEG PRO PR, CN.MAGNVS IMP M.MINAT SABI PR Q, CN.MAGNVS IMP F \0 ...

. . .

6 1

3

2

2

.

.

2

3 2 10

+ + + + +

4

4

35 26

+ + + +

3

3 2

+

1

+ +

3

12

17 12 1 2

1

45 B.C.

L.PAPIVS CELSVS PALIKANVS L.VALERIVS ACISCVLVS SEX. MAGNVS PIVS IMP (Totals of Roman coins in each hoard

+ �

4 .

4

1 3000

730

426 1758

109

140 1208

76 1000 1520

659

400

36o)

For bibliography see Coin hoards, nos. 357, 359, 362, 365, 379, 381, 384, 388-93 (391 now re-published in AIV t968-9, 29). Issues consisting of gold or bronze only are omitted from the Table. 1

Examples of these two issues, already recorded from the Cadriano hoard, are therefore not recorded for the San Niccolo hoard, but were doubtless

present

in

it.

Introducti'on

Proquaestor in 4�48, there are no grounds whatever for attributing the issue to him or to Spain, where he served under Pompeius against Sertorius.1 Nos. 446-7 were, I

think, struck in Greece in preparation for the campaign which ended at Pharsalus.1 Nos. 448-51. The joint coinage of C. Vibius Pansa and D. Brutus shows clearly that they belong in the same year as each other; the hoards display them and L. Hostilius Saserna as the moneyers striking next after Mn Acilius. It emerges below .

that there is a full college of moneyers for each year from 47 onwards and the choice is thus whether to regard Saserna as the third moneyer of 49 or the third moneyer of 48; I have no strong views on the matter, but 49 seems to me marginally more likely to be a year with only two moneyers than 48. D. Brutus certainly belongs in

48 -he was besieging Massalia in 49 and was appointed to Gallia Transalpina late in 48 (Appian, BC iii, 197); C. Pansa was in Rome in 48 (Cicero, ad Att. xi, 6, 3; Lig. 7)- no magistracy is attested and he may be regarded as moneyer (see also P· 465 ). No. 452. The figure LII can hardly be taken as a reference to anything other than Caesar's age ;3 since the Romans seem t? have regarded a man as 30 when 30 years of his life were completed' and since Caesar was hom on 13 July 100,6 this issue belongs after 13 July 48. Its failure to appear in hoards which contain the issues of moneyers striking since the beginning of 48 is no surprise. Nos. 453--5 and 463-5. Of these six issues, all but that of C. Antius Restio occur in the Dra�evica hoard; since this is a rare issue, its absence does not prevent its belonging to the period covered by the hoard. The three issues of Mn Cordius Rufus, T. Carisius and C. Considius Paetus seem to belong together-all are enormous and their types are explicidy and predominandy Caesarian; in addition, all three moneyers seem to refer to events of 46. Given these facts and given that the .

six moneyers under discussion are to be arrang ed into the colleges of two years, it

seems best to place L. Plautius Plancus, A. Licinius Nerva and C. Restio, with their absence of emphasis on Caesar, in 47, during much of which he was still away from Rome, and the other three moneyers in 46.• No. 457· The issue belongs in 47, before the invasion of Mrica-though A. Allienus was Proconsul of Sicily from 487 and this issue describes Caesar as Cos. II (see on no. 467). The issue is of great rarity and occurs in no hoards of this period. 1 1

As in E. A.Sydenbam, CRR, 171., following Th. Moounsen, RMw, 655; H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 361-1.; cf. for the correct view T. R.S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 100 n. 7·

The two issues are of a very different style and fabric and were presumably sttuclt in different places; theil- attribution to Africa on the basis of a plated hybrid by A. Alfbldi, SM 1958, to6, does not need

discussion. 1 So tint Elberling, RBN t86o, 11.3 (unreasonable in detail); there is some later bibliography inS. L. Cesano, land. Portt. Ace. Arch. 1947-49, 109-10.

• Th. Mom.msen, St. i, 570-1. ' M. Gelzer, Cauar, t. • The affinities of the issue of L. Plautius Plancus are in one respect with the group which precedes, in that it docs not include fractions of the denarius. ' Appian, BC ii, 197 with T. R.S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 1.85 n. 6.

92

The first century

No. 456. Caesar's second dictatorship runs from October 48 to October 47 (T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 284 n. 1), his acquisition of the augurate falls in 47 (MRRP ii, 293)'; this issue therefore belongs to 47· I suspect it to be struck in the East - its style and fabric is unlike that of the issue of A. Hirtius struck in Rome in 46 and an almost uncirculated specimen which passed through the London

market in 1969 came from Greece. No. 458. This issue appears for the first time in the Dra�evica and Surbo hoards and may therefore be dated to 47-46 and assigned to the African campaign. Nos. 459-62. These issues

are

dated to 47-46.

No. 466. To judge from Caesar's tirulature, this issue belongs in early 46, before his third dictatorship ;1 46 is the year one would expect Hirtius to hold the praetorship and his striking coinage in Caesar's absence fits well with the implica tion of Cicero, ad Att. xii, 12, 2, that he was at that point the most important Caesarian.2 No. 467. The form of the tirulature (see above in n. 1 on p. 89) suggests that this issue was struck on Caesar's behalf by an underling without his being present at the mint himself; but it is odd that

not

only the name of this underling, but

also that of Caesar is omitted. The issue presumably belongs to the same period as no. 466; the description of Caesar as Diet. II was strictly no longer relevant (see on no. 457 and p. 736 n. 1). No. 468. This issue appears for the first time in the Vemon and (in notable quantity) Sendinho da Senhora hoards; it should be regarded as struck in 46-45 for the Spanish campaign. Nos. 469-71. These issues are dated to 46-45 and belong to Spain;3 I am not convinced that

no.

470 can be attributed to more than

one

pieces with the legend ending IMP.B are not die-linked

mint;4 it is true that the

to

the other pieces com

prising the issue, but this is also true of the pieces belonging to the variety no. 470/td, and Buttrey has no wish to assign these latter to a separate mint. The legend IMP. B is best regarded as a blundered version of IMP. F. Nos. 472-4. The evidence of the hoards is sufficient to prove that these

are

the

last moneyers to strike before the college of 445 (on which see Q.elow); they must be assigned to 45· No. 475· This issue presumably belongs to early 45, before Caesar's Spain.6

return

from

No. 476. The date of this issue is presumably the same as that of no. 475; I do 1 Caesar's third dictatorship is from April 46 to April 45, M. Gelzer, Caesar, 293 n. S· ' For the form of the titulature, see p. 89 n. 1 above. • Note the prominence of no. 469, the issue of M. Poblicius, in the Sendinho da Senhora hoard. 4 Contra T. V. Buttrey, MusN 1960, St; cf. NC t!)6o, 94· 5 So already G. Gorini, AIV 196�, 33-4. • T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 313; for Caesar's third dictatorship see above, n. t.

93

Introdtlct'Um not think there is any valid evidence either for the mint of the issue or for the nature

of the unspecified pref�hip of C. Clovius.1 Nos. 477-9· These issues may be both dated and assigned to mints with tolerable certainty; no. 477 follows on from the coinage of Cn. Pompeius in Spain and may be attributed to late 45 and to the mint of Salpensa;2 no. 479, with which no. 478 is closely associated, bridges the period during which Sex. Pompeius is moving from Spain to Sicily; pieces of fine style, presumably early in the issue, are found in Spain/ pieces of degenerate style, presumably the result of production on a massive scale, are found in Sicily.' 44-31 B.C. (Tables XV-XVII)& No. 48o. Few will deny that internal evidence proves conclusivdy that L. Aemilius Buca, M. Mettius,P. Sepullius Macer and C. Cossutius Maridianus form the first college of Caesar's new Illlviri a.a.a.f .f. (see p. 599), striking in 44, the year in which the Senate voted to place Caesar's portrait on the coinage; for the rdative and absolute chronology of the issue within 44, see commentary on no. 480. No. 481. The titulature of this issue, which there is no reason to disbdieve, places it between 1 January and 15 February 44; the mint is presumably Rome. No. 482. The titulature on this ememdy rare issue resembles that on no. 480/3-5; there is no evidence for where it was struck. No. 483. The issue of Q. Nasidius for Sex. Pompeius (presumably), missing in hoards down to 44, appears in the Pasquariello hoard of 43 (on which see bdow, n. 6); it seems logical to suppose that since the issue makes no mention of Sex.Pompeius' tenure of the office ofPraefectus Classis, to which he was appointed in April 43, it was struck before that date; much ofit was perhaps struck at Massalia. No. 484. For the date of this issue see commentary thereon. Nos. 485-7. The evidence of the hoards places these issues between the college of 44 and that of 42;• it is also reasonable to suppose that gold issues of moneyers are inaugurated with the portrait gold of 42; if this is right, these three moneyers Contra S. L. Ccsano, Rend. Pont. Ace. Arch. 1947-49, 13�1 (opting for an urban prefectship; but in that cue one would expect the full titulature, cf. DO. 475); M. Grant, PITA, 7-11 (opting for a prefectship colo,UU deduundlu and citing Cicero, jam. xili, 7; but one would expect a mention of C. Ooviua' colleagues); A. AlfOldi, Melanges Carccpino, 3�1 (opting for a naval prefectship in Cyrenaica; the evidence for an Italian mint cited by Grant ia enough to refute this suggestion). The only aort of prefectship which would be explained without more ado by the striking of coins would be a prefectahip monetaeferiwulae. 1 T.V. Buttrey, NC 196o, 97; the letter Bon some pieces should be regarded as a casual survival of the letter B on aome pieces of the ooinage of Cn. Pompeius; the absence of the letters SAL on aome other pieces does not prove that they were struck at a different mint. 1 M. Bahrfeldt, Bl4tUrfiir Manzjreund1 193�33, 755· • In notable quantities in the excavations of Morgantina; cf. alao L. La1franchi, Boll. Circ. Num. Nap.

1

1917,

::u.

this period to a shambles.

6

F. L. Ganter, ZJN 1895, 183, reduces

•

See Table xv for the Pasquariello, Potenza and San Bartolomeo hoards; note alao the Florence and Thrace hoards (Coin hoardJ, nos. 399 and 402).

94

The first century

must be placed earlier. L. Flaminius Chilo announces on his coins that he is the first of his college of moneyers to strike ;1 since they bear the portrait of Caesar, they

can hardly precede

the coup d'etat of Octavian; the early part of 43 is thus

without moneyers' issues (see p. 640). Nos. 488-9. M. Antonius appears to strike two parallel issues commentaries on

nos

.

(for the

dates see

488-9); the first, which uses his portrait, is continued by his

main sequence of coinage as Illvir r.p.c.1 No. 490· The issue is adequately dated by its developing titulature. No. 491. For the date of this issue see T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 338 and commentary on no. 491. Nos. 492-3. These issues are clearly celebration issues to mark the formation of the Triumvirate; there is an absolute continuity of style

between the portraits

of

M. Antonius

on no. 488 and on no. 492 and between the portraits of Octavian on 490 and on no. 493 (see Pl. LVIII; note also the size of the dots of the border on nos 490/1-2 and 493). The titulature on no. 493 picks up that on no. 490/1-2, no.

.

substituting IIIVIR R.P .C. for COS.; IMP.

goes back to the beginning of career (see p. 740 n. 4) and has nothing to do with the battle

Octavian's military of Philippi.�

No. 494· For the association of L. Livineius Regulus, P. dodius, L. Mussidius

Longus and C. Vibius Varus in a college and their dating to 42, see T.V. Buttrey, Portrait gold, 32-44. No. 495· The style of this issue is unlike anything else in this period; this fact and the fact that the titulature of Lepidus includes PONT .MAX. suggest that the issue was struck by Lepidus h.imself; for the occasion of the issue see com mentary on no. 495· No. 496. The issues of M. Antonius of 41 are dated on internal grounds; this issue seems to me to precede them and I here tabulate what I believe to be the stylistic developments involved: leads

No. 492

No. 494/17 and 32 lead New engraver for

to

to

no. 496/1 (rev., Temple) which leads to

no.

516/4-s

no. 496/2 (rev., Sol)

496/3 (rev., Sol) which leads to no. 516/1-2 and thence to rest of coinage of M. Antonius. no.

The coins illustrated on Pls. LVIII-Ull present the evidence for this picture; three brief

comments are necessary. Within no.

steadil.Y larger; no

.

1 1

1

496/3 the head of M. Antonius is becoming 516/3 combines the styles of no. 516/1-2 and of no 516/4-5 .

Not the fint Illlvir, u F. L. Ganter, ZfN 1895, 184. The coinage of M. Antonius will for the most have been struck in a moving with him; the article of H. Mattinaly, NC 1946, 91, ia an entirely attempt to use the silly remark of Servius (on Vergil, Am. vii, 684) about coinqe atruclt in the name of Cleopatra (I) at Anapia in order to

part

forlom

attribute most of Antonius' coinage to a mint at Anapia. Conna M. Bahrfddt, G�mprllpnf, 14·

95

mint

TABLE XV.

The moneyers 44-c. 40 B.C.

�B

I

:5 �

L �a' 0 f.'! 5

�� ... 0

ll. ·r:: •

�8 ! 0 �� f! a

��

ll.

(I)

z

1 z

ll. .� "CC � (I)

'8u

f-o

I I § a

e

... "'

'>

<

�

u

z 1

z

fl)

g �

5

� 'Q

8

44 B.C.

M.METrlVS L.AEMILIVS BVCA P.SEPVLLIVS MACER C.COSSVTIVS MARIDIANVS CABS DIC QVAR COS QVINC C. CAESAR IMP

. z

1 z

1 1

4 3 .

(issue of gold

only)

9 10 Z5 3

z

3 1

1 4 1

1 2

3

43 B.C.

'&

L.FLAMINIVS CHILO P.ACCOLEIVS LARISCOLVS PETILLIVS CAPITOLINVS L.CESTIVS, C.NORBANVS PR

1

1 3

(issue of gold

1 13

1

z z

1

10

1 1 1

3 z

4 5 z z

9 7

4

22

only)

z

.p B.C.

L.LIVINEIVS REGVLVS P.CLODIVS M.F L.MVSSIDIVS T.F LONGVS C.VIBIVS V ARVS

1

.

.

.

1

.

.

6 z

10

z 1

5 6

1

17 12

3 1

7 67

3 32 9 1

3 3

4' B.C.

C.CLODIVS C.F VESTALIS M.ARRIVS SECVNDVS C.NVMONIVS VAALA L.SERVIVS RVFVS

.

'

.

4

3

c. 40 B.C.

TI.SEMPRONIVS GRACCVS Q.VOCONIVS VITVLVS (Totals of Roman coins For bibliography

see

Coin

in each hoard

3 983

200

42 4

43 1

1 96 2000

4 0 23 21 1111

203

507

hoards, nos. 397-8, 4oo-1, 406-7, 415, 417-18, 423 (add H. Cohen, Descripticn i, xxviii), 425, 430 and 432.

966

1 642)

TABLE XVI.

The Pompeians 44-c. 40 B.C.

'Pasquariello' Temi

Alvignano Caiazzo

Contigllano

West Sicily RIN before 1892, 263 1894

44 B.C. Q.NASIDIVS 43-42

1

1

6

.

2

1 8

2

+

B.C.

M.AQVINVS LEG, C.CASSI PR.COS(issueofgoldonly) M.AQVINVS LEG, C.CASSI IMP (issue of gold only) LENTVLVS SPINT, C. CASSI IMP

.

.

1

LENTVLVS SPINT, BRVTVS CAEPIO BRVTVS PRO COS

\0 �

1

L.SESTI PRO Q, Q.CAEPIO BRVTVS PRO COS Q.CAEPIO BRVTVS IMP C.FLAV HEMIC LEG PRO PR, Q.CAEP BRVT IMP

1

M.SERVILIVS LEG, C.CASSI IMP M.SERVILIVS LEG, Q.CAEPIO BRVTVS IMP

+

+

7 11

COSTA LEG, M.BRVTVS IMP

1

1

Anonymous quinarii with Libertas/Anchor and prow-stem CASCA LONGVS, BRVTVS IMP L.PLAET CEST, BRVT IMP

7 +

Q.CORNVFICI IMP MVRCVS IMP MAG PIVS IMP ITER PRAEF CLAS ET ORAE MARIT

. 2

4

1 33

+ +

41-40 B.C. CN.DOMITIVS L.F AHENOBAR IMP

.

1

Q.LABIENVS PARTHICVS IMP (Totals of Roman coins in each hoard For bibliography see Coin hoards, nos. 398, 415, 417, 423

zoo

(add H.

40

2321

Cohen, Description i, xxviii), 43S·

203

642

172

1o,ooo)

TABLE XVII.

The Caesarians 43-31

B.C.

:1

j j 1 j llo

4J

B. C.

c.ANTONIVS M.P PRO COS M.ANTON IMP M.ANTO COS M.LEPIO (COS) M.ANT I I (issue o( (L with LVGVDVN A

'tJ fu!�

Anonymoua q�

i

o�ld on?'J

M.ANTONIVS IllVIR RPC. M.LBPIOVS UIVIR RPC (iuue C.CAESAR IMP IIIVIR RPC PONT AV, M. ANTONIVS I

8

i �

IUV

l

..

+

+

:i

+ +

..

l

ANTONI IMP IIJVIR RPC with A XLI (iuue of qu.inarii only) M.ANTONI IMP IIIVIR RPC with temple of Sol M.��vll�V�RPC (IMP) with bad of Sol LEPIOVS PONT

MAX

IIIVIR

RPC,

CAESAR

IMP IIIVIR

J

:1J

g .§ >

2) s

2

s

) l l .. l

.. 2

RPC AVG u i( ue of aold only)

42 B.C.

41

+

�IMP (iuue of dcnarii) 1

C.CAESAR IMP C.CABSAR COS PONT AVG (issue of aold only) M.ANTON IMP RPC C.CABSAR IIIVIR RPC M.ANTONIVS IIIVIR RPC, C.CAESAR IIJVIR RPC (it�ue of aold only) \0 00

0

��

RPC

2

2 2 2

3 s l

3

2

i

s

+

B.C.

M.ANTONIVS IMP IIIVIR RPC with PIBTAS COS ANT AVG IMP UIV RPC with PIBTAS COS M.ANT IMP AVG IIIVIR RPC, M.NBRVA PROQ P, L.ANTONIVS COS M.ANT IMP AVG IUVIR RPC, M.BARBAT P L.ANTONIVS COS M.ANT IMP AVG UIVIR RPC, M.NBRVA P P, CAESAR IMP PONT IUVIR RPC

�OQ

M.ANT IMP AVG IUVIR RPC, M.BARBAT Q P, CABSAR IMP PONT IJIVIR RPC P, CAESAR IMP PONT JIIVIR RPC M.ANT IMP AVG UIVIR RPC, L.GBLL C.CAESAR IUVIR RPC, BALBVS PRO P or POPVL IVSSV

�

40 B.C.

M.ANTON IMP AVG IIIVIR RPC, L.PLANCVS PRO COS M.ANTON IMP AVG JIIVIR L.PLANCVS IMP ITER AHBNOBARBVS IMP ANT IMP JIIVIR M.ANT IMP IUVIR with c:aduc:nll and nro IG C.CAESAR IIIVIR RPC, Q.SALVIVS IMP COS 0

� �CN.DOMI

com=

.. 2

+

2

l 2

3

+

l

l

+

t

2

+

l

l

3

l)

to

..

l

3

+

)

3' B.C. M.ANTON IMP IIIVIR (AVG), CAESAR IMP (PONT) IIIVIR!RPC CAI!SAR IMP, ANTONIVS IMP M.ANTONi C.CAI!SAR (IM\b IUVIR RPC (iuue of quinarii M.ANT IIIV R RPCf P.VENT I PONT IMP DOM COS ITER MP

RPC

1

only)

1

38 B.C. M.ANTONIVS M.P M.N AVGVR IMP TI!RT COS DESIGN ITI!R BT TI!RT IIIVIR (iaue o�d onlyk M.ANTON S M.P .N AVGVR IMP TERT COS DESIG ITI!R BT TI!RT UlVIR IMP DIVI IVLr P TI!R IIIVIR M.AGRIPPA COS DESIG (iuue of aold DIVI P M.AGRIPPA COS DESIG IMP OOSAR DIVI IVLI P, M.AGRIPPA COS DESIG

RPC,

only)

RPC with Lion or Ocuvia RPC with head of Sol

2

6

1

7<4

6 3

1

2

2

1 3

37 B.C. (M.)ANT AVGVR IIIVIR IMP TER troph IMP CAESAR DIVI F UIVIR plemenll IMP CAESAR DIVI F COS ITI!R BT TER DESI tripod COS ITI!R ET TER DI!SIG IMP CAESAR DIVI F IIIVIR ITER IMP CAESAR DIVI F IIIVIR ITI!R COS ITI!R BT TERT DESIG

RPC

with k RPC with ...:rificial with RPC RPC

2

+

with aacrifidal implementa with wreath

,, B.C. ANTONlVS AVGVR COS DES ITI!R BT TI!RT IMP TI!RTIO IIIVIR COS lTI!R BT TI!R DBSIG IMP CAESAR DIVI F IIIVIR ITI!R

RPC with tiara with DIVO IVL

RPC

�

,. B.C.

M.ANTONI M.P M.N AVG ANTON AVG IMP Ill COS ANTON AVG IMP Ill COS ANTON AVG IMP III COS

+

RPC

1

.

1

IMP TERT COS ITER DESIGN TERT IIIVIR (iaaue of old only) of�old DES III IIIVIR RPC, M.ANTONIVS M.F.F DES Ill IliVIR RPC, M.SILANVS AVG Q P 0 CO DES III IIIVIR ANTONIVS AVG IMP III

f

only

�ue

•

J

+

RPC,

2

3:aB.c.

ANTONI, CLEOPATRA!! RI!GINAE REGVM FILIORVM RI!GVM

31 B.C. M.ANTONIVS AVG IMP lUI COS TI!RT IIIVIR (D.TVR) iuue ANT AVG IUVIR M.ANTONIO COS Ill IM IIII, �TONIO AVG) SCARPVS IMP IMP CAESAR DIVI F AVGVR NTIP (IMP) CABSARI DIVI F (AVG PONT), SCARPVS IMP

RPC

(Totals of

RPC,

}:fon:ary

Roman coins in each hoard

1111

203

1$0

966

6-4:1

924 1915

2672

+

<42

207

740)

For bibliotnphy see C
known only

�

�

o

pecim

th

Introduction and proves that we have to do with more than one engraver in the same mint, not more than one mint; the varieties of no. 517 most similar to no. 516/1-2 are 5c and 7-8. The

reverse

type of no. 496/1

occurs

in the coinage of Buthrotum;1 it perhaps

portrays a local temple, and if it does, there is a strong presumption that at least this part of the issue was struck at Buthrotum. No. 497· The various components of this issue

alike in style, titulature and disposition of obverse legend; the date of the issue as a whole seems to be between nos. 493 and 518. are

Nos. 498-508. The coinage of the Liberators belongs in 43-42 (see Table XVI);

for the arguments on which a more detailed arrangement may be based seep. 741 n. 3; for Ephesus as a mint see Appian, BC v, 26. No. 509· The issue of Q. Comuficius presumably belongs between his salutation as Imperator and his final defeat by T. Sextius, both in 42· No. 510. For the date of this issue see commentary thereon.

No. 511. For the date of this issue see commentary thereon. Nos. 512-15. The absence of these issues from the Alvignano hoard would in itself be decisive evidence for placing these issues after 42 ;2 in addition, the pieces of the issue of C. dodius Vestalis in the Cisterna hoard, which I have

seen, are

shown by the complete absence of wear on them to be the latest in the hoard. Note the similarity of the neck truncation on the aurei of Vestalis and of M. Arrius Secundus.

Nos. 516-17. These two issues are dated by their references to the consulship of L. Antonius to 41; following on from no. 496, they

are

clearly struck in the East,

where M. Antonius was occupied throughout 41.8 No. 518. For the date of this issue see commentary thereon; its style identifies it as

part of the main sequence of coinage of Octavian as Illvir r.p.c., struck for

him by Balbus. No. 519. For the date of this issue see commentary thereon. Nos. 52o-2. The issues of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and L. Plancus for M. Antonius may be dated to 40, that of Ahenobarbus to the period after he joined M. Antonius,4 that of Plancus to the period after his flight to M. Antonius after

the fall of Perusia (Appian, BC v, 208).6 Both issues surely come to an end before the issues of M. Antonius celebrating the pact of Brundisium. The very small issue, no. 520, may be placed in 40 by reason of its style of portraiture (see Pl. LXII); 1 See Pl. u, 19; I should like to thank C. M. K.raay for drawing my attention to this coin. 1 As also from the Borzano and Caiazzo hoards, see Table xv. 1 The use of Fortuna as a cype in no way argues for a mint at Praeneste, ccn:ra J. Liegle, Z/N 1935,

81-3. ' Sources in T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 3Bl. ' Contra D. Magie, Roman ruh ii, 118o n. 9; MRRP ii, 381. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that these and similar issues should be regarded as issues of M. Antonius, struck/or him by his followers.

100

The first century its smallness is readily explained by the fact that most of the coinage of M. Antonius

of 40

was

struck by Ahenobarbus and Plancus.

No. 523. This issue is dated by its description of Salvidienus

as

Cos. Desig.;

since it belongs to the main sequence of the coinage of Octavian (cf. on no. 518 above), it should be regarded

as

struck before Salvidienus' departure for Gaul.

The Peccioli hoard, which closes with this issue (see Table XVII), contains examples of almost all the common issues of M. Antonius and Octavian of the years 42-40. No. 524. For the date of this issue see commentary thereon; the mint is perhaps to be sought in Cilicia.1 Nos. 525-6. The precise dates of these issues, which go very closely together, are uncertain; they first appear in the Arbanats and Contigliano hoards, which otherwise close with issues of 39; if dated c. 40, they may be regarded

as

forming

the bulk of the coinage of Octavian of that period. Nos. 527-8. For the occasion of these issues see commentary thereon. No. 529. The titulature of this issue would suggest at first sight that it is not a coherent issue and that 1-3 belong before the formation of the Triumvirate; but the absence of pieces of these types from all hoards of the 4os, notably the Caiazzo hoard (see Table XVII), makes this chronology impossible;2 the simple tirulatures CAESAR IMP., ANTONIVS IMP., are adequately explained by the view that the issue is to celebrate the pact of Brundisium (note the O'Vatio celebrated by the two Triumvirs, lnscr. !tal. xiii, is so close that it is best if all

1,

p. 568) and the thematic link between 1-3 and 4

be placed together. The style of the portrait of Octavian on 1-2 identifies the issue as part of the main sequence of his coinage. No. 530. For the date of this issue see M. Grant, FITA, 37-9; I see, however, no

reason to

can

attribute it to a mint at Brundisium -the only known piece with a pro

venance is a piece in the British Museum from the Troad. No. 531. For the date and mint of this issue see T.V. Buttrey, MusN 196<>, 108; note that it

occurs

in the Apulia hoard (Coin hoards, no. 438) associated with pre

dominandy Eastern issues. No. 532. For the date of this issue see commentary thereon. No. 533· This issue occurs for the first time in the Avetrana hoard, in which the latest issue otherwise is that of M. Agrippa, dated to 38; this year is also suitable for no. 533 -the full form of the titulature looks as if it belongs soon after the treaty of Puteoli.3 No. 534· This issue is dated to 38 by its description of Agrippa

as

Cos.

Desig.•

1 A. R. Bellinger, MusN 195z, 6o. 1 Contra M. Bahrfeldt, 'Chronologie', 191-:z; the argument from the non-occurrence otherwise of the simple titulature CAESAR etc., after the formation of the Triumvirate is necessarily circular. • t follows that M. Antonius' adoption of the titulature TBRT. is for the victory at Gindarus in 38, see T. V. Buttrey, MusN t96o, to6-8; the titulature served throughout the period during which Antonius was entitled to the titulature (cf. A. von Sallet, ZfN 1885, 385). • The legend is mis-read by 0. Tb. Schulz, Z/N 1935, tot.

I

IMP.,

IMP. IMP IMP. ITER 101

Introduction

No. 535· The titulature of this issue belongs in or after 38; there is insufficient evidence to attribute it to a mint at Puteoli.l No. 536. This issue appears to fall betWeen no. 533 and no. 539; it may reasonably be assigned to 37. Nos. 537-8. These two issu es form a pair, displaying basically the same types, the first with Octavian as IIIvir r . p. c., the second with him as IIIvir iter r. p. c. ; the year must be 37, the year in which a renewal of the Triumvirate was agreed. No. 539· The types of this issue apparendy reflect Antonius' Armenian expedi tion of 36 (p. 743); the issue thus belongs in this or the following year. No. 540. This is the last issue of Octavian before the group of issues with IMP. CAESAR or CAESAR DIVI F., which are to be dated in the years before and after Actium; this issu e may be placed in and after 36.1 No. 541. The two types of this issu e form a pair, linked by the portrait of the

son of M. Antonius; the issue must belong to 34, the year of M. Antonius' second consulship. No. 542· This issue, and with it the quaestorship pro consule of M. Silanus, cannot be placed very closely; its style seems to place it between no. 541, dated to 34, and

the issues of 31. No. 543· This issue presumably follows the assignation at Alexandria late in 34 of kingdoms to Cleopatra and her children;8 again, its style places it between no. 541 and the issues of 31. No. 544· This enormous issue, struck to pay the legions that fought at Actium, presumably occ upied the period before the battle. No. 545· This issue records Antonius' fourth imperatorial salutation immediatdy before the battle of Actium. No. 546. The coinage of Scarpus for Antonius and Octavian falls immediatdy before and after the battle of Actium;' his coinage for Antonius records his fourth imperatorial salutation; his coinage for Octavian cannot have lasted after his final victory. No. 547· Struck on a semuncial standard and overstruck on an uncial as, this unique piece is attributed by T.V. Buttrey to the 8os;5 but the trick of using two prows as a type to indicate a double unit puts the issue in the same general period as the fleet bronze of M. Antonius ;• for its standard compare the issue ofL. Atratinus, no. 530. Ccmtra M. Grant, FITA, 47-50. It closes the Carbonara hoard (see Table xvn); for the succeeding issues see JRS 1974 (review K. Kraft, Zur Mflntprl'igulw des Al(f!Utw). 1 SeeR . F. Roui, Marco Antonio, u8-zo, with earlier bibliography. • Studia Oliveriana 1963, 1· ' SeeJRS 1974 (u inn. z above). • So M. Grant, PITA, 31-2; but the attribution to Sextus Pompeius is unfounded.

1

1

102

of

A P PENDIX

RELATIVE ARRANGEME N T OF QUADRIGATUS ISSUES The arrangement of the quadrigatus coinage is peculiarly difficult; its various styles often shade almost imperceptibly into each other and hoards ofef r little help, since they are concentrated in the middle period of the coinage (the early period was one of peace and hence not one when hoards were buried, the late period was one when the coinage was debased and hence not hoarded); all I propose to do here is to identify the main groups into which the coinage falls, since only from a study of the dies can a final solution of the problem be expected (see Addenda). (a) What may be regarded as the mainstream sequence of quadrigati (no. 28) begins with a group showing on the obverse heads in high relief with circular ringlets of hair on top and long, neat, curving sideburns, on the reverse Jupiter and Victory both standing in the chariot and an incuse legend (Pl. II, 1-4); as the issue progresses, the relief becomes lower and the side of the chariot lengthens (Pl. 11, 7 and 14); i n due course, the back of the chariot ceases to be properly engraved on the dies and the bottom of the dress of Victory becomes visible (Pl. III, 7), while at the same time the legend appears with a mixture of incuse letter-forms and letter-forms in relief. Loosely connected with this sequence are two small groups which invariably have an incuse legend (Pl. II, 5� and 8-9) and a third group whose reverses go through a progression similar to that of the first phase of the mainstream sequence and whose last obverses are reminiscent of the second phase of the mainstream sequence (Pl. III, 1�). The early reverses of this second phase pick up the reverses of the end of the first phase (note the posture of Victory), the obverses revert to a style similar to that of the middle of the first phase (though much inferior, see Pl. m, 8-9). Both obverses and reverses then

run

through a series of increasingly degenerate styles;

the obverses are occasionally curiously feminine in appearance, the legend on the reverse is now invariably in relief in a linear frame. The last issues of the second phase are heavily debased (see p. 569). Half-quadrigati and gold state� and half-staters may be aSsociated with the middle of the first phase of the mainstream sequence (Pl.

103

II,

1�13).

Introduction

(b) The most distinctive part of the second sequence (no. 29) is its close, with a

legend in relief placed on a tablet shaped like an inverted trapeze; style and form of tablet may then be followed back into a period with an incuse legend (Pl. v, 1-4). To be associated with this sequence is a group with the same-shaped tablet, but a much cruder obverse style and a curiously rigid portrayal of the team of horses; the group displays a legend composed of a mixture of incuse letter-forms and letter-forms in relief, which remains throughout the changing sequence of ob verses (Pl. v, 7-10). Half-quadrigati and gold staters and half-staters may be associated with the sequence (Pl. v, s-6 and 11-12). (c) The distinctive feature of the third sequence (no. 30) is the stance of Victory not in the chariot, but on the tailboard, so that the whole of her figure is visible; the sequence falls into two groups, doubtless largely parallel with each other, the first with a variety of heads showing rather harsh features and with the legend invariably on a rectangular tablet, the second with heads showing soft, rather stupid features and with the legend initially on a rectangular tablet and later on an inverted trapezoidal tablet; the legend is invariably incuse. Half-quadrigati may be associated with the sequence (Pl. VI, 4). (d) I list separately one small group of quadrigati which progresses from a legend composed of a mixture of incuse letter-forms and letter-forms in relief to a legend in relief in a linear frame, with throughout an obverse style characterised by very angular features and a heavily indented neck truncation (no. 31; Pl. IV, 1o-13). I also list separately three varieties of quadrigati in which I can see no real point of contact With any other group, no. 32 (note the knobbed sceptre held by Jupiter, Pl. III, 12), no. 33 (the obverse is slightly reminiscent of those of the mainstream sequence, the reverse completely sui generis, Pl. IV, 14) and no. 34 (Pl. IV, 15, I am unable to place the obverse). (e) No more than tentative suggestions can be made for absolute dating and mint attribution; the first sequence of quadrigati discussed seems to run through the whole period of quadrigatus coinage and should presumably be attributed to the mint of Rome; either or both of the second and third sequences may belong to an ancillary workshop or to ancillary workshops there - neither covers the whole period of quadrigatus coinage� and in this respect both resemble the collateral 1

Both sequences include half-quadrigati, which seem to have been produced from zt6 to (say) z14; the terminuspost qumr for these is established by the Sessa hoard (Coin Jwart!s, no. 48), which included a semilibral bronze datable to Z17 or later (see p. 43) and perhaps included gold datable probably to Z17 (see p. 46), but included halved quadrigati rather than half-quadrigati; since neither sequence includes quadrigati which seem much earlier or much later than their half-quadrigati, the second sequence (which includes gold) should be regarded as running from Z17 to z14, the third sequence (which does not include gold) should be regarded as running from z16 to Z14; both sequences clearly end before the debasement of the coinqe begins.

104

Relative arrangement of quadrigattu issues series of bronze coinage (no. 39), produced in an ancillary workshop in Rome from 217 to 215 (seep. 43).

The different small groups of quadrigati may have been produced at military mints in Italy and will in this case be forerunners of the issues of the early denarius coinage produced outside Rome. Part of the second phase of the mainstream se quence of quadrigati may also have been produced outside Rome- individuation of stylistic groups is almost impossible in this uniformly degenerate coinage. TABLE XVIII.

Overstrikes

Non-Roman ooerstrikes A

Capua

1. Quincunx (Pallas r.{Pegasus r., Giard 4) overstruck on a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5). (a) Paris (de Luynes 117), 26.08 gr. (J.-B. Giard, BSFN 1961, 3; Concresso 1961, 247 n. 68). 2. Biunx (Jupiter r./Diana in biga r., Giard 11) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 37· (a) Naples, F869, 10.45 gr. B

Atella

3· Quad.runx (Jupiter r./Jupiter in quadriga r., Giard 1) overstruck on a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5). Hersh 33· (a) BMC Italy, Atella, no. 1, 27.23 gr. (b) Paris (de Luynes 58), 26.33 gr. 4· Biunx (Jupiter r./Oath-taking scene, Giard 2) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 35· (a) Oxford, 12.35 gr. (b) Rome, Museo Nazionale, 9·90 gr. (c) Naples, F787, 9.72 gr. (Gabrici 1 and 18, wrongly described). S· Biunx (Jupiter r./Oath-taking scene, Giard 2) overstruck on a collateral uncia (no. 39/4). Hersh 34· (a) BMC Italy, Atella, no. 4, 11.55 gr. 6. Uncia (Jupiter r./Victory crowning trophy, Giard 3) overstruck on a (no. 39/5). (a) Paris, AF, 5·54 gr. (J.-B. Giard, Concruso 1¢1, 258 n. 74).

c

collateral semuncia

Calatia

7· Biunx (Jupiter r./Jupiter in biga r., Giard 3) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 36. (a) Paris (de Luynes 64), 13.65 gr. D

Velec:ha

8. Biunx (Sol facing/Elephant r.) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Gabrici 16. (a) Munich, 11.98 gr. (R. Thomsen, ERG i, 138 n. 29). 9· Uncia (Sol facing/Horse's head r.) overstruck on a collateral semuncia (no. 39/5). Bahrfeldt 25; Gabrici 17. (a) Berlin, 6.85 gr. (Buchreibung iii, 165; R. Thomsen, ERG i, 131 n. 6, 138). 105

Introduction

TABLE XVIII E

(cont.)

Carthage 10. Bronze struck in Italy during the Second Punic War (Tanit !.{Horse's head r., E. S. G. Robinson, NC 1964, 53 no. 4 with pl. vii, no. 4) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 32. First utilised by H. Mattingly,JRS 1929, 26 n. 1.

(a) BM, 12.67 gr.

(b) BM, 11.69 gr. 11. Teruncius or quadrans struck in Italy during the Second Punic War (Hercules r.{Horse r., E. S. G. Robinson, NC 1964, 41-2 with pl. v, 8) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). (a) Vienna. (R. Garrucci� Le tnb1Ute tkll'Italia antica, pl. Jxxxvii, 18.)

\

Roman overstrikes 12. Bronze (no. 17/1a) overstruck on a bronze, probably of Naples (Head of Apollo r./ Man-headed bull r.). Cf. Bahrfeldt 27 (=R. Garrucci, pl.lxxvii, 22, no. 17/1b over Suessa). (a) Vatican 21. 13. Bronze (no. 17/1a) overstruck on a bronze of Syracuse (Zeus HellaniosfEagle, BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 468; for the date see p. 39 n. 5). Hersh 19. (a) Hersh, 5.29 gr. 14. Semilibral semuncia (no. 38/7) overstruck on a bronze of Carthage (SNG (Cop.) xlii, 317-19). Bahrfeldt 46; Hersh 4· Ntm vidi.

nos.

(a) Lagoy, 6.75 gr. 15. Post-semilibral triens (no. 41/7b) overstruck on a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5). Bahrfeldt 3 and 6; Hersh 38. (a) Hannover 42, 28.51 gr. (b) Paris, A183, 28.25 gr. (A., pl. uxix, 4). (c) Kircher, 28.00 gr. (R. Garrucci, pl. lxxviii, 13). (d) Oxford, 23.89 gr. (e) Paris, A343, 23.32 gr. 16. Post-semilibral triens (no. 41/7b) overstruck on a collateral sextans (no. 39/3). Hersh 41. (a) Haeberlin=Berlin, 28.31 gr. (b) Six, 27.32 gr. (c) Copenhagen, 26.96 gr. (SNG (Cop.) i, no. 233). 17. Post-semilibral quadrans (no. 41/8b) overstruck on a bronze of Ptolemy II (Svoronos 610). Bahrfeldt 33; Hersh 9· (a) Vienna, 16.45 gr. 18. Post-semilibral sextans (no. 41/9) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Bahrfeldt 4 and 8; Hersh 39· (a) Berlin, 15.62 gr. (b) Hannover 121, 13.88 gr. (c) Hannover 77, 13.05 gr. (d) Cambridge, 12.68 gr. (e) Hannover 120, 12.o6 gr. (f) Paris, A378, 11.87 gr. (A., pl. xi, 7).

(g) Paris, A381, 11.6o gr. (A., pl. xi, 5). lo6

Ooerstri�s TABLE XVIII

(cont.)

(h) Minturno hoard, 11.55 gr. (i) Hersh, 11.02 gr. (j) Vienna, 10.89 gr. (k) Vienna, 10.38 gr. (1) Vienna, 10.31 gr. 19. Post-semilibral sextans (no. 41/9) overstruck on a collateral uncia (no. 39/4). Hersh 42· Non vidi.

(a) Hannover, 11.51 gr. 20. Post-semilibral uncia (no. 41/10) overstruck on a semilibral semuncia (no. 38/7). Bahrfeldt 5; Hersh 40. (a) Paris,A409, 5.80 gr.

(A., pl.

xli, 9).

21. Quadrans with com-ear (no. 42/2) overstruck on a bronze of Ptolemy II (Svoronos 610). Hersh 10. (a) Hersh, 17.29 gr. 22. Quadrans with com-ear (no. 42/2) overstruck on a bronze of Hieron II (Hieron/ Horseman,BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 565). Gabrici 3; Hersh 20. (a) Gariazzo,17.65 gr. (b) BMCRR Romano-Campanian 139 ter, 17.40 gr. (c) Leningrad, 17.30 gr. (d) Johnson, 17.20 gr. (e) Bonazzi So,17.00 gr.

(f) Gabrici, 16.90 gr. (g) Rome, Capitol 113, 16.43 gr. (h) Naples, F1415, 16.10 gr. (i)

Paris, A1433, 15.80 gr. (No com-ear.)

(j) Leningrad, 15.25 gr. (k) BMCRR Romano-Campanian 139

bis, 15.22 gr.

23. Uncia with com-ear (no. 42/4) overstruck on a bronze of Hieron II (Poseidon/Trident, BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 598). Bahrfeldt 39; Gabrici 7; Hersh 22, b-g. (a) Hersh,8.61 gr. (b) Rome, Museo Nazionale 74129,7.00 gr. (c) Paris, A2132, 6.77 gr. (d) Montagna di Marzo hoard, 6.76 gr. (e) Montagna di Marzo hoard, 6.05 gr.

(f) Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi), 6.00 gr. (g) Paris,A2129,5.81 gr. (h) Citta Ducale hoard, 5.80 gr.

(i) Citta Ducale hoard,5.50 gr. (j) Hannover, 5·44 gr. (non vidJ) (k) Montagna di Marzo hoard, 5.38 gr. (1) Citta Ducale hoard, 5.30 gr. (m)Montagna di Marzo hoard, 5.20 gr.

107

TABLE XVIII

(cont.)

24· Uncia with com-ear (no. 42/4) overstruck on a bronze of Carthage (SNG (Cop.) xlii, nos. 307-23). Bahrfeldt 47; Hersh 5, a. (a) Paris, A2133, 6.77 gr.

1- (no.

25. Triens with

(A., pl.

luxi, 8).

43/3a) overstruck on a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5). Hersh 43.

(a) Paris, A3266, 28.30 gr.

(b) Vienna, 27.40 gr. 26. Anonymous dupondius (no. 56/1) overstruck on an anonymous as (no. 56/2- a contem porary issue, see p. 12). Bahrfeldt 9; Gabrici u; Hersh 62. Av. wt. 41.1 gr. (a) BM 1912-7-14-27, 47·59 gr. (Perhaps Ostia hoard.)

(b)

Rome, Museo Nazionale, 47.45 gr. (1923 hoard.)

(c) Hamburger 96, 273=Hall 461 hoard.) (d) Rome, Museo Nazionale

(H. P. Hall, NC 1933, 143)=Hersh, 46.33 gr. (Perhaps 1923

(Gnecchi),

45.50 gr.

(Ostia

hoard.)

(e) ANS, 45-30 gr. (f) Rome, Museo Nazionale, 43.20 gr. (1923 hoard.)

(g) Rome, Museo Nazionale, 43.00 gr. (Ostia hoard.) (h) Rome, Museo Nazionale, 39·90 gr. (1923 hoard.) (i) Hamburger 96, 272=Berlin w/1932, 39.50 gr. (Perhaps G) Depoletti=Paris, A1070, 39.15 gr. (A., pl. lv, 5).

1923 hoard.)

(k) Rome, Museo Nazionale, 38.00 gr. (1923 hoard.)

(1)

Pari.s, AF, 37.87 gr. (Perhaps 1923 hoard.)

(m)Bonazzi 141, 37.10 gr. (Ostia hoard.) (n) Hannover 16oo, 36.6o gr. (o) Mayer, 35.61 gr.

(p) Rome, Museo 27. Anonymous

(Ostia hoard.)

Nazionale, 35.30 gr. (1923 hoard.) as

(no.

(a) Paris, A923, 34·34 gr.

56/2) overstruck on a collateral quadrans (no. 39/2). Hersh 48.

(A., pl. cxii,

1).

28. Uncertain as overstruck on a semis with

Cf). (no. 100/2). Bahrfeldt 20; Hersh 71.

(a) Turin, F635, 13.19 gr. 29. Anonymous semis (no. 56/3) overstruck on a post-semilibral quadrans (no. 41/8b). Bahrfeldt 13; Hersh so. (a) Vienna, 15.63 gr. 30. Uncertain semis overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 6o. (a) Oxford, 10.62 gr. 31. Uncertain semis overstruck on a bronze of Carthage (SNG (Cop.) xlii, no. 345-9). Hersh 6. (a) Scullard, 10.46 gr. 32. Anonymous semis (no. 56/3) overstruck on a bronze of the Syracusan Democracy Syracuse, no. 678).

(BMC Sicily,

(a) Oxford, 9.66 gr. 33· Uncertain semis overstruck on a bronze of Hieronymus

64s).

(a) Oslo, 8.26 gr.

to8

(BMC Sicily,

Syracuse, no.

Overstrilus

TABLE XVIII (cont.) 34· Uncertain semis overstruck on a bronze of Naples

(BMC Italy, Neapolis,

no.

235).

Hersh 1. (a) Hersh, 4·97 gr. 34 bis. Anonymous semis (no. 56/3) overstruck on a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5). Hersh 46. (a) Berlin, 408/t88o, 22.27 gr. 35· Anonymous triens (no. 56/4) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). (a) Siena. 36. Anonymous triens (no. 56/4) overstruck on a collateral uncia (no. 39/4). Gabrici to; Hersh 49· (a)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 135, 13.93 gr.

37· Anonymous triens (no. 56/4) overstruck on a post-semilibral sextans (no. 41/9). Hersh 51. (a) Paris, AF, 12.30 gr. 38. Anonymous triens (no. 56/4) overstruck on a bronze of Hieron II (Poseidon/Trident,

BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 598). (a) Crawford, 5.66 gr. 39· Uncertain triens overstruck on a bronze of Carthage

(SNG (Cop.) xlii, no. 375). Hersh

8. (a) Hersh, 7.26 gr. 40. Uncertain triens overstruck on a bronze of Ptolemy IV-Ptolemy VII in Cyrenaica (BMC

Cyren4ica, p. 82, no. 43). Bahrfeldt 34; Hersh 13. (a) Vienna, 6.20 gr. 41. Uncertain triens overstruck on a post-semilibral uncia (no. 41/10). (a) Paris, A5226, 5.58 gr. 42. Uncertain triens overstruck on a bronze of Carthage Bahrfeldt 48 (wrongly described); Hersh 7·

(SNG (Cop.) xlii,

nos.

307-23).

(a) Paris, A1115, 5.25 gr. (A., pl. lxi, 3). 43· Anonymous quadrans (no. 56/5) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 41· (a) Vienna, 11.90 gr. 44· Anonymous sextans (no. 56/6) overstruck on a post-semilibral uncia (no. 41/to). Bahrfeldt 12; Hersh 52. (a) Paris, A1021, 6.32 gr. (A., pl. lxiii, 15). (b)

BMCRR Rome 410, 5·37 gr.

45. Anonymous sextans (no. 56/6) overstruck on a bronze of Naples 159). Bahrfeldt 55; Hersh 2.

(BMC Italy, Naples,

(a) Paris, A1155, 4.76 gr. (A., pl. 1xiii, 18). 46. Sextans with Victory (no. 6t/6) overstruck on a bronze of Hieron II (Poseidon/Trident, BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 598). Bahrfeldt 38; Hersh 26. (a) Hannover t88, 5.66 gr .

109

Introduction TABLE XVIII (cont.) 47· Sextans with C (no. 63/6) overstruck on a Sardo-Punic bronze (Tanit/Bull, L. Forteleoni, Ser. vi). Bahrfeldt so; cf. 49; Hersh 16. (a) BMCRR Italy 223, 4.82 gr. (b) Turin, 4.65 gr. (c) Paris, A3053, 4.6o gr. (d) Hannover 487, 4·54 gr. (e) BMCRR Rome 412 (probably), 4·54 gr.

(f) Hannover 488, 4.32 gr. (g) Paris, A3058, 4·09 gr. (A., pl. c, 17). (h) Turin, 3·99 gr. (i) Milan 316, 3·85 gr. (j) Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi), 3.80 gr. (k) Paris, A3o62, 3.68 gr. (A., pl. c, 18). (1) BMCRR Italy 188, 3.31 gr. (m)BM, 3.30 gr. (n) Paris, A3o63, 3.30 gr. (A., pl. c, 19). (o) Paris, A3o64, 3.20 gr. (A., pl. c, 20). (p) Paris, A3o66, 2.85 gr. (q) Turin, 2.6o gr. (r) Turin, 2.50 gr. (s) Perdas de Fogu hoard.

48. Semis with M (no. 64/3) overstruck on a quadrans with com-ear and !\?' (no. 69/5). Hersh 67. (a) Hannover 1209, 8.94 gr. 49· Sextans with M (no. 64/6) overstruck on a Sardo-Punic bronze (Tanit/Bull, L. Forteleoni, Ser. vi). Bahrfeldt 52; Gabrici 14; Hersh 17. (a) Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi), 5.27 gr. (b) Paris, A3453, 4·93 gr. (c) Rome, Capitol 788, 4·90 gr. (64/6c) (d) Paris, A3455, 4·74 gr. (e) Paris, A3458, 4.38 gr. (f) Milan 318, 4·32 gr. (g) BMCRR Italy 121, 4.15 gr. (h) Hannover 1212, 3·90 gr. (i) BMCRR Rome 469, 3.89 gr. (j) BMCRR Italy 125, 3.76 gr. (k) Paris, A3466, 3.6o gr. (A., pl. cvii, 6). (1) BMCRR Italy 123, 3.56 gr. (m)Paris, A3467, 3·47 gr. (n) Hannover 1217, 3.31 gr. (o) Paris, A3471, 3.29 gr. (A., pl. cvii, 8). (p) Hannover 1213, 3.25 gr. (q) BMCRR Italy 124, 2.92 gr. 110

Overstrikes

TABLE XVIII

(cont.)

(r) Perdas de Fogu hoard. (s) Perdas de Fogu hoard. (t) Perdas de Fogu hoard. so. Quadrans with M (no. 65/5) overstruck on a Sardo-Punic bronze (Tanit/Bull, L. Forteleoni, Ser. vi). (a) Paris, A4967, 4.05 gr. (Hersh 18, a -wrongly described). 51. Sextans with M (no. 65/6) overstruck on a Sardo-Punic bronze (Tanit/Bull, L. Ser. vi). Bahrfeldt 51; Hersh 18. (a) Paris, A4970, 447 gr. Forteleoni,

(b) Fallani, 4.25 gr. (c) Hannover 1202, 4-18 gr. (d) Citta Ducale hoard, 4.00 gr. (e) Paris, A2.o2r,j 3·90 gr. (f) Turin, 3.66 gr. (g) Paris, A4974, 3·35 gr. (h) Paris, A4983, 3.21 gr. (i) Turin, 2.95 gr. G) Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi), 2.27 gr. 52. Sextans with M (no. 65/6) overstruclt on a Sardo-Punic bronze (Tanit/Com-ears, L. Forteleoni, Ser. v). (a) Perdas de Fogu hoard. 53· Sextans (no. 63/6, 64/6 or 65/6) overstruck Ser. vi). Bahrfeldt 49· (a) Paris, A1151, 3.92 gr. (A., pl. lxiv, 3-4). (b) Paris, At646, 3·90 gr. (A., pl. lxxi, 15).

on

a Sardo-Punic bronze (Tanit/Bull, L.

Forteleoni,

54· Dupondius with com-ear and � (no. 69/t) overstruck on an uncertain as. Hersh 69. (a) BMCRR Italy (Appendix) 23, 39.30 gr. 55· As with com-ear and � (no. 69/2) overstruck Hersh 63. (a) Imhoof-Blumer, 25.30 gr. (b) Hannover 1550, 25.21 gr. (c) Hannover 1551, 24-40 gr. (d) Winterthur, 22.95 gr.

on

a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5).

56. As with com-ear and � (no. 69/2) overstruck on a post-semilibral triens (no. 41/7b). Hersh 68. (a) BM, 22.03 gr. (b) BM, 18.75 gr. 57· As with com-ear and� (no. 69/2) overstruck on an uncertain quadrans. Bahrfeldt 44· (a) Paris, A2.157. 10.50 gr. 58. Semis with com-ear and � (no. 69/3) overstruck on a bronze of Hieron II (Hieron/ Horseman, BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 565). Gabrici 8. 111

TABLE XVIII

(cont.)

(a) P. Orsi, NSc 1909, 67=Brandis 349, 18.10 gr. (b) Oxford, 15.31 gr. 59· Semis with com-ear and 10 (no. 69/3) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/7).

Hersh 66, b.

(a) Paris, Az16z, 11.95 gr. (A., pl. lxxxi, 19). 6o. Semis with com-ear and 10 (no. 69/3) overstruck on a post-semilibral sextans (no. 41/9). Bahrfeldt 45; Hersh 53, b and 66, a all wrongly described. -

(a) Bonazzi ZZ4, 15.87 gr. (b) Paris, Az158, 14.67 gr. (A., pl. I.xxxi, 14). 61. Triens with com-ear an d 10 (no. 69/4) overstruck on a bronze of the Syracusan Demo Syracuse, no. 678). Bahrfeldt 43; Hersh 30 and 31.

cracy (BMC Sicily,

(a) Vienna, u.83 gr. (b) Vienna, 12.65 gr. (c) Hersh, 12.01 gr. (d) Munich, 11.8o gr. (e) Hannover 1598, 1o.8z gr.

(f) Paris, Az167, 10.49 gr. (A., pl.

I.xxxi.i, 5).

(g) Crawford, 10.19 gr. 6z. Triens with com-ear and 10 (no. 69/4) overstruck on a bronze of Hieronymus (BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 645). Bahrfeldt 41; Hersh 28. (a) Rome, Museo Nazionale, 8.75 gr. (b) Berlin, 7.8o gr. (c) Hersh, 7.14 gr. 63. Quadrans with com-ear and [10] (no. 69/5) overstruck on a bronze of Rhegium (Apollo/ Tripod, BMC Italy, Rhegium, no. 73). Bahrfeldt 29; Hersh 3· (a) Paris, A1439, 8.23 gr. (A., pl. lxvii, 11). (b) Cambridge, 7.29 gr. (See also Table XLVII, 11.) (c) Paris, A1447, 6.57 gr.

64. Quadrans with com-ear and [10) (no. 69/5) overstruck on a bronze of Hieron II (Poseidon/Trident, BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 598). Bahrfeldt 31; Gabrici 4; Hersh 21. (a) Rome, Museo Nazionale, 7.80 gr. (R. Garrucci, pl. lxxviii, 8.) (b) Paris, A1448, 6.47 gr. (c) Gariazzo, 6.20 gr. (d) Paris, A1451, 6.01 gr. (e) Hersh, 5.86 gr. (f) Vienna, 5.36 gr. 65. Sextans with com-ear and 10 (no. 69/6) overstruck on a bronze of Hieron II (Poseidon/ Trident, BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 598). Bahrfeldt 40; Gabrici 9; Hersh 23 (wrongly described), 24 and 25.

(a) Paris, Atou bis, 9·54 gr.

(b) Kircher, 8.oo gr. (c) Hannover 156o, 6.40 gr. 112

Overstrikes TABLE

XVIII

(cont.)

(d) Turin, 6.25 gr. (e) Bonazzi 307, 6.22 gr. (f) Hannover 1561, 6.21 gr. (g) BM, 5·93 gr. (h) Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi), 5·90 gr. (i) Hannover 1566, 5.89 gr. (j) Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi), 5.70 gr. (k) Fallani, 5·70 gr. (1) Naples, S1583, 5.65 gr. (m) Milan 350, 5.64 gr. (n) Paris, A1152, 5.52 gr. (o) Oxford, 5.50 gr. (p) Paris, A1153, 5.41 gr. (q) Vienna, 5.21 gr. (r) Paris, A1156, 4.68 gr. (A., pl. lxiii, 16). (s) Paris, A1157, 4·54 gr. (A., pl. lxiii, 17). 66. Sextans with com-ear and 10 (no. 69/6) overstruck on a bronze of the Syracusan Democracy (BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 670). Bahrfeldt 42; Hersh 29. Non vidi. (a) Berlin, 5.50 gr. 67. Semis with com-ear (no. 72/5) overstruck on a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5). Hersh 53, a.

(a) Hannover 440, 20.65

gr.

68. Semis with com-ear (no. 72/5) overstruck on a post-semilibral triens (no. 41/7b). (a) Montagna di Marzo hoard, 25.00 gr. (R. Thomsen, ERG ii, 52 n. 219). 69. Quadrans with com-ear (no. 72/7) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 45· (a) Ftirstenberg, 13.13 gr. (cited by Haeberlin, not in sale catalogue).

(b) Paris, A1437, 10.91 gr. 70. Uncia with com-ear (no. 72/9) overstruck on a bronze of Hieron II (Poseidon/Trident, BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 598). Hersh 22, a also 5, b (the same piece). (a) Paris, A2146, 4.05 gr. (A., pl. lxxxi, 9). 71. Semis Ceres/Hercules (no. 82/1) overstruck Gabrici 6. (a) Turin, F192, 23.90 gr. Vidi.

on

a quadrans with com-ear (no. 42/2).

72. Sextans with I.- (no. 97/6b) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 44· (a) Paris, A3317, 12.04 gr. (A., pl. civ, S). 73· Uncia with 1..- (no. 97/7b) overstruck on a bronze of Suessa (Apollo/Man-headed bull, BMC Italy, Suessa 9). (a) Paris, Z3519, 5·74 gr. 74· Quadrans with I.- (no. 97/13a) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 55· (a) Hannover 567, 12.62 gr. 75· Quadrans with 1..- (no. 97/13a) overstruck on a collateral uncia (no. 39/4). Hersh 57· (a) Vienna, 11.58 gr.

113

Introduction

TABLE XVIII

(cont.)

76. Quadrans with 1.- (no. 97/13d) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Babrfeldt 7 (wrongly described). (a) Hannover 548, 12.08 gr. 11· Semis with 1- (no. 97/17) overstruck on a post-semilibral quadrans (no. 41/Sb). (a) Bari 1945. 78. Semis with 1- (no. 97/17) overstruck on a post-semilibral sextans (no. 41/9). (a) Paris, A3249, 16.55 gr. 79· Triens with 1- (no. 97/tSb) overstruck on a post-semilibral sextans (no. 41/9). Hersh 58. (a) Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi), 12.15 gr. So. Sextans with 1- (no. 97/2oa) overstruck on a bronze BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 598). Hersh 27. (a) Oxford, 5·65 gr.

of Hieron

II (Poseidon/Trident,

(b) Hannover 1580, 5.11 gr. 81. Sextans with 1- (no. 97/2oa) overstruck on a post-semilibral uncia (no. 41/10). Hersh 59, a. (a) Paris, A3336, 5·44 gr. 82. As with 1- (no. 97/22a) overstruck on a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5). Hersh 4 (a) Paris, A3212, 27.14 gr. (b) Hannover 1568, 24o6 gr. 83. Semis with 1- (no. 97/24) overstruck on a post-semilibral s extans (no. 41/9). Hersh 61. (a) BMCRR Italy 15, 11.59 gr. (b) Paris, A3258, 9·55 gr. 83 bis. Semis with 1- (no. 97/24) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). (a) Paris, AF, 10.59 gr. (at present, 1971, among anonymous pieces). 84. Quadrans with I,.. (no. 97/26) overstruck on an uncia with 1- (no. 97/7b). (a) BMCRR Italy 212, 5.18 gr. 85. Sextans with 1- (no. 97/27) overstruck on a post-semilibral uncia (no. 41/10). Hersh 59, b. (a) Paris, A3339, 3·93 gr. 86. As with 1- (no. 97/28) overstruck on a Punic bronze (as NC 1964, pl. vii, 1, but bronze). (a) Bari 3330. 87. As with 1- (no. 97/28) overstruck on a bronze of Arpi (Male head/Boar, BMC Italy, A.tpi, no. 4). (a) Paris, A3233, 7.18 gr. (b) Paris, A3234, 6.98 gr. 88. Dextans with r (no. 99/u) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 65. (a) Hannover 1583, 13.82 gr. 89. As with C!>. (no. 100/ta) overstruck on a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5). Bahrfeldt 19. Non

vidi.

(a) Riccio, 33.41 gr. go. As with CIA (no. 100/1b) overstruck on (a) Hannover 1533. 13.11 gr.

an uncertain

114

semis. Hersh 70.

Overstrikes TABLB XVIII

(cont.)

91. Trienswith CIA (no. 100/3)overstruckona broozeof0eniadae(BMC77wsaly,Oeniadae, no. 6). Bahrfeldt 21; Gabrici 12; Hersh 14(a) Hannover 1538, 7·75 gr. (b) Naples, 81572, 7.30 gr. (c) Berlin, 7201}F, 6.96 gr. (d) Rome, Museo Nazionale, 6.70 gr. (e) Paris, A3o82, 6.43 gr. (A., pl. ci, 8). (f) Paris, A3o83, 6.32 gr. (g) Turin, 6.26 gr. (h) Paris, A3o85, 6.18 gr.

(i) Berlin, 7228}F, 6.04 gr. (j) Oxford, 6.02 gr. (k) Turin, 6.01 gr. (1) Rome, Museo Nazionale, 6.00 gr. (m)BMCRR Italy 286, 5·90 gr. (n) Hersh, 5.82 gr. (o) Berlin, Imhoof-Blumer 1900, 5.76 gr. (p) Hersh, 5.18 gr. (q) Paris, A3091, 5.13 gr. (A., pl. ci, 10).

(r) Turin, 4-95 gr. (s) Paris, Z3158, 445 gr. (t) Munich, 4·40 gr. 92. Trienswith CIA (no.1oo/3) overstruck on a bronuHerculesfPegasus(no.27/3). Bahrfeldt 23. Non vidi. (a) Berlin. (C. A. Hersh cited in R. Thomsen, ERC i, 131 n. 6.) 93· Triens with C lA (no. 100/3) overstruck on a collateral semuncia (no. 39/5). Bahrfeldt 24; Gabrici 13. Non vidi. (a) Riccio. 94· 22.

(a)

Triens with CIA (no. 100/3) overstruck on a post-semilibral uncia (no. 41/10). Bahrfeldt

Non oidi.

Berlin.

95· Triens with CIA (no. 100/3) overstruck on a bronze of the Acamanian League (BMC ThesUJJy, Acamanian League, no. 21). Hersh 15. (a) BM, 7·45 gr. (b) Paris, A3084, 6.22 gr. (c) Turin, 6.02 gr. (d) Paris, A3o88, 5.84 gr. (A., pl. ci, 9). (e) Paris, A3o89, 5·11 gr. (f) Paris, A3090, 5.70 gr. (g) Hersh, 5·37 gr. (h) Hersh, 4-95 gr. (i) Munich, 4-70 gr.

115

Introduct£on

TABLE XVIII

96. Semis with staff (no. 106/5) overstruck (wrongly described). (a) Cambridge, 22.02 gr.

on

(cont.) a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5). Hersh 46

91· Triens with staff (no. 1o6/6a) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Bahrfeldt 2 and 10 (latter wrongly described); Hersh 54· (a) Paris, A2422, 12.28 gr. (b) Paris, A2423, 11.99 gr. (A., pl. Jxxxvi, 17). (c) Vicarello find. (d) Paris, A978, 14.01 gr. (A., pl. lx, 13). 98. Triens with staff (no. 1o6/6b) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 54· (a) Rome, Capitol 412, 14.75 gr. (b) BMCRR Italy 73, 13.74 gr. (c) Rome, Capitol4o8, 11.05 gr. (d) Paris, A990, 10.91 gr. 99· Quadrans with staff (no. 1o6/7a) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Bahrfeldt 30 (wrongly described). (a) Paris, A2428, 14.87 gr. (b) Vienna, 12.00 gr. 100. Sextans with staff (no. 1o6/8b) overstruck on a collateral semuncia (no. 39/5). Bahrfeldt 26. (a) Paris, A2536, 4.96 gr. (A., pl. lxxxvii, 11). 101. Sextans with staff (no. 1o6/8b) overstruck on a semilibral semuncia (no. 38/7). Hersh 56. (a) Hannover 308, 4·75 gr. 102. As with N (no. 136/2) overstruck on an uncertain semis. (a) Oxford, 27.10 gr. 103. Denarius with anchor (no. 165/1a) overstruck on an uncertain denarius with incuse legend. Bahrfeldt 1. (a) Masera hoard 304. Vidi. 104. As with 1' (no. 177/1) overstruck on a bronze of Ptolemy VI Philometor a. N. Svoronos, no. 1424). Bahrfeldt 35; Hersh 12. (a) Paris, A365o, 23.30 gr. (A., pl. ex, 8). 105. As of Murena (no. 186/1) overstruck on a Ptolemaic bronze a. N. Svoronos, no. 448 or 509). Hersh 11. (a) Hannover 1781, 39.10 gr. 1o6. As with star (no. 196/1) overstruck on a semis of C. Saxula (no. 173/2). Bahrfeldt 16. (a) Paris, AF (among pieces of C. Saxula), 10.74 gr. 107. Semis of M. Vargunteius (no. 257/2) overstruck on an uncertain triens. (a) Paris, A16o14, 9.85 gr. 108. Denarius of L. Flaminius Cilo (no. 302/1) overstruck on a denarius of P. Nerva (no. 292/1). (a) Berlin. (M. Bahrfeldt, Nachtriige i, 116.) 116

Ooerstrikn TABLE XVIII (cont.) 109. Quadrans ofL. Memmius

Gtl. (no. 313/4) overstruck on a quadrans of M. Hercnruus

(no. 308/3). (a) Paris, A10253, 5·93 gr. 110. Denarius of A. Albinus (no. 335/1o) overstruck on a denarius of A. Albinus (no. 335/9). (a) Paris, A14464, 3.80 gr. 111. Denarius of C. Vibius Pansa (no. 342/5b) overstruck

on

a denarius of Q. Titius (no.

341/1). Hersh 72. (a) Paris, A16456, 3.00 gr. 112. Denarius of M. Plaetorius Cestianus (no. 405/5) overstruck

on

a denarius of L. Bursio

(no. 352/1). Hersh 73· (a) Hersh, 3·94 gr. 113. Denarius of Brutus (no. 433/1) overstruck on an uncertain Dioscuri denarius. Bahrfeldt 17; Hersh 74· (a) Berlin. 114. Denarius combining obverse of no. 488/1 with reverse of no. 489/1 (both issues of M. Antonius) overstruck on a denarius of Cn. Lentulus (no. 393/1), which is plated, a fact presumably not apparent at the time of overstriking. (a) BM, 3·45 gr. 115. Bronze of

Oct.avian (no. 535/1) overstruck on an as of Sex. Pompeius (no. 479/1).

(a) Paris, A14183, 16.20 gr.

(b) Paris, A14185, 15.52 gr. 116. Bronze of Oct.avian (no. 535/2) overstruck (a) Hannover, 22.80 gr.

on

a Ptolemaic bronze.

(non vidi) Concordance to Table XVIII

Bahrfeldt 1

103

2 3

97 15 18

4 5 6 7 8 9

76 18 97

11 12 13

44 29

114

19

89

20

28 91

24 25 26 27

26

Crawford

17 18

21 22 23

20 15

10

14 15 16

Bahrfeldt

Crawford

94 92 93 9 100 cf. 12

28 29 30 31

1o6

32

117

63 99 64

Introduction

Concordance to Table XVIII (cont.) Bahrfeldt

Bahrfeldt

Crawford 6o 14 24 42 53 41 51 49

44

46 23 6s 62 66 61 51

45 46 41 48 49 so 51 52 53 54 ss s6

Hersh

Crawford

Henh

Crawford

33 34 35 36 31 38 39 40

41 42 43

Crawford 11 40 104

1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

39 11 21 105 104

20

22

21

22

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33

34 45 63 14 24 and 10 31

34 35 36 31 38 39

42

40

41

42

43

44

45 46 47 48 49 so 51 52 53 54 ss s6 51

40

91 95 47 49 51, cf. so 13 64 23 and 10 6s 65 65 46 8o 62 66 6t 61 10 3

ss

59 6o 61 62 63 64 6s 66

us

45

s 4 1 2 15 18 20 16 19 25 72 69 96 and 34 bis 43 21 36 29 37 44

6o and 6 1 9 7 and 98 74 101 75 79 81 and 85 30 83 26 ss 82 88 59 and 6o

Overst�s Concordance to Table XVIII (cont.) Hersh

Crawford

Hersh

Crawford

71

28

72

112

73 74

113 114

This Table owes an immense amount to the fundamental articles of M. Bahrfeldt, ZfN 1895, 72, and of C. A. Hersh, NC 1953, 33, although checking has in some cases enabled corrections to be made; the two articles, together with that of E. Gabrici, Boll. Circ. Num. Nap. 1947-48,29, are cited by author's name alone after the description of individual overstrikes; for other abbreviations, see p. 123; for collections cited, see p. 126. Concordances with the lists of Bahrfeldt and Hersh are given above; the following overstrikes listed by Bahrfeldt are not listed here:

contra

No. 11

Not an overstrike at all, Bahrfeldt.

No. 14 No. 15

A re-strike of semis. Not an overstrike at all, contra both Bahrfeldt and E. J, Haeberlin, Aes grave, 129 (who, unlike Bahrfeldt, gives the correct inventory number, F 139), but an example of no. 97/sc, a quadrans with the obverse type of a sextans, whence the confusion. Hopelessly uncertain. Gabrici 2; probably autonomous Luceria overstruck on Rome. Probably Venusia overstruck on Rome.

No. 18 No. 28 No. 32 No. No. No. No. No.

36 37 53 54 56

both Ailly ii, 190 (pl. lxvi, 9- Paris, A1251) and

Same as no. 39· Same as no. 40· Dubious. Dubious. Dubious.

This Table lists a number of overstrikes which have been taken from older publications without being checked; they are marked'Non Wli'. Although there is nothing difficult about them, no use is made of them in my discussions of the chronology of the Roman Republican coinage. They figure here simply for the sake of completeness.

119

CATALOGUE

NOTE ON USE OP THE CATALOGUE For each issue I give, where relevant, the following information: Identification

of issuing

authority

Mint

Date

References to earlier literature and to discussion in Introduction Description of content of issue (with citation of actual example

for each type)

Discussion of numismatic problems within issue Prosopographical commentary Commentary on types

Mint and tUJte are normally given without qualification; for discussion see reference t o Introduction. Where an issue consists of cast and struclc pieces, the two fabrics are explicitly distinguished. Certain standard

types are fully

described only on their first appearance.

Most earlier errors of description are tacitly corrected (to correct them explicitly would double the length of this book ). In the Appendix there may be found lists of noteworthy pieces which are modern forgeries, misread, etc.; a cross-reference to a number followed by an asterisk refers to this Appendix. Size of issue is variously indicated; an attempt has been made to compute the number of dies used for precious metal issues (see pp. 64<>-94); since there is no way of computing the number of moulds used for a cast bronze issue, I have here simply recorded the number of pieces listed by Haeberlin; in order to provide a basis of comparison, I have then simply recorded the numbers of pieces listed by Haeberlin and Bahrfeldt for all the struck bronze issues contemporary with the cast bronze coinage. It would be theoretically possible to compute the numbers of dies used for struck bronze issues of the denarius coinage, but would in view of the poor state of preservation of most pieces lead to conclusions of very dubious value; I have preferred to record the number of pieces of each issue in Paris, for it is clear that Ailly (whose collection makes up the vast bulk of the Paris collection) bought as much as possible of this class of coinage and his collection may consequently be taken as representing fairly accurately the relative rarity or commonness of each issue. The weight standard of each issue is again variously given; for cast bronze issues I have simply given the as-averages worked out by Haeberlin; for silver and struck bronze issues down to no. 24 I have given the averages worked out by C. A Hersh, NC 1964, 35o-1 and Bahrfeldt respectively. From no. 25 onwards I have attempted to guess at the theoretical standard of an issue, basing my guess on the average of pieces in Paris, London and Hannover (for the procedure involved seep. 592; for the emergence of the scruple as the unit of weight on which coin weights are based see p. 590). The control-marks used on an issue are sometimes listed in the course of the discussion of the numismatic problems within an issue, sometimes tabulated separately. ABBREVIATIONS USED AND WORKS CITED IN HEADINGS OP THE CATALOGUE I here list, with abbreviations where they exist, works cited at the head of each issue of nos. 480 and 494 also a t the head of each variety).

(in

the

case A

P.-P. Bourlier,

Baron

d'Ailly, Recherches sur Ia monnaie

romaine,

Lyon,

1864-9· (For signed issues, reference is given to volume and page, for anonymous issues of the denarius coinage reference is given not only to volume and page, but also to plate and number.) Alfoldi

A. AlfOldi, Zur Auswertung tier Chr. (see Bibliography).

123

Miinzqwllen der Geschichte desJaJrres 44 v.

Catalogue A. Alfoldi, SM 1971, 85,'Zu den sizilischen Priigungen Caesars'. E. Babelon, Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de Ia ripublique

B. Bf. Bf., Monete

romaine,Paris, 1885-6. M. Babrfeldt, Nachtriige und Berichtigungen zur Miinzkunde der ROmischen Republik, i-iii, Vienna, 1897-1918. M. Babrfeldt, RJN 1899,387 and 1900,11,'Le monete romano-campane'.

romano

cam pane Bf., Goldmiin

zenpriigung

T.V. Buttrey,

Portrait gold

Haeberlin

M. Babrfeldt, Die Riimische Goldmiinzenpriigung, Halle, 1923. M. Babrfeldt, NZ 1881,178,'Unedirter Denar des Allius'. M. Babrfeldt, NZ 1909, 67, 'Die letzte Kupferpragungen der Romischen Republik'. M. Bahrfeldt,J/AN 1909-10,94,'M. Antonius, Octavia und Antyllus'. M. Bahrfeldt, Berliner Miinzblatter 1916, 6os, 'Der Romische As-Fund von Orbetello'. M. Bahrfeldt, Frankfurter Milnzzeitung, 1917, 241, 'Ober das Goldstiick mit CAESAR DICT ITER'. M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fiJr Miinzfreunde 192o-3, 364, '0ber das sogennante Anderthalb-Sesterzstiick'. M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fiir Miinzfreunde 1924-6,65, 'Das semunziale Kupfer mit der Prora nach Links'. M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fiJr Miinzfreunde 193o-3,241, 'Romische Goldmi.inzen'. M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter filr Milnzfreunde 193o-3, 679, 'Meine numismatische Reise in Spanien undPortugal'. M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fiir Miinzfreunde 1934-6, 49, 'Bin rotnisch-kam panisches Zweilitrenstiick'. T.V. Buttrey, MusN 196o, 75, 'The denarii of Cn. Pompeius Jr and M. Minatius Sabinus'. T.V. Buttrey, MusN 196o,95,'The denarius ofP.Ventidius'. T.V. Buttrey, NC 196o,83, 'The "pietas" denarii of SextusPompey'. T.V. Buttrey, Studia Oliveriana 1963, 7, 'The unique "as" of Cn. Piso Frugi an unrecognised semuncial dupondius'. T.V. Buttrey, The Triumviral portrait gold of theQuattuorviri Monetales of 42 B.C., New York, 1956. F. Capranesi, Bullettino 1835,43,'Monete inedite di recente scoperta'. R. A. G. Carson, BMQ 1955,11, 'The gold stater of Flamininus'. L. Cesano, NSc 1928, 83, 'Ripostiglio di "aes signatum" e di "aes grave'". M. H. Crawford, NC 1965,149,'N. Fabi Pictor'. M. H. Crawford, NC 1970,51, 'An early hoard of victoriati'. M. H. Crawford, NC 1971,143,'C. Censorin'. E. Gabrici, Corolla Numismatica, 98, 'Monete inedite o rare del Museo Nazionale di Napoli'. F. Gnecchi, RJN 1903,383, 'Un denaro repubblicano ignoto'. H. A. Grueber, Corolla Numismatica, 115,'The coinage ofLuceria'. T. Hackens, RBN 1962, 29,'Considerations sur le poids du denier vers la fin de la republique '. E. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1910. C. A. Hersh, NC 1952,52,' Sequence marks on the denarii ofP. Crepusius'. E. Leuthold, RJN 1958, 21, 'Di alcuni simboli poco noti sui denari di L. Papius e di L. Roscius Fabatus'. D. E. D. Miiller, Menwrie numismatiche, Rome, 1847. J. Neudek, NZ 1872, 15, 'Unedirte oder sehr seltene Mi.inzen meiner Sammlung rOmischen reducirten Consular-Kupfer'.

124

Abbreviations used and fOOrks cited in the Catalogue

RE

G. de Petra, Rendiconco delle tornate e dti lavori della R. Accadtmia di Archtologia, Lettere e Belle Arti in Napoli 1887, 19, 'Asse con PeL'. Paulys Rtal-Encycloptidie dtr classischm Altertumswissenschaft. Neue Bcar beitung, Stuttgart, 1894 onwards. K. Samwer and M. Bahrfeldt, Geschichtt des iilterm Romischen Mimzwesms (see Bibliography). C. H. V. Sutherland, NC 1938, 129, 'A Republican dextans found in Somerset'.

s. w.

E. A. Sydenham, The coinage of the Roman Republic, London, 1952. H. Willers, Geschichte der ROmischm KupferprtigUtllf , Leipzig and Berlin, 1909. H. Zehnacker, BSFN 1966, 38 (dealing with no.

77).

COLLECTIONS CITED IN THE CATALOGUE Alba eli Massa hoard*-Cmn lwards, no.

289.

A AJ.fijldi, Mllatwu Carropirw, 25- See Bibliography. Alife hoard* -Coin lwards, no. 234Amaseno hoard* -Coin lwards, no. 265. ANS =American Numismatic Society, New York, U.S.A* ANS, HSA =American Numismatic Society, Hispanic Society o f America Collection*. Ars Classica ii, xii, xv and xviii.t Athens, Numismatic Museum.* Avola hoard*- Cmn lwards, no. 128. Azaila hoard- Photographs from G. K. Jenkins- Cmn lwards, no. 220. Ball

9/2/1932.t

Banzi hoard*- Cmn lwards, no. 157.

Bari, Museo Nazionale. * Basel, Historisches Museum.* Bastianelli Collection- G. de Falco, Listino no. 83. Beauvoisin hoard* -Coin !wards, no. 459, in Musee de Saint-Germain-en-!..aye. A de Belfort, ASFN 1883, 245, 'Recherches des monnaies romaines impenales non decrites par Cohen'. Bellicello hoard*-Coin lwards, no. 2S7· Berlin*- H. Dressel, Beschreilnm.gderamiken Miinzeniii, 1, pp.165-79,DOS.1-171, Berlin,189+ Bern, Historisches Museum*-R. Wegeli and P. Hofer, DU Miinzen, 1923. BM* = British Museum (see also under R. A. G. Carson). BM photo-file.* BMC Italy = A catalogue of Gretk cmns in the British Museum. Italy, London, 1873. BMCRR = H. A. Grueber, Cmns of the Roman Republic in the British Museum, London 1970 (corrected reprint). Bologna* -Cat. = La moneta di Rom4 repubblicana. Storia e civilta di un popolo. Catalogo a cura di F. PamJini Rosati, Bologna, t¢6. Bonazzi Collection- Ratto 23/1/1924.t Borghesi Collection-Raffaele Dura 2/4/t88tt (withdrawn) = Sangiorgi t9/t/t893t (a relic of the collection = Drouot 25/S/t908t). Bornemann Collection- cited by &hrfeldt. Brandis Collection- Canessa 22/S/1922.t Brandosa hoard* -Coin !wards, no. 352. Brindisi, Museo Provinciale.* Browne Collection- Sotheby 2S/3/193S·t Brunacci Collection- Santamaria 24/2/t958.t Brussels, Biblioth�que Royale.* BudapC":St, National Museum. Butler Collection- Sotheby 3/7/1911.t

30/5/t932.t Caiazzo hoard = Berlin- Coin !wards, no. 423· Cahn

?Caiazzo hoard = BM (cf. A. de Belfort, ASFN 1883, 245). = Paris (cf. H. Cohen, Description, xxviii). Caltrano Vicentino hoard*- Coin !wards, no. 113. Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum*- H. Mattingly, NC 1956, 163, 'Rare and unpublished coins •. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College.* Cappelli Collection - cited by AJ.fijJdi for no. 480. F. Capranesi, Annali 1839 , 28o- See Bibliography.

Caiazzo hoard

126

Collections cited in the

Catalogw

F. Capranesi, Anna li 1842, 134- See Bibliography. Capua, Museo Provinciale Campano.* Carbonara hoard Bari* -Coin hoards, no. 443· Carbonara hoard Naples*- Coin hoards, no. 443· R. A. G. Carson, NC 1959, t, 'Roman coins acquired by the British Museum, 1939-1959'. Castagneto hoard Berlin- Coin hoards, no. 527. Cazlona hoard- Coin hoards, no. 188. Cerreto Sannita hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 155. Cina Ducale hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 97· CittA Sant'Angelo hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 129. Clarke Collection*- bequeathed to BM. Copenhagen, Nationalmuseet* and Thorvaldsenmuseet.* Cordova hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 184; NC 1969, 85. Cosa hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 313. Crawford Collection on deposit in Fitzwilliam Museum.* =

=

=

Cuzzi Collection - Baranowslty 9/12/1929.t

Depoletti Collection- Capobianchi 6/3/1882.t Drouot 30/tt/1967·t Earle Fox Collection- some casts in BM.* Fallani Collection.* Fenelon Farez Collection- cited by Bahrfeldt. Fiesole, Museo Civico (excavation coins).* Florence, Museo Archeologico.* Fontanarosa hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 141. Fiintenberg Collection- cited for Table XVIII, 69. Gabrici Collection- cited by Gabrici on overstrikes (see Table XVIII). Gallignano hoard - Coin hoards, no. 505. Gariazzo Collection- cited for Table xvm. R. Garrucci, u monete delf Italia antica, Rome 1885. Gerona - Museo del Palacio de Perelada- M. Golobardes Vila, MOtUtarro, 1957. Gioia dei Marsi hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 213. Glasgow, Hunterian Museum.* Glendining 7/1/1971.t F. Gnecchi, RIN 1889, 151, 'Monete della repubblica '. F. Gnecchi, RIN 1896, 11, 'Monete della repubblica'. Gotha, Schlossmuse um- cited by Bahrfeldt. Grazzanise hoard* -Coin hoards, no. 349· Greau Collection- Hoffmann t9/5/1869.t Gusberti Collection- Santamaria 21/11/1932.t Haeberlin Collection- Cahn-Hess 17/7/1933.t Haeberlin Collection Berlin*- K. Regling, Berliner Musun 1934, 22, 'Aus der Sammlung Haeberlin (apart from buying at the auction sale of Haeberlin's gold and silver coins, the museum acquired his collection of bronze coins entire). Hague, Koninldijk Kabinet van Munten en Penningen.* Haines Collection Binningham* Hall Collection- Glendining 19/7/1950.t =

•

=

Hamburger xcvi.t Hannover, Kestnermuseum.* Hersh, followed by a number- C. A. Hersh, in Mints, dies and currmcits, 9· Hersh Collection* - cited by Hersh on overstrikes (see Table xvm). Hess 7/3/1935.t Hess- Leu iii, vii and xxii. t Hinch xuiii.t 127

Catalogue Illinois University- photographs supplied by R. E. Mitchell. Imhoof-Blwner Collection - cited by Bahrfeldt. Jameson Collection- Feuardent 9/6/1913.t Johnson Collection- cited for Table XVIII, :u. Von

Kaufmann Collection- cited by Bahrfeldt.

Kiev Museum-cited by Haeberlin. Kircher*-former collection of Jesuit Collegio Romano, in part in Museo Nazionale (see L. Cesano, AIIN 1915,49,'11 medagliere dell'ex-Museo Kircheriano'). Korosszakal hoard- KiiUinlenyomat a Debreceni Diri Mtlzeum Kunst und Miinzen 29/5/1969.t

1967,67.

La Bruna hoard-Coin hoards, no. 16. Lagoy Collection- cited for Table xvm. Lawrence Collection- Glendining 7/12/1950.t Leipzig, University- cited by Bahrfeldt. Leningrad, Hermitage.* Leu 2.t Lisbon, National Library- cited by Bahrfeldt. Mabbott Collection- Schulman 27/to/196<J.t Maccarese hoard*-Coin Jwards, no. 309· Madrid, Museo Arque6logico Nacional* - M. L6pez Serrano, Num. Maille hoard-Coin Jwards, no. 488.

Hisp. 1960,125.

Mainz, Stadtarchiv.* Mancini Collection-cited by Bahrfeldt. Martinetti Collection- Sambon 18/11/1907 (mingled in sale catalogue with Nervegna Collection).t Martinetti-Nervegna Hannover.* Martini Collection-Ratto 24/2/1930.t Masera hoard*-Coin Jwards, no. 162. I. Maull, Blatter fiir Miinzfreunde 1956, 433, 'Ein unveroffentlichte Sesterz von L. Valerius =

Acisculus '. Mayer Collection- cited for Table xvm. Mazin hoard -Coin Jwards, no. 142. Merzbacher 2/11/1909 and 15/tt/19to.t Milan, Museo Civico*- numbering used that of repubblicana, Milan, 1960.

G. G. Belloni, Le monete romane dell'eta

Minturno hoard-Coin Jwards, no. 98. Walcher de Molthein-Catalogue de la ccllection des midailles grecques de M. le Chevalier Uopold Walcher de Molthein, Paris and Vienna, 1895. A. Moneta Collection- Ratto 12/5/1925.t Montagna di Marzo hoard*-Coin hoards, no. 99· Montsgu Collection- Rollin and Feuardent t9/4/t896.t Monte Carotto hoard* -Coin hoards, no. 175. Montoro Inferiore hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 143. Morcom and Hands Collections- Ratto 8/2/1928.t

Moscow, Fine Arts Museum.* Moscow, Historical Museum- A. M. Podshivalov, Numismatic cabinet, Moscow, Miin.zen und Medaillen 2, 13, 19,25 and 43.t

1884.

Munich, Staatliche MiinZ!.Imu ml ng.* Naples, Museo Nazionale*- S followed by a number: Collezione Santangelo (Greek- see

G. Fiorelli, Catalogo del Museo Naziqnale di Napoli. Collezione Santang•lo Monete greene, Naples, 1886); F followed by a number: Collezione Generale (Greelc:- see G. Fiorelli, 128

Collections cited in the Catalogue CatakJgo Monete greche, Naples, 1870, Roman- see G. Fiorelli, CatakJgo ...Monete romane, Naples, 1870) (See also E. Gabrici, Corolla Numismatica, 98, 'Monete inedite o ..•

rare'). Fonnerly Narbonne Museum- cited by Bahrfeldt. New York, Metropolitan Museum- collection largely on deposit at ANS.* Nordheim Collection- Glendining 9!3/1931.t

O'Hagan Collection- Sotheby 13/7/1908.t G. N. Olcott, AJN 1902-3, 104, 'Notes on Roman coins'. Oman Collection- Christie 2/7/1C)68.t P. Orsi, NSc 1909, 67- an excursus in the publication of the Barrafranca hoard. Oslo, Myntkabinett.* Ossolaro hoard -Coin hoards, no. 390· Ostia hoard* -Coin hoards, no. 126. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum.* Padova hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 391. Padova, Museo Civico.* Padova, Seminario Vescovile- cited by Bahrfeldt. Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale*- A followed by a number: Collection d' Ailly (see RN 1874-7, 474)-A(ncien) F(onds) (Collection de Luynes, Collection Valton (see RN 1911, 166; 1912, 41), Collection Rothschild. Parodi Collection- Ratto 31/5/1898.t Perdas de Fogu hoard -Coin hoards, no. 100. Pesaro, Biblioteca Olivieriana.* Petacciato hoard* -Coin hoards, no. 149. Philippe Collection-Ratto 9/10/1934·t Philipsen Collection- Hirsch xv.t Platt Collection- Drouot 28/6/1923.t Pontecorvo hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 311. Prix Collection- Helbing 29/4/1931.t Prowe Collection - cited by Bahrfeldt. Prowe Collection- Hess 2o/5/1912.t Quadras y Ramon Collection- Catalogo de Ia coleccion de mmudas y medal/as de Manuel Vidal Qtuulras y Ramon, Barcelona, 1892. Roman Republican section sold by Bourgey 4/11j1913.t Rashleigh Collection- Glendining 14/1/1953.t Ratto 4/4/1927.t Ravenna, Museo Archeologico.* G. Riccio, CatakJgo di antiche medoglie consolari, Naples, 1855 (supplements published in 1856 and 1861). Ricina hoard- Coin hoards, no. 201. Rio Marina hoard* - Coin hoards, no. 3o6. Rochetta a Volturno hoard*-Coin hoards, no. 133. Rome, Capitol*- (for the history of the collection see BCAR 1891, 1; 181)6, 293; G. Cimino, Tesoro di Via Alessandrina, Perugia, 1940; Capitolium 1C)6o, 10, 3; M. Panvini Rosati Cotel lessa, Seconda Mostra del Medagliere Capitolino in occasione del Congresso lnternazionale di Numismatica, Roma, settembre 1961) . Rome, Museo Nazionale.* Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi)*-L. Cesano, AI/N 1925, 193; the remains of the Kircher Collection are also here. Rous Collection-Bourgey 29/5/19tt.t Ryan Collection-Glendining 20/2/1951 (gold) , 2/4/1952 (silver and bronze).t

129

Catalogue A.

von Sallet, ZJN 1875, 86, 'Denar mit A Nerva '.

Sandes (Collection) = Berlin.* San Giuliano hoard*-Coin hoards, no. 365. San Lorenzo del Vallo hoard*- Coin hoards, no. Santa Anna hoard- Coin hoards, no. 407· Santa Marinella hoard*- Coin hoards, no. Sarti Collection-Hirsch viii.t

195·

21.

Schwing Collection-Ratto 1/12/1932.t Scullard Collection- cited for Table xvm. Seaby-GlenWning 15/7/1929.t Siena, Museo Etrusco.* Sierra Morena hoard -Coin hoards, no. 186. Signorelli Collection- Santamaria 4/6/1952.t Six Collection - cited by Bahrfeldt. Sydenham Collection-Ratto 7/2/1928.t Syracuse, Museo Nazionale. * Thrace hoard* -Coin hoards, no.

402.

Tolstoi Collection- Hess 11/3/1912.t Toronto- Royal Ontario Museum.* Traverso-Martini- Baranowsky 25/2/1931.t Tiibingen University- cited by Bahrfeldt. Turin, Mu.seo Civico*- F followed by a number: the collection formerly in the Museo Nazionale, catalogued in A. Fabretti, Museo di Torino. IV. Monete consolari e imperiali, Rome, 1881 (the museum also now contains the small, but choice former Royal collection and the collection of the Museo Civico itself, see A. S. Fava, L. Sachero, V. Viale, II medogliere delle raccolte numismaticlu torinesi, Turin, 1964); Simboli: A. S. Fava, I simboli

nelle monete argentee repubblicane, Turin, 1969.

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica* (numbered according to two MS catalogues, one for au grave, one for other coins). Venice, Museo Archeologico.* Venice, Museo Correr.* Vicarello find*- never fully published; seeR. Thomsen, ERG i,

118 (not remarking that the

deposit goes down to the Empire); F. Panvini Rosati, Rend. Pont. Ace. Rom. Arch. 1967-68, 57; L. Mih c elini Tocci, ibid., 75; much information about the find can only be recovered

from a perusal of the pages of Ailly and Haeberlin. Vico Matrino hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 47· Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum.* Vigatto hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 475· Villa Potenza hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 319; AIIN t965-7, Voirol Collection-Mtinzen und Medaillen 38.t

85.

West Sicily (a) hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 135. West Sicily (b) hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 435· Winterthur, Miinzkabinett- cited by Bahrfeldt. Yale University- T. V. Buttrey,

NC 1964, 125, 'Some Roman Republican coins at Yale'.

* indicates a collection which I have seen (in whole

or

in part).

t indicates a sale catalogue (cited according to normal conventions).

t

t

after

Mint-Neapolis

ANONYMOUS

B f., Monere

p6 B.C.

romano-campane, 10. See above, p. 37 n. 5·

Bronze (Pl.

I)

Glasgow, M151

Laureate head of Apollo

Forepart of man-headed bull wallcing r. Bank of bull is decorated by star; above,

r.

POMAION.

Obverse dies : 6.

Reverse dies: 7.

The weight standard is about 3.29 gr. (average of 6 specimens). For the types see p. 713 n. 1. 3

E. Gabrici, t

Corolla

Bronze (Pl.

c.

Mint-uncertain

ANONYMOUS

300 B.C.

Numismatica, 100. See above, p. 37 n. 5.

I)

Naples 113828 (6.14

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Attic helmet decorated with sea-horse). Obverse dies: 1.

gr.)

Man-headed bull r.; above, star; in exergue,

[R]OMANO.

Reverse dies: 1.

The weight standard is perhaps twice that of no. 1. For the types seep. 713 n. 1. 3

Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

Haeberlin, 21; L. ta

Cesano, NSc 1928, 83. See above, p. 41

Bronze Ingot (Pl.

n.

A)

Santa Branch; below,

Two comuacopiae (?).

38o-z.pB.C.

5.

Marinella hoard

ROM[ANOM).

tb Bronze Ingot (Pl. A)

Berlin

Similar.

Similar, but no legend.

The suggested identification of the obverse type is based on a careful examination of the piece in the Santa Marinella hoard and of E. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, pis. 9, 1 and 94,

1

(the obverse of the piece in the Mazin hoard is illegible). The identifi

cation is only tentative. For the types see pp. 716-18. Mint-Rome

4 ANONYMOUS Haeberlin, 64�5. See above, p. 41 n. 5·

BMCRR Aes signatum 2

ta Bronze Ingot (Pl. A)

Eagle facing with outspread wings and head r., perched on thunderbolt.

Pegasus flying 1.; below,

Gr�u 1

tb Bronze Ingot

Similar.

ROMANOM.

Similar, but no legend.

For the types see pp. 716-18. 131

5

ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

28o-� B.C.

Haeberlin, 143-145. See above, p. 41 n. 5· 1

Bronze ingot (Pl. A)

Bull r. For the

6

BMCRR Aes signatum 1 Bull I.

types see pp. 716-18. Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

28o-� B.C.

Haeberlin, 82. See above, p. 41 n. 5· 1

Bronze ingot (Pl. A)

Com-ear with dot on either side of stem. For

Mazin hoard

=

Zagreb

Tripod.

the types see pp. 716-18.

7 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

28o-� B.C.

Haeberlin, 75-76. See above, p. 41 n. 5. f.

Bronze ingot (PI. B)

Oval shield seen from outside.

For the types see

8

BMC Italy, pp. 26-27 Oval shield seen from inside.

pp. 716-18. Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

28o-2.p B.C.

Haeberlin, So. See above, p. 41 n. 5. 1

Bronze ingot (Pl. B)

Sword.

For the types see

9

BMC Italy, pp. 28-29 Scabbard.

pp. 716-18. Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

275-� B.C.

Haeberlin, 146. See above, p. 41 n. 5· BMC Italy, pp. 62-63

1 Bronze ingot (Pl. B) Elephant r.

For

Sowl.

the types see pp. 716-18. Mint-Rome

to ANONYMOUS

26o-� B.C.

Haeberlin, 92. See above, p. 41 n. 5. f.

Bronze ingot (Pl. B)

For the

La Bruna hoard Tripod.

Anchor.

types see pp. 716-18. 132

=

Berlin, Beschreibung iii, p.

x

u ANONYMOUS Haeberlin, 1

102-103.

26o-.2.pB.C.

Mint-Rome

See above, p.

41

n.

5.

Bronze ingot (Pl. c)

La Bruna hoard

Trident tied with fillet.

=

Berlin, Beschreibung ill, p. x

Caduceus tied with fillet.

For the types see pp. 716-18.

u ANONYMOUS Haeberlin,

133-134.

26o-2.p

Mint-Rome

See above, p.

41

n.

B.C.

5· BMC Italy, pp. 64-65

1 Bronze ingot (Pl. c) Two chickens facing each other and appa rently eating; between, two stars.

Two tridents with handles outwards; between, two dolphins with tails curved round one of the tridents.

For the types see pp. 716-18.

13 ANONYMOUS Bf.,

1

28o-276B.C.

Mint-?Metapontum

Monete romano-campane, 1 and 31;

S.

1-2.

See above, p.

Dldracbm (Pl. 1)

37,

below, no.

243*.

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 1

Helmeted head of bearded Mars 1. (Corinthian helmet); behind, oak-spray. No border.

Horse's head r. on base; behind, com-ear; on base, ROMANO. No border.

Obverse

Reverse

dies: 4·

dies: 15. See Bf.

2Utra Helmeted head of bearded Mars r. (Corin thian helmet). Border of dots. Obverse dies: ?t.

Similar, but fore. Reverse

ROMANO

downwards

be

dies: ?1.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a didrachm of about 7.29 gr. (average of

118 specimens of 1). For the types see p. 713.

14

ANONYMOUS

Haeberlin, 93-102; S.

see above, pp. 44-5, below, no.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: Semis (Pl.

25*,

no.

120*.

BMC Italy, p. 48,. no.

1 As (Pl. c) Janiform head of Dioscuri, with hair tied with band; above, I.

2

28o-276 B.C.

Mint-Rome

8-14;

Head of Mercury 1.; above,

95· BMC Italy, p. 48, no. 4

c)

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. (Corinthian helmet); below, V1. Specimens listed by Haeberlin:

1

I.

Female head 1.; below,

108.

133

V1.

3 Trieu (Pl. D)

BMC

Thunderbolt; on 1., oo; on r., oo, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 16o.

Dolphin r.

Italy, p. 48, no. or,

4 Quadrans (Pl. D)

BMC

R. hand; on 1., §. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 136. 5

8; Haeberlin

BMC

Scallop-shell seen from outside; below, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 203.

Caduceus; on 1., o;

oo.

6 Uncia (Pl. D)

Knucklebone seen from outside; beside, o. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 102.

oooo.

Italy, p. 49, no. 12

Two barley-grains; between,

Sextans (Pl. D)

Berlin

=

occasionally, 1.; below,

§.

Italy, p. 49, no. 14

on r., o.

BMC

Italy, p. 49, no.

BMC

Italy, p. 49, no. 21

t8

o.

7 Semuncla (Pl. D)

�.

Acom. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 76.

The weight standard of 1-7 is based on an as of about 322 gr. (for 7 seep. 595

n.

7).

For the types see p. 716. 15 ANONYMOUS Bf.,

Mint-uncertain

275-270 B.C.

Monete romano-campane, 4; S. 4· See above, p. 39· BMCRR Romano-Campanian 2 2

ta Didrachm

Laureat e

head

of

Apollo

I.;

before,

ROMANO upwards. Border of dots.

Horse galloping r.; above, star of eight

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 19

tb Didrachm (Pl. I)

Similar. Obverse dies

rays.

Line border.

Similar, but star of sixteen rays. Reverse dies (both varieties): 9·

(both varieties): 10.

The weight standard of ta-b is about 7.21 gr. (average of 58 specimens). For the types see p. 714.

Mint-South Italy

t6 ANONYMOUS

275-270 B.C.

Bf., Monete romano-campane, 7; S. s-sa; see above, pp. 44-5. ta Double-lltra (Pl. I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 23

Female head r. (hair bound with ribbon), usually wearing necklace. Border of dots.

Lion walking r., usually holding spear in mouth and touching spear with I. forepaw; in exergue, ROMANO. BMCRR Romano-Campanian 2 7

tb Double-lltra

Similar, but head 1.

Similar.

The weight standard of ta-b is about 9·57 gr. (average of 62 specimens listed by Bahrfeldt). 134

No specimen that I have seen is sufficiendy well preserved to determine whether or not the lion is attempting with its mouth to extract a spear which has lodged in its forepaw (compare the gem illustrated in de Foville, RN 1905, pl. 8, 14; A. Sambon, Corolla Numismatica, pl. 14, 3; also SNG (Ashmolean) i (A), nos. 1311-17 (Velia); W. Giesecke, ltalia Numismatica, pl. 21, 10 (Volsinii)). For the types seep. 714.

17 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

shortly before 269 B.C.

Bf., Monete romanD-campane, 3; S. 3-3c; see above, pp. 44-5, below, no. 119*, no. 3o6*. ta Utra (Pl.

I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 6

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. (Corinthian helmet). Usually border of dots.

Horse's head r., usually on base; behind, ROMANO upwards. No border.

The helmet may sometimes be seen to be decorated with a gryphon (Vatican 6). A large number of variant legends occur - ROMAO (BMCRR Romano-Campanian u), ROMAAO (Glasgow, M 22), ROMAAC (Glasgow, M 24), ROMAAOC (Berlin, Beschreibung iii, p. 173, no. 105), ROMNAO (Glasgow, M 23), ROMANC (Berlin, Beschrtibung iii, p. 172, no. 103), ROMAA N (Berlin, Beschrtibung iii, p. 173, no. 1o6-wrongly described). Variant forms of 0 and A also occur. Vatican zz

tb Lltra

Similar.

Similar, but horse's head ROMANO upwards (".

1.;

before,

tc Lltra

Paris 570/2518/1925/2o(R. Garrucci,pl. 77,29)

Similar.

Similar; behind, JOMAOSl downwards.

The helmet may sometimes be seen to be decorated with a gryphon (Paris 570/2518/1925/20). A variant legend occurs- [0]!11AMOSl (?)(Walcher de Molthein 70).

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 12

td Litra

Similar, but head r. Variant legends

occur-

Similar to 1a. ROMAAC (lmhoof-Blumer), ROMAV10 (Rome, Capitol 82).

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 13

te Utra

Similar; before, ROMANO upwards.

Similar.

tf Utra

Traverso-Martini 791 Similar; ROMANO around�.

Similar. A variant legend no. 95). tg Utra

occurs

on the obverse - ROMAII10 (Berlin, Beschrtibung iii, p. 171,

(Pl. I)

Similar, but usually sw behind.

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 14; Vatican 24 (without star)

Similar to 1b.

The helmet may sometimes be seen to be decorated with a snake (Vatican 23). th Lltra

Similar.

Oxford Similar; behind, ROMAMO downwards. 135

t1Utra

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 17

Similar, but no star or legend.

Similar.

The weight standard of 1a-i is about 5.17 gr. (average of 94 specimens listed by Bahrfddt). The distinction between officialpieces of this s i sue and unofficial copies is hard to make; for possible examples of the latter seep. 565. For the types seep. 714.

t8

Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

t As

275-270 B.C

121*.

Haeberlin, 82�1; S. 15-20. See above, pp. 44-5, below, no.

BMC Italy, p.

(Pl B)

Head of Apollo r., with hair tied with band; above, I. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 104.

BMC Italy,

2 Semis (PL E) Pegasus r.; below, S or 2. Specimens listed by Haeberlin:

1

p. 51, no.

7

Same type 1.

100.

BMC Italy,

3 Triens (Pl. B) Horse's head r.; below,

51, no.

Same type 1.

oooo.

p. 52, no. 13

Same type 1.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 111.

4 Quadrans (PL B) Boar r.; below,

BMC Italy, p.

52, no. 18

BMC Italy, p.

52, no.

Same type 1.

ooo.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 128. S

Sextans (Pl. B)

Head of one of the Dioscuri r.; behind, 8. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 163. An additional

o

Same type 1.

is sometimes mistakenly present (Haeberlin

=

Berlin; Naples,

8272).

BMC Italy, p.

6 Uncia (Pl. E) Barley-grain; beside, o.

24

53. DO. 29

Same type.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 105.

The weight standard of 1-6 is based on an as of about 334 gr. The head on no. 5 (as on nos. 19/1, 26/8 and 98/7) is perhaps that of Castor (for whose priority, over Pollux, see Suetonius, Caes. 10; Dio xxxvii, 8, 2). For the types in general see p. 716.

19

ANONYMOUS

Haeberlin, 157; L. 1

Mint-Rome

275-270 B.C.

Cesano, NSc 1928, 83. See above, pp. 44-5.

As (Pl. D)

Head of one of the Dioscuri 1. Only the one specimen known.

Santa Marinella hoard Head of Apollo 1., with hair tied with band.

2 Semis (Pl. D)

Santa Marinella hoard

Helmeted head of Roma I. (Phrygian helmet); before, S.

Female head I. with upstanding curls of hair at front; before,

S.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 3·

The weight standard of 1-2

is

based on

an as

of about 331 gr. For the types see p.

716.

Mint-Rome

20 ANONYMOUS Bf., Monete

romano-campane,

269--266B.C.

6; S. 6. See above, p. 39·

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 28

t Didrachm (Pl. 1) Head of Hercules r. (hair bound with ribbon), with club and lionskin over shoulder. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [18].

She-wolf r.,

ROMANO.

suckling twins;

exergue,

in

Reverse dies: [24].

The weight standard is about 7.05 gr. (average of 136 specimens). For the types see P· 714. Mint-Rome

21 ANONYMOUS

Haeberlin, 65-71; S. 31-37 (except 36a). See above, pp. 44-5, below, no. 308*. t As (Pl.

Berlin, Beschreibung iii, p. 16, nos. 1-2

F)

Helmeted head ofRoma r. (Phrygian helmet); behind, I. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 18.

Same type 1.

BMC Italy,

2 Semis (Pl. F) Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet); below, rv.

Same type 1.; below,

p. 45, no. 1

tn.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 30.

BMC Italy, p.

3 Triens Thunderbolt: on I., oo; on r., oo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 39·

45, no. 3

Same type.

BMC Italy,

4 Quadrans L. hand; beside,

R. hand; beside, §. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 36.

p. 45, no. 5

§. BMC Italy, p.

5 Sextans Scallop-shell seen from outside; below, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 85.

45, no. 6

Scallop-shell seen from inside.

oo.

The marks of value occasionally appear on the reverse.

BMC Italy, p.

6 Uncia Knucklebone seen from outside; beside, o. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 135.

usually

Knucklebone seen from inside.

137

46, no. 10

BMC Italy, p. 46, no. 14

7 SemUDcla

Acorn; beside,�. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 64.

Same type; beside,

3.

The weight standard of 1-7 is based on an as of about 265 gr. (for 7 seep. 595 n. 7). For the types see p. 716. uANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

�5-242 B.C.

Bf., MotUte romano-campane, s; S. 21-21a. See above, p. 39· 1

Didrachm (Pl.

1)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 34

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Phrygian hel met); behind, control-symbol. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 31.

Victory r., attaching wreath to palm-branch; behind, ROMANO upwards; before, control-lener(s). Line border. Reverse dies: 43·

[Continued on p. 140.] TABLE XIX.

Control-marks on didrachms with Roma/Victory ROMANO

Comucopiae(1) Dog Pentagram Comucopiae(2) Comucopiae(2) Comucopiae(2) Dog Comucopiae(3) Dog Trident

A

Wing

K

Comucopiae(4) Comucopiae(2)

" M

r r 1::. E :X: :X: I K

N

Comucopiae( ?) Palm-branch Wing Comucopiae(2) Comucopiae(2) Comucopiae(3) Caduceus Comucopiae(2) Round shield Round shield Round shield Sword in scabbard with belt(t) Caduceus Comucopiae(3)

0 0 0 n p

Comucopiae(4) Com-ear (1) Star

Philipsen 296 Vienna 1081 Turin Berlin, Beschreibung, 119

K

Wreath

Pelta Pelta

Glasgow, M33

Berlin, Beschre£bung, 120 Naples, S1541 ANS, Newell Hamburg (MS notes of Bahrfeldt) Tolstoi 43 Cambridge, Leake Naples, F1402

I T

Copenhagen, Thorvaldsen Museum

T y

Berlin

X 'f () AA BB BB rr 1::.1::. EE EE

Turin

Bologna Berlin, Beschreibung, 121 Naples, F .1404 Naples hoard Paris, AF

138

=

Paris, AF

TABLE XIX

Sword in scabbard with belt(t) Qub Star One-handled vase Qub Comucopiae(4) Star

Tripod (1) Club Sword in scabbard with belt(2) Com-ear(2)

Com-ear (2)

Helmet Rudder Bunch of grapes Sword in scabbard with belt(3) Hat Hat Bunch of grapes Star Sword in scabbard with belt(3)

Wing

Rudder

Tripod (1) Rudder Crescent Crescent Anchor Sword in scabbard with belt(3) Anchor Dolphin Tripod (2) Torch Sword in scabbard with belt(3)

(cont.)

EE :X: :X: :X: :X:

HH HH HH HH HH

Vienna 1087

Naples, S1542

99 II

KK 1\1\

Berlin, Beschreibung, 123 Haeberlin 24

1\1\

1\1\

Oslo

MM MM MM NN

zz zz

Dresden (MS notes of Bahrfeldt) Rollin and Feuardent (MS notes of Bahrfeldt)

:n

zz

Pforzheim (MS notes of Bahrfeldt)

00 00

Naples, Ft4o6

nn pp 1T

Giessen (MS notes of Bahrfeldt)

yy

<J> XX XX XX 'f'f

Torch

00 00

Torch

�

Milan 48 BM photo-file Naples, S1543 Madrid Munich

I list a number of combinations omitted from the Table

Comucopiaef � Comucopiae/H Club/H Sceptre/! Rudder/0 Ruddertrr DogJrr Caduceus/EE Tripod/99 Anchor/11 Staff/MM

-/[

)

as

deriving from plated o r mis-read pieces:

(C. Cavedoni, Ri'Uista tkl/a numismatica i, pl. i, whence Babelon)- doubtless ComucopiaefA (Menbacher 13/10/1891, 3 with description only- doubtless Comucopiae/HH (Babelon)- in fact ClubfHH (Babelon)- in fact Sword in scabbard with belt/zz Naples, F1403- plated

(Babelon)- in fact Ruddertnn (Babelon) - in fact Dogtr (Mionnet i, 127, no. 274)- in fact Caduceus/AA (in Paris)

(Riccio)- doubtless Tripod/00 (Riccio)- doubtless Anchor/YY (Tolstoi 42)- doubtless Sword in scabbard with belt/MM BM cast of plated piece

139

The weight standard is about 6.75 gr. The system of control-marks is devdoped

from the system used on silver decadrachms ofArsinoe II of Egypt G. N. Svoronos, Ptolemies iv, 94; R. Thomsen, ERG iii, 127-36). These display on the obverse a

sequence of letters from A to 0, AA to no and A

to

13. The Roman didrachms to 0 and M

display a symbol on the obverse and a sequence of letters :&om A to on, followed by A, on the

reverse.

The combinations of symbols and letters

known to me (:&om specimens in BM, unless otherwise stated) are given in Table XIX on pp. 138-9; for the system seep. 584. For the types seep. 714.

ANONYMOUS

23

c.

r�, 8; M. Bahrfeldt, See above, p. 40, below, no. 12.2*.

Bf., Mt»Ute

1

264 B.C.

Bl4lter fiiT MQnzjreunde 1934-36, 49; S. 30.

Bronze (Pl. 1)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian S

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. (Corinthian helmet decorated with gryphon); behind, symbol; before, ROMANO upwards. Border of dots.

Eagle

on thunderbolt; before, sword; around, ROMANO. Border of dots.

For the weight standard, number of specimens known and control-symbols see Bahrfddt and p. 40, for the types see p. 714·

24

Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

265-242

B.C.

Haeberlin, S7-63; S. s7-63a. See above, pp. 44-S, below, no. 123*. 1

Vico Matrino

Tressis

Helmeted head ofRoma r. (Phrygian helmet); behind, =.

Wheel of six spokes; Ill.

hoard = Vatican

between two spokes,

Only one other specimen known, in Berlin. 2 Dupoadius

BMC Judy, p. S3, no. 1

Similar; behind,=· Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 14. 3

BMC Italy, p. S3, no. 2

A.

Similar; behind, -. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 44· 4

Similar, but II.

Similar, but I.

Semis (Pl. P)

Bulll.;

BMC Judy, p. S4> no. S Similar, but

usually below, S.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin:

S.

70.

5 Trleas (Pl. P) Hone 1.; above, oo; below, oo, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 76.

BMC Italy, p. S4, no. 7 Similar, but-, each dot between two spokes.

6a

Quadrans

BMC Italy, p. 54, no. 11

Dog 1.; in exergue, ooo.

6b

Similar, but §,each dot between two spokes, variously disposed.

Quadrans (Pl. P)

Haeberlin

Similar, but dog r. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 83.

=

Berlin

Similar.

One specimen has no marks of value (Haeberlin

=

Berlin).

7 Sextans (Pl. P)

BMC Italy, p. 54, nos. 14 and 17

Tortoise.

Similar, but mark of value (usually present) 8, each dot between two spokes.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 130.

The weight standard of 1-7 is based on P· 7t6.

25

an as

of about 270 gr. For the types see

ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

241-235 B.C.

Bf., Monete rotnanO-campane, 27-29; Haeberlin, 76-8o; S. 24, 25-26 and 44-49. See above, p. 40. 1

Didrachm (Pl. I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 57

Helmeted head of beardless Mars r. (Corinthian helmet- bowl decorated with gryphon). Border of dots. Obverse dies: [9]. 2 Drachm

Horse's head r.; behind, sickle; below, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [12).

(Pl. I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 61

Similar, but without gryphon. Obverse dies: [6].

Similar. Reverse dies: [8).

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a didrachm of about 6.75 gr. 3 Litra

(Pl. I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 64

Similar.

Similar.

The weight standard of 3 is about 3·375 gr. (average of 47 specimens listed by Bahrfddt- 3.04 gr.). 4

As

BMC Italy, p. 49, no. 1

Janiform head of Dioscuri,with hair tied with band. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 18.

Head of Mercury 1.; behind, sickle..

5 Semis

BMC Italy, p. so, no. 2

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. (Corinthian helmet); below, Vl. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 55·

Female head 1.; behind, sickle; below,

141

Vl.

6 Trieos

BMC It4ly, p. so, no. S

Thunderbolt; on L, oo; on r., oo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 52. 7

Dolphin r.; above, sickle; below, oooo.

BMC Italy, p. so, no. 8

Quadraas

R. hand; on r., sickle; on 1., §. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 69.

Two barley-grains; between, §.

8 Sutans

BMC Italy, p. so, no. 12

Scallop-shell seen from outside; below, oo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 67.

Caduceus: on r., sickle and o; on 1., o.

9 Uncia

BMC Italy, p. 51, no. 15 o; beside, sickle.

Knucklebone seen from outside.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 3S·

The weight standard of 4-9 is based on an as of about 272 gr. For the types see pp. 714 and 716.

26 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

234-231 B.C.

Bf.,Monete romanc-campant, 32-34 and 37; Haeberlin, 81-82; S. 27-29,22, 51-52 and S4-SS· See above, p. 40, below, no. 31*, no. 124*. BMCRR Romano-Campanian 68

1 Dldrachm (PL I)

Hone galloping 1.; above, border. Reverse dies: [12].

Laureate head of Apollo r. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [9].

ROMA.

2 Drachm (Pl. I)

Line

Turin, F 148

Similar. Obverse dies: [3].

Similar. Reverse dies: [4].

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a didrachm of about 6.75 gr. BMCRR Romano-Campanian 70

3 Utra (Pl. I)

Similar.

Similar, but below.

hone

bridled and

ROMA

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 44

4 Half-Htra (Pl. I) Helmeted head of Roma r. (Phrygian helmet).

Dog r.; in aergue, R 0 MA.

The weight standard of 3-4 is based on a litra of about 3·375 gr. (average of 54 specimens of 3 listed by Bahrfeldt- 3.00 gr.; of 67 specimens of 4-1.65 gr.). 5 Aa

Head of Apollo r., with hair tied with band; behind, acorn. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 7·

Same type

6 Semis Pegasus r.; above, 2; below, acom. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 3·

Same type 1.; above, S.

142

Haeberlin

=

Berlin

Haeberlin

=

Berlin

1.

1 Quadraos

Boar r.; above, acorn; below, ooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin:

8

=

Berlin

Haeberlin

=

Berlin

2.

Sextans

Head of one of the Dioscuri r.; behind, acorn. Only the one specimen known.

The weight standard of 5-8 pp. 714 and 716. 27

Haeberlin Same type 1.

is

Same type 1.

based on an as of about 284 gr. For the types see

ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

23o-226 B.C.

Bf., Monete romano-campane, 25-26, 36 and 35; M. Bahrfeldt, Blae tt r fUr MUnzjreunde 33, 681; Haeberlin, 71-75; S. 23-23a, 7, 131 and 38-43. See above, p. 40.

1 Didrachm (Pl. I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 49

Helmeted head of beardless Mars r. (Corinthian helmet); behind, club. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

193o-

galloping r.; above, ROMA. Line border.

Horse

Reverse dies:

[6].

club;

below,

(8].

The weight standard of 1 is about 6.75 gr . 2

Utra (Pl. I)

BMCRRRomano-Campanian 53

Similar. 3

Similar.

Double-Htra (Pl. I)

BMCRRRomano-Campanian 51

Head of Hercules r.; below, club.

Pegasus r.; above, club; below,

Paris, A 3388

4 Utra (Pl. I) Similar; before,

ROMA.

I.-.

Similar, but bow above.

The weight standard of 2-4 is based on a litra of about 3·375 gr. (average of 26 specimens of 2 listed by Bahrfeldt- 3.08 gr.; of 36 specimens of 3-6.23 gr.; of 5 specimens of 4-3.23 gr.). s As Helmeted head ofRoma

BMC Italy, p. 46, no. 1

r. (Phrygian helmet);

behind, club. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 6

Same type 1.

22.

Semis

BMC Italy, p. 47, no. 3

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet); below, V'l. Specimens listed by Haeberlin:

Same type I.

54·

1 Triens

BMC Italy, p. 47, no. S

Thunderbolt; on 1., club and oo; on r., oo, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 47·

Same type, but club on r.

8 Quadraos R. hand; on r., club; on 1.,

BMC Italy, p. 47, no. 7

§.

L. hand; on 1., club; on r.,

Specimens listed by Hacberlin: 62.

143

§.

BMC Italy, p.

9 SextaDa Scallop-shell seen from outside; below, oo and club. Specimens listed by Raeberlin: 63. to

47, no.

10

Scallop-shell seen from inside; below, club.

BMC Italy, p. 48, no. 13

Uncia

Knucklebone seen from outside; beside, club. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 74-

Knucklebone seen from inside; beside, club.

The weight standard of 5-10 is based on an as of about 266 gr. For the types see pp. 714 and 716.

28 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

ns-zu B.C.

Monete romano-campane, 17, A, a-d; B, a; 43; Bf., Goldmiinzmprl.igung, 1-2; S. 69-?o; 64�. 65 and 68; 67. See above, pp. 42-6, below, no. 32*, no. 125*.

Bf.,

t

Stater (Pl. II) Janiform head of Dioscuri. Border

Laureate, of dots.

Obverse dies:

see

p.

691.

See p.

103

Oath-taking scene - two warriors face each other, one bearded and without armour, one beardless and in armour; each holds spear in 1. hand (warrior in armour also holds sagum) and with sword in r. hand touches pig held by figure kneeling between them; in aergue, ROMA. No border. Reverse dies: see p. 691.

2 Half-stater (Pl. II) Similar. Obverse dies: see p.

691.

Similar. Reverse dies: see p.

691.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a stater of about 6.75 gr. 3 Dldrachm (Pls. II-IV)

Similar.

Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory Jupiter holds sceptre in 1. hand and hurls thunderQ<>lt with r. hand; incuse on tablet or in relief in linear frame, ROMA Line border.

4 Drachm (Pl. II)

Similar, but quadriga 1. and aergue.

Similar. S Litra (Pl. IV) Similar. Obverse dies:

1.

ROMA in

Naples, S Horse galloping r.; below, Line border. Reverse dies: 1.

1520

ROMA

The weight standard of 3-5 is based initially on a didrachm of about 6.75 gr. (see

P· 590).

For the size of this issue see p. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos. 144

29-34 and for the dating of the various components of this issue, see pp. 103-5; for the close connection between 5 and no. 41/1, seep. 626 n. 5· For the types seep. 715.

Mint-uncertain

29 ANONYMOUS

Bf., Monete romano-campane, 17, A, a-c; B, a; Bf., Goldmunzenpr(igUt�K, 1-2; S.

US-%14 B.C. 69-70; 64d-e;

67. See above,pp . 42-6. 1 Stater (Pl. v)

Seep . 104 Oath-taking scene- two warriors face each other, one bearded and without armour, one beardless and in armour; each holds sp ear in

Laureate, Janiform head of Dioscuri. Border of dots.

l. hand (warrior in armour also

holds .wgum)

and with sword in r. hand touchespig held by figure kneeling between them; in exergue,

ROMA. No border. Reverse dies: seep . 691.

Obverse dies: seep . 691. 2 Half-stater (Pl.

v)

Similar.

Similar.

Obverse dies: seep . 691.

Reverse dies: seep . 691.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a stater of about 6.75 gr. 3 Didrachm (Pl. v)

Similar.

Ju p iter in quadriga r., driven by Victory

Jup iter holds sceptre in l. hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand;incuse on tablet or in relief on tablet, ROMA. Line border.

4 Drachm (Pl. v)

Similar.

Similar,

exergue.

but

quadriga

I. and ROMA

in

The weight standard of 3-4 is based initially on a didrachm ?f about 6.75 gr. (see

P· 590).

For the size of this issue, seep. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos. 28 and 3C>-4 and for the dating of the various components of this issue, see pp. 103-5. For the types see p. 715.

30 ANONYMOUS Bf., Monete romaM-campane, 1 7 , A, a;

Mint-uncertain

B, a; S.

64b;

67. See above,pp .

225-214B.C.

42-6.

Seep

1 Didrachm (Pl. VI) Laureate, Janiform head of Dioscuri. Border of dots.

. 104

Jup iter in quadriga r., driven by Victory Jup iter holds sceptre in 1. hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand; incuse on tablet, ROMA. Line border.

145

2 Drachm

(PL VI)

Similar.

Similar, exergue.

but quadriga 1. and

ROMA

in

The weight standard of 1-2 is based initially on a didrachm of about 6.75 gr. (see P· 590). For the size of this issue see p. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos

.

28-9 and 31-4 and for the dating of the various components of this issue, seepp. 103-5. For the types seep. 715. 31 ANONYMOUS Seep. 104 (cf. S. 64c)

1 Didrachm (PL IV) Laureate, Janiform head of Dioscuri. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory Jupiter holds sceptre in L hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand; incuse on tablet or in relief in linear frame, R0M A. Line border.

The weight standard is about 6.75 gr. For the size of this issue, see p. 676; for the distinction between this issue and 28-30 and 32-4 and for the dating of this issue, see pp. 103-5. For the types seeP· 715.

nos

.

32 ANONYMOUS 1

Mint-uncertain

225-214 B.C. Seep. 104

Didrachm (Pl. m)

Laureate, of dots.

Janiform

head of Dioscuri. Border

Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory Jupiter holds sceptre in 1. hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand; incuse ROMA. Line border.

on

tablet,

The weight standard is about 6.75 gr. For the size of this issue seep. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos. 28-31 and 33-4 and for the dating of this issue, see pp. 103-5. For the types see P· 715. 33 ANONYMOUS 1 Didrachm

Mint-uncertain

225-214 B.C.

(Pl. IV)

See p. 104

Laureate, Janiform head of Dioscuri. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory Jupiter holds sceptre in I. hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand; incuse ROMA. Line border.

on

tablet,

The weight standard is about 6.75 gr. For the size of this issue, see p. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos. 28-32 and 34 and for the dating of this issue, see pp. 103-5. For the types seep. 715. 146

34

ANONYMOUS

Mhlt-uncertaiD

.225-214 B.C.

1 Didrachm (Pl. IV)

See p. 104

Laureate, Janifon:D. head of Dioscuri. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory Jupiter holds sceptre in 1. hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand; incuse on tablet, ROMA. Line border.

The weight standard is about 6.75 gr. For the size of this issue, see p. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos. 28-33 and for the dating of this issue, see pp. 103-5. For the types seep. 715.

Mhlt-Rome

35 ANONYMOUS

225-217 B.C.

Haeberlin, 26-51 and 57; S. 71-77. See above, pp. 42-6, below, no. 26*, no. 126*. 1

As (Pl. G)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 1; Rome (Aes

grave) 10 Laureate head of bearded Janus; usually below,-. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 1,168.

Prow r.; above, I.

2 Semis (Pl. G) Laureate head of Saturn 1.; below, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 312.

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 22-23; Paris c.n or

S.

Prow r.; above,

3a Triena (Pl. G)

c.n or

S.

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 32

Helmeted head of Minerva I. (Corinthian helmet); below, oooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 392.

PrOw r.; below, oooo,

3b Trlena

Haeberlin

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet). Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 3·

=

Berlin

Similar.

4 Quadrana (Pl. G)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 45

Head of Hercules I.; behind, §.

Prow r.; below, ooo.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 266. 5 Semans (Pl. G)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 55

Head of Mercury 1.; below, oo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 208. 6

Prow r.; below, oo.

Uncia (Pl. G)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 63;

Haeberlin Helmeted head of Roma 1. (Attic helmet);

=

Berlin

Prow r.; below, or occasionally behind, o.

behind, o.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 184.

The weight standard of 1-6 is based on an as of about 268 gr. H. A. Grueber's view

(BMCRR i, xx-xxii) that the standard is based on an 1 47

as

of a full Roman pound

cannot be maintained; he is unaware that this issue is not the first of its kind and that the as in Pesaro is false (E. J. Haeberlin, ZJN 1908, 159). For the types

see

P· 718. 36

Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

n5-217 B.C.

Haeberlin, 51-57; S. 7S-S.2 (except Sob). See above, pp. .p-6. 1 As

(Pl. H)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 17 I.

Prow 1.; above,

Laureate head of bearded Janus. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: So.

Semis

2

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 30 S.

Laureate head of Saturn 1. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 32. Laureate head of Saturn r.

Prow 1.; above,

occurs on one

specimen (Paris - Haeberlin, pl. 22, 3).

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 43;

38 Triens

Vatican (Aes grave) 156 Helmeted head of Minerva I. (Corinthian helmet); occasionally below, oooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 22.

Prow 1.; below,

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 44

3b Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet). Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 6. 4

Similar.

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 54;

Quadrans

Head of Hercules 1.; below, club, sionally ooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 21. 5

oooo,

or occa-

Prow 1.; below,

Turin, F 43

ooo.

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 62; Naples, F SS

Sextans

Head of Mercury 1.; occasionally below, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 45·

oo.

Prow 1.; below, oo,

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 270 gr., declining 236 gr. For the

37

Mint-uncertain

after 225 B.C

Monete romano-campane, 11; Haeberlin, 141-143; S. 13S-139. See above, p. 45

18 As

(PL H)

Helmeted head of Minerva facing (triple crested helmet). tb As Similar.

about

types seep. 718.

ANONYMOUS

Bf.,

to

Bull r.;

n.

10.

BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 1 above, L-; in exergue, ROMA. Martinetti

Similar, but

I above.

69 (Haeberlin, pl. 94, 6)

1c As

BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 2

Similar.

Similar, but caduceus above.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 23.

The weight standard of 1a-c is about 279 gr. The head on the obverse has certain similarities with the head of Minerva on didrachms ofHeraclea (as SNG (Ashm olean) i (A), no. 633; c£ A. Merlin, Monwnents et mhnui'res 1909, 125; compare also the figure ofRoma on no. 329). For the types see p. 718 n. 8.

38

ANONYMOUS (SEMILIBRAL)

Mint-Rome

217-215 B.C.

Haeberlin, 104-116; S. 89-92 and 85-88. See above, p. 43, below, no. 27*, no. 127*. 1

As (cast) (Pl. H)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 19

Laureate head of bearded Janus. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 40. 2

Prow 1.; above,

Semis (cast) (Pl. H)

I.

BMCRR Rome

Laureate head of Saturn 1.; behind>

S.

Prow 1.; above,

(Aes grave) 31

S.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 46. 3 Trlens

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 42

(cast)

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. helmet); below, oooo,

(Corinthian

Prow 1.; below,

oooo.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 18.

4 Quadrans (cast)

BMCRR Rome (Appendix) 4; Kircher Rome, Museo Naziooale =

Head ofHercules l.; belo w or behind,oooor

§.

Prow 1.; below, ooo . Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 26 (see also no. 40/ta).

S Sextans (struck) (Pl. VII)

BMCRR Rome 59

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; below, oo,

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; below, o.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 219. 6

Uncia (struck) (Pl. VII)

BMCRR Rome 88

Helmeted head of Roma I. (Attic helmet); behind, o. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 271.

7 SemUDcia (struck) (Pl. VII) Head of Mercury r. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 346. 8

BMCRR Rome 129-161 and 163-165 Prow r.; above,

ROMA.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA.

BMCRR Rome 169

QuartUDcla (struck) (Pl. vu)

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Attic helmet). Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 91.

The weight standard of 1-8 is based on an as ofabout 132 gr.; the weight standard of the as itselfis somewhat lower (R. Thomsen, ERG ii, 32-6). For the types seep. 718. 149

39 ANONYMOUS (SBMILIBRAL)

Mint-Rome

A. ii, 232; Haeberlin, 134-141; S. 93-97· See above, p. 43 t

Triens (PL VII)

n.

217-215B.C.

s.

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 113

Female head r., wearing diadem- hair falls in tight rolls onto both shoulders; behind,

H.

Hercules fi.ghting centaur - he holds centaur's hair in 1. hand and club in r. hand; before, in exergue, ROMA.

H;

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 54·

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 116

2 Quadrans (Pl. VII) Head of Hercules r. wearing boar-skin; behind, § . Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 59·

Bull charging r.; above, ooo; below, snake; in exergue, ROMA.

3 Sextans (Pl. VII)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 120

She-wolf suckling twins; in exergue, oo.

Eagle r., holding flower in beak; behind, 8; before, ROMA.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 96.

4 Uncia (Pl. VII) Facing bust of Sol, draped; on L,

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 125 Crescent; above,

o.

ROMA.

two stars

and o; below,

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 73· 5

Semuncla (Pl. VII)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 136

Female bust r., draped and wearing turreted

Horseman r., holding whip in r.

crown.

reins in 1. hand; below, R 0MA.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 79·

hand

and

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on

an as of about 128 gr. The semi-circular ornament in the hair of the female head on 1 seems to be part of the diadem; for the types in general seep. 719.

40 CORN-BAR

Mint-SicUy

216 B.C.

A. ii, 238; Haeberlin, 107. See above, pp. 44-5. BRONZE ta

(GROUP 1) -FOR LATER BRONZE WITH

Head of Hercules 1.; below, ooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 1.

42 AND 72

Prow 1.; above, ·com-ear; below, ooo. Specimens in Syracuse: 5·

tb Quadl'IUUI (cast) (Pl. v) Similar, but § behind. Specimens in Syracuse: 1.

CORN-EAR SEE NOS.

Haeberlin =Berlin

Quadrans (cast)

Syracuse 28251 Similar.

The weight standard of 1a-b is based on an as of about 133 gr. For the types see p. 718; for a possible occasion for the issue see p. 6o4 n. 3·

150

41 ANONYMOUS (POST-SEMILIBRAL)

Mint-Rome

215-212 B.C.

Haeberlin, 117-133; S. 98-109. See above, p. 43, below, no. 28*. 1

Decussis (cast)

BMCRR Rome 19

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Phyrgian helmet); behind, X. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 3· 2 Quincussis (cast)

Miinzen und Medaillen 43, 66 (non vida) Prow 1.; above, V.

Similar; behind, V.

3a Tressis (cast) (Pl.

X.

Prow I.; above,

I)

BMCRR Rome 20

Similar; behind, Ill. Specimens listed by Haeber!in: 16.

Ill.

Prow I.; above,

3b Tressis (cast)

Naples, F 4 Similar, but prow r.

Similar. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 1. 4 Dupondius (cast) (Pl.

I)

BMCRR Rome 21

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet); behind, II. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 19.

sa

Prow 1.; above, II.

BMCRR Rome 23

As (cast) (Pl. I)

Laureate head of bearded Janus.

I.

Prow 1.; above,

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 347·

sb

As (cast)

BMCRR Rome 33

Similar. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 18.

Similar, but prow r.

6a Semis (cast)

BMCRR Rome 34; Rome (Appendix) 3 (see below, p. 554)

Laureate head of Saturn l.; behind,

S.

S.

Prow I.; above,

6b Semis (cast)

Haeberlin

Similar.

=

Berlin

Similar, but prow r. BMCRR Rome (Appendix) 2

6c Semis (cast) Similar, but head r.

Similar to 6a.

6d Semis (cast)

BMCRR Rome (Appendix) 1

Similar.

Similar to 6b.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin (all varieties): 199. The mark of value on obverse and reverse sometimes appears times missing altogether.

6e Semis (struck) (Pl. VII) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 1.

as

2

instead of

Rome, Capitol 241

S.

Prow r.; above,

151

S;

below,

(cf.

S

and is some

A. pl. lvii, 12)

ROMA.

1• Triens (cast)

BMCRR Rome

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. helmet); below, oooo.

(Corinthian

Prow 1.; below,

43

oooo.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 35. One specimen has

ooo on

7b Triens (struck)

obverse and reverse (Haeberlin

Berlin).

BMCRR Rome 44

(Pl. VIII)

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet); above, oooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 61. 8a

=

Prow r.; above,

ROMA;

below,

Quadra.ns (cast)

Haeberlin

Head of Hercules 1.; below, ooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 20.

Prow 1.; below,

Berlin

BMCRR Rome

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 25.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA;

below,

Prow r.; above,

ROMA;

below, oo.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA;

BMCRR Rome

Uncia (struck) (Pl. VIII)

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Attic helmet); behind, o.

53

ooo.

BMCRR Rome

Sextans (struck) (Pl. VIII)

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 1o6. to

=

ooo.

8b Quadra.ns (struck) (Pl. VIII)

9

oooo.

72

109

below, o.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 172. u

$emuncfa (struck)

BMCRR Rome

(Pl. VIII)

Prow r.; above,

Head of Mercury r. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 24.

162 and 166-167

ROMA.

1-11 are based on a diversity of weight standards, which fall between those of nos. 38-9 and the sextantal weight standard (R. Thomsen, ERG ii, 4
is

doubdess involved, but it

is

not yet possible to distinguish these.

For the types see p. 718. .p CORN-EAR A. ii, 238, 396-397 and 398-400; Bf.,

Mint-Sicily

Monete romano-campane,

214-212 B.C

17, A, e; Haeberlin, 137-138;

S. 66 and p. to*. See above, pp. 43-5, below, no. 128*. 1

Didrachm (Pl. VIII)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 108 in quadriga r., driven by Victory

Laureate, Janiform head of Dioscuri. Border of dots.

Jupiter Jupiter holds sceptre in l. hand and hurls

Obverse dies: 9·

thunderbolt with r. hand; below, com-ear; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: 10.

The weight standard of 1 is about 6.75 gr. 152

BRONZE (GROUP 2)-FOR LATER BRONZE WITH CORN-EAR SEE NO. 72. 2 Quadrans (Pl. VIII) Head

of Hercules

behind,

§.

r.

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 139; Paris, A 1433 wearing

boar-skin;

Bull

charging

r.; usually above, com-ear and

ooo; below, snake; in exergue,

ROMA.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 19 (for his no. 1 see p. 554). 3 Sextans (Pl.

VIII)

Paris, A 2107

Head of Mercury r.; above,

oo.

Prow r.; below, oo,

above,

com-ear

and

Prow r.; below, o,

above,

com-ear

and

ROMA;

Specimens in Paris: 4· 4

Uncia (Pl.

vm)

Paris, A 2132

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Attic helmet); behind, o. Specimens in Paris: 31. 5 Semuncia (Pl.

vm)

ROMA;

Paris, A 2147

Prow r.;

Head of Mercury r. Specimens in Paris: 7·

above, com-ear and

ROMA.

The weight standard of 2-5 is. based on an as of about 69 gr. (as-average of 70 specimens of all denominations). There is also apparently an issue of 2 alone on a higher standard (see p. 554). For the types see pp. 715 and 718.

43

Mlnt-Luceria

I.-

214-212 B.C.

A. ii, 66o and 785; Haeberlin, 192-195; S. 122-125 and 128-130. See above, pp. 44-5, below, no. 30*, no. 129*.

BRONZE (GROUP 1)-FOR LATER BRONZE WITH I.- SEE NO. 97· t As (cast) (Pl. I)

BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 3 Prow r.; above,

Laureate head of bearded Janus.

I;

before,

I.-.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 9·

za

Semis (cast) (Pl. I)

BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 4; Haeberlin Berlin =

Prow r.; above,

Laureate head of Saturn r.

S or 2;

1-.

before,

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 22. Paris, A 3242

zb Semis (struck) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow

r.;

above,

S;

before,

I.-;

below,

ROMA.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin:·5·

3a

Triens

(struck)

BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) S

(Pl. Vlll)

Helmeted head of Minerva r. helmet); above, oooo; behind, I.-.

(Corinthian

Prow r.;

153

above,

ROMA;

below,

oooo,

3b Triens

(�truck) Similar, but !- before.

Paris, A 3268 Similar.

3c Triens (struck)

Hannover 543

Similar to 3a. Specimens listed by Haeberlin 4

Similar, but !-before.

(all varieties): 23.

Sextans (struck)

Head of Mercury r.; above,

Turin, F 661 oo.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; below, ol-o.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; below, l-o.

Specimens in Paris: o .

s Uncia (struck) (Pl. vm)

BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 9

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Attic helmet); behind, 0, Specimens in Paris: 14. 6

Semuncla (struck)

BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) u Prow r.; above,

Head of Mercury r. Specimens in Paris: 17.

ROMA; below, !-.

The weight standard of 1-6 is based on an as of about 83 gr. (as-average of 45 specimens, as to triens). For the types see p. 718.

44 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome (1)

fromzu B.C.

Victoriatus: A. ii, 106; pl. liii, 15.

Gold: A. ii, 90; pl. liii, 2-4; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung �. 5 and 6a; S. 226-228. Denarius: A. 48, 52 and 55; pl. 1, 2-4, 9-14 and 17-18; S. 140, 167-168 and 191a. Quinarius: A. ii, 76, 79 and 83; pl. li, 21-23, Iii, z-6 and 13-14; S. 141, 169 and 192. Sestertius: A. ii, 86 and 89; pl. Iii, 15-22 and 24; lxvi, 3; S. 142. Bronze: see no. 56. See above, pp. 8 and 28, below, t

no.

130*.

Victoriatus (Pl. IX)

BMCRR Rome 295

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory r., crowning trophy; in ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [250].

Obverse dies: [zoo]. For minor stylistic varieties see Plate 2 6o-as

IX, z-6.

gold piece (Pl. IX)

BMCRR Rome 185

Helmeted head of bearded Mars r. (Corin thian helmet); below, iX. Border of dots. Obverse dies : 27. 3

Eagle on thunderbolt r.; below, No border. Reverse dies: .26.

4o-as gold piece (Pl. IX)

Similar; behind, Obverse dies : 6. 4 zo-as

XXXX.

Similar; behind, XX.

ROMA.

BMCRR Rome 187 Similar. Reverse dies: 5· BMCRR Rome 189

gold piece (Pl. IX)

Obverse dies: 14.

exergue,

Similar. Reverse dies: 15.

The weight standard of 2-4 is based on a 6o-as gold piece of about 3·35 gr. 154

S Deoarlua (Pl. a)

BMCRRRome 1

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [100].

Dioscuri galloping r.; incuse on tablet or in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [125].

6 Quinarlu.s (Pl. IX)

BMCRRRome 9

Similar; behind, Y. Obverse dies: [too].

Similar; legend always in linear frame. Reverse dies: [125].

7 Sesterdu.s (Pl.a)

BMCRRRome 13

Similar; behind, II S. Obverse dies: [too].

Similar. Reverse dies: [t25].

The mark of value on one obverse die is 112 (Vatican 204).

For stylistic varieties of 5-'7 see Plate IX, 1
MJnt--unc:ertaln

after 211 B.C.

52; pl. 1, 8; ii, 89; pl.lii, 23; S. 166. See above, p. 8 n. 1.

1 Deoarlua (Pl. a)

BMCRR Italy 9t

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <10].

Dioscuri r.; incuse on tablet, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [
2 Quinarlua (Pl.a)

BMCRR Italy 96

Similar; behind, V. Obverse dies: [ <10].

Similar, but legend in linear frame. Reverse dies: [ <12].

3 Sestertius (Pl.IX)

Paris, A 779

Similar; behind, liS. Obverse dies: [ <10].

Similar. Reverse dies: [ <12].

The weight standard of 1-3 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. 46 ANONYMOUS

after 211 B.C.

See above, p. 8 n.t. 1

Denarius (Pl.X)

BMCRR Italy 1

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <10].

Dioscuri

r.; in in l ear frame, ROMA. Line

border. Reverse dies: [ <.12].

The weight standard is about 4·5 gr. 47 ANONYMOUS A. ii, 1a

after 211 B.C.

75; pl. li, 19-20 (20 is wrongly assigned reverse of 21). See above, p. 8 n. 1. BMCRR Rome 195

Qu.lDariua (Pl. x)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, V. Border of dots.

Dioscuri

border.

155

r.; in linear frame, ROMA. Line

BMCRR Rome 2o8

1b Qulnarius (Pl. x)

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): [25).

Similar, but Roma has very large nose. Obverse dies (both varieties): [zo].

� Scstertlue

Naples, S 393 (unique)

Similar to ta; behind IIS.

Similar.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. Mint-uncertain

48 ANONYMOUS

after 211 B.C.

A. ii, 81; pl. Iii, 11. See above, p. 8 n. 1.

1 Qulnarius (Pl. x) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind,

V.

Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [
BMCRR Rome 210 exergue, ROMA. Line

Dioscuri r.; in border. Reverse dies: [ < 12].

The weight standard is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr.

49 NOT USED.

Mint-Rome

so ANCHOR

209-2o8B.C.

A. ii, 250; Bf., Goldmiinzenprligung, 4b; S. 236 and 144-145a. See above, p. 10.

1 6o-u gold piece (Pl. x) Helmeted head of bearded Mars r. (Corinthian-helmet); below, .j..X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: +

BMCRR Italy 19 Eagle on thunderbolt r.; on r., anchor; below, ROMA. No border. Reverse dies: 3·

The weight standard of 1 is about 3·375 gr. 2 Denarius (Pl. x) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [zo].

BMCRR Italy 21 Dioscuri r.; below, anchor; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25).

The weight standard of 2 is about 4·5 gr. (average of 15 specimens- 4.21 gr.). 3 As (Pl. X) Laureate head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: 24-

BMCRR Rome 347 Prow r.; above, I; before, anchor; below,

ROMA. BMCRR Rome 351

4 Semie

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 8. 5 Trlena Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; above, S.

A.

pl. lxviii, 8-9

Prow r.; above, ROMA; before, anchor; below, oooo.

6

Quadrans

Paris, A 1494

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; below, ooo.

§.

Paris, A 1495

7 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above,

oo.

Similar; below,

oo.

Similar; below,

o.

Specimens in Paris: 2.

8 Uncia (Pl. x)

Paris, A 1497

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris:

o.

1.

The weight standard of 3-8 is based on an as of about 40.5 gr. (average of 37 asses -36 gr.).

Mint-Rome

51 M A. ii, 789; S. 171. See above, p. 10, below, no. 132*.

1 Denarius (Pl. x)

BMCRR Italy 106

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind,

X.

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Dioscuri

ROMA

r.; below, Line border.

Reverse dies:

M;

in linear frame,

[ < 12].

The weight standard is probably about 4·5 gr. (average of London, Paris and Copenhagen specimens- 4.12 gr.).

52 APEX

Mint-Rome

2o8 B.C.

A. ii, 266; S. 151. See above, p. 10, below, no.133*.

1 Denarius (Pl. x) Helmeted head

BMCRR Italy 41

of Roma r.; behind,

X.

Border of dots. Obverse dies: 10.

Dioscuri r. ; below, apex; in linear frame,

ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: 8.

The weight standard is about 4·5 gr. (average of 6 specunens- 4.38 gr.).

Mint-Rome (2)

53 ANONYMOUS

after

211 B.C.

Victoriatus: A. ii, 106 and 109; pl. liii, 12 and 19; S. 83 and 230. Denarius: A. ii, 54, 56 and 59; pl.l, 15-16, 2o-24; li, 2. S.229 and 207a. Bronze: see no. 56. See above, pp. 8 and 28, below, no. 33*· BMCRR Rome 296

1 Victoriatus (Pl. x) Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [400]. For a minor stylistic variety

see

Pl.

Victory

r., crowning trophy; border. Reverse dies: [500].

ROMA. Line

x, 12.

157

in exergue,

2 Dcaarius (PL x) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [too]. For stylistic

X.

BM Dioscuri r.; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse

dies: [125].

varieties of 2 see Pl. x, t3-20.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. For

the types

seeP· 720.

54 ANONYMOUS

after 211 B.C.

A. ii, 56; pl I, t9. See above, p. 8 n. t. 1

Paris, A (number lost)

Denarius (PL x)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
behind, X.

Dioscuri r.; in cxergue, border. Reverse dies: [
ROMA Line

The weight standard is about 4·5 gr. MiDt-unccrtaln

SS ANONYMOUS

A. ii, St; pl. 1, 7· See above, p. 8 n. 1

after 211 B.C.

t.

Denarius (Pl. X)

Paris, A (number lost)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
X.

Dioscurij r.;

in linear frame,

ROMA. Line

border. Reverse dies: [<12].

The weight standard is about 4-5 gr. MiDt-Rome

s6 ANONYMOUS

after 211 B.C.

S. t.43-t43f', 23t-23te and 302-303; see Key to Plates. See above, pp. 11 and 30 n. 3, below,

nos. 34-35*, no. 131*. 1

Dupondlus (Pl. XI)

Helmeted head of Minerva r. helmet). Specimens in Paris: 2.

BM (Corinthian

Prow r.; above, II; below,

2 A. (Pis. XI-m) Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: 88. 3 Sem1a

BMCRR Rome 217

or

VI

Similar; above, I.

I.

BMCRR Rome 229

(Pls. XI-XII)

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 7t.

2

ROMA.

S.

Similar; above,

S.

sometimes occurs instead of S (Rochetta a Voltumo hoard; BMCRR Rome 387).

4 Triens (Pls. n-m)

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 63.

Similar; above,

BMCRR Rome 245 ROMA; below, oooo.

s Quadrans (Pl. xu)

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 30.

BMCRR Rome 255

§.

Similar; below, ooo.

6 Sextans (Pl. XII)

BMCRR Rome 263

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 17.

Similar; below,

oo.

The mark of value is missing on one obverse die (BM photo-file; Paris, AF- S·S3 gr.).

BMCRR Rome 268

7 Uncia (Pl. XII) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 16.

o.

Similar; below,

o.

BMCRR Rome t68 and 272

8 Semuncia (Pl. xu)

Similar; no mark of value.

Head of Mercury r. Specimens in Paris: 19.

For minor stylistic varieties of 2-5 see Pis.x, 23-4 and

XI,

1-3.

The weight standard of 2-8 is based initially on an as of about 54 gr.and gradually declines to the levd at which nos. 50/3-8, 57/3-8 are struck; the weight standard of the dupondius is based on an as of about 27 gr. and this denomination should be regarded as a fiduciary issue (seep. 12). It should be noted that light-weight asses of this issue are rare almost to the point of uniqueness; supposed examples are often mis-read pieces of other issues; thus A. pl.lv, 6 (Paris, A 1077, 23.24 gr.), lvi, 4 (Paris, A 1182, 12.12 gr.) and lvi, 6 (Paris, A 1169, 19.98 gr.) are all pieces where a moneyer's mark before the prow has been removed by wear. (The piece weighing 18.51 gr. - A 1170 - listed by Ailly as being like pl.lvi, 6 is not of this type at all, but is a normal (no. 339/1) semuncial as.) The prow on the reverse, both here and on signed issues, appears variously decorated. with different designs on the superstructure (note A., pl. lxxv, 10) or with the

ram

in the form of a wolf's head or with a wing immediatdy behind the

ram.

Mint-Rome (:z)

51 CRESCENT

207 B.C.

A. ii, 361; S. 219-221a, 265-266 and 315. See above, p. to, below, no. 134*.

BMCRR Rome 436

t Victorlatua (Pl. m) Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

[too).

The legend on one reverse die is

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, cres cent; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [125].

RMA (Hannover 791).

15 9

2 De:aarlua (Pl. xn) Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies:

BMCRR Rome r.; behind,

X.

431

Dioscuri r.; above, crescent; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [751·

[6o1.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 4·4 gr. (average of 25 denarii- 4·03 gr.). BMCRR Rome

3As Laureate head of Janus; above,

Prow

I.

r.;

336

I and crescent; below,

above,

ROM A. Specimens in Paris: 11. 4 Semis (Pl.

BMCRR Rome

XII)

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4-

S.

Similar; above,

BMCRR Rome

5 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris:

Similar; above, below, oooo.

oooo.

339

S and crescent.

crescent

and

342

ROMA;

3· Paris, A 1945

6 Quadrant Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; below, ooo.

§.

7 Sextans

BMCRR Rome

58z

Similar; below, oo.

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: o .

Paris, A 1950

8 Uncla Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; below,

o.

The weight standard of 3-Siis based on

an as

o.

of about 45 gr. (average of 21

asses-

43 gr.). 58 CORNUCOPIAE

Mint-Rome (2)

207 B.C.

A. ii, 336 and 774; S. 216-ztSe. See above, p. 10. 1

Victoriatua (Pl. xm)

BMCRR Rome 422

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, comu copiae; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

[201.

2 Deuarius (Pl. xm) Helmeted head of Roma

BMCRR Rome r.; behind,

X.

Border of dots. Obverse dies:

[6o1.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on

419

Dioscuri r.; below, comucopiae; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [751· a

denarii- 3·99 gr.). t6o

denarius of about 4·4 gr. (average of 23

3As

BMCRR Rome 334

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above, comucopiae; before,

Specimens in Paris: 8. 4

Semis

Paris, A 1847

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3· sa

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�.

Triens

Paris, A 1851

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. sb

I; below,

ROMA.

Triens

Paris, A 1852 Similar; above, ROMA; copiae; below, oooo.

Similar.

before,

comu

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 3· 6

Quadrans (see Addenda)

Paris, A 1854

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1. 7a

SextaDs (Pl. XIII)

Head of Mercury r.; above,

7b

Similar; below, ooo.

§.

Paris, A 1856 oo.

comucopiae;

Similar; above, copiae; below, oo.

ROMA;

SextaD.s

Specimens in Paris (both varieties):

before,

8;

Paris, A 1855

Similar.

8

Similar; above, below, ROMA.

2.

Uncia

before,

comu

Paris, A 1857

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind,

Similar; above, comucopiae; before, o; below,

o.

ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 1.

9

Semuncla

Paris, A 1862

Head of Mercury r.

Similar; no mark of value.

Specimens in Paris: 1.

The weight standard of 3-9 is based.on an as of about 45 gr. (average of 15 asses43 gr.).

S9 APEX AND HAMMER A. ii, 269; ta

S. 149-15oe. See above, p.

Mint-central Italy

211-208 B.C.

12.

Denarius (Pl. XIII)

Oxford

Helmeted head of Roma r., helmet with straight or nearly straight visor; behind, X. Border of dots.

Dioscuri r.; above, apex and hammer; tablet, ROMA. Line border.

161

on

tb

Denarius (Pl. Xlii)

BMCRR Italy 42

Similar, but helmet with curving visor. Obverse dies (both varieties): [zo).

Similar, but legend on tablet or in linear frame. Reverse dies (both varieties): [25).

The weight standard of ta-b is about 4·5 gr. (average of 13 specimens- 4.10 gr.). For the transition from a helmet with a straight visor to one with a curving visor compare the issue with Caduceus (no. 6o/ta-c). 2As

BMCRR Italy 44 (heavy series)

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow

r.; above, hammer and apex; before, I;

below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 14. 3 Semis

BMCRR Italy 46 (heavy series); Paris, A 1568 (light series)

head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 8.

Laureate

4

Triens (Pl. XIII)

BMCRR Italy 47 (heavy series);

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 6. S

Similar; before, S.

Similar; before,

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5·

�.

Italy 346 (light series)

Paris, A 1584 (heavy series)

§.

Similar; before,

6 Sextans

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specim.(ms in Paris: z.

Paris, A 1588 (heavy series) Similar; before, 8.

7 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, o. Specimens in Paris: 1.

§.

Paris, A 1590 (heavy series) Similar; before, o.

The weight standard of 2-7 (heavy series) is based on an as of about 54 gr. (average of 20 asses- 53 gr.). For the existence side by side of a heavy and a light series of bronze fractions (the latter on an uncial standard) seep. 13.

6o CADUCEUS A. ii, ta

au-ao8 B.C

308; S. 164-164e and 170. See above, p. 12.

Denarius (Pl. XIII)

Helmeted head of Roma r., helmet with straight or nearly straight visor; behind, X. Border of dots. tb

Mint-central Italy

BMCRR Italy 104

105

r.; below, caduceus; on tablet, in exergue or in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

Dioscuri

Denarius

Similar.

and

Mased

Similar, but no caduceus.

hoard 181

tc

Denarius (Pl. XIII)

Paris, A 1720 Simli ar to 1a, but legend in linear frame. Reverse dies (all varieties): [25].

Similar, but helmet with curving visor. Obverse dies (all varieties): [20].

The weight standard of ta-c is about 4·5 gr. (average of 12 specimens- 4.26 gr.). For the transition from a helmet with a straight visor to one with a curving visor compare the issue with Apex and hammer (no. 59/ta-b). For tb, without caduceus, but of identical style with ta, see pp. 12 f. BMCRR Italy 49 (heavy series)

2As

Prow r.; above, caduceus; before, I; below,

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 8. On one reverse die the caduceus is vertical, not horizontal (Paris, A 1726). Paris, A 1729 (heavy series)

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; before, S.

BMCRR Italy 51 (heavy series);

4 Triena

Italy 347 (light series)

Similar; before,

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 7. s

BMCRR Italy 52 (heavy seri�s);

Quadraus

Italy 348 (light series)

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 8. 6 Sextans

B.

Similar; before,

§.

§. Paris, A 1745 (heavy series); A 1750 (light series)

(Pl. XIII)

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 7·

Similar; before, 8.

Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, o.

Paris, A 1752 (heavy series)

7

Similar; before, o.

Specimens in Paris: 1.

The weight standard of2-7 (heavy series) is based on an as of about 54 gr. (average of 14

asses - 53

gr.). For the existence side by side of a heavy and a light series of

bronze fractions (the latter on a less than uncial standard) seep. 13. Mint-central Italy

6t VICTORY A.

211-208 B.C.

ii, 590; S. 147-148f. See above, p. 12.

BMCRR Italy 24

t Denarius (Pl. XIII)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [zo].

Dioscuri r.; behind, Victory with wreath; on tablet or in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

The weight standard of 1 is about 4·5 gr. (average of 13 specimens- 4.11 gr.). 163

3As

BMCRR Italy 25 (heavy series)

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow r.; above, Victory with wreath, and I;

below, ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 13.

BMCRR Italy 29 (heavy series);

3 Semis

Hannover 176 (light series) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris : 6.

Similar; above, Victory with wreath, and S.

4 Triens (Pl. xm)

BMCRR Italy 33 (heavy series); Italy 340 (light series)

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

Prow r.; above, Victory with wreath, and ROMA; below, oooo.

Specimens in Paris : 17. 5

BMCRR Italy 34 (heavy series);

Quadrana

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 10.

Italy 344 (light series)

§.

Similar; below, ooo.

6 SC%tans

BMCRR Italy 38 (heavy series); Italy 345 (light series)

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 14.

Similar; below, oo.

BMCRR Italy 40 (heavy series)

7 Uncla Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, o. Specimens in Paris: 3· 8

Similar; below, o.

Semuncla

Paris, A 2962 (heavy series)

Head of Mercury r. Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; no mark of value.

The weight standard of 2-8 (heavy series) is based on an of 21

asses - 51

as

of about 54 gr. (average

gr.). For the existence side by side of a heavy and a light series of

bronze fractions (the latter on

an

uncial standard) see p. 13. For the symbol cum corona et taenits, cf.

compare the line of Ennius, Scaemca 67], volans de caelo

381}.

63 ROSTRUM TRIDENS

Mint-central Italy

211-208 B.C.

S. 146. See above, p. u. 1

Denarius (Pl. XIII)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
BMCRR Italy 23 Dioscuri r.; below, rostrum tridens; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [<12].

The weight standard is about 4·5 gr. (Crawford specimen- 4·37 gr.).

2UB.C.

Mint-Sardinia

63 c A. ii, 625; S. 156-157d. See above, p. 13, below, no. 135*.

Haeberlin 291

1 Quinarius (Pl. XIII) Helmeted

head

of Roma r.; behind,

V.

=

BM

Dioscurir.;below, C;inlinearframe, ROMA. Line border.

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Reverse dies: [ < 12].

The weight standard of 1 is based on a denarius of 4·5 gr. (average of 2 specimens -2.13 gr.). Paris, A 3049

2 As Laureate head of Janus; above,

Prow

I.

r.;

above,

ROMA.

I;

before,

C;

below,

Specimens in Paris: 1. 3 Semis

Paris, A 3050 Similar; above, S.

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Paris, A 3052

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

Prow r.; above,

oooo.

ROMA; before, C; below,

oooo.

Specimens in Paris: 1. Hannover 486

s Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: o.

§.

Similar; below, ooo.

BMCRR Italy 187

6 Sextans (Pl. XIII) Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 15.

Similar; below, oo.

oo.

The weight standard of2-6 is based on an as ofabout 36 gr. (average of2 asses -34 gr.). The issue was probably struck by L. Cornelius Lentulus (RE Cornelius 187), Pr. 211 (see p. 32). Mint-Sardinia

64 MA

2tOB.C.

A. ii, 703; S. 159-16oc. See above, p. 13. Paris, A 3443

1 Quinarius (Pl. XIII) Helmeted head

of Roma r.; behind,

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [< 10].

The weight standard of 1

V.

Dioscuri r.; below, M; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 12].

is

based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 4

specimens -1.99 gr.). Hannover 1208 (unique)

2 As Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow

r.;

ROMA.

165

above,

I;

before,

:;f;

below,

Paris, A 3446

3 Semia Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

S.

Similar; above,

S. Paris, A 3447

4 Trlena

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

:;E; below,

oooo .

Specimens in Paris: 1. 5

ROMA; before,

Prow r.; above,

oooo.

Paris, A 3448

Quadrana

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

§.

Similar; below, ooo.

6a Semau (Pl. mt) Head of Mercury r.; above, oo.

BMCRR Italy 119 Similar;

below, oo.

The mark of value is missing on one obverse die (Paris, A 3456).

6b Sextanl

BM

Similar.

Similar, but before,

�.

Similar, but before,

M.

6c Semau

Paris, A 3476

Similar. Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 30.

The weight standard of 2-6c is based on an as of about 36 gr.

The issue (seep. 32).

was

probably struck by P. Manlius Vulso (RE Manlius 98), Pr. 210

65 AVR B. Aurelia 9-14; Bf.

309B.C. i, 51; iii, 24; S. 161-162d. See above, p. 13.

t Qumariua (Pl. mt) Helmeted head of Roma

r.;

behind, V.

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
The weight standard of

BMCRR Italy 127 Dioscuri r.; below, M; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ <12].

1

is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 6

specimens -1.92 gr.). zAa Laureate

Paris, A 4962

head of Janus; above, I.

Prow

r.;

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris : 1.

above, I;

<;

below,

Paris, A 4963

3 Semia Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,· Specimens in Paris: 2.

before,

S.

Similar; above,

166

S.

Paris, A 4965

4 Triens Hebneted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 1. s Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

Prow r.; above, below, oooo.

ROMA;

before,

�;

BMCRR Italy 129

§.

Similar; below, ooo. BMCRR Italy 130

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 19.

Similar; below, oo.

The weight standard of 2-6 is based on an as of about 36 gr. The issue was probably struck by C. Aurunculeius (RE Aurunculeius 1), Pr. 209 (see p. 32).

66 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Sardinia

211-209 B.C.

A. ii, So; pl. Iii, 1· See above, p. 13. Paris, A742

1 Quinarius Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, V. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1.

Dioscuri r.; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: 1.

The weight of the one known specimen is 1.91 gr. For this quinarius, of similar style to nos. 63/1, 64/1 and 65/1, seep. 13.

67 ANONYMOUS A. ii,

Mint-Sicily (1)

211-208 B.C.

107; pl. liii, 16-17; S. 83. See above, p. 13. BMCRR Italy 137

1 Victoriatus (Pl. xxn) Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Victory r. crowning trophy; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 12].

The weight standard is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 8 speci mens- 3.03 gr.). For the form of the trophy

68 CORN-EAR

see

pp. 15-16.

Mint-Sicily (1)

211-208 B.C.

A. ii, 47; pl. 1, 1; ii, 78; pl. Iii, 1; ii, 387; S. 191 (anonymous denarius). See above, p. 13. 1a Denarius (Pl. XIII) Hebneted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots.

Paris, A 2080 Dioscuri r.; below, com-ear; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

1b Denarius (Pl. XIII)

BMCRR Rome

191; Bastianelli 251

Similar.

Similar;

Obvene dies (both varieties): [20].

incuse. Reverse dies (both varieties): [25].

2a

no

legend

com-ear;

Quinarius (Pl. XIV)

Similar;

Voirol 109

behind, V.

BM

=

Similar to 1a.

2b Qulnarius (Pl. XIV)

Paris, A 722

Similar.

Similar to 1b. Revene dies (both varieties): [25].

Obverse dies (both varieties): [20].

3 Sestertius (Pl. XIV) Similar; behind, Obverse dies: 1.

BM

=

sometimes

Hannover 88

II S.

Similar to 1b. Reverse dies: 1.

The weight standard of 1-3 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 18 denarii- 4.14 gr.). For 1b, 2b and 3, without

com-ear,

but of identical style with

1a and 2a, see p. 14. 69 CORN-EAR AND KA A. ii,

Mint-Sicily (1)

238 and 402; S. 31o-31od. See above, p. 13, below, no. 36*,

1 Dupondius (Pl. XIV) Helmeted head

BMCRR

of Minerva r.

no.

Italy (Appendix) 23 (unique)

Prow r.; above, com-ear and

below,

ROMA.

2a Aa (Pl. XIV) Laureate head of above, I.

211-2o8 B.C.

136*.

II;

before,

10;

Paris, A 2156; A 2157

Janus; below,

com-ear;

Similar; above, com ear and ear. -

I or I and

2b Aa

com-

BM Similar, but

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 2.

I C instead of 10.

38 Semis

Paris, A 2159; A 2162

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar to 1; above, com-ear

and S or S and

com-ear. On one reverse die

10 is missing (Martini 183).

3b Semis Similar.

Paris, A 2158 Similar, but

C instead of 10.

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 5· 4& Triena

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

Paris, A 2164 Similar to 3a, but no mark of value.

4b Triena Similar.

BMCRR

Similar;

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 12.

168

before, IC

or

1�.

Italy 273

QuaclraDa Head of Hen:ules r. wearing boar-skin;

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 143

5

behind,§.

Bull charging r.; above, corn-ear and ooo; below, snake; in exergue, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 21.

6a Sextans (Pl.

XIV)

BMCRR Italy 274 Prow r.;above, corn-ear; before, �;below,

Head of Mercury r.;above, oo.

ROMA.

6b Sextans Similar.

Similar, but

BMCRR Italy 280 IC or 1<: instead of�. Hannover 1566

6c Sextans

Similar. Specimens in Paris

Similar, but

(all varieties): 39·

The weight standard of 1-6c is based on

an

C instead of K>-.

as of about 31.5 gr. (average of 9

semisses, the least misleading denomination- 14 gr.). For the attribution of the quadrans to this issue see p. 14.

70 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Slclly (z)

A. ii, uo-111;pl. !iii, 9

and 13-14;M. H. Crawford, NC 1970, 54· See above, p . 13.

t Vlctoriatus (Pl. XIV) Laureate

head of Jupiter

Obverse dies:

zu-zo8 B.C.

BMCRR Italy 139 r. Border

of dots.

Victory r. crowning trophy; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [75].

[6o].

The weight standard is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (see NC 1970, 54).

71 C/M A. ii, 625

Mint-Slclly (z)

and 639; M. H. Crawford, NC 1970, ss; S.

112. See above, p. 13, below, no. 137*.

BMCRR Italy 252 M; in

ta Vlctoriatus (Pl. XIV) Laureate head of Jupiter r.; Border ofdots. On one reverse die the

behind, C.

zu-zo8 B.C.

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, exergue, ROMA. Line border.

M appears on the shield (Bastianelli 218).

tb Vlctoriatus (Pl. XIV)

Paris, A 3047

Similar.

Similar, but no

tc Vlctoriatus (Pl. XIV) Similar, but no C. Obverse dies (all varieties): [40].

Similar.

Hannover

M. 697 (A. ii, 105;pl. liii, 6 (?))

Reverse dies (all varieties):

[So).

The weight standard of 1&-<: is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (see NC 1970,

55). For 1C, without CjM, but ofidentical style with ta-b, seeP· 15. 169

A. ii, 387 and 775; Bf., t

Goldmiinzenpri:igung, 6b; S.

193-195d and 234-235. See above, p. 13.

Vlctoriatua (Pl. XIV)

BMCRR Italy 338 Victory r. crowning trophy; between, com-

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

2u-2to B.C.

Mint-Slclly (2)

72 CORN-EAR

ear; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25).

[20].

The weight standard of

1

is based on a denarius of about

4·5 gr.

(average of 9

specimens- 3.o6 gr.). Vatican 212

2 2o-as gold piec:c (Pl XIV) Helmeted head of bearded Mars r. (Corinthian helmet); behind, XX. Border of dots. Obverse dies : 4·

Eagle

on

thunderbolt r.; below,

ROMA

and

com-ear. No border. Reverse dies: 4·

The weight standard of2 is based on a 6o-as gold piece ofjust below

3·375 gr.

BMCRR Rome 281; Paris(JNG 1965, pl. 8, 5)

3 Denariua (Pl. XIV) Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20).

behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, com-ear; in in l ear frame,

ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25 ).

4 Qulnarius (Pl. XIV) Similar; behind, V.

Similar.

Obverse dies:

Reverse dies:

BMCRR Rome 284

[
[ <12.).

The weight standard of 2-4 is based on a denarius of about

4·5 gr.

(average of 17

specimens- 4.04 gr.). BRONZE ( GROUP

3)- FOR EARLIER BRONZE WITH CORN-EARSEE NOS. 40 AND 42

S Semis (Pl. XIV)

Montagna di Marzo hoard

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r.; below, S.

above,

com-ear

and

ROMA;

Specimens in Paris: o. 6 Trieu.s

BMCRR Italy 77

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1. 7

Quadrans

(Pl.

�.

below, oooo,

XIV)

Head of Hercules r. behind,§. Specimens in Paris: 6. 8

Similar;

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 140 wearing

boar-skin;

Bull charging r.; above, com-ear and ooo; below, snake; in exergue,

Sextans

Head of Mercury r.; above,

ROMA. BMCRR Italy 78

Prow

oo,

r.;

above,

com-ear

and

ROMA;

below, oo. Specimens in Paris: 11.

Paris, A 2146

9 Unda Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

o,

Similar; below, o,

170

to Semuncla

Paris,

Head of Mercury r. Specimens in Paris: 3·

A 2210

Similar; no mark of value.

The weight standard of 5-10 is based on an as of about 45 gr. (average of 16 sex tantes -7 gr.). For the attribution of the quadrans to this issue see p. 14.

BRONZE (GROUP 4) Paris, A

uAs Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimen.<� in Paris:

I.

Prow r.; above, corn-ear; before,

ROMA.

5·

tz Semis

I;

2093

below,

Paris, A 2098

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris:

Similar; before, S.

3·

Paris,

13 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 2. 14

oooo.

Similar; before,

�·

Similar; before,

§.

A 2101

Paris, A 2104

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris : 3·

§.

Paris, A 2118

tS Satana Head of Mercury r.; above, oo.

Similar; before, 8.

Specimens in Paris: 2.

The weight standard of 11-15 is based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of8

asses

-33 gr.).

Mint-Siclly (2)

73 DOLABELLA

A. ii, 277; S. 196-197.

See above, p.

13. Paris, A

1 Denarius (Pl. xv) Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: .a

[
behind,

X.

1591

Dioscuri r.; below, ®label/a; in linear frame,

ROMA. Line border.

Reverse dies: [ <12].

BMCRR Rome

Qulnarius (Pl. xv)

Similar; behind, V. Obverse dies: [<10].

209-2o8B.C.

286

Similar.

Reverse dies: [ <12].

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 4 denarii- 4.31 gr.). The symbol is clearly a dolabra or dolahella, probably the latter, certainly not an ascia or adze (for the distinction see K. D. White, Agricultural implements, 61-8).

74 C.VAR

Miot-Slclly (z)

209-2o8 B.C.

B. Terentia 2-3; S. 199-200; RE Terentius 76 (identified with the magistrates of nos. 126 and 185). See above, p. 13, below, no. 138*.

BMCRR Rome 288 linear frame,

t Denarius (Pl. xv)

X.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Dioscuri r.; below, C·� ; in ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ <12].

Paris, A 15424

2 Quinarlus (Pl. xv) Similar; behind, Obverse dies : 1.

V.

Similar. Reverse dies: 1.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 5 denarii- 4·19 gr.). The issue was perhaps struck by

a

younger relative of C. Terentius Varro, Cos.

216.

Miot-Siclly (2)

15 C.AL

209-208 B.C.

A. ii, 49; pl. 1, s-6; B. Aelia 2; S. 198. See above, p. 13.

ta Denarius Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots.

X.

BMCRR Rome 287 · Dioscuri r.; below, C .At-; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. BMCRR Rome 287*

tb Denarius (Pl. xv) Similar, but loop beneath visor and curl on 1. shoulder.

Similar.

BMCRR Italy 107; Paris, A (number lost)

tc Denarius (Pl. xv)

Similar; loop beneath visor very occasionally absent. Obverse dies (all varieties): [40].

The weight

standard of 1a-c is

Similar, but magistrate's name absent. Reverse dies (all varieties): [So].

about 4·5 gr. (average of 31 denarii-

4.28 gr.). For 1c, without magistrate's name, but of identical style with 1b, see

p. 16. The issue

was

perhaps struck by a C. A(i)lius (Aelius), not otherwise known.

Miot-Siclly (2)

76 BRANCH

209-2o8B.C.

A. ii, 302 and 773; S. 201-203b. See above, p. 13. ta Denarius (Pl. xv) Helmeted head of Roma r. -loop beneath visor; behind, branch; below chin, X. Border of dots.

BMCRR Italy 112 linear frame,

Dioscuri r.; on tablet or in ROMA. Line border.

172

tb Denarius

BMCRR Italy

109

BMCRR Italy

111

Hannover

4Z5

Similar.

Similar, but curl on 1. shoulder. tc Denarius

Similar.

Similar to 1a, but branch tied with fille t.. td Denarius Similar, but curl on 1. shoulder. Obverse dies (all varieties): [20].

Similar. Reverse dies

(all varieties): [25].

The weight standard of 1a-d is about 4·5 gr. (average of 19 specimens- 4.26 gr.). BMCRR Italy

XV)

2 As (Pl.

Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris:

3

I.

Prow r.; above, branch; before,

I;

113

below,

ROMA.

7. Paris, A 1707

Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�.

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 1.

Paris, A 1708

Paris, A 1709

S Quadrans Similar; before,§.

Head of Hercules r.; behind,§. Specimens in Paris: 1.

Paris, A 1710

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, oo, Specimens in Paris:

Similar; before,

8.

1.

The weight standard of 2-6 is based on an as of about 49·5 gr. (average of 12 asses -48 gr.).

77

CORN-EAR AND CROOKED STAFF

A. ii, 387 1

(Sene

1,

2eme

Mint-Sicily

variete); H. Zehnacker, BSFN 1966,

38;

S.

225.

Denarius (Pl. xv)

2�208

See above, p.

B.C.

17.

Paris, A 2079

Helmeted head of Roma r. -loop beneath visor and curl on l. shoulder; behind, X.

Dioscuri r.; below, com-ear and crooked staff; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

Border of dots. Obverse dies:

[ < 10].

Reverse dies:

[ < 12].

The weight standard is about 4·5 gr. (average of 3 specimens- 4.04 gr.). The identity of the symbol associated with the

com-ear

be similar to the staff on no. 78{1, but, for some

173

is not obvious- it appears to

reason,

crooked.

78 STAFF

Mint-Sicily

209-ZoS B.C.

A. ii, 462; S. 208. See above, p. 17. 1

Denarius (Pl. xv)

BMCRR Rome 300

Helmeted head of Roma r. -loop beneath visor and curl on I. shoulder; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

Dioscuri r.; below, staff; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25).

The weight standard is about 4·5 gr. (average of 13 specimens- 4.31 gr.). The staff on this issue seems to be of uniform thickness (contrast no. 1o6/3a) and to bear indications of length; it is perhaps a ckcempeda or measuring-pole.

79

WHEEL

Mint-Sicily (?)

z�zoSB.C.

A. ii, 556; S. 519. See above, p. 17. 1

BMCRR Italy 308

Denarius serratus (Pl. xv)

Helmeted head of Border of dots. Obverse dies: [40].

Roma

r.;

behind, X.

Dioscuri r.; below, wheel; in exergue or in Line border. Reverse dies: [so].

linear frame, ROMA.

The weight standard is about 4·5 gr. (average of 28 specimens- 4.o6 gr.).

So DOLPHIN

Mint-Sicily (?)

A. ii, 59; pl. li, 1 and 3; ii, 372;

244*· ta

S. 207 and 214-215b. See

above, p. 17, below, no.

BMCRR Rome 423

Denarius (Pl. XV)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. tb

z�zoSB.C.

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, dolphin; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

Denarius (Pl. XV)

BMCRR Rome 289 Similar, but without dolphin and with legend in linear frame. Reverse dies (both varieties): [so].

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [40].

The weight standard of u-b is about 4·5 gr. (average of 19 specimens4·04 gr.). BMCRR Rome 331

2 Aa (Pl. XV) Laureate head

of Janus; above, I.

Prow r.; above,

Specimens in Paris: s.

Bonazzi 176

3 Trlens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris:

I; before, dolphin; below,

ROMA.

oooo.

Prow r.; above, below, oooo.

o.

174

ROMA; before, dolphin;

Quadrans Head of Hercuel s

Paris, A 1999-2000

4

r.; behind,

Specimens in Paris: 2.

§.

The weight standard of 2-4

Similar; below, ooo. is

based on an as of about 45 gr. (average of 11 asses

- 41 gr.). For 1b, without dolphin, but of identical style with 1a, see p. 17 n. 1.

Mint-Sicily(?)

8t CN.CO RE Cornelius

::&U-::&09 B.C.

131. See above, p. 18.

t As (Pl. XV)

Yale

(T.V. Buttrey, NC t¢4, 125); Turin, F 367 bis

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above, I and dolabella; below, ROMA.

CN·CO; before,

Reverse dies : 2.

Obverse dies: 1.

The weight standard is not easy to determine. Both pieces known are wom and the Yale piece perhaps looks as if it has suffered loss of weight from corrosion. The standard is probably closer to that of the Turin piece (44.97 gr.) than to that of the Yale piece (32.87 gr.). The moneyer is probably Cn. Cornelius Dolabella, Rex Sacr. 208-180, and the do/abel/a a canting type referring to his cognomen.

8::&

ANONYMOUS

Bf., Monete

Mint-Sicily (?)

::&U-209 B.C.

romano-campane, t6. See above, p. 18.

t Semis (Pl. XV)

Turin, F 192 (unique- 23.90 gr.)

Head of Ceres r.; behind,

S.

Hercules fighting stag; behind, club; below,

ROMA.

Given the corroded state of the only surviving

example,

the weight standard is

probably based on a sextantal as, of about 54 gr. For the reverse type compare Monumenti inediti iv, pls.

6-7; R. Brauer, ZJN 1910, 57 (not citing this coin). Mint-S.E. Italy

83 SPEARHEAD A. ii,

:au-:ato B.C.

411 and 543; pl. liii, 22; M. H. Crawford, NC 1970, 56; S. 152-153 and 223. See above,

p. 18. BMCRR Rome

ta Victoriatus (Pl. XVI) Laureate head of Jupiter

r.

Border of dots.

tb Victoriatus (Pl. XVI) Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [40).

320

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, spear head; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. BMCRR Italy

Similar, but no spearhead. Reverse dies (both varieties): [so].

For 1b, without spearhead, but of identical style with 1a, see p.

175

18.

339

a Denarius

(Pl. XVI)

BMCRR Italy 54

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <10].

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, spearhead; in linear frame, R 0 MA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 12].

3 Quinarlus (Pl. XVI)

BMCRR Italy 55

Similar; behind, V. Obverse dies: [ <10].

Similar. Re\·erse dies: [ <12].

The weight standard of 1-3 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 9 denarii- 4.22 gr.; see also NC 1970, 56). 8.t

ROMA

Mlnt-S.E. Italy

211-210 B.C.

A. ii, 744; S. 187-190b. See above, p. 18, below, no. 139*. 1

Denarius (Pl. XVI)

Paris, AF

Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <10].

behind, X.

Dioscuri r.; below, �; in exergue or half incuse on tablet, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ <12).

z Quinarlus (Pl. XVI)

BMCRR Italy 191

Similar; behind, V. Obverse dies: [ <10).

Similar, but legend always in exergue. Reverse dies: [ <12].

BMCRR Italy 192

3 Sestertlus (Pl. XVI) Similar; behind, II$. Obverse dies: [ <10].

Similar. Reverse dies:

[ <12].

The weight standard of 1-3 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 2 denarii- 4·30 gr.). 4

As (Pl. XVI)

Paris, A 3613

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow

r.;

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris : 3·

above,

BMCRR Italy 193

5 Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: u. On one

reverse

I; before, RR; below,

die

2

S.

instead of

occurs

Similar; above,

S.

S (Vienna 419). BMCRR Italyl195

'Quadrana Head of Hercules; behind, §. Specimens in Paris : 8.

Prow r.; above, ROMA; before�; below,ooo.

7 Sextana

Paris, A 3635

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 1. Despite Bahrfeldt's doubts

oo.

Similar; below, oo,

(reported in BMCRR ii, p. 192 n.t), the reading of this coin seems

corr«t.

The weight standard of4-7 is based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of5 asses- 35 gr.).

176

Mint-S.E.

85 H

Italy

211-210 B.C.

A. ii, 644; S. 174-175e. See above, p. 18, below, no. 245*.

1a Quinarius (Pi. XVI) Helmeted head

BMCRR Italy

of Roma

r.; behind,

Border of dots. On one reverse die the 1b

H

197

Dioscuri r.; below, H; in exergue or in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

V.

intrudes into the exergue (Hannover 509).

Quinarius

BMCRR Italy

201

Similar, but H behind. Reverse dies (both varieties): [so].

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [40].

The weight standard of ta-b is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 24

quinarii- 2.15 gr.). 2As Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: 11.

I.

Prowr.; above,

BMCRR Italy 203 I; before, H; below, ROMA.

3 Semis

BMCRR Italy 206

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens

in

S.

Similar;

above, S.

Paris: 10.

On one reverse die 2 occurs instead of

S (Turin F 653).

4 Triens (Pl. XVI) Helmeted head of

Minerva

r.; above,

Prow r.; above,

oooo.

ROMA;

BMCRR Italy 210 before, H; below,

oooo.

Specimens in Paris: 13. 5 Quadrans

Paris, A 3163

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2. 6

Similar; below, ooo.

§.

Sextans

Paris, A 3164 Similar; below, oo.

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 3·

Paris, A 3167

7 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; Specimens

in Paris:

behind, o.

Similar; below,

o.

6.

The weight standard of 2-7 is based on an as of about 40.5 gr. (average of 17 asses -37 gr.). 86A

Q

Mlnt-S.E.

Italy

211-210 B.C.

A. ii, 740; S. 181-182d. See above, p. 18, below, no. 140*.

1 Quinarius (Pl. XVI) Helmeted

head of

Roma r.;

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <10].

The weight standard of

behind,

V.

Dioscuri r.; below, Line border.

BMCRR Italy 217 0-; in exergue, ROMA.

Reverse dies: [ <12]. 1

is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 9

quinarii-2.00 gr.). 177

2 Triens

Paris, A 3597

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

ROMA;

Prow r.; above,

before,

Q;

below,

0000,

Specimens in Paris: 3· 3

Quadrans (Pl.

BMCRR Italy 222

XVI)

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5·

Similar; below, ooo,

§.

4 Sextans

Paris, A 36o5

Head of Mercury r.; above,

Similar; below,

oo.

oo.

Specimens in Paris: 3· S

Uncia

Helmeted head

J. Neudek, NZiv, 1872, p. 19, no. 17 (unique) of Roma r.; behind,

o,

Similar; below,

o,

The weight standard of 2-5 is based on an as of about 31.5 gr. (average of 7 quad:.. rantes -7 gr.).

86s

ANCHOR AND

Q

Mint-S.E. Italy

211-210 B.C.

A. ii, 255; S. 301-301a. See above, p. 18, below, no. 37 *, no. 140*. 1 As Laureate head of Janus; above,

Paris, A 1528

I.

Prow r.; above, below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris : 1. 2 Semis (Pl. XVI) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris : 9·

S.

Similar; above,

Q

and

I;

before, anchor;

BMCRR Rome 538 Q and S.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of 13 semisses -17 gr.). This issue exactly complements the denominations struck in no. 86A; of similar style and weight standard, the two should be associated. The anchor may

well have been omitted from the denominations struck in no. 86A because of lack of space.

87

Mint-S.E. Italy

v

211-210 B.C.

A. ii, 76o; S. t86-t86d. See above, p. 18. Paris, A 3672

tAs Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow

r.;

above,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris : 2.

before,

V;

below,

BMCRR Italy 238

2 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 7·

I;

S.

Similar; above,

S.

BMCRR Italy 240

3 Triens

Prow r.; above, ROMA; before, V; below,

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

oooo.

Specimens in Paris: 1· 4 Quadrans

Paris, A 3687

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

§.

Similar; below, ooo.

S Sextans (Pl. XVI)

BMCRR Italy 241

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 5·

Similar; below,

oo.

oo.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 40.5 gr. (average of 5 asses 36 gr.).

88 SPEARHEAD A. ii, 411 and 777; Bf.,

209 B.C.

Mint-S.E. Italy

Goldmunzenpriigung, 2e; S. 232, 222 and 224-224e. See above, p. 18.

1 6o-as gold piece (Pl. XVI)

Paris, A 2213 (unique)

Helmeted head of bearded Mars r. (Corin thian helmet); below, 4-X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1.

Eagle on thunderbolt r.; on r., spearhead; below, ROMA. No border. Reverse dies: 1.

The weight standard of 1 is about 3·375 gr. 38

Deuarius (Pl.

XVI)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots.

Paris, A 2245 X.

Dioscuri r.; below, spearhead; frame, ROMA. Line border.

2b Deuarius (Pl. XVI)

Similar, but head of Roma more elongated. Obverse dies (both varieties): [40].

in

linear

BMCRR Rome 318 Similar, but spearhead more elongated and ROMAin exergue. Reverse dies (both varieties): [so].

The weight standard of 2a-b is about 4·4 gr. (average of 21 specimens- 3.98 gr.). 38 As Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Paris, A 2255 Prow r.; above, spearhead; before,

ROMA.

3b As Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 1.

Turin, F 436

Similar, but above, I; before, spearhead.

4 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris : 4·

I; below,

Paris, A 2231

Similar to 3b; above, S.

On one r everse die c occurs instead of S (Paris, A 2232). 179

5 Triens

Paris, A 2235

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

Prow r.; above, ROMA; before, spearhead; below, oooo.

oooo,

Specimens in Paris: 2. 6 Quadrans

Paris, A 2238

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

§.

Similar to 5; below,

ooo.

7 Sextans

BMCRR Rome 323 Similar; below, oo.

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 3· 8 Uncia (Pl. XVI)

Paris, A 2243

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind,

Similar; below, o.

o.

Specimens in Paris: 1.

The weight standard of 3-8 is based on

an

as of about 36 gr. (as-average of 19

specimens of all denominations- 34 gr.). Mlnt-S.E. Italy

89 CLUB

208 B.C.

A. ii, 106 and 485; pl. liii, 11; S. 211-213c. See above, p. 18, below, no. 141*.

ta Victoriatus (Pl. XVI)

BMCRR Rome 310 Victory r. crowning trophy; between , club; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

tb Victoriatus (Pl. XVI)

Hannover 716 Similar, but no club.

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [6o).

Reverse dies (both varieties): [75).

For 1b, of identical style with 1a, but without club, see p. 18. BMCRR Rome 307

2 Denarius (Pl. XVII) Helmeted head

of

Roma r.; behind,

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [40].

X.

Dioscuri

r.; below, ROMA. Line border.

club;

in

exergue,

Reverse dies: [So].

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 19 denarii-4.05 gr.). BMCRR Rome 312

3 As (Pl. XVII) Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow r.; above,

club;

before,

I; below,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 13.

4 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 1.

Paris, A 2552 Similar; before, S.

s Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: o.

Similar; before,

180

�-

Leningrad

6 Quadrans

Paris, A 256o

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

§.

Similar; before,

§. BMCRR Rome 317

7 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; before, 8.

oo.

The weight standard of 3-7 is based on

an

as of about

54 gr.

(average of 22 asses

-so gr.).

Mint-uncertain

90 ANONYMOUS

211-2o8 B.C.

A. ii, 101 and 108; pl. liii, 5 and t8; S. 83*; M. H. Crawford, NC 1970, 53· See above, p. 22. Paris, AF

1 Double-victoriatus (Pl. xvn) Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory

r.

crowning trophy; in exergue,

ROMA. Line

border. Reverse dies : 1.

Obverse dies: 1. 2 Victoriatus (Pl. XVII)

Paris, A 831

Similar.

Similar.

Obverse dies: 3·

Reverse dies: 2.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about

4·5

gr.

One should probably accept the testimony of de Salis (reported by H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 190) that the double-victoriatus was in the Cazlona hoard (contra Th. Mommsen, Annali 1863, 8; Monnai'e romaine ii, 223 n. 2).

Mint-uncertain

91 TORQUE

211-2o8 B.C.

A. ii, 109 and 574; pl. llii, 21. See above, p. 22. BMCRR Italy 337

1a Victoriatus (Pl. XVII) Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory r. crownin.g trophy; between, torque; in exergue,

ROMA.

Line border.

1b Victoriatus (Pl. xvn) Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [ < 10].

BMCRR Italy 147 Similar, but no torque. Reverse dies (both varieties):

[ < 12].

The weight standard of 1a-b is perhaps based on a denarius of about

4·5

gr. (note

weights ofrelatively unworn BM specimens). For 1 b, without torque, but ofidentical style with 1 a, see p. 23 n. 2.

181

Mint-uncertain

93 CROT A. ii, 112; pl. liii, 23; B. Maecilia 1; S.

120.

3H-2o8 B.C.

See above, p. 22.

ta Vlctoriatus (Pl. xvn)

BMCRR Italy 243

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

r. crowning trophy; between, upwards; in exergue, ROMA. Line

Victory

CROT

border. BMCRR Italy 143

tb Victorlatus (Pl. xvu)

Similar, but no CROT. Reverse dies (both varieties): [ < 12].

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [
The weight standard of 1a-b is perhaps based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (note weights of unworn BM specimens). For 1b, without CROT, but of identical style with u, see p. 23 n. 2.

Mint-uncertain

93 MP

2H-2o8 B.C.

A. ii, 107 and 719; pl. liii, to; S. 111. See above, p. 22, below, no. 142*.

ta Victoriatus (Pl. XVII)

BMCRR Italy 246

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, exergue, ROMA. Line border.

tb Victoriatus (PL xvu)

M;

in

Hannover 6o4 Similar.

Similar, but smaller head. tc Victoriatus (Pl. XVII)

BMCRR Italy 145 Similar, but no M. Reverse dies (all varieties): [75].

Similar to tb. Obverse dies (all varieties): (6o].

The weight standard of 1a-c is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 32 early and late hoard specimens- 3.23 gr.). For 1c, without M, but of identical style with 1b, seep. 23 n. 4·

,..111 S. tt6. See above, p.

Mint-campania 22,

211-2o8 B.C.

below, no. 38*.

t Victorlatus (Pl. xvn) Laureate head of Jupiter r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: 8.

BMCRR Italy 242 below,

111.

Victory r. crowning trophy; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies : 6.

The weight standard is based on a denarius ofover 4·5 gr. (average of 16 specimens, all but one ultimatdy from Marcianise hoard- 3.41 gr.).

Mint-uncertain

95 VB

%U-2o8BC . .

B. Vibia (not numbered); S. 113-114. See above, p. 22. ta

BMCRR Italy 233

Victoriatus (Pl. XVII)

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, V1; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

tb Victoriatus (Pl. XVII)

BMCRR Italy 235

Similar.

Similar, but smaller head. tc Victoriatus (Pl. XVII)

Hannover 665 Similar, but no \11. Reverse dies (all varieties): [75].

Similar to 1b. Obverse dies (all varieties): [6o]. 2 Half-victoriatus (Pl. XVII)

BMCRR Italy 199

Similar to 1a. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Similar to ta; on r., S. Reverse dies: [ < 12).

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 25 early and late hoard specimens of 1 - 3.22 gr.). For 1c, without \9, but of identical style with 1b, seep. 23

n.

4·

Mint-Spain

96 ANONYMOUS A. ii, 104-105; pl. liii, 7-8. See above, p.

211BC . .

22.

Hannover 667; Paris, A 8o8

t Vlctoriatus (Pl. XVII) Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory r. crowning trophy; incuse

ROMA. Line border.

on

tablet,

Reverse dies: [
Obverse dies: [
The weight standard is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 7 specimens -3.12 gr.; for lists of specimens seeM. Bahrfeldt, ZfN iii, 1876, 235; v, 1878, 37; and in A. Schulten, Numantia iv, p. 264 n. 1).

97 1.-

Mint-Luceria

211-2o8 B.C. (br onze perhaps going later)

A. ii, 66o and 784; pl. lvii, 7-9; K. Samwer and M. Bahrfeldt, Geschichte, pl. 4, t6; G. de Petra, Rendiconto Napoli 1887, 19; M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fur Miinzfreunde 193o-33, 681; C. H. V. Sutherland, NC 1938, 129; S. 121-uta; 126-127; 176; 178-180 and 304-305. See above, p. 19, below, no. 39*, no. 129*, no. 143*. ta

BMCRR Italy 159

Victoriatus (Pl. xvn)

Laureate head of Jupiter r. with straggling hair Bead and reel border. .

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, 1.-; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

tb Victorlatus (Pl. xvn) Similar, but hair falling in three neat ringlets.

BMCRR Italy t6o Similar.

tc

Vlctoriatus

(Pl. XVII)

BMCRR Italy 157

Similar, but border of dots. Obverse dies (all varieties): [6o].

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): [75].

For an anonymous piece resembling 1a see Pl. XVII. z

Quinarius (Pl. XVII)

Helmeted head ofRorna r. (Phrygian helmet); behind, V. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [zo].

Dioscuri r.; below, Line border. Reverse dies: [2 5].

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about victoriati- 2.99 gr.; of 7 quinarii- 2.03 gr.). BRONZE

( GROUP 2)- FOR

EARLIER BRONZE WITH

1,..

BMCRR Italy 151 I,..; in exergue, ROMA.

4·5 gr.

(average of 24

SEE NO. 43·

3 Quincunx

Paris, A 3263

Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind,

I,...

Dioscuri galloping r.; below, exergue, ooooo.

ROMA; in

Specimens in Paris: t. 4 Triens

Paris, A 3270

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: S·

I,..;

Prow r.; above,

0000,

ROMA; before, l-; below,

Paris, A 3282

s• Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; below, Specimens in Paris: 7·

ooo.

Similar; below, ooo.

5b Quadrans (Pl. XVIII) Similar; behind and below, Specimens in Paris: o.

Oxford 0oo.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; below, t...oo.o

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; below, ooo.

sc Quadrans Head of Mercury r.; below, Specimens in Paris: s.

Paris, A 3309

I,..; above, ooo.

Paris, A 3318

6a Sextans

Head of Mercury r.; below, Specimens in Paris: 4·

1,..; above, oo.

Prow r.; above,

BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 7 ol-o.

6b Sextans Similar, but no I,... Specimens in Paris: 11.

Similar, but below

BMCRR Italy 165

78 Uncia (Pl. XVIU) Helmeted head ofRorna r.; below,

o.

ROMA; below, oo.

l-; behind,

Prow r.; above,

7b Uncia (Pl. XVIII) Similar, but Phrygian helmet. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 10.

ROMA; below, o. BMCRR Italy 167

Similar.

BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 10

7c Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

8 Semuncia (Pl. XVIII) Head of Mercury r.; below,

l.-o.

Prow r.; above, ROMA; below,

o.

Paris, A 3384; A 3386

1.-.

Prow r.; above,

E;

sometimes

before,

I.-;

below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 4·

The weight standard of 3-8 is based on specimens of all denominations).

an

as of about 64 gr. (as-average of 69

BRONZE (GROUP 3) Milan 344

9 Dextans

Victory in quadriga r. holding reins in r. hand

Head of Ceres r.

and

staff in

1.

hand;

ROMA; in exergue,

1.-;

above,

below,

Soooo.

Specimens in Paris: o.

10 Semis

Paris, A 3243

Laureate head of Saturn r.; below,

Prow

VI,

r.;

above,

S;

I.-;

before,

below,

ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 3·

BMCRR Italy 162

11 Quincunx (Pl. XVIII) Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind,

Dioscuri r.; below, ROMA;

1.-.

in

exergue,

00000,

Specimens u

in

Paris: 2.

Triens (Pl. XVIII)

BMCRR Italy 163

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; below,

1.-;

Prow r.; above, ROMA; below, oooo.

above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 1.

BMCRR Italy 164

13a Quadrans (Pl. XVIII) Head of Hercules r.; below,

Prow r.; above, ROMA; before,

ooo.

1.-;

below,

000,

Paris, A 3289

13b Quadrans Similar, but behind

1.-.

Similar. Paris, A 3297

13c Quadrans Similar, but behind, § without 1.-. Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 9·

Similar.

Paris, A 3314

13d Quadrans (Pl. XVIII) Head of Mercury r.; below, Specimens in Paris: 3·

l.-;

14 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 2.

above,

ooo.

Prow r.; above, ROMA; below,

ooo.

BMCRR Italy 171 Prow r.; above, ROMA; below,

ol-o.

as Uncla

BMCRR Italy 173

Helmeted head of Roma r.; Specimens in Paris: 2.

Prow r.; above,

behind, o.

The weight standard of 9-15 is based on specimens of all denominations- 42 gr.).

an

ROMA; below, 1.-o.

as of about 45 gr. (as-average of 40

BRONZE (GROUP 4) a6 Dextans

Paris, A 3237

Head of Ceres r.

Victory in quadriga r. holding reins in r. hand

1.-;

and staff in l. hand; above, ROMA; in exergue, Sooo.o

below,

Specimens in Paris: 4· Paris, A 3246

17 Semis (Pl. XVIII) Laureate head behind, s.

of Saturn

below,

1.-;

Prow r.; above,

r.; below,

1.-;

Prow r.; above,

r.;

S; below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 4·

a8a Triens

Paris, A 3276

Helmeted head of above, oooo.

•8b

Minerva

below,

TriCDS

oooo.

Paris, A 3277

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 3· 19

ROMA;

Similar, but before,

1.-.

Quadrans

Paris, A 3298

Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA;

before,

1.-;

below,

ooo.

Specimens in Paris: 3· 208 Sextans

Paris, A 3334

Head of Mercury r.; below, Specimens in Paris: 4-

1.-;

above, oo.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; below, oo.

20b Sextans Similar, but no

Paris, A 3335

1.-.

Similar, but below, ol-o.

Specimens in Paris: 1. 21 Uncla Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, o. Specimens in Paris: o.

Turin, F 664 Prow r.; above,

The weight standard of 16-21 is based on specimens of all denominations- 33 gr.).

186

an

ROMA;

below, l-o.

as of about 36 gr. (as-average of 28

BRONZE (GROUP 5) :ua As (Pl. xvm)

BMCRR Italy 168

Laureate head of Janus; below, Specimens in Paris: 20.

1.-; above,-.

Prow r.; above, I; before,

I.-; below, ROMA.

On this crudely executed piece one of the mint letters or marks of value may be missing. ub As1 (Pl.

XVIII)

Hannover 1592; Naples

Similar, but below, r. Obverse dies: 1. 23

Similar. Reverse dies :

116o44

1.

Dextans (Pl. xvm)

BMCRR Italy 169

Head of Ceres r.

Victory in quadriga r. holding reins in r. hand and staff in 1. hand; above, 1.-; below, ROMA; in exergue, Sooo.o

Specimens in Paris: o. BMCRR Italy 170

24 Semla Laureate head of Saturn r.; below, I,..; behind,

Prow r.; above, S; before,

I,..; below, R 0 MA.

s. Specimens in Paris: 7 · On this crudely executed piece one of the mint letters or marks of value may b e missing.

:as

Paris, A 3279-3281

Triens

Helmeted head of Minerva above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 3·

r.; below, 1.-;

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; before, 1.-; below,

oooo.

On this crudely executed piece one of the mint letters may be missing. :a6

Quadrans

BMCRR Italy 212. (wrongly described in first

edition) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 8.

§.

Prow r.; above, ROMA; before, 1.-; below,ooo.

The mark of value is missing on one obverse die (Paris, A 3303). A:n additional mint-mark is present below the head on one obverse die (Fallani). Paris, A 3338

27 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; below, Specimens in Paris: 2.

The

1.-; above, oo.

Prow

r.; above, ROMA; below, oo.

weight standard of 22-27 is based on an as of about 23.5 gr. (average of 27

asses- 22

gr.).

BRONZE (GROUP 6) As (Pl. XVIII)

A 3232 (A. pl. lvii, 7-9); A 1339 (A. pl. lxv, 5) Laureate head of]anus; below, I,..; above,-. Prow r.; above, I; before, l-; below, ROMA.

28

Paris,

Specimens in Paris: 5 + 9· On this crudely executed piece one or more of the mint letters or marks of value may be missing.

The weight standard of 28 ranges downwards from about 7 gr. 1

The mark TT, visible above the prow

of the prow.

on

the Naples specimen, should be regarded as forming put

Mint-Luceria

zu-zto B.C.

A. ii, 691 and 754; M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fur Miinzfreunde 193o-33, 68o; M. H. Crawford, NC 1970, 52; S. 132-137 and 176a-177. See above, p. zo, below, no. 144*. ta Victoriatus (Pl.

BMCRR Italy 176

XIX)

Laureate head Border of dots.

of Jupiter

tb Victoriatus

(Pl. XIX)

r.;

below,

L...

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, T; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. BMCRR Italy 178

Similar, but no L...

Similar, but -,; instead ofT. BMCRR Italy 174

tc Victoriatus (Pl. XIX)

Similar to 1a, but larger head.

Similar to ta.

On one reverse die I, occurs instead ofT (Hannover 537). Paestum hoard

td Victoriatus

Similar to tc. Obverse dies (all varieties): [6o].

Similar to tc, but noT. Reverse dies (all varieties): [75].

For a specimen with T on reverse only and another without either letter see NC 1970, 52; for a piece resembling the latter, but with legend BOMA see Pl. XIX, 6. z Half-victoriatus (Pl.

Paris, A 3408 bis

XIX)

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet); below, L... Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
Horseman 1.; below, T; behind, S; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [<12]. BMCRR Italy 153

3 Quinarius (Pl. XIX) Helmeted head of Roma r. (Phrygian helmet); below, I,..; behind, V. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20]. 4& Sestertius (Pl.

Dioscuri r.; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25]. Paris, A 3210

XIX)

Similar, but behind, liS.

Similar.

4b Sestertius

Haeberlin 139

Similar, but no I,... Obverse dies (both varieties): [
Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): [< 12].

The weight standard of 1-4b is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 42 victoriati- 2.98 gr.; of 23 quinarii- 2.02 gr.). For 4b, without t.., but of identical style with �' see illustration

in Haeberlin

catalogue.

S Quadrans

Vienna 434; Hannover 589c; Oxford

Head of Mercury r.; below, 1,..; above, coo. Obverse dies: 1.

Prow r.; above, R0 MA; before,T; below, coo. Reverse dies : 2.

6 Sextans (Pl. XIX)

BMCRR Italy 181

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet); below chin, I,..; below, oo. Specimens in Paris: 5·

Dioscuri r.; below, T; in exergue, ROMA.

188

7

Uncia

Paris,

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Phrygian helmet);

below, 1-; behind, o. Specimens in Paris: 3·

One of the Dioscuri r.; below, in exergue, ROMA.

T;

A 3414

behind, o;

Naples, F 1959 (Greek)

8 Semuncia Jugate heads of Dioscuri r., wearing pilei bound with laurel-wreath; behind,T. Specimens in Paris: o.

The weight standard of 5-8

is

Two horses (of the Dioscuri) galloping r.; above each horse,star; in exergue, 1-.

based on an as of about 54 gr. (as-average of

10

specimens of all denominations- 51 gr.). It is difficult to detach this issue from no. 97; it should be regarded as forming part of the product of the mint of Luceria and T perhaps as a mint-master's mark. 980

ANONYMOUS

after 211 B.C.

Mint-Luceria ( ?)

A. ii, 81; pl. Iii, 8. See above, p. 20. 1

Quinarius

Helmeted

(Pl.

head

xrx) of Roma

BMCRR Rome 204 r.;

behind,

V.

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
Dioscuri r.; in linear frame,

ROMA.

Line

border. Reverse dies: [ < tz}.

The weight standard is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 9

quinarii- 2.09 gr.). Mint-Luceria

99 r

209-2o8 B.C.

(perhaps later)

A. ii,729 and 790; M. Bahrfeldt, Blatterfur Miinzfreunde 193o-33, 679; S. 3o6-309. See above, p. 21, below, no. 145*.

BRONZE (GROUP 1) ta As (Pl. XIX) Laureate head of Janus; below,

BMCRR Italy 257

r; above,-.

Prow r.; above,

I;

before,

r; below, ROMA. Paris, A 3548

tb As Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 11.

Similar, but - above.

BMCRR Italy 26o

2a Dextans Head of Ceres r.; behind, r.

Victory in quadriga r. holding reins in r. band and staff in I. hand; below, R 0M A; in exergue,

Sooo.o

2b Dextans Similar.

BMCRR Italy 259 Similar, but

ROMA r

below.

2C DextaDI

Similar. Specimens in Paris

Paris, A 3SS2 Similar, but

(all varieties): 9.

r

in exergue.

BMCRR Italy 261 r S; below, ROM A.

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; below, r; behind,

s.

Prow r.; above,

Specimens in Paris: 3· 4 Quincunx

Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind,

r.

Dioscuri

ooooo.

BMCRR Italy 262 r.; below, ROMA; in exergue,

Specimens in Paris: 9·

BMCRR Italy 263

S Triens

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; below, above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 7. 6

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

r.; above,

ROMA; before, r; below,

oooo.

Paris, A 3S73

� J\

Similar; below, ooo.

7 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; below, Specimens in Paris: 9·

r;

Prow

r; above, oo.

BMCRR Italy 264 Prow r.; above, ROMA; below, oro.

Sa Uncia

Helmeted head ofRoma r.; behind,

Paris, A 3586

o.

Similar; below,

ro.

Sb Uncia

Similar. Specimens in Paris (bot.!1 varieties): 4·

Paris, A 3588 Similar, but

or below.

9 Semuncia Head of Mercury r. Specimens in Paris: 4·

Paris, A 3590 Similar; below,

� r.

The weight standard of 1-9 is based on an as of about 22.5 gr. (average of 14 asses -20

gr.).

BRON'ZE (GROUP 2) to

Aa

Paris, A 3549 (unique)

(PL XIX)

Laureate head ofJanus.

Prow r.; above, I; before,

r; below, ROMA.

The weight standard of 10 is about the same as that of no. 97/28. No. 97/22b, surviving in two die-identical specimens,

seems

to suggest that the

issue with r is part ofthe product ofthe mint ofLuceria; r will then perhaps be a mint-master's mark.

100

Mint-canusium

CA

A. ii, 631; 1a As

209-:aoSB.C.

S. 309'l-309h. See above, p. 21, below, no. 146*.

BMCRR Italy 265

(Pl. m)

Laureate head of Janus; below, C!>.; above,

Prow r.; above, -; before, C!>.; below,

ROMA. 1b As

Paris, A 3069 Similar, but I above.

Similar.

The legend is missing on one obverse die (Hannover 1533). 1C: As

Vatican 6258

c

Similar, but 1>. before.

Similar. Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 6.

:a Semis

BMCRR Italy 266

Laureate head of Saturn r.; below, C!>.; behind, s. Specimens in Paris: 6.

Similar to 1a; above, S.

BMCRR Italy 268; Hannover 1541

3 Trieu (Pl. XIX)

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; below or behind, C!>.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 144A

Prow r.;

above, ROMA; before, C/>..; below,

oooo.

Paris, A 3094

QuadraDs

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §.

Similar; below, ooo

.

Paris, A 3095

4b Quadrans Similar, but Cl>. below chin and ooo above. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 2.

Similar. Paris, A 3096; Hannover 1545

s Sextans

Head of Mercury r.; behind or below, C/>..; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 3·

Similar; below, oo.

6a Uncia

Paris, A 3099

Helmeted head of Roma r.; below, C!>.; behind, o.

Similar; below, o. Paris, A 3100

6b Uncia Similar.

Similar, but Cl>.o below. Hannover 1548

6c: Uncia Similar. Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 3·

Similar, but oCI>. below.

7 Semuncia Head of Mercury r.; below, C!>.. Specimens in Paris: 3·

Paris, A 3102 Similar; only Cl>. below.

The weight standard of 1-7 is based on an as of about 27 gr. (average of 13 -23 gr.). 191

asses

101 KOP

211-210 B.C.

Mint-Corcyra

A. 6o7 and 657; S. 1 18 and 185. See above, p. 21.

BMCRR

1 Vlctoriatus (Pl. XIX) Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

r.,

Obverse dies: 3·

Italy 226

Victory r. crowning trophy; between,

A;

in exergue,

ROMA.

cf:: ;

on

Line border.

Reverse dies: 3·

2 Quinarius (Pl. XIX) Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: 3·

behind,

V.

Dioscuri r.; below, � linear frame, ROMA. Reverse dies: 3·

BMCRR

A;

Italy 224

in exergue or in

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 6 quinarii- 2.06 gr.).

The issue was probably struck at the instance of M. Valerius Laevinus (RE Valerius 211) as Propraetor. For the monogram � compare BMC Thessaly to

Aetolia, Corcyra, nos. 378-So. But it here indicates only striking on Corcyra, not striking by Corcyra. Even if it were certain (which it is not) that A is the monogram of a magistrate responsible for the production of the issue rather than that of an eponymous magistrate, the purely Roman types and the legend ROMA (not PQMAIQN or the like) would identify the issue as Roman. But the production

of the issue on Corcyra tells us nothing whatever about the nature of Roman rule there. For the supposed Illyrian origin of the victoriatus see p. 7·

102 Q

Mint-Apulia

A. ii, 77; pl. li, 24; ii, 82; pl. lii, 9-10 (wrongly given obverse of 181a. See above, p. 21.

11) and

BMCRR

1 Victoriatus (PI. XIX)

Laureate head of Jupiter r.�Border of dots.

BMCRR Italy

za Quinarius (Pl. XIX) head

of Roma

Italy 219

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, C\..; exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: 21.

Obverse dies: 21.

Helmeted

211-210 B.C.

12; ii, 587; S. 115 and

r.; behind,

Border of dots.

V.

horses; below, border.

C\..; in exergue, ROMA.

Similar, but no

C\...

BMCRR

2C Quinarius (Pl. XIX) Similar.

Line

Italy 135

Copenhagen Similar to

za,

but horses at full

gallop.

BMCRR

2d Quinarius (Pl. XIX) Similar, but Attic helmet. Obverse dies (all varieties): 34-

213

Dioscuri r., apparently holding back their

2b Quinarius (Pl. XIX) Similar, but Phrygian helmet.

in

Similar, but

no

C\...

Reverse dies (all varieties): 28.

Italy 132

The weight standard of 2 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 39 quinarii- 2.13 gr.); the weight standard of 1 is based on a denarius of rather less (average of 10 victoriati from early hoards- 3·09 gr.). The mint-mark seems clearly a Q rather than a worm (contra Ailly). For 2b and 2d, without the mint-mark, but of identical style with 2a and 2c respectively, see p. 21 n. 4·

103 MT

Mint-Apulia

A ii, 699 and 723; S. 117 and 183-184. Sec above, p. 21,

below, no. 147*.

ta

Brussels n.49.184

Vlctorlatua (Pl. XX)

Laureate head of Jupiter r. hair. Bead and reel border.

2U-2t0 B.C.

with

straggling

Victory r. crowning trophy; on r., M; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

BMCRR Italy 232

tb Vlctorlatua (Pl. XX) Similar, but border of dots.

Similar.

tc Vlctorlatua (Pl. xx)

Paris, A 3523

Similar, but hair falling in three neat ringlets. Obverse dies (all varieties): 6.

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): 5·

BMCRR Italy u8

3a Qubuariua (Pl. xx)

Helmeted

head

of Roma

r.; behind, V.

Border of dots.

Dioscuri r.; below, M; in exergue or in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

On one reverse die M occurs instead of M (Paris, A 3425). 2b Qulnariua

Hannover 6o6

Similar, but curl on I. shoulder.

Similar, but legend always in exergue.

BMCRR Italy 231

2c Qubuariua

Similar to :za, but M instead of M and legend always in linear frame. Reverse dies: 25.

Similar to :u. Obverse dies: 11.

The weight standard of 2 is based

on

a denarius of about 3·90 gr. (average of 22

specimens- 1.89 gr.), that of 1 on a denarius of perhaps 3.40 (average of 9 specimens from all sources- 2.46 gr.).

to.f B

Mlnt-Etrurla (?)

2U-208 B.C.

A ii, 623; S. 204-204b. Sec above, p. 22. ta

Deoariua (Pl. n)

Helmeted

Paris, A 3031

head of Roma r., with curl on 1. shoulder and usually with curl beneath visor; behind, X. Border of dots.

Dioscuri r.; below, B; in exergue or in linear

frame, ROMA. Line border.

193

tb

BM

Denarius (Pl. XX)

Similar,

but no curl on l. shoulder or beneath

Similar.

visor. Obverse dies (both varieties): [
Reverse dies (both varieties): (
The weight standard of ta-b is about 4·5 gr. (average of 8 specimens- 4.08 gr.).

105

See above,

p.

22.

Paris, A 2705

(Pl. xx)

t Vic:torlatua

209 B.C.

Mint-Etruria ( ?)

PENTAGRAM

A. ii, 529; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 4d; S. 154 and 233-23�.

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, penta in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: 5·

gram;

Obverse dies: 5·

BMCRR Italy 76

2 6o-as gold piece (Pl. XX)

Eagle on thunderbolt r.; on r., pentagram; below, ROMA. No border. Reverse dies: 1.

Helmeted head of bearded Mars r. (Corin thian helmet); below, +X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1.

The weight standard of 2 is about 3·375 gr. Paris, A 2694

3 Denarius (Pl. xx) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots Obverse dies: 2.

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, pentagram; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: 2.

.

The weight standard of 1 and 3 is based on a denarius of about 4·5 gr. (average of 2

denarii-4.29 gr.).

to6

STAFF AND

Mint-Etruria (?)

CLUB

2o8 B.C.

A. ii, 442 and 778; pl. lviii, 3; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 4c; M. Bahrfeldt, Bliitter filr Miinz freunde 193o-33, 682; S. 158, 209-210 and 239. See above, p. 22. t Vic:toriatua

BMCRR Rome 303

(Pl. XX)

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, staff; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: 3·

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 3 (one used for no. 105/1). 2 6o-as gold

BMCRR Italy 6o

piece (Pl. xx)

Helmeted head of bearded Mars r. (Corin thian helmet); below, +X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: ?2.

Eagle on thunderbolt r.; above, staff; below, ROMA. No border. Reverse dies: ?2.

The weight standard of 2 is about 3·375 gr. Hannover 275; Paris, A 2386

3a Denarius (Pl. XX) Helmeted head of Roma r. with short hair; behind, >:: or X. Border of dots .

Di<>Kuri r.; below, staff; incuse in tablet or in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

194

Hannover 279&; Paris, A 238o; Milan 292

3b Denarius (PL XX) Similar, but with long hair; mark of value always

Similar, but ROMA always in linear frame.

X. BMCRR Italy 61

3C: Deuariu.a (Pl. XX) Similar, but with more rounded head. Obverse dies (all varieties): [zo].

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): [25].

The weight standard of 1 and 3a-c is about 4·5 gr. (average of 18 denarii4·25 gr.). BMCRR Italy 64

4 As (Pl. XX) La\UUte head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: 6. S

Prow r.; above, I and staff; below, ROMA.

BMCRR Italy 67

Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 10.

Similar; above, Sand staff.

The staff is missing on one reverse die (BMCRR Italy 11, cf. A. pl. lviii, 3).

BMCRR Italy 71

6a Trieu

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

Prow r.; above, ROMA and staff; below, 0000.

6b

BMCRR Italy 73 (apparent irregular legend is

Trieu

relic

Similar, but club behind.

of und� Table XVIII, 98)

Similar. Paris, A 2558

6c: Trieu

Similar to 6b. Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 15. 7• QuadraDs Head of Hercules r.; behind,

Similar, but no staff .

Paris, A 2428

§.

7b Quadrau Similar, but club below. 7C: QuadraDs (Pl. XX) Similar to 7a. Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 14.

Similar to 6a-b; below, ooo.

BMCRR Italy 74 (pl. lxn, 10) Similar. BM

Similar, but no staff.

BMCRR Italy 75

Sa Sextans

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo,

Similar to 7a-b; below, oo.

Paris, A 2563

8b Sextans Similar, but club behind. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 6.

9 Uncia Helmeted head ofRoma r.; behind, o.

Similar.

Rome, Capitol 418 (unique) Similar; below, o,

1 95

Vatican 6331 (unique)

to Semuncla Head

of Mercury r.

Similar, but no staff; below,

rn.

The weight standard of 4-10 is based on an as of about 40.5 gr. (average of 14 asses -39 gr.). For 7c, without ejther staff or club, but of identical style with 7a-b,

see

p. 22 n. 1; for the style of 10, which links it with the rest of the issue, see the illustra tion given by Bahrfeldt in the article cited. The staff on this issue and on nos. 112 and 13o-1

is

very similar in form to the

staff which figures on a Delian decree honouring Scipio Africanus (SIG 617; BCH 1904, 271 with pl. 12) and which is a

which

see

symbole par/ant for his cognomen (for

Macrobius, Sat. i, 6, 26). Although the staff here and on the inscription

widens towards the end held in the hand, there

no trace of the fleur-de-lys or Index of Types, s.f1.). The staff here is

globe characteristic of a sceptre (for which see also resembles the staff which is to be regarded as the attribute of a magistrate (see on no. 242) and it would be overbold to assert that this issue or no. 112 or nos. 13o-1 must have been struck by a Scipio. For a staff of a very different form 107 c

MiD.t-Etruria (?)

see

no. 78.

209-208 B.C.

A. ii, 6zs. See above, p. zz. ta Deoariua (Pl.

xx)

Helmeted head ofRoma r., alike in style to the second variety of denarii with staff (no. to6/3b); behind, X. Border of dots. tb

BMCRR Italy 182 and 184-185

Denarius (Pl. xx)

Similar, but alike in style to the third variety of denarii with staff (no. to6/3c). u:

Oxford; BMCRR Italy t86 Dioscuri r.; above, C; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

Similar.

BMCRR Italy 183

Deoarius (Pl. xx)

Similar, but compact visor on helmet.

Similar.

td Deoariua (Pl. XX)

Hannover 329 Similar, but no C. Reverse dies (all varieties): [zs].

Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): [zo].

The weight standard is about 4·5 gr. (average of 30 specimens-4.23 gr.). For 1d, without C, but of identical style with 1c, see p. 22. Mint-uncertain

to8 CADUCEUS

2U-2o8 B.C.

A. ii, 308; S. 163. See above, p. zz. l Denarlua (Pl. xx) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
X.

BMCRR Italy 48 Dioscuri r.; below, caduceus; in aergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [<12].

The weight standard is about 4·5 gr. (average of 10 specimens - 4.03 gr.). 196

109 KNIFE

211-208 B.C.

Mint-uncertain

A. ii, 382; S. 165. See above, p. 22.

1 Denarius (Pl. xx)

BMCRR Italy 58

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
Dioscuri r.; below, knife; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [< 12].

The weight standard is about 4·5 gr. (average of 16 specimens- 4.30 gr.).

uo WREATH

211-208 B.C.

Mint-uncertain

A. ii, 355; S. 278-279ll. See above, p. 22.

1a Denarius (Pl. XXI)

Paris, A 1874

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots.

Dioscuri r.; above, wreath; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

1b Denarius (Pl. XXI)

Petacciato hoard Similar, but no wreath. Reverse dies (both varieties): [25].

Similar.

Obverse dies (both varieties): [20].

The weight standard of ta-b is about 4·3 gr. (average of 17 specimens- 3.87 gr.). For 1b, without wreath, but of identical style with 1a, see p. 2 As (Pl. XXI)

22

n. 3·

BMCRR Rome 326 (heavy series)

Prowr.; above, wreath and I; below, ROM A.

Laureate head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: 9·

BMCRR Rome 329 (heavy series); Paris, A 1896 (light series)

3 Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris : 3.

Similar; above, wreath

The weight standard of 2-3 (heavy series) is based

on

and S.

an as of about 49·5 gr.

(average of 16 asses - 45 gr.). For the existence side by side of a heavy and a light series (the latter on a less than uncial standard) see p. 596.

111 AL

Mint-uncertain

211-208 B.C.

B. Aelia t; M. Bahrfeldt, NZ t88t, 178; Bf. i, 6; S. 276. See above, p. 22.

1 Denarius (Pl. XXI) Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
BMCRR Italy u6

r.; behind, X.

Dioscuri r.; below, Pv; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 12].

The weight standard is perhaps about 4·3 gr. (average of 4 specimens- 3.88 gr.). The issue was perhaps struck by an A(i)lius (Aelius), not otherwise known.

197

u2 STAFF A. ii, 442; S. 1

ztoa,

Victoriatus (Pl.

Mint-Rome

XXI)

BMCRR Rome 441

Laureate head of Jupiter r.; before, staff. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [40}. 211

2o6-t9S B.C.

.24<>-.24.2 and .243b-.243C. See above, p. so, below, no. 148*.

Victory

r. crowning trophy; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [so} •

.

Denarius (Pl. XXI)

Helmeted head of Roma r.;

behind, X. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 440 before, staff;

Dioscuri r.; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Paris, AF

2b Denarius (Pl. XXI)

Similar. Obverse dies (both varietie.s): [
Similar, but staff below. Reverse dies (both varieties): [ < 1.2}.

The weight standard of 1-2b is based

on

a denarius of about 4.2 gr. (average of u

denarii- 3.76 gr.). The two varieties of the denarius are linked by a obverse die (Paris, AF and Sandes

=

common

Berlin).

3 As (Pl. XXI)

Paris, A 2396

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow

r.;

above, staf; f

before,

ROMA.

I; below,

Specimens in Paris : 4. 4 Semis

Paris, A 2414

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 3·

Similar; before, S.

Paris, A 2373

sa Triens

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; before, staff; above, oooo.

Prow r.; above, ROMA and staff; below, oooo.

Paris, A .2417

Sb Triens

Similar, but no staff. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 3·

Similar.

BMCRR Rome 304

6a Quadrans (Pl. XXI)

Head of Hercules r.; before, staff; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5·

§.

Prow r.; above, ROMA; below,

6b Quadrans (Pl. XXI)

Similar, but no staff. Specimens in Paris: 1.

ooo.

Paris, A 2440 Similar, but ROMA and staff above prow.

Paris, A .2374

7a Sextans

Head of Mercury r.; before, staff; above,

Prow r., above, ROMA and staff; below,

oo.

oo.

BMCRR Rome 305

7b Sextans

Similar.

Similar, but no staff.

Paris, A 2.441

7c Satans Similar, but no staff.

Similar to 7a.

Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 4·

The weight standard of 3-7c is based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of 9 quad rantes- 8 gr.). For the form of the staff on this issue see on no. 1o6. U3STAR

Mint-Rome

.zo6-t9S B.C.

A. ii, 2.80; S. 2.63-2.64b. See above, p. so, below, no. 149*.

t Denarius (Pl. XXI) Helmeted head of Border of dots. Obverse dies: [40].

BMCRR Rome 457 Roma r.;

behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, star; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [so].

The weight standard of 1 is about 4.2 gr. (average of 25 specimens- 3.89 gr.). 2. As

(Pl. XXI)

Paris, A 16o3

Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: 2..

Prow r.; above, star; before, I; below,

I.

ROMA.

BMCRR Rome 465

3Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Specimens in Paris: 1. 4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

oooo.

Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

Specimens in Paris: 2..

s Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2..

Paris, A 162.8

Paris, A 1634

§.

6 Sextans

Vienna 347

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo.

Similar; before,

Specimens in Paris: o.

8.

The weight standard of 2-6 is based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of 5 asses 34 gr.). 114 ROSTRUM TRIDENS

Mint-Rome

-

.zo6-t9S B.C.

A. ii, 549; S. 2.44-2.4sc. See above, p. so.

t Denarius (Pl. XXI) Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: [30].

BMCRR Rome 448 behind, X.

Dioscuri r.; below, rostrum trickns; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [37].

The weight standard of 1 is based on a denarius of about 4.2 gr. (average of specimens- 3·77 gr.). 199

20

2As

BMCRR Rome

Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: One reverse die

I.

ROM A.

14.

has I and rostrum tridens (Paris, A 2598

=

A. pl. lxxxxi, 2).

3 Semis

BMCRR Rome

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3· 4

S.

Similar; above, rostrum tridens; before,

Triens (Pl. XXI)

454

S.

BMCRR Rome 456

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris:

451

Prow r.; above, rostrum tridens and I; below,

Prow r.; above, below, oooo.

oooo.

ROMA and rostrum tridens;

5·

s Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 7.

§.

Similar; below,

ooo.

The weight standard of 2-5 is based on an as of about31.5 gr. (average of 20 asses -30 gr.).

us

TRIDENT

Mint-Rome

�195 B.C.

A. ii, S78; S. 268-268a. See above, p. so, below, no. 150*. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXI)

BMCRR Rome 443

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [30].

Reverse dies: [37].

head

of Roma r.;

behind,

X.

and Italy 302

Dioscuri r.; below, trident; in linear frame, R 0MA. Line border.

Helmeted

The weight standard is about 3·9 gr. (average of 26 specimens -3.58 gr.).

u6

BUTTING BULL

A. ii, S62; ta

Mint-Rome

S. 28o-28t. See above, p. so, below, no. tSt*.

Denarius (Pl. XXII)

Helmeted

2�195 B.C.

head

of Roma r.;

BMCRR Italy 319 behind,

Border of dots. tb Denarius

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, bull butting l.; between horizontal lines, ROMA. Line border. BMCRR Italy 317

(PI. XXII)

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [30).

Similar, but bull butting r. Reverse dies (both varieties): [37].

The weight standard of ta-tb is about 3.8 gr. (average of30 specimens-3.46 gr.). Paris, A 272s-2726

2 As (Pl. XXII) Laureate head of Janus; above, I. Obverse dies:

t.

Prow r.; above, bull charging l.; before, below, ROMA. Reverse dies: t. 200

I;

The weight standard of 2 is doubtless somewhat above the average weight of the two known specimens -34 gr. The identity of the symbol on 2 is less than certain. It cannot be a rhinoceros (seep. 554) and it looks more like a bull than anything else. 117A

RUDDER

Mint-Rome

�o6-t9S

B.C.

A. ii, 432; S. 261. See above, p. so, below, no. 1S2*. 1

Denarius (Pl. XXII)

BMCRR Rome 446

Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, rudder; ROMA. Line border.

in linear frame,

Reverse dies: [2s].

The weight standard is about 4.2 gr. (average of 15 specimens-3.84 gr.). 117B

BIRD AND RUDDER

Mint-Rome

�o6-195

B.C.

A. ii, 433; S. 292-292c. See above, p. so. l As (Pl. XXII) of Janus; above, I.

BMCRR Rome 344

Laureate head

Prow r.; above, bird and rudder; before, I;

below, ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 9· � Semis

Hannover 891

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: o.

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

I·

Similar; before,

§.

Paris, A 2307

3 Trlens

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo, Specimens in Paris: 1. 4

Paris, A 2308

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

§.

Paris, A 2309

s Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, oo.

Similar; before, 8.

Specimens in Paris: 1.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 40.5 gr. (average of 16 asses -37 gr.). Mint-Rome

uS HELMET

�195

B.C.

A. ii, 31 s ; S. 272-272d. See above, p. so, below, no. 1S3*·

1

As

Laureate head of Janus; above,

BMCRR Italy 374

I.

Prow r.; above, helmet; before, I; below,

ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 6.

201

3

Semb

Paris, A 176s

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 3·

Similar; before, S.

3 Trieu

Paris, A 1768 Prow r.; above, ROMA; before, helmet; below, oooo.

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 2. 4 Quadrans

Paris, A 1770

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

§.

Similar; below, ooo.

5 Sextans (Pl. XXII) Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Paris, A 1773 Similar; below,

oo.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an

as

of about

oo.

36 gr. (average

of 10 asses

-34 gr.).

U9THUNDERBOLT

Mint-Rome

2o6-195 B.C.

A. ii, 422; S. 246-248e. See above, p. so, below, no. 1S4*· t

Victoriatus (PL XXII)

BMCRR Rome 472; Rome 471

Laureate head of Jupt i er r. Border of dots.

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, thun

Obverse dies: [40].

derbolt; in exergue or between horizontal lines, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [so].

2 Denarius (Pl. XXII) Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
BMCRR Rome 470 r.;

behind, X.

Dioscuri r.; below, thunderbolt; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [<12).

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 4.1 gr. (average of 6 denarii- 3·73 gr.). 3As

Laure!tte head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: s.

Paris, A 2268 Prow r.; above, I; before, thunderbolt; below,

ROM A.

4 Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Paris, A 2273 Similar; above, S.

5 Trieu Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 4-

Paris, A 2276 Similar; above, ROMA; below,

202

oooo.

Paris, A 2280

6 Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; below, ooo.

§.

Paris, A 2282

7 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 5·

Similar; below, oo.

oo,

8 Uncia (Pl. XXII)

Paris, A 2287 Prow r.; above, thunderbolt; before, o; below,

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, o,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 2.

The weight standard of 3-8 is based on an as of about 40.5 gr. (average of 6 asses -37 gr.).

120 KNIFE

Mint-Rome

zo6-t9S B.C.

A. ii, 382 and 775; S. 255-257c. See above, p. so.

BMCRR Rome 475; Hannover 412

t Victoriatus (Pl. XXII) Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, knife; in exergue or between horizontal lines, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: (25].

Obverse dies: [20].

BMCRR Rome 474

2 Denarius (Pl. xxu) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
Dioscuri r.; below, knife; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [< 12].

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 4.0 gr. (average of 6 denarii- 3.64 gr.). BMCRR Rome 476

3As

Prow r.; above, knife; before, I; below,

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 6.

BMCRR Rome 477

4 Semis (Pl. XXII) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 3·

Similar; before, S.

BMCRR Rome 478

s Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

oooo.

Similar; above, knife and ROMA; below, 0000,

Specimens in Paris: 4· 6 Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

Paris, A zo6z

§.

Similar; below, ooo,

203

Paris, A zo6s

7 SextaDa Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; below,

The weight standard of 3-7 is based on

an as

oo.

of about 40.5 gr. (average of 8 asses

-36 gr.).

131

sow

A. ii, s8o; S. t

Mint-Rome

2o6-195 B.C.

252-254d. See above, p. so. BMCRR Rome 481; Hannover 8o9

Victoriatua (PL XXII)

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [30].

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, sow; in exergue or between horizontal lines, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [37].

BMCRR Rome 479

2 Denarius (Pl. XXII)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Dioscuri r.; below, sow; in linear frame,

ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 12].

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 4.0 gr. (average of 9

denarii- 3·71 gr.). Paris, A 2863

3 As Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow

r.;

above, sow; before, I; below,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 4· 4 Semb

BMCRR Rome 484

(Pl. XXII)

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 4·

Similar; before, S.

BMCRR Rome 485

s Trieu Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

Similar; above, sow and ROMA; below, oooo.

Specimens in Paris : S· 6

Paris, A 2874

Quadrau

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

§.

Similar; below,

ooo.

7 SextaDa

Paris, A 2877

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo.

Similar; below, oo.

Specimens in Paris : 4·

The weight standard of 3-7 34

gr.).

is

based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of 6 asses

-

Mint-Rome

122DOG

2o6-195 B.C.

A. ii, 321; S. 249-2s1d. See above, p. so, below, no. 40*, no. 1SS*· 1 Victoriatus (Pl. xxni)

BMCRR Rome

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, dog; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [37].

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [30].

BMCRR Rome

2 Denarius {Pl. XXIII)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

487

X.

486

Dioscuri r.; below, dog; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [2S].

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 3·9 gr. (average of 8 denarii- 3.64 gr.). 3 As (Pl. XXIII)

BMCRR Rome

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow

r.;

above,

dog; before,

ROMA.

489-490

I; below,

Specimens in Paris : 7. 4

Semis

Paris, A 1793

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3· On one reverse die

S.

Similar; before,

2 occurs instead of S (Paris, A 179S).

S Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 3· 6

S.

Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

Similar; before,

8.

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

§.

BMCRR Rome

491

BMCRR Rome

492

7 Sextans

Paris, A 1801

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 3·

The weight standard of 3-7 is based on

an

as of about 36 gr. (average of 13

asses

-32 gr.).

Mint-Rome

U3RAM A. ii,

2o6-195 B.C.

288. See above, p. so.

1 Denarius (Pl. XXII)

Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Paris, A 1647 r.; behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, ram; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 121.

The weight standard of 1 is perhaps about 3·9 gr. 205

a

As (Pl. xxu)

Paris, A 1648; Vatican 6t8z

Laureate head of Janus; above,

Obverse

Prow r.;

I.

ROMA.

dies: 1.

above,

ram;

before,

I; below,

Reverse dies: 1.

3 Semla Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S.

Paris, A 1649 (unique) Similar; before,

.

S.

The weight standard of 2-3 is doubdess somewhat above the average weight of the two known specimens of the as- 35 gr.

ta.&

META

Mint-Rome

A. ii, 295 and 77Z; S. 258-26od. See above, p. t

so. BMCRR Rome 494

Vlctorlatua (Pl. xxm)

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, meta; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [zo]. a Denarius

(Pl. XXIII)

BMCRR Rome 493

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

X.

Dioscuri r.;

below,

meta; in linear

ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 12].

frame,

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 3·9 gr. (average of 4 denarii- 3·83 gr.). 3As Laureate

head of Janus;

above, I.

Prow r.;

ROMA.

above,

Paris, A 1674 I; below,

meta; before,

Specimens in Paris: 8. 4 Semis

(Pl. xxm)

Laureate head of Saturn r.; Specimens in Paris: 2.

BMCRR Rome 496

behind, S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�.

S Trlau

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 1. 6

Specimens in Paris : 4· 7

Paris, A 1685

Quedrana

Head of Hercules r.; behind,

Paris, A t683

Similar; before,

§.

§.

Sataua

Paris, A 1689

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 2.

The weight standard of 3-7

Similar; before, g. is

based on

an

-35 gr.). 2o6

as of about 36 gr. (average of 14

asses

125 QLC

Mint-uncertain

2o6-2oo B.C.

B. Lutatia 1; S. 274. See above, pp. 50f. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXIII)

Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

BMCRR Italy 349

r.; behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below,Ol_C;inexergue,ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

The weight standard is about 4.2 gr. (average of 11 specimens- 3.84 gr.). The letters

are

presumably the initials of praenomen,

nomen

and cognomen; the

moneyer is probably a Q. Lutatius Catulus or Cerco, not otherwise known.

126 VAR

Mint-uncertain

2o6-2oo B.C.

B. Terentia 1; S. 275; RE Terentius 76. See above, pp. 50f. BMCRR Italy 351

1 Denarius (Pl. XXIII)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

The

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, \G..; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

eight standard is about 4·4 gr. (average of

w

12 specimens- 4.o6 gr.).

The moneyer is perhaps A. Terentius Varro, Pr. 184 (RE Terentius So).

127 FEMALE HEAD

Mint-uncertain

2o6-2ooB.C.

A. ii, 567; B. Horatia 1; S. 277. See above, pp. 50f., below, no. 156*. BMCRR Italy 314

1 Denarius (Pl. XXIII)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [2o].

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, female head; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

The weight standard is about 3.6 gr. (average of 12 specimens- 3.32 gr.). The restoration of this issue by Trajan with the added legend COCLES provides no grounds whatever for supposing that it was originally struck by someone of that name - the family was certainly extinct by this period.

128 SHIELD AND CARNYX

Mint-uncertain

206-200 B.C.

B. Deda 1; S. 290-2900. See above, pp. 50f. BMCRR Italy 312

1 Denarius (Pl. XXIII)

Helmeted head of Roma r. (helmet akin to Phry� helmet) with curl on 1. shoulder; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Dioscuri r.; below, shield and carnyx; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 12].

The weight standard is about 4.2 gr. (average of 9 specimens- 3.84 gr.). 207

The restoration of this issue by Trajan with the added legend DECIVS MVS provides no grounds whatever for supposing that it was originally struck by some one of that name - the family was certainly extinct by this period.

Mint-uncertain

129 PENTAGRAM

2o6-2oo B.C.

A. ii, 529; S. 205. See above, pp. 50f. 1 Denarius (Pl.

xxm)

Helmeted head of Roma with curl shoulder; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [:zo}.

BMCRR Italy 293 on

I.

Dioscuri r.; below, pentagram; in frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25}.

linear

The weight standard is about 3.8 gr. (average of 18 specimens-: 3.50 gr.).

Mint-imcertaln

130 STAFF AND FEATHER

2o6-2oo B.c.

A. ii, 464; S. 206. See above, pp. 50f. 1a Denarius (PI. XXIII)

BMCRR Italy 305

Helmeted head of Roma r. with curl on 1. shoulder; before, staff; behind, X. Border of dots.

Dioscuri

ROMA.

r.; below, feather; Line border.

in exergue,

Hannover 1499

1b Denarius

Similar, but no curl. Obverse dies (both varieties): [40].

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): [So].

The weight standard of ta-b is about 3·5 gr. (average of 27 specimens- 3.22 gr.).

131 STAFF AND WING

Mint-uncertain

2o6-2oo B.C.

S. :zo6n. See above, pp. 50f. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXIII)

Sierra Morena hoard

Helmeted head of Roma r.; before, staff; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
Dioscuri r.; below, wing; in exergue, Line border. Reverse dies: [<12}.

=

BM

ROMA.

The weight standard is about 3.6 gr. (average of 3 specimens- �.27 gr.).

Mint-Rome

132 ME

194-190 B.C.

A. ii, 713; B. Caecilia 1-7; Bf. i, 56; iii, :z6; S. 317-319d. See above, pp. 5of. · BMCRR Rome 533

1 Victoriatus (Pl. XXIII)

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of' dots. Obverse dies: [30}.

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, i n exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [37].

208

M;

2 Denarius

(Pl. xxm)

Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
BMCRR Rome 532 r.; behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, 1\fc.; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [< 12].

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 3·9 gr. (average of 4 denarii- 3.6o gr.). 3

As (Pl. XXIII)

BMCRR Rome 536

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.;above, 1\fc.;before, I; below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 14.

Paris, A 3500

4 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Paris, A 3503

5 Triens (Pl. XXIII) Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris : 2.

Similar; before, �·

oooo.

6 Quadrans

Paris, A 35o6

Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Similar; before,

Specimens in Paris: 3·

§.

7 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above,

Hannover 1139 Similar; before, 8.

oo.

Specimens in Paris: o.

The weight standard of 3-7 is based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of 20 asses - 34gr.). The monogram 1\fc. can hardly be intended to refer to anyone other than a Caecilius Metellus and the moneyer

is

presumably an otherwise unattested (older) cousin of

Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Cos. 143 (no. 211).

133 TAMP

Mint-Rome

B. Baebia 1 and 3-11; Bf. iii, 25; S. 334-337e; RE Baebius 42-43

194-190B.C.

( ?). See above, p. 51, below,

no. 42*, no. 157*. 1

Victoriatus (Pl. XXIII)

BMCRR Rome 56o

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [50].

Obverse dies: [40].

M;

On one reverse die the monogram is reversed, M (Paris, A 5089, cf. G. Riccio, Catalogo, pl. iii, t8). 2a Denarius Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 559 behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, M; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

209

BMCRR Rome 557

2b Deaariua

Similar, but M above. Reverse dies (both varieties): [25].

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [20]. 3 Denariua (Pl. XXIII)

Paris, A 5084

in biga r.,with horses prancing; above, M; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

Similar.

Luna

Obverse dies: 1.

Reverse dies: 1.

The weight standard of 1-3 is based on a denarius of about 3·9 gr. (average of 18 denarii- 3.6o gr.). 4

BMCRR Rome 561

As (Pl. XXIV)

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.;

above,

M, before, I; below,

ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 8.

s Semia

Paris, A 5097

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

S.

Similar; before,

S.

6 Trieu

Paris, A 5104

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 3·

Similar; before,

I.

Similar; before,

§.

Similar; before,

&.

Similar; before,

o.

7 Quadrana

Paris, A 5107

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

§.

BMCRR Rome 563

8 Satans

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 2.

oo.

9 Uncia

Paris, A 5112

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

o.

The weight standard of 4--9 is based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of 11

asses

- 35 gr.). The moneyer is presumably either Cn. Baebius Tamphilus, Pr. 168, or this man's cousin, son of M. Baebius Tamphilus, Cos. 181, and father of M. Baebius

Q.£ Tampilus, Mon.

c.

137 (no. 236).

134 LPLH

Mint-Rome

194-190 B.C.

B. Plautia 1-7; Bf. i, 204; S. 332-333d. See above, p. 51. 1a Denarlua

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots.

X.

Dioscuri r.; below,

ROMA. Line border.

2.10

BMCRR Rome 553 .W; in linear frame,

1b Denarius (Pl.

BMCRR Rome 552

XXIV)

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [3o].

Similar, but l:r1i above. Reverse dies (both varieties): [37].

The weight standard of u-b is about 3·9 gr. (average of 15 specimens3·63 gr.). 2 As (PL XXIV)

Laureate head of Janus; above,

Prow

r.

r.;

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 8.

above,

BMCRR Rome lrP;

before,

Hannover 1123

3 Semb

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: o.

Similar; before,

S.

S.

4 Trlena Similar; before, B·

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: S·

5 Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; before,

§.

BMCRR Rome 556

§.

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r. with caduceus over shoul-

der; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 4·

Similar; before, 8.

The weight standard of 2-6 is based on an

as

-34 gr.). The letter-form J... is usual, but L

Hannover 1126

Paris, A 14011

of about 36 gr. (average of 11

occurs

SSS

I; below,

asses

sporadically throughout the

issue. The monogram W is traditionally resolved into L. Pl(autius) H(ypsaeus) and if

this is

correct

the moneyer may be a homonymous son of L. Plautius Hypsaeus,

Pr. 189.

135 OWL

Mint-Rome

194-190 B.C.

A. ii, 333; S. 282. See above, p. 51 below, no. 43*. 1 Denarius

(Pl. XXIV)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

X.

BMCRR Italy 323; Hannover 1417 Dioscuri r.; below, owl; in linear frame or in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25).

The weight standard is about 3·9 gr. (av erage of 19 specimens- 3·77 gr.).

211

136 AN or AV

194-190 B.C.

Mint-Rome

A. ii, 617 and 783; B. Aurelia 1-7; Bf. i, 51; S. 326-327e; RE Aurelius 1. See above, p. 51, below, no. 158*.

BMCRRRome 564

1 Denarius (Pl. XXIV)

Helmeted head ofRoma r.; behind, X.

Luna in biga r., with horses prancing; above, N; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

Obverse dies: [2o).

The weight standard of 1 is about 3·9 gr. (average of 19 specimens- 3.76 gr.). zAs

Paris, A 3022

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow

r.;

ROMA.

above, N;

before,

I;

below,

Specimens in Paris: 1. 3 Semis (Pl. XXIV)

Paris, A 3023

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 3.

Similar; before, S.

4 Triens

Vicarello find

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; before,

oooo.

Vicarello find

S Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

�.

§.

Similar; before,

=

Paris, A 3026

=

Paris, A 3027

§. BMCRRRome 569

6 Sextans

Similar; before, 8.

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 2. 7 Uncia

Paris, A 3030

Helmeted head ofRoma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

The weight standard of 2-7

is

Similar; before,

o,

based on

an

o,

as of about 4'?·5 gr. (average of 14

hoard asses - 37 gr.). Speculation about the identity of the moneyer

is

poindess.

Mint-Rome

137 CRESCENT

194-190 B.C.

A. ii, 361; S. 352, 267-267d, 314 and 316-316d. See above, p. 51.

BMCRRRome 575

1 Denarius (Pl. xxrv)

Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies: [30].

r.; behind, X.

Dioscuri r.; above, crescent; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [37}.

The weight standard of 1 is about 3·9 gr. (average of 16 specimens- 3.81 gr.). 212

BMCRR Rome

2As Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: 2.

579

Prow r.; above, I and crescent; below, ROMA.

I.

BMCRR Rome

3 Semis (Pl. XXIV) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

581

Prow r.; above, crescent; before, S; below,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 2. 4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo, Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

Paris, A 1943

Paris, A 1946

5 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

§.

Paris, A 1948

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; before, 8.

oo,

The weight standard of 2-6 is based on an

as

of about 36 gr. (average of 7 asses

over 31 gr.).

194-190 B.C.

Mint-Rome

138 P.MAE

B. Maenia 1; Bf. i, 174; S. 351; RE Maenius 12. See above, p. 51. t

Denarius (Pl. xxxv)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [30]. The legend

on

one reverse die is

P f'k ·

X.

BMCRR Rome 630; Hannover 1222 Dioscuri r.; below, P f\k or P Nic. ; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. ·

·

Reverse dies: [37).

(Hannover 1224).

The weight standard is about 3·9 gr. (average of 11 specimens- 3·74 gr.). The moneyer is in this period more likely to be a Maenius than a member of any of the other possible gentes. He is presumably related to one or more ofT. Maenius, Pr. 186, C. Maenius,Pr. 180 and Q. Maenius,Pr. 170, and is perhaps the grandfather ofP. Maenius Antiaticus M.f. (no. 249).

139 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

t8!r-18oB.C.

A. ii, 63 and pl. li, 8 (wrongly assigned reverse of 7); S. 338. See above, p. 51. t

Denarius (Pl.

XXIV)

Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies: [40).

BMCRR Rome r.;

behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; in linear frame,

ROMA.

border. Reverse dies: [50].

The weight standard is about 3·9 gr. (average of 7 specimens- 3.67 gr.). 213

570

Line

Mint-Rome

140 ANONYMOUS A.

189-18o B.C.

ii, 69 and pl. li, 12; S. 339· See above, p. 51. BMCRR Rome 574

1 Denarlua (Pl. XXIV)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [U>).

Luna in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and goad in r. hand, with horses galloping; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

The weight standard is about 3·9 gr. (average of 7 specimens- 3.72 gr.). 141 BIRD AND TOD

Mint-Rome

t89-18o B.C

•

.

A. ii, 513; S. 345-346g;

RE Tod. See above, p. 52, below, no. 159*. BMCRR Rome 589

1 Denarlua (Pl. XXIV)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [30).

Luna in biga r., with horses galloping; below, TOO with bird perched on first letter; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: £37).

The weight standard of 1 is about 3·9 gr. (average of 13 specimens- 3·75 gr.). BMCRR Rome 592

2a As Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow r.; above, T with bird perched on it - bird holds wreath in beak; before, I; below, ROMA. Fallani (unique)

�bAs Similar. Specimens in Paris (first variety): 6.

Similar, butT with bird before prow and I above prow.

On one reverse die of the first variety the full legend T 0 D occurs instead of T (Paris, A 15861). (Pl. XXV) BMCRR Rome 593

3&Semb

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S.

3b

Similar to za; before, S.

Semb

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 5·

Paris, A 2642 Similar, but bird does not hold wreath.

Paris, A 15854

411 Trleaa

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

4b

Similar to 38; before,

I·

Similar to 3b; before,

�.

Paris, A 2643

Trleaa

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 5·

Paris, A 15857

sa Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, §.

Similar to 4ll; before, §.

214

Sb Quadrans (Pl. XXV)

Paris, A 2645

Similar.

Similar to 4b; before,

§.

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 4· 6 Sextans

Paris, A 15859

Head of Mercury r.; above,

Similar to sa; before, 8.

oo.

Specimens in Paris: 2.

The weight standard of 2-ti is based on

an

as of about 36 gr. (average of 13 asses

-over 31 gr.). It is clear from Festus, s.v. Todi, that todus is the Roman name of a bird and that todil/us in Plautus, Gist. 408 is simply a diminutive, not a different kind of bird. The moneyer's cognomen, not otherwise attested, is thus presumably Todus.

t.p BULL AND MD

Mint-Rome

t89-t8oB.C.

S. 299-299e. See above, pp. 51f.

BMCRR Rome 549

t As Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above, bull and

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 13. 2

BMCRR Rome 551

Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens i n Paris : 6.

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�·

Similar; before,

§.

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 4·

oooo.

4 Quadrans in

Milan 339

Hann.over 993

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens

M; before, I; below,

§.

Paris: 2. Hannover 994

S Sextans (Pl. xxv) Head of Mercury r. with caduceus over shoulder; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 5·

Similar; before, 8.

6 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Paris, A 9222 Similar; before,

o.

The weight standard of 1-ti is based on

an

asses- 32 gr.).

215

o.

as of about 36 gr. (average of 30 hoard

Mint-Rome

143 SHIELD AND MAE

t1J9-t8o B.C.

B. Maenia 2�; S. 375-375d; RE Maenius 14. See above, pp. 51f. t As

Paris, A 11989

Laureate head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: +

Prow

r.; above, shield and below, ROMA

1\/!K..; before, I;

Paris, A 11992

2a Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S.

Similar; before, S.

2b Semis

Citta Sant' Angelo hoard

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 3·

Similar, but /lA instead of

1\/!K...

Similar; above, shield and

1\/!K..; before,

3 Triens

BM

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 2, 4 Quadrant Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2. 5 Sextaus

�.

Hannover 1230

§.

Similar; before,

§.

(Pl. XXV)

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: t.

BM Similar; before, 8.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of 5 asses gr.). The moneyer is more likely in this period to be a Maenius than a member of any of the other possible gentes. He is perhaps Q. Maenius, Pr. 170.

33

t.f.f VICTORY AND LFP

Mint-Rome

t89-t8o B.C.

B. Furia 1�; S. 3oo-3ooe; RE Furius 77· See above, pp. 51f. t As Laureate head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: to.

BMCRR Rome

2 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris : 2.

BMCRR

Rome 541

Similar; before, S.

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo, Specimens in Paris: 3·

540

Prow r.; above, Victory with wreath and �; before, I; below, ROMA.

Similar; before, 216

�.

Paris, A 9957

4

Milan 341

Quad.rans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5·

§.

Similar; before,

§.

s Sextans

Paris, A 9966

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 3·

Similar; before, 8.

oo.

6 Uncia (Pl. XXV)

Hannover to:ua

Helmeted head ofRoma r.; behind,

Similar; before,

o.

o.

Specimens in Paris: o.

The weight standard of 1-6 is based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of 20 hoard asses 34 gr.). If the monogram :C is correctly resolved as LFP (the different order of the letters is no objection, cf. no. 134), the moneyer is perhaps L. Furius Philus, -

Pr.

171.

145 VICTORY AND SPEARHEAD

Mint-Rome

t89-t8oB.C.

A. ii, 598; S. 29 3-293d. See above, pp. 51f.

'As

BMCRR Rome 497

Laureate head of Janus; above,

Prow

I.

r.; above, Victory with wreath, and spearhead; before, I; below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 9· 2

Semis

Paris, A 2972

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5·

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

B·

3 Triens Helmeted head ofMinerva r.; above,

oooo.

Specimens in Paris: 3· 4

BMCRR Rome 499

Quad.rans

Head of Hercules r.;

Paris, A 2977

behind,

§.

Similar;

before, §.

Specimens in Paris: 3· S Sextans (Pl. xxv) Head of Mercury r. with caduceus shoulder; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 2.

BMCRR Rome soo over

Similar; before, 8 .

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of 15 -32 gr.).

217

asses

Mint-Rome

146 AVTR

189-18oB.C.

B. Autronia 1;Bf. i, 53;ii, 22; S. 341-341a; RE Autroniw 1-2. See above, p. 51, below, no. 44*, no. 16o*, no. 246*.

1 Denarius {PL xxv) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

The weight standard

is

BMCRR Rome S9S and S94

Dioscuri r.; below, IV( or frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 12).

M;

in linear

about 3·9 gr. (average of 10 specimens- 3.72 gr.).

The moneyer is perhaps L. Autronius, defended by the elder Cato (ORP no. 207).

Mint-Rome

t.f7 CN.DOM

t89-18oB.C.

B. Domitia 1-z and 6;Bf. i, 104;ii, 40;iii, 44; M. Bahrfeldt, Berliner Miinzblatter 1916, 610; S. 349-350;RE Domitius 19. See above, pp. 51f., below, no. 4S*·

1

BMCRR Rome 62.3

Denarius {Pl. XXV)

Helmeted head of Roma r.;

behind, X.

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

The weight standard of

1

Dioscurir.;below,CN·DO;in linearframe, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

is about 3·9 gr. (average of 9 specimens- 3.69 gr.). Ostia hoard

2 A. {PL xxv) Laureate head of Janw;above,

Prow r.; above,CN·DOM;before, ROMA.

I.

I; below,

Specimens in Paris : o. Paris, A 9130 (unique)

3 Quadrana Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Similar, but CN·DO above;before,

4 Sextans

§.

Paris, A 9131; Rome, Capitol 1662

Head of Mercury r.; Obverse dies: 1.

Similar; before, 8. Reverse dies: 1.

above, oo.

The weight standard of 2-4 is based on

an as

of about 31.5 gr. (average of 10 asses

- 29 gr., from Bahrfeldt). The moneyer is presumably Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cos. 162.

Mint-Rome

148 Q.MARI

189-tSoB.C.

B. Maria 1-6; S. 367-367e;RE Mariw 2.6. See above, p. sz.

1 A. Laureate head

BMCRR Rome 822.

of Janus;above, f.

Prow r.; above, Q· MA Rf; before, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 7·

218

I; below,

2

Paris, A 126o5

Semis (Pl. XXV)

Laureate bead of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�.

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 2.

oooo.

4 Quadrans

BMCRRRome 825

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

§.

Similar; before,

§. BMCRRRome 826

s Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 4·

Paris, A 126o8

Similar; before, 8.

oo.

6 Uncia

Paris, A 12616

Helmeted bead ofRoma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar;

o.

The weight standard of 1� is based on

an

before,

o,

as of about 31.5 gr. (average of 12 asses

-31 gr.).

The moneyer is a Q. Marius, not otherwise known.

Mint-Rome

149 L.MAMILI

t89-t8o B.C.

B. Mamilla 1-5; Bf. i, 175; ii, 6o; iii, 71; M. Bahrfeldt, Berlirrer MiJnzbliitter 1916, 6o8; S. 369-369d; RE Mamilius 2. See above, p. 52, below, no. 161*. ta

Paris, A 12088

As

Laureate head of Janus; above,

Prow r.; above, Ulysses holding staff in 1. hand and I; before, ROMA upwards; below,

I.

1.-·MAMII.-1. tb As

Milan 407

(cf. Pl. XXV) Similar, but I before and moneyer's name).

Similar.

ROMA below (no

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 6. 2a

Paris, A 12094

Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r.; above,

RO MA divided by Ulysses holding staff; before,S; below, (... MA M I (... I. ·

2b

2c

Paris, A 12093

Semis

Similar.

Similar to 1a, but S instead of

Paris, A 12101

Semis

Similar.

I.

Similar to 1b, butS instead of name).

Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 5· 219

I (no moneyer's

38 Trieoa Hehneted head of Minerva r.; above,

Similar to 2a; before,

oooo.

3b Trieoa

Paris, A 12105

Similar. Specimens in Paris 48

Paris, A 12095

�·

(both varieties):

Similar to 2c; 5·

before, � (no moneyer's name).

Quadrans

Head of Hercules

Paris, A 12098

r.;

behind,

§.

Similar to 2a; before,

§.

Similar to 2c; before,

§ (no moneyer's

4b Quadrans

Paris, A 12107

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 2. sa Sextans

name).

Paris, A 12099

Head of Mercury r. with caduceus over shoulder; above, oo.

Similar to za; before, 8 .

Sb Sextans {Pl. XXV)

BMCRR Rome 726 (wrongly described)

Similar, but no caduceus. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 2.

Similar to zc; before, 8 (no moneyer's name).

The weight standard of 1-5b is based on an as of about 36 gr. (average of 6

asses

listed by Bahrfeldt- 33 gr.). The moneyer is not otherwise known. The figure of Ulysses (compare no. 362) alludes to the claim of theTusculan family of the Mamilii to descent fromTelegonus, son of Ulysses and Circe and founder ofTusculum (D. Hal. iv, 45, 1; Livy i, 49, 9 with commentary ofR. M. Ogilvie); the name ofTelegonus' daughter was held to be Mamilla (Festus, s.v. Mamiliorum familia).

150 M. TITINI

Mint-Rome

t89-t8oB.C.

B. Titinia, t-6; Bf. i, 251; S. 365-365e; RE Titinius 12. See above, p. 52, below, no. 46*.

.. As

BMCRR Rome 654

Laureate head of Janus; above,

Prow r.; above,

I.

ROMA

Specimens in Paris: tt.

M T IT IN I; before, ·

2 Semis

I; below,

BMCRR Rome 657

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

Specimens in Paris: 7· 3 Trieu Hehneted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 7·

4 Quadrans (Pl. XXV) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: s.

BMCRR Rome 658

BMCRR Rome 659

§.

220

s

Paris, A 15647

Sextans

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; before, 8.

oo.

Paris, A 15648

6 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; before,

o.

The weight standard of 1-6 is based on an

as

o.

of about 31.5 gr. (average of 17 asses

-30 gr.).

The moneyer is perhaps a son of M. Titinius, Pr. urb. 178, or of M. Titinius Curvus, Pr. for Nearer Spain in 178.

Mint-Rome

151 S.FV

1S,...18oB.C.

B. Furia 17; Bf. i, 123; iii, 51 ; S. 371a; RE Furius 30. See. above, p. 52, below, no.

47*.

Paris, A 9943

1 Triens (Pl. XXV) Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

Prow

r.; above,

ROMA.

S· V;

before,

�;

below,

Reverse dies: 1.

Obverse dies: 2.

The weight standard is probably based on a somewhat heavier

as

than is indicated

by the three known specimens of this triens. All (Turin, F 2554; Rome, Capitol 3000; Paris, A 9943) are fairly wom and their average weight is only 9·34 gr. The moneyer is a S. Furius, not otherwise known.

Mint-Rome

15:1 SX.Q B. Quinctilia 1; S. 287-288; RE Quinctilius 3 · See above, p.

Roma r.; behind,

Border of dots.

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, SX· Q; in linear ROMA. Line border. BMCRR

1b Denarius (PL xxv) Similar, but with curl on 1. shoulder. tc

frame,

Italy 416

Similar. Monte Carotto hoard

Denarius (PL xxv)

Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): [20].

51. BMCRR Italy 418

1a Denarius (Pl. xxv) Helmeted head of

1S,...t8oB.C.

Similar, but without moneyer's name. Reverse dies (all varieties): [25].

The weight standard of 1a-c is about 3·9 gr. (average of 14 specimens 3.61 gr.). For 1c, without the moneyer's name, but of identical style with 1b, see

P· 51.

The moneyer is a Sex. Quinctilius, since the praenomen Sextus does not

occur

among Republican Quinctii, and is perhaps a son of P. Quinctilius Varus,

Pr. 203. 221

Mint-Rome

153 CN.CALP

1S,....18oB.C.

B. Calpumia t; S. 348; RE Calpumius 11. See above, p. St.

1

Deoariu

(Pl. xxv)

BMCRR Rome 62o Dioscuri r.; below, C N C!SV; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

·

Reverse dies: [2s].

The weight standard is about 4.1 gr. (average of 11 specimens- 3.92 gr.). The moneyer is presumably the father of Cn. Calpurnius Piso, Cos. 139, and perhaps the son of the Cn. Calpurnius who was an officer during the Second Punic War (RE Calpurnius 68; Frontinus, Strat. iii, 6, 5).

154 L.COIL

Mint-Rome

1S,....18oB.C.

B. Coilia t; S. 347; RE Coilius t. See above, p. st.

1

Deaariu

(Pl. XXVI)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
BMCRR Rome 6t8 in linear Dioscuri r.; below, I,..·CO fL .. ; frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < tz].

The weight standard is about 4.1 gr. (average of 8 specimens- 3.89 gr.). The moneyer is perhaps L. Coelius, Leg. 17o-169.

1SS PVR

Mint-Rome

179-170 B.C.

B. Furia 7, 9 and 11; Bf. i, 119; ii, 44; iii, so; S. 33o-33tb. See above, p. St, below, no. 48*, no. 162*. 1 Deaariu

(Pl. XXVI)

BMCRR Italy 384

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obvene dies: [ <10].

Dioscuri r.; below, �; ROMA. Line border.

in linear

frame,

Revene dies: [ <12].

The weight standard of 1 is about 4.1 gr. (average of 6 specimens- 3.96 gr.). � As

(cf. PL XXVI)

Paris, A 993t (30.62 gr.)

head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: 1.

above, 'W; before, I; below, ROMA.

Laureate

Prow r.;

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: o

Similar; before, S.

Rochetta a Volturno hoard

•

Paris, A 9928

• Quac:lraDa Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

§.

Similar; before, §.

The weight standard of 2-4 is perhaps based on an as of about 31.5 gr. The moneyer is perhaps a son ofL. Fnrius Purpurio, Cos. 196. 222

156

PRAWN

Mint-Rome

179-170 B.C.

A. ii, 558 and 781; S. 343-344a. See above, p. 51, below, no. 163*. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXVI)

BMCRR Rome 585

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20]. 2

Luna in biga r., with horses galloping; below, prawn; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

Quinarius

Riccio (Catalogo, pl. ill, 16)

Similar; behind, V. Obverse dies: 1.

Similar. Reverse dies: 1.

The weight standard of 1 is about 3·9 gr. (average of 15 specimens- 3.83 gr.). 3 As (cf. Pl. XXVI)

Paris, A 2795 (unbroken specimen, 30.33 gr.)

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow r.;

above, prawn; before, I; below,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 2.. 4 Quadrans (cf. Pl. XXVI) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

BMCRR Rome 587

§.

Similar; before,

The weight standard of 3-4 is perhaps based on

157 CORNUCOPIAE

an as

§.

of about 31.5 gr.

Mint-Rome

179-170 B.C.

A. ii, 336; S. 340. See above, p. 52. 1

Denarius

(Pl. XXVI)

·

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

BMCRR Rome 583 Dioscuri r.; below, comucopiae; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 12].

The weight standard is about 4.1 gr. (average of 10 specimens- 3·96 gr.).

158 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

179-170 B.C.

A. ii, 70 and pl. li, 13-14; S. 312. See above, p. 52. 1

Denarius (Pl. XXVI)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

BMCRR Italy 375 Luna in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand, with horses prancing; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

The weight standard is about 3·9 gr. (average of 11 specimens- 3·73 gr.).

159 FLY

Mint-Rome

A. ii, 498; S. 322-324d. See above, p. sz, below, no. 165*. t

Vlctoriatu (Pl. XXVI)

BMCRR Italy 381 Victory r. crowning trophy; between, fly; in exergue, ROMA Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 2

[20].

Denarlua (Pl. XXVI)

BMCRR Italy 376 (wrongly described)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [30].

Luna in

biga r., with horses prancing; below, fly; in exergue, ROMA Line border. Reverse dies: [37].

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a denarius of about 3·9 gr. (average of 22 denarii - 3·76 gr.). 3 Aa

BMCRR Italy 382

(Pl. XXVI)

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above, fly; before,

I;

below,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 3· 4 Semis

(Pl. XXVI)

Paris, A z6ot

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Specimens in Paris: 3· 5 Trlena

Paris, A 26o3

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

ROMA;

Prow r.; above,

before, fly; below,

0000,

Specimens in Paris: 3·

6 Quadrana Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 6.

Paris, z6o6

§.

Similar; below, ooo.

7 Sestana

BMCRR Italy 383

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo.

Similar; below,

oo.

Specimens in Paris: 2.

The weight standard of3-7 is based on -31 gr.).

an as

of about 31.5 gr. (average of 11 asses

t6o DOLPHIN

Mint-Rome

A. ii, 37.2; M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter ftlr t Aa

Miinzfreunde 193o-33, 681. See above, p. sz.

(Pl. XXVI)

Laureate head of Janus; above,

BMCRR Rome 427

I.

Prow r.;

ROMA

Specimens in Paris: 7· 2

above,

dolphin;

Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

before, I;

below,

Paris, A 1996

S.

Similar; before,

224

S.

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

Specimens in Paris: 2.

BMCRR Rome 429

BMCRR Rome 430

4 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

§.

5 Semuncia (Pl. XXVI)

Vatican 6330; Madrid

Bust of Diana r. with bow and quiver over shoulder; behind, 3.

Similar; before,

Obverse dies: 1.

Reverse dies: 1.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on

an

f.

as of about 36 gr. (average of 14 hoard

asses- 33 gr.). Mint-Rome

t6t TAL

179-170B.C.

B. Juventia 1�; Bf. i, 165; ii, 56; iii, 63; S. 328-329d; RE luventius 25. See above, p. 52, below, no. 164*. t Denarius (Pl. XXVI)

BMCRR Italy 386; Italy 387

Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

behind,

X.

Luna in biga r., with horses prancing; below,

Pv

or

A-; in

exergue,

ROM A. Line

border.

Reverse dies: [ < 12].

The weight standard of 1 is about 3·9 gr. (average of 6 specimens- 3.71 gr.). BM

2 As (Pl. XXVII) Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: o.

I.

Prow r.; above,

""frv; before, I; below, ROMA. Rochetta a Volturno hoard

3 Semis (Pl. XXVII) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

S.

Similar; before,

S. Paris, A 11802; A 11804

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

oooo.

Prow r.; above, below, oooo.

ROMA;

before,

""frv

or

A-;

Specimens in Paris: 3· 5

Paris, A 11805; CittA Sant' Angelo hoard

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

§.

Similar; below, ooo.

Paris, A 11807; Hannover 1059

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above,

oo.

Similat"; below,

oo.

Specimens in Paris: 2.

The weight standard of 2-6 is based on an as of about 36 gr. (as-average of 14 speci mens of all denominations- 35 gr.). The moneyer is perhaps P. luventius Tha1na, Pr. 149· For the spelling of the cognomen compare ILLRP 8, line 4·

225

162 MAT

Mint-Rome

179-170 B.C.

B. Matiena 2-8; Bf. i, 183; ii, 62; iii, 76; S. 32o-321h; RE Matienus 1. See above, p. 52, below, no. 166*. 18 Victoriatus (Pl. XXVII)

BMCRR Italy 407

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, in aergue, ROMA. Line border.

1b Victoriatus (Pl. XXVII)

Hannover 6o5

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): 28

M;

Similar, but tv\ between Victory and trophy. Reverse dies (both varieties): [37].

[3o].

Denarius (Pl. XXVII)

BMCRR Italy 399; Monte Carotto hoard

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots.

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, M; in exergue or in linear frame. ROMA. Line border.

2b Denarius (Pl. XXVII)

BMCRR Italy 412; Hannover 1295

Similar, but M below Dioscuri. Reverse dies (both varieties): [75].

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [6o].

On one reverse die the monogram is followed by this is deliberate or the result of a die-engraver's

I (Paris, A 12626) but it is not dear whether error.

The weight standard of 1a-2b is based on a denarius of about 3·7 gr. (average of 28 denarii - 3·42 gr.). 3As

BMCRR Rome 625 and Italy 409

Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: 30. 4

I.

Prow r.;above, M; before,

Semis (Pl. XXVII)

I; below, ROMA.

BMCRR Rome 627

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5.

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�.

sa Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

BMCRR Rome 628

Hannover 1310

Sb Triens

Similar.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; before, M; below,

oooo.

Specimens in Paris .(both varieties): 8. 6a Quadrans

BMCRR Rome 629

Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Similar to sa; before,

§.

6b Quadrans

BMCRR Italy 410

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 6. 7a

Similar to sb; below,

ooo.

Similar to 6a; before,

g.

Sextans

Head of Mercury r.; above,

Milan 358 oo.

226

Hannover 1314 Similar to 6b; below,

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 4·

The weight standard of 3-7b is based on an

as

oo,

of about 27 gr. (average of 38 asses

-26 gr.). The moneyer is presumably a Matienus.

163 FEATHER

Mint-Rome

179-170 B.C.

A. ii, 467; S. 325. See above, p. 52. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXVII) Helmeted head Border of dots.

BMCRR Italy

of Roma

r.;

behind,

X.

394

Luna in biga r., with horses prancing; below, feather; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [37].

Obverse dies: [30].

The weight standard is about 3·7 gr. (average of 17 specimens- 3.51 gr.).

Mint-Rome

164 ANONYMOUS

179-170 B.C.

A. ii, 64; pl. li, 9-10. See above, p. 52. 1a Denarius (Pl. XXVII)

BMCRR

Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. 1b Denarius (Pl.

r.;

behind,

X.

Italy 281

Dioscuri r.; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border.

BMCRR

XXVII) Simi l ar,

Similar.

but

funher

horse's

tail

Italy 283 appears

before nearer horse's hind legs. Reverse dies (both varieties): [37].

Obverse dies (both varieties): [30].

The weight standard of ta-b is about 3·7 gr. (average of 11 specimens- 3·39 gr.). For this denarius, of similar style to no. 165/1, see p. 52.

165 ANCHOR

Mint-Rome

179-170 B.C.

BMCRR

Italy 296 and 297

A. ii, 250; S. 237· See above, p. 52. 1a Denarius (Pl. xxvu) Helmeted head

of Roma r.;

behind,

X.

Border of dots.

Dioscuri r.- further horse's tail appears before nearer horse's hind legs; below, anchor; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

1b Denarius (Pl. XXVII) Similar, but shoulder.

sometimes

BMCRR Italy with

Obverse dies (both varieties): 13.

curl

on

I.

295; Hannover 1371

Similar, but further horse's tail not visible;

ROMA in linear frame. Reverse dies (both varieties): 9.

The weight standard of 1a-b is about 3·7 gr. (average of21 specimens- 3·49 gr.). 227

Mint-Rome

t66 ANONYMOUS A. ii,

t7!rt70B.C.

109 and pL llii, 20; ii, 113 and pl. liii, 24; S. 313. See above, p. 52.

t Victoriatus (Pl. XXVII)

BMCRR Italy

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory r.

crowning

Obverse dies:

Reverse dies:

trophy;

in

368

exergue,

R 0 MA. Line border. [125].

[too].

The weight standard is based on a denarius of about 3·7 gr. (average of 15 specimens - 2.66 gr.). Mint-Rome

t67 ANONYMOUS A. ii, 6o and pl. li,

t7!rl70 B.C.

4-5; S. 311. See above, p. 52.

t Denarius (Pl. XXVII) Helmeted head of Border of dots. Obverse dies: [So].

BMCRR Italy

Roma r.; behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; in exergue, Reverse dies:

364

ROMA. Line border.

[too].

The weight standard is about 3·7 gr. (average of 26 specimens- 3·59 gr.). t68 HELMET A. ii,

Mint-Rome

l7!rl70 B.C.

315; S. 27o-271. See above, p. 52.

l Victoriatus (Pl. XXVII)

BMCRR Italy

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

Victory r. crowning trophy; between, helmet; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

[20].

2 Denarius (Pl. XXVII) Helmeted head Border of dots.

of

Roma

BMCRR Italy r.; behind,

X.

Dioscuri

r.;

The weight standard of 1-2 denarii- 3-52 gr.).

is

Mint-uncertain

B. Sempronia 1; Bf. i,

371

exergue,

t99-17o B.c.

235; S. 289. See above, p. 52.

t Denarius (Pl. XXVII)

on

in

helmet;

based on a denarius of about 3·7 gr. (average of 9

t69 GR

The legend

below,

ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

Obverse dies: [20].

Helmeted head of Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

372

BMCRR Italy

Roma r.; behind,

one reverse die is

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, Line border. Reverse dies:

358 and 362

G R; in exergue, R.OMA.

[25].

C R instead of G R (Hannover 1251).

The weight standard is about 3·7 gr. (average of 17 specimens- 3·57 gr.). There are no good grounds for identifying the moneyer as a Sempronius Gracchus. 22ts

Mint-uncertain

170 EAR

199-170 B.C.

A. ii, 516; S. 286. See above, p. 52. 1 Denarius

BMCRR Italy 304

(Pl. XXVIII)

Helmeted bead

of Roma

r.;

behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, ear; in exergue, Line border.

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

·

ROMA.

Reverse dies: [25].

The weight standard is about 3·9 gr. (average of 11 specimens- 3.82 gr.).

171 D

Mint-uncertain

199-170 B.C.

A. ii, 642; S. 285. See above, p. 52. 1 Denarius

BMCRR Italy 354; Italy 355

(Pl. XXVIII)

Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20}.

r.;

behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, D; in exergue frame,

or

in linear

ROMA. Line border.

Reverse dies: [25}.

The weight standard is about 3·9 gr. (average of 14 specimens- 3.67 gr.).

172 MA A.

ii,

Mint-uncertain

199-170 B.C.

703; S. 291. See above, p. 52, below, no. 49*, no. 167*.

1 Denarius

(Pl. XXVIII)

BMCRR Italy 117; Italy 118

Helmeted bead of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, M ; in exergue linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [25].

or

in

The weight standard of 1 is about 3·9 gr. (average of 14 specimens- 3.64 gr.). 2As Laureate head of Janus; above,

Fontanarosa hoard 31 (unique)

I.

Prow

r.;

ROMA.

above,

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind. Obverse dies: 1.

M; before, I; below,

Turin F 2486� Vatican 6304

S.

Similar; before, Reverse dies : 1.

S.

The weight standard of 2-3 is impossible to determine on the basis of the three surviving specimens; it is perhaps based on an as of about 27 gr.

173 C.SAX

Mint-Rome

169-158B.C.

B. Clovia6-to; Bf. i,86; iii, 39; S. 36o-36od; RE Cluvius 1 4. Seeabove,pp. 52ff.,below,no. so*.

BMCRR Rome 642

1 As (Pl. xxvm) Laureate head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: 20.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA. 229

C·SIX; before, I; below,

.2 Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 9·

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 9·

Similar; before,

�·

4 Quadrans (Pl. XXVIII) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: u.

§.

Similar; before,

Rome 648

BMCRR

Rome 649

BMCRR

Rome 651

BMCRR

Rome 653

§.

s Satans

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 4·

The weight standard of 1-5 is based

BMCRR

Similar; before, S.

Similar; before, 8. on an

as of about 31.5 gr. (see p. 53).

The moneyer is perhaps a son of C. duvius Saxula, Pr. 173.

174 A.CAE

Mhlt-Rome

1�158 B.C.

B. Caecilia 8-u; Bf. i, 56; ii, 17; S. 355-355d; RE Caecilius 10. See above, pp. 5211'., below, no. 51*. BMCRR Rome

1 Aa (Pl. XXVIU) Laureate head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: 30. .2 Semis

ROM A.

(Pl. XXVIII)

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 5·

Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

4 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 12.

§.

BMCRR

Rome 817

BMCRR

Rome 820

BMCRR

Rome 821

Similar; before, S.

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 4-

BM

5 Satans Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: s.

811

Prow r.; above, A·Cfc.; before, I; below,

Similar; before, 8.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 31.5 gr. (seep. 53). The moneyer is perhaps a son of A. Caecilius, Aed. Pl. 189.

Mint-Rome

175 C.SAE Bf. i, 257; ii, 73; S. 357· See above, pp. 521f.

BMCRR Rome 810 (unique)

1 As (Pl. XXVIII) Laureate head of Janus;above,

I.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA.

C·Sk;

before,

I;

below,

The weight standard is probably not far removed from the weight of the only known specimen, 31.88 gr. After much reflection and frequent autopsy, I am con vinced that there are no good grounds for doubting the genuineness of this specimen. The moneyer is not otherwise known.

Mint-Rome

176 PAE B.

169-tsSB.C.

Aemilia 1, 3-6; Bf. i, 10; ii, 4; S. 358-358d. See above, pp. 52ff., below, no. 52*, no. 168*.

1 As (Pl. XXVIII)

BMCRR Rome 635

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.;above, �;before,

I; below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 13. On some spe�mens the bar of the 2

A

Semis

Paris, A 4822

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3· 3

is incomplete.

S.

S.

Similar; before,

�.

Triens

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 2.

4 Quadrans

(Pl.

oooo.

xxvm)

§.

Similar; before,

Angelo

hoard

§.

Sextans

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 2.

Paris, A 4825

Citta Sant'

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

s

Similar; before,

BMCRR Rome 640 Similar; before, 8 .

oo.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 31.5 gr. (see p. 53). Since the supposed as with 1.-· A' is a gross and horrible forgery (p. 549), the

most likely resolution of the monogram is Pae(tus).

177 PT or TP

Mint-Rome

169-158 B.C.

A. ii, 756; S. 353-353c. See above, pp. 52ff.

t As (Pl. XXIX)

BMCRR Rome 588 (wrongly described in

edition) and 632 I; below, ROMA.

first Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: 17.

f.

Prow r.;above, T'; before,

Semis

2

Milan 374

Laureate head of Saturn r.; Specimens in Paris: 9·

behind, S.

Similar; before, S.

3 Triena (Pl. XXIX)

BMCRR Rome 634 oooo

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

Specimens in Paris: 3· •

Similar; before, �·

.

Quadrana

Milan 376

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Specimens in Paris: 6. 5

Similar; before, §.

Sextans

Hannover 1415

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: o.

Similar; before, 8.

oo.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on

an as

of about 31.5 gr. (see p. 53).

Certain or even probable resolution of the monogram is impossible.

178 B.

CINA

Cornelia 11-14, 16;

Mint-Rome Bf. i, 90; S. 368-368d;

no. 169*.

t

RE Cornelius 103. See above, pp. 52ff., below, BMCRR Rome 804

As

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 22. 2

t69-ts8 B.C.

CINA; before,

Semis

I; below,

Milan 4o6

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 7·

Similar; before, S.

3 Triena (Pl. XXIX) Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 4· •

oooo.

Similar; before, �·

BMCRR Rome 807

Quadrana

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §.

Similar; before, §.

Specimens in Paris: s. 5

Sextans

Head of Mercury r.; above,

Specimens in Paris: 4·

Paris, A 8307 oo.

Similar; before, 8.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 31.5 gr. (seep. 53). The moneyer is perhaps L. Cornelius Cinna, Cos. 127, coming late to the consul ship (say 27 years after his moneyership), as befits the first of his family.

179

BAL

169-158 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Naevia 1-5; Bf. i, 189; S. 354-354d. See above, pp. 51-ff. , below, no. 170*.

BMCRR Rome

1 As (Pl. XXIX) Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow

above,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 15. z

r.;

BA,; before, I;

Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�·

Similar; before,

§.

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 5·

oooo.

4 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 6.

§.

5 Sextans (Pl. XXIX)

BMCRR Rome

613

BMCRR Rome

614

BMCRR Rome

615

BMCRR Rome 617

Head of Mercury r. with caduceus over shoulder; above,

6o8

below,

Similar; before, g.

oo.

Specimens in Paris: 1.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 31.5 gr. (see p. 53). The moneyer cannot be identified even if his cognomen is Balbus, he may be an Acilius or a Naevius. -

18o SAX

Mint-Rome

169-158 B.C.

B. Clovia 1-5; Bf. iii, 39; S. 361-361d. See above, pp. 52ff.

1

Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: z

Milan 389

As (Pl. XXIX) Prow

I.

r.;

above,

ROMA.

t3.

before,

Specimens in Paris: 1.

S.

Similar; before,

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

oooo.

Similar; before,

Specimens in Paris: 6.

below,

S.

�-

BMCRR Rome

BMCRR

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 8.

I;

Milan 390

Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

4

S/1..;

§.

Similar; before,

233

§.

6o4

Rome 6o6

S

Senana (Pl. XXIX)

BMCRR Rome 6o7

Head of Mercury r. with caduceus over shoulder; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; before, 8.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 31.5 gr. (seep. 53).

It seems to me improbable that the monograms C· SIX .and SIX refer to different

cognomina and families. This moneyer is perhaps a younger brother of C. (duvius)

Sax(ula), DO. 173·

t8t CAPS OF THE DIOSCURI

Mint-Rome

t69-t58 B.C.

A. ii, 291; S. 294-294c. See above, pp. 52ff.

BMCRR Rome 502

t As (Pl. XXIX) Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above, caps of the Dioscuri; before, I; below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: to. 2 Semis (PJ. XXIX)

Paris, A 166o

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5· 3

Similar; before, S.

Quadran•

Paris, A 1664

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1. 4

S.

§.

Similar; before,

§

.

Senana

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Paris, A 1666 Similar; before, 8.

oo.

The weight standard of 1-4 is based on an as of about 31.5 gr. (seep. 53).

t82 GRYPHON; GRYPHON AND

Mint-Rome

t69-tS8 B.C.

HARE•s HEAD A. ii, 437; S. 283-28¢. See above, pp. 52ff.

BMCRR Italy 327

t Dea.ariUI (Pl. XXIX)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: [6o).

behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, gryphon; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [ 75].

The weight standard of 1 is about 3·9 gr. (average of 34 specimens- 3.78 gr.). BMCRR Italy 332

2 As (Pl. XXIX) Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above, gryphon and hare's head; before, I; below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 16.

234

BMCRR

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo, Specimens in Paris: 2.

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

Paris, A 2348

BMCRR

5 Quadrans (Pl. XXIX)

§.

Italy 335

6 Sextans

Italy 336

Paris, A 2352

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; before, 8.

The weight standard of 2-6 is based on an

as

183 WOLF AND TWINS

of about 31.5 gr. (seep. 53).

Mint-Rome

169-158 B.C.

A. ii, 469; S. 297-297e. See above, pp. 52ft'. t As (Pl. XXX)

BMCRR Rome

Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: 2

I.

11.

Semis (Pl. XXIX)

Paris, A 2483

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�.

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

oooo,

Specimens in Paris: 3·

BMCRR Rome

4 Quadrans

517

Milan 280

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

§.

Similar; before,

§.

5 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 4·

514

Prow r.; above, she-wolf suckling twins; before, I; below, ROMA.

Paris, A 2493 Similar; before, 8.

oo.

Paris, A 2496

6 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

o.

Similar; before,

The weight standard of 1-6 is based on an

235

as

of about

o,

31.5 gr.

(seep.

53).

t84 BUTTERFLY; BUTTERFLY AND VINE-BRANCH

A. ii,

Mint-Rom.e

•69-•ss

s.c.

5Z2j s. Z95-296e. See above, pp. 5Ztf.

BMCRR Rome

ta As (Pl. XXX) Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

504

Prow r.; above, butterfly on vine-branch with before, I; below, ROMA.

leaf and grapes;

BMCRR Rome

tb As Similar.

518

Similar, but no vine-branch.

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 20.

�Semis Laureate

head of Saturn r.;

behind,

S.

Similar to ta; before,

BMCRR Rome

510

BMCRR Rome

511

BMCRR Rome

512

S.

Specimens in Paris : 3· 3 Trieu Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

oooo.

Similar; before,

J.

Similar; before,

§.

Specimens in Paris: 4·

4 Quadrans (PJ. XXX) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

§.

Paris, A 2691

s Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; before, 8.

oo.

6 Uncia

Paris, A 2693

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind,

Similar; before,

o.

o.

Specimens in Paris: 1.

The weight standard of 1a-6 is based on an as of about 31.5 gr. (seep. 53). Mint-Rome

t8S VARO

t69-tS8B.C.

B. Terentia 4-6 and 8-9; Bf. i, 246; ii, 78; S. 364-364e; RE Terentius 76. See above, pp. 52ff., below, no. 172*.

BMCRR

1 As Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above,

\A...O;

before,

Rome 54Z

I;

below,

ROM A. Specimens in Paris: 13. �Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

Paris, A 15438

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

I·

3 Trieu Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 3·

Paris, A 15440 oooo.

4

BM

Quadran.s

Head of Hercules r.; behind,§. Specimens in Paris: 5·

Similar; before,

§. Paris, A 15448

5 Sextans (Pl. XXX) Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 3·

oo.

Similar; before, 8.

behind, o.

Similar; before,

Paris, A 15450

6 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; Specimens in Paris: 1.

The weight standard of 1-6 is based on

an

o,

as of about 31.5 gr. (seep. 54).

The moneyer is perhaps A. Terentius Varro (RE Terentius 81), Commissioner to L. Mummius, Cos. 146.

186 MVRENA

Mint-Rome

169-158

B.C.

B. Licinia 1-5; Bf. i, 166; ii, 57; iii, 66; S. 373-373d. See above, pp. 5211'., below, no. 53*, no. 171*.

BMCRR Rome 8o8

t As Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA

�ENA;

before,

I;

below,

Specimens in Paris: 22. 2

Semis (Pl. xxx)

BM

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: S·

S.

Similar; before,

S. BM

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

Similar; before,

Specimens in Paris: 44

B· Paris, A 9216

Quaclrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §.

Similar; before, §.

Specimens in Paris: 3· 5 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: o.

Similar; before, 8.

oo.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on

an

as of about 31.5 gr. (see p. 54).

The moneyer can perhaps be identified with L. Licinius Murena (RE Licinius

120), the great-grandfather of L. Licinius Murena, Cos. 62. The great-grandfather held the praetorship (Cicero, Mur. 15), presumably before his appointment as Commissioner to L. Mummius, Cos. 146. But the praetorship cannot be more closely dated.

237

tS, PVR B. Furia 13

Mint-Rome

t69-ts8 B.C.

and 8,; Bf. i, 119,; ii, 44i iii, 51 and 103,; S. 424 and 359-359C· See above, pp. 52tf.

t Denariua (Pl. xxx)

BMCRR Italy 420

Helmeted head of Roma r.,; behind, X. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [8o].

Luna in biga r., holding reins of nearer hone in l. hand and reins of further hone (and usually a short stick as well) in r. hand,; above, murex-shell; below, PV R,; in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [too].

The weight standard of 1 is about 3·9 gr. (average of 10 specimens- 3.61 gr.). 2As

BMCRR Italy 424

Laureate head of Janus,; above, I.

Prow

r.,; above,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 13.

P\R,; before,

1,; below,

3 Semia

BM

Laureate head of Saturn r.,; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: t.

Similar; before, S.

4 Trieus

BMCRR Italy 426

Helmeted head of Minerva r.,; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: o.

Similar; before,

H.

Similar; before,

§.

5 Quadrans

BMCRR Italy 427

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: o.

§.

6 Sextau

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: o.

Vatican 6573 Similar; before, 8.

oo.

7 Uncia (Pl. xxx)

Paris, A 15897; Nordheim 337 Hannover .22948 (cf. B. Turillia 3) =

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Obverse dies: t.

The weight standard of 2-7

is

o,

Similar, but PV R above; before, Reverse dies: t.

o.

based on an as of about 31.5 gr. (seep. 54).

The silver and bronze should be regarded as forming a single issue, despite the use of the murex-shell (alluding to the cognomen Purpurio) only on the silver and despite the different form of the moneyer's name on the bronze (except on the

uncia1). Different forms of names and divergent use of symbols are common within later issues (for example, nos. 204-5). The letter forms on silver and bronze are similar and the idiosyncratic style of the silver is well accounted for by the supposi tion that it was produced in a period when no other silver was struck. The moneyer is a Furius Purpurio, not otherwise known. 1

Bahrfeldt's rejection (iii, 103) of the Paris uncia as an altered coin cannot stand, since the Hannover uncia is a die-duplicate. After a careful examination of both coins, I think the legend should be read

PV R and the coins attributed to this issue.

Mint-Rome

188 OPEIMI

169-158 B.C.

B. Opeimia 1-5; Bf. iii, 78; S. 362-362d; RB Opeimius 1. See above,pp. 52ff.,below, no. 173*. BMCRR Rome 596

1 As (Pl. XXX) Prow r.; above,

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 8.

ONV;

before,

below,

CittA Sant' Angelo hoard

� Semis Similar; before,

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 2.

S. BMCRR Rome 597*

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; before,

�. BM

4 Quadraos Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

I;

§.

Similar; before,

§. Hannover 1352a

s Sextans (Pl. xxx) Head of Mercury r.; above, oo.

Similar; before, 8.

Specimens in Paris: 3·

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on

an

as of about 27 gr. (seep. 54).

Either this moneyer or no. 190 may be identified with Q.

Opimius, Cos. 154·

Mint-Rome

189 P.BLAS

169-158 B.C.

B. Cornelia 6-to; Bf. ii, 37; S. 37o-37od; RBComelius 76. See above,pp. 52ff.,below,no. 54*. BMCRR Rome 788

1 As (Pl. XXX) Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 23.

P·BLAS;

Paris, A 8249

� Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 1·

Similar; before, S.

BMCRR Rome 791

3 Trieu Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 1· 4

before, I; below,

Similar; before,

�. BM

Quadraos

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Specimens in Paris: 5·

Similar; before,

§. BMCRR Rome 792

S Sextans (Pl. XXX) Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; before, 8.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on

an

239

as of about 27 gr. (seep. 54).

The moneyer is presumably P. Cornelius P.f. Blasio, whose praetorship is attested by SEG iii, 451

=

Sherk 4; the praetorship is to be dated in the late 1405

(detailed argument by H. B. Mattingly, NC 1969, 103-4). 190 OPEl

Mint-Rome

169-158 B.C.

B. Opeimia 7-11; Bf. i, 192; iii, 78; S. 363-363d; RE Opeimius 1. See above, pp. 52ff., below, no. 173*.

BMCRR Rome 598

1 As {cf. Pl. XXX) Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow r.; above, OPE I; before, I; below,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 21. The legend on one reverse die is, in

error,

0 PEt.. (Avola hoard).

BMCRR Rome 6ot

2 Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 4·

Similar; before, S.

BMCRR Rome 6o2

3 Trieu

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 3·

oooo.

Similar; before,

H.

Similar; before,

§.

4 Quadrana

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5·

Paris, A 13379

§.

Lisbon

5 Satan�

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo, Specimens in Paris: o.

Similar; before, g.

6 Und.a (Pl. XXX)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Paris, A 13384 o.

Similar; before,

The weight standard of 1-6 is based on an

as

o.

of about 27 gr. (see p. 54).

Either this moneyer or no. 188 may be identified with Q.

Opimius, Cos. 154.

Mint-Rome

191 VAL

169-158 B.C.

B. Valeria t-6; Bf. i, 257; iii, 104; S. 356-356e; RB Valerius 4· See above, pp. 52ff.

1 As (Pl. XXX) Laureate head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: t8.

BMCRR Rome 545 Prow r.; above Vv; before, I; below, ROMA.

On one reverse die the form of the monogram is \A (Montoro Inferiore hoard). The difference in style is not sufficient to suggest a separate issue (contra Bahrfeldt). 2 Semis (Pl. XXX)

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris : 2.

Paris, A 15921 Similar; before, S.

240

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 7·

oooo.

Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

Paris, A 15923

4 Quadrans

Paris, A 15930

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

§.

5 Sextans

Paris, A 15933

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar; before, 8.

oo.

6 Uncia

Paris, A 15934

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind,

Similar; before,

o.

o.

Specimens in Paris: 2.

The weight standard of 1-6 is based on

an

as of about 27 gr. (seep. 54).

The moneyer ispresumably a Valerius, not identifiable.

19z AT or TA

Mint-Rome

169--158 B.C.

A. ii, 613; s. 372-372C. See above, pp. 52tf., below, no. 55*, no. 174*· 1 As (Pl. XXXI)

BMCRR Rome 793

Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: 13.

I.

Prow r.; above,

l\; before, I; below, ROMA.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

§·

Similar; before,

g.

z Semis (Pl. XXXI)

Paris, A 3003

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Specimens in Paris: 4· 3

Triens

Paris, A 3007

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 1.

oooo.

4 Quadrans

Paris, A 3008

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5·

§.

The weight standard of 1-4 is based on

an

as of about 27 gr. (seep. 54).

The moneyer's name is wholly uncertain.

193

TVRD

Mint-Rome

B. Papiria 1-5; Bf. iii, So; S. 366-366d; RE Papirius 75· See above, pp. 52ff. 1 As

BMCRR Rome 796

Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens

in

Paris: 21.

I.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA.

241

T � D; before, I; below,

2

Semis (Pl. XXXI)

BMCRR

Laureate head of Saturn r.; Specimens in Paris: 6.

behind, S.

Similar;

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 5.

4 Quadrana (Pl.

oooo.

Rome 799

before, S.

Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

XXXI)

BMCRR Rome 8oo

BMCRR Rome 803

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 8.

§.

s Sextans

Milan 401 Similar; before, 8.

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 3·

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on

an

as of about 27 gr. (see p. 54).

The moneyer is perhaps a son of C. Papirius Turdus, Tr. Pl. 177 (RE Papirius

76).

194

Mint-Rome

ANCHOR

A. ii, 250

and

771; S. 238-238e. See above, pp. 52ff.

BMCRR Rome 519 and Italy 298

1 As (Pl. XXXI) Laureate head of

Janus;

above,

I.

Prow r.; above,

I;

ROMA.

before, anchor; below,

Specimens in Paris: 13. 2

Semis (Pl. XXXI )

BMCRR Italy 300

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar; above,

S.

Similar; above,

oooo.

Similar; above,

ooo.

Similar; above,

oo,

Specimens in Paris: 2..

Paris, A 1520

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo, Specimens in Paris: 2.

4 Quadrans

BMCRR Italy 301

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

§.

S Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: o.

Glasgow

6 Uncia

Paris, A 1498

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, o. Specimens in Paris:

Similar; above, o.

1.

The weight standard of 1-{) is based on an as of about 27 gr. (seep. 54).

Mint-Rome

t9S A S S

t69-tS8 B.C.

A. ii, 507; S. 298-298e. See above, pp. 52f.f

BMCRR Rome 520

t As (Pl. XXXI) Laureate head of Janus; above,

Prow

I.

r.;

above,

ass;

before,

I; below,

ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 12. �

Paris, A 2625

Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Spedmens

in

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Paris: 3·

BMCRR Rome 525

3 Triens (Pl. XXXI) Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

Similar; before,

H.

Similar; before,

§.

Similar; before,

8.

Specimens in Paris: 6.

BMCRR Rome 527

4 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 6.

§.

Paris, A 2640

s Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris:

t.

Paris, A 2641

6 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris:

o.

Similar; before, o,

1.

The weight standard of t-6 is based on an as of about 27 gr. (seep. 54).

t96 STAR

Mint-Rome

A. ii, 280 and 518; S. 264-2648 and 264c-264d. See above, pp. 52ff.

BMCRR Rome 461

1 As (Pl. XXXI) Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow

r.;

above,

star;

before,

I; below,

ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 25. Paris, A 1626

� Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Prow r.; above, oooo.

ROMA; before, star; below,

Specimens in Paris: z. Paris, A 1630

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris:

4·

4 Quadrans (Pl. XXXI) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

BMCRR Rome 466

§.

Similar; below, ooo.

5 Sextans

BMCRR Rome 413 (wrongly described)

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: o.

Similar; below,

oo.

oo.

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 22.5 gr. (see p. 54).

197

Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

157-156 B.C.

A. ii, 71 and pl. li, 15-18; S. 376, 431 and 439· See above, p. 54 (also Addenda). 1a Denarius (Pl. xxxr)

BMCRR Italy 428; Stobi hoard

Helmeted head of Roma r. (sometimes with necklace of pendants); behind, X. Border of

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and goad in r. hand; in exergue, ROMA. Line

dots.

border.

1b Denarius (Pl.

Paris, A 693

XXXI)

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): see Table

L.

Similar, but Victory holds whip in r. hand. Reverse dies (both varieties): see Table L.

The size and stylistic range of this issue suggest that it was struck over more than one year. But it does not

seem

possible (contra Sydenham) to divide it into chrono

logical groups.

198 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

157-156 B.C.

A. ii, 63 and pl. li, 7· See above, p. 54·

1

Denarius (Pl. XXXI)

BMCRR Italy 388

Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: see Table L.

behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; in exergue, Reverse dies: see Table

197-1980 ANONYMOUS

ROMA. Line border. L.

Mint-Rome

157-156 B.C.

(as); !viii, 11, 14 and 15 (semis); !xi, 4 (not a cast piece)- 5 (triens); (quadrans); W.12 (pl. iv, 3)(triens).

A. pl. lvi, 3 and lxvi, 5 lxii, 14-17

Paris, A 1177 (13.90 gr.)

18 As Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow r.; above,

I; below, [ ROMA].

1b As (Pl. XXXII)

Paris, A 1078 (22.98

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 4· �Semis

Paris, A 1087

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris : 4.

S.

Prow r.; before,

S.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; below, oooo.

3 Triena Helmeted head of Minerva r.; Specimens in Paris: 2.

gr.)

Similar, but mark of value before prow.

Paris, A 1240

above, oooo.

Paris, A 1299

4 Quadrans Prow r.; before,

§.

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

§ ; below,

ROMA.

It should be noted that supposed examples of asses of this issue are often mis-read pieces of other issues; thus A. pl.lvi, 5 (Paris, A 1174, 14.43 gr.; A 1184,11.90 gr.) also pl. lvii, 6 (Paris, A 1334, 16.90 gr.) are all pieces where a moneyer's mark above the prow has been removed by wear.

Mint-Rome

199 SAR

iSS B.C.

B. Atilia t-6bis (ii, p. 593); Bf. i, 46; ii, 19; iii, 22; S. 377-378c; RE Atilius 57· See above, p. 54·

BMCRR Rome 741; Rome 744

1a Denarius Helmeted

head

of Roma

r.;

behind,

Border of dots.

X.

Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand and reins in 1. hand; below, SA R or SA R; in exergue,

ROMA. Line border.

Monte Carotto hoard

1b Denarius (Pl. XXXII)

Similar, but SA below.

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [42].

Reverse dies (both varieties): [52].

BMCRR Rome 748; Rome 749

2 As (Pl. XXXII) Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above, below, ROMA.

SA R or SA R; before, I;

Specimens in Paris: 18.

BMCRR Rome 751; Rome 753

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Specimens in Paris: 4· Paris, A 4934

4 Triens Helmeted bead of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 2. s Quadrans (Pl.

Similar, but always

�-

BMCRR Rome 754; Paris, A 4939

XXXII)

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5·

SA R above; before,

§.

Similar, but

6a Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, oo.

SA R

or

SA R ; before,

§

.

Hannover 1764; Vatican 6428 Similar, but always

SA R above; before, 8. Moscow 3920

6b Sextans Similar, but caduceus over Mercury's shoulder.

Similar.

Obverse dies (both varieties): 2.

Reverse dies (both varieties): 2.

The moneyer is perhaps Sex. Atilus i (Serranus

245

=

Saranus), Cos. 136.

200

NAT

Mint-Rome

155 B.C.

B. Pinaria 2-'J; Bf. i, 202; iii , 8z; S. 382-383d; RE Pinarius 14- See above, p. 54, below, no. 175*·

1

Denarius (Pl. XXXI I)

Helmeted head Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 756

r.;

of Roma

behind,

X.

Obverse dies: [59].

Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand and reins in l. hand; below, NAT; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [75].

2 As (Pl. XXXII)

BMCRR Rome 763

I.

Laureate head of Janus; above,

NAT;

Prow r.; above,

ROMA.

before,

I;

below,

Specimens in Paris: 13. The moneyer's name on one reverse die reads

N !A T (Oslo).

3 Semis (Pl. XXXII)

BMCRR Rome 766

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar; before,

Specimens in Paris: 7. 4 Triens

Helmeted head of Minerva behind, ·

�

S.

BMCRR Rome 767; Paris, A 13782

r.;

above, oooo, or

Similar; before,

B.

Similar; before,

§.

Speci'f'ens in Paris: 8.

5 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5·

§.

BMCRR Rome 768

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: o.

Vatican 6780 Similar; before, 8.

oo.

The moneyer is presumably a Pinarius Natta, not otherwise known, but perhaps a brother of no. 208.

201

C.SCR

Mint-Rome

B. Scribonia 1-7; Bf. i, 235; ii, p.

54·

74;

iii, 91; S. 38o-38te; RE Scribonius

1 Denarius (Pl. XXXII) Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots. Obverse dies: [74].

Specimens in Paris: 10.

See above,

BMCRR Rome 727 behind,

X.

Dioscuri

r.;

below, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [92].

2 As (Pl. XXXII) Laureate head of Janus; above,

4·

154 B.C.

C · S C R;

in exergue,

BMCRR Rome 733

I.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA.

C·SC R;

before,

I;

below,

3

BMCRRRome 736

Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 7·

S.

Similar; before,

4 Triens (Pl. XXXII)

BMCRRRome

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

�

behind, · Specimens in Paris: s

S.

oooo,

or

Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

738; Paris, A

15089

Paris, A

15099

11.

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 10.

§.

BMCRRRome

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: o. 7 Uncia

Paris, A

Helmeted head ofRoma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

740

Similar; before, 8.

Simi.lar; before,

o.

15110

o.

It is perhaps possible to identify the moneyer with C. Scribonius, Praef. Soc. 181, presumably son of C. Scribonius, Pr. 193- he

will have come to the moneyer ship in middle age, after holding the praefectura socium in his youth. No age quali fication applied to this office, since it was not a true magistracy - it does not appear in the lists of magistracies in the lex Latina Tabu/ae Bantinae or the lex repetun darum and Caesar, BG iii, 7, 3 with iii, 10, 2, implies that its holders were simple

equites.

:ao:a

C.TAL

Mint-Rome

154B.C.

B. Juventia 7; Bf. i, 165; ii, 57; S. 379-379a; RE luventius :a8. See above, p. 54.

BMCRRRome

1a Denarius (Pl. XXXII) Helmeted

head

of Roma

r.; behind,

Border of dots.

X.

·

1b Denarius serratus (Pl. XXXII) Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [16].

The letter form � is usual, but L also

769;Rome 772.

Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand and reins in 1. hand; below, C. JSl, or C .2Jt,; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Vatican 3822;

BMCRRRome

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): occurs.

The moneyer is perhaps a son of no. 161.

247

[20].

771

203 C.MAIANI

Mint-Rome

153 B.C.

B. Maiania 1-6; Bf. i, 175; S. 427-428d; RE Maianius. See above, p. 54· ta Denarius (Pl. XXXII) Helmeted head Border of dots.

of

Roma

BMCRR Italy 436; Italy 434 r.;

behind,

X.

Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand and reins in 1. hand; below, C M IN I; in exergue, ROMA. Line border or border of ·

dots. Cordova hoard 30; BM photo-file

tb Denarius Similar. Obverse dies (both

varieties):

Similar, but C. MIN I below. Reverse dies (both varieties): [111).

[89].

The border of dots on the reverse is presumably an artistic idiosyncracy (compare no. 20<)/1). 2 As (Pl. XXXII)

BMCRR Italy 439 Prow r.; above, C · M ROMA.

Laureate head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: 17. 3 Semis

IN I;

before,

I;

below,

BMCRR Italy 444

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar; before,

Specimens in Paris: 2. On one obverse die

2

S.

occurs instead of S (Turin, F 3208).

4 Triens (Pl. XXXII) Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

Similar; before,

o.

The moneyer is a C. Maianius, not otherwise known. For

a

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

oooo.

Specimens in Paris: 4·

BM

BMCRR Italy 445

S Quadrans Head of Hercules r; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

§.

Paris, A 12072

6 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

o.

lican member of the same gens see ILLRP 515, line

204 L.SAVF

possible further Repub

7·

Mint-Rome

tSZ B.C.

B. Saufeia 1-5; Bf. i, 234; ii, 74; S. 384-385d; RE Saufeius 4· See above, p. 54, below, no.

s6*, no. 176*. t

Denarius (Pl. XXXIII)

Helmeted head Border of dots.

of

Obverse dies: [11 7].

Roma

BMCRR Rome 834 r.;

behind,

X.

Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand and reins in 1. hand; below, l-·SA \F; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [146).

2 As (Pl. XXXIII) Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

BMCRR Rome836 Prow r.; above, crescent and 1.-·SA\f ; before, I; below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris:31 . 3 Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris:12.

BMCRR

Rome839

BMCRR

Rome842

BMCRR

Rome 843

Similar; before, S.

4 Trieos (Pl. XXXIII) Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens i n Paris:5·

Similar; before, �·

5 Quadrans

Similar; before, §.

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Specimens in Paris:6. 6 Sextans

Rome, Capitol2631

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: o.

Similar; before, 8.

The letter form � is usual, but L occurs sporadically throughout the issue. The moneyer is a L. Saufeius, not otherwise known.

205 P.SVLA

Mint-Rome

151 B.C.

B. Cornelia1-5 ; Bf. i, 89; ii,37; iii,41 ; S.386-387c. See above, p. 54· 1 Denarius (PI. XXXIII) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 828 Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand and reins in . I hand; below, r-SVA; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Obverse dies: [83]. Reverse dies: 1[ 04]. The letter-form 1.- is usual, but L occurs sporadically (Aiife hoard 12).

(Pl. xxxm) Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

2 As

BMCRR Rome830 Prow r., with female head decorating prow stem; above, r-SV I.-A; before, I; below,

ROM A.

Specimens in Paris: 14. 3 Semis (Pl. XXXIII) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 6 .

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris:4·

BMCRR Rome833

Similar; before, S. Paris, A8576 Similar; before, �. Paris, A8580

5 Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Specimens in Paris:2 .

Similar; before, §. 249

6 Uncia

BM (unique)

Helmeted head of Roma

r.; behind, o.

Similar; before, o.

The presence of the female head on the prow-stem

is

not always apparent on worn

coins. The identity of t?e moneyer depends on the interpretation of Velleius ii, 17, 2, where L. Sulla, Diet. 82-81, is described as sextus a Curnelio Rufino (P. Cornelius Rufinus, Cos. 290 and 277). The reckoning is traditionally taken as inclusive

(F. Miinzer, RE iv, 1514) and on this basis P. Cornelius Sulla, Pr. 186, will be the Dictator's grandfather. The moneyer will then belong to the next genera tion and will perhaps be an elder brother of L. Cornelius Sulla, the Dictator's father, thus: P.Cornelius Sulla, Pr. 186

L. Cornelius Sulla I L. Cornelius Sulla, Diet.82-81.

P. Sul(l)a, Mon.

c.

151

Since the Dictator was born in 138, his uncle could have been born in the 18os and come to an early moneyership in the 15os.But the reckoning may be taken as exclusive (none of the parallel passages in Velleius- i, 3, 3; i, 6, 2; i, 6, 5 - provides conclusive evidence one way or the other, but ii, 10, 2- septem ante hunc ...Cn. ..sed omnes ad consu/atum pervenerunt- is sug gestive). In this case the moneyer will be the son ofP.Cornelius Sulla,Pr.186, and

Domitium (Cos.

A.D.

32) fuere,

.

himself the Dictator's grandfather. The female head which decorates the prow-stem on the bronze coinage should be regarded as that of Venus and not as that of a Sibyl. The derivation of the cognomen Sulla from Sibylla (Macrobius, Sat. i, 17, 27) is not only false (Th.

Mommsen, RF i, 44 contra B. Borghesi, CEuvres i, 161-5), but is contradicted by the Dictator's memoirs and is doubtless an Imperial invention (Gellius i, 12, 16, c£ Plutarch, Sui/. 2, 1; J. Gage, Apol/on romain, 436--7, nonetheless argues that the Dictator associated himself with the false etymology). The head of Venus recurs in the same position on the coinage of L. Memmius Gal. (no. 313), where it may indicate descent from one of the familiae TroU:mae (cf. S. Weinstock, Divus Julius, 88), and as the main type on part of the coinage of the Dictator

(nos.359 and 375-6); the Cornelii Sullae perhaps had a tradition of veneration for Venus.

2o6 SAFRA

Mint-Rome

150 B.C.

B. Afrania 1�bis (ii, p. 592); Bf. i, 15; iii, 9; S. 388-389d; RE Afranius 7· See above, p. 54, below, no. 177*. 1 Denarius (Pl. Helmeted head Border of dots.

XXXIII)

BMCRR

of Roma r.;

behind,

X.

Obverse dies: [76).

Rome 671; Rome 670

Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand and reins in 1. hand; below, SAF RA; in exergue or in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [95].

BMCRR Rome

2 As Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

SAF R.A.;

Prow r.; above, below, ROMA.

675

before, dolphin;

Specimens in Paris: 2.7. 3 Semis

Milan 449

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 7·

S.

Similar.

Paris, A 3989

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 4·

Similar.

BMCRR Rome

s Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5·

§.

Paris, A 3998

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 1. 7 Uncia (Pl.

678

Similar.

Similar.

oo.

xxxm)

Turin, F 744

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: o.

Similar.

o.

Since there is never a point between S and A F R A, Safra should be regarded moneyer's cognomen (not otherwise known) rather than

as

as

the

representing S(p). Afra

(nius).

Mint-Rome

207 FLAVS

150 B.C.

B. Decimia 1; Bf. i, 103; S. 391. See above, p. 54, below, no. 57*. 1 Denarius (Pl. Helmeted head

BMCRR Rome

XXXIII) of Roma

r.;

behind,

X.

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [61].

Luna in biga

848

r.,

holding reins in 1. hand and whip in r. hand; below, Fl-AYS; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: (76].

The moneyer is perhaps a Decimius Flavus, not otherwise known; he is perhaps a grandson of C. Decimius Flavus, Pr. 184.

251

2o8 NATTA

149 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Pinaria 1; S. 390; RE Pinarius 14. See above, p. 54· t

BMCRR Rome 844

Denarius (Pl. XXXIII)

Helmeted head Border of dots. Obverse

of Roma

r.;

behind,

X.

Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand and reins in 1. hand; below, NAT}\; in exergue,

ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [114].

dies: [91].

The moneyer is presumably a Pinarius Nana, not otherwise known, but perhaps a brother of no. 200.

'49 B.C.

Mint-Rome

209 L.ITI

B. Itia 1; Bf. i, 138; S. 394-3943; RE Itius. See above, p. 54, below, no. 58*. t

Denarius (Pl. XXXIII)

Helmeted head Border of dots.

of Roma

BMCRR Rome 724 r.; behind,

X.

Obverse dies: [
Dioscuri

r.;

below,

1.- ·IT I;

ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [< 12].

I, is usual, but L occurs (West Sicily (a) hoard); see also on

in

exergue,

no. 203/1.

The moneyer is perhaps a L. lteius or L. Iteilius (see RE), not otherwise known.

:uo C.IVNI C.F

Mint-Rome

149 B.C.

B. Junia 1"'7; Bf. i, 159; ii, 54; iii, 6o; S. 392-393e; RE Junius 14. See above, p. 54, below, no. 247*. t

Denarius (Pl.

Helmeted head

xxxnr)

BMCRR Rome 661; Rome 66o

of Roma r.; behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, C ·IV N I· C · F; in exergue or in linear frame, Reverse dies: [70].

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [56].

ROMA. Line border.

BMCRR Rome 664

2As Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA.

C.IVN I; before, I; below,

Specimens in Paris: 18.

BMCRR Rome 667

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 6.

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

I·

4 Triena

BMCRR Rome 668

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 3· The legend on one s

reverse

die is

C ·IV 1111 (Paris, A 11351).

Quadrans (Pl. xxxm)

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

BMCRR Rome 669

§.

Similar; before,

§.

Paris, A 11355

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; before, 8.

oo.

Hannover t6t8; Rome, Capitol 1942

7 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Obverse dies: 2.

o.

Similar; before,

o.

Reverse dies: 2.

The moneyer is a C. Iunius C.f., not otherwise known.

211 Q.ME

Mint-Rome

c. 155-149B.C.

Bf. i, 57; ii, 23; iii, 28; S. 374; RE Caecilius 94· See above, p. 55. 1

As (Pl. xxxm)

Munich; BMCRR Rome 6o3; Hannover 1834

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA. Obverse dies :

Q f\fc. ; ·

before,

I;

below,

Reverse dies: 1.

1.

The weight standard is not easy to determine. All pieces known are exceedingly worn and the weights of 17.50 gr. (BM) and 14.65 gr. (Hannover) are certainly both far below the standard. The moneyer is probably Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Cos. 143.

Mint-Rome

2n CRESCENT

c. 155-149B.C.

A. ii, 369. See above, p. 55. 1 As (Pl.

XXXIII)

BMCRR Rome 580

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above, crescent; before,

ROMA. Specimens in Paris:

I;

below,

2.

Mint-Rome

213 MAST AND SAIL

c. 155-149B.C.

A. ii, 492. See above, p. 55 (also Addenda). 1 As (Pl.

XXXIII)

Laureate head of Janus; above,

BMCRR Rome 529

I.

Prow r.; above, mast and sail; before, below, ROMA.

I;

Specimens in Paris: 11. 2 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

Paris, A 2574

S.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�.

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 1.

253

Paris, A 2575

4

Quadran.a (Pl. xxxm)

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

§.

Similar; before,

214 M.ATILl SARAN

Paris, A 2576

g.

Mint-Rome

t,.S B.C.

B. Atilia 8-15; Bf. i, 47; ii, 19; S. 398-399e; RE Atilius 67. See above, p. 55· ta Denarius (Pl.

XXXIV)

BMCRR Rome 684; Paris, A 4856

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, SA R N downwards; before, X. Border of dots.

Dioscuri r.; below, M·ATII, or M·ATIL; in exergue or in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. BMCRR Rome 679; Rome 681

tb Denarius

Similar, but M·ATIL-1 or M·ATILI.

Similar.

BMCRR Rome 688; West Sicily (a) hoard (BMCRR Rome 691 is false)

tc Denarius

Similar, but SA R N upwards. Obverse dies (all varieties): [61]. 28

As (Pl.

Similar, but M·ATII.- or M·ATIL. Reverse dies (all varieties): [76].

XXXIV)

BMCRR Rome 692; Rome 694

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

Prow r.; above, M·ATII,I or M·ATILI; before, I; be!ow, ROMA.

2b As

Montoro Inferiore hoard 229; Naples, F 658

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 29.

Similar, but M·ATIL-or M·ATIL.

Vienna 40324; BMCRR Rome 697

38 Semb Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S.

Similar to 2a; before, S. BMCRR Rome 698 (wrongly described)

3b Semis

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 3·

Similar to 2b, but M ·ATIL only; before, S.

48 Trieu Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

BMCRR Rome 699 Similar to za, but M·ATILl only; before,

B·

4b Triena

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 6.

sa Quadran.a Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Sb

Similar to 3b; before,

Paris, A 4902; Milan 453 Similar to 2a; before,

Quaclran1 (Pl. XXXIV)

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 6.

B· §.

Turn i , F 1087; Paris, A 4899

Similar to 2b; before,

254

§.

Paris, A 4905

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r., with caduceus over shoulder; above, oo.

Similar to 2a, but

M ·AT I L I

only; before, 8.

Similar to 2a, but

M ·AT I L I

only; before, o.

Specimens in Paris: 2. Paris, A 4906

7 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind,

o.

Specimens in Paris: 1.

The moneyer is perhaps

a

son of M. Atilius Serranus, Pr. 152.

215 Q.MARC LIBO

Mint-Rome

148 B.C.

B. Marcia 1-7; Bf. i, 178; ii, 61; iii, 72 and 74; M. Bahrfeldt, Berliner Munzblatter 1916, 612; S. 367, 395-396a and 396c-g; RE Marcius 70. See above, p. 55, below, no. 59*, no. 178*, no. 248*. BMCRR Rome 701; Rome 700

1 Denarius (Pl. XXXIV) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, L I BO downwards; before, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [75).

Dioscuri r.; below, Q·MRC; in exergue or in linear frame, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [94). BMCRR Rome 702

2a As (Pl. XXXIV) Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

downwards;

Q·M RC; below, ROMA.

Similar, but

I before.

Similar, but

Q M R.

Prow r.; above,

before,

LIBO

BMCRR Rome 705

2b As Similar.

BMCRR Rome 824

2C As Similar. Specimens in Paris

(all varieties):

32.

·

BMCRR Rome 706

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar to 2a.

Specimens in Paris: 8.

4 Triens (Pl. XXXIV)

BMCRR Rome 708

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 8.

oooo.

Similar.

BMCRR Rome 709

s Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3·

Similar.

g.

Paris, A 12214

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 3·

Similar.

oo.

7 Uncia

Paris, A 12217

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind,

o.

Similar.

Specimens in Paris: 1.

The moneyer is

a

Q. Marcius Libo, not otherwise known. 255

216 L.SEMPR PITIO

Mint-Rome

148

B.C.

B. Sempronia 2-9; Bf. i, 235; iii, 92; S. 402-403d; RE Sempronius 74. See above, p. 55, below, no. 6o*, no. 179*. 1

Denarius (Pl. XXXIV)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, PITIO downwards; before, X. Border of dots. Obverse

BMCRR Rome 711; Rome 717 Dioscuri r.; below, l-·SEM or L·SEM'; in exergue or in linear frame, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [102).

dies: [82).

BMCRR Rome 718

1a As

Laureate head of Janus; above,

PI= TIO. :zb As (Pl.

I dividing

ROMA.

l-·SEM; before, I; below,

XXXIV)

Paris, A 15178

Similar, but no legend. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 24. 3

Prow r.; above,

Similar, but

l-·SEM R.

Semis

BMCRR Rome 720

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

S.

Similar to 2a; before,

S.

Similar to 2a; before,

H·

BMCRR Rome 721

48 Trlen.s

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. 4b

Trlens (Pl. XXXIV)

Paris, A 15179

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 7·

Similar to 2b; before, �·

s Quaclrans

Milan 46o

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Specimens in Paris: 7·

6

Similar to 2a; before, §.

BMCRR Rome 722

Sextans

Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: o.

The moneyer is

a

Similar; before,

oo.

8.

L. Sempronius Pitio, not otherwise known.

217 C.TER LVC

Mint-Rome

147

B.C.

B. Te1•entia to-14; Bf. i, 246; S. 425-426d; RE Terentius 56. See above, p. 55 (also Addenda).

1

Denarius

(Pl. XXXIV)

BMCRR Rome 775

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Victory with wreath, and X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [55).

Dioscuri r.; below, C· 'E R ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [69).

2 As (Pl. XXXIV) Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris: 20.

LVC; in exergue,

BMCRR Rome 782 I.

Prow r.; above, Victory with wreath, and

C· 'E R LVC;

before,

I; below, ROMA.

BMCRR Rome 785

3 Semis (Pl. XXXIV) Similar; before, S.

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 6.

4 Triens Helmeted bead of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 4· 5

Similar; before,

�· BMCRR Rome 787

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 5·

§.

Similar; before, §.

Rome, Capitol 2759

6 Sextans Head of Mercury

r.; above,

Similar; before, 8 .

oo,

Specimens in Paris: o.

The moneyer is perhaps Terentius Lucanus, the master of Terence (Suetonius, Vita Terenti 1), or rather this man's son. The master was already a Senator when he

manumitted Terence, presumably before Terence's fust play in 166, but perhaps hdd the moneyership late (T. P. Wiseman, CQ 1964, 125; note also the C. Terentius Lucanus, giver of gladiatorial games in Pliny, NH xxxv, 52). The figure of Victory on the denarius and the as perhaps reflects the progress of one of the wars

218

in which Rome was engaged at the time of this issue.

L.CVP

147 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Cupiennia 1; Bf. i,99; S. 404; RECupiennius 3· See above,p. 55, below,no. 61*, no. 180*.

1 Denarius {Pl. XXXIV)

BMCRR Rome 850

r.;

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, cornucopiae; before, X. Border of dots.

Dioscuri

Obverse dies: [73].

Reverse dies: [91].

ROMA.

below, Line border.

t.. · C V;

in

exergue,

The moneyer is perhaps a L. Cupiennius, not otherwise known.

219

C.ANTESTI

Mint-Rome

146B.C.

B. Antestia 1-8; Bf. i, 18; ii, 6; iii, 10; S. 4o6-407c and 411; RB Antistius 10. See above, pp. 54-5, below, no. 181*.

1a Denarius (Pl. XXXIV)

BMCRR Rome 855

Helmeted bead of Roma r.; behind, puppy walking upwards; before, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 12.

below, C · N' S T I;

Dioscuri r.; ROMA. Line border.

in exergue,

The mark of value is missing on one obverse die (Paris, AF).

1b Denarius Similar; behind, puppy walking downwards. Obverse dies: 3·

BMCRR Rome 858 Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): 23.

257

Haeberlin 456

tc DeDarlaa

Similar to ta. Obverse dies: 1 (used for

Similar; below, puppy

raised.

ta)

r.

•

Berlin

with one fore-foot

Reverse dies: 1 (used for td)

td Denarius

San Lorenzo del Vallo hoard Similar. Reverse dies : 2.

Similar; behind, C·AESTI upwards.

BMCRR Rome

te Dena.rius (Pl. XXXIV) Similar.

859

Similar; below, puppy r. with both fore-feet raised. Reverse dies: [131].

Obverse dies (td�): [105].

All five varieties form a single sequence -1a and tb share a reverse die

(BMCRR

Rome 855 and 858), 1a and 1c share an obverse die (Paris, A 4076 and Haeberlin Berlin), 1c and td share a reverse die (Haeberlin 456 Berlin and Cordova 456 hoard 63), td and te share an obverse die (San Lorenzo del Vallo hoard and Masera =

=

hoard 479). BMCRR Rome

2 AI (Pl. XXXIV) Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

862

Prow r.; above, puppy and C · AE STI; before, I; below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 14. 3 Semis (Pl. XXXIV)

BMCRR Rome

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar; before,

S.

Similar; before,

�.

Similar; before,

§.

Similar; before,

8.

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 6. 5

oooo.

§.

865

Rome, Capitol 983

6 Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above, Specimens in Paris: o.

Paris, A 4099

BMCRR Rome

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

864

oo.

The moneyer is otherwise unknown. As for his cognomen, Livy provides no evidence whatever (contra Babelon) for an Antestius Labeo in the second century Labeo of xlv, 31, 14 is probably one of the missing /egati at xlv, 17,

2

B.c.

The

and, if so,

must be a consular; he is therefore to be identified with Q. Fabius Labeo, Cos. 183.

The moneyer's cognomen, if the puppy is held to be significant, may perhaps be Catulus.

uo M.IVNI

14S B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Junia 8; S. 408 and 412; RE Junius 22, See above! pp. 4 5 -5. BMCRR Rome 867

1 Denarius (Pl. XXXV)

Dioscuri r.; below, M·IVN I; in exergue, R 0 MA. Line border. Reverse dies: [151].

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ass's head; before, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [121].

The moneyer's cognomen is shown by the ass's head to have been Silanus (RE vi, 653; cf. P. A.MacKay, MusN

1968, 8),

but the history of the early Iunii

Silani

is

unfortunately obscure and likely to remain so. Here is a possible reconstruction of their stemma (the numbers are those of RE): (167) M. Junius Silanus, Pr. 212

�-------,

[D. Junius Silanus)

(168) M. Junius Silanus, Praef. Soc. 196 r

(22) M. Junius D.f. (Silanus), Mon. c. 145, Tr. Pl. between 149 and 123/2

(16o) D. (Junius) Silanus, Spec. Com. ?146

I

(161) D. Junius Silanus (Manlianus), Pr. 141

[L. Junius Silanus)

(169) M. Junius Silanus, Cos. 109

r-------_, (162) D. (Junius) Silanus L.f., Mon. 91 (20) L. Junius L.f.

Gal.

The validity of the reconstruction depends on two plausible assumptions - that the

man

who died as

Praef. Soc. 196

had no issue and that theM. Iunius D.£,

author of the Lex Iunia de repetundis between 149 and 123/2 (FIRA i, no. 7,

lines 23, 74), is to be identified with the Mon. c. 145 rather than with the Cos. 109.

ut AN RVF

Mint-Rome

144 B.C.

B. Aurelia 19; Bf. i, 52; S. 409 and 413; RE Annius 78 (Aurelius 2o6). See above, pp. 5 4-5· 1

Denarius (Pl. XXXV)

BMCRR Italy 4 46

Helmeted head of Roma r., with curl on I. shoulder; behind, X. Border of dots super imposed on n il e border. Obverse dies: [24].

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in I. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; below, N R\F; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [30].

The moneyer is presumably T. Annius Rufus, Cos. 128.

259

2n

ANONYMOUS

143 B.C.

A. ii, 368; B. i, p. 67; S. 438. See above, p. 55· 1 Denarius (Pl. xxxv)

BMCRR Rome 895

Helmeted head of Roma r.; Border of dots.

behind. X.

Obverse dies: [29].

Diana, with quiver on shoulder, in biga of stags r., holding reins in 1. hand and torch in r. hand; below, crescent; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [36].

On one reverse die Diana holds another torch, hoard).

as

well

as

reins,

in

her I. hand (Petacciato

The biga of stags and crescent are presumably present the recurrence of the type on

no.

as the attributes of Diana; 400/1a-b provides no adequate evidence for the

attribution of this issue to a moneyer of the gens Axia (contra W. Kubitschek, NZ 1913, 232).

223 C.CVR TRIGE

Mint-Rome

142 B.C.

B. Curiatia 1; S. 436; RE Curiatius 10. See above, p. 55, below, no. 182*.

BMCRR Rome 891

1 Denarius (Pl. XXXV)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, TRIG E upwards; before, X. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [43]. The mark of value is missing

on

Juno in quadriga r., wearing diadem and crowned by Victory from behind, holding sceptre in I. hand and reins in r. hand; below, C·C�; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [54].

one obverse die (Capua).

The moneyer is probably the father of C. Curiatius f. Trigeminus (no. 240). The father, rather than the son, is probably C. Curiatius, Tr. Pl. 138, who may have died in office in that year (A. E. Astin, Scipio Aemi/ianus, 130). For the origin of the cognomen see Livy i, 24, 1. There are no grounds for supposing that the reverse type portrays Juno Cur(r)itis or Quiritis, who is characterised by the possession of sword and shield

(Roscher ii, 59�7). It is perhaps just worth drawing attention to the twin altars of Janus Curiatius and Juno Soraria (commentary of R. M. Ogilvie on Livy i, 26,

13).

Mint-Rome

224 L.IVLI

141 B.C.

B. Julia 1; S. 443; RE Julius 29. See above, p. 55, below, no. 249*. 1

BMCRR Rome 899

Denarius (Pl. XXXV)

Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies: [27].

r.;

behind, XVI.

r.; below, L ·I 'L I; ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [34]. Dioscuri

26o

in

exergu,e ,

The absence on this issue and on no. 323 both of the cognomen Caesar and of any of the types used on coins by Iulii Caesares suggests very strongly that neither this moneyer nor the moneyer of no. 323 were Iulii Caesares, but belonged to another branch of the gens Julia.

225 L.ATILl NOM

Mint-Rome

141 B.C.

B. Atilia 16; Bf. i, 48; iii, 22; S. 444; RE Atilius 44; Nomentanus 1. See above, p. 55, below, no. 250*. 1

Denarius

(Pl. xxxv)

BMCRR Rome 904

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots.

XVI.

Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand and reins in L hand; below, L A I Ll; in exergue, NOM. Line border. Reverse dies : 6. ·

Obverse dies: 5·

The legend NOM, in the position occupied by the name ROMA on contemporary issues, appears without exception on official pieces of this issue and is clearly not a mistake. The moneyer is thus perhaps L. Atilius Nomentanus and perhaps identical with the Nomentanus who is probably to be restored at Lucilius 56M and 69M and who was probably on the staff of Q. Mucius Scaevola, Pr. 120 in Asia (C. Cichorius, Untersuchungen

zu

Lucilius, 244-9; RE Nomentanus assigns too late a

date to the moneyer). The discussion of the issue by H. Mattingly, PCPhS 195cr1, 14, is fanciful and the problem considered, the astonishing substitution of N 0 M

for ROM A, remains unexplained. For a possible ancestor note the L. Atilius, inlustris adulescens, of Livy xlv, 5, 2.

226

C.TITINI

Mint-Rome

141 B.C.

B. Titinia 7-8; Bf. i, 252; iii, 99; S. 445; RE Titinius 6. See above, p. 55, below, no. 183*. 1a Denarius

(PL XXXV)

BMCRR Rome 906

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Border of dots.

tb Denarius

XVf.

Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand and reins in 1. hand; below, C T IT IN I; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. ·

(Pl. xxxv)

BMCRR Rome 909

Similar, but necklace is of pendants instead of beads.

Similar.

Obverse dies

Reverse dies (both varieties): 20.

(both

varieties): 16.

2 Semis (Pl. xxxv) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Obverse dies:

1.

Paris, A 15633

S.

Prow r.; above, C

ROM A.

T I T IN I;

·

before, S; bel ow,

Reverse dies: 1.

The moneyer, C. Titinius, is not otherwise known, but may belong to an earlier generation of the same family as one or more of C. Titinius Gadaeus (RE Titinius 261

21), a participant in the Second Sicilian Slave Revolt, C. Titinius of Minturnae (RE Titinius 8), plaintiff in a cause celibre heard by C. Marius, and C. Titinius (RE Titinius 7), a mutineer during the Social War (Sisenna, fr. 52P- his name is reported as C. Titius by Dio xxx-xxxv, fr. 1ooB).

22.7 M.AVF RVS

Mint-Rome

140 B.C.

B. Aufidia 1; Bf. i, 49; ii, 20; iii, 23; S. 446-446a and 458; RE Aufidius 35· See above, p. 62, below, no. 62*, no. 184*. 1a Denariua

Hannover 1884

Helmeted head of Roma r.; below chin, RVS; behind, downwards, XV I. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in I. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; below, M ·A V; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

1b Denarius

Turin, F 1173

Similar.

Similar, but

M · AF.

1c Denarius Similar, but

XVI

BMCRR Rome 924 upwards.

1d Denarius (Pl.

Similar.

xxxv)

BMCRR Rome 925

Similar, but IVX downwards. Obverse dies (all varieties): 6.

Similar. Reverse dies

(all varieties):

8.

If the moneyer's full name is M. Aufidius Rusticus, he is possibly a brother of T. O:fidius (Aufidius) M.f. Pop., one of the Senators associated with the SC de Am braciotibus et Athamanibus (SEG iii, 451 Sherk 4- probably of the late 14os, see on no. 189), on whom see E. Badian, Historia 1963, 132. =

uS C.VAL C.F FLAC

Mint-Rome

140 B.C.

B. Valeria 7-10; Bf. i, 257; iii, 104; S. 44C>-442 and 454; RE Valerius 167. See above, p. 62. BMCRR Rome 901

1 Denarius (Pl. XXXV) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, downwards. Border of dots.

XV I

Victory in biga r., holding reins in l. hand and whip in r. hand; above, FLAC; below,

C· \l'v ·C·F; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

Obverse dies: 7·

Reverse dies: to.

2 Denarius (Pl. xxxv)

BMCRR Rome 879

Similar; behind, X. Obverse dies: [48].

Similar. Reverse dies: [6o].

3 Semis (Pl. XXXV)

F. Capranesi, Annali 1839, 280, no. 9

=

Paris, A 15941 (unique) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r.; above, C · \l'v

ROMA. 262

·

C · F;

before, S; below,

Paris, A 15942

4 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: z.

Similar; before,

§.

§.

The moneyer is perhaps a grandson of C. Valerius Flaccus, Pr. 183, and perhaps the father of C. Valerius Flaccus, Cos. 93· 229 M.A VRELI COTA

Mint-Rome

139 B.C.

B. Aurelia 16; Bf. i, 52; iii, 25; S. 429; RE Aurelius 105. See above, p. 6z, below, no. 185*.

BMCRR Rome

1a Denarius (Pl. XXXV) Helmeted head of Roma r.; below chin, COT A; behind, X. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome

1b Denarius (Pl. xxxv) Similar, but necklace is of pendants instead of beads. Obverse dies (both varieties): 10.

914

Hercules in biga of centaurs r., holding reins in l. hand and club in r. hand- centaurs each carry branch in l. hand; below, M ·ME Ll; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. 916

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties):

10.

The moneyer is perhaps M. Aurelius Cotta, father of C. Aurelius Cotta, M. Aurelius Cotta and L. Aurelius Cotta, Coss. 75, 74 and 65; he may also be a younger son

of L. Aurelius Cotta, Cos. 144 (F. Miinzer, RA, 32o-3 with

stemma on 313 and 327; E. Badian, Studies, 63-4), born therefore c. 16o o r later. Babelon's explanation of the reverse type, that M. Aurelius Cotta, Leg. 189 (RE Aurelius 104; Livy xxxvii, 52, 1; cf. Polybius xxi, 18, 1), shared in the victory over Antiochus at Thermopylae in 191 and that the moneyer referred to this via an

allusion to the battles of Hercules and the centaurs in the same area, will not do. It is not recorded that the Legate played any major part in the victory nor is it likely that he was senior enough to do so. The reference of the type on this view is in any case extraordinarily obscure. Hercules drawn by centaurs can be paralleled

as an artistic motif (F. Matz, Festschrift Weickert, 41; J.D. Beazley, ARV, p. 1335, no. 34) and the coin�hould be regarded as an artistic tion of a normal ·

�ercules in a biga type, perhaps chosen to highlight Hercules as a conqueror. 230 A.SPVRI

Mint-Rome

139 B.C.

B. Spurilia 1; Bf. i, 241; iii, 96; S. 448; RE Spurius 2. See above, p. 62, below, no. 251*. 1 Denarius (Pl. Helmeted head Border of dots.

XXXV) of Roma r.;

Obverse dies: [29].

BMCRR Rome behind, X.

910

Luna in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and goad in r. hand; below, A ·Sr� I; in cxergue,

ROMA. Line

border.

Reverse dies: [36].

The moneyer may be A. Spurinna, A. Spurilius or A. Spurius and is not otherwise known.

231 C.RENI

B. Renia 1-3;Bf. i, 229; iii, 90; S. 432-433a;RE Renius. See above, p. no. 252*.

Roma

62,

below, no. t86*,

BMCRR Rome 885

1 Denarius (Pl. xxx v) Helmeted head of Border of dots.

r.;

behind,

Obverse dies: [141].

X.

Juno in biga of goats r., wearing diadem and holding sceptre and reins in 1. hand and whip in r. hand; below, C. RENI; in exergue, R0MA. Line border. Reverse dies: [176]. Azaila hoard

2 Semis (Pl. xxx v) Laureate head ofSatumr.;behind,S. Obverse dies:

138 B.C.

Mint-Rome

t.

Prow r.; above, goat; before, upwards;below, ROMA.

C·RENI

Reverse dies: 1.

3 Quadrans (Pl. xxxv) Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Obverse dies: 1.

Hannover 1856;G. Minervini, BullettiTIQ 1858-59, tt6

Archeologico NapolitaTIQ vii,

Similar;before, C · RE N upwards. Reverse dies: 2.

Bahrfeldt's scepticism over the genuineness of the semis and the quad.rans is un justified. The semis is automatically authenticated by the presence of the specimen in the Azaila hoard (sharing both dies with Naples 113863 and Paris, A 146o4). As for the quad.rans, the specimen published by Minervini has not come to light. But the two specimens cited by Bahrfeldt, weighing 5.82 and 7.20 gr., are now in Hannover (1856 and 1857). They are not die-duplicates, but share only an obverse die. Bahrfeldt's suspicion that they are altered pieces of another issue is not likely to be right. The style of the obverse can only satisfactorily be paralleled on the quadrantes of Ti. Veturius (no. 234/2a-b). Since the latters' reverse type is not a prow, but an oil-jar and a strigil, alteration of quad.rantes of Ti. Verurius into quad.rantes of C. Renius is out of the question. The moneyer is presumably a C. Renius, not otherwise known. The biga of goats on the reverse of the denarius and the goat on the semis and quad.rans can hardly be intended as an allusion to the moneyer's way of reno

=

a reindeer-skin or by way of pi}v

=

nomen,

either by

sheep; an allusion to a cog71omen

Capella i s just possible (compare the jackdaw on bronze of L. Antestius Gragulus - no. 238/2-3). There is insufficient reason to identify the goddess with the diadem driving the biga of goats as Juno Caprotina (who was akin to Juno Sospita of Lanuvium, with her goatskin head-dress- see S. Weinstock, RE xvii, 849); the most significant fact to be connected with the type is probably the association of Juno with the goat before the institution of the Capitoline cult (C. Koch, Juppiter, 71, 105-7 and 112-16). It should in any

case

be noted that the early Imperial

inscription &om the Via Appia between Tres Tabernae and Forum Appi (G. Marini,

Gli atti e monumenti de' fratelli arvali, 61-62 264

=

GIL x, 6493), recording a C. Rennius

C.l. Laetus (not C. Rennius C.f. Laetus, as given by Babelon), is of no relevance to the moneyer's origo. 232 CN.GELI

138 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Gellia 1-6; Bf. i, 126; ii, 46; S. 434-435b; RE Gellius 4· See above, p. 62, below, no. 187*, no. 253*. 1

Denarius (Pl. xxxv)

Helmeted head of Roma Laurel-wreath as border.

BMCRR Rome 918; Turin, F 2580 r.; behind,

X.

Warrior

(?Mars)

in

quadriga

r.,

holding

shield in 1. hand and grasping captive beside him with r. hand; below, CN·GEL or CN·GEL I; in exergue, R 0MA. Line border.

Obverse dies: [66].

Reverse dies: [82].

On one obverse die the necklace on the head of Roma is of pendants, not of beads (San Lorenzo del Vallo hoard). 2 Semis

Copenhagen; BMCRR Rome 920

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

CN ·GEL or CN ·GELI; S; below, ROMA.

Prow r.; above, before,

Specimens in Paris: 6. 3

Triens

Turin, F 2582; BMCRR Rome 921

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above,

Similar; before, �·

oooo.

Specimens in Paris: 3·

4 Quadrans (Pl. xxxv) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

BMCRR Rome 923; Rome 922

§.

Similar; before,

§.

Specimens in Paris: 12. The mark of value on the reverse of the triens and the quadrans is sometimes missing (Paris, A 10031 bis; BMCRR Rome 922).

The moneyer is perhaps the historian Cn. Gellius. The identity of the figures in the quadriga on the reverse is uncertain. Although a warrior in a chariot should probably be regarded as Mars, there is no real evidence for the traditional description of his companion as Nerio (Gellius xiii, 23), an inter pretation based originally on a confusion {on which see E. T. Salmon, Samnium and the Samnites,

3o-3) between the Sabines (Nerio was held by the Romans to be

a Sabine word) and the Samnites and on an unsubstantiated belief that the Gellii were of Samnite origin. The treatment of J.-P. Morel, MEFR 1962, 10, thus starts &om false premises. 233 P.PAETVS

Mint-Rome

138 B.C.

B. Aelia 3; S. 455; RE Aelius 102. See above, p. 62. 1

Denarius (Pl. xxxv)

Helmeted head of Border of dots. Obverse dies: [73].

Roma

BMCRR Rome 877 r.; behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, r r AETVS; in exergue, R 0 MA. Line border. Reverse dies: [91]. ·

The moneyer is perhaps a grandson of Q. Aelius P.f. Q.n. Paetus, Cos. 167- after the consulships of three Aelii Paeti in 201, 198 and 167, the name P. Paetus can hardly be intended to refer to any other gens.

Mint-Rome

2.34 TI. VETVR

137 B.C.

B. Veturia 1-2; Bf. i, 261; S. 527-528a; RB Veturius 6. See above, pp. 62, 74, below, no. 188*.

1 Denarius (Pl. xxxv)

BMCRR Italy 550

Bust of Mars r., draped and helmeted (helmet has long crest, and plume on each side); behind, X, and T I ·'I£ downwards. Border of dots.

Oath-taking scene - two warriors face each other, one bearded and without armour, one beardless and in armour; each holds spear in 1. hand and with sword in r. hand touches pig held by figure kneeling between them; above,

Obverse dies:

ROMA. Line border.

[So].

Reverse dies: [100].

Some pieces of this issue are of crude style, but they should not be regarded as forming a separate group (contra Sydenham). 2.8

Quadrans (Pl. XXXV)

Hannover 2207

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §.

2.b

Oil-jar on thong, and strigil; below, T I.VE V R.

Quadrans

above, ROMA; Hanno ver 2208

Similar.

Similar; below, T I· 'I£

R.

Obverse dies (both varieties): 2..

Reverse dies (both varieties): 4·

The moneyer is probably the son ofT. Veturius Gracchi f. Sempronianus, Augur from 174 (E. Badian, Arethusa i, 1, 1968, 31-6). The obverse type of the denarius has been held to refer, by means of an associa tion of Mars with Mamurius, to the aetiological story about the smith Mamurius Veturius and his reproductions of the anci/e which fell from heaven (Festus, s.v. Mamuri Veturi; Ovid, Fasti iii, 379-92; Plutarch, Numa 13). But the story is appa

rendy unknown to Varro (LL vi, 49) and the type more probably recallsTi. Veturius Philo,Flamen Martialis from 204.The reverse type makes a decisive break with the traditional approach

to

selection of coin types; it should be regarded as referring

to an early version of the story of the CaudineForks, in which the unfavourable agreement with the Samnites was honoured, and as supporting the ratification of thejoedus Numantinum of 137, in the negotiation of whichTi. Sempronius Gracchus, Tr.Pl.133, was closely involved(M. H. Crawford,PBSR 1973, 'Foedusandsponsio'). The reverse type of the quadrans is curious, but consistent with the unconven tional types of the denarius. It has excited interest since its discovery F ( . Capranesi, Annali 1839, 282; C. Cavedoni, Bu/lettino 1840, 167; G. Minervini, Bullettino 1841,

27) and is traditionally interpreted (Th. Mommsen, RMw, 556 n. 285) as indicating

that the quadrans was the price of entry to a bath. It has also been connected 266

(C. Cichorius, RS, 177 n. 1) with the existence of a ball-player Veturius. Both theories seem to me improbable. One of Hercules' chief roles was as patron of instituit athletic games (RE Supp. ill, 1007-9; esp. Pliny,NHvii, 205, ... condere . .. Hercules Olympiae athleticam) and the oil-jar and strigil should be regarded as .

.

•

his attributes in this capacity. The type is thus one of several reverse types which, by way of artistic variation, show the attributes of the deity on the obverse instead of the prow, the usual reverse type of the bronze coinage (compare the club on no.

253/3 and the types of the whole series, no. 285/3-7).

235 SEX.POM

Mint-Rome

137 B.C.

B. Pompeia 1-3; Bf. i, 208; ii, 67; S. 461-462a; RE Pompeius 17. See above, p. 62, below, no. 254*. ta

Denarius

BMCRR

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, jug; before, X. Border of dots.

She-wolf

suckling twins; behind, ficus with one bird perching on trunk and two birds perching on upper branches; on 1., Faustulus, identified by legend FOSTLVS; on r., SEX·rOM; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. r.,

Rumina/is,

Madrid; Masera hoard 1003

tb Denarius

Similar, but SEX·rMo or SEX·rMO.

Similar. tc Denarius

Rome 926

(Pl. XXXVI)

BMCRR

Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): [127].

Rome 927

Similar, but SEX·rO. Reverse dies (all varieties): [159].

On one obverse die the mark of value is missing (Banzi hoard). 2 Semis

Paris, A 14251 Prow r.; above, jug and SEX·rOM; before, S; below, ROMA.

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, jug. Specimens in Paris: 3· 3 Quadrans (Pl. XXXVI)

Paris, A 14254; Quadras y Ramon (Collection) 1272

Head of Hercules r.; above, ooo; behind, jug.

Similar, but SEX· rOM or SEX· ro; before,

Specimens in Paris: 1.

§.

The moneyer is probably Sex. Pompeius, Pr. ?119, father of Cn. Pompeius Strabo. The reverse type of the denarius represents the finding by the shepherdFaustulus of Romulus and Remus being suckled by the she-wolf at the foot of theficus Rumina/is

(Livy i, 3, to-14, 7 with commentary by R. M. Ogilvie); the presence ofFaustulus suggests that the type aims to portray the original scene, not the statue of the wolf and twins set up adficum Rumina/em (Livy x, 23, 11-12; D. Hal. i, 79, 8). The bird perched on the stem of the tree is clearly a woodpecker (Ovid, Fasti iii, 37 and 54; 267

Plutarch, de fortuna Rom. 32od; QR 268f.; origo gentis Romanae 20, 4), the other two birds seem not to be woodpeckers and may be merely decorative. For the two

fici Ruminales see S. B. Platner and T. Ashby, TDAR, 207-8; Livy i, 4, 5 with commentary by R. M. Ogilvie. For other representations of the scene see Roscher i, 1465-9; iv, 202-7; see also p. 719. The jug on the obverse of the denarius and on the obverse and reverse of the bronze seems to allude to the cult of Rumina (Varro,

RR ii, 11, 5; Nonius 167M, from Varro; Plutarch, QR 278d; Rom. 4, 1). The signi ficance of the types is considerable. The scene on the denarius is perhaps the most obvious way of symbolising a belief in the imperial claims of Rome (for which in this period see F. W. Walbank,JRS 1965, 1-16) and an appeal to such a belief may perhaps have been held to justify the repudiation of the foedus Numantinum of 137 (M. H. Crawford, PBSR 1973, 'Foedus and spon.sio'). The adoption of the type by the father of Co. Pompeius Strabo may perhaps show a link between this branch of the Pompeii and the family of Q. Pompeius, Cos. 141, who urged the repudiation.

:&36 M.BAEBI

Q.F

TAMPIL

Mint-Rome

137 B.C.

B. Baebia 12; Bf. i, 54; S. 489. See above, p. 62, below, no. 255*. ta Denarius (Pl.

XXXVI)

BMCRR Rome 938; Amaseno hoard

Helmeted head of Roma 1., wearing necklace of pendants; behind, TAMr It- upwards; before,

X.

Border of dots or, occasionally,

bead and reel border. Good style.

Apollo in quadriga r., holding bow and arrow with reins in 1. hand and branch in r. hand; below, ROMA; in exergue, M·BAEBI·Q·F. Line border.

tb Denarius Similar.

Masera hoard 663

Good style.

Similar, but no arrow. Gioia dei Marsi hoard

tc Denarius Similar, but necklace of beads instead of

Similar to 1a.

pendants. Good style. td Denarius Similar.

Masera hoard 666

Good style.

te Denarius (Pl.

Similar to 1b.

XXXVI) TAMr I.

Similar, but occasionally

BMCRR Rome 935; Vatican 1117 Poor style.

Similar to 1a. Masera hoard 618

tf Denarius Similar, but always

TAM r II-.

Poor Style.

Obverse dies (all varieties): [267).

Similar to 1b. Reverse dies (all varieties): [334).

The moneyer is a M. Baebius Q.£ Tampilus, not otherwise known, but perhaps the father of (M.) Baebius, Tr. Pl. 103 and an ancestor of Q. Baebius Q.f., the Proquaestor of /G v, 2, 146; he is presumably descended from one of the consular Baebii Tampili of the early second century. 268

237 CN.LVCR TRIO

Mint-Rome

136 B.C.

B. Lucretia 1; Bf. i, 173; S. 450; RE Lucretius 32. See above, p. 62, below, no. 63*.

ta Denarius (Pl. XXXVI)

BMCRR Rome 929

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, T R I 0 downwards; before, X. Line border within border of dots. 1b

Dioscuri r.; below, CN ·I... YC R; in exergue, ROMA. Line border within border of dots.

Denarius

San Lorenzo del Vallo hoard

Similar, but necklace is of pendants instead of

Similar.

beads. Obverse dies (both varieties): [170].

Reverse dies (both varieties): [212].

The moneyer is a Cn. Lucretius Trio, not otherwise known. 238 L.ANTES GRAGV

Mint-Rome

136 B.C.

B. Antestia 9-11 and 13; Bf. i, 19; iii, 11; S. 451-452a and 452c-452e; 465; RE Antistius 33· See above, p. 62, below, no. 64*, no. 189*. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXXVI)

BMCRR Rome 976

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, G RAG downwards; before,*. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [253]. 2

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in 1. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; below, 1.-·.AFS; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [316]. BMCRR Rome 980 (wrongly described)

Triens

Helmeted head of Minerva G RAG; behind, · Specimens in Paris: 2.

�

r.;

above,

Prow r.; above, 1.-·N"S and jackdaw; below,

ROMA.

3a Quadrans

BMCRR Rome 981 (wrongly described) and

Head of Hercules r.; above, ooo; behind, G RAG downwards.

Similar, but 1... ·AllES

Vatican 6390; Hannover 2012

1,.../IE S.

Milan 519 (wroagly described)

3b Quadrans (Pl. XXXVI) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

or

Similar, but I...· A/IE S.

§.

3C Quadran&

Paris, A 4124 Similar, but 1... N S.

Similar.

•

3d Quadrans

Paris, A 4125 Similar, but 1.-·AIIE S; before,

Similar.

3e Quadrans

Hannover 2016

Similar.

Similar, but no jackdaw.

3f Quadrans (Pl. XXXVI ) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

ROMA.

§.

Paris, A 4132

§;

Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 9·

below,

Prow r.; above, jackdaw; below, G RAGV.

The weight standard of 2-3f is based on an as of about 13.5 gr. It is remarkable that both denominations weigh on average virtually the same. The moneyer is a L. Antestius Gragulus, not otherwise known, unless he may be identified with the more junior L. Antestius mentioned in the Senatus consultum de agro Pergameno, if this is of 129 (L. R. Taylor, VDRR 191). The jackdaw (graculus) on the bronze alludes to the moneyer's cognomen. 239 C.SERVEILI M.F B. Servilia 1-4; Bf. 1

i,

136 B.C.

Mint-Rome

238; iii, 94; S. 525-526b; RE Servilius 14. See above, pp. 62, 64.

Denarius (Pl. XXXVI)

BMCRR Italy 540

Helmeted head of Roma r., wearing necklace of pendants; behind, wreath and *; below,

ROMA. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [103]. 2 Trlens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, below, ROMA.

�;

Dioscuri riding

apart, with spears reversed; in exergu.e, C. SERVE ILl· M·F. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [129]. Vatican 6983 Prow r.; above, mast with pennant, and wreath; below, C·SERVEILI·M·F or

C·SERVE Ill· M·. F Specimens in Paris: 2. 3

Quadrans (Pl. XXXVI)

H&nllover 2219; BMCRR Italy 548

Head ofHercules r.; behind, §;below, R 0MA. Specimens in Pari.s: 7.

Similar.

Berlin; BMCRR Italy 549

4 Sextans Head of Mercury r. with caduceus over shoulder; behind, 8; below, ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar.

The weight standard of 2-4 is based on an as of about 13.5 gr. It is remarkable that all three denominations weigh on average virtually the same. The moneyer cannot be identified with the C. Servilius in the list of provincial governors in Cicero, div. in Caec. 63 and is not otherwise known (see F. Serrao, Studi de Francisci ii, 471, for the date of the governor's

trial).

His family connections are best indicated in a stemma (the numbers are thoseofRE): (59) C. Servilius (Geminus), Pr. before 218

(6o)

C. Servilius Geminus, Cos. 203

(78) M. Servilius Pulex Geminus, Cos. 202

[M. ServiliusJ

(18) M. Servilius, Pont. 170

I

I

I

(14) C. Servilius M.f., Mon. c. 136

(11

=

12) C. Servilius, Pr. 102

(13

(19) M. Servilius C.f., Mon. c. 100

270

I

=

91) C. Servilius Vatia, Mon. c. 127 (93) P. Servilius C.f. M.n. Vatia Isauricus, Cos. 79

The two moneyers,RE 14 andRE 13

=

91, are presumably cousins, descended from

the Consuls of 203 and 202. Since the supposed Aedile of 173, C. Servilius C.f., does not exist (see discussion on no. 423), aM. Servilius may be postulated

as

the

father of the moneyer, RE 14, and the son of the Consul of 203. The reverse type of the denarius presumably alludes to the moneyer's descent from P. Servilius Geminus, Cos. 252 and 248 (on whom see Cicero, acad. pr. ii,

84);1 for the wreath on the obverse of the denarius and the reverse of the bronze see p. 728. The mast with pennant on the reverse of the bronze may be no more than an artistic elaboration of the type. 240 C.CVR F TRIGE

135 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Curiatia 2-9 bis (ii, p. 594); Bf. i, 101; iii, 44; S. 459-46od; RE Curiatius 11. See above, pp. 62ff., below, no. 65*. 18

BMCRR Rome 942

Denariu$ (Pl. XXXVI)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, upwards; before,

TRIG

X. Border of dots.

Juno in quadriga r., wearing diadem and crowned by Victory from behind, holding sceptre in l. hand and reins in r. hand; below, C·C\Q. · F; in exergue, R 0 MA. Line border.

tb Denarius (Pl. XXXVI ) Similar, but

BMCRR Rome 941

T RIG E.

Similar. Reverse dies

Obverse dies (both varieties): [14]. The style of the obverse of 1b bears 28

no

(both varieties): [17].

relation to that of no. 223.

Semis (Pl. XXXV I)

BMCRR Rome 944

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r., on which stands Victory with wreath; above, C·C\Q.·F; before, S; below,

ROM A.

BMCRR Rome 946 and 894

2b Semis Similar.

Similar, but no Victory.

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 35· 38 Triens

Paris, A 9072

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, �·

Similar to 2a; before, �·

3b Triens

from Babelon

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 5.

Similar to 2b; before, �·

48 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, 4b

BMCRR Rome 947

§.

Similar to 2a; before,

§.

Similar to 2b; before,

§.

Quadrans

Similar.

BMCRR Rome 949

1 The absence of an allusion to the career of M. Servilius Pulex Geminus suggests the line of descent proposed in the stemma.

(contrast nos. 264 and 327)

BMCRR Rome 1036-t037

.fC Quadrans

Similar,butC·C�.

Similar. Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 27.

Imhoof-Blumer (Bf. i, pl. 5, to7) (unique)

s Sextans Head of Mercury r. with caduceus over shoulder; above, oo.

Similar to 2a; before, 8.

6 Uncia

Paris, A 9094 (unique)1

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, o.

Similar to 2a; before,

The legends on the bronze without Victory are barely present.

some times

o.

rather sketchy and the final

F

The moneyer is probably the son of C. Curiatius Trigeminus (no. 223), although

striking only

seven

years later (cf. p. 301).

241 L. TREBANI

Mint-Rome

B. Trebania t-5; Bf. i, 255; iii, tot; F. Capranesi, Trebanius. See above, pp. 62ff., below, no. t90*· ta

44; S.

Denarius

456-457c; RE

BMCRR Rome 957

Helmeted head of Roma r. with curl on I. shoulder; behind, X. Border of dots.

tb

Bullettino 1835,

quadriga r., holding sceptre and Jupiter reins in 1. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; below, L· R EBN I; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. in

Denarius (Pl. XXXVI)

Berlin 839/1929 Similar, but L· R ERN I. Reverse dies (both varieties): [41].

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): (33].

For a denarius with the reverse of this issue and the obverse of no. 242/t see p. 64 n. 2

Semis

Laureate head

of Saturn r.; behind, S.

Prow r.; above, L · R

1.

BMCRR Rome 961 E B N I; before, S; below,

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 7· 3

135 B.C.

Triens (Pl. XXXVI)

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 3·

�

or

Similar; before,

�·

4 Quadrans

Paris, A 1587t

BMCRR Rome 962

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Specimens in Paris: t5.

Similar; before, §.

S Sextans

Paris, A t5886

Head of Mercury r. with caduceus shoulder; above, oo. Specimens in Paris: 1.

over

Similar; before, 8.

The moneyer is a L. Trebanius, not otherwise known. 1

The arm of Victory holding the wreath is just visible.

24Z

C.AVG

Mint-Rome

135 B.C.

B. Minucia 3-6 and 8; Bf. i, 187; iii, 76; S. 463-464b and 464d; RE Minucius 31. See above, pp. 62ff., below, no. 66*. 1

Denarius (Pl. XXXVI)

BMCRR Rome 952

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROMA downwards; before, X. Border of dots.

Spiral column with Aeolic capital, decorated with two bells at the top and two lions' foreparts at the base; standing on column, togate statue holding staff in r. hand; behind each of the lions, corn-ear; on 1., togate figure holding loaves (?) in both hands and placing 1. foot on modius; on r., togate figure holding lituus in r. hand; above, C.A VG. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [49).

Obverse dies: [39].

For a denarius with the obverse of this issue and the reverse of no. 241/1, see p. 64 n. t. 2

BMCRR Rome 955

Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

Prow r.; above,

S.

ROMA.

C ·A V G;

before,

S;

below,

Specimens in Paris: 13. On one reverse die the mark of value is 3 Triens (Pl.

2

instead of

XXXVI)

BM Similar; before,

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 4· 4

S (Vatican 6811). �. BMCRR Rome 956

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 6.

Similar; before,

§.

§. Paris, A 12963 (unique)

5 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind,

Similar; before,

o.

o.

The moneyer is a C. Minucius Augurinus, presumably brother of Ti. Minucius C.f. Augurinus (no. 243). On the reverse of the denarius, the statue-bearing column, decorated with bells at the top (compare exapta catenis tintimuzhula on the fabulous tomb of Porsinna, Pliny, NHxxxvi, 92; cf. A. B. Cook,JHS 1902, 19 for the cult associations of bells) and lions' foreparts at the bottom, is the Columna Minucia. The literary evidence for this is at least partially contradictory:

D. Hal. xii, 4, 6 (In 439) Ti;> 8� Ti)v l
Livy iv, 16,2-4 L. Minucius hove aurato extra portam Trigeminam est donatus, ne plebe quidem invita, quia frumentum Maelianum assibus in modios aestimatum plebi divisit. (3) Hunc Minucium apud quosdam auctores transisse a patribus ad plebem, undecimumque tribunum plebis cooptatum ...invenio;

2 73

...

(4) Sed ante

omnia refellit falsum imaginis titulum paucis ante annis lege cautum (in 448) ne tribunis collegam cooptare liceret. Pliny, NH xviii, 15 L. Minucius Augurinus, qui Sp. Maelium coarguerat, farris pretium in trinis nundinis ad assem redegit undecimus plebei tribunus, qua de causa statua ei extra portam Trigeminam a populo stipe conlata statuta est. Pliny, NH xxxiv, 21 (columna) item L. Minucio praefecto annonae extra portam Trigeminam unciaria stipe conlata- nescio an primo honore tali a populo, antea enim a senatu erat- ... Livy's account is most obviously at fault. The bos auratus should be regarded as an animal to be sacrificed (A. W. Lintott, Historia 1970, 15 n. 15) and not as a monument. A mention of a statua or columna has dearly fallen out (A. D. Momigliano, SDHI

1936, 376

=

Quarto Contributo,

333, not refuted by commentary of R. M.

Ogilvie on Livy iv, 16, 2), to which reference is made in the last sentence quoted. With this correction the passages all seem to refer to one and the same monument, sometimes to the part instead of to the whole (contra H. Lyngby, Eranos 1961, 15o-1; the view developed in Eranos 1963, 56-7 that the column was part of the mysterious sacellum or

ara

Minuci, quem deum putabant of Festus, s.v. Minucia and

Minucia porta, does not seem to me capable of substantiation). An irresolvable

conflict remains over whether Senate or people authorised the monument and there is no possibility of certainty over the status of L. Minucius, but neither problem is important for present purposes.This issue and that ofTi. Minucius C.£ Augurinus (no. 243) provide the only available evidence for the appearance of the monument. Unfortunately, they in no way help to localise it more precisely than do the literary references (there are no grounds for H. Lyngby's belief, Eranos 1961, 139, that it stood in a com-market) and they fail to provide decisive dating criteria (A. D. Momigliano, SDHI 1936, 377-8

=

Quarto contributo,

335-6; G. Becatti, La co/onna

cochlide istoriata, 34-7; commentary ofR. M. Ogilvie on Livy iv, 16, 2; compare no.

346/3-4). But whatever the origin of the monument, it was by early Imperial times believed to have been erected in honour of L. Minucius for his part in a corn distribution in 439· It seems clear to me that the coins refer to the same belief. The togate figure on the column, holding a staff as the attribute of a Consul (D. Hal. iii, 62; Servius on Vergil, Aen. xi, 238; for the form of a sceptre as the attribute of a god see, for instance, no. 241/1), is presumably intended to represent L. Minucius himself;1 the com-ears beside the base of the column are not part of the monument, but symbols appropriate to him.The figure on the left of the column holding the loaves, if that is what they are, is probably P. Minucius or M. Minucius, Coss. 492 and 491, years when a com-distribution took place; the figure on the right of the column is M. Minucius Faesus, one of the first plebeian Augurs in 300. 1

H. Lyngby's identification of the figure on the column as Triptolemos or the god Minucius, Erarros 1961, 148-9, seems to me entirely fanciful. J. Gag�, MEFR 1966, 79, on this cype is misconceived.

274

It should be noted that this issue and that ofTi. Minucius C.£ Augurinus provide the earliest explicit testimony for the connection of a member of the gens Minucia with a corn-distribution - the accounts of Cincius and Calpurnius Piso of the events of 439 (of which A. D. Momigliano, SDHI 1936, 374-89

Quarto contri buto, 331-49, remains the best account) preserved in D. Hal. xii, 4, 2-5 talk only of the part played by L. Minucius in the affair of Sp. Maelius (for which see now A. W. Linton, Historia 1970, 12). The coins antedate by some years both the =

building of the Porticus Minucia, perhaps used in Imperial times for corn distributions (S. B. Platner and T. Ashby, TDAR, 424; F. Castagnoli, MAL 1946-8, 175-8, expresses the view that the Porticus Minucia used for com-distribu tions was distinct from the Republican Porticus Minucia and was only built under daudius), and the first historical instance of a cura annonae, in 104 or slighdy earlier. The

use

by C. Augurinus and his brother of a 'popularis' type in the years

immediately preceding the tribunate ofTi. Gracchus perhaps marginally strengthens the possibility that the successor of M. Octavius as Tribune in 133 was a Minucius (see D. C. Earl, Latomus 196o, 666-9).

�43 TI.MINVCI C.F AVGVRINI

Mint-Rome

134 B.C.

B. Minucia lrlO and 12-14; Bf. i, 188 and 170; ii, 6z; iii, 77; S. 494-495b; RE Minucius 35· See above, pp. 62ff., below, no. 67*, no. 191*, no. 256*. t

Denarius (Pl. XXXVI)

Helmeted head

BMCRR Rome 1005

of Roma r.; behind,

Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [76].

K

Spiral column; standing on column, statue holding staff in r. hand; at base of column, two com-ears; on 1., togate figure holding loaves ( ?) in both hands and placing 1. foot on modius; on r., togate figure holding lituus in r. hand;above, ROMA; on l., Tl· MINVC I· C·F upwards; on r., AVGV RIN I down wards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [95].

On one obverse die the mark of value X occurs instead of � (Pontecorvo hoard 738). The lettering on the reverse is so small and crowded that a letter is sometimes omitted, as in T I· MI NV C C. F (Masera hoard 949) or AVGV R N I (Hannover 2019). ·

Paris, A 12987

� Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r.;above, TI·AVGV RorTI·AVGV Rl INI Nl and lituus; before, S; below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 3·

3 Triens (Pl. XXXVI) Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind,

Specimens in Paris: 4·

BMCRR Rome 1007

I·

Similar; before,

275

I·

4 Quadra.Ds

Hannover 2023; Hannover 2024

Head of Hercules r.; behlnd, Specimens in Paris: 6.

§.

Similar; before,

§.

S Sextans Head of Mercury r.

Paris, A 12999 with

caduceus

over

Similar, butT I·AV GV R; before, 8.

INI

shoulder; behind, 8. Specimens in Paris: 1.

On 2-5 the middle I of the legend is sometimes merged with the superstructure of the prow. The moneyer is presumably brother of C. Minucius Augurinus (no. 242). The reverse type of the denarius is a somewhat sketchy representation of the Columna Minucia, for which see on no. 242· The lituus on the bronze records the augurate of M. Minucius Faesus, perhaps primarily by way of

an

moneyer's cognomen (the lituus is sometimes barely visible, as on Pl.

244 C.ABVRI GEM

allusion to the

19).

XXXVI,

Mint-Rome

134 B.C.

B. Aburia 1-5; Bf. i, 1; ii, 1; iii, 3; S. 490-491c; not in RE. See above,pp. 62ff., below,n0.192*.

BMCRR

1 Denarius (Pl. XXXVI) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behlnd,

downwards; before, K Border of dots.

GEM

C. fO �I;

in exergue, dots. Reverse dies: [59].

Obverse dies: [47).

Rome 999

Mars in quaO.riga r., holding spear, shield and reins in 1. hand and trophy in r. hand; below,

ROMA.

Border of

BMCRR Rome

2 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind,

D.

Prow r.; above, C

ROMA.

·

fO \R. I; GEM

before,

1001

�; below,

Specimens in Paris: 5·

BMCRR Rome 1002; Hannover 1999 but C · fO \R. I or C fO \R.I GE; GEM M

3 Quadra.Ds (Pl. XXXVI) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

Similar,

§.

before,

·

§.

Specimens in Paris: 24. A variety of blundered legends occurs, 6345), C R R I (Hannover 2793).

C R VJ I (BMCRR ·

C R� I

(Vatican

Paris, A 3762

(unique)

Rome 1004),

·

·

4 Sextans Head of Mercury r. shoulder; behlnd, 8.

with

caduceus

over

Similar to 2; before, 8.

Paris, A 3763

5 Uncia Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, o.

Similar; before, o.

The moneyer is perhaps descended from C. Aburius, Leg. 171.

276

(unique)

245 M.MARCI MN.F

134 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Marcia 8-to; Bf. i, 178; S. soo-sota; RE Marcius 22. See above, pp. 62ff., below, no. 68*. BMCRR Rome too8

1 Denarius (Pl. XXXVI)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, modius; before, �. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [120].

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and whip in r. hand; below, M ;'\A,... C, divided RO MA by two com-ears. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [150]. Paris, A 12151; BMCRR Rome 1014

2 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo,

Prow r. (small stem-post); above, M M CI· f\N F or M ·;'\A,...CI; before, ; below,

�

·

·

f\1\F

ROMA. Specimens in Paris: S· 3

Quadrans (Pl. XXXVI)

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris:

Berlin; BMCRR Rome 1017

§.

Similar; before,

§.

20.

The moneyer is a M. Marcius Mn.f., not otherwise known. The modius and com-ears refer to an ancestor, Mo. Marcius, who aedilis plebis

primumjnlmentum populo in modios assibus datavit (Pliny, NH xviii, 15), at some time before L. Minucius did the same (see on no. 242). 246 C.NVMITORI

Mint-Rome

B. Numitoria t�; Bf. i, 190; S. 466-467c and 467e; RE below, no. 69*. 1

Numitorius

Denarius (Pl. XXXVI)

Obverse dies: [
Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in 1. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, C· NVMITO Rl. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 12]. BMCRR Rome 972

2 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Specimens in Paris: 11. 3 Triens

Prow r.; above, C· NVMITORl or C·NVMITOR; before, S; below, ROMA. BMCRR Rome 974; Paris, A 13276

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, Specimens in Paris: 8.

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.; behind,

t. See above, pp. 62ff.,

BMCRR Rome 971

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROMA downwards; before, K Border of dots.

48

133 B.C.

§.

oooo,

Similar; before,

�.

BMCRR Rome 975; Hannover 1879; Vatican 684o; Paris, A 13304

Similar, but C·NVMITORI or C·NVMI TOR or C.NVMITRI or C.NVMITR; before, §.

The legend on one reverse die is C· NV M 1H I (Paris, A 13286).

4b

Turin, F 3728

Quadran.s

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 17. 5 Sextans (Pl.

Similar, but C NVM. ·

Paris, A 13307

XXXVII)

Head of Mercury r.; behind, 8. Specimens in Paris: 1.

Similar, but C · NV MIT 0 R; before, 8.

Given the varying ages at which the moneyership might be held, I can see no objection to identifying the moneyer with C. Numitorius C.f. Lem., mentioned in the Senatus consultum de agro Pergameno, if this is of 129 (contra L. R. Taylor, VDRR,

238). Note the probable presence of the brother of the moneyer, Sex.

Pompeius (no. 235), VDRR, 245·

Mint-Rome

247 P.CALP

133 B.C.

B. Calpu.mia 2-4; Bf. i, 65; iii, 30; S. 468-469a; RE Calpumius 17. See above, pp. 62ft'. 1

BMCRR Rome 968; Paris, A 7049

Denarius (Pl. XXXVII)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, �. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [38].

Goddess, crowned by flying Victory, in biga r., whip in l. hand and reins in r. hand; usually, star on flank of nearside horse; below, r·CALr; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [47].

BMCRR Rome 970

2 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S.

Ship r., on which stand pilot and Victory with wreath; above, r·CALr; ROMA on side of ship; before, S; below, dolphin.

Specimens in Paris: 2. 3 Quacfrans (Pl. XXXVII) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 9·

Hannover 1965

§.

Similar; before,

§.

The moneyer is perhaps the father of P. Calpurnius Lanarius, Leg. 81, the only other Republican Calpurnius with the pramomen Publius (R. Syme, Historia 1955,

19). 248 L.MINVCIV

Mint-Rome

133 B.C.

B. Minucia 15-18; Bf. i, 188; S. 47o-471b; RE Minucius 16. See above, pp. 62ft'. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXX VII) Helmeted head of Roma r. with curl on l. shoulder; behind, K Border of dots.

.

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; below, ROMA; in exergue, L M I NV C I. Line border. Reverse dies: [85]. ·

Obverse dies: [68].

BMCRR Rome 963

On one reverse die the legend is L · MI NV C IV (Mased hoard 965).

BMCRR Rome 965

2 Semis

Prow r.; above, L·MINVCI; before, S; below, ROMA.

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 4·

F. Capranesi, Annali 1839, 280, no. 7 Paris, A 12972

3 Triens

=

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, Specime.ns in Paris: t.

�

Similar; before,

�-

The last two letters of the moneyer's name are sometimes partly concealed by the prow-stem (Vienna 2944). 4 Quad1'811S (Pl. XXXVII) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 8.

BMCRR Rome 966

§.

Similar; before,

§.

The moneyer is probably the father of L. Minucius Basilus (RE Minucius 37).

Mint-Rome

249 P.MAE ANT M.F

132 B.C.

B. Maenia 7-10; F. Capranesi, in D. D. Milller, Memorie Numismatiche, 57; Bf. i, 175 and 184; iii, 70; S. 492-493b; RE Maenius 18. See above, pp. 62ff. t

BMCRR Rome 988

Denarius (Pl. XXXVII)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, K Border of dots.

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins and palm-branch in 1. hand and wreath in r. hand; below, P·/\k AT; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [122].

Obverse dies: [98].

On one reverse die the legend is P· M. ·AT (Hersh 19). For a denarius with the obverse of this issue and the reverse of no. 250/1 see p. 63 n. 1.

2 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind,

�

Paris, A 12005 (unique) Prow r.; above, below, ROMA.

-

r. J".k_. AT.M;

3 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 28.

before,

�;

BMCRR Rome 991

§.

Similar; before,

§.

A variety of blundered legends occurs, r · M AT N (BMCRR Rome 993), r /".k. AE M (Paris, A 12007), r. N: . AT. M (BMCRR Rome 994), r. /).. IV (Hannover 27949). ·

·

Paris, A 12032; F. Capranesi

4 Uncia (Pl. XXXVII) Helmeted head ofRoma r.; behind, o. Obverse dies: ?2.

·

·

·

(cited above)

Similar, but r. /'lk. AT; before, Reverse dies: ?2.

o.

The moneyer is a P. Maenius M.f. Antias or Antiaticus, perhaps descended from P. Maenius (no. 138) and presumably claiming descent from C. Maenius, Cos. 338�

conqueror of Antium.

279

Mint-Rome

250 M.ABVRI M.F GEM

1p B.C.

B. Aburia 6-8; Bf. i, 2; ii, 2; iii, 3; S. 487-488a; not in RE. See above, pp. 62ff., below, no. 70*. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXXVII)

BMCRR Rome 995

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, GEM downwards; before, �. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [101].

Sol in quadriga r., holding reins in I. hand and whip in r. hand; below, M· ��I; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [126].

For a denarius with the reverse of this issue and the obverse of no. 249/1 see p. 63 n.

t.

BMCRR Rome 998

2 Quadrans (Pl. XXXVII) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Prow r.; above, M ·�� I· M; before,

GEM

§;

below, ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 23. A

variety of blundered

and incomplete legends occurs, M· � R I·M (Vatican

6351),

GEM M·��I·M (Paris, A3779), M·�� (Venice, Mus. Arch.), M·ARVR (Rome, Capitol GEM GEM GEM 881), M· ��I·M (Paris, A 3788), M· ��· M (Paris, A 3780).

GE

GEM

3 Uncia

Paris, A 3788 (unique)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind,

Similar; before, o.

o.

The moneyer is perhaps descended from M. Aburius, Pr.

Mint-Rome

251 M.FABRINI B. Fabrinia 1-4; Bf. i, 115; ii, 43; iii, 48; pp. 62ff. 1 Semis

176.

S. 453-453c; RE Fabrinius. See

(Pl. XXXVII)

Laureate head of Saturn r.;

132 B.C. above,

BM

behind, S.

Prow r.; above, M·FABRI or

Nl

M·FABR; INI

before, S; below, ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 5. 2 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 8.

3 Quadrans (Pl. xxx vu) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

Specimens in Paris: 18.

�·

Similar; before,

�·

BMCRR Rome 982

BMCRR Rome 983; Vatican 6634

§.

Similar; before,

§.

The legends M ·FABR (Vienna 1967), M· F�R I (Gotha) and M ·FAB R (Paris, A 9525) also Nl Nl occur.

BMCRR Rome 987; Vatican 6638

4 Sextans Head of Mercury

r.

with caduceus

over

Similar; before, 8.

shoulder; behind, 8. Specimens in Paris: 2.

The moneyer is a M. Fabrinius, not otherwise known.

252 L.POST ALB

Mint-Rome

131 B.C.

B. Postumia 1; S. 472; RE Postumius 43· See above, pp. 62ff., below, no. 257*. 1 Denari1;15 (Pl. XXXVII)

BMCRR Rome 1129

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, apex; before,

K Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [47].

Mars in quadriga r., holding spear, shield and reins in l. hand and trophy in r. hand; below, L·rOST·A. 8; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [59].

The moneyer is not otherwise known, but is doubdess a son ofL. Postumius Albinus, Cos. 154; the apex on the obverse and the whole reverse type together refer to the father's having been Flamen Martialis. The moneyer was perhaps Flamen Martialis later (Cicero, Brutus 135). At the time of this issue the office was held by L. Valerius Flaccus, Cos. 131.

Mint-Rome

253 L.OPEIMI

131 B.C.

B. Opeimia 12-14; Bf. i, 192; iii, 78; F. Capranesi, Bullettirw, 1835, 43; S. 473-474 and 474b; RE Opeimius 4· See above, pp. 62ff., below, no. 193*. BMCRR Rome 1133

1 Denarius (Pl. XXXVII) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, wreath; before, K Border of dots. Obverse dies: [39].

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in 1. hand and wreath in r. hand; below, L-OrEIMI; in exergue, R 0 MA. Line border. Reverse dies: [49]. Hannover 2137

2 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r.; above, before, S; below,

L·OrEIMI and wreath; ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: o. 3 Quadrans (Pl. XXXVII) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

BMCRR Rome 1136

§.

Club; above, L·OrEIMI; below, around, laurel-wreath.

ROMA;

Specimens in Paris: 5.

The moneyer is presumably L. Opimius, Cos. 121. The wreath on the obverse of the denarius and on the bronze is present as the attribute of Victory. The reverse type of the quadrans, by way of artistic variation, shows an attribute of Hercules instead of a prow (see p. 745). 281

254

M.OPEIMI

131 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Opeimia 16; S. 475; RE Opeimius 8. See above, pp. 62ff. t

Denarius (Pl.

XXXVII)

BMCRR Rome 1137 Apollo in biga r., holding bow in 1. hand and arrow and reins in r. hand, with quiver over shoulder; below, M·0 r E I MI; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, tripod; before,�. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [47].

Reverse dies: [59].

The moneyer is not otherwise known, but is presumably the brother of L. Opeimius (no. 253). The tripod on the obverse, accompanied by Apollo on the reverse, perhaps indicates that the moneyer's father, Q. Borghesi, CEuvres i,

255

154,

around

was

Xvir s.f.

(cf. B.

'

130 B.C.

Mint-Rome

Bf. i, s; S. 511-512b; RE Acilius 13. See above, pp. 62ff.

Denarius (Pl.

XXXVII)

BMCRR Rome 1118

of Roma r.; behind, �; M ·ACILl VS · M · F within double

Helmeted

head

border of dots. Obverse dies: [38]. 2

Cos.

M.ACILIVS M.F

B. Acilia 4-7; t

Opimius,

357; G. Wissowa, RuK, 500 n. 6).

Hercules in quad.riga r., holding

reins and

trophy in I. hand and club in r. hand; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [47].

Semis (Pl. XXXVII)

BMCRR Rome 1120

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S.

Prow r.; above,

M ·ACILl; before, S; below,

Similar; before,

�.

ROM A.

Specimens in Paris: 6. 3 Triena Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1. 4

I·

Quadrans

Paris, A 3793�>11; A 3790�>11; BMCRR Rome 1122 (wrongly described in first edition)

M·ACILI or M·ACLI; before,§.

Head of Hercules r.; behind,§.

Similar, but

Specimens in Paris: 7· 5 Sestana Head of Mercury r. with caduceus shoulder; behind, 8 .

M·ACIL or

Scavi di Fiesole 1578 (unique)

over

Similar to 3; before, 8.

The moneyer is aM. AciliusM.f., not otherwise known.

282

256 Q.METE

130 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Caecilia 21-26 and 15-16; Bf. i, 57; ii, 16 and 23; iii, 27 and 28; S. 486b-486c and 509stob; RE Caecilius 82. See above, pp. 62ff., below, no. 71*. 1 Denarius (Pl. xxxvu)

BMCRR Rome 1053

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, Q ·f\fc. t downwards; before, X. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins and

Obverse dies: (55].

Reverse dies: (69].

thunderbolt in 1. hand and branch in r. hand; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

28 Semis (Pl. XXXVU)

BMCRR Rome 1056; Vatican 6472

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

Prow r.; above, Q·/'lk tor fore, S; below, ROMA.

S.

Q·/'lk t L; be

Specimens in Paris: 26.

number of variant legends occurs, Q Mt (BMCRR Rome 1059), Q · fll"t_ (Paris, A 5259), Q ·ME T (Paris, A 5262).

A

·

Hannover 2185

2b Semis (Pl. XXXVII) Similar. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Similar, but

C

·

f\.k ""E. BMCRR Rome 1o6o

3 Trieoa Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2. A variant legend occurs, 48

D·

Similar, but Q ·

f\.k '"E; before, D·

Q• M E'"E (Hannover 2092a). BMCRR Rome 1o61

Quadrans

Head of Hercules r.;

behind,§.

Similar; before,

§.

Specimens in Paris: 27. A number of variant legends occurs, Q · f\fc. T E (Paris, A 5289), Q · Mt(Copenhagen), Q � (BMCRR Rome 1o64).

Q ·f\fc. T (Copenhagen),

·

Paris, A 5187

4b Quadrans Similar, but

Similar. Specimens in Paris: 1.

C. M""EE.

Although 2b and 4b are traditionally given to C. Metellus (no. 269), it is clear from their style and fabric that they are merdy cardessly executed pieces of this issue. The moneyer is presumably Q. Caecilius Metellus, Cos. 123.

Mint-Rome

257 M.VARGV B. Terentia 7 ;Vargunteia 1-5; Bf. t

Denarius

i, 261; S. 507-508c; REVargunteius 4- See above,pp. 62ff. BMCRR Rome to68

(Pl. xxx vu)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, M ·'A. downwards; before, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

(107].

130 B.C.

G

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding thunderbolt and reins in I. hand and branch in r. hand; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: (134].

BMCRRRome 1070

2 Semis (Pl. XXXVII) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris:

ROMA.

t6.

3 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, Specimens in Paris:

Prow r.; above, M· \A.. G; before, S; below,

S.

4·

�.

Similar; before,

�.

BMCRRRome 1071

Rome, Capitol 2905; BMCRR Rome 1073; Paris, A t6o5.1;Rome, Capitol 2907

4 Quadrans

M·\A..GV or M·\A..G M·VARG or M·\A..; before,§.

Similar, but

Head of Hercules r.; behind,§.

or

Specimens in Paris: 33·

Paris, A t6o64

5 Sextans Head of Mercury r. with caduceus over shoulder; behind, 8.

Similar, but

M· \A.. G;

before, 8.

Specimens in Paris: 2.

The moneyer is presumably aM. Vargunteius, not otherwise known. Mint-Rome

258 SEX.IVLI CAISAR B. Julia

2; Bf.

i, 139; S.

476; RE Julius

150. See above, pp.

62ff., below,

129 B.C.

no. 72*.

BMCRR Rome

1 Denarius (Pl. XXXV II) Helmeted head ofRoma r.; behind, anchor; before, K Border of dots.

t 140

Venus in biga r., holding reins in l. hand and, usually, whip in r. hand; behind, Cupid, crowning Venus; above, ROMA; below, SEX·I\L I; in exergue, CAISAR. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 12].

Obverse dies: [
The moneyer is presumably Sex. Julius Caesar, Pr. 123. The reverse type alludes to the descent of the Iulii from Venus by way of Aeneas and Ascanius-Iulus (seep. 727). The anchor on the obverse has been linked with an ancestor's naval victory; but an anchor, not in use when a ship is in motion, seems to me an improbable symbol for a sea-battle; it should be regarded as referring to Aeneas' arrival in Italy from overseas (C. Cavedoni, Appendice, 112; compare the anchor on no. 290/2). Mint-Rome

259 Q.PILIPVS B. Marcia

tt; Bf.

iii,

73;

S.

477; RE Marcius 82.

1 Denarius (Pl. XXXV II) Helmeted head ofRoma r. (star on flap), with curl on l. shoulder; behind, K Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [89].

129 B.C.

See above, pp. 62ff. (also Addenda). BMCRR Rome

t143

Horseman galloping r., wearing crested helmet, holding reins in l. hand and spear in r. band; behind, helmet with goat's homs; below, Q·PILIPVS; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies : [t11].

The moneyer is doubtless the grandson of Q. Marcius Philippus, Cos. 186 and 169.

The helmet with goat's horns on the reverse seems to be the distinctive head

dress of a Macedonian king (Plutarch, Pyrrh. 11, (Pyrrhus was recognised) •0 •e M otarrphrovn Kal •ois •paytKois Kepaow; Livy xxxvii, 33, 2-3, (Philip V) in arborem inlatus impetu equi ad eminentem ramum cornu alterum galeae praefregit; (3) id inventum ab Aetolo quodam perlatumque in Aetoliam ad Scerdilaedum, cui notum erat insigne galeae, farnam interject£ regis volgavit. The single goat's horn on the

helmet of Tryphon is a different matter, H. R. Baldus, JNG 1970, 217), here

porttayeq in a simplified form dictated by its size (compare no. 293/1). It doubtless alludes, by way of the Macedonian monarch who made the deepest impression on the Roman mind, Philip V, to the moneyer's cognomen, Philippus. The origin of

this is of course unknown and unconnected with the Macedonian royal house. But

the allusion is entirely intelligible (W. Kubitschek's arguments, Studien, 3-16, seem to me merely perverse); the moneyer may have thought of it because of his family's friendship with Philip V. The horseman on the reverse, whose helmet is

completely different from the helmet with goat's horns, is perhaps more likely to be divine than human; he resembles one of the Dioscuri and it is just worth recalling

that this issue is contemporary with the plebiscitum reddmdorum equorum, by which

Senators were forbidden to retain the equus publicus (T. P. Wiseman, Historia 1970,

79 n. 64, with earlier bibliography), and that the Dioscuri were the patrons of the

Equites. The horseman's cloak has square corners and is therefore not a trabea; for the helmet compare that of the horseman in DS ii, 1448.

26o T.CLOVLI B. Cloulia t

Denarius

(Pl. XXXVIII)

Helmeted head ofRoma r.; behind, wreath; below,

Mint-Rome

uS B.C.

1; Bf. i, 85; S. 516; RE Cloelius 5. See above, pp. 62ff.

ROMA. Border of dots.

Obverse dies:

[65].

BMCRRRome

1079

Victoryinbiga r.,holdingreinsinbothhands; below, com-ear; in exergue, T·CLOVL I. Line border. Reverse dies: [81].

The moneyer is doubtless the father of no. 332 and is perhaps the T. Cloelius of Cicero, Rose. Am. 64 (whose reading should be preferred to that ofValerius Maximus ·

viii, 1, 13, see T. P. Wiseman, CR 1967, 263). The significance of the corn-ear is obscure (but see p. 729); the wreath appears to be without significance, since the obverse type as a whole is copied from that of no. 239/1.

.Mint-Rome

36t CN.DOMIT

uS B.C.

B. Domitia 14, 3, 4 and 5; Bf. i, 104; ii,4o; iii,46; S. 514-515c; cf. REDomitius 20. See above,

pp. 62ff., below, no. 194*.

BMCRR Rome 1025

t Denarius (Pl. :XXXVIII)

Helmeted head ofRoma r.; behind, com-ear; before, �. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [71]. 3 Semis

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and whip in r. hand; above, ROMA; below, man fighting lion;1 in exergue, CN·DOM. Line border. Reverse dies: [89].

BMCRR Rome 1027; Rome 1028

(Pl. XXXVIII)

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r.; above, CN·DOMI, CN ·DON\:. CN ·DOM; before, S; below, ROMA.

or

Specimens in Paris: 14.

BMCRR Rome 1029

3 Trieu Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, Specimens in Paris:

3·

H·

Similar, but CN·DOMI before,

B·

or

CN·DOM;

BMCRRRome 1030; Rome 1031;

4 Quadran& (Pl. XXXVIII)

Paris, A 9135 Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Similar, but CN·DOMI, CN·DOM.

CN·DOM;

Specimens in Paris: 26. Two variant legends

occur,

before,§.

or

DE OMI (Paris, A 9180) and D OMIT (Paris, A 9165).

Since this issue and no. 285

are

separated by only a decade, it is difficult to regard

both moneyers as Domitii Ahenobarbi in the same line of descent. This moneyer is perhaps a Cn. Domitius Calvinus or a Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus from a collateral

branch of the family; for second-century Calvini note the commander in Liguria (Frontinus, Strat. iii, 2, 1 with A. E. Douglas, Brutus, p. 187), for collateral Aheno barbi note the Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus of Livy xlii, 28, 13 (an oppido adulescens

in 172 he

can

hardly be the Cos. 162; I owe this point to H. B. Mattingly)

and the L. Domitius Cn.f. (Ahenobarbus) in the Senatus consultum de agro Pergameno. For the wild-beast fight on the reverse see W. Kubitschek, NZ 1913, 228; the seem to refer to the games and distributions of produce offered to the Roman people by an Aedile as a step to higher office (see

fight and the com-ear together

P· 729). 1

Not hound, contra Babelon and Sydenham (see M. H. Crawford andR. Thomsen in M. Thompson, TMAgriniqr!Hoard, us); the type thus in nowayrefen to the exploits ofCn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cos. 122, against King Bituitus (for dogs in battle see R. M. Cook, Festschrift Rumpf, 38).

286

262 ANONYMOUS WITH ELEPHANT'S HEAD

Mint-Rome

uS B.C.

B. Caecilia 38-42; Bf. ii, 23; S. 49�497c; RE Caecilius 93 or 91. See above, pp. 62ff., below,

no. 73*, no. 195*.

1 Denarius (Pl. xxxvm)

Helmeted head Border of dots.

of Roma

r.;

behind,

BMCRR Rome 1044

K

Goddess in biga r., holding sceptre and reins

in 1. hand and branch in r. hand; below, elephant's head with bell attached; below,

ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: (39).

Obverse dies: (31).

The bell varies somewhat in position and is occasionally missing altogether, The sceptre is usually rather summaril y executed.

S.

Specimens in Paris: 18. 3 Trlens

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, i· Specimens in Paris: 3· 4 Quadrans (Pl.

Prow r.; above, elephant's head; before,

below,

s Sextans Head of Mercury r. with caduceus over

S;

ROMA.

Similar; before, i·

XXXVIII)

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Specimens in Paris: 15.

shoulder; behind, 8. Specimens in Paris: 1.

is the branch.

BMCRR Rome 1048

2 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

as

Similar; before, §.

Paris, A 516o

BMCRR Rome 1051

Paris, A 5189 (legend tampered with in modem times)

Similar; before, 8.

The moneyer is presumably either J_.. Caecilius Metellus Diadematus, Cos 117, or .

L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus, Cos. 119, perhaps the former, whose three brothers all hdd the moneyership (nos. 256, 263 and 269). The dephant's head recalls the victory of L. Caecilius Metellus, Cos 251, over .

Hasdrubal at Panormus in 250 and the capture of Hasdrubal's elephants (see Polybius i, 40,6-16, with commentary by F. W. Walbank); compare the elephant's head on a tetradrachm struck at Gortyn by Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus (B. V. Head, HN2, 467).1 If the branch held by the goddess in the biga could·be securely identified as olive, the goddess would be Pax; but she may be Juno Regina, holding a laurel-branch (for the temple of Juno Regina, built by Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, see S. B. Platner and T. Ashby, TDAR, 304). 1

For first-century bronze of Cnossus with elephant's head see A. Jackson, ABSA 1971, 292.

263 M.METELLVS Q.F

Mint-Rome

127 B.C.

B. Caecilia 28-29 and 31-34; Bf. i, 59; iii, 28; S. 48o-482c; RE Caecilius 77· See above, pp. 62ff. ta Denarius (Pl. XXXVIII)

BMCRR Rome 1145

Helmeted head of Roma r. (star on flap); behind, ROMA upwards; before, �.Border of dots.

Macedonian shield decorated with elephant's head; around, M METE LL VS Q F. Laurel wreath border. 0

tb Denarius Similar, but

°

BMCRR Rome 1147

ROMA

downwards.

Obverse dies (both varieties):

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties):

(44].

[ss].

The star on the flap may occasionally be missing (Paris, A 5199). 2

Paris, A 5207-5208

Dodrans

Bust of Vulcan r., draped and wearing cap bound with laurel-wreath, with tongs over shoulder; behind, S � o. Obverse dies: 1.

M·MTELLVS; shield; before, S�o;

Prow r., inscribed

above,

(Macedonian)

below,

ROMA.

Reverse dies: 2.

3a Semis

BMCRR Rome 1151; Hannover 2152

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, A variant legend occurs,

S.

Similar,

M

M. f\k t LLV S

0

MOM TELLVS

but

(Paris, A 5213).

3b Semis

Hannover 216o

Similar. Specimens in Paris

(both

Similar, but without legend. varieties): 20.

4 Trlens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1. sa Quadrans (Pl.

�·

BMCRR Rome 1153 Similar, but

before,

�·

BMCRR Rome 1154

§.

The final Sis sometimes superimposed

Similar; before, on

§.

part of the prow, but seems always to be present.

Quadrans

Similar. Specimens

M· f\k TELLVS;

XXXVIII)

Head of Hercules r.; behind,

sb

or

f\k TELLV; before, S.

BMCRR Rome 1156 Similar, but without legend.

in

Paris (both varieties): 11.

The moneyer is presumably M. Caecilius Q.f. Q.n. Metellus, Cos. 115. The shield on the denarius and the bronze (compare H. Kahler, Der Fries

vom

Reiterdenkmal des Aemilius Paullus, pl. 7) and the laurel-wreath on the denarius

allude to the Macedonian victory in 148 of the moneyer's father, Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus (no. 211); for the elephant's head see on no. 262. Vulcan, whose bust appears on the obverse of the dodrans, was the father of Caeculus (Vergil, Aen. vii, 678 (cf. Servius and Schol. Ver. ad Zoe.); x, 543), ancestor of the Caecilii according to one of the traditions recorded by Festus, s.v. Caeculus.

288

z6.f C.SERVEILI B. Servilia 5-6 and 8-11; Bf. i, pp. 62ff., below, no. 74*. 1

239; iii, 95; S. 483-484b; RE Servilius 13 and 91. See above,

BMCRR Rome 1166

Denarius (Pl. XXXVIII)

Helmeted head of Roma r. {star on flap); behind, lituus; below, Border of dots. Obverse dies: z

ROMA;

before, :K

Battle on horseback between man armed with sword and man anned with spear; latter's shield inscribed M; in exergue, C S E R \[ IL. Line border. Reverse dies: [27]. ·

[22].

Semis (Pl. XXXVIII)

Paris, A

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in Paris:

U7 B.C.

Mint-Rome

S.

Prow r., inscribed C S E R\E I L I; lion; before, S; below, ROMA. ·

15278

above,

1.

3 Trieu

Rome, Capitol

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

Prow

r.,

ROMA;

Hannover

48 Quadrans

(Collection Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Similar; below,

2694 (unique)

C S E R\E ILl;

inscribed below, oooo.

·

above,

2182, also Quadras y Ramon 1337 Sale Catalogue 585) =

ooo. BMCRR Rome 1171

4b Quadrans Similar.

Prow r., inscribed ears

of

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris (both varieties):

com

C S E R \E I L I; ·

crossed;

before,

above, two

§;

below,

8.

The moneyer is probably C. Servilius Vatia, for whom see the stemma with no. 239 and F. Miinzer, RA, 304 n.

1.

The reverse type of the denarius probably refers to the propensity for single combat of the moneyer's ancestor, M. Servilius Pulex Geminus, Cos. 202 (Livy xlv, 39, 16-19; Plutarch, Paul. 31, 2 and 5-6). The letter M on the shield thus stands for Marcus (B. Borghesi, CEuvres i, 441-9; C. Cavedoni, Bullettino 1845, 185-6, citing Dio lxvii, 10, 1). It is in any case clear (contra H. Mattingly, PCPhS 195<>-1, 13) that the type bears no relation to the various descriptions of the killing of Sp. Maelius by C. Servilius Ahala. The lituus on the obverse refers to the augurate of M. Servilius Pulex Geminus. See also p. 729. z6s Q.MAX

Mint-Rome

B. Fabia 5, 8 and to; Bf. i, no.

127 B.C.

111; ii, 41; S. 478-479a; REFabius 111. See above, pp. 621f., below,

196*.

1 Denarius (Pl. xxxvm)

BMCRR

Helmeted head of Roma r. {star on flap);

Comucopiae superimposed on thunderbolt;

behind,

around, wreath composed of ear of barley, ear of wheat and assorted fruits. Reverse dies: [21).

ROMA downwards; before,�. and Q M X or Q MX upwards. Border of dots. ·

Obverse dies:

·

[17).

Rome

1157; Pontecorvo hoard 436

BMCRR Rome 116o

2 Semis Laureate

head of Saturn r.;

behind, S.

Prow r.; above, Q·MX; before, S; below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 2. 3 Quadrans (Pl. XXXVIII)

BMCRR Rome 1161; Vatican 6618; Hannover 2172; Hannover 2173 Similar,butQ·MX orQ·MX orQ·MAX or Q·M/X; before,§.

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Specimens in Paris: 26.

The moneyer is presumably Q. Fabius MaxinlUs, Cos. 116. For the reverse type note the close association in time of the Cerialia (u April) and the festival of Jupiter Victor and Jupiter Libertas (13 April), Inscr. It. xiii, 2, pp. 439-40 (I owe this reference to J. A. North). There is also a deity Jupiter Frugifer (G. Wissowa, RuK, 120 esp. n. 2). There is no reason to suppose, with H.

Mobius, Alexandria und Rom, 27, that thunderbolt with comucopiae is an

Alexandrian motif . .

Mint-Rome

266 C.CASSI B. Cassia 1-3; Bf. i, 76

126 B.C.

and 77; ii, 33; iii, 36; S. 502-504. See above, pp. 62ff.

1 Deaarius (Pl. XXXVIII) Helmeted head of Roma r.; urn and K Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome top

voting-

quadriga r., holding reins and rod (tlindicta) in 1. hand and pileus in r. hand; below, C·CASS I; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [uo].

2 Dodran.s (Pl. XXXVIII) Bust of Vulcan r., draped and wearing cap bound with laurel-wreath, with tongs over shoulder; behind, S�o. Specimens in Paris: 9·

BMCRR Rome 1035 above, C·CASS I; before, s:o; below, ROMA.

behind,

Obverse dies: (88).

3 Des (Pl. xxxvm) Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath; behind, ss. Specimens in Paris: 4· Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind,§.

Libertas in

Prow r.;

BM Similar; before, S8.

Rome, Capitol 1390 (unique)

4

Similar; before, §.

The moneyer is perhaps the son of C. Cassius Longinus, Cos. 124.

Libertas and the voting-urn on the denarius allude to the Lex Cassia tabellaria of 137, responsible for the introduction of the secret ballo t to all popular trials except those for perduel/io; for the distinctive shape of the pileus, compare no. so8f3· The head on the bes seems, at least in intention, to be the same as that on the .290

obverse of no. 386/1 ; it should therefore be regarded as that of Liber; the ivy wreath makes it clear that it cannot be that of Venus. The symbolism is the same as that of the revers e type of the denarius (for the theme of libertas, compare nos. 270 and 428; for the association between libertas and leges tabe//ariae, see Ch. Wirszubski, Libertas,

20 and s o ; cf. T. P. Wiseman, New men, 4-s). Mint-Rome

267 T.Q

126

B.C.

B. Quinctia z-5; S. sos-so6b; RE Quinctius 48. See above, pp. 62ff. t Denarius (Pl. XXXVIII)

BMCRR Rome 1038

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, apex; before, K Border of dots.

Dioscuri r.; below, T Q with Macedonian shield between; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

Obverse dies: [49].

Reverse dies: [61].

2 Semis (Pl. XXXVIII)

BMCRR Rome 1042

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S.

Prow r.;

ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: s.

above, T ·Q; before, S; below,

3 Trien.s

Paris, A 14503

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 3· 4

H.

Similar; before,

I·

Similar; before,

§.

Paris, A 14505

Quaclraos

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

§.

The apex identifies the moneyer as a T. Quinctius F)amininus, perhaps the son ofT. Quinctius Flamininus, Cos. RA,

123 (for the origin of the cognomen, see F. Miinzer,

us).

The Macedonian shield alludes to the victory of T. Quinctius Flamininus, Cos.

198, over Philip V of Macedon. The use of the Dioscuri as reverse type, unusual in this period, perhaps records Flamininus' offering to the Dioscuri in recognition of the liberation of Greece (Plutarch, Flam. 12). 268 N.FABI PICTOR

Mint-Rome

B. Fabia tt; Bf. i, 113; S. 517-517a; M. H.

above, pp. 6zff., below, no. 258*.

Crawford, NC 1965, 149; RE Fabius

B.C.

us. See

BMCRR Rome 1172

ta Denarius

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, *· Border of dots.

Obverse dies: 4·

1.26

Q. Fabius Pictor seated L on chair, wearing helmet and cuirass and holding apex in r. hand and spear in 1. hand; beside, shield inscribed QVI RIN; on r., N·FABI up wards; on 1., PI CTO R downwards; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: s.

291

tb Denarius (Pl. XXXVIII)

BMCRR Rome

Similar, but control-letter before bead of Roma. Obvene dies: 14.

1173

Similar, but control-letter above Pictor. Revene dies: 19.

For the combinations of control-letters, seeM. H. Crawford, NC 1965, 149-50 and 149 n. 3; I have discovered no further dies with control-letters (or indeed without them); I now know of one further combination, E-X in the Beauvoisin hoard (M. H. Crawford, Coin hoards, no. 459, actually in theMusee de Saint Germain-en Laye). The control-letters, here used for the first time in the denarius coinage, simply identified the dies; a number of obverse and reverse dies were in use at the same time and any obverse die in use could be paired with any reverse die in

use.

The moneyer is presumably the grandson ofQ. Fabius Pictor, Pr. 189 and Flamen Quirinalis, and son of the Numerius Fabius Pictor whose name should be restored at Cicero, Brutus 81 (E. Badian,JRS 1967, 228). The reverse type

seems

to portray Q. Fabius Pictor, who attempted, albeit

unsuccessfully, to hold at the same time the military office of Praetor in Sardinia

and the civilian office of Flamen Quirinalis (Livy :xxxvi,i so, 8 and 51, 1�).

269

Mint-Rome

C. METELL VS

us B.C.

B. Caecilia 14, 17 and 19; Bf. i, 56; iii, 27; S. 485-486a; RE Caecilius 84. See above, pp. 62ff., below, no. 75*, no. 197*.

t Denarius (Pl. XXXVIII)

BMCRR Rome

Helmeted bead of Roma r. (Phrygian helmet with star on flap); behind, ROMA down wards; before,*· Border of dots.

1180

Jupiter, crowned by flying Victory, in biga of elephants 1., holding thunderbolt in 1. hand and reins in r. hand; in exergue, C 1'\k TELLVS. Border of dots. Revene dies: [35). ·

Obvene dies: [28].

Rome, Capitol 1214; Paris, A 5186

2 Semis Laureate bead of Saturn r.; behind, S; before, ROMA upwards.

C. 1'\ktLLVS or inscribed r., Prow C·METE L; above, elephant's head; before,

s. Specimens in Paris: 3·

3 Triens Helmeted bead of Minerva r.; behind,

Specimens in Paris: 3·

Paris, A 5190 (unique) Prow r., inscribed C · M[ETEl]; above, elephant's head; before, ;below, ROMA.

�

Gotha; Paris, A 5168; Copenhagen;

4 Quadrans (Pl. XXXVIII) Head of Hercules r.;behind,

�.

BMCRR Rome

§.

1184

Prowr.,inscribedC· f'.kt LlorC· 1'\kTELL or C·METEL or C·METE; above, ele phant's head; before, §; below, ROMA.

The moneyer is presumably C. Caecilius Metellus Caprarius, Cos. 113, for whose agnomen see ILLRP 126o. For the biga of elephants on the denarius and the elephant's head on the bronze see on no. 262.

270 M.PORC LAECA

125 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Porcia 3; S. 513; RE Porcius 17. See above, pp. 62tf. 1 Denarius (Pl. xxxvm)

BMCRR Rome 1023

Helmeted head ofRoma r.; behind, LAECA downwards; before,

*· Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [197].

crowned by flying Victory, in quadriga r., holding reins and rod (vindicta) in I. hand and pileus in r. hand; below, M·PO RC; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Libertas,

Reverse dies: [246).

The legend on one reverse die isM· RORC (Glasgow) and on another apparently (San Lorenzo del Vallo hoard).

M·POR

The moneyer is a M. Porcius Laeca, not otherwise known. The reverse type alludes to the Leges Porciae de provocatione; for the shape of the pileus, compare no.

508/3.

271 MN.ACILI BALBVS

125 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Acilia 1-3; Bf. i,4> iii, 4; S. 498-499a; RE Acilius 26. See above,pp. 62tf., below,no. 198*. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXXVIII)

BMCRR Rome 1019

*; around, laurel-wreath.

Jupiter, holding spear in I. hand and thunder bolt in r. hand, in quadriga r. driven by Victory, holding reins in I. hand and whip in

Obverse dies: [20].

r. hand; below, shield; /IN· A C I L I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [25].

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, BA.. BVS downwards; below, ROMA; before,

2 Semis (Pl. XXXVIII)

in

exergue,

Paris, A 3829; Rome, Capitol 888

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, 2.

Prow r.; above, /VV ·A C I; before,S; below,

Obverse dies: 1.

Reverse

ROMA. de i s: 1.

3 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

BMCRR Rome 1022

§.

Similar, but /IN· A C I L; before, §.

The moneyer is presumably Mn. Acilius Balbus, Cos. 114. The laurel-wreath on the obverse, of unusually elaborate form, presumably complements the figure of Victory on the reverse. The Lex Acilia (Sherk 16, line 12 with G. Tibiletti, Athenaeum

1953, 5), cited by C. Cavedoni (Annali 1849, 187) and given a religious content, is of no relevance to the reverse type, for which see p. 728.

293

272 ANONYMOUS A. ii,

Mint-Rome

135-125 B.C.

169 (pl. lix, 9); 196 (pl. lxii, 18 and lxiii, 2).

t Semis

BMCRR Rome 244

(Pl. XXXIX)

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Prow r.; below, ROMA; before, S.

2 Quadrans (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Rome 1196

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

§.

Similar; before,

273 Q.FABI LABEO

g.

Mint-Rome

124 B.C.

B. Fabia 1 and 4; Bf. i, 109; ii, 41; S. 532-533; RE Fabius 92. See above, p. 65, below, nos. 18*, 199*·

t Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 494

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROMA downwards; before, X and LABEO up wards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [300]. scyle of the issue horrible.

The

as

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; below, rostrum; in exergue, Q FAB I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: £375]. ·

a whole and of the rostrum in particular varies from presentable to ·

2 Quadrans (Pl. XXXIX) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

BMCRR Italy 500

§.

Specimens in Paris: 5·

Prow r.; above, Q ·FAB I; before,

ROMA.

§;

below,

The moneyer is presumably the grandson of Q. Fabius Labeo, Cos. 183 (with whom the arbiter of Cicero, de off. i, 33 is identified by Valerius Maximus vii, 3, 4, probably rightly), and the son of the Q. Fabius Labeo mentioned by Cicero, Brutus 81 in a mid-second-century context; the Spanish milestone, ILLRP 461, may belong to the moneyer or to his father.

The rostrum on the denarius probably alludes to the naval victories of the eldest Labeo as Praetor in 189 or Proconsul in 188; for his triumph see Livy xxxvi,i 6o, 6;

274 C.CATO

Mint-Rome

123 B.C·

B. Porcia 1-2; S. 417-418; RE Porcius 5· See above, pp. 65, 15·

BMCRR Italy 461

t Denarius (Pl. XXXIX) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [228].

r., holding reins in l. hand and whip in r. hand; below, C.CA TO; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [285].

Victory in biga

3

Semis

A. Moneta

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

[S).

Prow r.; above, below, ROMA.

3 Quadrans (Pl. XXXIX) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

403 (unique)

[C.)CATO;

before,

S;

Paris, A 14310

§.

Similar; before, §.

The moneyer is presumably C. Porcius Cato, Cos. 114.

275 M.FAN C.F B. Fannia 1-3; Bf. t

Mint-Rome

iii, 48; S. 419

and 42o-42oa; RE Fannius

14. See above, pp. 65, 75·

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 468

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROMA downwards; before, X. Border of dots.

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in l. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, M·FN ·C·F. Line border. Reverse dies: [352].

Obverse dies: [282]. 3

Semis (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 471

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S.

Prow r.; above, below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 3·

M·FN ·C·F;

before,

S;

Paris, A 9532 (unique)

3 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind,

123 B.C.

g.

Similar; before, [§].

I � not convinced by Bahrfeldt's rather hypothetical

arguments against the

authenticity of 2 and 3· The moneyer is perhaps the son of C. Fannius, Cos. 122, just conceivably the son of C. Fannius, Pr. before 1i8. r

Mint-Rome

276 M.CARBO

122 B.C.

B. Papiria 6; Bf. i, 194; S. 423; RE Papirius 39· See above, pp. 65, 75· t

BMCRR Italy 472

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, branch; before, X. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [175].

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins and sceptre in l. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; below, M ·CARBO; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [219].

The reasons advanced at BMCRR ii, 247 n.1 are decisive for the separation of this issue from no. 279. The moneyer may plausibly be identified with the Praetor of Sicily (RE Papirius

·

39) mentioned by Cicero,fam. ix, 21, 3· The branch appears to be without significance, since the obverse type as a whole is copied from that of no. 76. 295

277 Q.MINV RVF

Mint-:-Rome

u2 B.C.

B. Minucia 1-2; Bf. i, 187; ii, 62; S. 421-422; RE Minucius 56. See above, pp. 65, 75, below, no. 76*, nos. 2oo-2o1*. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 464

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, downwards; before, X. Border of dots.

RV F

Obverse dies: [135].

Dioscuri r.; below, Q·MINV; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [169).

2 Quadrans (Pl. XXXIX) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

BMCRR Italy 467

§.

Prow r.; above, Q·MINV; before,

RVF

§ ; below,

ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 4·

The moneyer is preswnably Consul of 110 (see also p.

Q. Minucius Rufus, Leg. 110 and elder brother of the 75).

278 C.PLVTI

Mint-Rome

121 B.C.

B. Plutia 1; Bf. iii, 69; S. 410 and 414; RE Plutius (xxi, 1, 1270). See above, p. 65. 1

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies: [120}.

BMCRR Italy 454 r.;

behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, C rl- VTI; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [150). ·

Paris, A 14086

2 Quadrans (Pl. XXXIX) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Prow r., inscribed C r I-VTI; above, caps of Dioscuri; before, g; below, ROMA. ·

Specimens in Paris: 2.

The letter form 1.- is at this date a marked archaism. The moneyer should be regarded as the son of Miinzer in

C. Plautius, Pr. 146 (contra

F.

RE).

279 CARBO

Mint-Rome

121 B.C.

B. Papiria 7 and 9; Bf. iii, 8o; S. 415 and 416a; RE Papirius 37· See above, p. 65. 1

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 449

Helmeted head of Roma r. with curl on I. shoulder; behind, X. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins and sceptre in 1. hand and hurling thunderbolt

with r. hand; below, CA RB; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

Obverse dies: [173].

Reverse dies: [216].

2 Quadrans (Pl. XXXlX) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Obverse dies: 1.

Berlin; Rome, Capitol 2364

§.

Prow r., inscribed CARBO; above, thunder bolt; before, g; below, ROMA. Reverse dies : 1.

The moneyer is preswnably Cn. Papirius Carbo,

296

Cos. 113.

Mint-Rome

28o M.TVLLI B. Tullia 1; S. t

531; RE Tullius

11.

See above, pp.

65, 68, 75· BMCRR

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

Obverse dies:

ROMA

Italy soz

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in both hands and palm-branch in I. hand; above, wreath; below, X; in exergue, M·TYLLI. Border of dots.

Helmeted head of Roma r. with curl on I. shoulder; behind, der of dots.

120 B.C.

downwards. Bor

[163].

Reverse dies:

[204].

The moneyer is a M. Tullius, not otherwise known. He is perhaps the father of M. Tullius Decula, Cos. St. The reverse type is too general to be related to the moneyer's family history (contra Babelon).

281 M.FOVRI L.F PHILI B. Furia t

t8; Bf.

Denarius (Pl.

i, 124; S.

529;

RE Furius

79·

See above, p.

BMCRR M· FOV R I·

Border of dots.

119B.C.

65.

XXXIX)

Laureate head of Janus; around,

L ·F.

Mint-Rome

Italy

555

Rorna (wearing Corinthian helmet) standing 1., holding sceptre in I. hand and crowning trophy with r. hand (on well-executed and well

preserved specimens the right breast may be seen to be bare); above, star; behind, ROMA upwards; the trophy is surmounted by a helmet in the form of a boar's head and flanked by a carnyx and shield on each side; Obverse dies:

in exergue, P-ILI. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [491].

[393].

The legend on one obverse die is

M F 0 I R I· L · F (Paris, Rothschild). ·

The moneyer is presumably the son of L. Furius Philus, Cos. 136. The legend ROMA serves to identify the goddess (casually denied by L. Cesano, Att. I. Congr. Stud. Rom., 55; Roma 1928, 391-2) and her divinity is also indicated

by the star. The symbolism of the trophy, with its helmet (see on no. 437) and carnyces (for which

see]. Dobias,

Congress 1936, 173-4; S. Piggott, Ant. Journal

1959, 19), is plainly Gallic and it is hard to believe that it could ever have been

taken as referring to anything other than the defeat of the Allobroges and Arverni and the triumphs of 120. The presence ofRoma (effectively Roma Victrix, on whom see S. Weinstock, RE viii A2, 2496-7) thus serves to emphasise the victory of the Roman people. For Gallic arms in general secR. Amy etc., L'Arc d'Orange, pls. 43-52.

297

Mint-Narbo

z8z L.LIC, CN.DOM AND ASSOCIATES

uS B.c.

B. Aurelia 20; Cosconia t; Domitia 15-19; Licinia 11-15; Poblicia t; Pomponia 7; Porcia 8; Bf. i, 53; iii, 67; S. 52o-524; RE Cosconius 6; Domitius 21 ; Licinius 55; Publicius t8; Pomponius 5; Porcius 25. See above, pp. 65, 71ff., below, no. 259*. t

BMCRR Rome 1185; Vatican 2552

Denarius serratus

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Phrygian or Attic helmet); before, M ·A� E L I upwards; be hind, ROMA downwards and K Border of dots. Obverse dies: (85].

Naked, bearded warrior in biga r., holding shield, carnyx and reins in 1. hand and hurling spear with r. hand; below, SCM I; in exergue, L L I C ·C N ·DOM. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [1o6]. ·

The helmet on the obverse is often neither distinctively Phrygian nor distinctively Attic; the end of the reverse legend may read C Ill· DOM (Hannover 2223), CN·GOM (Vatican 2552) or CN· ODM (Vatican 2554). z

BMCRR Rome 1189

Denarius serratus

Similar,

but

Attic

helmet; around, L·CO\../',CO·M·F; behind, X. Obverse dies: [37).

Similar, but only legend in exergue. Reverse dies: [46].

The end of the reverse legend may read CN·GOM (Vatican 2555) or CN ·DO (ANS). 3 Denarius serratus Similar, but around, C· MALLE ·C·F. Obverse dies: [32).

BMCRR Rome 1194 Similar. Reverse dies: [40).

4 Denarius serratus (Pl. XXXIX)

Similar, but around, L ·PO� '"JON I·Cf\F. Obverse dies: [103].

BMCRR Rome 1191 Similar. Reverse dies: [129].

The end of the reverse legend may read Cl!l· DOM (BMCRR Rome 1193).

(Alba di Massa hoard) or CN·GOM BMCRR Rome 1187

s Denarius serratus

Similar, but around, L ·PO R C I· Ll C I; behind,�. Obverse dies: [48).

Similar. Reverse dies: [6o].

The style of this issue differs markedly from that of contemporary mainstream issues, the erratic

reverse

legends are unparalleled on the Republican silver coinage and

the administrative framework of the issue (apparently two senior monetary magis trates with five junior associates) is most extraordinary. A provincial mint may therefore be postulated and H. Mattingly's arguments for Narbo

seem

decisive

(JRS 1922, 230, anticipated on a number of points by J. de Witte, RA 1887, 2, 137). The colony belongs in uS and the issue may be independently dated by hoard-evidence to c. 120 (for the precise date of the colony and the issue seep. 71); the reference of the reverse type is apparently to the victories over the Gauls that made the colony possible (see below); the L. Licinius who is one of the two senior monetary magistrates was surely the L. Licinius Crassus responsible for the colony.

None of the magistrates who sign the issue mentions the position they held; all were presumably empowered to strike coinage by the law establishing the colony. L. Licinius and Cn. Domitius should be regarded as Ilviri col. deduc., M. Aurelius Scaurus, L. Cosconius, C. Malleolus, L. Pomponius and L. Porcius Licinus as Curatores denariorum flandorum. Their coinage is distinguished, apart from the features mentioned above, by the casual use of X or *, surely without significance, and by the practice of serration, presumably a device to emphasise the distinctive ness of the issue. L. Licinius Crassus was Cos. 95; Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus seems to have struck coinage as moneyer also (no. 285) and to have been Cos. 96. Their·junior associates did not have distinguished careers - M. Aurelius Scaurus is presumably the late second-century Quaestor of Cicero, div. in Caec. 63 and in Verr.t, 85 (E. Badian, Studies,

101 n. 98),the son of M. Aurelius Scaurus, Cos. 108, and the father of the

M. Aurelius M.f. Vol. on the consilium of Cn. Pompeius Strabo at Asculum; L. Cosconius is presumably the son of M. Cosconius, Pr. 135 (see L. R. Taylor, VDRR

208); C. Malleolus is presumably the father of C. Malleolus, Q. So (no. 335); L. Pomponius is perhaps the father of L. Pomponius Molo (no. 334) and of Cn. Pomponius, ?Tr. Pl. 90; L. Porcius Licinus

is

presumably the grandson or great

grandson of L. Porcius Licinus, Cos. 184. The accoutrements of the figure in the biga forming the reverse type are purely Gallic (note the canryx and the criss-cross pattern on the shield, similar to those on no. 281/1) and I find it hard to believe (with Eckhel and Mommsen) that Mars is represented in this barbarian get-up. The figure is clearly a Gaul (W. Kubitschek's belief in the impossibility of a Roman portraying an enemy on a coin in this way, NZ 1913,223,is entirely a pn'ori); that the figure is the Gallic king Bituitus, captured

by the father of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus according to the probably mendacious account of Valerius Maximus ix, 6, 3 and Eutropius iv, 22, seems incapable of proof (despite the impassioned arguments of J. de Wine, Bull. Soc. Ant. France 1882,

342 and 348; RA 1887, 2, 13 4-6). 283 Q.MAR,

C.F, L.R

Mint-Rome

uS or 117 B.C.

B. Marcia 16-17; Fabia 12-13; Roscia 1-2; Bf. i, 114; S. 541-541b; RE Marcius 30. See above, pp. 6s, 68. ta

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

Padova; BMCRR Italy 480

Helmeted head of Roma r., sometimes with curl on l. shoulder; behind, *. Border of dots.

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in l. hand and wreath in r. hand; below, ROM A; in

Obverse dies: [32].

Reverse dies: [40].

exergue, tb Denarius Similar. Obverse dies: [13].

Q· /'I.A... C F L· R. ·

·

·

Border of dots.

BMCRR Italy 479; ANS, HSA 25474 Similar, but

C+L· R·Q·M.

Reverse djes: [16].

299

The first moneyer, even if a Q. Marci11S, is virtually unidentifiable. His colleagues are unknown.

284 M.CALID, Q.MET, CN.FOVL

Mint-Rome

117 or u6 B.C.

B. Calidia 1 and 3; Caecilia 35-36; Fulvia 1-2; Bf. i, 61, 65 and 119; S. 539-539a; RE Calidius 3; Caecilius (see below); Fulvius 14. See above, p. 68, below, no. 202*. BMCRR Italy 474

ta Denarius Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROMA downwards; before, K Border of dots.

Victory in biga r., holding reins in l. hand and wreath in r. hand; below, M·CALID; in

exergue, Q · f\1\;_ · Cf\.C L. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [134].

Obverse dies: [107].

BMCRR Italy 476

tb Denarius (Pl. XXXIX) Similar.

Similar, but Cf\FO\L below and M·CA.. ·

Obverse dies: [63].

Q · f\1\;_ in exergue. Reverse dies: [79].

M. Calidius is perhaps the father of Q. Calidius, Pr. 79; Q. Metellus may be either Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Cos 109, or more likely Q. Caecilius Metellus .

Nepos, Cos 98; Cn. Fulvius is not otherwise known. .

z8s CN.DOMI, Q.CVRTI, M.SILA

Mint-Rome

u6 or us B.C.

B. Domitia 7, 9-13; Curtia 2-7; Junia 9-14; Bf. i, 103 and 159; ii, 55; iii,44 and 6o; S. 535-535a and 537-538d; RE Domitius 21; Curtius 11; Junius 169 ( ?). See above, p. 68, below, no. 203*· t Denarius (Pl.

XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 490

Helmeted head of Roma r., with curl on l.

shoulder; before, ROMA upwards; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [65). The legend on one reverse die is Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi) 852).

X.

The

mark

Q ·CV RT

Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [185).

=

Rome,

BMCRR Italy 482; Haeberlin = Bf. i, pl. v, 112 (no curl)

Helmeted head of Roma r., usually with curl behind,

exergue, CN·DOMI. Line border. Reverse dies: [81].

C N ·OMI (F. Gnecchi, RIN 1889, pl. iii, 3

2 Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

on 1. shoulder; before,

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding thunderbolt in l. hand and (laurel-)branch in r. hand; in

upwards;

Jupiter

in quadriga r., holding sceptre in l. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand;

above, lituus; below, M·SIP.,; in exergue,

ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [231].

of value is missing on one obverse die (ANS, HSA 25475).

Hannover 2058-2059

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; before, CN OOMI upwards; behind, S.

Harpa; above, M·SILA; below, Q·CVRTI.

·

Specimens in Paris: 1. Paris, AF

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo; before, C N 00M I upwards.

Aegis;

around, M·SI LA·Q·CVRT I.

·

Specimens in Paris: 1.

sa Quadrans

BMCRR Italy 493; Paris, A 9102

Head of Hercules r.; above, §; before, CN · DOM I.

ooo,

Bow, club and arrow (the last two pointing 1.); above, M·SILA; below, Q·CVRTI.

or behind,

sb Quadrans (Pl. xxxrx)

Paris, A 9103; A 9105

Similar.

sc

Similar, but club and arrow may point either way; above, Q·CVRTI; below, M·SI LA.

Quadrans

Hannover 2o61

Similar.

Arrow, club (both pointing r.) and bow;

Specimens in Paris

(all

above, Q·CVRTI; below, M·SILA. varieties): 9·

6 Sextans Head

of

Me.rcury

CN·DOMI.

Paris, A 9109 r.;

above,

oo;

before,

Caduceus;

above,

Q·CVRTI;

below,

M·SILA.

Specimens in Paris t. 7a Uncia

Paris, A 9110

Head of Apollo r. (hair tied with band); before,

CN·DOMI upwards; behind, o.

Lyre; above, Q·CV RTI; below, M·S I LA.

7b Uncia

Vienna 1870

Similar.

Similar; above, M·SILA; below, Q·CVRTI.

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 2.

This college of moneyers presents in its most crucial form the problem of identifi cation (cf. p. 272). If Cn. Domitius is the Consul of 96, there is a gap of half a generation between him and M. Silanus, whether he is the Consul of 109 or this man's son. Q. Curtius is totally unknown. The lituus on the reverse of 2 is usually held to refer to the augurate of an ancestor of M. Silanus. The reverse types of the bronze, by way of artistic variation, show the attributes of the deities on the obverse instead of a prow (for the types of the uncia see p. 745).

301

286

M.SERGI SILVS Q

Mint-Rome

u6or us B.C.

B. Scrgia t; Bf. i, 238; S. 534 and 544; RE Sergius 42· See above, pp. 68f,, below, no. 26o*. 1

Denarius

(Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 512

Helmeted head ofRoma r.; before, EX·S·C; behind, ROMA downwards and�. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [287] .

Horseman 1., holding sword and severed head in 1. hand; before, Q; below, M·SE RG I; in exergue, S I L VS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [359].

.

The mark of value is missing on one obverse die (San

Lorenzo del Vallo hoard). The size of

the head of Roma covers the whole range from large to small.

M. Sergius Silus is not known to have progressed beyond the quaestorship. He is

no� the father of Catilina, who is a Lucius (C. Cichorius, RS, 172-3), but belongs to a collateral branch of the family. The reverse type apparendy portrays the grandfather of M. Sergius Silus, who was Pr. 197 and in his youth fought left-handed after losing his right hand in batde (Pliny, NH vii, 104-6; C. Cavedoni, Ripostigli, 263, for the severed Gallic head). For the letters EX·S·C seep. 6o6. Mint-Rome

287 ANONYMOUS

us or U4

B.C.

A. ii, 473; B. i, p. 72; S. 530. See above, p. 68.

1 Denarius (PL XI.)

BMCRR Italy 562

Helmeted head of Roma r. (winged Corin thian helmet) with curl on 1. shoulder; below, ROMA; behind, X. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [82].

Roma, wearing Corinthian helmet, seated r. on pile of shields, holding spear in l. hand; at feet, beside pile of shields, helmet; before, she-wolf r., suckling twins; on either side, bird flying. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [102].

For the types in general see p. 729, for the two birds, p. 719 n. 5· Compare also the gem, A. Furtwiingler, Antike Gemmen, pl. 28, 6o. 288 CETEGVS

Mint-Rome

us or u4

B.C.

B. Cornelia 18; Bf. i, 91; iii, 42; S. 553; RE Cornelius 97· See above, p. 69. 1 Denarius (Pl. XL)

Paris, AF; formerly

Helmeted head ofRoma r. (Phrygian helmet); behind, EX·S·C downwards; before, �. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1.

Gotha

Male figure on goat r., wearing Phrygian helmet1 and holding branch in r. hand; below, CETEGVS; in exergue, ROMA. Ivy-wreath border. Reverse dies : 2.

The moneyer is perhaps the father of the notorious political boss of the 7os, P. Cethegus, who on the evidence of Cicero, Brutus 178

was

hom about 120 (and for

1 The spikes on the helmet are clearly visible on the coin itself; but I should not like to be dogmatic about the nature of the branch or the sex of the goat.

302

whom see Cicero, Brutus 178 with commentary of A. E. Douglas; T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, Supplement 18). The correct identification of the head-gear of the male figure on the reverse and of the wreath around the type, made by J. Eckhel in 1795 (DNV v, 180) and by H. Cohen in 1857 (Midailles

consulaires,

101), but ignored by their successors, imposes

certain limitations on the interpretation of the type Both the recent identification .

of the male figure as King Silvius as a child (A. Alfoldi, Urahnen, 24; Early Rome, 239 n.1) and the traditional identifications as Attis (Ch. Lenormant, RN 1842, 245, citing the rearing of Attis on goat's milk; C. Cavedoni, Bullettino 1844, 23; Th. Mommsen, RMw, 540 and later handbooks; the cult of Attis was in any

case

of

negligible importance at Rome before the Empire, see P. Lambrechts, Attis, 43 and 71, righdy ignoring this coin; J. A. North,JRS 1965, 278) or as Genius Junonis Sospitae (C. Cavedoni, Saggio, 152 n.46 and 199; G. Riccio, Monete delle famiglie, 63) are likewise excluded. The ivy-wreath characterises the type as Dionysiac (compare the thyrsus on no. 353) and the male figure should probably be regarded as Dionysus himself (compare A. Furtwangler, Antike Gemmen, pl. 42, 62). The borrowing of the Phrygian helmet for the head of Roma is neither surprising nor significant. For the letters EX· S· C see p. 6o6.

�89 M.CIPI M.F

Mint-Rome

us

or

114 B.C.

B. Cipia 1 and 3�; Bf. i, 81; iii, 38; S. 546-547c; RE Cipius 2. See above, pp. 68f., below, no. 77*. t

Denarius

Helmeted

(Pl. XL)

head

BMCRR Italy 522 before,

Victory in biga r., holding reins in I. hand and

upwards; behind, X. Border

of dots.

palm-branch tied with fillet in r. hand; below, rudder; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [535].

Reverse dies: (669).

M · C I PI· M · F

of

r.;

Roma

Paris,AF Laureate

head

M C I PI· M· F

of

Saturn

r.;

upwards; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2. ·

S.

before,

ROMA.

F. Capranesi, Annali 1839, 281

3 Triens

Minerva r.; before, M · C I PI · M · F upwards.

Helmeted head of

above, oooo;

4 Quadrans (Pl. XL) Head of Hercules r.; before, upwards; behind,

Prow r.; before, S; below,

§.

Similar; before,

�·

=

Paris, A 7251 (unique)

Hannover 2196 (unique)

M ·C I PI· M F ·

Similar, but no mark of value.

S Uncia

BMCRR Italy szs (Bf. i, pl. iv, 87); Paris, A 7Z5Z (Bf. iii, pl.ii, 59); Turin (Royal Coli.); Quadras y Ramon (Sale catalogue) zz6 (Bf. iii, pl. ii, 58)

Head of Hercules r.; behind,

Rudder; above, ROMA; below, M· F and below this, o.

o.

Obverse dies: z or 3·

M·CIPI·

Reverse dies : z.

No specimen displays more than one

o

on obverse or reverse; the coin is therefore an uncia.

There is no evidence by which to confirm or reject the identification of the moneyer with the complaisant husband of Cicero, jam. vii,

24,

1; Festus, s.v. Non omnibus

dormio. I know of no explanation for the rudder which appears on the denarius and forms

the reverse type of the uncia, nor for the odd obverse type of the latter.

290 C.FONT B. Fonteia

1�;

Mint-Rome

1140r 113

B.C.

Bf. iii, 49; S. 555-556d; RE Fonteius 6 and ?2. See above, pp. 68f.

1 Denarius (Pl. XL)

BMCRR Italy 597

Laureate, Janiform head of Dioscuri; on 1. and below, control-mark; on r., *· Border of dots. Obverse dies: [142].

Ship 1.; above, Border of dots.

C·FOt'J;

ROMA.

below,

Reverse dies: [177].

2As

BMCRR Italy 617

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above, I between anchor; below, C.FOI\r.

Specimens in Paris: 5·

ROM A;

3 Semis (Pl. XL)

before,

Paris, A 9717

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r.; above, C.FOt'J; before,

ROMA.

S;

below,

Specimens in Paris: 4·

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 3·

Similar; before,

§.

Similar; before,

§.

S Quadrans

Paris, A 9720

BMCRR Italy 619

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 16.

g.

Paris, A 9738

6 Uncia Helmeted

head

of

Roma

Laurel-wreath border. Specimens in Paris: 3·

r.;

behind,

o.

Mars in quadriga r., holding shield and spear in l. hand and reins in r. hand; above, o;

ROMA.

below, C·FOKf; in exergue,

The control-letters on the obverse of the denarius

run

alphabet, alone or accompanied by 1-7 dots; 0 with 304

right through the Latin ···

and E

·

with

··· ···

occur,

also X as well as �; no control-letter or control-letter+ dot has more than

one die; it is curious that obverse dies thus fall into groups of eight, the number of days in a nundinum (on which see A. K. Michels, Calendar, 192-4). For the weight standard of 2-6 see p. 596; Bahrfeldt's surprise at the weight of the uncia is misplaced,since this denomination is often relatively heavy compared with larger and more easily produced denominations. The moneyer is doubtless a brother or cousin of the moneyer Mn. Fonteius (no. 307); either may be identified with the Fonteius who was Legate in 91. This moneyer is presumably the father of no. 353 and perhaps also of no. 347· The Janiform head which forms the obverse of the denarius should be regarded not as that of Fontus (for those existence there is no good evidence, K. Lane, RRg, 77 n.1 ),but as that of the Dioscuri, whose jugate heads form the obverse of no. 307; both moneyers come from the gens Fonteia and therefore from Tusculum (L. R. Taylor, VDRR, 214), the chief cult-centre of the Dioscuri in Latium; the reverse type of this issue is doubtless an allusion to the transmarine origin of Telegonus (for whom see on no. 149),the founder ofTusculum (the anchor on the as presumably alludes to this too). The obverse type of the uncia is borrowed from the denarius of M. Cipius. 291

Mint-Rome

MN.AEMILIO LEP

114 or 113 B.C.

B. Aemilia 7; Bf. i, 12; S. 554· See above, pp. 68f. t

Denarius (Pl. XL)

BMCRR Italy 590

Laureate female bust r. (?Roma), draped and wearing diadem; before, behind,

K

Border of dots.

ROM

upwards; ·

Three arches, on which stands equestrian statue - horseman wears cuirass and wreath, and holds spear in r. hand; around, NV·

A EM I L I 0;

between arches,

of dots.

Obverse dies: [283].

L E P.

Border

Reverse dies: [354].

The legend on the reverse should all be regarded as forming the moneyer's name since most Republican coin legends are of indeterminate case, the dative is hardly significant. Certainly there are no grounds for regarding Mn. Aemilius Lepidus as the name of the horseman portrayed (contra H. Gesche, JNG 1968, 34; G. Fuchs, Architekturdarsrellungen, 1o); such a name should be in the nominative (see no. 381 for the only unequivocal example). The moneyer is probably to be identified with the Mn. Aemilius Lepidus attested by the filiation of Mn. Aemilius Mn.f. Lepidus,Cos. 66; he is perhaps the son of M. Aemilius Lepidus,Cos. 126 (G. V.

Sumner,JRS 1964,42 n.9). M. Stuart's careful argument (AJA 1945, 23o-4o) that the arches which form part of the reverse type represent an aqueduct, though not absolutely decisive, is stronger than the arguments for any other interpretations.1 The aqueduct is doubt1

The

bridge-buildlng Aemilius of Plutarch, Nwna 9 does not get one very far.

less the one begun by M. Aemilius Lepidus and M. Fulvius Nobilior

Censors in 179, but completed by and named after Q. Marcius Rex, Pr. 144, despite the oppo as

sition of another M. Aemilius Lepidus (Frontinus, Aq. i, 7, reading pro collegio; Stuart,

24C>-9; see also on no. 425, A. E. Astin, Scipio Aemilianus, 108-10; 126).

The three arches are explained by Stuart as those carrying the aqueduct across the Via Praenestina

(249-50, ignored by Gesche).

The identity of the statue standing on the arches is uncertain, since a moneyer could portray an ancestor bearing a different praenomen to his own, without ex plicidy identifying him (see no. 433). If the legend on the obverse is descriptive, the head may be regarded

as

that of

Roma.

292 P.NERVA

Mint-Rome

113 or 112 B.C.

B. Licinia 7-10; Bf. i, 166; ii, 57; iii, 66; S. 548-549c; RE Licinius 135-136. See above, pp. 68f., below, no. 78*, no. 204*, no. 261*. t Denarius (Pl. XL)

BMCRR Italy 526

Bust of Roma 1., wearing helmet (helmet has plume on each side) and holding shield in I. hand and spear over shoulder in r. hand; above, crescent; behind, before, K Border of dots.

ROMA

upwards;

Obverse dies: [73].

Voting scene- one voter on 1. of pons receives ballot from attendant below, another voter on r . of pons places ballot in dsta; above, r. N: R VA; at top of coin, bar on which stands tablet bearing letter P. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [91 ].

The first letter of the moneyer's name on the reverse is sometimes rather carelessly executed

(cf. A. von

Sallet, ZJN 1875, 86).

2 Semis

BM

Laureate head of Saturn r.; before, upwards; behind, S.

P N: R VA ·

Prow r.; above, female dancer; before, below, ROMA.

S;

Specimens in Paris: 4· 3 Triena Helmeted

P N: RVA ·

48

Fenelon Farez (unique)

head of Minerva r.; upwards; above, oooo.

before,

Prow r.; before,

§; below, ROMA.

Quadran&

Head of Hercules r.; upwards; behind, §.

BMCRR Italy 529 before,

P N: R VA ·

Prow r.; above, horse; before,

ROMA.

4b Quadran& (Pl. XL) Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 20.

§;

below,

Rome, Capitol 2003 Similar, but bird above.

The moneyer is presumably P. Licinius Nerva, Pr. 104. The bust on the obverse of the. denarius is an artistic variant of the normal head of Roma (for the crescent and the form of helmet see p. 723); the obverse legend doubdess serves to identify it; the identification is even clearer on the gem published

by A. Furtwaogler, Antike Gemmen, pl. 25, 34, which reads AVE ROMA (the mark interpreted by Furtwangler as H is in fact the crescent above the head of Roma). There is no real resemblance to the head of Bellona on no. 385/4 (contra A. Alfoldi, Urahnen, 6); a representation of Roma as

a

warrior goddess is hardly

surprising. For the voting scene on the reverse see L. R. Taylor, RVA, 39, who however transposes the roles of the figure on the left of the pons and the figure below the pons; the former is clearly on his way across the pons to vote; the latter is smaller than either of the figures on the pons, hence merely an attendant; it is in any case not clear what the purpose of the pons was if not to isolate the voters.1 The two lines behind the voting scene and the bar which carries the tablet2 with the initial of the voting tribe (L. R. Taylor, n. 23; see also on no. 335) presumably mark off the voting area. The precise motivation behind the choice of type is uncertain- it is perhaps less plausible to associate it with C. Licinius Crassus, Tr.

Pl. 145 (Th. Mommsen, RMw, 545), than with C. Marius (T. F. Carney, NC 1959, 87), who in his tribunate a few years before pontes ...fecit angustos (Cicero, de leg. iii, 38). The significance of the symbols on the bronze is obscure.

Mint-Rome

Z93 L.PHILIPPVS B. Marcia 12-14; Bf. i,

179; iii,

113

or HZ B.C.

7 4; S.551-552a; RE Marcius 75· See above, pp. 68 f., below,

no.205*.

BMCRR Italy532

1 Denarius (Pl. XL) Male head r. (Philip V of Macedon), wearing helmet with goat's horns, on which rests diadem; behind, � downwards; before, . Border of dots. Obverse dies: [28].

Equestrian statue - horseman carries laurel branch; below horse, flower (?); below, on tablet, L rH I L I PPVS; below, K Border of dots. Reverse dies: [35]. ·

BMCRR Italy535

Z Quadrans (Pl. XL) Head of Hercules r.; before, upwards; behind, §.

l rH I L I PPVS ·

Prow r. ; above, cock;

ROM A.

before,

§;

below,

Specimens in Paris: 7· 3 Uncia

Paris, A 12467; AF; Rome, Capitol2118

o; in exergue, ROMA.

Laureate head of Saturn r; . behind, harpa; before, L· rH I urrvs upwards.

Dog r.; above,

Obverse dies: 2.

Reverse dies: 2.

The moneyer is presumably L. Marcius Philippus, Cos. 91. The hair which appears above the diadem on the head on the obverse should be regarded as belonging to the goat-skin which makes up the helmet rather than to the wearer of the helmet; the type of helmet (see on no. 259) and the unvarying letter are clearly intended to identify the head as that of Philip V of Macedon and 1 •

G. Fuchs, MDAI(R) 1957, 183-5, wrongly regards the pons as having raised sides. C. Cavedoni's view that this is part of a subsellium (Riposrigli, 133 n. 118) is surely wrong.

thus to allude to the moneyer's cognomen, Philippus (see on no. 259).The laurel branch on the reverse (compare H. Mattingly, BMCRE i, pl. 6, 3) identifies its bearer as a triumphator and perhaps as Q. Marcius Tremulus, Cos. 3o6, whose statue stood before the temple of Castor and Pollux (S. B. Platner andT. Ashby, TDAR, 202); the statue on no. 425 is to be distinguished.The flower perhaps alludes

to the conception of Mars as a result of the fertilisation of Juno by a flower (W. Kubitschek, Studien, 2 n. 3); or it is perhaps a support for the statue (so H. Gesche,

JNG 1968, 26).

Mint-Rome

294 T.DEIDI B. Oidia 2; S. 550;

113 or 112 B.C.

RE Didius 5· See above, pp. 68f. BMCRR Italy 530

1 Denarius (Pl. XL)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, downwards; below, K Border of dots.

I!A

Obverse dies: [22].

Battle between gladiator armed with whip and gladiator armed with stave; in exergue, T ·DE I D I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [27).

The moneyer is presumablyT. Didius, Cos. 98. Babelon's more than usually fantastic explanation of the reverse type as portraying an (unattested) episode in a Sicilian slave war should be rejected; the type doubdess shows what the moneyer would provide for the people if Curule Aedile, see p. 729.

Mint-Rome

295 L.TORQVA Q

B. Mantia 2; Bf. i, 176; iii, 72; S. 545;

113 or 112 B.C.

RE Manlius 78. See above, pp. 68f., below, no. 262*. BMCRR Italy 518

1 Denarius (Pl. XL)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROM downwards; before, X. Torque as border. Obverse dies: [40].

Horseman charging 1.; below, L T0 R Q VA; above, Q; in exergue, EX·S·C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [50]. ·

L. ManliusTorquatus is not known to have progressed beyond the quaestorship.

For his family connections see the plausible

stemma

given by Jane F. Mitchell,

Historia 1966, 31; the stemma is well suited by the date proposed here for the

quaestorship of L. ManliusTorquatus. The torque on the obverse alludes to the single-handed victory ofT. Manlius lmperiosus Torquatus over a Gaul and to his acquisition of his fallen enemy's torque and thereby the cognomenTorquatus (sources inT. R. S. Broughton, MRRP i, 119); the batde was fought on foot and cannot be connected with the reverse

type For the letters EX·S·C see p . 6o6. .

z!)6 CN.BLASIO CN.F

Mint-Rome

tu

or 111 B.C.

B. Cornelia 19-23; Bf. i, 91; ii, 37; iii, 42; S. 561-562b; RE Cornelius 75· See above, pp. 68f., below, no. 263*.

BMCRR Italy 620

ta Denarius (Pl. XL) Helmeted head of Mars r. (Corinthian hel met); above,;)(; before, CN · BLASIO·CN F; behind, caduceus. Border of dots. ·

Jupiter standing facing between Juno and Minerva and holding sceptre in r. hand and thunderbolt in l. hand- Juno holds sceptre in r. hand, Minerva holds sceptre in l. hand and crowns Jupiter with r. hand; in field, dot; below,

ROMA. Border of dots.

BMCRR Italy 621

tb Denarius

Similar, but crescent in field.

Similar, but star behind.

BMCRR Italy 626-627

tc Denarius Similar, but bucraniwn behind.

Similar, but

9 or 0 in field.

Similar, but

n in field.

BMCRR Italy 628

td Denarius Similar, but prow-stem behind.

BMCRR Italy 629

te Denarius Similar, but Y in field.

Similar, but wreath behind

.

BMCRR Italy 630

tf Denarius Similar, but spearhead behind

.

Similar, but in field. San Loren2o hoard

tg Denarius Similar, but dagger behind.

Similar, but tin field.

BMCRR Italy 631

th Denarius (Pl. XL) Similar, but palm-branch behind.

Similar, but I) in field.

BMCRR Italy 622

d Denarius Similar, but com-ear behind.

Similar, but eagle between palm-branch; on r., A.

RO MA; in field,

Thrace hoard

tJ Denarius Similar, but tripod behind.

Similar, but comucopiae on r.

BMCRR Italy 624

tk Denarius Similar, but trident behind.

Similar, but dolphin on r.

BMCRR Italy 625

t1 Denarius Similar, but thyrsus behind. Obverse dies (all varieties): [137].

Similar, but torch on r. Reverse dies

(all varieties): [171]. BMCRR Italy 632

2 As (Pl. XL) Laureate head of Janus; above, I; around,

Victory attaching helmet to trophy; around,

ROMA.

CN·BLASIO·CN·F.

Specimens in Paris: 12.

BMCRR Italy 635

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; before, Specimens in Paris:

4 Quadrans

S.

Prow below,

t.

r.;

above,

ROMA.

CN

·

(\ S I 0;

before,

(Pl. XL)

BM

Bust of Hercules seen from behind, with head turned to I. and club over

r., §.

S;

r.

shoulder;

Similar; before,

§.

on

Specimens in Paris: 3·

The twelve varieties of 1 were perhaps produced successively (though not necessarily in the order given) in the course of the twelve months of the year; symbols on obverse and reverse are sometimes natural pairs, but seem otherwise to have been chosen at random (the Romans merely numbered half their months and clearly assigned no special character to them); it is interesting that some of the symbols recur on

earl y,

undated tesserae nummulariae (ILLRP 987-8; 994-5; 997-8 -all

presumably of about 100 B.C.). The type of 4 is borrowed from denarii of Ti.Q (no. 297). The moneyer is doubdess a descendant of Cn. Cornelius Blasio, Pr. 194. There are no grounds for supposing that the obverse of 1 bears a portrait of P. Scipio Africanus (contra H. M.-L. Vollenweider, Museum Helvecicum 1958, 38-42; H. H. Scullard, Scipio, 249-51, without new arguments). The supposed precedents for this issue, the issues of New Carthage and Canusium discussed by E. S. G.

Robinson (Essays Mattingly, 41-3), are in my view illusory and in any case their obverses in no way resemble this obverse; and the stylistic peculiarities of the latter, which lend plausibility to the traditional view that it is a portrait, are in fact re produced on contemporary issues (see Plate XL).1 Nor does the Capitoline triad on the reverse provide any evidence for regarding the obverse as a portrait of Scipio. The association of Scipio with Jupiter and the Capitol (for his visits to the Capitol and the placing there of his imago see Polybius x, 5, 5 with commentary of F. W. Walbank; id., PCPhS 1967, 54-6, accepting the traditional view of the denarius of Cn. Blasio) is secondary to the event at the centre of the Scipionic legend, the capture of New Carthage (F. W. Walbank, 54-69); and it seems to me to defy probability to suppose that Cn. Blasio as moneyer adopted a portrait of Scipio as his type, whereas L. Scipio Asiagenus striking a few years later (no. 311) did no such thing. We should rather suppose that Jupiter, who appears with the rest of the Capitoline triad on the denarius of Cn. Blasio, alone on the issues of Cn. Cornelius

Ll. Sisena (no. 310), L. Scipio Asiagenus and two Cn. Lentuli (nos. 345 and 549), was the object of special veneration by the whole gens Cornelia; from this fact those parts of the Scipionic legend associated with Jupiter and the Capitol perhaps 1

0. Vessberg, Studien, 126-7 points to the thin and sinewy neck, the high forehead, deep-set eye and pointed nose, the prominent cheekbone; all may be found on denarii of C. Fonteius or Mn. Aeml i ius

Lepidus.

310

developed. If it is accepted that family tradition suggested the Capitoline triad to Cn. Blasio as a reverse type for his denarius, a head of Mars on the obverse is readily intelligible as a counterpart of deities sometimes known as summi imperatores (ILLRP 192 with commentary). The unusual reverse type of the as, apparently borrowed by the artist from the coinage of Agathocles (C. Cavedoni, Annali 1849, 194), may result from a similar association of ideas. 297

TI.Q

Mint-Romf'

112 or 111 B.C.

B. Quinctia 6; Bf. ii, 72; iii, 90; S. 563; RE Quinctius 18. See above, pp. 68f.

BMCRR Italy 566

1a Denarius Bust of Hercules seen from behind, with head turned to 1. and club over r. shoulder. Border

Desultor 1., wearing cuirass; behind, control mark; below, rat 1. between T I Q; in exergue,

of dots.

incuse on tablet,

1b Denarius (Pl.

D S S.

XL)

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): (87).

·

·

Border of dots.

BMCRR Italy 569 Similar, but rat r. Reverse dies (both varieties): 109.

The control-marks on each variety are the letters of the Latin alphabet, including Y and Z or S ; the letters are always accompanied by a dot above or below or on the right or the left and apparent exceptions to this rule (for instance, B, E and S reponed by Bahrfeldt) depend on misread specimens; within each variety no control-mark has more than one die. The identity of the moneyer is wholly uncertain, but he may be a Ti. Quinctius or Ti. Quinctilius; three factors militate against the possibility that the Q on the reverse stands for Quaestor; the whole legend seems to be copied from that ofT. Quinctius Flamininus (no. 267); the borrowing of the type of this denarius for the quadrans of Cn. Blasio suggests that the two men belong to the same college of moneyers; and on contemporary issues attributed to Quaestors the Q does not run on from the name.The rat (or mouse) provides no assistance;1 although the moneyer may come from Sabinum (see below), he can hardly be connected with the Murrius of Varro, RR ii, 6, 1 or the Q. Murrius of ILLRP 265, both from Reate, since the adjective from mus is murinus (I owe this point to E. Badian); C. Cavedoni's syggestion (Ripostigli, 125) that the moneyer isTi. QuinctiusTrogus will not do, since the link rat-rodent-Tf>WyetV-Trogus is hopelessly tenuous and at Varro, LL vi, 90 and 92, cited by Cavedoni, the correct reading may beT. Quinctius Rocus, rather than T. QuinctiusTrogus. The unusual bust of Hercules on the obverse, recurring on no. 329, is perhaps that of Hercules Respiciens,2 attested at Reate (GIL ix, 4673; note also the foundaA. Alfl)Jdi, Festschrift Schefold, 34 n. 196, holds the astonishing view that the mouse stands for Minucius. • For the meaning of this word see Varro in Nonius wM.

1

311

tion of Reate by a companion of Hercules, Suetonius, Vesp. 12); the desultor on the reverse perhaps portrays a statue, if the tablet with the incuse legend D.S.S.

is intended to recall a statue-base (B. Pick, Frankfurter

Mii_nzzeitung

1917, 249); the formula d(e) s(enatus) s(ententia) is a common one in building inscriptions. See also p. 729. 298 L.

CAESI

Mint-Rome

112 or 111 B.C.

B. Caesia t; Bf. i, 65; S. 564; RE Caesius 4· See above, pp. 68f. 1 Denarius (Pl. XL)

BMCRR Italy 585

Bust of Apollo seen from behind, with head turned to 1. and with thunderbolt in r. hand;

Lares Praestites seated facing, with dog between, each holding staff in 1. hand; above,

on r.,

bust of Vulcan with tongs over shoulder; on 1., A; on r., :R; in exergue, L CkSI Border of dots.

!J... Border of dots.

·

Obverse dies: [5o].

.

Reverse dies: [62].

The moneyer is a L. Caesius (conceivably a L. Caesilius) not otherwise known. Despite the closed form of the P, the monogram on the obverse seems to me most readily intelligible as representing Ap(ollo), rather than R(om)a or a(rgento) p(ublico),I and presumably thus identifies the deity portrayed; but since the object in his hand is clearly a thunderbolt, the type perhaps results from the assimilation of Apollo and Jupiter, rather than of Apollo and Veiovis, who sagittas tenet (Gellius v, 12,

u;

compare Ovid, Fasti iii, 438,julmina nulla tenet). For Veiovis seeS. Weinstock, Divus Julius, 8 n. 2; A.B. Cook, Zeus i, 711-12; T. J. Luce, AJA 1968, 25-6; E. Cocchi Ercolani, RIN 1968, 115 adds nothing. The attributes of the figures on the reverse correspond to the description of the Lares Praestites in Ovid, Fasti v, 137-8; Plutarch, QR 276f; the monograms should therefore be resolved as La(res) Pr(a)e (stites). The significance of the bust of Vulcan is not apparent. 299

AP.CL, T.MAL or T.MANL, Q.VR

Mint-Rome

111

or 110 B.C

B. Claudia 2-3; Mallia 1-2; Bf. i, 84; S. 57<>-570a; RE Claudius 296; Manlius 61 ( ?). See above, pp. 68f., below, no. 264*. 1a Denarius (Pl. XL)

BMCRR Rome 1290

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, quad rangular device. Border of dots. Obverse

dies: [320].

Victory in triga r., holding reins in both hands; in exergue, AP CL T M. Q �. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [400]. ·

Similar,butT

dies: [407].

The legend on both

·

·

BMCRR Rome 1293

tb Denarius Similar. Obverse

·

·

.

M. AP CL Q � in exergue. .

Reverse dies: (509].

varieties is sometimes rather carelessly executed. 1

Compare also no. 353 with commentary.

312

·

·

·

The consistent occurrence of the letters Q· \R. at the end of the legend provides no evidence for the resolution Q(uaestores) Ur(bani), contra Th. Mommsen, RMw, 561 n. 301; on one contemporary bronze issue struck by three moneyers (no. 285/3-7b) the name of Cn. Domitius appears consistendy on the obverse, the names of Q. Curtius and M. Silanus consistendy on the reverse; on two contemporary silver issues (nos. 283 and 284) one moneyer out of three fails to appear at the head of the list. Against Mommsen's interpretation may be urged the fact that only one Quaestor Urbanus seems to have been in charge of the Aerarium at any one time, at any rate FIRA i, down to Sulla (Polybius xxiii, 14, 5; Lex Cornelia de XX quaestoribus no. 10, lines 1-4; cf. the epigraphic/ex repetundarum, FIRA i, no. 7,lines 68-9 and the epigraphiclexagraria, FIRA i, no. 8,line46; see also the sources cited on p. 633 n. 1). =

The letters Q·\R. at the end of the legend on this issue should be regarded as represent ing a name and the whole issue should be regarded

as

struck by three moneyers.

Ap. Claudius is presumably Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Pr. 89 and Cos. 79; if the monogram T f\A is read as T ·Mal(· · · · · ), the second moneyer is perhaps better taken as a T. Maloleius than as a T. Mallius (C. Cichorius, RS, 146; E. Badian, Historia 1963, 138; contra, A. Degrassi on ILLRP515; the T. Mallius cited by F. Miinzer, RE xiv, 918 should be regarded

as

a T. Manlius, L. R. Taylor, VDRR,

228); but I now prefer to read the monogram as T.

Manl(···)and to identify the

moneyer with T. Manlius Mancinus, Tr. Pl. 107; the third moneyer is presumably a Q. Urbinius, not otherwise known, perhaps the father of C. Urbinius, Q. 74· 300

Mint-Rome

C.PVLCHER

B. Claudia t; S. 569; RE Claudius 1

Denarius (Pl.

302.

See above, p.

uo or 109 B.C.

68.

XL)

BMCRR Rome tz88

Helmeted head of Roma r. (helmet decorated with circular device). Border of dots. Obverse dies: [305].

Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; in exergue, C. PV L C HE R. Border of dots. Reverse dies:

[381].

The moneyer is presumably C. daudius Pulcher, Cos. 92; for his e/ogium see Inscr. It. xiii, 3, no. 70 and p. 711 below. Mint-Rome

301 P.LAECA B. Porcia 1

4; Bf.

Denarius

i,

(Pl.

224; iii, 87;

S. 571-571a; RE Porcius

See above, pp. 68f.

BMCRR Italy 649

XL)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; above, ROMA; behind, P · L k. CA downwards; before, X. Border of dots.

Figure in military dress l., with r. hand raised; on l., figure in toga, gesturing with r. hand; on r., attendant with one rod in r. hand and

Obverse dies:

21.

[88].

uo or 109 B.C.

two

rods in I. hand; Border of dots. Reverse dies: [110].

P ROVOCO.

The obverse legend is sometimes carelessly executed

(BMCRR Italy 652).

in

exergue,

The moneyer is a P. Porcius Laeca, perhaps Tr. Pl. in the 90S (Gellius xili, 12, 6; C. Cichorius, RS, 2oo-1). The reverse type, with its confrontation between a civilian figure and a military figure (wearing kilt and paludamentum only; for the significance of military dress see Dio liii, 13, 3 and 6), clearly portrays provocatio in action. The attendant with a rod in his right hand (palpably not a spear, pace A. Alfoldi, AJA 1959, 5) and two rods in his left hand (their size is dictated by their placing on the coin) is being summoned at the governor's command and warded off by the citizen's appeal (compare Cicero, in Verr.1 v, 161-2 for the procedure, in this case unsuccessful).1 Provocatio was extended to the provinces during the second century (A. H. M. Jones, Studies, 53; the argument may be strengthened in a number of ways), presumably by

a Lex Porcia; the allusion of the type is thus doubdess to an achievement of an ancestor of the moneyer.

302 L.FLAMINI CILO

Mint-Rome

109 or 108 B.C.

B. Flaminia 1; Bf. i, tt6; S. 54o-54oa; RE Flaminius 6. See above, p. 68. 1 Denarius (Pl.

XLI)

BMCRR Italy 537

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROMA downwards; before, X. Border of dots.

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and

Obverse dies: [527).

Reverse dies: [659).

On one reverse die the legend is

wreath in r. hand; below, L· FLAM I N I; in exergue, C I L 0. Border of dots.

L· FLAMNI (BMCRR Italy 539).

The moneyer is L. Flaminius Chilo (for the spelling compare nos. 236 and 288), not otherwise known.

303 MN.AQVIL

Mint-Rome

109 or 1o8 B.C.

B. Aquillia 1; Bf. i, 41; S. 557; RE Aquillius 11. See above, p. 69. 1 Denarius (Pl.

XLI)

Head of Sol r.; before,

BMCRR Italy 645

X. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [42).

Luna in biga r., holding reins in both hands; above, three stars; below, one star and NV ·AQV I L; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [52).

The moneyer is presumably Mn. Aquillius, Cos.

101.

His types need do no more

than reflect a predilection for the cult of Sol and Luna (cf. H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 300 n.2); the stars on the reverse represent the heavens through which Luna

passes (compare no. 426/2). 1 The arguments of J. Bleicken (RE xxiii, 2449) that the military figure is protecting the civilian figure and therefore represenu the author of a law concerning prowcatio will not do; the actions of the attendant with the rods are unintelligible without the presence of the governor.

304

L.MEMMI

Mint-Rome

109 or

to8 B.C.

B. Memmia 1; Bf. i, 185; S. 558; RE Memmius 13. See above, p. 69. 1 Denarius (Pl. XLI)

BMCRR Italy 643

Young male head r., wearing oak-wreath (?Apollo); before, K Border of dots.

Dioscuri standing facing between their horses, each holding spear; in exergue, L MEMM I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [202]. ·

Obverse dies: [162].

The moneyer is the brother of C. Memmius, Tr. Pl. 111; for his family and his later career see T. P. Wiseman, NC 1964, 157 (with stemma); CQ 1967, 164; J. R. Hamilton, CQ 1968, 412. The moneyer may be identified with L. Memmius, who W. Chrest. 3, visited Egypt as a Senator in 112 (RE Memmius 12; P. Tebt. 33 line 3; the terminology of the Greek can hardly be regarded as indicating any particular rank within the Senate, contra M. Gelzer, Nobility, 26 n. 198); if this is right, the moneyer had already been Quaestor. The obverse type remains unexplained, despite the speculations of E. Gabrici, RIN 1892, 175 and H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 299 n.2; if the moneyer and the tourist in Egypt are the same man, out-of-the-way religious and artistic interests may perhaps be postulated. For iconographic parallels to the unusual representation of the Dioscuri see L. Cesano, BCAR lv, 1928, 118 n. 5; L. Barry, Bull. Inst. Fran;ais Arch. Or. 1906, 165; E. Breccia, Monuments de /'Egypte Greco-Romaine i, 124; W. von Bissing, Aegyptus 1953, 347; Ch. Picard, RA 1964, 1, 195 adds nothing. For the head on the obverse compare no. 350A. =

305

Mint-Rome

Q.LVTATI CERCO Q

109 or

108 B.C.

B. Lutatia 2 and 5; Bf. i, 174; ii, 17; iii, 69; F. Capranesi in D. D. Milller, Memorie, 56; S. 559-56o; RE Lutatius 14. See above, p. 68, below, no. 79*, no. 2o6*. BMCRR Italy 636

1 Denarius (Pl. xu)

Helmeted head of Roma r. (helmet has plume oneachside);above,ROMA;before,CE RCO upwards; behind, K Border of dots. Obverse dies: (135]. 2

Ship r.; above,

·

wreath. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [169).

Copenhagen (4.38 gr.); F. Capranesi (cited above)

Uncia (Pl. XLI)

Similar, but no legend; behind, Obverse dies: ?1.

Q L'VAT I; around, oak Q

o.

Q L'TAT I within oak-wreath; above, o. ·

Reverse dies: ?t.

Q. Lutatius Cerco is not known to have progressed beyond the quaestorship. The reverse type of the denarius recalls the victory of C. Lutatius Catulus at the Aegates Insulae in 241; the significance of the corona civica on the denarius and the uncia is unclear, but it perhaps reflects the fact that the victory meant the end of the drain on Roman manpower caused by the First Punic War. It is worth remarking that Q. Lutatius Catulus, Cos. 102, was a candidate for the consulship in 107. 315

to8 or 107 B.C.

Mint-Rome

3o6 L. VALERI FLACCI

B. Valeria u; S. 565; RE Valerius 176 and 177. See above, p. 69.

BMCRR

t Denarius (Pl. XLI) Bust of Victory r., draped; before,

K

Border

of dots.

Italy 647

Mars walking I., holding spear with point downwards in r. hand and trophy over 1. shoulder; before, apex; behind, com-ear; on l., L ·VALE R I downwards. Border of dots.

FLACCI

Obverse dies: [150]. The legend on one reverse die is

Reverse dies: [187].

L ·VALERI ELACCI

(Hersh 21).

The moneyer is presumably L. Valerius Flaccus, Cos 100. The figure of Mars and .

the apex together recall the fact that the moneyer's father, Cos 131, hdd the office .

ofFlamen Martialis (an office probably held at the time of this issue by the Albinus of Cicero, Brutus 135, but later to be held by the Consul of 100). For the corn-ear see p. 729.

Mint-Rome

307 MN.FONTEI

to8 or 107 B.C.

B. Fonteia 7-8;Bf.i, 117; S. 566-566b; RE Fonteius 8 and ?2. See above, p. 69, below, no.265*.

BMCRR

ta Denarius (Pl. XLI) Jugate, laureate heads of Dioscuri r.; before, P P upwards; below their chins, K Border of dots. Obverse dies: (11).

Ship r., displaying doliolum in stem; above,

NV · F 01\E- I; below, control-mark. Border of

dots. Reverse dies: 14.

tb Denarius (Pl. n.I) Similar, but

no

BMCRR

legend.

The mark of value is sometimes

Rome 1230

Rome 1205

Similar, but ship does not display doliolum.

X

instead of

� (BMCRR

Rome 1209- wrongly described;

Vienna 2047).

BMCRR Rome

tc Denarius Similar.

Similar, but control-mark includes two dots.

BMCRR

td Denarius Similar. Obverse dies

1207; Rome 1220

Rome 1210; Rome 1223

Similar, but control-mark includes three dots.

(tb-d): (38).

Reverse dies

(tb-d):

48.

The control-marks on la-b are the letters of the Latin alphabet; within each variety no control-letter has more than one die. The control-marks on 1c are the letters A to L with two dots above the ship and the letters M to X with two dots below the ship; no control-mark has more than one die. The control-marks on 1d are the letters A to L with three dots above the ship and the letters M to X with three dots below the ship; no control-mark has more than one die. The moneyer is doubdess a brother or cousin of the moneyer C. Fonteius (see 316

on no. 290). For the symbolism of the types of 1b-d see on no. 290; the letters PP on the obverse of 1a identify the Dioscuri as also the Penates Publici, whose aniconic counterpart, the dolio/um containing the sacra brought from Troy, appears on the reverse (JRS 1971, 153); its odd position doubdess results from the difficulties involved in portraying the cargo of a boat (see Addenda).

308 M.HERENNI

108

Mint-Rome

o r 107 B.C.

B. Herennia 1-4, Cornelia 37 and i, p. 3Z; A. ii, 353 and 34Zi Bf. i, 94 and U7; ii, 46; ill, 5Z; S. 567-568b, 766; RE Herennius to. See above, p. 69, below, no. So*.

BMCRRRome

1a Denarius Head of Pietas r., wearing diadem; behind, P I E J1: S downwards; before, control-mark. Border of dots. Obverse dies: uo.

u31

One of the Catanaean brothers running r., bearing his father on his shoulders; on 1., M ·I-E R ENN I downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: (150).

BMCRRRome

1b Denarius (Pl. XLI) Similar, but no control-mark.

tz58

Similar, but on r., control-mark. Reverse dies: 158.

Obverse dies: (u6). The legend on the reverse die with .,:.. is

M 1-E E RNN I (Hersh ·

22 ).

2 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r.; above, below,

ROMA.

BMCRRRome u86 M ·I-ERE N N I; before, S;

Specimens in Paris: 1.

3 Quadrans (Pl.

BMCRRRome

XLI)

Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Similar,

but

mark

of

value,

ooo,

1287

above

moneyer•s name.

Specimens in Paris: 4· 48 Uncia (Pl. n.r) Helmeted head ofRoma r.;

Paris, A 10254

behind, o,

Double comucopiae; on 1., M·I-E RENN I downwards; on r., ROMA upwards.

4b Uncia (Pl. XLI)

(A. ii, pl. bavii, 8) ROMA downwards.

Paris, A 1869 Similar, but on 1.,

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 3· 5 Semuncla (Pl. XLI)

Rome, Capitol 1558 (A. ii, pl. l.xxvii, 1 inaccurate; Bf. i, pl. v, 100) (unique)

Bust of Diana r., with bow and quiver over shoulder.

Comucopiae; on 1.,

ROMA

downwards.

The control-marks on ta-b are the letters of the Latin alphabet, with or without a dot; the letter may be upright,

as

A, on its face,

as

)>, or on its back, as <(

;

the

dot may appear above or below or on the right or the left. Within each variety no control-mark has more than one die, except that I and - may have two dies each, one for the letter on its face and one for the letter on its back, 0 and X may have 317

three dies each, one for the letter upright, one for the letter on its face and one for the letter on its back. The anonymous pieces 4b and 5 (for the latter compare nos. 315/2 and 316/2) clearly belong in this general period, by reason of their weight standard, types and style, even if their attribution to this issue is not absolutely secure. The moneyer is presumably M. Herennius, Cos. 93· The reverse type of the denarius illustrates pietas in action (for the identification of the type see Hyginus 254, 4 with C. K. Galinsky, Aeneas, 55 n.105; for the story of the Catanaean brothers see Aetna 6o3 with commentary of F. R. D. Goodyear - not citing this coin). It is uncertain whether the moneyer was a descendant of Herennius Siculus the Haruspex and used the story of the Catanaean brothers to

recall the loyalty of the Haruspex to C. Gracchus (Valerius Maximus ix, 12, 6). Herennius Siculus seems in any case despite his cogrwmen to have been Etruscan by origin (Velleius ii, 7, 2), and the type was doubtless chosen not for its Sicilian asso ciations, but because the story of the Catanaean brothers provided a well-known example of pietas in action (contra B. Borghesi, CEuvres ii, 205-6).

309

A.MANLI Q.F SER

Mint-Rome

118-107 B.C.

B. Mantia 1; Bf. i, 175; iii, 72; S. 543; RE Manlius 63. See above, pp. 69f. 1 Denarius (Pl. XLI)

BMCRR Italy 509

Helmeted head of Roma r. (helmet has plume on each side); behind SE R downwards; before, ROMA upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

Sol in quadriga facing; on either side, star;

on r., crescent; on I., X; below, waves and A· M N.I·Q ·F. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [25].

The moneyer is perhaps the same person as A. Manlius, Leg. 107-105. I see no way of deciding whether S E R is the abbreviation of the tribe Sergia or of a cog rwmen Sergianus (L. R. Taylor, VDRR, 229-30, with earlier bibliography). The reasons for the portrayal of Sol rising from the waves and surrounded by stars and moon are entirely obscure.

310

CN.CORNEL L.F SISENA

Mint-Rome

118-107 B.C.

B. Cornelia 17; Bf. i, 90; S. 542; cf. RE Cornelius 373· See above, pp. 69f. 1 Denarius (Pl. XLI)

BMCRR Italy 508

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, S IS EN A downwards; before, ROMA upwards; below chin, X. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in 1. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; on either side, star; above, head of Sol and crescent; below, anguipede giant with thunderbolt in r. hand and with 1. hand raised; in exergue, C N ·COR 1\E L · L ·F. Bor der of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 12].

318

The moneyer

is

to be distinguished from Cn. Cornelius Sisenna, Pr. ?119.

The figure below the chariot on the reverse should probably be regarded as a demon (F. W. Goethert, MDAI(R) 1940, 233, with earlier bibliography; the argu ments ofL. Curtius, MDAI 1951, to, that the figure is the Summanus who decorated· the Capitoline temple take no account of the representations of the temple on nos.

385 and 487); whether or not Jupiter is actually fighting the demon, the type as a whole, astral symbols and all, is to be taken as an artistic embellishment of a simple Jupiter type; for the association of the gens Cornelia with Jupiter

see

on

no. 296. For Sol and crescent compare no. 309·

311 L.SCIP ASIAG B. Cornelia 24; S.

Mint-Rome

576-576c; RE Cornelius

338. See above, pp. 69f.

BMCRR Rome 136o

ta Denarius serratus Laureate head of Jupiter 1.; behind, control mark. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in 1. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; in exergue, L·SCIP·ASIAG. Border of dots.

tb Denarius lel'l'8tus

BMCRR Rome 1374

Similar, but control-mark before. tc:

Similar.

Denariu lel'l'8tus

BMCRR Rome 1381

Similar, but no control-mark.

td

to6 B.C.

Similar, but sceptre.

control-mark above, to

Denarius serratus (Pl. XLI)

Similar.

1. of

BMCRR Rome 1382 Similar, but control-mark above, to r. of sceptre.

te DeDariuslel'l'8tus

BMCRR Rome 1399

Similar. O'Jverse dies (all varieties): [143].

The control-marks

are

Similar, but control-mark below.

Reverse dies (all varieties): [179].

the letters of the Latin alphabet, with

or

without a dot; the

dot may appear above or below or on the right or the left.1 Within each variety no control-mark has more than one die. The moneyer is presumablyL. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, Cos. 83. For the types see

on no. 296. 1

utters may occasionally be reversed in error

319

(as 111· in ta, BMCRR Rome 1367).

to6

Mint-Rome

3u C.SVLPICI C.F

B.C.

B. Sulpicia 1-4; Bf. i, 244; ii,77; iii, 96; S. 572-573b; RE Sulpicius 9· See above, p. 70, below, no. 207*.

t Denarius serratus

BMCRR Rome

(Pl. XLI)

Jugate, laureate heads of Dei Penates 1.; before, D r r downwards. Border of dots. ·

·

1314

Two male figures standing facing each other, each holding spear in 1. hand and with r. hand pointing at sow which lies between them; above, control-mark; in exergue, C S V C I C I C F. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [137]. ·

·

·

Obverse dies:

[tto].

BMCRR Rome 1327 Prow r.; above, C·SVC I; before, palm branch; below, ROMA

2 As (cf. Pl. XLI) Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Specimens in Paris: 3· Paris, A 15385

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar.

Specimens in Paris: 4·

4 Quadraas

Glasgow

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

§.

Similar, but also before,

§.

The control-marks on 1 are the letters of the Latin alphabet; each control-letter may have several dies, as BMCRR Rome 1318 and Milan 716. The moneyer is doubdess a son of C. Sulpicius Galba, Illvir a.d.a.

c.

120 (exiled

in 109), and a brother of Ser. Sulpicius C.f. Galba on the consilium of Pompeius Strabo at Asculum (ILLRP 475; C. Cichorius, RS, 138--9). The obverse type of the denarius, the Dei Penates Publici, and the miracle of the sow on the reverse,! observed by the same Penates, are both associated with Lavinium (origo gent. Rom. 12, 5 (Cato); W. Ehlers, Museum Helveticum 1949, 166; A. Alfoldi, Early Rome, 259 ff. with other sources; E. Mayer, Acta Antiqua (Budapest)

1968, 198), presumably the origo of the moneyer; for the borrowing of the icono graphy of the Penates from that of the Dioscuri, see D. Hal. i, 68, 2. 313 L.MEMMI GAL

to6

Mint-Rome

B.C.

B. Mernmia 2-5; Bf. i, 185; iii, 76; S. 574-575b; cf. REMemmius 14. See above,p. 70, below, no. 208*, no. 266*.

ta Denarius serratus

BMCRR Rome

Laureate bead of Saturn l.; behind, harpa and

ROMA

Border of dots.

1328

Venus in biga r., holding sceptre and reins in 1. hand and reins in r. hand; above, flying Cupid with wreath; in exergue, L M. MM I. ·

GAL Obverse 1

dies: 1.

There is

no trace

Border of dots. Reverse dies : 1. of the portrayal of a foedus (contra A. Rubino, Btitr.

320

Vorgtschichtt, t86-9t).

1b Denarius serratus Similar, but control-mark before.

1c

Rome 1329

BMCRR

Rome 1347

Similar.

Denarius serratus (Pl. XLI)

Similar, but no control-mark. Obverse dies (1b-c): [131].

Similar, but control-mark below horses. Reverse dies (tb-c): [164].

The legend on the reverse die with control-mark

2

BMCRR

S

is

L M..MMI only (Rome, Capitol2185) . ·

BMCRR

As (Pl. XLI)

I.

Laureate head of Janus; above,

Rome1357

Prow r., with head of Venus decorating prow stem; before, Cupid placing wreath on prow-stem;

ROMA.

above,

L·M..MMI;

below,

Specimens in Paris: 6.

BMCRR Rome 1358

Semls (Pl. XL.I)

3

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Similar, but

Specimens in Paris:11.

S

above moneyer's name.

BMCRR

4 Quadrans (Pl. XLI) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 10.

8·

The legend on one reverse die is

Rome 1359

Similar, but ooo above moneyer's name.

L MEMM I (Hannover2255). ·

The control-marks on 1b-e are the letters of the Latin alphabet, with or without a dot; the dot may appear above or below or on the right or the left. In principle, within each variety no control-mark has more than one die, but control-marks may occasionally be used twice in error (as Q· in tb, Paris, AF and A 12703). The moneyer

is

presumably the father ofL. and C. Memmii L.f. Gal.1 (no. 349),

but is not otherwise known. He and his sons apparendy belong to the less important branch of the Memmii, using their tribe, Gal[eria], to distinguish themselves from the more important branch (for which see on nos. 304 and 427). It is remarkable that the use of Venus as a coin-type, presumably to draw attention to the claim of the Memmii to be one of the familiae Troianae (Servius on Vergil, Aen. v, 117;Lucretius i, 1-43), is more assiduous in the coinage of the less important branch of the Memmii. The use of Saturn

as

a coin-type on the denarius of this issue is unexplained.

3 14 L.COT

B. Aurelia21; Bf. ii,22; S.577-5

77b; RE Aurelius100and101. See above, p. 70 , below, no. 267*.

1a Denarius serratus

Paris,

Bust of Vulcan r., draped and wearing cap bound with laurel-wreath, with tongs over shoulder; behind, �; around, wreath. Border of dots. Obverse dies:1. 1

105 B.C.

Mint-Rome

Eagle on thunderbolt r.; below,

A5002

L C 0T; ·

around, laurel-wreath. Border of dots.

Reverse dies: 1.

The identification of the tribe is due to B. Borghesi, CEuvres i, 151; see also L. R. Taylor, VDRR, 233.

321

1b Denarius serratus

BMCRR Rome 1296

Similar, but control-mark before.

Similar.

1c Denarius serratus

BMCRR Rome 1305

Similar, but no control-mark. Obverse dies (tb-<): [36].

Similar, but control-mark Reverse dies (tb-<): [45].

1d Denarius serratus (Pl. XLII)

on

r.

BMCRR Rome 1312

Similar, but control-mark before.

Similar.

Obverse dies: 4 (see below).

Reverse dies: 5 (see below).

The control-marks on 1b are the letters of the Latin alphabet, alone or accompanied by up to two dots; the control-marks on 1c are the letters of the Latin alphabet; within each variety each control-mark may have several dies,

as

Brussels and San

Lorenzo hoard with the letter V in 1b, Copenhagen and BMCRR Rome 1305 with the letter C in 1c. The dies used for td seem to have been taken at random from the dies used for 1b and tc; the following combinations on pure silver pieces are known to me: A- JT- Paris, A5047 0 /E- Paris, A5049; Hague 528 ·

R·JD-BMCRR Rome 1312 R·I G- Copenhagen VjV- Copenhagen The moneyer is presumably L. Aurelius Cotta, Tr. Pl. 103 and Pr. ?95. The obverse type recalls the standard obverse type of the coinage of Lipara, captured by C. Aurelius Cotta, Cos. 252; the reverse type alludes to the triumph celebrated in consequence.

315 L.H.TVB

Mint-Rome

105 B.C.

B. Hostilia t; Bf. i, 136; ii, 16. See above, p. 70, below, no. 81*. BMCRR Rome (Appendix) 5

1 Uncia (Pl. XLII) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind,

L H \8 downwards low, ROMA.

o.

·

·

within oak-wreath; be

Specimens in Paris: 8. 2

Semuncia (Pl. XLII)

Naples, S 2953; Turin, F 2267

Bust of Diana r., with bow and quiver over shoulder; behind, 3. Specimens in Paris: o.

Similar.

The moneyer is doubdess a descendant of L. Hostilius Tubulus, Pr. 142.

322

Mint-Rome

316 L.THORIVS BALBVS B. Thoria .t

Denarius

BMCRR Rome

Head of Juno Sospita r., wearing goat-skin;

behind, I·S· M· R downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: The legend 2

tosB.C.

t; Bf. i, 247; iii, 98; S. 598; RE Thorius 4· See above, p. 70, below, no. 268*.

[450].

on

X

one reverse die with control-mark

is

R ALBVS

(Vienna

Semun.cia (Pl. XLII)

3921). (Pl. XLII)

Vatican

Laureate female head r.; behind,

""·

1615

Bull charging r.; above, control-mark; below, L·THO R IVS; in exergue, BALBVS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [562].

L HO R I ROMA. ·

7004 (unique)

and "" within oak-wreath; below,

The control-marks on 1 are the letters of the Latin alphabet (occasionally with a dot, Cambridge, H. Mattingly, NC 1956, 165); each control-letter may have several dies, as BMCRR Rome 1625-6.The weight of 2 (dearly a semuncia, compare nos. 308/5 and

315/2; there is no trace of o on the reverse, contra Bahrfeldt) is 2.00 gr.

The moneyer is L.Thorius Balbus, Leg. 79· His obverse type alludes to the cult of Juno Sospita at Lanuvium, his place of origin (Cicero, de fin. ii, 63; G. Wissowa, RuK, 188-9; G. Dumezil, Eranos 1954, 105; L. R. Taylor, VDRR, 259; compare the

provincial coinage ofThorius Flaccus, M. Grant, FITA, pl. x.ii, 9; for the obverse legend compare ILLRP 170; for the iconography of Juno Sospita see G. Hafner, JDAI 1966, 186).The reverse type is usually held to allude to the moneyer's

nomen

by way of the word taurus; but see p. 719 n. 8 (see Addenda).

317 L.SATVRN

Mint-Rome

B. Appuleia 1-3; Bf. ii, 16; nos. 82-83*.

iii,

20; S. 578-580; RE Appuleius 29. See above, pp. 7o-5, below,

.t Denarius (Pl. XLII) Helmeted head of Roma 1.; behind, control mark. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
Obverse dies:

[
1, but no control-mark.

3b Denarius (Pl. XLII)

(3a

b):

-

(370].

1558

L S ft:. ·

t561

Saturn n i quadriga r., holding reins in I. hand and harpa in r. hand; below, control-mark and L·SATV RN. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 12]. BMCRR Rome

3a Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies

BMCRR Rome Helmeted head of Roma I.; behind, Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < t2 ].

BMCRR Rome

Saturn in quadriga r., holding reins in 1. hand and harpa in r. hand; below, ROMA. Border of dots.

Similar to

104B.C.

1493

Similar, but control-mark above. BMCRR Rome Similar, but control-mark below. Reverse dies (3a-b) : [462].

1523

The control-marks on 1 are the letters of the Latin alphabet; each control-letter may have several dies, ac; Haeberlin 825 and Capua. The control-marks on 2 are the letters of the Latin alphabet, accompanied by a dot above or below or on the right or the left; no control-mark has more than one die. The control-marks on 3a-b are the letters of the Latin alphabet,1 alone or accompanied by up to four dots; the letters may be upright, thus A, or on their face, thus )>; within each of these two varieties no control-mark has more than one die. The three varieties were probably struck in the order given above; the style of 1 and 2 is markedly better than that of 3a-b; the system of control-marks on 2 and 3a-b seems more developed than that on 1; the types of 3a-b are apparently a combination of those of 1 and2. The moneyer is presumably L. Appuleius Saturninus, Tr. Pl. 103 and 100. The type of Saturn in a quadriga is an allusion to the moneyer's cognomen.

Mint-Rome

318 C.COIL CALD B. Coelia

104 B.C.

2-3; Bf. i, 86; S. 582-582a; RE Coelius 13 and 12. See above, p. 70, below, no.

269*·

BMCRR

1a Denarius (Pl. XLII) Helmeted head of Roma 1. Border of dots.

Obverse dies:

[72].

1435

Victory in biga 1., holding reins in both hands; above, control-mark; below, C ·COIL; in exergue, CALD. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [90].

BMCRR Rome 1463

1b Denarius Similar, but below, control-mark.

Similar. Obverse dies:

Rome

Reverse dies:

[95].

CALD;

in

exergue,

[119].

The control-marks on each variety are the letters of the Latin alphabet, alone or accompanied by up to four dots; within each variety no control-mark has more than one die. The moneyer

is

presumably C. Coelius Caldus, Cos. 94, father of no. 437·

Mint-Rome

319 Q. THERM M.F B. Minucia

103 B.C.

19; S. 592; RE Minucius 66. See above, p. 70.

BMCRR Italy 653

1 Denarius (Pl. XLII) Helmeted head of Mars 1. (helmet bas long crest and plume on each side). Border of dots.

Roman soldier fighting barbarian soldier in protection of fallen comrade; in exergue, Q H RM M. Border of dots.

Obverse dies:

Reverse dies:

·

[253]. 1

·

[316].

The letters are occasionally reversed.

The moneyer

is

presumably to be identified with the Q. Minucius M.f. Ter. on

the consilium of Pompeius Strabo at Asculum, perhaps as Legate rather than as Quaestor (contra C. Cichorius, RS, 143, whose date for the moneyer is too late). The types doubdess allude to an act of martial heroism of one of the moneyer's ancestors- it is idle (pace C. Cavedoni, Bulleuino 1845, 184) to speculate which.

Mint-Rome

320 L.IVLI L.F CAESAR

103 B.C.

B. Julia 4; Bf. i, 139; S. 593-593a; RE Julius 142. See above, p. 70, below, no. 270*. t

BMCRR Rome 1405

Denarius (Pl. XLII)

Helmeted head of Mars l. (helmet has long

Venus in biga of Cupids 1., holding sceptre in

crest and

r. hand and reins in I. hand; above, control mark; below, lyre; in exergue, L·IVLI·L·F.

CAESA R

plume on each side); behind, upwards; above, control-mark.

Border of dots. Reverse dies: [92].

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [92].

The legend on the obverse die with control-mark

·

F

is

CAESA

(Rome, Capitol1839).

The control-marks are the letters of the Latin alphabet as far as S, normally dis posed or reversed, alone or accompanied by one or two dots; the control-mark on the reverse is invariably the same as on the obverse, except that the dots sometimes

get lost in the rest of the type.1 No pair of control-marks has more than one pair of

dies. The moneyer is presumably L. Iulius Caesar, Cos. 90. The reverse type alludes to the descent of the Iulii from Venus by way of Aeneas and Ascanius-Iulus (see p. 727). The lyre is presumably explained by the links of the Iulii with Apollo (G. Wissowa, RuK, 296 with n.3; C. Koch,Juppiter, 79).

321

Mint-Rome

L.CASSI CAEICIAN

B. Cassia 4; Bf. i, 78; S. 594; RE Cassius 32. See above, p. 70, below, t

Denarius (Pl. XLII)

no.

102 B.C.

271*.

BMCRR Rome 1725

Bust of Ceres 1., draped; behind,

Ck I C IN

upwards; above, control-mark. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [63].

Yoke of oxen 1.; above, control-mark; in exergue, L ·CAS S I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [79].

The control-marks are the letters of the Latin alphabet,2 with or without a dot; A on the obverse is paired with X on the reverse, 8 with V and so on as far as K

with M; when a dot occurs, it occurs on obverse and reverse and in the same position. Each pair of control-marks may have several pairs of dies. The moneyer is a L. Cassius Caecianus (for the cognomen and its spelling compare ILLRP 777), not otherwise known. 1

The

combination

S/2 occurs (Glasgow). 325

The letter N is sometimes

reversed.

The reverse type merely complements the bust of Ceres on the obverse (so rightly H. le Bonniec, Ceres, 37o-1; note Ovid, Amores iii, 10, 11-14); together the two types recall the foundation of the temple of Ceres by Sp. Cassius, as Cos. II 493 (D. I:Ial. vi, 94, 3; Tacitus, Ann. ii, 49, 1; see also commentary of R. M. Ogilvie on Livy ii, 41, 10). The supposed reference to an unattested colony on the Caeciae Insulae is

(pace Babelon and T. F. Carney, NC 1959, 83-4) absurd. For the speculations of A. Vercoutre (ASFN 1891, 21

=

CRAI 1890, 246) see H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i,

236 n. 3

.

Mint-Rome

332 C.FABI C.F

to� B.C.

B. Fabia 14-:16; Bf. ii, 42; S. 589-591; RE Fabius 15. See above, p. 70, below, no. 272*. ta

BMCRR Rome

Denarius

Bust of Cybele r., wearing turreted crown and

1581

veil; behind, control-mark. Border of dots.

Victory in biga r., holding reins in l. hand and goad in r. hand; below, bird; in exergue,

Obverse dies: 58.

C. FA B I · C ·F. Border of dots. Reverse dies: (72). BMCRR

tb Denarius (PL XLII) Similar, but behind, control-mark.

EX·A·PY

upwards; no

Similar, but to l. of bird, usually control mark. Reverse dies: So.

Obverse dies: (64).

BMCRR Rome 1611 Prow r.; above, C·FABI·C·F; on rostrum, bird; below, ROMA.

2 Aa (Pl. XLll) Laureate head of Janus; above,

Rome 1591; Paris, A 9341 (no control-mark)

I.

Specimens in Paris: 5.

The control-marks on 1a are the letters of the Greek alphabet, on 1 b the letters of the Latin alphabet,1 alone or accompanied by up to two dots; within each variety no control-mark has more than one die. The moneyer is perhaps C. Fabius Hadrianus, Pr. 84 (REFabius 82; the C. Fabius C.f. Q.n. Hadrianus of ILLRP 363 must then be this man and not his son). The bird which appears on the denarius and the as resembles a flamingo; it may therefore be identified with one of the two birds called buteo by the Romans (the 'Sumpfvogel' ofF. Miinzer, RE vi, 1759, as opposed to the kind of hawk). It should therefore be regarded as the bird which settled on a ship commanded by a Fabius and thus gave a cognomen to the Fabii Buteones; given the existence of these coins, it is better to hold that Pliny, NH x, 21 wrongly identifies the buteo which settled on the ship with a kind of hawk than that the story is entirely fictitious (see C. Cavedoni, Appendice, 95; also RN 1857, 354).2 If L. R. Taylor, VDRR, 212, is right in regarding C. Fabius Hadrianus as a The Greek letter Z occurs reversed. ' For the possibility of an auspicium from

1

a

first generation Roman,

'Sumpfvogel' see Servius on Vergil, Am.

i, 398.

he may be regarded as arrogating affinit y with the Fabii Buteones, who were by now extinct and who did not

use

the praenomen Caius (Th. Mommsen, RMw, S78

n. 344; compare nos. 403, 41S and 420). For the association of Cybele and victory see Livy xxLx, 10,4-11,8; 14, s-14; xxxviii, 18,9

=

Polybius xxi, 37, s-6; for their

connection with the career of Marius and his hopes of victory see Diodorus xxxvi,

13; Plutarch, Mar. 17; F. Bomer, MDAI(R) 1964, 136; M.G. Morgan, Klio 1973, 241-s. For the letters EX·A·PV seep. 6os. Mint-Rome

323 L.IVLI

tot

B.C.

B. Julia 3; S. 585; RE Julius 30. See above, p. 70, below, no. 84*. t

Denarius (Pl.

XLII)

BMCRR Rome 1676

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, com-ear. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [47).

Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; below, L·IV Ll. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [59).

The moneyer is probably not a Julius Caesar (see on no. 224). For the corn-ear see p. 729. Mint-Rome

324 M.LVCILI RVF

tOt

B.C.

B. Lucilia 1; S. 599; RE Lucilius 31. See above, p. 70. t

Denarius (Pl. XLII)

BMCRR Rome 1613

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, downwards. Laurel-wreath as border.

rv

Obverse dies: [170).

Victory in biga r., holding reins in I. hand and whip in r. hand; below, M · LV CI LI; above, RVF. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [212).

The moneyer is perhaps the son of Mn. Lucilius M.f., if Senator in 129 (not the nephew, as L. R. Taylor, VDRR 227),and perhaps the father of M. Lucilius, Tr. Pl.

?64; he is in any case not related to the poet Lucilius (A. B. West, AJP 1928,240). For the letters rv see p. 6os. Mint-Rome

325 L.SENTI C.F

tot

B.C.

B. Sentia t; S. 6oo-6ooa; RE Sentius 6. See above, p. 70, below, no. 85*. ta Denarius (Pl.

XLII)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, PV B downwards. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 1642

AG

·

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding thunderbolt and reins in I. hand and sceptre in r. hand; above, control-mark; below, L·SENTI·C.F. Border of dots. BMCRR Rome 1651

tb Denarius Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [93).

Similar, but control-mark below. Reverse dies (both varieties): [116).

The sceptre is sometimes rather carelessly executed.

327

The control-marks on each variety are the letters of the Latin alphabet; each control letter may have several dies, as Licodia hoard and Carbonara hoard

=

Naples,

both with the letter K below. The moneyer is the brother of C. Sentius C.f., Pr. 94, and himself the Praetor of ILLRP 485, cf. Sherk 19, perhaps between 93 and 89 (R. Syme, Historia 1964, 159). For the letters A G r V B see p. 6os. ·

3:z6 C.FVNDAN Q B. Fundania 1

1-2;

Denarius (Pl.

Mint-Rome

Bf. i, 119; S.

583-584;

101

B.C.

BMCRR Rome

1681

RE Fundanius 1. See above, p. 70.

XLII)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, control mark. Border of dots.

Triumphator in quadriga r., holding laurel branch in 1. hand and staff in r. hand; on near

horse, rider holding laurel-branch; above, Q; in exergue, C F V N DAN. Border of dots. ·

Obverse dies: 57· :z Quinarius

Reverse dies: (71).

(Pl. XLII)

BMCRR Rome

Laureate head of Jupiter r.; behind, control mark. Border of dots.

1696

Victory r., holding palm-branch in 1. hand and with r. hand crowning trophy, beside which stands camyx and before which kneels captive with hands tied behind back; on r., C FVf\DA upwards; in exergue, Q. Border of dots. Reverse dies: (102). ·

Obverse dies: 82.

The control-marks are the letters of the Latin alphabet, on the denarius alone or accompanied by one dot,1 on the quinarius alone or accompanied by up to three dots; within each denomination no control-mark has more than one die. C. Fundanius is not known to have progressed beyond the quaestorship; he is presumably the father of C. Fundanius, Tr. Pl. 68 (R. Syme, JRS 1963, 58). The Gallic carnyx (for which see on no. 281) on 2 makes the reverse type as a whole a clear reference to Marius' victories over the Cimbri and Teutones; the triumphator on 1 may therefore perhaps be regarded as Marius himself, the rider on the near horse as Marius' son, now aged 8 (cf. W. Ehlers, RE viiA, 508; compare no. 402).

Mint-Rome

3:z7 M.SERVEILI C.F

76;

B. Servilia 13; Bf. ii, 1

Denarius

S.

6o2;

RE Servilius 19. See above, p. 70, below, no. 273*.

(Pl. XLII)

BMCRR Rome t66o

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, control mark. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

Two soldiers fighting on foot, their horses in the background; in exergue, M S E R V E I L I C F; below, control-mark. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [85]. ·

·

(68]. 1

too B.C.

The control-letter

D

occurs reversed (Paris, A 9854).

·

The control-marks are the letters of the Latin alphabet on the reverse and the letters of the Greek alphabet on the obverse, either rarely accompanied by a dot; the Latin letters start from the beginning of the alphabet, the Greek letters from the end; thus A is paired with 0, B with 'f, C with X and so on as far as X with b.. Each pair of control-letters may have several pairs of dies, as BMCRR Rome 1665 and Milan 948. The moneyer is probably the brother of P. Servilius C.f. M.n. Varia Isauricus, Cos. 79 (see Velleius ii, 28, 1 and the stemma with no. 239); the reverse type is a pedestrian variant of that on no. 264.

328 P.SERVILI M.F RVLLI

Mint-Rome

100 B.C.

B. Servilia 14; S. 601; RE Servilius 79· See above, p. 70. BMCRR Rome 1672

1 Denarius (Pl. XLII) Bust of Minerva 1., wearing Corinthian hel met and aegis; behind, R V L L I upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [215].

Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch in l. hand and reins in r. hand; below, P; in

exergue, P·SE R VI l I· M ·F. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [269].

The moneyer is doubdess the father ofP. Servilius Rullus, Tr.Pl. 63; apparendy of consular ancestry (Cicero, de leg. agr. ii, 19 with R. Syme, Hermes 1964, 410), he is presumably descended from one or other of the Servilii Gemini, Coss. 203 and 202. For the letter r see p. 6os.

Mint-Rome

329 LENT.MAR.F

100 B.C.

B. Cornelia 25-27; Bf. ii, 37; S. 604-606; RE Cornelius 230. See above, p. 70, below, no. 274*· BMCRR Rome 1704; Rome 1718

1a Denarius

Bust of Hercules seen from behind, with head turned to r. and club over 1. shoulder; on l., shield and control-mark. Below, ROMA. Border of dots.

Roma standing facing, holding spear in r. hand and wearing helmet with triple crest; to r., male figure crowning her with r. hand and holding cornucopiae in I. hand; between, control-mark; in exergue, LEN· AA-- ·F. Laurel-wreath as border. BMCRR Rome 1713; Rome 1723

1b Denarius (Pl. XLII)

Similar, but control-mark on r. Obverse dies (both varieties): 85.

Similar, but control-mark on I. Reverse dies (both varieties): 85. Paris, A 8170

1c Denarius Similar to 1a, but

P·E·S·C

below.

Similar to 1a. BMCRR Rome 1724

td Denarius Similar to 1b, but P· E· S C below. Obverse dies (both varieties): 13. ·

Similar to 1 b. Reverse dies (both varieties): 13.

2 As (Pl. XLIII)

Paris, A 8185

Laureate head of Janus; above, Specimens in Paris:

I.

Prow r.; above, LEt\r ·M...·F; before, keles; below, ROMA.

4·

tris

The control-marks on ta-b are the letters of the Latin alphabet and the letters of the Greek alphabet, alone or accompanied by up to three dots; on te-d the control marks are the letters of the Latin alphabet andY, alone or accompanied by a dot. The control-mark on the reverse is invariably the same as on the obverse;1 within each variety no pair of control-marks has more than one pair of dies. The moneyer is P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, son of M. daudius Marcellus

(RE daudius 226) and father of no. 393· The obverse type of the denarius, if correctly identified as Hercules Respiciens (see on no. 297), perhaps reflects the Sabine origin of the daudii. For the reverse type (compare Roma on the Gemma Augustea) see on no. 397· The triskeles on the as alludes to the capture of Syracuse by M. daudius Marcellus, Cos. V 208, during the Second Punic War (compare nos. 439/1 and 445/t, struck by members of the same family, and no. 457/1, struck in Sicily; there is no reason whatever to suppose that the adoption of the triskeles as a symbol to indicate Sicily was the responsibility of the Romans,

contra

H. B. Wiggers, Festgabe Peter Berghaus, 12; cf. L. Lacroix,

Et. Arch. Class. t955-6, 96 n.4). For the letters P· E· S· C see p. 6o6.

330 PISO, CAEPIO Q

Mint-Rome

too B.C.

B. Calpurnia 5; Servilia 12; Bf. i, 67; ii, 25; iii, 29; S. 6o3-6o3a; RE Calpurnius 89; Servilius so. See above, pp. 7o-3, below, no. 209*.

ta Denarius

BMCRR Rome

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, harpa; around C, PISO·CAEPIO·Q; below, control-mark. Border of dots.

EX·S·C

tb Denarius (Pl. �u) Similar, but control-mark above. Obverse dies (both varieties): [72].

1125

Two male figures seated on bench (subsel/ium) side by side; to l. and r., com-ear; in exergue, AD·F RV ·EMV. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome

1128

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): [90].

The control-marks on ta are the symbols bow (BMCRR Rome 1126), arrow (BMCRR Rome 1125) and trident (BMCRR Rome 1127), on tb the symbols star (Madrid), crescent (Vienna 1005), hare (Kor&szakal hoard 85; Naples, F794- same die), (see Pl. XLII, 22) (BMCRR Rome 1128) and '(Y (reported by Bahrfeldt from Paris). Each symbol may have several dies, as BMCRR Rome 1125 and Milan 955· In view of the fact that only one Quaestor Urbanus seems to have been in charge 1

Except that careless execution may sometimes result in the accidental omission of a dot and that one letter may sometimes be reversed (as C(:) on tb, Paris, A St.p).

330

of the Aerarium at any one time (see on no. 299), the issue should perhaps be regarded as having been struck by a Quaestor Ostiensis and a Quaestor Urbanus, in any case a likely combination for dealing with the com supply. Piso, the Quaestor Ostiensis, is probably L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Pr. 90 (R. Syrne, Historia 1955, 58), owner of an arms factory during the Social War, author of a Lex Calpurnia offering the citizenship to certain categories of Italian allies and father of L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Cos. 58; Caepio, the Quaestor Urbanus, is presumably Q. Servilius Caepio, ?Pr:...91 (E. Badian, Studies, 34; see also p. 73). The reverse type portrays the two Quaestors at work, the obverse type the god in whose care the Aerarium was placed. For the letters EX· S· C see p. 6o6, for the occasion of the issue p. 73·

331 P.SABIN Q

Mint-Rome

B. Vena i t; S. 587; RE Sabinus 30; Vettius

t 5.

1 QuiDarius (Pl. XLIII)

BMCRR Rome t564

Laureate head of Jupiter r.; behind, controlmark. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

Victory

r. crowning trophy; between, P ·SABIN downwards; in exergue, Q; on r.,

control-mark. Line border.

[too].

The control-marks

99B.C.

See above, p. 70.

Reverse dies: are

[too].

the letters of the Latin alphabet, alone or accompanied by

up to four dots; the control-mark on the reverse is invariably the same as on the ·¢1¢ No pair of

obverse, except that the position of one dot may be reversed, as

·.

control-marks has more than one pair of dies. P. (?Vettius) Sabinus is not known to have progressed beyond the quaestorship. The types are the original types of the victoriatus (for their significance here see p. 730); for the purpose of the issue see p. 629.

33% T.CLOVLI Q

Mint-Rome

9fJB.C.

B. Cloulia 2; Bf. i, 86; S. 586-586b; RE Cloelius 5· See above, p. 70. ta

BMCRR Rome 1082

Quinarius

Laureate head of Jupiter r.; behind, control mark. Border of dots.

Victory r. crowning trophy; before trophy, captive with hands tied behind back; beside trophy, carnyx; between Victory and trophy,

T ·CLO\L I

downwards; in exergue,

Q.

Line

border. 1b

tc

BMCRR Rome 1096

Qulnarius (Pl. XLIII)

Similar, but control-mark below.

Similar. BMCRR Rome 1105

Qulnarius

Similar, but control-mark before. Obverse dies (all varieties): [225].

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): [281].

331

The control-marks are the letters of the Latin alphabet, alone or accompanied by up to four dots. Within each variety no control-mark has more than one die. T. Cloulius is presumably to be identified with the Marian Cloelius, Leg. 83 (T. P. Wiseman, CR 1967, 263). The carnyx (for which see on no. 281) identifies

the trophy on the reverse as Gallic and makes it clear that the allusion is to the victories of Marius; for the purpose of the issue see p. 629.

333 C.EGNATVLEI C.F Q

97 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Egnatuleia 1; S. 588; RE Egnatuleius 1. See above, p. 70. 1

Quinarius (Pl. XLIII)

Laureate head

of Apollo

E GAT \L. E I ·C. F Q

BMCRR Rome 1076

C

r.; behind,

·

Victory I. inscribing shield attached to trophy;

dots.

beside trophy, carnyx; between Victory and trophy, Q; in exergue, ROMA. Border of

Obverse dies: [625].

dots. Reverse dies: [781].

·

downwards. Border of

C. Egnatuleius is not known to have progressed beyond the quaestorship. The allusion of the reverse type is to the victories of Marius (see on no. 332); for the purpose of the issue see p. 629.

334 L.POMPON MOLO

Mint-Rome

?97 B.C.

B. Pomponia 6 and 1-5; Bf. i, 222; ii, 70; iii, 86; S. 607-6o8d; RE Pomponius 4 and 22. See above, p. 70, below, no. 86*, no. 210*. t

BMCRR Italy 733

Denarius (Pl. XLIII)

Laureate head of

Apollo r.; around L·POMPON· MOLO. Border of dots.

v,

Obverse dies: [30]. z

Lighted altar; to 1., Numa Pompilius holding lituus; to r., victimarius leading goat; in exergue, NV M · roM I L. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [37].

As

BMCRR Italy 739 Prow r.; above,

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

ROM A.

C ·OM ;

before,

I;

below,

Specimens in Paris: 7·

3a Semis

BMCRR Italy 742

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

The mark of value on one obverse die

Similar; before,

is 2

S.

(Paris, AF). BMCRR Italy 740

3b Semis (Pl. XLIII) Similar, but S before. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 14.

Similar.

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens

in

Similar; before,

Paris: 9·

332

§.

BMCRR Italy 743

5 Quadrans

BMCRR Italy 744

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris.: 16.

§.

Similar; before,

Sextans

6

g.

BMCRR Italy 746; Paris, A 14329

Head of Mercury r. with shoulder; above, oo.

caduceus

over

Similar; before, 8 or

oo.

Specimens in Paris: 4·

The moneyer is a L. Pomponius Molo, not otherwise known, but perhaps the son of no. 282/4. The reverse type alludes to the alleged descent of the Pomponii from Pompo, the son of Numa (Plutarch, Numa 21; cf. D. Hal. ii, 76, 5; 58, 2).

335

C.MALL, A.ALBINVS S.F, L.METEL

Mint-Rome

late 90S B.C.

B. Caecilia 45-46; Poblicia 2-4 and 6-8; Postumia 2-6; A. ii, 478; Bf. i, 61, 208 and 226; ii, 23; iii, 28, 85 and 87; S. 6u-6t6d; RE Publicius 19; Postumius 35· See above, p. 70, below, no. 211*, no. 275*.

1a Denarius

BMCRR Italy 724

Laureate head of Apollo r.; before,

A·ALB·

S · F upwards; behind, L METE L downwards. ·

Border of dots.

Roma seated I. on pile of shields, holding sword in I. hand and spear in r. hand, crowned from behind by Victory; on 1., C· MAL downwards; in exergue, dots.

b Denarius (Pl. XLIII) Similar.

1c Denarius

BMCRR Italy 726 Similar.

Similar, but crescent below. Obverse dies (all varieties): [155].

Reverse dies (all varieties): [194].

The moneyer's name on one reverse die reads

C MAL ·

(Prowe, cited by Bahrfeldt).

Denarius

BMCRR Italy 694

Similar to 1a, but without legend. Obverse dies:

Similar. Reverse dies:

[ < 10].

[ < 12].

3a Denarius

BMCRR Italy 697

Helmeted head of Mars r. (helmet has long crest, and plume on each side); above, hammer; before, �- Border of dots.

Naked warrior standing 1., holding spear in r. hand and placing r. foot on cuirass; on 1., trophy; on r., prow; above, prow, C·MA. Border of dots.

3b Denarius Similar.

BMCRR Italy Similar, but

3c Denarius (Pl. XLIIl) Similar.

Border of

BMCRR Italy 730 and 732

1

Similar, but star below.

:r.

ROMA.

C MA.. ·

698

upwards. BMCRR Italy 700

Similar, but caduceus between legend and prow.

333

BMCRR Italy 701

3d Denarius Similar, but grasshopper.

Similar.

Bellicello hoard

3e Denarius Similar, but tablet.

Similar.

BMCRR Italy 703

3f Denarius (Pl. XLIII)

Similar to 3a, but on r., tablet inscribed C.M and ...J.

Similar.

A. BMCRR Italy 707

31 Denarius Similar.

Similar, but C · M A. below tablet instead of on it.

Obverse dies (all varieties): [90].

Revene dies (all varieties): [112].

BMCRR Italy 708

•"-

Prow r.; above, hammer; before,

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

I; below,

ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 5· Copenhagen

sa Semis Similar; before, S.

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S.

BMCRR Italy 710 and 711

Sb Semis (Pl. XLIII)

The mark of value

on one

reverse die is

=

Rome 503

Similar.

Similar, butS before. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 6.

c (Berlin). Vatican 6174

6 Triens

Prow r.; above, hammer and ROMA; below,

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo.

0000,

Specimens in Paris: 6.

BMCRR Italy 712

7a Quadnms Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Similar; below, ooo. Paris, A 2523 and 2525

7b Quad.rans Similar.

Prow r.; above, ROMA; before, hammer; below, ooo.

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 10.

Paris, A 2522

8a Sextans Head of Mercury r.; above,

Similar to 7a; below,

oo.

oo.

Glasgow

Sb Sextans Similar, but with caduceus over shoulder.

Similar.

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 1.

BMCRR Italy 713; Italy 716

9 Denarius (Pl. XLIII) Bust of Diana r., draped, with bow and quiver over shoulder; below, dots.

Obverse dies: [20].

ROMA. Border of

Three honemen charging 1.; before, two standards (?) and fallen warrior; in exergue, A·A..BINVS·S·F or A·ALBINVS·S·F. Border of dots. Revene dies: [25].

334

BMCRR Italy 718; Italy 721

toa Denarius Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind, star with

varying number of before, X. Border of

tob Denarius (Pl.

rays; below, dots.

ROMA;

Dioscuri

watering horses at fountain of Juruma; in field, crescent; in exergue, A·ABINVS·S·F or A·ALBINVS·S·F. Border of dots.

XLIII)

Similar, but R below. Obverse dies (both varieties):

BMCRR Italy 722; Vigatto hoard

Similar.

[68].

Reverse dies (both varieties): [85].

The nioneyers are presumably C. Publicius Malleolus, Q. So, A. Postumius S(p).f. in 82 (Appian, BC i, 431)

Albinus, perhaps killed in the Battle of the Colline Gate

and father of no. 372, and L. Metellus, Pr. 71. The types of 9 seem to allude to the sacrifice to Diana as a result of which Rome became caput rerum (Livy i, 45, 3 with commentary of R. M. Ogilvie; de vir. ill. 7, 9-14; Zonaras (Dio) vii, 9, 11 with A. Alfoldi, Early Rome, 86 n. 3 (whose date for the Aventine temple of Diana is unacceptable); Val. Max. vii, 3, 1; see no. 486) and to the battle of Lake Regillus in which A. Postumius Albus Regillensis is reported to have hurled a standard among the enemy (Florus i, 5 (i, 11), 2-3; cf. de vZ:r. ill. 16, 2). The reverse type of 10a-b portrays the watering of their horses by the Dioscuri at the Lacus luturnae after their intervention in the battle of Lake Regillus (D. Hal. vi, 13, 1-4; Ovid, Fasti i, 706-8; E. Nash, PDAR ii, 9);1 the head of Apollo is perhaps best regarded as the counterpart of the bust of Diana on 9· The types of 3a-e perhaps allude to felidtas and to martial prowess terra marique (see on no. 393), presumably in the context of the moneyer's family (the hammer, occurring also on the bronze, is clearly a symbole par/ant for the moneyer's cognomen). The tablet which appears as a symbol on 3e and then, in an enlarged form, replaces the prow on 3f-g is of considerable interest. The implication of Corp. Gloss. LAt. iv, 57, 23, 'divisores et diribitores dicebantur qui suffragia populi divisa in locos (loculos, cod. Cassin. 439) tributim separabant' (cited by L. R. Taylor, RVA, 135 n. 57; for the meaning of tabula see A. W. Lintott, VZ:olence, 73, Add. note) is that in elections the tessera on which the name or names of the candidate or candi dates were written bore an indication of the tribe of the voter. The tablet here is surely the tessera of a voter in a tribe whose name begins with P, recording a vote for a C. Malleolus.2 The traditional explanations of the letter P as an abbreviation for the word P(ublice) (A. Klugmann, ZfN 1878, 218; Babelon i, xxxix), or as referring to a Lex Papiria, Pompeia (Th. Mommsen, RMw 559 n.293; Babelon ii, 331) or Poblicia (H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 307 n.) are nonsensical. 1

1

The announcement by the Dioscuri at Rome of the defeat of the Cimbri at Vercellae a decade or so before the date of this issue(Pliny, NHvii, 86; Florus i, 38 (iii, 3), 19) is perhaps reflected in the choice of this type as well as the family history of the moneyer; but it is fantastic to suppose (with T. F. Carney, Marius, 7 n. 35) that the type can have conveyed denigration of Marius. On an actual tessera, of course, the full abbreviation of the tribe, here impossible for lack of space, will have appeared; for the use of a single letter to indicate a tribe, see no. 292/t.

335

No particular reason is apparent for the types of

2

(but see Cicero, de div. i, 115;

ii, 113), nor for the use of these types on 1a-c, the joint issue of the whole college;

it is curious that the star and crescent which appear on obverse and reverse respectively on 1oa-b

recur

as alternative symbols on 1b-c.1

Mint-Rome

336 C.ALLI BALi\.

92. B.C.

B. Aelia 4; Bf. i, 8; S. 595; RE Allius 2. See above, p. 70. ta

Denarius

Vatican 481-482; Paris, A+ 3868-3869

Female head r., wearing diadem; behind,

BALA downwards. Border

of dots.

Obverse dies: 2.

Diana in biga of stags r., holding sceptre and reins in 1. hand and torch in r. hand, with quiver over shoulder; below, grasshopper; in exergue, C ·ALL I. Laurel-wreath border. Reve.rse dies: 2.

tb Denarius (Pl. XLIII) Similar, but control-letter before.

BMCRR Rome 1744 Similar.

On one reverse die the sceptre is missing (Hannover 2344). tc

Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies (tb-c): [120].

BMCRR Rome 1742 Similar, but variable symbol below. Reverse dies (tb-c): [133].

The system of control-marks on 1b-c is summarised in Table

xx on p. 337· Dies characterised by the letters of the Latin alphabet are combined both with a succes

sion of dies characterised by a grasshopper and with a succession of dies character ised by a variable symbol. Each letter and each variable symbol has several dies (readily observable in any large collection). In the course of the production of the issue any obverse die in use could be combined with any 'grasshopper' die in use or with any 'variable symbol' die in use. The issue came to an end before the system had been worked through, since few obverse dies with letters after Q are found with 'grasshopper' dies and no such obverse dies are found with 'variable symbol' dies. The moneyer is a C. Allius Bala, not otherwise known.

337 D.SILANVS L.F

Mint-Rome

91 B.C.

B. Iunia 15-21 and 23; Bf. i, 162; ii, 55; iii, 62; W. 23; S. 644a-647 and 649; RE Iunius 162. See above, pp. 75ff., below, no. 212*, no. 276*. ta

Denarius (Pl. XLIII)

Mask of bearded Sileous r.; below, plough. Torque as border.

BMCRR Rome 1841 Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch and reins in 1. hand and whip in r. hand; below, carnyx; in exergue, D·SILANVS·L·F. Bor der of dots.

1 If the crescent can properly be considered in isolation, it may indicate the time of day, evening, at which the Dioscuri appeared at the Lacus lutumae (C. Cavedoni, Saggio, 173 n. 88).

TABLE xx. .. u 0. 0. 0

�

� A c D

+ + + +

E

+

B

F G H I

K L

M N 0 p

Q R s T v X

+ + + + +

Control-marks on denarii of C. Allius Bala "C

.. 0 .c: 0

� + + +

+ 7

+

1

c: 0

·o. ..

a

.9 �

0 0 Cf.)

�

2

+

»

�

0 0

3

+ + + + + +

+ + +

4

+

+ + +

+

..Cl 0.

+ + +

I

e

..Cl 1>0

6

8

p::

+

+

.. .0 "'

u >

u &

...

c: u "C

u .,

·s

t:

·;:::

�

+

+ + +

1--

�

..Cl

j

l

+ +

+

+

+ + + +

+

+ +

+

+

+

1

::s

0

"' ::l u u ::l "C

� t5 u

6 +

+ + + + + + + +

..1<1 0

c: 0 .c:

1

+ + +

2

+

+ + + + +

+

+

2

5

+ +

+

+

Combinations bf control-marks indicated by + are attested in Paris; 1 indicates BM, 2 Vatican, 3 Glasgow, 4 Vienna, S Copenhagen, 6 Milan, 7 Bern. There are plated specimens with aberrant combinations of control-marks: B on obverse, frog on reverse-Glasgow F on obverse, plough on reverse-Paris, AF 0 on obverse, crab on reverse-Turin, Simboli, 352; BMCRR Rome 1768 V on obverse, fly on reverse-Glasgow.

There is a barbarous piece with T on obverse and anchor 1. on reverse (Paris, A+ 3865).

BMCRR Rome 1840

tb Denarius Similar, but below, ROMA instead plough; on I., control-mark. Obverse dies (both varieties): [19). 2a

of

Simila r. Reverse dies (both varieties): [21]. BMCRR Rome 1852

Denarius

Head of Salus r. Torque as border.

Similar, camyx.

below,

ROMA

instead

of

Madrid; San Giuliano hoard

2b Denarius Similar, but below,

but

SAYS

or

SALVS.

Similar.

337

2c Denarius

BMCRR Rome 1842; Rome 1846

Similar; before, control-mark.

Similar.

2d Denarius (Pl. XLIII)

BMCRR Rome 1847

Similar to zb, but below, SALVS.

Similar, but below, control-mark instead of

ROMA. 2e Denarius (Pl. XLIII)

Paris, A 11741; Hague 5283

Similar to 2c.

Similar.

2f Denarius (Pl. XLIII)

BMCRR Rome 1849

Similar, but below, SALVS; before,

r.

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): [68].

Obverse dies (all varieties): [61]. 3 Denarius (Pl. XLIII)

BMCRR Rome 1772

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, control mark. Border of dots.

Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; above, control-mark; in exergue, D·SILANVS·L ·F. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [597].

Reverse dies: (663].

ROMA The reverse legend throughout occasionally reads D · SILANVS or D·SILANV S · L. 4 Sestertius (Pl. XLIII)

Vatican 3774; Prowe 918

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, downwards. Border of dots.

E ·L P ·

=

Berlin 651/1912

Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; in exergue, D·SILANVS·L·F. Bor der of dots. Reverse des i : 3·

Obverse dies: 3· S As (Pl. XLIII)

BMCRR Rome 1853

Laureate head of Janus; above, I. Specimens in Paris: 33·

Prowr.; above, D·SILANVS·l·F.

D·SILANVS·L (Paris, Att768), D·SILANVS (Paris, Att786), D·SILANV (Paris, A 11791) and D·SILANS· L· F (von Kaufmann ).

Variant legends are

The control-marks on tb are the letters of the Greek alphabet; each control-letter may have several dies. The control-marks on 2c may be letters of the Latin alphabet! or letters of the Greek alphabet; each control-letter may have several dies. The control-marks on the obverse of2e are the letters of the Latin alphabet; each control letter may have several dies. The control-marks on the reverse of 2d-f are the symbols

ear,

grasshopper and wing and it looks very much as if they are engravers'

marks; all dies with •wing' show Victory holding a palm-branch in the left hand and the reins in the right hand, instead of a palm-branch and the reins in the left hand and a whip in the right hand. The control-marks on the obverse of 3 are the letters of the Latin alphabet,2 on the reverse the numerals from I to XXX; each control-mark may have several dies (readily observable in any large collection). A single obverse die may be com1 t

The letter The letter

C sometimes occurs reversed, :) (ANS, HSA10596). D sometimes occurs reversed, a (BM).

bined with reve�e dies bearing different numbers, a single reverse die with obverse dies bearing different letters, and it looks as if the mint aimed to produce every possible combination between letters and numerals. The torque on 1-2 betrays the moneyer's descent from D. lunius Silanus, Pr. 141, who was hom a Manlius Torquatus (compare Suetonius, Cal. 35); for a stemma see on no. 220. The mask of Silenus on 1 alludes to the moneyer's own cognomen, theplough on 1a perhaps to that of the Iunii Bubulci (rather than to the translator of Mago's treatise on farming). The head of Salus on

is usually related to the

2

building of the temple of Salus by C. Iunius Bubulcus Brutus, Cens. 307. The re verse type of 1 should refer to a Gallic victory. For the letters E · L · r see p. 611.

338 L.P.D.A.P

Mint-Rome

c.

91 B.C.

W. 1-6; S. 678-678c. See above, pp. 75ft'.

1

As

(cf.

Pl.

XLIV)

BMCRR Rome 2188

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above,

L·P·D·A·P.

Specimens in Paris: 10. 2

Semis

BMCRR Rome 2189

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens in P,aris: 20.

S.

3 Trlens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 7·

Similar.

§.

BMCRR Rome 2192 Similar; below,

oooo.

Similar; below,

ooo.

48Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind,

Paris, A 14078

8.

4b Quadrans

Paris, A 14079

Similar.

Similar, but

ooo

between

L · P D ·A· P ·

and

prow.

4c Quadrans

Paris, A 14077

Similar. Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 9.

Similar, but

ooo

above

L r · D ·A·r. ·

The letters L· P· D· A· Pprobably stand for Lege Papiria de assis pondere (seep. 611).

339 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

c. 91 B.C.

W. 7-9 and 12-16; S. 679-679c. See above, pp. 75ft'., below, no. 87*, no. 213*.

18

As (Pl. XLIV)

Laureate head of Janus; above,

1b

BMCRR Rome 2194

I.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA. Paris, AF

As

Similar.

Similar, but between

339

ROMA and

prow,

I.

Paris, A

tc Aa Similar. Specimens

1173

Similar, but I before. m

Paris (all varieties):

9· Paris, A

2 Semis Laureate bead of Saturn r.; Specimens in Paris: 4.

behind, S.

Prow r.; above,

1201 (A. pl. lix, 1-2 and 5)

S;

ROMA.

below,

Paris, A

3 Trlens Prow r.; above,

Helmeted bead of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: t.

below, oooo,

BMCRR Rome 2208; Rome 2210 ROM; below, ooo.

4B Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind,

ROMA;

1103

Prow r.; above, ROMA or

g.

gr.); before.

Paris, AF (3.14

4b Quadrans

Similar, but

Similar.

§

A

1141 (A. pl. lxi, 19)

Paris, A

4c Quad.rans Prow r.; above, ooo; below,

Similar.

Paris, A

4d Quadrans Similar.

Similar,

Specimens in Paris (all varieties):

1266

ROMA.

1275; A 1258 (A. pl. lxii, 18)

but g before.

tt.

Only in the case of the as is the style distinctive enough to display affinities with the style of semuncial pieces signed with moneyers' names. The lower denominations are listed here without any very great conviction, since some may equally well be

un

official imitations (see p. 566).

340 L.PISO L.F. L.N FRVGI

Mint-Rome

90B.C.

B. Calpurnia

6-16 and 18-21; Bf. i, 67; ii, 25; iii, 30; W. 17-22; S. 65o-676a and 677-677d; RE Calpurnius 98. See above, pp. 75ff., below, no. 88*, no. 213*, no. 214*. t Denarius

(Pl. XLIV)

A full treatment of this issue, with its complex systems of control-marks, would have to be on a scale out of all proportion with the rest of this book; the basic types are: Horseman with palm-branch, torch or whip.

Laureate head of Apollo.

For full details see R. Grassby and M. H. Crawford, (forthcoming); the issue was apparently produced by: Obverse dies:

The denarius coinage of L. Piso Frugi

Reverse dies:

[864].

[1080].

BMCRR Rome 2176

28 Quinarius (Pl. XLIV) Laureate bead of Apollo r.; behind, control mark. Border of dots.

Victory standing r., holding wreath in r. hand and sword and spear in 1. band; on 1., L ·PI downwards; on r., S 0 upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies:

340

1.

:zb

Quinarius

BMCRR Rome 2140; Rome 2138 Similar, but Victory holds palm-branch up or over 1. shoulder; on r., L · r IS 0 upwards; on 1., F RVG I downwards.

Similar.

:zc

Quinarlus (Pl. XLIV)

Paris, A 6300 Similar, but Victory holds sword and spear in 1. hand; on 1., L·PISO downwards; on r., F RV G I upwards.

Similar (control-mark once before).

:zd Quinarlus

BMCRR Rome 2175 Similar, but Victory holds palm-branch over

Similar to 2a-b.

1. shoulder; on 1., exergue, F RVG I.

:ze Qulnarlus

L · r IS 0 downwards; in BMCRR Rome 2141

Similar; on either side of Victory, in exergue, F RV G I.

Similar.

l · r I S0;

On one reverse die a wreath appears before the feet of Victory (Glasgow). :zf

Quinarlus

BMCRR Rome 2163 Similar.

Similar, but control-mark before. :zg

Quinarius

BMCRR Rome 2154

Similar, but control-mark behind and before. Obverse dies (all varieties): 78.

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): (86).

3a Sestertlus (Pl. XLIV)

BMCRR Rome 2177

Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind, downwards. Border of dots.

r ISO

Horse galloping r.; above,

F RVG I. Border of dots.

3b Sestertlus

BMCRR Rome 2178 Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): 9.

Similar, but no legend. Obverse dies (both varieties): 6. 4 As (Pl.

XLIV)

Laureate head of Janus; above,

E · l · r; below,

BMCRR Rome 2179

I.

Prow r., on which stands Victory; above, L·PISO; below, F RVG I.

Specimens in Paris: 30. The legend on one reverse die is

L·PI20- FRVGI (Oslo).

sa Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

BMCRR Rome 2186

S.

The mark of value on one obverse die is

Prow r.; above,

L·PISO; below, F RVG I.

2 (Paris, A 7023).

sb Semis

Copenhagen

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 21. 6a

Similar, but

no

Quadrans

Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind,

F RVG I.

Vatican 6506

§.

Similar tO sa.

341

TABLE XXI.

Control-marks on quinarii of L. Piso

Obverse mark

Frugi

Reverse type

On 1.: Oub Trident

2a

Haeberlin 1358

2a

BMCRR Rome 2176

Bucranium Butterfly Lizard

2b 2b 2b 2b

BMCRR Rome 2140

2b

Paris, AF

2b

Paris, A 6303

11 12 13

Caduceus Com-grain

2C 2d 2d

Paris, A 6300 Haeberlin 1316 Paris, A 6326

Apex

2d 2e-g

14 10

Bipennis Caduceus

BMCRR Rome 2175 Paris, A 6310 BMCRR Rome 2141 Avetrana board

1 11

Oub Com-grain Comucopiae Crescent

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Palm-branch Rudder

Paris, A 6302

BMCRR Rome 2138 Pontecorvo board 171

Onr.: 8

B

On 1.: 9 10

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 5 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Bow

Dolphin Ear Flail Goat's bead

2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2 e-g

2e-g Knife (see pl. LXX, 1) 2e-g 2e-g Tanner's knife Lizard 2e-g 2e-g Lotus Owl 2e-g Pileus 2e-g Spear (see pl. LXX, 2) 2e-g 2e-g Star Sword (see pl. LXX, 3) 2e-g 2e-g Wing See pl. LXX, 4 See pl. LXX, 5 See pl. I:XX, 6 A B c E H K M

2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g 2e-g

BMCRR Rome 2142 Paris, A 6327 BMCRR Rome 21431 Paris, A 6317

BMCRR Rome 2145 BMCRR Rome 2146 Paris, A 6328

BMCRR· Rome BMCRR Rome BMCRR Rome BMCRR Rome BMCRR Rome

2148 2149 2150 2151

2147 Paris, A 6314 BMCRR Rome 2152 Bari 2347 Paris, A 6311 Paris, A 6324 Paris, A 63o6 Paris, A 6307 Paris, A 6313 Paris, A 6330

BMCRR Rome 2155 Paris, A 6332

BMCRR Rome 2156 BMCRR Rome 2157 BMCRR Rome 2158 Paris, A 6336

BMCRR Rome 2159

1 There is a plated specimen with comucopiae, struck from a different die (Hague 207-t.g. 9.os).

TABLE XXI

Obverse mark 40 41 4Z 43 44 45 46 47 48 1Z 49 50

Reverse type

0

ze-g

Q

ze-g ze-g ze-g ze-g 2e-g ze-g ze-g ze-g 2e-g ze-g ze-g

R

s T v II III 1111 :

2'

Cl>

(cont.)

BMCRR Rome

z16o

Paris, A 6340 Paris, A 6341 BMCRR Rome z161 BMCRR Rome z16z Paris, A 6344 BMCRR Rome 2153 Paris, A 6347 Paris, A 6348 Paris, A 6349

BMCRR Rome

2171

Paris, A 6346

On r.: 51 5Z 8 53 54 55 56 57 58

Cup A B

59 6o

0

61 6z

s T

63 64 65 66

v

67 68

c E F G I K R

X

III S: E

y

ze-g ze-g 2e-g ze-g

Paris, AF BMCRR Rome z163

ze-g

Paris, A 6354

Paris, A 6353 Bari Z346

ze-g 2e-g ze-g ze-g

Siena Paris, A 6356 BMCRR Rome 2164 BMCRR Rome z165 BMCRR Rome zt66

ze-g 2e-g ze-g

Paris, A 6361 Oslo BMCRR Rome z167

ze-g

BMCRR Rome BMCRR Rome

ze-g ze-g ze-g

z168 z170

Paris, A 6351 BMCRR Rome Z173 Paris, A 6355 Paris, A 6365

2e-g ze-g ze-g

On I. and on r.: 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77

Arrow/1 Arrow/11 Arrow/1111 Hammer/V Hammer/VI ? /VII S/VIII Ear/VIIII

X/M

ze-g 2e-g ze-g ze-g

'

Paris, A 6369 Pontecorvo hoard 174 BMCRR Rome 2154 Paris, A 6367

ze-g 2e-g Ze-g ze-g

Vienna 1190

2e-g

Paris, A6371

ze var.

Capitol (Bf. i, pl. iii, 68-9)

Oslo Paris, A 6368 Paris, A 6366

Onl.: 78

Duck's head

343

Rome, Capitol 287

6b Quadrans

Prow r.; above, ROMA; below, ooo.

Similar. 6c

Quadrans

BMCRR Rome 2187; BM

Similar.

Crossed anchor and rudder; on l. or on r., L ·PIS 0 downwards.

Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 5· For an obverse die of this variety the mark of value is present).

with a very small head see Paris, A 7043 (Bf. iii, pl. ii, 41 -

The control-marks on 2a-d may be symbols, letters of the Latin alphabet or frac tional signs, on 2e-f symbols, letters of the Latin or Greek alphabets, numerals or fractional signs, on 2g a symbol and a numeral or a letter of the Latin alphabet and a numeral or two letters of the Latin alphabet; no control-mark has more than one die; for the control-marks attested see Table XXI on pp. 342-3. The moneyer is L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, Pr. 74· The types of the denarius and the sestertius recall the Ludi Apollinares, converted into a permanent festival as a result of the proposal of C. Calpurnius Piso, Pr.

211

(Livy xxvi, 23, 3). The reverse type of the quinarius is a variant on the normal type and, taken with the reverse type of the as, perhaps reflects the progress of the Social War. For the letters E· L· r seep. 611.

341 Q.TITI

Mint-Rome

90B.C.

B. Titia 1-7; Bf. i, 248; ii, 78; iii, 99; W. 24-35 and 37-39; S. 691�97; RE Titius 33· See above, pp. 75ff. (also Addenda). 1 Denarius

BMCRR Rome 2220

(PI. XIJV)

Bearded head r., wearing winged diadem. Line border. Obverse dies: [252).

Pegasus r.; below, in linear frame, Q T IT I. Line border. Reverse dies: [280). ·

BMCRR Rome 2225

� Denarius (Pl. XLIV) Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath. Line border. Obverse dies: [252).

Similar.

3 Quinarius (Pl. XLIV)

BMCRR Rome 2229 Pegasus r.; below, Q·TITI. Border of dots.

Bust of Victory r., draped. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [250).

Reverse dies: [280].

Reverse dies: [278).

BMCRR Rome 2231

48 As (Pl. XLIV) Laureate head of Janus.

Prow r.; above, Q·T IT I.

BMCRR Rome 2234

4b As Similar, but above, I.

Similar.

344

TABLE xxn.

Control-marks on

asses

of Q. Titius

Symbols above prow: Caps of Dioscuri (W. 26)-Hannover 2492 Crescent (W. 25)-BM Symbols behind prow:

Caduceus (W. 27)-Rome, Capitol (non

vidi)

Palm-branch (W. 28)-Hannover 2488 Symbols before prow:

(W. 33-4)-Bologna, Cat. 225; Copenhagen (different dies) Comucopiae-BMCRR Rome 2236; Bf. ti, pl. v, 114

Ass's head

Crescent (W. 29)-Hannover 2481 Horse's head (W. 32)-Paris, A 15610 Star (W. 30)-Hannover 2484 Symbol below prow: Dolphin (W. 35)-Rome, Capitol (non

vidi)

The attribution to this issue of the symbols crescent above the prow together with caps of the Dioscuri, crescent or star before the prow results from a series of errors in Bf. i, 250; W. 36; Bf. iii, 99·

Hannover 2494

4C AI Similar, but

Similar to 4L

before, I. BMCRR Rome 2236

4d At Similar to 48 or 4b. Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 52.

5 Semis

Similar, but in field, control-symbol.

Paris, A 15611

(Pl. XLIV)

Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind,

S.

Minerva in quadriga r., holding spear in 1. hand and reins in r. hand; in exergue,

Q·TITI. Specimens in Paris: 5· Tolstoi 1126 =Berlin 226/1912; BMCRR

6 Triens (Pl. XLIV)

Rome 2237 Mask of bearded Silenus r.; wearing ivy wreath;

behind,

�·

Ceres walking r., holding torch in each hand; before, pig; behind, Q·TITI or ITIT·9 downwards. Laurel-wreath border.

Specimens in Paris: o. 7

Quadrans (Pl. XLIV)

Similar; behind, g. Specimens in Paris: 1.

BM Mask of bearded Pan r.; below, Q·TITI.

The control-symbols on 4d may occur above, behind, before or bdow the prow; each control-symbol may have several dies; for evidence for this and for the control symbols attested see Table XXII above. The moneyer is a Q. Titius, not otherwise known; for speculation see T. P. Wiseman, CQ 1964, 131,

accepting the traditional interpretation of the types. 345

I do not know what the head on 1 is (there are no good grounds for regarding it as

that of Murunus Turunus, so righdy Roscher ii, 207),1 nor why Bacchus and

Pegasus appear as coin types here; Victory is a variant of the normal type of the quinarius. The types of 5-7 are borrowed &om the silver coinage of C. Vibius C.f. Pansa, Q. Titius' colleague

as

moneyer.

342 C.VIBIVS C.F PANSA

Mint-Rome

90 B.C.

B. Vibia 1-15; Bf. i, 262; ii, 82; iii, 104; W. 4 4 -58; S. 683-690b, 690<1 and 69of-690g; RE Vibius 15. See above, pp. 75ff. 1

Denarius (Pl.

xuv)

Mask of bearded Silenus r.; behind, rAN SA downwards; below, control-mark. Border of dots. Obverse dies : 4 . 2 Denarius (Pl.

BMCRR Rome 2310 Mask of bearded Pan r.; below, C.VBIVS· C F; before, control-mark. Border of dots. ·

Reverse dies: 4·

xuv)

Mask of bearded Pan r.; below, r>ANSA. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 2. 3a Denarius (Pl.

BMCRR Rome 2309 Mask

of

bearded Silenus r.; C.V B IVS·C. F. Border of dots. Reverse dies : 1.

XLIV)

Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind, rAN SA downwards; before, control-mark. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 2242 Ceres walking r., holding torch in each hand; before, pig;' behind, C.VIBIVS·C.F down wards. Laurel-wreath border. Reverse dies: 1.

3b Denarius (Pl. xuv) Similar.

BMCRR Rome 2238 Similar, but border of dots.

4& Denarius Similar.

below,

Copenhagen Minerva, crowned by flying Victory, n quadriga 1., holding spear and reins in r. hand and trophy in 1. hand; in exergue, i

C·V I BIVS·C. F. Border of dots.

4b Denarius Similar. sa Denarius Similar.

1

BMCRR Rome 2299 Similar, but no Victory. Vatican 5785 Minerva in quadriga r., holding spear and reins in 1. hand and trophy in r. hand; above, flying Victory; i n exergue, C.VIBIVS·C.F. Border of dots.

Contra RE(First edition) v, 285; RB xvi, 981; C. Cichorius, Untersuchungen zu Lucilius, 206-8; the identification goes back to Ch. Lenormant, Nouvelle galirie mytho/ogique, 12, and is based on the mistaken view that the ass's head which occurs as a symbol on 4d is a winged phallus(!) (cf. id., RN 1838, u; d'Ailly, RN 1838, 243; Lenormant, RN 1839, 21; A. de Longperier, RN 1839, 178 1 Not on a raised base, contra J. Bayet, Rev. Beige Phil. 1951, 27. <:Euvres ii, 15). =

BMCRR Rome 2244

Sb Denarius (Pl.XLIV) Similar. Obverse dies (3a-sb): [988].

Similar, but no Victory. Reverse dies (3b-5b): [1097].

BMCRR Rome 2308

6a Denarius (Pl.XLV) Minerva in quadriga 1., holding spear and

Similar to sb.

reins in r. hand and trophy in 1. hand; in exergue, PANSA. Border of dots. Rome, Capitol 2941

6b Denarius Similar. Obverse dies

Similar to 4b.

(both varieties): [
Reverse dies (both varieties): Hannover 2521

7• As Laureate head of Janus.

Three

prows

[ < 11].

(Bf. iii, pl. vii, 194; W. so)

r., on

which

7b As (Pl. XLV)

See below Similar, but above, name.

Similar.

ROMA; below, moneyer's See below

7C As Similar, but above,

I.

Similar.

7d As Similar.

Similar, but

before,

Similar, but

no

See below

I.

See below

7e As Similar.

palm-branch.

7f As

See below

Similar. Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 72.

Similar, but net i her palm-branch nor

The legends occuring on 7b-f are as follows: 7b W. 44 C.PANSA (BMCRR Rome 2312-13) W. 49 C. VIBI·At (Hannover 2518) W.49 C·VI B I·PASA (Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi) W. 49 C. VIBI·PAS (Rome, Capitol 2957)

=

(Hannover 2524

7d W.46 w. 51 W.52

7e W.47 W.47 W.47

=

Bf. iii, pl. vii, 193; W. 45; Oxford)

C·PANSA

(Paris, A 16523)

C.PAN SA (Hannover 2513) C·VI B I· N (Hannover 2525) C . VI· PA (Hannover 2520)? C.PASA (Paris, A t65o6) C· VIBI· NS (BMCRR Rome 2318) C·VIBl·N (BMCRR Rome 231&-17) C. VIBl· N (BMCRR Rome 23t!r20) c. VIB· N (BM) C ·VI BI· P IV (Rome, Capitol 2954) 347

I.

F. Gnecchi, RIN t89(i, t8)

On two reverse dies a symbol, a helmet, appears above the prow, apparently

7c W. 44

palm-branch;

before, caps of Dioscuri; above, C ·VI B IVS· C.F; below, PANSA.

as

a control-mark

7f W.48

C·VIBI·PANS(Paris,A16552)

W.48

C·VIBI·PNS(Paris,A16554)

W. 48

C· VI Bl· N S (BMCRR Rome 2315; cf. 2314, with uncertain legend)

W. 48

C. VI Bl· N (Vienna 4159)

W.48 C. VI Bl· A· (non vidi) W.55 C·VI B IVS(Rome, Capitol- non W. 54 C. VI Bl (Berlin)

vidi)

The existence of one obverse die with a beardless Janus (Bf. ii, pl. vi, 128 W. pl. vi, 7) is a casual eccentricity. The mark of value on the obverse of 7d-f is sometimes missing. =

8a Semis

BM

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r.; above, C·V I B I· R. Quadras y Ramon (Sale catalogue) 645

8b Semis Similar.

Similar, but

8c Semis Similar.

Similar to Sa, but

before,

S. Hannover 2529

Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 9·

C ·V I B I·N.

9B Quadrans (Pl. XLV)

BMCRR Prow r.; above, C ·VI B I; below,

Bust of Victory r., draped.

Rome 2321

ooo.

9b Quadrans

Berlin Prow r.; above, C ·VI B I· R; before,

Similar.

§.

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 3. There is sometimes a mark of value above the head on the obverse (Vatican 7089).

The control-marks on 1 are symbols related to the main types; no control-symbol has more than one die; for the control-symbols attested see Table XXIII on p. 349· Six distinct obverse styles

are

found in 3a-5b, which I call

A, A-c, c, B, o

(adapting E. A. Sydenham, CRR, 105n.) and which I illustrate on Pl.

xuv.

and

E

These

obverse styles are combined with the different reverse types thus: 3a 3b

A-c

4a

A, B

4b

A-c, C

5a

A-c, C

5b

A, A-c, C, B, D, E

A, A-c, c

(Miinz Zentrum Koln, psl23, 103).

The control-marks on 3a-sb may be symbols, fractional signs, numerals (alone or accompanied by a dot), letters of the Latin alphabet (alone or accompanied by one or more dots), letters of the Greek alphabet or two letters (sometimes appearing as a monogram); each control-mark may have several dies,1 as Pontecorvo hoard 1200 and 1203, both with Victory. The same obverse control-mark and the same obverse die may be combined with more than one reverse type; BMCRR Rome 1 There is also one obverse die without control-mark (Pontecorvo

hoard 1190).

TABLE xxI II.

Control-marks on denarii of C. Vibius Pansa (1)

Obverse

Reverse

Two bells Cymbals

1

Thyrsus tied with fillets1• 2 Thyrsus tied with fillets1·' Thyrsus tied with fillets'

Sistrum Flute3 Flute3

BMCRR Rome 2310 BMCRR Rome 2311 Morell

Pedum tied with fillets

Triangle

Syrin�

Turin, Simboli, 228 Drouot 14{11{1972, 19 Paris, A 162o66

a, a, •

Same die.

TABLE XXIV.

Syrin�

Presumably same die.

6

Missing - see Babelon.

Control-marks on denarii of C. Vibius Pansa (3a-b)

Ant Comucopiae Eagle's head Flower

Haeberlin 1415 BMCRR Rome 2242

Goat's head Grasshopper

Copenhagen Haeberlin 1416

Owl Palm-branch

Haeberlin 1421

Forepart of stag Star Thunderbolt Victory with wreath Wreath

BMCRR Rome 2243

5· Control-marks listed are attested in Paris unless otherwise stated.

2249 and Rome 2299 provide an

example

of an obverse die combined with the

reverse types 4b and sb. For the symbols attested on 3a-b see Table I hope in due course to publish a die-study of 43-5b.

XXIV

above,

The moneyer is presumably the (adoptive) father of no. 449 and hence one of those proscribed by Sulla (Dio xlv, 17, 1); for his tribe see T. P. Wiseman, CQ 1964, 331, for the occasional spelling of the cognomen in the form Pasa compare ILS 8890

=

ILLRP 421.

The types of 1-2 reflect the moneyer's cognomen; the symbolism of Victory on 3a, 43, sa, 7a-d presumably reflects Roman successes in the Social War; the obverse type of 9 is borrowed from the silver coinage of Q. Titius, C. Pansa's colleague as moneyer, as is perhaps also the differential symbol on 7b. The style of the reverse of 4a recalls certain tetradrachms of Syracuse, for instance BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 214. For Apollo, Ceres (for the pig see Ovid, Fasti iv, 465--{)) and Minerva on no. 494· 349

see

TABLE XXV.

Control-symbols on quinarii of M. Cato

Altar Anchor Ant Anvil

Capalbio hoard

Arrow r. Ball

Moscow

Bidens Bipennis l. Bipennis r. Bow Bucranium Butterfly r. Butterfly downwards Caduceus Capricorn

Carnyx

BMCRR Italy 68o Pontecorvo hoard 858

Club Com-ear

BMCRR Italy 682

Comucopiae Crescent Crook Cuirass Dolphin Eagle Ear r. Ear downwards Fibula Fly I. Fly r.

Pontecorvo hoard 847

BMCRR Italy 685

Helmet Ivy-leaf Knife Ladder Lituus I. Lituus r. Lyre

ANS

Comic mask Palm-branch Mask of Pan Pedum Plough Poppy-head Prow-stem Rudder Sceptre Scorpion I. Scorpion r. Snake Curled snake Spear 1. Spear r. Standard

Athens

350

TABLE XXV Sword I. Sword r. Sword in scabbard I.

(cont.) Padova Athens

Thunderbolt Thyrsus Tongs Torch Tortoise

San Mango sul Calore hoard

Triangle Trident I. Trident r. Trophy I. Trophy r. Wing Wreath Control-symbols listed are attested in Paris unless otherwise stated. Of the symbols listed by Babelon and unlikely to be simply mis-described, I have not found corn-grain, flower, owl, panther and prawn.

343 M.CATO

MJnt-Rome

IJ9B.C.

B. Porcia 5-7; Bf. i, 224; S. 596-597c; not in RE. See above, p. 77·

1a Denarius (PL XLV)

ANS

Female bust r., draped, hair tied with band (?Roma), with sceptre over shoulder; behind, ROM; below, M·CA 0. Border of dots.

Victory seated r., holding patera in r. hand and palm-branch in 1. hand, over L shoulder; in exergue,

VI Cll X.

1b Denarius

BMCRR Italy 657

Similar, but no sceptre.

Similar.

1c Denarius

BMCRR Italy 659 Similar, but below seat, ST. Reverse dies (all varieties): [129].

Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): [116].

2a

Berlin 217{1912

Quinarius

Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath; behind,

M ·C A 0

Border of dots.

Similar to 1a.

downwards. Border of dots.

2b Quinarius (Pl. XLV) Similar; below, control-mark. Obverse dies

(both

varieties): [400].

BMCRR Italy 662 Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): [444].

The legend on the reverse, by an engraver's error, is sometimes earlier bibliography; BM).

M C A 0 (Bf. iii, ·

225, with

The control-marks on 2b are numerals from I to XV, letters of the Latin alphabet, letters of the Greek alphabet and symbols; each control-mark may have several dies; as BMCRR Italy 683-4; for the control-symbols attested see Table xxv above. 351

Even if this issue should turn out to be dated just before the Social War, the moneyer can hardly be identified either with the praeron·us of Gellius xiii, 20, 12, who

son of the Cos. 118 would probably be too senior for a moneyership c. 91, or with the father of Cato Uticensis who died praeruram petens, in 91 at the latest. as

For possible identifications see T. P. Wiseman, NC 1964, 156; a further identification with M. Porcius the wine-merchant (R. Rowland, Historia 1969, 374) is just possible. The seated figure which forms the reverse type of 1-2 is presumably Victoria Virgo, whose shrine was built by Cato Censorius (Livy

xxxv,

9, 6; Th. Mommsen,

RMw, 572 n. 330; S. Weinstock, RE viii A 2, 2497 and 2512); it is difficult to relate

the letters S T to anything but the seated figure and it does not to me to interpret them

as

seem unreasonable an abbreviation of the epithet St(abilis), compare Livy

xxii, 37, 12� The head of Liber on the obverse of 2 is presumably intended to

associate the Porcii Catones with the leges de provocatione. 344

L.TITVRI L.F SABINVS

Mint-Rome

89B.C.

B. Tituria 1-7;

Turillia 1-2; Bf. i, 253 and 255; ii, 79; iii, too and tot; W. 4�43; S. 701e (except 70th); RETiturius 2. See above, pp. 75ff., below, no. 215*.

BMCRR Rome 2322

ta Denariut (Pl. XLV) Bearded head of King Tatius r.; before, 7\; behind, SABIN downwards. Border of dots.

Rape of the Sabine women; in exergue, L ·TITVR I. Border of dots.

tb Denarlut

BMCRR Rome 2325

Similar, but palm-branch before.

Similar.

tc Denarlua

BMCRR Rome 2324

Similar, but before, A· rv downwards and palm-branch. Obverse dies (all varieties): [294]. 2a

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): [327].

Denariua

Similar

Haeberlin t374

to sa.

Similar.

Denarlua (Pl. XLV)

BMCRR Rome 2326

Similar to tc. Obverse dies (all varieties): [251].

Similar. Reverse dies

Denarlut (Pl. XLV)

(all varieties): [279]. BMCRR Rome 2330

Bearded head of King Tatius r.; behind, SA B I N downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [t8o].

Berlin

BMCRR Rome 2328

Similar to tb.

3

=

Killing ofTarpeia; above, star in crescent; in exergue, L·T ITVRI. Border of dots.

2b Denarlua 2c

698-

Victory in biga r., holding reins in I. hand and wreath in r. hand; below, L·TITVRI; in exergue, control-mark. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [200].

The legend on one reverse die is L · T I TV<. I (Paris, AF); another has Victory with whip and no control-mark (Oslo). Boll. Num. 9/t976, p. 6 publishes a hybrid of 3 and t.

352

Paris, A 15793 (the Victory is barely visible); Hannover 2543; Vatican 7023; Copenhagen

4a As Laureate head ofjanus;above,

I.

L·TITVRI·L·F; before, SABINVS, S�INVS, S�NVS or S�NS. Prow

r.; above,

Victory

with

wreath; below,

The following variant legends occur: L·TIT\). I· L F (Hannover 2546) S.t� INVS L · TITV R I· L (Paris, A 15834) ·

[

]

[

]

L· T IV< I· L· F (from Bahrfeldt) SA> NV$ L· TITVRI (Paris, A 15797) SABINVS L·TIT 'v< I· L ·F (Paris, A 15804) SABINVS L· TIT� I (Paris, A 15815)

4b As

Bahrfeldt citation; Hannover 2551; Berlin

Similar, but no mark of value.

Similar, but before,

S�NVS or SA, IN.

I; below, SABINV$,

The following variant legends occur: L · TITVRI· L (Berlin) SA> NVS L· TIT\). I· L· F (Paris, A 15821) S�NVS L· TITVRI (Hannover 2550)

[

]

L· TITVR (Hannover 2553) SABINVS L ·TITVR (Paris, A 15785) S?CIN

4C As

Paris, A 15835

Similar.

Similar,

The following variant legend occurs:

4d As (Pl.

but

S?C INV$.

no

mark

of

value; below,

L·TI TVR I· L (Rome, Capitol 2846) S�INV$

XLV)

Similar to 4a or 4b.

BMCRR Rome 2361 Similar, but palm-branch across prow; below,

S�INVS.

Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 6o. sa Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.;behind,.$.

Vatican 7032 (unique) Prow

r.;

[

).

L· T lTV R I· L· F; below,

Copenhagen;Martini 1158; Paris, A 15896

sb Semis Similar. Obverse dies: 1.

above,

Prow r.;above, Reverse dies: 1.

353

L·"V<; below, S(AB).

TABLE XXVI.

Control-symbols

on

denarii of L. Titurius Sabinus

Anchor Anchor and dolphin Arrow r. Arrow with thong r. Two arrows r. Bow Bow and arrow

Pontecorvo hoard 1136

Bow and quiver Branch Bull's head

Milan 1245

Caduceus .Qub

Com-ear

BMCRR Rome 2335 (wrongly described)

Bunch of grapes Grasshopper

Milan 1250

Cuirass Fish r.

Hammer

Harpa

Helmet Knife Lituus

Moscow Milan 1251

Lizard

Lyre

Palm-branch Palm-branch tied with fille t Plough Poppy-head

Turin, Simboli, 705

Ram's head Rectangle Rudder Sceptre Scorpion

BMCRR Rome 2337

Ship Small ship Spear with broad head Spear with narrow bead Staff with double hook Staff with single hook Stag running r. Stilus Strigil

BMCRR Rome 2341

Strigil and vase (see Pl. LXX, 7) Sword I. Sword r. Thunderbolt Thyrsus Thyrsus tied with fillet Torch Trident Trident and dolphin Triskeles

354

Milan 1252

TABLE XXVI

(cont.)

Trophy Vine-branch with leaf Wheel Wing See Pl. LXX, 8 See Pl. LXX, 9 See Pl. LXX, 10 See Pl. LXX, 11 See Pl. LXX, 12 See Pl. LXX, 13

Moscow

See Pl. LXX, 14

Bari 2650

Control-symbols listed are attested in Paris unless otherwise stated. Of the symbols listed by Babelon to be simply mis-described, I have not found carnyx, laurel-leaf and prawn.

and unlikely

sc Semis

BMCRR Rome 2364-2365 (legend incom plete on 2364); F. Capranesi, Annali 1842,

Similar. Obverse dies: 2 (one used for 5b).

Prow r.; above, W · J; below, Reverse dies: 3·

134

6 Triens (Pl.

Paris, AF; RN 1859, 188

XLV)

8A2. Berlin (unique)

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo, 7

=

Similar to 5b.

Quadrans

BMCRR Rome 2366; Pesaro; Munich

Laureate head of Apollo r.; Obverse dies: 2.

behind, §.

The control-marks on 3

are

Similar to 5c. Reverse dies: 1.

symbols, numerals, letters (occasionally with a dot) or

monograms of the Latin or Greek alphabets; each control-mark may have several dies, as Paris, A15668 and AF, both with caduceus; for the symbols attested

see

Table XXVI above. Despite Bahrfddt's incredulity, 5b-7 are as described and dearly belong to this issue; for retrograde legends on bronze of this period, see no. 341/6. L. Titurius L.f. Sabinus re-appears

as

Leg. 75· The cognomen, although dearly

responsible for the appearance of Sabine types on 1-3, provides no real evidence for attributing a Sabine origo to the moneyer (contra L. R. Taylor, VDRR, 26o;

J.-P. Morel, MEFR 1962, 32). The types themselves are mosdy straightforward; the head of King Tatius is identified on 1-2 by the monogram A and is present without the monogram on 3; the reverse types of 1-2 illustrate Sabine incidents in Roman history, the rape of the Sabine women (see Livy i, 9 with commentary of R. M. Ogilvie) and the punishment of Tarpeia (see Livy i,

u,

5-9 with commentary

of R. M. Ogilvie; G. Dumezil, Tarpeia; A. D. Momigliano, Misc. Fac. Lett. Pi/. Torino 1938,23 SE 1958, 17

=

=

Quarto contribute, 479, with bibliography there cited; G. Devoto,

Scritti minori ii, 355); for artistic comment on the two representations, 355

see J. M. C. Toynbee, Essays Mattingly, 222-4; J.-P. Morel, MEFR 1962, 32-6 (righdy rejecting the interpretation of G.-Ch. Picard, Trophees, 111, but implausibly arguing that types illustrating Sabine incidents in Roman history were suggested to the moneyer by the experience of the Social War). The only puzzle is provided by the star in crescent on 2; a variety of explanations has been canvassed, the omina l unae connected with Tarpeia (Propertius iv, 4, 23), the temple of Luna in Graecostasi

(put forward by Th. Mommsen, RMw, 585 n. 363, implicidy abandoned, GIL i2, p. 296), theSabine origin ofSol and Luna (G. Wissowa,RuK,315 n.2), the supposed Italic nature of a star in crescent (put forward by J.-P. Morel, MEFR 1962, 38-45). The problem, which I cannot solve, is caused by the fact that only the first two explanations, now universally rejected, take account of the fact that ·the star in crescent, both in this issue and in that of P. Petronius Turpilianus (RIC Augustus 114-15), is associated with Tarpeia and only with Tarpeia. The appearance on 1b-c, 2b-c and 4d of a palm-branch, symbol of victory, and on 3 and 4a of Victory herself presumably reflects Roman success in the second year of the Social War. For the letters A· r V see p. 6o5.

345

CN.LENTVL

Mint-Rome

88B.C.

B. Cornelia 5o-53; Bf. i, 96; ii, 39; iii, 42; W. 62-66; S. 702-704ll; RE Cornelius 216. See above, p. 78, below, no. 89*. 1

Denarius (Pl. XLV)

BMCRR Rome 2440

Helmeted bust of Mars (Corinthian helmet) seen from behind, with head turned to r., spear over l. shoulder and sword over r. shoulder. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [615). The legend on one reverse die is 2

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and wreath i n r. hand; in exergue, C N LENT V L. Border of dots. ·

Reverse dies: [683).

CN·LEN TV (Gotha).

Quinarius (Pl. XLV)

BMCRR Rome 2443; Rome 2444

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Victory r.

crowning ·

Obverse dies: [400). 3 As (Pl.

Reverse dies: [444].

XLV)

Paris, A 8333; BMCRR Rome 2445; Rome 2447; Paris, A 8348 Prow r.; above, CN·LENTVL or LENTV or CN·LENT or CN·LEN.

Laureate head of Janus. Specimens in Paris: 25. The legend on one reverse die is

trophy; in exergue, of dots.

C N ·LENT or CN LE f\f. Border

CN·

C N· L E f\fV L (Hannover 2569).

48 Semis (Pl. XLV)

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

BM

S.

Prow r.; above,

CN·LEN.

Rome, Capitol 1576

4b Semis Similar. Specimens in Pari� (both varieties): 4.

S imi lar, but below, trident.

The moneyer is probably Cn. Cornelius Lentulus dodianus, Cos. 72 (T. P. Wiseman, NC 1964, 156; his presumed son, Pr. 59, is perhaps an adopted son). For the types

of

1

see p. 731, for the obverse type of 2

see

on no. 296.

Mint

346 C.CENSORIN

Rome

-

88 B.C.

B. Ma.rcia 18-23; Bf. i, 179; iii, 74; W. 67-70; S. 713-716a; M. H. Crawford, NC 1971, 143; RE Marcius 43· See above, pp. 78f., below, no. 216*. ta Denarius

(Pl. XLV)

See below for all varieties

Jugate heads of Numa Pompilius, bearded, and Ancus Marcius, not bearded, r.; in field, control-mark. Border of dots.

Desultor r., wearing conical cap1 and holding whip in r. hand; below, control-numeral; in exergue;

C CEN SO. Border of dots. ·

tb Denarius Similar, but no control-mark.

Similar.

tc Denarius Similar to ta.

Similar, but control-symbol.

td Denarius Similar.

Similar to 1b. te Denarius Similar to 1a.

Similar, but control-letter (Greek).

t.f Denarius Similar to 1 b.

Similar.

1g Denarius Similar.

Similar, but control-letter (Latin).

th Denarius Similar, but fractional sign

Similar.

as

control-mark.

ti Denarius Similar.

Similar, but no control-mark. Reverse dies (all varieties): 113.

Obverse dies (all varieties): 102. 2a Denarius (Pl.

XLV)

Diademed bead of Apollo control-mark. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 2414 r.;

in

field,

Horse galloping

C. C ENS0 R I;

wearing bridle; below, above and in exergue, con r.,

trol-marks. Border of dots. BMCRR Rome 2394-2395

2b Denarius Similar, but no control-mark.

Similar, but

t See Hyginus So.

357

C-CENSO R or C.CEN SO R I.

TABLE xxvn.

Control-marks

Control-marks on second issue of denarii of C. Censorinus

on reverse

only:

Above

Be/Of.O

I

III

I II I I (spaced thus)

XV

Vatican 4oo6

II

Vatican 4011 Vatican 4005

v

II I III

VI

X

VII VIII

II XX

X

XXXII

XXI

v

II·

D.

y

B H

c

M· V· <%> Bird Bird and I Drawn bow Double comucopiae with arrow between Double comucopiac with sceptre between Crescent enclosing star Crescent enclosing star Crescent between two stars Cupid Head r. Helmet Knife Lituus Palm-branch with two wreaths Prow Shoe Stag's head Spear Winged spear Thyrsus Thyrsus tied with fillet Trident Wheel and two stars Wreath Sec Pl. LXX, 18

BM Amascno hoard

Vatican 3986

s N· M K Spear Two birds Spear BMCRR Rome 2395

Crescent Prow Star Com-ear Snake Palm-branch See Pl. LXX, 15 Sec PL LXX, t6 Hog Comucopiae Trident Rudder Two spears

Vatican 3978

Vatican 3979

See Pl. LXX, 17 BMCRR Rome 2399-2400 Shield Comb Hare Star Vatican 3981 Palm-branch tied with fillet Palm-branch Syrinx Glasgow

?

II

e

v

B B

XI

Copenhagen

San Giuliano hoard

358

TABLE XXVII Above

Below

A

III XXXXII III II

F K K• N: V1 V1 p Q p

Bologna Turin

I I Vatican 4001

XXXII I

E

v XXXI VIIII I· II II·

y

I

T

T· E

Glasgow Vatican 3992

Pontecorvo hoard

XII

Caduceus

CII

ex

Lizard Snake on staff

Antelope's head Arrow

II v

Arrow Arrow

CXI

XI

Two arrows Ass Bucranium Winged caduceus Qub Column Comucopiae Crescent enclosing star ·

Ear Fly Palm-branch Palm-branch with wreath Two poppy-heads Snake on staff Strigil and oil-jar on ring Thunderbolt Torch Trident tied with fillet Wing Wing Wing Wreath Wreath See Pl. LXX, 19 See Pl. LXX, 20 B

(cont.)

Glasgow

Pontecorvo hoard

XXXI v

Turin,

cxx v CXXI

BM

Simboli, 620

XV c XX v XII

San Giuliano hoard

I XV III I

Vatican 3999 Athens

XXI III ex II III v

BM

Turin, Simboli, 672 BMCRR Rome 2407 Turin, Simboli, 381

XI XV II IIII II

Copenhagen BMCRR Rome 2408

VIII Strigil

359

TABLE XXVII Above

Belew

Leaf

R p

Winged spear Strigil

(cont.)

A

Control-marks on obverse and reverse:

Obverse

Reverse (above)

Reverse

Ionl. Star on r. Lyre on 1. I below

II·

I E· Palm-branch

A on

F· Cupid F Fly Wing

r.

Wedge on 1.

(below)

Avetrana hoard

XXXXII I v

All these reverse control-marks occur on denarii without obverse control-marks, except for F·fE· There are three reverse dies known to me without control-mark. Control-marks listed

2c

are

attested in Paris unless otherwise stated.

Denarius

Vatican 3973

Similar. Obverse dies

Similar, but no control-mark.

(all varieties): (90).

Reverse dies

3 As (Pl. XLV)

BMCRR Rome

heads of Numa Pompilius, bearded, and Ancus Marcius, not bearded, r.; on either side, upwards, legend.

Jugate

(all varieties):

100. 2419; Milan 1321

Two arches; beneath I. arch, spiral column bearing statue of Victory; protruding from r. arch, prow; sometimes above prow, crescent; above arches, C C EN SO; below arches, ·

Specimens in Paris: 20.

ROMA.

The following obverse legends occur: NVMA roMrl Ll ANCVS AA--CI (BMCRR Rome 2419), ]ANCV AA--CI (Turin, F3326), )rMILI ANCVS /\�CI (Paris, A 12396), ]rOMrlll [ANJCVS MARCI (Berlin), NVMAE roMriLI ANCI MARCI (Paris, AF), NVM k rOM r I LI[ (Bf. i, t8o, no. 1c).

BMCRR Rome

48As Similar.

2415; Paris, AF

Two ships crossing; behind, spiral column bearing statue of Victory; above, C C ENS0 ·

ROMA

or, C.CENSO

ROM.

Paris, A 12415; Naples, F 1981

4b As Similar.

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 12.

Similar, but

above, C · M-_ C I;

below, ROMA.

The following obverse legends occur: NVMA roMriLI ANCVS Rome 2415), NVMAE rOM riLl ANCI MARCI (Paris, A 12415).

36o

sometimes

CENSO

M-_ Cl (BMCRR

5 Semis

Rome, Capitol 2139; Depoletti 2930

Laureate head of Saturn r.;

behind, S.

Specimens in Pars i : 3·

Prow

r.;

above,

C·CENSORIN.

C.CENSORI

or

For the control-marks on 1a-i seeM. H. Crawford, NC 1971, 143; for the control

marks attested on 2a-b see Table XXVII on pp. 358-6o; no combination of reverse control-marks on 2a-b has more than one die and no obverse control-mark on 2a-b has more than one die. The moneyer is the Marian C. Marcius Censorinus, who died as Leg. 82,

in

the

course of the final struggle against Sulla. The obverse type of 1 and of 3-4 records the descent of the gens Marcia from Ancus Marcius (Plutarch, Cor. 1; Suetonius, Caes. 6; Ovid, Fasti vi, 801-3) and

hence also from his grandfather Numa Pompilius, a piece of genealogical fiction presumably invented later than the coinages of earlier members of the gens Marcia (nos. 259 and 293). The reverse type of 1 and both types of 2 (the latter copied from no. 340/1) allude to the Ludi Apollinares, founded with the encouragement of the seer Marcius (Livy xxv, 12, 15; Macr., Sat. i, 17, 25-7; Festus 438L; contra T. J. Luce, AJA 1968, 29-30, who ignores the bridle on the horse). The reverse types of 3-4 portray different aspects of the harbour of Ostia, reputedly founded by Ancus Marcius (R. Meiggs, Ostia, 16-20; A. Alfoldi, Early Rome, 290 n.4; Livy i, 33, 9 with commentary of R. M. Ogilvie). The arches which appear on 3, within one of which is a ship, are clearly ship-sheds (E. Assmann, JDAI 1889, 100, not refuted by A. Alfoldi, Numismatica 1964, 101), the column bearing a statue of Victory, which appears also on 4, is a monument standing nearby; it perhaps commemorates the victory near Ostia of C. Mardus Rutilus, Diet. 356; the date of its erection and the precise nature of its decoration (appearing as a series of dots on the coins) are of course uncertain (compare on no. 363). The view that the reverse

types of 3-4 commemorate the (unattested) participation of C. Censorinus Marian sack of Ostia in 87 is excluded by the date of the issue and

is

in

the

in any case

wholly implausible (contra R. Bartoccini, Rass. Num. 1913, 97; A. Alfoldi, Numis matica 1964,

99).

347 M.FONTEIUS

Mint-Rome

?before 87 B.C.

RE Fonteius 12. See above, p. 78.

The Pr. ?75 and client of Cicero, M. Fonteius, seems to have been moneyer at some stage before his quaestorship in 84 (Cicero, Font. 5; the argument to the contrary in D-G v, 351 does not bear examination). If he is the brother of no. 353, he is hardly to be assigned to the same year; there is no room for him in 86 or 87. None of his coins, if he struck any, survive.

348 L.RVBRI DOSSENI

Mint-Rome

87 B.C.

B. Rubria 1� and 8;Bf. i, 229; ii, 72; iii, 91; W. 5�1; S. 705-710 and 711a; RE Rubrius 17. See above, pp. 78f., below, no. 217*. 1

BMCRR Rome 2448

Denarius (Pl. XLV)

Laureate head of Jupiter r. with sceptre over shoulder; below, DOSSEN. Border of dots.

Triumphal quadriga (side-panel decorated with thunderbolt) r.; above, Victory with wreath; in exergue, L RVBR f. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [208]. ·

Obverse dies: [187].

BMCRR Rome 2452

2 Denarius (Pl. XLV) Head of Juno r., wearing diadem and veil and with sceptre over shoulder; behind, DOS downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [90].

Similar, but side-panel of quadriga decorated with eagle on thunderbolt. Reverse dies: [too]. BMCRR Rome 2455; Alife hoard 53

3 Denarius (Pl. XLV) Helmeted bust of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet), wearing aegis; behind, D0 S down wards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [67].

Similar, but above, Victory with outspread wings in biga.

Reverse dies: [73].

4 Qumarius (Pl. XLVI)

BMCRR Rome 2459

Laureate head of Neptune r. with trident over shoulder; behind, D0 SSEN downwards. Border of dots.

Victory standing r., holding wreath and palm branch in L hand and raising r. hand; before,

garlanded altar with snake coiled round top; behind, L · RVB R I downwards. Border of

Obverse dies: [zoo].

dots. Reverse dies: [222].

5 Aa (Pl. XLVI)

Copenhagen; BMCRR Rome 2461; Copen

Laureate head of Janus; in centre, altar as On 4.

Prow r.; above,

hagen; Hannover 2582

Specimens in Paris: 21.

L · RVB R I; before, f. DOSSEN I (or DOSSEN or DOSSE or DOSS f).

6 Aa (Pl. XLVI)

BM;BM

Janiform heads of Hercules and Mercury; on 1., club; on r., caduceus.

Prow r., protruding from behind small shrine; in shrine, altar as on 4; below, L·RVBRI; on 1., DOSSEN or DOSSE downwards.

Specimens in Paris: 6. 7 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind,§.

Rome, Capitol 2594 (unique) Prow r.; above, L· RVBR.

The moneyer is a L. Rubrius Dossenus, not otherwise certainly attested (T. P. Wiseman, New men, 257). The traditional description of the vehicles which form the reverse types of 1-3 as tensae, can

used in the processions at the Ludi Circenses to carry the sacra of the gods,

hardly be right (contra C. Cavedoni, Saggio, 63-4; B. Borghesi, (Euwes ii,

362

26o-2; C. Cavedoni, Annali 1849, 205; Th. Mommsen, RMw, 6o4 n.405. Babelon and H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 311 n.2 are hopdessly confused). There is no trace of the patrimi et matrimi, who hdd the reins of the tensae and formed a distinctive feature of the processions in which the tensae were involved, and it is in any case unclear why L. Rubrius Dossenus should wish to portray the Ludi Circenses. The Lex Rubria (Sherk 16, line 12 with G. Tibiletti, Athenaeum 1953, 5); cited by Cavedoni and given a religious content, is of no relevance. The substitution of an eagle on a thunderbolt for a simple thunderbolt as the decoration of the vehicles

on

2-3, where Jupiter does not figure on the obverses,

surely serves to link the vehicles firmly with Jupiter; the presence in each case of a figure of Victory seems to make it clear that the vehicles are triumphal quadrigas. As on later aurei of Octavian (BMCRR Rome 4321-2

=

BMCRE Augustus 590-1;

RIC Augustus 30; M. Bahrfddt, Goldmiinzenpriigung, pl. 10, 16-18), the quadrigas are empty because the types are intended to allude to a hoped-for, not to an actual triumph; the association of such types with the representations of the Capito line triad, the supreme deities of the Roman state and sometimes known as summi imperatores (ILLRP 192 with commentary),

is

highly appropriate to 87

with its desperate fight against Marius and his followers. The association

on

4

of Victory and Neptune perhaps alludes to hoped-for success by sea as well as by land. There is also present on 4-6 an allusion to Aesculapius (identified by C. Cavedoni, Bullettino 1858, 174; the denial that the allusion is present on 6, G. Fuchs, Architek turdarstellungen, 15-17, is ·based on a false description of the coin, see Pl. XLVI and H. Willers, Kupferpriigung, pl. 7, 3); the allusion is righdy explained by H. Zeh nacker (Hommages Bayet, 739) by reference to the plague which broke out during 87 and devastated the armies opposed to Marius (T. P. Wiseman, JRS 1969, 74 n. 129). Hercules and Mercury, gods of the palaestra, are present on 6 as an artistic variation on the normal Janus head (see Cicero, ad Att. i, 10, 3). 349

Mint-Rome

L.C.MEMIES L.F GAL

87 B.C.

B. Memmia 8; Bf. i, 185; ii, 62; iii, 76; S. 712; RE Memmius 14 and 6. See above, pp. 78f. BMCRR Rome 2421

t Denarius (Pl. XLVI) Laureate head of Saturn 1.; behind, harpa; below, EX·S·C; before, control-mark. Bor

Venus in biga r., holding sceptre and reins

der of dots.

in 1. hand and reins in r. hand; above, flying Cupid with wreath; in exergue, L·C· MEM I ES ·L·F. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [132].

Reverse dies: (147].

GAL

The harpa is missing on the obverse die with the control-mark The legend on one reverse die is L · C · M I M IES· L · F (Hersh 27).

GAL

363

·9

(Rome, Capitol 2190).

The control-marks are the letters of the Latin alphabet, almost invariably reversed (for an exception see BMCRR Rome 2424), alone or accompanied by up to seven dots; no control-mark has more than one die. The moneyers are presumably the

sons

of L. Memmius Gal. (no. 313), but are

not otherwise known; for the types see on no. 313. For the letters EX· S· C

seeP· 6o6.

3SOA

Mint-Rome

GAR, OGVL, VER

86 B.C.

B. Gargilia 1-5 and 7-12; Ogulnia 1-3 and 5-12; Vergilia 1 and 3-1.2; B. i, p. 77, no. 226; Bf. i, 1.26; ii, 45; W. 73-78; S. 721-721d and 722-723; RE Gargonius 4; Ogulnius 1; Vergilius 1 and

4· See above, pp. 78f.

BMCRR Rome 26o6

ta Denarius Head of Apollo r., wearing oak-wreath;1 below, thunderbolt. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins in I. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; above, control-mark; below, GAR; in exergue,

0 G V. \[ R. Border of dots. ·

BMCRR Rome 26o8

tb Denarius Similar, but in exergue,

Similar. u:

\£ R·OG\l. BMCRR Rome 2611

Denarius

Similar,

Similar.

but

GAR·\ER. On two reverse dies

with G

and M

the second name reads

below,

OGV.; in exergue ,

GA (see Table xxvm below). Paris, A 13331

td Denarius

Similar, but

Similar. TABLE XXVIII.

in

exergue,

\£ R·GAR.

Control-marks on denarii of Gargonius, etc.

On 1a:

A

M N

B c

0

D

P

E F G

BM

H

BMCRR Rome 26o6

T

I

Brindisi

v X

K L

Illinois

Paris, A 9970

Q R s BMCRR Rome 26o7

1 The head of Apollo is basically the same as that on nos. 361 and 363, with an oak-wreath instead of a laurel-wreath (for. which compare no. 304) and with the addition of a thunderbolt, for which compare nos. 353 and 354 and see on no. 298; I have no doubt that the oak-wreath was intended throughout on this issue and that nondescript wreaths which resemble laurel-wreaths resulted from careless

engraving.

TABLE XXVIII

(cont.)

On tb: A B

c D E

BMCRR Rome 2608 Hannover 2623

0 p

BMCRR Rome 2610

Q

F G

R s

H I K L

M N

T BMCRR Rome 26o9

v X

/)...

Paris, AF

A

M

Paris, A 13313

B

N

On 1c:

c D E F G

Schwing 302

0 p

Turin, F 3972 bis

Q

BMCRR Rome 2613

R Turin, F 3972

s

I K

Hess-Leu 41, 30

T v X

L

BMCRR Rome 2611

H

BMCRR Rome 2614 Paris, A 13314

On 1d: A B

M N

c D E

0 p

Paris, A 13331

Q

F G

R s

H

T

I K

v X

L

On 1e: A B

c D E

BMCRR Rome 2415 BMCRR Rome 2616 BMCRR Rome 2617

F G H

Paris, A t6o7o BM

I K

Paris, A 16o71

L

Ars Classica viii 358

M N

0 p Q R s

BMCRR Rome 2618 BMCRR Rome 2619

BMCRR Rome 26201 BMCRR Rome 2621

T v X

Berlin

1 There is a denarius of te in Copenhagen from a different reverse die, with the letter R present as a result of alteration in modem times.

te Denarius (Pl. XLVI)

BMCRR Rome 2615

\ER; GAR·OGV.. Reverse dies (all varieties): 33· Similar,

Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): (30).

but

below,

2 Denarius (Pl. XLVI)

Similar, but no control-mark or legend. Reverse dies: [507].

38 As (Pl. XLVI)

BM; Paris, A 9972; A 9980

I.

Prow I.; above, GA·OGV.·\ER; before or below, control-mark.

3b As

above,

Paris, A 9989; A 9988; A 9992 Similar, but

Similar.

3C As

GA·\E.R·OGV..

BMCRR Rome 2628; Rome 2627 Similar, but 0 GV. ·G A· \ER; before, control-mark.

Similar.

3d

exergue,

BMCRR Rome 2622

Similar. Obverse dies: [456].

Laureate head of Janus; above,

in

As

above

or

BMCRR Rome 2630; Rome 2632; Rome 2629 Similar, but 0 G V. \E R or below, control-mark.

Similar.

·

3C As

·

GA; above, before

Paris, A t6o8o; A.t6o75; A t6o83

Similar.

Similar, but

3f As

\ER·GA·OGV.. Paris, A t6o96; A t6o84

Similar, but \ER·OG V. before, control-mark.

Similar.

·GA;

above or

Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 94·

The control-marks on 1a-e are the letters of the Latin alphabet, except that on 1 b the Greek A appears as well as the Latin A; within each variety no control-letter has more than one die; for the control-letters attested see Table XXVIII on pp. 364-5. The control-marks on 3a-f are the letters of the Latin alphabet (always present in theory, sometimes off the flan); within each variety each control-letter may have several dies, as Paris, A9974 and 9977, both with D before. On both 1a-e and 3a-f the forms of the letters A and G vary widely.

__..--

Gar is surely the orator C. Gargonius of Cicero, Brutus 180, Ver is probably M. Vergilius (or M. Verginius), Tr. Pl. 87 (the order of his holding the offices of Tribune and moneyer is no obstacle); Ogul(nius) is not otherwise known, although

his association with Vergilius is perhaps reflected in a later inscription (ILLRP 807 with T. P. Wiseman, NC 1964, 157). On Gargonius see R. Syme, Historia

1964, 117. For the types see p. 715 n.

2.

3SOB ANONYMOUS M. Bahrfeldt,

Mint-Rome

BliitUT fiir Miinzfreunde 1924-26, 65; S. 6798-679C- See above, p. 78. BMCRR Rome 2205; Hannover 2671 S.

t Semis

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Obverse dies: 9 + . i'a

86B.C.

S or 2.

Prow l.; above, ROMA; before, Reverse dies: 9 + .

BMCRR Rome 2207

Triens

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind,

�·

Similar; before,

J.

zb Triens

Similar, but 2c

oooo

Similar.

above.

Paris, A 1ooo6

Triens

Similar.

Similar, but no mark of value. Obverse dies (all varieties): [5].

Reverse dies

(all varieties): [5). BMCRR Rome 2213

3a Quad.rans

Head of Hercules r.; behind,

g.

Similar; before,

g. Paris, A 10021

3b Quadrans Similar, but

o�

Similar.

behind.

Paris, A 10011

3C Quadrans (Pl. XLVI) •

Similar to 3a.

Similar, but

o� before. Paris, A 10010

3d Quadrans

Similar to 3a, but R0 M above. Reverse dies (all varieties): [15].

Similar to 3a. Obverse dies (all varieties): [15).

Mint-Rome

3St M.FAN, L.CRIT AED.PL

86 B.C.

B. Critonia t; Fannia4; Bf. i, 115; iii, 43; S. 717-717a; RE Critonius 2; Fannius 15. See above, p. 78, below, no. 218*. 1

BMCRR Rome 24 63; Rome 2465;

Denarius (Pl. XLVI)

Villa

Potenza hoard Bust of Ceres r., draped; behind, downwards. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [22].

AED·PL

Two male figures seated on bench (subsellium) side by side; on 1., P·A; on r., com-ear; in exergue, M·FAN·L·C Rt or M·FAN· L CRT or M ·FAN·L C R I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [24].

·

·

The corn-ear is missing on one reverse die (Prowe- cited by Bahrfeldt).

Of the two Aediles, L. Critonius is otherwise unknown, M. Fannius re-appears as Pr. So. Both obverse and reverse types allude to their functions in connection with com-distributions (for the suhsellium, on which Plebeian Aediles sat before their status was assimilated to that of Curule Aediles by Sulla, see L. R. Taylor, AJP 1939, 197-9). For the letters r ·A see p. 6o5.

352 L.IVLI BVRSIO B. Julia 5-?i Bf. iii, 54;

MiDt-Rome

S. 728-730; RE Iulius

126.

See above, pp. 78f. BMCRR Rome

Denarius (Pl. XLVI)

18

Male

head

r., with attributes of Apollo,

Mercury and Neptune; mark. Border of dots.

8s B.C.

behind,

control

and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, B V RS I 0. Border of dots.

BMCRR

tb Denarius (Pl. XLVI) Similar, but

Similar.

in

exergue,

Similar.

Similar to

Obverse dies (all varieties): [427].

Reverse dies (all varieties): [474].

ta,

L ·IV Ll·

Rome 26oo

EX·A·P. BMCRR

tc: Denarius (PL XLVI)

2 Quinarius or sestertius Similar, but attribute of Neptune

2485

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in 1. hand

Rome 2508

but in field, control-mark.

Paris, A 10778 (unique) (trident)

missing; no control-mark.

Cupid breaking thunderbolt over knee. Border of dots.

The control-marks on the obverse of 1a-c are a series of symbols ;1 each control

symbol may have several dies, but such dies succeed each other and are not in use simultaneously; the third die with an

ear

as symbol bears also the numeral III

(Paris, A 1o6o3). The mint therefore presumably worked through such symbols as

came to mind, then took to replacing a die with a particular symbof with another die with the same symbol, when it became clear that the issue was likely to need more dies than there were symbols available.

All the obverse dies used for 1b were also used for 1a; 1b is thus effectively part of

u,

the earliest part of the issue; for the significance of the letters EX· A· r in these

circumstances, see p. 6o5. After an initial period without control-marks on the re�rse, they were adopted here too; they (and hence also the issue as a whole) form a single sequence: Single letter above, alone or accompanied by one or two dots, on I. or r. Letter and vowel above (first noted by B. Borghesi, Oeuvres i, 317) Single letter below

Letter and vowel below Numeral, I-XII, below

Numeral, XIII-CCVIII, above No control-numeral has more than one die; during its life this die may be combined

with any obverse die in use. For control-symbols attested and for details of the system see M. H. Crawford and P. de Ruyter, The control-marks of L. Julius Bursio, forthcoming. The moneyer.is a L. Iulius Bursio, not otherwise known.

1 A numeral is occasionally substituted and one die, by an engraver's error, bears no control-mark.

•

The obverse type has no connection with the supposed Thracian king, Bursaeus

(contra

Ace. Torni o

C. Cavedoni, Mem.

xxxix, 1836, 149; see Roscher i, 2859; iii,

1030); it may, however, be explained by the connection attested between Neptune, Apollo and Mercury on the one hand and the Penates on the other (Servius on

Vergil,Aen. i,378; ii, 325; iii, 119; Arnobius iii,4o; Macrobius,Sat. iii,4,6; Servius on Vergil, Aen. ii, 296). In connection with the reverse type of 2, note that the blazon of Alcibiades was an �Epws KEpavvOqx>pos (Plutarch, Ale. 16; Athenaeus xii, 534e). 353 MN.FONTEI C.F

Mint-Rome

85 B.C.

B. Fonteia !r12 and 14; Bf. i, 118; ii, 44; iii, so; W. 72; S. 724-725 and 726; RE Fonteius 9· See above, pp. 78f., below, no. 219*. ta

Denarius (Pl. XLVI)

BMCRR Rome 2476

Laureate head of Apollo r.; below, thunder bolt; behind, f\N F 0 t\r E I C F downwards; ·

before,

l.

·

·

Cupid on goat r.; above, pilei; in exergue, thyrsus; around, laurel-wreath. Border of dots.

upwards. Border of dots.

tb Denarius

Cosa hoard

Similar, but behind, wards; before,

C F

tc Denarius Similar, but no

·

·

A

f\N ·FOt\r E I

down

Similar.

upwards. BMCRR Rome 2478

'

A.

Similar.

td Denarius (Pl. XLVI)

BMCRR Rome 2481 Similar, but pilei on either side of goat. Reverse dies (all varieties): [229].

Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): [2o6]. 2 Denarius (Pl. XLVI) Similar, but legend

EX· A

BMCRR Rome 2483 ·

r, behind down-

wards. Obverse dies: [ < 10]. 3 Aa

Similar. Reverse dies: [ < 11).

(Pl. XLVI)

BMCRR Rome 2484

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prowl.; above, pilei and

f\N ·FOI\r.

Specimens in Paris: 3·

The moneyer is perhaps the brother of the moneyer M. Fonteius (no. 347) and not inconceivably the Tr. Mil. portrayed on no. 429/1 (RE Fonteius to); for the family in the previous generation, see on no. 290. The head of Apollo is basically the same as that

on

nos. 361 and 363, with the

addition of a thunderbolt, for which compare nos. 350A and 354 and see on no. 298; the monogram

!>.. should be regarded as standing for Ap(ollo) - it can hardly stand

for A(rgento) P(ublico) and bears no resemblance to the monogram RA, which does stand for R(om)a on the nearly contemporary issue of L. Piso L.f.L.n. Frugi (no. 340/1). The reverse type of the denarius is Dionysiac (A. B. Cook, Zeus i, 713

369

nn.2-3; A. Alfc>ldi, Chiron 1972, 226 n.so; §. .. L. Canina, Descrizione di Tuscolo, pl. xxxvili, 11-12); the caps of the Dioscuri recall the Tusculan origin of the Fonteii (see on no. 290). For the letters EX·A·P seep. 6o5. Mint-Rome

3S4 C.LICINIVS L.F MACER

84 B.C.

B. Licinia 16-17; A. ii, 535 = B. Cornelia 45; Bf. i, 95 and 168; ii, 39 and 58; iii, 42 and 68; W. 7�81; S. 732""'734; RE Licinius 112. See above, pp. 78f.

BMCRR Rome 2467

1 Denarius (Pl. XLVI)

Border of dots.

Minerva n quadriga r., holding shield and reins in 1. hand and spear in r. hand; in exergue, C ·LIC IN I VS· L·F. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [250].

Reverse dies: [278].

Bust of Apollo seen from behind, with head turned to 1. and with thunderbolt in r. hand.

i

MACER

�

BMCRR Rome 2470

As (Pl. XLVI)

Laureate head of Janus; above, I; on 1., C. L I C IN I· L ·F upwards. Obverse dies : 2.

Prow r.; above, male figure holding staff between EX S·C, and MACER. Reverse dies: 2.

Gotha (W., pl. viii, 9)

3• As

Similar, but no MACER.

Similar, but no legend. 3b

BMCRR Rome 2471

As

Similar, but prow inscribed with control

Similar. Specimens in Paris

mark.

(both varieties): 13.

The control-marks on 3b are the letters of the Latin alphabet; no control-letter has more than one die. The moneyer is to be identified with the historian, C. Licinius Macer, Pr. ?68 (on whom seeR. M. Ogilvie, Commentary, 7-12; the numismatic arguments adduced there should not be credited, seep. 731). The obverse type of 1 is derived from that of no. 298/1 (seecommentary thereon). For the letters EX· S · C seep. 6o6.

3SS C.CASSIVS, L.SALINAT

Mint-Rome

84 B.C.

B. Cassia 5; Julia 8; Bf. i, 78; ii, 33; iii, 36; W. 82-91; S. 731""'731d; RE Cassius 58; Julius 453·

See above, pp. 78f.

,. As Laureate head of Janus; above, crescent.

Copenhagen; Paris, A 13409 Prow r., inscribed D·S·S; above,

C·CASS IVS or C.CAS$ IVS. L·SALINA L·SALINA

tb As Similar.

Tolstoi 465 Similar, but C·CASSIV.

L·SALINA

370

=

Berlin 133/1912

lC As

Paris, AF; A

13421

Similar, but C·CASSI or C·CASSI.

Similar.

L·SAL I

L·SALIN sd As

Rome, Capitol 1396; BMCRR Rome 2473 Similar, but C·ASSI

Similar.

C.CASI. L·SALIN

or

l·SALIN

le As (Pl. XLVII)

Turin, F 3989; Bf. iii , 36 Similar, but l·SALINA or l·SALINA.

Similar.

C.CASS IVS sf As

C.CASS I

Paris, AF; Paris, A 7153 Similar, but L·SALIN

Similar.

l·SALIN. C.CASS I

or

C.CASS IVS lg As

Paris, A 7152 Similar, but l·SALI.

Similar.

C·CASSI sh

As

BMCRR Rome 2475 Similar, but L·ALIN.

Similar.

C·C·ASSI Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 24·

C. Cassius is presumably C. Cassius Longinus, Cos. 73, L. (Livius - C. Cichorius, RS, 256) Salinator reappears as Legate of Sertorius in 81. For the letters D· S· S see p. 6o6. 356

P.FOVRIVS CRASSIPES AED.CVR

Mint-Rome

84 B.C.

B. Furia 19-20; Bf. iii, 51; S. 735-735b; RE Furius 57· See above, p. 79· sa

Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

BMCRR Rome 26o4; Vatican 2869

Head of Cybele r., wearing turreted crown; behind, AED·CVR or C\R. downwards and deformed foot upwards. Border of dots. sb

Paris, A 9921

BMCRR Rome 26o5 Similar to 1a. Vatican 2875

Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): [130].

in

Similar, but CRASSVPES.

Denarius

Similar to tb, but foot downwards. sd

chair

Denarius

Similar, but AED·CVR. sc

inscribed P· F0 V R I VS; exergue, C RASS I PES. Border of dots. Curule

Similar to 1b. Reverse dies (all varieties):

[144].

Neither P. Furius Crassipes nor his curule aedileship, to which the obverse and reverse types both refer (the head of Cybele recalling the Ludi Megalenses, Th. Mommsen, RMw, 6o8 n.417), are otherwise attested. The foot on the obverse is an allusion to the cognomen Crassipes. 371

357

C.NORBANVS

Mint-Rome

83 B.C.

B. Norbana 1-2; S. 739-740; RE Norbanus 6 and 9a. See above, p. 79· BMCRR Ro�e 2827

ta Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; behind, control-mark; below, C·NO RBANVS. Border of dots.

Prow-stem, fasces with axe, caduceus and com-ear. Border of dots.

tb Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

BMCRR Rome 2770

Similar.

Com-ear, fasces with Border of dots. Reverse dies: [173].

Obverse dies (ta-b): [156].

axe

and

caduceus.

The control-marks on 1a are the Roman numerals from I to XXVI, on 1 b the Roman numerals from I to CCXXVIIII; within each variety no control-numeral has more than one die. The moneyer is to be regarded as the son of C. Norbanus, Cos. 83, and as himself the Praetor of 43 (no. 491) and the Consul of 38 (T. P. Wiseman, NC 1964, 158). The symbols forming the reverse typ�e symbols of imperium (in the case of 1a on sea as well as on land) and felicitas, appropriate enough on a Marian issue of this date. For the head of Venus forming the obverse type, compare nos. 359 and 382; the type is perhaps best viewed as a personal choice of the moneyer, but see p. 732.

358 F.

LATERENS

Mint-Rome

83B.C.

Gnecchi, RIN 1903, 383; Bf. iii, 64; not in RE. See above, p. 79·

t Denarius serratus (Pl. XLvn)

Berlin

Head of Jupiter r.; behind, S·C downwards; below, control-letter, B. Laurel-wreath bor der. Obverse dies: 1.

Triumpharor in quadriga 1., holding palm

branch in r. hand and trophy and reins in 1. hand; in exergue, ] Lf!C. R EN 5.1 Bead-and-reel border. Reverse dies: 1.

The coin provides no evidence for the moneyer's praenomen; he may be identified with the father of M. Iuventius Laterensis, Pr. 51, who like his son achieved curule office (Cicero, Plane. 51); note also the Praetor Mn. Iuventius L.£ Laterensis discussed by R. Syme, Historia 1955, 63- he and the moneyer are perhaps identical. The symbolism of the issue is similar to that on no. 357 (see also p. 732). For the letters S · C see p. 6o6. Not ]ft. RENS, as G. Perl, Klw 1971, 371-3. 1

372

359 L.SVLLA IMPER. ITERVM

Mint-moving with Sulla

84-83 B.C.

B. Cornelia 28-30; Bf. i, 93; ii, 38; Bf., Go/dmiJnzenpriigung, 11; S. 76o-76ta; RE Cornelius 392. See above, p. So, below, no. 220*. t

Aureus (Pl. XLVII)

BMCRR East 1; East 2 Two trophies; between, jug and lituus; above, IMPER; below, ITERVM or ITERV.

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; on r., Cupid holding palm-branch; below, L $V L LA. Border of dots.

Border of dots. Reverse dies : 6.

·

Obverse dies: 6. 2

Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

BMCRR East 3; East 4

Similar.

Similar. Reverse dies: [36].

Obverse dies: [32].

The head of Venus presumably owes its presence here to the position of Venus as Sulla's patron deity,1 responsible for his success (S. Weinstock, JRS 1955, 187 reviewing H. Erkell, Augustus, Felicitas, Fortuna; RE villA, 2488-9); note his dedications to her at Aphrodisias (Appian, BC i, 453-5) and after Chaeronea (Plutarch, Sull. 19) and the association, attested by the Fasti Amiternini and the Fasti Arvalium (GIL, i1, pp. 245 and 214), of Fausta Felicitas and Venus Victrix (in this connection note the palm-branch in the hand of Cupid). The coins provide considerable evidence for attention to Venus on the part of Sulla and his family and associates (see nos. 205/2-6, 382 (struck in 79) and 426, as well as this issue; nos. 375 and 376 cannot be used in evidence, since they are anonymous and are attributed to Sulla on the basis of their types). In these circumstances, it

is

hard to avoid

relating the name 'Etracpp6StTOS to the link between Sulla and Venus, even if it is true that it was originally attached to Sulla merely because, as a Roman, he was held to be descended from Aeneas (so J. P. V. D. Balsdon, JRS 1951, 8-9). The name in any case means more than just venustus (contra H. Erkell, 81-4). The two trophies with lituus and jug between them form, I believe, a type personal to Sulla (so righdy B. Frier, Arethusa 1969, 187-8). The two trophies (with which the iterated tide of Imperator need have no connection) are presumably those erected after Chaeronea; they made a deep impression on antiquity (Plutarch, Sull. 19; defort. Rom. 318c-d; Pausanias ix, 40, 7) and probably figured on Sulla's signet ring (Dio xlii, 18, 3

is

doubdess careless in asserting that this bore three trophies,

rather than that it bore trophies); two trophies had appeared earlier on the third issue of Sullan tetradrachms in Greece (M. Thompson, New style coinage, nos. 1341-5); note also the palm-branch with

two

wreaths in the beak of the eagle on

the (?Sullan) triumphal relief from the Via del Mare (M. E. Bertoldi, Quaderni lnst. Top. Ant. v, 1968, 39-53 with fig. 3).

The jug and lituus, normally symbols of the augurate, are more puzzling. The most probable view on the basis of the literary and epigraphical evidence is that 1

Who is not in any case Fortuna, see H. Erkell, Augustus, 79; S. Weinstock,JRS t9(St, 187, reviewing K. Lane, RRg; Fortuna is not the same

as

felicitas.

373

Sulla was not Augur in 84-83 (B. Frier, ANSMusN 1967, 111; E. Badian, Arethusa 1968, 26; B. Frier, Arethusa 1969, 187; E. Badian, Arethusa 1969, 199); but he was certainly one at some stage (see the denarius of Q. Pompeius Rufus, no. 434/2, and Suetonius, Gramm. 12; the de�arii of Faustus Sulla are equivocal, see on no. 426) and the coin evidence half-suggests that he was one in 88 (the denarius of Q. Pompeius Rufus links the augurate with the consulship of that year). On balance,

I incline to the view that Sulla became Augur only in 82, dispossessing L. Scipio Asiaticus. As for the jug and lituus on this issue, although they could theoretically allude to the augurate of an ancestor of Sulla, it seems to me more satisfactory to hold that they were regarded by Sulla as symbolising a claim to imperium; it was apparendy_necessary (Cicero, ad Att. iv, 17, 2; cf. ii, 7, 2; 12, 2) for Augurs to be present to attest the passing of the Lex Curiata conferring a magistrate's powers on

him (on which see A. Magdelain, Imperium, 17-18; Livy xli, 18, 8 is not relevant); Sulla's Lex Curiata presumably lapsed when he was declared a hostis (Appian, BC i, 340) and he could reasonably attach some importance to the claim that his de claration as a hostis was invalid and his Lex Curiata consequendy still valid. For Sulla's titulature compare ILLRP 224; a victory in Cilicia and the victory at Chaeronea in 86 seem to me the most likely occasions for the two salutations.

Mint-Rome

36o P.CREPVSI, C.LIMETAN and

82 B.C.

L.CENSORIN

B. Crepusia 2-3; Mamilia 7-9; Marcia 25-27; Bf. i, 181; S. 736-736a. See above, p. 79, below, no. 278*. ta

BMCRR Rome 2634; Paris, A 8685

Denarius

Bust of Venus r., draped and wearing diadem and veil; behind, L·CENSORIN down wards. Border of dots.

tb Denarius

(Pl. XLVII)

Similar. Obverse

Venus in biga r., holding reins in r. hand and goad and reins in 1. hand; above, control mark; below, r-CREPVS; in exergue, C-LIMET AN; or, below, P·CREPVS I; in exergue, C·LIME TA. Border of dots.

dies (both varieties): [56].

Paris, A 8687; BMCRR Rome 2636 Similar, but below, C · Ll ME A; in exergue, P·CREPVSI. Reverse dies (both varieties): (62].

The control-marks on 1a are II (BMCRR Rome 2634) and 1111 (Paris, A8685), on 1b they are III (Paris, A8687) and VIII onwards. No control-mark has more than one die. There is one obverse die with the legend L· CENSOR, combined with each of the two reverse dies of 1a (Paris, A8682-3 and Paris, AF) and with one reverse die of 1b (Paris, A8691, control-mark XIIII); there are two obverse dies with the legend L· CENSOR I, the first combined with one reverse die of 1b (Paris, AF; A8686, control-mark III), the second combined with two 374

reverse

dies of 1b (Paris,

A869o, control-mark XIII, and BMCRR Rome 2638; Paris, AF; A8693, control mark XXIII). For the moneyers concerned in this issue see on nos. 361-3; I do not believe that the Venus portrayed by them has anything to do with Sulla. 361 P.CREPVSI

Mint-Rome

bB.C.

B. Crepusia t; Bf. i, 99; S. 738-738a; C. A. Hersh, NC 1952, 52; RE Crepusius 1. See above, p. 79· Paris, A 8743

1a Denarius Laureate head (?Apollo) r.; behind, sceptre. Border of dots.

Horseman r., brandishing spear; in exergue, P C R E PVS I; behind, control-numeral. Border of dots. ·

BMCRR Rome 2669

1b Denarius Similar.

Similar, but before, control-letter. 1c

BMCRR Rome 2673

Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

Similar, but before, control-symbol; behind, control-letter. Obverse dies (all varieties): 283.

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): 296.

The control-numerals on the reverse of ta-c form a continuous sequence; no control numeral has more than one die. These control-numerals are combined in 1a with a single die bearing no control-mark, in 1b with dies bearing control-letters from the Latin alphabet, in tc with dies bearing control-symbols and control-letters from the Latin alphabet.1 The obverse dies in tc form a succession of groups; within each group the dies bear the same symbol and a different letter. For the spread of numerals covered by each group see Figure 3, p. 376 (from C. A. Hersh, NC 1952, 66).2 In 1b no control-letter has more than one die, in 1c no control-symbol+ control-letter has more than one die. The pieces in the Quadras y Ramon collection reported by Bahrfeldt are doubtless mis-read. The moneyer is a P. Crepusius, not otherwise known. For speculation on his origo seeR. Syme, Historia 1964, 115. 362 C.MAMIL LIMETANVS C.F

Mint-Rome

82B.C.

B. Mamilla 6; S. 741; RE Mamilius 8. See above, p. 79· 1 Denarius

serratus (Pl. XLVII)

BMCRR Rome 2717

Bust of Mercury r., draped and with caduceus over shoulder; behind, control-letter. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [too].

Ulysses standing r., holding staff in 1. band and extending r. band to dog, Ar�; on L, C.MAMIL downwards; on r., LIMEJ\N upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [111].

1 One die, by an engraver's error, bears only a symbol and no letter (BMCRR Rome 2666-7). 1 For four insignificant, abnormal combinations see C. A. Henh, NC 1952, 63.

375

o

25

so

75

1oo

us

150

175

2oo

Provisional range of 225

250

275

300

325

350

375

400

425

450

475

500

525

symbols 1

No symbol

6

67

Com-ear

33

to6

Grushoper

42

117

Grapes

82

135

Ivy-leaf

91

162

Feather

0 Flower (rose) tJj

� 0\

37 77

Thunderbolt

1 33

191

141

182

�Thynus �Bird (crow)

1 51

235

td Poppy-head

165

218

1:=' Li:u.rd

209

284

210

297

SCrescent en

I

� Bidens

=Human ear

1-

�Star Branch Staff with hook en

•

26 5

326

275

343

301

381

315

361

353

4o6

Camucopile

377

432

Altar

4 01

444

Turtle

407

470

Wing

430

523

Conch'. ahell

449

508

Palm-branch

477

519

o

·25

so

75

1 00

125

150

175

200

225

250

2 75

300

325

350

375

REVERSE DIE NUMBERS Fig. 3· Pattern of control-marks of P. Crepusius

(no.

361/1).

400

425

450

475

500

525

The only control-letters known on this issue (all attested in Paris) spell a version of the moneyer's name, C LIM EA (or TA)NVS C· F; naturally each control-letter has several dies. I no longer wish to maintain that the survival-rate for this issue is abnormally low (contra PBSR 1966, 21-2). The moneyer

is

presumably a son of C. Mamilius Limetanus, Tr. Pl. 109; it is

possible that the moneyer rather than his father is the C. Mamilius Limetanus who figures on a tabella defixionis from Caere (ILLRP 1148 with commentary); for the origin of the cognomen see T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP i, 546 and 547-8 n.2; ]. Heurgon, Latomus 196<>, 224 n. 3· The types allude to the moneyer's claim to descent from Tdegonus, son of Ulysses and Circe (see on no. 149), and hence from Mercury (Ovid, Met. xili, 146). I no longer believe that the types have any contemporary reference (contra NC 1964, 148 n.2; B. Kapossy, SM 1¢5, 78, is in error in supposing that Ulysses had any connection with Italy as a whole, rather than merdy with Latium, see E. Wiist,

RE xvii, 1992;

see

also on no. 363).

363 L.CENSOR B.

Miot-Rome

Marcia 24; Bf. ii, 6o; S. 737-737f; RE Marcius 47·

See above, p. 79·

BMCRR Rome

ta Denarius (PL nvn) Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind or before,

control-mark. Border of dots.

82 B.C.

266o

Marsyas, bald-headed,1 walking I., with r. ann raised and holding wine-skin over 1. shoulder;

behind, column bearing statue of Victory; downwards; on r., control-mark. Border of dots.

before, L·CENSOR

tb Denarius

See below Similar, but

Similar.

no control-mark.

tc Denarius

See below

Similar, but no control-mark. Obverse dies (1a-<): 21.

Similar to 1a. Reverse dies (1a-<): 17.

BMCRR Rome 2657

td Deuarius Similar. Obverse dies:

[c.

197].

Similar to tb. Reverse dies: [c. 228].

For the control-marks attested on 1a-c see Table

XXIX

on p. 378; no control-mark

has more than one die. I no longer wish to maintain that the survival-rate for this issue

is abnormally low (contra PBSR 1966, 21-2). The moneyer is presumably the father of L. Marcius Censorinus, Cos. 39; if the

moneyer was not proscribed, he may be identified with the Censorinus attested as Legate in 70. l

Not wearing a pikw (contra, for instance, A. Reinach,K/io 1915, 337; G. Tibiletti, Festschrift Betti iv,

353-4). 377

TABLE XXIX.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 11 10 12 13 6

Control-marks on denarii of L. Censorinus

Leaf 1. Palm-branch 1. Com-ear r. Lyre r.

No mark

Antr. Branch I.

Trident r. Crab I. Lotus r. Wreath 1. Antr. Fasces 1. Wreath 1. ? r. Shield 1. Branch l.

14 15 16

Wingr. ? r.

3 17 18 19

Com-ear r.

4 20

?

r.

Arrow r. r. ? Stork r. Lyre r. Flower

r.

/I /I /II /II

Paris, A 12430 Paris, A 12432 Paris, A 12440 Bonazzi 869

IV

{VI

Paris, A 12445 Haeberl i n 1511

=

/A

Haeberlin 1508

=

Berlin

/A /C

Haeberlin 1509

=

Berlin

Paris, A 12424

/C /D

Turin, Sop . 8843 Paris, A 12425

/D fE

Glasgow Paris, A 12431 Paris, A 12426 Vatican 4086

/F /F /K /L

/L /L fN /0 /0 /S

I I I

Berlin

Vatican 4089

Paris, A 12427 Paris, A 12437

Vatican 4088

Paris, A 12443 Hacberlin 1510 BM

�

Berlin

Paris, A 12444 Paris, A 12439 Paris, A 12441 Prix 173

The control-numerals and control-letters on the reverse are always on their sides. Naples, F 1995, published as a piece with palm-branch on the obverse and no control-mark on the reverse, is in fact a piece with palm-branch/1. Of the two pieces with aberrant combinations of control-marks published by Riccio, Cara/cgo, 137, that with wreath/1 is in fact a piece with wreath/F, that with

insect{X is

plated.

The reverse type probably portrays Marsyas merely in allusion to the moneyer's nomen (compare

no. 410, etc.). It seems to me impossibly far-fetched to suppose that

the type shows either sympathy with the claims of the Marsi to libertas (G. Tibiletti,

Festschrift Betti iv, 352, esp. 358 n. 37; B. Kapossy, SM 1965, 78) or even general acceptance of popularis ideology (my own earlier view, NC 1964, 148 n.2). The later use of Marsyas to symbolise a general claim to libertas (Servius on Vergil, Aen. iii, 20; iv, 58 with P. Veyne, Rev. Phil. 1961, 87) is irrelevant. For the statue of Victory compare no. 346/3-4·

Mint-Rome

364 Q.ANTO BALB PR

83-S.z B.C.

B. Antonia 1; S. 742-742b; RE Antonius 41. See above, p. 79, below, no. 91*. 1a Denarius serratus Laureate head of Jupiter r.; behind, downwards. Border of dots.

Vatican 639

S ·C

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins and palm-branch in 1. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, Q AT 0 B A. B. Border of dots. ·

·

PR

1b Denarius serratus

BMCRR Rome 2730

Similar, but below, control-mark.

Similar.

1c Denarius serratus

BMCRR Rome 2737

Similar, but before, control-mark.

Similar.

1d Denarius serratus (Pl. n.vn)

BMCRR Rome 2750

Similar, but no control-mark.

Similar, but below, control-mark. Tolstoi 240

1e Denarius serratus Similar to 1c. Obverse dies (all varieties): [340].

=

Berlin 125/1912

Similar to td. Reverse dies (all varieties): [378].

The control-marks on tb are the letters of the Latin alphabet, on tc the letters of the Latin alphabet, alone or accompanied by a dot, on td the letters of the Latin alphabet; within tb no control-mark has more than one die, within te-d each control-mark may have several dies, as may be documented from any large collec tion. The only attested control-marks on te on pure silver pieces are T on the ·

obverse, with one die, paired with Don the reverse, likewise with one die, and Q· on the obverse, with one die, paired with A on the reverse, likewise with one die. The issue presumably forms part of the preparations made to resist the return of Sulla; the symbolism of victory and triumph clearly reflects the expectations of Q. Antonius Balbus, as Praetor deputed to strike the issue, and of his associates. For the letters S· C see p. 6o6.

365 C.VAL FLA IMP ERAT

Mint-Massalla

8.z B.C.

B. Valeria 12; S. 747-747b; RE Valerius 168. See above, p. So. BMCRR Gaul 7

1a Denarius Bust of Victory r., draped; behind, control symbol. Border of dots.

Legionary eagle; on 1., standard of maniple of hastati; on r., standard of maniple of prin cipes; below, EX S·C; on L, C·\A.. ·FLA upwards; on r., IMPERAT upwards. Line border. BMCRR Gaul13

1b Denarius Similar, but control-letter behind.

Similar.

379

TABLE xxx.

Control-marks on denarii of C. Valerius Flaccus

Onta:1

Glasgow BMCRRGaul 7

Caduceus

Comucopiae Com-ear Crescent Palm-branch

Vienna4144 BMCRRGaul 14 Niggeler (RN1 969 , pl. xii, 8) BMCRRGaulS BMCRRGaul9 BMCRRGaul to

Prow-stem Rudder Star Trident Tripod

Bologna, Cat. 267 BMCRRGaul t t

BMCRR Ga ul 12•

Wreath Ontb:

Padova BMCRR Gaul 13 Turin, F5002 BMCRR Gaul t6

A B c D

BMCRRGault7'

E F

BMCRR 1�ult8

G

H I K L M N 0 p Q R s

BMCRR Gaul 19 Naples, S 5435 Paris, A15977

Glasgow4 BMCRRGaul21 BMCRR Gaul23

Turin (Royal Coli.)

BMCRR Gaul24 BMCRR Gaul25

T v

BMCRR Gaul26

X Ontc:

BMCRR Gault

Caduceus Com-ear

Crescent Palm branch curving I.

Palm-branch curving Spear Star • Thunderbolt Tripod

r.

BMCRR Gaul3 BMCRRGaul2 Turin BMCRRGaul4 BMCRRGaul5

Paris, A 15967 Florence BMCRR Gaul6

RN 1969, pL xi, 3 publishes a specimen of ta apparently with spearhead; the coin is in fact a specimen with prow-stem, altered in modern times. 1 There are plated specimens with wreath, struck from different dies, with blundered reverse legend C·\A.·F L F and both standards belonging to hastati, as TUbingen, Turin. • There are plated specimens with E, struck from different dies, as Bologna (RN 1969, pl. vii, 4), Glasgow, Turin, BM. ' There are plated specimens with N, struck from different dies, with blundered reverse legend C· \A.·F A, as BMCRR Gaul zo (spec. gravity o.86- not noted in second edition), Parma (RN 1969, pl. viii, 5).

1 A. AlfOldi,

tc Denarius

BMCRR Gault

(Pl. XLVII)

Similar, but control-symbol before.

Similar.

Obverse dies

Reverse dies

(all

varieties): 36.

(all

varieties): (39).

Within each variety, no control-mark has more than one die; for the control-marks attested in each variety, see Table

xxx.

This issue, struck by C. Valerius Flaccus while Proconsul in Gaul, and no. 366 are to be associated with the first moves made by Sulla against Q. Sertorius in Spain; for the letters EX S· C see p. 6o6. The symbolism of the issue is simply that of military victory (but see also nos. 228 and 3o6).

366

C.ANNIVS T.F T.N PRO.COS

Mints-N.Italy and Spain

8z-8t B.C.

B. Annia 1-5; Fabiat7; Tarquitia t; Bf. i, 17; iii,to; S. 748-749; RE Annius 9; Fabius 84; Tarquitius t. See above, p. So. GROUP 1

ta Denarius (Pl. XLVII) Female bust

r.,

BMCRR Spain t

draped and wearing diadem;

before, scales; behind, winged caduceus; around 0, C·ANN I·T .f.T·N·PRO· COS·EX·S·C; below, control-symbol. Bor der of dots. Obverse dies: 27. tb

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in 1. hand and palm-branch in r. hand; in exergue, L·FABI·L·F· H ISP; above, Q. Border of dots. Reverse dies: (30).

Denarius

BMCRR Spain 13

Similar, but control-letter with dot on either

Similar.

side below. Obverse dies: 18.

Reverse dies: (20).

tc Denarius

Paris, A 4074

Similar, but no control-mark.

Similar, but control-letter with dot below. Reverse dies: 2.

Obverse dies: 2.

za Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

2b

Similar to 1a.

Reverse dies: (20).

Denarius

Similar, but no control-mark. Obverse dies : 5·

control-letter

BMCRR Spain 19

Similar to ta, but no scales or caduceus; below, control-letter with dot. Bead and reel border. Obverse dies: t8.

or

BMCRR Spain 29 Similar, but control-letter with dot below. Reverse dies: 5.

Within each variety, no control-mark has more than one die; for the control-marks attested in each variety, see Table XXXI on PP· 382-5.

38 1

TABLE XXXI.

Control-marks on denarii of C. Annius

Onta:1 Arrow (see Pl. LXX, 21) Caps of the Dioscuri Carnyx Comb Crab Crescent enclosing star

Paris, A

4019

Paris, A 4016 BMCRR Spain 1

Listed

by Babelon Turin, F 795 Vatican 581

Fish r. Vatican 577 BMCRR Spain 3 Helmet Knife (see Pl. LXX, 22) Moscow Lizard Paris, AF Pelta Plough Quiver Scorpion Sickle Snake

Spear (see Pl. LXX,

BMCRR Spain 4 BMCRR Spain 5 Copenhagen BMCRR Spain 6 B CRR Spain 2

�

Pans, A 4014

23) Vatican 575 Staff with double hook BMCRR Spain 7 Standard Paris, A 4020 Sword r. BMCRR Spain 8 Sword in scabbard l. Vienna 564 Syrinx Paris, A 4015 Thunderbolt BMCRR Spain 9 Thyrsus Vatican 579 Paris, A 4018 Trident Trophy Wing

On 1b: A

BMCRR Spain 11 BMCRR Spain 12

c

Vienna 567 Copenhagen Maccarese hoard

E F

Copenhagen BMCRR Spain 14 BMCRR Spain 15

B

D

G H I K L M N 0 p Q R s T

v X 1

Copenhagen Glasgow BMCRR Spain 16 BMCRR Spain 17 Vatican 585 BMCRR Spain 13 Vatican 586 Paris, A 4033 Macc arese hoard Vatican 587 Paris, A 4035 BMCRR Spain 18

There is a piece of the typeS of ta, but without control-mark; it is plated (Milan 1480); another with retrograde N throughout, also plated (BM).

382

TABLE XXXI

(cont.)

On 1c: A

Vienna 571

B

ANS, HSA 12598

On2a: A B c D E

BMCRR Spain 19 Vatican 589 BMCRR Spain 20

F

Vatican 590 Paris, AF

G H

Turin

I K L

Vatican 592 Vienna 576

M N

Vatican 593 BMCRR Spain 22

0

BMCRR BMCRR BMCRR BMCRR

p

Q R s T v X

Spain 24 Spain 25 Spain 26 Spain 27

Vatican596 Vienna 579 Bologna BMCRR Spain 28

On 2b: A

BMCRR Spain 29

B c D

Vienna 572 Vienna 581

E

BMCRR Spain 30

F

Vatican 599

0n3a: A

Oslo

B c D

Vatican 6o3

E F G

BMCRR Spain 32

H I

Vatican 6oo

L M N

Paris, A 4070 Vatican 6o1 Glasgow BMCRR Spain33

0

Vatican 6o2

K

p Q

Madrid

Barcelona

R s

Signorelli 132

383

TABLE XXXI

(cont.)

T

Madrid

v X

ANS, HSA 1056o BMCRR Spain 34

0n3b: A B

Vatican 6o4 Vatican 6o5

c

Vatican 6o6

D E

Paris, AF

F G H I

Vatican 6o7 Turin (Royal Coll.) Glasgow

K

Bologna

L

BM

M

Vatican 6o8 BM

N On3c: 0

Paris, A 4o61

Q R s T

ANS, HSA 10561 BMCRR Spain 31

p

Fallani

On4:1 I II

Madrid

III

BMCRR Spain 35

III I

Bologna

v VI

Paris, AF

BMCRR Spain36

VII VIII VIlli X

BMCRR Spain 37

XI

Barcelona

XII XIII XIIII XV XVI XVII XVIII XVIII I XX XXI

Vienna 585

Vienna 586

Turin, F 4850 bis Vatican 611 Vatican 612 Oslo

BMCRR Spain38 BMCRR Spain 39 Paris, AF

XXII XXIII XXIIII XXV 1

Paris, A 15408 Vienna 588 Vienna 589

There ia a piece of the typeS of 4, with XVIII; it is plated (Turin). The piece illustrated by Morell, Annia C, loob as if it has XXXXVI, not XXXX V.

384

TABLE XXXI XXVI

BMCRR Spain 40

XXVII XXVIII

Carovilli hoard BMCRR Spain 41

XXVIIII XXX XXXI XXXII XXXIII XXXIII I XXXV XXXVI XXXVII

Madrid Turin (Royal Coli.) Paris, A 15412 Vienna 590

Paris, A 154t5

XXXVIII XXXVIIII

Vatican 6t6

xxxx XXXXI

Glasgow

XXXXII XXXXIII XXXXIIII

Turin, F8zt BMCRR Spain 4Z (not XXXXIII, as Bf. iii, to)

xxxxv XXXXVI XXXXVII GROUP

(cont.)

Turin (Royal Coll.) Bologna

2

3a Denarius (Pl. XLVII) Female head r., wearing

BMCRR Spain 32 diadem;

before,

scales; around n, C ·AN N IVS · T · F · T · N · r RO ·COS· EX·S·C; behind, control-letter. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 15.

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in l.

hand and palm-branch in r. hand; in exergue, L·FABI·L·F; above, HISr·Q. Border of dots. Reverse dies: (t6). BM

3b Denarius Similar, but no control-letter. Obverse dies: (to).

Similar, but control-letter below horses.

Reverse dies: 11.

BMCRR Spain 3t

3c Denarius Similar. Obverse dies: (4).

Similar, but L ·FA B I· L .f. HIS r in exergue and Q above. Reverse dies: 4·

The control-letters on 3a are the letters of the Latin alphabet, on 3b the letters of the Latin alphabet from A to N, on 3c the letters from 0 to T; within each variety no control-letter has more than one die; for the control-letters attested in each variety, see Table XXXI on pp. 382-5. 4 Denarius (Pl. XLVII) Similar.

Obverse dies: (31).

BMCRR Spain 35 Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1 hand and palm-branch in r. hand; in exergue, C ·TA R QVITI· r · F; below horses, Q; above horses, control-number. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 34·

No control-number has more than one die; for the numbers attested, see Table XXXI on pp. 382-5. The control-number I is below the horses (and Q above). C. Annius was sent against Q. Sertorius in Spain some time after the middle of 82 B.C. (Plutarch, Sert.

7); the early part of the issue, struck in Italy (see p. So), bears the name of one Quaestor, L. Fabius L.f. Hispaniensis, the later part, struck in Spain, bears also that of C. Tarquitius P.£; the presence of two Quaestors at this stage is entirely intelligible if C. Annius was in charge of both Spanish provinces. C. Tarquitius is not heard of again (C. Cichorius, RS, 167-8), L. Fabius deserted to Sertorius (for which he was proscribed, Sallust, Hist. iii, 83M, cf. E. Gabba, Athenaeum 1954, 307) and shared in his murder. The choice of Victory as a reverse type for a military issue is unsurprising; the identity of the deity who forms the obverse type is entirely uncertain. For the letters EX· S· C see p.

6o6.

367 L.SVLLA IMPE, L. MANLI PROQ

Mint-moving with Sulla

B. Cornelia 38-43; Mantia 3-8; Bf. i, 176; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 13-14; S. Cornelius 392; Manlius 79; cf. 29. See above, p. So. t

Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

2

upwards;

Obverse dies: 5·

3

Triumphator, crowned by flying Victory, in quadriga r., holding reins in 1. hand and

caduceus in r. hand; in exergue, L·SVLLA· or L·SVLLA·IMP. Border of dots.

IMPE

Gotha; Turin, F 3439 Similar; in exergue, L ·SVL LA·IMP L·SVLLA·IM. Reverse dies: 5·

Denarius

BM; BMCRR East

Aureus

Similar, but legend,

bis or

15

Similar.

Similar. 4

756-759; RE

Pontecorvo hoard 672; Paris, A 8598

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, L· M downwards; before, AN LI· P R 0 Q upwards. Border of dots.

Aureus (Pl. XLVII) Similar; before, L · MAN Ll-1 behind, r R0 Q downwards.

8zB.C.

BMCRR East 7 (wrongly described); East

L· MAN Ll r R0 Q.

Obverse dies: 12. 5 Denarius (Pl. XLVII) Similar. Obverse dies (1, 3 and 5): [186].

5

Similar. Reverse dies: 13. BMCRR East 11; East

9

Similar.

Reverse dies: (1, 3 and 5): [207].

As the issue progresses, the caduceus degenerates into an indeterminate branch and eventually disappears altogether.

Two reverse dies used for 3 bear control-numerals- VI (Philippe 311) and IX (Berlin); two reverse dies used for 5 bear control-numerals- XV (Hersh 31C) and XX (Vatican 2346); the control-numerals are in all cases very small and very faint and are clearly not cut into the dies in the same way as the rest of the type;

386

they appear as ifscratched on as a sort of last-minute extra. The probable explanation seems to be that they were intended to be obliterated the whole issue traces

was

as

soon

as

striking began;

thus perhaps provided with a system of control-marks, the

of which were not intended to survive on the coins.

The obverse legend is to be resolved the sideways

-I

as

L. Manli T(orquati) Proq(uaestor); for

compare no. 282/2 and 4· The man in question is later Cos. 65;

he is also perhaps the Proquaestor of Sherk 18, line 90, since this man must have held the office before Sulla became Dictator. Although the reverse type and legend do not hesitate to advertise Sulla's tide (for which compare no. 368 and ILLRP 351) and his expected victory (for Sulla and Victory seep. 732), the head of Roma on the obverse is perhaps intended to proclaim an identification of Sulla's cause with that of the

res

publica (note his

negotiations in 83 'de auctoritate senatus, de suffragiis populi, de iure civitatis', Cicero, Phil. xii, 27; see also Valerius Maximus vii, 6, 4, 'quo tempore ... praemium victoriae erat res publica') and his intention of restoring it. Since this issue forms by far the largest part of the Sullan coinage, the choice of its types in preference to those of no. 359 is presumably significant. The caduceus on the reverse may be taken to indicate that victory is hoped for rather than achieved; note Sulla's assump tion of the tide Felix only at the very end of 82 (seecommentary on no. 381). )68 B.

L. SVLA IMPE

Mint-moving with Sulla

8z B.C.

Cornelia 34; Bf. ii, 38; iii, 42; W. 71; S. 767; RE Cornelius 392. See above, p. So.

1 AI (Pl.

XLVII)

Laureate head of

BMCRR Rome 2895; Turin, F 2069

Janus;

Prow r.; above, L·S\L

above, I.

or

L·S\LA; below,

IMP E. Specimens in Paris: 2.

For the titulature compare no. 367; for the spelling of the cognomen compare ILLRP

346. 369

M.METELLVS

B. Caecilia 30; 1 Denarius

Q.F

Mint-Rome

82-8o B.C.

S. 719. See above, p. 81.

(Pl. XLVIII)

Head of Apollo behind, ROMA

r.,

BMCRR Rome 1148

hair tied with band; downwards; before, *·

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <10].

Macedonian shield decorated with elephant's

head; around, M· METELLVS·Q·F. Laurelwreath border. Reverse dies: [
This and the following two issues copy the reverse types of nos. 263/1, 264/1 and

265/1, but associate them with the head of Apollo as the obverse type. The evidence of the hoards (see p. 81) and the fact that two of the most prominent Sullani 387

belonged to the same families as the original moneyers make it clear that these three issues are Sullan; P. Servilius Isauricus was probably the son of no. 264 and the nephew of no. 263, Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius was the son of a cousin of no. 263.

(It is not clear whether we should argue that Q. Fabius Maximus, RE Fabius 107, nephew of no. 265, was also a Sullanus or whether it is possible to suppose that the reverse type of no. 265 was copied merely because it was the third issue of the

original triumvirate.) The purpose of the three 'restored' issues was perhaps to

enable Sulla to issue a civil coinage without appointing a new triumvirate of moneyers

for 82, perhaps to celebrate the restoration of the Republic in So, after the abdication of the dictatorship (see E. Badian, Athenaeum 1970,13-14),in any case to honour his most

noble and senior supporters. The presence of a head of Apollo on a Sullan issue should

cause no surprise; personal reasons (Plutarch, Sull. 29; ,Pontious, Strat. i, 11, 11;

Valerius Maximus i, 2, 3; Statius, Silvae v, 3, 293; Servius on Vergil, Aen. vii, 637)

might have suggested the type or the role of Apollo as a symbol of libertas (see p.

732; for Sulla and libertas see Appian, BC i, 352 and 253 with commentary of E. Gabba).

.

.

37� C..SERVEIL

Mint-Rome

82-So B.C.

B. Servilia 7; Bf. iii, 95; S. 720. See above, p. 81. 1a

Penarius (Pl. XLVIII)

Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind, A and lituus; below, ROMA; before, �. Border of dots.

1b

BMCRR Rome u68 Battle on horseback between man armed with sword and man armed with spear; latter's shield inscribed M; in exergue, C S E R\E I L. Line border. ·

Denarius

BMCRR Rome 1169

Similar, but B behind. Obverse dies (both varieties): [ < 10].

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): [ < 11].

See on no. 369.

371 Q.MAX

Mint-Rome

82-So B.C.

B. Fabia 6; Bf. ii, 41; S. 718. See above, p. 81. 1

Denarius (Pl. XLVIII) ROMA Q· MX or Q·MX; be

Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind, downwards; below, fore, lyre

and �. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [ < 10].

See on no. 369.

BMCRR Rome 1159; Prowe- cited by Bahrfeldt Comucopiae superimposed on thunderbolt; around, wreath composed of ear of barley, ear of wheat and assorted fruits. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

37a A.POST A.F S.N ALBIN

Mint-Rome

8t B.C.

B. Postumia 7-8; S. 745-746; RE Postumius 36. See above, pp. Stf. t Denarius serratus (Pl.

BMCRR Rome 2836

nvm)

Bust of Diana r., draped, with bow and quiver over shoulder; above, bucranium. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [90].

Rock, on which stands lighted altar; on 1. of altar, bull; on r. of altar, togate figure hold ing sprinkler (aspergil/um) over bull; around, n, A·POST·A+S·N·ABIN. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [too].

a Denarius serratus (Pl. Xl.vm)

BMCRR Rome 2839

Head of Hispania r., wearing veil; behind, HISPAN downwards. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [t98].

Togate figure with r. hand raised, standing between legionary eagle and fasus with axe; around, 0, A.·POST·A·F·S·N·ABIN. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [220].

The moneyer is presumably a grandson of Sp. Postumius Albinus, Cos. uo, and a son of no. 335/9-10; he may also be the adoptive father of no. 450 (T. P. Wiseman,

CQ 1968, 299). The man in charge of Sicily in 48 (Appian, BC ii, 197), with whom he is identified by Mommsen and Babelon, is an A. Allienus (no. 457). The types of 1 allude to the sacrifice to Diana

as

a result of which Rome became

caput rerum (see on no. 335/9; for the placing of the horns of the bull in the temple

of Diana after the sacrifice, see Livy i, 45, 4). The reverse type of 2, combining a togate figure on the one hand with an eagle and the fasces on the other hand, per haps simply alludes to civilian and military imperium; taken with the obverse type, the reference is doubdess to the Spanish command ofL. Postumius Albinus, Pr. 180.

373 ANONYMOUS

Mint-uncertain

8t B.C.

B. i, p. 77, no. 227; Claudia 4; Bf. i, 84; M. Bahrfeldt, Blatterfiir Miinzfreunde 192e>-23, 364; S. �to. See above, p. St. ta Quinarius Laureate head of Apollo r. Line border.

BMCRR Italy 748 Victory

crowning trophy; in ROMA. Line border.

tb Quinarius (Pl. XLVIII)

r.

exergue,

BMCRR Italy 749

Similar.

Similar, but control-mark between Victory

Obverse dies (both varieties): [too].

and trophy. Reverse dies (both varieties) : [111].

The control-marks on 1b may be the letters of the Latin alphabet, alone or accom panied by a dot, or the Roman numerals from I to XII (including lUI) or a variety of fractional signs; for the control-marks attested see M. Bahrfeldt, Bliitter fiir

Miinzfreunde 192o-3, 364. Each control-mark may have several dies,

as

may be

documented from any large collection. The numeral I is sometimes spelt out in

389

the form VN I; reverses with this control-mark occur with obverses of two very

different styles, the normal style of the issue (Pl. XLVIII, 6) and a style derived from

the denarii, quinarii and sestertii ofL. PisoL.f.L.n. Frugi (no. 340; seeM. Bahrfeldt,

pl. 259, 27 and 28). The I on one obverse die, interpreted by Bahrfeldt as a control

letter, is probably the result of a die-break or an engraver's BMCRR Italy

768

is

error.

not a mallet, but the letter T.

The mark on

For the date and occasion of the issue see p. 81. 374 Q.C.M.P .I

or

IMPER

81 B.C.

Mint-North Italy

B. Caecilia 4 3 44; S. 750J751; RE Caecilius 98. See above, pp. 8tf. -

1

Denarius{PI. XLVIII)

Head of Pietas r., wearing diadem; before, stork. Border of dots. Obverse dies: (88]. 2

BMCRR Spain 43 Elephant I.; in exergpe, Q C M P L Border of dots.

Reverse dies:

·

[98].

I

Denarius (Pl. XLVIII)

·

·

·

·

BMCRR Spain 47

Similar.

Jug and lituus ; in exergue,

Obverse dies:

wreath border. Reverse dies: [33).

[30].

IMPER.

Laurel

The issue was produced by Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, serving as a Sullan commander in the fight against Carrinas, Norbanus and Carbo. The obverse type of 1-2 alludes

to his cognomen, acquired for his part in securing the restoration from exile of his father Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, the reverse type of 1 recalls the capture of

Hasdrubal's elephants by L. Caecilius Metellus in 251 (see on no. 262); the reverse

type of 2 is explained by L. R. Taylor (AJA 1944, 352) as referring to an otherwise unattested augurate of Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus (compare no. 46o/3). But

this type seems clearly derived from the reverse type of no. 359/1-2; if the inter pretation advanced for that type is correct (see commentary on no. 359), this type may perhaps have a Sullan as well as a family significance.

37SQ B. Cornelia

Mint-uncertain

32-33; Bf.,GoldmiJnzenprtigung,to; S. 754-'755· See above,pp. 8tf., below,no. 90*.

1 Aureus (Pl. XLVIII) Head of Venus dots. Obverse dies: 2

81 B.C.

r.,

Paris, AF

wearing diadem. Border of

Double comucopiae; below,

Q.

Border of

dots. Reverse dies: t.

1.

Denarius (Pl. XLVIII)

BMCRR East 17

Similar.

Similar.

Obverse dies: [
Reverse dies: [< u].

For the occasion of this issue see p. 81. For the head of Venus see on

the double comucopiae

is

presumably a symbol of Fortuna.

390

no.

359;

376 EX S.C

81 B.C.

Mint-uncertain

B. Cornelia 44; S. 763. See above, pp. 81f. 1 Denarius (Pl. xl.vm)

BMCRR Rome 2892

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; behind, control-mark. Border of dots.

Comucopiae; on r., EX upwards; on 1., S ·C downwards; around, laurel-wreath. Border of

Obverse dies: 6.

dots. Reverse dies:

7·

The control-marks are the letters A (Berlin 465/1882), D (BMCRR Rome 2892), E (Lawrence 170), F (BMCRR Rome 2893), G (BMCRR Rome 2891-wrongly described) and I (Maccarese hoard 947); no control-letter has more than one die. For the occasion of this issue see pp. 81 and 6o6. For the head of Venus see on no. 359; the comucopiae is presumably a symbol of Fortuna. 377

L.VOL L.F STRAB

B. Volteia 6; S. 743;

RB Volumnius 3

Mint-Rome

81 B.C.

and 14. See above, p. 82.

1 Denarius serratus (Pl. XLVUI)

BMCRR Rome 3142

mark. Border of dots.

Europa seated on bull charging 1.; behind, winged thunderbolt; below, ivy-leaf; in

Obverse dies: 13.

Reverse dies: (14).

Laureate head of Jupiter r.; behind, control-

aergue,

L· 'CO·L·F·S��.

Border of dots.

The control-marks are the letters of the Latin alphabet from A to L; the control letters A and F each have three dies, the other control-letters have only one die each; for the control-letters attested see Table XXXI I below . The moneyer is probably L. Volumnius L.f. Ani., on the consilium of Cn. Pompeius Strabo at Asculum (C. Cichorius, RS, 150; T. P. Wiseman, NC 1964, 158); he is just possibly the father of the Strabo of Cicero, ad Att. xii, 17. Europa clearly appears on the reverse to complement the head of Jupiter on the obverse; the thunderbolt is, of course, the symbol of Jupiter; only the ivy-leaf remains obscure, though it should be remembered that Europa sometimes appears as a vegetation power (A. B. Cook, Zeus i, 524). TABLE A(1) A(2) A(3)1

XXXII. Control-marks on denarii ofL. Volumnius Strabo

Berlin (Sandes) Berlin 28741 BMCRR Rome 3142

F (2)

Haeberlin 2589

F (3)1

Paris, A16965 Paris, AF BMCRR Rome 3145

G

B

H I

c D E

BMCRR Rome 3143

K

Paris, AF

L

F (1)

BMCRR Rome 3144

Hannover 2889 Paris, A 16968 BMCRR Rome 3146

1 All three dies with A and all three with Fare illustrated on Pl. XLVDI.

391

378 C.MARI C.F CAPIT

8t

B.C.

BMCRR Rome

2844

Mint-Rome

B. Maria 7-9; Bf. ii, 61; S. 744-744b; RE Marius

33 · See

above, p.

82.

ta Denarius serratus C· MAR I·C·F·CAP IT and control-numeral.

Ploughman with yoke of oxen I.; above, control-numeral. Border of dots.

Border of dots. Obverse dies: 19.

Reverse dies: 19.

Bust

of Ceres

r.,

draped;

around

0,

tb Denarius serratus

BMCRR Rome Similar, but S·C and exe,rgue. Reverse dies: 6.

Similar. Obverse dies: 6.

tc DenariUs serratus (Pl. XLVIII) Similar, but around 0,

CAr IT and

BMCRR Rome control

numeral; below chin, control-symbol. Obverse dies: 1o6.

The control-numerals

run

Similar, but

2853

control-symbol

C. MAR I·C-Fin S·C

in

2855

exergue.

Reverse dies: 1o6.

continuously through the issue, associated from XXVI

onwards with a control-symbol; 1a bears the numerals from I to XXIIII, 1b the numerals from XXVI to XXXII, 1 c the numerals from XXXI II to CLII. The control-numeral on the obverse is invariably the same as on the reverse, except that by an engrayer's error the obverse which should bear LXXX VIII in fact bears LXXXVIlli. No pair of control-numerals or combination of control-numeral+

control-symbol and control-numeral has more than one pair of dies. For the control marks attested see Table XXXIII below. The disposition of control-marks on 1c bears a superficial resemblance to that on no. 361j1c and perhaps results from unintelligent copying. The moneyer is a C. Marius C.f. Capito, not otherwise known; his cognomen emphasises the absence of connection with C. Marius of Arpinum. The

revers e

type now seems to me merely to complement the bust of Ceres on the obverse (compare no. 321), though the reason for the devotion of C. Marius Capito to Ceres is obscure; I do not believe that there is any reference to Sulla's colonies or to

his enlargement of the pomerium. For the letters S· C see p. 6o6. TABLE XXXIII.

Control-marks on denarii of C. Marius Capito

I

Paris, A 12468

II III

Paris, A 12469 Carbonara hoard

IIII v VI VII

Paris, A 12470 Paris, A 12471

VIII

392

TABLE XXXIII

(cont.) Paris, A 12472 Paris, A 12473 Paris, A 12474

VIlli X XI XII XIII XIIII XV

Paris, A 12475 Paris, A 12476

XVIIII

Paris, A 12477 Paris, A 12478 Paris, A 12479 Paris, A 1248o

XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIIII

Tolfa board Paris, A 12481 Paris, A 12482 Paris, A 12483 Paris, Rothschild

XVI XVII XVIII

XXV XXVI XXVII

Lizard

XXX

Grasshopper Mouse Tongs

Oxford Paris, A 12484 Paris, A 12485 Paris, A 12486 Rome, Museo Na:zionale

XXXI XXXII

Butterfly Fly

Paris, A 12488 Paris, A 12489

XXXI II

Ant

Paris, A 12490

XXXIIII

Snake

Alvignano hoard

Beetle

Paris, A 12491 Paris, A 12492

XXVIII XXVIII I

XXXV XXXVI XXXVII XXXVIII

Frog

XXXVIIII

Scorpion Fish Prawn

xxxx XXXXI

Crab

XXXXI I XXXXIII XXXXIIII

Paris, A 12493 Paris, A 12495

Fruit Bunch of grapes Prow-stem Com-ear

Paris, A 12496 Paris, A 12497 Paris, A 12498 Paris, A 12499 Paris, AF Paris, A 12500

XXXXVIII

Dolphin Palm-branch Cub Trident

XXXXVIIII L

Arrow-head Anchor

LI LII LIII

Thyrsus Vine-leaf

Lilli

Ear

LV LVI LVII LVIII

Star

Paris, A 12509 Paris, A 12510

Crescent

Paris, A 12511

LVIIII

Altar (see Pl. LXX, 24) Fleur-de-lys sceptre

Paris, A 12512 Paris, A 12513

LX

Pikus

West Sicily (b) hoard

xxxxv XXXXVI XXXXVII

393

Paris, A 12501 Paris, A 12502 Paris, A 12503 Paris, A 12504 Paris, A 12505 Paris, A 12507 Paris, A 12508

TABLE XXXIII

(cont.)

Bidms

Paris, A 12514

Helmet Torch Lotus-flower

Paris, A 12515

Paris, AF Paris, A 12516

Wreath

Paris, A 12517

LXVIII LXVIIII LXX LXXI LXXII LXXIII LXXIIII

Flabellum (see Pl. LXX, 25)

Paris, A 12518 Paris, A 12519

Bunch of grapes Leaf Bull's head

Cambridge Paris, A 12521

LXXV

Sheaf of com

Paris, A 12522

Staff with double hook Comucopiae Stilus Dog's head Feather

Turin, R 8154 Paris, A 12523 Paris, A 12524 Paris, A 12525 Paris, A 12526

Scales Foot Bit (see Pl. LXX, 26) Cuirass Two-handled cup Cowrie shell

Potenza hoard Paris, A 12527 Paris, A 12528 Paris, A 12529 Paris, A 12530 ANS (LXXXVIIII on obverse) Paris, A 12531 Paris, A 12532 Paris, A 12534 Paris, A 12535 Paris, A 12536 Paris, A 12537 Paris, A 12538 Rome, Vatican Paris, A 12539 Paris, A 12540 Paris, A 12541 Paris, A 12542 Paris, A 12544 Paris, A 12546 Paris, A 12547 Paris, A 12548 Paris, A 12549 Paris, A 12550 Paris, A 12551 Paris, A 12552 Hersh Collection Paris, A 12553 Paris, A 12554 BMCRR Rome 2878

LXI LXII LXIII LXIIII LXV LXVI LXVII

LXXVI LXXVII LXXVIII LXXVIII I LXXX LXXXI LXXXI I LXXX III LXXX IIII LXXXV LXXXVI LXXXVII LXXXVII I LXXXVII I I LXXXX

LXXXXI LXXXI XI LXXXI XI I LXXXI XI II

LXXXXV

LXXXXVI LXXXXVII

LXXXXVIII LXXXXVIIII

c

CI

en CIII CIIII cv

CVI CVII CVIII CVIIII

Bipennis

Flower Trophy Knife Amphora Ram's head Lyre-key Olive-branch ?

Strigil Finger-ring Snail Wolf's head Knife-blade Square lyre See Pl. LXX, 27 Torque See Pl. LXX, 28 Heron Hammer

Round lyre Hand

ex

Curved sword

CXI CXII

Sandal Sword

394

Glasgow

TABLE XXXIII

(cont.)

CXIII CXIIII

Pelta

Paris, A 12555

cxv

Narrow fibula (see Pl. LXX, 29)

Paris, A 12556

Axe

BM

CXVIIII

Water-bottle Tessera

cxx

Tall vase

Paris, A 12557 Paris, A 12558 Paris, A 12559

CXVI CXVII CXVIII

CXXI CXXII CXXIII CXXIIII

cxxv CXXVl CXXVII CXXVIII CXXVIIII

Standard

Vienna

Ladder

Paris, A 12561 Paris, A 12562

Poppy-head Goat's head

CXXXI

Simpulum (seen from front)1 Simpulum Hare

CXXXII

Shield

CXXXIII CXXXIIII

Broad fibula (see Pl. LXX, 30) Bell Horse Sword with square handle Antelope's head

cxxx

cxxxv CXXXVI CXXXVII CXXXVIII CXXXVIIII

cxxxx

Shoe of comic actor Ibis

?

Rome, Museo Nazionale Paris, A 12564 Paris, A 12567 Paris, A 12568 Paris, A 12569 Paris, A 12570 Paris, A 12571 Paris, A 12575 Paris, A 12576 Paris, A 12577 Paris, A 12578 Paris, A 12580 Buzau hoard

CXXXXI CXXXXII CXXXI XI I CXXXXI III

Jelly-fish

Paris, A 12581

Sea-anemone Mussel-shell

Paris, A 12582

cxxxxv

Cup with tall stem

CXXXXVI CXXXXVII CXXXXVIII CXXXXVIIII

Spiral shell Petasus Squat vase

Paris, A 12583 Paris, A 12584 Paris, A 12585

CL CLI CLII 1

There

Paris, A 1256o

Top

Carbonara hoard

Paris, A 12586

Snake on staff See PL LXX, 31 Bunch of grapes

Paris, A 12587 Paris, A 12588 Paris, A 12589

Prow

Vienna

Compare D. E. Strong, Roman Imperial sculpture, Pl. 63.

are plated specimens with aberrant combinations of control-marb:

VI on obverse; LXXV on reverseTurin, F 3370; Paris, AF XII on obverse; CXXIII on reverse-Hannover 2859; Riccio, p. 141 LVIIII on obverse; LXVI on reverse-Leningrad LXXXVIII on obverse; CXXXV on reverse-Gotha CIIII on obverse; XXXVIII on reverse-Berlin CIIII on obverse; CXXIII on reverse-Paris, AF; BM

395

379

Mint-Rome

L.PROCILI F

So B.C.

B. Procilia 1-2; S. 771-772; RB Procilius 1. See above, p. 82, below, no. 92*, no. 279*. BMCRR Rome 3147

1 Denariue (Pl. XLVIll) Laureate head of Jupiter r.; behind, S·C downwards. Border of dots.

Juno Sospita standing r., holding shield in I. band and hurling spear with r. hand; before, snake; behind, L P R 0 C I Ll downwards. ·

F

Border of dots. Reverse dies: [116].

Obverse dies: [104]. 2 Denariue serratus (Pl. XLVIIl)

BMCRR Rome 3150

Head of Juno Sospita r.; behind, S C down wards. Border of dots. ·

Juno Sospita in biga r., holding shield in 1. hand and hurling spear with r. hand; below, snake; in exergue, L P R 0 C I Ll· F. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [138]. ·

Obverse dies: [124].

The moneyer is presumably to be identified with the Senator attested in 56 (Cicero, ad Q.fr. ii, 7 (6), 1) and with the man later condemned for misconduct in that year

(Cicero, ad Att. iv, 16, 5; 15, 4; not a Tribune, see L. R. Taylor, Athenaeum 1964, 19 n. 19), rather than with the banker of ILLRP 1034. He is perhaps also the historian Procilius. The reverse type of 1 doubdess portrays the cult-statue of Juno Sospita, for which see Cicero, ND i, 82 and commentary on no. 316. The presence of Juno Sospita on this issue reveals the moneyer's Lanuvine origin. For the snake see on no. 412. For the letters S· C see p. 6o6. 38o

C.POBLICI Q.F

B. Poblicia 9; Bf.

ii,

Mint-Rome

So B.C.

67; S. 768; RE Publicius 9· See above, p. 82.

1 Denarius serratus (Pl. XLVIII)

BMCRR Rome 2896

Hehneted bust of Roma r., draped (helmet

has plume on each side); behind, ROMA downwards; above, control-mark. Border of dots. Obverse dies: (94].

Hercules strangling Nemean lion; at his feet, club; on 1., bow and quiver; on r., C.POBLI C I·Q · F upwards; above, controlmark. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [104].

The control-marks are the letters of the Latin alphabet; the control-letter on the reverse is invariably the same as on the obverse; each pair of control-letters may have several pairs of dies, as may be documented from any large collection. The moneyer

is

not otherwise known, but is perhaps the brother of Q. Publicius,

Pr. 68 or 67; for a possible son

see

T. P. Wiseman, CQ 1965, 158.

For the moneyer's choice of Hercules

as reverse

type, compare ILLRP 126,

'Publicia L.f., . .. , Hercole aedem valvasque fecit eademque expolivit aramque sacram Hercole restituit. ' The Phrygian helmet of Roma is no more than an artistic variant, see p. 722.

396

381 A.MANLI A.F

Q

So B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Cornelia 46-47; Manlia 9-10; Bf. i, 177; Bf., Goldmiinzenpragung, 12; S. 762-762a; RE Cornelius 392; Manlius 13 and 70; see above, p. 82. 1a Aureus (Pl. XLVIU)

Paris, AF

Helmeted bust of Roma r., draped (helmet has plume on each side); behind, A·MAN downwards; before, Ll· A· F · Q upwards. Border of dots.

Equestrian statue 1.- horseman wears laurel wreath and sasum,1 raises r. hand and holds reins in 1. hand; below, L·SVLL·FE; on r.,

L I · D I C upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

1b Aureus

Montagu 18

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties):

Similar,

but

FELIX·DIC

=

Paris (Smith-Lesouef)

below, upwards.

L·SVLLA;

on

r.,

Reverse dies: 2.

t.

A. Manlius A.f. is presumably not a Torquatus, but the eldest son of no. 309 (H. B. Mattingly, Rev. Arch. Narbonne 1972, 13, against J. F. Mitchell, Historia 1966, 26; Mattingly's speculation on the father's career is to be discounted).

For the statue of Sulla portrayed here see Appian, BC i, 451 with commentary of E. Gabba, also Polyaenus viii, 23, 31; for the titulature compare ILLRP 352--6. The legend on the reverse of this coin, which surely goes with the type, is perhaps evidence that the dedication of the statue included the title Dictator (contra J. P. V. D. Balsdon, JRS 1951, 4 n. so; E. Gabba, I.e.; B. Wosnik, Sulla, 32-7); although the statue was voted before Sulla became Dictator, it was doubtless erected afterwards. For the title Felix, taken at the very end of 82, see Balsdon, JRS 1951, 1; it is best translated 'favourite of the gods' (see also H. Erkell, Augustus, Felicitas, Fortuna, 88-93 and 128) and has no connection with Sulla's other title Trra�p6StTOS (A. Passerini, Philologus 1935, 90-7; S. Weinstock,JRS 1961, 208).

382 C.NAE BALB

79B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Naevia 6; Bf. i, 189; S. 769-'769b; RE Naevius 10. See above, p. 82. 1a Denarius serratus

BMCRR Rome 2916

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; behind,

Victory in triga r., holding reins

downwards; before, control-mark. Bor der of dots.

hands; in exergue,

S ·C

·

in both

Border of

dots.

tb Denarius serratus (Pl. nvm) Similar, but no control-mark. Ob�erse dies (both varieties): [280].

C N k ·B A B.

BMCRR Rome 2924; Rome 2926 Similar, but above, control-mark. Reverse dies (both varieties): [311].

The control-marks on 1a are the letters of the Latin alphabet, on 1b the letters of the Latin alphabet and the numerals from I to CCXXVI; within 1 a each control1

Its square end excludes the possibility that the cloak is a trabea

397

(contra A. Alfoldi, Reittradel, 45-6).

mark may have several dies, as may be documented from any large collection, within tb no control-mark has more than one die (V and X occur as letters and as numerals). The moneyer is a C. Naevius Balbus, not otherwise known (unless he is the Balbus of Plutarch, SuJI. 29; cf. F. Miinzer, RE xvii, 1827). If the obverse type is indeed a head of Venus (compare nos. 357 and 359), the obverse and reverse types together perhaps refer to Sulla's Venus and to the Victoria Sullana. Note that the only other occurrence of a triga as a Republican coin type is on the issue of Ap. daudius, Cos. 79 (no. 299). For the letters S· C seep. 6o6.

383

Mint-Rome

TI.CLAVD TI.F AP.N

79 B.C.

B. Claudia 5; Bf. ii, 34; S. 770J77oa; RE Claudius 253. See above, p. 82, below, no. 280*. 1

Denariua

serratus

BMCRR Rome 3097; Rome 3100; Rome 3114

(Pl. XLIX)

Bust of Diana r., draped, with bow and quiver over shoulder; before, S ·C upwards. Border of dots.

Victory in biga r., holding pahn-branch and reins in I. hand and wreath in r. hand; below, control-mark; in exergue, TI·CLN ·T I·F or

TI·CLA'v?·T I·F. Border kN

Obverse dies: [164).

�·N

of dots.

Reverse dies: [182).

The reverse legend occasionally 32B).

reads T I· CLAD· T I· F R ·N

instead of

T I· C LA? T I· F R·N ·

(Hersh

The control-marks on the reverse are the numerals from I to CLXVIIII, and then the letter A (perhaps standing for AOter), see B. Borghesi, CEuvres i, 184) with the numerals from I to CXXVIIII; each control-mark has only one die. The first main type of legend occurs with the control-marks from I to XXV, the second type

of legend thereafter. The moneyer is Ti. daudius Nero, Pr. before 63, perhaps before 67. I

am

very

doubtful whether the bust of Diana has anything to do with the Sabine origin of

the Claudii; Varro's belief in a Sabine origin for Diana is almost certainly erroneous (G. Wissowa, RuK, 249-50); seep. 733 n.t. For the letters S· C seep. 6o6. 38.4

L.PAPI

Mint-Rome

79 B.C.

B. Papia 1; S. 773; E. Leuthold, RIN 1958, 21; RE Papius 6. See above, p. 82. 1 Deoariua serratus

BMCRR Rome

(Pl. XLIX)

Head of Juno Sospita r.; behind, control mark. Bead-and-reel border. Obverse dies: 211.

The control-marks

are

2977

Gryphon leaping r.; below, control-mark; in a:ergue, L·PAPI. Bead-and-reel border. Reverse dies: 211.

normally a symbol on the obverse and another, related to

it, on the reverse; each pair of control-symbols has only one pair of dies; one obverse

398

die and one reverse die bear the numeral CCXLVI instead of a symbol. For the control-marks attested see Pls. LXVI-LXVII; the occuren r ce among the control-symbols of the symbols of the Roman priesthoods rules out the suggestion of E. A. Sydenham

(NC 1931, 1) that there is some allusion intended in the symbols chosen by L. Papius to the rise of the collegia as instruments of popularis agitation; the control-symbols are no more than a random selection of pairs of everyday objects. The moneyer is a L. Papius, not otherwise known, but perhaps the father of no. 472. His obverse type reveals his Lanuvine origin; the gryphon is perhaps regarded as connected with Juno Sospita, though the evidence is not good (C. Cavedoni, Saggio, 57 n. 86, cf. So; Annali 1839, 308).

Mint-Rome

385 M.VOLTEl M.F B. Volteia 1-5;

S.

774-778; T. Hackens, RBN 1962, 29; RE Volteius 2.

See

78B.C.

above, p. 82,

below, no. 93*. 1

Denarius (Pl. XLIX)

BMCRR Rome 3154

Laureate head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Capitoline temple; below, M ·VOLTE I·M·F.

Obverse dies: [70].

Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ 78].

z

Denarius (Pl. XLIX)

BMCRR Rome 3158

Head of Hercules r. Border of dots.

Erymanthian

boar

M·VOL TEI·M·F.

Denarius

in

cxergue,

Reverse dies: [22].

Obverse dies: [20). 3

r.;

Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 316o

(Pl. XLIX)

of dots.

Ceres in biga of snakes r., holding torch in each hand; behind, control-symbol; in cxergue, M·V0 LTE I· M·F. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: (61).

Reverse dies: 69.

Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath. Border

4

Denarius (Pl. XLIX)

BMCRR Rome 3179

Helmeted bust r., draped (helmet bound with laurel-wreath); behind, control-symbol. Bor der of dots. Obverse dies: 71. S

Denariue

Cybele, wearing turreted

wn

cro

and veil, in

biga of lions r., holding reins in 1. hand and parera in r. hand; above, control-numeral; in exergue, M·VOLTEI·M·F. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 71.

(Pl. XLIX)

BMCRR Rome 3207

Laureate head of Apollo r. Border of dots.

Tripod with snake coiled round front leg and rearing head above; on 1., S·C; on r., D·T; in exergue, M· V0 LT E I· M·F. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: 8.

Reverse dies: 1·

For the control-symbols attested on 3 see Table XXXIV on p. 400; no control-symbol has more than one die. A given control-symbol on 4 is always paired with the

same control-numeral; no pair of control-marks has more than one pair of dies; for the control-marks attested see Table

XXXV

on p. 401.

399

TABLE XXXIV.

Control-marks on denarii ofM. Volteius

(a) Winged caduceus Crescent Butterfly Thyrsus Strigil

Oblong shield with square comers Small round shield Large round shield BMCRR Rome 3173 Lyre-key Leaf Altar (see Pl. LXX, 35)

Munich

Tongs

Dolabrum (see Pl. LXX, 32) Frog Heron walking

Duck's head Crab Scorpion Thunderbolt Foot r. ( see Pl. LXX, 36)

Owl

Peacock r. Anchor Club Lecythus (see Pl. LXX, 33) Candelabrum Palm-branch Piercer Pentagram Pileus Boot 1. (see Pl. LXX, 34) Wheel Staff with double hook

Bow and quiver Fish Se�: Pl. LXX, 37 BunCh of grapes Ladder

Morell Turin

Poppy-bead Shovel (see Pl. LXX, 38)

Munich

Comb (see Pl. LXX, 39) Mask of Pan Crested helmet

Turin

Tripod

BMCRR Rome 3177

Obiong shield

with rounded comers

P l . LXX, 40) Long boot r.(see Pl.LXX,41)

Winged caduceus (horizontal) Helmet (without

Morell

Madrid Turin

Pelta Macedonian shield Oval shield

(b) Bipennis (see

Turin, Simboli, 6o9

Turin

Plumb-bob Turin,

Plectrum (see Pl. LXX, 44)

Simboli, 17

BMCRR Rome 3169

Rudder Snake Spearhead Turin

Star

crest) (see Pl. LXX, 42) Hook (see Pl. LXX, 43)

Torch

Key Lizard

Trophy See Pl. LXX, 45 See Pl. LXX, 46 See Pl. LXX, 47

Copenhagen

Tortoise

Mask of Silenus Peacock downwards

Control-marks listed are attested in Paris unless otherwise stated. I list first, under (a), those control marks which also occur on no. 385/4, then, under (b), those which r emain Of the symbols listed by Babelon and unlikely to be simply misdescribed, I have not found amphora or simpulum. .

The moneyer is aM. VolteiusM.£, not otherwise known. For the reverse type of 1 see H. Jucker,JBM 1959-6<>, 285; since the temple"had been destroyed and not yet rebuilt at the time of this issue, the representation is not necessarily accurate. The identity of the obverse type of 4 is uncertain; Attis (Th. Mommsen, RMw, 62�1 n.451), Corybas (C. Cavedoni, 'Nuovi studi', 27) 400

TABLE xxxv.

Control-marks on denarii of M. Volteius A

Winged caduceus

8

Crescent

r

Paris, A 16894 Paris, A 16895

b. E Butterfly

[ z

Paris, A 16890 Paris, A 16893 Paris, A 16891

Wreath

H

Thyrsus

e

Strigil Tongs

lA

I

Axe (see Pl. LXX, 48) Tortoise

18

Paris, A 16896 Paris, A 16897 Paris, A 16898

If

Vienna

lb. IE I[ IZ

Frog

IH 19

Heron walking

K

? Owl

KA

Peacock r. Amphora Anchor

Kr K6

Oub Ltcythus (see Pl. LXX,

KE KC

K8

49)

Maccarese hoard Barcelona Paris, A 16900 Paris, A 16901 Paris, A 16902 Paris, A 16903 Paris, A 16904 Paris, A 16905 Paris, A

16909

KZ Candelabrum

KH

Cock Palm-branch

Ke A

Piercer (see Pl. LXX , 50)

AA

Simpulum

A8

Paris, A 16906 Paris, A 16907 Paris, A 16910 Paris, A 16911

?

Ar

Paris, A 16912 Bologna

Stilus

M AE

Paris, A 16916

Pentagram Pileus Boot r. (see Pl. LXX , Wheel

AC

51)

Perfume-jar (see Pl. LXX, 52)

AZ AH .i\9 M

Staff with double hook

MA

Pelta Macedonian shield Pear-shaped shield

M8

Mr Mb. ME Oval shield Oblong shield with rounded comers MC MZ Oblong shield with square comers MH Small round shield Me Large round shield

Ear

N

Lyre-key

NA

Leaf

N8

401

Paris, A Paris, A

16919 16913 Paris, A 16928 Paris, A t69t8 Paris, A 16920 Paris, A 16921 Paris, A 16922 Paris, A 16930 Paris, A 16923 Paris, A 16925 Turin Paris, A 16926 Paris, AF Paris, A 16929 Naples, F 2961 Paris, A 16931 Madrid

TABLE XXXV Lighted altar (see P l. LXX, Altar (see Pl. LXX, 53) Axe (see PI.

LXX ,

53)

(cont.) Nr NL\

54)

NE

Duck's head

NE

Dolphin

NZ

Crab

NH

Scorpion

N9

Stove (see Pl. LXX, 55)

z

Oil-lamp

zA

ThlUlderbolt Plumb-bob Dagger Dividers

zB

Short boot (see Foot r.

Knife-blade (see

PI.

LXX,

Tirgu Mure� hoard

zz zH

Bow and quiver Hoop

0

Fish

08

LXX,

OA

58

or Ol\

Bllllch of grapes

OE

Pedum Ladder

oc oz

Poppy-head

OH

Shovel (see Pl. LXX, 59) Comb (see Pl. LXX, 6o) Mask of Pan

Berlin

Paris, A Paris, A Paris, A Paris, A

ffi

See Pl.

=

zl\ zc

57)

Paris, A 16932 Paris, A 16938 Paris, A 16934 Haeberlin 2050 Paris, A 16936 Paris, A 16939 Paris, A 16935 Paris, A 16940

zr zE

PI. LXX, 56)

Paris, AF

oe n nA

ns Crested helmet

nr

Comucopiae Tripod

nl\ nE

16941 16942 16945 16937 Paris, A 16944 Paris, A 16947 Paris, A 16948 Paris, A 16949

Paris, A 16950

Paris, A 16951 Leuthold Collection Paris, A 16954

Paris, A 16953 Paris, A 16955 Paris, A 1696o Paris, A 16957 Paris, A 16958

Brandosa hoard

Paris, A 16959

Of the symbols listed by Babelon and unlikely to be simply misdescribed, I have not found bow or star. The combination, Cock/OB, occurs on two plated pieces in Berlin, one in BM.

and Bellona (A. Alfoldi, Urahnen, 6; D. Fishwick,JRS 1967, 152; contra, S. Wein stock, JRS 1959, 170) are suggested, in every case without decisive evidence. For the reverse type of 4 see Lucretius ii, 6cxr1, with Fr. Prechac, RN 1932, 119. Taken together, the five coins refer, via the deities portrayed, to the Ludi Romani, Plebeii, Cereales, Megalenses and Apollinares (Th. Mommsen, I.e.); the intention is pre sumably to convey a promise of largitiones in the future (see p. 729); the letters S· C· D· Ton the reverse of 5 seem to recall the financing of the Ludi Apollinares

at their foundation by popular contribution (Livy xxv, 12, 14; Festus, s.v. Apo/linares ludos) and make best sense if understood as· standing for s(tips) c(o/lata) d(ei) t(hesauro) or something like that. 402

386 L.CASSI Q.F

,SB.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Cassia 6; S. 779; RE Cassius 64. See above, p. 82. 1 Denarius (Pl. XLIX)

BMCRR Rome

Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath and with thyrsus over shoulder. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [32].

3152

Head of Libera 1., wearing vine-wreath; behind, L ·CASS I·Q·F upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [36].

The moneyer is presumably L. Cassius Longinus, Pr. 66. The choice of Liber and Libera as coin types rather than Ceres, while it does suggest a desire to recall the foundation of the temple of Ceres, Liber and Libera by Sp. Cassius as Cos. II 493 (see on no. 321), conveys also a wish to allude to the Lex Cassia Tabellaria (see on no. 266).

387 L.RVTILI FLAC

77 B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Rutilia t; S. 780o-78oa; RE Rutilius 16. See above, p. 82. 1

Denarius (Pl.

XLIX)

BMCRR Rome

Helmeted head of Roma r. (visor sometimes peaked); behind, F LAC downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [t92].

3242; Rome 3244

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, L · RVT I L I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [2t3).

The moneyer is presumably the man attested as Senator in 72 (Cicero, Cluent. 182).

388 P.SATRIENVS

77B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Satriena t; Bf. i, 234; S. 781-781a; RE Satrienus 1. See above, p. 82, below, no. 28t*.

BMCRR

1a Denarius Helmeted head of Roma r. Border of dots.

no.

221*,

Rome 3208

She-wolf 1.; above, ROMA; in exergue, r ·SAT R I E. Border of dots.

NVS

Obverse dies: t. 1b Denarius (Pl. XLIX) Similar, but behind, control-mark. Obverse dies: [tot].

BMCRR

Rome 3209

Similar. Reverse dies (ta-b): [113].

The control-marks on 1b are the numerals from I to CV; no control-numeral has more than one die. The obverses reveal two engravers at work; those with the style of Pl. XLIX, 11 bear control-numerals of the type of VIlli, control-numerals of the type of XIX are associated with the style of Pl. XLIX, 10. The moneyer is a P. Satrienus, not otherwise known; for a possible freedwoman see ILLRP 365. For the she-wolf of the Capitol, apparendy portrayed here, see

403

W. Helbig, Fuhrer ii4, 277; E. Gjerstad, Early Rome iv, 492; this type of ferocious wolf has no original connection with the wolf that nursed Romulus and Remus (for which see p. 714), but was perhaps adopted as a symbol of Rome after the defeat of those rebel Italians who likened Rome to a predatory wolf (so E. J. Bickerman, RFIC 1969, 395--6); if this is right, the type is perhaps anti-Italian in intention.

389 L.RVSTI

Mint-Rome

B. Rustia 1; Bf. i,

76 B.C.

231; ii, 73; S. 782; RE Rustius 1. See above, p. 82.

\

t Dena.rius (Pl. XLIX) Helmeted head of Minerva r.; behind,

downwards; before, *· Border of dots. Obverse dies: [42].

S·C

Ram

dots.

BMCRR Rome r.; in exergue,

Reverse dies:

L· RVSTI.

3271

Border of

[47].

The moneyer is-a L. Rustius, not otherwise known, perhaps from Antium (T. P. Wiseman, New men, 257). The constellation Aries was the astrological 'house o Minerva' and a ram was doubtless chosen as reverse type to complement the head of Minerva on the obverse (Th. Mommsen, ChronologieZ, 305-8). The mark of value is merely an archaism. For the letters S· C see p. 6o6.

390 L.LVCRETI TRIO B. Lucretia

76B.C.

2-3; S. 783-784; RE Lucretius 33. See above, p. 82.

t Denarius (Pl.

XLIX)

Radiate head of Sol

Obverse dies: 2

Mint-Rome

r.

BMCRR Rome Border of dots.

[32].

Denarius (Pl.

3245

Crescent surrounded by seven stars; above crescent, T R I 0; below crescent, L ·LV C RET I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [36].

xux)

BMCRR Rome

Laureate head of Neptune r. with trident over shoulder; behind, control-mark. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [So].

3247

Winged boy on dolphin speeding r.; below, L · LV C RETI. Border of dots.

TRIO

Reverse dies:

[89).

The control-marks on 2 are the numerals from I to LXXVI; no control-numeral has more than one die, except that LXI and !XL, LXII and IIXL all appear; the control-numeral IIIXL was corrected to XLIII before the die was used (Paris,

A11973). The moneyer is a L. Lucretius Trio, not otherwise known. The reverse type of

1 portrays the constellation of seven stars known as the Triones, in allusion to the moneyer's cognomen (the moon doubtless merely sets the scene). I do not regard it as wholly inconceivable that the reverse type of

404

2

portrays Palaemon (for whom

see Roscher ill, 1262; J. G. Hawthorne, TAPA 1958, 92) and alludes by way of his mother Leu�thea to the moneyer's

nomen.

The deities on the two obverses

seem to be chosen to complement the two reverse types. 391

Mint-Rome

C.EGNATIVS CN.F CN.N MAXSVMVS

B. Egnatia

1-3;

S. 786-788; RE Egnatius

27.

See above, p. 82, below, no. 282*.

BMCRR

ta Denarius serratus (Pl. XLIX) Bust of Venus r., draped and wearing diadem, with Cupid perched

on

shoulder;

behind

MAXSVMVS downwards. Border of dots.

75B.C.

Rome

3274

Libertas Victory;

in biga 1., crowned by flying behind, pileus; in exergue, C·EGNATIVS·CN·F. Border of dots.

CN·N Obverse dies: 1. Paris, AF

tb Denarius serratus Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): 9·

Similar, but below, control-mark. Obverse dies: 8. z

BMCRR

Denarius (Pl. XLIX)

Bust of Cupid r., with bow and quiver over shoulder; behind, MAXSVMVS downwards. Border of dots.

Obverse des i :

3

[20).

Bust of Libertas r., draped and wearing diadem; behind, pileus and MAXSVMVS downwards. Border of dots.

[30].

3276

BMCRR Rome 3285

Denarius (Pl. XLIX)

Obverse dies:

Rome

Distyle temple; within, two figures (figure on 1. holds staff in r. hand); above figure on 1., thunderbolt; above figure on r., pileus; below, C·EGNATIVS·CN·F; on r., CN·N up wards; on 1., control-mark. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [22].

Roma and Venus, each holding staff in r. hand (Roma holds sword in 1. hand and places 1. foot on wolf's head; Venus has Cupid about to alight on shoulder); on either side, rudder standing on prow; below, C. EGN}1; IVS · CN·F; on r., CN · N upwards; on 1., control mark. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [33].

The legend on one reverse die with the control-mark Dis C·EGNAVS CN·F CN·N (BMCRR Rome 3287). The legend on one obverse die is MASXVMVS (G. N. Olcott, AJN, 1902-3, 107). One serrate specimen with the control-mark D is recorded, from the same reverse die as a non-serrate specimen (both Copenhagen, see also p. 581). Haeberlin 2075 = Mabbott 4113 combines the obverse of 2 and the reverse of 3.

The control-marks on 1b are the numerals from I to VIII; no control-numeral has more than one die. The control-marks on 2 are the numerals from I to XXX; no control-numeral has more than one die. The control-marks on 3 are the letters of the Latin alphabet; each control-letter may have several dies, as Paris, A9247 and Turin, F2463, both with N. The moneyer is perhaps known from Cicero, ad Att. xiii, 34 at)d 45, perhaps a younger brother of the Cn. Egnatius Qunior) mentioned by Cicero, Cluem. 135. 405

For the temple of Jupiter Libertas, portrayed on 2, see S. B. Platner and T. Ashby, TDAR, 296 and commentary on no. 265. Of the figures on 3, one is clearly identified as Venus by the presence of Cupid; the other should be identified as Roma (contra J. W. Crous, Corolla L. Curtius, 219 n.5; P. Lederer, SNR 1942, 7; for the wolf as the symbol ofRoma, compare the Social War denarius, HNJ, nos. 15

and 22; see also commentary on no. 388). Taken as a whole, the types look like an

attempt to assert, against the Sullan view (for which see on no. 359), the association

of Venus not merely withRome, but with a popularis view of the res publica, concen trating on libertas (compare no. 392).

39Z L.FARSVLEI MENSOR

Mint-Rome

75

B.C.

'B.

Farsuleia 1-2; Bf. i, 115; ii, 43; iii, 49; S. 789-789a; RB Farsuleius.t. See above, p. 82, below, no. 283*. 1a

BMCRR Rome

Denarius

Bust of Libertas r., draped and wearing diadem; behind, pileus; before, MENSOR upwards; below chin, S C; behind, control mark. Bead-and-reel border. Obverse dies: 51. ·

Similar, but

S C ·

behind, downwards;

·

BMCRR Rome no

r.

with l. hand; with r. hand he assists togate figure into biga; below, scorpion; in exergue, L F A RSVLE I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: (57).

tb Denarius (Pl. XLIX) control-mark. Obverse dies: [36].

33o6

Warrior holding spear and reining in biga

3293

Similar, but control-mark below; no scorpion. Reverse dies: [40].

The control-marks on 1 a are the numerals from I to LXXIII (LXXXX reported by Bahrfeldt is in fact XXXXI), on 1 b the numerals from I to CXVII; within each

variety no control-numeral has more than one die; in 1b both XCVIII and XCIIX occur

(compare on no. 388).

The moneyer is a L. Farsuleius Mensor, not otherwise known; his cognomen,

with its associations with distributions of land, perhaps indicates popularis

sympathies.

The most insistent pressure in the 7os was for the restoration of the powers of the

tribunate (Ch. Wirszubski, Libertas, 51-2), demanded in the name of libertas, and

it does not seem unreasonable to regard the obverse type as expressing sympathy with this demand.

The warrior on the reverse is clearly male! and should probably be regarded as

Mars (for the constellation Scorpio as the astrological 'house of Mars' see G.

Thiele, Antike Himmelsbilder, 71); the reverse type as a whole suggests the notion of peace and reconciliation between soldier and civilian and 1

perhaps alludes sym-

Against the view that the warrior is Roma, see already J. W. Crous, Corolla L. Curtiw, 219 n. s.

pathetically to a second objective of some politicians in the 7os, the assimilation of the new citizens enfranchised after the Social War (for which see T. P. Wiseman, JRS 1969, 65; contra, 0. Rossbach, Neue Jahrb. vi, 1901, 413, arguing for an un known scene from the moneyer's ancestral history).1 For the letters S· C see p. 6o6. CN.LEN

393

Q,

B. Cornelia 54-55; 18

Mint-perhaps Spain

then

LENT CVR.DEN. FL

Denarius (Pl.

S.

752-752a;

RE Cornelius

1b

228. See above, p. 82.

xux)

BMCRR Spain 52

Male bust r. (Genius Populi Romani), draped, hair tied with band, and with sceptre over shoulder; above,

G ·P · R.

7�5B.C.

Border of dots.

Sceptre with wreath, globe and rudder; on on r., S·C; below, CN·LEN·Q. Border of dots.

1., EX;

Denarius

BMCRR Spain 58; Spain 57

Similar.

Similar, but

below,

LE 1\r·CV R·*·F.

Obverse dies {both varieties): [180].

LHJ ·CV R·*·FL

or

Reverse dies (both varieties): [200].

Cn. Lentulus is later Cos. 56; for his intervening career seeR. Syme,JRS 1963, 55;

T. P. Wiseman, CQ 1964, 122-3. The types associate the Genius populi Romani with domination terra marique (for which see A. D. Momigliano, JRS 1942, 53-64, esp. 62-4; J. H. Oliver, AJP 1969, 1-2); for the significance of the types see on no. 397· For the office of Curator denariorum flandorum, cf. no. 282; for the use of the verb flare compare Cicero,

Sest. 66. For the letters EX· S· C see p. 6o6. 394

C.POSTVMI AT or T A

B. Postumia 9; Bf. i, 226; ii, 7J.; 18

iii, 87; S.

Mint-Rome 785-785a; RE Postumius

Denarius (Pl. XLIX)

Bust of Diana r., draped, with bow and quiver over shoulder. Border of dots.

tb Denarius Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [192].

12.

74B.C.

See above, p. 82.

BMCRR Rome 3238 Hound running r.; below, spear; in exergue, C.POSTVMI. Border of dots.

A

Haeberlin 2514

=

Berlin

Similar, but no A. Reverse dies (both varieties): [213].

The moneyer is a C. Postumius At(?) or Ta(?), probably to be restored in the text of Cicero's pro Murena as a prosecutor of Murena and a candidate for the praetorship of 62 (G. V. Sumner, Phoenix 1971, 254); the absence of the monogram on 1b is without significance. The bust of Diana

is

taken over &om the issues of other

Postumii (nos. 335 and 372); the hound and the spear are clearly �er attributes. 1

The near-identification at Rome of civitas and libertas should also be recalled (Ch. Winzubski, Libmas, 3, with A. D. Momigliano,JRS 1951, 147; cf.JRS 1941, 16o).

Mint-Rome

39S L.COSSVTI C.F SABULA

74 B.C.

B. Cossutia 1; S. 790; RE Cossutius 6. See above, pp. 82f. 1

Denarius (Pl. XLIX)

Head

of

Medusa

I.;

BMCRR Rome 3320 behind,

SA B V LA

upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

Bellerophon on Pegasus r., brandishing spear with r. hand; below, L·COSSVTI·CF; behind, control-mark. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [31].

[28].

The control-marks are the numerals from I to XXXXII; no control-numeral has more than one die. The moneyer is presumably connected with the Roman negotiatores with the same

"'-

nomen

fun�oning in the Greek East (see p. 6o3); contact with the Greek East in

his own case perhaps provided an occasion for the discovery of and attraction by the motifs which appear on his coinage.

396 L.PLAETORI L.F B. Plaetoria

2; Bf.

Q

Mint-Rome

iii, 83; S. 792-792a; RE Plaetorius 14. See above, pp.

ta Denarius

74 B.C.

82f.

BMCRR Rome 3312

Bust of Juno Moneta r., draped and wearing diadem; behind, MONETA downwards; below chin, S ·C. Border of dots.

Victorious boxer running r., holding caestus in I. hand and palm-branch over r. shoulder; behind, L · P LA ET0 R I downwards; before, L · F · Q · S C upwards. Border of dots. ·

Reverse dies : 2.

tb Denarius (Pl. XLIX) Similar. Obverse dies

BMCRR Rome 3314 Similar, but below, control-mark.

(both varieties):

13.

Reverse dies : 13.

The control-marks on 1b are symbols relating to athletics; some control-symbols may have several dies, as Pontecorvo hoard 779 and Haeberlin 2193, both with strigil; for the control-symbols attested see Table

XXXVI

below.

L. Plaetorius L.f. (Cestianus) is not known to have progressed beyond the quaestorship; he is presumably the L. Plaetorius attested as a Senator in 66 (Cicero,

Cluent. 165) and is perhaps a cousin of no. 405, both being grandsons ofL. Plaetorius L.f. Papiria of the SC de agro Pergameno; he is probably the father of no. 508. TABLE XXXVI. Control-marks on denarii ofL. Plaetorius Amphora (for oil) Discus Hoop Strigil

Paris, A 13970 Paris, A 13971 Paris, A 13973 Paris, A 13969

Torch

Paris, A 13968

Wreath

Paris, A 13965 Paris, A 13967

See Pl. LXX, 6 1

The object held in the left hand of the figure on the reverse should be regarded as a caestus and as alluding to the cognomen Cestianus (B. Borghesi, CEuvres i, 181-2; F. Imhoof-Blumer's view, Nomisma 1910, 40, is senseless). For the letters S· C see p. 6o6.

Mint-Rome

397 P LENT P .F L.N Q .

74 B.C.

B. Cornelia 58; S. 791; RE Cornelius 204 and 238. See above, pp. 82f., below, no. 284*. t

Denarius

(Pl. XLIX)

Bearded head of Hercules r.; downwards. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: 6.

BMCRR Rome 3329

behind, Q ·S ·C

Male figure seated, facing, on curule chair, holding cornucopiae in r. hand and sceptre in

I. hand, placing r. foot on globe and L foot on uncertain object, crowned by flying Victory; on 1., P·LEI\f ·P·F downwards; on r., L·N upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1·

P. Lentulus is to be identified with P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, Cos. 57,1 but not with P. Cornelius (P.f.P.n.) Lentulus Marcellinus, the Quaestor of Sallust, Hist. ii, 43M.

For the head of Hercules compare the obverse of no. 329/ta-d. The reverse type of this issue is rightly held, on the analogy of no. 393, to portray the Genius populi Romani with the trappings of domination;2 it is also held G. 219, incidentally citing a coin of Sulla which does not

Gage,

Congres 1953,

exist) that this issue together

with nos. 329 and 393 show that the Cornelii Lentuli (one might add Marcellini) had a special relationship with the Genius; I doubt this. No. 393 was struck in the midst of, probably in connection with, the war against Sertorius (see p. 82) and its types should be regarded as purely public and as asserting the claims of the Roman state against those of the rebel state of Sertorius; I believe the same explanation to be valid for the reverse ,type of this issue.3 As for no. 329/1, it is not entirely clear

that the reverse type portrays the Genius; if it does, the presence of Roma and the Genius populi Romani on an issue of the year

100

surely reflects the victory over

the Cimbri and Teutones rather than the particular concerns of one family. If the Cornelii Lentuli did claim a special relationship with the Genius, the implications are sinister, in view of the claims to supreme power made by P. Lentulus Sura (Cicero, in Cat. iii, 9; de div. i, 72; Sallust, Cat. 47, 2; Plutarch, Cic. 17) and L. Lentulus Crus (Caesar, BC i, 4, 2). For the letters S· C see p. 6o6. 1 Who is not •

•

Cn. n. on the Fasti, contra Inscr. ltal. xiii, 1, p. 131. If the uncertain object below the left foot of the Genius is intended as a naval symbol, the trappings are those of domination terra marique (compare no. 393). On the Genius, see E. Rink, Bildliche Darstelllmlfm, 43-4 and 47-54, esp. 52. ]. B�ranger, BJ 1965, 72, provides no evidence for his implausible assertion that the Genius populi Romani had pcpularis associations.

TABLE

1

xxxvu. Control-marks on denarii ofQ. Pomponius Rufus Snake

Paris, A 14304

Paris, A 14299

VI

Bird

Paris, A 143011 Paris, A 14302

VII Scorpion VIII Frog

Fish

Paris, A 14303

I III

Bee Prawn

IIII V

There are plated specirne.ns with III, struck from different dies, HSA 10507; Hague 1497·

398 Q.POMPONI RVFVS

as

Paris, A 14305 Rome, Capitol 2493

BMCRR Rome 3302; ANS,

Mint-Rome

73 B.C.

B. Pomponia 23; Bf. i, 224; S. 793; RE Pomponius 26. See above, pp. 82f. 1 Denarius (Pl. L)

BMCRR Rome 3331

Laureate head of Jupiter r.; before, upwards; behind, dots.

S·C

RVFVS

Eagle perched on sceptre with 1. foot and holding wreath with r. foot; below and behind, control-marks; below sceptre, Q · POMPON I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 7·

downwards. Border of

Obverse dies: 10.

The control-marks are the numerals from I to VIII, each associated with a different symbol; no pair of control-marks has more than one die; for the control-marks attested see Table

XXXVII

above.

The moneyer is not otherwise known, but is perhaps a son of Cn. Pomponius, Tr. Pl. 90 (for a Cn. Pomponius Collina Rufus see T. P. Wiseman, CQ 1964, 125). For the way in which the eagle is represented, compare the Berlin-Charlottenburg cameo (A. Furtwangler, Beschreibung, 11056), where two eagles with wreaths support the Emperor and Roma (W. B. Kaiser, SM 1968, 35). The eagle is here present merely an attribute of Jupiter, who forms the obverse type, compare no. 487/1-2 (contra A. Alfoldi, Museum Helveticum 1950, 9-10); for Numa, from whom the Pomponii claimed descent (see on no. 334), as the creator of the religion of the Republic, see R. M. Ogilvie, Commentary, 88-105. For the letters S· C see p. 6o6.

as

399 Q.CREPEREI M.F ROCVS

Mint-Rome

72 B.C.

B. Crepereia 1-2; Bf. ii, 40; S. 796-796a; RE Crepereius 8. See above, pp. 82f. 1a Denarius serratus (Pl. L)

BMCRR Rome 3335

Bust of Amphitrite seen from behind, with head turned to r., draped; on 1., control mark; on r., control-mark. Border of dots.

Neptune in biga of sea-horses r., hold ing reins in 1. hand and brandishing trident with r. hand; above, control-mark; below, of dots.

Q ·C REPE RE I. Border ROCVS

tb Denarius serratus Similar. Obverse dies

BMCRR Rome 3339 Similar, but below,

(both

varieties): 24.

Q·C REPE R·M·F. ROCVS

Reverse dies (both varieties): 27.

410

TABLE X X X VIII.

A B c D E F G H I K

Control-marks on denarii ofQ. Crepereius Rocus

Dolphin Turtle Crab Fish Octopus Squid Flat fish Sponge Sea anemone Heron

18

1b

Paris, A 8675 Turin, F2281

Paris, A 8662

Paris, A 8676 Paris, A 8677 Paris, AF Paris, A 8678 Paris, A 868o Paris, A 8681

Paris, A 8663 Paris, A 8664 Paris, A 8666 Paris, A 8667 Paris, A 8668 Paris, A 8669 Paris, A 8670 Paris, A 8772 Paris, A 8671

There are plated specimens with aberrant combinationsof control-marks: in sa: Dolphin , no l e tter on obverse; n on revers e-Copenhagen ; BM in 1b: Dolphin, no letter on obverse; non r e v erse--Quadras y Ramon 277; BM; Copenhagen D olphin, Con obverse; A on reverse-Paris A 8661 Spon ge, Hon obverse; C on reverse-BMCRR Rome 3346.

The control-marks on the obverses of 1a and 1b are symbols relating to rivers or the

sea

and the letters of the Latin alphabet from A to K; the same symbol is

invariably attached to a given letter; the control-letter on the reverse is invariably the same

as

on the obverse; within each variety, each combination of control

symbol+ control-letter and control-letter may have several pairs of dies,

as

Paris,

A8671 and A8674 in tb, both with heron and K. For the control-marks attested see

Table

XXXVIII

above.

The moneyer is presumably a younger brother of M. Crepereius, Tr. Mil. 69, and connected with the Roman negotiatores with the same

nomen

functioning in the

Greek East (see p. 6o3); the marine types (compare G. Richter, Engraved gems, no.

332; M.-L. Vollenweider, Sceinschneidekunst, 26-7) and control-symbols

are

toler

ably appropriate for a man with such a background.

Mint-Rome

400 L.AXSIVS L.F NASO

71 B.C.

B. Axia 1-2; Bf. iii, 25; S. 794-795; RB Axius 7· See above, pp. 82f., below, no. 285*. ta

Denarius (Pl.

BMCRR Rome 3348

L)

Helmeted head of Mars r. (helmet bas plume o n each si de); below, NASO; before, S ·C; behind, control- mark. Border of dots.

Diana in biga of stagS r., holding reins in 1. hand and spear in r. hand; behind, two dogs; beo l w, dog; behind , control-mark; in exergue, L·AXS IYS·L ·F. Border of dots. BMCRR Rome 3354

tb Denarius Similar, but

helmet also crested. Obverse d i e s (both varieties): 24·

Similar. i s): 27. Reverse dies (both variete

411

The control-marks on 1a are the numerals from I to X; the control-numeral on the reverse is invariably the same

as

on the obverse. The control-marks on 1b are the

numerals from XI to XX; the control-numeral on the reverse is invariably the same on the obverse. Throughout, each pair of control-numerals may have several

as

pairs of dies,

as may be documented from any large collection. The moneyer is doubdess the banker attested on a near-contemporary tessera

nummularia (ILLRP 1019); whether he or a descendant is the man proscribed in 43 is uncertain (Appian, BC iv, 107). The figure on the reverse ispalpably Dianlb though the reasons for her presence are obscure; the axes attested by Pliny, NH viii, 76, natives of India,

are

of no

conceivable relevance to the reverse type, despite the superficial similarity between their name· and that of the moneyer (contra A. de Longperier, Mem. Soc. Ant. France 1852, 357 (Euvres ii, 289; A. Klugmann, ZfN 1878, 67). For the letters S· C seep. 6o6. =

Mint-Rome

401 MN.AQVIL MN.F MN.N

71 B.C.

B. Aquillia 2; Bf. i, 41; iii, 21; S. 798; RE Aquillius 9· See above, p. 83. 1 Denarius serratus (Pl. L)

BMCRR Rome 3364

Helmeted bust of Virtus r., draped; before, VI RTVS upwards; behind, II IVI R down wards. Border of dots.

Warrior, holding shield in 1. hand and raising up fallen figure with r. hand; below, SIC I L; on r., NV-AQVILupwards;onl., NV-F· NV N downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [98]. ·

Obverse dies: [88).

One non-serrate specimen is known (Rome, Capitol 1112).

The moneyer isperhaps attested as already a Senator in 74 (Cicero, Cluent. 127), but is not otherwise known. His reverse type alludes to the beneficia conferred on Sicily by his grandfather, Mn. Aquillius, Cos. 101, responsible for ending the slave war.

Mint-Rome

40z MAGNVS PROCOS

B. Pompeia 6; Bf. i, 210; ii, 67; Bf., Goldmimzenpri:igung, above, p. 83. ta

tS; S. 1028; RE Pompeius 31. See

Aureus

Bologna,

Head of Africa r., wearing elephant's skin; on I., jug with handle to 1.; on r., lituus; behind, MAGNVS downwards. Laurel-wreath as border. Obverse dies: 1.

Cat. 376

Pompey in triumphal quadriga r., holding branch in r. hand; on near horse, rider; above, flying Victory with wreath; in exergue, P R 0 C 0 S. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

1b Aureua (Pl L)

Similar, but handle of jug to r. Obverse dies: 1.

71 B.C.

BMCRR East 20

Similar, but P RO·COS. Reverse dies: 1.

412

The issue was doubtless struck for Pompey's triumph (see p. 83, also for the name Magnus) and the choice of reverse type was thus obvious; the reference to Africa is somewhat surprising, but is intelligible if one remembers that the swift and decisive victory in Africa was a more striking achievement than the victory in Spain, long delayed and only achieved after the murder of Sertorius by Perperna; it is also perhaps relevant that the victory in Africa was less recent and less charged with bitterness than the victory in Spain. The rider on the horse on the reverse is doubt less Pompey's elder son born between 8o and 76 (compare no. 326); the lituus and jug presumably refer to Pompey's augurate,I for which they provide the earliest evidence.

403 KALENI, CORDI

Mint-Rome

70 B.C.

B. Fufia 1; Mucia t; S. 797; RE Fufius to; Mucius 18. See above, pp. 83ff. 1

Denarius serratus (Pl. L)

Jugate heads of Honos and Virtus r.; on 1., HO; on r., Vll; below, KALEN I. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [26].

BMCRR Rome 3358 Italia on 1. a.Itd Roma on r. clasping hands; between clasped hands, comucopiae; behind ltalia, caduceus; Roma wears diadem, holds fasces in L hand and places r. foot on globe; on 1., I A.; on r., RO; in exergue, CORDI. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [29].

The first moneyer is doubtless Q. Fufius Calenus, Cos. 47; I have no doubt that

his colleague is a Mucius Scaevola, arrogating to himself the cognomen Cordus reasons see below; for the practice compare no. 322); he may be identified with the P. Mucius Scaevola attested as Pontifex from 69.2 The appropriateness of the obverse type for the novus homo Calenus is obvious (compare the attitude of Marius, T. P. Wiseman, New men, 109 ff.), but it also

(for the

seems to reflect the preoccupations of his colleague. The earliest Mucius, doubtless legendary, is the would-be assassin of Porsinna, on whom the cognomen Cordus was foisted as the legend developed; the story as told by Livy is redolent with the themes of honos and virtus and it is reasonable to suppose that a later Mucius would wish to claim descent from the legendary hero and would advertise his achievement and the esteem which followed (Livy ii, 12-13, 5 with commentary ofR. M. Ogilvie). The reverse type seems to allude to the reconciliation between Rome and Italy (under the domination of the former!), upon which the seal

was

set by the

census

of 70, the year in which this issue was probably struck (compare no. 392).3

1 • 1

The link with Sulla proposed by B. Frier (Arethusa 1969, 189 with nn. 24-5) is impossibly tenuous and contrary to all reason. The doubtless humble architect of Marius' temple to Honos and Virtus, C. Mucius, does not seem relevant. The type is misdated and misinterpreted as Pompeian by J.-Cl. Richard, MEFR 1963, 313-15.

Mint-Rome

404 T.VETTIVS SABINVS B. Vettia 2; 1

S. 905; REVettius !)a=

Denarius

serratus

14 and 11 (pramomm

70B.C.

wrong in RE). See above, pp.

(Pl. L)

83ff.

BMCRR Rome 3370

in

Bearded head of King Tatius r.; below chin,

Togate figure

Obverse dies: [ <20].

hand and magistrate's staff in I. hand; above, I V DE X; behind, com-ear; in exergue, T·VETTIVS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <22].

7\; behind, SABINVS downwards; before, S · C downwards. Border of dots.

biga 1., holding reins in r.

T. Venius Sabinus had probably already been Quaestor (Cicero, in Verr.z iii, 168; v, 114; T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP, Supp. 69; the argument of d. Nicolet, Ordre equestre, 259, to the contrary is without weight) when he became moneyer and went on to be Pr. 59 (Cicero, Flac. 85; there is no reason to suppose that he presided over the trial). The head of King Tatius on the obverse is identified by the monogram A ; the moneyer's cognomen is clearly responsible for its appearance. The nature and significance of the reverse type are, however, obscure; the figure has been identified as Sp. Vettius, the interrex who appointed Numa (Babdon, following hints in J. Eckhd, DNV v, 337; Th. Mommsen, RMw, 646 n.543), Numa (C. Cavedoni, Annali 1839, 321; 'Nuovi studi ', 26-7; Th. Mommsen, Monnaie romaine ii, 520 n. 4; J.-P. Morel, MEFR 1962,37-8 esp. 38 nn. 3-4) or Hercules (H. Mattingly,Proc. Camh. Phil. Soc. 195o-1, 27; 'Some new studies ', 258). The first and last suggestions are with out merit; and the method of referring to Numa, if it is he who is represented, is remarkably obscure. It is simplest to identify the type as portraying a magistrate engaged in judicial activity,! perhaps over corn-distribution; it is doubtless intended to convey a family or political allusion now lost. For the letters S· C see p. 6o6. 405 M.PLAETORIVS CEST B. Plaetoria 5-7 and 9-10; Bf. i, 203; ill, 83; above, pp. 83ff., below, no. 222*. 1a

Mint-Rome

S.

Denarius

Paris, A 13964

Female bust 1., draped and wearing winged diadem. Border of dots.

1b Denarius

Similar,

Pediment of temple; within pediment, anguipede figure holding(?) comucopiae; on entablature, pramomen and nomen of moneyer; below, CEST·S·C. Line border.

(Pl. L)

BMCRR Rome 3519

but behind, control-mark.

Obverse dies

69 s.c.

799-807 (except 802); RE Plaetorius 16. See

(both

varieties): 15.

Similar.

Reverse dies (both varieties): (17).

The pramomm and nomen of the moneyer occur in the following forms: M · e k T 0 RI VS (BMCRR Rome 3519), M· e k TORIV (BMCRR Rome JS20), M rLk TORI (BMCRR Rome 3521), M·rLAETORI (Paris, A 13961), M·rLA:.TOR (BMCRR Rome 3523), ·

M·rLAETOR (from Babelon). 1 I see

no

grounds for seeing an allusion to the Lex Aurelia of 70.

2

Denarius (Pl. L)

BMCRR Rome 3525

Female bust r., draped (?Fortuna); behind, control-mark. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 12.

Half-length figure of boy facing, holding tablet inscribed S 0 RS; around () , M · rLAETOR I·CEST·S·C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: (13).

3a Denarius

BMCRR Rome 3543

Female bust r., draped and with hair decorated with poppy-heads. Border of dots.

Winged caduceus;

on

1.,

M·rLAETO R I

downwards; on r., CEST·S·C downwards. Border of dots.

3b Denarius (Pl. L)

BMCRR Rome 3544

Similar, but behind, control-mark.

Similar; on r., M·rLAETO Rl downwards; 1., CEST·EX·S·C downwards. Reverse dies (3a-b): (?13).

on

48 Denarius (Pl.

L)

Bologna Jug and torch; on 1., M·rLAETO R I down

Similar.

wards; on r., CEST ·S ·C downwards. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 3533

4b Denarius

Similar; on r., M·rLAETORI downwards; on 1., CEST·EX·S·C downwards.

Similar.

4c Denarius

Bologna,

Similar to 3a. Obverse dies (3a-4c): 23. The legend on one

rev.

Similar. Reverse dies (43-c): (?t 3).

die of 4b is M·rLAETOR· CEST· EX· S· C (BMCRR Rome 3541).

TABLE XXXIX.

Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus

Arrow (downwards) Com-ear Ear

BMCRR Rome 3521 BMCRR Rome 3519

Flower Knife (see Pl. LXX,62) Knife (see Pl. LXX,63) Lituus

TABLE XL.

BMCRR Rome 3520 Haeberlin 2189

Dividers Lituus

Martini942 Copenhagen

BMCRR Rome 3527

Pedum Rudder

Pedum Pentagram Scales Stilus Torch Wheel Curly wing

Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus

Arrow (upwards) Crescent

Cat. 335

Haeberlin 2192 =Berlin

Scales Vine-leaf Wheel Wreath

BMCRR Rome 3526

T

Cambridge

Control-marks listed are attested in Paris unless otherwise stated.

TABLE XLI.

Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus

On3b:

Bee* Bird with short legs* Bird with long legs* Butterfly*

BMCRR Rome 3545

Cricket

BMCRR Rome 3547

Cup* (see Pl. LXX, 64) Dagger* (see Pl. LXX, 65)

Laurel-branch*

Oxford �MCRR Rome 3546 Paris, A 13925 BMCRR Rome 3544 B randosa hoard

Lizard

BMCRR Rome 3549

Peacock

Turin, Simboli, Oxford

Dolphin

Jug

Quiver* Rod* Shield*

Bologna

Oxford San Giuliano hoard

430

BMCRR Rome 3553 BMCRR Rome 3550

Simpulum*

BMCRR Rome 3551

Staff

PIUiS, A 13945 BMCRR Rome 3552 BMCRR Rome 3548

Vase with strap* (see Pl. LXX, 66) Tall vase (see Pl. LXX , 67) On4b:

Bee* Bird with short legs* Bird with long legs* Butterfly* Cup* (see Pl. LXX, 64) Cup with two handles Dagger* (see Pl. LXX, 65) Laurel-branch* Quiver* Rod* Shield*

Simboli, 417 BMCRR Rome 3534

Turin,

BMCRR Rome 3536 Turin, Simboli, 412 BMCRR Rome 3533 BMCRR Rome 3537 BMCRR Rome 3538 BMCRR Rome 3535 BMCRR Rome 3540 Bement 278 BMCRR Rome 3542

Simpulum*

Oxford

Vase with strap* (see Pl. LXX, 66)

BMCRR Rome 3541

On48:

Cup* (see Pl. LXX , 64) Cup with two handles Strigil

Bologna

Paris, A 13956 Rous 375

On5: Acorn Acrostolium

Anchor Apex Arrow (see Pl. LXX, 68) Arrow (see Pl. LXX, 70) Bipennis

Bow

Turin,

Simboli, 513

Oxford Paris, A 13853

Turin, Simboli, 258 BMCRR Rome 3554 Bonazzi 980 Paris, A 13851 Paris, A 13903

TABLE XLI

(cont.) BMCRR Rome 3555 BMCRR Rome 3556 Bologna, Cat. 332 BMCRR Rome 3557 BMCRR Rome 3558

Bucranium Butterfly Caduceus Candelabrum Qub Com-ear

Paris, A 13866 Paris, A 13899 BMCRR Rome 3559 Oxford

Com-grain Crook Dividers Dolphin

Paris, A 13895

BMCRR Rome 3567 BMCRR Rome 3562

Fasces Flail Fly Hanging fruit

(see PI. LXX, 71)

Horse's leg Ivy-leaf Key

Turin, Simboli, 416 Paris, A 13894 BM

BMCRR Rome 3573 Paris, A 13913 BMCRR Rome 3566

Ladder Lotus

BMCRR Rome 3563

Pail with lid and strap (see Pl. LXX , 72) Palm-branch Poppy-head

Turin, Simboli, 116

Scroll

BMCRR Rome 3571

Sea-horse Sickle Spear (downwards- see PI. LXX, 73) Staff Staff with double hook Standard Star

Paris, A 13874 Paris, A 13912 BMCRR Rome 3569

Strigil l.

Paris, A 13884 Paris, A 13855 Haeberl n i 216o

Strigil r. Trident Trophy Vine-leaf See Pl.

LXX,

Paris, A 13875 Bement 275 Turin, Simboli, 596

BMCRR Rome 3570

BMCRR Rome 3572 Quadras y Ramon 506 Paris, A 13861

117

BMCRR Rome 3568 BMCRR Rome 3565

See Pl. LXX, 76 See Pl. LXX, 77 See Pl. LXX, 78

Haeberlin 2172 Paris, A 13859 Paris, A 13896

See Pl. LXX, 79 See Pl. LXX, 8o LXX ,

Siena

Sydenham (1928), 1362

See Pl. LXX, 74 See Pl. LXX, 75

See Pl. A

Sydenham (1928), 1363

Paris, A 13906 Paris, A 13907 Haeberlin 2155 Haeberlin 2155

81

S

= =

Berlin Berlin

Those dies which are oommon to 3 and 4 are ma.dted with "'. or the symbols listed by Babelon and unlikely to be simply mis-described, I have not found flower on 3, rod and torch on 5·

417

BMCRR Rome 3554

5 Dauuius (Pl. L) Male head r., with flowing hair; behind, control-mark. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

S4·

Similar to 3b. Reverse dies: (6o).

/

The control-marks on 1b, 2 and 3b-4b are symbols, on 5 symbols or letters of the Latin alphabet; within each of the four groups no control-mark has more than one die; for the control-marks attested seeTables XXXIX-XLI on pp. 415-17. The moneyer is M. Plaetorius M.f. Cestianus, Pr. ?64; there is no room in his career

after the moneyership for the quaestorship, which must antedate 69, but

for which the defective text of Cicero, Font. 1 is not evidence. For the latter part of his life see Cic ero,ad Att. v, 20,8 with commentary of D. R. Shackleton Bailey. The reverse type of 1 probably portrays a temple outside Rome (F. Castagnoli,

Arch. Class. 1953, 104, is refuted by H. Jucker, JBM 1959-6<>, 295 n.1). The reverse type of 2 seems to represent an oracle at work (so H. Dressd, ZJN 1922,24; compare the representation discussed by 0. Brendel, AJA 1960,45-6); it may recall the fact that the moneyer came from the Praenestine family of the Cestii by adoption into the Tusculan family of the Plaetorii (T. P. Wiseman, New

men,

251; for the

oracle of Praeneste, the most celebrated Italian oracle to function by casting lots, seeILLRP 101-10; GIL xiv, 2862; Cicero, de div. ii, 85,cf. i, 34; Tibullus i, 3, 11; Valerius Maximus i, 3, 1; cf. K. Lane, RRg, pl. 6 with 177 n. 6). The bust on the obverse of 3-4 is clearly that of Proserpina (for the jug and torch seeRoscher ii,

1370,fig. 16); if the primary association of the caduceus on the reverse of 3 and 5 is with the obverse of 5, this may be taken to represent Mercury1 (for the links between Hermes and Kore see Roscher ii, 1364-79, figs. 17-20); the complex of types on 3-5 doubdess alludes to a particular cult with which the moneyer was connected. Note the sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Aricia (NSc 1930, 370). For the letters [EX·] S· C see p. 6o6.

406 P.GALB AED. B. Sulpicia 6-7; S. 1

Denarius

CVR

Mint-Rome

838-839; RB Sulpicius

55· See above, pp.

(Pl. L)

Head of Vesta r., wearing veil; behind, downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

83.ff.

BMCRR Rome S ·C

3516; Rome 3517

Knife, culullus1 and axe; on 1., k D or AE; on r., CV R; in exergue, r-GALB. Border of dots. Reverse dies:

[48].

69 B.C.

(53].

For the head of Vesta compare no. 428/1; it and the

revers e

type show that P.

Sulpicius Galba was a Pontifex by 69 (for the Pontifices and Vesta see G. Wissowa,

RuK, 161). For the letters S· C seep. 6o6. 1 There is no reason to suppose that it represents Romulus (contra A. Alfbldi, REL 1950, 1 G. Wissowa, RuK, 516 n. 1. Hdveticum 1951, 194).

418

SS; Museum

407 C.HOSIDI C.F GETA III VIR

Mint-Rome

68 B.C.

B. Hosidia 1-z; S. 903�4; RE Hosidius 4· See above, pp. 83ff. t

Denarius

serratus (Pl. L)

BMCRR Rome 3386

Bust of Diana r., draped, with bow and quiver over shoulder; behind, GETA downwards; before, Ill·VI R downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
on

Boar r., wounded by spear and attacked by hound; in exergue, C· HOS 10 I·C·F. Border

of dots. Reverse dies: [
the reverse is sometimes missing (Illinois).

BMCRR Rome 3388

2 Denarius (Pl. L) Similar, but smaller head; before, GETA downwards; behind, Ill ·VI R downwards. Obverse dies: [134).

Similar. Reverse dies: [149).

The spear on the reverse is sometimes missing (BMCRR Rome 3393). One serrate specimen is recorded (Leu z, 334).

In both varieties the G on the obverse sometimes appears as C. The moneyer is perhaps the man proscribed in 43 (Appian, BC iv, 171; Dio

xlvii, 10, 6; see T. P. Wiseman, New men, .235, for his origo). The reverse type merdy complements the bust of Diana on the reverse.

Mint-Rome

4o8 C.PISO L.F FRVGI

67B.C.

B. Calpurnia 24-29; Bf. i, 73; iii, 32; S. 84o-878; RE Calpurnius 93· See above, pp. 83ff.

The basic types

are:

Head or bust of Apollo.

There are almost

as

Horseman.

many varieties

as

there

are

die-combinations; for the latter see

Tables nn-xun with Index I (b) ii, the basic variable dements may be tabulated thus: ta

(Pl. L)

Laureate head r.

Obverse dies: 53·

behind, control-mark.

Horseman r. with whip Horseman r. with torch Horseman r. Horseman r. with palm. Horseman r. with palm and conical cap. Horseman r. with palm and Phrygian cap. Horseman r. with wing. Reverse dies: 59·

above, control-mark. above and below, control-marks.

[Continued on p. 435) 419

TABLE XLII.

0' �0° 00' �a . � :l� 0

n

1 1 1 2

t 0

3 4 2 3 5 6 3 7 4 8 4 9 4 9 4 10 11 8 12 5 13 14 15 6 6

Control-marks on denarii of C. Piso Frugi

.

� 8� � .. as :a

w1 n

Eagle Eagle Eagle

s

y

Butterfly

s

Berlin BMCRR Rome 3775 Paris, AF 772a Paris, A 6445 BMCRR Rome 3813 BMCRR Rome 3812

Haeberlin 2217 Paris, A 6404 Stork BMCRR Rome 3794 n BMCRR Rome 3802 y Levis 102 Thunderbolt Turin, Simboli, 264 Butterfly BMCRR Rome 3808 Snake on caduceus BMCRR Rome 3809 Butterfly Paris, A 6376 Olive-branch BMCRR Rome 3779 Butterfly Paris, A 6451 Olive-branch BMCRR Rome 3814 Butterfly Paris, A 6424 Scorpion with butterfly Paris, A 6425 Com-ear Paris, AF Snake on caduceus Levis 104 Head-dress of Isis BMCRR Rome 3807 Stork Haeberlin 2271 Pedum Paris, A 6391 M Haeberlin 2214 BM Q n BMCRR Rome 3785 n Paris, A 6416 y

�

p.� ii' s

t:l n < n w_ 1 p. n

Horseman r., wing, FR VGI, quiver above Horseman r., pahn, FRVG, whip above Horseman r., wing, FRVG I, scorpion above Horseman r., wing, FRV GI, scorpion above Horseman r., wing, FRVGI, scorpion above Horseman r., wing, FRV G I, scorpion above Horseman r., pahn, FRV G, above Horseman r., whip, FRVG, lituus above Horseman r., whip, FR VG, lituus above Horseman r., whip, FR VG, lituus above Horseman r., FRVG, E above Horseman r., FRVG, E above Horseman r., whip, FRVG, 2 above Horseman r., whip, FRVG, 2 above Horseman r., pahn, FRVG, M above Horseman r., pahn, F R VG, M above Horseman r., wing, FRVG, F above Horseman r., wing, FRVG, F above Horseman r., whip, FRVGI, I above Horseman r., whip, FRVGI, I above Horseman r., whip, FRVGI, I above Horseman r., whip, FRVGI, I above Horseman r., whip, FRVGI, I above Horseman r., pahn, FRY, com-ear above Horseman r., pahn, FRY, com-ear above Horseman r., pahn, F RV, com-ear above Horseman r., pahn, FR V, com-ear above Horseman r., palm, FR VG, A above Horseman r., palm, FRVG, P above

n

1

_J

"-....

2 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11

12 13

t ...

6 16 17 6 18 19 7 7 20 7 8 12 8 9 21 22 10 1t 23 14 12 13 24 14 25 t6 26 27 t6 28 29 17 30 31 17

Squid Thunderbolt

Paris, A 6415 BMCRR Rome Paris, A 6388 Paris, A 6454 BMCRR Rome BMCRR Rome Paris, A 6458 BMCRR Rome Paris, A 6439 Haeberlin 2202

Snake on caduceus

Turin, Simbcli,

Head-dress of Isis Snake on caduceus

Paris, A 6422 Oslo

Olive-branch e

BMCRR Rome BMCRR Rome BMCRR Rome BMCRR Rome Paris, A 6431

n Pl.

LXX,

102

Wheel n Scorpion Pl. LXX, 103 Thunderbolt Thunderbolt

Anchor Scorpion with butterfly Com-ear

B· M Head-dress of Isis

Pedum Foot

M

Snake on staff Pl. LXX , 102 r Lizard Pl. LXX, 102 Comucopiae

Horseman r., palm,

3786 3789 3788 3805 283 3796 3803 3795 3791

Copenhagen Paris, A 6412 Paris, A 6393

Haeberlin 2268 BMCRR Rome 3810 Paris, A 6459 Paris, A 6456 BM BM

BMCRR Rome 3780 BMCRR Rome 3799 Paris, A 6408

c;:)

Moscow

Wheel Caduceus Jug

BMCRR Rome 3801 Paris, A 6426 Paris, A 6410 Paris, AF 765

Wheel

FRVG, *above

Horseman r., palm, FRV G, � above Horseman r., palm, FRVG, *above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, F R VG, fish above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, F RVG, fish above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, F R VG, fish above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, F R V, lotus above Horseman r., whip, FRVG I, A above Horseman r., whip, F R VG I, A above

FRVG, sword above FRV, 'V above Horseman r., whip, F R V, 'V above Horseman r., whip, F RV, Pl. LXX, 104 above Horseman r., whip, F R VG, lizard above Horseman r., whip, FRVG, lizard above Horseman r., whip, FRVG, lizard above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, F RV, Pl. LXX, 105 above Horseman r., whip, FRVGI, 'T above Horseman r., whip, FRVGI, 'T above Horseman r., whip, FRVGI, 'T above Horseman r., palm, FR VG, spear with knobs above Horseman r., whip, F R VG, � above Horseman r., whip, FRVG, �above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, FRVG, arrow-head above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, FR VG, arrow-head above Horseman r., palm, FRVGI,::: above Horseman r., palm, FRVGI,::: above Horseman r., palm, FRVGI,::: above Horseman r., whip, F RV, strigil above Horseman r., whip, FR V, strigil above Horseman r., whip, FRV, strigil above Horseman r., whip, FRVG, torque above Horseman r., whip, F RV G, torque above Horseman r., whip, FRVG, torque above Horseman r., palm, FRVG, S above Horseman r., palm, Horseman r., whip,

14 14 14 15 15 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 zo

21 21 21 22 23 23 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 30

TABLE XLII 0

a·

Q. <

(cont.)

� I' () < � 8�

�8�

;·a �[9 o

n

t

t-1

30 17 23 18 20 20 32 21 32bis 24 25 25 33 28 25 33 34 26 27 29 35 30 32 36 35 37 38 38

�[s Q. a o

n

Caduceus

BMCRR Rome Berlin

Wheel

B·

Scorpion Squid Squid e

R Foot

Snake on staff Snake on staff Voting-tablet with V Comucopiae Snake

on

staff

3787

Paris, A 6399 Bologna,Cat. 361 Paris,A 6385 Paris, A 6390 Haeberlin 2213 Haeberlin 2212 BMCRR Rome 3784 Paris,A 6392 Paris,A 64o6 Paris, A 6407 Paris, A

6433

Hannover 302oa Haeberlin 2208

3782 BMCRR Rome 3781 Paris, AF 777 Paris, A 6394 Paris, A 6429 BMCRR Rome 3792 Paris,A 6382 BMCRR Rome 3774

r

BM

Voting-tablet with V

Fly r

Lizard co

Vine-leaf Caduceus

Vine-leaf

5-

Tongs Tongs

BMCRR Rome

Turin, Simboli, 511 Padova Paris, AF 763 BMCRR Rome 3806

Horseman r., palm, FRVG,TT above Horseman r., palm, FRVG, TT above r.,palm,FRVG,TT above whip,FR VG, wreath above r.,palm, FRV,Labove r., whip, FRVG, basket with strap above r., whip, FRVG, basket with strap above r.,palm,FR VG,H above r.,FR VG,curved sword above r.,FRVG,curved sword above r.,palm,FR VGI,mallet above (Pl. LXX, 86) r., palm,FRVGI, mallet above r., palm, FRVGI, mallet above r., whip, FR VG, 1\ above

r.,

n "'

n

n

Horseman r.,palm, FRV G, S above Horseman r., palm, FRVG, II above Horseman r., palm, FR VG, II above Horseman r.,whip,FRVG,S above Horseman r., palm, F RVG, ivy-leaf above Horseman r.,palm, FRVGI, V above Horseman r., palm, FRVGI,V above Horseman r.,palm, FRVG, r above Horseman r., palm,FRVG, r above Horseman r., palm, FRVG, 13 above Horseman r.,whip,FRVG, palm-branch with fillet above, torch below Horseman r.,torch,FRVG, shield above, sword below � Horseman r., torch, FRVG, shield above, sword below Horseman r., torch, FR VG,shield above, sword below

Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman

l;lj

e:;; C1l '1

30 31 31 32 33 34 34 34his 34his 35 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 39 40

41 41

4Z

43 43

44 44 44

45

Horseman r., palm, FRV, B above Horseman r., whip, FRVG, staff with hook above Horseman r., whip, FRVG, staff with hook above

46 47 47

Horseman r., palm, C·�IS·L+ FRVGI, club above Horseman r., palm, C·IIS·L.f. FRVGI, club above

Crescent

Paris, A 6398 Paris, A 6389 Haeberlin 22o6

48 48 48

Bee Lituus

42

II

44

43

45 46 45 46 47 47 48 47

t w

Paris, A 6387 BMCRR Rome 3798 Paris, A 6409

39 40 41

Quiver

*

Horseman r., palm, C·�IS·L·F· FRVGI, club above

49 49

Apex

Haeberlin 2202

Horseman r., palm, FRVG, torch above

Arrow

Oxford

Apex Arrow

BMCRR Rome 3793 BMCRR Rome 3797

Horseman r., palm, FRVG, torch above Horseman r., whip, FRV G, grasshopper above Horseman r., whip, FRVG, Pl. LXX, 1o6 above

I I

BMCRR Rome 3811 BMCRR Rome 3790

Horseman r., torch, FRVG, star above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, FRVG I, staff with double hook above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, FRVG I, staff with double hook above Horseman r., palm, FRVGI, Pl. LXX, 107 above

52 53 53 54

Horseman r., palm, FRVG, G above

ss

X

Paris, A 6442

so

51

Paris, A 6400

49

I

'f

Paris, A

so

Grasshopper

Haeberlin 2204

Horseman r., palm, FRVG, R above

s6

51

Sceptre

Paris, A 6452

Horseman r., Phrygian cap, palm, FRVG I, arrow above

57

52

Feather

BMCRR Rome 3783

Horseman r., palm, FRVGI, X above

ss

6384

I here list those combinations of control-marks on the tint part of the issue of C. Piso Frugi which are known to me; my purpose is to make possible a description of the issue and to form an estimate of its size I make no claim to absolute completeness; there are no doubt ·more combinations to be discovered, though I do not think there are many more dies to be discovered; and although I have taken account of die-breaks when known to me, the order of the Table is to a large extent arbitrary, with those coins grouped together which share the same reverse die. The obverse type throughout is Laureate head r. The following combinations of control-marks are known to me only from plated coins- N{horseman r., pahn, FRVG, G above (BM), M/horseman r., pahn, FRVG, arrow-head above (Copenhagen); there is also a plated coin which combines an obverse as no. 123 of Table XLIII and a reverse aa no. 29 of this Table, another which combines an obverse as no. 27 of Table XLIII and a reverse as no. 22 of this Table. . .

TAB L B x L I I I. 0

Q.O' �. <

t't t'ta

4

:, head r.

"""

1 6 7 2 2 8 9

10 2 11 3 4 12 3 8 13 14 15 3 3

r.

13, head r.

: , head r. lX, head r. 13, head r. head r.

Pennant, head r. l.l, head r. Key, head r.

i3,

head r.

13, head r.

t't �"'

�a�a 'ls:�.rt

1 XXI, head r. ll3, bead r. i3, head r. CVI, head r. 1XXI, head r. 1 XXI, head r. XXI, head r. 13, head r. ll3, head r. ll3, head r. CCl, head r. CCX, head r. CXLV, head r. ua, head r.
CC.l,

� e:�

� 8� �

�as a .. e-n

.LXXI, head ll3, head r. 13, head r.

3 5 1

t

� 8� �

1 2 3 1 2

Control-marks on denarii of C. Piso Frugi

BMCRR Rome 3671 BMCRR Rome 3672 BMCRR Rome 3674 Turin, Simboli, 51 Paris, AF 794 BMCRR Rome 3718 Paris, A 6633 Paris, A 6632 BMCRR Rome 3723 Paris, A 6670 BM Paris, A 6539 BMCRR Rome 3696 Paris, A 6555 Paris, A 6646 Paris, AF Boo BMCRR Rome 3697 Paris, A 6556 Copenhagen BM Paris, A 6540 BMCRR Rome 3699 BMCRR Rome 3702 Paris, A 6628 Paris, A 6567 Paris, AF 8o1 Turin, Simboli, 41 Cambridge BMCRR Rome 3726

0

Horseman r., FRV, �XVI below Horseman r., FRV, �XVI below Horseman r., FRV, �XVI below

1 1 1

Horseman r., FRV, �XVI below Horseman r., palm, F RV, A below Horseman r., palm, FRV, A below

1

2 2

Horseman r., palm, F RV, A below Horseman r., palm, FRV, A below Horseman r., palm, FR, ? above

2 2 3

Horseman r., conical cap, palm, FRV, arrow-head below Horseman r., conical cap, palm, F RV, arrow-head below Horseman r., conical cap, palm, F RV, arrow-head below

4

Horseman r., palm, Horseman r., palm,

s

FRV, whip above FRV, Pl. LXX , 82 above Horseman r., palm, FRV, Pl. LXX, 82 above Horseman r., palm, FRV, Pl. LXX, 82 above Horseman r., palm, FRV, Pl. LXX, 82 above Horseman r., palm, F RV, dot above, dot below Horseman r., palm, FRV, dot above, dot below Horseman r., palm, FRV, dolphin below Horseman r., palm, FRV, dolphin below Horseman r., palm, F RV, dolphin below Horseman r., palm, F RV, leaf below Horseman r., palm, F RV, leaf below Horseman r., palm, F RV, leaf below Horseman r., palm, F RV, leaf below Horseman r., palm, FRV, leaf below Horseman r., palm, FR, Pl. LXX , 83 above Horseman r., palm, FRV, 1/\ above

}f

4 4

6 6

6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 10 11

t

V\

4 4 8 16 17 5 9 7 18 19 20 7 21 22 7 20 7 23 24 25 9

=·head r. =·head r. CC..L, head r. DXX, head r. Pl. LXX, 84,head r. CY I,head r. CCX, head r. 13, head r. Xlll::,head r. I, head r. Whip,head r. 13, head r. Head I., 2 Head 1., lizard 13, head r. Whip, head r. 13, head r. Strigil,head r. Dolphin, head r. PI. LXX, 85,head r. CCX, head r.

26 27 9 10 10 10 28 29 10 10 10 30 11

CXXI, head r. CXI, head r. CCX, head r. CXl Y, head r. CX.l Y, head r. CXl Y, head r. Not used

CXX, head r. CXl Y, head r. CXl Y, head r. CXl Y, head r. ftk., head r. Q)CC, head r.

Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman

r., palm,FRY, 1/\ above r., palm with fillet,FRY, hook above r., palm with fillet, FRY, hook above r.,palm with fillet, FRY, hook above r.,palm with fillet,FRY, hook above r.,palm, FRY, dagge r below r., palm, FRY, dagger below r., palm, FRY, n below r.,palm, FRY, n below r.,palm, FRY, n below r., palm,FRY, n below r., conical cap, palm, FRYG, 0 below r.,conical cap, palm, FRY G, 0 below r., conical cap, palm, FRYG, 0 below r., palm, FRYG, 0 below r., palm, FRYG, 0 below r.,Phrygian cap,FRY, \:.1 below r., Phrygian cap, FRY, \:.1 below r.,Phrygian cap,FRY, \:.1 below r.,Phrygian cap, FRY, \:.1 below r., causea, FRY, strigil below

Paris,A 6535 Haeberlin 2236 BMCRR Rome 3740 BMCRR Rome 3741 Paris,A 6484 Haeberlin 2255 Paris, A 6627 Glasgow Paris,A 6636 Paris, A 6537 Paris, A 6509 Paris, A 6637 Paris, A 66o6 Paris, A 66o7 BMCRR Rome 3720 BMCRR Rome 3714 BMCRR Rome 3739 Paris, A 6584 Haeberlin 2222 Paris,A,6522 Miinzen und Medaillen 43,149 BMCRR Rome 3677 Paris,AF 788 Copenhagen BMCRR Rome 3715 BMCRR Rome 3693 Brandosa hoard

Horseman r.,causea, FRY, strigil below Horseman r.,causea, FRY, sttigil below Horseman r., palm, FRY, voting-tablet with L above Horseman r., palm, FRY, /\ above Horseman r., palm, FRY, mallet above (PI. LXX, 86) Horseman r.,palm,FRY, pedum above

Paris, A 6655 Paris, A 6650 Paris, A 6644 Paris,A 6663 BMCRR Rome 3716 Paris,A 6648

Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman

r., palm, FRY, pedum above r.,palm,FRY, V. above r.,palm,FRY, -1 above r., palm, FRY, 7'i. above r.,palm, FRY, 7'i. above r.,palm,FRY, figure-of-eight above

11 12 12 12 1Z 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 24

25 25 26

TABLE XLIII 0

e:� a

n

n

16 11 31 32 12 15 18 15 16 32

t

0\

16 33 17 17 26 19 20 34 35 36 37 38 19 20 22 22 24 39 24

(cont.)

� 8tl � �< w[sa

� tl8� � "'"[s� n

I

<

I

Q.

DXX, head r. CDCC, head r. Pl. LXX , 87,head r. Pl. LXX , 88,head r. lX, head r. Key, head r.

Paris, A 6647 Cambridge Paris,A 6573 Paris,A 6569 Paris,A 6641 BMCRR Rome 3736

XIII::, head r.

Paris,A 6674

Key,head r. DXX, head r. Pl. LXX, 88,head r.

Paris,A 6521 Paris,A 6669 Paris,A 6566 BMCRR Rome 3691 Paris,A 6654

DXX, head r. ClX, head r. Pl. LXX, 84,head r. Pl. LXX, 84,head r. CXXI, head r. I, head r. Whip,head r. Bust 1., with caduceus Oil-jar with strigil,bead r. IX:, head r. Thyrsus lll::,head r. I, bead r. Whip,head r. Head 1., lizard Head 1., lizard Dolphin,head r. Lotus, head 1·. Dolphin,head r.

�

n

�a

Q. 0

n

Horseman r.,palm,F R V, figure-of-eight above Horseman r.,palm,F R V, two-pronged fork above

26

Horseman r.,palm, FRV, two-pronged fork above Horseman r.,palm, FRV, two-pronged fork above Horseman r.,palm, FR, flail above

27 27

Horseman r.,conical cap,palm, FRV, Horseman r.,conical cap,palm,F R V,

Horseman r.,palm,F RV, club above

Paris,A 6462 Paris,A 6467 Haeberlin 2312 Paris,A 6466

Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman

r.,FRVG, arrow-head above r.,FRVG, arrow-head above r., FRV G, arrow-head above r., FRVG, arrow-head above

BMCRR Rome 3657 BMCRR Rome 3654 Paris,A 6421 Berlin

Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman

r.,FRVG, arrow-head above r., FRVG, arrow-head above r., FRVG, arrow-head above r.,whip, FR VG, f1 below

Paris,A 6507

Horseman r.,palm, FRV, cross below Horseman 1., torch, whip,FR V Horseman r.,whip, FRVG I, torch above Horseman r., palm, FRV, < below Horseman r.,palm, FRV, < below

BMCRR Rome 369o Paris, A 6511 Paris, A 6504

29

Horseman r.,palm, F RVG, torch below Horseman r., palm,F R V, two dots above, one dot below Horseman r.,palm, FRV, two dots above,one dot below

BMCRR Rome 368o Paris, A 6643

Paris, A 6491 Paris,A 6489

28 29

I· I below I· I below

Horseman r.,palm, FRV, club above Horseman r.,palm, FRV, r above Horseman r.,palm, FRV, torch above Horseman r.,palm,F R V, torch above

Turin, Simboli, 42

27

30 31 31 �2 32 33

I

Horseman r.,palm, FRV, spear with thick handle below

34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41

40 24 26 31 30 31 41 42

32 33

43 34 38 38 44

38

44

t

�

45 38 46 47 38 38 48 49 so 38 48 39 51 40 42 42

52 43

Wreath, head r. Dolphin, head r. CXXI, head r. PI. LXX, 87, head r. 4,, head r. PI. LXX, 87, head r. Pileus, with star, head r. Staffwithdoublehook,headr. Pl. LXX, 88, head r. ClX, head r. A, head r. Bust I . with caduceus Ill::, head r. Il:l : , head r. 1:£, head r. Ill::, head r. I:L head r. Knucklebone, head r. Ill::, head r. S ::·,head r. Head 1., IS: Ill::, head r. lll::, head r. Lizard, head r. Snake,head r. I:, head r. Ill::, head r. Lizard, head r. Lotus,head r. Torch, head r. Wreath, head r. Staffwithdoublehook,headr. Staffwithdoublehook,headr. Tortoise, head r. A, head r.

Paris, A6sos BMCRR Rome 3692 Signorelli 271 Paris, A 6551 BMCRR Rome 3703 BMCRR Rome 3704 Copenhagen BMCRR Rome 3731 BMCRR Rome 3695

Horseman r., palm, FR V, spear with thick handle below Horseman r., palm, FR, t wo-pronged fork below Horseman r., palm, FR V, 1- above Horseman r., palm, F RV, I- above Horseman r., palm, FR V, cross above Horseman r., palm, F R, 1\ above Horseman r., palm, FR, 1\ above Horseman r., palm, F R, 1\ above Horseman r., palm, FR V, dot above, two dots below Horseman r., palm, FRV, 3· above

Paris, A 6658 Hess-Leu 9, 270 BMCRR Rome 3669 Paris, A 6422 BMCRR Rome 3655 Paris, A 6638 BMCRR Rome 3721 Paris, A 6559 Paris, A 66<>9 BMCRR Rome 3663 Paris, AF 815 Haeberlin 2250 Hess-Leu 41, 33 BMCRR Rome 3658 BMCRR Rome 3659 BMCRR Rome 3662 BMCRR Rome 3701 BMCRR Rome 3687 Paris, A 6510 Brandosa hoard BMCRR Rome 3749 BMCRR Rome 3709 Padova BMCRR Rome 3712 Haeberlin 2239

Horseman r., palm, FRV, 3· above Horseman r., FRV, T below Horseman r., FRV, T below Horseman r., F RV, fish below Horseman r., F RV, fish below Horseman r., palm, FRVG, T below Horseman r., palm, FRVG, T below Horseman r., palm, FR VG, T below Horseman r., FRV, ·Ibelow Horseman r., FR V, 'I below Horseman r., FR V, ·I below Horseman r., palm with fillet, FR V, -:> below Horseman r., FR VG, 1\ below Horseman r., FRVG, 1\ below Horseman r., FRVG, 1\ below Horseman r., FRVG, 1\ below Horseman r., palm, FR VG, anchor below Horseman r., palm, FRVG, anchor below Horseman r., palm, FRVG, c..... below Horseman r., palm, FRVG, c..... below Horseman r., whip, FRV, H below Horseman r., palm, FRV, V above Horseman r., palm, FR VG, dot above, four dots below Horseman r., palm, FR VG, dot above, four dots below Horseman r., palm, FR VG, 'l below

BMCRR Rome 3689

41 42 43 43 44

45 45 45 46 47 47

48 48 49 49 so so so 51 51 51 52 53 53 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 57 58 58 59

TABLE XLIII 0

e:�

, a(t 43 53 43 54 55 44 45

t

00

0 8� CT (t m= as� :o;-_

8�

A, head

r. Bow, head r.

A,

head r. Head 1., arrow-head Head 1., laureate, I

I :L,

r.

Signorelli 278 Paris,A6470 Paris,A 6543 Paris,A6488

Horseman r., conical cap, FRVG, .....J above Horseman r., conical cap, FRVG, .....J above Horseman r., palm with fillet, F RVGI, bird above

6o

Horseman r.,palm with fillet,

6t

Berlin Martini 412 BMCRR Rome 3713

Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman

Snake, head r.

BMCRR Rome 3766 Brussels Copenhagen Turin,Simboli, 489

49 50

Snake, head r.

BMCRR Rome 3688

59 6o 61 49 61 62 49 62 50 50 63 52 53 64

I:, head r. Snake, head r. Snake, head r. r, head r.

:. [.

Head 1., I· f.. Snake, head r. Head 1., l·f.. �·,head r. Snake, head r. �·,head r. I:, head r.

I:, head r. I:·, head r.

Tortoise, head r. Bow, head r. Simpulum, head r.

�a(t

�� I p. (t

"'

·I, head r. ··3, head r.

49 49

�

n

I p. (t

head r. Knucklebone, head Head 1., S:

�

m g sa�

57 58 49

56

(cont.)

Paris,A6538 BM Bologna, Cat. 354 Paris,A 6616 Paris,A 6617 Paris,A6684 BMCRR Rome 3670 BMCRR Rome 3763 Paris, AF 784 Pa.ris,A6495 BMCRR Rome 3665 Paris,A 6612 Paris, A6618 Paris,A6619 Cahn So, 532

6o 61

FRVGI, bird above

r.,palm with fillet, F RVGI, bird above r.,palm, F RV, ? below r., palm, FRV, H below r., palm, FRV, H below Horseman r.,palm,F RV, H below Horseman r., palm, F RV, H below

61 62 63 63 63 63 64 --65

Horseman r., palm, FRV, I below Horseman r., palm, F RVG, pedum below

Horseman r., palm, F RVG, pedum below Horseman r.,FRV, X below

Horseman r.,F RV, Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman

XII

65 66

below

67 67 67 67 68

r., FRV, XII below r., FRV, XII below r., FRV, XII below r., FRV, XV below r., FRV, XV below r., F RV, XV below r., FRVG, V1 below r., F RV G, .Vl below r., F RVG, V1 below r., FRV, XVII below

Horseman r.,FRV, XVII below Horseman r., palm, F RV, ..u above

Horseman r.,conical cap,palm with fillet, Paris,A 6581 Martinetti-Nervegna 965 Horseman r., conical cap,palm with fillet,

68 68 69 69 69 70

FRVGI, I F RVGI, I

below below

70 71 72 72

53

Bow,head r.

53 53 65 54

Bow,head r. Bow,head r.

54 66 55 56 58 67 61 59 59 59 59 68

t

\0

69 70 62 63 71 72 63 64 64 73 74 64 75 64 70 67 70 68

Paris,A 6463 Berlin

PI. LXX, 90,head r. Head I., arrow-head Head 1., arrow-head 0, head r.,laureate Head 1., laureate, I Head 1.,S: · 3, head r. Head l.,S:· Head 1., I· L

r, head

I

Paris,A 6575 BMCRR Rome 3745

BMCRR Rome 3772 Paris,A 6490 BMCRR Rome 3755 Turin, Simboli, 480 Glasgow

BMCRR Rome 3722 BMCRR Rome 3765 Paris,A 6690 Paris,A 6639 Paris,A 6631 BMCRR Rome 3661 Paris,A 6615 Paris,AF 782 BMCRR Rome 3761

r.

r, head r.

r, head r. r, head r. ·::,head r. Head 1., S · L

I:·, head r.

Paris,A 6614 BMCRR Rome 3664 BMCRR Rome 3668

Head 1.,· [.

Paris,A 6686

Ivy-leaf, headr. I:·, head r. Simpulum, head r. Simpulum, head r. Head l.,:)

Paris,A 6498 Paris,A 6677 Paris,A 6683 Paris,A 6579

...,headr. �·,head r.

Club, head r. Simpulum, head r. Star,head

r.

Simpulum, head ..., head r. Head 1.,S:· .. .,head r. ·::,headr.

r.

Paris,A 6691 Paris,A 6577 Paris,A 6635 BMCRR Rome 3710 Cambridge Paris,A 666o Paris,AF San Giuliano hoard Paris,A 6625

Horseman r., FRV, 1 above Horseman r.,conical cap, FRVG, Pl. LXX, 89 above Horseman r., palm with fillet, F R VG, S below Horseman r., palm with fillet, F RVG, S below Horseman r.,conical cap,palm with fillet,FRVG, Pl. LXX, 91 above Horseman l.,whip,wing, F RVG I, flying bird above Horseman r.,whip,wing,FRVG I, flying bird above Horseman 1.,torch, FRVG I, lizard above Horseman r., palm, FRV, five dots below Horseman r., palm, FRV, X below Horseman r., palm, FRV, X below Horseman r.,palm, FRV, X below Horseman r.,palm, F RV, X below Horseman r., palm, F RV, A below Horseman r.,FRVG, 0 below

V below V below V below V below Horseman r., FRV, J below Horseman r., FRV, 0 below Horseman r., FRV, 0 below Horseman r., FRV, 0 below Horseman r.,conical cap, FRV, three dots below Horseman r.,conical cap, palm with fi!let, FRV, V below Horseman r., palm with fillet, FRVG I, A below Horseman r., palm with fillet, FRVG I, A below Horseman r., palm with fillet, FRVG I, A below Horseman r., palm, FRV,:) below Horseman r., palm, FRV, :) below Horseman r., palm with fillet, FRV, 2 below Horseman r., palm with fillet, FRV, 2 below Horseman r., FRV, N below Horseman r., F RV, N below Horseman r., palm, FRVG, . . above Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman

r., FRV, r., F RV, r., FRV, r., FRV,

73 74 75 75 76 77 77 78 79 8o 8o 8o 8o 81 82 83 83 83 83 84 85 85 85 86 87 88 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92

TABLE XLII I (cont.) 0

e:� t) 6 t)

69 76 77 71 71 78 79 72

Head 1., S·£. 1·0, head r. Head 1., crescent Head 1., £. Head 1., £. Ram's head, head r. Eagle's head, head r. Ivy-leaf, head r.

Paris, A 6688 BM BMCRR Rome 3759 Paris, A 6682 Paris, A 6681 Paris, A 6493 Paris, A 6502

78

Ram's head, head r. Head I., : Ivy-leaf, head r. S::, head r. Head 1., :::> Head 1., harpa 1S, head r. Qub, head r. Ram's head, head r. Eagle's head, head r. Ram's head, head r. XXIX, head r. ·2, head r., laureate Eagle's head, head r. Eagle's head, head r. Scales, head r. Head 1., : ·2, head r., laureate Head 1., harpa Head 1., harpa 1S, head r.

Paris, A 6503 BMCRR Rome Paris, A 6514 BMCRR Rome Berlin Paris, A 6486 BMCRR Rome BMCRR Rome BMCRR Rome

So • w 0

72 81 73 82 83 74 78 79 78 84 85 79 79 86 8o 85 82 82 83

·

·

��

� �� ""[sa , Q. n

� �� ""�[�

Copenhagen 3770 3730

3742 3743 366o

Copenhagen Paris, A 6482 BMCRR Rome 3734 Paris, A 6580 Paris, A 6492 Paris, A 6571 BMCRR Rome·3725 Paris, A 6689 Grazzanise hoard Turin, Simboli, 251 Paris, A 66o4 Paris, A 6640

n

Horseman r., FR V, .L below Horseman r., FR V, .L below Horseman r., FRV, .L below Horseman r., FRV, I.L below Horseman r., FRVG, VI below Horseman r., FRVG, VI below Horseman r., FR VG, VI below Horseman r., palm, FR V, .2 below

93 93 93 94 95 95 95

Horseman r., palm, FR V, .2 below Horseman r., palm, FR V, .2 below Horseman r., palm, FR V, two dots below Horseman r., palm, FR V, two dots below Horseman r., palm with fillet, FRVG, butterfly above Horseman r., palm with fillet, FR VG, butterfly above Horseman r., palm with fillet, FR VG, butterfly above Horseman r., palm with fillet, F RVG, F below Horseman r., FRV, J below Horseman r., F RV, ] below Horseman r., conical cap, palm, FR V, lituus above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, FR V, lituus above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, FR V,Htuus above Horseman r., FR V, spearhead below Horseman r., palm, FRV, * below Horseman r., palm, FRV, * below Horseman r., palm, FRV,Htuus above Horseman r., palm, FR V, lituus above Horseman r., palm with fillet, FR VG, Pl. LXX, 92 above Horseman r., FR V, 8 above Horseman r., palm, FRV, J below ·

96 96 96 97 - 97

98

98 98 99 100 100 101 101 101 102 103 103 104 104 105 1o6 107

Paris, A 6568 BMCRR Rome 3684

Horseman r., palm, FR V, 3 above Horseman r., palm, F R VG, staff with double hook above

111 112

Paris, A 6550

Horseman r., palm, FRVG, staff with double hook above

BMCRR Rome 3729

(die broken) Horseman r., palm, FRV, dot above

1-l, head r.

Paris, A 6657 Paris, A 6527

Horseman r., palm, FRV, T above Horseman r., palm, FRV, T above

Turin

1-l,

Paris, A 6525

Horseman r., palm, F RV, dot at tip of palm and below Horseman r., palm, FR V, dot at tip of palm and below

Haeberlin 2291

Horseman 1., whip, torch, wing, FR V

112 113 114 114 115 115 u6

BMCRR Rome 3756

Horseman 1., whip, torch, wing, FRV

116

BMCRR Rome 3757

Horseman 1., whip, torch, wing, FRV

116

88 88 89

Bidens, head r.

89 89 90 89

1-l, head r. 1-l, head r.

89

Scales, head r.

Bidens, head r.

H, head

r.

Club, head r. Qub, head r. head r.

93

Z, head r. e. head r. 6., head r.

94

(X), head r.

89 95 96 97 98 99

head r.

Head 1., sceptre A, head r. r, head r. Lituus, head r.

90

Club, head r.

91 w ...

Horseman r., palm, FR V, arrow above Horseman r., FRV, S above

XIIS, head r. XXIX, head r. ·c, head r., laureate

90

�

Turin, Simboli, 26

107 108 109 110

87 84 85 86

92

93 100 93 101 98 99

1-l,

Head 1., I

BMCRR Rome 3719 Paris, A 6629 BMCRR Rome 3778

Haeberlin 2289

Horseman I., whip, torch, wing, FRV

116

Paris, A 6595

Horseman 1., whip, torch, wing, FRV

Grazzanise hoard Oxford

Horseman r., causea, FR, Pl.

93 above r., causea, FR, Pl. LXX, 93 above r., causea, FR, Pl. LXX, 93 above r., causea, FR, Pl. LXX, 93 above r., causea, FR, Pl. LXX, 93 above r., causea, FR, Pl. LXX, 93 above r., petasus, palm, FR V, 0 above

116 117 117 117 117 117 117 118

Horseman r., palm, FRVG, two dots above Horseman r., palm, FRVG, two dots above

119 119

Horseman r., FR V, Pl. LXX, 94 above Horseman r., FRV, Pl. LXX, 94 above Horseman r., palm, FRV, dot between palm and horse

120 120 121 122

Berlin BMCR.R Rome 3676 BMCRR Rome 3675

Berlin Paris, A 6528

l, head r.

BM

Axe, head r.

Paris, A 6532

Head 1., stove Lituus, head r.

Paris, AF 780 Paris, A 6599 Paris, A 6523 Prix 83a

l, head r.

Head 1., I

Horseman r., palm., FRV, J below Horseman r., palm, FR, two-pronged fork below

Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman

LXX,

Horseman 1., causea, torch, wing, FRVG I

TABLE XLIII 0

e:� I) I)s

1:'

"' e..I s� Q. I)

[sa I Q. I)

Head I., 3 Head I., I

99 99

� 8I? � (i�

I) �

99 99 99

� \1.1 N

�8� �

102 103

(cont.)

d\\, head r. Head I., I

Head I., I

Head I., I Head I., I (die broken)

�

e:(i I) � I)

I)

'

BMCRR Rome 3773 BMCRR Rome 3769 Paris, A 6553 Paris, A 66o5 BMCRR Rome 3768 Paris, AF 817 Haeberlin 2309

Horseman I., causea, torch, wing, F R V GI Horseman r., palm, FRY, two dots above, dot below Horseman r., palm, F RV, two dots above, dot below Horseman r., palm, F RV, Pl. LXX, 95 above Horseman r., palm, FRY,- above Horseman r., palm, FR V, dot above and below Horseman I., torch, wing

122 123 123 124 125 126 127

Paris, A 6472 Moscow

Horseman r., palm, FR, ? below Horseman r., palm, FRY, r. above

128 129

BMCRR Rome 3771 Paris, A 66o3

Horseman r., palm with fillet, FR V G, r below Horseman r., conical cap, FRV, 1.../"\ above Horseman r., conical cap, FRV, 1.../"\ above

130 131 131

104 104

Pileus, head r.

105 105 106

Head 1., mallet Head l., mallet Wing, head r.

105

Head I., mallet

Paris, AF 818

Horseman r., palm with fillet, FR V, C below

132

107 107

XVI, head r. XVI, head r,

BMCRR Rome 3728 Glasgow

Horseman r., palm, FRY,+ below Horseman r., palm, FRV, star above

133 134

108 108 109

Laurel-leaf, head r. Laurel-leaf, head r.

BMCRR Rome 3711 Paris, AF 8o8 Paris, A 6515

Horseman r., palm, FRY,=! below Horseman r., palm, FR V, ·)I below Horseman r., palm, F RV, ·)I below

135 136 136

Haeberlin 2230 BMCRR Rome 3748 Paris, AF 813

Horseman Horseman Horseman

Haeberlin 2311

Horseman 1., torch, FRV, rudder below

110 110 110 111

Pileus, head r.

Palm-branch tied with fillet, head r.

Wing, head r. Wing, head r. Wing, head r. Bust 1., laureate with bow and quiver

Miinzen und Medaillen 43, 150

--

palm with fillet, FRV G, S below palm with fillet, FR V GI, PI. LXX, 96 above r., palm with fillet, F RV G, R below r.,

r.,

137 138 139 140

112 113

XI·.C, head r. Wreath with fillet, head

114

Ear, head r.

114 115

Ear, head r.

116 117 116

�

d, head r. Arrow, head r. d, head r.

FRY, rudder below FRY, rudder below

BMCRR Rome 3754

Horseman 1., torch,

BMCRR Rome 3751

Horseman 1., torch,

BM Haeberlin 2286 BM

Horseman 1., conical cap, torch, wing,

BMCRR Rome 3698 Paris, A 6479

Horseman r.,

140 140

FRY, flail above

FRYGI, EN above Horseman 1., conical cap, torch, wing, FRYGI, EN above FRY, Pl. LXX, 97 above FRY, Pl. LXX, 97 above FRY, arrow-head above FRY, arrow-head above Horseman r., palm, FRY, arrow-head above

Horseman Horseman Horseman Horseman

r., r., r., r.,

palm, palm, palm, palm,

118

Arrow, head r. 2, head r.

Oxford BMCRR Rome 3678 Oxford

119 119

Lyre, head r. Lyre, head r.

BMCRR Rome 3683 Paris, A 6476

Horseman r., palm, Horseman r., palm,

120 121

'8, head

BMCRR Rome 3717 Paris, A 6661

Horseman r., palm, Horseman r., palm,

121

r. head r. "J.., head r.

BMCRR Rome 3738

FRYG, J above FRYG, J above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, FRY, -above

122

Hammer, head r.

122 122 123

Hammer, head r. Hammer, head r.

Paris, A 6478 BMCRR Rome 3706 Paris, AF 811 BMCRR Rome 3727

Horseman r., palm, Horseman r., palm, Horseman r., palm,

117

w w

N, head r.

r.

124 125 125 126 127 128 129 127 127 127 127 129 129

"J..,

Caduceus with club as handle, head r.

Copenhagen

Meta, head r. Apex, head r.

Paris, A 6563 Paris, A 6565 BMCRR Rome 3708

Apex, head r. Ladder, head r.

'1-, head r. 2;, head r. Pl.

LXX,

98, head

Paris, A 6545 r.

'1-, head r. '1-, head r. '1-, head r. '1-, head r. (die broken) Pl. LXX, 98, head r. Pl. LXX, 98, head r.

BMCRR Rome 3694 Padova BMCRR Rome 3681 Paris, A 6544 Paris, A 6547 BMCRR Rome 3682 Turin, Simboli, 44 BMCRR Rome 3733

Horseman r., palm,

FRY,� above, FRY, II above

. •

below

FRY, no mark FRY, Q above FRY, ·2 above FRY, 2 above ·

FRY, 2 above FRY, 2 above FRY,\.../"\ above Horseman r., palm, FRY,\.../"\ above

Horseman r., palm, Horseman r., palm, Horseman r., palm,

·

·

FRY, flail above FRY, flail above FRY, flail above Horseman r., palm, FRY, strigil above Horseman r., palm, FRY, :and arrow above Horseman r., palm, FRY, w above Horseman r., palm, FRY, mace above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, FRY, dolphin above Horseman r., conical cap, palm, FRY, wing above Horseman r., palm, Horseman r., palm, Horseman r., palm,

141 142 142 143 143 144 144 144 145 146 147 147 148. 149 150 151 151 151 151 152 152 153 153 153 154 155 156 157 158 159

TABLE XLIII 0

o. O' ... n < S n

� 8� =:! n � <

::a n ne:;; ;;I n

8�

nn < m� 1:1!:;e.. s;;�

n �e.. 1 s o.;;� n !:;

1 o. n

A,head r. A, head r.

Paris,A 6667

Horseman r., palm,

Paris,A 6668

Horseman r., palm,

FRV, dot above and below FRV, :above

t6o

130 131

Pl.

BMCRR Rome

3705

Horseman r., palm,

F R V, H above

t62

132

Mallet, head r.

BMCRR Rome

3744

Horseman r., palm with fillet,

FRV G, r below

163

133

-,head r.

Paris, A 668o

Horseman r., palm with fillet,

FRV G, C below

164

134

't', head r.

Paris, A 6542

Horseman r.,petasus,

135

Pl.

Berlin

Horseman r.,palm,

136

1\, head r.

BMCRR Rome

3752

Horseman 1., torch,F R V G, arrow above

137

Wing,head r.

BMCRR Rome

3679

Horseman r.,palm,

FRV, arrow-head above

t68

138

Aspergillum, head r.

BMCRR Rome

3686

Horseman r.,palm,

FRV, three-pronged fork 1. above

t69

139

Arrow-head,head r.

Paris, A 6534

Horseman r .,

140

S, head r.

Oslo

Horseman r.,causea, palm with fillet,F RV G I, dot below

171

141

CCXV, head r.

BM

Horseman r.,palm,F R V, Pl.

172

142

Head l.,hand

Paris,A 6487

Horseman r., palm,

143

Head 1., bucraniwn

BMCRR Rome

144

Bust r., with bow and quiver Paris, A 6588

130

� w �

�

(cont.)

LXX ,

LXX ,

99,head r.

too, head r.

376o

Horseman r.,

FRV, ·2 above

FRV, -" below

palm, FRV, F below

FRV,? above

FRV, � below

Horseman r., FRV,

LXX,

5I above

t6t

165 166 167

170

101 above

173 174 175

I here list those combinations of control-marks on the second part of the issue of C. Piso Frugi which are known to me; my purpose is to make possible a description of the issue and to form an estimate of its size. I make no claim to absolute completeness; there are no doubt more combinations to be discovered,though I do not think there are many more dies to be discovered; and although I have taken account of die-breaks when known to me, the order of the Table is to a large extent arbitrary, with those coins grouped together which share the same reverse die. For errata seep. 753· The head on the obverse has the hair tied with a band unless otherwise stated. The following combinations of control-marks are known to me only from plated coins-obverse as no. 71, reverse as no. 4 (Copenhage.n), obverse as no. 35, reverse as no. 11 (BMCRR Rome 3724), obverse as no. 9, reverse as no. 17 (Copenhagen-legend C.PISIO L.F.FRV), obverse as no. 74 or no. 90, reverse as no. 20 or no. 45 (BM), obverse as no. 15, reverse as no. 78 (BMCRR Rome 3750), obverse as no. 16,reverse as no. 114 (BM), Von obverse behind head r. bound with fillet, reverse as no. 174 (BM).

l

b (Pl. L)

Head r. or l., hair tied with band Laureate head r. or I. Laureate bust 1. Bust r. or 1., hair tied with band

Horseman r. with palm

behind, control-mark over shoulder, bow and quiver

above,

control mark. below, control-mark.

above and below,

control-marks.

over shoulder, caduceus

Horseman r. Horseman r. with causia.

Horseman r. with Phrygian cap. Horseman r. with conical cap. Horseman r. with whip Horseman r. with palm tied with fillet. Horseman r. with palm and conical cap.

above,

control-mark below,

control-mark.

Horseman r. with palm tied with fill et and conical cap.

Horseman

r.

with petasus.

Horseman r. with palm tied with fille t and causia.

above,

control-mark.

Horseman r. with palm and petasus. no control-mark

above,

Horseman 1. with torch

control-mark below, control-mark.

Horseman 1. with wing and whip. Horseman 1. with wing,

conical cap and torch.

Horseman l. with wing and torch.

Horseman 1. with wing,

causia and torch. Horseman 1. with wing, whip and torch. Reverse dies: 175.

Obverse dies: 144. The legend

on

the reverse

C. riSO· FRVGI,

of ta-b

is

C· riSO· L· F· FRVG,

C. riSO· L· F· FRVGI, C· riSO· L· F· FRV

above, control-mark.

no control-mark.

C· riS· L· F· FRVGI,

or

C. riSO· L· F· FR.

The moneyer is to be identified with Cicero's son-in-law, Q. 58; for his types see on the issue of his father, no. 340; for the association of Apollo with the attributes of Mercury (no. 34 in Table

XLIII

on p. 426), compare no. 352. 435

TABLE XLIV.

Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus

Acrostolium

Ant Anvil Apex

Bucranium Butterfly Caduceus Corn-ear Corn-grain Decempeda

Dolphin Drinking-horn Fish Grasshopper on twig Hammer (see Pl. LXX, 108) Hammer (see Pl. LXX, 109) Ivy-leaf Laurel-branch Lizard Lyre-key Palm-branch Plough Poppy-head with one leaf Poppy-head with two leaves BMCRR Rome 3585 Prow-stem Rudder

Sceptre tied with fille t BMCRR Rome 3587 Scorpion

Simpu(um

\

Snake Spear Spearhead (see Pl. LXX, 110) Squid Staff Staff with double hook Standard Star Star within crescent Thyrsus Torch Tree Trident Vine-leaf Curly wing Straight wing (see Pl. LXX, 111) Straight wing (see Pl. LXX, 112) Madrid See Pl. LXX, 113 See Pl. LXX, 114 See Pl. LXX, 115 See Pl. LXX, 116 See Pl. LXX, 117 See Pl. LXX, 118 Milan 1670 See Pl. LXX, 119 See Pl. LXX, 120 Moscow

Control-symbols listed are attested in Paris unless otherwise stated. Of the symbols listed by Babelon and unlikely to be simply mis-described, I have not found oak-leaf and wreath.

409 M.PLAETORIVS M.F CESTIANVS AED. CVR

Mint-Rome

67B.C.

B. Plaetoria 3-4; Bf. i, 203; iii, 83; S. 808-809; RE Plaetorius 16. See above, pp. 83ff. 1 Denarius (Pl. L)

Bust r., draped and with attributes of Isis, Minerva, Apollo, Diana and Victory; before, cornucopiae; behind, C ESTIAN V S down wards; before, S·C downwards. Bead and reel border. Obverse dies: [58]. 2 Denarius (Pl. L)

Head of Cybele r.; behind, forepart of lion; before, globe; behind, C ESTIAN VS or C ESTINVSdownwards.Beadandreel border. Obverse dies: (49).

BMCRR Rome 3596

Eagle on thunderbolt; around �' M· PLAETO RIVS·M+AED·CV R. Bead and reel border.

Reverse dies: [64]. BMCRR Rome 3574; Grazzanise hoard

Curule chair; on l., control-mark; around � , M·rLAETO RIVS·AED · CV R · EX · S ·C. Bead and reel border. Reverse dies: 54.

The control-marks on 2 are symbols; no control-mark has more than one die; for the control-symbols attested see Table XLIV above. For the career of M. Plaetorius Cestianus see on no. 405. The composite deity who forms the obverse type of 1 is not certainly identifiable; the traditional identification as Vacuna is impossible (J.-P. Morel, MEFR 1962,

25-9), an identification as Isis (A. Alfoldi, SM 1954, 3o-1) perhaps correct- the reverse type will then be the Ptolemaic eagle. The types of 2 seem to refer to the responsibility of the Curule Aediles for the Ludi Megalenses (so Th. Mommsen, RMw, 622 n. 454). For the letters [EX·] S· C see p. 6o6.

410 Q.POMPONI MVSA B. Pomponia 8-22; Bf. i, 224; S.

Mint-Rome

66B.C.

8to-823; RE Pomponius 23. See above, pp. 83ff., below, no.

286*. 1

Denarius (Pl. L)

BMCRR Rome

Head of Apollo r., hair tied with band; be�ind,

Q· roM rON I

downwards; before,

MVSA

upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

wards; on 1., Border of dots. Reverse dies:

[
MVSA RVM

downwards.

[ < tt]. BMCRR Rome

2a Denarius Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind, lyre-key. Border of dots.

I

downwards. Border of dots. BMCRR Rome

2b Denarius Similar, but I

MVSA Obverse dies (both varieties):

[
Q· roMrON I

on

36o8

1.

and

BMCRR Rome

36to

on r.

Reverse dies (both varieties):

3 Denarius Similar, but behind, scroll.

36o6

Calliope r., playing lyre resting on column; on r., Q· roMrON I downwards; on 1.,

MVSA

Similar.

36o2

Hercules r., wearing lion-skin and playing lyre; before, club; on r., HE R C V L E S down

[< 11].

Clio 1., holding scroll in r. hand and resting 1. elbow on column; on r., Q· rOM rON I I

Obverse dies: 4

[
downwards; on 1., MV SA downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [< 11]. BMCRR Rome

Denarius

Similar, but behind, sceptre.

I

MV SA Obverse dies:

[
3615

Melpomene facing, wearing sword and hold ing club in r. hand and tragic mask in 1. hand; on r., Q· POMPON I downwards; on 1., downwards. Border of dots.

Reverse dies:

437

[< 11].

BMCRR Rome 3613

s Denarius

Sin>ilar, but behind, two flutes crossed.

Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Euterpe r., resting l. elbow on column and holding two flutes in r. hand; on I., Q· I roMrON I downwards; on r., MVSA downwards. Border of dots. Revers\ dies: [ <11].

BMCRR Rome 3612

6 Denarius

Similar, but behind, flower.

Erato r., playing lyre; on 1., Q· roMrON I

Obverse dies: [ <10].

downwards; on r.,MVSA downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <11].

I

BMCRR Rome 3619

1• Denarius

Similar, but behind, tortoise.

Terpsichore r., round lyre in I. hand and plectrum; on r., Q· roMrON I downwards; I

on 1.,MVSA downwards. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 3620

7b Denarius

Similar, but behind, flower.

Similar, but square lyre.

BMCRR Rome 3621

7C Similar to 7a.

Similar, but I MVSA on r.

Q· roM rONI

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): [ <11].

BMCRR Rome 3628

8 Denarius (Pl. L)

Similar, but behind, star.

Obverse dies: [ <10].

Urania 1., holding rod in r. hand and pointing to globe resting on tripod; on r., Q · I roMrON I downwards; on 1., MVSA downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <11]. Paris, A 14290

98 Denarius

Similar, but behind, sandal.

and

I.

BMCRR Rome 3622

7d Denarius Similar to 7b. Obverse dies (all varieties): [ <10].

on

Thalia 1., holding comic mask in r. hand and crook in I. hand and resting 1. elbow on column; on r., Q·rOMrONI downwards; I

on I., MVSA downwards. Border of dots. 9b Denarius Similar. 9C Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): [ <10].

BMCRR Rome 3624 Similar, but no crook. from Babelon I

Similar, but Q·rOMrONionl.andMVSA onr. Reverse dies (all varieties): [ <11].

toa

BMCRR Rome 3617

Denarius

Similar, but behind, wreath,

Polyhymnia facing, wearing wreath;

Q· POMPON I

downwards; on 1., downwards. Border of dots. tob Denarius

o�

r.,

MVSA

from Babelon

Q·rOMrON I o n l .and MVSA

Simila.r.

Similar, but on r.

Obverse dies (both varieties): [ < 10].

Reverse dies (both varieties): [ < 11].

The moneyer is a Q. Pomponius Musa, not otherwise known. The nine Muses, accompanied by Hercules Musarum, were clearly chosen as types because of the moneyer's cognomen (B. Borghesi, CEuvres i, 291); for the order adopted here see Apollodorus, Bib/. i, 3,

1.

411 L.TORQVAT

Mint-Rome

65 B.C.

B. Mantia 11-u; Bf. i, 177; iii, 72; S. 835-837a; RE Manlius So. See above, pp. 83ff. ta

Denarius

BMCRR

Head of Sibyl r., wearing ivy-wreath; below, SIBYLLA or S I BVLLA. Laurel-wreath as border.

tb Denarius (Pl.

·

L)

BMCRR

Similar, but border of dots. Obverse dies (both varieties): [ < 10].

Rome 3511; Rome 3512

Tripod, on which stands amphora;1 on either side of amphora, star; on 1., L T 0R QVAT downwards; on r., Ill· V I R upwards. Torque as border.

Rome 3513; Paris, A 12116

Similar.

Reverse dies (both varieties): [ < 11].

The moneyer is L. Manlius Torquatus, Pr. 49· The obverse and reverse types together refer to the office of XVvir s.f., perhaps held by the moneyer, see B. Borghesi, CEuvres i, 36o-1 (I

am

not sure that the stars

are more than purdy decorative); G. Wissowa, RuK, 500 n.6; for the torque see on no.

295.

412 L.ROSCI FABATI

Mint-Rome

6-fB.C.

BMCRR

Rome 3394

B. Roscia 3; S. 915; RE Roscius 15. See above, pp. 83ff. 1 Denarius serratus

(Pl. L)

Head of Juno Sospita r.; behind, control mark; below, L·R 0S C I. Border of dots.

Girl and snake facing each other; on 1., control-mark; in exergue, FABATI. Border of dots.

Obverse dies : 240.

Reverse dies: 241.

The control-marks are a symbol on the obverse and another, related to it, on the reverse; each pair of control-symbols has only one pair of dies.2 For the control symbols attested see Pis. LXVIII-LXIX; like the control-symbols on no. 384 and for the same reason they are no more than a random selection of pairs of everyday objects. 1

Perhaps a substitute for the cauldron often present in thls position.

439

1

Normally-see Key to Plates.

The moneyer is L. Roscius Fabatus, Pr. 49; his types reveal his Lanuvine origin (compare L. R. Taylor, VDRR, 251; R. Syme, Historia 1964, 112; for the role of the snake in the worship of Juno Sospita see Propertius iv, 8, 3; Aelian, NA xi, 16).

\

413 L.CASSI LONGIN

Mint-Rome

B. Cassia to; Bf. i, 79; iii, 37; S. 935; RE Cassius 65. See above, pp. t

Denarius

(PL LI)

831f.,

63 B.C.

below, no.

287*.

BMCRR Rome 3931

Head of Vesta 1., wearing veil and diadem; on r., dish; on 1., control-letter. Border of dots.

Voter 1., dropping tablet marked V into cista; on r., LONG IN ·III·V downwards. Border

Obverse dies: [94].

Reverse dies: [104].

of dots.

The only control-letters known on this issue (contra Bahrfeldt iii, 37) spell the moneyer's praenomen and

nomen,

L CAS 2 I; naturally each control-letter has several

dies. The moneyer is L. Cassius Longinus, Procos. 48. The tablet marked V[TI ROGAS] was used in Rome to cast a favourable vote on legislation (Cicero, ad Att. i, 14, s; de kg. ii, 24); taken with the head of Vesta on the obverse the reverse type clearly alludes to the law of 113 which set up the special commission, presided over by L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla, for the trial of the three delinquent Vestal Virgins (contra d. Nicolet, MEFR 1959, 2o6-7; righdy L. R. Taylor, RVA, 126 n.11).

414 L.FVRI CN.F BROCCHI B. Furia 23; Bf. i, us;

S.

Mint-Rome

902-902a; RE Furius 39· See above, pp. 8311'., below, no.

63 B.C.

94*.

BMCRR Rome

1 Denarius (Pl. LI)

3896

Head of Ceres r.; on 1., com-ear; on r., barley-grain; on either side, Ill VI R; below,

Curule chair; on either side, fasces; above,

B ROCCHI. Border of dots.

L FV R I. Border CN·F

Obverse dies: [tto].

Reverse dies: [122.].

I

·

of dots.

The moneyer is a L. Furius Cn.f. Brocchus, not otherwise known; his obverse type recalls the cura

annonae

of an aedilician ancestor or indicates his own ambitions

(compare p. 729). The explanation of C. Cavedoni (Bullettino 1852, 59) is absurdly fanciful, that of H. Mattingly (PBA 1963, 331) issue.

is

excluded by the date of the

415 PAVLLVS LEPIDVS

Mint-Rome

B. Aemilia 10; Bf. i, 13; ii, 6; S. 926-926b; t Denarius

RE Aemilius 81.

(Pl. LI)

BMCRR

Head of Concordia r., wearing veil and diadem; on 1., rAVLLVS· LE PI DVS upwards; on r., C 0 N C 0 R D IA downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [240].

62 B.C.

See above, pp. 83ff. Rome 3373

Trophy; above, TE R; on r., togate figure (L. Aemilius Paullus); on 1., three captives (King Perseus of Macedon and his sons); in exergue, rA VL LVS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [267].

The legend on one obverse die reads r AVLLS instead of rAVLLVS (BMCRR Rome 3376), on another CONCORIA instead of CONCORDIA (Tiibingen University, cited by Bf. ii, 93). The legend on one reverse die reads

r AVL VS instead

of

r AVLLVS

(Hannover 2947).

The moneyer s L. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, Cos. 50; his spurious claim to descent from L. Aemilius Paullus is highlighted on his coinage by the use of the agnomen i

as the praenomen (D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Cicero's letters to Atticus i, 399; for the arrogation of high-sounding names see Cicero, Brutus 62;jam. xv, 20, 1; Pliny, NH xxxv, 8; cf. nos. 322 and 420). The reverse type recalls the three occasions on which L. Aemilius Paullus was hailed imperator (M. Gwyn Morgan, K/io 1973, 228-9; the tradition that L. Aemilius

Paullus triumphed three times is late

and fictitious, see commentary on ILLRP 392, with earlier bibliography); the presence of King Perseus and his two sons draws attention to the last and greatest victory of the three, that of Pydna in 168. The head of Concordia on the obverse presumably reflects the concordia ordinum which was central to Cicero's policy in 63 (Cicero, in Cat. iv, 15; C/uent. 152 for an earlier adumbration; de off. ii, 78-84 for some later reminiscences; H. Strasburger, Concordia ordinum, 39-43); the moneyer was Cicero's convinced supporter (Sallust, Cat. 31, 4; Cicero, in Vat. 25; Schol. Bob. 149St; Cicero, jam. xv, 13, 2; on the origins of the idea of concordia see A. D. Momigliano, CQ 1942, 118-12.0 Secondo contributo, 101-4). =

Mint-Rome

416 LIBO

62 B.C.

B. Scribonia 8; Bf. iii, 92; S. 928; RE Scribonius 19. See above, pp. 83ft". ta Denarius (Pl.

BMCRR Rome

LI)

Head of Bonus Eventus r.; behind, L I BO downwards; before, B 0N ·EVENT down wards. Border of dots.

3377

Puteal Scribonianum, decorated with garland and two lyres; at base, hammer; above,

rVTEAL;

below,

SC Rl BON.

Border of

BMCRR

Rome 3382

dots. tb Denarius

Similar, but at base, tongs.

Similar. tc

BMCRR Rome

Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies

(all

varieties): [206].

Similar, but at base, anvil. Reverse dies (all varieties): [229]. 441

3381

The moneyer is just conceivably the Cos. 34, L. Scribonius Libo, by then advanced i n age, but perhaps rather the father of the Cos. 34, attested in ILLRP 411 and perhaps also in ILLRP 567-8. The Puteal Scribonianum (E. Nash, PDAR ii, 259; W. Helbig, Fiihrer4, 1126) forms the reverse type because it was associated with the moneyer's family, whatever the precise reason for this (G. Fuchs, Architekturdarste//ungen, 23-6, is obtuse); the three varieties of this issue show three of its four sides, the two varieties of no. 417 only two (compare C. Cavedoni, Annali 1839, 292); the hammer, tongs and anvil, symbols of Vulcan, recall the fact that the Puteal occupied the spot which it did because this had been struck by a thunderbolt; the lyres, like the garland, may be purdy decorative. Given the date of this issue, it is perhaps not unreasonable to see in the obverse type a reflection of the successful prosecution of the war against

Catiline.

417 PAVLLVS LEPIDVS, LIBO

Mint-Rome

62 B.C.

B. Aemilia u; Scribonia 9; S. 927; RE Aemilius 81; Scribonius 19. See above, pp. 83ft'. 1a Denarius (Pl.

u)

BMCRR Rome 3383

Head of Concordia r., wearing veil and diadem; on 1., rAVLLVS · LE rIDVS up wards; on r., CONCORD downwards. Border of dots.

Puteal Scribonianum, decorated with garland and two lyres; at base, hammer; above, rVTEAL·SC RIBON; below, LIBO. Bor der of dots. BMCRR Rome 3385

tb Denarius Similar.

Similar, but at base, tongs. Reverse dies (both varieties): [29] .

Obverse dies (both varieties): [26].

For the

of the moneyers see on nos. 415-16; the types are a combination of the obverse of Paullus Lepidus' issue (no. 415) and the reverse of Libo's issue careers

(no. 416), with minor variations.

418 M.PISO M.F FRVGI

Mint-Rome

B. Calpurnia 22-23; S. 824-826; RE Pupius 12. See above, t

Denarius (Pl.

BMCRR Rome 3636 on

1.,

Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Knife

and patera;

Terminal bust of Mercury r., wearing winged diadem; on 1., wreath; on r., dish. Border of

above, M·riSO·M·F.

FRVGI Laurel-wreath as border. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

za Denarius

dots.

pp. 83ft'.

LI)

Terminal statue of(?) Mercury facing; wreath; on r., dish. Border of dots.

61 B.C.

BMCRR Rome 3633 Similar.

BMCRR Rome 3634

2b Denarius (Pl. u) Similar, but also on 1., star. Obverse dies (both varieties):

The moneyer

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties):

[
[<11].

doubtless M. Pupius Piso, Pr. 44, son of the Cos. 61 (on the two

is

men see E. Badian, v Congr. Epigraphy, 209, with earlier bibliography). I find it impossible to believe that the two obverse types represent two differ ent

deities and the second is identified as Mercury by the winged diadem; the choice of deity is presumably a personal one of the moneyer.1 The wreath, dish, knife and patera (clearly such, contra A. Alfoldi, Museum He/veticum 1951, 198-200; compare Pl. LXVIII, 53, also D. E. Strong, Roman Imperial sculpture, pl. 63 =

K. Lane,

RRg, pl. 30) allude to the office of Pontifex, presumably held by an

ancestor.

419 M.LEPIDVS

Mint-Rome

6t B.C.

B. Aemilia 2o-25; Bf. i, 14; S. 827-834; RE Aemilius 73· See above, pp. 83ff. BMCRR Rome 3638; Rome 3642

ta Denarius Female head r., diademed. Border of dots.

Horseman r., carrying trophy over shoulder; below, M·LEriDVS; sometimes around, AN·XV·rR·H·O·C·S. Border of dots.

Hersh 34; BMCRR Rome 3643

tb Denarius Similar, but head is laureate and diademed.

Similar. Paris, A 3888; BMCRR Rome 3644

tc Denarius Similar, but behind, palm-branch.

Similar.

td Denarius Similar, but lum.

behind, wreath; before, simpu

te Denarius (Pl.

Similar.

LI)

BMCRR Rome 3641; Rome 3647

Similar, but behind, wreath; before, dish. Obverse dies (all varieties): [
Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): [ <11]. BMCRR Rome 3648; Rome 3649

2 Denarius (Pl. u) Female head r., wearing turreted diadem;

ALEXANDREA

or ALEXSAND REA, below.Border ofdots.

Obverse dies:

[
Togate figure on r., crowning figure on 1., who wears chiton and holds staff; on r., rOI\F·MAX upwards; on l., TVTOR·

REG downwards; above, S ·C; M · lE r 10 VS. Border of dots. Reverse dies:

below,

[ < 11].

The legend on one obverse die is ALEXSANDRE (Paris, AF). 1

The star should be regarded as a symbol of divinity, see S. Weinstock, Divus lulius, 376. The deity is not in any case Terminus, who is aniconic, J.-P. Morel, MEFR 1962, 52-3.

443

BMCRR Rome 3650

3a Denarius Female head r., laureate and wearing veil. Border of dots.

Basilica Aemilia; above, REF downwards; on r., below, M

3b Denarius (Pl. LI) Similar, but behind, wreath; before, simpulum. Obverse dies (both varieties): [ < 10).

Similar.

·

L E r I DV S.

"'

AIMILIA; on l., S C downwards; ·

Border of dots. BMCRR Rome 3651

Reverse dies (both varieties): [ < 11].

The moneyer is doubdess M. Aemilius Lepidus, III vir r.p.c., from a collateral line to that of the Cos. 66. The types are mainly devoted to the career of M. Aernilius Lepidus, Cos. 187; the reverse type of 1 seems to portray the statue1 erected to him for an act of bravery during the Second Punic War (Valerius Maxirnus ill, 1, 1- 'Aernilius Lepidus, puer etiarn

turn

progressus in aciem, hostem interernit, civem servavit; cuius tarn

memorabilis operis index est in Capitolio statua bullata et incincta praetexta S.C. posita'; the legend on the coin may be read as an[norum] XV pr[ogressus] h[ostem]

o{ccidit] c[ivem] s[ervavit]); the obverse type resembles some contemporary heads of Venus (compare nos. 424 and 426) and the palm-branch perhaps suggests Venus Victrix. The head of Alexandria and the tableau on 2 recall the alleged despatch of M. Aemilius Lepidus by the Senate in 201 to act as guardian to Ptolemy V Epiphanes (sources in T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP i, 321; on the nature of the mission see the opposing views of C. Cichorius, RS, 22-4; W. Otto, Zur Gesch. der Zeit des 6. Ptol., 27-9). The reverse type of 3 shows the Basilica Aernilia, built by M. Aernilius Lepidus and his colleague as Censors in 179, restored in 78 (see E. Nash, PDAR i, 174; G. Fuchs, Architekturdarstellungen, 49-51; for the clipei see Pliny, NH xxxv, 13; R. Winkes, Clipeata imago, 13, 31 and 36); the obverse type is conventionally interpreted

representing the Vestal Aemilia (T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii,

as

486). The tenure by M. Lepidus, Cos. 187, of the office of Pontifex Maxirnus 2, alluded to by the wreath and simpulum or dish on 1 and 3;

is recorded on

there is perhaps also a reference to the moneyer's own pontificate (see Addenda).

.po P.YPSAE

Mint-Rome

6o B.C.

B. Plautia 11-12; Bf. i, 205; ii, 66; S. 91e>-911c; RE Plautius 23. See above, pp. 83ff. ta Denarius (Pl.

LI)

BMCRR Rome 3841

Head of Neptune r.; behind, trident; before,

r Y PSA E S C ·

·

·

downwards. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga 1., holding reins in I. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; below,

C YrSA E ·COS; PRIV ·

behind,

CE r IT

upwards.

Border of dots. 1

The view of Cl. Nicolet, MEFR 1962, 507-10, that the statue has Campanian associations seems to

be without foundation.

444

BMCRR

tb Denarius Similar. Obverse dies (both, varieties): [34]. 2a Denarius (Pl. u) Bust

of

Leuconoe

r.,

draped

Rome 3843

Similar, but below horses, scorpion. Reverse dies (both varieties): (38].

and

with

BMCRR

Rome 3845

BMCRR

Rome 3850

BMCRR

Rome 3848

BMCRR

Rome 3849

Similar to ta.

variously bejewelled hair; behind, dolphin; before, r Y r SA E ·S ·C downwards. Border of dots. ·

2b Denarius Similar.

Similar to tb.

2c Denarius Similar, but

S· C behind.

Similar to

ta.

2d Denarius Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): [36]. The reverse legend on one die in 2a is times occurs for Y.

Similar to tb. Reverse dies (all varieties): (40].

C. YrSAE· SO[S

or

C) (Bf.

i, pl. ix, 216).

V some

The moneyer is P. Plautius Hypsaeus, Pr. ?55. The two obverse types portray tlte moneyer's alleged divine ancestors (Hyginus 157- Leuconoi Neptuni .filia ex Themisto Hypsei .filia); the reverse type records the capture of Privernum by C. Plautius Decianus, Cos. 329, falsely given the cognomen Ypsaeus (compare commentary on no. 415); the scorpion recalls the ancient belief that men born under Scorpio were sackers of cities (S. Eitrem, Symbolae Osloenses 1928, 69- I owe this reference toR. Gordon). For the letters S· C see p. 6o6. Mint-Rome

421 SVFENAS B. Nonia t; Bf. i, 190; iii, 77; S. 885; 1

Denarius (Pl.

RE Nonius

object;1

52. See above, pp. 83ff.

LI)

BMCRR

Head of Saturn r.; behind, harpa and oval behind, S ·C upwards; before, downwards. Border of dots.

SVFENAS

Rome 3820

Roma seated 1. on pile of armour, holding sceptre in r. hand and sword in 1. hand; behind, Victory, holding palm-branch in 1. hand and crowning Roma with r. hand; around 0, r R L V · r F; in exergue, SEX N0N I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [62]. ·

Obverse dies: (56].

59 B.C.

·

·

·

The moneyer is doubtless M. Nonius Sufenas, Pr. 55 (L. R. Taylor, Athenaeum 1964, 19 n. 19); needless to say, this issue provides no evidence for his tenure of the quaestorship ( cf. pp. 83 n. 6 and 88 n. 3). The legend on the reverse, to be resolved as Sex. Noni[us] pr[aetor] l[udos] V[ictoriae] p[rimus]f[ecit], records the first celebration by an ancestor of the moneyer 1 Presumably the stone given t o Saturn in lieu of the infant Zeus, worshipped at Delphi, Roscher ii, 1522.

445

of the Ludi Victoriae of Sulla (on which see Appian, BC i, 464 with commentary of E. Gabba; E. Habel, RE Supp. they were held at Praeneste,

v,

contra

628; p. 732 below; there is no evidence that

H. B. Mattingly, NC 1956, 189). The reason

for the moneyer's choice of the head of Saturn is obscure. For the letters S· C see p. 6o6.

4u M.SCAVR, P.HVPSAEVS AED. CVR

Mint-Rome

sSB.C.

B. Aemilia 8-9; Plautia 8-1o; Bf. i, 12; S. 912-914; RB Aemilius 141; Plautius 23. See above, pp. 83ff., below, no. 288*.

ta Denarius1

BMCRR Rome 3877

Camel r.;• before, kneeling figure, holding reins in 1. hand and olive-branch tied with fillet in r. hand; above, M·SCAV R; on either side, EX S·C; below, AED·CV R. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20]

Jupiter in quadriga 1., holding reins in I. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; above, r·HVPSAEVS; below, C.HVPSAE·COS; PRE IVER AED·CV R on r., CArTVM upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [22].

The following variant occurs in the obverse legend - M SC AVRV .. (Hersh 35). ·

.

The following variants occur in the reverse legendr. HVrSAEVS- AID· CVR- C. HVPSAE· COS- PREIVE[R]- CArTY hoard Bari 2241)

(Carbonara

=

...C. HVPSAEV· COS- rREIVER- CAPTVM (Padova) .. CAPT (BMCRR Rome 3876) .

... CATVM (San Giuliano hoard) P· HVPSAEV- AED· CVR- [ . . . ]- CAPTV (San Giuliano hoard)

tb Denarius (Pl. LI)

Paris, A3910

Similar, but above, M·SCAVR; on either AED·CVR side, EX S·C; below, REX·ARETAS.

Similar, but below horses, scorpion; above, P·HVPSAE; below, C·HVPSAE·COS; on AED·CVR rREIVE

Obverse dies: [336].

r., CAPTV upwards. Reverse dies: £373].

The words AED· CVR are missing The following variant occurs

in

on

one obverse die (Bf. i, pl. i, 10).

the obverse legend- M· SCAV. . (Grazzanis e hoard). .

The following variants occur in the reverse legend r. HVPSAEVE . .

.

(BMCRR Rome 3878)

P· HVSAE.. . (Grazzanise hoard) ... C· HVrSAE· OS . . .

(BMCRR Rome 388o)

. . . CArT (BMCRR Rome 3881) ...CArAT (Paris, A3916) ... PREIVER

. .

. (Paris, AF)

... AID·CVR- C.HVrSAE·COS- rREIVER- CAPTV (Paris, A3913) ... rREIVER- CAPT (Fallani) 1 1

The oscillation between the letter-forms V andY is without special significance; I also occurs for E. The variation in the form of the saddle on the camel seems casual (contra B. Borghesi, CEuvres ii,

185-6).

446

r. HVrSAEV- AED·CVR- C· HVrSAE·COS- rREIVER- CArTV(Paris, A 3915)

r. HVrSAEVS- AED· CVR- C·HVrSAE·COS-rREIVE- CArTV(Brandosa hoard) r. HVrSAEVS - AED·CVR - C. HVrSAE·COS - rREIVE - CArT (Paris, Roths

child) r·HVrSAEVS- AID·CVR- C·HVrSAE·COS- rREIVE- CArT (Corpus Christi College, Cambridge)

r. HVrSAEVS- AED·CVR- C. HVrSAE·COS- rREIVER-CArTV (Paris, A 3914) r. HVrSAES-AED·C�-CHVrSAE·COS- [ . . . ]- CArTV(Haeberlin 2334=Berlin) r. HVrSAEVS- AED· CV- [ .. . ]- CArTV (Grazzanise hoard) r·HVrAEVS - AED·CVR - C·HVrSAE·COS - rREIVER- CArTV (BMCRR Rome 3879) ·

r. HVrSAEVS- AED·CVR- C HVrSAE· COS- rREIVER- CArT (Bari 2238) The scorpion is missing on several reverse dies (Bari 2238; Berlin; Fallani).

For the

career

and types of P. Hypsaeus see on no. 420. M. Aem.ilius Scaurus be

comes Praetor in 56; his type records the surrender to him of King Aretas of Nabataea (Josephus, Ant. xiv, 8o-1; BJ i, 159). For the letters EX· S· C see p. 6o6, for the occasion of the issue see p. 705.

423 C.SERVEIL C.F

Mint-Rome

S7 B.C.

B. Servilia 15; Bf. i, 240; iii, 96; S. 89(>-8!)08; RE Servilius t6. See above, pp. 83ff. t Denarius (Pl. LI)

BMCRR Rome 3816

Head of Flora r.; behind, lituus; before, FLORA. .r RIN\/S. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [99].

Two soldiers facing each other and presenting swords; in exergue, C .SERE IL; on r., C.F upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [tto).

On one reverse die the soldiers are crossing swords (Bologna, Cat. 367).

The moneyer is a C. Servilius C.f., not otherwise known, but perhaps a grandson of C. Servilius, Pr. 102 (for whom see stemma under no. 239), and a brother of M. Servilius C.f., Tr. Pl. 43 (for the filiation see Sherk 27, line 8; the

man

is there

wrongly identified, see Cicero, Brutus 269, with commentary of A. E. Douglas). FLORAL PRIMVS has since Th. Mommsen (RMw, 645 n. 538) been understood as Flaralia primus fecit. Since the first Floralia in 241 were celebrated by L. and M. Publicius Malleolus, Flaralia primus fecit has been taken as referring to the first regular celebration in 173 and an Aedile C. Servilius C.f. postulated for the purpose. But this is unreasonable; FLORAL PRIMVS is a very bizarre abbreviation for Floralia annua primusfecit and it seems preferable to understand FLORAL PRIMVS

as Flora/is primus (compare QVIRIN as the abbreviation for (Flamen) on no. 268).1 The Flamen Floralis is attested by Varro, LL vii, 45

=

Quirinalis

Ennius, Ann.

122-4V and GIL ix, 705; although the priesthood is clearly of great antiquity, Ennius' view that it dates from the reign of Numa Pompilius need not be followed. 1 RE Servilius 9 thus disappears.

447

Which Servilius first held the office

is

of course uncertain.1 The reverse type is a

variant of that on no. 239; the lituus doubtless fulfils the same function here as there. Mint-Rome

424 C.CONSIDI NONIANI

57 B.C.

B. Considia 1; Bf. i, 87; S. 886-888; RE Considius 12. See above, pp. 83ff., below, no. 289*. 1 Denarius (Pl. LI)

BMCRR Rome 3820

Bust of Venus r., laureate, diademed and with

hair

variously

decorated;

Mountain, on which stands temple, sur rounded by wall with gate; above gate, E RV C. Border of dots.

behind,

C·CONSIDI·NONIAN I downwards; before, S ·C upwards. Border of dots. Obverse

dies: [ < 10].

Reverse dies: [ < 11].

The moneyer is a C. Considius Nonianus, not otherwise known. The temple on the reverse is that of Venus at Eryx (on its architecture see C. K. Galinsky, Aeneas, 184 n.109; G. Fuchs, Architekturdarstellungen, 58�3; the dis cussion of M. Cheilik, Gr. Rom. Byz. Studies 1965, 215 is not illuminating); given the Pompeian associations of the moneyer's presumed brother, RE Considius 13, the Sullan loyalties of the Nonii Sufenates in this period, Sulla's attachment to Venus and the fact that the crowning victory of the Colline Gate took place near

the Roman temple of Venus Erycina, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the moneyer wished to express his sympathy with the Pompeian claim to have suc ceeded Sulla

as

the favourite of Venus (see on no. 426 and p. 734; briefly, H. contra, without argument, S. Mirone, RIN 1918, 189).

Mattingly, PBA 1963, 336;

For the letters S C see p. 6o6. ·

425 PHILIPPVS

Mint-Rome

56 B.C.

B. Marcia 28-29; S. 919-9198 and 919C; RE Marcius 74 and 77· See above, pp. 83ff. 1 Dauuius (Pl LI)

BMCRR Rome 3890; Rome 3893; Rome 3895; Prix 175; Hersh Collection

Head of Ancus Marcius r., wearing diadem; behind, lituus; below, AN CVS. Border of dots.

Aqueduct, on which stands equestrian statue; at horse's feet, flower; on 1, rH ILl rrvs downwards; within arches of aqueduct,

AQVAM., AQVAM.C, AQVAMRC, AQVAMARCorAQVAM.CI.• Border of Obverse dies: (447].

Reverse dies: [497].

dots.

The legend on one obverse die is A Ill CVS (BMCRR Rome 3895).

The moneyer is perhaps L. Marcius Philippus, Cos. 38, rather than Q. Marcius Philippus, Pr. ?48. For the head of Ancus Marcius see on no. 346. For the Aqua Marcia, built, according to legend, by Ancus Marcius (Pliny, NH xxxi, 41), s� T. Ashby, Aque1

For the religious history of the Servilii, compare their magic triens, Pliny, NH xxxiv, 137.

1 The variation between the letter-forms A

and A is without 448

special significance.

ducts, 1o-11 and 88-9 (G. Panimolle, Gli acquedotti, 63-97, is recent, but superficial); the aqueduct was in any case restored by Q. Marcius Rex, Pr. 144 (Pliny, NH xxxvi, 121 ). The statue is problematical; a statue of Rex was placed on the aqueduct (Frontinus, Aq. i, 7) and a statue of Rex

is

attested on the Capitol (GIL xvi, 5),

whither the aqueduct eventually arrived. But in neither case is it stated that the statue is equestrian; on the other hand it is difficult to see what the reverse type of

this issue portrays if not the statue of Rex standing on the Aqua Marcia; the statue should in my view be regarded as equestrian. The lituus perhaps refers to the augurate of L. Marcius Philippus, Cos. 91, rather than to an otherwise unattested augurate of the moneyer; for the flower see on no. 293. 426 FAVSTVS i 59-'03; Bf. B. Cornela t

i, 97; ii, 39; iii, 43;

S. 879-884; RE Cornelius 377· See above, pp. 83ff.

Denarius (Pl. LI)

Bust of above,

BMCRR Rome

Diana r., draped and wearing diadem; crescent;

behind,

FAVSTV S downwards. Obverse dies:

56 B.C.

Mint-Rome

Jituus;

before,

Border of dots.

[ <30].

3824

Sulla seated 1.; on 1., Bocchus kneeling and holding olive-branch in r. hand; on r.,

Jugurtha kneeling with hands tied behind back;onr.,FEL I Xdownwards.Border ofdots. Reverse dies: [ < 33].

The crescent is missing on one obverse die (Bornemann, cited by Bf. iii, 43). 2

BMCRR Rome 3826; Rome 3828; Carbonara

Denarius (Pl. LI)

hoard 39

Male bust r. (Hercules), wearing diadem and lion-skin; on 1., FEEL I X downwards. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [ <30]. The crescent is missing on one reverse die

one, one+two); below, of dots. Reverse dies: [ <33].

•

W downwards. Border of dots.

Border

BMCRR Rome 3909 Jituus; in

Three trophies; on 1., jug; on r.,

exergue, W. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <33].

BMCRR Rome

48 Denarius S C

FAVSTVS.

3827).

3 Denarius (Pl. LI)

Head of Hercules r.,1 wearing lion-skin; on

Naples

and below horses, stars1 (two+two, two+

(BMCRR Rome

Bust of Venus r., draped, laureate and wearing diadem; behind, sceptre; behind, S·C down wards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30].

=

Diana in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and Jituus in r. hand; above head, crescent; above

I.,

3912

Globe surrounded by three small wreaths and one large wreath; below on 1., aplustre; below on r., com-ear. Border of dots.

1 The stan apparently represent the heavens through which Diana rides. I The view that this head is that of Romulus (A. Al.fOldi, REL 1.950, 55; MusaJm Hdvaicum 1951, 198; SM 1951, 5-6) is fantastic; the supposed wolf-skin head-dress is in fact a lion-skin head-dress ( contrast the pointed ears and nose on the wolf-Uin head-dress on coins of Amisus, Pl. u, A) and the picture of Romulus in Vergil, Aen. i, 275-6 does not mention head-dress; wolf-skin head dress is in any case without any particular significance, Polybius vi, 22, 3; Propertius iv, 10, 20; Vergil, Aen. vii, 688; xi, 681.

449

Similar, but n o monogram. Obverse dies (both varieties):

Rome 3914

BMCRR

4b Denarius (Pl. LI) Similar.

Reverse dies (both varieties): [37]

[33].

.

The moneyer is Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Q. 54· The association of the moneyer's name with the obverse of 1 and with the reverse of 2 is presumably deliberate and perhaps sugges�t the two types relate to the man himself; he was Augur by 57, his most conspicuous political achievement up to the date of this issue, and the lituus should be regarded as alluding to this fact (not to his father's augurate, for which see on nos. 359 and 434); the close association of the lituus with Diana in both types suggests that Faustus inherited his father's attachment

to Diana (Velleius ii, 25; ILS 251; I place little weight on the supposed assimilation of Luna and Ma, Plutarch, Sull. 9)1 and regarded her The reverse of 1 clearly portrays the surrender of

as

responsible for his success.

Jugurtha to Sulla by Bocchus,

depicted on the tablets set up by Bocchus on the Capitol (Plutarch, Mar. 32;

as

Sui/. 6) and as engraved on Sulla's signet ring (Plutarch, Mar. to; Sui/. 3; praec. rei p. ger. 8o6d; Valerius Maximus viii, 14, 4; Pliny, NH xxxvii, 8). The obverse of i

2 s perhaps complementary to the reverse of

1; it clearly portrays Hercules, though

I should not like to be more precise than that;2 we are perhaps justified in assuming

that family tradition linked the capture of Jugurtha with the favour of Hercules; Sulla certainly cultivated Hercules later in his life (Plutarch, Sui/. 35; Statius, Silvae iv, 6, 59-6<> and 85-8; Martial ix, 43; see also Ovid, Fasti vi, 2�12 with

S. B. Platner and T. Ashby, TDAR, 252 and 256; note also Hercules (with Victory) on the (?Sullan) triumphal relief from the Via del Mare, M. E. Bertoldi, Quaderni Inst. Top. Ant. v, 1968, 3�53, fig. 6).

The types of 3 and 4 should be taken

as

referring to Pompey; not only the in

conspicuous form of the moneyer's name on 3 and ¥ and the absence of the name on 4b, but also the types themselves support this view. The three trophies on 3 re produce Pompey's signet ring (Dio xlii, 18, 3).3 The three small wreaths on 4

re

calls Pompey's three triumphs (Cicero, Balb. 9 and 16; Sest. 129; Valerius Maxi mus v, 1, to; Plutarch, Pomp. 45), the large wreath is the corona aurea granted to Pompey in 63 (Velleius' ii, 40, 4; Dio xxxvii, 21, 4

i

s

wrong, see on no. 480; cf.

Cicero, ad Att. i, 18, 6); for the globe compare the trophy over the oikoumene carried at Pompey's triumph (Dio xxxvi,i 21, 2); the aplustre and com-ear may be linked 1 The reverse of 2 has in any case nothing to do with the dream of Sulla, in which Ma hands Sulla a thunderbolt (contra A. A.lfOldi, RBL 1950, ss; SM 1951, 3-4). • L. H. Lenaghan, ANSMusN 1964, 131; see 134 for arguments against identifyin g the head as that of Bocchus, 134-6 for arguments against Jugurtha (the decisive argument, the absence of the beard which characterises Jugurtha on the reverse oft, is not mentioned, though it is employed by H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 472n.), 141 for parallel representations of Hercules on Roman coins. a Dio is surely wrong to imply that Sulla's signet ring had three trophies; he should only be taken as evidence that Sulla's ring displayed trophies (so rightly Th. Mommsen, RMw, 629 n. 473). Sulla doubtless used for a time after the battle of Chaeronea a ring bearing two trophies (see on no. 359).

450

with Pompey's cura annonae of 57. The lituus and jug on 3 should be regarded as alluding to Pompey's augurate. For Pompey and Hercules see S. B. Plamer and T. Ashby, TDAR, 255 (Hercules Pompeianus); P�y, NH vii, 95; Petronius 124, line 270;Plutarch, Pomp. 1; Appian,

Mith. 478; cf. Lucan viii, 8cxr2;1 for Pompey and Venus see TDAR, 555 (Venus Victrix). The link in Pompey's eyes between Hercules and Venus emerges clearly from the fact that the twoPompeian temples were dedicated on the same day of the year, 12 August (note also thePompeian watchword 'Hercules Invictus' at Pharsalus, Appian, BC ii, 319, and Pompey's anxieties over the favour of Venus for Caesar, Plutarch, Pomp. 68, compare Appian, BC ii, 284). For the letters S·C see p. 6o6. Mint-Rome

4Z7 C.MEMMI C.F

B. Memmia 9-10; Bf. i, 185; S. 92�21; RE Memmius 9· See above, pp. t

S6 B.C.

83ff.

BMCRR Rome 3937

Denarius (Pl. LI)

Head of Ceres r.; before, C.MEMMI·C.F downwards. Border of dots.

Trophy; before, kneeling captive with bands

Obverse dies: [33].

Reverse dies: [37].

2

tied behind back; on r., C·MEMMIVS downwards; on l., IMrERATOR down wards. Border of dots.

Denarius (Pl. LI)

BMCRR Rome 3940

behind,

downwards; before, C· ME MM I·C · F downwards. Border of dots.

Ceres seated r., holding torch in L band and com-ears in r. band; before, snake; around u. MEMMIVS·AED·CERIALIA·

Obverse dies: (39].

Reverse dies: [43].

Laureate

bead

Q V I RIN VS

of

Quirinus

r.;

rREIMVS·FECIT. Border of dots.

The legend on one obverse die is reverse die is r RI M VS instead of

The moneyer

is

Q VI REIN VS instead r REI M VS (Hersh 36

of =

Q VIRIN VS; the lege.nd on one Birmingham; Cracow).

presumably Tr. Pl. 54 (T. P. Wiseman, NC 1964, 157; CR 1967,

167 n. 2). The obverse of

1

and the reverse of 2 allude to the first celebration of the Ludi

Cereales in or before 211; the reverse of 1 can only allude to victories in Bithynia and Pontus of C. Memmius L.f., Pr. 58, the moneyer's uncle2 (on whose command seeP. A. Brunt, Manpower, 46o, with earlier bibliography). The head on the obverse of 2 is explicidy identified as that of Quirinus3 and it therefore seems self-evident to me that the type is irrelevant to the assimilation of Quirinus and Romulus (contra W. Burkert, Historia 1962, 364-5; righdy C. J. dassen, Philologus 1962, 185-6; the most balanced account of the assimilation of Romulus and Quirinus is to be found in the commentary of R. M. Ogilvie on Livy i, 16); Quirinus was regarded 1 B. Rawson, Anlichtlwn 1970, 3<>-7, is no more than a string of hypotheses. • The type can hardly allude to the dedication of spolia opima, amtra A. Alfbldi, SM 1951, 2. • For a comparable bronze head see A. Furtwlngler,KS ii, 448; H. Thiersch, Nachr. Ges. Glittingen 1928, 93; there is no connection between the coin type and the statue of Romulus as Icing (so rightly 0. Vessberg, Studien, 119).

451

by the Romans as a Sabine deity (wrongly, of course, G. Wissowa, RuK, 154 n. 6, cf. Varro, LL vi, 68; Ennius, Ann. 117V; Dio, fr. 5, 5-6; the fact that the Sabines mostly in the tribe Quirina may have helped the error along) and the choice of type perhaps reflected the moneyer's claim to possess a Sabine origo (so. J.-P.

were

Morel, MEFR 1962, 29-31). .p8 Q.CASSIVS

Mint-Rome

B. Cassia 7-9; Bf. i, 79; 1

ii,

34; iii, 37; S. 916-918;

RE Cassius

BMCRR Rome 3871; Hannover 3082

Denarius (Pl. LII)

VEST Q·CASS IVS

Head of Vesta r., wearing veil; before

or VESTA upwards; behind, downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [36].

Temple of Vesta; within, curule chair; on 1., urn; on r., tablet inscribed A C.1 Border of dots. Reverse dies:

[40]. BMCRR Rome 3873

2 Denarius (Pl. LII) Head ofLibertas r.; on I., LIBERT upwards; on r., Q·CASS IVS downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: (6o).

i S milar.

Reverse dies : [ 67]. BMCRR Rome 3868

3 Denarius (Pl. LII) Head of

Genius populi Romani r.1 with

sceptre over shoulder. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [126].

The moneyer

is Q.

SS B.C.

70. See above, pp. 83ff.

Eagle on thunderbolt r.; on 1., lituus; on r., jug; below, Q · CASS IVS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [140].

Cassius Longinus, Q. ?52.

The obverse of 1 and the common reverse of 1 and 2 refer to the presidency of the special commission set up in 113 for the trial of the three delinquent Vestal Virgins, held by L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla; the head of Libertas on 2 recalls the Lex Cassia Tabellaria (for the link between libertas and leges tabellariae see on no. 266; L. R. Taylor, RVA, 36-7, is confused). For the temple of Vesta see E. Nash, PDAR ii, 505; G. Fuchs, Architekturdarstellungen, 51-7. The reverse type of 3 clearly symbolises impen"um, whatever its precise connotations (compare Appian, BC i, 275; Plutarch, Mar. 36 for the eagle as the symbol of tne consulate in the

dream of Marius; see on no. 359 for the relationship of jug and lituusS with impen·um); since the family history, career and remaining types ofQ. Cassius make it impossible to hold that he was an advocate of monarchy (contra A. AJfoldi, REL 1950, 55; Museum Helveticum 1951, 191-4), the reverse type of 3, together with the obverse i

type, should be taken as a reference to the Lex Cassia of 104, according to whch quem populus damnasset cuive impen·um abrogasset in senatu

ne

esset (Asconius 78C).

1 The letters A and C are abbreviations for absolvo and condmrno. 1 For the closest paralle l to this type, of certain identity, see no. 393; A. Alfbldi (REL 1950, 54-5; Museum He/veticum 1951, 191) advances no arguments for his view that the type represents Romulus; his interpretation of the type as an advocacy of monarchy is in any case impossible, see above and p. 733· 1 These thus provide no evidence for the date at which Q. Cassius acquired his augurate.

452

429 P.FONTEIVS P.F CAPITO

Mint-Rome

SS B.C.

B. Fonteia 17-18; Oidia 1; Bf. ii, 40; S. 9Q0-90ta; RE Fonteius 25. See above, pp. 83ff.

BMCRR

1 Denarius (Pl. LII)

Rome 3851

Bust of Mars r.,t helmeted and draped, with trophy over shoulder; around U,

Horseman r., holding re.ins in 1. hand and with r. hand thrusting with spear at warrior below

r· FONTEIVS · r. F ·CArITO ·III·VIR. Border of dots.

- warrior is about to drive sword through unarmed captive; on r., helmet and shield;

Obverse dies: [96].

above, M/ ·FOKr TR ·MIL. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [107). ·

2a Denarius (Pl. LII)

BMCRR

Head of Concordia r., wearing veil and diadem; around n, r F 0 NT (or t'J) EI V S · ·

CAriTO·III·VIR·CONCORDIA.

Bor

Rome 3856; Copenhagen

Villa Publica; on 1., T ·DIDI downwards; below, IMr; on r., VIL·rVB upwards. Border of dots.

der of dots. Hannover 3069;

2b Denarius Similar

BMCRR

Rome 386o

Similar, but gates attached to columns of Villa Publica. Reverse dies (both varieties): [43].

Obverse dies (both varieties): [39).

The moneyer is a P. Fonteius P.f. Capito, usually identified with the adoptive father of P. dodius (F. Miinzer, RE vi, 2845-6), but without good reason; the Fonteius recorded as Cicero's friend, ad Att.

iv,

15, 6 (not necessarily a Praetor),

is equally a possibility. The reverse of 1, to which the obverse forms an appropriate companion, records an exploit of a member of the moneyer's family, perhaps the moneyer no. 353, presumably during the governorship of Gaul of M. Fonteius; the horseman seems to be rescuing the captive, whose arms (identical to those of his assailant) lie on the right of the type. The Villa Publica (for an architectUral study of the type see G. Fuchs, Architekturdarstellungen, 83-91) doubtless appears on 2 because restored by T. Didius, Cos. 98, who must be presumed to have connections with the moneyer's family (M. Gwyn Morgan, Klio 1973, 215-22). The head of Concordia remains puzzling , but on the analogy of

1

it is perhaps to be related to the reverse; if the

moneyer is indeed a friend of Cicero,2 the allusion could then be to the importance of good relationships between nevi homines (such as T. Didius) and nobiles, in fact to the Ciceronian theme of consensus omnium bonorum (H. Strasburger, Concordia

Ordinum, 59); for an alternative conjectUre see Morgan, 221-2. 1

1

The belief of A. AlfOldi (Reiteradel, 46 n. 89) that this is a portrait head is erroneous, compare the head on no. 450/1; it is also untrue (contra Reiuradel, 52) that the horseman on the reverse is wearing a trabea (for which see on no. 259). It is worth remembering that the man whose exploit is celebrated by the reverse type oft is perhaps a dependant of a man defended by Cicero.

453

430 P.CRASSVS M.F

Mint-Rome

SS B.C.

B. Licinia 18; Bf. i, 168; S. 929; RE Licinius 63. See above, pp. 83ff. 1 Denarius (Pl. LII)

BMCRR Rome 3901

Bust of Venus r., draped, laureate and wearing diadem; behind, S·C downwards. Border of dots.

Female figure leading horse I. with r. hand and holding sp� in 1. hand; at feet, cuirass1 and shield; around 0, r·CRASSVS·M·F. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [63].

Reverse dies: [70].

The moneyer is the younger son of the Triumvir M. Licinius Crassus. The correct description of the issue (which I owe to Mr H.-D. Schultz, who is shortly to publish a die-study) renders impossible traditional interpretations of the reverse type as a recognitio equitum, as symbolising the cavalry brought from Gaul by P. Crassus or

as alluding to the battle of the Colline Gate near the temple of Venus Erycina. The female figure has long hair and wears a curious head-dress with two projections at the front, a cloak gathering on the left shoulder and a skirt. For the letters S· C seep. 6o6. Mint-Rome

431 A.PLA VTIVS AED.CVR

SS B.C.

B. Plautia 13; Bf. i, 205; S. 932; RE Plautius 8. See above, pp. 83tf. 1

Denarius (Pl. LII)

BMCRR Rome 3916

A·rLAVT IVS behind, A ED·CV R S C down

Head of Cybele r.; before, downwards; wards. Border of dots.

·

Obverse dies: [135].

·

Camel r.; before, kneeling figure holding reins in 1. hand and olive-branch in exergue, BACCHIVS; before, upwards. Border of dots.

r.

hand; in

IVDAEVS

Reverse dies: [150].

A. Plautius, Tr. Pl. 56, Aed. Cur. 55, Pr. 51, is perhaps the son of the Plautius who was Tr. Pl. 70, then Legate of Pompey, perhaps also Legate in Asia (R. Syme, JRS 1963, 57-8 with n.

32).

The obverse type doubtless refers to the Ludi Megalenses, celebrated by the Curule Aediles. The reverse type presumably refers to the surrender of an Eastern ruler, doubtless in the course of Pompey's campaigns; it matters little whether the legend refers to Dionysius of Tripoli Gosephus, Ant. xiv, 3, 2; so Th. Reinach, Les Monnaies juives, 29; A. Kindler, SCMB 1951, 53) or Aristobulus the High Priest

(so Due de Luynes, RN 1858, 382-4; E. Babelon, RBN 1891, 5; K. Kraft, JNG , 1968, 16-19, citing Josephus, Ant. xiv, 34-6 as evidence for the Roman assimilation 1

The object to the left of the horseman's feet is certainly a cuirass (so already B. Borghesi, <Buwes i, 419), compare the cuirass on no. 449{4. K. Kraft's view (JNG 1968, 13-14) that the object represents a quiver and bow-case cannot stand; on all examples on which the object is shown in full and care ful detail it is divided horizontally and not vertically and in no way whatever resembles a quiver and bow-case. In any case the mind boggles at a horseman armed with shield, spear and bow and arrow (cf. W. W. Tarn, CAH ix, 6oc>-z). There is, in short, no reason whatever to regard the horseman as Ar menian or the reverse type as portraying the surrender of Tigranes to Pompey.

454

of Jehovah and Bacchus); neither explanation is altogether free from difficulties. For A. Plautius as a supporter of Pompey in 56 see Dio xxxix, 16, 2. For the letters S· C see p. 6o6.

432 CN.PLANCIVS AED.CVR

Mint-Rome

sss.c.

B. Plancia 1; S. 933; RE Plancius 4· See above, pp. 83ff. l Denarius (Pl. Lll)

Female

head

BMCRR Rome 3920

r.,

wearing causia; before, downwards; behind, C N r LAN C I VS A ED· C V R S · C downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [99]. ·

Cretan goat

r.;

behind, bow and quiver.

Border of dots.

·

Reverse dies: [110].

The head on the obverse seems to symbolise Macedonia (compare no. 484; for the causia see RE, xi, 91; D. B. Thompson, Troy, Supp. 3, 52), the reverse to allude to hunting agrimi in Crete; both were places in which Cn. Plancius had spent some time in the course of his career. The allusion suggested by K. Kraft (JNG 1968, 23-4), to Pompey's claim to have conquered the Cretan pirates, is intolerably obscure. There is no real reason to suppose Diana Planciana (ILS 4999, G. Wissowa, RuK, 252 n. 2) relevant to the obverse type. For the letters S· C

see p. 6o6.

Mint-Rome

433 BRVTVS B. Iunia 3cr32; Bf. i, 163; iii, 63; S.

S
906-9o7; RE Iunius 53· See above, pp. 83ff., below,

no. 95*· t.

BMCRR Rome 3861

Denarius (Pl. LII)

Head of Libertas

r.;

behind, downwards. Border of dots.

Ll BERTAS

L.

lunius Brutus,

between two lictors carrying fasces and preceded by an acce�us; in exergue, BRVTVS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [173].

Obverse dies: [156].

BMCRR Rome 3864

2 Denarlu (Pl. LII) Head of L. Iunius Brutus,

Cos. 509, walking 1.,

Cos. 509, r.;

behind, BRVTVS downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [150].

Head of C. Servilius Ahala, Mag. Eq. 439, r.; behind, AHALA downwards. Border of dots.

Reverse dies: [167].

The moneyer is M. Iunius Brutus, by a process of adoption Q. Servilius Caepio Brutus, Cos. Desig. 41. The legend 8 RVTVS is in each case both descriptive of the type and indicative of the moneyer's name. All types reflect the moneyer's admiration for those of his ancestors who were tyrannicides and the production of the issue forms part of a pattern of consistent opposition to Pompey's real or supposed intentions of achieving sole rule. As early 455

as 59 Brutus was linked with his ancestors L. Iunius Brutus1 and C. Servilius Ahala (Cicero, ad Att. ii, 24, 2-3); rumours of a dictatorship for Pompey began to circulate in 54 (Cicero, ad Q. Fr. ii, 14 (13), 5; ad Att. iv, 18, 3; ad Q. Fr. iii, 4, 1; 6 (8), 4 and 6; 7 (9), 3; M. Gelzer, Pompeius, 169-80) and were apparendy still not dead in 52 (Dio xi, 45,4-5; Asconius 33C; ORF3 158, no. 16). For Libertas,note in particular the raising of the cry of V.ev6epla against Pompey � his associates in connection with the elections for 55 (Plutarch, Pomp. 52). For Brutus' admiration for L. lunius Brutus and Ahala see in general Cicero, Brutus 331; ad Att. xiii, 40, 1; Phil. ii, 26; Cornelius Nepos, Att. 18, 3; Plutarch, Brut. 1.

Mint-Rome

434 Q.POMPEI RVFI

54 B.C.

B. Pompeia 4-5; Cornelia 48-49; S. 908-9Q9ll; RE Pompeius 41.See above, pp. 83ff.

1 Denarius (PI. LII) Head

of

Sulla

r.;

BMCRR Rome 3883 before,

downwards. Border of dots.

SVLLA·COS

Obverse dies: [ < 10]. z

Head of Q. Pompeius Rufus, Cos. 88, r.; behind, RVFVS ·COS downwards; before, Q ·rOM· RV F I downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

Denarius (Pl. LII)

BMCRR Rome 3885

Curule chair; on 1., arrow; on r., laurel branch; above, Q· roMrE I·Q F; below on ·

RVFVS

tablet, C 0 S. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [111]. On one obverse die

Curule chair; on 1., lituus; on r., wreath; above, SVLLA·COS; below on tablet, Q· ro MrE I· RVF. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [123].

RVRVS appears

instead of

RVFVS

(BM).

The moneyer is presumably Q. Pompeius Rufus, Tr. Pl. 52 (on his family's tribe see L. R. Taylor, VDRR, 247; E. Badian, Historia 1963, 138). The types of both varieties celebrate the moneyer's paternal grandfather, Q. Pompeius Rufus, Cos 88, and his maternal grandfather, Sulla (Asconius 28C), also .

Cos 88 (for this celebration of a maternal grandfather compare no. 480/1, and the .

inscription of C. Memmius C.£ Sullae Felicis n., T. P. Wiseman, CQ 1967, 167 n. 4). The arrow and laurel-branch on 2, attributes of Apollo, suggest that Q. Pompeius

Rufus was Xvir s.£ (C. Cavedoni, Saggio, 165 n. 69); the lituus and wreath are decisive evidence that Sulla was Augur (see also Suetonius,Gramm. 12; the evidence of the coinage of Faustus Sulla, no. 426, is equivocal), though not before 82 (E. Badian, Arethusa 1969, 199; commentary on no. 359); for the wreath as a priesdy symbol, wrongly doubted by A. Alfoldi, SM 1951,6-7, compare nos. 418 and 419. For the two portraits see H. Zehnacker, RN 1961, 42, emphasising their similarity to each other; also Table 1

LXII.

The head may be compared with the celebrated bronze head in the Capitoline Museum, Helbig, Fahrer ii4, no. 1449. With the reverse type of 1 compare G. M.A. Richter, Gems of clu Romans, no. 471.

43S MESSAL.F

Mint-Rome

S3 B.C.

B. Valeria 13; Bf. i, 257; S. 934; RE Valerius 254 and 255 (wrong). See above, pp. 83ff. t

Denarius (Pl.

in)

BMCRR Rome 3927

Helmeted bust of Roma r. (Corinthian hel met- helmet has plume on each side) with spear over shoulder;j before, MESSA. ·F downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Curule chair; below, sceptre with diadem; above, r Al E · C 0S; on either side, S C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

The moneyer is perhaps M. Valerius Messalla, Cos. Suff. 32, perhaps first-born son of the Cos. 53 (R. Syme,JRS 1955, 157). The reverse type portrays the subjection of the attributes of royalty to that of Republican legality (compare no. 507/2); it reflects the (temporary) exclusion of Pompey from the possibility of achieving sole rule (for the existence of this possi bility see on no. 433) as a result of the election of Consuls for 53, one of them the father of the moneyer (J. W. Salomonson, JMP 1954, 1). For the letters S· C see P· 6o6.

436 L.VINICI

Mint-Rome

52 B.C.

B. Vinicia 1; S. 93Q-9308; RE Vinicius t. See above, pp. 831f. t Denarius (Pl.

LII)

Laureate

of

head

CON CORDIAE

BMCRR Rome 3923; Rome 3925 Concordia

or

r.;

before,

CONCORDIA I

downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

[ < 10].

Victory walking r., carrying palm-branch dec orated with four wreaths; before, L · VI N I C I downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

The moneyer is presumably L. Vinicius, Cos. Suff. 33· The symbolism of the reverse type, with its four wreaths, is presumably Pompeian (so C. Cavedoni, Ripostigli, 214; compare no. 426/4; for the artistic approach compare the (?Sullan) triumphal relief from the Via del Mare, M. E. Bertoldi, Quaderni Inst. Top. Ant. v, 1968, 39-53, fig. 3); since the moneyer displayed Caesarian leanings as Tr. Pl. 51, he perhaps wished his types to advocate concordia between Caesar and Pompey. 437 CALDVS IIIVIR

Mint-Rome

51 B.C.

B. Coelia4- 5 and 7-12;S. 891-899 (except 893); RECoelius 14. See above,pp. 83ff., below,no. 223*· ta

Denarius (Pl. LII)

BMCRR Rome 3833

Head of C. Coelius Caldus, Cos. 94, r.; before, C·COEL·CALDVS downwards; below, COS; behind, tablet inscribed L·D. Border of dots.

Head of Sol r.; behind, oval shield decorated with thunderbolt; before,Macedonian shield; before, CAL DVS · Ill VIR downwards. Bor der of dots.

457

tb Denarlu

BMCRR Rome 3835 but behind, S.1 Reverse dies (both varieties): (37].

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): (33]. 38

Similar,

Denarius (Pl. LII)

BMCRR Rome 3837; Haeberlin 2423

Similar, but behind, standard inscribed H IS; before, standard in the. form of a boar.

Table with'fisure behind preparing epulum (table inscribed L·CALDVS); on 1., trophy VII� ·Er\L

with Macedonian shield; on r., trophy with carnyx and oval shield decorated with thunderbolt; on far 1., C; on far r., I; Mr c A L D V

Aor N

X

s below, CA. VS ·Ill VIR. Border of dots. The legend on the obverse is sometimes H S (BMCRR Rome 3838; Quadras y Ramon (Sale catalogue) 244). 3b

Denariu

Copenhagen Similar; the table is inscribed L ·CAL DV S;

Similar.

VII� ·Er on I.

trophy with carnyx and oval shield decorated with thunderbolt; on r., trophy with Macedonian shield; on far 1., I; on far r., C; M r

c A L D V

A

X below, CA. VS ·Ill VI R. Border of dots. 38 Denariu Similar,

BMCRR Rome 3839

but position of standards reversed.

Similar

to 2a.

3b Denariu

Turin, F2025

Similar. 411

s

Similar to 2b.

Denariu

BMCRR Rome 3840

Similar, but behind, carnyx and spear.

Similar to 2a.

4b Denariu

Copenhagen

Similar.

Similar to 2b. Reverse dies (2a, 3a, 4&): (c. 37). (2b, 3b, 4b): 1.

Obverse dies: [33].

The word C0 S was engraved on one obverse die only after it had already been used (Copen hagen, Coelia 19 and 19&). 1

Standing for S(ol). 458

The moneyer is presumably C. Coelius Caldus, Q. so. The central theme of the issue is constituted by the achievements of C. Coelius Caldus, Cos. 94; the tablet on the obverse of 1 recalls the Lex Coelia Tabellaria, passed while he was Tr. Pl. 107; the vexil/um inscribed HIS alludes to his victories as governor of Nearer Spain; the standard in the form of a boar (for the Gallic nature of this see L. de la Saussaye, RN 1840, 249; Gaule Narbonnaise, 173 ;1 compare no. 281/t) refers to his defeat of the Salluvii in Gaul (E. Badian, Studies, 90; Melanges Piganiol, 907) as do the carnyx and spear on the obverse of 4, the trophy with carnyx and oval shield on the reverse of 2-4 and the oval shield on the reverse of 1. It is noticeable that the alternation of the positions of the trophies and the vertical legends is carried out in such a way as always to associate the Gallic trophy with the legend IMr· A· X; presumably the victory over the Salluvii was the only one for which Caldus was hailed Imperator.2 The vertical legends apparendy claim that Caldus was A(ugur) and X(vir sacris faciundis); the head of Sol, the Macedonian shield on the reverse of 1 and the trophy with Macedonian shield on the reverse of 2-4 should allude to an otherwise unattested military success in the East. The epuluMJ presents us with an otherwise unknown L. Coelius Caldus, Vllvir epulo. For the portrait of C. Coelius Caldus see B. Schweitzer, Bildniskunst, pls. 77-8 with p. 70. 438 SER.SVLP

Mint-Rome

51 B.C.

B. Sulpicia 8; Bf. i, 245; S. 931; RE Sulpicius 20, 21 and 96. See above, pp. 83ff. l

Denarius (Pl. LII)

BMCRR Rome 3907

Laureate male head r. (?Triumphus); behind,

SE R downwards; Border of dots.

Obverse dies:

before,

[ < 10].

SV. r

upwards.

Naval trophy; on r., naked, bound captive; on l., fully clothed figure, looking on. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

The moneyer is probably the son of the Cos. 51, attested as Senator in 49 (Caesar, BC ii, 44) and 43 (Cicero, Phil. ix, 12). The head on the obverse closely resembles that of Triumphus on no. 472/2 and the presence of the trophy on the reverse perhaps permits the identification to be made here. The exact significance of the reverse type is obscure- although it could reflect Pompey's defeat of the pirates, there is no evidence whatever to suggest that it does (contra K. KJ:aft,JNG 1968, 9-10); not can it well recall the illusory leniency of P. Sulpicius Galba, Cos. 211, vis-a-vis the Aeginetans; C. Cavedoni argued (Saggio, t8o; Appendice, 167) that the type portrayed the procedure whereby Galba 1 1 •

Note the boar decorating the pavement of the house of L. Coelius Caldus at Pompeii (M. della Corte, Casted abiranti •, 190). For the remarkable association of the titles Consul and lmperator (not otherwise attested before Caesar) see D. Kienast, ZSS 1961, 416 n. 63 with 414 n. so. There is no connection between the tpulum and the trophies (contra G. Ch. Picard, L•s Trophies romains, 135). 459

allowed the Aeginetans to be ransomed; but the concession came to nothing (Polybius ix, 42, 5-8, with commentary of F. W. Walbank). One should perhaps regard the type as referring to the naval victory and triumph of C. Sulpicius Paterculus, Cos. 258.

439

MARCELLINVS

Mint-Rome

so B.C.

B. Cornelia 69; Claudia 11; S. 1147; RE Cornelius 232. See above, pp. 83ff.

1 Denarius (Pl. LII)

BMCRR Rome 4206

Head of M. Claudius Marcellus, Cos. 222, r.; behind, triskeles; before, MARCELL I NVS downwards. Border of dots.

Male figure, M. Claudius Marcellus, Cos. 222, carrying trophy into temple; on r., MARCELLVS downwards; on l., COS·

Obverse dies: [3o1.

QVIN Q downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [331·

The moneyer is presumably P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, Q. 48. The obverse and reverse types recall the achievements of the moneyer's most celebrated ancestor, his spolia opima, his capture of Syracuse (for the triskeles compare no. 329/2) and his five consulships. For the portrait see G. Hafner, MDAI (R) 1968, 69.

440 Q.SICINIVS IIIVIR

Mint-Rome

49

B.C.

B. Sicinia 5; Bf. i, 241; S. 938; RE Sicinius 12. See above, pp. 83ff.

1 Denarius (Pl. LII) Head of Fortuna populi Romani r., wearing diadem; before, F 0 RT downwards; behind,

r· R

upwards. Border of dots.

Obverse·dies: [129].

BMCRR Rome 3947 Palm-branch

tied with fillet

and

winged

caduceus, in saltire; above, wreath; below, Q·SICINIVS; on either side, Ill VIR. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [1431·

The moneyer is a Q. Sicinius, not otherwise known; for his later issues see no.

444·

The association of the symbols of felicitas and victory with the head of Fortuna populi Romani alludes to the hopes of the Republican side at the beginning of the Civil War; compare Cicero, de imp. Pomp. 45· 441 NERI. Q.VRB

Mint-Rome

49 B.C.

B. Claudia 7; Cornelia 68; Neria 1; Bf. i, 190; S. 937; RENerius 3; Claudius 217; Cornelius :uS. See above, pp. 83ff., below, no. 224*.

1 Denarius (Pl. LII)

BMCRR Rome 3950

Head of Saturn r. with harpa over shoulder; before, N: R I · Q · � B downwards. Border of dots.

hastati; on r., standard of maniple of prin cipes;onl., L·LEI\rupwards;on r., C· MRC

Obverse dies: [ <2o1.

upwards; below, CO S. Radiate border. Reverse dies: [ <221.

Legionary eagle; on 1., standard of maniple of

The head of Saturn alludes to the fact that Cn. Nerius was Quaestor Urbanus, the i ue was occasioned by military needs; eagle and standards to the fact that the ss the consular dating of the issue is unusual.

442 MN.ACILIVS IIIVIR

Mint-Rome

49B.C.

B. Acilia 8; Bf. i, 5; ii, 3; S. 922; RE Acilius 14 (wrong praenomen). See above, p. 89. BMCRR Rome 3944

ta Denarius (Pl. LU)

Laureate head of Salus r.; behind, SALVT IS upwards. Border of dots.

Valet udo standing 1., resting 1. arm on colwnn

and holding snake in r. hand; on r., /IN· ACILIVS downwards; on L, III·VIR·

VALEV upwards. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 3943

1b Denarius

Similar, but SAL VTIS downwards. Obverse dies (both varieties): [651].

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): [723].

The moneyer is perhaps Mo. Acilius Glabrio, sister's son to M. Aemilius Scaurus,

56 (Asconius 28C, emending M. to Mo., contra D. R. Shackleton Bailey, CQ 196o, 257 n.1; RE Acilius 39). The types perhaps allude to the fact that the first Greek doctor to come to Rome practised in compito Acilio (Pliny, NH xxix, 12); it is also possible that expectations of a Caesarian victory influenced the choice of types For Valetudo see K. Lane, RRg, 227 n. 5·

Pr.

.

443 CAESAR

Mint-moving with Caesar

49-48 B.C.

B. Julia 9; S. 1oo6; RE Iulius 131. See above, p. 89. 1

Denarius (Pl. LU)

Pontifical emblems - culuUus, aspergillum, axe and apex. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [750].

BMCRR Gaul 27

Elephant r., trampling dragon; in exergue, CAESAR. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [833].

For the types see p. 735·

444 Q.SICINIVS IIIVIR, C.COPONIVS PR

Mint-moving with Pompey

49 B.C.

B. Coponia 1-3; Sicinia 1-2 and 4; Bf. i, 240; iii, 96; S. 939 and 939b-94o; RE Coponius 3 and 9; Sicinius 12. See above, p. 89, below, no. 225*. BMCRR East 24

ta Denarius (Pl. LU) Head of Apollo r., hair tied with band; below,

star; before, Q·SI C IN IVS downwards; behind, Ill ·VIR upwards. Border of dots.

Club upright, on which hangs lion's skin (head in profile); on 1., arrow; on r., bow; on r., C-COrON IVS downwards; on 1., r R S C upwards. Border of dots. ·

·

tb Denarius

BMCRR East

Similar.

29

Similar, but lion's head facing.

The legend is missing on one reverse die (Paris, A 8039).

tc Denarius (Pl. LIII)

BMCRR

Similar, but head I.

Similar to ta.

Obverse dies

Reverse dies

(all

varieties): [105].

Large and small heads

(all varieties):

East 30

[117].

1a-b, but not as far as I know in 1c (see Pis. LII LIII). For the letters S C and the status of the issue seep. 6o6; for the types seep. occur

in

·

737·

Mint-Apollonia, then Asia

445 L.LENTVLVS, C.MARC.COS in part with Q B. Claudia 9-10;

Cornelia

49 B.C.

64-67; Neria 2; Bf. i, 97; ii, 39; S. 1029-1031 and 1031b; RE

Claudius 217; Cornelius 218. See above, p. 89.

·

ta Denarius (Pl. LII)

BMCRR

Triskeles with winged head of Medusa in centre and com-ears between legs. Border of dots.

Sicily 3

Jupiter standing facing, holding thunderbolt

in r. hand and eagle in I. hand; on I., LEI\r f\.!il.-. upwards; on r.,COS upwards; on far r.,

harpa. Border of dots.

tb Denarius

BMCRR

Similar.

Similar, but no harpa.

Obverse dies (both varieties): [ <30].

Reverse dies (both varieties): [ <33].

Z

Denarius (Pl. LII)

BMCRR

Head of Apollo r.; before, L L El\r ·C. M R C downwards; behind, COS upwards. Border of dots. ·

Obverse dies [ <30].

Sicily 1

East 21

Jupiter standing facing, holding thunderbolt in r. hand arid eagle in I. hand; on 1., star and Q; on r., altar decorated with garland. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <33].

3a Denarius

Munich

Head of Jupiter r. Border of dots.

Artemis

Obverse dies: 3·

M/1. R C · C0 S upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 3 (SM 1958,pl. i, 2 and 4-6; 3;

of

Ephesus facing; L ·LEN TV LVS downwards; on

on I.,

r.,

C.

Turin, Cat. 65).

3b Denarius (Pl. LII) Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [ < 30].

The issue should be regarded For the

types seep. 737·

as

Similar, but on I., f\.!il.-. Reverse dies: [ < 33].

BMCRR East COS upwards.

23

military and irregular (seep. 6o4 andp. 737 n. 2).

446 MAGN.PROCOS with CN.PISO PROQ

Mint-moving with Pompey

49B.C.

B. Calpumia 30; Pompeia 8;S. 1032;RB Calpurnius 95;Pompeius 31. See above, pp. 89f.

BMCRR Spain 62

t Denarius (Pl. LU)

Bearded head of Numa r., wearing diadem in scribedNVMA;behind,CN·r ISO· rRO·Q downwards. Line border. Obverse dies: [ < 30]. For

Prow r.;above, MAGN;below, rRO·COS. Line border. Reverse dies: [ < 33].

the types see p. 737·

447 MAGN.PROCOS with

Mint-moving with Pompey

49B.C

•

. VARRO PROQ

B. Terentia 15;Pompeia 7;Bf. ii, 111;iii, 97;S. 1033-1034;RB Terentius 78;Pompeius 31. See above, pp. 89f.

BMCRR Spain 64

ta Denarius (Pl. LI_I)

Terminal bust of Jupiter r., wearing diadem; behind, VA R R0 · rR0 · Q downwards. Bor der of dots.

tb Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [ < 30].

Sceptre upright; on 1., dolphin; on r., eagle; in exergue, MAG N · r R0. Border of dots.

cos BMCRR Spain 67 Similar to obverse. Reverse dies (both varieties): [ < 33].

For the types see p. 737· 448 L.HOSTILIVS SASERNA

Mint-Rome

48B.C.

B. Hostilia 2 and 4-5;Bf. i, 137;iii, 52;S. 951�53;RB Hostilius 23. See above, p. 92, below, no. 96*, no. 290*. ta Denarius (Pl. LU)

Female head r., wearing oak-wreath and diadem. Border of dots.

tb Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [99].

BMCRR Rome 3989 Victory walking r., holding trophy in I. hand, over I. shoulder, and caduceus in r. hand;

before, L·HOSTI Ll VS downwards;behind, SASE RNA upwards. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 3993 Similar, but SASE RN. Reverse dies (both varieties): [uo].

On well-executed reverse dies it is possible to see that the trophy includes a carnyx. On care lessly executed obverse dies the oak-wreath comes to resemble a laurel-wreath and the diadem disappears. 2a

Denarius (PL LII)

Bearded male bust r., draped; behind, Gallic shield. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 3994 Biga r., driven by charioteer holding whip in I. hand and reins in r. hand; behind, on biga, warrior facing backwards and holding shield in I. hand and hurling spear with r. hand; above, L·HOSTILIVS; below, SASE RN. Border of dots.

Vienna

2b Denarius Similar, but SASE RNA. Reverse dies (both varieties): [63].

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [57].

BMCRR Rome

3 Denarius (Pl. LIII) Female

head r., with carnyx. Border of dots.

long hair; behind,

3996

Artemis facing, holding spear in I. hand and placing r. hand on head of stag; on r., L·HOSTILIVS downwards; on I., SASE RNA upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [140].

Obverse dies: [126].

The moneyer is one of three brothers, all Caesarians, but is not known to have held further office; see T. P. Wiseman, New men, 235, for his origo. The types refer without exception to Caesar's victories during his command in Gaul. The head on 1 is the same as that on the Caesarian issue, no. 452, the trophy recalls the trophies on that and other Caesarian issues. The heads on 2 and 3 are those of typical male and female Gallic captives (so first W. Froehner, Philologus, Supp. v, 84; later bibliography in M. Bahrfeldt, Nachtriige i, 137; the article of A. Blanchet also in Bull. Soc. Nat. Ant. France 1891, 210; for the heads compare above all nos. 452 and 468);1 the chariot on 2 is perhaps British (S. Piggott, Antiquity 1952, 87; compare no. 482); the figure of Artemis on 3 is present in her capacity as the chief goddess of Massalia (H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 512 n. 3; C. T. Seltman, NC 1952,35 goes too far in attributing the issue ofL. Hostilius Sasema to the mint of Massalia), captured by Caesar during 49·

Mint-Rome

449 C.VIBIVS C.F C.N PANSA

48 B.C.

B. Vibia 16-21; Bf. i, 265; ii, 84; iii, 1o6; S. 945-950; RE Vibius 16. See above, p. 92.

BMCRR Rome

ta Denarius Mask of bearded Pan r.; below, rANSA. Border of dots.

Jupiter seated 1., laureate, holding patera

berries; behind, pedum.

in

r.

hand and sceptre inl.hand;on r., C. VI B I VS· C+C·N downwards; on r., IOVISAXVR upwards. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome

tb Denarius (Pl. LII) Similar, but hair decorated with three rows of

3978

3980; Rome 3982

Similar, but moneyer's name disposed in straight line, not curved round. BM

tc Denarius Similar. Reverse dies

Similar, to tb, but behind, Pan-pipe. Obverse dies (all varieties): [279].

(all

varieties): [310].

On one reverse die the legend is C · V I B IV S C · F · C (Santa Anna hoard). ·

1

The view of E. Babelon, RN 1902, t Melanges numismatUp,us iv, 1, that the male head is that of Vercingetorix (accepted by M. Gelzer, Caesar, 163 n. z) is adequately refuted by the arguments of M. Bahrfeldt., Nachtrlige iii, sz; for the portrait ofVercingetorix see now J. B. Colbert de Beaulieu, Gallia 1963, u; 1966, 21. See also C. Cichorius, RS, 18 n. 1. =

2

Denarius

(Pl. Lm)

BMCRR

Head ofLiber r., wearing ivy-wreath; behind, rAN SA downwafds. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [54].

Ceres walking r. with torch

in

before, plough; on 1., C·VIBIVS·C.f.C.N downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [6o].

38 Denarius (Pl.LIII)

BMCRR

Similar.

Rome 3976 each hand;

Rome 3973

biga of snakes r., holding torch in I. hand and reins in r. hand; on r., C ·VI B I VS C·F·C·N upwards.

Ceres in

·

3b Denarius

BMCRR Similar,

Obverse dies (both varieties): [ <30]. 4 Denarius (Pl. un) Laureate

Rome 3975

but legend downwards. Reverse dies (both varieties): [ < 33].

Similar.

BMCRR

head

of Libertas r.; behind, LI BERTAT IS downwards. Border of dots.

Rome 3983

Roma (r. breast bare) seated r. on pile of arms, wearing helmet, holding sceptre in r. hand and placing 1. foot on globe; on r., flying Victory crowning Roma; on 1., C · rAN SA· C · F C· N downwards.Border of dots. Reverse dies: [37]. ·

Obverse dies: [33]. 5 Sestertius (Pl. LUI)

BMCRR Rome

Laureate bust of Mercury r., draped and wearing winged diadem. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 3·

3986

Tonoise; on r., caduceus; on 1., C. rAN SA downwards.Border of dots. Reverse dies: 3·

The moneyer is C. Vibius C.£C.n. Pansa Caetronianus, Cos. 43, adoptive son of no. 342; the coins provide no evidence .that he was Aedile (contra G. V. Sumner, Phoenix 1971, 255); for his tribe see T. P. Wiseman, CQ 1964, 131.

The mask of Pan alludes to the moneyer's cognomen (compare no. 342/1-2), the figure of Jupiter A(n)xurus presumably to an association of the moneyer with Terracina; the figure of Ceres (with whom Liber is

associated) is taken over from

the coinage of the moneyer's father (no. 342/3a-b) and may refer either to a particu

lar cult with which the family

was

connected or to the more general 'popularis'

associations of the cult of Ceres, Liber (Bacchus) and Libera (see on no. 494). For the association of Roma and Libertas note Caesar, BC i, 22, 5 (Caesar claimed) se

ex prwincia egressum .. . ut se et populum Romanum factione paucorum oppressum in libertatem vindicaret, with the parallels adduced by Ch. Wirszubski, Lihertas, 103, and compare commentary on no. 369 for the similar claim made by Sulla.

.

•

.

Mint-Rome

4SO ALBINVS BRVTI.F

48 B.C.

B. Junia 25-26 and 28; Postumia 1CH1 and 13-14; Bf. i, 226; S. 941-943b; RE lunius 55a. See above, p. 92. BMCRR Rome 3962

ta Denarius (Pl. LIII) Helmeted head of Mars

r. Border of

Two carnyces in saltire; above, oval shield;

dots.

below, round shield; on r., ALB l N VS downwards; on 1., BRVTI·F upwards. Border of dots.

tb Denarius

Turin, F 4285 Similar, but ALB I NV. Revers e dies (both varieties): [77).

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [69]. 2

Denarius (Pl. un)

BMCRR Rome 3964

Head of Pi etas r.; behind, r lETAS down wards. Border of dots.

Two hands clasped round caduceus; below,

Obverse dies: [171).

Reverse dies: [190].

ALBINVS·BRVTI·F. Border of dots.

3a Denarius Head

of

A.

BMCRR Rome 3966 Postumius

r.; around

U,

A· rOSTVMIVS·COS. Border of dots.

3b Denarius (Pl.

of com-ears, within ALBINVS. Border of dots. Wreath

which

BRVTI·F

Lm)

BMCRR Rome 3967 Similar, but ALB INV.

Similar.

BRVTI·F

3c Denarius

BMCRR Rome 3972

Similar.

Similar, but ALBIN.

Obverse dies (all varieties): [51).

Reverse dies (all varieties): [57).

BRVTI·F

The moneyer is D. Iunius Brutus Albinus, Cos. Desig. 42; for his early career see T. P. Wiseman, CQ 1968, 299; he was perhaps the adopted son of The types of

1

no.

372.

recall the military activities of Caesar in Gaul, in which the

moneyer participated; the associati on on

2

of Pietas with the symbols of felicitas

and concordia (rather than fides, as P. Boyance, Hommages Bayet, 109) presumably reflects the Caesarian propaganda of moderation and reconciliation during the Civil War (so J. Liegle, ZJN 1935, 78; for the propaganda seeM. Gelzer, Caesar,

201).1 There is no convincing candidate to whom to assign the portrait on 3; G. Hafner (Das Bildnis des Q. Ennius, 22, with earlier bibliography; add F. Poulsen,

Acta Archaeologica 1942, 178; W. Deonna, Aetas y memorias de Ia sociedad espaiWia de antropo/ogia 1947, 5) argues unconvincingly for the Consul of 151 (the discussion of sculptural parallels does not seem particularly compelling either); the wreath of com-ears in any case is perhaps intended to allude to action over the com supply by whoever it is who is portrayed, hardly to his position as Frater Arvalis, as B. Borghesi, OJuwes i, 376 argues. 1

Where the quotation from Cicero, ad Att. viii, 9, 4 is misprinted.

451 ALBINVS BRVTI.F, C.PANSA

MJnt-Rome

B. Junia 27; Postumia 12; Vibia 22; S. 944; RE Iunius 55a;

Vibius 16. See above, p. 92. BMCRR Rome 3987

1 Denarius (Pl. LIII) Mask of bearded Pan r.; below, Border of dots.

48B.C.

C·rAN SA.

Two hands clasped round caduceus; below, ALBINVS·BRVTI·F. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [<33].

Obverse dies: [<30].

For the careers of the moneyers see on nos. 449-50; the types are a combina tion of the obverse of no. 449/1 and the reverse of no. 450j2, with minor variations.

452

CAESAR

B. Julia 25-29; Bf. i, 141; ii, 48; iii,

Mint-moving with Caesar

13 July 48-47 B.C.

55; Bf., Goldmiinzenpragun,g 17; S. too&-1012; RE Iulius

131. See above, p. 92. BMCRR Rome 3953

1 Aureus Female head r., wearing oak-wreath and diadem; behind, 111 downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 4· 2

Trophy with Gallic shield and carnyx; on r., axe; below, CAE SA R. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 3· BMCRR Rome 3955

Denarius (Pl. Lm) Similar. Reverse dies: [70].

Similar. Obverse dies: [63].

BMCRR Rome 3961

3 QulDarius (Pl. Utt) Female head r., wearing veil; behind, downwards and culullus. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
111

Trophy with round shield and sword; on I., wreath; on r., ancile; below, CAE SAR. Border of dots.

Reverse dies: [<11]. BMCRR Rome 3959

4 Denarius (Pl. un) Similar to 1.

Obverse dies: [ <30].

Trophy with Gallic shield and carnyx; below, bearded captive seated with hands tied behind back; on either side, CAE SAR. Border of

dots.

Reverse dies: [ <33).

5 Denarius (PL Llli) Similar. Obverse dies: ( <30].

BMCRR Rome 396o

looks up at trophy. Reverse dies: [<33].

Similar, but captive

For the captive on 4-5 (not Vercingetorix) compare no. 448/2; he is presumably a typical Gaul; for the types in general seep. 735·

Mint-Rome

453 L.PLAVTIVS PLANCVS

47 B.C.

B. Plautia 14-15; Bf. i,205; ii, 66; iii, 84;S. 959-959b;RE Munatius 26; Plotius 10. See above, p. 92. sa

BMCRR Rome 4004

Denarius

Head of Medusa facing, with coiled snake oneither side;below,L·rLAVTIVS.Border of dots.

Victory facing, holding palm-branch in 1. hand and leading four horses; below, r LAN CVS. J}order of dots.

The legend on one obverse die is L·rAVTIVS (Vienna 36112). BMCRR Rome 4008

sb Denarius

Similar. tc

Similar, but rLANCV.

Denarius (Pl. LUI)

Similar, but no snakes.

BMCRR Rome 4009

Similar to

ta.

Hersh 38A

sd Denarius

Similar.

Similar to tb.

te Denarius Similar, but L·rLAVTIV.

Similar to ta.

Obverse dies (all varieties): [195].

Hersh 38B Reverse dies (all varieties): [217].

The moneyer appears as Pr. 43· For the identification of the reverse type see G. Walser, Festschrift Schuchhardt, 217, with earlier bibliography (add B. Borghesi, CEuvres i, 200, the fullest statement of the traditional identification of the type

as

Aurora); the design seems borrowed

from that of a picture by Nicomachus, perhaps at this stage owned by the moneyer, certainly later dedicated by the brother of the moneyer, L. Munatius Plancus, Cos. 42, on the occasion of his triumph in 43 (Pliny, NH xxxv, 108, on the most natural interpretation of his words). The moneyer hardly intended the type to recall the victories of earlier Plautii (for which see on nos. 420 and 422); the motif is a common one on gems of the late Republic (M.-L. Vollenweider, Steinschneidekunst, 28-9, with incomprehending comment) and its popularity may reasonably be taken to reflect a desire to be associated with the victory of a great individual, perhaps Caesar. It is remarkable that a head of Medusa also forms a common motif for gems in the late Republic (M.-L. Vollenweider, plates 16, 4-5; 17, 1 and 7; 18, 1, 3 and 5; 45, 1-2); note also the

(?Sullan) triumphal relief from

the Via del Mare

(M. E. Bertoldi, Quaderni Inst. Top. Ant. v, 1968, 3�53, fig. 1o); for a Gorgoneion as

an Alexander motif (perhaps) see M. Bieber, Alexander, figs. 3-4.

454 A.LICINIVS NERVA IIIVIR

Mint-Rome

47B.C.

B. 23-27; Bf. i, 168; ii, 58; iii, 68; S. 954-958; RE Licinius 132. See above, p. 92, below, no. 292*. t

Denarius

(Pl. UII)

BM; BM; BMCRR Rome 3999; Paris, A 11832

Laureate head of Fides r.; before, FIDES downwards; behind, N E RVA downwards. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [66).

Horseman galloping r., with r. hand dragging naked warrior, who holds shield in 1. hand and sword in r. hand; below, A·LIC IN IVS, A·LICINIV, A·LICINI or A·LICIN; on 1., Ill; on r., VIR. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [73].

The I. arm of the horseman is missing (so Bahrfeldt); the shield carried by the warrior is sometimes barely present. 2

Denarius (Pl.

un)

Similar, but behind, A· LlC INIVS down

wards. Obverse dies: [ <30). 3

BMCRR Rome 4002 Similar, but below, NERVA; Ill VIR. Reverse dies: [ < 33).

Quinariua (Pl. LIII)

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet); behind, N E RVA downwards. Bor der of dots. Obverse dies: [ <10]. 4 Sestertlua (Pl. uv) Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind, N E RVA downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies : 4·

around

'"'•

Paris, A 11835; BM

Victory walking r., holding wreath in r. hand

and palm-branch over L shoulder with 1. hand; before, A·LlC INIV or A· LlC INI down wards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <11].

BMCRR Rome 4003; Berlin Similar, but A· LICINI or A·LIC IN. Reverse dies: S·

The legend on one reverse die is perhaps A· LICIVll (Milan 1994- compare Bf. ii, pl. iv, 87 with G. G. Belloni, Monete romane, pl. 51, 1994). S

Sestertlua

Bank Leu 17, 691; Hague 6o8; Bologna

Similar. Obverse dies:

z

(one used for 4).

Horseman r., palm or whip in 1. hand and reins in r. hand; below, A·LICINI. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 2.

The moneyer is an A. Licinius Nerva, not otherwise known. The types of the denarius are of uncertain significance- there does not seem to be any decisive reason to connect the reverse with A. Licinius Nerva, Pr. 143 or 142. The types of the two sestertii recall the fact that the Ludi Apollinares, first held in 212 with the aim of achieving victory in the Second Punic War (Livy :xxv, 12, 15; Macrobius, Sat. i, 17, 25), were established on a regular basis by a law passed P. Licinius Varus, Pr. 208. For the head of Minerva on the quinarius see p. 737; for Victory see p. 736.

Mint-Rome

4SS C.ANTIVS C.F RESTIO

47B.C.

B. Antia 1-6; Bf. i, 22; ii, 7;iii, u; S. 97o-<J75; RE AQ.tius 13. See above, p. 92, below, no. 226*. \

BMCRR Rome 4029

ta Denarius (Pl. uv)

Head of C. Antius Restio, Tr. Pl. 68, r.; behind, RESTIO downwards.

Hercules walking r., with cloak over 1. arm, holding trophy1 in 1. hand and club in r. hand; on r., C·ANTIVS·C.F downwards. Border of dots. Illinois

tb Denarius

Similar.

Similar, but no cloak.

Obverse dies (both varieties): [331·

Reverse dies (both varieties): [371·

2a Denarius (Pl. LIV)

BMCRR Rome 4032

Jugate heads of Penates r.; around DE 1-rENATES. Border of dots.

\...,

Similar to 1a. Copenhagen

2.b Denarius

Similar.

Similar to 1b.

Reverse dies (both varieties): [ < 331·

Obverse dies (both varieties): [ <301. 3 Qulnarius (Pl. uv)

BMCRR Rome 4033

Head of Diana r., wearing diadem and with bow and quiver over shoulder; behind, C·ANTIVS downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <101.

Stag r., with garlanded antlers; on r., REST I 0 downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [
BMCRR Rome 4034

4 Sestertius (Pl. uv)

Ox's head facing, with garlanded horns; below, C·ANTIVS. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 6.

Lighted altar, garlanded; on either side, RES TI 0. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 5·

S Sestertius (Pl. uv) Head of Mercury

r.,

Paris, A 4150 with caduceus over

shoulder. Obverse dies: 1.

Similar. Reverse dies: 1.

BMCRR Rome 4036

6 Sestertius (Pl. LIV)

Corinthianhelmet;on l.,C·ANTIVS downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 2.

Owl standing on shield, facing; on RESTIO downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 2.

1.,

The moneyer perhaps appears as one of the proscribed in 43 (Appian, BC iv, 167 and 181 with R. Syme,JRS 1963, 59 n. 42). The Tribune of 68 (for whose sumptuary law Sat. iii, 17, 13) is presumably portrayed

as

see

Gellius ii, 2.4, 13; Macrobius,

being the father of the moneyer, the

heads of the Dei Penates perhaps suggest that the family came from Lavinium; the common reverse type of 1-2 recalls the claim of the family to descent from 1 I can see no trace of Gallic symbolism in the trophy,

470

conlra

H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, szt n.

1.

Antiades the son of Hercules (Apollodorus, Bib!. ii, 7, 8). For the allusions on 3-6 to Diana, Mercury and Minerva seep. 737· 456 CAESAR DICT. ITER

Mint-East

47B.C.

B. Julia 15; Bf. i, 139; iii, ss; M. Bahrfeldt, FrankfUrter Mimzzeitung 1917, 241; Bf., GoldmiJn zenprt'.igung, 18; S. 1027; RE Iulius 131. See above, p. 93· 1a Aureua (Pl. uv)

BMCRR East 36

Axe and culullus; on r., CAESAR down wards; on 1., D ICT upwards. Border of dots.

Jug and lituus; below, ITER. Laurel-wreath as border. Tolstoi 698

1b Aureus

Similar, but on 1., CAESAR upwards and on r., D ICT upwards. Obverse dies (both varieties): 3·

=

Berlin

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): 1.

For the types seep. 735· S. L. Cesano, RIN 1945, 46,produces no valid arguments against the authenticity of this issue. 457 A.ALLIENVS PRO.COS

Mint-Sicily

47 B.C.

B. Alliena 1; Julia 14; Bf. i, 17; S. 1022; RE Allienus 1; Iulius 131. See above, p. 92. 1

Denarius (Pl. LIV)

BMCRR Sicily S

Bust of Venus r., draped and wearing diadem; around U, C·CAESAR IMr·COS·ITE R. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <301.

Trinacrus 1., placing r. foot on prow and holding trislules in r. hand and cloalt in I. hand; around U, A·ALLIENVS rRO· C 0S. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331· ·

For the types seep. 735· •

Mlnt-Mrica

458 CAESAR

47-46 B.C.

B. Julia to; S. 1013; RE Iulius 131. See above, p. 93· 1

Denarius (Pl. uv)

BMCRR East 31

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem. Border of

dots. Obverse dies: [3901·

Aeneas L, carrying palladium in t. hand and Anchises on L shoulder; on r., CAESAR downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [4331·

For the types seep. 735· Mint-Mrica

459 Q.METEL.PIVS SCIPIO IMP

47-46B.C.

B. Caecilia 47; S. 1046; RE Caecilius 99· See above, p. 93· 1

Denarius (PL LIV)

BMCRR Africa t

Laureate head of Jupiter r.; before, Q · METEL downwards; below, r IVS. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [93].

Elephant r.; above, SCiriO; below, IMr. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [103].

For the types seep. 737·

471

Mint-Mrica

46o Q.METEL.PIVS SCIPIO IMP with

P.CRASSVS IVN.LEG.PROPR B. Caecilia 48-49 and 51-52; Licinia 19-22; Bf. i, 64; Licinius 65 and 75· See above, p. 93, below, no. 291*. 1

1047-1050; RE Caecilius 99;

Paris, AF

Aureus

Bust of Jupiter r., hair tied with band; below, eagle's head and sceptre; before, METEL r IV S downwards; behind, SC I r· IMr up wards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1. ·

�

i,_24; S. \

Curule chair; above, scales balanced on comucopiae; on 1., com-ear; on r., dragon's head; on r., CRASS·IVN downwards; on 1., L EG· r R0· rR upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1. BMCRR Africa 4

Denarius (Pl. LIV) Similar. Reverse dies: [ <33].

Similar. Obverse dies: [ <30].

3 Denarius (Pl. LIV)

BMCRR Africa 6

Female head r., wearing turreted crown; on I., com-ear; on r., caduceus; below, rostrum tridens; above, uncertain rectangUlar object; on r., CRASS·IYN downwards; on I.,

LEG·rR 0 · r R upwards. Laurel-wreath as border. Obverse dies: [ <30].

Trophy; on 1., lituus; on r., jug; on far r., METEL·riVS downwards; on far 1., SCtr· IM r upwards. Border of dots.

Reverse dies: [ <33).

4 Denarius (Pl. LIV)

BMCRR Africa 8

Lion-headed Genius terrae Africae (head surmounted by disk), holding ankh in r. hand; above, G·T· A; on r., Q·METEL·riVS downwards; on 1., SCtriO·IMr upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30].

Victory standing 1., holding caduceus in r. hand,patera in l. hand; behind, r·CRASS VS IVN downwards; before, LEG· rRO· rR upwards. Border of dots. ·

Reverse dies: [ <331.

Fo r the typesseep. 737· Mint-Mrica

461 Q.METELL.SCIPIO IMP with EPPIVS LEG.F.C B. Caecilia so; Eppia t; S. 1051; RE Caecilius 99; Eppius 1

Denarius (Pl. LIV)

z.

47-46B.C.

See above, p. 93· BMCRR Africa 10; Africa

Head of Africa r., laureate and wearing ele phant's skin; on r., com-ear; below, plough; on far r., Q·METELL downwards; on l., SCI r I 0· IMr upwards. Border of dots.

u

Hercules standing facing, with r. hand on hip and resting 1. arm on club draped with lion's skin (club rests on rock); onr., Err I VS down wards; on 1., LEG·F·C upwards. Border of dots.

Reverse dies: [ <33].

Obverse dies: [ <30). The head on the obverse may be large

or

small (see Pl. uv, 15-16).

Eppiusshould perhaps beregarded as a Legatus fi.sci castrensis (cf.ILS 1570); the traditionalresolution ofthereverselegend as legatusfaciendum curacit doesnot provide a tide of a magistracy, which is what one would expect. For the types seep. 737· 472

462 M.CATO PROPR

47""46 B.C.

MiDt-Africa

B. Porcia !r11; S. 1052-1054&; RE Porcius 16. See above, p. 93·

ta Denarius

BMCRR

Female bust r., draped, hair tied with band (?Roma); behind, ROM;before,'M·CATO· r R 0 r R upwards. Border of dots. ·

1b

Denarius (Pl. LIV)

Africa 17

Victory seated r., holding patera in r.

hand

and palm-branch in I. hand, over 1. shoulder; in exergue, VIC "'R.I X. Border of dots.

BMCRR Africa 18 Similar, but Victory holds wreath in r. hand.

Similar. tc Denarius

BMCRR Africa 15

Similar, but hair-style different (no band) and

Similar to 1a.

ROM. Obverse dies (all varieties): [ < 30].

Reverse dies (all varieties): [ < 33].

no

2

BMCRR Africa 19

Qulnarius (Pl. LIV)

Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath; below, M·CA: 0· r R 0 r R. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [so].

Similar to ta.

·

Reverse dies: [56].

Throughout the issue the reverse legend may read VIC R I X.

For the types see P· 737·

463 MN.CORDIVS RVFVS IIIVIR

MiDt

Ro me

-

46B.C.

B. Cordia 1-9; Bf. i, 88; ii, 35; ill, 41; S. 976-981a (except 98ob and 981a); RE Cordius 2. See above, p. 92, below, no. 97*, no. 229*.

BMCRR Rome 4037

ta Denarius (Pl. LIV) Jugate heads of Dioscuri r., wearing laureate pilei; around .._, R VFVS· Ill V I R. Border of dots.

Venus standing 1., holding scales in r. hand and sceptre in 1. hand, with Cupid perched on shoulder; behind, f\.N ·CORDIV$ down wards. Border of dots.

tb Denarius

BMCRR Rome 4039; Berlin; Illinios Similar, but legend f\.N C 0 R 0IVS, f\.N ·CORD IV or NV ·CORDI. Reverse dies (both varieties): [610).

Similar, but pilei decorated with fillet.

·

Obverse dies (both varieties): [549]. 2

BMCRR Rome 4042; Bari 2292

Denarius (Pl. LIV)

Owl perched on Corinthian helmet; on 1., RVFVS upwards. Border of dots.

decorated with head of Medusa; around() or u, NV ·CORDIVS.Borderof Aegis

dots. Reverse dies: [57].

Obverse dies: [51]. 3 Denarius (Pl. LIV) Head of Venus r., wearing

BMCRR Rome diadem; behind,

RVFVS·S·C downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [108).

4040

Cupidon dolphinr.;below, NV ·CORD IV$. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [120].

473

4&

Paris, A 8o61

Qulnarius

Head of Sol r. (rays of crown diverge); around 1.., NV·CORDIVS. Borderofdots.

Eagle standing r.; in exergue, RVFVS. Borderofdots.

/

BMCRR Rome 4044

4b Qulnariua (Pl. uv) Similar.

Similar, but eagle 1.

4c Qulnarius

Borghesi 412

=

Prowe Berlin 718/1912

Martinetti too6

625

=

=

Similar, but parallel rays.

Similar.

4d Quinarius Similar, but NV·CORDI. Obverse dies (all varieties): [
Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): [< 11].

Paris, AF

sa Sestertius (Pl. uv) Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; around .._,NV ·CORD IVS. Border ofdots.

BMCRR Rome 4048 Cupid walking r., holding palm-branch in 1 . hand, over 1. shoulder, and wreath in r. hand; on r., RV F I downwards. Border ofdots.

sb Sestertius

BMCRR Rome 4045; Haeberlin 2764 Berlin;

=

Hannover 32o6

Similar, but NV ·CORD I.

Similar, but legend RVFYS, R"FV

Obverse dies (both varieties): 11.

Reverse dies (both varieties): 14-

6a

Sestertiua (Pl. uv)

Corinthian helmet; below, NV ·CORD IVS. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 4049; Seminario Vescovile, Padova; Berlin 986/1920 Similar, but legend RVFVS, RVF I or RVF. Hannover 3208

6b Seatertiua Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): 8.

or

RVFI.

Cupid walking r., holding palm-branch upright in 1. hand and wreath in r. hand; on 1., RVFVS upwards. Reverse dies (both varieties): 8.

The moneyer, for whom a Tusculan origin is revealed by the obverse type of 1 (see on no. 290), is otherwise known only from a Tusculan inscription (ILLRP 414), on which the tenW'e of the office of Praetor is recorded. The obverse type of 1 refers to the moneyer's Tusculan origin (see on no. 290); the reference of the types is otherwise mosdy Caesarian, to Venus (the reverse of 1 and the obverse and reverse of 3) or more specifically to Venus Victrix (the obverse and reverse of 5 and the reverse of 6; note the palm-branch and wreath); the balance on the reverse of 1 perhaps suggests that the coinage of Mn. Cordius Rufus is in the

tutela of Venus and is hence a further compliment to Caesar (G. Gesammelte Abhandlungen, 44; there is no reason to regard Venus here as Verticordia, contra S. Reinach, RA 1913, 1, 29-30; F. Quilling, Iuppiters4qle, 101-2); f1 S�< Wissowa, the type

as

a whole, with Cupid perched on the shoulder of Venus, may derive

474

from the statu e placed in the temple of Venus Genetrix in 46, the year of issue of this coinage (C. Weickert, Festschrift Arndt, 48; S. Weinstock, Divus Iulius, 85). For the references to Minerva, Sol and Jupiter seep. 737; for the letters S· Cseep. 6o6.

464 T.CARISIVS IIIVIR

Mint-Rome

46 B.C.

B. Carisia 1-13; Bf. i, 74; ii, 32; iii, 34; S. 982-989&; RE Carisius 2. See above, p. 92, below, no. 228*. 1

BMCRR Rome 406o

Denarius (Pl. LIV)

Head of Sibyl r. Border of dots.

Sphinx

above head of sphinx, T ·CARISIVS; in excrguc, III·VIR. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [1301.

Obverse dies: [1171. The legend on one reverse die legend varies.

T·CARISIV (Paris, A 7094); the precise position of the

is

(Pl. LIV)

2 Denarius

BMCRR Rome 4056

Head of Juno Moneta r.; behind, downwards. Border of dots.

MONETA

on

1.,

on

LIV)

ANS, HSA 10598;

Phrygian helmet.

BMCRR Rome 4o66; Rome 4o69

reverse

die is

Similar. Reverse dies: [1131·

T CARISIV (BMCRR Rome 4064). ·

BMCRR Rome 4073

4 Denarius (Pl. LIV) Bust of Victory r. Border of dots.

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, T·CARISI. Border of dots. Reverse dies: (831·

Obverse dies: [751·

(Pl. LIV)

Similar, but bust draped; downwards. Obverse dies: [1861.

BMCRR Rome behind,

The legend on one reverse die is more

BMCRR Rome 4o67

Similar.

Similar, but helmet with plain crest. Obverse dies: [1021.

A

above,

BMCRR Rome 4065; Rome 4o68

3c: Denarius

1

hammer;

Comucopiae on globe; on 1., sceptre; on r., rudder; below, T·CARISI or T·CARIS. Laurel-wreath as border.

3b Denarius

5 Denarius

r.,

T· CARIS IV (Amsterdam).

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Attic helmet helmet has plume on each side); behind, ROMA downwards. Border of dots.

The legend on one

tongs;

Reverse dies: [1331·

The legend on one reverse die is 38 Denarius (Pl.

Anvil die with garlanded punch die above;1

T·CARISIVS. Laurel-wreath as border.

Obverse dies: [uo1.

Similar, but

r.;

S·C

4070

Similar, but Victory in quadriga. Reverse dies: [2071.

T ·CARSI (Paris, A 7087).

likely identification than the 'Vulbnahut' of Bahrfeldt,

475

in view of the obverse type.

6

Qulnarlu (Pl. LV)

Paris, A 7108;

453 Bust of Victory r., draped, with palm-branch, sometimes tied with fillet, over shoulder. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10]. 7a

Sestertiu (Pl. Lv)

Mask of bearded Pan r.; on 1. or below,

Roma seated 1. on pile..--of arms, holding sceptre in 1. hand and sword in r. hand, and placing r. foot on helmet; on r., T ·CARIS I downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

Female panther walking r., holding thyrsus; in exergue, Ill· VIR. Border of dots.

Sestertius

Borghesi (1893), 307

Similar, but above, T·CARISIVS. Obverse dies (both varieties): 5· Sa

BMCRR Rome 4075; Tolstoi Berlin 131/1912; Binningham

BMCRR Rome 4076; Berlin 205/1917

T·CARIS IVS. Border of dots. 7b

=

=

Sarti 16o6

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): 5 or 4·

Sestertius (Pl. LV)

Paris, A 7110; BMCRR Rome 4077; Prowe 519 (Bf. iii, pl. 2, 54); Hannover 3232

Bust of Diana r., draped, with bow and quiver over shoulder. Border of dots.

Sestertiu

Sb

Hound running r.; above, T ·CA, T ·CAR, T ·CARIS or T ·CARlSI. Border of dots. Borghesi 304

=

Sarti 1603 Tolstoi 455 Berlin 132/1912; Milan zo88 =

=

Similar, but T·CARIS or T·CARISI below. Reverse dies (both varieties): 15.

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): 13.

The moneyer is perhaps identical with the Carisius of Appian, BC v, 463; for a possible Gallic origin seeT. P. Wiseman, New men,

221.

The types of 1, recalling those of Gergis in the Troad (BMC Troas, pp. xxx and 55), perhaps allude to Caesar'sTrojan origin, perhaps refer to the moneyer's tenure of the office of XVvir s.£; the types of 2 certainly refer toT. Carisius' position at the mint. The association of Roma with the symbols of Fortuna and domination terra

marique (see on no. 393; compare also the altar of the Gens Augusta (CAH

Plates iv, 134a) and with Victory (on 3 and 6) and the portrayal of Victory by herself on obverse and reverse (on 4-5) clearly reflect the feeling afterThapsus that Caesar's victory was now total and look forward to the triumph which took place later in the year. For the allusions on 7-8 to Diana and Liber seep. 737· For the

letters S · C see p. 6o6.

465

C.CONSIDIVS PAETUS

Mint-Rome

46 B.C.

B. Considia 2-11; Bf. i, 87; ii, 34; iii, 40; S. 990-997c; RE Considius 14. See above, p. 92. ta

Denarius (Pl.

BMCRR Rome 4080

LV)

Laureate head of Apollo r. Laurel-wreath border.

as

Curule chair, garlanded, on which lies wreath; above, C ·C 0 N SID IVS; in exergue, rAETVS. Border of dots.

tb Denarius

BMCRR Rome 4083

Similar, but border of dots.

Similar.

Obverse dies (both varieties): [45).

Reverse dies (both varieties): [So].

:aa Denarius (Pl. LV)

BMCRR Rome 4084

Similar, but above, C ·C0N S I D I; in aergue, rAETI.

Suruwu,butbdrund,A.

:ab Denarius

BMCRR Rome 4086

Similar,but no border.

Similar.

Obverse dies (both varieties): [93).

Reverse dies (both varieties): [103).

3 Denarius (PL LV)

BMCRR Rome 4o87

Head of Venus r., laureate and wearing diadem; behind, rAET I downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: £33).

Victory in quadriga 1., holding wreath in r. hand and palm-branch and reins in 1. hand; in aergue, C ·C0NSIDI. Border of dots. Reverse dies: £37].

4 Denarius (PL LV)

BMCRR Rome 4090

Similar, but head 1.; behind, rAETI downwards. Obverse dies: [63).

Similar.

Reverse dies: [70].

S Denarius (Pl. LV)

BMCRR Rome 4091

Helmeted bust of Minerva r., wearing aegis. Border of dots.

Victory in quadriga r., holding palm-branch and reins in 1. hand and wreath in r. hand; in aergue, C C0 N SID I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [47]. ·

Obverse dies: [42]. 6a Quinarlus

Martinetti-Nervegna 1001 =Hannover 3244

of Venus r., diademed; behind, rAETVS downwards. Border of dots.

Victory wallting L, holding trophy; on L, C·CONSIDIVS downwards. Border of dots.

Head

6b Quinarlus

Similar, but head is also laureate; bclUnd, rAETI downwards.

Similar.

Seminario Vescovile, Padova

6c Qulnarius Similar.

Similar, but legend C ·CONS ID IV. BMCRR Rome 4096

6d Qulnarius

Similar.

Obverse dies (all varieties): [ < 10].

Similar, but legend C C0NSI D I. Reverse dies (all varieties): [ < 11]. ·

7a Qulnarius Similar to 6a.

BMCRR Rome 4094 (wrongly described)

Victory walking

7b Quinarlus (Pl. LV) Similar to 6b.

Obverse dies (both varieties): [ < 10).

r.,

holding trophy;

on

r.,

C ·C0NSID IVS downwards. Border of dots. BMCRR Rome 4095

Similar,but legend C·CONSIDI.

Reverse dies (both varieties): [ < u].

477

8a Scstertius (Pl. LV)

BMCRR Rome 4097; Rome 4098; Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi); Berlin 28741

Winged

bust

of

Cupid

r�;

below,

Double comucopiae on globe. Border of dots.

C·CONSIDIVS, C·CONSIDI, C· CONSID or C·COSNVS. Border of dots. Sb Scstertius

but

very small head; legend, Similar, C.CONSIDIVS or C·CONSIDI. Obverse dies (both varieties): 13.

BM; Berlin Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): 14.

The moneyer is a C. Considius Paetus, not otherwise known.

The types have almost without exception a Caesarian reference, to Venus Victrix

(3-4 and 6-7; note Cupid on the obverse of 8, occurring with Venus on the reverse of no. 463/t),1 perhaps to the privilege accorded to Caesar after his victory at Thapsus to sit in the Senate on a curule chair between the Consuls (Dio xliii, 14, 5 with H. A. Andersen, Cassius Dio, 33) and more generally to victory (the reverse

of 5) and to the association of Fortuna and domination (the

reverse

of 8); for the

heads of Apollo and Minerva seep. 737· 466 A.HIRTIVS PR, C.CAESAR COS.TER

Mint-Rome

46 B.C.

B. Hirtia 1-2; Julia 22-23; Bf. i, 128 and 140; ii, 48; iii, 55; Bf., Goldmilnzenpriigung, 19; S. 1017-1018a; RE Hirtius 2; lulius 131. See above, p. 93, below, no. 98*. • Aureus (Pl. LV)

Female head r., wearing veil; around (), C·CAESAR COS·TER. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [too ].

BMCRR Rome 4050 Lituus, jug and axe; on 1., A·H IRTIVS rR ·

downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [too].

The quality of execution, both of the head and of the legend, varies considerably; the latter on at least one die reads AIllRTIVSr R (BMCRR Rome 4054).

For the types see p. 735· 467 COS.TERT.DICT.ITER. AVGVR PONT.MAX

Mint-uncertain

46 B.C.

B. Julia 16; Bf. i, 139; S. 1023-1024; RE lulius 131. See above, p. 93, below, no. 227*. ta Denarius (Pl. LV)

Head of Ceres r.; behind, COS·TERT downwards; before, DICT·ITE R upwards. Border of dots.

BMCRR Africa 21 Culullus,

aspergillum, jug

Border of dots.

tb Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [123].

and lituus; above,

AVGVR; below, rONT·MAX; on r., [D. BMCRR Africa 23 Similar, but on r., M. Reverse dies (both varieties): [137].

For the types see p. 736 . 1 The argument of C. K. Galinaky, AetNa�, t86, that the types of 3-4 derive in is fanciful

some

way from Bryx

468 CAESAR B.

Julia 11-12; S. 1014-1015; RE Julius 131. See above, p. 93· BMCRR Spain 89

t Denarius (PL LV) Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; behind, Cupid. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [1351· 2

46-4S B. C.

Mint-Spain

Trophy with oval shield and camyx in each hand; on 1., seated female captive resting head in r. hand; on r., bearded captive seated with hands tied behind back; in exergue, CAESAR. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [1501.

BMCRR Spain 86

Deuarius (Pl LV)

Bust of Venus L, draped, wearing diadem and with star in hair; on shoulder, Cupid; behind, sceptre; on 1., lituus. Border of dots.

Trophy with oval shield and camyx in r. hand and oblong shield and carnyx in 1. hand; on 1., kneeling bearded captive with hands tied behind back; on r., seated fem ale captive resti ng head in r. hand; in exergue, CAESAR. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331·

Obverse dies: [ <301.

For the male captive see on no. 452; the female captive is presumably, like him, a typical Gaul, compare no. 448/3; for the types in general seep. 735·

469 CN.MAGNVS IMP,

Mint-Spain

46-4S

B.C.

M.POBLICI.LEG.PROPR B. Poblicia to; Pompeia 9; Bf. i, 211; S. 1035-1035a; RE Publicius 12; Pompeius 32. See above, p. 93·

BMCRR Spain 72

ta Denarius (PL LV) Helmeted head of Roma r. (Corinthian hel met); before, M·rOBLICI·LEG·rRO up wards; behind, rR downwards. Bead and reel border.

Female figure standing r., with shield slung on back, holding two spears in 1. hand and with r. hand giving palm-branch to soldier, standing 1. on prow of ship; on r., CN· MAG N VS ·IM r upwards. Border of dots. ANS, HSA 25530

tb Denarius

Similar, but prow of ship much larger.

Similar.

Martini 1231

tc Denarius

Similar to ta, but palm-branch with long stem.

Similar.

BMCRR Spain 74 and 76

td Deua.rius

Similar to 1b, but palm-branch with long stem.

Similar.

BMCRR Spain 75

te Deuarius Similar,

but

M·rOBLICI·LEG· r R0 · rR downwards.

before,

upwards; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies (all varieties): [421·

Similar.

Reverse dies (all varieties): [471·

For the types seep. 737·

479

Mint-Spain

470 CN.MAGNVS IMP.F, M.MINAT .SABIN.PR(O) Q

46-45 B.c.

B. Minatia 1-3 and5; Pompeia 1o-12 and 14; Bf. i, 212; ii, 68; S. 1036-1037a; 1037c-1039; T.V. Buttrey, MusN 196o, 75; RE Minatius 3; Pompeius 32. See above, p. 93· ta Denarius (Pl.

LV)

Head of Cn. Pompeius Magnus r.; around, varying legend. Border of dots.

Corduba standing r. among a pile of arms, wearing turreted crown, holding sceptre in 1. hand and with r. hand welcoming Pompeian soldier who debarks from stem of ship to r.; in exergue, M·MINAT; on 1., rR·Q up-

SABIN

wards. Border of dots. tb Denarius

(Pl. LV)

Similar.

Spanish city standing r., wearing turrete d crown, raising r. hand to greet Pompeian soldier who recieves shield from another Spanish city, kneeling 1., wearing turrete d crown; in exergue, M·MINAT; on 1., rR·Q

SABI

upwards. Border of dots. tc Denarius (Pl.

LV)

Similar.

Spanish city standing r., wearing turreted crown, holding caduceus in 1. hand and with r. hand offering branch to Pompeian soldier who stands facing, leaning on spear with r. hand; on r., another Spanish city, walking 1., wearing turreted crown, holding trophy in 1. hand, over 1. shoulder, and with r. hand crowning soldier; in exergue, M MINAT; ·

SABIN

on 1., r R Q upwards. Border of dots. ·

td Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies

(all varieties): 5 (z re-cut).

Similar, but no branch or spear; city and soldier shake hands. Reverse dies· (all varieties): 8.

For the varying forms of the obverse legend and their combinations with the reverse types see the study of T. V. Buttrey (Paris, A 12933 provides a variety not listed by him S. 1038c combining his obverse die 4 with his reverse die g); the following obverse legends occur -

CN·MAGN IMr, CN·MAGNVS IMr, CN·MAGN IMr·F, CN·MAGNVS I Mr · F; the legend CN · MAGNVS I Mr · B should be regarded as a blundered version of CN ·MAGNVS IMr· F (seep. 93).

For M. Minatius Sabinus P·737·

see

T. P. Wiseman, New men, 241. For the types see

46-45 B.C.

Mint-Spain

471 CN.MAG.IMP

B. Pompeia 15; W. 92; M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1909, 67; S. 1040; RE Pompeius 32. See above, p. 93·

BMCRR Spain 84

1 As (Pl. LV)

Prow r.; above, CN MG; before, I; below,

Laureate head of Janus; above, I.

·

IMr.

Specimens in Paris: 6.

47Z L.PAPIVS CELSVS IIIVIR

4S B.C.

Mint-Rome

B. Papia :z.-·n Bf. i, 194; ii, 64; iii, 79; S. 964-969; RE Papius to. See above, p. 93·

BMCRR Rome 4018

1 Denarius (Pl. LV)

Wolf r., placing stick on fire; on r., eagle fanning flames; in exergue, L rArIVS; above, CELSVS·III·VIR. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [53].

Head of Juno Sospita r. Border of dots.

·

Obverse dies: (48].

The legend above the wolf on one reverse die is CEE SVS Ill VIR (Bari 3082). ·

·

BMCRR Rome 4023

2 Denarius (Pl. LV)

Laureate head of Triumphus r., with trophy over shoulder; below, T RIVMrV S. Border

Similar.

of dots. Obverse dies: [<30]. The legend

on

Reverse dies: [ <33].

one obverse die is TRIAMrvs (Oxford).

3 Quinarius (Pl. Lv)

BMCRR Rome 4025 Girl and snake facing each other; on 1.,

Bust of Victory r. Border of dots.

L·rAriVS downwards;

r., CELSVS

on

downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [< 11].

Obverse dies: [
The word CELSVS is missing on one reverse die (BMCRR Rome 4027). Paris, A 13439

48 Sestertius

Head of Mercury r., with caduceus over shoulder; before, CE L SVS downwards. Bor der of dots.

Lyre; on r., l rAr I downwards. Border of dots. ·

BMCRR Rome 4028

4b Sestertius

Similar.

Similar, but no legend.

4c Sestertius (Pl. LV)

Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): 5·

Prowe 1159

=

Berlin 654/1912

Similar, but legend, CELSVS. Reverse dies (all varieties): 5.

The moneyer is a L. Papius Celsus, not otherwise known, but perhaps the son of no. 384; he is conceivably, by reason of his association with Caesar and their association with Octavian, the father of the Papii brothers of ILLRP 417. 481

The types refer for the most part to the victory and triumph of Caesar in the year before the issue of this coinage (the obverse of 2 and of 3) or to the �neyer's Lanuvine origin (the obverse and the reverse of 1, the

reverse

of 2 and of 3; for

the head of Juno Sospita see on no. 316, for the girl and the snake

see

on no. 412;

the reverse of 1 and of 2 seems to portray a prodigy associated with the founda tion of Lanuvium, D. Hal. i, 59, 4-5 (associated in

with the foundation of

error

Lavinium); Horace, Od. iii, 27, 2-3; for the presence of Mercury and his lyre · seeP

737·

473 PALIKANVS

Mint-Rome

4S B.C.

B. Lollia 1-4; Bf. i, 171; ii, 58; iii, 68; S. 96<>--963 (except 962a); RE Lollius 20. See above, p. 93, below, no. 230*. 1

BMCRR Rome 4011

Denarius (Pl. LVI)

Head of Libertas-r.; behind, downwards. Border of dots.

LIBERTAT IS

dots. Reverse dies: {43].

Obverse dies: {391· The legend on one reverse die is The letter 2a

A is

Rostra,1 on which stands subsellium (Tribune's bench); above, rA L I KAN V S. Border of

rALl KAN I

(Berlin), on another

rAll KAN' S (Gotha).

often carelessly executed. BMCRR Rome 4015

Denarius (Pl. LVI)

head of Honos r.; behind, H 0 N 0 RIS downwards. Border of dots.

Laureate

Curule chair; on either side, com-ear; above, rAll KANVS. Border of dots. Haeberlin 2735

2b Denarius Similar, but wreath

Similar.

on

chair.

Carbonara hoard

2c Denarius

=

Bari 2561

Similar to za, but chair garlanded.

Similar.

ANS, HSA 24732

2d Denarius Similar.

Similar,

Obverse dies

garlanded. Reverse dies

(all

varieties): { <30].

but

wreath

(all

on

chair,

which

is

varieties): { <331·

The letter A is often carelessly executed.. 1

The coins provide no evidence for the view that the Rostra were sometimes fitted with a temporary wooden attachment at the front (comra L. R. Taylor, RVA, 44-5 with nn. 35-(j; the literary evidence for the view is admittedly inadequate, compare also the passages cited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Cicero's letters to Atticus i, 401). The double line appearing on L. R. Taylor's pl. vi, 1 is a freak and most specimens show a degree of sculptured ornament which is incompatible with the nature of a temporary struCture; the curved front of the Rostra shown on the coins is a faithful reproduction of reality (E. Nash, PDAR ii, pl. 1030)- presumably the Rostra functioned as a templum because they were surrounded by a rectangular area. The argument of F. Coarelli,Quaderni Inst. Top. Ant. v, 1968, 27, that the coins do not show the Rostra at all, but the Navalia, should not be believed; on some specimens (e.g. Pl. LVI, 1-2) the rostra are clearly attached to the columns, not protruding berween them; and the representations which Coarelli cites as parallels display ships, not rostra.

BMCRR Rome

3 Quhuuiua (PL LV)

4016

Head of Felicitas r., wearing diadem; behind, FELl CITATIS downwards. Border of dots.

Victory in biga r., holding reins in I. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, rALI KAN I.

Obverse dies: 2.

Border of dots. Reverse dies : 2.

4

Sestertiua (Pl. LV)

Olla.

BMCRR

Rome 4017

Tessera;

on r., rALI K downwards; on I., AN VS upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 4·

Border of dots.

Obverse dies: 2.

The moneyer is presumably the son of M. Lollius Palicanus, Pr. ?69; identifications are uncertain

(for the two possibilities see T.

R. S. Broughton, MRRP, Supp. 36;

L. R. Taylor, VDRR, zz6; E. Badian, Gnomon 1961, 496; Histma 1963, 137;

Sherk .27, line 11). The types of 1 presumably refer primarily to the tribunate of the moneyer's father, conspicuous for its agitation for the restoration of the ancient rights of the office (though seeS. Weinstock, Divus Iulius, 133 and 14.2-3 for Caesar as Liberator after the battle of Munda in 45), the types of z to the praetorship of the dder Palicanus (though see no. 465/1-2 for the association with Caesar of a curule chair with wreath and garlands). The types of 3 can hardly refer to anything but the success of Caesar in the Civil War; the types of 4 may represent a voting-urn and ballot or a container for money and tessera nummularia. Against the first view (prop<)unded by L. R. Taylor,RVA, 37;compare d. Nicolet,MEFR 1959, zo8-1o) is the fact that the representations here are totally unlike any certain representations of

voting-urns or ballots (seenos. 266,335,413 and 4.28) ;1 for the elucidation of the types note the tesseranummulariaprobablyof themoneyer'sfather, ILLRP10.25, and p. 6o3; for the use of an olla as a container for money see Cicero,Jam. ix, 18, 4 (compare also M. Bahrfddt, Num. Litteraturblatt 1920, 1770; M. H. Crawford, NC 1967, 303). 474 L.VALERIVS ACISCVLVS

Mint-Rome

4S

B.C.

B. Valeria 14-23; Bf. i, 258; ii, So; S. 998-1005; RE Valerius 94· See above, p. 93, below, no. 231*.

BMCRR Rome

ta Deaariua Head of Apollo r., hair tied with band; above, star; behind, acisculus and, v or '-• A CIS CV LVS. Border of dots.

Europa

seated

on bull r.; in L ·VALER IV S. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome

tb Deaariua (PL LVI) Similar, b u t laurel-wreath as border. Obverse dies

(all varieties):

[72].

Similar. Reverse dies

(all

varieties):

4099

exergue,

4102

(So].

The animal on

the reverse is certainly a bull , whose genitals are clearly visible on some speci mens (see Pl. LVI, 4; Ouj 824). The legend on one reverse die is L· VALERIV .(Hersh 39).

1

There is little to be said for the view of A. Blanchet (RN 1904, 171 Atti ""''"· int. sc. stor. 1904, 101) that the aestertius of Palicanus alludes to the distributions of oil and oom of 46. =

BMCRR Rome 4105

2a Denarius (Pl. LVI) Similar to 1b.

Helmeted (Corinthian helmet), headed owl r., carrying shield and

human in

spear;

exergue, L ·VALERIVS. Laurel-wreath a s border.

2b Denarius Similar.

BMCRR Rome 41o6 Similar, but two spears.

2c Denarius Similar. Obverse dies

(all varieties): [ <30].

BMCRR Rome 4108 Similar, but legend behind downwards. Reverse dies (all varieties): [ <33].

For the identification of the bird on the reverse see A. B. Cook, Zeus iii, 801-3 (fig. 6o8 is decisive).

3a Dena.rius (PL LVI) Similar to 1b.

BMCRR Rome 4109 Head of Sibyl r.; on r., L·YALERIVS downwards. Laurel-wreath as border.

3b Denarius Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [ <30].

Paris, AF Similar, but no legend. Reverse dies (both varieties): [ <33].

For the head on the reverse compare no. 464/1.

BMCRR Rome 4114

4 Denarius (Pl. LVI) Laureate head of Jupiter r.; behind, acisculus and, \., A C IS CV LVS. Laurel-wreath as border. Obverse dies: [ <30].

Anguipede giant with thunderbolt in r. hand and with L hand raised; in exergue, L ·VALE RIVS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <33].

The reverse type is as described, pace]. FriedHinder, ZJN 1882, 7· s Denarius (Pl. LVI) Radiate head of Sol r.; behind, acisculus and, \., AC I SCVL VS. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30]. 6

BMCRR Rome 4110 Luna in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and whip in r. hand; in exergue, L ·YALERIVS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <33].

Quinariu..'l (Pl. LVl)

BMCRR Rome 4116

Acisculus; around u, AC ISCVLVS. Laurel

Bust of Victory r. Border of dots.

wreath as border. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Reverse dies: [ <11].

7 Sestertius (Pl. LVl)

BMCRR Rome 4117

Acisculus; around U, AC ISCVLVS. Border

Double

of dots. Obverse dies: 3·

Reverse dies: 3·

comucopiae.

Border of dots.

8 Sestertius

I. Maull, Bliitter fur Mimzfreunde 1956, 433 (unique)

Similar.

Head of Sibyl r.; on r., laurel-branch. Border of dots.

The moneyer is a L. Valerius Acisculus, attested

as

Tr. Pl. (T. P. Wiseman, CQ

1964, 125). The association of these types with the myth of Valeria Luperca (so Babelon, following Ch. Lenormant, Nouvelles Annales 1838, 142; H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 534 n.2; and, most recently, Th. Koves, Hermes 1962, 214; see already the critique of C. Cavedoni, Bullettino 1845, 188) depends on a number of supposed links which simply do not exist; the animal on the reverse of 1 is a bull, not the heifer of the myth of Valeria Luperca; the bird on the reverse of 2 is an owl, not an eagle (contra Koves, 227-8); the formal similarities with no. 464/1 (ignored by Koves, 228-9) show that the head on the reverse of 3 is that of a Sibyl, not of Valeria Luperca; an acisculus is not the same as the acpvpa of Plutarch, Mor. 314d; a basket is not the same as a cornucopiae (pace Koves, 221-2). For the portrayal of Apollo (with a star to indicate his divinity and once in company with a Sibyl),1 Jupiter (the reverse of 1 and the obverse and reverse of 4; for the appearance of an anguipede giant by way of artistic embellishme�t of a simple Jupiter type, compare no. 310/1), Minerva (the reverse of 2), Sol and Luna (the obverse and reverse of 5), see p. 737; the reverse types of 6-7, together with the frequent use of a laurel-wreath

as

a border,

presumably allude to the victory and Fortuna of Caesar; the acisculus is an allusion to the moneyer's cognomen.

475 L.PLANC.PRAEF.VRB,

Mint-Rome

C.CAES.DIC.TER

4S B.C.

B. Munatia 1-3; Julia 18-20; Bf. ii, 63; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 2o-22; S. 1019-1020; RE Munatius 30; Iulius 131. See above, p. 93·

ta Aureus (PL LVI) Bust of Victory r., draped; behind, C.CAES upwards; before D I C · T E R downwards. Border of dots. ,

BMCRR Rome 4118

Jug; on 1., L·rLANC upwards; on r., rRAEF· \;.. B downwards. Border of dots.

tb Aureus Similar.

Obverse dies (both varieties): [50].

BMCRR Rome 4122

Similar, but rR V R B. Reverse dies (both varieties): [5o]. ·

2 Half-aureu1 Similar. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

BMCRR Rome 4123

Similar to 1a. Reverse dies: [ < 10].

For the types see p. 735· 1

Th.ere is nothing identifiably Sabine about the head of Apollo (contra J.-P. Morel, MEFR 1962, 22-5).

476 C.CLOVI.PRAEF, CAESAR DIC.TER

Mint-uncertain

4S B.C.

B. Qovia 11; Julia 17; Bf. i, 86; iii, 40; W. 95-96; M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1909, 78; S. 1025-1026; RE Oovius 4; lulius 131. See above, pp. 93f. ta Bronze (Pl.

BMCRR Rome 4125

LVI)

Bust ofVictory r., draped; before, CAESAR· DIC·TER upwards. Border of dots.

Minerva standing 1., holding trophy over

shoulder with r. hand and with 1. hand holding spear and shield, decorated with gorgomion, and from which hang streamers; before, snake; on 1., C.CLOVI downwards; on r., rRAEF upwards. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 4127

tb Bronze

Similar, but behind, star. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 9·

For the types

sec

Similar.

p. 735·

Mint-Spain

477 SEX.MAGNVS PIVS IMP

45-44B.C.

B. Pompeia 16-18; Bf. i, 214; ii, 69; iii, 85; S. 1041-1042a and 1043; T.V. Buttrey, NC 196<>, 83; RE Pompeius 33· See above, p. 94, below, no. 232*, no. 293*. Rome, Museo Nazionale

ta Dauui us

Head of Cn. Pompeius Magnus r.; before, SEX· MAGNV S upwards; behind IMr downwards; below, B. Border of dots. ,

(Gnecchi)

Pietas standing 1., holding palm-branch in r. hand and sceptre in 1. band; behind, r IET AS downwards. Border of dots.

The letter B appeared on the first die of this variety because the die itself had earlier been used for no. 470 (see commentary thereon); given the carelessness of execution of this issue, the letter was then doubtless carried on without question to later dies. tb Denarius (Pl.

BMCRR Spain 93

LVI)

Similar, but before, SEX·MAGN upwards; behind IMr downwards; below, SAL

Similar.

,

3

Denarius

BMCRR Spain

(Pl. LVI)

Head of Cn. Pompeius junior

1.; before,

Similar.

Similar to 1a; around n,, SEX·MAGN·

Similar.

SEX·MAGNVS downwards; behind, IMr below, SA. Border of dots.

94

upwards;

Vatican 4840

3• Deuarius

PIVS·IMP; below, SAL. 3 b Dauuius

BM

Similar, but no SAL. Obverse dies (all varieties): 6 (1 re-cut).

For the letters SAL

Table LXD.

or

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): 9·

SA. sec p. 94, for the types p. 739· For the portraits sec

·

478 MAGNVS PIVS IMP.F, EPPIVS LEG

Mint-8pain

45-44 B.C.

B. Eppia 2 and 4; Pompeia 19; Bf. i, 108 and 216; ii, 69; iii, 47; W. 93; M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1909, 72; S. 1045-1045a; RE Eppius 2; Pompeiu.s 33· See above, p. 94, below, no. 99*· 18 Aa (Pl.

LVI)

BMCRR Spain 104; Spain 1o6; Vienna

E P r I VS; below, LEG.

Laureate bead of Janus; in centre, altar; above, MAGNVS, MGNVS, MAGNV or MAGN; below, riYS·IMr·F.

Prow r.; above,

1b Aa

Hannover; BMCRR Spain 108 (same obverse die)

Similar, but no altar or legend; above, I. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 12.

Similar.

The significance of the altar is obscure; it is not, as on no. 348/5, identified as that of Aesculapius.

479 MAGNVS PIVS IMP

Mint-SpaiD and Sicily 45 B.C. onwarcls

B. Pompeia zo; Bf. i, 216; ii, 69; W. 94; M. Babrfeldt, NZ 1909, 68; S. 1044-1044b; RE Pompeius 33. See above, p. 94, below, no. too*, no. 309*. 1 Aa (Pl. LVI)

BMCRR Spain 103; Spain 101;

Laureate bead of Janus, witb·features of Cn. M GNV S, Pompeius Magnus; above,

Prow r.; above,

M GNV, M GN

or

Spain 95

r IV$; below, I Mr.

MGN.

Specimens in Paris: #

Since the stylistically superior part of the issue is Spanish in origin (p. 94), the reflections of H. Zehnacker, Congresso 1¢1,283, on the style of the issue are without foundation.

48o L.AEMILIVS BVCA IIIVIR, M.METTIVS, P.SEPVLLIVS MACER,

Mint-Rome

44 B.C.

C.COSSVTIVS MARIDIANVS AAAFF RE Aemilius 37; Mettius 2; Sepulli u s 1; Cossutius 4; Julius 131. See 1

Deuarius (Pl. LVI)

above, p. 94BMCRR Rome 416o

B. Julia 38; Aemilia 12; Bf. i, 146; ii, st; iii, 56; S. to64; Alf()ldi t. Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; behind, L BV CA downwards. Border of dots. ·

Obverse dies: 7.

Sulla reclining; on r., Luna; behind, Victory with outspread wings, holding staff in raised r. hand. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 7.

2a Denarius (Pl. LVI)

BMCRR Rome 4135

B. Julia 31; Metria 3; Bf. i, 142; ii, so; S. 1057; Alfoldi 2. Wreathed head of Caesar

r.;1 behind, lituus

curved to 1.; around v, CAESAR·DICT· QVART. Border of dots.

Juno Sospita in biga r., holding reins and shield in 1. hand and spear in r. hand; in exergue, M· METT IVS. Border of dots.

2b Denarius (Pl. LVI)

Hague

Similar, but lituus curved to r.

Similar.

2c Denarius

Paris, AF

Similar to 2a. Obverse dies (all varieties): 8.

Similar, but legend below horses. Reverse dies (all varieties): 7·

3 Denarius (Pl. LVI)

BMCRR Rome 4143; BM

B. Julia 32; Mettia 4; Bf. i, 142; S. 1056; Alfoldi 3· Wreathed head of Caesar r.; behind, lituus and or culullus; before, CAESAR·IMr CAESA R· I M downwards. Border of dots.

Obverse

dies :

36.

Venus standing 1., holding Victory in r. hand and sceptre in l. hand and resting l. elbow on shield which in tum r est s on globe; behind, M·METTIVS downwards; before, variable letter. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 45.

Alfoldi's obverse dies 10 and 11 are the same. The variable letters

on

the

reverse are G, H, I,

K and L. 4 Denarius (Pl. LVII) B. Julia 34; Aemilia 13; Bf.

BMCRR Rome 4152

i, 142; S.

1o6o; Alfoldi 4·

Wreathed head of Caesar r.; behind, crescent; before, CAESAR·IM downwards; behind, r M upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies : 36. 1

Venus 1., holding Victory in r. hand and sceptre in I. hand; behind, L·AEMILIVS downwards; before, BVCA upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies : 36.

There is no doubt that the wreath worn by Caesar di1fers markedly from laurel-wreaths on contem porary and earlier Republican issues (so righdy K. Kraft, Dtr goldene Kranz, passim; the laurel-wreath

of Augustus and his successors is hardly relevant) and it is tempting to identify it with the golden wreath worn by Caesar at the Lupercalia in 44 (Dio xliv, u, 2; cf. Cicero, Phil. ii, 85); but I can see no close resemblance to the Etruscan wreaths cited by Kraft th� latter consist of a simple band at the back of the head with ornament only at the front, Caesar's wreath is ornamented at back and front. -

This wreath is presumably the triumphal corona aurea also voted to Pompey (Velleius ii, 40, 4) and portrayed on no. 426/4 (the jewelled decoration is often visible); just as ordinary laurel-wreaths of the type portrayed there have no bands when worn (see, for instance, no 44/1), so the corona aurta has no bands when worn by Caesar. Although the corona aurea of the triumphator of course derived from Etruria and from the regal period of Roman history and although to wear it when not a triumphator was to depart dramatically from normal Republican practice, to argue with Kraft that Caesar was deliberately modelling himself on a Roman king is to succumb to the temptation of believing that there is a key to the understanding of the last period of Caesar's life; there is nothing to suggest that the triumphal associations of the corona aurea were not uppermost in Caesar's mind when he wore it; apart from one gem of uncertain identification all the evidence (cited by Kraft, 38� and wrongly dismissed) suggests that the Romans did not think of their kings as wearing the corona aurea of the triumphator. For the unacceptable view (A. AlfOldi, SM 1953, 1; ANS Cenrennial Volume, 39, etc.) that the lituus on 2 was on one die altered to a diadem, see C. M. Kraay, NC 1954, 2o-1; careful inspection of the one coin known from the die in question shows that the supposed left-hand streamer of the diadem is in fact a die-break which extends towards the head of Caesar as well as towards the edge of the coin (see N.-W. Weissmtlller, Caesars Vorstellrmg, pls. ii-iii with pp. 41-7; the rest of the dissertation is superficial); the chronological implications of AlfOldi's view are in any case enough to damn it, see M. Gelzer, Caesar, 320 n. 3· .

sa Denarius

Cambridge;

BMCRR Rome 4167

B. Julia 46; Sepullia t; Bf. i, 143; ii, 51; S. 1071-1071a; Alf'Oldi 5· Wreathed head of Caesar r.; behind, star; before, CAE SA R·IM or CAESA R·IMr downwards. Border of dots.

Venus 1., holding Victory in r. hand and sceptre in L hand; behind, r-SErVLLIVS downwards; before, MACE R upwards. Border of dots.

BMCRR Rome 4165

Sb Denarius (Pl. Lvn) Similar, but always CAESAR·IMr. Obverse dies (both varieties): 45·

Similar, but at bottom of sceptre, star. Reverse dies (both varieties): 42 ·

The nwnber of points of the star varies. 6 Denarius (Pl. LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4157

B. Julia 37; Aemilia 17; S. 1o63; Alfoldi 13. Wreathed

head

of

Caesar

r.;

before,

CAESAR·DICT downwards; behind, rERrETVO upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 11.

Fasces (without

axe) and caduceus in saltire;

on 1., axe; on r., globe; above, clasped hands; below, L B VCA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 17. ·

7a Denarius

Cappelli

AlfOldi 15 (SNR 1968, 59, Type 15, Obverse die 1); B. Aemilia 16; Julia 36 var. Similar to 6.

Venus seated r., holding Victory in r. hand and sceptre in 1. hand; behind, L BVCA downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 2 (also used for 7b). ·

Obverse dies: 1 (also used for 6).

7b Dena.rius (Pl. LVll)

BMCRR Rome 4155

B. Julia 36; Aemilia 15; S. 1062; Alfoldi 15. Wreathed

head

of

Caesar

r.;

before,

CAESAR downwards; behind, DICT· rERrETVO upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: see below. 8 Denarius (Pl. LVII)

Similar.

Reverse dies: 15.

BMCRR Rome 4154

B. Julia 35; Aemilia 14; S. 1o61; Alfoldi 14. Similar to 7b.

Obverse dies: see below. 9 Denarius (Pl. Lvn)

Venus 1., holding Victory in r. hand and sc.eptre in l. hand; behind, L·BVCA down wards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 28.

BMCRR Rome 4172

s. 1073a; Alfoldi 10. Similar to 7b.

Obverse dies: see below.

Venus 1., holding Victory in r. hand and sceptre in 1. hand; at bottom of sceptre, shield; behind, r·SErVLLIVS downwards; before, MACER upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1 (used for 12).

10 Denarius B.

BMCRR Rome 4169

Julia 48; Sepullia 3; S. 1073; Alfoldi 8. Similar to 9, but MACER downwards. Reverse dies: 23 (of which 8 used for 13).

Similar to 7b. Obverse dies: see below. 11 Denarius B.

BMCRR Rome 4168

Julia 49; Sepullia 4; S. 1072; AlfOldi 6.

Similar to 7b. Obverse dies (7b-11): 76. The legend on

one

Similar to to, but at bottom of sceptre, star. Reverse dies: 24 (of which 4 used for 14).

CAESAR· DICT·rERrEVO (Museo Nazionale di

obverse die is

Taranto). 12

Denarius

Hague

Alfoldi 11. Wreathed head of Caesar r., wearing veil; before, CAESAR downwards; behind, DICT·rERrETVO upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: see below.

Similar to 9·

Reverse dies: 1 (used for 9). BMCRR Rome 4173

13 Denarius B.

Julia so; Sepullia s;

Similar to 12. Obver.�e dies:

see

s. 1074; Alfoldi 9·

Similar to to. Reverse dies: 76 (of which 8 used for to).

below.

14 Denarius (Pl. LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4175

Bf. i, 143; s. t074ll; Alfoldi 7· Similar to 12. Obverse dies (12-14): 81. 1S Denarius (Pl.

Similar to 11. Reverse dies: 9 (of which 4 used for 11 ).

LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4186

B. Julia 42; Cossutia 4; S. to68; AlfOldi 18. Similar to 12, but behind, D I CT ·IN· rERrETVO upwards. Obverse dies: s.

Venus 1., holding Victory in r. hand and resting l. elbow on shield which in turn rests on globe; behind, C· MARIDIANVS down wards. Borde�� of dots. Reverse dies: 13 (of which 8 used for 16).

16 Denarius B.

BMCRR Rome 4185

Julia 41; Cossutia 3; S. 1o67; Alfoldi 19. Similar to 15. Reverse dies: 13 (of which 8 used for 15).

Similar to 12. Obverse dies: to. 17 Denarius (Pl. B.

LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4137

Julia 33; Mettia s; Bf.

ii, St; S. toss; Alfoldi 16.

head of Caesar r.; downwards; behind, upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 28. Wreathed

CAESAR

The variable letters

on

the reverse

before,

tMrER

are

Similar to 3·

Reverse dies: 40.

A, B, C, 0 and E. 490

18

Denarius (P l LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4164

.

B. Julia 4n Sepullia 2; S. 1070; Alfoldi 12. Similar to 11 and 14. Reverse dies: 8.

Similar to 17. Obverse dies: 6.

BMCRR Rome 4187

19 Denarius (Pl. LVII) B. Julia 43; Cossutia 2; Bf. i, 143; ii, 51; iii, 56; S. to69; Alft>ldi 17. Wreathed head of Caesar r., wearing veil; before,Litws;behind,apex;before,CAESAR upwards; behind, rARENS·rATRIAE upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 14.

MAR I DIANVS

C·COSSVT IV$

and

arranged in form of FF. Border of dots.

cross; in angles, A A A

Reverse dies: 14.

The form rARE:S occurs on one obverse die, the form r A "'RIAE on a second (BMCRR Rome 4190; Vienna).

20 Deaarius (Pl. LVII)

Paris,AF

B. Julia 51; Sepullia 6; Bf. i, 24 and 143; iii, 13; S. 1075; Alfoldi 20.

Desultor r., holding reins in I. hand and whip

Similar to 19.

in r. hand; behind, palm-branch and wreath;

above, r·SErVLLIVS; below, MACER. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

Obverse dies: 1.

21 Denarius (Pl. LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4177

B. Julia 52; Sepullia 7; Bf. ii, 51; iii, 57; S. 1076; Alfoldi 22. Tetrastyle temple with globe in pediment; around \J> CLEMENTIAE CAESARIS. Border of dots. Obverse dies: s.

Similar t o 20.

Reverse dies: 6 (of which 3 used for 22).

The form CAES �IS occurs on one obverse die, the form CAESARE IS on a second and the form CAESARES on a third (BMCRR Rome 4176; Ryan t88o; Oxford). 22

B.

BMCRR Rome 4178

Denarius (Pl. LVII)

Antonia 2; Sepullia 8; S. 1077; Alfoldi 21.

Bearded head of M. Antonius r., wearing veil; before,lituus; behind,jug. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 10.

Similar to

20.

Reverse dies: 12 (of which 3 used for 21).

23 Quioarlus (Pl. LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4149; Hannover 3252

B. Metria 1; Bf. i, 187; ii, 64; s. toss. Head of Juno Sospita r.; behind, coiled snake. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

[ < 10].

The object in the r. hand of

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and whip in r. hand; in exergue, M·METTI. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

Victory is clearly a whip, sometimes with the thong round the

handle, sometimes with the thong loose.

BMCRR Rome 4162

24 Quloariu1 (PJ. LVII) B. Aemilia t8; Julia 39; S. to65. Head of Pax r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

rAXS upwards.

Clasped hands; around Q, L·AEMILIVS· BV CA II IIVIR. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 11]. ·

491

25

Quinarius (Pl. LVII)

Berlin

B. Sepullia 9; Bf. ii, 74; S. 1078. Bust

of Victory

r.,

draped

and

wearing

Fortuna standing 1., holding rudder in r. hand and comucopiae in 1. hand; behind, r

diadem. Border of dots.

·

SErVLLIVS

upwards. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

Obverse dies: [ < 10]. 26

downwards; before,

Sestertius (Pl. LVII)

MACER

BMCRR Rome 4163

B. AenUlia 19; Julia 40; Bf. ii, 51; S. 1o66. Head of Luna r., wearing diadem; above, crescent. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 2. 27

Star; around O, Border of dots.

L·AEMILIVS·BVCA.

Reverse dies : 2.

Sestertius (Pl. LVII)

Paris, A 15244; BMCRR Rome 4183

B. Sepullia 11-12; Bf. i, 237> iii , 93; S. 1080. Bust of Mercury r., draped and with caduceus over shoulder. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 5· 28

Caduceus; around, Border of dots. Reverse dies: 6.

Sestertius (Pl. LVU)

u

or(), r·SErVLLIVS.

Padova; Paris, A 12932

B. Metria 2; S. 1059. Girl and snake facing each other; on M ME TT I downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies : 1.

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1.

l.,

·

The chronology of the issues of the four moneyers is complex. The denarius with Sulla's dream is placed first, since it is the only denarius which need bear no re ference to Caesar (see below), although there is a certain arbitrary element in this placing. The denarius with DICT QVART obviously precedes those with ·

DICT·(IN) PERPETVO; between these two groups may be placed the three denarii with IM(P). For denarii with DICT·QVART are uniformly of excellent style, denarii with DICT ·(IN) PERPETVO almost without exception very care lessly executed; denarii with IM(P) are of both kinds. The denarii with DICT·(IN) PERPETVO (beginning before 15 February 44, Cicero, Pln1. ii, 87) fall into two groups, 6-14 and 15-16. 6 and 7a share an obverse

die, 7a and 7b share two reverse dies, 7b-11 share a number of obverse dies, 12-14 share a number of obverse dies; between 7b-11 and 12-14 there are a number of shared reverse dies, which establish beyond doubt the contemporaneity of portraits without and with veil (see A. Alfoldi, Beizri:ige 1o-11 SM 1966, 148). 15-16 share =

a number of reverse dies, but there

are

no shared obverse dies with 7b-14; style

and titulature suggest contemporaneity with the first group (there is no substance to the arguments of A. Alfoldi, Beitri:ige 17-22

=

SNR 1968, 85-6 and 9o-1, that

the second group is to be dated later and placed after the death of Caesar). The denarii with IMPER also fall into two groups, 17 and 18, of cognate style and 492

tirulature, but with no shared obverse dies; here a batch of reverse dies of M. Mettius was combined with newly designed, hastily executed obverses ;1 at the same time P. Sepullius Macer produced a further issue combining the new obverse type of M. Mettius and his own earlier reverse type (the distinct style of the newly executed obverses of M. Mettius was first pointed out by C. M. Kraay, NC 1954, 23; for the distinct nature of the further issue of P. Sepullius see A. Alfoldi, Beitriige 1<>-

SM 1968, 61-2). There now follow two denarii with PARENS PATRIAE; the reverse type of the second is finally 11

=

SM 1966, 148; Beitriige 12 and 16

=

used with two more obverse types, the temple of dementia and the head of Antonius. The latter is certainly later than Caesar's death, the former almost certainly

so;

the

two denarii with PARENS PATRIAE are best regarded as of the same period. As for the emergency issues with IMPER, the best explanation of their distinctive features may be found in the view that they immediately follow the disaster of 15 March 44· The chronology of the quinarii and the sestertii, in relation to each other and in relation to the denarii, is uncertain. Among the quinarii and among the sestertii, the issues are placed first which need bear no reference to Caesar (see below). L. Aemilius Buca is otherwise attested as a supporter of M. Scaurus at his trial in 54 (Asconius 28c) and is presumably, like him, a relative of Sulla (see below); M. Mettius is perhaps the same man who appears as Leg. 58; P. Sepullius Macer is otherwise unknown, but is perhaps a member of a family from Patavium (T. P. Wiseman,

CQ 1964, 130); C. Cossutius Maridianus is perhaps a relative of no. 395.

The reverse type of 1 is to be regarded as recording a version of the dream which Sulla had before his march on Rome in 88 (Plutarch, Su/1. 9; M.-L. Vollenweider,

SNR 1958-9, 22 with earlier bibliography; here, Victory with a staff replaces the thunderbolt with which Sulla was to smite his enemies; the vague remarks of A. Alfoldi, Beitrag 1 JBM 1961-2, 275-84, are beside the point); the presence of Venus as the obverse type of 1 is adequately explained by her Sullan associations; for the celebration by L. Aemilius Buca of a relative as distant as Sulla compare no. 427 and the inscription there cited. The Luna of the reverse of 1 reappears on the sestertius of L. Aemilius Buca, 26, there associated with a star on the reverse as an indication of her divinity. M. Mettius celebrates his origo, Lanuvium (contra T. P. Wiseman, New men, 241), on the reverse of his earliest denarius, 2, and of his sester tius and on the obverse of his quinarius (see on nos. 316 and 412); Victory on the =

reverse of the quinarius is not identifiably Caesarian, but Venus on the obverse of the sestertius presumably is Caesarian and the obverse of the denarius, 2, bears the earliest portrait of Caesar (Dio xliv, 4, 4 with S. Weinstock, Divus Julius, 274; c£ M.-L. Vollenweider, Museum He/tJeticum 1955, 109; A. Alfoldi, Antike Kunst 1959,

27), together with a lituus as an allusion to his augurate. 1

The view of A. Alfbldi, Beitrag 3 SM 1964, 71 that a batch of unused and ultimately destroyed obverse dies bore the legend CAESAR REX is unreasonable. ""'

493

From this point onwards, the coinage of the four moneyers refers uniformly to Caesar or, eventually, Antonius; Caesar's portrait dominates the issue, with Venus as the commonest reverse type. On 3 the portrait is accompanied by a lituus as an emblem of Caesar's augurate and by a culullus as an emblem of his pontificate, on 4 the emblems disappear and the titulature expressly describes Caesar asPontifex Maximus;

for the association of the tides IMPERATOR andPONTIFEX MAXIMVS compare the inscriptions discussed by A. E. Raubitschek,JRS 1954, 73 (add AE 1967, 107).1 Another group of denarii, 12-14, indicates the possession of the office of Pontifex Maximus by the addition of a veil to the portrait; the denarii with the tide PARENS PATRIAE show a lituus and an apex as well as a veil. On 5 the portrait is accompanied by a star, on 4 by a crescent, just conceivably to indicate a belief in the imminence

of a new age (see commentary on no. 494). Venus as a reverse type is invariably accompanied by Victory, usually by a shield, hence is clearly Venus Victrix ( see p . 727); she is sometimes accompanied by a star as an mdication of her divinity or by a globe as a symbol of dominion. The reverse type of 6 is exceptional in not portraying Venus; it bears an axe as an

emblem of Caesar's pontificate and a globe as a symbol of dominion (compare

the quinarius of P. Sepullius Macer, with its association of Victory and Fortuna, on which see S. Weinstock, Dfous Iulius, 121-6); but the type also associates a caduceus, symbol offelicita,s with the fasces without axe, symbol of lihertas (Cicero, de rep. ii, 55; for Caesar as Liberator see on no. 473), and adds a pair of clasped

hands as a symbol of pax and concordia.• The theme of felidtas

is

picked up by the

sestertius ofP. Sepullius Macer, with Mercury on the obverse and caduceus on the

reverse, the themes of pax and concordia are picked up by the quinarius of L. Aemilius Buca, with Pax on the obverse and clasped hands on the reverse. The propaganda of Caesar's moneyers was prepared to portray his achievements as well as his position of power; in the same vein, Dio xliv, 4, 5 records a decision of the Senate to build a temple of Concordia 'on the grounds that it was because of Caesar that they were at peace' (cf. S. Weinstock,JRS 196<>, 45). The new types which appear after Caesar's death present him asParensPatriae; for the tide see Dio xliv, 4, 4; Livy, Epit. cxvi; Appian, BC ii, 442; Nic. Dam., Caes. So; Suet., Caes. 76; Inscr. It. :xiii, 1, p. 183; ILLRP 407and 4o8; Sec. Misc. Gr. Rom., 381; for its role in Caesarian propaganda see Cicero, jam. xii, 3, 1; Phil. ii, 31; :xiii, 22 and 25; Dio xliv, 48, 1 and 3; Florus ii, 17 (iv, 7), 1; Valerius Maximus vi, 4, 5; 1

The signific:ance of the titulature CAESAR IM(PERATOR) is disputed; it seems to me to indicate neither the acquisition of an extra cqgnqmm (so D. Kienast, ZSS 1961, 416-17) nor the possession of a permanent power of command (so M. Gelzer, Cauar, 307 n. 2, following �ldi), but rather permanent triumphator (see Cicero, lig. 7; Dio xliv, 4, 2); compare p. 459 on In any case, the coins show clearly that Caesar did not accept the praenmnm imperatorium offered by the Senate (Dio xliii, 44, 2; contra, Suetonius, Cau. 76). The type cannot unfortunatdy be regarded as relevant to the problem of whether or not Caesar possessed trilnmicia potestas, on whih c see Z. Yavetz, Pkbs and Prinups, 54-5. Caesar's position as a

no. 437·

1

494

Suetonius, Caes. 85 and 88; Appian, BC ii, 6o2. The projected temple of dementia Caesaris also appears; for the temple see Dio xliv, 6, 4; Appian, BC ii, 443;

Plutarch, Caes. 57; for the association between Caesar's dementia and his position as Parens Patriae see Appian, BC ii, 6o2; cf. Cicero, ad Au. xiv, 22, 1; Phil. ii, 116;

also p. 735· The desultor with palm-branch and wreath is perhaps an allusion to the games held on the occasion of the Parilia (21 April 44) in celebration of the victory at Munda, games which turned out to be a demonstration of loyalty to the memory of Caesar (Dio xlv, 6, 4; Cicero, ad Att. xiv, 14, 1; 1 7, 3; 19, 3; there is no evidence that Octavian was involved, contra A. Alfoldi, Studien, 47-9). The issues of the year 44 close with the denarius with the desultor on the reverse and the portrait of Antonius on the obverse, with the veil and the emblems of the augurate, bearded as

a sign of mourning.

481 CAES.DIC.QVAR.COS.QVINC

Mint-Rome

44B.C.

B. Iulia 30; Bf. i, 141; Bf., Goldmiinzenprt'igung, 23; S. 1021; RE Julius 131. See above, p. 94· 1

Aureus (Pl. LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4129

Bust of Venus r., wearing diadem; behind, CAES · D IC upwards; before, Q VAR downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

COS·QV INC within laurel-wreath. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [20].

For the types see p. 735· 482 CAESAR IMP

Mint-uncertain

44 B.C.

B. Julia 13; Bf. iii, 54; S. 1016; RE Julius 131. See above, p. 94· 1 Denarius (Pl. LVII)

A. Alfoldi, SM 1971, 87 fig. t; BMCRR

Head of Venus r. Border of dots.

Trophy; on I., chariot; on r., shield, two spears and carnyx; on I., C.CAESAR·or CAESAR· upwards;onr., IMP downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 33].

Spain 70

Obverse dies: [ <30].

For the types see p. 735· 483 Q.NASIDIVS

Mint-moving with Sex.Pompeius

44-43 B.C.

B. Nasidia t-2 and 4; Pompeia 28-30; Bf. i, 189; ii, 63; iii, 77; S. t35o-135t; RE Nasidius 4. See above, p. 94, below, no. tot*, no. 294*. t

Denarius (Pl. LVII)

Copenhagen

Head of Cn. Pompeius Magnus I.; before, trident; below, dolphin; behind, N E r TV N I upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies : 1.

Sea-battle with two ships on each side; below, Q·NAS I D IVS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 2.

495

%

BMCRR Sicily 21; Paris, A 13249

Denarius (PL LVII)

Head of Cn. Pompeius Magnus r.; before, trident; below, dolphin; behind, N E r TVNI

Ship

sailing

r.;

Q·NASIDIVS or

downwards. Border of dots.

of dots.

Obverse dies:

Reverse dies: [371·

[331·

above,

star;

below,

Q·NASIDIV. Border

For the types see p. 739· 484 C.ANTONIVS M.F PRO COS

Mint-moving with C.Antonius

B. Antonia 148; Bf. ii, 15; iii, 20; S. 1286; RE Antonius

20.

43 B.C.

See above, p. 94, below, no. 102*. BMCRR East

t Denarius (Pl. LVII)

37

Female bust r., draped and wearing causia; around 0, C·ANTON IVS·M+rRO· C0 S. Border of dots.

Two cu/u/li and axe; below, rONTIFEX.

Obverse dies: [ <301.

Reverse dies:

Border of dots.

[ <331·

C. Antonius, Pr. 44, to whom the province of Macedonia was first given and from

whom it was then taken away, will have struck this issue during his attempt to take the province over early in 43 (T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 342). For the types see

P· 739 n. 8. .,.Ss

L.FLAMINIVS CHILO IIIIVIR

Mint-Rome

43 B.C.

B. Flaminia 2-3; Julia 44-45; Bf. i, 116; ii, 44; S. 1088-1089; RE Flaminius 7· See above, pp. 94f., below, no. 233*. t

BMCRR Rome 4201

Denarius (Pl. LVIII)

Goddess standing 1., holding caduceus in r.

Laureate head of Caesar r. Border of dots.

hand

and

sceptre

in

I.

hand;

on

r.

L·FLAMINIVS downwards; on 1., 1111· V I R upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30]. %

Reverse dies: [ <33].

Denarius (Pl. LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4198

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; behind,

1111· VIR downwards; before, rR I· FL upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30].

Victory in biga r., holding wreath in l. hand and reins in r. hand; below, l ·FLAM IN; in exergue, C H I L 0. Border of dots. Reverse dies:

[ <33].

The moneyer identifies himself as striking first of his college; he may perhaps be identified with the Flaminius who was candidate for a suffect tribunate in 44 and with the Cillo who was proscribed late in 43 (see F. Miinzer, RE vi, 2503). The reverse type of 1 perhaps portrays Venus, with sceptre as symbol of dominion

and caduceus as symbol ofjelicitas, perhaps Pax; in either case the type perpetuates a theme of the coinage of 44, in association with the head of Caesar. The reverse

type of 2 reproduces that of no. 302/1, but here serves to identify the head on the obverse as that of Venus Victrix; once again the Caesarian reference is unequivocal. For the use of the word flare in pri(mus) ft(avit) compare Cicero, Sest. 66.

496

486 P.ACCOLEIVS LARISCOLVS

Mint-Rome

43B.C.

B. Accoleia 1; Bf. i, 4; ii, 2; ill, 4.; S. 1148-1148a; RE Accoleius 1. See above, pp. 94f.

BMCRR Rome 4211; Rome 4214

1 Denarius (Pl. LVIII)

Bust of Diana Nemorensis r., draped, some times with lock of hair falling down neck; behind, r ·ACC0 L E I VS upwards; before, LAR!SCOLVS downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [84].

Triple cult statue of Diana Nemorensis (Diana-Hecate-Selene) facing; behind, cy press grove. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [93].

The arrangement of the hair varies. The occurrenc e

on

i s without significance.

The moneyer is a P. Accoleius Lariscolus, descendant see BE ix, 599·

not

one obverse die of L

·

AR ISC0 LVS

otherwise known; for a probable

The types refer to the Aricine origo of the moneyer (L. R. Taylor, VDRR,185; for the types see F.-H. Pairault, MEFR 1969, 425 with earlier bibliography and citation of two analogous statue heads); but his appoinnnent as moneyer will have taken place in 44 and hence have owed nothing to Octavian (contra A. Alfoldi, Early Rome, 47).1 Despite their portrayal of an obviously archaic cult statue of

Diana Nemorensis, the types are of no help in determining her relationship to Diana of the Aventine (commentary ofR. M. Ogilvie on Livy i, 45,1; A. D. Momigliano, JRS 1963, 1o6-7 Terzo contributo, 568-70, cf. RAL 1962, 387 Terzo contri buto,641;]RS 1967,215 Quarto contrihuto,497). =

=

=

487 PETILLIVS CAPITOLINVS

Mint-Rome

43 B.C.

B. Petillia 1-4; Bf. i,194; S. 114�1152; T. Hackens,RBN 19()2, 29; REPetillius 7· See above, pp.

94f.

BMCRR Rome 4217

1 Denarius (Pl. LVIII)

Head ofJupiter r.; behind,CAr ITOL I NVS downwards. Border of dots.

Obverse dies : 34·

Hexastyle temple (Capitoline temple); roof is decorated with horse at each side and horse man at apex (all are only partly visible); within pediment, uncertain figure; between central four columns, hanging decorations; below, rETILLIVS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 45·

:Ia Denarius (Pl. LVIII)

BMCRR Rome 4220; Vienna (Bf. i, pl. viii,

Eagle on thunderbolt r.; above, rET I L L IVS; below, CAr ITOL I NVS. Border of dots.

Similar, but no legend; horseman is replaced by quadriga, horses by biga; on either side of

198)

apex, armed figure. The exact position of the eagle varies. 2b Denarius

Similar.

BMCRR Rome 4222 Similar, but on 1., S; on r., F.

1 The local traditions reponed by A. B. Cook, Zeus ii, 418-19 arewonhless as evidence for a connection between Octavian and Nemi.

497

2c Denarius

BMCRR

Rome 4224

Similar, but on 1., F; on r., S. Reverse dies (all varieties): 74·

Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): 85.

The moneyer is a Petillius Capitolinus, not otherwise known, unless he is the Petillius Capitolinus of Horace, Sat. i, 4, 93-4; 10, 25-6 (the Scholia provide no useful additional information); there is no particular reason to suppose him connected with the college of Capitolini (on which see A. Lintott, Violence, 79). The types are doubtless intended to illustrate the cognomen Capitolinus; the letters S F perhaps stand for sacris faciundis and refer to some particular feature of the cult associated with the Capitoline temple. Information on dies is from T. Hackens.

488 M.ANTON Mint-Gallia Transalpina and Ciaalpina (with changing titulature)

43B.C.

B. Antonia 4-6; Julia 54-55; Bf. ii, 8; iii, 14 (cf. Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 28a); S. 1165-1166a; 30. See above, p. 95, below, no. 103*, no. 295*.

RE Antonius 1

Denarius (Pl. LVIII)

BMCRR

Gaul 53; Ball 9!2/1932, 925

Head of M. Antonius r., bearded; behind, Iituus; before, M Al'f0 N ·IMr or M · At'r 0 ·IMr downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 30].

Laureate head of Caesar r.; behind, jug; before, CAE SA R D I C downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <33].

2 Denarius Similar, but

M·Al'f 0 N ·IMr· R r·C or M·At'rO·IMr· R·r·C.

Similar.

Obverse dies: [ <30].

Reverse dies: [ <33].

·

·

BMCRR ·

Gaul 55; Gaul 57

The issue belongs to the period between the declaration of Antonius

as

a lwstis in

April 43 and the days immediately after the formation of the Triumvirate in the autumn of 43 (see R. Syme, RR, 188-9); the titulature on 2 is presumably merely an abbreviated form of IMP.IIIVIR R.P.C. For the types seep. 739·

Mint-Gallia Transalpina 489 M.ANTONI, in part with M.LEPID (with changing titulature)

and

Cisalpina

43-42 B.C.

B. Aemilia 27-31; Antonia 8, 1o-13, 7 and 32; Bf. i, 24 and 25; S. 1156, 1157, 1158/1158a, 1159-116o and 1163; RE Aemilius 73; Antonius 30. See above, p. 95, below, no. 296*. 1

Denarius

BMCRR

jug and raven; above, M·Al'f 0N · COS; below, JWI· Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30].

Lituus,

2

Denarius (Pl. Lvm)

BMCRR

Similar, but above, M·AI'fON ·IMr. Obverse dies: [ <30]. •

Gaul 32

Simpulum, aspergillum, axe and apex; around �", M·LErID·COS·IMr. Border of dCJts. Reverse dies: [ <33].

Similar, but M·LEriD·IMr. Reverse dies: [ <33].

Gaul 31

3 Quinarius Similar, but M·AT ·I Mr. Obverse dies: [14]. 4

Quinarius (Pl. LVIll)

Gaul 40

walking r.; below, LVGV; above, 1 NJ\0; on 1., A; on r., XL. Border of dots.

Lion

Obverse dies: [to].

Reverse dies: [tt].

BMCRR

Qulnarius (Pl. LVIll) v,

Gaul 36

BMCRR

Quinarius (Pl. LVIn)

Similar; around

BMCRR Reverse dies: [58].

Bust of Victory r. Border of dots.

6

Gaul 33

Victory r., crowning trophy. Border of dots.

Similar. Obverse dies: [52]. s

BMCRR Similar, but LEr·IMr. Reverse dies: [15].

Gaul 48

Similar, but above, ANTON I; below, IMr; on r., XLI.

m·VIR·R·r·C.

Obverse dies: [14].

Reverse dies: [15].

The issue bdongs to the period between the union of M. Antonius and Lepidus on 30 May 43 (seeR. Syme, RR, 178-9) and early 42; M. Antonius was Proconsul of Gallia Cisalpina and of Gallia Transalpina (except Narbonensis), Lepidus was Proconsul of Gallia Narbonensis and Spain - the titularure on 1 presumably reflects the legal position, the absence of COS on 2-4 its increasing unimportance. 5 seems to have been struck at Lugudunum. A X L and A X L I on 5-6 apparendy refer to the age of M. Antonius (so J. Eckhd, DNV vi, 40; B. Borghesi, 01uvres i, 458); hom in 83, M. Antonius became 41 on 14 January 42 (contra 0. Hirschfeld, GIL

xiii, p. 251; seep. 740n.1; for the day see F. Opp.; F. Praen.; F. Verul.; Dio li,

19,3; Suetonius, Claud.11; cf. Plutarch, Ant. 73-4). 5 and 6 were presumably struck on behalf of M. Antonius in his absence. For the prominence of the quinarius see p. 629; for the types see p. 739· 490 C.CAESAR (with varying titulaturc)

Mint-Gallia Cisalplna

and

Italy

43 B.C.

B. Julia 63-65; Bf. i, 144, nos. 17 and 19; Bf., GoldmUnzenpriigung, 28; S. 1318, 1316, t32t t32ta and 1324; RE Julius 132. See above, p. 95, below, no. 104*, no. 234*.

BMCRR

• Denarius (Pl. Lvtn) Head of Octavian r., bearded; around

C·CAESAR·IMr. Border of dots.

(),

Obverse dies: [ < 30]. 2

Equestrian statue 1., with r. hand raised; in exergue, S ·C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 33].

BMCRR

Aureus (Pl. LVIII)

Head of Octavian r., bearded;

around U,

Gaul 81

Laureate head

of Caesar

Gaul 74

r.; around

U,

C·CAESAR·COS·rOI\f·NG. Border of

C.CAESAR·DICT·rERr·rOI\f·MX.

dots. Obverse dies: [25].

Reverse dies: [25].

Border of dots.

The legend on one obverse die ends rONT · N G (Bf. no 8. AV G (BMCRR Gaul 75).

499

=

Hall 636), on another rONT ·

BMCRR Gaul 63

3 Denarius (Pl. LVW) Head of Octavian r., bearded; around C. CAESAR· I I I ·VIR· R·r·C. Border dots.

v,

of

Equestrian statue r., with r. hand raised; in exergue, S·C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <33].

Obverse dies: [ <30].

4 Denarius (Pl. LVIII)

Borgbesi 665

=

Haeberlin 3o68

=

Hersh

Laureate head of Caesar r. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

Similar. Obverse dies: 1 (used for 3).

The issue belongs to the period between the decision of Octavian to march on Rome in July 43 and the days immediately after the formation of the Triumvirate in the autumn of 43 (see on no. 488); the period includes Octavian's short time as Consul. For the

types see p. 739·

Mint-Rome

491 L.CESTIVS, C.NORBANVS PR B. Cestia 1-3; Norbana 3-5; Bf. iii, 37; Bf., Cestius 4; Norbanus 9ll· See above, p. 95· ta Aureus (Pl.

43 B.C.

Goldmiinzmpragung, 24-26; S. 1153-1155;

LVIII)

RE

BMCRR Rome 4191

Bust of Africa r., draped and wearing ele phant's skin. Border of dots.

Curule chair, of which front legs are decorated with sculptured eagles and on which lies Corinthian helmet; above, l·CEST IVS; in exergue, C·NORBA; on r., rR; on L, S·C. Border of dots.

tb Aureus

BMCRR Rome 4192 Similar, but on curule chair, two snakes facing each other; on l., EX S·C. Reverse dies (both varieties): [30).

Similar.

·

Obverse dies (both varieties): [30].

BMCRR Rome 4193

2 Aureus (Pl. LVIn) Bust

of

(?)

Sibyl r., draped; above, C·NORBANVS; below, l·CESTIVS; before, r R. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [25].

Cybele on throne in biga of lions I., holding patera in r. hand and resting l. arm on tympanum; above, s c. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [25]. .

The circumstances and significance of this issue, struck at any rate officially senatus 43, are very obscure; A. Alfoldi argues that it is to be

consulto by two Praetors of

connected with the legions, two from Africa, one raised in Italy, deployed abortively for the defence of Rome against Octavian in summer 43 (Hermes 1958, 480; see also R. Syme, RR, 181-6); but although the date p. 95), the precise

nature

is

probably approximately right (see

of the issue remains uncertain. The curule chair is in

sufficient to identify the issue as one aimed at Caesarian soldiers (contra Alfoldi, 482-3) and there are really two types, one with a very rare variant, not three; and the legend (EX) S· C hardly proves that the issue is to be ascribed to the Senate to the exclusion of Octavian, while other evidence makes it most unlikely that the

500

Senate had enough money in summer 43

to

strike a gold issue

as

large

as

this one

(see p. 639). It is perhaps best to regard the issue as struck in the interest of Octavian -

the bust of Africa may compliment the African legions, the Sibyl's bust (if that

is what it is) the Italian legion (see however on no. 464/1), the curule chair may simply symbolise imperium, the Corinthian helmet and the snakes are both symbols of Minerva (contra Alfoldi, 489-90 and 490-93; see Escher, RE vi, 442-3), Cybele perhaps alludes to hope of Victory (see on no. 322). For the issue of C. Norbanus as

moneyer see no. 357· For the letters (EX) S·C seep. 6o6.

Mint-Gallia Cisalplna

492 M.ANTONIVS IIIVIR R.P.C

43 B.C.

B. Aemilia 33; Antonia 36 and 39; Julia 75; Bf. i, 27; ii, 9; iii, 16; Bf., Goldmiinzmpriigung, 53-54; S. 1161-1162; RE Aemilius 73; Antonius 30; Iulius 132. See above, p. 95· 1

Aureus

BMCRR Gaul 47 Head of Octavian r., bearded; around n,

(Pl. LVIU)

Head of M. Antonius r., bearded; behind, lituus; around(), M·ANTONIVS·III· VIR· R r·C. Border of dots.

C·CAESAR·III·VIR·R·P·C. dots. Reverse dies : 2.

·

2 Aureus (Pl. LVIII)

of

BMCRR Gaul 46 Head of Lepidus r.; behind, aspergil/um and simpulum; around n , M · LE r 1DVS · Ill·VIR·R · r·C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): 2.

The issue is struck by M. Antonius

Border

to

mark the formation of the Triumvirate. For

the types see p. 739·

Mint-Gall.ia Ci.aalplna

493 C.CAESAR IMP.IIIVIR R.P.C. PONT.AVG

43 B.C.

B. Julia 77; Antonia 41; Bf. i, 27; ii, 9; ill, 16; Bf., Goldmiinzenprligung, 74; S. 1167; RE lulius 132; Antonius 30. See above, p. 95· ta

Milan 2169

Aureua

Head of Octavian r., bearded; around U, C.CAESAR·IMr·III·VIR·R·P·C.PONT· N G. Border of dots.

Head of M. Antonius r., bearded; around U, M·ANTONIVS·IM·III · VIR·R·r·C· NG. Border of dots.

tb Aureua (Pl. LVUI)

BMCRR Gaul 59

Similar,butrOI\T · NinsteadofrONT · NG.

Similar, but IMr instead of IM

tc Aureus

Vienna

Similar, but rOI\T· N G insteadofPOI\T · N. Obverse dies (all varieties): [
Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): [
The issue is struck by Octavian to mark the formation of the Triumvirate. For the

types see p. 739· 501

494 L.LIVINEIVS REGVLVS IIIIVIR A.P.F P.CLODIVS M.F IIIIVIR A.P.F L.MVSSIDIVS T.F LONGVS IIIIVIR A.P.F

Mint-Rome

.p B.C.

C.V(E)IBIVS V(A)ARVS RE Livineius 3; Clodius 10; Mussidius 3; Vibius 20. See above, p. 95, below, no. 105*, nos. 235-236*, no. 297*, p. 688 n. 10.

The Triumviral portrait gold is listed first, followed by the gold and silver of each moneyer in

for each moneyer, the issues bearing allusions to

turn;

one or more of the Triumvirs are listed before the issues bearing purely private

types. 1

AurelQ

(Pl. LVIII)

BMCRR Rome

B. Livineia 7; Aemilia 36; Bf.,

Goldmiinzenpriigung,

4259

47; Buttrey, p. 66; S. 1105.

Head ofLepidus r.; around() ,M·L ErID VS · Ill·VIR· R r·C. Border of dots.

Vestal, Aemilia, standing l., holding simpulum in r. hand and sceptre in 1. hand; behind,

Obverse dies: 1.

Reverse dies: 1.

·

28

before, L· REGVLVS downwards; V IR ·A·r ·F upwards. Border of dots.

Aureus (Pl. LVIII)

BMCRR Rome

B. Livineia 2-3; Antonia 21-2; Bf. i, 25; ii, 9; iii, 14; Bf.,

Goldmiinzenpriigung,

II II

4255

48; Buttrey,

p. 67; s. 1103-11038. Head

of

M.

Antonius

r.;

around

() ,

M·ANTON IVS·III·VI R· R·r'·C. Border

Hercules seated facing on rock, holding spear r. hand and sword in I. hand, with lion skin draped over lap; on r., shield decorated with gorgoneion; on 1., L · REGVLVS up wards; on r., 1111·VIR ·A· r·F downwards.

in

of dots.

Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

BMCRR Rome

2b Aureus

4256

Similar.

Similar, but on r., L· REGVLVS down wards; on 1., II II·V IR ·A· r · F upwards.

Obverse dies (both varieties): 4.

Reverse dies: 3·

38 Aureus (Pl. LVIII) B. Livineia 5-6; 11048.

Julia

BMCRR Rome 83; Bf. i, 147; Bf.,

Goldmiinzenpriigung,

Head of Octavian r.; before, C·CAESAR downwards;

behind,

Ill· VIR R · r· C up

wards. Border of dots.

•

4258

49; Buttrey, p. 67; S. 1104-

Aeneas r. carrying Anchises on 1. shoulder; on 1., L ·RE GVLVS downwards; on r., IIII·VIR·A·r·F. upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

BMCRR Rome

3b Aureus Similar.

·

Obverse dies

(both varieties): 2.

4257

Similar, but on r., L·REGVLVS down wards; on 1., IIII·VIR ·A·r F upwards. Reverse dies: 1.

502

4 Aureus (Pl.

LVIII)

Caiazzo hoard

=

Berlin

Bf. i, 15; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 44; Buttrey, p. 65; S. 1120. Head

of

Lepidus

1.;

around

M·LE rIDV S·Ill ·VI R·R r ·C.

Border

·

0, of

dots.

(?Fortuna) standing

facing,

upwards; on r., IIII·VI R·A·r·F downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: t.

Obverse dies: 2. s Aureus (Pl.

Female figure

holding sceptre in r. hand and cornucopiae in 1. hand; on r.,cuirass; on 1., r.c LOD I VS·M· F

ux)

BMCRR Rome *4276

B. Claudia 20; Antonia 19; Bf. i, 25; iii, 14; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 45;Buttrey,p. 65; S.111S. Head

of

M.

Antonius

r.;

around

M·ANTON IVS·III·V IR·R·r·C.

\l,

Border

of dots.

Winged

male

figure standing 1., wearing

radiate crown and with bow and quiver over shoulder, holding caduceus in r. hand and comucopiae in 1. hand, resting r. foot on globe; on r., shield; on 1., eagle on cippus; around n, r·CLODIVS·M·F·IIII·VIR· A·r· F. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: 1 (used for S).

Reverse dies : 2.

6a Aureus

BMCRR Rome 4277

B. Claudia 23; Julia So; Bf. i, 146; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 46; Buttrey, p. 65; S. 1119. Head of Octavian r.; around \l, C ·C AE SAR·

Ill·V I R· R ·r·C. Border of dots.

Venus seated facing on cippus, holding bird in r. hand and with 1. hand embracing Cupid

who flies above shoulder; around 0, r-CLODIVS·M·F·IIII· VIR·A·r·F. Bor der of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

6b Aureus (Pl. ux)

Vienna

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): 1 (used for 15).

Similar, but legend around "". Reverse dies: 1.

7a Aureus

Vienna

B. Mussidia to; Aemilia 3S; Bf., Goldmibu:enpriigung, so; Buttrey, p. 6S; S. 1099. Head

of

Lepidus

1.;

around

M·LEriDVS·III·VIR·R·r·C. Border

\l, of

dots.

Mars standing r., wearing Corinthian helmet,

holding sword in 1. hand and spear in r. hand and resting I. foot on shield; around

(), L· /WSSIDIVS·T.f.LONGV$·1111· VIR·A·r·F. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1 (used for Sa and 9a).

7b Aureus (Pl.

LIX)

BMCRR Rome 422S Similar, but around u, L·MVSSIDIVS· T.f.LONGVS·IIII·VIR·A·r·F.

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties):

Reverse dies: 2 (both used for Sb, one used for 9b).

1.

8a Aureus

Paris, AF

B.Mussidia 12-13; Antonia 24-5;Bf. iii, 15;Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung,51; Buttrey,p. 6S; S.t097· Head

of

M.

Antonius

r.;

around ll, Border

M·ANTON IVS·III·VI R·R·r·C.

Similar to 7a.

of dots. Reverse dies: 1 (used for 7a and 9a).

8b Aureus (Pl. LIX)

BMCRR Rome 4226

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): 2 (one used for 5, one used for 11 and 14). 9a Aureus (Pl.

Similar to 7b. Reverse dies: 2 (both used for 7b, one used for 9b).

BMCRR Rome 4227

ux)

B. Mussidia 15; Julia 85; Bf. ii, 52; Bf.,

Goldmimzenpriigung, 52; Buttrey, pp. 68-9; S. 1098.

Head of Octavian r.; around ( ), C.CAESAR·III·VI R· R·r·C. Border . of dots.

Similar to 7a.

Reverse dies: 1 (used for 7a and Sa). Milan 2193

9b Aureus Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): 1 (used for 12 and 15).

Similar to 7b. Reverse dies: 1 (used for 7b and 8b). Caiazzo hoard

10 Aureus (Pl. LIX) B. Vibia 28;

=

Paris

Aemilia 39; Bf. ii, 6; Bf., Goldmunzenpriigung, 38; Buttrey, p. 63; S. 1143.

Head of Lepidus 1.; around (), M·LEriDVS·III·VI R· R·r·C. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1 (used for 13).

Clasped hands; above, C.VE I BIVS; below, VAARVS. Border of dots.

11 Aureus (Pl. LIX)

?Caiazzo hoard

Reverse dies: 1 (used for 12). =

BM (cf. A. de Belfort, ASFN 1883, 245)

B. Vibia 30; Antonia 27; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 39; Buttrey, p. 63; S. 1141. Head of M. Antonius r.; around n, M·ANTONIVS·III·VIR· R·r·C.Borderof dots. Obverse dies: 1 (used for 8 and 14). 12 Aureus (PI.

ux)

B. Vibia 33; Julia 88; Bf.,

Similar.

Reverse dies: 1 (used for 10).

LIX)

B. Mussidia 9; Aemilia 37;

BMCRR Rome 4232 Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung , 41; Buttrey, pp. 63-4; S. 1102.

Head of Lepidus I.; around (), M·LEriDVS·III·VIR· R·r·C. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 2 (one used for 10).

14 Aureus (Pl.

Reverse dies: 1.

BMCRR Rome 4292 GoldmUtlzenpriigung, 40; Buttrey, p. 63; S. 1142.

Head of Octavian r.; around (), C .CAESAR·III·VIR· R·r·C. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1 (used for 9 and 15). 13 Aureus (Pl.

Similar.

LIX)

B. Mussidia 11; Antonia 23; Bf.,

Cornucopiae tied with fillet; on I., L·MVSSID IVS upwards; on r., LONGVS upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 3 (one used for 14 and 15, one used for 14, one used for 15).

BMCRR Rome 4230 Goldmiinzenpriigung, 42; Buttrey, p. 64; S. 1100.

Head of M. Antonius r.; around n, M·ANTONIVS·III·VI R· R·r·C. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 2 (one used for 8 and 11).

Similar.

Reverse dies: 4 (one used for 13 and 15, one used for 13, one used for 15).

1S Aureus (PL LXX)

BMCRR Rome 4231

B. Mussidia 14; Julia 84; Bf., Goldmiinzenpragung, 43; Buttrey, pp. 64-5; S. 1101. Head of Octavian r. ;around 0, C ·CAESAR· Ill V I R · R · r ·C. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 2 (one used for 6 and one used for 9 and 12).

Similar.

·

Reverse dies: 3 (one used for 13 and 14, one used for 13, one used for 14).

16 Denarius (PL LXX)

BMCRR Rome 428o

B. Clodia 18; Julia s6; S. 1123. Laureate head of Caesar r.; behind, IMr· upwards; before, CAESAR downwards. Border of dots.

Mars standing facing, wearing hehnet and holding spear in r. hand and sword in scab bard in I. hand; on I., r·CLOD IVS down wards; on r., M·F downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331·

Obverse dies: [ <301.

BMCRR Rome 4278

17 Denarius (Pl. LIX) B. Clodia 19; Antonia zo; Bf. i, 25; ii, 8; S. 1121. Head of M. Antonius r., bearded; before, M·ANT0 N IVS downwards; behind, Ill· V I R R · r C upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30]. ·

Similar.

·

Reverse dies: ( <331· BMCRR Rome 4279

18 Denarius (Pl. ux) B. Clodia 21; Julia 78; S. 1122. Head of Octavian r.; before, CAESAR downwards; behind, Ill· VI R ·R · r ·C up wards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <301.

Similar.

Reverse dies: [ <331· BMCRR Rome 4282

19 Denarius (Pl. LlX) B. Clodia 24; Julia 81; Bf. ii, 52; s. 1124.

Obverse dies: [ <301.

Pietas standing 1., holding branch in r. hand and sceptre in I. hand; behind, r · CL0 D IVS downwards; before, M· F downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331·

Aureus (Pl. LIX)

BMCRR Rome 4285

Similar.

208

B. Clodia 16; Bf. i, 85; iii, 39; Bf., Goldmilnzenpriigung, 31; S. 1114-1114&Radiate head of Sol r.;behind, quiver. Border of dots.

Crescent surrounded by five stars; below, r·CLOD IVS. Border of dots. M·F BMCRR Rome 4284

20b Aureus Similar, but no quiver. Obverse dies (both varieties): [3o1.

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): [3o]. BMCRR Rome 4287

21 Denarius B. Clodia 17; Bf. i, 85; iii, 39; S. 1115. Similar to 2oa. Obverse dies: [ <301.

Similar. Reverse dies: [ <33].

The quiver on some dies has a top and a strap, as Paris, A 7451.

sos

22

B.

Vienna

Aureus

Clodia 14; Bf. i, 85; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 30; S. 1116.

Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind, lyre. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: 1.

Diana standing facing, with bow and quiver

over shoulder, holding lighted torch in each hand; on r., r·CLODIYS downwards; on l., M · F downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

23 Denarius (Pl. LIX)

BMCRR Rome 4290

B. Clodia 15; Bf. iii, 39; S. 1117. Similar. Reverse dies: [4031.

Similar. Obverse dies: [3631. 24 Denariqs (Pl. LIX)

BMCRR Rome 4274

B. Livineia 1; Julia 57; S. 11o6. Laureate head of Caesar r.; behind, laurel branch; before, caduceus. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <301.

Bull charging r.; above, L Ll YIN EIYS; below, REGYLYS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331· ·

25 Denarius (Pl. LIX)

BMCRR Rome 426o

B. Livineia 4; Julia 82; S. 1107. Head of Octavian r.; before, C.CAESAR

downwards; behind, wards. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

Ill· YIR· R · r ·C up

[ <301.

Victory standing r., holding palm-branch over l. shoulder and wreath in r. hand; before, L·Ll Y I NEI YS downwards; behind, RE GYLYS downwards. Border of dots. . Reverse dies: [ <331·

Traces of a beard on the head of Octavian are insignificant. 26a Aureus (Pl.

LIX)

BMCRR Rome 4263

B. Livineia 9; Bf. i, 170; Bf., Head

of

L.

Regulus,

Goldmiinzenpriigung, 32; S. 1108.

Pr.,

r.;

behind,

REGYLYS upwards; before, r R downwards.

Border of dots.

Curule chair; on either side, three fasces; above, L·LIYINEIYS; in exergue, REG Y L YS. Border of dots. O'Hagan 133a=Ars Classica viii, 142

26b Aureus Similar, but RE GYLYS downwards; rR upwards. Obverse dies (both varieties): 3·

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): 4·

27 Denarius

BMCRR Rome 4264

B. Livineia to; Bf. i, 170; S. 1109. Similar. Reverse dies:

Similar to 26b. Obverse dies: [ <30]. The legend on one reverse die is

[ <33].

L L I'V N EIY S instead of L · L I YIN EIYS (Haeberlin 2928). ·

28 Deaarius:(Pl. LIX)

BMCRR Rome 4267

B. Livineia 11; S. 1110. Similar, but head smaller; no legend. Obverse dies: [ <30].

Similar. Reverse dies:

So6

[ <33].

BMCRR Rome 4269

29 Denarius (Pl. LIX) 13; S. 1111.

B. Livineia Similar.

Mod.ius; on either side, com-ear; above,

Obverse dies:

L L IV I N E IVS; in Border of dots. Reverse dies: [<33). ·

[<30).

30 Denarius (Pl. ux) 12; S. 1112.

exergue,

R E G VLVS.

BMCRR Rome 4271

B. Livineia

Wild beast fight; in foreground one man attacks lion with spear; in background second man with shield and sword attacks panther; on 1., wounded boar; in exergue,

Similar.

L· REGVLVS. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: (36].

Reverse dies:

[40).

31 Denarius (Pl. ux) B. Livineia 8; S. 1113.

BMCRR Rome 4261

Similar, but head larger; on 1., L ·REG VL VS upwards; on r., r R downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [<30).

Curule chair; on either side, fasces; above, in exergue, rRAEF·VR. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [< 33].

REGVLVS·F;

BMCRR Rome 4293

32 Denarius (Pl. LX) 29; Antonia 26; S. 1144-

B. Vibia

Obverse dies: [<30).

Fortuna standing 1., holding Victory in r. hand and comucopiae in 1. hand; behind, C.VIBIVS downwards; before, VARVS upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [<33].

33 Denarius (Pl. LX)

Cambridge

Head of M. Antonius r., bearded. Border of dots.

B. Vibia 31; Julia 86; Bf. ill, 57; S. 1145. Head of Octavian r. Border of dots.

Similar.

Obverse dies: [<30).

Reverse dies:

[<33].

The coin illustrated at BMCRR i, 588, Type ii var. is apparently now in the BM; it does not portray Octavian, any more than does the illustration in Babelon. Cuzzi 165 BMQ 193t32, 46, since exchanged by the BM, does not portray Octavian either. =

BMCRR Rome 4300

34 Aureus (Pl. LX)

B. Vibia 27; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 36; S. tt37· Laureate head of Apollo

Obverse dies:

r.

Border of dots.

[40].

Venus standing 1., facing away, looking at herself in mirror held in 1. hand; on r., column; on 1., C.VIBIVS upwards; on r., VA RV S upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [40].

BMCRR Rome 4299

3S Aureus (Pl. LX) B. Vibia

25; Bf. i, 267; Bf., GoldmUnzenpriigung, 37; S. t 136.

Bust of Roma 1., wearing helmet (helmet has plume on each side) and holding shield in 1. hand and spear over shoulder in r. hand. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
Winged Nemesis standing r., raising fold of dress with r. hand; on r., C·VIBIVS down wards; on 1., VA RVS downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [
36 Denarius (Pl. LX)

BMCRR Rome

4295

B. Vibia 24; S. 1138. Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [751·

Garlanded altar, on which rests mask and against which rests thyrsus; on r., panther springing up towards altar; in exergue, C·V l BlVS; on r., VARVS upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [831·

37 Denarius (Pl. LX)

BMCRR Rome

4301

B. Vibia Z3; s. 1139· Head of Hercules r., bearded and wearing laureate diadem. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [ <30].

Minerva standing r., holding Victory in 1. hand and spear in r. hand; behind, shield; on r., C.VlBlVS downwards; on 1., VARVS downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331·

38 Denarius (PL LX)

BMCRR Rome

4303

B. Vibia z6; S. 1140. Helmeted bust of Minerva r., wearing aegis. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [3o]. 39a Denarius (Pl. LX)

Hercules standing facing, holding club in r. hand and lion-skin over 1. arm; on r., C·VlBlVS downwards; on I., VARVS downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [331· BMCRR Rome 4237 and 4240 (wrongly cribed in first edition); Rome 4238-4239

des

B. Mussidia 8; Julia 58; Bf. ii, 5z; iii, 57; S. 1096-1096a and 1o9()c. Laureate head of Caesar r. Border of dots.

Comucopiae on globe; on 1., rudder; on r., caduceus and apex; around -, or A, L·MVSSlDlVS·LONGVS. Border of dots.

39b Denarius

BMCRR Rome

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [ <30].

4241

Similar, but legend around L.. Reverse dies (both varieties): [ <331·

40 Denarius (Pl. LX)

BMCRR Rome

4229

B. Mussidia 4; S. 1095. Bust of Victory r., draped. Border of dots.

Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; above, L MVSS lDIVS; below, LONGVS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <33]. ·

Obverse dies: [ <30]. 41 Denarius (Pl. LX)

BMCRR Rome

4236

B. Mussidia 5; S. 1092. Head of Concordia r., wearing veil; behind, C0N C0 RD I A upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <301.

hands clasped round caduceus; below, L·MVSSIDIVS·LONGVS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331·

Two

sos

BMCRR Rome 424Z

.pa Denarius B. Mussidia 6; Bf. iii,

77;

S. 1093-1093b. Shrine of Venus Cloacina, inscribed CLOACIN; above, L·MVSSIDIVS· L0 N G VS. Border of dots.

Similar.

.pb Denarius

BMCRR

Similar, but below chin, star.

Similar.

(Pl. LX) Similar, but below chin, crescent. Obverse dies (all varieties): [87].

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): [97].

BMCRR Rome

.pc Denarius

438 Denarius (Pl. LX) B. Mussidia 7; Bf. i, 189; S. 1094-10941L Radiate bust of Sol facing, draped. Border of dots.

BMCRR

4246

Rome 4248

Similar. BMCRR Rome 4252 Similar, but CLOAC instead ofC LOACIN. Reverse dies (both varieties): £57].

43b Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [51]. .wa

Rome 4244

Aureus (PL LX)

BMCRR Rome

4233

B. Mu.ssidia 1-2; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 33; S. 1090 and 1090b. Head of Ceres r. Border of dots. Wreath of com-ears; within, L MVSSID IVS. ·

LONGVS

Border of dots. Vienna

44b Aureus

Similar.

Similar, but legend L·MVSSIDI.

Obverse dies (both varieties): (
Reverse dies (both varieties): [
LONGI

BMCRR Rome 4234 45 Aureus B. Mussidia 3; Bf. i, 188; Bf., GoldmiJnzmpriigung, 34; S. 1()90a. Similar, but wreath upside down; legend, Similar.

L·MVSSIDI. LONGVS

Reverse dies: [< 10].

Obverse dies: [
BMCRR

Rome 4235

Similar to 44b, but werath of com-ears is continuous, not divided at bottom. Reverse dies: 1.

For reverse dies shared between 16, 17 and 18 see M. Bahrfddt, Chronologie, 190.

The four moneyers are otherwise unknown, L. Mussidius Longus perhaps the father of an Augustan Senator (T. P. Wiseman, CQ 1964, 127; New

men,

243),

L. Livineius Regulus perhaps the son of Cicero's friend L. Livineius Regulus 509

(ad Att. iii, 17,1;jam. xili, 6o, 1); the latter was perhaps the Praetor referred to on 26-31, or perhaps the Praefecrus Urbi referre d to on 31; neither the history of the times nor constitutional practice permits the view that the moneyer was himself Praefecrus Urbi in or about 42 B.C. (contra T. R. S. Broughton,MRRP, Supp. 35; for a coin,like 31,without explicit and exclusive reference to the moneyer responsible for it, compare no. 433/1-2; I do not equate the moneyer and the Praef. 46). The Triumviral portrait gold bears both types commemorating the establishment of the Triumvirate and types appropriate to the individual Triumvirs; L. Livineius Regulus portrays the Vestal, Aemilia (Plutarch, Rom. 2 with B. Borghesi, CEU'tJTes i, 329-32; see also on no. 419), Hercules, the ancestor of the Antonii (Appian, BC iii, 6o and 72; Plutarch, Ant. 4, 36 and 6o; perhaps [Cicero], ad Caes. iun. i, 7),

and Aeneas carrying Anchises; P. Clodius portrays a figure who is probably Fortuna (note the connection of M. Lepidus with the temple of E\mJxlcx in the Forum, Dio xliv, 5, 2; Cicero, ad Att. xili, .p, 3), a Genius (compare nos. 329 and 397) combining the attributes of Sol, Apollo, Victory and felicitas and placing his right foot on a globe between an eagle and a shield (see T.V. Buttrey, Portrait gold, 9 n.40 for bibliography; the figure is presumably personal to M. Antonius in some way not now apparent; contra A. Alfoldi, Hermes 1930,377 the figure is not Aion, for whom see J. Charbonneaux, MEFR 196o, 253; E. Thevenot, Rev. Arch. Est et Centre-Est 1959,94 produces no evidence for his view that the figure is the Genius of Lugdunum) and Venus Genetrix. L. Mussidius Longus uses Mars to allude to the plans of the Triumvirs to prosecute the Parthian War (S. Weinstock, Divus Iulius, 128-32; compare no. 497 with p. 740) and a comucopiae as a symbol of

Fortuna (there is no special connection between this type and that of Aeneas struck by L. Livineius Regulus, H. Erkell, Augustus, 115-16 contra A. Alfoldi, Hermes 1930, 375 n.1); C. Vibius Varus

uses

clasped hands as a symbol of the concordia

existing between the Triumvirs. Mars reappears on the denarii of P. Clodius, associated with portraits of Caesar, M. Antonius and Octavian; with the last is also associated Pietas as reverse type, clearly an allusion to the

Caesarian inheritance and duty of revenge of

Octavian. L. Livineius Regulus places on his denarii a portrait of Caesar between laurel-branch and caduceus with a bull as reverse type, perhaps recalling a favour able omen of 471 (Dio xli, 39, 2, c£ Suetonius, Caes. 59, with S. Weinstock, Divus Iulius, 118-21), and a portrait of Octavian withVictory as reverse type

(see ILS 108 43). C. Vibius Varus associates for Octavian's first victory, at Mutina on 14 April

Fortuna holding Victory with portraits of M. Antonius and Octavian on his denarii and also strikes aurei with Apollo and Venus, tutelary deities of the Iulii (see on no. 320). L. Mussidius Longus associates the portrait of Caesar with the emblems 1

But note also the association of the zodiacal sign Taurus with Venus, Th. Mommsen, 30$�.

510

Chronologie',

of domination terra marique, cornucopiae on globe with rudder (see on no. 393), ofjelicitas (compare the altar of the Gens Augusta, CAH,Plates iv, 134) and of the pontificate; he also devotes both sides of another issue of denarii to Victory and alludes to the concordia existing between the Triumvirs on a group of denarii which associate two hands clasped round a caduceus and the shrine of Venus doacina with Concordia (for the shrine of Venus doacina see E. Nash, PDAR i, 262;Pliny, NH xv, 119 suggests that it too may have been a symbol of civil peace, E. Pais, RAL 1924, 15; for the notion of purification connected with it see C. C. van Essen, Mnemosyne 1956, 137); the association of star, crescent and Sol on the same group of denarii perhaps suggests a belief in the imminence of a new age (Cicero, ND ii, 51; Censorinus 18, u; E. Norden, Geburt des Kindes, 143; A. Alfoldi, Hermes 1930, 373; Sol and Luna, and the cognate deities Apollo and Diana, on the aurei and denarii ofP. dodius are doubtless inspired by the same idea).1 We are left with the aurei and denarii of L. Livineius Regulus celebrating the curule office of two ancestors and alluding to two spheres of aedilician activity (compare the issues discussed on p. 729) and with the aurei and denarii of C. Vibius Varus portraying Roma and Nemesis (for Roma compare no. 292/1, for Nemesis see Roscher iii, 143-66), Liber and attributes, Hercules and Minerva; given the connection between Nemesis, Victory and Roma (S. Weinstock, RE viiiA, 2536-7), the aurei portraying Roma and Nemesis perhaps look forward to the victory of the Triumvirs; compare the association of Roma with the victory of Sulla (no. 421 with p. 732). Hercules is perhaps a Caesarian type; his diadem at any rate is similar to thePergamene 'Alexander' crown (K. Kraft, Der Goldene Kranz, 12) . Liber and Minerva are perhaps family types of the Vibii; C. Vibius C.f. Pansa (no. 342) portrays Apollo, Ceres and Minerva, C. Vibius C.f. C.n.Pansa (no. 449) Liber, Ceres and Mercury, C. Vibius Varus Liber and Minerva.

495 LEPIDVS PONT.MAX.IIIVR.R.P.C B. Aemilia 34-35; Julia 7o-71; Bf. i, 14; Bf., Aemilius 73; Julius 132. See above, p. 95·

Mint-Italy

42 B.C.

Goldmiinzenpriigung, 76; S. 13:z3-1323a; RE

1 Aureus

Formerly Paris, AF

LEriDVS·rOKr· MX·III·V· R·r·C. Bor

0, CAESAR· 1M · Ill·VI R R r·C. Border of dots.

der of dots. Obverse dies: 1.

Reverse dies: 1.

Head

za

of

M.

Lepidus

r.;

O,

Head of Octavian r.; around ·

·

BMCRR Africa 30

Denarius (Pl. LX) Similar.

Similar. The legend 1

around

on one

reverse die is

I M instead of I M (Maille hoard).

But note also the association of Sol, Luna and Victory in GIL iii, 14386d. Older views, as of A. Vercoutre, RN 1890, 381; H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 577 n. 1 and 583n.; L. Cesano, BAAR 191:z, :z38, are unconvincing.

511

:tb

BMCRR Africa 31

Denariua

Similar, but legen d ends Ill � o R oroC.

Similar.

0

:te

BMCRR Africa 29

Denariua

Similar, but I Mr instead of IM.

Similar to 2ao :td Denariua

Berlin

Similar, but legend C·CAESAROIM·III·

Similartoza.

VI Ro RoroC.

Obverse dies (all varieties): [ <301.

Reverse

dies (all varieties): [ <331·

The issue, struck by M. Lepidus (seep. 740 n. 5),is prominentamongTriumviralissues of 43-42; it should be regarded

as

struck fi:om the proceeds of the proscriptions in

preparation for the campaign of 42; for the choice of types, see p. 739 ·

496 M.ANTONIVS

Mint-moving with M. AntoDiua

.f:t B.C.

IMP.IIIVIR R.P.C

B. Antonia 34, 31 and 29; Bf. i, 25 and 26; ii, 9; iii , 15; S. 1168-1170; RB Antonius 30. See above, p. 95, below, no. 1o6*, no. 237*. t

Denariua (Pl. LX)

Head of

BMCRR Gau16o; Gaul62

Antonius ro, bearded; behind, M·ANTON I downwards; before, IMr or I M upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <3o1. M.

Distyle temple; within, medallion bearing radiate bust of Sol facing, draped; around w, II Io VIRo R r C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <33). 0

0

:t Denariua (Pl. LX)

Head of

BMCRR East 87

Antonius r., bearded; behind, lituus. Border of dots. M.

Obverse dies: [ <30).

Radiate

bead

of

Sol

r.;

around

.1,

MoANTON IVS·III·VIRo RoroC.Borderof

dots. Reverse dies: [ <33].

3 Denariua (Pl. LX)

BMCRR East 89

Head of M. Antonius r.; behind, lituus and IMr upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30).

Similar. Reverse dies: [ <331·

For the types see p. 739·

Mint-moving with Octavlan

497 CAESAR IIIVIR R.P.C

.f:t B.C.

B. Julia 66-67 and 89; Bf. i, 145 and 147; iii, 58; Bf., GoldmiinzmpriiKutW, ss; S. 1319-1320 and 1322; RB Iulius 132. See above, p. 100. t

Aureus (Pl. LX)

BMCRR Gaul 95

Head of Octavian r., bearded; around 0,

CAESARollloVIR· R·roC. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [ <10].

Equestrian statue 1., holding lituus in r. band (horse decorated with phalmu); in exergue, rostrum tridms, on either side of which, S C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <10].

512

za Denarius (Pl. LX)

BMCRR Gaul 76

Similar.

Curule chair, of which front and back legs are les and on decorated with sculptured eaj which lies wreath, inscribed C k SA DIC rE R. Border of dots. ·

zb Denarius

·

Vienna Similar, but CkSAR·DIC·rER.

Similar.

zc Denarius

Copenhagen Similar, but CkSA·DIC·rR.

Similar.

zd Denarius

Berlin (Bf. i, pl. vi,146); Paris, A

Similar.

tt14 8

Similar, but sculptured eagles barely visible; CAESAR·DI C·rER or CAESAR·DIC.

rE.

Obverse dies (all varieties):

[ <30].

Reverse dies (all varieties): [ <33].

3 Denarius (Pl. LX)

BMCRR Gaul¢; Gaul98

Helmeted bu.st of Mars r., draped and with spear over shoulder; behind, CAESAR or CAESA upwards; before, Ill·VIR· R ·r ·C downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30].

Aquila, surmounted by trophy and flanked by two standards; on either side of aquila, S C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 33].

For the types see p. 739· Mint-moving with Cassius

498 C .CASSI.PRCOS with M.AQVINVS LEG

43-..pB.C.

B. Cassia12; ii, p. 593; Bf. i, So; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 56; S. 1302; RECassius 59; Aquinus s and 2 (T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP, Supp. 7). See above, p. 100. 1

Aureus

(Pl. LX)

BMCRR East 71

Head of Libertas r., wearing diadem; below, LIBERl\S; behind, M·AQVINVS·LEG downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [<10].

Tripod with cauldron, decorated with two laurel-branches; on 1., C.CASS I upwards; on r., rR C0 S upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 10]. ·

For the types see p. 739· Mint-moving with

499 C .CASSI.IMP with M.AQVINVS LEG

Cassius

43-..pB.C.

B. Cassia 13; ii, p. 593; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 56; S. 1303; RE Cassius 59; Aquinus Sand 2 (T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP, Supp. 7 ). See above, p. 100. 1

Aureus

BMCRR East 7 2

Head of Libertas r., wearing diadem; below, LIBERl\S; behind, M·AQVINVS·LEG downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies; [
Tripod with cauldron, decorated with two laurel-branches; on I., C·CASSI upwards; on r., tMr upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 10].

For the types see p. 739· 513

Mint-moving with Brutus and Caaius soo C.CASSI.IMP and BRVTVS with LENTVLVS SPINT

43-42 B.C.

B. Cassia 14-18; Junia 4�41; Comella 7()-']6; Bf., Goldmiinzmpriigung, s8-S9 and 6t; S. t304-t310; RB Cassius 59; Iunius 53; Cornelius 239. See above, p. too, below, no. 298*. t

Denarius (Pl. LXI)

BMCRR East 79

Tripod with cauldron, decorated with two laurel-branches; on 1., C ·CAS$ I upwards; on r., IMr upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [<30).

Jug and lituus; below, LE NTVL VS.

SPINT

Border of dots. Reverse dies: [<33).

2 Aureua

BMCRR East 76

Libertas r., wearing diadem; before, LEIBERTAS upwards; behind, C·CASSI· IM r upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [to].

Head of

Similar.

Reverse dies: [to).

3 Denarius (Pl. LXI)

BMCRR East 77

Similar.

Similar.

Obverse dies: [<30).

Reverse dies: [<33).

4 Aureus Similar to 2, but bust r., wearing diadem and

Similar.

veil. Obverse dies: [
Reverse dies: [
S

BMCRR East 73

Denarius

BMCRR East 7S

Similar.

Similar.

Obverse dies: [<30].

Reverse dies: [<331·

6

Paris, AF

Aureus (Pl. LXI)

Axe, culullus and knife; below, Border of dots.

B RVTVS.

Similar. Reverse dies:

Obverse dies: [
[
7 Denarius

BMCRR East 8o

Similar.

Similar.

Obverse dies: [<30].

Reverse dies: [<33].

For the nomenclature of Brutus on 6-7 compare his issues as moneyer, no. 433/1-2; for the types see p. 739· Mint-moving with Brutus

sot CAEPIO BRVTVS PROCOS

B. Junia 34; Bf. ii, s6; S. 1287; RB Iunius S3· See above, p. t

Deaarius (Pl. LXI)

Obverse dies: [<30].

too.

BMCRR East 38

Libertas r.; before, LEIBERTAS upwards. Border of dots.

Head of

43-42 B.C.

with fillet;around t_,CAEriO·BRVTVS rRO· COS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [<33].

Pkctrum, lyre and laurel-branch tied

514

On the nomenclature of Brutus on this issue and on nos. 502-4 seeILS 946o with

n.2; T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP, Supp. 32; cf. F. Miinzer, RE iiA, 1779. For the

types seeP· 739·

502 Q.CAEPIO BRVTVS PROCOS with L.SESTI. PROQ

Mint-moving with Brutus

43-42B.C.

B. Junia 3�39; Sestia 1-4; Bf. i, 163; ii� 56; Bf., Goldmiinzmpriigung, 62; S. 1289-1292; RE Junius 53; Sestius 2. See above, p. 100, below, no. 299*. 1

Aureua

Paris, AF

(Pl. LXI)

Head of Libertas r., draped and wearing veil; before, L·SESTI upwards; behind, rRO·Q downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies : z.

Tripod; n,

on

L, axe; on

Border of dots. Reverse dies: 2. BMCRR

2 Deoarius Similar, but legend around 0. Obverse dies: [ <30].

Obverse dies: [ <10].

BMCRR East

against which rests staff; below, modius; �&bove, L·SEST I; in exergue, r R 0 · Q. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <10].

46

Victory walking r., holding palm-branch over I. shoulder with I. hand and wreath in r. hand; around n, Q·CAEriO·BRVTVS·rRO· C 0 S. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [
4 Qulnariua (Pl. LXI) Sella,

East 41

Similar. Reverse dies: [ <33).

3 QulDariua (Pl. LXI) Similar.

r., simpulwn; around

Q·CAEriO·BRVTVS·rRO·COS.

East 47

Similar to 1, but on l., simpu/wn; on r., apex.

Reverse dies: [ <11].

On L. Sestius seeT. R. S. Broughton, MRRP, Supp. 59; for the types seep. 739·

503 Q.CAEPIO BRVTVS IMP

Mint-moving with Brutus

43-42B.C.

B. Junia 35; Bf. i, 163; S. 1293; RB Junius 53· See above, p. 100. 1

Denarius (Pl. Ln)

Laureate head of Apollo r. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [ <30].

For the types see p. 739·

BMCRR East

52

Trophy with oval shield and figure-of-eight shield; below, female and male captive, each resting head in r. hand; around u, Q·CAEr 10 · BRVTVS ·IMr. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <33].

504 Q.CAEP.BRVT.IMP with C.FLAV .HEMIC.LEG.PROPR

Mint-moving with Brutus

43-.P B.C.

B. Junia 49; Flavia 1; Bf. i, 117; S. 1294; RE Iunius 53; Flavius 11. See above, p. 100, below, no. 300*. 1

BMCRR East 55

Denarius (Pl. LXI)

Bust of Apollo r., draped; before, lyre; around u, C.FLAV·HEMIC.LEG·rRO· r R. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [ < 30].

Trophy with figure-of-eight shield and curved sword, with another sword banging from waist; on r., Victory holding palm-branch over 1. shoulder with 1. band and crowning trophy with r. band; around a, Q·CAEr· B RVT ·I Mr. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 33].

C. Flavius. Hemic[?]1 is probably the Flavius noster of two letters of Brutus, to Cicero (Cicero, ad Brut. i, 6, 4) and to Atticus (Cicero, ad Brut. i, 17, 3); if he is also the Flavius of Plutarch, Brut. 51, dead at Philippi, Plutarch must be wrong in describing him Appian, BC

as

Praefectus fabrum; if he is not, he may be the C. Flavius of

207, killed at Perusia; I regard the former alternative likely. For the types see p. 739· v,

505 C.CASSI.IMP and Mint-moving with Brutus and Cassius Q.CAEPIO BRVTVS IMP with M.SERVILIVS LEG

as

the more

43-.P B.C.

B. Cassia 19-21; Junia 47-48; Servilia 38-.p; Bf. i, So and 165; Bf., Goldmimzenprtigung, 6o and 66; S. 1311-1314; RE Cassius 59; Iunius 53; Servilius 21. See above, p. 100. 1

BMCRR East Sz

Aureus (Pl. LXI)

Laureate bead of Libertas r.; behind, C·CASS I·IMr upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20]. 2

Aplustre, with branches ending in flowers;

above, M·SE RVI LIVS; below, LEG. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [2o1.

BMCRR East 83

Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies: [ <30].

Similar. Reverse dies: [ <331·

BMCRR East 84

3 Denarius (Pl. LXI)

Similar, but C.CASSE I·IMr.

Crab r., holding aplustre in claws; on 1., rose and untied diadem; above, M·SERVILIVS; below, LEG. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331·

Obverse dies: [ <30].

BMCRR East 85

4 Aureus Similar; behind, M·SE RV I LIVS upwards; before, LEG upwards. Obverse dies: [20]. 1 The cognomen is uncertain; there is

no reason to

Trophy with two spears and figure-of-eight shield; on 1., Q ·CAEriO upwards; on r., BRVTVS·IMr upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [zo]. accept Hemicillus (Th. Mommsen in B. Borghesi,

c:Euwes i, t69 n. t).

516

S Denarius (Pl. LXI)

Madrid; Sandes

Similar.

=

Berlin; BM

Similar. Reverse dies: 3·

Obverse dies: 2.

On M. Servilius seeR. Syme, Hermes 1964, 410 with Sherk 27; for the types see

P· 739·

So6 M.BRVTVS IMP in part with COSTA LEG

Mint-moving with Brutus

43-.P B.C.

B. Junia 42, 43 and 33; Pedania 1-2; Bf. iii, 63; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 64; S. 1295-1296 and 1288; RE Junius 53; Pedanius 2. See above, p. 100. 1 Aureus (Pl. LXI) Head of L.

BMCRR East 57

Iunius Brutus, Cos. 509, r.,

bearded; around /""'\' L·BRVTVS-rRIM· COS. Oak-wreath as border. Obverse dies: [
Head

r., bearded; above, M·BRVTVS·IMr; below, 931 ·AJ.SO:::>. Oak-wreath as border. Reverse dies: [
Denarius (Pl. LXI)

Brutus

BMCRR East 59

Laureate head of Apollo r.; before, downwards; behind, of dots. Obverse dies: [< 30].

of

COSTA

L E G upwards. Border

Trophy with figure-of-eight shield and two spears; on r., BRVTVS downwards; on 1.,

IMr upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [< 33]. BMCRR East 39

3 Quinarius (Pl. LXI) Head of Libertas r., wearing diadem; before, L EI BERTAS upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

Prow-stem and anchor in saltire. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

Formal details and stylistic similarities link 3 with 2; for the types see P· 739·

507 BRVTVS IMP with

Mint-moving with Brutus

43-.P B.C.

CASCA LONGVS B. Junia 44-46; Servilia 35-37; Bf. i, 164; Bf., Junius 53; Servilius 53· See above, p. 100. 1a Aureus Head

of

Brutus r., bearded; behind, BRVTVS upwards; before, IMr upwards. Laurel-wreath as border.

1b Aureus (Pl. LXI) Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): [
Goldmiinzenpragung, 65; S. 1297-1298; RE

Paris, AF Trophy with curved sword and two spears on l. and figure-of-eight shield on r.; at base, on either side, prow and, on r., sword with square handle; on 1., CASCA upwards; on r., LON GVS upwards. Border of dots.

BMCRR East 62 Similar, but by prow on 1., L. Reverse dies (both varieties): [<10].

2 Deoarius (Pl. UI) Head of Neptune r., bearded; below, trident;

Victory

Obverse dies: [ <301.

holding (?b�) diadem tied with fillet; below, broken sceptre; on 1., BRVTVS upwards; on r., IM r upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331·

on L, CASCA upwards; on r., LON GVS upwards. Border of dots.

BMCRR East 63

wa1lting r., holding palm-bran.ch over 1. shoulder with I. hand and with both hands

For the letter L on 1b (its absence on ta is perh!lps casual) seeM. Bahrfeldt, Gold

miinzenpriigung, p. 68; the letter may conceivably serve to point to a particular victory. On P. Servilius Casca Longus see T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP, Supp. 58. For the types see p. 739· Mhlt-movinc with Brutus

Sol BRVT.IMP with L.PLAET.CEST

43-42 B.C.

B. Junia so-s:z; Plaetoria 11-13; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 63; S. 12�1301; RE lunius 53; Plaetorius 15. See above, p. 100, below, no. 107*, no. 301*. Paris, AF

t Aureus (Pl. LXI)

Laureate female bust r. (?Artemis), draped and wearing veil and palos; behind, L· r LAET C EST downwards. Border ofdots Obverse dies: 1. ·

2

Axe and culullus; below, B R VT ·I Mr. Border of dots.

.

Reverse dies : :z.

BMCRR East 66

Deoarius

Similar. Obverse dies: [ <301.

Similar. Reverse dies: [ <331·

3 Denarius (Pl. LXI)

BMCRR East 68

Head of Brutus r., bearded; around

..., ,

BRVT ·IMr; around "'' L·rLAET·CEST.

Border of

dots

Pileus between two daggers; below,

MAR. Border of dots.

E ID

·

.

Reverse dies: [ <331·

Obverse dies: [ <301.

For the types seep. 739· For Artemis wearing a polos see V. K. Miiller, PoZos, 89; A. Laumonier, Carie,

Index, s.v.

509 Q.CORNVFICL AVGVR IMP

Mhlt-Mrica

42 B.C.

B. Comuficia 1-4; Bf. i, 98; ii, 39 and 110; iii, 43; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 67; M. Bahrfeldt, Bliitter fiir Miinzfreunde 193o-33, 245; S. 1352-1355; RE Comuficius 8. See above, p. 100, below, no. 108*, no. 302*. t

Paris, AF

Aureua

Head of Jupiter Ammon

Obverse dies: 1.

1. Border of dots.

Q. Comuficius standing 1., wearing veil and holding liruus in r. hand; on r., Juno Sospita, with crow perching on shoulder, holding spear and shield in 1. hand and with r. hand crowning Q. Comuficius; around v, Q·CORNVFICI·AVGVR·IMr. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 2.

2

Denarius (Pl. LXI)

BMCRR Africa 26

Similar.

Similar. Reverse dies: [ <331·

Obverse dies: [ <301. 3 Aureus

Zagreb (unique)

Bust of Africa r., draped and wearing elepbant's skin; behind, two spears. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1.

Similar.

Reverse dies: 1.

4 Denarius (Pl. LXI)

BMCRR Africa 28

Similar.

Similar.

Obverse dies: [ <301.

Reverse dies: [ <331·

5 Denarius (PL LXI)

BMCRR Africa 27

Head of Tanit 1.1 Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <301.

Although Q. Comuficius strikes

Similar. Reverse dies: as

[ <331·

a commander on the Republican side, his types

refer only to his province Africa and to himself, his augurate (cf. ILLRP 439) and his Lanuvine ongo (so righdy L. R. Taylor, VDRR, 208, against D.-G. ii, 530; for Juno Sospita seeon no. 316;for thecrowsee Festus,s.v. Corniscarum; G. Wissowa, RuK, 189 n.1).

510

MVRCVS IMP

Mint-moving with LStaiua Murcus

42-41 B.C.

B. St.atia 1; Bf. i, 243; S. 1315; RE St.aius 2. See above, p.too, below, no. 238*. 1

BMCRR East 86

Denarius (Pl. LXI)

Head

of

Neptune

r.

with

trident

shoulder. Border of dots.

over

Male figure on r., holding sword in 1. hand and with r. hand raising kneeling female figure on I.; in

behind

, trophy with sword and shield; exergue, MVRCVS·IMr. Border of

dots. Reverse dies: [ < 33].

Obverse dies: [ <301.

The issue presumably belongs to the period of independent command of L. Staius Murcus (Appian, BC v, 8 with

commentary of E. Gabba); its types derive in part from those of Brutus and Cassi us (see p. 742). 1

See K. Kraft, Der goldem Kranz,

519

88-c).

Mint-Sicily

511 MAG.PIVS IMP.ITER. PRAEF.CLAS. ET ORAE MARIT

.p-.fO B.C.

B. Pompeia 21-27; Bf. i, 217; ii, 70; iii, 85; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 87; S. 1344-1346 and 1347-1349; RE Pompeius 33· See above, p. too, below, no. 109*, no. 239*. 1 Aureus (Pl. LXI)

BMCRR Sicily 13

Head of Sex. Pompeius r., bearded; behind,

Heads of Cn. Pompeius Magnus and

MAG· r IVS upwards; before, IMr·ITER

Pompeius junior facing each other, the latter

downwards. Oak-wreath as border.

Cn.

bearded; on 1., lituus; on r., tripod; above, . Border of rR A:.F; below, CLAS·ET·OR

A:.

�IT·EX·S·C

dots. Obverse dies: [15). u.

Reverse dies: [15).

Denarius

Rashlegh i 1449; West Sicily (b) hoard

Head of Neptune r., hair tied with band, with trident over shoulder; around () , MAG· r IVS· I Mr·ITER. Border of dots.

Trophy with trident above and anchor below, prow-stem on 1. and aplustre on r., two heads of Scyll a a t base; around(), PRA:.F·CLAS: ET·ORA:. ·MIT·EX·S·C or rRA::. F·

CLAS· ET·ORA:.· M-..1· "EX ·S·C. Border of dots. zb Denarius (Pl. LXU)

BMCRR Sicily 15; Sicily 16

Similar, but MG·PIVS·IMr·ITER.

Similar.

zc Denarius

ANS, HSA 24775

Similar, but MG·riVS·IMr·I"E R. Obverse dies (all varieties): [ < 30).

Similar, but second variety of legend only. Reverse dies (all varieties): [ < 33).

38 Denarius (Pl. LXII)

BMCRR Sicily 7

Head of Cn. Pompeius Magnus r.; behind, jug; before, Iituus; around (), MAG· r I VS · I Mr·ITER. Border of dots.

Neptune standing 1., wearing diadem, holding aplustre in r. hand and cloak over 1. arm; placing r. foot on prow; on either side, one of the Catanaean brothers, bearing his father on his shoulders; above, rRA:. F; in exergue, CLAS·ET ·ORA:.. Border of dots. M...IT·EX·S·C

3b Denarius

BMCRR Sicily 11 Similar, but in exergue, ORA:.· /\A... IT ·ET.

Similar.

CLAS·EX·S·C

3C Denarius Similar. Obverse dies

Paris, AF Similar, but legend ends CLAS· S· C. Reverse dies (all varieties): [57).

(all varieties): [51).

4& Denarius

BMCRR Sicily 18

Pharos of Messana,1 surmounted by statue of Neptune, helmeted, holding trident in r. hand and rudder in I. hand and placing 1. foot on prow;before, ship 1., with aquila in prow and sceptre tied with fillet on stem;• around (), MAG·P IVS· IMr·ITER. Border of dots. 1

Scylla, wielding rudder with both hands; around 0, PRA::.F·CLAS·ET·ORA:.·

M... IT· EX·S·C. Border of dots.

Wrongly doubted by J. Liegle, C0118f'ess 1936, 211; G. Fuchs, Architekturdarstellungen, 34-5. grappling-hook described for BMCRR Sicily 18 is only the handle of the rudder.

1 The

520

Illinois

Similar, but legend ends M..l· t X·S·C. .fC Denarius {Pl. LXII)

West Sicily (b) hoard

Similar, but legend ends M..IT ·S ·C.

Similar.

BMCRR

4d Denarius

Sicily 20; Martini t330

Similar.

Similar, but legend rRk.F·ORk·M..I·

Obverse dies (all varieties): [ < 30].

tT·CLAS·S·CorrRkF·ORk·M..IT· ET· CLAS· S· C. Reverse dies (all varieties): [ < 33).

This issue belongs to the period, 43-40, when by a decree of the Senate Sex. Pompcius hdd the office of Praefectus classis et orae maritimae, more precisely perhaps to the period after his defeat of Q. Salvidienus Rufus in 42, when he was apparendy acclaimed imperator for the second time (cf. Dio xlviii, 19, 1); the iteration of the tide is dropped in ILS 8891. The r is often closed, P, on this issue. For the types see p. 739·

su C.CLODIVS C.F. VESTALIS

Mint-Rome

41 B.C.

B. Clodia t2-t3; Bf. i, 85; Bf., GoldmUnzmpri,igung 73; S. 1134-1135; RE Clodius 62. See above, p. too. BMCRR Rome

1 Aureus (Pl. LXII)

Head of Flora r.; behind, flower; before, C· CL0 D IVS downwards; behind, C.F upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [to]. 2

Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies: [30].

4t95

Female figure seated 1., holding culullus in r. hand; behind, VEST ALIS downwards. Bor der of dots. Reverse dies: [to]. BMCRR Rome

4t96

Similar. Reverse dies: (33].

The moneyer is later attested as Proconsul of Crete and Cyrene (CIL xi, 331oa = ILS 904;3311;AE1933,99 =I. Cret. iv, 327;1934,258

=

SEGix, 152;1939,119= Annuario

pp. 317-18, no. 170 (cf. no. 171)=Bull. Epig. 1964, 573; 1968, 536-8). The Floralia were first celebrated in 238 (G. Wissowa, RuK, 197-8) and the head of Flora can thus not be connected with C. Claudius Cento, Cos. 240 (so J. Eckhel, DNV v, 172-3; B. Borghesi, CEuvres ii, 182-3; Babdon and H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 564 n. 3); the reasons for the choice of type are unknown. The reverse type portrays the Vestal Claudia, the daughter of Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Cos. 143 (Cicero, Gael. 3.4 with commentary of R. G. Austin), not the Claudia Quinta who received the Magna Mater to Rome (see F. BOmer, MDAI(R) 1964, 146; cf. Th. Koves, Hsi toria

Atene 1961-2,

1963. 335).

521

Mint-Rome

513 M.ARRIVS SECVNDVS

41 B.C.

B. Arria 1-3; Bf., Goldmiinzenpr(igung, 71; S. 1083-1085; RE Arrius 34· See above, p. IOO, below, no. uo*.

BMCRR Rome 4209

1 Aureus (Pl. LXII)

Bust of Fortuna populi Romani r., draped and wearing diadem; above, F r R; behind, M·ARRIVS upwards; before, SECVNDVS downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
�

·

Wreath,

hasta pura1 and phalercu1 (dona militaria). Border of dots.

Reverse dies: [
Denarius (PI. LXII)

BMCRR Rome 42t0

M·ARRIVS upwards; before, SECVNDVS downwards.

Male head r., bearded; behind,

Similar.

Border of dots. Obverse dies: [<3o].

Reverse dies: [<33]. Rome, Capitol t117; Bologna, Cat. 555 (B. Borghesi, CEuwes ii, 338); Prowe 402 =Rome (Gnecchi)

3 Denarius (Pl. LXII)

Similar, but no legend before.

Soldier walking r., holding spear in 1. hand and with sword hanging from waist, with r. hand taking one of two standards from soldier behind; in exergue, SECVNDVS. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: t.

Reverse dies: t.

The moneyer is a M. Arrius Secundus, not otherwise known, perhaps a son of one or other of the two Q. Arrii who became Praetors in the first half of the first century (unless they were the same person, T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP, Supp. 7). The obverse of 2-3 perhaps portrays an ancestor of the moneyer who achieved curue l office (see commentary of F. W. Walbank on Polybius vi, 53, 7-8), the reverse of 3 an act of heroism perhaps by the same ancestor and the reverse of 1-2 the rewards for this act;s as for the obverse of 1, Fortuna populi Romani might well be invoked in 41. 514 C.NVMONIVS VAALA

Mint-Rome

41 B.C.

B. Numonia t-2; Bf. i, t92; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 70; S. to86-t087; RE Numonius 1. See above, p. too, below, no. 240*. t

Aureus (Pl. LXII)

Bust of Victory r. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [
BMCRR Rome 42t5 Soldier rushing 1., attacking rampart de fended by two further soldiers; on r., C ·NVM0NIVS downwards; in exergue, VAALA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [
1 Not an ordinary spear, centra A. AI.Rildi, A:}A t959, 1. 1 See B. Borghesi, CEuwes ii, 338; P. Steiner, BJ 114-15, 1906, 18 n. 4• The association of the moneyer's cognomen with the scene portrayed on 3 is oddly reminiscent, however, of the Roman practice of having a second signifer in reserve (Polybius vi, 24, 6 with commentary of

F. W. Walbanlt).

522

�

Dcuariua (Pl.

BMCRR Rome 4216

LXII)

Male head r.; before, C·NYMONIYS downwards; behind,VAALA upwards. Bor-

Similar,butno legend on r.

der of dots. Obverse dies:

Reverse dies:

[ <30].

[ <33].

The moneyer is a C. Numonius Vaala, not otherwise certainly attested (for his gens see T. P. Wiseman, New men, 246). The reverse of 1-2 presumably portrays an act of heroism by an ancestor, whence the cognomen Vaala (from va//um); the obverse of

2

perhaps portrays an

ancestor

who achieved curule office (compare on no. 513),1 conceivably the same man; the obverse of

1

may reflect the defeat of Brutus and Cassius in the year before

this issue.

515

L.SERVIVS RVFVS

B. Sulpicia 9-10; Bf.,

Mint-Rome

Goldmiinzenpriig""lf, 72; S. 1081-1082; RE Servius 6.

View

Obverse dies:

Reverse dies:

of Tusculum, with TVSCYL. Border of dots.

·

[
inscribed

BMCRR Rome 4205

Male head r., bearded; before,

RVFYS

gate

[
� Denarius (Pl. LXII)

Obverse dies:

See above, p. 100.

BMCRR Rome 4204

t Aureua (Pl. LXII) Jugate heads of Dioscuri r., wearing laureate pilei; before, L S E R V IVS downwards; be hind, RVFVS upwards. Border of dots.

downwards; behind, der of dots.

41 B.C.

L SE RV IV S ·

upwards. Bor

Dioscuri standing facing, each holding spear and with sword banging from waist. Border of dots. Reverse dies:

[ <30].

[<33].

The moneyer is a L. Servius Rufus, not otherwise known. The reverse types of 1 and 2 (for the first see G. Fuchs, Architekturdarstellungen, 59; for the second see L. Cesano, BCAR 1928, 121 n.2) and the obverse type of 1 reveal the moneyer's Tusculan origo (L. R. Taylor,

VDRR,

254;

see

on no. 290). The obverse type of 2

has traditionally been regarded as portraying Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, Tr. Mil.

cos.

pot. 377, in part responsible for raising the siege of Tusculum in that year. But since the moneyer is a Servius and not a Sulpicius, there is no good ground for this identification; it must also be admitted (with E. A. Sydenham, CRR; 179n. and against A. Mamroth, Berl. NZ 1955, 165) that the portrait is remarkably like that of Brutus (see no. 508). Certainly there is no

a

priori reason against a moneyer

placing a portrait of someone other than a relative on a coin without explicit identi fication (see no. 494/24 and 39); the use of such a portrait is furthermore well attested for the expression of political sympathy (Cicero, 1

Rab. perd.

24; Dio liii,

The likeness to Caesar, put forward e.g. by Sydenham, is n otconvincing (compare Pl. LXII,9 with Pl. LVI,18); possessed of the ius imaginum, the moneyer is hardly a nows homo, contra T. P. Wiseman, I.e.

523

32, 4; Tacitus, Ann. xvi, 7, 3; Suetonius, Nero, 37; Pliny, Ep. i, 17; for an Imperial

portrait of Cato see R. Thouvenot, Mon. Piot. 1949, 71; C. Picard, Festschrift B. Schweitzer, 334; 0. Vessberg, Kunsthistorisk TidslmJt 1952, 1); I am consequendy

quite prepared to believe that attachment to the cause of Brutus could in 41 be shown by a moneyer through the use of Brutus' portrait; compare R. Syme, Sal/ust, 121-3, for the anti-Triumviral sentiments of Sallust in the bellum Catilinae, perhaps written in 42·

51.6

M.ANTONIVS AVG.IMP.IIIVIR R.P.C

B. Antonia 434�; Bf. i, 28; Bf., See above, p. 100. 1.

Mint-moving with M. Antonius

Goldmiinzenprtigung,

41 B.C.

82-83; S. 1171-1174; RE Antonius 30.

BMCRR Gaul 69

Aureus (Pl. LXII)

Head of M. Antonius r.; around t_), N" N G ·IMr · Ill· V R r ·C. Border of dots.

Fortuna standing 1., holding rudder in r. hand and comucopiae in l. hand; at feet, stork; below, r I ET AS·COS. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [10].

Reverse dies: [10}.

·

·

BMCRR Gaul 70

2 Denarius Similar. Obverse dies:

[ <30].

Similar. Reverse dies:

[ <33). Martini 1377> Berlin

3 Denarius (Pl. LXII) Head of M. Antonius r.; behind, liruus; around u,M·ANTONIVS·IMP·III·VIR·

Similar, but no stork before feet.

R· r ·C. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1.

Reverse dies: 1. BMCRR Gaul 65; Gaul 66

4 Aureus (Pl. LXII) Similar.

Pietas standing 1., holding lighted ruribulum in r. hand and comucopiae in l. hand; two storks perch on comucopiae; on 1., r I ETAS or r IEAS; on r., COS. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [10].

Reverse dies: [10]. BMCRR Gaul 67; Gaul 68

S Denarius Similar. Obverse dies: [ <30].

For the types see p. 742·

Similar. Reverse dies:

[ <33].

517 M.ANT.IMP.AVG.IIIVIR R.P.C Mint-moving with M. Antonius 41 B.C.

with M.BARBAT.Q.P, M.NERVA PROQ.P, L.GELL�Q.P RE Antonius 30; Barbatius t; Cocceius 13; Gellius 18. See above,p. too, below, no. 111*, no.

241*, no. 303*. ta Aureus (Pl.

LXII)

BMCRR East 98

B. Antonia so; Barbatia 1; Julia 95; Bf. i, 30; ii, 10 and 11-12;iii, 16; Bf., Goldmimzmpriigung, n-s; s. 118o. Head ofM.Antonius r.;aroundO,M·ANT· IM· NG·III·VIR · R·P·C·M· BARBAT· Q·r. Border of dots. 1b

Aureua

Head of Octavian r., bearded; around (), CAESAR ·IMP· PONT·III·VIR· R· P· C. Border of dots. Jameson 15 (Bf.,Goldmiinzmprti.gutfK, 77, 19 78, 1) =

Similar, but legend ends M · R ·.. A· R· R·AT·

Q·r. Obverse dies (both varieties): (15].

Similar.

Reverse dies (both varieties): (15].

2 Denarius

BMCRR East 100

B. Antonia 51; Barbatia 2; Julia 96; Bf. i, 29; ii, 10 and 11-12; iii, 16; S. 1181. Similar to 1a.

Similar.

Reverse dies: [143].

Obverse dies: [129].

Obverse legend sometimes ends M BARRAT· Q·r (BMCRR East 104), M · RA R RAT· Q· r (Oman 38b), M · RARBAT· Q·P (Berlin) or M·BARBT·Q·P (Fenerly Bey, 913), reverse legend III·VIR·R·R·P·C (NCirc. 1971, 201). ·

3 Denarius

Paris, A 5131

B. Antonia 49; Barbatia 3; Bf. i, 29; S. 1182. Similar to 1a.

Head of L. Antonius r.; around L·ANTON IVS·COS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

Obverse dies: 1. 4a Aureus (Pl.

(),

BMCRR East 1o6

LXII)

B. Antonia 47> Cocceia 1; Bf. ii, tt; Bf., GoldmiinzenpriigtmK, So; S. 1184. Head ofM. Antonius r.; around (),M ·ANT· IM· NG ·III·VIR· R·P·C .M·N: RVA· rR 0 Q· r. Border of dots.

Similar to 3·

4b Aureus1

Hess-Leu 16/4/1964, 271

Similar, but

Ill missing from legend. Obverse dies (both varieties): 2.

=

Drouot 30/11/ 1967,28

Similar.

Reverse dies (both varieties): 2.

BMCRR East 107

sa Denarius

B. Antonia 48; Cocceia 2; Bf. i, 28 and 29; ii, 10 and 11; S. 1185-1186. Similar to 4&.

Similar.

1 I list 4b (unknown before 1963) with some misgivings; a specimen of sb, with the same variant legend, was in the Lawrence sale and since then no less than four specimens of 4b, all from the same pair of dies, have appeared on the market (Hess-Leu 4{4{1963, 140; Hess-Leu 16{4{1964, 271 .,. Drouot 30/tt/1967, 28; Hess-Leu %4/4/1969, 62;Momen und Medaillen 12{11/1970, 248).

Rome, Capitol 1472

sb Denarius

Similar to 4b.

Similar. BMCRR East 108

SC Denarius {Pl. LXII)

Similar.

Similar to 4&, but behind head, jug.

Reverse dies (all varieties): [ < 331·

Obverse dies (all varieties): [ < 301.

The legend on one reverse die is L ·ANT 0NNIVS C0 S (Hersh 42). ·

F.

6 Denarius

Gnecchi, RIN 1889, pl. ill, 1

=

Rome,

Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi )

Bf. i, 30; ii, u; S. 1183. Similar to 4&· Obverse dies:

Similar to 1· Reverse dies: 1.

1.

7 Aureua

Paris,AF

B. Antonia 53; Gellia 7; Bf. ii, u; Bf., Goldmiinzenpr�, 79; S. 1187. Head of Octavian r.; behind, lituus; around Head of M. Antonius r.; behind, jug; around (),M·ANT ·IM·A/ G · I II·VIR·R·r·C· L·GELL·Q·r. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1.

() , CAESAR·IMr·rONT·III·VIR·R·r·C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

BMCRR East 109

8 Denarius (Pl. LXII) B. Antonia 54; Gellia 8; Bf. ii, u; S. u88. Similar.

Similar.

Reverse dies: [ <331·

Obverse dies: [ <30].

The issue is struck by the officers of M. Antonius (for M. Barbatius Pollio see Appian, BC v, 120 with commentary of E. Gabba) and honours Octavian and L. Antonius, Cos. 41. For the types see p. 742·

518

C.CAESAR IIIVIR R.P.C Mint-moviDg with Octavian iD. part with BALBVS PROPR

41 B.C.

·

B. Julia 91 and 97; Cornelia 78; Bf. i, 148; ill, 58 (cf. Bf., Goldmiinzenpr�, 55a); S. 1325a and 1317; RE Iulius 132; Cornelius 69. See above, p. 100, below, no. 112*. 1

Denarius (Pl. LXI1)

BMCRR Gaul 83

Head of Octavian r., sometimes bearded; around 0, C·CAESAR·III·VIR· R·P·C. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 8 (one used for 2).

Club pointing 1.; above, BALBVS; below, rRO·rR. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 6.

BMCRR Gaul 79

2 Denarius {Pl. LXII)

Similar. Obverse dies: 11 (two used for 1).

Galloping equestrian statue 1.; in exergue and on r. (upwards), rorVL·IVSSV. Border of dots. Reverse dies: u.

Style, titulature and a sharea obverse die (Ars Classica ii, 158

link these two types very closdy and they should be regarded 526

=

as

Hirsch xxxiii, 85)

struck together for

Octavian; they cannot possibly be attributed to Spain (contra T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 381). It is most reasonable to suppose the elder L. Cornelius Balbus to

have been Propraetor the year before becoming Consul suffectus. For the types see

P· 742·

St9 CN.DOMITIVS L.F. IMP

Mint-movbqr with Cn. Domltlua Ahenobarbua

41 B.C.

B. Domitia 2o-2t; Bf. i, tos; ii, 40; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 68; S. 117�1177; REDomitius 23. See above, p. too.

BMCRR East 9 3

1 Aurcus (Pl. un) Male head r.; before, AHENOBAR up wards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
Tetta style temple; above, N E rT; around v, CN·DOMITIVS·L·F ·IMr. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [
Deuariua (Pl. LXII)

BMCRR East 94

Male head r., bearded; before, AHEN 0 BAR upwards. Border of dots.

Prow r., on which stands trophy with two spears and shield; around v, CN · DOMITIYS·IMr. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [<30].

Reverse dies: [<33].

Although Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus strikes

as

a commander on the Republican

side, his types refer only to himself, portraying two now unidentifiable ancestors and alluding to his naval victory over Cn. Domitius Calvinus in 42 and to his building or reconstruction of a temple of Neptune (the latter according to F. Coarelli, Dialoghi 1968, 342-3, following F. Castagnoli, Arti figurative 1946, 181). The issue presumably belongs to the period between Philippi and Ahenobarbus' joining of M. Antonius, thus to 41.

po M.ANT.IMP.IIIVIR R.P.C

Mlnt-movbqr with M. Antoniua

40 B.C.

B. Antonia 35; Bf. i, 27; S. 1189; RE Antonius 30. See above, pp. toof. 1

Deuariua (Pl. LXII)

Head of M. Antonius Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [<30].

BMCRR East 114; East us; Vatican 759 r.; behind, lituus.

Caduceus between two comuacopiae on globe; above, M·ANT·IM or M·Af\r·l M or M·N"·1M; below, III·YIR· R·r·C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [<33].

The r is often closed, P, on this issue. For the types seep. 742·

531

ANT.IMP.IIIVIR R.P.C with MiDt-movlq with M. Antoolus CN.DOMIT.AHENOBARBVS IMP

40 B.C.

B. Antonia 55-56; Domitia u-23; Bf. i, 30; iii, 16; Bf., Goldmiinzmpriigung, 86; S. 117811798; RE Antonius 30; Domitius 23. See above, pp. 1oof., below, no. 113*. t

Aureus (PL LXIl)

Head of M. Antonius r.; behind, liruus; around n, ANT·IMr·III·YIR·R·r·C. Border of dots.

Prow

r.; above,

star;

DOMIT·AHENOBARBYS·IMr. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 3·

Obverse dies: 2.

2 Denarius

BMCRR

Similar.

East 112

Similar. Reverse dies: [ < 331·

Obverse dies: [ < 301.

On both aureus

BMCRR East 111 c, CN·

around

and denarius the number of

points of

the star varies.

The r is often closed, P, on this issue. For the types see p. 742· 522 M.ANTON.IMP.AVG.IIIVIR R.P.C with L.PLANCVS

Mint-moving

with M.Antonius

40B.C.

B. Antonia 57-59; Munatia 4-6; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigww, 84-85; S. 1190-1191; RE Antonius 30; Munatius 30. See above, pp. 100f., below, no. 304*. 1

Aureua

Formerly Paris, AF

0, M·ANTON·

fMr·AYG·l II·Yl R· R·r·C. Border of dots.

Thunderbolt, jug and caduceus; around r, L·rLAN CYS r RO ·COS. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: 1

Reverse dies: 1

Liruus and jug; around

(?).

·

(?).

2 Denarius

BMCRR East Reverse dies: [ < 331·

3 Aureus

Formerly Paris, AF Similar, but L·rLANCYS·IMr·ITER. Reverse dies: 1.

Similar. Obverse dies: 1. 4

Denarius (Pl.

116

Similar.

Similar. Obverse dies: [ < 301.

BMCRR East

LXIII)

118

Similar.

Similar. Obverse dies: [ < 301.

Reverse dies: [ < 331·

For the types see p. 742· 523 C.CAESAR IIIVIR R.P.C with Q.SALVIVS IMP.COS.DESIG B. Julia 92-93; Salvia 1-2; Bf. p. 101. ta

Mint-moving

i, 148; S. 1326-1326b; RE Julius

with Octavian

132; Salvidienus 4· See above,

Denarius (PL um)

Head of Odavian r., bearded; around

C·CAESAR·III·YIR·R·r·C.

Border

v,

of

Thunderbolt;

around

BMCRR Gaul 88 -u. Q·SALVIYS·

IM·COS·DESIG. Borderof dots.

dots.

528

40B.C.

tb Denarius

BMCRR

Gaul 86; Gaul 87

Similar.

Similar,

Obverse dies (both varieties): [ <301.

Reverse dies (both varieties): [ <331·

DESG

or

but Q·SALVIVS·IMr·COS· G DES.

On Q. Salvidienus Rufus see R. Syme, RR, 129 n.2 (for the form of his name) and T. P. Wiseman, New men, 167 (for his career). For the types see p. 742· 534 Q.LABIENVS PARTHICVS IMP

Mint-moving with Q. Lablenus

40 B.C.

B. Atia 2-3; Bf. ii, t8; Bf., Goldmunzenpragung,69; S. 1356-1357; C. A. Hersh, SNR 1980, 41;

RE Labienus 5· See above, p. 101.

t Aureus

BMCRR East 131

Head of Q. Labienus r.; around

U•

Q·LABIENVS·rARTHICVS·IMr. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 2 (used for denarii). 3

Denarius

(Pl. LXIII)

Similar. Obverse dies: 8.

Parthian horse r., with bridle and saddle, to which bow-case and quiver1 are attached. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 3· BMCRR East 132; Paris, A 4850

Similar. Reverse di es : 20.

Q. Labienus Parthicus strikes for the Republican forces found with him after his initial successes with Parthian hdp (for a convenient English narrative see R. K. Sherk, Documents, 159-6<>); his cognomen (for which see Dio xlviii, 26, 5) is mis understood by Strabo (xiv, 2, 26; also by W. W. Tarn, CAH FITA, szs

x,

47; M. Grant,

411) as qualifying imperator.

TI.SEMPRONIVS GRACCVS IIIIVIR Q.DESIG

Mint-Rome

?40 B.C. or later

B. Sempronia 1
t Aureus (Pl. um) Head of Octavian r., bearded; behind, DIV I upwards; before, IVLI·F downwards. Border of dots.

Fortuna standing 1., holding rudder in r. hand and comucopiae in I. hand; on r., TI·

SEMrRON·GRACCVS downwards; on 1., 1111· VIR ·Q D upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 101· ·

Obverse dies: [ < 101. z

Denarius

Similar.

Obverse dies: [ <301. 1

BMCRR Rome 4314

Vexillum, aquila, plough

and decempeda; above,TI·SEMrRON; below,GRACCVS; on r., IIII·VIR upwards; on 1., Q·DESIG upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331·

SoL. White, Medev i al technology, 139 n. 4; A. AlfOldi, Festschrift Schefold, 17 n. 141, arguing for a stirrup, clearly does not know what one looks like. Note the straps by which the saddle is attached to the horse.

BMCRR Rome 4316

3 Denarius

Similar; above, TI·SEMrRONIVS; below, GRACCVS; on l., Q·DESIG downwards; in field, S C.

Laureate head of Caesar r. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [<30].

Reverse dies: [<33).

BMCRR Rome 4319

48 Denarius Similar, but

on

Similar, but no S C.

either side, S C.

4b Denarius (Pl.

LXIII)

Copenhagen Similar, but Q·DESI.

Similar.

BMCRR Rome 4320

4c Denarius

Similar, but Q D E S Reverse dies (all varieties): [<33].

Similar.

·

Obverse dies (all varieties): [< 30].

.

The moneyer is a Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, not otherwise known, Quaestor

designatus during his year of office; for his issue struck S· C he omits the tide of

Illlvir (seep. 6o6).

The portraits of Octavian and Caesar show the issue to have been struck in the interest of Octavian; the reverse typesportray Fortuna Caesaris (see S. Weinstock,

Divus Iulius, 126) and convey an allusion to Octavian's setdement of veterans after the Perusine War. For the titulature of Octavian seep. 744 with n. 4·

526 Q.VOCONIVS VITVLVS Q.DESIGN

Mint-Rome

?40 B.C. or later

B. Voconia 1-4; Julia 121-124; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, too-tot; S. 113o-1133; RE Voconius 5· See above, p. 101. 1

Aureua

(Pl. LXlll)

BMCRR Rome 43o6

Head of Octavian r., bearded; before, D IVI

Calf l.; above, Q· VOCONIVS; in exergue,

downwards; behind, IVL I· F upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [
V ITVLVS. Border of dots.

2 Denarius

Reverse dies: [
(Pl. LXIII)

BMCRR Rome 4308

Laureate head of Caesar r.; behind, lituus; before, D IVI IV LI downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies : [<30].

Similar.

·

Reverse dies: [<33]. BMCRR Rome 4307

3 Aureus Head of Octavian r., bearded; before, lituus; behind, D I V I· F upwards. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [< to].

Calf l.; above, Q · V 0 C 0 N IVS; in exergue,

V lTV L VS ·Q; on either side, S C. Border of DESIG dots. Reverse dies: [
4 Denarius Laureate head of Caesar r. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [<30].

BMCRR Rome 4311 Similar, but DESIGN instead of DES I G. Reverse dies: [<33).

530

The moneyer is a Q. Voconius Vitulus, not otherwise known; hepresumably strikes first as moneyer, without tide, then S· Cas Quaestor designatus (seep. 6o6). The portraits of Octavian and Caesar show the issue to have been struck in the interest of Octavian (note the lituus alternately with the head of Caesar and the head of Octavian); for the titulature of Octavian see p. 744 with n. 4· The reverse type alludes to the moneyer's cognomen.

Mint-moving with M. Antonius

S�7 M.ANTONIVS

39 B.C.

IMP.IIIVIR R.P.C

B. Antonia 33; Bf. i, 26; ii, 9; iii, 15; M. Bahrfeldt,J/AN 1909-10, 94; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 88; S. 1196; RE Antonius 30. See above, p. 101, below, no. 114*. t Aureus (Pl. LXIII)

Castagneto hoard

Head of M. Antonius r.; around (), M·ANTONI V S ·IMr·III·VIR R ·r ·C. Border of dots. Obverse dies: t.

Head of Octavia

r. BOrder

=

Berlin (unique)

of dots.

·

Reverse dies: 1.

The head on the reverse is clearly that of Octavia (compare no. 533/3 and the cisto phori of M. Antonius, S. 1197-1198; see Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 88 for earlier bibliography); the issue should be regarded as commemorating the marriage of M. Antonius and Octavia and, with no. 528, as marking the reconciliation between M. Antonius and Octavian which took place at Brundisium late in 40 (seep. 743).

s�S M.ANTON.IMP.IIIVIR R.P.C.AVG

Mint-moving with M. Antonius

39B.C.

B. Antonia 37-38 and 40; Julia 72-74 and 76; Bf. i, 27, nos. 12 and 14; iii, 16; Bf., Goldmiin zenpriigung, 75; S. 1192-1194; RE Antonius 30. See above, p. 101. Leipzig University

ta Aureus

Head of M. Antonius r.; below, star; around O,M ·ANTON · IMr ·Ill· VIR· R ·r ·C. Border of dots.

Head of Octavian r., bearded; around 0, CAESAR·IMr·III·VIR·R·r·C. Border of dots.

BMCRR East 120

tb Aureus (Pl. LXJIJ)

Similar, but no star. Obverse dies (both varieties): [ <10].

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): [ <10].

BMCRR East 121

2a Deaarius

Similar to ta.

Similar.

Paris, AF

2b Denarius

Similar to 1b. Obverse dies (both varieties): [ <30].

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): [ <33].

531

3 Denarius (Pl. LXIII) Head

of

M.

Antonius

BMCRR East 123 r.;

around

(),

M·ANTON ·IMP·III·VIR· R·P·C·AVG. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30].

Head of Octavian r., sometimes bearded; around O, CAESAR·IMP·PONT·III· VIR· R · r ·C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 33].

occur in the reverse legend- POl\!" fo.r PONT (BMCRR East 126), VR for VIR (Berlin 58o/t876), R·C for R·P·C (BMCRR East 127), R!( (a case of a corrected die, Paris, A 4257), one variant in the obverse legend- VI· R for VIR (Paris,

A number of variants A4257).

The issue, with no. 527, should be regarded

as

marking the reconciliation between

M. Antonius and Octavian which took place

at

Brundisium late in 40 (see

P· 743). 529 C.CAESAR IMP, M.ANTONIVS IMP

Mint-moviDg with Octavian

39 B.C.

B. Antonia 14-18; Julia 59-62; Antonia .p; Julia 68; Bf. i, 28; Bf., GoldmUnzenpriigung, 29; S. 1327-1328; 1195; RE Antonius 30; Julius 132. See above, p. tot, below, no. z.p*. 1

Aureua (Pl. LXIII)

Head

BMCRR Gaul 90

Octavian r., bearded; behind, CAESAR upwards; before, IMr downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [15]. 28

of

Head

of

Antonius r.; behind, ANTONIVS upwards; before, IMP down wards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [15). M.

Denarius

BMCRR Gaul 93

Similar.

Caduceus; around

v,

ANTON IVS·IMP.

2b Denarius

Haeberlin

2C

Denarius (Pl. LXIII)

BMCRR Gaul 92

Similar.

Similar to za, but legend around

Obverse dies (all varieties):

[ <30].

of

A.

Reverse dies (all varieties): [ <33).

3 Denarius (Pl. LXIII) Head

3012

Similar, but ANTON ·IMP.

Similar.

BMCRR Gaul 94

Antonius r., behind, ANTON IVS upwards; before, IMP down wards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30]. M.

Caduceus; around

Reverse dies:

v,

CAESAR·IMr.

[ <331·

4a Quinarius

Copenhagen

Head of Concordia r., wearing diadem and veil; around v, III·VIR· R·P·C. Border of dots.

Two hands clasped round caduceus; around 0, M·ANTON·C·CAESAR·IMP. Border of dots.

4b Quinarlus (Pl. LXIII)

BMCRR East 128

Similar.

Similar, but no I MP.

Obverse dies (both varieties): [148].

Reverse dies (both varieties):

532

[172).

The issue should be

regarded as marking the reconciliation between Octavian and

M. Antonius which took place at Brundisium late in 40 (seep. 743); the unusual

titulature in part reflects the special nature of the issue (seep. 101), in part looks forward to the titulature of Octavian on no. 534·

530 ANTONIVS IMP with L.ATRATINVS AVGVR

Mint-uncertain ?39 B.C.

B. Antonia 65; Sempronia 14; M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1909, 84; W. 108; Bf. iii, 17; S. 12.54; RE Antonius 30; Sempronius 2.6. See above, p. 101. 1 At

(cf. Pl. LXIIt)

BM

Laureate bead of Janus; above, I; below,

L·ATRATINVS·AVGVR.

Prow r.; above, ANTONIVS; below, I Mr.

Specimens in Paris: 1.

L. Sempronius Atratinus becomes Cos. suff. 34; for the date and

occasion

of this

issue see p. 101; for his name seeR. Syme, RR, 269 with n.4.

531 M.ANT.IMP.IIIV.R.P.C with P.V E NTIDI.PONT.IMP

M1nt-Eut

39 B.C.

B. Antonia 63; Ventidia 1; Bf. i, 31; S. 1175; T.V.Buttrey, MwN 196<>, 95; RE Antonius 30; Ventidius s. See above, p. 101. 1a Denarius

BMCRR Gaul 73

(PL LXIII)

Head of M. Antonius r., bearded; behind, lituw; around v,M·N" ·IM·III·V· R · P·C. Border of dots.

Male figure standing facing, holding sceptre in r. band, cloak over l. arm and branch in 1. band; on r., r ·VEN"I D I downwards; on 1., PON" · I Mr downwards. Border of dots.

Berlin

1b Denarius

Similar, but IM instead of�. Obverse dies (both varieties): 2..

The figure on the

reverse

Similar. Reverse dies (both varieties): 2..

is perhaps Jupiter Victor (so H. A. Grueber, BMCRR

ii, 404n.; cf. T.V. Buttrey, MusN 196<>, ¢n.); the branch may as well be laurel

as olive (as traditionally described). On P.Ventidius

see

R. Syme, Latomus 1958,

73;]RS 1963, 141; for the types see p. 743·

532 DO M.COS.ITER. IMP S. 1358; RE Domitius 43

M1nt-Osca

39B.C.

(cf. 11 and Supp. iii, p. 394). See above, p. 101.

1 Denarius (Pl. LXIII) Head of Hercules r.; behind, OSCA down wards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 30].

BMCRR Spain 109 Simpu/um, aspergillum, axe and apex; below, DOM·COS·ITER·IMr. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 33].

533

The issue presumably follows the victory of Cn. Domitius Calvinus in Spain in 39

(see T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 388); although appointed by Octavian, Calvinus makes no reference to him on his coinage; the obverse type is borrowed from the Iberian coinage of Osca (Vives, pl. xliii, z); the reverse type records the tenure of Calvinus of the office of Pontifex (ILLRP 429; Valerius Maximus viii, 11, z; cf. Suetonius, Caes. 81).

Mint-moving with M. Antonius

S33 M.ANTONIVS M.F.M.N.

38 B.C.

AVGVR IMP.TERT.COS. DESIGN.ITER.ET TERT.IIIVIR R.P.C

B. 68-7o (cf. ii, pp. 592-593) and 8o; Bf. i, 31,32 and 34; ii, 12; iii,15; Bf.,Goldmilnzenpriigun.g, 89-91; S. 1199-1201; RE Antonius 30. See above, p. 101, below, no. 115*. •

Formerly Paris, AF (Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, pp. 87-89)

Aureus

M. Antonius standing r., wearing cuirass, holding spear in r. hand and sword in 1. hand and placing l. foot on prow; around 0,

M · ANTONIVS·M+M·N·AVGVR·IM · TEl. Border of dots. Obverse

dies: 1.

Lion standing 1., holding sword in r. paw; above, star; around :), Ill ·VIR · R · r·C. COS·DESG·ITER·ET·TERT. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

BMCRR East 141

2 Denarius (Pl. LXIII) M. Antonius standing r., togate and wearing veil, holding lituus in r. hand; around 0,

Radiate head of Sol r.; around .n, Ill·VIR·

R·r · C. COS · DESIG ·ITE R · ET · TERT.

M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N·AVGVR·IM · T 81. Border of dots.

Border of dots.

Obverse dies:

Reverse

[ <30).

dies: [ < 33).

The end of the obverse legend is sometimes very sketchily done. 38 Aureus (Pl. LXIII)

Head

of

M.

Antonius

BMCRR East 144 r.;

around

(),

M·ANTON IVS·M·F·M·N ·AVGVR·IMr· TE R. Border of dots. Obverse

dies: 4·

() , COS· DESIGN·ITER·ET·TER·III·VIR· R·r·C.

Head

of

Octavia

r.;

around

Border of dots. Reverse dies: 2.

3b Aureus

New York, Metropolitan Museum=Sotheby (Ziirich) 1o/11/1972, u

Similar, but M·ANTON IVS·M·r ·M·N·

AVGVR·IMr·TII RT.

Similar, but COS·DIISIG·ITIIR·IIT· Til RT·III·VIR· R·r·C.

Obverse dies: 1.

Reverse dies: 1.

For the types

see

p. 743·

534

534 IMP.DIVI IVLI F.TER. IIIVIR R.P.C or DIVI For

Mint-moving with Oc:tavian

38 B.C.

IMP.CAJ$SAR DIVI IVLI F with M.AGRIPPA COS.DESIG B. Julia 12!r-131; Vipsania 1-3; Bf. i, 151; Bf., Iulius 132; Vipsanius 2. See above, p. 101. 1

Au.reus (PL LXIII)

Denarius (Pl.

M·AG R !rrA·COS. Border of dots. DESIG Reverse dies : 1.

LXIll)

BMCRR Gaul 100

Wreathed head of Caesar and head of Octavian facing each other; on l., D IVOS·IVLIVS upwards; on r., D IVI· F downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

[ <301.

Similar.

Reverse dies: [ <331·

3 Denarius (Pl. LXIU)

BMCRR Gaul 103

Head of Octavian r., bearded; around (), IMr·CAESAR·DIVI·IVLI·F. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

S. 1329-1331; RE

BMCRR Gaul 102

Laureate head of Caesar r.; on forehead, star; around n, IMr·D IVI·IVLI·F·TER·III· VIR· R· r·C. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1. �

Goldmilnzenprtigung, 99;

[ <301.

Similar.

Reverse dies:

On M. Vipsanius Agrippa see T. P. Wiseman, New

P·743·

535 CAESAR DIVI.F

[ <331·

men,

167; for the types see

Mint-Italy

B. Julia 98-99; tot; Bf. i, 148; iii, 59; W. 103-104; S. 1335-1336; RE Iulius 132. See above, p. 102, below, no. 310*. 1

Bronze (Pl.

Head

uuu)

of

Octavian r., CAESAR downwards;

BMCRR Gaul 105 bearded; before, behind, DIVI·F

Wreathed head of Caesar r.; before, DIVOS downwards; behind, IVLIVS downwards.

downwards. Specimens in Paris: 14. �

Bronze (cf. Pl. LXIII)

BMCRR Gaul 108

Head of Octavian r., bearded; before, star; behind, DIVI F downwards. Specimens in Paris: 3

Laurel-wreath; within, DIVOS.

IVLIVS

·

For the date and occasion of this issue seep.

535

102;

for the types seep. 743·

536 M.ANT.AVGVR IIIVIR R.P.C.IMP.TER

Mlnt-movlns with M. ADtODiua

37 B.C.

B. Antonia 76-78; Bf. i, 34; S. 1202-u04; RE Antonius 30. See above, p. 102. 1

BMCRR East 148

Deoariua

Head of M. Antonius r.; around 0, M ·ANT· AVGVR·III·VIR· R·r·C. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [ <301.

Trophy with

curved

sword and figure--of

eight shield, with another sword hanging at base of trophy, two round shields and two spean; on either side of trophy, I Mr TE R. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331· from waist;

2 Deoariua

Vienna

Similar, but at base of trophy, prow and round shield. Reverse dies: [ <331·

Similar. Obverse dies: [ <301.

Ryan 1911 = Hersh

3 Deoariua Similar, but ANT ·AYGV ·III·YIR· R·r·C. Obverse dies: [ <301·

Similar. Reverse dies: [ <331·

The obverse legend sometimes reads N GV (BMCRR East 149) or AVG (Haeberlin 3052) instead of AVGV.

BMCRR East 147

4 Deoariua (Pl. LXIV) Similar, but ANT·AVGVR·III.YIR·R.r·C. Obverse dies: [ <301.

Similar to 1, but another figure-of-eight shield instead of curved sword and no sword hanging from waist. Reverse dies: [ < 331·

For the types seep. 743·

537 IMP.CAESAR DIVI F. Mlnt-movin.g with OctaviaD IIIVIR R.P.C.COS.ITER.ET TER.DESIG B. 1

Julia 135-136; Bf. i, 152; S. 1332-1333;

RE

Deoariua (Pl. LXIV)

Around, IMr·CAESAR·DIYI·F·III·YIR·

R ·r ·C. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <301.

lulius 132. See above, p. 102.

BMCRR Gaul 113 Simpulum, aspergillum, jug and lituus. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <331· BMCRR

2 De:aariua (Pl. LXIV) Laurel-wreath; within, IMr·CAESAR. Bor

Tripod

der of dots. Obverse dies: [ <301.

Reverse dies: [ <331·

DIVI·F

For the types seep. 743·

37 B.C.

with

Gaul us

cauldron; around 0, COS·

ITER·ET ·TER·DESI[G]. Border of dots.

538 IMP. C AESAR DIVI F. IIIVIR ITER.R.P.C.COS.ITER.ET TERT.DESIG

Mint-moving withOc:tavian

37 B.C.

B. Julia 140 and 137; Bf. i, 153; S. 1333a-1334; RE lulius 132. See above, p. 102.

BMCRR Gaul 116

1 Denarius (Pl. LXIV) Head of Octavian r., bearded; around n,

IMP · CAESAR · DIVI·F ·III ·VIR· ITER· R r·C. Border of dots. •

Obverse dies: [39].

Simpulum, aspergillum, jug and lituus; above, COS·ITER·ET·TER·DESIG. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [43].

2 Denarius (Pl. LXIV)

Paris, AF

Tripod with cauldron; around

n, IMr·

CAESAR·DIVI.f.III·VIR·ITER; ron inscribed R· r ·C. Border of dots.

cauld

Laurel-wreath; within, COS·ITER·ET. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [<33].

Obvene dies: [<30].

TERT·DESIG

There are a disproportionate number of plated copies of this issue, as Paris, A 11179.

For the types see p. 743·

Mint-moving with M. Antonius 539 ANTONIVS AVGVR COS.DES.ITER.ET TERT.IMP.TERTIO IIIVIR R.P.C

36 B.C.

B. Antonia 94; Bf. i, 39; iii, 18; S. 1205; RE Antonius 30. See above, p. 102.

BMCRR East 172

1 Denarius (Pl. LXIV) Head

of

M.

Antonius

r.;

around

:::>,

ANTON IVS·AVGVR·COS·DES·ITER· ET TERT. Border of dots. ·

Obverse dies: [<30].

Armenian tiara; behind, bow and

arrow

in

saltire; around ::), IMf'·TERT IO·III·VIR· R f'·C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [< 33]. ·

For the types see p. 743·

540 IMP.C AESAR DIVI F Mint-moving withOctavian IIIVIR ITER.R.P.C .COS.ITER. ET TER.DESIG

36B.C

·B . Julia 138-139; Bf. iii, 6o; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 103; S. 1337-1338; RE lulius 132. See above, p. 102. 1

BMCRR Africa 32

Aureus (Pl. LXIV)

Head of Octavian

r.,

bearded; around n,

IMf'·CAESAR·DIVI· F · Ill· VIR·ITER· R· r·C. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [< 10].

Tetrastyle temple; within, figure wearing veil and holding lituus in r. hand; on architrave, DIV0 IVL; within pediment, star; on 1., lighted altar; around'"', COS·ITER·ET· TER·DES IG. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [
537

·

BMCRR Africa 33

�Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies: [ <30).

Similar. Reverse dies: [ <33).

The legend on one reverse die ends 0 ESIG (Copenhagen).

For the types seep. 743·

541 M.ANTONI.M.F.M.N.AVG.

Mint-moving with M. Antonius IMP.TERT.COS.ITER. DESIGN.TERT.IIIVIR R.P.C

34B.C.

B. Antonia 91-92.; Bf. i, 38; ii, 12.; iii, 15; Bf., Go/dmiblzenpriigung, 92-93; S. 12.o6-12.07; RE Antonius 30. See above, p. 102., below, no. 116*. t

Aureus

BMCRR East 173

(Pl. LXIV)

0, M ·ANTON I ·M F · M · N ·AVG · IMr · TER T. Border of dots.

Head of M. Antonius junior r.; around 0,

Obverse dies: 1.

Reverse dies : 1.

Head

of M.

Antonius

r.; around

·

COS ·ITER ·.!lESIGN · TERT ·II I · VIR· R r· C . Border of dots. ·

BMCRR East 174

� Aureus (Pl. LXIV)

Similar, but ANTON·AVG·IMr·lll·

Similar, but M·ANTON IVS·M+F.

Obverse dies: 3·

Reverse

COS·DES·III ·III·V · R·r·C.

The titulature of M. Antonius on

2

dies:

S·

is merdy a simplified version of that on 1,

adopted to make room for the name of M. Antonius junior. For the types seep. 743·

S� ANTON.AVG.IMP.III.

Mlnt-movJ.aa with M. Antonius

COS.DES.III.IIIV.R.P.C

33 B.C.

in part with M . S ILANVS AVG.Q.PROCOS

B. Antonia 96-97; Junia 172.; S. 12.08-12.09; RE Antonius 30; Junius 172. See above, p. 102.. t Denarius (Pl.

BMCRR East 175

LXIV)

Head

of M. Antonius r.; around 0, ANTON·AVG·IMr·III·COS·DES·III· Ill· V· R· r· C. Border of dots.

M·SILANVS·AVG. Border of dots. Q-rRO·COS

Obverse dies: [ <30).

Reverse dies: [ <33).

� Denarius

BMCRR East 177

(Pl. LXIV)

Similar.

ANTONIVS. Border of dots. AVG·IMr·lll

Obverse dies: [ <30].

Reverse dies: [ <33].

The letter A may appear throughout this issue as 1\.

For M. Silanus

as

Proquaestor see SIG 767 (cf. IG xii, 9, 916).

For the artist's signature on both types of this issue seep. 579; for the types see

P· 743·

543 ANTONI

Mint-moving with M. Antonius

B. Antonia 95; Bf. i, 40; ii, 14; S. 121cr121ob; RE Antonius 30. See above, p. 102. 1 Denarius (Pl. LXIV)

BMCRR East 179

Head of M. Antonius r.; behind, Armenian tiara; around (), ANTONI·ARMENIA· DE VICT A. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ <30].

Bust of Cleopatra r., draped and wearing diadem; before, prow; around O,

CLEOrATRAE· R EGINAE · REGVM· F ILl 0R VM· REG VM. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ <33].

On the obverse ARMENTA appears instead of ARMENIA (BMCRR East 182), on i ) or CLEorAT (Paris, AF) the reverse CLEorATRA (Berlin), CLEorATR (Berln instead of CLEOrATRAE.

For the types seep. 743·

544 ANT.AVG.IIIVIR R.P.C

Mint-moving with M. Antonius

32-31 B.C.

B. Antonia 101-130 and 132-138; Bf. i, 40; ii, 14; iii, 18; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigung, 94-98; S. 1212-1246; RE Antonius 30. See above, p. 102, below, no. 117*. 1

BMCRR East 183

Aureus

Ship r., with sceptre tied with fillet on prow; above, ANT·AVG; below, III·V IR· R·r·C. Border of dots.

Aquila between two standards; around (), CHORTIVM·rRAETORIARVM. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 2

or

3·

BMCRR East 187

2 Aureus

Similar, but below, LEG IV. Reverse dies: 1.

Similar.

3 Aureus

BMCRR East 188 Similar, but LEG VI. Reverse dies: 1.

Similar.

4 Aureus

Oxford

Similar.

Similar, but LEG XII. Reverse dies: 1.

5 Aureus

Hersh Similar, but LEG XIII.

Similar.

Reverse dies: 1. 6 Aureus

Berlin

Similar.

Similar, but LEG XIV. Reverse dies: 1.

7 Aureus Similar. Obverse dies (1-7): 5 or 6

Formerly Paris, AF Similar, but LEG XIX. or

1·

Reverse dies: 1.

BMCRR East 184

8 Denarius Similar.

Similar to 1.

539

BMCRR East 2U

9 Dauarius

Similar.

Similar, but LEG·XII·ANTIQVAE. BMCRR East 223

to Denarius

Similar.

Similar, but LEG·XV II·CLASSI CAE.

t t Dauarius

BMCRR East us Similar, but LEG·XVIII·L YBICAE.

Similar. u

Denarius

(Pl. LXIV)

BMCRR East 185

Similar.

Three standards, each decorated with two wreaths and prow; around n, C H 0RTIS· SrECVLATORVM. Border of dots.

13

BMCRR East 189 to 2, but LEG r R I. Similar

Dauariua

Similar. 14

BMCRR East 190

Deaarius

Similar.

Similar, but LEG II. BMCRR East 193

tS Dauarius

Similar.

Similar, but LEG Ill. BMCRR East 194

t6 Dauuiua

Similar. 17

Similar, but LEG IIII. BMCRR East 195

Deaariua

Similar.

Similar, but LEG IV. BMCRR East 196

t8 Dauarius

Similar.

Similar, but LEG V. BMCRR East

19 Deuarlus

Similar. 20

197

Similar, but LEG VI. BMCRR East 198

Dauarius

Similar.

Similar, but LEG VII.

21

BMCRR East 199; BM Similar, but LEG V Ill or LEGIIX..

Dauarius

Similar.

The leaend on one obverse die is A 111 T· A VG · Ill· VIR· R · r· C (Hersh 44). BMCRR East 200

n Deaarlus

Similar.

Similar, but LEG VIIII.

23 Denarius Similar.

Similar, but LEG IX.

24 Deuarlua Similar.

Similar, but LEG X.

BMCRR East 201

BMCRR East

202

:as

Deaari us

Similar. :a6

BMCRR East 205 Similar, but LEG X Ill.

Denarius

Similar. :19

BMCRR East 204 Similar, but LEG XII.

Deaarlus

Similar. :aS

Similar, but LEG XI.

Denarius

Similar. :17

BMCRR East 203

BMCRR East 207 Similar, but LEG XIIII.

Denarius

Similar.

BMCRR East 2o8 Similar, but LEG XIV.

30 Denarius Similar. 31

Denarius

Similar. 3:1

BMCRR East 210 Similar, but LEG XV. BMCRR East 211 S'unilar, but LEG XVI.

Deaarlus

Similar.

BMCRR East 212 Similar, but LEG XVII.

33 Denarius Similar. 3.f

BMCRR East 213 Similar, but LEG XVIll.

Deaarius

Similar.

Gal.lignano hoard Similar, but LEG XVII II.

3S Denarius Similar. 36

BMCRR East 214 Similar, but LEG XIX.

Denarius

Similar.

BMCRR East 215 Similar, but LEG XX. BMCRR East 216

37 Deaarlus

Similar.

Similar, but LEG XXI.

38 Deaarl us Similar. 39

BMCRR East 217 Similar, but LEG XXII.

Deaarius

Similar.

Obverse dies (all varieties): [864].

BMCRR East 219 Similar, but LEG XX Ill. Reverse dies (all varieties): [96o).

For the retention of the office of IIIvir r. p. c. by M. Antonius see Dio 1, 7, 1; for the numbering ofhis legions seeP. A. Brunt, Manpower, 504-6 and p. 117; for the

types see p. 743· 541

545

M.ANTONIVS AVG.IMP. IIII.COS.TERT.IIIVIR R.P.C in part with D.TVR

Mint-moving with M. Antonius

31 B.C.

B. Antonia 146-147; Turullia 5; Bf. ii, 15; iii, 19; S. 1211-1211a; RE Antonius 30; Turullius 1. See above, p. 102. t

BMCRR East 227

Denarius (Pl. LXIV)

Head

M.

of

Antonius

r.;

around

0,

M· ANTON IVS· AVG ·IMP· IIII· COS · TE RT·Ill V I R · R P ·C. Border of dots. ·

•

Obverse dies: [ < 30]. 2

Victory standing I., holding wreath tied with fillet in r. hand and palm-branch over I. shoulder with 1. hand; on r.,

D· V. Laurel

wreath as border. Reverse dies: [ < 33]. BMCRR East 228

Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies: [ < 30].

Similar, but no legend. Reverse dies: [ < 33).

For the types see p. 743·

546

SCARPVS IMP for Mint-Cyrenaica M.ANTONIO COS.III.IMP.IIII.AVG and IMP.CAESARI DIVI F. AVGVR.PONTIF

31 B.C.

B. Pinaria 9-14; Antonia 98-100; Julia 141-144; Bf. ii, 14; iii, 18 and 83; Bf., Goldmrmzen priigung, 111; S. 1279-1284; RE Pinarius 27; Antonius 30; Julius 132. See above, p. 102. t

BMCRR Cyrenaica 1

Denarius (Pl. LXIV)

Head of Jupiter Ammon r.; around 0, M·ANTO·COS· m · IMP· rm. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1 (used for 2).

Aquila

between

two

standards;

above,

SCA RPVS; on r., IMP downwards; below, LEG V Ill. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

2a Denarius (Pl. LXIV)

BMCRR Cyrenaica 2 standing r., holding wreath tied with fillet in r. hand and palm-branch over I. shoulder with 1. hand; before, ANT0 N I0;

Similar.

Victory

AVG behind,

P Border of dots. SCARPVS·IM.

2b Denarius Similar. 2c

ANS Similar, but legend ends SCARPVS·IM.

Denarius

Paris, A 13791

lr Similar.

Similar, but legend ends SCARPVS·M.

2d Denarius

Quadras y Ramon 711

P Similar. Obverse dies

(all varieties): 13.

Similar, but legend ends SCARPV·1M. Reverse dies (all varieties): 28.

3a Denarius Similar, but around

COS· m ·IMr·rm.

BMCRR Cyrenaica 3

0, M·ANTON 10·

Similar to 2a.

3b Denarius

Corpus Christi College, Cambridge

Si mil ar.

Similar to 2c.

3c Denarius

Rome, Capitol 2388

Simila r. Obverse dies (all varieties): 1.

Similar to 2d. Reverse dies (all varieties): 6 (one used for 2).

4 Denarius (Pl. LXIV)

BMCRR Cyrenaica 4

Head of Jupiter Ammon r.; behind, AV GVR upwards; before, roNT IF upwards. Border of dots.

Victory on globe r., holding wreath tied with fillet in r. hand and palm-branch over l. shoulder with l. hand; on either side,

IMr DIVI

CAESA. F

Border of dots. Reverse dies: 11.

Obverse dies: 4· s Aureus

Formerly Narbonne (unique)

Open r. hand; above, IMr·CAESARI; below, SCARrVS·IMr. Border of dots.

Similar, but on r., DIVI·F downwards; o n l., AVG·rON I downwards.

6 Denarius (Pl. LXIV)

Oxford; BMCRR described)

Similar (sometimes SCARrVS.IM).

Similar. Reverse dies: 10.

Obverse dies: 7·

Cyrenaica

7 Denarius

(wrongly

BMCRR Cyrenaica 6

Similar, but above, SCARrVS; below, I Mr. Obverse dies: 1.

5

Similar, but on r., CAESAR I downwards; on 1., DIVI· F downwards. Reverse dies : 4·

8 Quinarius (Pl. LXIV)

BMCRR Cyrenaica 7-8

Similar.

Similar to 2, but on r., CAESARI down

Obverse dies: 1 (re-cut).

wards. Reverse dies: 5·

DIVI·F

For the types see p. 743· 541 (C]N.PISO FRVGI

Mint-uncertain

43-31 B.C.

Bf. ii, 27> iii, 33; M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1909, 77; S. 1359; T.V. Buttrey, Studia Oliveriana 1963, 7; RE Calpumius 95· See above, p. 102. 1

Dupondius

Laureate head of Janus; above, II.

Pesaro (unique) Two

ships

r.;

above,

[CJN ·rtSO·FRVG I.

ROMA;

below,

The coin, which I have seen, is as described (paceR. Syme,JRS 196o, 13); I believe it to belong to the Triumviral period and to have been struck by the Cn. Calpurnius Piso later Cos. suff. 23 (seep. 102); more cannot be said.

543

MiDt-Greec:e

WI T.QVINCTI

t96 B.C.

B. Quinctia 1; Bf., i, zz8; ill, 88; Bf., Goldmiinzenpriigulv, 9; R. A. G. Canon, BMQ 1955, tt; RE Quinctius 45·

Gold atater (Pl. LXIV) Bearded head ofT. Quinctius Flamininus r. ta

No border.

tb

BM (R. A. G. Canon, op. cit.; NC 1959, 4) Victory standing 1., holding wreath in out stretched r. hand and palm-branch in l hand; on I., T·QVINCTI downwards. No border.

Gold atater

Paris, Similar, but

Similar.

Obverse dies:

AF

T · QV IN CT I upwards.

Reverse dies: 3·

5·

The issue appears to have been struck in Greece, since three of the five known specimens, listed by Carson, come from there (the BM specimen, the specimen in private hands and presumably the Athens specimen; I do not believe in the reported Sicilian provenance of the Berlin specimen) and since the reverse type is that of the gold staters of Alexander, still in circulation in Greece in the second century;

if the T. Quinctius of the reverse is the conqueror of Philip V (and there is no other serious candidate), the obverse type will be his portrait. The arguments of W. Kubitschek, Studien, although ingenious, do not seem to me to shake any of this; they do no more than tell us what we know anyway, that the issue is exceptional (there is no contemporary Macedonian gold, the legend does not include an ethnic, the portrait of a living Roman is otherwise unknown before Caesar, cf. commentary on no. 296). Given the extravagant honours paid to Flamininus by the Greeks (H. Gundd, RE xxiv, 1075�; G. Daux, BCH 1964, 569; J. Bousquet, BCH 1964, 6o7(withlistofinscriptions previously discovered); IGxii, 9,233; G. Daux,BCH 1965, 302; E. Mastrokostas, REA 1964, 309; G. Klaffenbach, Chiron 1971, 167),it seems to me most likdy that the issue was struck in honour of Flamininus, not by Flamininus; A. A. Boyce, Hommages Grenier i, 342, advances no arguments for the opposing view. I am not convinced by any of the attempts to identify portrait busts of Flamininus on the basis of the portrait on this issue G. Six, MDAI(R) 1894, 112; 0. Vessberg, Kunstgeschichte, "125 (see, contra, H. Mobius,

Ephem.

Arch. 1953-54, 3, 207); F.

Chamoux, BCH 1965, 214; J. Babelon, RBN 1970, 59).

Mhlt-?Antloch

549 CN.LENTVL

?59 B.C.

B. Cornelia 57; Bf. i, 96; ii, 39; ill, .p; Bf., Goldmilnzenpriigulv, 27; S. 753; RE Cornelius 2.28 (?).

BMCRR Spain 61

t Gold atater (Pl. LXIV) Laureate head of Jupiter

border.

Obverse dies:

1.

r.

Bead and reel

Eagle on thunderbolt 1., looking r. and with wings outstretched; below, CN ·LEI'TVL. Bead and reel border. Reverse dies:

544

1.

The weight standard of this issue (the average weight of the two specimens known is 7.84 gr.) is close to that of the gold struck by Octavian from the series with IMP. CAESAR and CAESAR DIVI F. onwards, but it

can

hardly be of the same

period - a non-Triumviral gold issue so late as this would take a lot of explaining. Otherwise the issue has no point of contact, in style, fabric or weight standard, with any other Roman gold issue, a fact which excludes all attributions so far suggested. My tentative attribution is based on the following considerations:

(1) The form of the titulature most closely resembles that on no. 548, which perhaps suggests an issue struck in similar circumstances.

(2) The weight standard is about half that of the Roman tetradrachms struck at Antioch from 53 onwards (A. R. Bellinger, Dura, 120, with earlier bibliography). (3) The bead and reel border is throughout a distinctive feature of coins struck at Antioch.

(4) I find it hard to believe that the Cn. Lentulus of an issue as striking as this is otherwise unknown; the only available person is Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcel linus, governor of Syria in 59-58; the issue will have been struck in his honour and

will fall between the fine tetradrachms of Tigranes, ending in 69, and the inferior Roman tetradrachms, beginning in 53· For the types see on no. 296.

sso

Q.OPPIVS PR

Mint-?Laodlc:eia-ad-Lycum

?88 B.C.

B. Oppia 1-2; M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1909, So; W. 97-102; Bf. iii, 78; S. 1277-1278; RE Oppius 21 and(?) 20. t

Bronze (cf.

Head of Venus

PI. LXIV) r.,

Rome, Musco Nazionalc (Gnecchi)

wearing diadem.

Victory facing, holding wreath in r. hand and palm-branch in I. hand; on I., Q·OrriVS downwards; on r., rR downwards. Reverse dies: 1.

Obverse dies: 1.

A. Alf'oldi,

2a Bronze

Head of Venus star in crescent.

r.,

wearing diadem; before,

Mllanges Carcopino,

2b Bronze

Bonazzi 945

Similar, but before, crescent.

Similar.

BMCRR Rome

zc: Bronze

Similar. zd Bronze (Pl.

27 0.3

Victory walking I., holding palm-branch in r. hand and bowl of fruit in I. hand; on I., Q·OrriVS·rR downwards.

4132

Similar, but below, thunderbolt.

LXIV)

Similar, but behind, capricorn.

BMCRR Rome Similar.

545

4133; Bonazzi 944

ae

Cambridge

Bronze Similar, but below, vine-leaf.

Similar. 2f Bronze Similar, but before, crescent; behind, capricorn.

Berlin Similar, but below, thunderbolt.

3a Bronze Head of Venus I., wearing diadem; before, star.

Copenhagen Similar, but no symbol.

Paris, AF

3b Bronze Similar, but before, star; behind, ram's head.

Similar. ANS (same obverse die

3c Bronze Similar.

as

3b)

Similar, but below, vine-leaf.

Specimens in Paris (:za-3c): 9· M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1909, So, lists specimens of obverse is visible. The r is often closed, P, on this issue.

I place

z

on which no symbol or no symbol on the

this issue here because I am quite uncertain when and where it was struck

or whether it is strictly a Roman issue at all; it is erroneous to argue with A. Alfoldi,

Melanges Carcopino, 26 and 3o-3, that titulature and metal content link this issue with that of C. Clovius, no. 476 (for the metal content of the two issues see Table XLVII, 39-41 and 46-7; the abbreviation PR for Praefectus would be rather mis leading) and equally erroneous to argue with M. Grant, PITA, 62, that the capricorn is so dominant a symbol that the issue must be attributed to a follower of Octavian. I opt tentatively for an attribution to Cilicia (a modified version of the attribution

to Pontus proposed by L. Laffranchi, Historia 1935, 39) and the only known Q. Oppius of the Republic, who governed Cilicia in 88; of the two known provenances for this issue, one is Cilician (Waddington Collection, RN 1898, 629; the other provenance is Roman and hardly significant); the head on the obverse is also the same as that on the obverse of the first-century coinage of Laodiceia-ad-Lycum, where Q. Oppius was eventually based; the bowl of fruit which forms part of the reverse type perhaps recalls the double comucopiae which forms the reverse type of the coinage of Laodiceia (BMC Phrygia, Laodiceia, nos. 31-43).

APPENDIX I list first a number of men who have for a variety of reasons been wrongly thought to be moneyers: 1. The quadrantes of C. Campanius (S. 518) are quadrantes of C. Curiatius f. Trigeminus with blundered legend (no. 240/4c); there is thus no prop for the discussion of R. Syme, Historia 1964, 114. 2. The quadrans of P. Mat(ienus) (B. Borghesi, CEuvres i, 245

=

B. Matiena 9

=

Rome,

Capitol 2175) is, I think, an unofficial copy of a quadrans of P. Maenius M.f. Antiaticus (no. 249/3); compare a group of quadrantes in Paris with legend r M I vel sim.: A 12127, 2.55 gr.; A 12682, 5.20 gr.; A 12683, 3.20 gr.; A 13003, 2.86 gr.; A 13004, 2.64 gr.; A 13005, 2.6o gr.; ·

A 13oo6, 2.28 gr. 3· A hybrid of A. Licinius Nerva and Albinus Bruti f. is used by Drumann, iv, 197 n. 85 to prove the existence of a Nerva as Quaestor of D. Brutus (he is followed by Babelon, ii, 136); the coin is an ancient forgery. 4· The as with SA- cited by Bf. i, 257 is now BMGRR Rome 6o9 and is an as with BA-. Another as apparently with S!v in Oxford is in fact an as with N overstruck on an uncertain semis (Table xvm, 102). 5. For the supposed semis of Q. Plaetorius see Bf. i, 202. 6. For the supposed triens of Q. Molo see Bf. i, 222. 1· For the supposed triens with

t see Bf. i, 247.

8. The supposed quadrans of P. Varro, B. Terentia 7, Bf. i, 246 (which I cannot find in Paris), is surely a quadrans with M ·'A-. (no. 257/4), with most of the M off the fian. 9· For the antiquarian Varro s.s Illvir capitalis, not IIIvir monetalis, see C. Cichorius, RS, 200. 10. Coins of L. Titurius L.f. Sabinus have been read in error as coins of a L. Turillius (see Bf. i, 256-7) or a L. Turius (see commentary on no. 344/5b-7); neither exists. 11. The Vettienus of Cicero, ad Att. x,11, 5,although described as a momtalis, is not a moneyer; see commentary of D. R. Shackleton Bailey ad loc. 12. The coin of an otherwise unknown Vibius and Norbanus discussed by Th. Mommsen, RMw, 649 has disappeared, but is surely a modern forgery. I list next a number of coins which are not Roman, but which have at one time or another crept into the corpus of Roman Republican coins: 13. Cast as with Lion's head/Horse's head, Haeberlin, Aes grave, 151, non-Roman, pace R . Thomsen, ERG i , 64. 14. Cast semis with Bull's head/Prow, Haeberlin,Aesgrave,157,non-Roman,pace R. Thomsen,

ERG i, 64. 15. Sescuncia of Venusia pl. lxvii, 14. 16. Ailly , pl. lxv, 8

=

17. Ailly, pl. lxv, 17

(BMG Italy, Venusia, no. 28), wrongly treated as Roman by Ailly ,

Babelon i, p. 31, no. 46 is a coin of Uxentum.

=

Babelon i, p. 31, no. 47 is a Romano-Sicilian coin.

18. B. Fabia 3 (Paris, A 9412, 1.03 gr.) is a Romano-Sicilian coin. 19. For B. Atilia 7 see Bf. i, 47·

547

Appendix 20. For B. Aufidia 4 see M. Grant, FITA, 52. 21. A number of semisses of Caneia have been thought to be Roman, B. Curiatia 10 (Paris, A 9023b11, 5.20 gr.), for which see Bf. iii, 44; a semis of a L. Marcius, for which see Bf. ii, 61; B. Papiria S (Paris, AF, 5.76 gr.), for which see Bf. iii, So; B. Sepullia 13. Modem forgeries There are twelve forgeries of Republican pieces by Becker, two of them invented (see G. F. Hill, Becker the counterfeiter, nos. 135-46). L. Brunetti, Opus monetale Cg i o i, lists So pieces of the Republican period which he ascribes to Cigoi (nos. 1, 3-50, 52-71 and 73-S3). Of these,nos. 7,11-13,41 and 43 (provincial bronze) and 24, 2S, 35, 49 and 7S (Imperial restorations) do not concern us here. No. 10 appears to be on Brunetti's own admission a genuine coin altered in modem times and not a coin struck from modem dies; the same is true of nos. 23, 26-7, 31 and 42· Nos. 47 and so are perfectly orthodox,perhaps slightly tooled (on no. 47 the left-band part of the head of Janus, together with both beards,bas been removed by wear and corrosion). Nos. 25,32, 46 and 59 are invented pieces (no. 25 is a COCLES denarius,on which see below). The remaining pieces, as far as one can tell from Brunetti's inadequate plates, appear to be more or less close copies, albeit "of inferior execution, of Republican coins. They may or may not have been made by Cigoi. For Cigoi see also F. Trau, NZ 1S71, 105; BMCRR ii, 57Sn. (not cited by Brunetti). For the forgeries of M. Piccione see nos. 42*, 96*, 102*, 105*, 114* and 116* below. For three other groups of forgeries see P. Bonazzi, RIN 1920, 71; G. Cornaggia, RIN 1924, 36; F. Aubert, SM 1971, 90· For the COCLES denarii see E. J. Haeberlin in Bf. i, uS; also ii, 46. Forgeries of aes grave are illustrated by Haeberlin on pis. 98-103; I list here some of the most important and some that have appeared since his time (see Addenda). 22. The cast bar with the types Jug/Prow (Miscellanea Salinas,113) is false, see E. J. Haeberlin, Z/N 190S, 145. 23. The cast bar with the types Amphora/Spearhead in Copenhagen (R. Thomsen, ERG i, 55) is, I think, false; style and technique dissociate it sharply from genuine bars. 24. The decussis and quadrussis discussed by Th. Mommsen, RMw, 347 are palpable forgeries. 25. There is something wrong with the first 'Janus'/Mercury as (no. 14/1) listed by Haeberlin, 93· 26. The Prow as in Pesaro weighing a full pound is false,see E. J. Haeberlin, Z/N 190S, 159. 27. Semilibral asses with Prow r. are forgeries, see Haeberlin, 36 n.1. 2S. For a modem cast of a post-semilibral Prow decussis (no. 41/1) see E. J. Haeberlin, Z/N 190S, 15S. 29. Not used. 30. The cast semis, Laureate head of Saturn I.; behind, S/Prow r.; above, S; before,

1.-,

published by G. Riccio, Repertorio, p. 30, second coin, weight about 134 gr., is presumably a libra! Prow semis, altered in modem times. I now list forgeries of struck coins of the Republic, in chronological order of the issues to which they are intended to belong. 31. Turin, F 150 (2.73 gr.)- as no. 26/2, but legend below - false.

XXX- of the four specimens known (see Bf., Goldmimzenpriigung, 3), the only plausible one is the Vatican piece; I am now con vinced that it is false. The whole thing is too neat, especially the style of the obverse, yet the details of the reverse are wrong; the pig is mis-shapen and the figure on the right has a super fluous scabbard. The coin was rejected by Ailly, Recherches i, 194,whose authority must weigh 32. Oath-taking scene gold piece with mark of value

Modern forgeries very heavily; and it is hard not to feel that Haeberlin defended the issue at least in part because he owned a specimen. Certainly his argument that the style is copied from that of a quadrigatus and not from that of another gold piece is irrelevant (ZfN 1908, 252-8; followed by R. Thomsen, ERG ii, 261-3); for further arguments against authenticity see H. Willers,Corolla Numismatica, 323-4; for examples of the convolutions necessary to fit the piece into the Roman monetary system see Th. Mommsen, RMw, 214-15; M. H. Crawford,JRS 1964,31 (see Addenda). 33· Schwing 121 (now in BM)-denarius with incuse mark of value- altered in modern times. 34· A. pl. lv, 2 (Paris, A 881, 39.07 gr.)- anonymous as with L I X above- altered by addi tion of L and X; note also pl. lxvi, 2 (Paris,A 1074, 24.22 gr.). 35· Hannover 970 (7.97 gr.)- anonymous triens with in modern times.

ooooo

on obverse and reverse- altered

36. Copenhagen (5.07 gr.) -as no. 69/6a, but K A instead of

�- altered in modem times.

37· A. pl. lxviii, 16 (Paris, A 1536, 8.40 gr.)- triens with anchor and altered in modem times.

Q- triens with anchor,

38. I do not believe in the genuineness of the gold victoriatus published by E. Gabrici,Boll. Circ. Num. Nap. 1937, 32, with the types of no. 94/t. 39· A. pl.

cv,

8 (Paris, A 3211, 28.77 gr.)- as with

1.-- altered anonymous as.

40. BMCRR Rome 490- as with dog r. with r. foreleg raised- altered piece of different and much later issue. A. pl. lxxv, 2 (Recupero)-as with dog 1.- doubtless false. A. pl. lxxv, 7 (Paris, A t8oo, 9.06 gr.)-quadrans with dog 'en course'- altered in cleaning. 4 1. A. pl. lxxxxv, 6 (Paris, A 2835, 48.13 gr.)- as with' deux trapezes'- altered piece perhaps originally with club. 42. Hannover 1114 (3.59 gr.)- denarius with M, as no. 133/2b- Piccione forgery (marked in trays). 43· A. pl. lxxvi, 3 (Borghesi ?= Sibilio, 3·75 gr., not now traceable)- denarius with owl, cf. no. 135/1 -altered from denarius with caduceus or knife (no. 108/1 or no. 109/1). Turin, F 535- uncia with owl-altered in modern times. 44· As with AA- all examples false (a) NZ 1883, pl. 4, 18 (Hannover, 28.85 gr.)-altered from as with staff (no. to6/4); (b) B. Autronia 2 (Riccio); (c) Borghesi 1881, 174 Borghesi =

1893, 175 (cf. Bf. ii, 22) ?= Sydenham 459 45· There are two sextantes in Paris altered in modan times.

as

=

Martini 350.

no. 147/4, but with

C N · DOM instead of C N ·DO,

46. Prowe 1444-sextans of M. Titinius, cf. no. 150/5 -altered from semilibral semuncia. 47· For false bronze of L. Furius and S. Furius see Bf. i, 123; ii, 51. 48. S. 405 (Haeberlin 353-4, etc.)- denarius with �- struck from modem dies. 49· A. pl. cvi, 18 (Paris, A 3445, 17.73 gr.)times.

as

with MA, cf. no. 172/2- altered in modem

so. The triens of C. Saxula (cf. no. 173/3) described by Bf. i, 86 is perhaps altered. 51. For a false uncia of A. Caecilius (cf. no. 174) see Bf. i, 56; ii, 17. · 52. The as with 1.-· � (Bf. i, 10; ii, 4; C. Serafini,BCAR 1898, 7) is a piece crudely altered in modem times; not only is the style of the coin quite different from that of the issue to which it is supposed to belong (no. 176), but it is even possible to see that the part of the coin where the name stands has been hollowed out in order to leave the letters of the name standing up. 53· For false bronze of Murena (cf. no. 186) see Bf.iii, 66. 54· The supposed as of C. Blasio is an altered as of P. Blasio (Bf. ii, 37). 55. The supposed quadrans with

A I (Paris, A 3012, 6.66 gr.) is an altered quadrans with

A; it is 'from the same reverse die as A 3008 and A 3011.

549

Appendix 56. There

are

an as and a semis of L. Saufeius in Paris (A 15039, 15049) with altered legends.

51· The denarius of Flaus (cf. no. ZO']) described by Bf. i, 103 is perhaps altered or misread - it has Victory instead of Luna in biga. 58. Fallani- denarius of L. Itius with Jupiter in quadriga instead of Dioscuri- altered

in

modem times. 59· As with Ll BO- both examples false (a) Rome, Capitol 2103 (Bf. i, 178)- altered in modem times; (b) Paris, A uzz7, 16.57 gr.- altered in modem times. Paris, A uz13- quadrans as no. z15/5, but with

Q � C instead ·

of

Q· M RC- altered

from quadrans of M. Vargunteius. 6o. The uncia of L. Sempronius Pitio described by Bf. iii, 93 is an altered sextans (Hannover 1666). 61. Martini 566 - semis with C · CV P- altered in modern times. Sydenham 498- quadrans with C · CV>- altered from quadrans of C. Aburius Geminus. 6z. B. Aufidia z (Paris, A 4952, cf. Bf. iii, 23)- semis of M. Auf(idius)- false. 63. The as with T R I 0 (Bf. i, 173) now in the Capitol is clearly an altered piece; the part of the coin where the name stands bas been hollowed out in order to leave the letters of the name standing up. 64. Copenhagen- denarius as no. Z38/1, but with modem times.

L ·'lt S

instead of

L · AE S - altered

in

65. Paris, A 9030- denarius of C. Curiatius f. Trigeminus without mark of value- false. 66. The supposed

as

of C. Augurinus

(cf.

no.

242) is

false (Bf. ii, 110).

67. There is a triens of Ti. Minucius C.f. Augurinus, Rome, Capitol zz14, with the lituus removed in modem times. 68. The.re is a quadrans of M. Marcius Mn.f. in Paris with legend- altered in modem times.

M·M RC

instead of regular

69.

Quadrantes of C. Numitorius as no. 246/4b, but wit}�. altered legends, exist, for instance Vatican 6841 and Hannover 2795; there are also altered trientes with the same legend, for instance in Berlin (not a quadrans, C()Titra Bf. i, 191), 6.53 gr., and in Oxford, 5·90 gr. 70. The two semisses of M. Aburius Ni( . . . ) described by Bf. i, z (cf. ill, 3) are both altered from semisses of Ti. Minucius C.f. Augurinus (Paris, A 3791, 4·53 gr.; Berlin, 66ooJF). Quadrans with GEM- all pieces altered (a) Copenhagen (Bf. i, 4); (b) Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi) (Bf. i, 3; cf. M. Bahrfeldt, 'Rt>mische Inedita ', 154); (c) Paris, A 3784, 3.72 gr.; (d) Milan 576.

M. described by Bf. i, 57 with pl. ii, 50 is false. Uncia of Q. Metellus- (a) Berlin, 4.03 gr.- false (Bf. i, 58); (b) Ravenna, 2.50 gr.- no longer Gune 1971) to be found, to judge from Bahrfeldt's illustration (Bf. i, 58; ii, 16 and

71. The quadrans with

23 with pl. i, 23) altered in modem times. 72. The as of Sex. lulius published by P. Lederer, SNR 1942, 9 is patently a piece altered in modem times, now in Bern. 73· The triens with elephant's head published by M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1881, pl. iii, 3 is false (a similar specimen in BM). 14· Hannover 2181, 1.70 gr.- quadrans of C. Serveilius,

as

no. z64/4b, but mark of value

below prow and ethnic before prow- altered in modem times

(cf.

Bf. iii, 96, no. 3).

75· For false bronze of C. Metellus see Bf. iii, 27, (a). 76. For a quadrans of Q. Minucius Rufus with mark of value on obverse removed see Bf. ii, 6z. 77· For a false semis of M. Cipius (B. Cipia z) see Bf. iii, 39· 78. There is a denarius of P. Nerva (no. Z9Z/t) in Copenhagen with mark of value and legend on obverse removed.

sso

Modern forgeries 79· For the supposed quadrans of Q. Lutatius Cerco see Bf. So. The denarius ofM. Herennius described by

Bf. ii,

iii, 69.

46 is doubtless an altered piece.

St. Paris, A 11873, 4.58 gr.- bronze of L. Hostilius Tubulus, as no. 315/t, but with non descript female head on obverse- altered in modern times. 82. The serrate denarius of L. Satuminus described by E. A. Sydenharn, doubtless a piece serrated in modern times.

NC

1935, 229 is

83. There is no genuine bronze of L. Satuminus, see Bf. iii, 20; cf. ii, 16. 84. The as of L. Iulius (cf. no. 323) belonging to Riccio is perhaps now Paris, A 10296, 24.37 gr.; the latter is altered from an as of C. Sulpicius, the former if not identical should also be regarded as false (cf. H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 23o-tn.). 85. B. Sentia 2- false. 86. The sextanS of L. Pomponius in Paris with

� on the reverse (Bf. i, 223) is an altered piece. RIN 1944-47, 35 with g on the reverse is

87. The semuncial semis published by A. Barilli, palpably a piece altered in modem times.

88. The serrate denarius of L. Piso Frugi described byM. Bahrfeldt, Miinztechnik, p. to of offprint (cf. H. Mattingly, NC 1924, 33; E. A. Sydenham, NC 1935, 229) is doubtless a piece serrated in modem times. Paris, A 7041- semis of L. Piso Frugi, as no. 340/5a, but with mark of value on reverse false. 89. Paris, A 8354- semis of Cn. Lentulus with moneyer's name on obverse (cf. no. 345/48) altered in modem times. 90. A. pl. lxxvii, 4 (Paris, A 1863, 6.70 gr.)- as with comucopiae as reverse type- false; pl. lxxvii, 9 - semuncia - equally suspicious, probably altered as to obverse type and reverse legend. 91. The denarius of Q. Antonius Balbus without serration published by Hersh in Mi111s, dies

and currencies, no. 30 has patently lost its serration in modem times. 92. I have been sent a photograph by C. E. Rowe of Brandenburg, Kentucky of a denarius of L. Pr�ilius f. (no. 379/t) with the letter F removed. 93· There is a denarius ofM. VolteiusM.f. in Paris (no. 385/3), with symbol star, serrated in modern times. 94· For a false as of L. Furius Cn.f. Brocchus and another of aM. Furius L.f. see Bf. i, 125. 95· For a false aureus with the types of no. 433/2, Brutus/Ahala, see Bf. i, 163. 96. For a false sestenius of L. Hostilius Sasema (cf. no. 448) see Bf. iii, 53 (Piccione forgery). 97· The serrate denarius of Mn. Cordius Rufus described byM. Bahrfeldt, Bull. Mensuel de Num. 1883-84, 133 (cf. id., Miinzttchnik, p. to of offprint; H.Mattingly, NC 1924, 33; E. A. Sydenham, NC 1935, 229; the piece is Hannover 3202) is a piece serrated in modern times. 98. For altered pieces of the gold issue of A. Hirtius see M. Bahrfeldt, Goldmiinzenpriigung , p. 37· 99· For a false as of Eppius, struck for Caesar, see Bf. i, to8; H. Willers, Kupferpriigung, p. 91;M. Bahrfeldt,

NZ 1909,

73·

too. Copenhagen- as of Sex. Pompeius, as no. 479/t, but with in modem times.

MAG

on obverse- altered

101. There are denarii of Q. Nasidius struck from modem dies, for instance Haeberlin 2896. 102. For a false sestertius of C. Antonius see Bf. iii, 20 (Piccione forgery). 103. For false aurei ofM. Antonius with the types of no. 488/t see Bf. iii, 14;M. Bahrfeldt, Goldmiinzmpriigung, p. 46. 104. Copenhagen, Thorvaldsen Museum - aureus of Octavian, as no. 490/2, but with prae

nomen on obverse missing- false (M. Bahrfeldt, Goldmiinzmpriigung, p. 46).

551

Appendix 105. There is a false aureus of P. Oodius M.f. struck forM. Lepidus (Bf. iii, 9; id., Goldmiin zenpri:igrmg, p. 57; Piccione forgery). For a false aureus of L. Livineius Regulus with the types of no. 494/25 see Bf. i, 144; there is also a false aureus with the same types, but with cognomen on reverse missing. For the supposed uncia of L. Mussidius (an altered or misread piece of L. Hostilius Tubulus) see Bf. ii, 17, with earlier bibliography. to6. B. Antonia 30- aureus with the types of no. 496/2-false (Bf. i, 25). 107. The aureus of Brutus with E ID·MAR is in my view false, pace H. A. Cahn, Congres 1953, 213; the formal reasons advanced by Cabn for accepting the piece are without weight and the piece itself invites suspicion; there is a cast of the example published by Cahn in the ANS, labelled 'Forgery, Athens'; another example is listed in D. Christianus, Catalogus Numismatum Amiquorum (Copenhagen, n.d.) p. 4, no. to, in the company of seven other Republican gold coins, all false (information from T. V. Buttrey), yet another is rightly in the BM forgery trays. to8. For forgeries of coins of Q. Comuficius see H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 578n. (wrongly citing RIN 1900, 154, for which see no. 302* below). 109. For an invented gold piece of Sex. Pompeius see M. Babrfeldt, Goldmiinzenpriigung, p. 82; for a simple forgery of no. 511/1 see p. St. 110. J.-B. Giard, BSFN 1<)62, 121- quinarius of M. Arrius Secundus with Head of Octavian r.fPhalerae; around, M ·ARR IVS ·SEC, Paris, AF, 1.32 gr.- hideous modern forgery. 111. See commentary on no. 517/4b. 112. For a false aureus with the types of no. 518/t, struck by Balbus for Octavian, see M. Babrfeldt, Goldmiinzmpriigung, p. 63. 113. G. Cornaggia, RIN 1924, 36- aureus of Cn. Domitius Abenobarbus, struck for M. Antonius, as no. 521/1, but with obverse legend M ·ANT· IMP ·Ill· VIR· R· PC- false. 114. For a false aureus of M. Antonius, modelled on no. 527/1 see M. Bahrfeldt, Goldmiin zenpriigung, p. 85 (Piccione forgery). 115. For a false aureus of M. Antonius of the types of no. 533/3a see M. Bahrfeldt, Goldmiin zenpriigung, p. 90· 116. For a false aureus of M. Antonius of the types of no. 541/2 see M. Bahrfeldt, Goldmiin zenpriigung, p. 96, (c) (Piccione forgery). 117. Forgeries of Legionary denarii of M. Antonius fall into two groups, aberrant pieces with low legendary numbers and invented pieces with legionary numbers over XXIII : (a) There is a denarius of LEG I in Naples, altered in modem times (M. Bahrfeldt, Consularmiinzm in ltalienischen Sammlungm, t8), another in BM, also altered. (b) The silver denarius plated on iron of LEG VI in Oxford (NC 1843-44, 67-8; Tb. Mommsen, RMw, 386 n. 63) is, I now think, a modem forgery, not an ancient one (contra NC 1968, 56 n. s). (c) The denarius of LEGIO XII ANTIQVA, Rome, Capitol 1071 (Bf. i, 41) seems very suspicious to me. (d) The denarius in Venice, Musco Correr, as no. 544/29, but with the letters X and Z below the ship on the obverse and the letter X in the field on the reverse, is surely an altered piece. (e) The denarius of LEG XliX, in Morell, is doubtful; the Madrid specimen is altered. (f) Denarii of LEG XXIV -Prowe 379; Turin, Cat. 31-struckfrom the same pair of modem dies. (g) Denarii of LEG XXV - Berlin 311/1934; Morcom and Hands 1684; Seaby-Glendining 15/7/1929, 6o2- struck from the same pair of modern dies. BMCRR East zzo; Haeberlin 3122; Hamburger xcvi, 547; Hess-Leu vii, 335; Prowe 380altered in modern times. (h) Denarii of LEG XXX - Vatican 882; Tolstoi 303; Merzbacher 2/11/1909, 319 Prowe 382 (all overstruck, see Bf. iii, 19, not realising that these unparalleled oventrikings do not authenticate the coins, but condemn them) -struck from the same pair of modem dies. =

Mis-read coins Platt 130

=

Hamburger xcvi, 548; BMCRR East 221; Berlin 233/1883; Haeberlin 3123;

Prowe 381 - altered in modem times. (i) The Riccio �ureus with LEG XVIIII is false (M. Bahrfeldt, Goldmiinzenpragung, too). 118. There is a curious invented coin with the types, Wreathed head of Caesar r.; behind, apex; before, lituus; behind, D IV0 S upwards; before, IV L IVS downwards/Head of

Octavian r.; behind, DIVI upwards; before, FILIVS downwards, known in the following specimens - Copenhagen (bronze, concave on both sides); Oxford (silver); Bologna (silver, concave on both sides, A. Alftildi, AJA 1959, 5

n.

46); Basel (gold, E. Boehringer, Caesar von

Acireale, pl. 9, 34). Mis-read coins A great deal of work in eliminating mis-read coins was done by Borghesi and Mommsen; since this work was on the whole successful and since the coins disposed of by them have not usually reappeared, I have not normally repeated what they had to say. Mis-read coins from sale catalogues between 1879 and 1891 are discussed by M. Bahrfeldt in 'Romische Inedita', from later catalogues in Nachtrage i-iii; of all these I list the more m i portant below, together with some more recent examples; but the ignorance of the compilers of sale catalogues is likely to provide a fertile continuing source of error. The work of R. Garrucci on Roman coins is erratic in what it includes and careless in des cription and drawing (see the review of M. Bahrfeldt, Num. Literaturblatt 1887, 385); I have made no attempt to list his numerous errors. The two articles of J. Neudek in NZ iv, 1872, 15 and ix, 1878, 120 are equally full of mistakes and impossibilities; no. 11 in the first article is a sextans with branch, no. 3 in the second is a triens with Cf>.., no. 4 the same overstruck; I should not like to hazard a guess at what nos. 7 and 12 in the first article and nos. 1-2 in the second article are. 119. Certain reported variants of no. 17 do not exist; Sambon 1145 is taken over by Bahrfeldt as Monete con leggent!a corretta, C, c, but is misread and is in fact a specimen of no. 17/tg; the supposed legend ROMAMO reported for no. 17/ta does not so far as I know occur - the legend on the specimen in Glasgow cited by Bahrfeldt is quite regular; and SNG (Cop.) i, no. 197 reads ROMAA[NO]. 120. The mark of value XII on a 'Janus'/Mercury as in the Cahn sale 30/5/1932, no. 462 is the result of corrosion followed by modem touching-up. 121. The triens and uncia of the Apollo/Apollo series reported by Haeberlin as being without mark of value in fact have the marks of value vestigially present (see his pis. 36, 1 and 21). 122. The supposed

K on the London specimen of no. 23/1 is the result of corrosion.

123. The supposed exergue on certain specimens of no. 24/4 is the result of a damaged mould being repaired (Haeberlin, pl. 25, 1-3), cf. p. 693. 124. The supposed radiate crown on one specimen of no. 26/5 is the result of an unimportant casting mistake (Haeberlin, pl. 33, t). 125. Supposed half-quadrigati with quadriga r. are in fact much reduced and debased quadrigati (as A. pl. xlvi, 3; BMCRR Romano-Campanian 150, wrongly described in first edition). 126. BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 31, of anomalous types for a libra! Prow semis, is a semilibral semis. E. A. Sydenham, Aes grave, p. 92, no. 13 cites a libral Prow triens from his own collection

with a head of Mars on the obverse ( = CRR, no. Sob); no such coin appears in the 1928 sale catalogue, where, however, there is a triens with a slightly odd, masculine looking Minerva, who is nonetheless still Minerva (no. 16). There i s no way of verifying the supposed libral Prow quadrans in Kiev with a head of Hercules

r. on

the obverse, since

(I was told in Moscow) the collection was destroyed in the

war.

553

Appendix 11.7. BMCRR Rome (Appendix) 3, wrongly described in the first edition and taken over by Haeberlin, p. 125, no. 183, is correctly described in the second edition as a perfectly normal semis with Head of Saturn 1./Prow 1. The supposed semilibral quadrans with Prow r. illustrated by Ailly (pl. xxx, 6 = Haeberlin, pl. 45, 4) is in fact a very worn libral quadrans trimmed round the edge. u.S. Ailly reports in Paris a heavy specimen of the first issue of collateral quadrantes with com-ear (no. 4Z/2), weighing 25.18 gr., Bonazzi another in the Capitol, weighing 23.95 gr.; in both cases the weights are mistakes, for 15.80 gr. in the first case, for 13.92 gr. in the second case. The only certain example known to me of a heavy specimen of the issue in question is the piece in Turin which was overstruck to form the unique example of no. 82/1 (see Table xvm, 71). 11.9. The account of nos. 43 and 97 in Corolla Numismatica, 119, by H. A. Grueber, is very inaccurate. 130. For the supposed existence of early, anonymous half-victoriati seeM. Bahrfeldt, Blatter filr Miinzfreunde 192o-23, 365-6. 131. G. Riccio, Repertorio, p. 18, second coin, reports a specimen of no. 97/5c, on which the mint-mark was presumably off the fian, as if it was an anonymous quadrans. A semis is reported from theMuseo del Palacio de Perelada, Gerona, no. 216, with the mark of value before the head on the obverse; it is presumably a semis of L. Pomponius or C.Malleo lus, where this feature occurs frequently. A. pl. cxii, 1 (Paris, A 923, 34.34 gr.) shows an anonymous as with the mark of value below the head on the obverse; this feature is the relic of an overstrike (Table XVIII, 27). A. pl. lxvi, cf. ii, p. 11.7 seems to me, pace Ailly, frankly incredible. B. i, pp. 31-2, no. 49 is a tessera and not a coin at all. 132. For symbols which have been wrongly supposed to exist on early denarii, victoriati, etc., see A. ii, 6o1, also 295 n. 1, 4ZO (where the flower reported fromMorell is clearly a gryphon) and 466; the victoriatus with medius mentioned by B. Borghesi, CEuvres ii, 290 must be misread. Of the symbols which Ailly describes himself, the supposed 'palmier' is a star, the supposed 'panache' is a feather; the sextans with 'mille-pieds' is an unofficial copy of a sextans with corn-ear and 10 (see no. 310* below), the as with rhinoceros is an as with bull (a rhinoceros was first seen in Rome in 29, Dio li, 22, 5 - testimony not weakened by Pliny, NH viii, 64 and 96). The victoriati with scorpion, reaping-hook and hammer reported from the Caltrano Vicentino hoard are pieces with helmet, Supposed asses with horse

Q and [t..]IT respectively. (as BMCRR Rome 531; K. Samwer and M. Bahrfeldt, NZ

1883, pl. 4, 17) are pieces with ass. The supposed quadrans with two goats (ibid., pl. 4, 14

=

Hannover 2792, 2.32

gr.) is a

(somewhat altered) piece of P. Nerva. The supposed triens with two trapezes in Turin, F 598, 9.08 gr., is an anonymous triens (seeM. Bahrfeldt, Consularmiinzen, 12). I should not like to speculate about the true identity of the as with elephant reported

from

Aufidena (Monumenti antichi x, 623). Letters have been misread also on early denarii, etc. - k on quinarii , A. pl. lxxxixv ii from Morell (in fact no. 101j2) and on trientes, A. pl. lxxxixvi i = Paris, A 2986, 11.36 gr. (in fact anonymous; the monogram is the relic of an overstrike), AC on quadrantes and� on unciae (for both seeM. Bahrfeldt, 'Romische Inedita ', 154 and 159), M on denarii (A. pl. cvi, 13 is a denarius with M ; Turin, F 632a is a denarius with "M above the Dioscuri, cf.M. Bahrfeldt, Consularmiinzen, 13), quinarii (A. pl. cvi, 14 is a quinarius with M ) and quadrantes (see no. 310* below), S on denarii and quinarii (A. pl. ex, 1-2 from Morell), finally \E on victoriati, Caltrano Vicentino hoard (in fact with Vl). 133. Ailly reports a sextans with apex (pl. lxx, 2 ) - not now traceable, but presumably misread. 134. Pieces with crescent before the Prow (cf. no. 57) are misread (as Turin, F 499, triens, 7·44 gr., where the symbol is the relic of an overstrike; BMCRR Rome 343, sextans, 4·54 gr., where the symbol is the letter C, see Corrigenda to second edition).

554

Mis-read coins 135. The semis with C above the Prow reponed from the Citta Sant'Angelo hoard is in fact a semis with mark of value and staff above the Prow. 136. I know of no quadrans, uncia or semuncia with com-ear and 10 (Paris, A 2211 is an uncenain, late second-century quadrans, 1.96 gr.; GRR, no. 31oe,Haines (notinBinningham), and GRR, no. 310f, Paris, A 2212 (1.13 gr.) and A 9929 (B. Furia 12, 2.12 gr.), are not Roman). The supposed sextans of this issue with a vertical com-ear, Paris, A 2193, is misread; the vertical com-ear is the relic of an overstrike, traces of the horizontal com-ear are visible. 137. Victoriati with C/M, reponed from the Caltrano Vicentino hoard and accepted by R. Thomsen, ERG ii, 335 and 340, are misread pieces with C/M. 138. I do not believe in the existence of the as of C.Var(o) recorded by B. Borghesi, OJuvres i, 200. 139. The supposed victoriatus with victoriatus with M.

�

(A. pl. cxiii, 12

=

Paris, A 36o8, 2.03

gr.)

is a

The semis with � above the Prow reported from the Cina Sant'Angelo hoard is in fact a semis with shield and M above the Prow. 140. I do not believe in the existence of the semis with simple Q recorded by Riccio (cf. no. 86B/2), or in that of the quadrans and sextans with anchor and Q recorded by Babelon (cf. no. 37* above). 141. The quadrans with the club before the Prow and the uncia with a club above the Prow cited by Ailly, pl. lxxxix, 13 and 16 are misread; the former is a piece with spearhead, the second a piece with com-ear. 142. The denarius and as with M recorded by Ailly ii, 719 and 721, the former from Borghesi, are certainly misread, paceR. Thomsen, ERG ii, 351; the asses published by Ailly are poorly preserved pieces of L. Sempronius Pitio. 143. Numerous pieces with t.. have been misreported; A. pl. civ, 15 = Paris, A 3387 has a perfectly normal mark of value above the Prow, the bottom has simply been removed by damage to the coin; I know of no specimen of an as similar to that illustrated by Ailly, pl. ciii, 15 (see his text for earlier bibliography) and suspect his weight to be wrong- if the coin did exist, it would belong to my Group 3; there is no t.. behind the head of Saturn on no. 97/10- one is wrongly reported by Riccio, Monete di Luceria, Tav. iii, cl. iv, no. 2; semisses of the weight of no. 97/1o and the types of no. 97/17, A. ii, p. 671 from Mommsen, are not described by Mommsen and doubtless have the types as well as the weight of no. 97/10; Riccio, Monete di Luceria, cl. vi, no. 2 mistakes a piece of hair for a mark of value on his speci men of no. 97/24; cl. v, no. 2 imagines a mint-mark on the reverse of his specimen of no. 97/17. 144. Hersh, in Mints, dies and cu"encies, no. 4, is wrong to assert that the letters T and S are sometimes missing from the half-victoriatus no. 98/2; the Lawrence piece in the BM and the piece in the Brunacci collection, no. A.1o, are die-duplicates of Hague 270, where the S is clearly visible- on the two pieces in question it is simply off the flan; the piece in the Sig norelli collection, no. A.to, without Tor S, is a piece altered in modem times. The uncia illustrated by Ailly, pl. cvi, to. from Riccio is clearly misread. 145. There does not seem to be an as with r, with vertical mark of value on the obverse, as illustrated by Ailly, pl. cix, 1; and there is a discrepancy between ii, p. 790 and pl. cxiii, 9 the description of the semis with r, a discrepancy resolved by the fact that on the piece in question the mark of value on the obverse is not missing, but worn away.

over

M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fur Mimzfreunde 193o-33, 679 is in error in saying that the mark of value on the semuncia is S- it is �. 146. Ailly's treatment of the issue with C f>... contains some mistakes; his pl. ci, 3 ( = Vatican 6258) has a normal horizontal mark of value on the obverse, not a vertical one; and his pl. ci, 4, intended to illustrate his '3me variete', in fact simply illustrates his 'ue variete' once more -the piece listed under the 'ue variete' weighing 19.51 gr. in fact belongs to the '3me

variete'.

sss

147. The victoriatus supposedly with M between Victory and trophy (K. Samwer and M. NZ 1883, pl. 4, 11) is a victoriatus with a blundered version of M.

Bahrfeldt,

148. The sextans described by Ailly, ii, p. 445 as having a symbol, a staff, on the obverse only is the same as the sextans illustrated on pl. bcccv, 6 with a symbol, a staff, on the reverse ·

and obverse.

149. The sextans supposedly with a star before the Prow, BMCRR Rome 469, is a piece with M overstruck on a Sardo-Punic coin (see Corrigenda to second edition and my Table xvm, 49, i; cf. M. Bahrfeldt, 'Romische Inedita', 153); the sextans supposedly with a star below the Prow, A. pl. lxxi, 15 = Paxis, A 1646, is a similar piece, though with AR or M (see my Table xvm, 53, b). 150. I do not believe in the existence of a victoriatus with trident (A. pl. lxxx,xv 9 from Morell). 151. The denarius with recumbent bull (A. pl. lxxxxiv, 17 from Morell) is clearly mis-read. The as with standing bull r. (A. pl. lxxx:xiv , 11 = Paris, A 2816) is an as with ass (for an as with bull charging l. see no.

116/2).

152. The supposed uncia with rudder (CRR, no. 262, now in BM) is an uncia with comear.

153. The supposed semis with a helmet before the Prow (A. pl. hxiv, to

=

Paris, A

1767b11)

is an anonymous semis displaying traces of an uncertain undertype.

154. The supposed semis with a thunderbolt above the Prow (A. pl. lx:xxiv, 1 = Paris, A 2275) is in fact an uncertain, late second-century semis. 155. The denarius with dog 1. (A. pl. hxiv, 16 from Morell) is a denarius with bull I. The as with dog leaping r. (A. pl. bcxv, 12 from Recupero) is doubtless misread .

156. The semis with male head r. (A. pl. llccaviib1•, 9 = Paris, A 2823) is in fact an un certain, late second-century semis.

157· The quinarius with M cited by Babelon is a quinarius with M. For the supposed light-weight quadrans with M see Bf. iii, 26. 158. The caduceus over the shoulder of Mercury on Babelon's drawing of the sextans with N is invented. 159. Asses and semisses reported as with TO and bird are in fact pieces with T and bird holding wreath (no. 141/2a and 3a); Riccio's semis with TOO, Monett delle famiglie, 224-5, is presumably misread. t6o. For an alleged semis with

N< see Bf. i, 53.

161. For correction of various errors in the description of no. 149/t in older writers see Bf. i, 175; ii, 6o and iii, 71. 162. I do not know of a triens with �; B. Furia to, cited from Cohen, presumably results from confusion with the triens with r\R; the piece reportedly seen in Paris by K. Samwer (see Bahrfeldt on this issue) is a quadrans (the semis seen by him is a semis with P\R). For B.. Furia 12 = Paris, A 9929 see on no. 136* above. 163. Ailly's semis with prawn is in fact a semis with knife. 164. Babelon's triens and quadrans with Prow.

p:._, above the Prow are pieces with A above the

165. For Ailly's 2 me variete' of as with fly see no. 114/2 var. '

166. The quinarius with M cited by Cohen is a quinarius with M. 167. The alleged denarius with MA, Ailly ii, 703, is to be regarded as misread Ailly's quadrans with M above the Prow, pl. cvii, 5 = Paris, AF, 4.80 gr., is an uncertain, .

late second-century quadrans.

t68. I can find no piece in Pari.s to correspond with Babelon's illustration of the semis with B. 169. For correction of Babelon's

errors

in the description of no.

ss6

178/1 and 4 see Bf. i, 90·

Mis-read coins 170. The only sextans of Bal(bus) in Paris shows the caduceus over the shoulder of Mercury; Babelon's drawing must therefore result from simple error. 171. For correction of Babelon's errors in the description of no. 186/1-4 see Bf. i, 166; iii, 66. An uncia of Murena appeared without explanation in the French version of Mommsen, RMw - it should not be credited. 172. An as now in the Capitol (Bf. ii, 78) displays apparently a retrograde version of the legend on no. 185/1; I suspect it to be the relic of an overstrike. 173. For correction of Babelon's errors in the description of pieces of nos. 188 and 190 see Bf. iii, 78 and i, 192. 174. A quadrans with a quadrans with Jrv.

A before the Prow reported from the Ctta i Sant'Angelo hoard is in fact

175. There is no evidence for the existence of an uncia with

NAT, see Bf. iii, 82.

176. The illustration of the sextans of L. Saufeius in Bf. i, 234 is inaccurate- there is no caduceus over the shoulder of Mercury. 177. For supposed bronze pieces of Safra without dolphin see Bf. iii, 9· 178. For a mis-read as of Q. Marcius Libo see Bf. iii, 75· 179. For a mis-read semis of L. Sempronius Pitio see Bf. i, 236; supposed bronze pieces without legend on the obverse are likewise mis-read. 180. A substantial number of supposed semisses of a C. Cup(iennius) have been published at one time or another; they are without exception semisses of C. Curiatius f. Trigeminus Turin, F 2225; Borghesi 487 Rome, Capitol 1147; G. Riccio, Catalogo, Tav. vi, 14; Copenhagen, Ramus no. 8; Morell, publishing Paris, AF, 7.23 gr., whence J. Eckhel, DNV =

v, 199· For a supposed quadrans of a P. Cupiennius in Copenhagen see Bf. i, 101. 181. Babelon's descriptions of the triens and quadrans of C. Antestius are based on mis-read pieces with parts of the types off the flan. For a supposed variant of the quadrans in Copenhagen see Bf. i, 19. 182. The denarius of C. Curiatius Trigeminus, no. 223/t, in the Ricina hoard with TRIG on the obverse is presumably mis-read. Supposed semisses, etc. of C. Curiatius Trigeminus, as BMCRR Rome 894, are without exception semisses of C. Curiatius f. Trigeminus. 183. For supposed trientes and quadrantes of C. Titinius see Bf. iii, 99. 184. The as and semisses supposed.ly of M. Aufidius Rusticus in Paris are in fact of L. Saufeius (A 4949-51), the quadrans in fact of P. Maenius Antiaticus (A 4953). For a supposed triens of M. Aufidius Rusticus see Bf. i, 50 (c) and iii, 23, for a supposed quadrans, in fact of Paestum, see i, 50 (b) and ii, 20; for some pieces doubtless invented by Riccio see i, 51 (d). See also no. 62* above. 185. For various errors in descriptions of the issue of M. Aurelius Cota, no. 229/t, see Bf. i, 52 and iii, 25. The supposed quadrans of M. Aurelius Cota, Martini 342, is too badly pre served for the legend to be read. 186. I should not like to speculate on how Riccio managed to dream up the description of a quadrans of C. Renius which he gives in Catalogo, Sec. Supp. 9· 187. I know of no specimen of the triens of Cn. Gelius, no. 232/3, with Bf. i, 127.

CN · GELLI, cf.

188. There is no evidence for any legend on quadrantes of Ti. Veturius other than those described. The six known specimens of no. 234/2a are struck from two reverse dies; the speci men in Copenhagen reads T I · Yt V with traces of another letter and since it is struck from the same reverse die as Hannover 2207 the letter in question must be R; Vatican 7070 and Paris, A 16183-5 are struck from a second reverse die and all specimens read Tl· Yl:V with traces of another letter which is surely R. Five specimens of no. 234/2b (not including

557

Appendix Hannover 2208) are described by Bahrfeldt as reading T I · 'IE · B. But of these Rome, Capitol 2923 (perhaps the Borghesi specimen cited by Capranesi - somewhat altered by cleaning in modem times),Paris,A 16182 and Berlin, von Rauch all read T I· 'IE with traces of another letter which could be B or R; since all are struck from the same reverse die as Hannover 2208 the letter must be R. There remain the piece in Gotha, the piece published by F. Capranesi, Annali 1839, 280 from his own collection and two other pieces published by G. Minervini, Bullettirw 1841,27 and G. de Minicis, Numismatica ascolana, 11-16 and So; since Bahrfeldt's description of the pieces in Rome, Paris and Berlin is wrong, his description of the piece in Gotha should be rejected; since all pieces of Capranesi which can be identified are now in Paris, his quadrans of Ti. Veturius should be regarded as identical with Paris, A 16182 and his reading of it as mistaken. No reliance can be placed on the descriptions of Minervini and de Minicis. Rome, Capitol 2924 is a further piece, struck from a fourth reverse die, but with indistinguishable legend. The discussion of F. Mtinzer, RA, 132 stands in need of modification in view of the elimi nation of the legend Ti. Vetu(rius) B( . .. ). 189. No. 238/3f, a quadrans of L. Antestius Gragulus, is mis-drawn by Babelon and mis described by Grueber and Bahrfeldt. Sextans and uncia do not exist (Bf. i,20). 190. For

a

supposed

as

of L. Trebanius see Bf. i, 255.

191. I know of no genuine bronze of Ti. Minucius Augurinus with truncated legend. 192. For an invented quadrans of C. Aburius Geminus see Bf. i, 1; the coin is now Milan 576, still mis-described - it is in fact a quadrans of C. Curiatius f. Trigeminus. 193. Cohen, 235,no. 12 is

a

clearly fictitious quadrans of L. Opeimius.

194. For mis-read semisses and quadrantes of Cn. Domitius see M. Bahrfeldt, 'Romische Inedita ' , 156. 195. For a supposed variant of the semis with elephant's head (no. 262/2), really a semis of C. Metellus,see Bf. i, 59 (against his earlier view in NZ 1881, 163).

196. For the non-existence of the Bf. i, 112.

as

and triens attributed to Q. Maximus by Babelon see

197. The bronze of C. Metellus (no. 269/2-4) is as described; for the semis see the last thoughts of Bahrfeldt, iii, 27 (with a minor error in his description of the Capitol piece); as for the quadrans, I know of no example with the legend C · M. "E L described by Barhfeldt, iii, 27. For bronze with

C M."E ·

above the Prow see no. 256/2b and 4b.

198. Despite Bf. iii, 4, I know of no quadrantes of Mn. Acilius with

tvV ·A C I L I.

199.

For an allegerl denarius of Q. Fabius Labeo without rostrum see Bf. i, 109, also for mis descriptions of his bronze. 200. For a mis-read denarius of Q. Minucius Rufus see Bf. i,187. 201. The supposed quadrans of C. Rufus is disposed of in B. ii,p. 227 n.3. 202. There is no denarius of Q. Metellus, M. Calidius, Cn. Foulvius 65 and 119.

(cf.

no. 284), Bf. i, 61,

203. For a mis-read denarius of Q. Curtius,M. Silanus see Bf. iii, 44, for M. Bahrfeldt,'Romische

Inedita

•,

a

mis-read semis,

156.

204. For an alleged variant of the quadrans of P. Nerva see Bf. i, 167. 205. For a non-existent uncia of L. Philippus see Bf. i, 179· 206. B. Lutatia 3 is the same

as

B.

Lutatia 2

with the moneyer's cognomen off the flan.

207. For mis-read bronze of C. Sulpicius see Bf. iii, 97. 208. The quadrans allegedly of C. Memmius reported by B. Borghesi, CEuvres i, 149 is presumably a mis-read piece of L. Memmius Gal., cf. Bf. i, 185 for pieces similarly mis-read by Riccio.

558

Mis-read coins 209. The supposed denarius of Piso and the letter off the flan.

Caepio without Q

(S. 6o3b) is simply a piece

with

2to. For correction of errors in Babelon's description of the issue of L. Pomponius Molo r nce of a retrograde mark of see Bf. ii, 70; Barhfeldt is, however, wrong to deny the occure value on the semis. 211. The supposed shield on a denarius of C. Malleolus (Bf. iii, 85) is no more lessly executed cloak.

than a

care

212. For wrong descriptions of the sestertius of D. Silanus see Bf. iii, 62. A mistaken belief in the existence of a semis of D. Silanus was taken over by Babelon and Mommsen, RMw, 582 n. 352 from Riccio and corrected by Willers, Kupferpriigung, p. 6o n. t (citing also Mommsen, 443). 213. Willers, Kupferpriigung, no. to, notionally a semuncial as, is in fact a light uncial as. Bonazzi 365, notionally a semuncial sextans, is equally a light uncial sextans; NC t964, pl. ix, 5, from Yale, also notionally a semuncial sextans (of L. Piso), shows no sign of being a sextans at all. The semuncial uncia, A. pl. lxiv, 12, is simply an uncial uncia struck half way off a very small flan. 2t4. The Borghesi sestertius of L. Piso (1893 sale, 235) has reverse style otherwise only attested with no. 340/3b.

riSO

on the obverse, but a

2t5. For a denarius of L. Titurius Sabinus without obverse legend, doubtless mis-read, see Bf. iii, too; pace Bahrfeldt, iii, tot, the Gnecchi as with two prows as reverse type is double struck, also somewhat altered by cleaning in modem times. For wrong descriptions of a quadrans and a sextans of Sabinus see Bf. iii, t03-4. 2t6. For a

mis-read as of

C. Censorinus see Bf. i, 18o-1.

2t7. The supposed semis of L. Rubrius Dossenus published by T. 0. Mabbon, Num. Rev: 7, 1945, pl. ii (now no. 3973 of the sale catalogue of his collection) displays not a trace of any legend which might connect the piece with the moneyer in question; for other non-existent bronze coins of Dossenus see Bf. i, 23o-t; iii, 91; for a tessera borrowing the types of the as, see Willers, Kupferpriigung, p. 67 n. 1. 2t8. Bf. iii, 43 mentions denarii of M. Fannius and L. Critonius Pl(ebei) partly in monogram form; I do not know of an example. 219. Quinarius, semis

and uncia

of Mn. Fonteius

(cf. no. 353)

with the

words Aed(iles)

are equally fictional.

220. Sulla was for a time thought to have struck a denarius with the same types as the Social War denarius Bust of ltalia/Male figure greeting second male figure disembarking from ship (C. Cavedoni in D. D. Milller, Mem. num. 97; J. Friedliinder,Bullettino 1852, 188); see Bf. i, 93· 221. A supposed quadrans of a Satr(ienus) is a poorly-preserved piece of C. Numitorius (cf. Bf. i, 234). 222. The denarius of M. Plaetorius Cestianus, as no. 405/2, but without 2192), is simply a poorly preserved normal piece. 223. The word

COS

is,

as

SORS

(Haeberlin

far as I know, always present on no. 437/1a-b.

224. The full titulature Q. Urb(anus) is always present on no. 44t/t; on B. Claudia 8 = Cornelia 68 var. = Neria 1 var. = S. 937a part of the legend is simply off the flan. 225.

On

226.

For a

supposed pieces of no. 444/t without star, the star is simply off the flan. non-existent sestertius of C. Antius Restio see Bf. i, 23.

227. The specimen of no. 467/t reported from the Thrace hoard as being without DorM is puzzling; I suspect the cast from which the illustration is taken to be defective (the piece itself is no longer available for inspection). 228. The denarius of T. Carisius reported from the Padova hoard having Victory in triga as reverse type is wrongly described. Bf. iii, 34 reports sestertii ofT. Carisiu.s with the legends this is an error.

559

(Coin hoards, no.

T. CA and T. CAR below

391)

as

the dog;

229. The legend RV F reported for no. 463{sa by Babelon, Cor<m 7, is not present on any piece in Paris; the London and Turin pieces reported as belonging to this issue and as having the legend RVFVS by Bf. ii, 36 in fact belong to no. 463/sb and no. 463/6a respectively. 230. I doubt Bahrfeldt's report (i, 171) of the legend on a denarius of no. 473{1 in the Haeberlin collection; compare the sale catalogue, nos. 2736-9. For the legend of the quinarius see Bf., ibid. 231. The aberrant pieces of L. Valerius Acisculus reported by C. Cavedoni, Bul/ettino 1845, 191 from the Borghesi collection are presumably simply lacking the star by the head of Apollo because of poor preservation. 232. For non-existent issues mistakenly attributed to no. 477 see T. V. Buttrey, NC 196o, too (for his own Type 6- plated- see no. 293* below). 233. The legend on no. 485{2 is wrongly given by Babelon as L ·FLAMIN I CHI L 0. 234. The supposed denarius with the types of no. 490{2 does not exist (H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 405n.). 235. For a non-existent denarius of P. Oodius (B. Claudia 22 Bf. i, 145·

=

Iulia 79

=

S. 1125) see

236. The description of no. 494{39&, first variety, given at BMCRR Rome 4240 is wrong (for 1. read r.), but is taken over for S. 1Q96b. M. Bahrfeldt, Goldmiinzenprligung, pl. v, 18 combines the obverse and reverse of two different coins; in fact the Hague contains one specimen of his no. 34 and one of his no. 35a; his no. 35b does not exist. 237. No. 496/2, but without the lituus (B. Antonia 28) or with a carnyx instead of a lituus (Bf. ii, 9) are equally fictionaL 238. A supposed quadrans of Murcus (Bf. i, 243) is in fact a quadrans of M. Vargunteius. 239· S. 1346a does not exist, see already Bahrfeldt, GoldmilnzenprQglmg, p. 81. 240. H. Rolland, Courrier numismatique 1933, 33 describes a denarius of C. Numonius Vaala with the types of the aureus; I do not believe in the existence of the type •

.241. B. Antonia 52 Cocceia 3 lulia 94 appears to be a variety of no. 517{6; it is cer tainly to some extent mis-reported and may be completely so (cf. Bf. i, 30). =

242· B. lulia 69

=

=

Antonia 42 var. (cf. no. 529{4b) does not exist.

Plated coins1 I have argued in NC 1968, SS-9 that all Roman Republican plated coins are unofficial for geries ;1 my reasons for doing so still seem to me to be valid and may indeed be further re inforced; I therefore re-state them here with certain modifications.1 1

For the technique of plated coins see A. Barb, NZ 1930, 3; B. Darmstaed ter, Mitt. Bayer. Num. Ges. 1929, 27 .. NCirc 1931, S4; 0. Dahl, Mttall-WirtscM/t 1931, 6S9 = Berli'lltr MOnzb/4tter 1931,

329 (all arguing that plated coim were made by covering a base metal core with silver sheet); W. Campbell, Gruk andRoman plated coins (accepting this for some pieces, but arguing that other pieces were made by dipping a base metal core in molten silver); B. Bemareggi, RIN 196s, s; B. Kalsch and U. Zwicker, Microchimica acta (Wien) Supp. iii, 1968, 210 (all finding evidence only for the fint method); M. Picon and J. Guey, BSFN 1968, 318 (arguing for the second method). The remarks of A. Barilli, RIN 1942, 44-6 are DOt based on experimental evidence. The base metal core seema always to be a copper compound (for a supposed ancient piece with iron core see DO. 117* above). M. Bahrfddt observes that the weight of the silver coating of a plated piece is normally about 1(9 i of the total weight, also that some plated p eces are brockqes ('Antike Monztechnilt•, pp. 14 and 9 of offprint). 1 I am prepared to countenance the possibility that the authon of military issues, themselves illegal (see p. 6o4), may have included plated pieces in these iuuea; but I do not think it likely. 1 I wish what I say here to be taken u superseding my remarb in NC 1968, SS-9; for the edict of M. M.arius Gratidianus, which bu nothing to do with plated coins, see p. 620.

Plated coins (t) A large number of plated coins are self-evidently unofficial forgeries; the list which follows these notes provides ample proof. (2) Forgery of coins was illegal at Rome,1 so was the mere possession of a forged coin;1 rejection of forged coins was specifically permitted;' th.ere was a profession one of whose major functions was the testing of coins to see if they were genuine or plated.' The effectiveness of these nummu/arii may be seen from the fact that while excavated sites are littered with plated pieces, presumably thrown away as too hot to handle, hoards almost never contain plated pieces.• (3) No serious historian of the Republic will countenance the degree of idiocy, not to say schizophrenia, which it is necessary to attribute to the Roman state if one is to believe that it manufactured plated coins and yet allowed, even encouraged, their weeding out and their rejection.• The only thing which may be held to commend the belief that some plated coins are official mint products is the occurrence of plated and silver coins apparently from the same dies.' I say apparently from the same dies, because it seems to me certain that in many cases the die-link is not really there. But even if cases could be proved, the considerations advanced above would suffice to make it certain that when the die in question was being used for the plated piece it was being used unofficially. To substantiate my belief that some die-links between plated and silver pieces were only apparent, I drew attention to two coins in Hannover, one silver and one plated, which at first sight come from the same dies, but which display evidence of different and incompatible die breaks.• The only likely explanation of the phenomenon is that the dies used for the plated piece were mechanically copied from a pure silver piece, which had been struck from the same dies as the pure silver piece illustrated here before the appearance of some die-breaks. These derivative dies then acquired in use die-breaks of their own. In order to make the derivative dies, each side of a coin

was presumably pressed directly

Smt. v, 25, t (FIRA ii, p. 410); D. xlvili, to, 8 and 9 (Ulpian); Cicero, in Verr.• i, to8 (note particularly the strong disapproval of forgery expressed by Cicero, an ex-Quaestor).

1 Paul.,

1 D. xlviii, to, 9 (Ulpian); CTh ill:, 22. 1 Paul., Smt. v, 25, t; CJ xi, 11, t; NMJ. Valmt. 16. The law in question is invoked in, for instance, CIL iv, 3340, cliv (A.D. 6t) and P. Oxy. 1411 (A.D. 26o). Rejection of forged coins is mentioned by Cicero, de off. iii, 91; Persius, Sat. v, 105. • R. Herzog, RB xvii, 1415; see also Plautus, Persa 437; Cicero, in Verr.• iii, t8t; especially Petronius, Satyricon 56, for a nummulariw, qui per argmtum tUs tJidet, who sees the base metal core through the

silver.

Compare, for instance, the Cosa hoard of 2,00 4 denarii of pure silver (M. H. Crawford, Coin hoards, no. 164) and the site-finds from Cosa with to plated coins against 11 pure silver coins. The regular oocurrence of plated coins in large quantities on sites within the Roman Empire and their relative infrequence outsid e the Empire make it clear that whoever produced them intended them to be used within Roman territory. There are, of course, hoards consisting largely or entirely of plated pieces; they are to be regarded as forgers' stocks (for some examples ace Coin hoards, nos. 65, t64, 27t and 482; NC t940, 185; MusN t966 , 71). • Note the nummularius employed by the Roman community of Cereatae, CIL x, 5689. ' Note, for instance, in addition to the pieces discussed below, BMCRR Rome 3754 and 38t5 (C. Piso Frugi); Paris, A 9766 and AF (Mn. Fonteius, with P P on obverse, M on reverse); cf. T. Hackens, RBN t962, 3t for the issues of M. Volteius and Petilliu s Capitolinus. 1 Hannover2431 (silver-s.g. is t0.57) and 2432 (plated); the dies which struck the plated piece produced a somewhat less sharp outline 8nd were also somewhat smaller; with this latter feature compare the difference in size between the two Imperial dies, one mechanically derived from the other, mentioned in BSFN 196o, 44t. A. for the incompatible die-breaks, the silver piece shows on the obverse one break at the back of the head opposite the V, another between th e falling hair and the upper loop of the laurel-wreath, another towards the front of the neck truncation; none of these breaks i s seen on the plated piece, which has, however, on the obverse a break between the falling hair and the upper loop of the laurel wreath which is different from the break on the silver piece. The p.lated piece also has a break between the back of the neck and the lower loop of the laurel-wreath, which is not present on the silver piece (ace Pl. LXV, 1-silver; 2-plated. The die-breaks are misrepresented by M. R. Curry, NCirc t973, 233. n. 56. •

Appendix into the heat-softened face of a die-to-be. That some such procedure is possible and that good quality results are possible is now proved by the discovery of a group of dies for striking Republican coins at Tilisca in Romania.1 One of these dies seems at first sight the die which struck a denarius in the Maccarese hoard;' but it cannot have done so because the relief on the latter piece is higher than would have been produced by the die. The only plausible explanation is that the Tilisca die was mechanically copied from a coin struck from the same die as the Maccarese hoard coin, but considerably more worn. If this was possible in Dacia, it was surely possible for a forger in Italy.' I conclude that there is no numismatic evidence weighing against the inference to be drawn from the factors mentioned at the beginning of these notes and that the view that the Roman Republic struck plated coins is unsupported by any ancient evidence.' The following list of plated coins is not intended to be in any way an exhaustive catalogue of the aberrant legends and types which occur on plated pieces; but it should suffice to prove

l ty o f that many of these are characterised by aberrant features which exclude the possibii their being official mint products.6 243. Plated didrachm, as no. 13/1, but head of Mars r. and horse's head 1., Sambon 1088. 244· Plated denarius, as no. 8o/tb, but further horse's tail does not appear before nearer horse's hind legs, Paris, A (number missing), 2.95 gr.; Munich. 245. Plated denarius with H (for quinarius see no. 85/t), Paris, A 3118 (all from same pair of dies). 246. Plated denarius with =

BMCRR Italy 196, Vatican 386,

AR (cf. no. 146/t), Haeberlin 409, Hannover 1198, Hannover 1199

B. Aurelia 8 (all from same pair of dies).

1 N. Lupu,JNG 1967, 101; also mentioned in Dacia 1966, 405; SCIV 1966, 419; see Pl. LXV, 3. 1 Maccarese hoard 1082; see Pl. LXV, 4. 8 Ancient dies are listed by C. C. Vermeule, Ancimt dies and coining methods; add for the Republican period the die discussed on p. 23, also a reverse die with xvnn for a denarius of C. Capito (Civilta ram. in Rom. (Rome, 1970) 120) and a reverse die for a legionary denarius of M. Antonius (E. Pegan, Congresso 1961, 435). The first I regard as an official die, the last two as forgers' dies. The reverse die for a denarius of L. Scipio Asiagenus acquired by the BM in 1870 (accession number, 1870/2/41) is not now to be found, but seems to be a modem forgery (E. A. Sydenham, NC 1935, 230). It is clear on statistical grounds that the majority of dies surviving from antiquity must be forgers' dies, whatever one may think of individual examples; the opposite view would commit one to the belief that the mint was a good deal more careless over dies for precious metal coins than over dies for base metal coins, since relatively very few examples of the latter are known. 6 The article of P. P. Serafin, AliN 1968, 9 is not a serious contribution to the subject; her acceptance of Grueber's impossible chronology for the coinage of the early first century means that her calcula tions of the relative frequency of plated coins of the issues of different periods is without evidential value. • Apart from the blundered coins listed here, see also the notes to Tables XJX, xx, XXI, XXIX, xxx, XXXI, XXXIn, xxxv, XXXVI, I XXXVIII and XLII to xun where coins which are plated and which get the system of control-marks of the issue in question wrong are listed. I do not here list plated hybrids, the existence of which provides further support for the view that plated coins are not official mint products; it is worth remarking, however, that hybrids are often wrongly reported as being of pure silver, when they are in fact plated (for the only examples known to me of hybrids of pure silver see pp. 272 and 279 and no. 391, cf. also Table xvm, t14). For the sake of completeness I list those ancient forgeries which are known to me which are not plated pieces, but pieces composed of a base alloy intended to resemble silver: A denarius of L. Sempronius Pitio in the Cordova hoard and another in Paris. A denarius of M. Tullius 'di piombo' in the Ossolaro hoard. A denarius of Sufenas in the BM, 3-97% silver; 1.30%gold; rest tin, antimony and zinc. A denarius of A. Plautius, 70% tin; 28% antimony; 1 %zinc; 0.7% lead; traces of sulphur, iron, nickel and copper (G. F. Carter, Chemistry November 1966, u SCMB 1965, 58). See also F. Gnecchi, RIN 1892, 165 for lead forgeries from Rome of Republican silver and Imperial silver and bronze. Needless to say, the commonness of different issues of plated coins by and large reflects the commonness of the issues which they copy. =

Plated coins 247. Plated denarius,as no. 210/1, but ROM A, Paris,Rothschild. Presumably plated denarius, as no. 210/1, but C IV N · C · F, Bastianelli 322. ·

248. Plated denaqus, as no. 215/1, but

Q· MRC, Hannover

249. Plated denarius, as no. 224/1, but mark of value 250. Plated denarius, as no. 225/1,but 1871.

X,

1638,3.21 gr.

Paris,Rothschild.

ROMA instead of NOM, Hannover

251. Plated denarius,as no. 230/1,but Victory in biga and mark of value

1870, Hannover

XVI, Capitol 2725;

plated denarius, as no. 230/t,but Victory in biga,Capitol 2724 (see Bf. i, 241). 252. Plated denarius, as no. 231/1, but Juno has bow, Hannover 1855, 3·94 gr. Plated denarius,as no. 231/1, but

C · RE N IV, Haeberlin

489 (cf. M. Bahrfeldt, 'Romische

Inedita', 158; Bf. i, 229). 253. Plated denarius, as no. 232/1, but

C N · G E, Budapest, Copenhagen.

254. Plated denarius of Sex. Pompeius with aberrant types, Vienna 3344 (Bf. i, pl. ix,222). Plated denarius, as no. 235/1,but SEX·r, Glasgow.

Q F, Bf. i,54· BA E B I· M F, Vienna 926, BM

255. Plated denarius, as no. 236/1, but without Plated denarius, as no. 236/1, but M·

·

·

256. Presumably plated denarius, as no. 243/1, but without

C· F, Bf.

(two specimens).

ii, 62.

257· Plated denarius, as no. 252/1,but retrograde 2, M. Bahrfeldt,ZJN 1877,44· 258. For plated denarii of N. Fabius Pictor with aberrant combinations of control-marks see M. H. Crawford, NC 1965, 153. 259. Plated denarius, as no. 282/3,but C MALLE· L · F, Glasgow. Plated denarius, as no. 282/4, but without carnyx and with L ·

·

Ll C· C N · 0 M,

Cast in

Berlin,Fallani (wrongly cited as a variant to the issue by myself in M. Thompson,The Agrinion "Mard, 124 n. 27). 26o. There is a plated hybrid in Gotha of the obverse of M. Vargunteius and the reverse of M. Sergius Silus (M. Bahrfeldt,ZJN 1877, 32); the coin is serrated and is wrongly cited as an example of official serration in the mint by M. Bahrfeldt, 'MUn.ztechnik ', p. 10 of offprint; Bf. i, 238; H. Mattingly, NC 1924, 33; E.A. Sydenham, NC 1935, 229. 261. Plated denarius of P. Nerva with aberrant types,Glasgow,3.10 gr. (Bf. iii, 66). 262. Plated denarius,as no. 295/1, but without the moneyer's praenomm, BMCRR Italy 521 (cf. Bf. iii, 72. 263. Plated denarius of Cn. Blasio,combining obverse of 1a and reverse of 1e,Vatican 2238. Plated denarius of Cn. Blasio with aberrant obverse legend, Bf. i, 91. Plated denarius of Cn. Blasio with aberrant reverse legend, Bf. i, 91-2. 264. Plated denarius, as no. 299/ta,but

A r CL T · M[ ·

·

. • .

], Copenhagen.

265. Plated denarius,as no. 307/1a,but no doliolum, Paris,·A 9 759· 266. Plated denarius,as no. 313/1b, but

L 1\kMM I, Paris,AF. CAL ·

267. Plated denarius of L. Cota with retrograde legend,Bf. ii, 22. 268. Plated denarius of L. Thorius Balbus without control-letter, B. Chaurand,

BSFN

1965,467. 269. Plated denarius of C. Coilius Caldus with Victory in biga r. instead of I., Paris, AF (control-mark, R above). ·

270. Plated denarius,as no. 320/1, but L ·IV L I· C F Ck SAR, Rio Marina hoard. Plated denarii of L. Julius Caesar with aberrant combinations of control-marks, Vienna 35614,0/0,Glasgow, Qf9, Toronto, 9/R·, Bologna, Cat. 182. ·

·

?/S,

271. Plated denarii of L. Cassius Caeicianus with aberrant combinations of control-marks, G·JC, Riccio?= Haeberlin 892 (also with retrograde legend on reverse), �/$, BMCRR Rome

Appendix 1736, ·BJ-S, Morell, X/T, Morell, EJTR, M. Bahrfeldt, ZjN 1877, 45, T/H, Gotha, Cambridge and BM, F JV, Paris, AF, H t'::J, Munich.

F /V,

272.. Plated denarius of C. Fabius, combining obverse of 1b and reverse of 1a, Turin, F 25;4. Plated denarius of C. Fabius, combining obverse of ta and reverse of 1b, BMCRR Rome 16o6.

273. Plated denarii of M. Serveili�s with aberrant combinations of control-marks, 0/X, Vienna 36542, NJ 0, Copenhagen, 0/ K, extraneous piece with Syracuse hoard (Coin hoards, no. 154), J A, BM. 274. Plated denarii of Lentulus Marcelli f. with aberrant combinations of control-marks, (ROMA on obv.) G on r.J $ on 1., Oslo; (PESC on obv.) Q on r./8 on l., Paris, AF; Hannover; (ROMAon obv.) i' on l./R in centre, Haeberlin 1120; ron r./K.J in centre, Madrid. Q on r.f'( in centre, Oslo; (ROMA on obv.) Bon l./Y. in centre, Paris, AF; Haeberlin 1119; (ROMA on obv.) K on l./G in centre, Morell; (ROMA on obv.) P on l./F in centre, Berlin; Hannover; (ROMA on obv.) i' on 1./ R in centre, Haeberlin 1120. ron r./N in centre, Madrid 275. Plated denarius, as no. 335/1ob, but P instead of R, ANS. 276. Plated denarius of D. Silanus, no. 337/3, with control-marks HJH, Vatican 3756. 277. Not used.

278. Plated denarius, as no. 36o/1b, but C· LHMEA, Paris, AF. 279.Plated denarius, as no. 379/1, but L · f IS OCIL I, Mainz, Stadtarchiv. 280. Plated denarius of Ti. Claudius with aberrant control-mark, ·XXVII, Vetulonia site finds (in Museo Nazionale di Firenze). 281. Plated denarius, as no. 388/1, but she-wolf 1., above, AMO �.below, 0 ·SA TRI S, Vienna. AVS 282. Plated denarius, as no. 391/3, but C · EG N A I VS ·111· F ·CN N, Paris, AF. ·

283. Plated denarius of L. Farsuleius Mensor combining obverse of 1b and reverse of u, Paris, AF Plated denarius, as no. 392/1b, but L·FARSVEI, Copenhagen. .

284. Plated denarius, as no. 397/t, but r·LEI\f·r·F·r·N, Vatican 2366 (S.791a, from Sydenham's own collection).

285. Plated denarii of L. Axsius Naso with aberrant combinations of control-marks, I III/VII, Basel, Hannover 2.934, Hague 541; XI/XXIIII, Oertel collection cited by Bf. iii, 25. 286. Plated denarius, as no. 410j2, but T ·roM rON I·MVSA, Paris, AF

.

287. For plated denarii of Longinus with aberrant types see H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 494-sn., Bf. iii, 39· 288. For a plated denarius of M. Scaurus and P. Hypsaeus combining the obverse of 1a and the reverse of 1b see Bf. i, 13 (the Haeberlin piece is no. 2336 of the sale catalogue Mabbott 4107; a further specimen is Paris, AF). =

289. Plated denarius, as no. 424/1, but retrograde 111 and 2 throughout, Greau 210.

290. For the plated denarius, B. Hostilia 3, see Bf. i, 138; iii, 53· Another plated denarius of L. Hostilius Saserna, as no. 448/3, but SASENA, Paris, AF

.

291. Plated denarius, as no. 46o/2, but C ·CASSIVS, Haeberlin 2634.

292. Plated denarius, as no. 455/2, but legend on reverse entirely above horseman, Paris, AF. Plated denarius, as no. 455/2, but A·LICIN I, Paris, AF. 293. Buttrey's Type 6 of Sex. Pompeius, NC 196<>, 90, is clearly plated. 294. Plated denarius, as no. 483/2, but 0·111 ASIDIVS, Paris, AF.

295. Plated denarius, as no. 488/2, but M·A V1 0·IM r · R · r C, Paris, AF. ·

296. Plated denarius combining obverse of

no.

489/2 and reverse of no. 489/1, Haeberl.in

3oo6 (whence illustrations in Babelon and BMCRR).

564

Unofficial issues of bronze coins 297. For plated denarii of L. Mussidius Longus with aberrant legends see M. Bahrfeldt, ZfN 1877, 49; Bf. i, 78; add Paris, AF, combining obverse of 398-b with reverse of 42-3,

L· MVSSIDIVC· LONGVC. 298. Presumably 'plated denarius, as no. 500/3, but LEI BE RATAS, Kunst und MUnzen 29/5/1969, 420. 299. Plated denarius, as no. 5o2/2, but Q·CAEriO·BRIVS·IRO·COS, M. Bahrfeldt, Z/N 1877, 49· 300. Plated denarius, as no. 504/1, but C · FLAV · HEMC, Paris, AF. 301. Plated denarius, as

no.

508/2, but I· riAET CEST, Paris, AF. ·

302. For plated denarii of Q. Comuficius with aberrant style see F. Gnecchi, RJN 1900, 154; Bf. ii, uo; A. Alfoldi, Melanges Carccpino, pl. 7, 7-8 (wrongly disposed to treat the pieces as official mint products). 303. Plated denarius, as no. 517/5a, but I� instead of IM, Paris, AF. 304. Plated denarius, as no. 522/2, but Ill · VR instead of Ill · VI R, Berlin. 305. For plated quinarii of Caesar with invented types see SM 1956, 7 (Vidy hoard). Unofficial issues of bron2e coins Celtic copies n pure silver of Republican denarii have long been recognised as an important i

phenomenon n the history of coinage in Europe and there is no need to discuss them here in an Appendix devoted to coins which have at one time or another been wrongly thought to be official issues of the Republic;1 little attention bas been paid, however, to unofficial copies of bron2e issues. These seem for the most part to have been produced in Italy; most of them are also fractions of the as, semisses and quadrantes, which suggests that they are not purely and simply forgeries, but pieces designed to satisfy a need for small change not satisfied by official i

issues. I hope in due course to prepare a comprehensive study of this important and neglected episode of monetary history, since to treat it here would be impossible without going far beyond the limits imposed by the pattern of the book as a whole; I propose simply to list some of the more obvious examples, in order to draw attention to this class of coinage. NCirc 1910, 12057 publishes a bron2e coin, as no. 17/t, 3o6. G. Pansa, RJN 1908, 377 but with an obverse legend apparently attributing the coin to Tarquinia and a reverse legend attributing it to Rome; the affinities of this coin (if genuine, which I doubt) are with a Celtic (not Oscan, pace Grueber) silver piece in the British Museum (BMCRR ii, p. 123 n.2 pl. lxxiv, 6). There are also a number of bronze coins deriving from no. 17/1 which are perhaps bar barous: =

=

Garrucci, pl. 77, 21 (Kirche r - misdrawn) and Sambon 1139 (Hannover, 4.85 gr.), as no. 17/ta, but retrograde legend on reverse and additional retrograde legend on obverse. Munich, as no. 17/ta, but retrograde legend on reverse. Cambridge, MacClean, as no. 17/tb, but additional retrograde legend on obverse. Sambon 1148 (Berlin 96), as no. 17/td, but retrograde legend on reverse. BMCRR Romano-Campanian 18, as no. 17/tf, but retrograde legend on obverse. Garrucci, pl. 77, 20, as no. 17/tg, but � instead of R. 307· For further barbarous copies of bronze issues associated with the didracbm coinage see M. Bahrfeldt, 'Monete romano-campane', nos. 9 and 9 var.; E. Gabrici, Corolla Numismatica, too-t. 308. The heavy series of unciae with the types of no. 21/6 are surely an unofficial, or at any rate non-Roman issue (note 300 specimens of these unciae found in a hoard in Apulia without other coins, G. Fiorelli, Osseroazioni sopra talune monete rare, 12, unfortunately not specifying whether heavy or light pieces were involved). 1 Note, however, the following barbarous copies of very early pieces- Haeberlin 35, now in Paris (not plated), with which compare BMCRR ii, p. 123 n. 2 pL lxxiv, 6; Bastianelli 214 (see Pl. IX); h. pL li, u and pl. liii, 1 (a denarius and a sestertius); Ball 9/2/1932, 838 (a satertius). =

s6s

309· There is an as of Sex. Pompeius in Copenhagen with retrograde legend on the obverse, surely a barbarous piece. 310. For barbarous copies

of bronzes

of Octavian see B. Julia 102;

Willers, Kupftrpriigung,

p. 1o8; BMCRR Gaul 111-12. Between the early and the late pieces listed above falls a mass of imitations of RepubliCan prow bronzes, sometimes anonymous, more often with symbols, occasionally with garbled versions of moneyers' names; for examples of asses see Bf. ii, 19 and i, 252; a large number of semisses are collected by M. Bahrfeldt, Bliilttrfiir Miinzfreunde 1934-36, 108, cf. also BMCRR Rome 2217-19 = S. 68�2, S. 764-5, Bf. ii, 74; the very common quadrantes with M: and

N:

(as Milan 351) are clearly unofficial, cf. Bf. i, 235 and 257; cf. also nos. :z* and 132* above.

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