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ress L-xcer
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Edited by Hal Draper
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For the C
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1871 - 1971
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Edited by Hal Draper
the C
Ie nlal
1871· 1971
INDEPENDENT SOCIALIST CLIPPINGBOOKS
Oh e 'FSM Pape r s
No. 8
Copyright
0
UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS AND EPHEMERA OF THE "FREE SPEECH MOVEMENT" AT BERKELEY IN 1964-65 . . . 0N MICROFILM
1 97 1
by the Independent Socialist Press
The Free Speech Movement at the Univ ersity of C al i forni a at Berkel ey--the first big explos ion of the New Left student movement gave rise t o innum erab l e b ooks and art i cl es . Yet most of the material is sued by the FSM it s e l f , and other students at the time,· is not general ly avai l ab l e for re search . Hence this col l ection , which includes only material never repub l ished in any of the books and art i cles (except for excerpts i n s ome ca s e s ) . I t has been col l at ed from three private col l ect i ons , plus additions phot ocopied from the university ' s ar chive department , to ensure the most comp l et e as semb ly anywhere of this type of material . I t includes the vo luminous report "Administ rative Pres sures [&c " whi ch was the FSM ' s most comp l ete ocumentation of its retro spect ive cas e ; a comp l ete fi l e of the FSM NewB lette� , p lus al l supp lements ; other periodi cals is sued on the camp us , now virtual ly unobt ainab l e ; and above al l , a l arge , editori al ly dated and chronological ly arranged co l lec tion o f l eafl ets issued by the FSM or re l ated s tudent groups ; fo l lowed by l eaflets and other ephemera peF�ain ing t o the 1965 peri od of the Kerr res i gnat i on , att empt to fOl1l1 a Free Student Union ; and more . AU of this has been paginated so that a detai led Tab le of Contents oould be added at the beginning of the miorofiUn .
DENT IflC/AL/IT � PREll Box 6332 Albany sta.
Berkeley, Cal. 94706
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Edited by Hal Draper , author of Be�K e ley: The New Student Revo lt ( 1965) . One reel positive microfilm .... $45.00 Order from the Independent Socialist Press
CONTENTS . . . . . . . . Introduction NOTEBOOK ON THE PARIS COMMUN E (Press E xcerpts and Note s ) •
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March 18 . Dai l y News
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March 18 . La Si tuation March March March March March March March March March March March
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10 18 . La Li berte 10 18 . Le Na ti onal 19 , 20 . La Si tuati on 19 . Le Fi garo 11 12 20 . Dai l y News •
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March March Apri l March March
25 . 25. 1. 27 . 27 . March 28 . March 28 . March 28. March 30 . March 30 .
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March 31 . Dai l y News
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S tandard . 15 La Cloche 16 Le Peti t Journal 19 Dai l y News Dai l y News 19 Dai l y Telegraph Le Rappel . 21 Dai l y N 25 Irishman 26 Standard . 28 Dai l y News 29 Le Pe ti t Journal Dai l y News 29 Standard 30 Dai l y News 30 Le Rappel 31 •
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April April April April April April April April April Apri l Apri l April April April April April April Apri l Apri l
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33 La Si tuati on 34 La Si ruati on Dail y News 34 Le Peti t Journal Evening Standard
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March 21 . March 28 . Apri l 1 . April 3 . Apri l 3 . 3. 4. 4.
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37 Dai l y News La Si tuation 37 37 La Si tuati on Echo 38 5. Dai l y Telegraph 38 5. 39 Standard 5. 39 Dai l y News 5. Dail y Telegraph 40 6. Dai l y News 40 5. Dai l y News 41 7. Times 42 7. Dai l y News 42 8. 43 8. Standard . 43 10 . Le Pe ti t Journal 43 10 . Standard . 10 . Dail y News . . . 43 April 10 . Le Rappel . . . 44
April April April Apri l
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Le Rappel . . . 44 Dai ly News 44 Le Peti t Journal Dai l y News 45 •
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April 12. Le Vengeur
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April 12 . La Si tua tion April 13 . La Si tuation
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48 April 13 . Le Rappel 50 Apri l 13 . Dai l y News 51 Apri l 14 . La Si tuati on 54 Apri l 14 . Standard 54 Apri l 14 . Le Rappel 54 Apri l 15 . Standard •
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Apri l April Apri l Apri l Apri l Apri l Apri l Apri l
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55 Le Rappel 55 Standard 17 . La Si tuation 56 Le Rappel 57 Dai l y News 58 Le Vengeur 60 Standard 61 Dai l y News
April Apri l Apri l Apri l Apri l Apri l April Apri l Apri l Apri l April
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Le Mo t d'Ordre 61 61 Dai l y News 63 Echo Dai l y News 63 Dai l y News 65 65 Le Mo t d'Ordre 66 L ' A vant-Garde 67 La Si tua ti on 67 Dai l y News Irishman 67 Observer 67 Dai l y News 68 24 . La Si tua tion 69 69 La Si tuation
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Apri l 2 4 . Le Mo t d'Ordre 72 Apri l 25 . Dai l y News •
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72 Apri l 25 . Le Mot d'Ordre Apri l 2 4 . La Tribune de Bordeaux April 25 . La Tribune de Bordeaux 77 Apri l 26 . Le Mot d'Ordre •
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Chronol ogi cal T ab les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gloss ary Name Index About Some Unpub l i shed Notebooks by Marx . . . •
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78 Apri l 26 . Dai l y News 78 April 27 . Le Mot d'Ordre 79 Apri l 28 . Le Mot d'Ordre 80 Apri l 28 . Dai l y News 80 April 29 . Le Mot d'Ordre 82 April 29 . Dai l y News 83 Apri l 29 . La Si tuation April 30 , May 1 . La Si tua tion Notes. . . 84 •
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Introduction Thi s book i s , in a way , a companion volume to the col lecti on of Marx and Engels' Writings on the Paris Commune, edi ted by the undersi gne d , whi ch was pub lished in March of this centennial year by the Monthly Revi ew Press . My Foreword to th at v olume expl ains the circumstances under whi ch Marx wrote his work The Ci v
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ii War in France, as an " address " of the General Council of the In ternational . �ftice to recal l here tha t , al though Marx's final draf t was not read to the Gen eral Council un ti l May 30 , 187l , two days after the fal l of the Commune , the fact is th at he had been working on the material ever since the " revolution of March 18" in Paris .
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The notebook reproduced here was one part of Marx ' s preparatory work . quote a few lines from the a ccoun t gi ven in my Foreword:
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Marx began organizi ng the mass of press reports and infoDt/ati on gleaned from COl/ut/une newspapers immedi atel y after the March 18 revol u tion . . . •
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Marx ' s prepa ratory materials for the wri ting of The Civi l War in France are in three s ec ti ons . Firs t , there is a notebook of excerpts and notes from the press (including the Commune press) , beginning wi th the papers of March 18 and mainl y in Engl i sh and French . The bulk is considerable; in fact i t is the l onges t of the three secti ons , taking up twen ty-four large numbered pages in a copybook . (Thi s section i s not included i n the presen t volume . )
TMs is the section whi ch IS presen ted i n the foll owing pages . It was after he had • .
accumulated mos t of the material i n thi s notebook tha t , in the l at ter half of AprH, M a rx began work on the fi rs t draft of the address; and abou t May 10 he s tarted on a second draf t . (Both of these prel iminary drafts are included in the MR Press
edition.) Then , about mi d-May or a li ttle l ater , Marx s tarted over again wi th wha t was going to be the final versi on of The C ivi l War in France; and i t was thi s las t version which was adopted by the General Council on May 30 . All three secti ons of Marx's notebooks on the Pari s Commune (the "excerpts and notes " and the two preliminary drafts) were first publi shed in 1934 by the Institute of Marxism-Lenini sm , Mos cow , in the journal Arkhiv Marks a i Enge l ' s a, vol. 3 (8). The original tex t , as deciphered from Marx's diffi cul t handwri ting ,
Ippeared on the l efthand the right .
�ven-numbered
)
pages
whil e a Russian translation ran on
Thi s book presen ts a direct reproducti on of the pages in the Arkhiv M-E rMch gi ve the ori ginal text of the " excerpts and notes " secti on . The original on (of the Arkhiv M-E) i s gi ven in brackets to the left of the text , on a level w i th the first l ine of the page indi ca ted . Na tural l y , as indi cated , al l of .. these page numbers are even . In the Arkhiv M-E, the ori ginal text on the lef t was spaced out i n order to run page for page wi th the Russi an translat i on on the righ t . This extra spa cing been eliminated here . It should be understood that the notebook di d not con tain actual cl ippings the press; every thing was wri t ten out by Marx . The entries include summari es paraphrases as wel l as quo tati ons or verbatim extracts; and the use o f quota cannot be rel i ed on t o dis ti ng ui sh the former from the la tter . I t i s to assume that the emphasis (underlining here , i talics) was added by Marx was not in the original press s tory . This also indica tes wha t speci all y inter Marx about the i tems �
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6 As a rule, Marx used Engli sh in those s ections dealing wi th the English
press, and French for i tems from the French press; bu t this is not invari abl y so; and German words and expressions are casually s ca t tered abou t . In fact, there are senten ces whi ch use Engli sh, French and German al l wi thin the compass of a single line . The text of this notebook has never been republished anywhere since i ts ori ginal appearance in 1934; i t was not included i n the Marx-Engel s Werke. Even as far as transl a ti ons are concerned, the only version I know of, after the 1934 Russi an transl ation, i s a French translation incl uded i n La Guerre Civi l e en
France , 1 87 1 . Edit ion nouve l le accompagnee des travaux prel iminaires de Karl Marx
(Pari s, Edi tions Soci a l es, 1953, repub . 1968) . Thi s French edi tion also has a spe ci al body of annotati ons based on a check of Marx's notes agains t the ori ginal text of the papers he quotes . Where I have used i nfollUation from this E . S. edi tion in the following pages, the source has been credi ted each time, as " E . S . " In the presen t book, all passages i n French or Gelman are translated in footnotes. The footnote numbers are placed to the ri gh t of the text and on a lev el wi th the fi rst line of the passage in ques t i on . The transl ations are presented on a paragraph-by-paragraph basis . That i s : in a given footnote the transl ation does not go beyond the end of the paragraph; i f necessary, a new footnote number i s used for the next paragraph . The i ntention was to make i t easier to match the translati on wi th the trans l ated passage . Words and terms not transl ated in the footnotes may be found in the Glossary . In the footnot es, a typographi cal dis tincti on i s made between two kinds of matter . Transl ati ons are gi ven i n thi s kind o f roman type (Adjutant ) combined with this kind of italic type (Light Ita lic) . Other footnotes or o ther parts of foot notes whi ch are edi tori al in nature are gi ven i n the type used i n thi s sentence . In general, the footnotes do not gi ve expl ana tions (of all usions , terms, etc . ) whi ch are already gi ven in the annotati ons to the MR Press col l ecti on or whi ch are contained in any of the three versions of The Civi l War in France . It shoul d be noted tha t the ori ginal text includes the use of square bracke ts i n two kinds of cases : i n the headings, whi ch typi cally gi ve the name of a newspaper, then its date, and then gi ve the number of tha t i ssue in square bracke ts; and after entri es, to give the page and column number, e . g . " {p . 4, c . S]." In the second case, the square bracke ts natural l y reappear in the footnoted trans la ti on; bu t all other brackets used in the footnotes indicate edi tori al i nterpola As for the headings, not e that' these are not transl ated a t all, insofar as ti ons . they consis t of the three el ements mentioned . The onl y el ement subject to transla ti on wou ld be, of course, the month . The reader wil l meet the fol l owing names of the months i n the headings and in a few other pl aces : March Apri l May
Fr. Fr. Fr.
mars avri l
Ge r .
Marz
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The two chronological tables a t the end of the book appl y, of course , not onl y to the materi al i n thi s book bu t to all of Marx and Engels ' wri tings on the Commune and French pol i tics. They had to be omi t ted from the MR Press vol ume because of space considerations bu t wi ll, I think, be found useful for reference . Table II, on the Commune, i s based primari l y on the Journal Officiel of the Commune , plus some of the standard histories, especi al l y Lissagaray's and Jellinek's . Apri l 1971
HAL DRAPER
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N4chzuaehn: Daily New8 una PallMall tlom 19 Marz, 22 Mars, ',1 24M. 29 M: Daily New,. 18 March. [oM 7763] Picard, the Home Minister, engaged to reorganize the Municipal CounciL Prefecture of Seine offered to Casimir Perier: General Valentin the :new prefect of polici. Tem 8 thinks that his appointment a warning,
p
that the government does not consider the state of Paris normal. «It
is certaim, it adds, «that the cannons of Montmartre cannot remain in position indefinitel)'). [p� 4, c.5] (Paris. 16 March.) (Elections at Pari, tooTe place at the 8.thMarch.) «These fine fellows (the National Guards) have become unruly and refuse authority».·
(Pari8 CON'eap.16March) Valentin's dirst business is to establidh
a thoroughly efficient constabulary». «rebels of Montmartre... great
heroes... so long as the people came to look at them». «Shamfights and
sham-soldiery»; «The sham is all in all». Als Beweis, dass die NationaI Guards sham, dass das Th£ers gOVf�rnment has �rcwardcd the French
army with no less than 3 658 crosses of the Legion of Honour». «Plan des
gotlernment to lay a «stamp of 2 centimes on each copy of every peri� odical, whatetler ita nature». [po 6, c. i]
Paris, 17 March (telegram): «All the governcent officials... retur-
ned to Paris ... Thiers, who is to receive 3 million fcs. a year, has his headquarters at Versailles ... Excitement.;; among merchants .. Peti
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tions for a speedy modification of the law relating to bills of exchange»; [po 3, c. 1]
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Situation; 18 Mars. [N!! i54] .
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Lea. Canons deMontmarlre.� «L1ieux gardes que jamais ... Ie comite
central (der Garde nationalc) est tout-puissant; il donne exclusivement
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des ordres, et son influence efface absolument celIe des magistrats mu�
Look up: Daily News and Pall Mall [Gazette] of 19 March, 22 March, 24 March, 29 Mal'ch. 2. As proof that the N at iona l Guards [ are] sham , [ it s ays ] that the Thiers...
1.
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3. "Plan of the...
4. fcs . : francs .
S. The cannons of Montmartre: ''bet ter guarded than ever . . . the central conrmittee
(of the National Guard) is a l l-pow erful ; i t alone gives orders , and its influence
absolutely ob liter ates that of the muni cipal magis trate s . " (Journal des Debats) "Bes ides the dis t rust arous ed by the government ' s attitude with respe ct to the re lI10VaZ of the Assembly to Ve!'saillesand the measures taken against the press, the rumor has gone through Montmartre that Gener al Vinoy had decid ed to throw a block-
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nicipaux». (Journal des Debats) «En dLhors des defiances que souleve l'attitude du go uvernement en ce qui touche au transport de l'.A.ssemb Ue a Versailles et aux mpsure.'1 prises contre la presse, Ie bruit a couril: it Montmartre que Ie general Vin�y s'etait decide a faire le hlocus de Montmartre. Quelque absurde que puisse paraitre ce bruit, iI a ete for tement accredite dans Ie public. De la . . . Ia resolution inebranlable de ne pas se demunir de I 'artillerie etc». «Apres cela ... la question d'Aurelle de Poladil1es . . . Ie noeud du dtbat. La garde nationale veut etendre a son c h�f supreme Ie droit d 'election et non I'accepter du Gouvernement . . . Question de principe . . . qui a fait rompr� les transactions etc . . . . Gari baldi... unanimement proclame comme general en chef de la garde na tionale ... On est intraitable sur ce point». [po 3, c . 1) .La grotesque armee des bataillons revolutionnaires continue a 6 camper a Montmartre , autour des canons conquis sur les artilleurs fran�is. Le gouvernement ne trouve-t-il pas que ce carnaval demagogique . se prolonge un peu trop avant dans Ie careme? N'y aurait il pas plus d 'avantages a faire cesser cette lugubre plaisankrie qu'a supprimer quelques journaux obscurs et a empecher de creer ju.�qu 'il, la levee de t'etat de .,iege de nouveaux organes de publicite? Nous esperons que Ie commandant de l'armee de Paris ne tardera pas a . . r€tablir l'ordre». (Libe1'1� 16 Mars) .•H ie r matin (16-th 1 7-th), une longue file de chariots d'artille- 7 rie se Bont diriges, par ordre, vers les hauteurs de Montmartre , afin de charger et d'emmener les munitions du trop fameux parc des buttes. L 'operation, selon les instructions donnees, devait reussir d'emblee. ou bien, il ne devait pas y etre donne suite , selon l'attitude des volon taires. II parait que Ia nuit n 'avait pas encore porte conse;'l ; on a parle .
ade around Montmartre . However absurd this rumor may seem, it has been firmly be lieved by the public. Hence...the unshakable deteI1Ilination not to be disposs essed of the artillery etc." "After that...the question of Aure Ue de Paladines the crux of the debate. The National Guard wants to extend their election rights to [elect] its conunander in chief and not accept it [his appointment] by the Government... Question of principle ...which has broken up negotiations etc. . .. Garibaldi...unanimously proclaimed as general in chief of the National Guard... They are unyielding on this point." [p.3, c.l] 6. "The grotesque aI1IlY of the revolutionary battalions continue to make camp in Montmartre, around the cannons conquered from French artillerymen. Doesn't the government feel that this demagogic carnival is lasting a little too long into the Lenten season? Would it not be more advantageous to put an end to this dismal jest than [merely] suppress some obscure newspapers and prevent the establishment of new public organs unti l the s tate of siege is raised? We hope that the [Ver saillese] commandant of the Paris army will not delay...re-establishment of ord er." (Libert�� March 16) 7. "Yesterday morning (l6th-17th), a long column of gun-carriages headed, under orders [from Versailles], for the heights of Montmartre in order to load and take away the military supplies of the all too famous grounds on the hill. According to the instructions given out, the operation had to succeed then and there or else it could not be carried out at all, depending on the attitude of the volunt eers. It seems that night still did not bring counsel; there was hardly a few minutes of talk and the carriages went back. In fact, the National Guards kept their cannons, but it was all done without making any row." (Gau lois . ) [p.3, c.2] .
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9 a. peine quelques minutes, et les chariots sont revenus. Les ,gardes natio
naux ont, en effet, garde leurs canons, mais .tout cela s'est fait sans causer aucun tumu1te». (Gaulvis.) [po 3, c. 2]
.ArB'mhlee notiollale. 11 Mars (Bordeaux) Prtsiamt: «Notre prochaine sance est fixee a Versailles au lundi 20 Mars•• [po 3, c. 4] Nach loi volee (proposee par Dufaure) 10 Mars a l'As,'temblee bUMs
a p"!/t!r ae,� le 16-th. (Te1e,gramme 16 Mars Paris) (<
18 19
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Paris 16 Mars (teIegrammc) «Le jard1:n du Lu,xetnbourg
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ferme au
public. Le 115-e regiment de ligne y est campe., occupent les boulevards pres de l'Observatoire». [po 4, c. 2] 11 Ma1"s. Affiche Rouge, adressee aux «soldats», placardee aujourd'hui' •
partout au nom des dele,ques de la gal'ae nationale. (Votee dans une seance tenue au Wauxhall 10 Mars) D ari n u. a. «It 11 a a Paris
110 ,
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300000 gardes nationaux, et cependan.t on y fait entrer des troupes que l'on cherche it tromper sur l'esprit de la population parisienne. Les hommes qui ont organise la defaite, demembre la France, livre
[96]
tout notre or, veulent echapper a la responsabilite qu'ils ont aS8umee e� 8uscitant la guerre civile. lIs comptent que vous serez les dociles instruments du crime qu'ils meditent». «Que veut Ie }>euple de Faris? .
n veut conserver ses· armes, choisir lui-meme ses chefs, et leg revoquer
.quand il n'a plus cQnfiance en eux. II veut que l'armee �oit renvoyee "dans Bea foyel'8). Paris 11 Mars.Protestation du «Ori du Peuple» (im Rappel) contre 'sa suspension par Vinoy (mit noch5 andern joumaux). Vinoy invoque
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l'etat de siege de Paris, declare par l'ex-imperatrice. «Le Quatre sep tembre a passe par la-dessus, et l'Assemblee .vient de voter la decheance de 1'Empire». [po 7., c. 4]
8. National Assemb ly . 11 MaPch (Bordeaux) Chairman: "Our next session is set Versai Ues on Monday , MaY'ch 20 . " [p.3, c. 4 ]
at
9. According to the law adopted (proposed by Dufaure) 1 0 March at the Assemb ly,
" biUs to be paid from the 16th on . (Te legram, 1 6 MaY'ch, Paris) ("There is general agreement on recognizing that this law was adopted with too much haste.") 10. Paris, 16 March (telegram) "The Luxembourg garden ..closed to the public. The 115th regiment of the line is camped there. Three other regiments occupy the , ,boulevards near the Observatory." [p. 4, c. 2 ] 11. 11 Marah . Red poster, addressed to the "so ldier� , "'posted up all around to day in the name of the de legates of the National Guard. Adopted in a session held at the Vauxhall 10 March) In it, among other things: "There are 300, 000 National Guards in PaY'is, and yet troops are brought in whom they try to deceive about the , spirit of the Parisian population. The men who organized the defeat, dismembered France, gave up all our gold, want to escape the responsibility they assumed by " instigating the civil war. They count on your being docile tools of the crime . they are planning." "What do the people of Paris want? They want to keep their arms, choose their leaders themselves, and remove them when they no longer have " confidence in them. They want the army sent home." 12. Paris, 11 March . Protest by the eri du Peuple (in Le Rappe l ) against its suspension by Vinoy (together with 5 other newspapers). Vinoy invokes the state of siege in Paris declared by the ex-empress [Eug�nie]. "September 4 has passed by t hem up there, and the Assembly has just voted the downfall of the Empire." [p. 7, c. 4] .
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CI,amp de Mara et Ie Trocadero occupea par dea
de Chanzy, artillerie etc.
[po
8., c. 1]
La Liberlt. [18 Mars] Parilt 18 Mars. «Le calme Ie plus complet continue " regner dam
·Iel quartiers excentriques•. «La defiance a ete accrue par la nomination ·du gtnbal Valentin Is la prtfecture de police. On n'a pu pardonner �lOn passage a la garde municipale... Rapprochement entre la nomina-
14
•.•
tion de Valentin et celIe (im D eze mb er) de.. EspinaS8t•. [po 1, c. 6] Proclamations von Flourtn8 und Blanqui, cond amne s A mort, afficheea ·dans la Capitale. Blanqui aagt u. a.: .Le 4 septembre un groupe d'individus qui, .BOUS l'emp ir e, a'etaient cree une populariM [If. 3., c. 2] facile, s'etait empare du pouvoir... pour la plupart les bourreaux de la R e publiquo . de 1848... les cre ateur s de l'empire. .. pour ne pas diviser la nation, chacun se mit de toutes ses forces a l'oeuvre de salut... A pres avoir diatribue a leurs amis toutes Ies places Oll ils ne conservaient pas les bonapartistes, ces homme s croiserent les bras... En meme temps, l'enne mi enserrait Paris... c'etait par d e fausses depe c he s, par de fallacieuses promesses que Ie gouvernement repondait Ii toutes les demandes d'eclair. cissements. L'ennemi continuait Ii elever d�s batteries etc., . et a Paris, 300 000 citoyens restaient sans armes, et sans ouvrage, et bientot.sans pain, sur Ie pav.e de la capitale. Le peril etait imminent... Or, au gou vernement issu d'une s urpris e, il fallait substituer l a Commune ... De .IA Ie mouv eme nt du 31 Octobre•. [ po 3, c. 3] .
·15
. .
•
Le Natio na l. 18 Mars. [N2 781]
Erklarung vom 17 Mars durch 100 chefs de bataillons (votee unanime ment 16 Mars cafe Pilon, boulevard Beaumarchais, au coin de la
16
.
13. The Champ de Mars and the Trocadero occupied by regiments of Chanzy's army, artillery etc. [p.8, c.l] 14. Paris" 1 8 March . "The most complete calm continues to reign in the outlying districts." "Distrust has grown due to the appointment of General Valentin to the prefecture of po lice . They could not forgive him...for going over to the Municip a l Guard Parallel between the appointment of Valentin and the appointment (in December) of Espinasse . " [p.l, c.6] Proclamations by Flourens and B lanqui , c on demned to death, posted up in the Capital. 15. B lanqui says, among other things: "On September 4 a group of individuals who under the Empire had garnered an easy popularity [p.3, c.2] seized power... for the most part, the hangmen of the Republic of 1848... the creators of the Em pire... in order not to divide the nation, everyone devotes all his strength to the job of assuring security... After handing out to their friends all the posts in which they did not retain Bonapartists, these men folded their arms... At the same time, the enemy tightened the noose around Paris... It was by fake dispatch es, by misleading promises that the government responded to all demands for clar ifications. The enemy continued to bring up batteries etc., ...and in Paris 300,000 citizens remained without arms, and without a job, and soon without bread, on the sidewalks of the capital. The danger was imminent... So, in place of the government resulting from a surprise move, it was necessary to substitute the Commune... Hence the movement of October 31." [p.3, c.3] 16. Declaration of March 17 by 100 battalion leaders (adopted unanimously 16 March at the Cafe Pilon, Boulevard Beaumarchais, corner of the Rue des Vosges): •
.
.
•
.
.
11 rue des Vosges):
dermement decides a repousser, par tous les moyens
les attaquu qu 01/, oserait tenter contre la Btpublique, et a s'opposer egalement a toute tentativededesarmementde la ga riU M tionale, garde naturel du pacte social, de 1'ordre et de la liberte publique•• ell ya. (heissts in dem National) «en ce moment a Satory, un camp de 30 000 hommes, campes la par ordre expres du Vinop. [p 2, c. 3 4]
possibles,
'
.
[98]
,
o
19 una 20 Marz. Situation. [Nt 155] (1 Nummer fur bei du zusammen) .
! 17
•
Ttllgrammes: Pans 16 Mars: Genera l d'.A.urellt· iU Palaainu,
en habits bourgeois, a inspecte les canons de Montmartre.
[po 4, c. 1]
Paris 17 Mars: La nuit derniere, tout etait tranquille, (16 MarB}t 18
quand les autorit�s ont envoye des artilleurs pour enlever les canons de
la place des Vosges, qui semblaient ne pas etre gardes. Mais aussitot
que les soldats apparurent avec leurs chevaux, Ie rappel fut battu, et
l'officier se retira avec ses homines. [po
4,
c. 2]
Situation zitiert aus Times, wonach die opposition au gouvemement '1 9 n'est qu'une affaire de 30 sous. (Allocation aux gardes nationaux).
cSupprimez cette allocation, Ie peuple raisonnera, et les rebelles et les faineants, ce qui est synonyme, seront bientot reduits a Be soumettre par la faim». [po
5, c.
.
4]
Siecle sagt liber Picard: «Aussitot Ie decret signa (suppression des .20
6 journaux), Ie ministre disparait et cede la place au directeur de jour-
nal, qui s'empresse de· blamer Ie gouvernement de sa decision ... on ecrit que Paris est calme, que les diatribes des journaux supprimes •
etaient inoffensives etc•.
(Electeur du 14 Mars). [po 7,
19 Mara. Le Figaro. •
•
c.
3]
[M 74]
eM. Thiers veut tout simplement organiser une armee a peu pres
semblable
sauf la garde
a
l'armee de l'empire•.
[po
1, c.
1]
.
21
"steadfastly determined to repel, by all means possible, any attaaks that may be �d against the Repub lia, and to oppose likewise any attempt to dis� the Na tionaZ Guarod, the natural guardian of the social covenant, of order and public ., liberty." "There is" (says Le National ) "at this very moment at Satory an encamp lIIent of 30,000 men, camping there by the express order of Vinoy." [p. 2, c.3-4] 17. [Second line of heading:] (1 number for both dates together). [Next para 'graph:] Telegrams : Pari s , 16 Marah: Gene:roal d:"Aure Ue de Paladines, in civilian dress, inspected the Montmartre cannons. EpA, c.l] 18. Paris, 17 Marah: Last night all was calm, (16 March) , when the authorities sent som e artillerymen to carry off the cannons in the Place des Vosges, which seemed to be unguarded. But as soon as the soldiers appeared with their horses, was sounded, and the officer withdrew with his men. [p.4, c. 2] • the call to aTIIlS 19. La Situation quotes from the Times, according to which the opposition to fue gove rnment is just a matter of 30 sous. (Allowance to the National Guards). "Abolish the allowance, people will argue, and the rebels and idlers, which are • synonymous , wi11 soon be forced to give up because of hunger." [p.5, c.4] 20. Le Si�ale says about Picard: "As soon as the decree was signed (suppression of the 6 newspapers), the minister disappears and gives way to the newspaper ed· itor, who hastens to censure the government for its decision... it is being writ ten that Paris is calm, that the diatribes of the suppressed newspapers were in offensive etc." (Electeur of 14 Marah . ) [p.7, c. 3] 21. ''M. Thiers very simply wants to organize an arlllY nearly similar to the army except for the Guard." [p. 1, c. 1] •. of the Empire
i
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·
·
•
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, I
,
i
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12
[ 100]
«La federation nouvelle (He la Garde Nationale) est donc une alliance de tous les bataillons de la garde nationale, mis en rapport les UDS �vec les autres par des delegues de cltaque compagnie, nommant iI. leur tour des dlUgues de bataillon, qui nomment a leur tour un delegue major, ge 'ftiral de legion etc., qui doit representer tout un arrondissement, et confefer avec les 19 autres delegues des 19 autres arrondissements... Ces 2 0 delegues, nommes par la majorite des bataillons de la garde natio nale, ont pour mission de... nommer un general». Corbon, mdire demissionnaire, teilt mit Rede des Trochu, Ie lendemain de I 'affaire de Buzenval: «La premiere question, dit Ie general� que s'empresserent de m'adresser mes nouveaux collegues Ie 80ir meme au 4septembre, fut celIe de savoir si Paris etait en etat de soutenir� avec chance de succes, un siege contre l'armee prussienne. Je n'heaitais pa8 a repondre negativement. Quelques-uns de mes collegues sont ici: ils peuvent temoigner de la veracite de mes paroles et de la per8istance de mon opinion. Je leur dis, en propres termes, que, en l'etat des choses, tenter a Paris de soutenir un siege contre l'armee prussienne 8erait une folie. Sans doute, continuai-je, ce pouvait etre une [po 3, c. 1] folie heroique; mais ce ne serait que cela... Je veux bien admettre que d'une heroique folie puisse sortir, comme par miracle, un resultat heu reux. Mais je ne l'espere pas... Voila, Messieurs les maires, ce que j 'ai dit aux collegues que venait de me donner l'acclamation populaire.. . Les evenement8 n'ont pas dementi ma prevision». [po 3, c. 2]
22
23
20 Mars. Daily KeW8. [M 7765] Leading Article: «The present government of France (Thiers etc.) is as Republican as it can well be». «The mob that now imperils the safety of Paris and of France». «the rabblo>. «an armed and insurgent mob may form a Government whose raison d'etre would be the legalization of exaction and pillage». «This denlorable crime (General Lecomte and Clement Thomas) ... foretaste of another Reign of Ter..•
..•
•
•
22. "The new federation (of the National Guard) is, then, an alliance of all the battalions of the National Guard, maintaining relations among themselves through de legat es from each company � who in turn name the batta lion de legates , who in their turn name a chief de legate� legion general etc., who is to repre sent a whole arrondissement, and meet with the other 19 delegates of the other 19 arrondissements... These 20 delegates, elected by the maj ority of the battalions of the National Guard, have the task of...appointing a general . " 23. Corbon� the mayor who has resigned, tells about his talk with Trochu , the day after the Buzenva1 affair: "The first question, " says the general, "that my new colleagues [in the government] hastened to put to me on the very evening of 4 September , was whether Paris was in a position to stand a siege by the Prussian al111Y with any chance of success. I did not hesi tate to answer in the negative . Some of my colleagues are here: they can testify to the truth of my words and the persis tence of my opinion . I told them, in these very words, that, under the ex isting state of things, to try to hold out in Paris against a siege by the Prus sian army would be a fo Uy . Without doubt, I added, it might bean [p.3, c.l] he roic fo l ly; but it would not be more than that . . I am willing to admit that a heroic folly can produce, as by a miracZe � a happy result. But I have no hope for it... That, Messrs. Mayors, is what I told the colleagues who had just given me popular acclaim . . The events have not given the lie to my prevision . " [p.3 c.2] .
.
J
13 ror.. cd'Aurelle de Paladines... brave general». «factious persons whom indolence and ignorance have urged to break the law.. «the populace of Montmartre does not establish any special heroism for itself». [po 4, c. 6] «The ministry also desire a Republic, if such be the will of France; and
what, therefore, is all the disturbance about? eThe Federation Commit-tee retains power by reason of a popular disquiet that refusu to be
refined away by the processes of logiCl>. (Bravo, penny-a-linerl) eThere
remains, therefore, nothing but the harsher processions of coercion; and General d'Aurelle is not a man to depart from his word... The enemy is already within the walls of Paris, and must be deaU with emphati
\ 24
t;aUy.. [p, 5. c. 1] Paris Correspondent. Saturday niqht (18 Mars), «Assembly to meet at Versailles on Monday (20 Mars)... Government could not show .•.
their faces before ... power to command order in Paris». «Government ... determined to take forcible possession of Montmartre, and the 2 or 300 guns and mitrailleuses there held captive at the order of a self-consti tuted committee... Utterly unknown to fame. They had so long ruled this district of the metropolis . . Order of last Sunday (12 Mars), suppressing the seditious papers, and that no other periodical prints should appear without permission, has been disregarded... new seditious prints appear every day without leave», Early in the morning (18) walls covered with proclamation of Thif';r,�, worin u. a. «The Government has .
[102]
resolved to act. The criminals who affect to institute a Government
!
25
must be delivered to regular justice, and the cannons taken away must be restored to the arsenala.. Late in the afternoon, proclamation dessel ben Thiers und seiner 9 Kollegen to the'«National Guards.: «The Govern
ment is «not» preparing a coup d'etat. The Government of the Republic has not and cannot have any other aim than the safety of the Republic•. Es will mit seinen measures nur «maintenance of order» nnd do away
almost all unknown «With an insurgent committee whose members to the popUlation [po 5, c. 4] represent only communist doctrines, and would consign Paris to pillage and France to death etc,». Late in the e1)ening a third proclamation to the National Guard, signed by .Ernest Picard und d'Aurelle,' «Some misguided men. . resist forcibly the Natio .
f1aZ Guard and the Army.. The Government has chosen that your ,hould be left to you. Seize them with resolution to establish the reign of la�, and to save the Republic from anarchyl. At 9 in the morning I (the correspondent) was in the Faubourg of
26
: 27
128 •
.
\
\
Montmartre, numerous groups assembled «we are to give up our cannon, by the side of which we are determined to protect the Republic they are so evidently desirous of knocking down». . About 3 in the morning (18 March) troops of the Line and some Mo biles suddenly surrounded the heights of Montmartre, and charging up took possession of the cannon, which they did with ease, as their attack was wholly unexpected. But the people called to arms by the •
,I
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•
24. Penny-a-liner: hack journali s t .
25. worin u . a . : which includes among other things : . . . 26 . . . . procl amati on of the s ame Thiers and his 9 co l le agues . . . 27. Its measures are intended on ly for the "maintenance of order" and t o do
away
•
28.
•
•
un d :
and .
!
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•
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14 rappel which was immediately sounded, came in great numbers, espe
cially from Belleville, and reconquered t�e position. A body of police
men had been disarmed, and the people were now again in the posses. sion of their guns. ded
15 persona killed in the scrimmage.
A.t half past three in the morning the Buttes by the troops of General Vinoy, which took
Montmartre surroun pos8enion of all the
leading thoroughfares, and planted gUDS and mitrailleuaes at various points. At 5
o'clock
a regiment from the
army of Faidherbe,
the SS-th
of the Line, which arrived only yesterday in Paris, went up towards the Tower of Solferino, surprised the National Guards, who numbered little more than a score and took possession at once of the heights and of the guns. In
about an hour the
National Guard began to arrive, not -
.
strong enough to recover what they had lost, but bold enough to exchange shots with the troops of the Government. Several deaths of non combatants. National Guards retook all their cannon, took some of the guns and mitrailleuses which the Line led up the slopes of Montmartre. Some of the regiments of the Line fraternized with the National Guards. People shouted .Vive la Ligne». In the midst of the soldiers several po-
. [ 10 4 ]
licemen, charged with Chassepots, they were roughly handled.
29
Lecomte,
one of the Generals in command of the troops, taken prisoner . Conduct ed to the gardens of the ChAteau Rouge. The loyal portion of the army forced to retire, together with the loyal National Guards, utterly foiled and discomfited . The [po
5, c. 5] rebels are gaining upon the town point
by point. They hav� come down from Montmartre and taken posses
sion of the Prince Eugene barracks, planted the red flag on the column
of the Bastille, half Paris in their hands. "Now (10 o'clock in the night) the insurgents are erecting barri cades. The barricade at the top of the rue Rochechouart is becoming quite formidable.
Other Oorrespondent. (Paris;
18
Mars, night)
cGeneral Vinoy in
person, at the head of a considerable military force, marched in the dead of night to Montmartre, hoping to surprise the National Guard,
who hold arti �lery there
..•
By daybreak his troops occupied the Boule
vard Clichy and the heads of all the streets leading to the heights of
Montmartre. But when order was given to act, all the troops of the line threw the butts of their muskets in the air, and fraternised with the insurgents». «A bas Vinoy». «Some of the Gardes de Paris stood well for a short time, and responded to a fire first opened upon them by . the insurgents... Very soon all fighting ceased... Vinoy excellent order». [po
5,
c.
6] Mars:
The
..•
30
retired jn
17
deputies of Paris who recently signed a conciliatory manifesto addressed to their electors, held a meeting
Telegrams. Paris
18
on. Mar817, fresh appeal to moderation, insist upon the National Guards delivering their cannons to the authorities. Scholcher made particularly vigorous speech to this effect. Nearly all the Paris papers against the Federation Committee of the National Guard etc.
.
Nach dem Sieg: The general opinion among the groups in Mont-
29. Vive l a Ligne : Long l ive [ the troops of] the l ine .
31
30 . A b as Vinoy : Down with [ Genera l ] Vinoy . ---Gardes de Paris: Munici pal Guards , a pol i ce format ion . 3 1 . Nach dem Sieg: After the victory .
15 martre and Belleville is that the Assembly must be immediately dissolv. ed, and another elected to sit at Paris. , 18 M ars, about 4 o'clock in the afternoon Lecomte and Clement. General Vinoy's staff, with all the troops of the ·Line Thomas shot . and Gendarmerie, withdrawn to the left bank of the Seine. No rioting or injury to property reported to the present. [po 3, c. f] ..•
21 Mars. Standard. [J'a 14550]
Leading article: .Traitors of Belleville. .. the siege of Paris... had
liberated them from the unpleasant necessity of labour . .. paid by the government for doing nothing ; armed with weapons which th&y utterly refused to use against the public enemy I fed at the expense. [106 ] �f the State . . . their cheap patriotism . . . drink and tobacco out of their . . . 30 sous . . . in no hurry to part "ith these blessings . . . the war over, those men had no mind to fore'go their comfortabk positions . . . their pleasant idleness, and go back to hard work and hard living . . . In past times the National Guard represented the respectability of Paris ... during the siege the roughs of Paris had been enrolled . . . The removal 01 Ge ner al Aurelle de Paladines in favour of a more popular chief, whom never.theless the National. Guard refused to recognize; the ruignation of Jules Ferry, the retirement of Vinoy, at once demonstrated the terror of the admintftration. . . Red Republic dominated by the th ieves, row dies, and demagogues of Paris... To yield would be ruin . . . Communism of the worst species, cruelty the most unsparing . . . [po 4, c. 4] the canaillr.; of Paris . ... ([p . 4, c. 5] Paris Corr. 19 Mara, evening.•Some twenty low rowdies the arM -ters of Paris. For the present they . . . are good enoug h to put off the sackin g of the town until they shall have received rei nforcements fro m Ly?n� and Marseilles . . . (On the 18-th) they have occupied all the public
. bUlldmgs m the place Vendome . . . this morning . . the famou s Central Committee too k possession of the Hotel de Ville . . . the old Town Hall hem me d in by a perfect circle of barricades . . . [p o 5 , c. 2] Up to this morning Dufaure, Jules Favre, Picard, Simon, Admiral Pothuau and General Le(la remained in Pari s... » Publish ed still p rocla mati on to the National Guard and then kft for Versailles. In der Proclamation: «Who 32 are the members of this (Central) Committee ? No one in Paris knows them; their names are new to all the world . . . Are they Communists, ·or Bonapartists, 01' Prussians?» A little later the insurgents occupied the Ministry of Financ e, the Ministry of the Interior, the National Printing Office , an d the Elysee. Das Committee 20 members. Procla33 mation des selben yom 19 Mars: «L' etat de siege est leve. Le peuple de Paris est convoque dans ses sections pour faire ses elections communales». Ditto: «Aux Gardes Nationaux de Paris». <
:
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32. der : the . 33. The Committee [has] 20 members .
I ts procl amation of 19 March: "The s t ate of siege has been lifted . The peop l e of Paris are cal l ed in their s ections t o carry out their communal elections . " Ditto: "To the National, Guards of Paris . " "You en trusted us with organizing the defense o f P aris and of your ri ghts . . . At this time our mandate has exp ired ; we return i t t o you , for we do not aspire to t ake the place of those whom the popul ar breath [voice] has just overthrown . " •
I
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1
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16
mandat est expire ; nous vous Ie rapporton s, car nous ne pretendons pa s prendre la pla<:e de ceux que Ie souffle populaire vient de renverser» . General Lecomte was put to death by Fome men, of the 88-th Regiment of the Line , who shouted : «It is your turn now ; you wanted us to fire on the people» . What is amazing is the utter tranquillity of Paris. The day was a fine one , and the Champs-Elysees, the Rue Rivoli, and Palais Ro ¥al were crowded with the usual Sunday assemblages of holiday makers . Even in the quarters bristling with bayonets t_here is no agitation . I should be sorry to see Paris occupied (by the Prus. .
. .
[ l0 8 ]
-
sians) , but it would be compensa tion to w�tness the dressing which ce8 Messieurs de Belleville would be sure to receive . . . General Chanzy is . in the hands of the insurgents . [po 5, c . 3] Telegrams. Paris 19 Mars : The Central Committee has installed provisional Commissioners at all the Mairies, and has also taken posses sion of all the ministries and telegraph offices . . . The mayors and depu ties of Paris sent deputation to Government to obtain the removal of Vinoy , Paladines, Valentin, Jules Ferry. Ferry resigned. Langlois app ointed instead of Paladines. Went to the Central Committee , asked by Brunet whether he recognized it. Da nicht, nicht. Resigned. Paris 20 March. Rumour that the National Guard intended mar ching to Versailles. [p o 6, c . 1 ] Proclamation o f L . Blanc , Schoelcher, Peyrat, Adam, Floquet, Bernard, Langlois, Lockroy, Farcy, Brisson , Grepp o , Milliere . Verlangen: «election of all chiefs in the National Guard» und «creation of a municipal council elected by all the citizens». Und maires 'und aqjoints von 19 arrondissements. ,
21 Mars. Cloche. [J'I'2 385]
Hier Figaro sealed , sein Wiedererseheinen verboten . [p o 1 , c . 2) Proclamation du Comite Central (19 Mars) : «11 (Ie eomite) n'a pas ete ineonnu, car il etait issu de 1a libre expression des suffrages de 215 bataillons de la garde nationale . . . la garde nationale n'a commis ni exces ni represailles . . . Et pourtant, les provocations n 'ont pas manque . . . Ie gouvernement n 'a cesse, par 1es moyens les plus honteux, de
34 . . . . these Be llevi l le gent lemen . . .
[Bel levi ll e :
34
35
36
37 38
39 40
the most mi l i tan t working-class
di stri ct of Pari s . }
35 . Da ni cht , nicht : S ince [ the answer was ] no , [ then it ' s ] no . 36 . Ver l angen : [They] demand . 3 7 . und : and . 3 8 . And mayors and deputy mayors from 19 arrondis s ements . 39 . Yes terday Figaro s e al ed up , its reappe arance forbidden . [ p . l , c . 2 ] 40 . Proc lamation of the Central Committee ( 1 9 March ) : " I t (the committee) was not unknown , for i t had is sued from the free exerci s e of the vote by 2 15 b at talions of the Nat i onal Guard . . . the Nat i onal Guard has been gui lty of no excesses or re pri s a ls . . . And yet , there has been no l ack of provocati ons . . . the government , us ing the mos t shameful methods , has not stopped trying to commi t the mos t appal l ing of crimes : civi l War. I t has s l andered Paris and has s t i rred the provinces up against it . I t has brought in our brothers of the army against us . " I t wanted t o impose a general in chief upon us . In noctuI'nal attempts it tried t o dis arm us of our can nons , after we had prevented i t from giving them up t o the Prus s i ans . " Woul d de pri ve Paris of its crown as the capitaL . . "Never h as a s entence of execut ion been s i gned by us ; never has the Nat ional Guard t aken part in the exe cut i on of a crime . "
17
tenter l'essai du plus epouvantable des crimes: la guerre civile. Il a ca lomnie Paris et a ameute contre lui la province. Il a amena contre nous Il a voulu nous imposer un general en chef. nos frares de l 'armee 11 a, par des tentatives nocturnes, tente de nous desarmer de nos canons, apres avoir ete emp�che par no us de les livrer aux Prussiena.. WoJlte arracher a Paris la couronne de capitale damais un arrAt d'execution n 'a ete signe par nous ; jamais la garde nationale n'a pris part a l'execu tion d'un crime�. Das Committee , durch decret vom 19 Mars, bestimmt elections 41 municipales fur 22 Mars. Ferner angezeigt: <mous declarons, des a pre sent, etre fermement decides a faire respecter les pr,eliminaires (de la Paix), afin d'arriver a sauvegarder a la fois Ie salut de la France republi caine et de la paix generale». [po 1, c. 4] Aufruf der delegue8 du Journal Officiel aux deparlements, gerich : 42 tet BOwohl an die grandes villes als campagnes. «Que la province Be hAte donc d'imit�r l 'exemple de la capitale en s'or.ganisant d'une fa�on republicaine, et qu'elle se mette au plus tOt en rapport avec elle au moyen des delegues• . 43 All political prisoners mia en liberle. Andere Publikationen im nicht offiziellen Teil des lournal Offi ; 4 4 ciel: �Seuls, deux hommes qui s'etaient rendus impopulaires par des actes que nous qualifions des aujourd'hui d'iniques, ont ete frappes dans un moment d'indignation populaire. Le comite de la Federation de la garde nationale, pour rendre hommage it la verite, declare qu'il est etranger a ces deux executions». [po 1, c. 5] Vers quatre heures, plusieurs bataillons, conduits . par Flourens, se 4 5 dirigent vers les Tuileries. [po 1, c . 6] 46 Drapeau rouge arbore it I'Hotel de Ville. Invasion durch Gardes Nationaux des cGaulois.. [p o 2, c. 1] 47 . . •
••.
,
[ 1 10]
,
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I i
22 March Petit Journal. [J"f! 3002]
•
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L'admiral Saisset est nomme commandant en chef. des gardes na-
48
41 . The Committee , by a decree of 19 March , decides on city e lections for 22
Ma:I'ah . Als 0 announced : "we dec l are , from now on , t o be s teadfas t ly determined to
have th� (peace) pre liminaries respected , s o as to s imul t aneous ly s afeguard the se curi ty, of repub l i c an France and the general peace . " [p . 1 , c . 4] 4 2 . Appeal of the de legates of the Journa l Officie l to the departments , direct ed likewis e t o the b i g cities and the countrys i de . "Then l et the provin ces has t en to imitate the examp l e of the capital by organ i z ing thems e lves in a repub l i can way and get i n cont act with the capital as s oon as pos s ib le , by means of de l egates . " 43 . All po li tical prisoners set free . 44. Other pieces pub l i shed in the unoffi cial part of the Journal Offiaie l: "Two men alone [ Lecomte and Thomas ] , two men wh o made thems e lves unpopul ar by acts whi� from now on we brand as iniquitous , were s t ruck down in a moment of popular indignation . The committee o f the Federati on of the National Guard , to give the truth its due , decl ares that it h as nothing to do with these execut ions . " [p . 1 , c . S] 45. Around 4 o ' c l ock , s everal b attal ions , led by F l ourens , head for the Tui leries . [p . l , c . 6 ] 46 . Red flag raised over C i ty Hal l . 47. Invas ion by Nat i onal Guard of Le Gau lois . [p . 2 , c . l ] 48 . Admiral Sai s s et i s named Commande r in chief of the Nat i onal Guards of the Seine [Greater P aris ] . [p . l , c . 4 ] •
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18 tionales de la Seine. [p o 1 , c . 4] Le bruit persiste a courir (a Versailles) que 50 000 Parisiens et u n nombre incalculable de canons et de mitrailleuBes sont en marche sur . l'Assemblee. [po 1 , c. 1] L'Assemblee (20 Mars) vote l'etat de siege du departement de Seineet-Oise, propose par E . Picard une loi qui confere a des soldats m�me Ie pouvoir judiciaire. [po 1 , c. 3] . «Journal OfficieZ» (des Comite) sagt u. a . (20 Mars) : .Les proletaires de la capitale , au milieu des defaillances et des trahisons des" classes gouvernantes, ont compris que l 'heure etait arrivee pour eux de sauver la situation en prenant en mains la direction des affaires pub liques . . . [p o 2 , c. 2] Les travailleurs, ceux qui produisent tout et ne jouissent de rien, ceux qui souffrent de la misere au milieu des produits accumules, fruit de leur labeur et de leurs sueurs, devront-ils donc sans cesse etre en butte a l'outrage? Ne leur sera-t-il jamais permis de travail- " ler it leur emancipation sans soulever contre eux un concert de male dictions? . . Les desastres et les calamites publiques dans lesquels son (de la bourgeoisie) incapacite politique et sa decrepitude morale et in tellectuelle ont plonge la France . . . Si, depuis Ie 4 septembre dernier la classe gouvernante avait laisse un libre cours aux aspirations et aux besoins du peuple . . . si elle n 'avait pas p refere la ruine de la patrie au triomphe certain de la Republique en Europe , no us n 'en serions " pa s oil nous en sommes et nos desastres eussent eta evites. Le proletariat, -en face de la menace permanente de ses droits, de la negation absolue [ 1 1 2 ] de toutes ses legitimes aspirations, de la ruine de la patrie et de toutes ses esperances, a compris qu'il etait de son devoir imperieux et de son droit absolu de prendre en main ses destinees et d 'en assurer Ie �riomphe
49. The rumor pers i s t s (in Versai l les ) that
49 50
51
50 , 000 Paris i ans with an incal cul
ab l e number of cannons and mi trai 1 1 eus es are on march on the Ass emb ly . [p . 1 , c . 1 ] 50 . The As s emb ly (20 March) vot es for the state of siege in the department of Seine-et-Oise [ surrounding Greater Paris ] , proposed by E . P i card a law whi ch con fers even j udicial powers on s o ldiers . [p . 1 , c . 3 ] 5 1 . "Journal Officie l " (of the C ommittee) s ays , among other things (20 March) : '�he pro l e t arians of the capi tal , ami ds t the fai lures and treas ons of the rul ing c l as s es , have underst ood that the hour has come for them to s ave the s ituation by t ak ing in hand the direction of pub l i c affairs . . . [p . 2 , co1 . 2 ] The workers , those who produce everything and enj oy nothing , who suffer from poverty in the midst of an accumu l at i on of products whi ch are the frui t of the i r toi l and swe at are they then to b e exposed to abus e t\7ithout cease ? Shal l they never b e permitted to work for their own emancipat ion w ithout exciting a chorus o f curs es against them? . . The dis as ters and pub l i c calami t i es into whi ch France has been p lunged by their (the bourgeoi s i e ' s ) po l itical incompetence and moral and inte l l ectual decrepi tude . . . I f , s ince l as t 4 September the ru l ing c l as s h ad given a free hand to the as pirat ions and needs of the peop 1 e . . . i f i t had not preferred the ruin of the fath erland to the sure triumph of the Repub l i c in Europe , we would not be in the s it uati on we are now and our dis as t ers wou l d have b een avoided . The proletariat , con fronting the permanent threat t o the ir rights , the ab so lute negation of al l their legit imate aspirations , the ruin of the father l and and of a l l thei r hopes , under stood that i t was the i r imperious duty and the i r abs o lute right to t ake their own des t iny in hand , and as sure its t riumph by s e i z ing power . . . The cours e of progress , momentari ly interrupted , wi l l resume its advance , and the pro letari at , in spite of everything , wi l l achieve its emancipati on . " [p . 2 , c . 3 ]
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19 e n s'emparant du pouvoir . . . Le cours au progres, un instant interrompu, reprendra sa marc he , et Ie proletariat accomplira, malgre tout, son emancipation». [p o 2 , c . 3] Proro,q ation d'un mois des kheances des effets de commerce. 5 2 [p o 3 , c . 1] Jusqu'il nouvel ordre, les proprietaires et les maitres d'hOtel ne pourront congedier leurs locataires. Lecomte, sagt das Journal Officiel, avait commande a quatre reprises, 53 sur la place de Pigalle, de charger une foule inoffensive de femmes et d 'enfants. Clement Thomas a ete arrete au moment ou il levait, en vetements " 54 <:ivils, nn plan des barricades de Montmartre. Le premier fusille par des soldats, l'autre par des gardes nationaux. [p o 3, c. 2] -- -�-
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21 Mars. Daily News. [M 7766] Leader : «mock heroics. . . sham sentiment. . . stale antics of the stage» . [p o 4, c. 4] «Exhausted braggadocio , with neither faith nor fight in it. . . Like the insurgents of June , . . . they resent the sudden cessation of pay and idleness . . . If the legislators who have neither unanimity .e no ugh to restore . . . monarchy, nor public virtue enough to sustain. a Republic, have counted upon the Germans returning to pacify Paris .etc». [p o 4 , c. 5] Paris Corresp. 20 Mars. The members of the Committee present insisted that the Generals should not be shot... [p o 5, c . 5] Never had any law such bad effect than the Dufaure law of the 10-th March against the passionate appeals of the Parisian merchants, has produced a per fect panic . The shopkeepers : «We be all dead men». So all the life and soul has been taken out of 1 OOO-nds of National Guards . . . Prussians .re-entered St. Denis etc. [p o 5 , c. 6] 23 Mars. Daily News. [eM 7768] Bank of France forced to pay a million of fcs . , for which a Trea :sury bill given. Communal elections postponed to 23 Mars. Leader: The Proletariat reigns at Paris and the peasantry at Ver [p o 4, c . 5] this bitter fear of the betrayal of the Republic is sailles at the bottom of the difficulties of the situation . . . The " insurgents de mand : election of a Communal Council of Paris by popular vote ; reor ganisation of National Guard , popular election of its officers ; suppres sion of the Police Prefecture, and control of police by the Communal [ 1 14] authorities ; suppression of the army of Paris... Neither side likes to give the signal for ciyil war. [po 4, c . 6] Versailles 20 Mars. National Assembly. Urgency of municipal law 5 5 vote d ; ditto liill (urgency voted) of repealing Dufaure's act. . . .
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5 2 . Extension by a month of the due-dates of commercial bi Us .
[p . 3 , c . l ] Unt i l issuance of another orde r , owners and hous e managers cannot turn out their ten
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53 , Lecomte, s ays the Journal Officie l, had given the command four times , on the Place Piga1 1e , to charge an unoffending crowd of women and chi ldren . 54 . Cz.�ment Thomas was arrested j us t as he w as drawing a p l an of the Montmartre barri cades , dres sed in civi l i an att i re . The fonner [ Lecomte] shot by s o l diers ; the other by National Guards . [p . 3 , c . 2 ] 55 . Versai l les, 20 March : should read 22 March. [E . S . ] ,
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20 A ssembly. Urgency to restore all the Bonapartist Council Generals voted , despite Picard, proposed by crurab de 56 Gaslonde. A Proclamation, read by La8uyrie, «to Citizens and Soldiers» voted unanimously. Peyrat wanted to add : cVive la France l Vive la Repub/ique!» (Frantic roars of dissent from the Rurals). Thier8: it might. be a very legitimate proposal etc. ( Dissent der ruraux) Jules Favre . 5 7 21
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Mars. National
. made a harangue against the doctrine of the Republic being superior t() universal suffrage. He flattered the «rural» majority, and said he repente d o f having kept the arms for the National Guard which the Prussians threatened to take away from them. The Prussians were at this moment diplo matically asking him, whether,,, if the insurrection erevailed in Paris, they would not have a right to suppress it. Thiers spoke more concil iatory than' Favre , and said at last positively that «come what might he woul d not send an armed force to attack Paris». [p o 5, c. 61 Paris Corr. 21 Mars. Forts arouncf Paris in the hanas ot the Insur g en ts. (Committee) . Lyons is following, declaring itself a free town , against the Rurals . . . [po 6, c. 1] The soldiers of the S1-st insisted upon shooting Lecomte and Clement Thomas . . . [p o 6, c. 2] Both Dufaure and Picard 's best clients are amongst the p roprietors averse to losing any thing by the siege of Paris . . . [p o 6, c. 3] Telegrams. Paris 21 Mars. About 4 000 «unarmed» reactionists marched through the streets in the central districts, their numbers increasing at every step, unter cries : « Vive la France! Vive rAssembiee 5 8 Nationale!� «A bas le Corni tt� Went on till the Bourse was reached, when the commandant of the 1 1 -th battalion, which was on guard there , gave orders for the salute being beaten, as evidence of sympathy with the manifestation. Mairie of the 2-nd Arrondissement, Rue de la Banque , remains in the hands of the regular municipality . . . Admiral Saisset' s nomination to the command in chief of the National Guards confirmed . . . He will act in union with the Mayors. [p o 3, c. 1] 21 March. Mayors refuse their concurrence in the voting for the Commune. 22 March. Committee declares that they will take place without them. «Avertisse men� against the j ournals, against the declara- 59 tion of yesterdays papers, against voting. Warns them. ,
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Official Journal (des Comite): «Assembly only elected for a speci- 60 fic purpose on the eve of a capitulation, when the territory was in the occupation of the enemy . . . The deputies of the departments occupied could not have been freely elected». Ausserdem «elected under reactio- 6 1 nary influence�. « Let them quietly resolve the . .. task of peace and war, and disappear» . [p o 3, c . 2 1 Berlin. March 22. The Provincial Correspondence says : «We shall certainly not now interfere with the internal dissensions of Paris and France». Return of the French prisoners stopt for the present. •
5 6 . "Rural " : Provi nci al ( " rural " ) l andowner, member of the reactionary ma]or� ty of the pro-roya l i s t Na ti onal Assembl y . •
5 7 . Dis s ent of the rura1s . 5 8 . . . . ami ds t cries o f : "Long live France ! Long live the National Assemb ly ! " •
"Down wi th the Commi ttee . "
59 . Avert i s s ement : warning . 60 . Official Journal (of the C07roni ttee) . . . 6 1 . Aus s erdem : Furthermore .
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21 March 22. Canrobert has made dignified advances to
Thier!, by whom they have been received in a fitting manner. [p o 3, c. 3] 23
Man. Daily Telegraph. [oN! 4921]
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Paris 21 Mars. The first manifestation of the solid men of Paris occurred to-day. Auf dem « Flag of France» . . . inscription des hoinmes 62 d 'ordre». All gentlemen. Moved slowly up the Boulevard des Italien8, proceeded towards the Porte St. Denis, passed in the Rite Vivienne, at three defiled into the Place ' de la Bourse. As many as 2 000 people
solid men t (Improvised g<>vernment h'Jld its con about that place ' ·claves in the Place Vend6me. ) The men of order rushed to the «railing. o f the Exchange . Brokers and merchants now swelled the body to 3 000 , proceeded down the Rue Not1'e Dame des Victoires, at half past 3 their head passed into the rue Druot, the sentinels retreated to the Mairie of the 9-th Arrondissement. A short distance from the Boulevard in the Rue Druot is the Mairie of the 9-th Arrondissement and directly oppoSite the Gendarmerie both of which places command the approaches to Montmartre. Here also the Party of Order found many new adherents. The Guards and Men of Ordet fraternized. They put on the bltte ribbon as symptom of order. This fact leaves no doubt that the men of order have an organisation j for even as we proceeded down the Rue Lafayette men came out at various intervals and distributed the blue ribbon . At the Rue de la Paix the body swelled to 5 000 men. Many wearers of the L€gion of Honour and solid merchants. [p 5, c . 5] Mass surged to the Place Vendome. At 3 .40 the sentinels guarding the rue de la Paix, fled into the Place Vendome. The whole movement seemed a surprise. There were no preparations to meet it. The National Guards disperse the throng, and reoccupy all their old outposts at 5 p . m. Once in front of the Etat Major of the Garde Nationale , the men of· order cover the 63 whole place . «Down with the Central Committee». This the first mani- 64 festation of the «men of ordel'» to be repeated to·morrow on 22 Mars. Ip. 5, c. G]
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In dem Zitat de9 Daily Teleg ra p h Penny a Liner «Manifestation 6 5 o f the solid men of Paris All who were in the line of march were what the world calla gentlemen . that is with -silk hats, fine cloth» . [p. 5, c. 5] Ein andrer der Penny-a-liner sagt vori den members des Central 66 Committee that they were 4:spare men having about them that hangdog look, characteristic of the Paris workmen that had to pass through the 67 Paris famine». (so ungefahr) .
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Versailles. Assemblee Nationale 23 Mars und nachher seance de 6 8 Nuit selben Tag. Die Vers 6hnungsmaires (vor den WahIen vom 26. Mars) venus expres de Paris mit propositions qu'un des maires.represen•
62. On the "Plag of Prance " ins cription "the men of order . " of the s taff headquarters of the Nat ional Guard . 63 64. manifestat i on : demons trat i on . . . to be repeated to-morrow on 22 March. 65. In the quotation from the Dai ly . Te legraph 66. Another penny - a- l iner s ays about the members of the C entral Committee . . . 67. s o ungeflfur : apprmximate l y like that . 68, Versai l les . National Assemb ly� 23 March and afterwards night session the •
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tants se chargeait de lire de la tribune . Als die maires eintraten, les membres de la gauche Ie ' leverent : « Vive la BtpubliqUf), worauf die
, maires antworten mit demselben Ruf. Darauf indignation �·on den
Castellane , Baze , Buffet, M. de Lorgeril s 'est couvert ei tous les villages
presents ont repondu A l'acclamation : Vive la lUpubliqve / par Ie grognement : A l ordre, a l'arart. On 80mmait Ie president de suspendrela '
.eance . La docile
Grevy declarait 1 'ordre du jour epuise, et a
disparu avec
prestes88, au milieu des reclamations et des protestations de la gauche.
L'ordre du jour n'etait pas epuiae, parce que la proposition des maires pas m�me lue A la tribune. Representants de Paris parle rent de donner leur demission A l'ouverture de la seance de nuit. Dans l'intervalle des pourparlers et des negociations . Thiers intervint. Grevy entschuldigt sich A la reprise de la seance etc . Une demi-heure apres" elle ecoutait aveo componction la lecture de la p roposition des maires, votait I'u� gance, et la renvoyait tout de suite pour Ie fond A l 'examen des bureaux. [p o
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Wie das «Vive la Republique» gerufen wird, M. de Cutellane: «Nous ne pouvons supporter cela». Un grand nombre de deputes sieg2ant
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. A droite quittent leurs bancs , arrivent au pied de la tribune et inter pellent vivement Ie president. Die Vorschliige der mairea
von Paris : 1 )
que l'Assernblee nationale se mit en communication permanente avec les rna'ires de 1a capi
70
2) qU'elle voulut bien autoriser les maires A prendre, au besoin , les mesures que Ie danger public reclamerait imperieusement ; 3) que , l'election du general en chef de la garde nationale flit fixee au 28 de ce tale ;
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ly from P aris with propos a l s that one o f the mayor- repres entatives undertook to read from the p l at form . As the mayors entered , the members of the Left ros e : "Long live the Repub lic, " whereupon the mayors responded with the s ame cry . Thereupon indi gnati on from the C as t e l l anes , Bazes , Buffets ; M . de Lorgeri l put on his hat and al l the vi l l ages [sic ; vil l agers ?] pres ent answered the cheer Long live the Repub U c ! with growls of Order, order. The chairman was cal led on t o suspend the sess ion . The doci le Grevy dec l ared the agenda exhaus ted and dis appeared with al acrity , amidst comp l aints and protests from the Left . The agenda was not ex hausted, becaus e the mayors ' propos a l [was ] not even read from the p l at fo rm . Par is repre s entatives talki�g o f handing in res i gnat i ons at the opening of the night session . In the interval , parleys and negoti at i ons . Thiers intervened . Grevy apo l ogi zed on the resump tion of the s e s s i on et c . A hal f-hour l ater , it [ the as s emb ly] l i s t ened with compunct i on t o the reading of the mayors ' propos al , voted an emer gency , and as for the sub s t ance , s ent it immedi ate ly for consi deration by the ad ministrative bureaus . [ p . l , c . l ] 69 . As the cry of "Long l ive the Repub l ic " was given , M . de Caste U ane : "We can not put up with that . " A \ l arge number o f deputi es s eated on the right leave their benches , come t o the foot o f the p l at form and sharply apostroph i ze the chairman . 1 ) that the National Ass emb ly put itself 70 . The proposals of the Paris mayors : in pentanent communi cat i on with the mayors of the capital ; 2 ) that it agree to authori z e the mayors to t ake measures , as need be , that are imperious ly demanded by the pub l i c danger ; 3 ) that the e lect ion of the general - in - chief of the Nation al Guard be s et for the 2 8th of this month ; 4) that the e l ection of the Paris mu nicipal counci l t ake p l ace even before Apri l 3 ; 5 ) as for the l aw on the munici pal e l ection : that the e l i gibi l ity requirement be reduced t o s i x months ' res id ence , and that the mayors and deputy mayors i s s ue from the e l ection . [p . 2 , c . 4] •
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mois ; 4) que Pelection du conseil municipal de Paris eut lie� merne avant Ie 3 avril ; 5) en ce qui concerne la loi relative a l'.election municipale, que la condition d 'eligibilite fut reduite a six mois de domi. cile , et que les maires et adjoints procedassent de l'election. [p o 2, c. 4]
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I n ·derselben Nachtseance: Interpellation du compere de Jules 7 1 Favre, eines M. Turquet, ce que voulait dire la depeche du commandant i prussiin au Comite Central. [p . 1 , c. 1]. Favre, apres quelques platitude s a la Prusse, « 'lui veut bien ne pas douter de sa sincerit{�, a menace en. core Paris du fer et du feu de M. de Moltke . «C'est la coupable emeute de Paris. . . a jama is maudite, qui consomme la malheur du pays•. Saint Jules Favre , priez Bismarck pour nous l Versailles 24 Mars. Les echeances prorogees d'un mois. [p o 1 , c. 2] 7 2 Comite central verordnet die Wahlen fUr Sonntag, 26 Miirz. 73 Die ruraux Ie parti «qui a toujours eu pour moyen la guerre civile, 7 4 . qUl a dans son passe les deux chouanneries,'qui a leve l'armee de Conde et les paysans de Charette , qui est rentre en France par la grace de Dieu . et du roi de Prusse». [p o 1 � c. 3] A la gare de Versailles, il y a un commissaire de police special 7 5 qui demande aux arrivants s'ils ont des journaux. S 'ils en ont qui deplaisent it. la majorite de l'Assemblee , ces journaux sont saisis. A Paris, it. cote de ses proclamations, Ie comite laisse s'etablir celles du gouvernement de Versailles. [p o 1 , c. 4] . 23 Mars. Saisset als Commandant en chef provisoire zeigt den . 7 6 Parisern an, dass die deputes de la Seine und die maires elus ont obtenu du gouvernement de l'Assemblee Natwnale : «1) la reconnaissance complete des franchises municipale s ; 2) l'election de tous les officiers de la garde nationale, y compris Ie General en chef ; 3) des modifications it. la loi sur les echeances ; 4) un projet de loi sur les loyers, favorable aux locataires, jusqu'il et y compris les loy ers de 1 200 fcs.». '
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In the s ame night ses sion : Interpe l l at i on by Jules Favre ' s crony , one M. Turquet , about the meaning of the Prus sian commander 's dispatch to the Central Corrvni ttee . [p . l , c . l ] . Favre , after some p l at i tudes a. la P rus s i a "whiahia wi 7,7,� ing not to doubt his sinceri ty � " again threatened Paris with Herr von Mol tke ' s fire and sword . " I t is the criminal outbreak in Pari s . . . forever accursed� that 71 .
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consummates the mis fortune of the country . " Saint Jules Favre , pray to Bismarck for us ! 72. Versai Ues � 24 March . Due - dates o f b i l ls extended for a month . [p . l , c . 2 ] 73 . Central Commi ttee orders the e lections for Sunday , March 26 . 74 . The Rurals the party "whi ch has a lways had civi l war as its method , whi ch has two Chouanneri es in its pas t , whi ch organized the army of Conde and the peas ants of Charette , whi ch returne d t o France by the grace of God and the king of Pruss i a . " [p . l , c . 3] 75 . At the Vers ai l les s t ation , there i s a special p o l i ce cons t ab le who asks ar rivals if they have newspapers . I f they have any that displease the As s emb ly majority , these papers are s e i z e d . In Pari s , alongs i de its own procl amat ions , the . committee allows thos e o f the Vers ai l l es government to be put up . [p . l , c . 4 ] 76 . 23 March. Sai s s e t as provi s i onal commander- in-chief announces to the Pari s ims that the Seine deputies and the e lected mayors have obt ained the fol l owing from the government of the Nationa l Assemb ly : " 1) comp l ete recogniti on of muni 2 ) e l ection of al l Nat ional Guard offi cers , including the genera l cipal rights ; 3) modi fi cations in the l aw on due- dates of b i l l s ; 4) draft of a b i l l in-ch i e f ; on rents , favorab l e to tenant s , up t o and including rents of 1 200 francs . "
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24 22 Mars. In dem Aufruf des Comites fur die Wahlen u. a : «Pour .. 7 7 . la premiere fois depuis Ie 4 septembre la Republique est affranchie au . gouvernement de 8ea ennemis. . [p o 1 , c . 6] Ii la cite une milice nationale qui defen d le8 citoyena contre le pouvoir, au lieu a'une arM per manente quidefend le pouvoi,. contre lea citoyens•. Favre. Des son arrivee au pouvoir, M . Jules Favre s'est empress� . 7 8 .. de faire mettre en liberte Pic et Tail/efer, condamnes pour vol et faux .. en ecriture dans I 'affaire de l';Ekn d ar d. Taillefer, rattrap�, reincarcer6 _
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A ffairede Yen-dome. 22 Mars. Journal Of(iciel:
A 11/, heures, la . 7 9 manifestation, qui se massait depuis. midi sur la place de la Nouvellt
2, c . 1] Dans les pre miers rangs, un groupe tres exalte , parmi lesquels de lIeeckeren, � Coellogon et H. de Pene, anciens familiers de l 'empire. Arrivee 1 la hauteur de la rue Neuve-St.-Augustm la manifestation a entoure, maltraite
[ 1 2 2 ] Opera,
s 'est engagee dans la rue de la Paix. [p o
et desarme deux gardes nationaux detaches des sentinelle8 avancees .
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Ils se sont refugies sur la place de Vend6me . AussitOt les gardes natio naux, saisissant leurs armes, se sont portes immediatement en ordre de bataille , jusqu'li la hauteur de la rue Neuve-des-Petits Champs. Recommandation etait faite de ne pas tirer. Le premier rang de la foule, •
800
1 000, se trouve bientOt face Ii face avec les gardas nationaux
mit : «A bas les assassins! a bas le Comite.". Grossieres inllultes contre ds... les gardes nationaux . On les appelle : «Assa88im, Ztic1&es, brigan
Ces fU1-ieux saisissent lea fusilsdes gardes nationaux. On arrache le sabre d 'un officier. Les cris redoublent . Veritable ame ute. Un coup de revolver vient atteindre Ii la cui sse [Ie] citoyen Maljourftal, lieute Mntd eta t m ajor de la place, membre du co mi M central. Le gena '
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ral Bergeret , commandant [de] la place, accouru au premier rang des Ie ·
7 7 . 22 March . In the Committee ' s cal l for the e l ect i ons , among other things : "For the firs t time s ince 4 September the Repub l i c i s l iberat ed from the govem- ' ment of its enemies . . . [p . l , c . 6 ] in the city a nat i onal mi l i t i a whi ch defends the
citizens agains t the governmental power3 instead of a s tanding army which defends the governmental power agains t the citizens . " 7 8 . Favre . Since his c oming t o power , M . Jul es F avre has has t ened t o s et free Pic and Tai l lefer3 convict ed of theft and forgery in the Etendard affair . Tai l l e
fer , recaptured , reimpri s oned by the committee ' s order . 79 . Vendome affair . 22 March . Journal Officie l : At half-pas t one , the demonstra tion , whi ch had b een mas s ing s ince noon on the P l ace du Nouve l-Opera , headed into the Rue de l a Pai x . [p . 2 , c . l ] In the front ranks , a very fanat i c group , inc lud ing Heeckeren3 Coet logon and H . de Pene 3 o l d fami l i ars of the Empire . Reaching the cres t of the Rue Neuve -Saint - August in , the demonstrat i on surrounded , roughed up , and dis armed two Nat i onal Guards s tat i oned there as forward s ent ries . They took refuge on the P l ace Vendome . Immedi ate l y the Nat i onal Guards , grabb ing their anns , formed into b att l e order at once , up t o the crest of the Rue Neuve- des - Petits Champs . Order w as given not t o fi re . The front ranks of the crowd , 800- 1 000 , s o on are face t o face with the Nat i onal Guards , wi th : "Down with the murderers ! down with the Commi ttee ! " Coars e insults agains t the Nat i onal Guards . They are cal l ed :
"Murderers 3 cowards 3 brigands . " . These fire -eaters grab the guns of the National The ye l l s are redoub led . Real Guards . An officer has his saber wres ted from him. ri ot . A revolver shot hits the thi gh of Ci tizen Maljourna l3 loca l staff lieuten ant3 merriber of the central committee . General Berge r et , commandant of the area,
25 debut, fait sommer les emeutie rs de se retirer. Pendant pres de einq minutes roulement du tambour. Dix sommations sont faites. On · y par des cris et. des injures. Deux gardes nat.ionaux tombent . grievement bles� . Cependant leurs camara des h esitent, et tirent en l'air. Les efMutiera s'efforcent de rompre lei li.gnes et de lei Des coups de feu retentissent et l'emeute est subitement disperst\e. Le general Bergeret fait immediatement cesser Ie feu. · Des maisons des coups de fusil ont ete tires sur les gardes nationaux. Deux entre eux sont tues, Wahlin et Franc;ois, huit ont ete blesses. Vicomte de Molind, au premier rang de l'emeute , tue par derrier� (durch seine Eignen) . Auf seinem corps on trouve un poignard fixe a 18 ceinture par une chainette. Un grand nombre de revolve rs et de cannes a epee ont de ramasses dans la rue de la Paix et portes a l'etat-major de la Place. [po 2, c. 2] 25
March. Daily News. [M 7770]
Leader: «At no time in her history has France sunk 80 low as at
this moment, when we find the elected and rep resentative Govern ment of the country courting the assistance of her bitterest enemy to subdue rebellion , while the rebels themselves are anxious to be on friendly terms with that enemy, so as to secure their own ends». «Sa vage rabble», [po 4, c. 5] «outlaws of society», ,tfired upon defenceless citizens», « �owardly ruffians who were guilty of Wednesday's massacre», «gen Era 1 de Charette . . . commissioned to increase his Volunteer le- · gion of the Wesb. .
[124]
..
General von Schlotheims announcement has given rise to the rumour
that ... Bismarck has been secretly fomenting these disturbances» . cIt is no less certain that the most humane .among us would not be too scrupulous about the repressive measures which might be necessary _to secure that end» (to put down the rebellion.) [p o 4', c. 6] . Telegrams, Pads 24 Mars: Resistance to the rebels is spreading.
In the loyal districts several recalcitrant bataillons have been dili armed; many National Guards allow themselves to be disarmed easily. The Journal O/liciel (only a letter to it) explains what was meant
.
when it proposed that the greater part of the indemnity should be paid by tbe authors of the war. The property of the rich proprietors of France 1 70 milliards, confiscate 3 or 4 % of that property . Jules Favre, at .
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•
had hurried t o the front ranks from the beginning , cal l s on the rioters t o t urn b ack . For nearly five minut es , drum ro l l s . Ten t imes the sorrunations [ riot ac t] are read. They are answered with shouts and insul t s . Two Nat i onal Guards fal l serious ly wounded . Yet their comrades hes i t ate , and fire into the air . The rioters make an effort to break the lines and dis amz them . Some shots ring out and the riot is suddenly di spers ed . General Bergeret immedi ately orders ceas e - fi re . From ho�es , some gunshots were fired at the Nat i onal Guard . Two of them were k i l led , Vicomte de MoZine t� in the front ranks W�lin and Franyois ; e i ght were wounded . of the riot , ki l led from b ehind (by one of his own people) . On his body :is found a dagger, fastened t o h i s b e lt by a sma l l chain . A l arge number of revo lvers and sword- canes were pi cked up in the Rue de l a Paix and brought t o the he adquarters in th e square . [p . 2 , c . 2 ]
; who
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... .
,
26 Versailles, has declared that, to his astonishment, he is quite igno rant o f the correspondence between the commander of the .3-d German Army Corps and the insurgents. [p o 3, c . 1]
Paris. 23 Mars. All the space between the Rue Richelieu, Boule
vard et Rue Montmartre etc. etc . occupied by the reaction ary Natio nal Guards of those districts. The boys of the Ecole Polytechnique placed themselves at the disposal of the reactionary Provisional Staff installed in the Place de la Bourse to act as aides-de-camp. [po 3, c. 2] Admiral Saisset commander-in-chief of the National Guard, Langlois et Schoelcher have undertaken the moving and concentration o f the «orderly>? bataillons. Their staff is provisionally installed in the Place de la Bourse . Lyons has proclaimed the Commune. Ditto Mar seilles. [p o 3 , c . 3] •
Irishman
1.
80
April. [Vol. XIII, J\2 39]
«felon sheets, the Figaro and the Gaulois». «Qu'est Ie produc-
teur? Rien. Que doit il etre? Tout . Quel est Ie travailleur? Rien. Que doit il etre? Tout». [p o 626, c. 1] 25 Ma1·ch. Saisset, after having shifted his flag from the Bourse to the Western railwaystation , issued a n order directing the faithful battalions of the National Guards to return home , while he threw down his comm and and left Paris. [p o 627 , c. 2] Valentin, ex-Colonel 01
81
Gendarmes. Paris. 26 March. Abdication of the Central Committee to the new •
[ 1 26 ]
•
elected maires etc . Elections took place on 26 (Sunday). The majority of the papers go with the Journal des Dc!bats, which declares that i t will not join in a vote which is appointed without right. More persons are voting in the loyal part of the town than was expected. Saisset ' s aid it would require 300 000 men to put down the insurrection. The Committee have been victorious except in the 1 , 2 and 7 arrondisse ments. [p . 627 , c . .3] The discipline observed by the insurgent troops is remarkably good. McMahon has offered his services to Thiers. · Gen. Cathelineau has summoned his Vendeans to meet him at Rambouillet. 82 [p o 628, c . 1] Versailles, 27 March. Thiers : «I give a formal contradiction to those who accuse me of leading the way for a monarchical settlement. I found the Republic an accomplished fact. Before God and men I dec. lare I will not betray it etc.» Lyons, March 27. Defeat of the Commune. The Versailles government have determined on attacking Paris. [p o 628, c. 2] . The Mairies of the l-st, 2-nd and 16-th arrondissements, held by the <<party of ordeI'» , were surrounded by the Red battalions, amply supported by artillery, and their garrisons given the choice either to evacuate the buildings or agree to allow the voting to take place on • •
•
.
80 . at : and . 81 . "What is the producer? Nothing . What should he be? Everything . What is th e
worker? Nothing . What should he be? Everything . " [p . 6 2 6 . c . l ]
.
82. Vendeans : soldi ers recrui ted from the Vende� (northwes t France) , whi ch , in
1793 e t s eq . , was the cen ter of a pro-royalis t peasan t movemen t led by the nobles .
•
27 the appointed date . The «party of order» chose the latter alternative. Deputies and Mayors of Paris present in the city affixed their names to a document,. counter-signed by the delegates of the Central Commi tee, in which they recognised the validity of the elections in question, exhorting all citizens to vote, and the Central Committee made the same appeal. Out of 500 000 voters very nearly the half did aot come to the polls. Elections took place under the regime . of the electoral law of 1849, which prescribes l/S of the voters on the registry to be a sufficient majority. Hence the elected legal representation of Paris. [p o 628, c. 3] Mast of the Reds bore the traces a/' ;poverty .ana bad
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feeding. Vendome' Affaire. A. number of cane-swords ana revolver, lay on the streets by which the .unarmed. demonstratiOfl. had passed. Pis-
tol shots were fired before the insurgents received orders to fire on the crowd. The Officiel adds that general Sheridan, who witnessed the 8 3 whole affair from a window in the Rue de la Paix, can give testimony to the fact that the manifesters were the aggressors. 22 March. Abends (nach der Demonstration) the rappel was beaten 84 in the i-st, 2-nd and 16·th wards, and on the morning of the 23·d, the whole space, shut in by the Boulevard, the Rue Richelieu , the Rue Montmartre, and the Rue des HaIles, was occupied by the opponents of the Commune. The mairie in the PJ.ace de la Bourse wa� made the l}eadquarters of this party. At a short distance from this point, the
[ 1 28]
•
advanced posts of the rival factions faced each other . . . The partisans of the Assembly had no cannon . . . madness to struggle with their adversaries without artillery. Saisset, nominated General in Chief of the . National Guard by the Mayors of Paris, at first attempted to organise the loyalists with the view of ousting the Committee from the H otel de Ville , left Paris for Versailles on Saturday, after ordering the . entire National Guard off duty. His own party obeyed him, but the cRed. bataillons did not. [p o 629, c . 1] The el.ection was conducted fairly and regularly. Never in the police-ridden era . of the Empire did the polls present a quieter aspect. [po 628, c . 3] There was consternation at Versailles. An attack on Ver sailles was expected on Thursday week (23 March), for the leaders of the Communal agitation had announced that they would march on Versailles, if the Assembly took any hostile action. The Assembly did not. On the contrary, it voted as urgent a proposition to hold Communal elections in Paris E!tc. By the concessions the Assembly admitted its powerlessness. [p o 640, c. 1]
85
•
Royali,t Intrigues at Versaille,. Bonapartist Generals and Duc •
•
d�Aumale.. FaVl'e bent upon displacing Thiers. Favre even avowed that he had received a letter from Bismarck, announcing that unless order were restored by Sunday last (26 March) , Paris would be occupied by the German troops. Red8 saw plainly through this little arLifice Liberation of Chanzy took place almost simultaneously with the .
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83 , General Sheri dan : This was the union general , Philip Henry Sheri dan , who
was in Paris a t the time . 84 . 2 2 March . I n the evening ( after the demonst ration) the cal l to arms was beaten . , , 85 . Thursday week : i . e . , a week from Thu rsday , 23 March , hence on 30 March .
,
fE . S . ]
28 retreat of Saisset . The royalist journals were unanimous in decreeing the death of the general. They desired to fix that amiable proceeding on the «Reds». «Three times he had been ordered to execution, and now he was really going to be shot». The Reds do not treat their prisoners [worse] than the Minis ters of England their Iri sh victims. Elections delayed through a desire to compromise with the Government on the subject , although knowing these delays were dangerous , and would only give the Royalist reactionists time to act. The regulations for the vo �ing were such as to assure the most perfect freedom from intimida tion . . . Out of a Communal Council o f 90 members 72 Reds chosen The abstainers cannot b e ac'c ounted as opponents of the Commune , for the largest proportion of votes were registered . in the Conservative Districts. Proclamation of the Commune on March 28. Enthusiasm at its installation. [p o 640, c . 2J They want a Republic which secures the fullest extension of popular rights. Prog ramm of the Commune: The desire to establish a free Com mune in every leading French town (capital of each department). The departmental Commun e is to be elected boY the people of its depart ment, and to be a perfect legislative chamber. It is to govern the fi nance and the military organisation of its district and to have full power to levy taxes and to borrow money for these purpose s, just as the State legislatures of the United States . National affairs are to be managed by a National Assembly chosen from the Nation . [p o 640, c. 3] ..•
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[ 1 30 ]
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27 March. Standard. [oM 14555] •
•
Paris, 26 March. Left Rep . Party at Versailles, 120 members 86 resolved to support the Government so long as it maintained itself on the Rep. platform. Ye sterday evening Chanzy arrived. [p . �, c . 1] Leader: « A ssi, the blacksmith» . «When will some brave ruler of 8 7 men arise in France with capacity and courage enough for the task of saving the country by blowing the Republic into space with «a whiff of grapeshot» . [p o 4, c. 5] Paris Corr. 25 March. «sang-impurs» (the Rebels). Spricht von 8 8 ne infecta» . [ p . 5 , c . 2] Versailles 25 Ma1·ch. Order restored at Lyon, St. Etienne etc. [p o 3 , c . 3 4] 25 jlfarch. Commune proclaimed at Marseilles. [p o 3 , c . 3] Another leader : « Socialism . . . has given to French Republicanism whatever real life , whatever true hold on the population it may pos. . . pre sess . . . the masses, the rank and file of the republican party pared to fight , . . . kill and . . . die for the Republic are socialists almost to a man». Placard of the Syndicate of Trade Unions of stone masons . . . Socialism in its most vicious aspect. « Relation between Communism and Carnage» . «The French ouvrier, an infidel to the 89
86 . Left Rep . Part y : the l eft- republ i can tendency i n the Na ti onal Assembly . 87 . "Ass i , the bl acksmi th " : Marx i s thus noting the mi s take abou t the Communard Assi , who was a machini s t r not a blacksmi th .
88 . Paris Correspondent� 25 March . "Men of ' tainted b lood ' " (the Reb e ls ) . Speaks Sang irrrpu r i� a phras e in the Mars ei l l aise. of "re infect a" [ t ainted mat eri a l ] . 89 . ouvri er : worker . -
29 core, recognises no Paradise after death, ' and is, therefore, passionate ly [p o 1 , c . 1] anxious to snatch a Param. in this life•. [po 1 , c. 2] .
27
March. Daily News. [oN! 777 11 the peasantry oUiLeader : There are two nations in' France cered by the priests and the workmen, led by ' politicians and jour nalists ( I). «Thiers . . . has chosen his ambassadors . . . with a view of reviving the traditions of Orleanism . . . The members of the International Society, who are bent not only on a Republic , but on a socialistic Republic, find an occasion for secretly promoting the war of labour, or perhaps we ought , rather to say of idleness, for such in the end it would prove against Capital». [p o 5, c. 2] [132]
,
90
Paris CQ'rr. 25 March. The Peace negociations with Admiral Saisset had been concluded on the following terms : that the different mai ries which had been invaded, should be restored to their different districts ; the Mayors to return to their posts ; to prepare for the imme diate election of the Commune ; after them the central Council and Saisset to withdraw. War alles Humbug. [p o 5, c. 5] Next morning ' 9 1 (25) the Journal Officiel decided the question, ordered elections for 26-th. On this point the negociations had split. Mayors and deputies of Paris had to give in. 25 March. Versailles. A8semblee Nationa7e. «The Bonapartist jud- 9 2 gas who served in the mixed Commissions of 1852 and made themselves degraded instruments of the coup d 'etat by giving a semblance of legality to the transportation to Cayenne of republicans on the black dismissed by Cremieux books ofl Louis Napoleon Bonaparte reinstalled». [p o 5, c . 6] «Jules Favre has made a most atrocious . . . 'attempt to provoke civil war, and has caressed in a way which will never be forgotten, . . . the idea of a Prussian occupation of Paris to restore . order». [p o 6, c . 1] , Paris 26 March. Organe Officiel de la Commune excites the pas- 93 sions of the mob by assuring in long articles of the largest type that the Assembly has appointed the Duke of Aumale Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom. [p o 3, c. 1] •
•
•
28
March. Petit Journal. [oN! 3008]
Le co mite a mis en liberte non seulement General Chanzy mais aussi General de Langourian. [p o 3, c. 3] 28
94
Ma1·ch. Daily News. [oN! 7772]
March. Paris Corr. «A revolution may be right, and yet not legal ; on the other hand, it may be legalised, and yet still be wrong. When the coup d 'etat was legalised , did that make it right? And was the Revolution of 4-th September wrong because it was illegal? 26
90. International Soci et y :
•
the Interna tional Working Men ' s Ass oci a ti on
�ternational) , in France (Associ a ti on Intern a ti onal e des Travai lleurs) .
( the Fi rs t
91. It was a l l humbug . 92 : National As s emb ly . 93. Offi ena l Organ of the C ommune . . . [Journal Offici e l ] . 94. The commi ttee has s et free not only Genera l Chanzy but also General de
Langourian
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•
I I . .
30 let them not talk nonsence about the shamefulness of illegality in a country where every party except one , the high and dry Legitimists, who are in a desperate minority, have planted their standards in ille. gality, and through illegality have risen to powel'» . [p o 5, c. 5] «It is most remarkable · that the General (at -Lyons) whose proclamation Picard cited to the National Assemblee, was constrained to put at the j;)ottom of his letter c Vive la Republique. before «L'Assemblee Na tionale•. Three days ago the Assembly deliberately eliminated the wor� s «Vive la Republique. from their proclamation to the «Citizens and the .Army». Ueber die fraternization and handshaking der Bour- . 9 5 [ 134] geois am Election day mit den Reds : cTliose gentlemen who go about the courts of the mayoralties, shaking hands with the insurgent Na tional Guards, talk of nothing among themselves but «reF ressive mea sure�, «energy. and «mitrailJe». A fat bourgeois in my presence, with irat.e countena.nce and animated gesture , expressed . it as his hope and belief that «the canaille» with which . he . . . volunteered to fraternize-, would be in a few days decimated en masse and sent to fry in Cayenne". I f the Assemblee had the power to organize wholesale fusillades it might do so, with the warm approval of the wealthy bo'U/r.geois of Pa ris. Though the Red flag floats on the Hotel-de-Ville, the people there less blood-minded than the honest and moderate who live under the shadow of the Column Vendome . The runaways of yesterday think to-day by flattering the men of the Hotel-de- Ville to keep them quiet until the Rurala and Bonapartist generals, who a re gathering at Ver sailles , will be in position to fire on them. [po 5, c . 6] .•.
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28 March. Standard. [N! 14556]
Incapable amateurS» (govern at Paris) [p o 4, c . 5J «bloodthirsty mountebanks» . « France has sunk to the meek level of the early Chri stian martyrs . . . Damnatur ad bestias» . [p o 1 , c . 3] c
March Daily News. [N! 7774] The Paris Government wants «money. and proves it by different means. But according to the British penny-a-liner a «cheap» gr.vern ment has no right to live . [p o 6, c. 4] Telegr. Par1:s 29 March. Centra l Committee b urnt all the papers o f the police o ffice . . . The shopkeepers are dissatisfied with M. Dufaure 's Bill regulating House Rents . . . [p o 3, c . 1] M. Rampant «the Direc tor o f the Post Office, has formally refused to cede his place to the new director appointed by the Committee» . 28 March. Order has been reestablished at Toulouse, Lyons, Marseilles, St. Etienne. M. de Cha rette has arrived at Versailles with 8 000 Bretons. [p o 3, c. 2] 28 March. Paris Corr. «The members of the Central Committee are very able men . . . Their practical knowledge is of a superior kind, their information on political questions considerable . . . their · organi sation perfect . . . It ",ill not do to treat these men in the Hotel de Ville as weaklings, they are strong men . . . stern and intelligent . . . who will not endure that the ignorant peasantry who know not what they vote . should rule France». [p o 6, c . 4] 30
.
95 . About the fraterni z ation and handshaking o f the bourgeois on E lection day wi th the Reds . . .
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31 [ 136]
Ver8aiUea. .A.88embly 28 March. Floguet: ¢They are fools., eVer, sailles was but 5 leagues from Paris, it was 1 000 leagUes distant in '
.
ideas.. Fresneau, an old Deputy of 1849 : Wanted to know from M. Picard whether any effectual means had been or would be . taken to pre vent the International Society from communicating with Paris. _Pi card evaded the questions, saying an ' answer would be premature , as deeds and not words were now wanted. Dufaure laid on the table, his bill for payments of rents in Paris. The bill gives the debtor only the option of paying up at once (the houselord must not share in the nuisance of the war), or going to law to establish a plea of poverty. ( Rents for the last 6 months.) [p o 6, c. 5] Many of the journals of order which lately joined the solemn league and covenant not to countenance the illegal municipal elections, now say that they constitute a fait acoompti, and that the Versailles government must compromise with Paris. Thus Sieck, Temps, Ave nir National [po 6, c. 6] Leader. «A prey to selfish and unworthy dread of the only form of Government which offers a neutral ground of reconciliation for all parties, the �ajority of the Assembly . . . persisted in the moral deca pitation of France by removing the seat of government from the natu ral and historiC' centre of her territorial, political, intellectual, and social unity. Treating Paris as an enemy, instead of as the e�press image and consumate expression of the national life, it has forfeited t he title of a national representation. Moreover, from the moment, when it had ratified the terms of peace, the continuance of its own powers became an unconstitutional usurpation». [p o 5, c. 1] ,
.
,
,
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30 Mars. Rappel. [;M 655] .
Thiers n'a jamais fait que des fautes,. et n'a jamais cause que des . , catastrophes. [p o 1 , c . 1] ' La garde nationale, tenue en suspicion et laissee a l'ecart par des generaux incapables ou traitres , avait pourtant prouve a Bl£zenvall . ce qU'elle aurait p u faire ; son artillerie etait sa propriete a double titre : d'ab ord elle I 'avait paye e, puis Ie traite de paix ne Ia laissait it la Fran ce que parce qu 'elle lui appartenait. Vinoy a perdu sans tirer un coup de le'u la bataille de la place Pigalle . Thie rs, vaincu avec Ie general-senateur de l'empire, a pris la fuite it Versaille s. Versaille s est � lein de troup es ; 100 000 hommes sont rassembIe s' au camp de Satory, un general en chef, du Baraill est choisi i on reunit lea Bre.
96 97
96 . Thie rs h as neve r made anyt hing but mis t akes and has brought ab out nothing
but catast rophes .
97. The Nat i onal Guard , he l d in susp icion or push ed as ide by incompetent or
treacherous gener als , yet had prov ed at Buzenval what it could do ; its art i l lery was its own prop erty in two ways : firs t , it had paid for it ; s e cond , the peace treaty left it to France on ly becau se i t b e longe d to the Guard. Vinoy lost the bat tle of the P l ace Pi gal l e with out fi ring a shot . Thie rs , vanquished toget her with the gener al-s enat or o f the Empi re , took f l i ght t o Vers ai l les . Vers ai l les is fu l l e f , du of troops ; 100 ; 000 men are mas sed in the camp at S ato ry ; a gen er � l � in- chi of rds Gua al c1p 1 Mun the and tte re Cha M. f o s ton Bre the ; d cte sie n B�i Z , has bee M . Valenti n are uni ted with the po l i cemen of M . Pie tri .
i ;
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32
[ 138]
tom de M. Charette et les municipaux de M. Valentin av.x sergents
de ville de M. Pietri. 30 Mar,. Proclamation de la qommuM Darin: cAujourd'hui, les 9 8 criminels, que vous n'avez pas meme voulu poursuivre, abusent de votre magnanimite pour organiser aux portes memes de la cite un foyer de conspiration monarchique . lIs invoquent la guerre civile, ils mettent en oeuvre toutes les corruptions, ils acceptent toutes les complicites, ils ont ose mendier jusqu 'a l'app ui de l 'etrangen . . [p; 1 , c. 2J Sean ce de la Commune du fJ J Mars: Ie Comite central a remis BeS 99 pouvoirs, declare de n'etre plus desormais que ce qu'il etait avant Ie mouvement : Ie conseil de famille de la garde 1tationale. [p o 1 , c. 3] 28 Mars. Versailles. Circulaire de Thiers, aux prefets et Bous-pre- · 1 00 feh : «11 faut que les bons ouvriers, si nombreux par rapport aux mauvais, sachent que si Ie pain s'eIoigne enco re une fois de leur bouche, ils Ie doivent aux adeptes de l'IlItemationare, qui sont 1es tyrans du travail, dont ils Be pretendent le.s liberateurs». [p o 1 , c. 5] . M. Jules Ferry, ex-maire de Paris, a defendu, par une eirculaire 1 0 1 en date du mardi 28 mars, aux employes de 1 'octroi , de continuer toute perception pour la ville de Paris. [p o 1 , c . 6] La peste bovine sevit avec une telle vigueur, qu'on a dll suspendre 1 02 toutes les foires de Normandie oil se font a cette epo-que de I 'annee les ventes de hestiaux. Les boeufs qui alimentent Paris viennent tous . maintenant de Portugal. [p o 2, c .1] .
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31
•
Mars. Daily News. [oM 7775]
Teregrammes. Paris. March . 30. Rampont quits for Vers"illes (Commune having seized upon the post-office) . The Government refuses to let provisions enter Paris. The Commune refuses to let wine leave Berey, the great depot in Paris. No one in Paris shall obey in structions from Versailles. Central Committee should continue in ope rations as the Council of the National Guards. Rent for th� last 3 qttW -
1 03
-
9 8 . 30 March . Proclamation of the Commune . I nc ludes : "Today the criminals , whom you did not even want t o get after , abuse your magnanimity to organi ze a center of monarchist conspi racy at the very gates o f the city . They un leash civi l w ar , they insti gate a l l kinds o f corruption , they t ake up with any accomp l i ce , they have even dared t o beg for the foreigne r ' s support . " [p . l , c . 2 ] 99 . Ses sion of the Commune of March 29: the Central Committee has l ai d down its powers , decl ares that henceforth it wi l l be no more than what it w as before the movement : the fami ly counci l of the National Guard. [p . l , c . 3 ] 100 . 2 8 March . Versai l le s . Circu lar by Thie rs , to prefe cts and sub-prefe cts : "The good workers , who are s o numerous in comp aris on with the b ad ones , ought to know that i f their b e l l ies once again l ack b re ad , they owe this to the adepts o f the Internationa l, who are the tyrants o f l abor , whos e l iberat ors they c l aim to be . " [p . l , c . S ] 1 0 1 . M . Jules Ferry , ex-mayor o f P ari s , in a circul ar dated Tues day , 2 8 March , has forb idden the emp l oyees of the octroi [ city t ax] adminis tration to continue to col l e ct taxes for the city of Paris . [p . l , c . 6 ] 102 . The catt le p lague rages s o virulent ly that they have had to suspend a l l fairs in Normandie where c att l e s al e s tak e p l ace at thi s t ime of the year . The beef to feed Paris now al l c omes from Portugal . [p . 2 , c . l ] 103 : quits for
=
l eaves for .
•
33 ters up to April
wholly
remitted.
Whoever has paid any of these 3 quar-
shall have the right of setting that sum against future payments.
ters
The same law to prevail in the case of furnished apartments.
No
1 04
notice to quit coming from landlords to be valid for 3 months to come . Forbidden to post notices on the walls of Paris emanating from Versailles . . Figaro (which had been allowed to reappear) seized again, not to be allowed to appear any more. . The Commune · of . Paris still presumes to legislate on .
.
[ 140]
national
questions.
Thiers
forbids importation of horses into Paris. [po 3 , c. 3] No
more tribunals or courts sitting at the Palais de Justice . No more . . judges. [po 3 , c. 4]
1 05
The disarmament of loyal National Guards in Passy, Ternes et Batignolles is actively continued . Every district which voted against the Commune deprived of its Chassepots. [p o 3, c . 3] Members of the commune a monthly salary of 300 fcs ; sum that had been fixed by
M. Ferry as a provisional allowance for the mayors
and �djoints of Paris during the siege . The Executive committee of the Commune appointed for one
•
month, can be revoked at any time . [p o 3, c . 4]
Paris Corr. 29 �j[arch.
.
The French towns will one day rise together to
insist on their supremacy in the councils of the nation. The Commune i s at its wit's end for money. Varlin told the Commune this at its first ' sitting. [p o 5 , c. 4] The Ccmmune , rather hard upon men, in many ca s es depriving them of their liberty, and subjecting them tG the seve rest discipline , is extremely anxious for the liberty of women, . abolish e d the police department busying itself with their morals. .
. DIJfaure 's
bill
on
howJe-rtmt:
..
proposes to give . to the courts of
arbitration power not only to defer payment to the extent of 2 years, but,
in the case of
purely
to remit. altogether 1/4 of
commercial tenants,
the rent . Condemned by .the most moderate journals. The concessions
•
to the tenants nothing, for by 'common law the ordinary courts can
•
relieve debtors frem obligations the fulfilment of which prevented by force
superieure.
Great masses
besides trade.,men
lost •
their incomes from which house-rents paid. [po 5, c . 5]
during siege
1 06
.
•
21 Mars. Situation. [;N! 156] •
Les hommes du 4 Septembre retiennent les Prussiens a la Porte· 1 07 de Paris � apres les y avoir fait venir. [ p . 7, c . 1] Thiers n 'a jamais ete ministre sans pousser les soldats au massacre J 0 8 du peuple, [p o 7 , c . 2) parricide, incestieux, concussionaire , plagiaire , traitre, ambitieux, un impuissant. •
1 04 . qui t
leave , vacate the l odgi ng . 1 0 5 . loyal : i . e . l oyal to Versai l l es . Passy , etc . are dis tri cts of Pari s . =
force supeneure : superior fo!ce . 1 0 7 . The men o f 4 September keep the Prus s i ans at the gate o f Paris , after l et ting them get there . [p . 7 , c . 1 ] 108 . Thiers h as never b een a minis ter without pushing the s o l diers into a mas s acre of the peop l e . [p . 7 , c . 2 ] parricide , incestuous , pecu l ator , p lagi arist , trai t o r amb i tious , an impotent . 1 06 .
,
34 Dufaure [p o 7 , c . 3] l 'austerite de la coquinerie . E. Picard vou - 1 0 9 . Iait �tre Ie ministre de Louis Bonaparte . [p o 7 , c. 4] Bismarck a son retour it Berlin disait a Fran kfort: eL'As- 1 1 0 semblee nationale eut prefere voir la Prusse occuper Paris, desarmer la Garde Nationale et tenir la canaille en respect i mais comme Ie gou... [ 1 4 2 ] vernement prussien avait resolu de ne pas sacrifier un seul homme de plus, apres avoir atteint Ie but essentiel de la campagne , il n'avait pu rendre ce service a l'Assemblee nationalt:i» . Ainsi Thiers et Jules Favre (s'autorisant de l 'opinion de la majorite de l'Assemblee) ont sollicite l'occupation de Paris et Ie massacre des Parisiens. [p o 8, c . 1] On ne saurait blamer les Parisiens de ne pas vouloir subir Ie gouvemement elu par des hommes, qui ont sollicite leur massacre du Chancellier de I'Empire allemand . [p o 8, c . 21 I
•
Mars. Situation. [oM 1 62] Brief von Schlotheim vom 1 1 Mars. Answer des Comite central vom 22 Mars <
'
111
112
1 13
Avril. Daily News. [oM 7776] Leader : The better class of people are leaving Paris . . . 150 000 fled since the elections. Exodus... Step by step the Commune of Paris ,
1
109 . Dufaure [p . 7 , c . 3 ] the aus terity o f knavery . E . Pi card wanted to b e Louis Bonaparte ' s minis t e r . [p . 7 , c . 4 ] 1 10 . Bismarck on his return t o Berlin s aid at Frankfort : "The National As sem b ly wou l d have pre ferred to s ee Prus s i a o ccupy . Paris , di s arm the Nat i onal Guard , and keep the canai l l e in check ; but as the P rus s i an government had res o lved not to s acri fice a s ing l e additional man , after achieving the ess enti al goal o f the campaign , it could not render this s ervice to the National As s emb ly . " Thus Thiers and Jules F avre ( authori z ed by the opinion o f the maj ority of the As s emb ly) s o l ici ted the occupati on o f Paris and the mas s acre o f the Pari s i ans . [p . 8 , c . 1 ] One cou ld not b l ame the P ari s i ans for not wanting to submit t o the government e l ected by men who s o l icited thei r mas s acre by the Chancel lor o f the German Empire . [p . 8 , c. 2] 1 1 1 . Letter from SchZotheim o f March 1 1 . Answer o f the Centra l Committee of 22 March "informs that the revo lut i on c arried out in P aris . . . having an es s enti al ly muni cipal character , i s in no w ay aggress ive as against the German armies . We have no authority to dis cus s the peace pre l iminaries voted by the As s emb ly at Bor deaux . " [p . 2 , c . 3 ] The affair o f 2 2 March provoked by that forger , that infamous Jesuit Ju Zes Favre , who (on the 2 1 s t or 2 2nd) took the floor of the Vers ai l l es As s emb ly "to insult thos e peop l e who had rai s ed him up out of nowhere and to stir up t1'!e departments agains t Paris . " [p . 2 , c . 4 ] 1 1 2 . The day of 24 March . At tempt at res i s t ance by the men of order . [p . 4 , c . 2 ] 25 March . Bus iness with S ai s s et ended . [p . 4 , c . 2 - 3 ] 1 1 3 . Versai Z Zes � 2 7 March . Duke d 'AumaZe at Vers ai l les . [p . 4 , c . l ]
1 14 115 1 16 117 118
35 -
-
--
is declaring itself the Government of France. It haa already assured . ' political functions 80 far a8 tlae city iB concerned. 1ammer · des Sieckl 1 1 4 [p o 5, c. 3] . TeZegr. Paris 31 March. The Commune has forced loan from 5 in surance Companies, con8cription abolished (29 March). The Commune has declared the incompatibility of a seat iIi its ranks with a seat in the Assembly. Declar,e8 Foreigners can have Beat in it, declared thi election of Frankel valid. The mitrailleuses sent to support Saisset, in the hands of the Commune. [p o 3 , c. 1] Conaiitution.nel seized (March 31). [p o 3 , c . 2] . Paris Corr. 30 March. Moniteur (Versailles) says that Paris cannot be a free city, because it is the capital. Paris objects to be the capital of government whose form dictated by the ruraux. Decree on house rent 29 March. [po 5 , c . 5] Sa� of pawned articles at Mont de Piete sus pended. (29, March). [p o 5, c . 6] To the objection that our new gover nors, numbering 29, are unknown, their organs reply : �So were the 12 Apostles» . [p o 6, c . 1]
[ 1 44]
.
3 April. Petit Journal. [N! 3014j
115
Jeux de hasard suppressed. [p o 1 , c. 3] •
3 April. Evening Standard. [N! 14561} Telegr. Paris. April 2. Gefecht zwischen Courbevoie und Neuilly,
1 16
close to Paris. National Guards beaten, bridge of Neuilly occupied by the «Thier&» soldiers. [p o 5, c . 1] (Gen. Bruat.) [po 4, c. 4] Several thou sands of National guards having come out of Paris and occupied Cour bevoie, Puteaux , and the bridge of Neuilly, routed. Many prisoners taken. [p o 5, c . 1] Many of the insurgents immediately shot as «rebels». Versailles troops began the firing. [p o 4, c. 4] 31 March. Corresp. 31�Bt Regiment surrendered at the · Parisian out posts. [p o 2 , c.1J 1 April. Rochefort says : «We have to elect municipal Councils through all France , and then proceed to general elections». [p. 2, c. 3] Journal Officiel (1 April) der Commune : «the revolution of 1 1 7 the 18-th of March had not for its only ohject the securing to Paris of communal representation elected, but subject to the despotic tutelage of a national power strongly centralised. It. is . to conquer and secure independence for all the communes o f France and also all groups of superior cantons, departments, and provinces, united among them selves for their common interest by a really national pact ; it is to gua rantee and perpetuate the Republic: . . Paris has renounced her apparent omnipotence which is identical with her forfeiture, she has not renounced that moral power, that intellectual influence , which so often has made her victorious in France and Europe in her propaganda». Gomite CentraZ (das alta) has left the Hotel de Ville, and taken up its 118 quarters in the Chateau d 'Eau. •
114. Lament at i ons of Le Sie c le ! 115 . Games o f chance suppre s s e d . 116. Batt le , in-between Courb evoie and Neui l 1y . 117. deY' : of t he .
118 .
Centro l Commi ttee
•
i. ',� ,
.
•
.
(the o l d one) . . .
•
." ..
36 Apf'il 2: the highest salary to Communal authorities 6 000 f. [po 2, c . 5] Bank has advanced 3 millions tQ the Central Committee. The army of Versailles has occupied St. Cloud and the line of the Seine. [p o 2, c. 6] 3 April. Daily Telegraph. [N! 4930]
Leader. .these outlaws.. .ungrammatical cads.. dilibusters o f the Hotel de Ville». [p o 5, c . 4] cAssassins» «Convicts» [p o 4, c . 5] «kick down the rights of property with decrees». [p o 5, c. 4] cThe army of the Commune 1 . . . Bombastes Furioso never commanded a more unlike lou. [p o 5, c . 5] 1 April friends of order are in force , and hold the bridge of Auwhere General Galliffet, with his Chasseurs J'Afrique, som'3 teuH ' . Zouaves, etc. are camped. [po 6. c . 1] •
[ 146]
1 19
4 April. Daily Telegraph. [N! 4931] •
Paris. 3 April (Telegr.) 25 soldiers of the 8CJ'.!th Regiment
.
.
.
.
.
4 April. Times: [N! 27028] Leader. Encounter before Paris on Sunday 2 April. Great batU.� of 3 April. On 2 April the Versailles government had sent forward a division chiefly consisting 'of Gendarmes, .J.llarines, Fore:;;t Guard", and Policl� Versailles troops in this first engagement 4 to 1 , sent them in wild flight. over the bridge of Neuilly ; [p o 8, c. 4] the insurgents, though engagins against overwhelming odds with unequal weapons, had to fall back in complete disorder. Stood their ground at their barricade before th'� bridqe fer ' a long time keeping up a very hot fusillade. Some of the insurgent prisoners shot in cold-blood.
•
•
.
.
1 19 . Chass eurs d ' Afrique : l i ght infantry from Afri ca [ i . e . Algeria] 1 20 . Mont Valerien : one of the fo rts , occupied by Versaillese troops , •
.
.
on the
west side of Paris , on the ro ute to Versailles . 121 . Pontifical Z ouaves : formed in 1860 under Gen . Charette , as papal troops for Pius IX , on the model of the French " Z o uave" t roops in Algeria , but recruited from French (s ometimes Belgian) upper-class youth i used by the pope against Garibaldi ; agains t hated by the Roman people . In 1870 they were pulled back to France , & used the Commune in 1871 .
ne at e Od i br he ate ti edi cal I
37 Throughout the night and at break of day, the insurgents il ssemh:
ed to the number of 100 000, and marching in 3 columns from eli e h !! a nd .Yet/ illy, Poi n t dlt Jo u r and Chilt illon, they advanced '
sailles . at
once
Their
right
bro ken
guffered
and
severely
dispersed ;
but
on
upon Ver nearing Mont Valerie n ,
on the
southeast,
the
ce ntre
and left o f the insurgents . . . gained ground upon the enemy in the di rection of Meudon, where Bcrge1'et was at 1 0 o 'clock , a s k in� for rein
forcements. 30 000 with artillery , sent to his support undEr G wita v e
Flourens , thwarted b y the g::lvernmental troops , fell d i s o rd e rly b a c ;; .
upon Paris.
(onere Paris rabble» [po 8, c . 5] <
[148]
4 April.
Da i ly News. [M 7778]
Corr. Paris. 2 April (Sunday night) . The Versailles t ro op s of th0 line were full o f wavering. The chief part of the Versailles fighting done by the Gendarmerie and the artillery . Affaire at Neuilly practically over at half past [p o 5 , c . 5]
12 in the morning. Communal forces have Chatillo n . ,
4 April. Situation. [M 168] Arthur Pi ca rd, frere . de Ernest (Bericht aus dem Cabinet d u Prefet de Police , 31 July, 1867 als Escroc an del' Borse etc . signa lisiert) (escroquerie von
der Bours e ) .
e n matiere (Als
d e jeux de
Kandidat
1 22
Bourse) (ausgesehlossen
dans Seine-et-Oise, p our Ie pro
"(�hain Conseil G eneral vorgebracht von Jules Favre , Odilon Barro ! ,
E . Picard etc . ) Picard a vole 300 000 fcs . (als directeur de la
SUCCUl"-
8ale de la Societe generale , rue Palestro , No. 5 , ou il avait ete place &.
la demande de son frere) . «Picard a ete arrete aussitot . Il avoua tout, et il vient etre ecroue au depot de la Prefecture» . (Extrait. Offieier' d{; Pai x . Boudev ille , 11
•
1
v
Decembre 1868) A . Picard , redaeteur du journa l de son frere , «L 'electeur lib1'e, qui a la specialite d 'appeler cbaqw; lo ur les republicains : pillards, bandits et partageux» . [p o 2 , e . 4] 5 April. ' Situation.
[.]','; 169]
Journal Officiel du 31 Mars (Commune): Rapport de lo CU H'i i!l is,!ion des elect io n s «Considerant que Ie drapeau de la Commullll cst ceLli .
122 . A�thu� PieardJ b rother o f Ernest ( Report by the O ffi ce o f
tile P re fe c t o f
Ju l y 1 86 7 , des crib ed as a Sto ck Exchan ge s w i nd l e r) ( s \ : i n d ll n g i n c on (�s c andi d Mction w i th s t ock specul at i on) (expe l led from the Stock Exch a n ge ) . ·ate in Se ine - et - O i s e for the next Genera l C ounc i l , put forw ard by , ) u l e s f avre , Pi card s t o l e 300 , 000 f r an c s C as n a n ag c T o f the E . Pi card , et c . ) . Odi lon B a rrot l�he re branch o f the Soc i et e Genera l e [du Credi t Hob i l ier] at Rue P ,d C rl!iD . li n , ; . " P i c ard w a : ; iJ r rcs t e i imme d i he had b ee n p l aced at the request o f his b rother) . ate l y . He confes s ed everyt hing , and he is going t o b e b ooked at t h e p o l i ce s t a A , P i card , tion l o ckup . " (Exc:erpt . Peace Offi cer . Boudev i l l e , 1 1 De c:ernbe I' i s !) ':; ) editor o f h i s broth er ' S newsp aper "L 'E'lect eur Libre , wh i ch s p c: i a l i z (>:' i n dai ly caUing the repub I i cans : p lundere rs , b and i t s and partage ux . " h' · 2 , c: . 4 1 . . . D 8 1 0n )Y(J!YI�" C 'i, tz" c e Z E the 123 . Journa'l Officie 'l of 31 March (Comnnme ) : Report of . ' , fOT''Whereas the f l ag o f the Commune i s that o f the Univers a l Repi.{b li , ; (; t c Poli ce , 3 1
,
'
.
.
,
.
38 -
-
de la Republique Universelle etc . . . les etrangers peuvent etre admis . . . bence Francke!.. Valide aussi les elections die nicht lis der Stimmen nacb loi von 1849, weil <
Commune adopte ces conclusions. [p o 2 , c . 41 Paris. 4 Avril. Tele.qr. Vers 4 heures du matin, Flourens et Dltva l ont opere leur jonction au Rondpoint de Co.urbevoie. Les troupes haben dennoch vorwarts marschiert. Les deux colonnes ont pu franchir la ligne et se mettre en marche sur Versailles. Floquet et Lockroy ont donne leur demi�sion des depute s, disant que leur place est au milieu de leurs concitoye ns. [p 4 , c . 1] La gendarmerie s'est surtout fait remarquer par la durete de sa conduiie . [po 4, c. 4] .
1 24
1 25
o
1 26
5 April. Echo. M [724]
[ 15 0 ]
'
Tele.qrammes. Versailles. Ap1"il 4. GU.'1tave Flourens ' lemen. EVf! ·n ill.q : The redoubt o f , Chatillon taken this morning. 2 000 prisoners including Gen. Henry, brought to Versailles. General Duval was shot inside the redouU. Large numbers of sailors and soldiers are conti n ually joining the National Guards. [p : 5, c . 1] •
•
1 27
5 April. Daily Tell!graph. [M 493 2]
•
Tele.qrammp,s. April 4. Versai lles. Rebels beaten under Mont Va lerien, and on the heights o f Meudon. Ecery man wearing the uniform of the re.qular army who was cap tured in the mnlc8 of the Commu ni �t � was straightway shot without the slightest mercy. The governmental troops were perfectly ferocious against the traitors and rebels. Paris. April 4. Strangers and inhabitants rushing in hottest haste from t.he Capital. . At preak of t �is day the Versailles troops attacked the Redoubt o f Chatillon, massacred the Communists, who allowed them quietly to approach ((.'1 friends. [p o 3 , c . 3] ,
.
,
.
hence Francke l . " Also val i d , the e l ections in wh ich ei gners can be a�itted not an eighth o f the votes [ in whi ch less than an eighth o f the registered voters actual ly voted] in accordance with the l aw o f 1 849 , s ince "the imperiaZ p Zebisaite of November 3 " h.as �rt i fi c;i al ly C£als.e ly) rais ed the numb er of e l ections [ e lect ors ] , "deaths during the s iege , res idents who des erted P aris after the capitul a tion , the cons iderab le numb er o f refugees , strangers to Pari s , during the s iege , etc . " Commune adopts thes e conclus i ons . [p . 2 , c . 4 ] 1 24 . Paris . 4 Apri Z . Te Zegram . Around 4 o ' c l ock in the morning , FZourens and DuvaZ effe cted a j uncti on o f thei r forces at the Rond-point o f Courbevoie . The troops have marched st i l l further . The two c olumns were ab l e to cross the l ine and set out on a march on Vers ai l les . 1 2 5 . FZoquet and Lockroy h ave handed in their res i gnations as deputies , s aying that thei r p l ace i s among their fe l l ow citi z ens . [p . 4 , c . l ] 126 . The gendanlle rie has s tood out part i cu l arly , due t o the harshnes s o f its conduct . [p . 4 , c . 4 ] •
.
•
.
.
.
1 2 7 . Marx l a ter learned , and noted , tha t this report about Du val ' s dea th was fals e . Duval was shot on order of Gen . Vi noy after being taken pri soner •
•
39 April 3. Duval and Flourens effected a junction at the Rond Point of Courbevoie. Scarcely arrived, subjected to powerful fire from :\(ont . Valerien. [p o 3 , c . 4J Leader : It really appears that Thiers has broken the nec!( of the counterrevolution. [po 4, c . 4J «The succesles of Monday wrre crowned by the death . . . of Mr. Flourens•. «Mr. Thiers was eDabJed to commu· nicate these encoumgin.g particulars to the Assembly on Monday» . «The body of Flourens is at Versailles and therefore we may be s ure his restless spirit is quiet at last.. «The strategy of the printer Berge reb. «What but contempt can be felt for those children of liberty». dt is not History it is H ysteria». [p o 4, c . 5J Legt seine Correspondence from Paris 3 April under the heading: « The Collapse of the Commune... «Absinthe and 1M tall talh. «The men believed that Mont Valerien was in the hands of the Communists ; the staff officers thought that some arrangement had been made with . its Commandant not to fire on the National Guard as they passed, Cruelly indeed were they deceived» . [po 5, c. 41 ,
1 28 1 29 •
.
. 5 April. Standard.
[J';'; 14563]
Leader : « Flourens . . . was. not a mere rowd!l like the rest» . [po !1, e . 5] «Revolutionary Ruffianism». [p o 1 , c. 3] Pari.'!. April 4. Tele.gram. The Army of the Commune still holds out at Vanves, Issy, Clamart, where they have been . vigorously at tacked all the day. Fighting is still going on. [p o 5, c . 1] During the arrangement, Col. Flourens and his Garibaldian aide de camp. were surprised at Chatillon, and the former, having discharg ed his revolver, had his head cleft open by a sabre blow, and his dead body was brought to Versailles. [po 6, c. 2] The death is a clear gain to France. Leader: Flourens and Bergeret duped by belief in the Valeriens. .. «Ever since the middle of February Thiers has been the head of a Con servative and Monarchical Assembly. If he crushes the Commune he will have crushed it thanks to a Conservative and Monarchical army» . [p o 4, c . 5] .April 2 (Vengeur) «This morning the Chouans of Charette, the Vendeans of Cathelineau, the Bretons of Trochu, aided by the Gen darmes of Valentin, covered the inoffensive village of Neuilly with grape and shells, and engaged in civil war with our national guards» . ' [p . 5, c . 3] ,
[152]
•
.
•
•
1 30
5 April. Daily News. [.M 7779]
Leader. « General Vinoy, with two brigades of infantry, and Gene the husband of that charming Marchioness whose cos ral Galliffet at tumes at the masked balls wue one of the wonders of the Empire the head of a brigade of cavalry and a battery of artillery, advanced upon Courbevoie... [p o 4, c . 6] (This the first fight). «The unconscionable cowardice of the National Guard» . [p o 5, c . 1 ]
128. Places its Cor-r-espondenae fr-am Pa.Y'is
.. 129 . The word. " the " before " tal l in Arkhi v M-E .
... 130 . Valeri ens :
•
•
•
talk " shou ld be omi t ted , according to the Erra t a
the Versai l les garri son of the Fort Mont -Val eri en .
40 6 April. Daily Telegmph. [M 4933] Te leg r. Paris. April 5. In a proclamation issued to the inhabi tants, the Commune complains that the Monarchists wage war like savages ; they shoot prisoners ; they murder the wounded ; they fire on ambulance s ; troops raise the butt-end of their rifles in the air, and . then fire traitorously. Unmarried men from 1 7 35 years are forced to serve. Archbishop of Paris arrested, accused of plotting against thestate ; (arrested for the purpose o f having a hostage). The Commune threaten to execute him in case the Government of Versailles shOuld go on with its shooting. Arrests of other important personages will he made with the same object. Cur� de la Madeleine has been arrested. Fighting going on, at the Porte Maillot two officers arrested in the uniform of the National Guard Artillery, recognised as officers of the Gendarmerie who had attempted to enter the town with a carriage ambulance. The populace demanded their instant death. National Guards refused, took them to headquarters in the Place VendOme.
Debats, Constitutionnel, Libe,t� seized. Boir is expected to
:.he same fate .
[ 1 54]
\ 3\
\ 32
meet
April 4. Declamtion of Milliere «let France know that Paris is -not in a state of insurrectio n , but . . . of legitimate defence ; . . . the people of Paris was not making any aggressive attempt, or creating any dis order , when the Government ordered it to be attacked by the ex-sol -diers of the EmpirC1 , organised as Praetorian troop s , under the command of' ex-Senators». [p o 3, c. 4] Leader : «(Only contempt can be felt for National Guards who etc.» . Ip . 4 , c . 4] . . Ve1:sailles Correspondent. Ap 1 i l 3 . (Uber die Aiiaire vom 2 Ap - . \ 3 3 ril) Attack under�aken on the advice of Vinoy. 25 men of the Lin� (capti ves) Vinoy had executed at once. The . Nati on a l Guards prisoners Ip . 5 , c . 4] brought to Versailles villainous looking set dilficult to fi nd in the galleys. Had it not been for a strong guard of gendarmes , . they would have been torn to pieces. 'Vere abused in a most energetical manner, hooted and abused as «murderers.) . [p o 5, c. 5] •
•
•
-
'
.
.
5 April. Daily Kews. [oM 7779]
Telegr. Ve rsa i lles 4 April. In Thiers proclamation fiber seine pri soners : « Never had more degraded countenances of. a degrad ed democracy met the afflicted gaze of honest men». [p o 3 , c . 1] Marseilles April 4. Insurgents beaten. Paris 4 Apl'il. The Zouaves of Charette fight under a white flag, every one of them wears on his breast a Jesus' heart, in white cloth, with the inscription: «stop, J esus' heart is truth» . They shout (
1 34
1 35
1 3 1 . Archbishop of Pari s : Georges Darboy . 1 3 2 . Cure de 1 a Madel eine : Gaspard Deguerry , pri es t at the Madel eine (Church of Sain te-Marie-Made1 eine) i n Paris .
1 33 . (Ab out the affair o f 2 Apri l ) 134 . I n Thiers ' s pro c l amati on ab out his pri s oners . . . 1 35 . Vive Ie Roi : Long live the King . •
.
.
41 Pa1-is Correspondent.
The most conservative journals make the reflection that the desperate valour displayed by the Paris National Guard in the sad civil war now going on, shows that Gene 3 April.
'1'al Trochli did not know how to use the-m against the Pnt8si!&n� . 7 April. Daily News.
Telegl'. 6 April. Paris.
.
[;N! 7781]
,
Decree of the Journal Officiel (Commune): -«Considering that the Verslilles Government openly treads under foot the laws of humanity and those of war, and that it has been guilty of horrors such as even the invaders of the French soil have not dishonoured themselves by . . . it is decreed. Art . 1 . Every person guilty of comp licity with tbe Versailles Government ' will be immediately arrested and imprisoned ; Art . 2 . A jury will be summoned within 24 hours to investigate the charges brought forward. Art. 3 . The jury will give its .decision within 48 hours. Art. 4 . All accused persons detained by the •
[ 156]
•
•
•
verdict of the jury will be the hostages of the people of Paris. Art. 5 . All ex�cution of a prisoner of war or of a partisan o f the regular Go vernment of the Commune of Paris will be immediately followed by the execution of thrice the number of hostage s, . . . w ho will be selected by lots. Art. 6. Every prisoner of war 'will be brought before the jury, which will decide whether he is to be immediately 8(;t free or detained as a hostage» . (<< The Commune of Paris"».) . Arrests go on every day. 500 prisoners now in the Co ncierge rie? 1 36 many members o f the clergy, and the whole staff or the College o f J e suits. Cure of Saint-Augustin to-day arrested. The Communal Guards are more sober and cautious since they have got rid of the illusion that the army will fraternize with them . Part of the Versailles army who would not fight aga inst Paris sen t to the South. Bank of France has advanced another 1/2 million. 400 000 francs seized which the Jesuits wanted to smuggle out of Paris. [po 3 � c. 1] Ve·rsailles. 4 Ap ril. Geneml Duv al was ta ken Jlri.�oner and shot , instantly . Vinoy protests against any mercy to insurgent officers or line men . Apri l 5. P1 ocla mation of Commune «Every day the banditti of Versailles slaughter or shoot our prisoners, and �very hour we learn that another murder ha� been com�itted . . . The p eople , even i n its anger, detests bloodshed as it detests civil war, b ut it is its duty t() protect itself against the savage attempts of its enem ies, and what ever it may cost it shall be an eye for pn eye , a tooth for a tooth» . Paris. April 5. Prices of Provision are beginning to rise . Time.'? says : «State of 1793 without its courage». [p o 3, c. 2] Leader : 4 day s' fighting . [p o 4, c. 4] Corr. Paris 5 April. Paris JO'urnal, Pays silence d . . . [p o 5 c . 41 , It appea 1'S that Flow ens had fixed his headquarte rs in a house nQt far from Meudon. The gendarmes informed by sure sp ies, a company went out to take him dead or alive . Entered the house , only one advan ced into the room where Flourens and his aide-de-c a mp s were pre paring to get out of a window. Flourens tu rn ed quickl y. round, fired '
'
136 .
Conci erger ie : a pris on in Pari s .
42
[ 158]
on the inva der. Ball misse d . The gendarme cleft his hea d a lmost in two by a sword stroke . I t is impo ssibl e to conc eive anything more inhuma nl y fero ciou s than the ir tre atm ent ( of about 1 000 Na tio nal gua rds p rison ers ma rch ed o f the Parisian p risoners. They spat in their i nto Versailles) faces, they tore off their kepies, they yelled curses , they screamed the coarsest epithet .; they could think of at the m . M . Picard, with his.
.
.
hands i n his trousers p ockets , Ylal ke d from group to group cracking
•
joke s . O n the balcony o f the Prefecture ,
Jladame T hier8
and a bevy of
ladies in excellent health and spirits . . . The hero of the day was Henry,
who marched at the hea d of the squad o f prisoners , so handsome , so manly, so. ingenious, so indifferent to the fate in store for him
. . •
odious wretches insulted him . . . The p risoners were marched into the
barrack yard in front o f the palace , where they were mi nutely searched by the po lice of M. Pietri, who have been gathered to Ve1'sailles by Pi ca rd. The Bellevites were so roughly handled that reaction ha d set in for the m . General Vinoy, surrounded by
a
1 37
brilliant staff, c ame
galloping into Versailles . [p o 0, c . 5]
April Leader. « Paris Telpgr. Pari,q.
7.
Times.
[oM 27031]
unre deemed Pandemo nium» . [p o
6
6, c . 3J
April. Vinoy to be name d gran d chancellor o f the
Legion o f Honour. [p o 7 ,
c.
3] The troops of the Assembly dislodged the
.!nsurgents from their positions at the bridge o f Neuilly. F. Sa rcey in th::; Gaulois tiber die Prisoners : ( the greatest part or these wretches have a positively idiotic appearance . They might b e
ca lled brute beast;$ rather t h a n (erociou8
animrtl."»
1 38
[p o 7 , c . 4]
8 April. Da ily Sews. [oM 7782]
Tel.
Disp.
Paris,
7
April.
I ncumbent s
of
all
the' principal
churches a rrested ; to-day the Cures of St . Sulp ice , St. Severi n , Notre Dame de Lorette , in consequen ce o f their wanting to save the Church
property from the clutches of t he Commune . A l l National Guards who
•
,-..ill not serve, no p a y , disarmed , will lose their civil rights . April 6 . Galli/let driving over the bridge o f Neuilly the few detach
ments o f the Nationa l Guards which still lurked in Courbevoie, a f tcr varying succe s s . [p o 3 ,
c.
b y the National Guards . 1
1 ] Church o f ::i t . Laurent to-day pillage d SOO p risoners i n Versailles, including 5G
officers . Courts-martial have been o rdere d .
In the "Versailles A l;sembly Dufa ure p roposed II bill to shorten the formaliti.es ot co u rts ma rtial. I mmense majority voted urgency .
Even the So i l" condemns that bill . 500 p risoners sent to Belle- Isle �
500 to Lorient, 500 to Brest. (p . 3, c . 2] Pari8, April 7. Eini ge successes del' Pariser (plateau of Chatillon retaken etc ) . [p o 3 , c . 3]
1 39
1 37 . Bell evi tes : men from Bell evi l l e , working- cl ass di s tri ct of Pari s .
. on the Pris oners : . . . 138 . 139 . Some succes s es by the Pari s i ans . . . .
.
43 8 April.
[ 160]
Standard. [oM 14o�S]
Paris 6. Apri l This is the 5-th day of fighting; the forces of th') Commune have everywhere been driven back. [po 5, c . 3] .
Petit Joumal. 10 Avril. [.M 3020]
(Also : Paris 9 April)
1 40
8 Avril. Fighting continued to-day more desperate than ev�r. Paris 6 Avril. Grade de general supprime. Citoyen Ladi81a.'I Dom1Jrowski, command a nt de la 12-e legion , nomme commandant de In place de Paris, statt Bergeret. [p o 3 , c . 2]
141
• •
10 Ap1'il. Standa,·d. [.M 14567] •
Leade1': «orgie o f blood and fire». [p o 4 , c . 5] <
ignoble roughs now rioting at the H otel de Ville�. [p o 4 , c . 4] Tel. Assemblee. ( Versailles) 8 April. Dufazire wants new preS3 1 4 2 law (mit «juries» of his stamp . . . ) [p o 2 , c . 2] Siecle protests against thel 1 43 prohibition issued by the Commune against the meeting recently pro jected at the Bourse in favour of conciliatio n . . . Versailles troops carried the barricade at the Neuilly bridge at about 7 0 'clock yesterday evening. [p o 2 , c . 1] 8 April : Mont Valerien and the Versailles batteries .situated o n the bridge o f Neuilly are bombarding the porte Maillot, and sweeping down the Avenue de la Grande Armee . Committee des patches reinforcements to the Porte Maillot. Delegate of the war office: 19 fre e , obligatory von 19 � Service in . . . war . . . for men von 1 7 1 44 The 40, . . . National Guards, . . . married or unmarried» . [p o 2 , c . 2] Versailles Government seem inclined to undertake a regular siege of Paris. [p : 5 , c . 1] General Henry escaped from Versailles. [p o 2 , c . 1]
10 A1!ril. Daily .J..Vew.<:. [.M 778 3] Pm'is 9 A.p ri l. Cat hedral o f Notre -Dame sacked. The Assembly (Ve rsa ille s 9 April) voted by 285 against 275 , that -the ma yor s sho uld be ele cte d in eve ry commune . But Thiers veh e me ntl y threat eni ng to resign ma de the m vote an am end me nt, giving .the E xe( utive the nomina tio n of mayors in com mu nes of ove r 20 000 . Versatues, 8 April: The Ver sail les troo ps gained a cons iderable .a dvantage (7 April), when they too k the N'euiily brid ge , and can no"v :sen d any num ber of troo ps to the left ban k of the Seine ; but they hav� nOt tak en the Porte Mai llot , nor have on any poin t got across t he for . i:.i.ficatio ns of Pari s. Grea t lOSS E S on the Versailles side . [p o 3 , c . 2] [ 16 2 ] General (Marquis) de Galliffet, who on (6 April) «surprised» neal" Rueil a captain, lieutenant , and private of National Guards , had them at o n ce shut, and immediately publish ed a proclam ation to glorify himself in the deed. [p o 5, c 4 . ]
140 . (There fore : P aris 9 Apri l ) 141 . Paris . 6 Apri l . Rank of general ab o l i shed. C i t i z en Ladi s las Damb rows ki , commander o f the 1 2th legion , named city commander o f Pari s , in p lace o f Bergeret .
{This actu al l y appli es to Jaros l aw Dombrowski , not to Ladi s l as (or Theophil e) Dom browski , the former ' s brothe r , who was an offi cer i n the 1 7 th legi on . ]
142 . Teleg Y'CQn. Assemb ly 143 . mit : with . 144 . von : from .
.
.
.
•
44
Rappel. 10 April. [oM 666] . . Avril. M. Dufaure a deplore que Ie gouvernement ,
'
Assemblee,
8
resUt si longtemps desarme, en presence des «exces. commis par les journaux des departements. [p . 1 , c. 3] 9 April. 28 conse iller s communaux A choisir aujo urd' hui. II y a tous les soirs reunion de la gauche dans la salle du Jeu de
Paume. [p o 1 , c . 4] Die prisonniers (bei ihrem depart von Versailles) about 1 400 enchaines cinq par cinq. Escortes par 450 gardiens de la paix �obilises. Combault gefangen, un corporal lui flanque un coup de pied dans Ie derriere . Duval (qui se conduisit tres bravement) fusille par Ordre de Vinoy . . . 1 100 insurgents dans un batiment au camp de Satory. On tient les prisonniers dans l 'obscurite et lies . . . un pain par jour. [po 2 , c. 2]
1 45
1 46 1 47
•
.Les sergents de ville qui se battent contre Paris ' ont 10 francs 1 4 8 . par joun. [p o 2 , c . 3] La Commune a charge un de ses membres Protot, de sauvegarder 1 4 9 la liberte individuelle des citoyens. [p o 2 , c. 3] Mehr als 150 elltlasllen. Viele arretes ; sans motifs sous Ie gouvernement de la defense , pas encore interroges. Manche noch nicht interrogiert, schon seit Jahr eingesperrt (unter Bonaparte ) . [p o 2, c . 4]
.
April. Le Rappel. [;N! 667] 10 A vril. Dombrowski nimmt d'Asnieres und Bois-Colombes •
11
9 und . sous Ie feu du Mont Valerien . [p o 1 , c . 5] Les generaux de I 'Empire bombardent I 'Arc de Triomphe , epargne par les Prussiens. [p o 2 , c . 2] 11
Telegr.
10
1 50 151
April. Daily News. oM [7784]
April. Paris. Army unable to retain its advanced posi
tions, forced to withdraw after battering in the b ridge and gate of Porte Maillot . . . [p o 3 , c . 1 ] Commune busy in construction of barricades.
145 . Assemb ly " 8 Apri l . M . Dufaure dep l ored the fact that the government re mained dis armed s o l ong , in the face o f the "exces s es " committed by the newspapers of the J epartments . [p . l , c . 3 ] 146 . 9 Apri l . 2 8 communal counci l l ors to be chos en today . 147 . Every evening there i s a meet ing o f the Left in the Jeu de Paume [Tennis Court ] hal l . [p . l , c . 4 ] The pris oners ( on their departure from Vers ai l l es ) ab out 1400 chained in groups o f five . Es corted by 450 mob i l i zed guardi ans of the peace . Combault captured , a corpora l gives him a k i ck in the behind . Duval (who behaved l l OO insurgents in one bui lding at the Sat very b rave ly) shot by order o f Vinoy ory camp . The pri s oners are kept in darkne s s , b ound . . , a loaf of b read per day . [p . 2 , c . 2 ] 148 . "The policemen who are fighting agains t Paris get 1 0 francs a day . " [p . 2 , c.3] 149 . The Commune h as commis s ioned one of its memb ers , Protot , with s afeguarding the individual l iberty o f the cit i zens . [p . 2 , c . 3 ] More than ISO s et free . Many arres ted without c aus e under the government of de fens e , not y e t interrogated. Many not yet interrogated , impris oned since a year ago (under Bonaparte) . [p . 2 , c . 4 ] ISO . 9 and 1 0 Apri l . Domb rowsk i takes Asnie res and Bois- Colombes under fire from Mont -Val eri en . [ p . l , c . 5 ] 1 5 1 . The Emp i re ' s gener als b omb ard the Arc de Tri omphe , whi ch was spare d by the Prus s i ans . [p . 2 , c . 2 ] .
•
.
45
Versailles. 10 April. Sortie o f the insurgents 1 0 000 strong occupies Chatillon, the houses and the entrenchments.
9 April . Jules Favre returned from Rouen , dined with Thiers ; grand dinner (ambassadors , ministers, generals) . There has been another sortie by Auteuil and Point- du- Jour. The Commune occupie s [ 164]
Boulogne a n d other viUllges on the Seine . Gaulois estimates the num"
her o f clergymen arrested at 300 . [ p o 3 "
c.
2]
11 April. Petit Journal. [oM 3021 ] Differentes visites , domiciliaires and arrestations, I ' H otel Lafont,
inspecteur general des prisons. Kerl , war fort . Ein Wagen docum'mts
1 52
�tc. von ihm fortge schleppt. Ditto bei Lehidell x , banquier ; Thomassin , directeur
(one ,of three) der Compagnie de l 'Ouest arrested wegen
Umtrieben mit Thiers etc . [p o 3 ,
c.
4]
12 April. Daily News. [oM 7785]
Siecle e t Temps suppresse d . 1 53 Telegram 1 1 April. Lull i n th,e fighting now incessant for 9 days . [p o 3 , c . 1 ] Night action commenced again . [p o 3 , c . 1 2J 11 Versailles April. Favre read in the tribune with tragic-comic , accents a n d a nnotations , a despa.tch from Paschal Grousset to the Ger
)lla n General, inqu,iring whether the Vet;sailles Government had paid the first Instalment of 500 millions , and when the forts will be surren
,dered to. the . Paris Commune , to which they . of right belong. GauloiR ridicules Favre 's theatrical manner, and s�ys he beats
•
,
Frederick Lemaitre . [p o 3 , c . 1 ] ,
.
12 April. Le Vengeur. [2-e serie oM 14] Paris a prouve , . en defendant la Commune" qu 'il aurait sauve Ia nation si Ie gouvernement provisoire l 'avait arme, au lieu de Ie calom-
1 54
nie r , de Ie trahir et de Ie livrer. [p o 1 , c . 1] Toujours meme pluie de bombes et d 'obus dans Ie quartier de l 'Etoile . [p o 1 , 1840 a l a Chambre , loi des fortifications.
c.
4]
Thien; disait : « Quoi ! imaginer que des ouvrage s . de fortification .quelconque p e uvent nuire a la liberte ou l ' ordre . C'est se placer hors de toute rea li tt!. Et d ' abord , c 'est calomnier un gouvernement quel qu 'il soit de supposer qu 'il puisse un j our chercher a se inaintenir en
1 55 1 56
Various hous e vis i t at i ons and arrests , Lafont ' s mans i on , inspector-general of prisons . The fe l low w as aw ay . A w agon- load of documents et c . by him haul ed a way . Dit to with Lehideux , b anker ; Thomas s i n , manager ( one of three) of the Company of the West arre s t e d for intrigues with Thi ers etc . [p . 3 , c . 4 ] 153 . e t : and . 154 . Paris has proved , in de fending the Commune , that it woul d have s aved the nation if the provis i onal government had armed it , instea d o f s l anderi ng it , be Sti l l the s ame rain of b omb s and she lls tray i n g it and surre nderi ng i t . [p . l , c . l ] on the Etoi le dis t ri ct . [p . l , c . 4 ] 1 5 5 . 1 840 in the Chamber , l aw on fort i fi cat i ons . 1 5 6 . Thiers s ai d : "What ! t o fancy that any works of fort i fi cat ion can harm lib erty or order . That is to take a posi tion outside all reali ty . And first of a l l , it i s to calumniate any gove rnment -whatever by suppos ing that it could s ome day 152 .
-
46
bombardant la capitale . Quoi ! apres avoir perce de ses bombes la 'vonte des Invalides ou du Pantheon , apres avoir inonde de ses feux la .demeure de vos famille s, il se presenterait a vous pour vous demander la confirmation de son existence ! J.lIais il serait cent {ois pl ulS i mp os .si�le apres la victoire qu'auparavanb>. [po 2, c . 2] -
•
La Verite :
[ 16 6 ]
le.sinstitution � repllblicaines it la base et au faite de I 'edifice social». iC�S cltoye ns '(Loui !J Bla nc, H Brissan� Ed. Adam, L. :I'irard;
.
E. Farcy, A. Peyrat, Edgar Quinet, Langlois, Dorian) parlent d 'insz.,r rection et des mots de moderation prononces par M. Thiers. [p o 2 , c . 4]
1 57 1 58
12 April. Standard. [;N; 14569]
Leader. The world which was lately upbraiding Paris for its want
of spirits is now compelled to bewail its courage . . . desperate obsti nacy . . . If the Versailles army has grown accustomed to bombarding Paris, Paris has grown accustomed to being bombarded : «The ment of Paris by the Prussian was almost a farce . . . The bombard ment of Paris by Frenchmen is a stern reality». [p o 4, c . 4]
12 April. Situation. [J.l� 174] Fast 100 Bonapartist Generals at Versailles. Les officiers superieurs sont p resque tous rentres en France, et ont rer,m un emploi de . leur grade . [po 3 , c . 4] Paris 11 April. La ligue repIlblicaine a publie un manifeste pour faire cesser la lutte fratricide . Verlangt : la suppression de l'armee de Paris, remplacee par la garde nationale ; l ' election de tous les fonction naires de Paris par les citoyens, enfin armistice complet pour les ci toyens. Gingen zu Thiers. Abgewiesen . Nun nach den andren Stadten. [po 4, c. 1 ] La garde nationale et 1'armee se battent couragPlHlernent sur Ie terrain meme OU Trochu pretendait ne pas pouvoir reussir a les opposer •
1 59
1 60
161
attempt to maint ain its e l f by b omb arding the capital . What ! after s ending their she l ls through the vaulted arches o f the Hote l des Invalides or the Pantheon , aft er raining bul l ets on the dwe l l ings of your fami l ies , they [the government] would come be fore you to ask them to keep them in power ! But that wou ld be a hundred times more impossib le after the victory than before . " [p . 2 , c . 2 ] 1 5 7 . La Verite : "We do not want the Repub l i c only , but [ a l s o ] repub lican insti tut i ons at the b as e of and at the summit of the s o ci al edifice . " 1 5 8 . The s e c i t i z ens (Louis B lanc, H . Brisson, Ed. Adam, L . Tirard, E . Farcy , A . Peyrat, Edgar Quinet, Lang lois, Dorian) t alk about insurrection and ab out wor� of moderation spoken by M . Thiers . [Thi s refers to a s ta tement i ss ued by the nine Par is depu ti es to the Versai l l es assembl y , call ing for support to Versai l l es vers us the Commune bu t advi sing moderation on the governmen t . ]
159 . Nearly 100 B onap artist generals at Vers ai l les . The h i gher offi cers have al mos t a l l returned t o F rance [ from impris onment by the P rus s i ans ] , and have been given p osts according t o their rank . [p . 3 , c . 4 ] 1 60 . Paris, 1 1 Apri l . The Ligue Repub li caine [Union Repub l i caine ] has pub lished a manifes to t o end the fratricidal s truggl e . Demands : ab o l ition of the army of Par is , to b e rep l aced by the N at i onal Guard ; e l e ct ion of a l l Paris officials by the ci t i z ens ; l as t ly , comp lete a1111 i s ti ce for the citi zens . Went t o see Thiers . Rej ect ed . Now t o the other t owns . [p . 4 , c . l ] 1 6 1 . The Nat i onal Guard and the army are fi ght ing b rave ly on the very s ame ter rain where Tro chu cl aimed [he ] cou l d not suc ceed in victorious ly pitting them a-
. •
-
-
,
47 victorieusement aux Prussiens. M. Trochu n'a jamais ose .'avancer it porte
•
'
----
[ 16 8]
-
-
la cauBe de la defense Q,ationale, plutot que d 'avoir l'air .de ceder aux reclamations unanimes de la population civile , ou, ce qui revient au m�me , de la garde nationale . Ces galants o fficiers tous bonapartistes,
gains t the Pruss i ans . The forts of P aris , e speci al ly the Mont -Valerien fort , o f no value against the Prus s i ans , becaus e thei r fire cannot dominate the hei ghts that surround the cap i t al , on whi ch they shou l d have b e en bui lt ; but the case i s not the s ame [when us ed] against P aris . Thus , bui l t by Thiers in s uch a way as to b e w le to bomb ard P aris more e as i ly , and not t o protect P aris agains t the enemy . The s l aughter [ i s ] there fore the rea l i z at ion of Thiers ' p l an [made ] under Loui s Phil ippe . 162 . The men o f 4 Septemb e r are h o l ding fes tivities , under the ardent eyes of the Ladies o f M . Thiers and M . Jules F avre the s e o ld shrews . ce l eb rate the return . of Favre from Rouen ! [p . S , c . 4 ] 163. The As s emb l y h as usurped the s overei gn mandate whi ch no one offered them ; the agreement by virtue o f whi ch they were e lected , on the contrary , formal ly re fused to grant [ i t ] t o them . They h ave endowed Thiers with a t i t l e whi ch they could not normal ly give him . [p . 6 , c . 2 ] 164 . Verite of 4 Septerriber. "We s aid during the s i e ge that the generals pre ferred- at l e as t in effect , i f not in re al ity t o betray the c ause of national de fense , rather than appear to yie l d to the unanimous demands of the civil popula tion , or , what comes t o the s ame thing , o f the National Guard . Thes e gal l ant of ficers , al l Bonapartists , Orleanists o r Legitimists , s ens ed admirab ly that the triumph of P aris , which they were commis s i oned t o s ave , woul d at the s ame time be the triumph o f the Repub li c o f whi ch they s t ood in horro r . That i s why they were so badly beaten during the s i e ge , that is why they never agreed to us e the Na tional Guard . . . Trochu ' s real enemy h as never been the Pruss i ans , but the Repub lic. His goal h as always been the c apitul at i on o f P aris . . . The pres ent civi l war is only the cont inuati on of the conspiracy that w as cal l ed the Trochu p l an . I t is the struggle o f functionarism, o f parasi tism and , in a word , o f a l l the monarchist passions in coalition against F rench demo cracy , o f which P aris can be cons idered . . . the center and nuc l eus . . . The Vinoys , the Jules F avres , the Picards , peop l e whose fortune and future depend on the suc cess o f react ion . . . P aris abhors the men of the Fourth o f September who exp loited , s t arved and betrayed it . . . On one s ide , honest workers , [p . 7 , c . 2 ] on the other the s e l awyers , the s e hired as s as s ins , the s e squire l ings . . . " [p . 7 , c . 3 ] .
-
l
If
.
lr-
•
-
l
Lr• •
•
-
.
•
.
.
•
48 orIeanistes ou legitimistes, sentaient
a
merveille que Ie triomphe de
Paris qu'ils avaient mission de sauver serait e n meme temps Ie triomphe d e la Republique dont ils avaient horreur. C 'est p ourquoi iis se Boot
si mal battus pendant Ie siege , c 'est p ourquoi ils n ' ont jamais consenti a employer la gatde nationale . . . Le veritable adversaire de Trochu n'a
jamais ete les Prussiens , mais la Republique . II a toujours eu pour
but la capitulation d e Paris . . . la guerre civile actuelle n'est que la con
tinuation de cette conspiration qu 'on appelait Ie plan Trochu. C'est la lutte du
(onctionnarisme, d � parasitisme et, en un mot, de toutes
les passions monarchi ques coalisees contre la democratie fran«;aise ,
'iiont Paris peut etre considere . . . Ie centre et Ie foyer� . . Les Vinoys , les Jules Favres , les Picards , gens dont la fortune et I 'avenir dependent
du succ£s de la reaction . . . Paris a l ' horre ur . des hommes du Quatre
Septembre qui l 'ont exploite , a ffame, trahi . . . Auf der einen Seite tra· vailleurs honncte s , [p o 7 , c . 2] auf der andern ces avocats , ces spadas sins , ces gentillatres . .
»
.
[p o 7 , c . 3J
13 Avril.
,
Situation. [M 175J TtJleqrammes. Paris 12 Avril. Aujourd ' hui on n 'a cesse de bomDne partie des biens de ceux qui se sont
barder Maillot.
refugies
1 65
4 , c . 1 ] hommes sans convic�ion et sans courage q u i remplacent l 'une par l ' habilite et l 'autre par Ie cynisme . [p o 5, c . 21
sera con fisquee . . . [ p o
13 Avril.
Le Rappel. [J'\l. 669]
dl ne Caut p oint confo n d re Ie mouvement de Paris avec la surprise de Montmartre , q u i n 'e n a ete que l 'occasion et Ie p o int de depart;
ce mO llvement est general et profond dans la conscience de Paris ;
Ie
autre , s 'e n sont tenus it l 'er;art , n'en desavouent point pour cela Ia
le
1 66
p lus gra n d nombre d e ceux-la memes qui , pour une cause ou pour une gitimite sociale . Qui e st ce qui affirme ceIa ? Des «individus apparte-
nant it I a Co m m u ne»
,
comme dit J . Favre ? No n ,
ce sont le.'J
dtJlegues
des Chamllres syndicalcs. Ce sont des hommes qui parlent a u nom de 7 8 000 commer�ants et i n dustriels . . . lIs sont alles Ie dire a Ver
saille s» . [p o 1 , c . 1 ]
« Ces provinciaux e spiegles» . «lIs excitent la foule it insulter le a
vaincus c.
165 .
3]
d a ns
le s rues de Versailles» . . . aussi odie u x que ridicules . [p o
Te legrams . Paris�
Apri l .
12
w i th cyn i c i s m . 166 .
[p . 5 ,
o cc as i on and s t art ing - p o i n t ;
an d deep - ro o t e d i n the cons c i ous ne s s for one reas on or anoth e r ,
by deny i t s
social
l e g i t i macy .
ing t o the C ommun e , '
167 .
c. l]
men w i th ne i and the
l atter
c. 2]
peop l e who ,
ists . . .
Part
con fus e t h e P ari s movement w i t h the Montmart re surp r i s e
"Onemus t not
Syndi cales .
[p . 4 ,
who rep l ac e t h e form e r w i th c l everne s s
1 8 M a r ch ] , wh i ch on l y prov i d e d i t s gener al
t,
T o d ay t h e b omb ardment o f Mai l l ot ende d .
o f t h e p os s es s i ons o f the re fu g e e s w i l l b e con f i s c a t e d . . . t h e r conv i c t i on n o r c ourage ,
1 67
as J .
th i s movement i s
t h e maj o r i t y even o f those
h ave remained a l o o f from i t ,
Who mak e s
that
F av re s ays ? N o ,
They are men who s p e ak
o f P a ri s ;
[of
s t at ement ? S ome
do n o t there
' i ndivi du a l s b e long
they are the de legates of the Chambres
i n t h e n ame o f 7 - 80 0 0 me r ch an t s
they h ave gone t o t al k t o Vers ai l l e s . "
[p . l ,
and i n dus t rial
c. l]
"Th e s e m i s ch i evous p r ov i n c i a l s . " "Th ey i n c i t e the mob t o i n s u l t the van
qui sh e d in the s t re e t s o f V e rs ai l l e s " . . . as
odi ous
as
they are r i d i cu l ous .
[p . l , c . 3 ]
49 .
[ 170]
0]
Lucien nu')()i.�' , i os p c c te u r
des halles [po 1 ,
s est dCtcou depuis deux jour� .lU depot de la p re fe c t u re de p olice . . . A �c us e d 'avoir dissi mule une pa rtie d ll stock de Iariue qui Se tro u ve en magasinSJ>. dr.
c. GJ c t
ma rc he
,
1 68
La province est sous Ie coup de la loi des suspects. Les arrestationa 1 69 se multiplient. . Die lettres o f the Archbishop of Paris (Darboy) (d. d. Maza8 8 April) 1 70 an Thiers und im selben Sinn von Deguerry (cure de la Madeleine) [p o 2 , c . . 1 ] ( d . d . Conciergerie 7 April) ne sont pas signees par deux pretres en liberte, mais par deux ecclesiastiques prisonniers ·et qui pourraient craindre d'etre les objets des derribl. represaillen dont parle M. Deguerry. (In dem Brief des letzten Kerls heissts : �Ces executions soulevent de grandes cole res A Paris et peuvant y produire de « terribles represailles» . ) «Ainsi l'on est resolu, it chaque nouvelle exe cution, d 'en . ordonner deux des nombreux otages que 1 'on a entre lea mains. Jugez it quel point ce que je vous demande comme pretre est, cl 'une rigoureuse et absolue necessite.. Der Rappel bemerkt : «Une chose qui a ete fort remarquee, c'est 1 7 1 que , commerc;ants, francs-mac;ons , journalistes, maires, representants, tous les groupes de citoyens se sont entremis pour arreter l'effusion du excepte les pretres. La deputation des chambres syndicales sang est allee d �ux fois A Versailles ; la deputation de franc-mar;onnerie, et la deputatlon de l'Union Republicaine en arrivent. Les cures sont restes A Paris. C'est pourquoi nous craigpons que l'intervention «de deux des nombreux otages que l'on a entre les mains» ne fasse croire que Ie sang dont ils aspirent it empecher 1 'effusion est Ie leuf)) . La Republique laissera aux generaux de l'Empire «les atroces exces qui ajoutent A l'horreur de nos luttes fratricides». [p o 2, c . 2] (Die letzten Worte aus dem Brief des archeveque. )
168 . "M. Lucien Dubois, inspector o f marketp l aces [p . l , c . 6 ] and stores , was he l d for two days at the central po l i ce s t at i on . . . Accus e d o f hiding a part of the flour stocks whi ch are s tored away . " 169 . The provinces are threatened with the L aw o f Suspects . Arrests are multi plying . 170 . The l etters o f the Archb ishop o f P aris (Darboy ) (dated Mazas Prison, 8 Ap ri l) to Thiers , and to the s ame effect from Deguerry (cure of the Made leine) [p . 2 , c . l ] (dated Conciergerie , 7 Apri l ) are not s i gned by two priests at l iberty but by two eccles ias t i cs in pri s on , who might we l l be afraid o f bei ng the obj ects of the "te rrib �e reprisa�s II that M . Deguerry speaks o f . ( I n the l e tter written by the l atter fe l low , it s ays : "These executi ons arouse great anger in Paris and can cause ' terrib Ie repris als ' there . " ) "Thus they have res o l ved , every t ime there is a new executi on , t o order the s ame for two of the many hos t ages who are in their h ands . Judge to what extent that whi ch I ask you as a priest is a stri ct and ab s o lute ne cess ity . " 171 . Le Rappe � comment s : "One thin g that h as been much remarked i s this , that merchants , Freemas ons , j ourn alist s , mayors , repr esen tat ives , every group of cit izens have intervene d t o s top the flow o f b lood- excep t the pries ts . The de lega tion of the Chamb res Syndi ca�es went t o Vers ai l les twi ce ; the de l e gati on of the Freemasonry , and the de l eg at i on of the Union Repub �icaine are going there . The cures remai ned in P ari s . That is why we are afrai d that , when "two o f the numer ous hos t ages they h ave in their h ands" do intervene , one mus t b e l ieve that the flow of b lood they ' d l ike to s t anch is thei r own . " The Repub l i c wi 1 1 l e ave to the gener a l s o f the Empire "the atroc ious exces s e s which add t o the horro r of our frat ri cida l s tru gg l es . " [ p . 2 , c . 2 ] (The l as t wor ds [ are ] from the · aTchbis hop ' s lett er . )
50 Heroisme des femmes A Paris I [p o 2, c. 3 13
-
4]
1 72
April. Daily News. [oM 7786]
,
Ttlegr. Paris. 12 April. Paris was in great commotion last night, on account of the night attack made by the Versailles troops on the west .and south o f Paris, simultaneously. The troops just received 30 new guns, o f large calibre, and began to try them last night. Failed. Con tinued to-day. ( Rochefort in another article to-day denounces Felix Pyat and his get as abominable tyrants or rather downri,qht fools.) , Chief object of the cannonade to-day Porte Maillot, battered by the guns of Mont Valerien. Numerous shells about the Arch o f Triumph. Catholic General Cathelineau forms at Compiegne a Breton legion. {po 3, c . 1] , ,
[ 172]
Corr. St. Denis April 11. The best (governmental) of gendarmes, mostly Corsicans. [p o 6, c . 3] Versailles 11 April. Corr. War in Paris. In Paris .
troops the corps
nothing to mdi cate that a fierce combat was ra�.lg within 2 miles of the Madeleine. The cafes had their usual number of inmates, and most of the theatre� were open. The «Gaulois» picture (in yesterday's edition) of a complete reign of terror and violence . . . a mere fiction... very violent counsels 'prevail with the authorities o f the regular troops. Most horrible details of the cold-blooded shooting of prisoners, not deserters, related �th an evident gusto by general officers and other eye-withesses. [po 6, c. 4] , ,
.An English Visitor in Paris: «As for my general impressions with regard to the Commune , I must beg to differ entirely from the corres�
pondents who have painted the Nationals in such black colours, and who pretend that they represent only a small section of .Paris. Th� contest seems to me to be eminently one between Paris and the peasants, and the great majority of those now in Paris sympathise heartily with the Commune . . The ramparts are crowded with people o f, all ranks, and among them many bourgeois wishing success to the Guards, and cursing «ces Prussiens-Ia» . The National Guards are by no means an ill-looking set of men ; in fact, their respectability struck me at once , and their officers are of the usual and most polished type of French officer, and a regiment o f the Guard may compare well with the Mobile and even the Line , certainly in looks, apd, I fancy, also in fighting. I may add �hat since I have been in Paris, I have not seen one man drunk, and both at the H otel de Ville and everywhere else , have met with the greatest politeness, and I believe that every unprejudiced Englishman coming and seeing the untiring energy, the self- denial, the patriotism of these men as compared with the sloth and jobbery of Empire and Assembly alike, would end by crying, as all do here : « Vive la C()mmune! Vive Paris/tl ,
.
1 7 2 . Heroism of the women in Paris ! [p . 2 , c . 3 - 4 ] 1 73 . National s : Nat i onal Guards . 174 . . . . " thos e Prus s i ans . " [Meaning the Vers ai lles e , 1 7 5 . Mobi l e : the Mobi l e Guard .
1 73
p
,
us
1 74
1 75
according to E . S . J
5 f
•
51 14 April. Situation
[;N; 176]
L 'Officiel de la Commune : «Lorsque les perquisitions eurent .fait
decouvrir la p reuve de la veracite des informations ; ordre donne e� . payem ent fait par Ie Gouvern2ment de VersailLs ; recommandation re' cente d 'accelerer I 'execution d 'une guillotine perfectionnee; plan, ouvriers, ol,ltil s, et enfin Ie corps de delit. �equisition en rut C?peree, [ 1 7 4 ] ainsi que de l 'instrument ordinaire : Ie sous-comite assemble en de liberation , decida que les deux instruments de supplice seraient broIes en place publique, apres que l'avis en aUf!lit ete lu et tambourine. Voici Ie texte du p lacard aUiche:' «Citoyens. Informe qu'il Be faisait en ce moment une nouvelle guillotine, payee et commandee par l 'odieux gouvernement dechu (guillotine plus portative et acce. Ierative), Ie sous-comite du 11-e arrondissement a fait saisir ces instru ments serviles de la domination monarchique et en a vote la dc:struc tion pour toujours. En consequence, la combustion va en �tre faite, Bur la p lace de la Mairie, pour Ia purification de I 'arrondissement et la consecration de Ia nouvelle liberte, a 10 heures, 6 Avril 187b.
1 76
,
Les membres du Sous-Comite etc . 5 .Af)�il 1871. [po 2, c. 4] 1 7 7 ' «L 'Assemblee siege paisiblement. (Circulaire de Thiers aux pr�fets). Elle aussi a le coeur Uger. .. N 'etait-ce pas assez pou r ces Spartiates
de pacotilles, qui ne savaient ni mourir, ni etre victorieux, d 'avoir livre Paris par une capitulation honteuse ; avaient-ils jure aussi de l'achever par Ia guerre civile ? . . [p o 5 , c. 3] un Triboulet sanguinaire a Ia livrea rouge de Philippe-Ega lite. «Thiers et Ies Ho m�es du 4 Septembre , aveugles par Ia cupidiM
1 78
.
1 79
176 . The [Jour-nalJ Offieie l of the C omnnA.n e : "When inve s t i gat ions were made to confirm the t ruth o f the news [ ab out the new gui l l otine ] : order turned in and payment made by the Vers ai l l es Government ; recent recommendation t o hasten the comp letion of an improved gui l l ot ine ; p l ans , work ers , tools and finally the corp us de l i cti itse l f . It was commandeere d , a l ong w ith the ordinary gui l l otine : the subcommittee , meet ing t o cons ider it , dec i ded that the two ins truments o f punish ment wou l d b e burnt in a pub li c p l ace , after not i fi c at i on of it had b een read and proc laimed by drum- rol l . Her:e i s the text o f the pos t er put up : "Citi zens . In formed that a new gui l l ot ine was b eing made at thi s t ime , paid for and ordered by the odious government that has fall en (a more port ab le and speedier gui l l otine) , the sub committee o f the 1 1th arrondi s sement has s e i z ed the s e s l av i sh ins truments of monarchi s t dominat i on and voted the i r des truc t i on forever . Cons equent ly , their burning wi l l t ake p l ace nn the P l ace de l a Mai ri e , for the puri fi cat i on o f the arrondis s ement and the cons e crati on o f the new freedom , at 1 0 o ' c l o ck , 6 Apri l 1871 . " [The date 177 . The merribers of the Subconunittee etc. 5 Apri l 1 871 . [p . 2 c 4 ] 5 Apri l appl ies onl y to the pos ter ; the whole passage was in the Jour-nal Officie l for Apri l 1 0 , where i t i s dated Apri l 9 . J 1 78 . "The Assemb ly is mee ting peacefu l ly " (Thiers ' s circul ar t o the prefect s ) . I t too has a light heart . . . Wasn ' t i t enough for thes e papier-mache Spartans , who knew neither how to die nor how to be victorious , to have handed Paris over by a shame ful capitul at i on ; h ave they also swon1 t o finish it off by civi l war? . . [p . S , c . 3 ] a b loodthirs ty Trib ou l et in the red l ive ry of Phi l ippe - Egal it� . 179 . "Thiers and the Men o f 4 Septemb e r , b l inded by cupidity even more than by political passion . . . res ort t o the most infamous o f s l anders , that the Vers ai l les troops have to face on ly c onvicts on the l o os e . 200 , 000 conv i cts in Paris . . . Odious j es t . " [p . S , c . 4 ] ,
.
52 plus encore que par la passion politiqut... recourt iI. la plus infime
des calomnies, que les troupes de Versailles n 'ont devant elles que des for(jats en rupture de ban. · 200 000 for(jats iI. Paris.. . Plaisanterie odieuse• . [p o 5, c. 4] ' mome nt ou a eclate la Revolution parisienne , l'emprunt Pouyer- 1 80 «Au Quertier allait etre conclu ; et par des moyens, iI. I 'emploi desque ls la maison Rothschild elle-meme ne pouvait s'oppo ser, ees messieurs et ees dames Be trouvaient pouvoir realise r, en 10 annees , un benefice net de 327 835 000 fcs . . . L'operation et1it conclue ; lea parts etaient faitea, il ne manquait, pour mettre la main dessus, que d 'alleger Mont martre de ses canons . . . [p o 6, c. 1] Les dames Thier" Jules Favre, Pouyer- Quertier, Picard et Simon se connaissent en chiffre. . . Sous l'empire d'une telle preoccupation Ie salon de M-me Thiers est devenu l'antre des femmes . Sans la moindre vergogne 1es femmes y sautent 1 8 1 au cou des generaux revenant du champ de bataille, pour un pouce de terrain gagne qui rapproche la bande de la caisse ; la personne etc . . a 1 82 entendu ce cri du coeur sortir des levres de M-lle Dosne : .Les mise rabIes, qu�d tout allait etre signe t» [po 6, c. 2] Social : «Flourens tUff! les federes vaincus! La rente montait». 1 8 3 II .Tous les coulissiers Ie savent, notre victoire est leur detaite. Le travail viendra reprendre la place qu'ils ont volee». [p o 7 , c. 1 ] Vengeur : Thiers. 1 ) Qui a rerue en 1830 la Repuhlique du National 1 84 ]lour Be convertir it la meilleure des . Republiques? 'rhiers. 2) Qui a ttrahi son bienfaiteur, M. Lafitte, pour prendre sa place de ministre? ·Thiers. 3) Qui a emprisonne son ami et collaborateur Carrel pour gar der sa place de ministre ? Thiers. 4) Qui a, comme ministre, altere l 'his rtoire de la Revolution, qu'il avait faite comme repuhlicain? Thiers. .
[ 1 7 6]
-
-
180 . "Jus t when the Paris revoluti on b roke out , the Pouyer-Quert ier loan was go ing t o b e s e t t l ed ; and by s ome me ans or other which even the Hous e of Roths chi ld CQu l d not oppos e , the s e . gent l emen and l adies found they could make a net profit of 3 2 7 , 835 , 000 francs in 1 0 years . . . The operati on was carried through ; the shares were divided up ; the only thing s ti l l l acking , for them t o get their hands on the money , was t o re l ieve Montmartre of its cannons . . . [p . 6 , c . l ] The ladies � Mmes . Thiers � Favre � Pouyer-Quertier� Picard and Simon know what to do about money . Dominated by thi s preoccupation , Mme . Thi ers ' s s al on b ecame the women ' s den . With out the S l i ghtest shame the women fal l al l over generals returning from the b attle fie l d , for an inch o f territ ory gained whi ch brings them c l oser to the moneybags ; the pers on etc . . . heard this heart - fe lt cry spring from the l ips of M l l e . Dosne : "The wret ches ! j us t when everything was going t o be s i gned ! " [p . 6 , c . 2 ] 18 1 . Wi thout a note about i t , E . S . changes the reading to " l ' antre des furies , " .
.
"Mme . Thiers ' s salon bec ame a den of furi es . " This certainly makes more sense . 1 8 2 . . . . the pers on etc . : The ful l text in the newspaper reads : "the pers on who gave us thi s infonnati on as sures us he he ard this heart - fe l t cry . . . " et c . - Ml le . Dosne -was Thi ers ' s sis ter-in-law . i . e.
183 . Sociale : "Flourens ki l led! the Federals beaten ! Dividends went up . " "Al l the s t o ckj obb ers know , our vict ory is the i r de fe at . L ab or wi l l move in t o take back the pos i t i on they have usurped . " [p . 7 , c . l ] 1 84 . Vengeur : Thie rs . 1 ) Who in 1 830 dis owned the Repub l i c of Le National in orde r to 'go over to the best of repub lics ? Thie rs . 2) Who betr ayed his bene fact or , M . L affi tte , in orde r to t ake his p l ace as mini s ter? Thi ers . 3 ) who impris oned his friend and col l ab orat or Carre l in orde r to keep his pl ace as mini ster? Thiers . 4 ) Who , as mini s ter , chan ged the hist ory of the Revo lut ion wh i ch he had made as a repub lican? Thi ers . 5 ) Who prop os ed the Sept embe r l aws agai nst the
,
52 plus
encore que
par la passion politiqttt... recourt a la plus infAme
des calomnies, que les troupes de Versailles n 'ont devant elles que des for<;ats en rupture de ban. · 200 000 for<;ats a Paris. . . Plaisanterie odieuse• . [p o 5 , c . 4] cAu moment OU a eclate la Revolution parisienne , I 'emprunt Pouyer-' 1 80 Quertier allait etre conclu ; et par des moyens, a l'emploi desquels 1a maison Rothschild elle-meme ne pouvait s'opp oser, ees messieurs et ees dames se trouvaient pouvoir realiser, en 10 annees, un benefice net de 327 835 000 fcs . . . L'operation ebit concIue ; les parts etaient faitea, il ne manquait, pour mettre la main dessus, que d'alleger Mont martre de ses canons . . . [po 6, c . 1] Les dames Thier" Jules Favre, POl�yer-Quertier, Picard et Simon se connai$sent en chiffre. . . Sous l'emp ire d 'une telle preoccupation Ie salon de M-me Thiers est devenu l'antre des femme s. Sans la moindre vergvgne les femmes y sautent 1 8 1 au cou des generaux revenant du champ de bataille, pour un pouce de terrain gagne qui rapproche la bande de la caisse ; la personne etc . . . a 1 82 entendu ce cri du coeur sortir des levres de M-lle Dosne : «Les mise rabIes, qu�nd tout allait etre signe !» [po 6, c. 2] Social : «Flourens tue! les federes vaincus! La rente montait». 1 8 3 I'coulissie rs Ie savent, notre victoire est leur defaite. Le tracTous les vail viendra reprendre la place qu'ils ont volee». [p o 7 , c. 1] Vengeur � Thiers. 1 ) Qui a renie en 1830 la Republique du National. 1 84
[ 176]
]>our Be convertir a la meilleure des Republiques? Thiers. 2) Qui a ltrahi son bienfaiteur, M. Lafitte, pour prendre sa place de ministre? 'Thiers. 3) Qui a emprisonne son ami et collaborateur Carrel pour gar der sa place de ministre ? Thiers. 4) Qui a, comme ministre , altere l'his ttoire de la Revolution , qu'il avait faite comme republicain? Thiers.
ISO . "Jus t when the Paris revo luti on b roke out , the Pouyer-Quertier loan was go ing to b e s e t t l ed ; and by s ome me ans or other which even the Hous e of Rothschild CQu l d not oppos e , thes e ,gent l emen and l adies found they could make a net profit of 3 2 7 , 835 , 000 francs in 1 0 years . . . The operation w as carried through ; the shares were divided up ; the only thing s ti l l l acking , for them t o get their hands on the money , was t o re l ieve Montmartre o f its cannons . . . [p . 6 , c . l ] The ladies 3 Mnes . Thiers 3 Favre 3 Pouyer-Quertierj Picard and Simon knoW what to do about money . . . Dominated by thi s preoccupat i on , Mme . Thi ers ' s s al on b ecame the women ' s den . With out the S l i ghtest shame the women fal l al l over generals re turning from the b att le fie l d , for an inch o f territ ory gained whi ch b rings them c l oser t o the moneybags ; the pers on et c . . . heard this heart - fe l t cry spring from the l ips of Ml le . Dosne : "The wretches ! j us t when everything was going t o b e s i gned ! " [p . 6 , c . 2 ] l S I . Wi thou t a note about i t , E . S . changes the reading to " 1 ' antre des furi es I " "Mme . Thiers ' s salon became a den of furies . " This certai nly makes more s ense. l S 2 . . . . the person etc . : The ful l text in the newspaper reads : "the pers on who
i .e.
gave us thi s informat i on as sures us he heard this heart - fe l t cry . . . " e t c .
Dosne �was Thie rs ' s sis ter-in-law .
-
Ml le.
lS3 . Sociale : "Flourens ki l led! the Federals beaten ! Dividends went up . " "All the s t o ckj obb ers know , our vi ctory is the i r defe at . L ab or wi l l move in to take back the pos iti on they have usurped . " [p . 7 , c . l ] in onal Nati c i Le l b of Repu the d owne dis S30 l in Who ) 1 . rs Thie : eur Veng . S4 l orde r to 'go over to the best of repub li CS ? Thie rs . 2) Who betrayed his bene fact or , M . L affi tte , in orde r to t ake his p l ace as mini st er? Thi ers . 3) wh o impr is oned his fri end and col l ab orat or C arre l in orde r to keep his p l ace as mini ster ? Thi ers . 4 ) Who , as mini s ter , chan ged the hist ory of the Revo lut i on whi ch he had made a s a repub lican? Thi e rs . 5 ) Who prop os ed the Sept embe r l aws agai nst the
53 ,!» Qui a propose les lois de Septembre contra la presse ? Thiers. ,6) Qui , a propose 1a loi du 31 Mai contre la liberte 'de 1a presse? Thiers. 7) Qui .a ·rengaine l ' epee de 1a France, en 1840 pour la prendre en 187 1 ? Thiers.' .8) Qui a fait les forts detaches contre Paris, pour Ie roi de Prusse? Thien. 9) Qui a signe 1es bons de p10mb pour Transnonain et la guillotinpour Busan�ois? Thiers. 10) Qui a ete Ie geolier-accoucheur de 1a le gitimite et Ie parrain de la quasi-1egitimite? Thiers. 1 1 ) Qui a ete Ie frere et Ie consei1 d 'un Judas qui vendit 1es quatre sergents de La Ro c helle ? Thiers. 13) Qui a , comme Tartufe, courtise 1a mere pour epouser 1a Tillers. 14) QtA- i est parti d'A ix gueux eomme Job, pour devenir deux (ois millionaire en dev ena nt deu37 (ois ministre ? Thiers. 15) Qui a prete serment it 1a royaute, it la republittue, a l'empire et it la repub!ique ' en attendant Ie reste ? Thiers . ' 16) Qui a �te 1 'historien na tional, le bro8seur de la redingote grise, le balayeur de la rue de Poitiers ? Thiers. 17) Qui a ecrit 20 pages pour Ie despotisme et pas une seule pour la liberte? Thiers. 1 8) Qui a "oM pour la guerre de Rome, pour la guerre de Mexique , pour toutes les guerres? Thiers. 19) Qui a le plus erie eontre l 'unite allemande, pour les bords du Rhin et la
1 85 1 86
1 87 1 88
•
,
1 89
press ? Thiers . 6 ) Who proposed the L aw of May 3 1 against freedom o f the press ? Thiers . 7 ) Who sheathed the sword of F rance in 1 840 in order t o t ake i t out in 1871? Thiers . 8 ) Who bui l t the outer forts agains t Paris , for the king o f Prus sia? Thiers . 9 ) Who s i gned the authori z at i on of l e ad [bul lets ] for Transnonain md the gui l l ot ine for Buz an90is ? Thiers . 1 0 ) Who was the j ai l er accoucheur for legitimacy and the godfather for quas i - l egit imacy? Thi e rs . 1 1 ) Who was the b roth er and advis er o f a Jud as who s o l d out the four s erge ants o f La Rochel l e? Thiers . [ ? ] Th iers . 13) Who , l ike Tartufe , wooed the mother in order t o marry the 14) Who left Aix as poor as Job and then became twice a mi l lionaire by becoming wice a minister? Thi e rs . 1 5 ) Who h as t aken an oath t o royalty , t o the repub l i c , to the empire and t o the repub l i c t i l l s omething e ls e turned up? Thiers . 16) Who has been the nat i onal his tori an , the flunkey of the gray frock-coat, the floor �eeper of the Rue de Poitiers ? Thi e rs . 1 7) Who has written 20 p ages for despot ism 1 8 ) Who voted for the war on Rome , md not a s ingle page for l iberty? Thi e rs . 19) Who has cried out most for the war on Mexico , for a l l the w ars ? Thi e rs . �ainst German unity, for the banks of the Rhine and the Prus s i an war? Thiers . 20) Who has mos t exalted the o l d imperial mi litary system, big army and fat budget? Thiers . 2 1 ) Who voted men and money for that German war when F rance was not prepared? Thi e rs . 2 2 ) Who kept the peop l e from a levee en masse in good t ime , 2 3 ) Who went to beg the he lp of kings for the Re by Danton ' s methods ? Thiers . public in exchange for a king ? Thi e rs . 2 4 ) Who s i gned a peace fatal for F rance , a parri cidal pe ace , in comp l icity with a forger? Thi ers . 2 5 ) Who is pres ident of the Repub l i c in order t o res tore monarchy? Thiers . 26) Las t l y : who , by his pub l i c md private vi rtues , perj ury and inces t , b y his l ove for the vi le multitude and his h atred for Mazas [pri s on ] , i s 26 t imes repres entative o f the peop l e ? Who is the savior o f property , re l igion and the fami ly , the father of the Fatherland. . . and of his wife ? ThieY's . [p o 7 , c . 2 ] 185 . Here Marx s eems to have made a slip i n copyin g . The Vengeur wrote under point 6 : "Who proposed the Law o f May 3 1 [ 1 85 0 ] against univers al suffrage ? " fE . S . } 186 . Another copying error : Vengeur had " rendre , " not " prendre , " i . e . " . . . in order to surrender it in l 87 1 ? " fE . S . } 187 . Ques tion ].2 i s om t ted:: "Who was the s on o f a father who was a b roker , sha dy speculator and godfather of h is s on , the finance mini s te r? Thi e rs . " fE . S . ] 1 88 . The dash s t ands for the word " dau ghter" in the Vengeur arti cl e . fE . S . } 189 . The Vengeur arti cle had " vol umes , " not " pages . " fE . S . } -
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54 .
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guerre de Prusse? Thiers. 20) Qui a Ie plus vante Ie vieux systeme mi- 1 90 litaire imperial, grande armee et g1·0S budget ? Thiers. 21) Qui a vote les hommes et I'argent de cette guerre d'Allemagne quand I! France n'etait pas prete ? Thiers. 22) Qui a empecbe Ie peuple de 1a faire a. temps par Ie moyen de Danton, la levee en masse? Thiers. 23) Qui a eie mendier l'aide des rois pour la Republique e n echange d'un roi � Thiers .. 24) Qui a signe une paix mortelle a 1a France , une paix parri cide � en complicite d'un faussaire ? Thiers. 25) Qui est president de la Republique pour restaurer Ia royaute? Thiers. 26) Qui, enfin, par ses vertus p ubliques et privees, Ie parj ure et l'inceste , par son amour de la vile multitude et sa haine de Mazas, est 26 {ois representant du pe.uple? Qui est Ie sauveur de la propriete, de la religion et de 1a famille , le pere de la Patrie et de sa femme ? T,hiers. [p o 7 , c . 2] _.
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April 14. Sta ndard
[ 178]
Leader. M . Thiers seems incapable of taking to heart the pregnant ,wisdom locked up in the famous brief advice of fmpper vite, et (rappe r 1 9 1 fort I.. he ought to be aware that from the moment, [he allowed] shells from Valerien to fall within the enceinte, he had committed himself 1 9 2 to all the odium which necessarily attends a resolute policy . . . He ha s already done enough to be handed down, to use M . Jules Favre 's lan guage , to the execration of history, as history is read in Belleville. "
April 14. Rappel. [M 670] .
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Paris, 12 Ap,·il. Decret sur la demolition de la colonne de la place 1 9 3 de Vendome comme «monument de barbarie , symbo1e de force brute et de fausse gloire , ,une affirmation du militarisme, une negation du droit international» etc. [p o 1 , c . 3] Ap ril 13. Dalouvert chef du cabinet de la haute police (occulte) 1 94 sous 1 'empire , arrete. [p . 2 , c . 2] April 12. DeC1"et : «Toutes poursuites pour echeances . . . suspen- 1 9 5 dues . . . Le Journal Ofticiel p ublie Ie Mcret sur les echeances» . [p o 2, c. 4] .
15 April. Standard. [M 14572] .
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The German threat to bombard Paris furnished the members of the new Rep uLlie Government, and the French newspapers of all parties, with the occasion for most indignant and eloquent «denunciatiom of the «lmrbariam» who acknowledge no other law than the promotion •
Vengeur ques tion 20 , whi ch went : "Who has mos t re j ected the mi l i t ary sys tem in Prus s i a [but ] most exalted the old Imperial pattel1l o f a b i g army and fat budge t ? " fE . S . l 19 1 . . . . advi ce o f strike quickly -' and s trike hard! 1 9 2 . enceinte : city wal l s . 193 . Pari s . l2 Apri l . Decree on the demo lition of the co lumn in the Place Ven dOme as "monument t o b arb arism , symb o l of b rute force and fal s e g l ory , an affirma tion of mi l it arism , a negation o f interllati ona1 1 aw" etc . [p . 1 , c . 3] 194 . 1 3 Apri l . Dalouvert , adminis trat ive s e cretary of the high ( s e cret) po lice under the Empire , arrested . [p . 2 , c . 2 ] 195 . 1 2 Apri l . Decree : "Al l pros ecuti ons for non-payment of b i l ls . . . suspended . . . The Journal Officie l pub l ishes the de cree on b i l l payments . " [p . 2 , c . 4 ] 1 90 . This omi ts some words from the
55 of their own purposes. I t provoked , moreover, a general condemnation in all neutral countries, the English whipper in (Glyn) of course ' 9 6 excepte d . And when after waiting some months the Germans did at last bombard Paris, holy indignation of Jules Favre etr. During the last week Paris has been subjected to a bombardment infinetely more destructive than that which it sustained at the hands of the Germans. Tenfold at least bombarded Paris after whining about the sanctity ? f the city . . . [p o 4 , c . 5] There is no strategical advantage to be gained 1n raining down shells in the Avenue de la Grande Armee and the Avenue Wagram, smashing lamp -posts, and killing and wounding harmless lookers on, women , and children. Creates bad feeling among the Pa1"ty of Order. What is bombarded is the Westend of Paris, das pro- 1 97 letarische Paris ausser ihren canons . . . the troops o f the Commune are evidently at least a match for the regulars, who have been making such futile and feeble attemps to penetrate into Paris. [p o 5 , . c . 4] Com mune has sent all the Government plate it could lay hands on to the _Mint etc . [p o 5 , c . 5]
[ 1 80 ]
16 April. Rappel. [J'f! 672]
E n meme temps que Thiers p romettait (A.ntwort an die Ligue rle 1 98 ·l ' Union Republicaine) «Ie droit communal. it Paris, Thiers a force -1'Assemblee it Ie refuser it toutes les villes . Paris exceptionnelle ment . zu teilen in to quartiers ou Hots , dont chacun separement au scrutin individuel nomme · un seul conseiller et queUe que soit sa population, qu'il compte 3 000 oder 30 000 Ames. [p o 1 , c . 2] Le Journal officiel a inaugure la publicite des seances de Ia Commune ( 1 5. Avril) [p . 1 , c . 6] Paris. 14 A vril. Caflimir Balli!?, nomme president d'une commission d 'enquete in den doing der dictature du 4 septeIllbre . [p o 2 , c. 5]
1 99 200
1 7 April. Standard. [M 14573] lQ\ (In dieser N ummer, p . 3 auch die Sache wegen Tolain) . The National A.ssembly. April 14 passierte Municipal Bill by an 20 2 e normous majority ; d itto : th� bill relating to press offen�e8 etc� [p o 3 , c . 2]
1 9 6 . The E . S . rea din g omi ts the word " i n " : "The English G1yn was the par li ame nta ry whi p of the Lib era l Par ty . 19 7 . . . . the We s t End of Paris ,
its cannons...
whipper (Gly.n) . . . "
[but] proletarian Paris [is] beyondthe range of
ion Re Un ' l de e gu Li e th to r e sw (an ed is om pr rs ie Th at 198 . At the same time th se fu re to l mb s As e th ce or ha rs ie Th , ri � Pa � � : � : pub Ucaine ) "communal rig�ts" for or s ct r� st d� 80 to �n d de v� d� be to n �o pt ce ex by Pa r� s th is for all cities . . r fo g �n lot l ba y --b or 1l ci un co le ng si a g in nam ly te b lock sections with each separa 0 or 30 , 00 0 0 0 3 s er mb nu it r he et wh , on ti la pu po s it er ev and what indi vidu al n am ; s souls. [p.l, c . 2 ] e th of ns io ss se e th of n io at ic bl pu d te ra gu 199 . The Jo urn al Offi cie l has inau . ' Conunune (15 April) [p .1, c.6] �s mm co g 1n at 1g st ve in an of an rm ai ch d me na , s ui Bo ir 200 . Paris . 1 4 Ap ri l . Casim ] 5 c. 2, [p. . er emb pt Se 4 of ip sh or at ct di e th of sion into the doings ) . in la To t ou ab ss ne si bu e th so al 3, . p , er mb nu is th 201. (In 202 . passierte : passed, adopted. -
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16 and ' 1 7 April. Situation. [M 1 78] Le citoyen Besla.1l ( fur die Commune) a fait traite avec Ia Banque 203 de France . Aux termes de cct accord , 10. Commune reconnaissait a Ia Banque son caracte� d 'etablissement prive et s'engageait a faire /:"I re_specter la Banque , so it par l 'organisation d 'un bataillon de gardes . nationa ux compos e des employes de 1 'etablis sement , soit, s 'il etait besoin , en adjoigna nt it ce bataillo n d 'autres detachements cornman des par Ia Commune . Par contre , Ia Ban que devait fournir it Ia Commune , .sur un ret;u de Mr. Beslay , les fonds appart enant a la ville de Paris et depose s a Ia Banque , et, dans Ie cas ou ces fonds seraien t epuises , eelle-ci deyait faire a Ia Commune des avance s, garanties par la remise �de titre s sur les biens de la ville . [p o 8, c . 4] , •
1 7 April. Rappel. [M 673] -
L'effort tente par l a Ligue de la reunion republicai ne n 'a pas re- 204 ussi . . . [p o 1 , c . 2] Lochoy p rison ni er it Versailles. . . [p o 1 , c . 3] Les mensonges et les calom nies des journ aux de Versailles par- 205 vienn ent seuls aux depa rtem ents, et y font loi . . . Ils s'indignent aes pilla ges et des meurtres dont une band e de 20 000 mal faiteurs desh on ore la capi tale . La Li,qu e ( de l ' Union Repuhlicaine) se donn e pour .premier d evoi r de faire la lum i ' re et de retablir les relations normales 206 , entre la p rovi nce ct Pari s. [p 1 , c. 4J o
[ 182]
Nachwahlen fUr «Conseillers» (communes) den 16. Avril. Sehr 207 grosse Abstention (Dupont choisi au 1 7 arrondissement) [p o 1 , c . 5] La Commission des quinze (der AssembIee) et les journaux de 208 Versa illes sont d 'accord pour nier officiellement e t officieusement, les «pretendues executions sommaires et les represailles attribuees 'aux
203 . Ci tizen Bes Zay ( for the Commune) had made agreement with the Bank of France . According to the terms o f thi s agreement , the C ommune recogni zed the Bank ' s char acter as a private estab li shment and ob li gated i t s e l f to prevent any harm t o the Bank , either by the 0rgan i z ation o f a b at t a l i on o f Nat i onal Guards made up of em p l oyee s o f the ins t i tut i on , or , i f need b e , by augmenting thi s b attal i on with oth er detachment s under the Commune ' s command . On the other hand , the Bank was t o give the Commune the funds b e longing to the city of Paris depos i ted in the Bank , against a re ceipt by Mr . Bes l ay , and in cas e thes e funds are exhaus t ed , the b ank wi l l make advances t o the Commune , b acked up b y turning over t i t l e to city pos s es s i ons . [p . 8 , c . 4 ] 204 . The e ffort made b y the Ligue de la Reunion [Uni on] Repub li caine has not succeeded . . . [p . 1 , c . 2 ] Lockroy prisoner in Versai l les . . . [p . 1 , c . 3 ] 205 . The l i e s and s l anders of the Vers ai l l es newspapers are the only ones reach ing the departments , and l ay down the l aw there . . . They are indi gnant ab out the pi l l aging and murdering by wh ich a b and of 20 , 000 mal efactors di shonor the capital . The Ligue (de 1 ' Union Repub li caine ) undert akes as its fi rs t t ask t o shed l i ght , and re - e s t ab l i sh normal re l ations b etween the provinces and Pari s . [p . l , c . 4 ] 206 . The Vengeur arti cl e reads : "re tabl i r rel ati ons morales " i . e . " re-es tablish intell ectual rel ations
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[E . S . ]
20 7 . By- e l e ct i on for "Counci l lors" ( commune ' s ) on 1 6 Apri l . Very l arge amount of ab s tent i on (Dupont chosen in the 1 7th arrondis sement ) [p . l � c . S ] 208 . The Commi s s i on o f F i fteen (of the As s emb ly) and the Vers ai l les newspapers agree in official ly and s emi - offi ci al l y denying the " a l l eged summary exe cut i ons and repris al s at tributed to the Vers ai l l es troops . " And the executions of Duval and the National GUaY'ds � ordered b y Vinoy and G al l i ffe t ?
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troupes de Versailles». Et les executions de Duval It dill gardu na tionaux, ordoanees par Vinoy et Galliffet? · e La Verite cite Ie passage luivant d 'un discours d Thien pronon- 209 c� en janvier 1848 : eVoul lavez, Meslieun, ce qui Ie passe a : \rous ave; tous tressailli d'borreur en .pprenant que pendant 48 heurel, une grande ville a ete bombardee. Par qui? Etait-ce .par un . ennemi etranger;. exer9ant les droits de la guerre? Non, messieun, par ,on propre gouverneme1lt. Et pourquoi? Parce que cette ville infortunee de mandait des droUs. Eh bien I Pour la demande de 818 droitB, i1 y a eu 48 heures de bolnbardement. Permettez-moi d'en appeler a l'opinion europeenne. C 'est un service a rendre a l'humanite que de venir, du haut . de la plus grande tribune peut-�tre de l'Europe, faire retentir quelques parolel d'indignation. (ontre de tels actes !. [po 2, c . 2] (Sieh ScklUBII .des Zitats etc. 19 April. Vengeur). In derselben Nummer des Rappel die Loi Municipak, gemacht 2 1 0 dumh die Ruraux, 14 Avril, 1871. [po 2, c. 3] . Die Commission su r les echlances [po 2, c. 21 propose a la Com- 2 1 1 mune : Art. 1 . Le remboursement del dettel de toute nature BOuserites jusqu'a ce jour, et portant ecbeance : billets a ordre, kttres de cha·nge, factures ,"eglees, mandata, dettes (concordaires) etc. , sera effectu8 dans un delai de 2 anneel, a partir du 1 5 Juillet prochain, et lanl que ces dettes puissent �tre chargees d 'aueun interet. Art. 2. Le total des sommes dues sera divise eli 8 coupures egales, payables par trimestre, a partir de Ia date ci-dessous indiquee. Arl. 4 u!f,d 5. Die porteurs des creances konnen nur verklagen im gewohnlichen Weg esur Ia coupure qui y donnera lieu». [po 2 , c . 3]
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' 18 Avril. Daily New.,.
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[Nt 7790]
. Paris. Teleg. 1 7 Avril, The Commune has appointed a Commis· sion to inquire into the number of workshops and manufactoriell in
209 . La Verite cites the fol lowing p as s age in a speech by Thi e rs given in Janu ary 1 84(; : "You know , gent l emen , what i s h appening at Pal.emo : you have al l shaken with h orror on l e arning that , for 4 8 hours , a l arge town has been bomb arded. By whom? Was i t by a forei gn enemy , . exercis ing the rights o f war? No , gentlemen , by its OI.Jn goveY'1111le nt. And why? Because that unfortunate t own asked for rights . We l l then ! For asking for i ts rights, there were 4 8 hours o f b omb ardment . Al l ow me to appeal to Europe an op�nion . I t i s doing a s e rvi ce to humanity to aris e and make some words of indignation agains t: suoh aota ring out from the hei ght of p e rhaps the greatest t ribunein Europe ! " [p . 2 , c . 2 ] (See oonol.usion of the quotation eto ' 3 19 Apri Z . Vengeur. ) 2 10 . In the s arne numbe r o f Le Rappe l., the MUnicipal. Law, adopted by the RuraZs , 1 4 Apri Z 1 87 1 . [p . 2 , c . 3 ] 2 1 1 . The Commission on Bi Z Z Due-Dates [ p . 2 , c . 2 ] proposes to the C ommune : Art. 1 . The repayment o f debts o f any k ind entered into up t o this day bi l.l.s payab Ze to order, bi l. l.s of exohange, �gul.ar invoioes , drafts, debts (oertifioated) etc . --wi l l t ake p l ace afte r a two-year morato rium , be ginning next 1 5 July , without �y int erest b eing charged t o the s e debts . Art. 2 . The total sums due wi l l be di vided into 8 equal. instaZZments, payab l.e quarterl.y , b e ginning with the date indi cated below . Art . 4 and 5 . C reditors c an only sue in the usual way " for the in staU11lent whi ch is sub j e ct � o p ayment . " [p . 2 , c . 3 ] [According to the Journal. Offiaie l. , 1 8 Apri l , these measures were adopted , not merel y proposed; the mora to -
rium was for three years , no t two ; the i ns tallments were 1 2 , beginning wi th " the
same date , " 1 5 June . J
58 Paris now closed through the absence of their owners, or their refusal to open them under present circumstances. The Commission is to pre pare a report showing under what conditions they may be transferred to cooperative societies · of workingmen , to. be opened by them for their own behoof, and what indemnity they may be called upon to pay . _ to the dispossessed occupants. [ 1 84]
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The commune has 38 Million francs cash. A great many unsold bo�ds of the City of Earis were found at the Hotel de Ville. These bonds were what remai�e d from the issue of scrip for the last loan contracted by the City of Paris. Being perfectly legal, bought by the Bank o[ The I>tate of siege felt in the mattel' France from the Commune . of food. Prices are rising very fast . . . Paris is to be starve d out. [po 3, c. 1] . . Leader. «The Reds of Paris are not given to reflection ... Regi ments of loungers, who draw their-pay, wear a uniform, and enjoy idle ' ness on the centimes granted them by an illegal power, are not likely to give up that ocCupation through mere weariness of . it». [p o 4 , c. 5] .
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Avril. Vengeur. [2 e serie, ;M 21] -
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(c!. 1 7 Avril Rappel) «Messieurs, lorsque, il y a 50 ans, le8 Autri· 2 1 2 chiens exer�ant les droits de la guerre, pour s'epargner les longueurs d 'un siege, voulurent bombarder Lille, lorsque plus tard les Anglais, qui exer<;aient aussi les droits de la guerre , bombarderent Copenhague ; et tout recemment, quand Ie regent Espartero, . qui avait rendu des services a son pays, pour reprimer une insurrection, a voulu bombarde� BaTcelone; dans tous les partis, il y a eu un cri general d'indigna . ' tion» . [p o 1 , c . 2] . In, seineI'll circulaire vom 16 Avril sagt Thiers : «Si quelques coups 2'1 3 de canon se font entendre , ce n 'est pas Ie fait de 1 'armee de Versailles, c'est celui de quelques insurges voulant faire croire qu'ils combattent, liorsqu'ils osent a peine se faire voir» . [p 1 , c. 3] «La Commune . . . a donne ordre aux maides de ne fai re aucune 2 1 4 distinction ent1'e les femmes It!gitimes ou dites illegitimes, les meres l 'indemnite des 75 cena et les veuves des gardes nationaux, quant . times)}, ' , . Verite sa gt : «11 n 'est pas difficile de de viner quels sont les hommes 2 1 5 .
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2 1 2 . ( cf . 1 7 Apri l Rappe l ) "Gent l emen , when the Austri ans , 50 years ago , exercis ing the ri ghts of war , in order t o spare thems e l ves the tedium of a s ie ge , wanted t o b omb ard Li l l e ; when l ater the Eng l ish , who were al s o exercis ing the ri ghts o f war , bomb arded Cooenhagen ; and very recent ly , when the regent Esparte ro� who had rendere d s ervi ces to his country , in orde r to suppre ss an insurre ction� wanted to bombard Barce lona; in al l the part ie s there was a general cry of indi g nat i on . " [p . l , c . 2 ] 2 1 3 . In his circular of 1 6 Apri l Thi ers s ays : " I f s ome cannon shots are heard , it is not the act o f the army o f Vers ai l l e s ; it i s that of s ome insurge nts who want to make peop l e b e l ieve that they are fight ing , when they s carce ly dare let thems e lves be s e en . " [p . l , c . 3 ] 2 1 4 . "The Commune . . . has given orders t o the mayors ' o ffices to make no di s tinc-. tion betwee n legi timate or s o- cal led i l legi timate wive s � mother s , and wi dows of the Nation al Guards , with regard to the indemn ity of 7 5 centime s . " 2 15 . Verite s ays : " It is not hard t o gues s what s ort o f men they are who have
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charges de reduire Paris et de Ie ramener it l'obeissance . Tels on les a vus pendant Ie siege , tels on les retrouve aujourd' hui , que d'assieges Is so nt deve.nus assiegeants. Le mensonge, comme par Ie - passe, est leur arme favQ1-ite. De meme . , qu'ils annon�aient naguere des victoires iropossibles it controler en raison du blocus �ffectif de Paris, ils publient maintenant les nouvelles les plus (ausses. Pour achever la . � ssemblance , ils suppriment, saisissent les journaux de la capitale , inter�eptent les communications, de telle sorte que la province en est reduite aux nouvelles qu'il plait it MM. Jules Favre , Picard et consorts de lui donner, sans qu'il soit possible de verifier l'exactitude de leur dire Plus loin, Ie journal officiel -affirme que l'arm�e de Versailles . [ 186) Be tient sur la plus stricte defensive . cSi quelques coups de canom (etc. Vide super) N'en deplaise it ce veridique gouvernement nous invitons ses membres it venir passer quelques heures aux Champs Elysees ou a�x Ternes. I1s pourront s'assurer par eux-memes, que les eoups c;le canon, pas plus que les obus qui eclatent et tuent des pas sants, ne proviennent pas tous du fait des federes». Mot d'ordre : cLe gouvernement versaillais demolit sans scrupules cheminees et creve avec Ie plus grand sang-froid vos canapes it coup d'obus, mais il trouverait odieux qu'on les vendit. On ne pousse pas plus loin la logique et la probite . . . [p o 2 , c. 3] Ainsi l'Are de Triomphe porte sur ses bas-reliefs 80 traces d 'obus. La rue Galilee est devenue inhabitable , les toits d'alentour s'effondrent sous les bombes, et ce ne 80nt pas les troupes de Versailles qui tirent sur Paris. Mais qui diable . est-ce donc? Les troupes de la Commune peut-etre, qui ecornent e11es•
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the task o f reducing P aris and res toring it t o obedience . As we s aw them during the siege , s o we find themtoday , b e s i e ged who h ave b e c ome b esiegers . As in the past, the lie is their favorite weapon . Jus t as not l ong ago they us e d t o announce victories that cou l d not b e veri fied b e c ause o f the e ffective b lo ckade of Pari s , so now they pub l ish the fals es t news . T o ach i eve veris imi l i tude , they suppress and seize the newspapers o f the c apital , intercept communicat i ons , s o that the provinces are reduced t o getting such news as Mes s rs . Jules F avre , Pi card and Company p l eas e t o give them , without being ab le t o veri fy the accuracy of what they s ay . . . Further on , the Journal Offi ai e l s t ates that the army of Vers ai l les is holding mos t s trict l y t o the defens ive . " I f s ome c annon shots " (et c . See above ) -Wi th a l l due defe rence t o thi s veracious government , we invite i t s mem bers to spend a few hours on the Champs E l ys ees r )r in the Ternes . They coul d themse lves confirm the fact that the c annon shot s , j us t l ik e the she l l s that ex plode and k i l l p as s ers -by , are not al l the F ederal s ' d oing . " 216 . Mot d 'Ordre : "The Vers ai l l es e government does not s crup le to des troy chim neys , and very coo l ly demo l i shes s o fas with i t s she l l - fire , but i t wou l d cons ider it an offense if they were so ld. One must not push l ogic and honesty too far . [p . 2 , c . 3 ] Thus the Arc de Triomphe h as 8 0 marks o f she l l - fi re on i t s bas - re liefs . Rue Gal i l ee h as b e come uninhab i t ab l e ; the roofs al l around are giving way under the b ombs , and yet i t i s not the Vers ai l l es troops that are firing on Pa�is . �o the dev i l is it then? The Commune ' s t roops perhaps , who chip the monuments themselves in order t o make peopl e suppos e that M . Thiers is capab le of b omb arding the capital that e l ected him, etc . " . Bomba Revei Z s ays : "The she l l s , the can ister- shot , the b ombs b low h o l es in w al l s , cave in roofs , break through fl oors , ki l l women and chi l dren , c leave the b o dies o f merchants in the i r s t ores and work ers in thei r shops al l for the greater gl ory o f the rural Ass emb ly of Vers ai l l es and the triumph of the ideas o f authority and centrali z ation whi ch the ZittZe Ex ecutive [Th iers ] repres ents s o we l l . " .
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m�mea lea monuments pour laisser supposar que M. Thiers est capable de bombarder la capitale qui I 'a elu, etc ... .. Bomba... Rtveil lagt : .Lea obus, les boltes a mitraille, les bombes, trouent les murl, enfo n cent les toits, pe rce nt le s planchers , tuent les femmes et les enfants, coupent en deux des marchands dana leur rnagasin, d�a ouvriers a leur etabli , Ie tout pour la plus grande gloire de l'AssembIee rura le . de Versailles et Ie triomphe dell idees d'autorite et de centralisation que represente si bien Ie petit Executir... L 'Opinion Nationale: cee qui se passe a Neuilly eat terrible ; . c'est une honte pour notre Siecle•. [p o 2, c. 4] Le proj et de loi sur l 'enq:uete relative 8. la cession aux co mpagnies ouvriere s des ateliers abandonnes, est rnis aux vou et adop te La Liberti (journal franc-fileur publie 8. St. Germain ) sagt u. a . : «En pre se nce des pitoyables scenes qui se multip lient 8. l'Assemb18e , i1 etait permis de croire qu'a detaut de la conscience de sa mission, 13. triste experie nce qu'elle fait journellement d 'elle-merne, lui demontrerait l'absolue neceS6ite OU elle est de se separer. Quel vertige s'est donc ampere. de· ce tfle Assemblee qu'au lieu de songer 8. se concilier , par une retraite , Ie pardon de ses fautes, · elle s'installe dans des attributions usurpees et s 'organise savamment pour en, cmnmettre de -nouvelles et mille (Dis plus graves•. [p o 2, c. 2]
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[ 1 88 ]
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April. Standard. [;M 14575 and 14873]
Paris. 18 April. Tel. Capture of Chateau of Becon durch 36-th 2 20 Regiment under Colonel Davoust. Defeat of the Reds at Asnieres. Tha Reds do not now hold a single inch of ground on the right bank of the Seine from Neuilly to St. Denis . . . Passy 1 Trocadero, Ternes, Levallois und Clichy, extensively bombarded. The end is evidently \approachiltg. 2 2 1 [po 5, c. 1] . Paris 1 7 April The result of yesterday's voting for members to fill the vacant seats in the Commune is check to that body in 13- ar· rondissements. Only in 4 did some candidates obtain even as much as l/S o f the votes to be recorded. In all the others .no candidate duly e lected . [p , 6, c . 1 ] . Leader: the reinforcements which Marshal MacMahon is continually re ceiving begin to tell upon the course of the conte st [po 4, c .5-61 . .
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a s i it ; le rib ter s i ly l i Neu at ing pen hap s i at : 2 1 7 . L 'Opinion Nation aZe "Wh dis gra ce for our Century . " [p . 2 , c . 4 ] to ops ksh wor d one and ab r ove ing turn o int on i t iga est 2 1 8 . The b i l l on the inv workers ' s o cie tie s is put to a vot e and adopted . ng amo ays s in) rma -Ge nt Sai at d she li pub per spa new r Zeu -fi anc e Cfr 2 1 9 . La Libert , � ly em s s � the in on co are t tha es cen s l fu i t i p the f o � oth er thi ngs : " I n the fac e mlS ltS of s s e usn Clo S con any of e enc abs the , in t tha e iev l e b o t one has a ri ght e lut o abs the it w sho ld wou f l e ts i f o es mak ly it dai t tha e acl s i on the s ad spe ct be has ly emb Ass s thi d ade he ght i 1 How . f l e its lve o s dis to er und s i it nec e � s ity come , then , when ins tead of think ing ab out winni ng pardon for its mistakes by beat ing a conc i l i at ory retreat , i t take s over usurp ed , prerogat ives and consciou8Zy organize s to corruni t new mist akes a thou sand time s more serious . " [p . 2 , c . 2 ] 220 . durch : by . 22 1 . und : and . .
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61 19 Apt·il. Daily New.'!. [oM 7791] Paris 1 7 April. Con'. «Private crime is wonderfully diminished
in Paris» . [p o 5, c. 5]
20 April. Le Mot d'Ordre. [oM 56]
Le Mot d 'Ordre avait preche Ie vote it outrance. C'est l'absten- 2 2 2 tion qui a triompp,e. [p o 1 , c . 1 ] . Hier commissaire de police a arrete Polo, directeur de l'Eclipse. 2 2 3 (Kein p olitisches Journal» . , . Les gendarmes usent des procedes prussiens it l 'egard des troupes 2 2 4 fMerees. Lorsqu'ils parviennent it cerner quelques Parisiens dans une maison, ils inondent Ie batiment de petrole et y mettent Ie feu. Plusieurs cadavres de gardes nationaux calcines ont ete transportes 'it l'am bulance de la presse des Ternes. [po 1 I c . 6] Les prix des comestibles a augmente depuis quelques jaurs, dans 2 2 5 des proportions considerables. [po 2, c. 1 ] , On sait la haine feroce du petit bonhomme (Thiers) contre les che- 2 2 6 mins de fer. Sous la monarchie de juillet, il traitait dedaigneusement de chimere, la construction des voies ferroos! Les princes d 'Orleans a Versailles. [po 2 , c. 3J 2 27 ' On va publier ces jours-ci la correspondance d 'Ernest . PicarrJ, avec 2 2 8 son .agent de .change. Pourrait avoir pour titre : .De l'art, non d 'elever 'en faire 100 000 de a mais d 'abaisser une nation et 1. de ,en(e.. .. . - .Les professeurs de l'Ecole de medecine ont abandonne leur poste ; 2 29 les cours, 8ont susp'endus. " Die Commiss,ion d'enseignement 'a pns des roesures. zur Stiftung frcier Faculte� [p 2, .c 4] '
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20
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Avril. Dai ly News. [N! 7792]
Corr. Paris 18. Private houses have been invaded and papers seiz
ed ; but no furniture has been carded �way and sold by auction.
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2 2 2 . The Mot d 'Opdpe preached voting t o the b itter end . It i s abs t enti on that has triumphe d . [p . l , c . l ] 223 . Yestepday pol ice inspector arres ted Polo , manager o f L 'Ealipse . (Not a politi cal j ournal . ) 224 . The gendarmes us e Prus s i an procedures with regard to Federal troops . When they succeed in surrounding s ome Pari s i ans in a hous e , they drench the hous e with petroleum and s et it afi re . S everal corps es o f Nat i onal Guards burnt to a crisp were taken away by the Ambulance o f the Pre s s from the Tornes . [p . l , c . 6 ] 225 . Food pPiaes have gone up for s everal days now , t c t cons i derab l e extent . [p . 2 , C . 1 ] 226 . We know the fepoaious hatpe d bOPne by the little fe l low (Thie rs ) against rai Zways . Under the July monarchy , he s cornful ly tre ated the cons truct i on of rai l way lines as a chime r a ! 22 7 . The pPinaes of Opleans at Vepsai U e s . [p . 2 , c . 3 ] 228 . One o f the s e days , EPnes t Piaapd ' s aoppespondenae with his bpokep is going to be pub l ished . Cou l d have as its t i t l e : "On the apt of bPinging a nation not to new heights but to new depths and making 1 00, 000 pounds out of i t . " 2 29 . The ppofessors of the Eaole de Medeaine have des erted thei r posts ; cours es are suspended . The C ommi s s i on on Educat ion has t aken measures for founding a free medi cal s cho o l . [p . 2 , c . 4 ]
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62 'Vote of the 16-th Ap ri l :
A rrond: Inscribed: 22 858. Voters: 1 1 143 (March 26)� Voters 3 498 (16 April). Serailler 3 141 . . 1 7 A1'rond: Inscribed: 26 574. Voters: 1 1 329 (March 26}. Votel's 4 848 (16 Avril) . Dupont 3 450. [p 5 , c . 5] Versailles. 1 7 April. The p ro sc rip ts o f 1852, both Orleanists an d Republicans, have n ot a word to say against M. Thiers (01' revivi ng M. PietJ'i 's Po li ce and making use of it exactly as the Emperor did, w hen E spmasse and Morny were Ministers of the Interior . . Picard 's last decree beats the law of « Su.'!pects» o f the First Revolution. Gen darmes are enjoined to search every train going in the direction of Pa ris or Versailles, and arrest all those who «appear to them» of susp iciou s appearance , take their papers from them, and not let them go until the Prefect (who may want to refer to Picard) gives an order for their liberation. The passport nuisance is re-established in all its ancient vigour. Ladies travelling, or walking by themselves, a're exposed to worse indignities than imprisonment. [p o 5, c. 6] :2
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Pari.'? A pril 19. Telegramme. Op in ion Nationale, Bien Public, Soir, Cloche suppressed. (Tolain.) «Considering that Sieur Tolain, elected to the National Assembly as a representative of the working classes, has deserted his cause in the most disgraceful manner, the International (Federal) Council of Paris excludes him, and proposes to the Coun Another cil General of London to concur (confirm this) with this». Cannonade. Cou rt ,Jfartial at Paris established to decide upoq every offence , affecting public safety. Uhlbach arrested. Gaulois confesses : that there is an ensemble in the plan of defence of t he insur- 23 2 gents, and that the leaders show intelligence and daring. [p o 3, c. 1] St. Denis A vril 1 7. Interview wi th . General von Pape (Prussian · Commander a t St. De n i s) Bismarck had sent no ultimatum to Thiers, requiring him to put an end to the disorders in Paris by the 23-d at latest, or put up with a Prussian intervention. As long as Prussia held so immense a part of France , there could be no advantage in interfe rence. It might revive the hatred against tbe victors which had all . but died away. The Prussian government ready to do anything short of active and direct intervention to assist the party of order ill putting an end to the disturbance s. The Treaty fixed the boundaries of the Prut,sian occup ation during and after the armistice , and described with great minute ness the neutra l ground which neither a rmy had a right to tread on . That neutra l ground still exists from the enceinte to the line of Prussia n outpos ts, althou gh the German general has a discre tionary power to allow his soldier s to occupy it up to the walls of the city. When MacMahon is allowe d to march on this ground and sur round the city, it will be with the expres s permis sion and connivance with Prussia , and in so far as this permissi on would never be granted -
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2 3 0 . Serai l l er : misspel l i ng of Serrai l l i er , el ected to the Commune in the 2nd arrondissemen t . 231 . Dupon t : Marx apparen tl y though t thi s referred to Eugene Dupon t , the Gener al Coun ci l ' s correspondi ng secretary for France , then l i vi ng in Manchester ; for in s everal cases candi dates for the Commune had their names put up in absentia . However , the man who was el ected i n the 1 7 th a rrondi ssement was A . Dupont , not Eu gene . .
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232 . ensemb le :
coh e rent uni ty .
63 to a soldier of the Commune , Prussia may be said, to actively assist Versailles in p utting dow� the insurrection . Nach fJ. Pape MacMahon could not attack the City Walls or the 233 forts for at least a weeks, at the present rate of progress of his army. V. Pape said nur 50 000 men (till 15 April night) could be depended 234 upon by Versailles. And with these , MacMahon has to guard Versailles, and the rest of the men who cannot be relied on. It was incredib le , with what contemp t the soldiers of Alsace and Lorraine , who were returning home , spoke o f the whole army, and the officers in parti cular. Their comrades, not of the same provinces, 'swore they would tift a gun neither for Versailles nor Paris. They are sent down to South or · HaVre to be· reorganized. Very few men who arrive in Versailles from all parts of the country, from Belgium , Gpl'many, Switzerland, remain there to form part of Macl\Iahon ' s army ; · and he wants at least 1 20 000 men. A distinct offer had been made on the part of the Prussian government to send troops to the assistance of Versailles, and since then it had been proposed to cut the railways and shut Paris up, but Thiers' answers so weak, that no third offer made . . . Although Germany remains neutral and stands aloof, at any moment ready to step in in· the cause of order. {po 6, c. 1] .
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21 Ap ril. Echo [eM 737] Versailles. 21 April. Governmental Successes at Neuilly. Capture of barricades and cannons. [p o 5 , c. 2]
21 Ap ri l. Daily News. [.M 7793] . 20 April. . Capture of Asnieres by Dombrowski. Bien Public . published to-day despite the prohibition. 20 April. St. Denis. There are symptoms among the Prussian troops of an intention to break up. The forts will be given up to the lawful government to enable the Prussians to retire to Rheims. Canrabert has [ 194] arrive d and visited Thiers. DucTat expec ted with 8 000 from Cherbourg. . 7 000 troop s arriv ed from Switzerland (Gen eral Clinchamp ). [p . a, c . 4] The Commune has decla red that all judgments of Law Courts must be rendered in his name . 19 April. Declaration of the Commune : �What does Paris demand? The Recognition and Consolidation of the Republic, and the absolute autonomy of the Commune extended to all places in France . . . equal for all Communes. . . The inherent rights of the Commune. . . to vote the Communal budget of receipts and expenses, the improving and 235 alteration o f taxes, the direction of local services, the organization of the magistrac y, internal polic e and education. The administration of the property . . . of the Commune, the choice by election or competition with the responsibility and permanent right of control and revocation . of the Communal magistrates, and officials of all classes . . . right of meeting and publicity . . . The organization of urban defence and . . . the National Guard, which elects its chiefs, and alone watches over the .- .
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233 . According to [Generall von Pape 234 . Von P ape s ai d only 50 , 000 men . . .
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tera 235 . The text of the Commune dec l ara ti on reads : not " the improvin g and al
tion of taxes , " bu t " the fi xing and asse ssme nt of taxes . "
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maintenance o f order in the city. Paris wishes nothing more under the head o f local guarantees, on the well understood condition of, re gaining in a grand central ad�inistration and delegation from the Federal Communes the realisation and practice of those principles etc . . . desires not «to impose its will and supremacy of the rest of the nation . . . The unity which has been imposed upon us up to the present, by the Empire , the Monarchy, and Parliamentary Governmcnt, is nothing but centralisation , despotic, unintelligent, arbitrary, and onerous. The political unity as desired by Paris, is a voluntary asso ciation of all local initiatives . . . End of . . . the governmental and cle rical worl d , o f military supremacy and bureaucracy and jobbing in monopolies and privileges, to which the p roletariat owed its slavery, and the country its misfortunes and disasters . . . Paris is only in arms in consequence of her devotion to liberty, and the glory of all in France ought to cause this bloody conflict to cease. It is for F rance to di sarm Versailles by a �lemn manifestation o f her irresistible will . . It. is our duty to fight and conqueI'». 18 April. Rey u bli ca n League has published this : «M. Thiers state ments to our delegates afford us guarantees neither for the main tenance o f the Republic nor the establishment of Communal liberty, the only in fact, [p o 3 , c . 5] for none of the things we demanded» . « possibl e issue from the present conflict is to be f.Qund in a compromise We have decided for the p resent moment to place o urselves in commu nication with the municipal councils of the provincial towns of France and to make kno\,fll to them the legitimate wishes of Paris . . . Lyons, which has obtained its Commune, Lille , Macon, and other towns which understand that the cause of Paris is the cause of all the Communes of Franc e , have anticipated our appeal . Their intervention is a sign which it would be imprudent in the National Assembly to misunder stand. Let the Assembly comprehend at last that all the great town� o f France have resolved to uphold against all the Republican form o f government , and to give it, as an unshakeable basis" communal liber ties in their i n teyrity.). Versailles. April. 20. Brunet moved appointment of a committee of 25 to make an appeal for conciliation . Urged the Assembly to dec lare itself ready to treat with Paris. Rejected by previous question . [p . 3, c . 6] Leader. «The 20 millions £ . St. are in readiness in Versailles . . . to buy the retirement o f the Prussian garrisons . . . Thiers not anxiou3 to see them go . The possession of . . . forts and lines now held by the Ger mans would be of immeasurable service to MacMahon, if he had troops enough to hold them . . but . . . his available resources fell . . . short of that» . «As for a simultaneous attack on Paris on the north-west, west and south . . . is practicable now as it would be after the withdrawa l of the Germans, . . . v. Pape having expressed his willingness to allow Mar shal MacMahon to advance along the neutral ground lying between the enceinte and the German outpo sts» . [p o 5 , c . 1]
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236 : Republ ican League : the Uni on Republi caine . in the possessi ve .
Obvi ously " Thi ers " shoul d be
65 20 April. Daily News. [N! 7792]
[ 19 8 ]
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AU8 Brief von L ittre: «This terrible , this fratricidal war is the work 2 3 7 o f the Assembly. It would have sufficed to have definitely proclaimed the Republic, instead of accepting it provisionally, and hampered . to have removed the Assembly at with innumerable conditions once to Paris, and recognised its municipal rights ; and by a single law upon the vexed questions of echeances and rents to have called upon 2 3 8 the provinces which had escaped from the invaders to bear some part o f the burden thrown upon Paris during its long siege . These simple acts would have been sufficient to avert the present conflict . . . Instead of this, the Assembly has let slip no opportunity of manifesting its hatred o f Paris and of the Republic. It prevented Garibaldi from speakit let be known, by the mouth it howled down Victor H ugo ing of those whom it allowed to speak, that its intention was to deca pitalise Paris, and wh�n in the Committee-rooms it . was replied � «You wish, then, for civil war?� they answered : «If civil war arises we will crush heI'» . That was not enough ; Paris was if Paris rebels wise , and gave no sign . But it was necessary, as in 1848 (June), to bring about an insurrection, in order to have an excuse for smothering the Republic. It was necessary, moreover, that the signal for this insurrection should not be the proclamation of a Monarchy, for such a step would have roused every city in France. What did the Executive then do? It named Vinoy Governor of Paris Vinoy, the mit- 2 3 9 railleur of the 2-nd December ; it named Valentin Prefet of the Police and d 'Aurelle de Paladines Commander-in-Chief of the National Guard. . . under the pretence of reorganizing them. Paris disarmed ; Paris manacled by the Vinoys, the Valentins, the Paladines, the Re public was lost. This the Parisians understood. With the alternative of succumbing without fighting, and risking a terrible contest of un c�tain issue , they chose to fight ; and I cannot but p raise them for it. . . . I f the Commune succumbs, the Republic is lost, and the resto ration of a Monarchy in France, where the monarchical feeling is dead, is the end of our country�. [p o 3 , c. 3] 22
April. Mot d'Ordre. '[N! 581 .
Le Mont Valerien vient de recevoir 40 pieces de 30, destinees it 24 0 pulveriser Neuilly, Asnieres et toute la partie sud du Paris insurge, comme di"sent les ruraux . [p o 2 , c . 1] « La Prusse a mis tant d'empressement a permettre it Thiers 80 000 24 1 puis 150 mille hommes, au lieu des 40 000 fixes par Ie traite . . . L'epui semen t, la . ruine de la Franc e , voila la volon te Allemande . (Sonst la ,
237 . From a letter by Li ttre .' . . . 238 . ecMances .' due - dates o f b i l ls . 239 . mitrai l leur.' machine- gunner . 240 . Mont- Va lerien has j us t received forty 30- cal iber guns , to b e us ed t o pul veri z e Neui llY 3 Asniere s 3 and the who l e s outhern part of insurgent Pari s , as the rurals put it . [p . 2 , c . l ] 241 . "Prus s i a has shown such has t e t o al l ow Thiers 80 , 000 men , then 150 , 000 men , instead of the 40 , 000 fixe d by the treaty . . . The exh aus tion and ruin of France , that is the Germans ' wish . (Otherwise Prussia has only to simp ly reject the re-
66 Prusse n 'avait qu 'a rejeter simplement les bardeur pour le
demandes du second bom
contraindre a relablir l'ordre · en traitant immedia
[p o 2 , c . 2J La guerre civile ajoute Ie plus beau rouage A leur systcme d 'epuisement» . Elle veut de I'argent l QU'OD . veuille donc songer que chaque jour de retard nous coute 120 000 fcs. pour l 'entretien des troupes d'occupation, et que cette menue monnaie, depuis Ie jour de l 'armistice, ne laisse pas que de grossir la somme de 5 milliards et de vider un peu nos poches. [p o 2 , c . 3] Paris 1 9 Avril. Commune erklart auch die untergesetzlichen rnajorites valides. [p o 2 , . c . 5] . temmt
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22 Avril. L 'Avant-Garde. [M 451]
Le mouvement de Bordeaux est l'objet de 2 4 3 toutes les preoccupations. On I'attribue dans les couloirs it la teneur de la loi municipale . La foule a parcouru' les rues, criant : it bas Thiers l Vive la Commune I Des groupes se sont presentes sans armes h I'Hotel de-Ville . Un vrai meeting.populaire . Pas de, Yiolences. Les p etitions des Conseils· municipaux pOUl'" une solution pacifique arrivent chaque jour plus nombreuses . [p o 2 , c . 2] Appel de la . Chambre syndicale des ou vriers mecanicien8: con- 244 voquent les ouvriers mecaniciens pour Ie dimanche 23 Avril , 1871 . Defense de _ Pro,Qramme : Emancipation sociale Projet d 'association la Republique et de la Commune. [p o 2 , c . 3] Decret de la Commune: l'etablissement · d 'une compagnie d'aero_ 24 5 stiers civils et militaires de la Commune de Paris . (placed . under Capi. taine Durnof. ) 246 Paris. 20 Avril. Commission executive : Art. 1. Le travail de nuit est supp ri me. A rt. 2. Les placeurs institues par la police imperiale sont supprimes. Cette fonction est remplacee par un registre place dans chaque mairie pour les inscriptions des ouvriers boulangers. Un registre central sera etabli au ministere du commerce . [p o 2, c. 6] Versailles. 19 Avril.
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quests of the se cond bombarder so as to compe l him to re-estab lish order by nego tiating immediate ly with Paris . ) [p . 2 , c . 2 ] C ivi l war adds the finest cog in thei r machinery o f exhaus t i on . " She [ Prus s i a] wants money ! So think about the fact that every day o f del ay cos ts us 1 20 , 000 francs t o maintain the occupat ion troops , and that thi s sma l l change , s ince a11llis ti c e day , only augments the sum of 5 bi l l ion and empties our pockets a l itt l e more . [p . 2 , c . 3 ] 242 . Paris , 1 9 Apri l . Commune decl ares that the maj ori t i es below the legal per centage [ are ] val i d . [p . 2 , c . S ] 243 . Versai lles, 1 9 Apri l. The Bordeaux movement engros s es everyone ' s attention . In the corridors it is attributed t o the character o f the muni cipal l aw . The mob overran the s t reets , crying : down with Thiers ! Long l ive the C ommune ! Groups of peop l e came t o the C ity Hal l una11lle d . A real popul ar meeting . N o v i o l ence . The peti t i ons of the Muni cipal Counc i l s for a peaceful s o luti on come in greater and greater numbe rs each day . [p . 2 , c . 2] 244 . Appeal of the machinists ' union : cal l the machini s ts together for Sunday , 23 Apri l 1 8 7 1 . Program : Social emancipation -- Bi l l on as sociation [ ri ght t o org an i z e ] --Defens e o f the Repub l i c and the C ommune . [p . 2 , c . 3 ] 245 . Decree of the Commune : es t ab l ishment of a company of civi l and mi I i tary aeronauti cal b a l l oonis t s of the Paris C ommune (p l aced under Cap t ain Durnof) . 246 . Pari s . 20 Apri l . Exe cutive Commi tte e : Art . 1 . Night work is abo lished.
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22 Avril. Situation. [eN!
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St. Honore. [p o 7 , c . 2J
183]
Hotel des (reres Pereire, rue du faubourg '
247
22 April. Daily News. [eN! 7794]
Pari.'!. April 21. Fi{!'hting going on with various SU(lcess. Asnieres has become ' untenable for both sides. . . Neue Commission gewahlt Franltel (Labour and Exchange) CZuseret (War) Jourde (Finance) Viard (Subsistances) Pa$chal Groussef ( Foreign Affairs) Protot ( Justice) A ndrieux (Public Works) Vaillant (Education) Ra o ul Rigault (Pub. ' lic Saff'ty). The ministry thus constituted is' to hold power under the follow ing conditions : «1 ) The executive power is and remains c.onfided provisionally to one Delegate from each of the 9 Commissions, amongst which the Commune has divided the work o f administration. 2) The Delegates will be named by the Commune by a majority of votes . 3) The dele gates will meet each day, and take by majority the decisions relative io each o f their departments. 4) Each day they will render an account to the Commune in secret Committee of the measures decreed or exe cut ed by them, and the Commune will ratify those measures». [p o 3, c . 1] One decree of the Commune closing all cafes at midnight . . . Bien Public at last fairly suppressed. It does not appear to-day. On du Peup le violently attacks Cluseret, even accuses him of co , wardice . Versailles 20 April. Thiers gave grand military dinner to Gen.
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who arrived from Cherbourg with 1 5 000 men of the Metl garrison returned from Germany. About 100 seats . vacant in the Assembly. . . Requisitions have been made in the residences of all the members of the late Governme nt -of National Defence. [p o 3 , c . 2J
[ 20 2 ]
Ducrot,
22 April. Irishman. [vol. XII I , M 42]
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Pa ris, 16 A m·il. Paris received notice to surrender in 24 hours. People are flying from Paris in greater number than ever. [p o 674, c. 2[ '
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12 A vril. Destruction des Arc de Triomphe . [po 677, c . 2]
249
[eN! 4170] , The «really dangerou s classes» are thus described in the Rappel: «The quiet inhabitants o'f St. Germain-en-Laye amuse themselves a good deal j ust now. Some enterprising persons have set up telescopes o n their terrace ; all wait their turn to see the battle taking place be fore Paris. . . The c�vi1 war is but an agreeable digression. Parisian s :and Versaillese are but actors playing their parts a little more seriously than usual, that is all . . . St. Germain is at this moment inhabited by 23 April. Observer.
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Art . 2 . The emp l oyment registrars instituted by the Imperial po l i ce are abo l i shed . This procedure is rep l aced by a regi stry p l aced in each mairie for s i gning up b a kery workers . A central re , gi stry wi l l be es tab l ished in the Minis t ry of C ommerce . [p . 2 , c . 6 ] 247 . 1 5 Apri Z . Requisitioning in the Pereire brothers ' mansion� . . . 248 . New Commi s s ion e l ected . . . 249 . 1 2 Apri Z . Des truction o f the Arc de Triomphe . [p . 677 , c . 2 ] -- This refers to the damage done by the vers ail lese bombardment : damage bu t not " des truction . "
68 persons who have no real tie to the French nation. Its new population is compose d of «franc-fileuysf> and Parisians of the boulevard, male 250 and female , frightened away by the events. The town is but a rural 25 1 Cafe An,qlais, or a magnificent maison dortle. The habitues of these two establishments have no nationality, they are a species apart em minently imperialist ct'ea tu res, who know nothing of life but what 2 5 2 is amusing ! . . . What is to be done to resume the joyous napoleonio existence ? Why, look at the battle, and count the cannon-shot, to be sure . The Chlitelet had some military pieces lately ; but this perfor- 253 mance is much better .got up. The men who fall are really dead, the cries of the wounded are cries in good earnest. B"esides, the whole thing is intensively historical. These ladies and gentlemen are right in observing ihis spectacle so curiously, for it is precisely against them that these desparate fights are directed . What Pari.'! will no longer'stand is just tlte existence of the Cocottes and Cocodes. What it is resolved 254 to drive away or transform is this useless, sceptical and egotistical race, which has taken possession of the gigantic town to use it as its own. No celebrity of the Empire (i. e . keine seiner Huren) shall have the 255 .right to say « Paris is very pleasant in the best quarters, but there .are too many poor in the others» . [po 5, c. 3J [ 204]
24 April. Daily News.
[;N;
7795]
�Day after day passes, and the utterly hopeless character of the insurrection in Paris becomes more and more apparent». [po 4, c . 5] Pari.'! 22 April (Corresp . ) «He must have great faith ' who still be lieves with M . Thiel's in the easin ess of victory for the troops of Ver saille s . Every day in which v.ictory is deferre d is a gain to the Com mune». [p o 5 , c . 4] Corr. Versailles. 22 Ap1-il. «The danger to the insurgen ts does not lie in front of them ! but at t�eir flanks. The rumour is current at pre sent that St. Deni s is bein g cleared by the Prussian s, and occupied by Governmental troop s. No foundation in the report, but by the time MacMahon has his troop s sufficiently organised, the movement will either have taken place , or General von Pape will allow him to cross the Seine through the town and throw himself into St. Ouen. There is a redou bt close .to the village , but as yet the Germans have refused anyone the permission to occup y it. Mac Mahon would probably get this permission , establish himself in St. Ouen , and threaten Clichy by that means on the right» . [p o 5 , c . 6] Paris, April 23. (Telegram ). The gendarmes of the Versailles Go vernment at St. Denis , by favour of the Prussians, strictly search every f.T'ain whic h gops into Paris hy the Northern Railwav. in a�co1'(l ance Leade1' :
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2 5 0 . franc-fi leurs : s ee G l os s ary . 2 5 1 . Cafe Anglais : Engl ish (or English - s ty l e ) cafe , p l ace o f res o rt . maison doree : b aw dy-hous e . habitues : den i z ens , frequente rs . 25 2 . imperialist : typ i cal o f the Empire (the Second Empire o f Bonap art e ) . 253 . Chate l et : a theat e r . 254 : Cocottes : l oo s e women ; k ept women ; court es ans ; in the First Draft , Marx de fines it as "hi gher pro s titutes . " Cocodes : d andi es ; fops . 255 . k eine s e iner Huren : none o f its whores .
Th
(P th 3,
wh te� c. bo "
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69 with Picard 's directions that suspicious foreigners must be kept out of Paris. The students of medecine, convoked to reorganise a medical school, refused to go into the question with the Commune, and broke up amid cries of « Vive la Republiqt�e.... . [p o 3, c. 1] Some very curious documents relative to the siege of Paris have been discovered in the War office . . . The Commune has adopted the proposition of Delescluse , that military affairs shall be directed by the decisions of the majority of the delegates, not by Cluseret alone . [p o 3. c. 2] Havre. April 23. The Municipal Council of Havre has to-day de spatched three of its members to Paris and Versailles with instructions to offer mediation, with the view of terminating the civil war on the basis of the maintenance of the Republic, and the granting of muni cipal franchises to the whole of France . [p o 3. c . 3]
25 6
23 and 24 April. Situation. [oM 184] . Reunion des artistes de Pari.'!, SOU8 la presidence du citoyen Gour- 2 57 . bet. Kerls wollen die Vendomesaule nicht zerstort haben. (Ganz freie Diskussion). (OffentJiche Sitzung). In der Tat hat die Commune nun beschlossen nur den Bonaparte herunter zu haben und an seine Stelle die Freiheit zu setzen. (about 3 000 artistes a Paris.) «Toutes les grandes villes du monde entier envient a la notre ; ce 2 5 8 genie de I 'art qui preside au travail intelligent de nos ouvriers et qui a fait la reputation incontestee. et sans rivale de Paris» (sagt der Lause- 2 59 80ir selbst.) [p o 2, c_ 4] On a declare que les femmes etaient assimilees aux hom mes , a la fois electeurs et eligible s. (der Artist Club) [p: 3. c. 1] Leader. On est en train de vendre la colonne; l'Are de Triomphe 260 IJ 'acroule. [po 5, c . 4)
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25 April. . Situation. [J& 185]
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Les provocateurs et les instigateurs sont les hommes qui ne crai- 26 1 gnent pas d'abord de pousser la masse it l'emeute pour obtenir Ie pouvoir, n 'hesitent pas ensuite a massacrer leurs freres pour s'y consoli der .
256 . De l es clus e : i . e . De les cluze . 257 . Meet ing o f the art i s t s o f Paris , under the chai rmanship o f citi zen Courbet . The fe l lows don ' t w ant the Vendome co lumn des t roye d . (Ent irely free dis cus s i on . ) (Public s es s ion . ) I n point o f fact , the C ommune has now dec i ded only t o t ake down the Bonaparte s t atue [ on t op ] and repl ace i t with a [ s t atue of] liberty . (ab out 3 , 000 artis ts in Paris . ) 258 . '.'A l l the gre at c i t ies o f the enti re world envy ours ; this genius for art which perme ates the int e l l i gent l ab or o f our work ers and whi ch makes the uncon tested and unrivaled reputation of Paris " ( s ays the l ousy Boir itse lf) . [p . 2 , c . 4 ] I t w as s t at ed th at the women have been integrated with the men , e li gib l e b oth to vot e and run for o ffi c e . (of the Art i s t Club ) [p . 3 , c . l ] 259 . The Boir article read , not " de Pari s " bu t " de l ' arti s te de Paris , " i . e . , " . . . repu tati on of the Paris artis t . "
fE . S . }
260 . Leader. The co lumn is in pro ces s o f being s o l d ; the Arc de Tri omphe i s crumb l ing . [p . 5 , c . 4 ] 261 . The provocateurs and ins t i gat ors are the men who , to be gin with , are not afraid to push the mas ses into riots in order t o ge t powe r , and next , do not hes i tate to mass acre the ir b rothers in order t o cons o l i date it .
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[ 208]
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2) l'armee de Sedan qui est ramenee de force a Versailles, des sa rentree sur Ie territoire fran((ais i . 3) l'armee de province qui se compose d 'officiers en quete de subsides et de secours, et · qui ne compte pas un seul soldat. Ces 3 armees si. bizarres s'entredetestent. et de I).ombreux duels ont lieu entre officiers . . Les delegues de Lyon re((us hier matin par Picard , puis par Thiers. {p o 1 , c . 3] Us sont partis peu satisraits des dispositions du gouverneIDent qui veut «La guerre a tout priX) . [p o 1 , c . 4] De-p uis .2 jours de� .groupes d,a ·.genQarmes qui gardent les routes convergeant vers Paris, arretent et confisquent les provisions et denrees dirigees sur la capitale . [p o 2, c . 2] Les "arrivages de la pr,Jvince et de la banlieue sont plus satisraisants aujourd 'hui. 30 000 hommes de l 'ex-garde imperiale reorganisee par Ducrot, dit ni Mort ni Victorieux , contournent en ce moment meme St. Denis, par Montmorency et Groslay, et doivent, d'accord avec Ie general de Fabrice , operer une diversion puissante du cote de l'Est. (Man sagt : Can. robert soll sie kommandieren.) [p o 2, c. 3] A Versailles Ie cacochyme Changarnier vient d 'etre nomme �grand 'croix de la Legion d'honneur par un decret du chef de l'executif, son vieux complice de 48 et de 51 . Vinoy qui cumule les fonctions .de decembriseur, d 'assassin du �pn�ral Daval at de:: griifld chancelier -de la Legion d 'honneur, a ete charge de l'execution de ce decret. Voila ou i1s en sont. [p o 2, c. 1 ] Versailles April 22 : numerous promotions in, and appointements to, the Legion of H onour in the Army of the Rhine, in order, as pro ' p osed by General Le Flo, to put an end to the great inequality exis ting in regard to the rewards granted between that army and the army of Pm'is, the North, and the Loire. Generals Changarnier, Bourbakit Cissey, and Bisson are appointed Grand Crosses. 120 Sitze vacant in der assembl6e.
266 267
268
269 270
27 1
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266 . Thes e 3 s trange armies detest e ach other and numerous due l s have taken p l ace between o fficers . 267 . The de l egat e s from Lyons received yes t erday morning by P icard , then by Thiers . [p . l , c . 3 ] They l e ft not very s at i s fied with the arrangements of the government , whi ch w ant s "wa!' at a U cos ts . " [p . l , c . 4 ] . 268 . For the l as t 2 days , groups o f gendarmes guarding the roads converging on Paris have b e en s t opping and confi s cat ing provis i ons and foo d b ound for the cap i tal . [p . 2 , c . 2 ) 269 . The supp l ies coming in from �he provinces and the outskirts are more s at i s factory t oday . 270 . 30 , 000 men of the ex- Imperial Guard reorgani zed by Ducrot , who is given the s ob riquet "neither D e ad nor Vi ctorious , " are at this very moment circl ing a roun d St. Denis , via Montmorency and Gros Zay , and , in cooperat i on with General de Fwrice , are t o pul l o ff a s trong divers ionary movement from the eas tern s i de . (It is s ai d : Canrobert is suppos e d to b e in command of them . ) [ p . 2 , c . 3 ] 271 . At Versai Ues the dyspepti c Changarnier has j us t been aw arded the grand cros s o f the Legion o f Honor by a decree o f the chi e f execut ive , his o l d accomp lice of ' 4 8 and ' 5 1 . Vinoy , who comb ines the ro les o f decembriseur , murderer of General Duval , and grand chance l lor o f the Legion o f Honor , has been ch arged with carrying out thi s decree . That ' s what they have come t o . [p . 2 , c . l ] 272 . 1 20 seats vacant in the assemb Zy .
72 25 April. Daily News. [oM
7796]
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[ 2 10]
Leader : Suspension o f arms at Ne uil ly. The incessant cannonading o f the last few wee ks has bee n far more destructive to the houses of the peo ple living in the outskirts of Paris than to the soldiers engaged in the se artillery due ls. Damage done to pro perty immense, and the inju ries suffered by private individuals altogether disproportionate to thos e borne by the troo ps etc. Qua rrels of the commune published in open daylight . . . Central Committee and Cluseret at open feud. {p o 5 . c. 2] Paris. 23 April. Corr. The armistice put off, in order not to recognize the belligerent rights of the «rebels• . . . But gradually, by mere e fflux o f time , the rebels are ceasing to be rebel , and are assuming the position . of belligerents. . . In fact, the insurgents have ceased to be insurgents, they have an authority ·and a domain of their own ; and within the lines o f which they are masters their power is as legitimate as that which after the downfall of the late Empire the late Govern ment enjoyed all over France . . . In the fact of p utting it down (the Commune) the Versailles Government will destroy itself. [p o 5, c . 51 St. Germain..en-Laye. 23 April. The terror of spy (on the part of the Versaillese) is much greater than inside ; every one who enters or leaves this place or Versailles has to produce a passport or certifi cate of some kind or other. Domiciliary visits on the part of the Police Commissaries . . . Thiers has not hesitated to put his name to the state ment , so notoriously incorrect, that no prisoners have been shot by the troops . . . the Government laws on leases and bills of exchange en tailed the bankruptcy of the majority of the respectable shopkeepers of Paris . . . On the Saturday following the affair of the Place Vendome, when the Commune was suffering from the reaction caused by the bloodshed of that afternoon, when the mairies of the l-st, 2-nd, 8-th and 9-th Arrondissements, the Bank, the Bourse , the Grand H otel, and the Gare de St. Lazare , were all held by the well dispose d ; when the walls were posted with admiral Saisset 's proclamation that he was come to lay down his life , after the example o f his son, for the cause of «honour and country» , and the mayors of Paris, with the deputies, were besieging Versailles, with entreaties for assistance , the Government could not lay his hands on 10 000 reliable troops and at 5 o 'clock Saisset made his escape . . . The Guards of order broke up and went to their respective homes etc. [p o 5 , c. 6]
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25 April. ...vat d 'Ol'dre.
[M 61]
La delegation ma<;on nique, a laquelle s 'etaient joints deux membres des c hambres syndicales, rer;ue (23 ou 24 April !) a Versailles par Thiers. Sa mission etait d 'abord rle reclamer un armistice qui permit a la mal273 .
the wel l dis pos ed : tho se favorable to Versai l l es .
2 74 275
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The Fre emason de lega tion � j o ined by two memb ers o f the Chambre s Synd�c ales � t de s o t was fir o i s mis ts . � ers Thi by les l ai s Ver at ) / 24 or 23 � l ri (Ap d e v i e c e r es Tern , ly the l l Neu on of l at l u pop te una ort unf the ing t mit per ce i t s i arm an d man ; y afet s s f o l p c find and me out o co t , ars l l ce ir the in up t shu , � e l � l i onv l and S ab . le rec ogn lt l on o f the lmp s and e pur the then t o p ropo s e an arra ngem ent b as e d on mun i c ip a l ri gh t s o f t h e cit y o f Par is . 274 .
275 .
The correct date i s 21 Apri l .
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73
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heureuse popUlation de Neuilly, des Ternes et de Sablonville, enfer mee dans ses. caves; de sortir et de se mettre en lieu de surete ,' ensuite de pr9poser un arrangement base sur la reconnaissance pure et simple des franchises municipales de la ville de Paris. Sur Ie premier point, Thiers a declare que, sans consentir a un [po 1 t c. 3] armistice regulier conforme aux lois de 1a guerre , il donnerait l'ordre au general Ladmirault , commandant Ie l -er corps d'armee versaillais, d'accorder, sur l 'envoi d 'un parlementaire, une t.reve d'une duree egale all temps strictement necessaire a l'evacuation des villages bombardes.
[212]
27 6
Thiers s 'est montre fort etonne de ce que la loi municipale votee 277 par l'Assemblee de Versailles n'avait pas souleve Ie moindre enthou siasme dans Paris . . . « C'est», repetait-il sans cesse , «la loi la plus liberale qu 'une Assemblee fran�aise ait jamlris votoo sur I 'organisation ' des IDnDicipalites». «Et la loi municipale de 9U. «Voudriez-vous done no us ramener aux folies de nos aneetres?» Il a declare qU'aussitot les forts laisses par les Prussiens son intention est de bombarder Paris pour «re27 8 . tablir !e pOllvoir legitime». . Le rapport (fes delegues doit etre rapresente aujourd' hui a deux 279 heures a I'assemblee generale de la franc-maQonnerie . [p o I., e. 4] . Les dele.qu8s de Lyon ont quitte Versailles, apres nouvelle entre280 vue avec Thiers, qui ne s'est en rien departi de son obstination insensee. «S'H en est ainsi, ont-ils dit en Ie quittant, dans quelques jours on vous apprendra que Lyon a proclame sa Commune. La reponse que . nous apportons a nos concitoyens les soulevera tous» . [p o 2, c . 5] ; Krakehle gegen Garibaldi in der Assemblee nationale. [p o 2, c . 2]. 28 1 cNous sommes des g ens de pa1'ole» (sagen die Favre et. Cons. in der AssembIee.) [p o 2, c . 3] .�
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24 A vril. Tribune de B01·deaux.
(])cu'in
das Prug·ru·mm der
Pariser Commune) (vom 19. April) '
282
276 . On the' first point , Thiers dec l ared that , without agreeing to a [p . l , c . 3 ] regul ar armi s t i ce conforming t o the l aws o f war , he would give orders t o General Ladmirault , commander o f the 1 s t corps o f the Vers ai l l es e army , i f a white - f l ag bearer were s ent , t o grant a t ruce for the evacuat ion of the b omb arded vi l l ages . 27 7 . Thiers showed he was very ast onished that the muni cipal l aw adopted by the Versai l les As s emb ly h ad not aroused the l east enthus i as m in P aris . . . " I t is , " he kept on repeating , " the mos t l ib eral l aw that a French As s emb ly h as ever adopted on the organi z at i on of the municipali t i e s . " "How about the muniaipaZ ZOJ.;J of ' 9 1 7 " us to go b ack t o the fol lies o f our ancestors then ? " He decl ared "W ou ld you w ant that as s oon as the forts [were] l e ft by the Prus s i ans , his intention is to bom bard Paris in order t o " re-estab lish the l e gi timate power . " i . e . " gi ven up by the 2 7 8 . The Mot d 'OrdY'e read not " l aisses " bu t " li vres" Prussians
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279 . The report o f the de l egates i s to be pres ented t oday at two o ' c l o ck t o the general as s emb ly of the F reemas onry . [ p . l , c . 4 ] 280 . The de Zegates from Lyons h ave l e ft Vers ai l l e s , after another interview with Thiers , who did not budge from his s ens e less obs t inacy . " I f that ' s the way it i s , " they told him as they l e ft , "in a few days you wi l l l e arn that Lyons has pro c l aimed its own Commune . The rep ly that we are carrying back to our fe l l ow cit i z ens wi l l arous e them al l . " [p o 2 , c . 5 ] 281 . A row rai s e d agains t G arib aldi in the NationaZ Assemb Zy . [p . 2 , c . 2 ] "We are (s ay the F avres and the ir i lk in the As s emb ly . ) [ p . 2 , c . 3 ] men of our word" 28 2 . (Contains the Program of the Pans Commune ) (of 1 9 Apri l . )
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74 Conspiration de l'AtJsemblee ru 1"a Ie. Deja 'a ses premiers jours a
Bordeaux seances tumultueuses, violences, gaucheries comme l 'insulte it Garibaldi, 1 'injure a la garde nationale de Bordeaux etc. .A Versailles les pretendants it la recherche d 'une position royale . prendre langue et cherchent des coniures. Lea gouvernants Vlennent sont Thiers et Jules Favre. Thiers comme ambassadeur patente de la Republique franl(aise sollicite des eiltrevues de tous les souverains de l ' E urope et n 'en obtient rien. Plus de 20 dtfp artements ruraux wahlen ihn. Thiers ' Erklarung vom 10. J.l[ars rt!publicaine. Aber traite .<;ecret . zwischen ihm und den · Rllraux. Pour faire suite a ses engagements du 1 0 mars, quels so nt les premiers actes de son gouvernement? D 'abord la
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' 283
2 84
nomination de d'Aurelle, de Valentin, de Tinvy a des fonctions qui devaient leur permettre d 'ecraser Paris, si Paris tentait Ie moindre soulevement contre telle ou telle entreprise du pouvoir. There was grande fermentation da ns la capitale jUl/tifilfe par l'abus de la con fiance �ont ils a vaient etl! victimes et p ar une capitulation qui faisait r�jailitr sur elU: un opprobre qu 'ils n 'avaient ceries pas merite. , Ces nomina-
[ 2 14]
tions etaient la goutte d 'huile jetee sur la plaie . . . Le pom'oir ne songeait a rien moins qu'au desarmement de la garde nationale de Paris le quel aurait He suivi d ' une mesure scmblable pour celle des departe: ments . . . So us cette tenebreuse entreprise il y avafi un projet de co�. j uration . . . En meme temps que ces evenements se passaient a Paris et avaient leur contrecoup dans les departements, les princes d'Orlea� se fixaient a Versailles, malgre que la discussion sur la validite de leur election flit sans cesse ecartee sous pretexte de ne rien envenimer. Leur metier de conspirer, comme celui de Thiers de mentir . . . Ensuite l'accueil fait par Thiers aux generaux et marechaux de l 'Empire. Tous ces gens-Ia sont interesses a Ia chute de la Repuhlique qui a l 'immense tort it leurs yeux, de ne pas payer assez cher ses serviteurs. S'attachent a
tu , aux de Bor a� s ' day rst fi its in n Eve . ly emb Ass al rur the of 2 8 3 . Conspi racy o t t ul ins , di bal ari G o t lt u ins the ike l , ing gl bun , e enc l vio , ons i s s e s mul tuous the N at i on al Guard o f Bo rd eaux , et c . s gue ton r i the d l o h on ti i pos al roy a f o st que s in der ten pre the 28� . At Versai l les and s eek conspirators . The men in cont ro l of the gove rnment are Thiers and Jules Favre . Thiers as reco gn i z e d amb as s ador o f the F renc h Repub l i c s o l icit s inte rviews with al l the s overe i gns o f Euro pe and obt ains none . Mor e than 20 rupa l departments een betw aty tre ret sec But . n lica ub rep ch Mar 0 1 of on ati lar dec ers S I Thi . him e l ect acts t firs the are what , h Marc 0 1 f o dges e s l i p h up ow l l fo To . ls Rura the and him o f his gove rnment ? First of a l l, the appointment of d 'Aure l le , Vale ntin , Vinoy to lt revo t leas the d mpte atte aris P f i s, Pari h crus to them it perm d woul h whic ts pos agai ns t this or that unde rt akin g o f the gove rnment al powe r . There was great fer ment in the capi tal, jus tifi ed by the abuse of confiden ce they had suffered and by a capi tulation whic h cast an opprobri um over them whic h they had oertainl y not dese rved . Thes e appo intm ents were the drop o f o i l on the open wound . . . The gove rn ment dre amt o f noth ing less than the dis arming o f the Pari s Nat i on al Guard , which . . . nts rtme depa the in d Guar the for ure meas ar l imi s a by owed l l fo been ave h wou l d Behi nd thi s shady ent erpr i s e ther e was a s chem e for a cons pi racy . . . At the s ame de the in ons i s rcus repe with s Pari in ace l p ing ak t e wer ts even e s the that time partment s , the princes of Orle ans sett le d at Versai lle s , in spit e o f the fact that the di s cus s i on on the val i di ty o f the ir e lect ion was cont inua lly push ed as i de on the . . . lie to s ' rs Thie as , re pi cons o t s s ine bus ir The . s es tern bit g din avoi f o pre text Then the we l come give n by Thi ers t o the gen era l s and marsha ls o f the Emp ire . A l l is eyes r thei in , ch c i li wh b Repu the f o l fal the in ed rest inte are e l peop e thes
75 tout pretendant rEmnissant quelques chances . . . Soin du 50uvernement a ne nommer que des monarchistes a des emplois p ublics et aux diverSe8 representations exterieures. C 'est Ia I 'objet de toute sa sollicitude, et ell e est trop empressee pou r qU 'elle soit sans but . . . Pendant que l'As semblee se livrait a ces violences et que Ie gouvernement essayait de porter Ia main sur Ia Republique, les journaux legitimistes et orleanistes reprod uisaient un doc um ent annonl(ant que la fusion ' entre les Bour bons et tes descendants de Philippe-Egalite eta it a peu pres un fai t ac-
com1!li. �
cou sin de Ia b � nche cadette , par une Iettre rendue publique, avalt faIt acte de Sou veram . . . Done conspiration : Ie pouvoir, non Seu lement en a con nu 1 'existence, mais il l 'a favorisee . Thiers secondera la majorite , et alo rs , si la France ne s'y opp ose , la conspiration eclatera et la restauration s 'acc om plira sans effort ni obstacle . Ou Thiers com hattra Ia majorite, sera oblige a resigner ses pou voirs. D 'Aumale etant pep ute , il ne s'agira plu s alors que de validt:!' son election et de l 'elever sur Ie . pavois.
.
,
Litanie de Guizot contre Paris.
28 S
appela Guizot (
�ilty of the great s i n o f not p aying dearly enough for its s e rvitors . Att ach thems e l ves t o any pretender who s t ands a chance . . . The government I s care to appo int only monarchists to pub lic posts and various external positions of representation. Th at is the ob j e ct o f al l its s o l i citude , and it i s in too much o f a hurry about it for it t o be unpurpos e fu l Whi l e the As s emb ly devoted its e l f t o the s e outra ges and the gove rnment tried �o l ay hands on the Repub l i c , the Legit imi s t and Or leanist newspapers pub l ished a document announcing that the merger between the Bourbons and the descendants of Phi lippe-Ega lite was nearly an accomp lished fact . The cous in of the j unior b ranch , in a letter made pub l i c , had assumed the royal Hence conspiracy : the government not on ly knew of i t s exis t ence prerogative but favored i t . Thiers wi l l b ack up the maj ority , and then , i f F rance does not op pos e it , the conspiracy wi l l burst out int o the open and the res t oration wi l l be accomplished without e ffort and without obs t acles . Or e ls e Thiers wi l l fi ght the maj o rity and wi l l be ob l i ged to re s i gn his powe r . D 'Aumale being a deputy , al l that has to be done then i s to dec l are his e l e ct i on val i d and rai s e him on thei r shields . 285 . Guizot ' s li tany against Paris . 286 . Marie Ame lie cal l ed Gui zot " a crab with ri gid l e gs c l inging desperat e ly to the rock o f powe r . " 28 7 . At the news of the Sedan disaster, the peop l e ros e as one man and pro claimed the Repub l i c ; no one at that moment raised any protests agains t, thi s free , spont aneous and unanimous act . Would repres ent at ives have the right t o undo what the soverei gn power did and what it ins i s ts on maint aining? 288 . Carayon-Latour (in the Ass emb ly) wi l l . . . not force (he a Legitimi s t ) the as sembly to deci de on the defini ti ve form o f the gove rnment . 289 . Favoritism. The b ourge o i s i e makes its s ons , re l atives , et c . "chief tax-col.
.
.
•
•
.
•
76 generaun. La recette d'Orleans compte au nomhre de ces parasites. M. Magne, qui ne coutait pas au budget de l'empire moms de
.receveurs
[ 2 16 ]
5 it 600 000 francs par an, tout en son nom personnel, comme ministre
a
tout faire , que comme membre du conseil prive et au nom de ses parents. de tous les degres, avait donne 8. son fils Ie riche canonicat d'Orleans. M. Alfre d Magne s 'etait retire Ie 4 septembre . If. Pouyer-Quertier, Ie nouveau ministre, s'est empresse de doter des 50 8. 60 000 fro que rapporte bien o u mal la recette generale du Loiret M. Roche La mbert, son gendre. ..
Lettrea de Lafargue. Depuis la disposition de la police, comme par enchantement, on n 'entend parler ni de vol� ni d 'a88assinats,
faisait dire
,8.
un patriote que tous les «NJnservateurs
e
29()
ce qui
s 'etaient enfui.
Lea cocotte.'! ennemies ju re s de la Commune.
La contre revolution necessaire pour permettre a ces dames de reprendre leur honnete metier. Leurs consolateurs les Prussiens. Elles vont en pelerinage 8. St. Denis et les autres lieux occupes par les troupes prussiennes, se consoler de 1 'absence de leurs amants . . . Qu.e faites·vous de toutes les fonctions, emplois, grades de la Repub- 29 1 lique ! Vous les donnez 8. tous ses ennemis averes. Us sont les patri moines naturels d ' une bourgeoisie epaisse et sans coeur qui a droit d 'en jouir exclusivement, et Ie plus mince de ces emplois donne en dehors de sa caste est un vol qui lui est fait. Versailles».
25 April. Tribune de
BordeautL
.
base fondamentale de la liberte et de la civilisation mode rne, a sa racine historique, sa tradition dans la ComLa resistance it, l 'oppressio n,
une
m
292
.
Unter Bonaparte (Loui «) : «tous les maire s etant dans les mains des p refets et toutes les communes dans les mains des maire s, on a vu fonc tionner Ie mecan isme (i. e . die candidats officiels) avec une incroyable . perfection» .
293
lectors . " The Orleans co l l ectorship counts as one o f the s e paras i tes . M . Magne , who cos t the Emp i re ' s budget no less than 5 -600 , 000 francs a year , al l in his per s onal name , as minis ter of a l l w ork , now as a membe r o f the privy counci l and in the name of his re l at ives o f various degrees , h ad given his s on the rich canonry o f Orleans . M . Al fred Magne ret i re d on 4 S eptemb e r . M. Pouyer-Quertier, the new mini s ter , h as t ene d t o endow the 5 0 - 6 0 , 000 francs more or less b rought in by the general - co l l ectorship o f the Loiret on M. Roche Lambert, his s on- in- l aw . 290 . Letters from Lafargue . Since the police were disposed of, as if by magic one hears nei ther of robberies nor murders, whi ch me ant t o one p atriot that a l l the "consewatives had fled to Versai lles . " The cocottes swom enemies of the Commune . The counterrevo lut i on necess ary t o pel1l1it thes e l adies t o resume their hone s t trade . Their cons olers the Prussians . They make p i l grimages to St . Deni s and other p l aces occupied by P rus s i an t roops , conso l ing thems e lves for their l ov ers ' abs ence . . . 29 1 . What do you do with a l l the pos ts , j ob s and ranks o f the Repub l i c ! You give them t o al l its avowed enemi e s . They are the natural pat rimony o f a thi ckheaded and he art less bourgeois ie whi ch has the exclus ive ri ght to enj oy them , and the most ins i gn i fi c ant o f thes e posts , i f given away out s ide of its cas t e , cons t i tutes s t eal ing s omething from it . 29 2 . Resistance to oppression, fundament al basis o f l ib erty and modern civi l i z a tion , has its histori cal root , its t radit i on in the Co�nune . 29 3 . Under Bonaparte (Louis ) : " a l l the mayers being in the hands of the prefects and al l the communes in the h ands of the mayors , we s aw the mechanism (i . e . , the offi c i al candidates ) function with incredib Ie perfect i on . "
" t ill �
am
om� bel ,
,
prl
P a: Thl
thl
to th sa [p o� tE SlJ
aJ1
e� •
11
a1 ,
Sl
b
77
Sagt He rr Thiers von den L�qit ilil iste.q : « II y a trois moyens qu 'elle 2 9 4 em plo ie san s ces se audacieusement et dont la preuve est partout : i 'in vasion etrangere , la guerre cidle et l'an archie .. Jam ais un gouverne. ment qu i a ces tro is mo yen s it son usage ne sera cel ui de la France ». (Moni teur U niv ersel. Sea nce de fa Cha mb re del:! Depu te:] du 5 ja n vier . 1833). In der Sitzung der Ass emb lee vom 20. Av ril grosse Wut gegen Jea n 2 9 5 Bru net, der pro pos itio n lies t pou r la pac ific atiu n dl' rari.�. (As sem ble esoIl traiter mit Par is, Commission von 25 ernennen daz u, hostilites sus pen die ren ). The Assembly kill s thi s proposition par la question prealable . .
( 2 1 8)
•
Thiers Mirabeau-mouche. Thiers bedroht die. Pariser (ortwiihrend mit der intervention des Pru8siens. Sanglant Tom-Pouce.
296 297
26 April. Le Mot d'Ordre [oM 62] Oer traite de Neuilly soUte 24 sein. Thiers verlegte ihn auf 25 (von 298 9 Uhr nachts bis 5 Uhr abends). [p . 1 , c. 1 ] Dadurch viale Einwohner mit obus iiberworfen etc. [p o 1 , c . 2] Pyat reprend sa place dans la Commune . [p o 1 , c . 6] Conneau, De- 299 �ienne a Versailles. [p o 2, c. 4] Pali7cao ditto. de Failly. Canroberl. Qir£ulaire de Du(aure (an die Generalprokuratoren) : Versailles, 23 3 0 0 Avril 1871 : [p o 1 , c. 6] «lIs (des ecrivains) se font, par toute la France , les apologistes effronMs d 'une dictature usurpee par des etrangers ou des repris de justice . . . Oui , la force maMrielle qui s'est constituee dans Paris sous Ie nom de la Commune pour commettre de si abominables .
.
294 . Says M . Thiers o f the Legitirrri s ts : "There are three methods whi ch they con tinual ly emp l oy b o l dly , proof o f whi ch i s everywhere : foreign invasion, civi l war Never wi l l a government whi ch has the s e three methods as its cus t a:nd anarchy omary us age be the gove rnment of F rance . " (Moniteur Universe "l . Session of the Chamber of Deputies of 5 January 1 833 . ) 295 . In the Assemb ly session of 20 Apri l great fury agains t Jean Brune t, whose propos al for the pacification of Paris was read . (As s emb ly i s to negoti ate with Paris , name a commis s ion o f 2 5 for thi s purpose , and suspend hos t i l i ties . ) The Ass emb ly k i l l s this propos i t i on by moving the previous ques tion . 296 . Thiers Mirabeau-mouche . Thiers incessantly threatens the Parisians with the intervention of the Prussians . 297 . Bloodthirsty Tom Thumb . 298 . The Neui l ly agreement i s suppos e d t o be for the 24th . Thiers pos tpones it to the 25th ( from 9 o ' c l o ck at n i ght t o 5 o ' c l ock in the evening . ) [p . l , c . l ] In that way many inhab itants covered with she l l -bursts etc . [p . l , c . 2 ] 299 . Pyat resumes his s e at in the C ommune . [p . l , c . 6 ] Conneau, Devienne at Ver sail les . [p . 2 , c . 4 ] PaUkao ditto . de Fai Uy . Canrobert . 300 . Circular by Vufaure (to the attorneys general ) : Versai Ues � 23 Apri l 1 8 ? 1 : [p . l , c . 6 ] "They (writers ) are becoming , throughout F rance , the brazen apo logists of a dictatorship usurped by foreigners or by habitual criminals . . . Yes , the ma teri al force whi ch is const i tute d in P aris under the name of the C ommune t o commi t thes e are not [ only] the enemies of such ab ominab l e exces s es found apo logists �y government what eve r , but of al l human s o ci ety ; you mus t not hes itate to pros ecute them . And don ' t let yours e lves be s t oppe d when , in l anguage more moderate in appe arance without b e ing less dangerous , they pose as apos t les of a reconci l i �ion in whi ch they do not b e l ieve thems e lves ; putt ing on the s ame p l ane the As sembly whi ch is sued from univers al suffrage and the a l l e ged Commune of Paris ; b laming the former for not according Paris its muni cipal rights etc . " •
.
•
•
•
.
.
78
eXCElS trouva des apologistes . . . ce ne sont les ennemis d 'un gouverne ment quelconque, mais de toute societe humaine ; vOu. ne devez pas hesiter a les poursuivre . Et ne vous laissez pas arr�ter lonque , dans un langage plus modere en apparence sans etre moins dangereux, ils se font 1es apotres d 'une conciliation a Iaquelle ils ne croient pas eux·memes ; mettant sur la meme ligne I 'Assemblee issue du suffrage uniwersel et 1& pretendue Commune de Paris ; reprochant a la premiere de n '�voir pas accorde a Paris ses droits municipaux etc». Depuis avant 'hier les Prussiens emp�chent 1 'entree a Paris des ap· 3 0 1 provisionnements e tc . . [p o 2, c. 1] A St. Dtni.'1 1a police est faite par des gendarmes et des sergents de ville . Les etrangen, comme 1es passants, sont examines etc. tp . 2 , c. 2]
•
[ 220]
26 April. Daily News. [M 7797] Lettre of Louis Blanc vom 23 April (Allen Alles) (Republique une e t indivisible . ) [po 3, c. 3] Corresp. Paris. 24 April. Paris now completely invested . The Prus sians have given up the fort of Charen ton to the French army and the troops from Versailles are coming up to St. Denis. Lutte zwischen Committee Central (der National guards) und Kommune (Pyat since the 26-th March in the Com mun e) . [p o 5 , c. 5] , (Dufaure wants to put down Paris by press prosecutions in the Pro· vinces. [p o 5, 'c. 6] Monstruous to bring journals before a jury for preaah· ing «Conciliation•. ) [po 6, c . 1] Paris 25 April. (Tel. ) Raoul Rigault given his demission (as Minis·
ter of Public Safety). Rep lace d by Cournet. (Aber Rigault bleibt memb l t:
de la commission de sure te). [p o 3, c . 1 ]
•
303
30 4 30 5
27 April. Mot d 'Ordl'l'. [oM 63]
Le Mot d 'Ordre supprime (a Versailles) par Ie fuyard Vinoy. [po 1 , c. 1] Adresse des Dllegu£s de Lyo n presentee (24 April) a l'Assem bll.!e pa r Greppo. [p o 1 , c . 6] Les Prussiens qui empechaient depuis 2 jours la sortie de St. Deni� des vivres destines it Paris, Ies laissent passer librement depuis hier matin.
•
302
306
gul
30 7
p I':
308 an M. t�
30 1 . Since yesterday the P rus s i ans have b een preventing the entrance of provi s ions et c . into Pari s . [p . 2 , c . l ] At St . Denis the p o l i cing is done by gendaI1l1es and const ab l es . Strangers , like p as s ers -by , are que s t i oned etc . [ p . 2 , c . 2 ] 302 . Letter of Louis B lanc of 23 Apri l (Everything t o everybo dy ) (Repub li c , one and indivis ib l e . ) [p . 3 , c . 3 ] Struggle between Central Committee ( o f the Nat ional Guard) and Commune 30 3 (Pyat s ince the 26th March in the, C ommune . ) [p . S , c . S ] 304 . demi s s ion (Fr . demission) : res i gnation . 305 . (But Ri gault remains a member of the co"� ttee of pub lic safety . ) 306 . Le Mot d ' Ordre s uppre s s e d ( at Vers ai l le s ) by the runaway Vinoy . [p . l , c . l ] 30 7 . Address of the Lyons De legates presented (24 Apri l ) to the Assemb ly by Greppo . [p . l , c . 6 ] 30 8 . The Prussians � who have for 2 days b een prevent ing provis i ons from l e aving St . Denis for Paris , are now l etting them go through fre e ly , s ince yes t erday morn�ng . •
•
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.
P� V; tl [] wl
.
•
•
C f C 1 1 1
79 Les gendarmes (jetzt armes) non seulement a St. Denis, mais aussi a Enghien , gardant toutes les voies reliant de ce cote Versailles a Pari s · [p .. 2 , c . 2].
309
•
28 April. Mot d 'Ordre. [;N! 64]
Wieder 4 gardes nationales sans toutes formalites (apres avoir etefait prisonniers) fUlli lle:> par les Versaillais. Raoul Rigault nomme procureur de la Commune. [p o 1 , c. 3]. O n annonce offieiellement dans les jo u rneaux de Ver,9aillel?, dass due d 'Aumale und prince de Joinville dans l 'Oise, pres d'Alens:on,. logas au chateau de M . D 'Audiffret-Pasquier, depute a l'Assemblee Natio nale . . . Un decret de banni:>:>ement inlenlil it la fa mille d'Orle"tw./j Ie sejour de la France . . (excitateurs a la guerre civile) . Ainsi Papa Trans nonain trahit ! Et Vi noy a fusille Du val, et Valenti It a arrete toekroy, et Dufaure a declare, dans sa Circulaire, que toute tentative de conciliation entre Versailles et Paris devalt ctre consideree comme un crime. [po 1 , c. 5] Les proprietaires qui s'etaient enru is de Paris a l 'approche des Pru s. siens e� qui reclamaient maintenant leurs loyers I Hier, les franc.y-marons ont fait une manifestation a 1 'Hotel-de Ville, et ont parcouru differents quartiers de la ville, drapeau rouge en tete. [p o 1 , c. 6] Une vingtaine d 'honimes du 35-e Versailla i.«, dont deux sous- officiers , sont entres hier matin a Paris par la porte des Ternes. [po 2, c . 1] diHrJ [j() chasseurs a pied. [p o 2 , c . 2] · April 24. A ffiche de Be�lay : (ColLtre Thiers) «Asservissement du travail au Capital, tel est Ie fond de votre politique , et, Ie jour ou vous
310 311 312
.
313 314
315 316 317
309 . The gendarmes ( armed now) not only at St . Deni s , but als o at Engh ien , guarding al l roads connecting Vers ai l l es with Paris on that s ide . [p . 2 , c . 2 ] 310 . Once again 4 Nat i on at Guards , without any formalities (after b eing made pri s oners ) , s hot by the Vers ai l l es e . 311 . Raoul Rigault named pub l ic prosecutor o f the Commune . [p . l , c . 3 ] 312 . I t is announced Officially in the Versai l les newspapers , that Duke d 'Aumale and Prince de Joinvi l le [ are ] in the O is e , near Alenyon , lodging at the chateau of M. d ' Audiffre t - Pasquie r , Nat i onal Ass emb ly deputy . . . A decree of exi le prohibited (ins ti gators o f civi l war) . Thus the Orl�ans fami ly from sojourning in France Papa Transnonain [Thiers ] is committing treason ! And Vinoy had Duval shot , and Valentin has arrested Lockroy , and Dufaure s t at e d , in his circular , that any at tempt at conci l i at ion between Vers ai l l es and Pari s was t o be cons i dered a crime . [p. 1 , c . 5 ] 313 . The property-owners who had fled Paris on the approach o f the Prus s i ans and who now demand thei r rent p ayments ! 314 . Yesterday , the Freemasons he ld a demonst rati on at C i ty Hal l , and went through various di s tri cts o f the c ity , red flag at their head . [p . l , c . 6 ] 315 . A score of men of the Vers ai Uese 35th, including two noncommis s i oned offi cers , yes t erd ay morning entered Paris by the Ternes gate . [p . 2 , c . l ] [This and •
.
•
the next paragraph refer to Versail lese soldi ers going over to the side of the
Commune . E . S . ]
316 . ditto 30 light infantry . [p . 2 , c . 2 ] 31 7 . Apri l 2 4 . Pos ter by Bes lay : (Agains t Thiers ) "Ens l avement o f l abor to C api tal , that is the b as is o f your pol i cy , and , s ince the day you s aw the Repub lic o f Labor instal l ed at C ity Hal l , you have not s t opped crying out t o France every day : "These are criminal s " . . . "You crowned your errors and s ins on the day you forced the Msemb ly t o res cind its vote , so as t o keep the appointment of mayors in l arge
80 avez vu la Republique du Travail sieger a l ' H otel-da -Ville , vous n 'avez cesse de crier chaque jour it la France : «Ce sont des criminels» . . . �Vous avez mis Ie comble a ves erreurs et a vos fautes Ie jour ou vous avez f() r�! l 'Asscmhl{>e a fevenir s_1;!r _sQ!l Y_o�El. pour garder dans la main du J'ouvoir la nominatlOn des maires dans les grandes villes». «Vos hommes? Mais ce sont les hommes de l 'Empire», «cosaque o u republicaine» . [p o 2, c . 5]
[ 222]
28 April. Daily News. [oM 7799] Tel. Paris. 27 April. Decree des Paschal (housset zum Schutz d_er 3 1 8 foreigners against all requisitions etc. « Never a government in Paris so . . . courteous to Foreigne1·S» . No goods until further notice allowed to leave Paris. This is in retaliation for the stoppage of the cattle trucks entering Paris and the cutting off of the milk and fish supplies. Die 3 1 9 · Paris forts ( Issy etc . ) battered by the Versaillese. [p o 3 , c . 4] .
•
•
•
29 Ap ril. Le Mot d 'Ordre. [oM 65] La Question Blanqui. Halten ihn so verborgen im cachot, das.8 personne ne sait dans queUe p rison on Ie detient. Thiers will seine Schwe diese reponse de ster nicht wissen lassen, wo er ist. Gegen den Code Thiers Ie rend tout bonnement passible des galeres. Und diese chiens Se sont dechaines contre la Commune a propos de la loi des otages ! c 'est a croire que vous voudriez la p ousser a l 'appliquer l [p o 1 , c . 1] 27 Avril. Commissaires envoyes par la Commune a Bic�tre pour faire une enqu�te sur les gardes nationaux du 185-e bataillon de marche de la garde nationale . Einer davon noch am LeDen , sehr schwer verwun det. Er und 3 camarades uberrascht durch chasseurs a I'heval , forder ten sie auf, sich zu ergeben. Taten es. Soldaten liessen sie in Ruhe. Als scho n p risonniers, kommt capitaine des chasseurs a cheval, mordet sie . mit Revolver. [p o 1 , c . 2] 30 April elections municipales dans toute la France .
320
•
321
322 Commune a Varbonne. 3 23 Depuis plus d'u n mois 200 000 ouvriers maitres de Paris. Us ont 3 24 ...
•
•
f� rE
•
towns in the hands o f the governmental power . " "Your men? Why , they are the men of the Empire , " "coas s ack or repub l i c an . " [p . 2 , c . S ] 3 1 8 . De cree of Pas chal Grous set for the protection of forei gners . . . 3 19 . Die : the . 320 . The B lanqui Question . Hol d him s o buried away in a dunge on- ce l l that nobody knows in what pris on he is kept . Thiers wi l l not l e t his s ister know where he is . Against the Code -- this answer by Thiers makes him very s imply l i ab l e to penal ser vitude . And thos e dogs are raging agains t the Commune becaus e o f the law of host age s ! one mi ght think you would l ike t o drive the C ommune t o put it into app l i ca t i on ! [p . l , c . l ] 3 2 1 . 2 7 Apri l . Commis s ioners s ent by the Commune to Bi cetre to make an investi gat i on on the Nat i onal Guards of the l 8 S th marching b at t al ion of the Guard . One of them s t i l l al ive , very serious ly wounde d . He and 3 comrades surprised by l i ght- caval rymen , [wh o ] demanded they surrender . Did s o . Sol diers l e ft them alone . When alre ady pri s oners , along comes a cap t ain of the l i ght- cavalry , murders them with revolve r . [p . l , c . 2 ] 3 2 2 . 30 Apri l muni cipal e l ect i ons throughout F rance . 323 . Commune at Narbonne . 324 . For over a month , 200 , 000 workers masters of Paris . They have arms , c annon ,
01
v' e e
8 c
[ ] 1 1
81 et la misere . Non seulement ils n'ont des armes, des canons, la force pille aucun hotel, ils ne se sont venges d 'aucun riche, ils n'ont commis aucune atroc�te, mais encore et 'c'est it la lettre ils n'ont pas brise une branche d 'arbre , ils n 'ont pas cueilli une fleur dans les jardins pub lics, confies a leur seule garde . . . les paysans brftlaient vifs leurs adver· . saires . . . [p o 1 , c . 5] La Gazette de Cologne affirme . que Ie renvoi des prisonniers fran�ai8 a ete categoriquement refuse par Bismarck. (Antwort auf demande
325
formelle de Thiers) . [p o 1 , c . 6] Thiers hat den deputes de Versailles gesagt, qu'il ne recevra plua 3 26 aucune deputation provinciale chargee d'une mission conciliatrice . 14 wagons de lait arretes it la gare de Pontoise par les Prussiens ou 3 27 les Versaillais. [ 2 24] La force gouvernementale n'est pas autant a Versailles qu 'a Rueil 328 (JU meme a St. Germai n. Les sommites bonapartistes groupees dans ces localites ne regardent les hommes champHres de Versailles que comme des ir st:-uments aveugles, mais indispensables au succes de leur cause . . . Le general Ladmirault, les Galliffet, Canrobert, Vin�y, Ducrot, Maud' hui, Palikao , Jerome David, Chevreau, Rouher, Conti, de Banville, les Cassagnac, Valentin, n'attendent absolument qu'une chose , c'est que les vicinaux, it l'aide de Tbiers, leur aient donne assez de force militaire et prerectorale pour les flanquer it la porte . [p o 2, c. 1 ] ! I I Le capifaine de gendarmerie qui a tlle Flourens viellt d'etl'e de- ' 3 29 eore. [p o 2 , c . 2] 330 .4ssemblee de Versailles. 26 April. Louis Blanc gegen das circulaire de Dufaure . Er fragt bIos demu" 33 1 tig den Dufa1u'e d 'expliquer « toute la portee de sa circulaire» . [p o 2, ' . c. 3] Ehe der Kleine herabsteigt, fragt ibn ein Rural (M. Ie Comte de Rampo n) ce qu'il pense du comite de la garde nationale de Paris, «s'il --
-,
force-and poverty . Not only have they not pi l l aged any wealthy hous e , not t aken revenge on any o f the ri ch , not commit ted any atrocity , but even and this is l i t eral ly true --they have not broken s o much as a tree b ranch , they have not picked a flower in the pub li c gardens , entrus ted t o thei r s o l e watch and w ard . . . the peas ants burned their enemies alive . . . [p . 1 , c . 5 ] 325 . The Ko lnische Zeitung s tates that the re turn of French prisoners has been categorical ly refused by Bismarck. (Answer to formal reques t by Thiers . ) [p . l , c . 6 ] 326 . Thiers t o l d the Vers ai l les deputies that he wi l l no longer receive any pro vincial de l egat i on charged with a conci l i at i onis t mis s i on . 327 . 1 4 mi lk cars s t opped at the Pontoise s t at i on by the Prus s i ans or Vers ai l l es e , 328 . The govenlment ' s strength lies not s o much at Versai lles as at Ruei l or even St . Germain . The Bonapart i s t t op le adership concentrated in these p l aces re gard the rus t i cs o f Vers ai l l es only as b l ind t ools , but indispens ab le to the suc cess of the ir caus e . General L admirault , men l ike Gal l i ffe t , Canrobert , Vinoy , Ducrot , Maud ' hui , Pal ikao , Je rome D avid , Chevreau , Rouher , Cont i , de Banvi l le , men like Cas s agnac , Val ent in are waiting for abso lutely one thing , and that is t i l l mi l i t ary and pre fectoral forces the local s , with Thiers ' s help , give them enough . to flank them at the gate . [p . 2 , c . l ] 329 . ! ! ! The captain of gendarmes who ki Ued Flourens has just been decorated. [p . 2 , c . 2 ] 330 . Versai l les Assemb ly . 26 Apri l . 33 1 . Louis Blanc against Dufaure ' s circul ar . He humb ly s imply asks Dufaure to explain "the who l e import o f his circu l ar . " [p . 2 , c . 3 ] Before the l itt l e man s t eps down , he i s asked by a Rural (M . I e Comte de Rampon) what he thinks of the Commi t.
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82 p re nd La deti: n.�e de fa Commulle» . Louis Bla nc (au pied de Ia tribune) : « Je pense que Ia Commune a viole Ia legalite, pour Iaquelle je suis ( I n terromption bruyante : A la Tribune , a la Tribune !) Je reprouve les actes d J la Co mmune ( I nterpellations etc . etc . ) Mais ce que je tiens aussi A VJUS dire , c 'e st qu'il est a Paris une nombreuse intelligente et honnete population, qui veut l 'ordre et qui veut la liberte. C 'est avec cette po p ulation que vo us avez a traiter. Voila ce qu'e j 'ai a dire (Asse z l l o rure >. Dufaure unter grossem Beifall und grosser Unverschamtheit macht die Apologi e seines circulaire . Dufaure sagt, dass provincial municipal councils agieren unter Mot d 'o rdre von Paris. Z . B . der con,'(eil municipal d 'A uch unanimement lui demande de proposer i mmedia tement un a 7'migtice und dass die Versammlung gewiihlt 8 Februar sich .auflost (resigne) da ihr Mandat expire. [p o 2, c . 4] Dann liest er aus : « Defense nationale» (Journal de LimfJges) : «Ia province a deja motive son mecontentement en refusant les bataillons
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29 April. ·
[ 2 26 ] •
332
Daily News. [oN; 7800]
Tel. Paris 28 April. Fighting and cannonade goes on. The Commtme has demanded a payment within 24 hours of 2 mil lion francs from the railway Companies. Besides called upon for the future to pay regularly the imposts due since March 18. . Cry for conciliation . Even Pa6fiw,l .Grou8set. Schis m between Com mune und Committee Central more serious. Thiers gets powe r to declare any departm ent in .<'\ state o f siege . Procureur-General de .i.lfa yenne.'1 3 3 3 writes to Dufaure to « resign . . . I cannot serve an Administration which orders me , in a moment o f civil war, to rush into party struggles and p ro secute citizens , whom my conscien ce holds innocent , for uttering the word conciliation» . [p . 3 , c . 1 J Pari!? 28 April. Corr. Eighth Battalion o f Gardes Nationaux has 3 3 4
tee o f the Nati onal Gu ard o f Paris , I�hether he unde rtakes the defense of the Com mune . " Louis B lanc (at the foot o f the p l at form) : " I think the Commune h as vi o l ated l e ga l i ty , for whi ch I am (Noisy interruption : On the p l at foTIII , on the p l at fonn ! ) I condemn the acts of the Commune ( Interpe l l at i ons etc . et c . ) But what I am also anxi ous to t e l l you is that in Paris the re is a l arge number o f intel l i gent and hone s t peop l e who want order and who want l iberty . I t is with thes e peop l e th at you h ave t o negoi ate . That is what I have t o s ay (Enough ! agenda ! ) " Du faure , w i th gre at app rob at i on and gre ater shame les snes s , p res ents the apol ogi a for his circul ar . Dufaure s ays th at the p rovinci al municipal counci l s act under orders from Paris . F o r examp l e , the municipal counci l of Auch unanimous ly asks him to im mediate ly propose an armistice and that the As s emb ly e lected on 8 February should di ss o lve ( reS i gn) s ince i ts mandate has expired. [p . 2 , c 4 ] 332 . Then he reads from the "Defense Nationale " (Limoges newspaper) : "the prov inces h ave al ready mot ivated the i r dis content in re fus ing the battalions of vo l unteers that h ad been reques ted from them . " Uns avory answer by Louis B l an c , whether [ the government would] als o p ros e cut e peop l e who s imp ly desire conci liation wi thout any other cu lpab le thought. [p . 2 , c . S ] 333 . Attorney General of Mayenne . . . 334 . Eighth Bat t al i on o f Nat i onal Guards . . . .
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83 just issued a statement in which it declar�s distinctly for the League of . Conciliation. Refuses to fight. [p 5, c . 5] o
29
April. Situation. [M 189] Paschal Gro usset fait cesser son journal «L'A ffranchil>. [p o 2, c. 31 3 3 5 Journal Officiel de Paril:i : Tous les jours on trouve des documents! 3 3 6 nouveaux qui etablissent d 'une maniere · authentique la trahison des hommes de la defmse nationale, trahison d'autant pI1J.s infame que ces hommes haut places s'en Caisaient un jeu jusque dans leur correspondence. Paris ( 12 Decembre , 1870) « Lettre de Guiod (Alphonse Simon) 3 3 7 (commandant superieur de 1 'a rtillerie des armees de defence de Paris et Grand-croix de la Legion d ' Honneur) (Adres�ee a Stllia ltlt�, geuel'al de division d 'artillerie» Handelt sich urn einen gewissen Hetzel oder Hes.'Iel, dem Guiod empfohlen von Suz?nne . « Dites-moi franchement ce que vous desirez, et ie Ie ferai. Je Ie prendrai it mon etat-major oil il s'embetera , n 'ayant rien a faire , ou bien je I 'enverrai au Mont-Valerient ou il courra moins de dangers qu' a Paris (ceci pour les parents), et oil il aura l'air de tire?' Ie canon, parce qu 'il tirem le canon en l 'air, .�elon la methode . Xoiil. Deboutonnez-vous Ia bouchet bien entendu» . ( Dieser Noel zu j ener Epoche officier superieur d 'artillerie , et, au 12 D2cembre 1870, il commandait Ie fort du Mont-Valerien) (diese Note (Brief etc . ) communique par Ie Comite Central.) [ p 2 , c . 4] PToposition d 'une ligue de 1a p aix (par 8clwelcher). [p o 3,' c. 1 2] •
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!fa Apri l
'lfay. La Situation. [.M 190] Das Programme des 8-e bataillon de la garde .Nalionale vom 25 . April. with a smile of elated vanity. [po 3, c. 4 .] •
e.t 1
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33 8
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335 . Paschal Grousset suspends his newspaper "L 'Affranchi . " [p . 2 , c . 3 ] 336 . Journal Offi cie l of P ari s : Eve ry day new documents are found whi ch author itati.ve ly confi rm the treas on of the men o f [ the Government of] National De fens e , treason a l l the more infamous in that these highly p l aced men j oked ab out i t right in thei r correspon.dence . . 33 7 . Par�s ( 1 2 December 1 8 70 ) (Letter by Guiod (A lphonse , Simon) (supreme com mander of the arti l le ry of the Ann)!! o f Defens e of Paris and Grand C ros s of the Le gion of Honor) {Addressed to Susanne, general of divi s i on of arti l l ery) Deals with a cert ain Hetze l or Hesse l , recommended t o Guiod by Suz anne . "Te l l me frank ly what you des ire , and I wi l l do i t . I wi l l t ake him into my s t aff where he wi l l be bored to death , have nothing to do , or I wi l l s end him t o Mont -Valerien , where he will b e in less danger than in Paris (this for the re l atives) , and where he wi L l put on an air of firing cannon, because he wi ll fire cannon into the air, in accordance with the Noe l me thod. Loosen your tongue , of cours e . " (This Noe l [was ] at that time a h i gh arti l l ery offi cer , and , on 1 2 December 1 8 70 , he commanded the Mont -Valerien fort) (this not e ( l etter , et c . ) communi cated by the Central Commi tt ee . ) [p . 2 , c . 4 ] Proposal for a peace league (by Schoe lcher. ) [p . 3 , c . 1 - 2 ]
[The names of the two generals were Adolphe (not Alphonse) Simon Gui od and Louis Susane (not Suzanne or Susanne) . These errors were in the text of the l e t ter as �ven in the Commune press ; the Journal Offi cie l gave Susane ' s name as Su zanne . The young offi cer ' S n ame was probabl y Hetzel , not Hessel ; there was a promi nent publisher by that n ame who , i n fact , l ater publi shed a book by Gen . Susane . j
338 . The program of the 8th battalion of the National Guard of 2 5 Apri l .
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�'-ote�
.M. Thiers sagt im spe ech in Assemblce legisla tive, 17 Janvier, von
sf'i ne m Freund [ 22 8 ]
Chan,qarnipr:
339
«Nous avions pu crainde au milieu extraordinaire des esprits, que 3 40 la politi que s'introduisant dans l'armee , n'y affaiblit l'esprit militaire . . . Eh bien 1 1 '{mergique et habile general qui etait" a sa tete , en ravivant en elle l 'esprit mili taire avait etouffe l'esprit politique. Voila ce que l'histoire dira un jour, et ce qui ser� sa gloire». Ce fut seulement fevrier 1851 ' que Thiers, Changarnier, Odilon Barrot se separerent du gouver nement . Thiers trat so auf wegen Affaire Changarnier. Question de competition zwischen Bonaparte und Orleans. Neumayer a la revue de Satory. 1869 verlangten die Hunde der Union .L iberale pour Paris un conaeil municipal, elu. C 'est la Republique de 1848 qui a remplace par une commission administrative nommee par Ie gouvernement l'ancien conseil municipal elu. 19 Jui n 1851 .Ju les Favre declara a la Tribune : de comprends parfaitement que Ie pouvoir municipal,. si enorme dans une cite coinm e Paris, appartienne it u n agent qui soit directement l)laci 80US la main de JI. Ie mi n i st1 e de l'interieur. Et pourquoi, Messieurs? Non seulement, parce que ce serait, suivant moi, une i'mprudence politique que de restaurer La Co m m u n e de Pari.'S : mais encore parce que la '
du goltt'e1'nement central sont une garantie con stante pour les citoyenll. Quant it moi , je ne crainll pas qu'on pre-nne acte
presenCe et l 'action
contre moi de la declamtion que je depose ici : Je considererais comme
n 'ayant rien aplwis dans l'histoi1'e,
comme eta nt un homme politique
flQulant vouer son pays a des tempete.'1, celui qui essayerait de ressu8ci-
une Commune
ter a l 'heure qu'il est, une municipalite independante,
de Paris qui ne 1'eleverait pas du Gou t·ernementt> .
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339 . M. Thiers s ays , in �is speech in the L e gis l ative Ass emb ly , 1 7 January [ 18 5 1 ] , If his friend Changarnier: 340 . [The fol l owi ng t rans l a ti on fol l ows a correcti on i n the firs t line noted by "We could have � . S . : " a u mi l i eu de l ' agi tati on extraordinaire des espri ts "] ,een afrai d , ami ds t the extraordinari ly dis turb e d s t ate o f peop le ' s minds , lest :he introduction o f po l i t i cs into the army weaken the mi l i t ary s p i rit . . . We l l then , :he energe t i c and clever general who he aded it , by reviving its mi litary spirit �ad stifled the po li ti cal spiri t . That is what history wi l l s ay one day , and that ri l l be his g l ory . " I t w as on ly in February 1 85 1 that Thiers , Changarnier, Odilon larrot l e ft the government . Thi ers came out in this w ay be caus e of the Changarnier lffair . Quest i on of compet i t i on between Bonap arte and Orleans . Neumayer in the Sat )ry j ournal . In 1 869 the dogs o f the Union Liberale demanded an e l e cted municipal �ounci l for P aris . I t is the Repub l i c of 1 84 8 th at sub s t ituted an administrat ive �ommiss ion appoint ed by the government for the o ld e lected municipa l counci l . On r 9 June 1 85 1 Jules Favre s t ated from the p l at fo rm : " I unders t and perfectly that :he muni cipal powe r , whi ch i s s o immens e in a city l ike Pari s , b e longs to an agent 'ho is direct ly p laced in the hands of the Minis te r of the Interior. And why , gent lemen? Not on ly because i t would be , in my opinion , a po litical imprudence to re l tore the Comnune of Paris; but also because the pre sence and activity of the cent �al government are a continua l guarantee for the citizens . As for me , I am not lfraid that anyone w i l l t ake legal cogni z an ce agains t me o f the s t atement that I )res ent here : I would regard anyone as a man who has l e arnt nothing from history , 15 a po liti cian who wants to doom his countty to b e tempes t- toss ed , i f he were to :ry' at the present t ime to revive an independent muni cipal i ty , a C ommune o f P aris �hi ch would not be subordinate to the Government . " •
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3A was , n-z-el Nati coml abr( erm ,
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des: 3· fOY'1 3, fo 1. his stru P OWi
gro: nee guai
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Lou he and
85 Dufaure : Erste was das Ministerium Odilon Barrot tat (26. Decem-
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[ 23 0 ]
34 1
ber 1848) war, gegen disposition forrnelle de Ia loi de 1831 " den General Changarnier, der den Oberbefehl tiber die Linientruppen hatte, auch zum Chef der Nationalgarde zu machen. Cet art. 67 de la loi sur la garde nationale qui consacrait la division radicale de l'autorite militaire et de l 'autorite c'i�iIe , fut abroge Ie 7 jttillet 1849 ; stir proposition de Monta leIrlbeft: r"'Assemnl.ee donna au gouvemement la faculte de concentrer dans les mains du chef d 'une division militaire Ie commandement des gardes nationales de tous les departements compris dans la merne cir {lonscri ption. Posten der Republique ( 1 848 etc . ) : .le vais t'a8sasnner, rnais c 'e.-;t 3 4 2 pour ton bien, ce que bourreau disait a Don Carlos. 2 Juin 1849 nahm Dufaure (im Ministerium Orlilon Bar1'ot) Ie por- 343 tefeuille de I 'In teri eu r. L ' UniQn Liberale (1869) s'est reformee comme en 1847 . Le general Cavaignac poussait sa cand'idature a. la presidence avec toute,s les fureurs du desespoir. ,Force de lever l'etat de siege , Ie 29 Octobre. II insultait la revolution de Fevrier en appelant au lJouvoir 2 ministres de Loui:�-Philippe, Dufaure et Vivien: Ia reunion de la rue de Poitiers avait demande des positions en garantie etc. M . M. Cavaignac et Marrast, qui avaient besoin de I'appui des dynastiques de l'As sembIee , consentirent a. leur donner des garanties positives,. et un re maniement ministeriel avait lieu. Le National livra des portefeuilles a l 'ancien tiers-pat·ti. Dufaure, tant raille par Ie National pour avoir ' refuse d 'assister au banquet de Saintes oil il voulait qu 'on portat un toast a. Louis-Philippe , fut appeIe au ministere de l 'Inte1·ieu1·. Comme tel, i! faisait tout pour favoriser la candidature de Cavaignac. La France fut inondee de courtiers el€ctoraux et de brochures vantant les hautes vertus du general ; on diffamait �t on trainait dans la boue les autres candidats et notamment Louis Bonaparte, dont Dufaure allait etre
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34 1 . Dufaure : The fi rs t thing the Odi 1 0n Barrot cab inet did (26 December 1848) was , contrary to the formal provis ion of the l aw of 183 1 J . to make General Changar nier , who had supreme cOllunand over the troops of the l ine , also the head of the National Guard . This art . 6 7 of the law on the National Guard which s anctions the compl ete s eparation between the mi l i t ary authority and the civi l authority , was wrogated on 7 Ju ly 1 849; on propos al by Montalemb e rt : the Ass emb ly gave the gov ernment the right to concentrat e , in the hands o f the head of a mi l i t ary divis ion , command ove r the Nati onal Guards of al l the departments in cluded in the s ame des ignated are a . 342 . Pos it i on of the Repub l i c ( 1 8 4 8 e t c . ) : I am going to murder thee� but it is for thy own good� as the exe cuti oner s aid t o Don Carlos . 343 . 2 June 1 849 Dufaure (in the Odi lon Barrot cab inet) took the Interior port fol io . The Union Liberale ( 1 86 9 ) re - formed as in 1 84 7 . General Cavaignac pushed his candidacy for the pres i dency with a l l the fury o f despai r . Forced to rais e the state of s i e ge , on 29 Octobe r . He insulted the Feb ruary revolut i on by cal l ing to power 2 of Louis Phi l ippe I s ministers , Dufaure and Vivien : the Rue de Poiti ers group had reques ted pos ts as guarantees et c . Mes s rs . Cavai gnac and Marras t , who needed the support o f the dynas t i cs o f the As s emb ly , agreed to give them pos it ive �arantees , and a c ab inet reshuffl e took p l ace . Le National handed over s ome port fol ios to the o l d third-party . Dufaure , s o often derided by the National fo'.[' h av ing refus ed to attend the Saint es b anquet , where he wanted a t oas t proposed to Louis Phi l ippe , was cal led to the �nis try of the Interior. As such , he did al l he could t o favor C avaign ac I s candidacy . F rance was ove rrun with e l e ctoral agents and pamph lets eulogi zing the gre at virtues of the general ; they s l andered and
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86
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quelques mois plus tard Ie ministre devoue. On entravait les publica tions hostiles it Cavaignac en arretant leurs distributeurs. D ufaure re tardait Ie depart des malle-postes pour faciliter l'envoi de bulletins fa vorisant la candidature de Cavaignac. Jamais l'intimidation et la cor ruption electoral� ne furent exercees sur une plus large echelle. Dufaure Ie ministre de 1 'etat de siege de 1849. 11 avait accepw un portefeuille deja a u lendemain d'une date nefaste , Ie 13 mat" 1839, c 'est a-dire , q u'il avait ete Ie ministre de la repression impitoyable exercee par Ie Gouvernement de J uillet , a la suite de la derniere prise d'armes du parti republicain. Le ministre d u 13 mai 1839 etait digne d'etre Ie mi. nistre du 13 join 1849. (Discussion sur
l'Italie).
I n der Session de 1848 (sous Louis-Philippe) Thienl: de suis du parti de la Revolution, tant en Ft'ance q u, 'en EU1"(1)e. Je souhaite que Ie gouvernement de la Revolution reste dans les mains des hommes moderes . . . Mais quand ce gouvernement passera dans les mains d'hommes ardents, fut-ce les radicaux, je n 'abandonnerai p as ma cause pour oola.
344
345 346
Je semi toujours du parti de la Revolution�.
Capitulaf1'on de ]Jfetz.
347
au 3 1 Octobre donna sa demission, alors Clement Thomas (nomme so us Ie mouvement reactionnaire d u l-er Novembre). Alors c'est lui qui a fait arreter et revoquer tous les o fficiers revolutionnaires de la garde nationale , (c'est lui qui a mis en avant Ia Iachew des Belleville men . Lempriere) . A I'affaire 22 Janvier (les Bretons ont Cusille des gardes nationaux) (sur la place de l ' Hotel-de-ville) (Ce Resultat resul tat de Montretout. (On parle dans les journaux officieusement de capi-
3 48
Tamisiet·
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s lung mud against the other candid ates , espe cial ly Louis Bonaparte , whose devoted minister Dufaure w as going to b e a few months l ate r . They . ob s tructed pub l ications hos t i l e to C avai gn ac by arres ting the ir di s tributors . Dufaure us ed t o ho l d up the departure o f mai l - coaches to faci l i t at e the s ending o f bul l et ins favorab l e to C avai gnac ' s candidacy . Never were intimidation and e le ctoral corruption practised on such a b i g s cal e . 344 . Dufaure [was ] the minister of the s t ate of s i ege in 1849 . He had al ready accepted a port fo l i o on the morrow of an i l l -s t arred day , 1 3 May 1 839, that is , he h ad been the minis t e r of the piti l ess supp res s i on carried out by the July Gov ernment as a consequence of the l as t time the repub l i can party took up arllls . The minister of 1 3 May 1 8 39 w as worthy of b eing the mini ster of 1 3 June 1 8 49 . 345 . (Discussion on Italy ) . 346 . In the session of 1 84 8 (under L ouis Phi l ippe ) Thiers : " I am of the party of the Revo lu tion, in France as much as in Europe . I wish the government of the Revo luti on to remain in the h ands of moderate men . . . But when that gove rnment p as s es into the h ands of p as s i onate men , even i f they are radi cals , I shal l not des ert my caus e for al l th at . I s hall. always be of the party of the Revolution . " 347 . Capitu lation of Me tz . 348 . Tamisier on 3 1 Octob e r handed in his res i gn ation , then Clement Thomas (appointed under the re act i on ary movement o f 1 November) . Then i t was he [Thomas ] who arrested and removed al l the revo lut i onary o ffi cers of the N ational Guard , (it was he who put out the t al e about the cowardi ce of the men of Be l levi l l e . Lempri ere) . In the 2 2 J anuary affair (the Bretons h ad shot the N at i onal Guards ) (on the P l ace de l ' Hote 1 - de -Vi 1 1 e) (This re sult w as the result of Montretout . (Semi-offi ci ally the t alk in the newspapers [was ] of capitu l ation and armi stice) (The armis -
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87 [ 2 32]
tulation et d 'armistice ) (I 'armistice fait Ie 28 Janvier). (Demonstration sur la place de I'HOtel-de-Ville) (tues et blesses). Clement Tbomas joua un grand role la-dedans comme commandant en chef. (Pendant Ie siege il ne faisait rien que desorganiser la garde nl\tionale . 11 n'a jamais fait la guerre contre les Prussiens. 2 Decembre. Affaire de Champigny. Trochu faisait j ouer un rOle ridicule a la Garde Nationale . Thomas etait der riere Trochu qui venait pour haranguer les gardes de desister etc.) 10 �March. Affiche rouge , adressee aux soldats, placardee aux 801-
349
1 7 1Iarch. Erklarung von 100 chefs de bataillons (votee unanimement 16 March) : «firmly dp.cided to repousser, by :ill pOi!sible me�J1s the attack.
350
dats, placardee aujourd 'hui au nom des dtHegues de la garde nationale : .II y a A Paris 300 000 gardes n�tionaux, et cependant on y fait ent�r des troupes que l 'on cberche it tromper sur l'esprit de la popula tion parisienne . Les hommes qui ont organise la defaite , demembre la France, livre tout notre or, t'eulent echapper (i la re1!ponsabilite qu'ila ont assumee en excita�t la guerre civile . lIs comptent que vous serez le� dociles instruments du crime qu'ils meditent . Que veut Ie peuple de Paris? II veut conserver ses armes, choisir lui-meme ses chefs, et les revoquer quand il n 'a plus confiance en eux. n veut que l'armee 80it renvoyee dans ses foyers» .
which they would dare to attempt against the Republic,
et to oppose
themselves equally to every attempt of disa rmi ng the national guard, the natural guard o f the social pact, o f ordre, and of p ublic liberty». •
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Ooup of 18 March to take Montmartre by nocturnal surprise.
(20 members) (at Hotel de Ville). Proclamation. «L 't!tat de siege est leve. Le peuple de Paris est convoque dans ses sections pour faire ses elections communales» . Ditto aux 1.9 .March. Central' Committee
35 1
tice c ame on 28 January ) . (Demons trat i on on the P l ace de l ' HOt e 1 - de-V i l le ) (peo ple kill ed and wounded) . C lement Thomas p l ayed a b i g ro l e in al l that as conunande r in chie f. (Dur ing the s ie ge he did noth ing but dis organ i z e the Nati onal Guard . He
never did anything in the war agai ns t the Prus s i ans . 2 De cerriber. Champigny affair. Trochu made the N at i onal Guard p l ay a rid i culous ro l e . Thomas was b ehin d Trochu shed i unfin left raph parag [This ) . c et t s i des o t ds Guar the gue aran h to. came who -
by Marx , notes E . S . 1
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349 . 10 Marc h. Red post er , addre s s ed t o the s o l di ers , post ed up for the s o l diers , posted today in the name o f the de l egat es of the Nat iona l Guard : "The re are 300 , 000 N at iona l Guards in Pari s , and yet troops are brought in whom they try to dece ive about the spiri t of the Pari s i an popu l ation . The men who organi zed the de fe at , dismemb e red France , h ande d over al l our go l d , want to escape the responsi bi lity they assumed by ins t i gat ing the civ i l w ar . They count on your bein g the doci le too ls of the crime they are p l anni ng . What do the peop l e of Par is w ant ? They want to keep the ir arms , choo se the ir le aders thems e lves , and remove them when they no l onge r have conf iden ce in them . They want the army sent home . "
350 . 1 7 March . D e c l arat i on by 100 heads of b atta lion s (vot ed unanimous ly on 16 and . ] March) : " firm ly dec ide d to rep e l . . [In the thir d lin e , e t 351 . "The stat e of sieg e is lifted. The peop le o f Pari s are c a l l e d on in thei r secti ons to carry out the ir commu nal e l e ctions . " Di tto to the Nation al Guards : .
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«Vous nous avez charges d'organiser la defense de P�ris et de vos droits . . . A ce moment notre mandat est expire ; nous vous Ie rapportons, car nous ne pretendons pas prendre la place de ceux qn�; Ie souffle. populaire vient de renversel'». . 20 �MaTs. L 'Assen�blee vote l 'etat de siege du departemm t de Seint une loi qui confere a des soldatB et Oise, p ropose par E . Picard memes Ie pouvoir judiciaire• . Gardes .Kationales .'
[ 234]
352
21 March, Chanzy set free und General Langourian. The insur- 3 5 3 gents demand : election of Communal Council o f Paris by popular vote ; reorganisation of National Guard, popular elections of its officers ; suppression o f the Police Prefecture and control o f police by the communal authorities. •
Nei ther (!) party like.-; to give the si.qnal fO" (,ivil war !
Urgency to . restore all the Bonapartist Council Gene rals voted , A Proclamation «to citizens and soldiers. voted, Peyrat wanted to add : <
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"You h ave ent rus ted us with org ani zin g the de fen se o f P ari s and o f you r righ ts . . . At thi s t ime our man dat e h as exp i red ; we return i t t o you , for we do not c l aim to t ake the p l ace of tho se whom the pop ul ar voi ce h as j us t overthrown . " 35 2 . 20 March . The Ass emb ly vote s the s tate of sieg e for the department of Seine -e t-Oi se 3 propos ed by E . Pic ard a l aw whi ch con fers j udi ci al pow ers on the s o l diers thems e lves . " 353 . und : and . 35 4 . Comite : the Central C ommit tee of the Nat ional Guard . 355 . Aus serdem : furthermore . 356 . Se lbe I' Sit zung : Same session . 357 . "which is wi lUng not to doubt his sincerity " 35 8 . "the criminal outb reak in Paris , forever accurs ed . " 359 . 22 March. Proc lamation of Central Corrunittee : "For the first t ime s ince .
4 tl1 pc ,
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,depuis Ie 4 Septembre la Republique est affranchie au gouvernement ae ses ennemis . a la cite une milice nationale qui defend les citoyens contrs .
.
le pouvoir au lieu d'une arrmfe permanente qui defend Ie pouvoir .contre .
les citoyens'h.
The Versailles Government courts the assistance of the
M&emy of France to .
Central Committee
greater part of the war».
[ 236]
subdue
wm' •
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bitter",
rebellion.
through its official journal declares that «the i ndemnity should be paid b y the authors of the
p om acc an c bli pu Re the nd fou «I 27 3 60 lished fact». ( Na chh er wirds wieder hypothetical fact). When on the 27 March the llovernment had received news from de feat of commune at Lyon.
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4 September the Repub l i c is :liberat ed from the goverwnent of its enemies . . . in the city a nat i onal mi l it i a whi ch defends the citizens against the goverwnental power instead of a s tanding amy which defends the governmental power agains t the aitizens . /I 360 . (Afterwards , be comes again [ a] hypothetical fact) . 361 . Repub l i cans . Paris, 26 March . Left Rep [ub Ucan] Party . . . 362 . Versai l le s , 9 Apri l : every evening, mee ting of the Left in the Jeu de Paume [Tennis -Court] hal l . 363 . 25 March . Versai l les Assemb ly . The Bonapartist judges ( j us t as previous ly voted urgency of the re - e s t ab l ishment of the Bonapartist General Counci ls ) . . . 364 . 2 7 March . Duke d 'Aumale at Vers ai l l es . 365 . End of March beginning of Apri l . Exodus of the party of order . . . 366 . Dufaure ' s circular (Conci liation) 23 Apri l 1 8 7 1 . 367 . Assemb ly . 2 7 Apri l : "There i s nothing confronting the Repub l i c but a con spiracy , it is the one whi ch i s at Paris , and whi ch ob li ges us to shed French blood . "
I
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90 de Ie repete it satiete . . . Que ces armes impies tombent des mains 3 68 qui les tiennen t, et Ie chAtiment s'arretera sur Ie champ ; devient un acte de paix, excepte it l'egard des criminels qui, heureusement, ne sont pas tres nombreux. (Mouvements sur divers bancs it droite)) . Thiers : «Mes sieurs, dites-le-moi, je vous en supplie , est-ce que j 'ai tort? Est-ce que vous avez regret que j 'aie pu dire que les criminels sont peu nombreux? .. N 'est-il pas hureux , heureux dans ce malheur, que ceux qui ont pu verser Ie sang de Clement Thomas et du general Lecomte soient des ra-, retes?� Assemblee du 18 mai Francfort traite, 10 .Mai, 1871. Angenommen 3 69 in der Versammlung vom 18. Mai, voiants .' 588 : pour 490, oontre 98. 22 .blai de vous disais, il y a quelques jours, nous marehons vers 370 Ie but, Aujourd 'hui, je viens vous dire Ie but 'est atteinb>. (21 Mai entry o f General Douay par la porte de St. Cloud. ) 1 6 .blai Thiers ' s maison detruite . 371 Seance du 11 .J{ai 372 21 .Jla rch «Come what may I will not send an armed force to Paris», while Jules Favre menaced «the coupable emeute de Paris a jamais 3 7 3 maudite» with the fire and sword of Bismarck . 27 Ma1'ch «I found the Republic an accomplished fact», goes on with his peace etc . , aber beschliesst to go on the same day after having'receiv-. 3 74 ed news o f the defeat of the Commune at Lyons. .
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[ 238]
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Mysteres du couvent de Picpus. (Mot d 'Ordre. 5 Jlay).
Cou ven t de Picpus, faubourg St. A ntoine.
375 Perquisitions there have ' 3 7 6
led to the discovery o f an atrocio us crime . In a cell of some square feet there were found three nuns there shut up for 9 years. In coniequence of this long sequestration they have become idiots. The oldest, 73 years, installed at the casern of Rueilly under the protection of the National . 3 7 7 guard ; the 2 others, one about 40 and the other about 30 years taken care . of in Ll.le private houl:!es of citizens. Des fouilles operees dans Ie couvent 3 7 8 have led to the discovery o f different skeletons and bones of children buried in the soil .
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368 . " I repe at i t t o s at i e ty . . . Let the s e impi ous arms fal l from the h an.ds whi ch D I d them and the punishment w i l l s top at once ; b ecom es an act of peac e , exce pt ith rega�d to the crim inal s who , fortunat e ly , are not very nume rous . (Sti rrin gs , you ore l imp I , me l l e t , n leme t "Gen : rs Thie . . " . ) ght Ri the on es ench b ous vari n s are far from nume r m I wron g? Do you re gret that I cou l d s ay that the crim inal us ? . . . I s i t not fortunat e , fort una te amids t this mis fortune , that thos e who oul d shed the b l ood of C l ement Thomas and Gene ral Lecomte are rari t i e s ? " . 369 . Assemb ly of 1 8 May Fran kfor t t re aty , 1 0 May 1 87 1 . Adop ted in the As s emb ly f 1 8 May , voting : 5 88 ; in favo r 490 ; against 9 8 . 370 . 22 May " I told you a few days ago , we are marching towa rd the goal . Today , come here to t e l l you the goal has b e en re ache d . " ( 2 1 May entry o f Gene ral ouay vi a the gate of St . C loud . 3 7 1 . 1 6 May Thiers ' s hous e des troyed . 372 . Session of 1 1 May 373 . " the criminal outb reak in P aris , foreve r accurs ed" . . . 374 . . his pe ace e tc . , but decides to go on . . . 375 . Mysteries of the Picpus convent . (Mot d 'OrdT'e . 5 May l . 376 . Picpus convent 377 . casern (Fr . caserne ) : b arracks . 378 . Exc avations made in the convent . . . .
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379 . 380 . 381 . monast t reatl C apuchl 382 . _ than :2 more t •
91 This mon astery (couvent) of Picpus an immense property. The olde st was i n a sma l l cage . . . Starved , whippe d , ·all because she wanted to leave the cloy ster and retum to her fa:mi�y-. Lo..v.e i\ffaire with Fatbet Raphae l. When she had got leave to go , sne was caught on· her departure , and shu t up . . . In two cage s, sma ller and muc h more low than those in which the leop ards o f the Jardin des Plan tes. In it un miserable grabat sur lequel les malheureuses ont passe 9 ans . In a small jardin situated plus au fond du jardin instruments of tortu'i't (as found in the caves of the Inquisition in Spain and at Rome ) A souterrain leading from the couvent des soeurs de Picpus avec un etablissement de religieux situe tout en. face de l 'autre cote de la rue . Le traite s.ur les & vortements que I 'on a trouve chez la superieure est du per� Bousquet, capucin. Dans les souter'rains de l 'Eglise de St. Laurent un espace de plus de 20 metres cubes remplis d 'ossements humains . · Plus loin , quelques squelettes, remontant a une date plus recente . . . •
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3 79 3 80
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381
3 82
379 . In it a mis e rab l e pal l et on whi ch the unfortunate women spent 9 years . 380 . In a sma l l garden s i tuated at the farther end of the garden . . . 381 . An underground pas s age l e ading from the convent o f the Pi cpus sis ters to a monastic ins tituti on s i tuated right across on the other s ide of the s treet . The treatis e on ab ortions found at the mother superi or ' s is by Father Bousquet , a C apuch i n . 382 . In the underground passages of the Churoh of St. Laurent a space of more thm 20 cubic met ers fi l l ed with human b ones . Further on , s ome ske l etons , of a more recent dat e .
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CHRONOLO G I CAL TABLE I .
Da tes in French H i story
1 8 04
May
1 80 5
1 789 - 1 87 1
menti oned by Ma rx and Engel s i n thei r wri ti ngs on the Pari s Commune
1 806
(This tab le is intended only as a practi ool aid to the readi ng of Ma� and Engels� and not as a systematic ch�noz.ogy of French his tory . Included also are a few dates conaeming Prussia and the de velopment of the First Intel>national. )
Ju] Aug
1 806-07 1 806
Oei
1 807
JUI
1 807 - 11
THE G REAT FRENCH REVOLUT I ON
1 808- 14
May 5 June 1 7 June 20 July 14 Aug . 2 7 O ct . 5 - 6
Est at e s - General meets in Vers ai lles . Third Est at e forms its e l f into Nat iona l Ass emb ly . "Tennis Court Oath" in Jeu de P aume . Storming of the B as t i l le (Bas t i l l e D ay) . D e c l aration of the Ri ghts o f Man . Mass march on Vers ai l les ; l ib eral monarchical cons t i tution .
1 790
July 14
Reorgani z ation of government s tructure ; king accepts cons titution .
1791
June 2 0 - 2 5 F l i ght of the king t o Varennes ; he i s captured and returned . Sept . 30 Disso luti on of the Nat ional Ass emb ly . Oct . 1 Legis l at ive Ass emb ly e lected.
1792
Apri l Aug . 10 Sept . 20 Sept . 2 1 Sept . 2 2
War o f the F i rs t Europe an Coalition agains t France begins . Storming of the Tui l eries ; government fal l s . French mi l i t ary victory at Valmy : tunling-point in w ar . Nation al Conventi on meets ; France dec l ared a repub li c . Firs t day of the Firs t Repub l i c .
Jan . 2 1 Feb . 1 March Apr . 6 June 2 2 July 1 3
Execution o f Louis XVI . F rance at w ar with Britain , Ho l l and , Spain . Royalist peas ant revo lt in the Vendee . C ommittee o f Pub li c S afety estab l ished . Cons t i tution of 1 7 9 3 s ent for rat i ficat i on . Ass as s ination of Marat .
1 7 89
1793
1793-94 1 794
July 2 7
1 794-95 1795
Mar . 5
Aug . 2 2
1796 - 9 8
1 8 12 1 81 3- 141 1 8 1 4 f\
1 814
1815 .
1 824-;
" Reign of Terror" ; "Cult of Reas on" ; levee en mass e ; est ab lishment of " Revo luti on ary C alendar" ; suppress ion of Enrage s.
1 830
Fal l o f Robespierre (on 9 Thermidor) . Power of P aris Commune and J acobin c lubs b roken by "Thermidoreans" ; s ome monarchists return . Peace with Prus s i a ; t re aty of Bas e l .
The Directory e s t ab l ishe d : power vested in Directory of five ; Bonaparte in command of t roops . Mi l i t ary campai gns by N apo leon .
1798
Dec . 24
War of the Second Europe an Coalition agains t F rance begins .
1799
Nov . 9
Coup d ' e t at by N apo leon (on 1 8 Brumaire ) ; Dire ct ory overthrown ; N apoleon become s Firs t C onsul (the C onsul ate ) .
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l 814- 1 �
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THE NAPOL EON I C P E R I OD { 1 795-1 81 4 } 1795
1 809
•
1831 1834 1835, 1836 1 839 184C 1 84:
93 1804 May' 1 8
N apoleon pro c l aimed Emperor (First Empire
1805
War o f the Third Europe an Coalition against F rance . --O ct . 2 1 : Bat t l e o f Trafal gar . De c . 2 : Bat t l e of Austerl i t z .
1806 July 1 2 Aug . 6 1806-07
C onfederation of the Rhine estab l i shed . End of the Holy Roman Empire . F rance at w ar with Prus s i a and Rus s i a .
1806 Oct . 14
B at t l e of Jen a .
1807 July 7 - 9
T reat i e s of T i l s it � with Prus s i a and Rus s i a .
1807 - 1 1
Stein-Hardenburg l ib e ra l i z ing re fol'IIls in Prus s i a .
1808- 14
Peninsu l ar War : F rance vs . Brit ain (Britain aiding the Spanish and Portugues e ) .
1809
France at war with Aus t ri a . July 5 - 6 : Batt l e of Wagram . --Oct . 14 : Tre aty of Sch�nb runn ends war .
1812
French invas i on of Rus s i a . Sept . 15- 1 9 : Burning of Mos cow . - O ct . -Nov . : Napo l e on ' s retreat from Mos cow .
1813- 14
Ge rman "wars o f l ib e ration" agains t Napoleon .
1814 Apr . 1 1
Napo l eon ab dicates ; exi l e d t o E lb a .
ti l l 1 8 1 4 ) .
THE RESTO RAT I ON MONARCHY ( 1 81 4 - 1 830 ) 1814 May 3
Louis XV! ! ! enters P aris .
1814-15
Congress o f Vienna.
1815
N apol eon l ands in France . The Hundred Days : Mar . 20 to June 2 9 . -- Exi l e to St . He l ena . F irst parl i amentary e le ct i on under Res toration ; the new par l i a ment ( "ChcorlbT'e intT'ouvah l.e ") i s ult ra- royal ist � reactionary . Ho ly A l l i ance formed (Rus s i a , Prus s i a , Aust ri a) .
Mar . 1 Aug . 2 2 Sept . 26
1824- 30
. .
Rei gn of Charles X .
THE " JULY MONARCHY " OF LOU I S PH I L I PPE ( 1 830-48 ) 1830
1831
July 2 8 Aug . 7
Outbreak of the "July revolution . " Louis Phi l ippe , Duke of O r le ans , procl aimed king by par l i ament ary rump .
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Feb . 14- 1 5 Ant i - Legit imi s t riot in Paris . Nov . Workers ' insurrection in Lyons .
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1834 Apr . 1 3 - 1 4 Repress ion of revolts in Paris .
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1835
Sept .
,
"Septemb e r L aw s " for contro l of press .
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1836
Feb . -Sep .
First minis try of Thiel'S .
1839 May 1 2
B l anqui st put s ch in P aris suppres sed .
1840 Mar . -Oct .
Se cond ministry o f Thiel's .
1847-48
C ampaign of politi cal "b anquets " by par l i amentary oppos ition .
I ,
94 THE REVOLUTION OF 1 848 AN D THE S ECOND RE PUBL I C 1 848
1 849 1851
Feb . Feb . JWle Dec .
22 24 23-26 10
Apr . -June June 13 Dec . 2 Dec . 2 1
The "Feb ruary revolution" in Paris . Louis Phi lippe ab di cates ; repub l i c procl aime d . Workers ' insurrection in Pari s ; C avaignac dict atorship . L ouis Bonaparte e lected Pres ident of the repub l i c .
Oc! ,
F rench attack on the Roman Repub l i c . Abortive demons trat i on by Ledru-Ro l l in ' s Radi cals suppres s e d . C oup d ' etat b y Louis Bonaparte . P l eb i s cite held by Bonapart e .
Oc1
N01 No' N01 N01
THE SECON D EMP I RE ( 1 852- 1 870 ) 1852 1854
Nov . 2 Mar . 28
Empire procl aimed with Louis Bonaparte as Napo leon I I I . No:
France at war with Rus s i a (Crimean War) .
1859
France and Piedmont at war with Aus t ri a .
1861-67
French invas i on of Mexi co . Firs t International founded at St . Mart in ' s Hal l , London .
1864
Sept . 2 8
1865
Sept . 25 - 29 London C on ference of the International .
1 866
June 1 4 July 3 Sep . 3 - 8
War between Prus s i a and Aus t ri a . Bat t l e of Sadowa : Prus s i a victori ous over Aus tri a . First Congres s of the International , Geneva .
1 867
Sep . 2 - 8
Second C ongress o f the Internat i onal , Laus anne .
1868
Mar . -May Sep . 6 - 1 5
French government persecution of International in France , ar res ts , tri al s . Thi rd congress o f the Internati onal , Brus sels .
1 869
Sep . 6 - 1 2
Fourth Congress of the International , Bas el .
1 870
J an . 1 0
Repub l i can j ournali s t Vi ctor Noir shot by Prince Pi erre Bonaparte ; demonstrati ons . Government b e gins arrests of Int ernational l eaders (3rd attack) . Apr. 3 0 B onaparte holds p l ebis cite on " l iberali zed" Empire . May 8 June -July Trial of arrested Internati onalists . Beginning o f Franco- Prus s i an war : France decl ares war . July 1 9 Firs t Addres s of the General COWlci l of the Internat ional on July 23 the war . F i rs t P rus s i an victories in war . Aug . 4-6 Anti - government demons trat i ons in Paris . Aug . 6 Stat e of s iege impos ed on Paris . Aug . 7 Demons trat i ons ; Pal ikao mini stry repl aces O l livier. Aug . 8-9 B l anquist put s ch in La Vi l l et t e s e ct ion of Paris . Aug . 14 Aug . 14- 1 8 Gen . Bazaine ' s army encirc l ed by Prus s i ans in Met z ; siege of Met z . Batt l e of Sedan ; French forces captured, Emperor t aken (Sep . 2 ) , Sep . 1 - 2 he l d at Wi lhelmsh�he (Sep . 5 , 1 870 t o Mar . 19 , 1 8 7 1 ) . Mass demonst rati ons in P aris at news of Sedan . Third Repub l i c pro Sep . 4 c l aimed by parl i ament ary rump ; "Government of National De fense " (Favre , G amb ett a , T ro chu) . Government pos tpones e l e ct i ons . Sep . 8 Second Addres s o f the General C ounci l of the International on Sep . 9 the war : F avre leaves to negotiate with Bismarck . Sep . 1 5 Siege of P aris by Prus s i ans b e gins . Sep . 19
1871
Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja
PI Pi Pi pi F
M
N
95
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Sep t 2 2 Sep t 28 Oct . 5 Oct . 2 7 O ct . 30
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Oct . Nov . Nov . Nov . Nov .
31 1-2 3 4 5
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/ 1871 ,
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Nov . 9 + Jan . Jan . J an . Jan . J an . Jan . J an .
5 7 15-17 18 19 22 23
Jan . 2 8 Jan . 3 1 Feb . 6 Feb . 8 Feb . 1 3 Feb . 1 5 Feb . 1 7 Feb . 19 Feb . 24 Feb . 26
Mar . 1 - 3 Mar . 3
Mar . 8 , , ,
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Mar . 10 Mar . 1 1
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Nati onal Guard de lega tes and city lead ers demand e l e ction of an aut onomous C ommune of P aris . Bakunin ' s puts ch in Lyons ( " abo l i ti on of the s t ate" ) . Att empt at s e i zure of P aris C i ty Hal l by F l ourens ' s b at t al ion of National Guards . Gen . Baz aine surrenders Met z ("t reas on" ) . Thiers returns from t our of Europe an courts , agrees with Favre to �o f01' armi s t i ce . Attempt at revo lutionary puts ch in Paris . C ommune e s t ab l ished at Mars e i l l es for two days . P l eb is cite h e l d by Government o f National Defense . Demonst rati ons in Lyons . Paris e lection for mayors (of arrondi ss ements ) ; government st arts crackdown on popul ar le aders . C l ement Thomas named head of Nat i onal Guard . Army of the Loire has init i al succes s es against Prus s ians , then suffers reverses . Prus s i ans s t art b omb ardment of Paris . N ational Guard puts up posters demanding a C ommune . Gen . Bourb aki defe ated by Prus s i ans at HH·i court . King of Prus s i a , Wi lhe lm I , p ro c l aimed German Emperor at Vers ai l l es . P ari s i an forces b e aten in b attle of Buzenval . B l anqui s t - l e d puts ch s uppres sed in P aris . Government repres s ion intens i fies : l e ft -wing clubs b anned ; 1 7 newspapers suppres sed . F avre b egins negoti ations for capi tu l at i on of Paris . C apitu l ation of Paris ; armistice agreement . G ambetta decrees Bonapart ist officials ine l i gib le for e le ct ion ; Bismarck protests , Paris government capitu l ates to him. Gambetta res i gns from the government . E l e ctions to the National Ass emb ly . New National As s emb ly meets at Bordeaux with b i g reacti onary ma j ority (As s emb ly of the "Rural s " ) . Ass emb ly ab o l i shes 3 0 - s ous payment of National Guards . -- Paris Federal Committee of the International reorgani zes . Thi ers e l ected Chi e f of the Executive Power . Thiers forms his ministry . Central C ommittee of the N at ional Guard set up by 2000 de l egates of b attalicms . Prel iminary peace tre aty with Prus s i a s i gned by Thiers and F avre ; adopted by Nat i onal As s emb ly Feb . 2 8 . --National Guard t rans fers its cannon t o Montmart re and Bel l evi l l e to avoid sei zure by the Pruss i ans . Prus s ian troops occupy outskirts of P aris and cert ain forts (als o , for a couple of days , the Champs E lysees ) . National Guard as s emb ly of de l e gates , at V auxhal l , adopts s t atutes of the Repub l i can Federation of the National Guard and e l e cts an exe cutive committee . Thiers names Gen . d ' Aure l l e de Pal a dines to be commander of Nat i onal Guard . Thiers government t ries unsucces s ful ly to s ei ze cannon of Nat ional Guard in the Luxemb ourg . Nat ional Assemb ly adopts "Dufaure ' s Laws , " on b i l l payment s , hit ting the poo r . As s emb ly votes to trans fer s e at t o Vers ai l les . De ath s entences pronounced agains t B l anqui and F l ourens in vio l a tion of government promises of Oct . 3 l . --National Ass emb ly adj ourns .
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Mar . 1 3 Mar . 1 4 .Mar . 1 5 Mar . 16
Central Committee o f National Guard rat i fied by 2 1 5 b attalions out o f 270 . e lecte d . Paris-Journa l, pub l i shes article about a ( forged) l etter by Marx ; the fake letter itse l f pub lished on the 19th . Fourth ass emp 1y o f .Nationa1 Guard : list of Central Committee mem �erS i s definitive ly pro c l aimed. National Guard repulses government attempt to s ei ze its cannon in P l ace des Vosg�s . Valentin named P aris prefect of police by the government .
CHRONO
MARCH 18
19
20
G l o s s a ry accoucheur :
obstetrician ; medical attend
ant at birth .
arrondi s sement :
one of the 20 administra
tive divisi ons of Paris , each headed by its "mayor" (maire) . As s emb lee : Assembl y . avri l : April .
b at ai l lon : battalion . Bours e : stock exchange . canai l le : Col lectivel y :
rabbl e , riffraff; individuall y : scoundrel , bl ackguard . Chamb res Syndi cales : in this usage , t rade asso ciations (of empl o yers ) . Chass epot : breech-l oading rifle , the best then avail able in France . Chouannerie : pro-ro yalist movement of peasants in 1 793 . cocottes : l o ose women ; kept women ; cour tesans ; " higher prostitutes " (Marx) . ., cure : pr�est . Decemb ris eur : a supporter of Louis Bonaparte ' s coup d ' etat or regime . enceinte : city walls . f . , fcs . : francs (abbrev . ) fait accompli : accomplished fact . franc- fi l eur : absconder; one of the people who fled from Paris . .
Hotel de Vi l le : city hall . kepi : peaked mi litary cap . l evee en mas s e : mass arming
21 of the
peopl e .
mai : May (the month) . maire : mayor (see arrondiss ement) . mairie : town hal l ; boro ugh hall . mars : March (the month) . mit rai 1 le : grapesho t ; rain of bull ets . rnitrai l leus e : machine-gun . Mont - de-Piete : municipal pawnshop . oct roi : tax levied by a city on go ods bro ught in fo r sale . part ageux : divi der-up , " communist . " pre fet : prefect . rappe l : call to arms . rond-point : circular intersection of several roads . ruraux : " rura1s , " i . e . reactionary pro vincial l andl ords . s ou : small coin , "penny . " Ternes : Paris district north of the Etoile .
Trib oulet :
a victor Hugo character , the tragic-buffo on type .
22
25i
26 2� 28
2£
3:
APR:
1
21
97 CHRONOLOGI CAL TABLE I I . •
•
T h e 72 Days of th
• •
•
Pa r i s C o m m u n e
MARCH 1 8 to MAY 2 8 , 1 87 1 , wi th
an
E P I LOGUE
(A Z Z entries� unZess o the�ise speaified� refer to Paris and its Commune not to Versai Z Ze B � the PrusBians � e ta. Dates refer to events� not to the date of pub Ziaation in the Commune press or e Zsewhere ; in general,� the date of pub Ziaation in the Journal Officiel was the fo l,Zowing National, Guard. C . C . of day . Abbreviations : N . G . Jour N.G. CentraZ Commit tee of Nationa l, Guard. J . O . naZ Offiaie Z . ) =
=
=
MARCH 18
19
20
21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
(Saturday ) Government s ends armed force to Butte Montmartre to s e i ze cannon b e l onging to P aris N . G . ; troops fraterni z e w ith the peop l e ; mass action in the streets ; Gen . Lecomte and C lement Thomas ki l l e d ; C . C . of N . G . ins t al ls i ts e l f in C i ty Hal l . Firs t p roc l amat i on of C . C . sets Communal e l e ct i on for Mar . 2 2 ; rai s es state of s iege ; amnes ty for politi cal pri s oners . Group of mayors (of arrond i s s ement s ) and deput ies rej e ct authority of C . C . and cl aim contro l . - Thiers names Admiral Sais set t o rep l ace Gen . d ' Aure l l e de Pal adines as N . G . commander . National As s emb ly re convenes at Vers ai l les ; names commi ssion of 1 5 to aid (and w at ch ) Thiers in putting down P aris . First is sue of JournaZ Offiaie l, de l,a Repub Uque Franr;aise i s sued under auspices of C . C . (materi al in this issue is dat ed Mar . 1 9 ) . Statutes of Repub l i c an Federat i on of N . G . pub l ished in J . O . Communal e lec tion postponed to May 2 3 . Demons t rati on by pro-Vers ai l l es "F riends of Or der" dispersed by N . G . , P l ace de la Bours e . Vers ai l les government oc cu pies Fort Mont -Val erien (outs i de Paris , on road to Vers ai l les ) . Se cond and more aggress ive armed demonstration and march of " Friends of Ord er" b roken up at P l ace de Vendome . -- Commune estabHshed in Lyons . Commune estab lished in Mars ei l les . Conci l i ation move by Paris mayors rej e cted by Vers ai l les . Communes estab l ishe d in N arbonne , Toul ouse , Saint -Etienne . Paris mayors accept princip l e of imme di ate Communal e l ection . -- Commune in Lyons fal l s . Commune e l e ction he l d , without incident . --C ommune estab lished in C reusot . Commune in Toulous e fal l s . Commune of P aris offi c i al ly procl aime d , ins t a l l ed in C ity Hal l . --Commune in Saint - Etienne fal l s . De crees : abo l i t i on of cons cription ; formati on of 1 0 commi s s i ons (equivalent of ministries ) ; defe rral of rent payments ; s al e of pawne d goods suspend e d ; gamb l ing b anned . E lection Commis s i on validate s e l e ction of forei gners to C ommune . --De cree : C ommune members are administrators of the i r arrondi ss ements . Commune in N arb onne fal ls .
APR I L
1 2
Maximum s al ary for al l functionaries fixed at 6000 fr o per year . -- De l egate for Bib l iotheque Nationale is sues order on s afe guarding l ibrary . Firs t att ack by Vers ai l le s forces , on Courb evoie . De cree : s eparation of church and s t ate .
I
J
I I I ,
!
,
,
i
,
•
•
,
I
I
I
1
98 Three co lumns of N . G . march on Vers ai l les ; Bergeret ' s column dispers ed by fire from Fort Mont -Valerien ; F lourens ki l led ; Gen . Gal l i ffet mas s acres Federal prisoners . C l us e ret name d Delegate for War . 4 Federal forces retreat ; Duval c aptured and shot . Host ages arrested , inclu ding Archbi shop Darboy and Deguerry . COlldllun e at Mars ei l Ies defe ated by government troops , who take over on the 5th . Decree : pers ons in co l lus i on ' wi th Vers a1 1 1es to be held as hos t ages . 5 C ommune issues appeal to provinces . Vers ai l les names MacMahon as head of 6 d forces . C ommune burns gui l l ot ine in pub l i c ceremony . De cree : rank o f general abo li shed . Dombrowski named Paris s t aff headquart 7 (Ap r . 7 - 8) Dele gates of Chamb res Syndi cales (emp l oyer ers cOlldnander . as sociat i ons ) fai l in c onci l i at i on attempt at Vers ai l les . 8 Format ion of a Commis s i on on Barri cades i s announced . - F avre goes to Prus s i an he adquarters at Rouen to negotiate rel e as e of French prisoners of war in order t o s trengthen Vers ai l le s forces . Regul ati ons on demo crat i c organi z ations and dis cipl ine of N . G . is sued . 9 Firs t b omb ardment of Paris by Vers ai l lese . 1 0 De cree : pens i on for fami ly of s o l diers ki l le d in defense of C ommune . - Com mune Exe cutive Committee issues s t atement vindi cating choi ce of a foreign e r , the Pole Dombrowski , as P aris commande r , as " a s o l dier devoted to the Univers al Repub l ic . " C onci liation e ffort by represent atives of Freemas ons rebuffed by Vers ai l les . 1 1 Decree : e l e ct i on of dis cipl inary counci ls in N . G . -A meeting estab l ishes Union of Women for organ i z at i on of oi toyennes in defens e of Paris . 1 2 Decree : demo lition of Vendome C olumn as symb o l of mi l i t arism and " false gl o ry" ; suspens ion of pros e cuti on for non-payment of debts . -Pierre Leroux dies of a s t rike , in Paris . Paris Federal C ounci l of International expels T o l ain . Negoti at i ons with Vers ai l le s on e xchange of B l anqui for archb ish op and other hos tages . Federals under Domb rowski counteratt ack . 14 Decree : s afeguards against arb itrary arrest . Commune Execut ive s ets up com mi s s i on of inquiry on "the dict atorship of September 4 [ 1 870] " and capitu l ation of Paris . Federation of Art i s ts founded at meeting convened by C ourbet and Pottier under C ommune auspi ces . Report of Union Repub l i caine on fai lure of conci l i at ion attempt with Vers ai l l es pub l ished in J . O . (Ni ght o f Apr . 1 4 - 15) Heavy fi ghting for Fort Vanves ; Vers ai l les e repulsed. ' 1 5 J . O . beg ins regul ar pub l i cation of C ommune proceedings ( firs t report is on Apr . 1 3 sess i on) . -Order is sued forb i dding riders to gal l op hors es through the s treets , to prevent accidents . 16 Supp lementary e le ction he ld , t o fi l l vacant s e at s in Commune . Decree : cal l ing for p l an to operate ab andone d workshops by workers ' cooperatives ; head o f a N . G . l e gion (of arrondiss ement ) i s subordinate to C ommune member (for th at arrondi ss ement ) and the two post s c annot b e comb ine d . - Pro-Commune demons trations in Grenob le and Bordeaux . 1 7 Decree : 3 -year moratorium on debts and b i l l payments . Reorgani z at ion of School of Medecine p l anned . Federation of Artists meeting in Louvre e l e cts commission of 47 (painters inc lude Courbet , Corot , Daumie r , Manet , Mi l let ) . -Academy of Sciences ho l ds regul ar sess i on in P aris as i f nothing had hap pened . Vers ai l les forces be gin offensive . 1 8 Decree : agains t arb i trary arrest . Suppress ion of four pro-Vers ai l l es papers for advocating civ i l war agains t Commune . 19 Programmat i c mani festo , "De c l aration to the French Peop l e , " is sue d by Com mune . Results of Apr . 1 6 suppl ement ary e le cti on rat i fi e d . -Vers ai l les adopts "Dufaure L aw" for control of pres s . 20 C orps of "aeronauts " (b al looni s ts ) formed . Executive decrees abo l ition of night work by bakers . Executive reorganized to cons i st of he ads o f nine commis s ions . -Vers ai l les As s emb l y b itterly rej ects Brunet propos al for paci fic ation commiss ion . 3
21
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22 23
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25
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26
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31
27
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28
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11
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29
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1
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30
C ll I
1
MAY 1
Co:
2 3
Re De
4 5
DE C.
99
21 Commune refus es to act on F . Pyat ' s res i gnati on . 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29
30
1 2 3
4 5
6
Federals under Domb rowski gain in fight ing around C l i chy . - Announce that Bib l iotheque Nat i onale wi ll be reope ned Apr . 24 ; emp l oyees ' exemp tion from mi l i t ary s ervi ce continued . Speci al tribunal of pub li c s afet y is ins titut e d . Decre e : not aries , b ai l i ffs and other munic ipal offi cers t o recei ve a fixed sal ary and turn over al l fees to Commune . Decree : requi s i t i on of vacant lodgings for use by peop l e b omb e d out of their homes . Rigault res i gns as head of po l i ce commiss ion after C ommune dis cus sion of right of police to ho ld p ri soners in close custody not open to vis it by Commune memb e rs ; rep l aced by C ournet ; Ferre , fo l l owing Rigault , re s i gns from the commi s s i on . C ommiss i on on L ab or announces that , beginning Apr . 2 6 , a headquarters w i l l b e avai l ab le for t rade uni ons to carry on their work , espec i al ly the imp lementat i on of the Apr . 1 6 decree on use of ab and oned workshops . Ceas e - fire for s everal hours to a l l ow evacuation of civi lians from Neui l ly . --Four Federal s o l di ers c aptured at Bel le -Epine shot out of hand by Versai lles offi cer . Commis si on on external re l at i ons announces order on protection of pers ons and possess ions o f forei gners . Ri gault named Pub li c Prosecutor . - · Preemasons announce Vers ai l le s has rej e cte d conci l i ation , promis e support to Commune after a las t tes t (see Apr . 2 9 ) . Decree : demol ition of Brea church (memori al to government mas s acre of June 1848 mas s acre ) . Decree : forb i ds fines and deduct ions from w ages and s al aries . C ommune be gins thre e - day debate on propos al to set up C ommittee of Pub lic Safety . - Executive decree : confi rms and further defines abolition of ni ght work in b akeries . Commiss i on estab lished to organi ze system of s e cular e l em entary and voc at i onal s choo l s . Freemas ons (as announced Apr . 2 6 ) p l ant thei r b anners on ramparts to test Vers ai l l es 1 s des ire for pe ace . Fort I ssy evacuated by Federal s o l di ers without any att ack . E l ie Rec lus named new director of Bib l iotheque Na tional e . J . O . announces F ederation of Artists has estab lished a commis sion for theat e r and concert b ene fi t s . Cluseret re cal led as De le gate for War . arres t e d ; rep l aced by Ross e l . Fed eral troops reoccupy Fort I s sy . Pro-Commune demonst ration by the Al l i ance Repub l i caine des Departements . P l ace du Louvre . Muni cipal e le ctions he ld in the provinces by Vers ai l les government . show repub li can gains . Commune votes 4 5 - 2 3 to e s t ab lish C ommi ttee of Pub l i c Safety of five (begin ning of Maj ori ty-Minority s chism) . (Ni ght o f May 1 - 2 ) Vers ai l les troops capture C l amart s t at i on . Reorgani z at i on of the Seine river gunboat b att alion o f the N . G . Decree : confi rms ab o l i t i on of night work in b akeries and pres cribes penal t ies . Education C ommi s s i on appoint s adnii n istrator to return Mus eum of Na tural History to operat i on . -- (Ni ght of May 3 - 4 ) Vers ai l l es forces surprise garris on at redoubt of Moul in Saquet . mas s acre many in their s leep . - Clamart s tation reoccupied by N . G . Decree : ab o l ition of pol i t i cal and occupati onal oaths . C . C . of N . G . is put in charge of administrati on of mi l i t ary s ervi ces , intro ducing amb i guity in authority . - - Decree : demolition of the Chapel of Atone ment of Loui s XVI . Seven pro-Vers ai l l es p apers suppress e d . Commune mem ber B l anchet (alias of Stanis l as Pouri l l e) exposed as po l i ce agent . res i gns . arrested . Decree : free return of goods p awned at Mont - de - Piete . --Educat i on Commiss ion announces opening s oon of first vocat i on al s chool for youth . Manifesto of Union of Women for the defens e of P aris .
•
•
I
1 00
8
9
10
11 12 13 14 15 16
17
18
19 20
21 22
23
Decree : fixing pri ce o f b read ; l imiting powers of C . C . of N . G . in mi l i t ary adminis trati on . F ederal s ab andon Fort I s sy . (Vers ai l l e s e o ccupy it next day . ) Vers ai l l es governm ent i ss ues u l timatum to Paris ; b ans congres s of municip al de l e gates s chedu l ed for Bordeaux by L i gue P atrioti que des Vi l l es Repub l i caines . Commit tee of Pub l i c Safety memb e rship changed . Ros s e l res i gns as De l egate for War; C . C . of N . G . decides Ros s e l shoul d b e dictator . --J . O . pub l i shes report (part i a l ) of Federal COllonis s i on of Art i s ts on reorgani z ation of fine arts . Deles c luze named De l egate for War to succeed Ros s e l , who is to b e arrested and tried ; Ros s e l flees . Decree : s e i zure of Thiers ' s property in Paris and demo l ition of his hous e . Thi ers government s i gns final peace treaty with Germany at Frankfurt . Education Commiss ion (Vai l l ant) i s sues order ab o l ishing re l i gi ous symbols in s chools . Six periodi cals are s uppress e d . De cree : revi s i on o f al l contracts entered into by Commune ; civi l tribunal for summary dispens ation o f j us tice . Ves inier named editor of J . � . Ferre named to head po l i ce commiss i on inst e ad o f C ournet . --Vers ai l l es forces occupy Fort Vanves . Decree by Committee of Pub l i c S afety : every cit i z en wi l l be required to car ry a card o f ident i fi c ation . Commune Minority ( 2 2 memb ers ) is sue a pub li c mani fes t o attacking Maj ority for setting up a dictatorship in Committee for Pub l ic Safety , announce withdrawal from Commune s e s s ions ; mani festo pub l ished in press on 1 6 th . De cree by Committee o f Pub l i c Safety : civi l commi s s ars appointed for each of the three mi l i t ary commanders (Domb rowski , L a Ceci l i a , Wrob lewski ) . Ven dome Column is pul led down in pub l i c ceremony . - -Vers ai l l es As s emb ly re j e cts recognit ion of the repub l i c . Bitter deb at e at Commune over Minority manifes to ; part of Minority attends ; Federal Council of Internati onal c al l s meeting for 20th to dis cus s the s chism . --Ab o l ition o f dis t inction between l egi timate and i l l egitimate . wives in payment o f pens ions . C artridge factory of Avenue Rapp b l ows up . --Education C ommis s i on (Vai l l ant ) cal l s for organi z ation of vo cational . s choo l system. Commi ttee of Pub l i c Safety decrees suppression o f 10 papers ; no new papers to be pub l ished t i l l end of w ar . Decree cal l s for s e cu l ari z ation of al l s chools in 48 hours . -- C . C . of Union of Women convenes meeting of women workers to form trade-union organi z ations . --Vers ai l les Ass emb ly rati fies Treaty o f Frankfurt of May 10 . Decree : e s t ab l ishes accounting commi s s i on as check against corruption . -Ri gault ho lds fi rs t trial of Vers ai l les pris oners to decide whom to ho l d as hos t ages . Federal Counci l of International , in special sess ion , approves views of Min ority but ins is t s on unity in C ommune . Decree : theaters are under control o f Education Commi s s i on , not to b e monop o l i z ed by any theatri cal or other group . C lus eret is tried b e fore Commune and free d . (L as t regul ar meeting of Commune . ) --Vers ai l lese fo rces ent er Paris by St . C l oud gat e , on s i gnal from a trai t or , and occupy two se ctions o f the city . Be ginning of Za Semaine SangZante (B l oody Week ) . Barri cades ris e in workers ' di stricts . De l es clu z e is sues " fatal procl amation" encouraging dis regard of mi l it ary di s cip l ine . Vers ai l lese reach Champs E lysees , exterior b oulevards , come up agains t b articades in Bat i gno l l es . Prus s i ans al low Vers ai l l es troops their zone to outf l ank Montmart re . Vers ai l lese take Bat i gno l les and Montmartre ; be gin mass acre of unal1ued peop l e , in cluding women and chi ldren . Women ' s Batt alion retre ats from Pl ace B l anche .
24 e ,
E
25
Vel
26
Vel
D 1 � 1 c
1
27
1
La! 1
28
La
1871
MB MB J� Jt At Sc NI
1874 Jl 1876
MI
1 879 M 1 880
JI
1 01
24
25
26 27 28
Dombrowsk i fat al ly wounde d . Great fires be gin . Rigault has four host ages shot . City Hal l evacuated ; Federals move headquarters t o mairie of 1 1th arrondis se ment . Vers ai l 1es e occupy center of Pari s ; t ake Latin Quarter ; Rigault ki l led . Wrob l ewski hol ds firm at Butte - aux-Cai l les . Ferre s i gns order to execute s ix hos t ages ; Archb ishop D atb oy , Deguerry , and four others shot . Las t issue o f J . O . Vers ai l lese l eve l heavy attack on Butte - aux-C ai l l es , Chateau - d ' Eau ; o ccupy mos t o f Paris , except 1 9th and 20th arrondis s ements and p arts of 1 1th and 1 2th . Sununary mass acre in s treets by Vers ai l lese troops becomes general . De les c luze dies on the b arri cades . Commune members evacuate headquarters ; l as t C ommune meeting of any kind . Vers ai l lese t ake Bas t i l l e ; shoot deputy Mi 1 liare . Federal forces fal l b ack on Be l l evi l l e . Federal headquarte rs moved t o Rue Haxo (Cite Vincennes ) , taken over by C . C . of N . G . Ab out 5 0 hos t ages executed by Federal s o l diers with no official authori z at ion . Last mass s truggl e in Bel levi l l e ; Buttes Chaumont t aken by Versai l l es e ; bloodi es t mas s acre by Vers ai l lese troops at Pare Lach ais e cemetery , at the Wall (now MUr de s FedBres ) . Last res is t ance around dis t ri ct o f Rue du F aubourg- du- Temp le , Boulevard de Bel l evi l l e ; l ast b arric ade in Rue Ramponneau . Order rei gns in Paris over 30 ,000 corps es .
E P I LOGUE
1871 May 29
Fort of Vincennes capitu l ates . May 30 In London , Marx reads The Civi Z War in Franae t o General Counci l of the Int ernat i onal , whi ch adopts it unanimous ly . Mass execut ions o f thous ands by Vers ai l l es e continue into the June fi rs t days o f June . Sununary executions continue to middle of June . July "Restoration of order" continues with mas s arrests . Supplementary e lections show 100 , 000 fewer e lect ors in Paris than in February . Aug . 7 Government begins show-tri al o f captured Communard leaders . (Sentences rendered Sep . 2 . ) Sep . 1 7 - 2 3 London Conference of the International . Nov . 2 8 Ferre and others e xe cuted at Satory .
1874 June 6
Last o f the " l egal " executions of C ommunards . (But condemnations to prison , deport ation , etc . continues for years . )
1876 May 18
Chamb e r of Deputies ( after an e lection won by the Radi cal " left " ) rej e cts amnes ty 396 -50 .
1879 Mar . 3 1880 July 1 1
Partial amnesty l aw voted. Tot al amnes ty voted .
•
1 02
N a me
I n dex
Thi s Index appl ies onl y to Marx ' s Notebook , not to the Chronologies or Introduction. No more in All persons lis ted are French unless o thezwise speci fi ed . " {n . m . i . } " In some cases , where the info.lllla ti on is avai lable , the usual forma tion avai l able . fi rs t name used has been indicated by pu t ting all others in bracke ts . The short depu ty in the Versail les Na ti onal Jf.ss embl y in 1 871 . form " Vers . dep . ' 71 " =
=
Adam , [Antoine ] Edmond , 1 8 1 6 - 77 . Left - repub . politi cian and e ditor. 1 6 , 46 . Affre , Denis Augus te , 1 79 3 - 1 84 8 . Archb ishop of Paris , ki l le d during June 1 848 up ris ing . 7 0 Ame l ie : see Marie - Ame lie . Andrieu [el'l'on . Andrieux] , Jules Loui s , 1 82 0 - 84 . E le cted Commune member ; head of Pub l i c Servi ces & memb e r o f Exe cutive . 6 7 Ass i , Ado lphe Alphons e , 1 84 1 - 86 . Machinis t , o f I ta l i an origin ; strike l e ader , N . G . commandant ; e l e cted Commune memb e r . 2 8 Audi ffret- Pasquier , Edme Annand Gas ton , duc d ' , 1 8 2 3 - 1905 . Orleani s t po l i t i ci an ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 79 Aumal e , Henri Eugene Phi lippe Louis d ' Orleans , duc d ' , 1 82 2 - 9 7 . Fourth s on of Lou is Phi lippe ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 2 7 , 29 , 3 4 , 6 1 , 7 4 , 75 , 79 , 89 Aure l le de Pal adines , Louis Jean Baptiste d ' , 1 804 - 7 7 . General ; c lericalist ; named commander of Pari s N . G . Mar . 3 , ' 71 ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 8 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 16 , 65 , 74 . Banvi l le : see Bouvi l l e . Barai l : see B arral . Barral [el'l'on . Barai l ] , du (n . m. i . ) . General , commander of Vers ai l lese camp at Satory . 3 1 Barrot , Odi lon , 1 7 9 1 - 1 8 7 3 . Orleanist p o l i t i c i an , l ib eral monarchist ; pres . Counci l of State unde r Thiers 1 87 1 . 3 7 , 84 , 8 5 Baze , Jean D i di e r , 1 800 - 8 1 . Cons ervative repub . p o l i t i ci an ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 2 2 Berge ret , Jules , 1 830- 1905 . N . G . commandant ; staff offi cer who dispe rs ed P l ace Ven dome demonstration Mar . 2 2 , 1 87 1 ; e l e cted C ommune memb e r . 24 , 2 5 , 36 , 3 7 , 39 Bernard , Aristide Mart in , 1 8 08 - 8 3 . Anti - Bonaparti s t repub l i c an ; l e ftist Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 16 Bes l ay , Charl es , 1 7 95 - 1 87 8 . Proudhonist busines sman ; e l e cted Commune member ; D e le gate for Bank of France , which he protect e d . 5 6 , 79 Bismarck , Otto , FUrs t von , 1 8 1 5 - 9 8 . Pomerani an Junker ; chance l l or of Prus s i a and German Empire 1 8 6 2 - 9 0 . 2 3 , 25 , 2 7 , 34 , 6 2 , 8 1 , 88 , 9 0 Bisson (n . m . i . ) . Bonapartist general . 7 1 B l anc , Louis , 1 8 1 1 - 82 . Ear ly stat e - soci alisti c soci a l - democrat ; member Provis ion al Govt . of 1 848 ("Nat i onal Workshop s " ) ; l e ft i s t Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . l6 , 46 , 78 , 8 li Blanqui , Louis Auguste , 1 805 - 8 1 . Main le ader o f revo luti onary s ecret s ocieties , puts chis t Jacobin socialis t , from l 8 30s on . 10 , 80 Bomb a : see Ferdinand I I . Bonaparte , Louis Napoleon , 1 80 8- 73 . Nephew of N ap o l eon I ; l ater Napo leon I I I , 1 8 5 2 - 7 0 . 29 , 34 , 44 , 7 6 , 84 , 8 5 , 89 Bouis , C as imi r , 1 843 - 19 16 . B l anquist l awyer & j ournalis t ; C ommunard . 5 5 Bourb aki , Charles D enis Sauter , 1 81 6 -9 7 . General ; led Army o f the Eas t under Thiers in 1 870 . 7 1 Bousquet , pere (n . m. i . ) . 9 1 Bouvi l l e [el'l'on . Banvi l l e ] , Loui s Alexandre Henri , comte de , l 8l 4 - l 8 8 ? Bonapartist offi cial . 87 Brisson , Eugene Henri , 1 83 5 - 19 1 2 . Repub l i can pol i t i ci an ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 1 6 , 46 Bruat (n . m . i . ) . Versai l l es e general . 35 Brune t , Jean Baptiste , l 8 l4 - ? Repub l i can officer & p o l i t i ci an ; l eftist Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , l ater ri ghtwinge r . 16 , 64 , 7 7 Buffet , Louis Jos eph , 1 8 1 8 - 9 8 . Bonaparti s t p o l i t i ci an ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 2 2 Canrob e rt , F ran�ois Cert ain , 1809-95 . Bonaparti s t general . 2 1 , 63 , 7 1 , 77 , 8 1 , 88 ,
C Carlos Carrel Cass •
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Carayon- Lat our , Joseph de , l 8 24 - ? Legitimis t , clericalis t ; Vers o dep . ' 7l . 75 Carlos , Don , 1 54 5 -68 . Son o f Phi lip I I o f Spain . 8 5 Carre l , Armand , 1 800- 36 . Liberal editor and politi cian . 5 2 Cassagnac , Bernard Adolphe Granier de , 1 806- 80 . Re acti onary Bonapartist j ournalis t . 8 1 Caste l l ane , de (n . m. i . ) . Royalist ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 2 2 Cathelineau , Henri de , 1 8 1 3 - 9 1 . Royalist genera l . 26 , 39 , 5 0 Cavaignac , Louis Eugene , 1802- 5 7 . Repub l i can po litici an & general , s uppressed June 1 848 upris ing. 70 , 8 5 , 86 �angarnie r , Nico l as Aime Theodule , 1 7 93 - 1 8 7 7 . Royal ist general & politician ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 7 1 , 84 , 8 5 Chanzy , Ant oine Eugene A l fred , 1 8 2 3 - 83 . Conservative repub . general ; l e ft- cent er Vers o dep . ' 7 1 ; captured by C ommune but re leas e d . 10 , 16 , 2 7f, 28 , 29 , 8 8 . Charette de l a Contrie , Athanas e , b aron de , 1 83 2 - 19 1 1 . Legit imist Breton l and owner , general o f Ponti fi c al Z ouaves . 23 , 25 , 30 , 3 2 , 36 , 39 , 40 Chevreau , Julien Theophile Henri , 1 82 3 - 1903 . Bonapartist o ffi ci al ; in Pal ikao cabinet 1 8 70 . 8 1 Cissey , Ernes t Loui s Octave Courtot de , 1 8 1 0 - 82 . General & po litici an ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 7 1 Clinchamp : see C linchant . Clinchant [ e rron . C linchamp ] , Charles , 1 8 20 - 8 1 . General . 63 Cluseret , Gust ave [Paul ] , 1 82 3 - 1900 . Mi litary & politi cal adventurer ; e lected Commune member , Delegat e for War Apr . 3 - 30 (ous ted) ; l ater Bakuninist and anti-Semit i c reactionary . 40 , 6 7 , 69 , 72 Coetlogon , Louis Charle s Emmanue l , comte de , 1 8 1 4 - 86 . Bonapartist officer and functionary . 24 Combault , Amedee Benj amin Alexandre , 1 83 7 - d . after 1 884 . A founder of Int ' l in France ; adminis trator during Commune . (But it is uncertain whether this is the Comb ault in the reference . ) 44 Conde , Louis J os eph de Bourb on , prince de , 1736- 1 8 1 8 . Aristocrati c emi gre , raised army agains t F rench Revo lution . 2 3 Conneau , Henri , 1803- 77 . Do ctor, intimate o f Loui s Bonaparte . 77 Conti , Charles Etienne , 1 81 2- 72 . Bonapartist l awyer & offi cial ; Vers o dep . , 71 . 8 1 Corbon , C l aude Anthime , 1 808- 9 1 . Artisan who made career as anti - radi cal j ourn alist ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 1 2 Courbet , Gust ave , 1 8 1 9 - 77 . F amous p aint e r ; s oci al istic repub l i can ; elected Com mune member , organi zed Federation of Art is ts . 69 Cournet , Frederic Etienne , 1 839 - 85 . Radi cal j ournal ist ; e l e cted Commune member , head of Pol i ce C ommi s s i on . 78 Cremieux , I s aac Moi s e , known as AdO lphe , 1 796- 1 8 80 . Lawyer and politici an ; minister of Jus t i ce in gov ' t aft er Sep . 4 , 1 870 . 29 , 89 Dalouvert (n. m . i . ) . Bonapart ist po l i ce o ffi cer . 54 Danton , Georges J acques , 1 759 -94 . Le ader in French Revo lution . 54 Darboy , Georges , 1 8 1 3 - 7 1 . Archbi shop o f P aris , arrested by Commune as hos tage and executed May 24 . 40 , 49 David, Jerome Frederic Paul , b aron , 1 82 3 - 82 . Bonap artist offi cer and politician ; minister in Pal ikao cab inet Aug . 1 870 . 81 Davoust (n. m . i . ) . Vers ai l les e colone l . 60 Deguerry , Gaspard , 1 79 7- 1 87 1 . Cure o f the Church of the Made leine ; arrested by the Commune as hostage , exe cuted May 24 . 40 , 49 Deles cluz e , Charles , 1 899 - 7 1 . J acobin repub l ican , radi cal j ournalis t ; elected Commune member; De legate for War May 1 1 to end . 69 N . G . o ffi cer during June 1 848 upri s ing . 70 De lpech , C . (n. m. i . ) Desmarets (n . m . i . ) . Vers ai l lese captain of gendarmes who ki l l ed F l ourens . 41f, 8 1 Devienne , Adrien Marie , 1802-84 . Bonapartist functi onary . 77 •
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Domb rowski , J aros l aw , 1 83 6 - 7 1 . Polish offi cer ; after 1 863 insurrection agains t Rus s i a , member of Int ' l in P aris ; general of Commune t roops , k i l led on b arri cades May 2 3 . 4 3 , 44 , 63 Domb rowski , Ladis l as vr Theophi le , 1 84 1 -90 . Brother of J aros l aw ; also offi cer in N . G . under Commune . 4 3 Dori an , Pierre F rederi c , 1 8 1 4 - 7 3 . P o l i t i c i an ; deputy under Bonaparte ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , at first conci l i ationis t . 46 Dosne , F e l i cie , 1 8 2 3 - 1906 . Sister- in- l aw of Thiers . 5 2 Douay , F e l i x Charles , 1 8 1 6 - 79 . General under Bonaparte ; he lped suppress Commune . 90 Dubois , Lucien (n . m. i . ) . 49 Ducrot , August e Ale xandre , 1 81 7 - 82 . Orleanist general ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 ; organi zed Vers ai l le s e forces . 6 3 , 6 7 , 7 1 , 8 1 Dufaure , [Jules ] Armand [Stanis l as ] , l 7 9 8 - l 88 l . Orleanist l awyer & pO litician ; deputy and minis ter under Loui s Phi l ippe , Bonaparte & Thiers ; Vers o dep . and minis ter of j us tice 1 8 7 1 . 9 , 1 5 , 1 9 , 20 , 30 , 3 1 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 36 , 42-44 , 7 7- 79 , 8 1 , 82 , 8 5 , 86 , 8 9 Dupont , A . [Anthime o r Aminthe ? ] , 1 8 4 1 - d . after 1 8 79 . E le ct e d Commune member , member of P o l i ce Commi s s i on . 5 6 , 6 2 Dupont , Eugene , ca . 1 83 7 (or l 83 l ? ) - 1 8 8 l . One o f the French founders o f Int ' l ; res ident in Engl and 1 8 6 2 on ; General Counci l 1 86 4- 7 2 ; corr . s e cy . for France 1965 - 7 1 . 5 6 , 62 Durnof (n . m . i . ) . C apt ain of C ommune bal l oonis t corps . 66 Duval , Emi l e Vi ctor , 1 840- 7 1 . Strike - leade r ; B l anqui st ; j oined Int ' l 1 86 7 ; mem ber of C . C . o f N . G . ; e l ected Commune memb e r ; a commander in Apr . 3 march on Versai l les . 3 8 , 39 , 4 1 , 44 , 5 7 , 7 1 , 7 9 Espartero , Bal domero , 1 7 9 2 - 1 879 . Spanish general ; regent 1 84 1 -43 ; fled from up ri s ing ; premier 1 854- 5 6 . 5 8 Espinas s e , Ch arles Mari e Esprit , 1 81 5 -5 9 . Bonapartist general ; k i l led in b at t l e of Magent a . 10 , 6 2 Fab ri ce , Georg Friedri ch A l fred von , 1 8 1 8-9 1 . German general , commanded occupa tion t roops in P aris re gi on F eb . -June 1 87 1 . 7 1 Faidherbe , Loui s Leon C e s ar , 1 8 1 8 - 89 . General in F r . - Pruss . War ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , res igned to prot est T reaty o f F rankfurt . 1 4 F ai l ly , Pierre Loui s Charles de , 1 8 1 0 - 9 2 . General under Bonaparte . 7 7 Farcy , Eugene , 1830- 1 9 1 0 . Navy offi ce r ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , at fi rs t conci l i ation ist . 1 6 , 46 F avre , [Gab ri e l C l aude ] Jules , 1 8 09 - 80 . Repub li can l awye r and po liti cian ; as min is ter of foreign affairs , p l ayed l e ading ro l e in gov ' t of Sept . 4 , 1870 and in suppress ing Commune . 1 5 , 20 , 2 3 - 2 5 , 2 7 , 29 34 , 36 , 3 7 , 4 5 , 47 , 48 , 54 , 55 , 59 , 7 3 , 74 , 84 , 88-90 Favre , Mme . (n . m . i . ) . Wife o f Jules F avre . 47 , 5 2 Ferdinand I I , 1 8 1 0 - 5 9 . King of the Two S i ci l ies (of Neapo litan Bourbons ) ; dubbed "King Bomba" after b omb arding Pal ermo and Mes s ina in 1 84 8 revo lut ion . 60 Ferry , Ju les [ F ran90is C ami l l e ] , 1 8 3 2 - 9 3 . Republi can lawyer and po l i t i c i an ; secy . of gov ' t of Sept . 4 , 1 870 ; mayor of Pari s 1 8 70 - 7 1 b e fore and after Commune . 1 5 , 16 , 3 2 , 33 F l oquet , Charl es Thomas , 1 8 28-96 . Ant i - Bonpartist l awyer and po l i t i cian , found ed Union Repub l i caine ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , res i gned Apri l as conci l i ationis t . 16 , 3 1 , 3 8 F lourens , Gus tave [ P aul ] , 1 83 8- 7 1 . Scient i s t , dismiss ed for radi cal views ; ard ent revo lut i onist , led Be l l evi l le N . G . b attalion 1 870 ; e l ected Commune member; a commande r in Apr . 3 march on Ve rs ai l les . 10 , 1 7 , 3 6 - 39 , 4 1 , 5 2 , 81 Fran90is (n . m. i . ) . Member of 2 l 5 th N . G . b attal ion , ki l l ed in Mar . 22 demonstra tion . 2 5 Frank e l [also F rancke l , F ranke l ] , Leo , 1844-9 6 . Hungari an ; active as socialist in Germany , then France ; memb e r of Int ' l in Paris ; e l e cted C ommune member , he ad
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105 of Lab or and Exchange Commi s s i on ; l ater s upporter of Marx in London and found er of Hungarian s ocialist party . 35 , 38 , 67 Fresneau , Armand F e l ix , 1823- 1900 . Legitim ist po litici an , clerica list ; Vers o dep . . ' 71 . 3 1 Gal liffet , Gas ton Al exandre Auguste , marquis de , 1830- 1909 . Bonapart ist general ; led Vers ai l lese c avalry in mass acre of Commune . 36 , 39 , 42 , 4 3 , 5 7 , 8 1 Gambetta, L�on , 1 8 3 8 - 8 2 . Repub l i can l awyer and politici an ; res i gned from gov ' t Feb . 6 , 1871 in b reak with Thiers ; in Spain during Commune . 70 Garibaldi , Gius eppe , 1807- 8 2 . I t a l i an revolutionary democrat ; leader o f national liberat ion armed forces in I t aly ; e le cted deputy t o Vers o as s emb ly 1 87 1 but res igned at first s e s s i on . 65 , 73 , 74 G� londe , Charles Pierre , 1 8 1 2 - 86 . L aw professor ; Bonapartist ; Vers o dep . ' 7 l . 20 Glyn , George Grenfe l l , 1824- 8 7 . Engl ish financier and L iberal P arty leader . 55 Greppo , [Jean] Loui s , 1 8 10- 8 8 . Lyons s i l k weaver and s o ci alist ; a Paris mayor 1870 - 71 ; Vers o dep . ' 71 , conci l i ationist . 16 , 78 Grevy , Fran90is Paul Jules , 1 80 7 -9 1 . Repub l ic an l awyer and politician ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 22 Grousset , P as chal [Jean F ran90i s ] , 1 844- 1909 . Jacobin l e ftist , radical j ournal ist ; elected Commune memb e r , head of External Rel ations Commission . 45 , 67 , 80 , 82 , 83 Guiod , Adolphe [not Alphons e ] Simon , l805 - ? Art i l lery general . 83 Guizot , Fran90is Pierre Gui l l aume , 1 7 8 7 - 1 8 74 . Orleanis t historian , government leader under Louis Phi l ippe 1840-48 . 75 Heeckeren , Georges Charles d ' Anthe s , b aron de , 1 8 1 2-95 . Aris tocratic adventurer , Bonapartist . 24 Henry , Lucien Fe lix , 1 8 50 - d . after 1 879 . Artist ; N . G . activist in1 8 70 , cal led "General " ; captured by Vers ai l lese Apr . 3 , 1 87 1 . (Sometimes confus ed with the Communard Fortune Henry . ) 3 8 , 4 2 , 43 Hessel : see Het ze l . Hetzel (n . m. i . ) . See footnote 337 , page 83 . Hugo , Vi ctor , 180 2- 8 5 . Poet and nove l i st ; anti - Bonaparte ; e lected Vers o dep . ' 7 l , soon res igned as protes t , went t o Be l gium . 6 5 Jacquemet (n . m. i . ) . Abbe , vicar- general to Archbishop Affre 1848 . 70 Joinvi l l e , F ran90i s d ' Orleans , prince de , 1 8 1 8 - 190 0 . Third s on o f Louis Phi l ippe ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 79 Jourde , Fran90is � 1 843-93 . Member o f C . C . of N . G . ; e l ected Commune memb er. 6 7 Ladmirau1t , Louis Rene P au l de , 1808-9 8 . General under Bonaparte ; active in mas sacre of Commune . 73 , 8 1 Lafargue , Paul , 1 84 2 - 19 1 1 . Member of Int ' l ; married Marx ' s daughter Laura ; during Commune , active in Bordeaux . 76 Laffitte , J acques , 1 76 7 - 1 844 . Banker and politi cian ; Or1eani s t gov ' t l e ader 1830- 3 1 , then ousted by Louis Phi l ippe . 5 2 Lafont (n . m . i . ) . 45 Lambert : see Roche - L ambert . Langlois , Amedee Jerome , 1 8 1 9 - ? Navy offi cer ; Proudhonist ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , enemy of Commune . 16 , 26 , 46 Langouri an (n . m . i . ) . General . 29 , 88 Lasteyrie du S ai 1 1 ant , Ferdinand Charl es L eon , comte de , 1810- 79 . Royalist po li ti cian ; Vers . dep . ' 7 1 . 20
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1 06 Lecomte , C l aude Martin , 1 8 1 7 - 7 1 . General ; in charge o f attempt to steal N . G . can non Mar . 1 8 , 1 8 7 1 ; ki l le d . 1 2 , 1 4 - 1 6 , 1 9 , 20 , 90 Le Flo , Ado lphe [ Emmanue l Charles ] , 1804-87 . General and politician ; deputy 1848 ; mini ster o f w ar under F avre and Thiers 1 870- 7 1 ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 1 5 , 7 1 Lehi deux (n . m . i . ) . 45 Lemaitre , Frederick [pseudo of A . L . P . Lemaitre ] , 1 800 - 76 . Famous actor , author o f Robert Maoaire . 45 Lemprie re (n . m. i . ) . 86 Litt re , [Maximi l i en P au l ] Emi l e , 1 80 1 - 81 . Lexi cographer ; Comt i s t ; cons ervative repub l i can ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 65 Lockroy , Eti enne Augus te Edouard , known as Simon , 1 840- 1 9 1 3 . Repub lican ant i - Bo napartist ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , res i gned as protest Apr . 3 , arrested . 1 6 , 38 , 56 , 79 Lorgeri 1 , Hippolyte Loui s , vi comte de , 1 8 1 1 - 8 8 . Reacti onary Legitimi s t ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 2 2 Louis Phi l ippe , 1 773- 1 850 . Duke o f Orleans ; king o f France 1 830-48 . 47 , 85 , 86 MacMahon [Fr. Mac-Mahon] , Patrice , comte de , duc de Magent a , 1 808-9 3 . Marshal of F rance ; react ionary Bonaparti s t ; commander-in - chie f of Vers ai l l es e forces agains t Commune . 26 , 36 , 60 , 6 2-64 , 6'8 , 70 ' Magne , Al fred (n . m. i . ) . Son o f Pierre Magne . 76 Magne , Pi erre , 1806-79 . F inancier and po l i t i ci an ; Orleanis t , then Bonapartis t ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 76 Mal j ournal , Loui s Charles , 1 84 1 - 9 4 . Member o f CC . o f N . G . Wounded accidentally in cours e of Mar . 2 2 , 1 87 1 demons trat i on . 2 4 Marie-Am� lie de Bourbon , 1 7 8 2 - 1 866 . Married Louis Phi lippe 1 809 ; queen of France 1 830-48 . 75 Marras t , Aliuand , 180 1 - 5 2 . Journal i s t and politician ; memb er Prov o Gov ' t 1 848 , supported s uppression of June upris ing . 85 Maud ' hui (n . m . i . ) . Bonaparti s t general . 8 1 Mi l 1 i ere , Jean Bapt is t e , 1 8 1 7 - 7 1 . Journalis t , repub l i can democrat and left Proud honi s t ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , supported C ommune , shot by Vers ai 1 les e . 16 , 40 Mirabeau , Honore Gab ri e l Riquetti , comte de , 1 749 - 9 1 . Const i tutional-monarchis t leader and orator o f F rench Revolution . 77 Mol inet , vi comte de (n. m . i . ) . 2 5 Mol tke , He lmuth Karl Bernhard , graf von , 1 800-9 1 . German fie l d-marshal , chief of Prus s i an general st aff 1 87 1 . 23 Mont alembert , Charles Forb es , comte de , 1 8 1 0 - 70 . Po litician , cl eri cal ist defend er o f papal power . 8 5 Morny , Charles , comte , Zater duc de , 1 8 1 1 - 65 . Hal f-brother and government leader for Loui s Bonap arte . 6 2 Napo l eon I I I : see Bonapart e , Louis Napoleon . Neumayer (n . m . i . ) , 1789- 1866 . Royal i s t general . 84 Noe l (n . m. i . ) . 8 3 Pal adines : see Aurel l e de Pa1 adines . Palik ao , Charles Cous in-Mont aub an , comte de , 1 796- 1 87 8 . General and po l itici an ; formed c abinet Aug . 1870 ; Bonap art is t ; fled t o Bel gium Sept . 4 . 77 , 81 Pape , von (n. m . i . ) . German general commanding the o ccupation of fort s north and east o f P aris . 6 2 -64 , 68 Pene , Henri de , 1 8 30 - 88 . Legitimis t p o l i t i c i an , writer and j ournal i s t . 24 Perier , C as imir Pierre , 1 77 7 - 1832 . Banker and po l i t i ci an , supporter of Loui s Phi l ippe monarchy . 7 Peyrat , Alphonse , 1 8 1 2-9 1 . Journalis t and p o l i t i ci an , ant i - Bonapart e ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , con ci l i ationist at firs t . 1 6 , 20 , 46 , 8 8 Phi l ippe -Egalite [name assumed by Loui s Phi l ippe J oseph , duc d ' Orleans ] , 1 74 71 79 3 . F ather of Louis Phi l ippe ; supported French Revolut ion , gui l l otine d . 5 1 , 75 Pi c , Ju les (n . m. i . ) . Bonap art ist j ournal is t . 24 Pi card , [Eugene] Arthur , l 8 2 5 - ? Brother of Ernes t Picard . 37
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Picard , [Louis Jos eph ] Erne s t , 1 8 2 1 - 77 . Lawyer , moderate repub l i can po l i t i ci an ; minister of finance in Sept . 4 , 1 8 70 gov ' t ; minis te r o f inte rior under Thiel's 1871 ; Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 . 7 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 18 , 20 , 30 , 3 1 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 42 , 48 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 69 , 7 1 , 88 Pietri , Jos eph Marie , 1 820 - 1 90 2 . Bonapart i s t pol i ce offi ci al ; po l i ce prefect of Paris 1 866- 70 . 32 , 42 , 6 2 Polo (n. m . i . ) . 6 1 Pothuau , Louis Pierre Alexi s , 1 8 1 5 - 82 . Admi ral and pol i t i ci an ; Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 ; navy & co loni al minister in Thiel'S gov ' t , organi zed b omb ardment of Paris . 15 , 36 Pouyer-Quertie r , August e Thomas , 1 8 20-9 1 . I ndustrialist & Bonap art i s t pol i t i ci an ; Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 ; finance mini ster unde r Thiel'S . 5 2 , 76 Protot , Eugene , 1839 - 1 9 2 1 . L awyer & j ournal i s t ; Bl anquis t ; e lected Commune mem ber ; head of Jus t ice Commi s s i on . 44 , 67 Pyat , Felix , 1 8 1 0 - 89 . Writer and j oul"nal i s t ; profes s i onal demagogue in radi cal ci rcl es ; Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 ; e l ected C ommune memb er , fled when Versai 1 1es e en tered Paris . 50 , 77 , 78 Quinet , Edgar , 1803 - 7 5 . Phi losopher and his tori an ; Vel's . dep . ' 71 , conci l i ation is t at firs t . 46 Ramp on , Joachim Achi l le , comte de , 1806-83 . Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 , supported Thiel'S . 81 Rampont , Germain F ran90is Seb as t ien , l 809 - ? Vel's . dep . ' 71 , supported Thiel'S . 30 , 32 Raphael , Father (n . m . i . ) . 9 1 Rigault , Raoul , 1846- 7 1 . B l anqui s t , s tudent revolutionary ; elected Commune mem ber ; head of Pol i ce Commi s s ion , then Pub l i c P rosecutor . 6 7 , 7 8 , 79 Roche-Lambert (n. m . i . ) . 76 Roche fort , [Victor ] Henri , 1 830 - 19 1 3 . Born Henri , marqui s de Rochefort -Lu<;ay ; politici an and j ournal i s t , ant i - Bonaparte , l e ft repub l i can ; edited Le Mot d 'Drdre under the Commune . 35 , 50 Rouber , Eugene , 1 8 14 - 8 4 . Bonaparti s t gov ' t l eader , fled t o Eng l and on fal l of Empi re . 81 Saisset , Jean Marie Jos eph Theodore , 1 8 1 0 - 79 . Admiral and royal i s t pol i t i ci an ; Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 ; named commander of N . G . by Thiel'S in 1 8 7 1 . 1 7 , 20 , 2 3 , 2629 , 34 , 35 , 72 Sarcey , Francisque , 1 8 2 7 -99 . Journal is t , dramati c cri ti c ; l auded mas s acre of Conunune . 42 Schlotheim , von (n . m . i . ) . German general , commanding 3rd army corps . 25 , 34 Schoe l cher , Vi ctor , 1 804- 9 3 . L e ft repub l i can po l i t i c i an ; Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 , con ci liationist . 1 4 , 16 , 26 , 8 3 S6railler : erron. for Serrai l l ier . Serrai l l ier , August e , l 840- ? French worker , moved to London , memb er of General Counci l of Int ' l 1869 - 7 2 , corr . s e c ' y for France 18 7 1 -72 ; went t o P aris as rep . of G . C . , e l ected Commune member ; support e r of Marx . 62 Sheridan , Phi l ip Henry , 1 8 3 1 - 88 . U . S . (Union) general . 27 Simon , Jules , 1 8 14-96 . Born Jules Fran90is Simon Sui ss e . Repub l i c an po litici an ; education minis ter in Sept . 4 , 1870 gov ' t and under Thiel'S . 1 5 Susane , Louis , 1 8 10 - 76 . [Erron . also spe l led Sus anne , Suz anne ] Art i l l ery general . 83 Taillefer (n. m . i . ) . 24 Tamisier , Fran<;ois Laurent Alphons e , 1 809 - 80 . Arti l le ry general and po litici an ; anti- Bonaparte ; commander of N . G . after Sept . 4 , 1 8 70 , res i gned in protes t after Oct . 3 1 repres s ion ; Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 , in repub l i can oppos ition . 86 Thiers , [Louis ] Ado lphe , 1 79 7 - 1877 . L awyer , historian , p o l i t i ci an ; Orleanis t min ister under Louis Phi l ippe ti l l 1 840 ; Party o f Order leader t i l l Bonaparte ; Nat ' l as s emb ly 1 8 7 1 named him Chief o f the Execut ive . 7 , 1 1 - 1 3 , 20- 2 2 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 3 1 - 36 , 39 , 40 , 43 , 45-48 , 5 1 -55 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 60- 6 8 , 7 1 - 75 , 77 , 79-82 , 84 , 86 , 88-90
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1 08 Thiers , Mme . (n . m . i . ) . Wi fe of Adolphe Thiers . 42 , 47 , 5 2 Thomas , [J acques Leonard] C l ement , 1 809 - 7 1 . General and politi cian ; moderate re pub li can ; commander of N . G . Nov . 1 87 0 -Feb . 1 87 l . 1 2 , 1 5 , 19 , 20 , 86 , 87 , 90 Thomas s in (n . m . i . ) . A director o f the Compagnie des Chemins de Fer de l ' Ouest . 45 Tirard , Pierre Emmanue l [ caZ Zed L . Ti rard in Manx ' s tex t ] , 1 8 2 7- 9 3 . Mayor of 2nd arrondiss ement in Nov . 1 87 0 ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , conci l i at i oni s t ; e lected Commune member but soon res i gne d . 46 Tol ain , Henri [ Loui s ] , 1 8 2 8 - 9 7 . Proudhoni s t founder- l e ader of Int ' l in France ; e le cted Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , supported Vers ai l les agains t C ommune , exp e l led from Int ' 1 . 5 5 , 6 2 "Transnonain , Papa" : nickname of Ado lphe Thiers . Trochu , Louis [Jules ] , 1 8 1 5- 9 6 . Orleanist gene ral , monarchist c l ericalist ; pres ident o f gov ' t Sept . 4 , 1 8 70 ; Ve rs o dep . ' 7 1 . 1 2 , 36 , 39 , 41 , 46 - 48 , 87 Turquet , Edmond Henri , l 8 36 - ? P o l i t i ci an and j uris t ; Imperial pros ecutor ti l l 1 86 8 ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , Thiers supporter . 2 3 Uh lb ach : erron . for U lb ach . U lb ach , Louis , 1 8 2 2 - 89 . Writer and editor , anti - Bonapartist ; host i l e to Vers ai l les but al s o to Commune . 6 2 Vai l l ant , Edouard , 1 8 40 - 19 15 . Memb er of Int ' l , o f C . C . of N . G . ; elected C ommune member , head of Educat i on Commi s s i on ; B l anqui s t l eader , l ater reformi st . 6 7 Valent in , Louis Erne s t (n. m . i . ) . Commander o f gendarmes , parti c ipated in crushing Commune under Gen . Vinoy . 7 , 1 0 , 26 , 3 2 , 36 , 39 , 6 5 , 7 4 , 79 , 8 1 Varl in , Eugene , 1 8 39 - 7 1 . Workers ' organi z er , l e ader of Int ' l in France ; member of C . C . of N . G . , e l e cted C ommune memb e r . 33 Viard , August e , 1 836- 9 2 . Memb er of C . C . of N . G . ; e lected C ommune memb er. 6 7 Vinoy , Jos eph , 1 800 - 80 . General ; B onapartis t ; Vers ai l le s e mi l i t ary commander against Commune . 8 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 4 - 1 6 , 3 1 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 48 , 57 , 65 , 7 1 , 74 , 7 8 , 79 , 8 1 Vivien , Alexandre Fran90is , 1 799 - 1 8 5 4 . Orl e anist minis ter in C avaignac cab inet of 1 84 8 . 8 5 Wah l in (n . m . i . ) . 25
ABOUT SOME UNPU BL I SHED NOTEBOOKS BY MARX
•
The exis tence of other notebooks of press excerpts and notes made by Marx later i n 1 871 i s indi cated by a li t t le known pamphl e t ,
which i s ti tled Karl Marx as Labor Oe fende r , by A .
the English version of
Czobel and C .
KahzJ.
(New York ,
1933) . The au thors are associ ates of the Insti tute o f Marxi sm-Leninism (MOSCOW) , which possesses the not ebooks . The excerpts be
Intern a ti onal Labor Defens e , ca . low are from the sect i on by C .
Kahn
on the Commun e period.
tion i s qui te bad; almost all names are misspell ed . and also some punctuation , bu t not the text i tself munard
thes e noteb ooks . which has a heading by
Marx dated May ,
1 8 7 1 , but the parti cu l ar
contents o£ which we re not fi ni shed e ar
lier than July or Augus t . I n this note. book we find vari ous �at e ri a l directed agains t the leaders o f the Vers ai l l e s
government ,
compos e d principa l ly o f ex from the London newspapers . In
trying to ge t t o ge ther the l arge s t pos
s ib le amount o f m at e r i al expos ing F avre
& Co •
•
We have corrected such errors
(e . g .
Mi lli ere was not
a
"Com
journal i s t " ) .
O f speci al int e re s t t o us i n conn e c tion w i th t h i s que s t i on i s the fi rst o f
cerpts
The English transla
Marx re gu l ar ly looked over the
di fferent London papers , usual ly mark ing w i th a red penc i l the mos t interes t ing and s i gn i fi cant art i c les .
Consequent
ly the contents o f 4 8 pages o f the first not ebook i s made up o f an as s ortment o f newsp aper report s wh i ch he had read , marke d and then e i th e r at once cut out
and pasted or e l s e copied into the not e book that wh i ch s e eme d to him import ant and s i gnifi cant . He put into the not e book l ikew i s e a l s o det ai l e d oral and written evidenc e he had gathere d . di
rected . agains t the V e rs ai l l es tyrant s . From the charac t e r o f the s e writ ings and c l ippings . i t i s evident that Marx
fi l l e d up s everal .n ot eb ooks w i th such materia l an d that he worked du ring a l l the s"lllm er months o f 1 87 1 on the co l lectio n of thi s mat e r i al . At the begin
ning h e s e l e ct e d art i c l es and refere n ces concern ing indivi dual memb e rs o f the Versai l l es gove rnment -- F avre , Thi ers . Trochu and others . At the end o f the notebo ok the re i s a t ab l e o f conten ts of the mat erial i n c luded'. L at e r thi s method of sys temat i z at i on w as droppe d and suitab l e newspa per mat e ri a l put in to the notebo oks mere ly to keep the re
lated materi a l . t o gethe r . o o o the figures of Favre and Thi e rs o c cupied the center of Marx ' S at tent ion and .. o � most o f the
col l e ct e d mat e r i a l conc erns them . t.larx most care fu l ly record ed every thing that could b a ck up the accusa tions agains t F avre made by the Communard j ournal i s t �Ii l l i c re , who showed that Favre h ad commi t t e d crimes wh i ch s t i l l remained unpun i s h e d
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Nor did t.larx forget the "degenerate" --Th i e rs . He cut from one newspap er a
charac ter i z at i on o f . Thiers by the Eng lish mini ster D i s rae l i . D i s rae l i t e rmed the head of the Ve rs a i l les gove rnment
" an i gnorant l i t t l e intriguer who was paying his mis t re s s es out o f the pub l i c s a l e o f gove rnment posts . " Marx carefu l ly cop i e d down"in his not ebook a long
extract from l�tt e rs j ust received by him from an Eng l i.sh democrat . These contained �.
new proof of the dishonest man ipul ations of Th i e rs on the London Stock Exchange . Marx made the not at i on that this " o l d cobra" h ad , w i th the h e lp o f o l d l aws of the t i me o f the Empi re , des troyed
the r i ght o f pub l i c as s emb ly .
In the
"May" notebook t.!arx co l l e cted l i kewise exhaus t ive material against Thiers . A part from this mat erial di re ct ly invo lv ing Favre and Thiers . the first notebook contains the most various evidence of
the criminal acts o f other members and
offi ci a l s o f the Vers ai l l es government . I n the s e cond not ebook . whi ch con
t ains a l mo s t wh o l l y extracts from news papers o f the period o f the Commune and
which i s dated by Marx "Ju ly ,
1 87 1 , " we
find s imi l arly a l arge amount o f materi al
exp o s i n g Vers ai l l es . Here Marx directed his at tention especial ly to matters in
volving the p e rsonal criminal activi t i e s o f the indivi dual memb e rs o f the Ver s ai l l e s gove rnment . Apart from addi tion
al new d at a unmas king the chi e f l e aders o f the Vers ai l l es count er- revo luti on , we find in this notebook cop i e s o f the min utes o f the t rial o f General Gal l i ffet , whi ch h ad b e en t aken away from [by?] Communards in the prefe cture of the po l i ce dep artment o f Pari s . I t confirms
rumors , l ong C"i rcu l ated in Pari s , con
cerning the fou l adventures o f th is but che r o f the Commune , who had no
s crup l e s du ring the ye ars o f the Empi re t o l ive on a fortune acqui red through
the " running o f a gamb l ing house by h i s w i fe . We find here a l s o exhaust ive ma
teri a l charact eri z ing the criminal act ivi t i e s o f almos t a l l the gene rals o f
the " gove rnment o f National Defense" and o f the Vers ai l l e s gove rnment . Marx
drew at t ent i on esp e c i a l ly to the dark fi gure o f General Vinoy .
There are not at i ons by Marx in the
notebook and a l i t t l e information ab out individual acts o f t r aitors against the caus e o f the p ro l et ariat , whi ch cou ld
th row l i ght on the act i v i t i e s of the French reformi sts o f that t ime--To l ain and Louis
B l anc
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