Lower to Middle Oxfordian sponges of the Polish Jura

POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK • KOMITET NAUK GEOLOGICZNYCH

PAŃSTWOWE W Y D A W N I C T W O N A U K O W E . W A R S Z A W A

Warszawa 1982,

Vol. 32, No. 1-2

JERZY

acta geologica polonica

TRAMMER

Lower to Middle Oxfordian sponges of the Polish Jura A B S T R A C T : S p o n g e s p r e d o m i n a t e in t h e b e n t h i c f a u n a of t h e O x f o r d i a n Jasna Góra B e d s (cordatum a n d plicatilis Zones) of t h e P o l i s h Jura, s o u t h Central Poland, m a k i n g part of t h e E u r o p e a n U p p e r J u r a s s i c s p o n g e m e g a f a c i e s . T h e Jasna Góra B e d s c o m p r i s e s p o n g e s m o s t l y in b e d d e d l i m e s t o n e s , w h i l e b i o h e r m s occur b u t occasionally. T h e a n a l y s e d a s s e m b l a g e includes 12 s p e c i e s of t h e Lithistida, 16 s p e c i e s of t h e H y a l o s p o n g e a , a n d also n o n - l i t h i s t i d d e m o s p o n g e s r e p r e s e n t e d b y isolated spicules. T h e a s s e m b l a g e d i f f e r s f r o m t h a t one f o u n d in t h e White Jurassic a of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a , a f a c i e s e q u i v a l e n t of t h e J a s n a Góra Beds, as t h e f o r m e r is d o m i n a t e d b y t h e Lithistida, w h i l e t h e latter by the Hyalospongea. The investigated sponges inhabited a deeper-shelf environment, n o t s h a l l o w e r t h a n 150—200 m; t h e y s e e m to h a v e b e e n s l i g h t l y i m p l a n t e d in t h e s o f t b o t t o m s e d i m e n t . T h e s p o n g e a s s e m b l a g e is s p e c i e s d i v e r s e i n m a r l y beds, b u t h i g h l y d o m i n a t e d b y a s i n g l e s p e c i e s i n l i m e s t o n e s . S p o n g e b i o h e r m s d e v e l o p e d m o s t l y at local slopes of t h e b o t t o m , d u e to a n i m p r o v e d w a t e r circulation. T h e s y s t e m a t i c part of t h e p a p e r includes descriptions of 28 species, t h o s e represented b y t h e m a t e r i a l s u f f i c i e n t l y rich to p e r m i t a departure f r o m t h e p r e - e x i s t i n g oversplitted t a x o n o m y a n d a r e c o g n i t i o n of their proper t a x o n o m i c position.

INTRODUCTION

This paper presents the investigation of sponges from the Oxfordian Jasna Góra Beds of the Polish Jura, well exposed in the quarries at Zalas, Nowa Krystyna, Wysoka, Ogrodzieniec, and Wrzosowa (Text-fig. 1). In the Oxfordian of the Polish Jura sponges are by no means confined to the Jasna Góra Beds; they occur also in other facies complexes of that stage (Text-fig. 2) and in fact, they have been widely known since over a century. Zittel (1876, p. 196; 1877, p. 41; 1878) gave general characteristics of the sponges of the Polish White Jurassic. Siemiradzki (1913) described several siliceous and calcareous sponges, mostly from the Middle to Upper Oxfordian but also from the Jasna

J.

2

TRAMMER

Góra Beds as well as from the Callovian and Kimmeridgian. Fibich (1973) investigated the Hyalospongea from the Jasna Góra Beds in the vicinity of Częstochowa. Hurcewicz (1975) studied calcareous sponges of the Polish Jura, mostly the Upper Oxfordian ones. Moczydłowska & Paruch-Kulczycka (1978) analysed sponge spicules found in the Jasna Góra Beds at Wrzosowa. Finally; the present author (Trammer 1979, 1981) discussed some paleobiologie problems exemplified by selected sponge species from the Jasna Góra Beds. Acknowledgements. T w o p e r s o n s especially c o n t r i b u t e d to d e v e l o p m e n t of the p r e s e n t s t u d y : P r o f e s s o r J. K u t e k (Warsaw) s t i m u l a t e d t h e a u t h o r ' s i n t e r e s t in the O x f o r d i a n sponges, w h i l e Dr. B. A. M a t y j a (Warsaw) w a s h e l p f u l to t h e e x t e n t b y f a r e x c e e d i n g w h a t u s u a l l y c a n b e e x p e c t e d f r o m a colleague. Both of t h e m a r e h e r e g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d . T h a n k s a r e also d u e to Dr. A. H o f f m a n (Warsaw, t e m p o r a r i l y Tiibingen), K. M a ł k o w s k i , M.Sc. (Warsaw), W. Miiller (Ludwigsburg), A. P i s e r a , M.Sc. (Warsaw), P r o f e s s o r A. R a d w a ń s k i (Warsaw), W. R i e g r a f , M.Sc. (Tubingen), Dr. W.-E. Reif (Tubingen), P r o f e s s o r A. S e i l a c h e r (Tubingen), S. S k o m p s k i , M.Sc. (Warsaw), Dr. F. W i e d e n m a y e r (Basel, t e m p o r a r i l y Melbourne), a n d Docent A. W i e r z b o w s k i (Warsaw).

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JASNA GÓRA

BEDS

LITHOLOGY AND AGE T h e J a s n a G ó r a Beds (cf. B u k o w s k i 1887, Różycki 1953, M a l i n o w s k a 1963) include m u t u a l l y i n t e r b e d d e d m i c r i t i c limestones, m a r l y limestones, a n d m a r l s (Text-fig. 3; PL 1, Figs 1—2), w i t h m i n o r i n t e r c a l a t i o n s of n o d u l a r l i m e s t o n e s a n d clays. T h e r o c k s a r e g r e y to y e l l o w - g r e y in color, e x c e p t f o r t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t of t h e s t u d y a r e a w h e r e r e d a n d g r e e n r o c k s do also occur (bed 1 a t Zalas, a n d b e d s 9 a n d 17 a t N o w a K r y s t y n a , respectively). T h e r e d l i m e s t o n e b e d of

0

50km

Fig. 1 E x p o s u r e s of t h e J a s n a G ó r a B e d s w i t h i n t h e o c c u r r e n c e zone (hachuredj of U p p e r J u r a s s i c deposits i n t h e P o l i s h J u r a ; i n s e t shoiws p o s i t i o n of t h e area in Poland

OXFORDIAN

SPONGES

3

Zalas is s o m e w h a t n o d u l a r in s t r u c t u r e , p a c k e d w i t h whole, c o r r o d e d a m m o n i t e shells; it closely r e s e m b l e s t h e " a m m o n i t i c o r o s s o " f a c i e s of t h e T e t h y a n J u r a s s i c . L i m e s t o n e a n d m a r l y b e d s v a r y in t h i c k n e s s a m o n g t h e p a r t i c u l a r e x p o s u r e s in t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d a r e a (Text-fig. 3). T h e l i m e s t o n e b e d s a r e t h i c k e r t h a n t h e m a r l y ones in W r z o s o w a section, w h i l e t h e opposite holds t r u e a t Zalas. I n a d d i t i o n to b e d d e d rocks, t h e J a s n a G ó r a Beds c o m p r i s e also a f e w s m a l l b i o h e r m s . T w o b i o h e r m s w e r e r e p o r t e d b y R ó ż y c k i (1953, p. 53) f r o m a lost exposure at Mt. Jasna Góra at Częstochowa; another bioherm has been recorded by T a r k o w s k i (1978) a n d M a t y j a & T a r k o w s k i (1981) a t Zalas. T h e l a t t e r b i o h e r m (Text-fig. 4; PI. 1, Fig. 2 a n d PI. 2, Figs 1—2), d e s c r i b e d in m o r e detail in a s e p a r a t e c h a p t e r , is b u i l t u p b y a m a s s o c c u r r e n c e of bodily p r e s e r v e d sponges s u r r o u n d e d w i t h m a r l y m a t t e r . T h e b i o h e r m g r a d e s l a t e r a l l y into b e d d e d l i m e stones (Text-fig. 4) i n c l u d i n g a f e w b e d s of s p a r i t e detritic limestones f o r m i n g t h e "talus". T h e detritic limestones, t h e only ones in t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d a r e a ,

Fig. the 9 in (at

2. Dithologic u n i t s of t h e O x f o r d i a n in t h e P o l i s h J u r a , t o s h o w t h e r a n g e of spange-beairing u n i t s ( m a r k e d b y a s c h e m a t i c s e c t i o n of a sponge; see item e x p l a n a t i o n s ) ; p o s i t i o n of t h e J a s n a G ó r a Beds is i n d i c a t e d wiith a b l a c k a r r o w right)

1 detrital limestones, 2 non-detrital grained limestones, 3 algal-sponge massive limestones ( w i t h i n t h e J a s n a Góra Bed®, t h e s p o n g e b i o h e r m s c o m p o s e d of b o d i l y p r e s e r v e d s p o n g e s in m a r l y m a t r i x ) 4 c h a l k y l i m e s t o n e s , 5 s p o n g e - t u b e r o l i t h i c l i m e s t o n e s , 6 f r i a b l e m i c r i t i c l i m e s t o n e s , 7 m i c r i t i c l i m e s t o n e s , 8 m a r l s a n d m a r l y l i m e s t o n e s , 9 i d e a l i z e d s p o n g e , to d e n o t e the sponge-bearing lithologic units

T h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e M i d d l e a n d U p p e r O x f o r d i a n is d r a w n b e t w e e n t h e bifurcatus a n d bimammatum zones, accardimg t o K u t e k , M a t y j a & W i e r z b o w s k i (1973); other s t r a t i g r a p h i c b o u n d a r i e s a r e token after Cairiou, E n a y & T i n t a n t (1971) T h e s c h e m e is d r a w n B. A. M a t y j a (personal

o n t h e b a s i s of communication)

data

presented

by

Kutek

& a l . <1977), a n d

by

Dr.

4

J.

TRAMMER

consist of densely p a c k e d r o u n d e d c a l c a r e o u s i n t r a c l a s t s c o m p r i s i n g n u m e r o u s spicules a n d l a r g e r s k e l e t a l e l e m e n t s of sponges (PI. 2, Fig. 3). T h e J a s n a Góra B e d s overlie t h e C a l l o v i a n ; t h e y r e p r e s e n t t h e l o w e r m o s t p a r t of t h e O x f o r d i a n in t h e s t u d y a r e a ( T e x t - f i g . 2). At Z a l a s t h e y c o m p r i s e a m m o n i t e s i n d i c a t i v e of t h e eordatum Zone (Lower O x f o r d i a n ) a n d t h e l o w e r pant of t h e plicatiiis Zone of t h e M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n ( M a t y j a & T a r k o w s k i 1981). T h e y w e r e p r e v i o u s l y a t t r i b u t e d e n t i r e l y t o t h e eordatum Zone (see e.g. A r k e l l 1956, p. 479) b u t r e c e n t s t u d i e s n e c e s s i t a t e d a r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n (Dr. B. A. M a t y j a , personal communication). T h e l o w e r p a r t of t h e J a s n a G ó r a Beds, t h a t one r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e eordatum Zone, d e c r e a s e s in t h i c k n e s s s o u t h w a r d s (Text-fig. 3). It a m o u n t s to m a r e t h a n 3 m in t h i c k n e s s a t W r z o s o w a , b u t only 0.5 m at Zalas. FAUNA B e d d e d r o c k s of t h e J a s n a G ó r a B e d s c o m p r i s e b e n t h i c o r g a n i s m s such as siliceous sponges, b r a c h i o p o d s , g a s t r o p o d s , b i v a l v e s , a n d eehitioids, as w e l l as n e k t i c or n e k t o b e n t h i c a m m o n i t e s a n d b e l e m n i t e s (see B u k o w s k i 1837, Różycki Wysoka

Fig. 3. I n v e s t i g a t e d sections of t h e J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (cf. T e x t - f i g . 1) I stromatolite, 2 micritic limestones, 3 micritic, nodulai limestones, i marls and marly limestones, s marls and marly limestones yielding micritic nodules

ACTA

1

GEOLOGIC A

POLONICA,

VOL.

32

J. T R A M M E R . PL. 1

— Section exposed in t h e q u a r r y a t Ogrodzieniec: J a s n a Góra Beds (at the ttom) overlain by t h i c k - b e d d e d g r a y limestones

bo-

2 — J a s n a Góra Beds e x p o s e d a t Z a l a s : visible is t h e c o n t a c t b e t w e e n t h e b e d d e d limestones a n d t h e b i o h e r m (at left) B o t h p h o t o s t a k e n b y Dr. B. M a t y j a

ACTA

GEOLOGIC A

POLONICA,

VOL.

32

J. T R A M M E R .

PL. 2

1—2 — P a r t of t h e b i o h e r m a t Z a l a s : visible a r e bodily p r e s e r v e d sponges e m b e d d e d in m a r l y m a t r i x 3 — D e t r i t a l limestone composed of r o u n d e d i n t r a c l a s t s c o n t a i n i n g t h e sponge spicules; t a k e n X5; " t a l u s " of the b i o h e r m e x p o s e d a t Z a l a s (cf. Text-fig. 4)

OXFORDIAN

SPONGES 7

Fig. 4. T h e s p o n g e b i o h e r m e x p o s e d a t

Zalas

I C a l l o v i a n s a n d y l i m e s t o n e s , 2 i n t e r b e d d e d l i m e s t o n e s a n d marls, l o c a l l y a l s o detrital l i m e s t o n e s ( O x f o r d i a n eordatum. and plicatilis zones), 3 b i o h e r m c o m p o s e d of b o d i l y pres e r v e d s p o n g e s i n m a r l y m a t r i x (plicatilis Zone), 4 s p o n g e s

1953). T h e r e a r e also isolated a s t e r o i d plates. S o m e sponges b e a r epizoans, m o s t l y s e r p u l i d s amd b r y o z o a n s a n d a t r a c e fossil (PI. 11, Fig. 9) a t t r i b u t e d b y F u c h s (1935) a n d W a g e n p l a s t (1972) to Terebella L i n n a e u s , 1767. F o r a m i n i f e r s Tolypammina a n d Thurammina occur r a t h e r c o m m o n l y ; t h e y s e e m to h a v e i n h a b i t e d sponges (cf. W a g e n p l a s t 1972, K a ź m i e r c z a k 1973). BED SPONGES BRACHIOPODS

•

6

7

10.4

92

6.2 22.8 22.4 0.3

BIVALVES

AMMONITES

9 12 13 14 16

12.5 42.4 10.9 18.6 37.1

GASTROPODS

BELEMNITES

8

3.0 2.1

3.0

1.5

26.6 64.6 17.4 11.3

0.9 2.2

26

7.7

G.G

8.8 12.1 1.3

0.8 OS

75.0 42.4 80.8 48.7 36.1 61.3 25.3 69.7

ECHINOIDS

03

SPONGES

54.5 77.7 61,7 42.8 58.9 68.8 86.4 59C

BRACHIOPODS

45.5 16.7 35.3 52.4 35.6 29.1 11.9 41.0

GASTROPODS BIVALVES ECHINOIDS

1.5 5.6

1.4 4.8

4.1

1.7 2.1

1.5

Fig. 5. M a c r o f a u n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s o m e b e d s of t h e N o w a K r y s t y n a section, b a s e d on n u m b e r s of i n d i v i d u a l s (in p e r cents) U p p e r c h a r t p r e s e n t s d i s t r i b u t i o n of all t h e r e c o g n i z e d fossils, l o w e r c h a r t does it f o r t h e b e n t h o s

J.

6

TRAMMER

W h e n t h e w h o l e f a u n a ! a s s e m b l a g e is considered, t h e a m m o n i t e s p r e d o m i n a t e . F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e y a c c o u n t f o r 25 t o 80°/o of t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of m a c r o f o s s i l s collected f r o m v a r i o u s b e d s of t h e section N o w a K r y s t y n a (Text-fig. 5). T h e a m m o n i t e s a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e f a m i l i e s C a r d i o c e r a t i d a e , P e r i s p h i n c t i d a e , Aspidoceratidae, Haplocerataceae, Phylloceratidae, and Lytoceratidae (Matyja & G i ż e j e w s k a 1979). I n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d a r e a (Częstochowa region; see T e x t - f i g . 1) t h e f i r s t f o u r g r o u p s a c c o u n t f o r some 98"/o of t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of a m m o n i t e s p e c i m e n s , e a c h of t h e s e g r o u p s c o n t r i b u t i n g e q u a l l y . T h e s h a r e of t h e H a p l o c e r a t a c e a e , h o w e v e r , c o n s i d e r a b l y i n c r e a s e i n t h e s o u t h (Zalas) w h e r e t h i s g r o u p a c c o u n t s f o r s o m e 50% of t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of a m m o n i t e s . This is at t h e e x p e n s e of a s p i d o c e r a t i d s , w h e r e a s t h e p e r i s p h i n c t i d s a n d c a r d i o c e r a t i d s m a i n t a i n t h e i r s h a r e (for details see M a t y j a & G i ż e j e w s k a 1979). T h e second d o m i n a n t g r o u p i n t h e w h o l e f a u n a l a s s e m b l a g e of t h e J a s n a G ó r a Beds a r e sponges, a c c o u n t i n g f o r 12 t o 64®/» of t h e m a c r o f o s s i l s collected in v a r i o u s beds a t N o w a K r y s t y n a . B r a c h i o p o d s r a n k t h e t h i r d (9 to 23%>). All other o r g a n i c g r o u p s occur in s u b o r d i n a t e n u m b e r s ( T e x t - f i g . 5). T h e b e n t h i c a s s e m b l a g e , h o w e v e r , is b y f a r d o m i n a t e d b y sponges w h i c h r e p r e s e n t 42 to 86°/o of t h e b e n t h i c m a c r o f o s s i l s f o u n d in v a r i o u s beds a t N o w a K r y s t y n a (Text-fig. 5). I n t h e Z a l a s b i o h e r m t h a i r s h a r e is even g r e a t e r , a s t h e f a u n a l a s s e m b l a g e consist almost e x c l u s i v e l y of sponges.

JASNA

GÓRA

BEDS

AND

THE

EUROPEAN

SPONGE

MEGAFACIES

Sedimentary rocks rich in sponges, either in bioherms, or within bedded complexes (sponge megafacies of Matyja 1976) occur in a specified paleogeographic position in the European Upper Jurassic (Hiller 1964, Fig. 37; Holder 1964, p. 258; Matyja 1976; Gwinner 1976; Sapunov & Ziegler 1976, pp. 8—9; Wiedenmayer 1980, p. 79). This megafacies makes up a relatively narrow belt ranging from Spain across France, Switzerland, West Germany, Poland, and up to the Dobruja in Rumania (Text-fig. 6). The facies grades southwards into deeper-water Tethyan facies (e.g. it contacts directly the ammonitico rosso in Spain; Behmel 1970), while it interfingers with shallow-water facies in the north. Thus, it represents deposits of the Tethyan deeper-shelf. The sponge megafacies begins at variable time in various places. In Swabia, Franconia, and Switzerland this facies appears but in the transversarium Zone (Gygi 1969 1, Ziegler 1977), much later than in the Jasna Góra Beds. The oldest Oxfordian sponges of Dobruja come from the transversarium Zone, as well (Barbulescu 1974, Fig. 19). In turn, sponges seem to appear already in the eordatum Zone in Spain (Behmel 1970), but they are rather poorely known therein. This con1 T h e p r e s e n t a u t h o r f o l l o w s C a r i o u , E n a y & T i n t a n t ' s (1971) concept of t h e transversarium Zone, w h e r e a s Gygi (1969, T a b . 9) c o n s i d e r e d it to be t h e u p p e r most subzo
OXFORDIAN

SPONGES

7

tributes to the significance of the sponges of the Jasna Góra Beds, as this is the oldest known representative of the European Upper Jurassic sponge megafacies.

Fig. 6. P a l e o g e a g r a p h i c

posittion

of t h e U p p e r

1 shallow-water desposits, 2 probable extent sponges facies, 4 Tethyan deposits R e c t a g l e d i s t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d a r e a (cf. fied

J u r a s s i c s p o n g e f a c i e s in

Europe

of t h e s p o n g e f a c i e s , 3 r e c o g n i z e d r a n g e of

T e x t - f i g . 1); t a k e n after

M a t y j a (1976), s l i g h t l y

the

modi-

SPONGES OF THE J A S N A GORA BEDS

METHODS OF Sponges -figs 1 a n d top of e a c h within these (Text-fig. 7).

INVESTIGATION

w e r e collected b e d - b y - b e d i n t h e f i v e i n v e s t i g a t e d e x p o s u r e s (Text3). T o o b t a i n c o m p a t i b l e d a t a , a n a r e a 1 m 2 w a s d e s i g n a t e d a t t h e b e d a n d t h e w h o l e t h i c k n e s s of t h e b e d w a s s e a r c h e d f o r sponges limits. I n addition, s p o n g e s f r o m r o c k d e b r i s h a v e also b e e n collected

PRESERVATION

STATE

All t h e sponge s k e l e t o n s f o u n d a t N a w a K r y s t y n a a n d Ogrodzieniec h a v e been calcified a n d hence, t h e y could b e e x a m i n e d only in t h i n sections or e t c h e d

J.

8

TRAMMER

w i t h a w e a k acid. S e v e r a l sponge s k e l e t o n s p r e s e t v e d in t h e i r original, siliceous f o r m h a v e b e e n f o u n d i n t h e r e m a i n i n g t h r e e e x p o s u r e s . Well p r e s e r v e d siliceous spicules occur in s o m e 20, 25, a n d 34% of t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of sponges f o u n d a t Zalas, Wysoka, a n d W r z o s o w a , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

GENERAL

CHARACTERISTICS

Totally, 28 sponge species have been recorded in the Jasna Góra Beds (Text-fig. 7). Out of these, 12 species are representative of the order Lithistida (class Demospongea), while the remaining 16 species belong to the class Hyalospongea. Numerically, however, the Lithistida are dominant, as they account for 96% of the total number of collected sponge specimens. This is consistent with the data provided by Moczydłowska & Paruch-Kulczycka (1978) who found the overwhelming predominance of desms, typical of the Lithistida, and only minor amounts of other sponge spicules in the Jasna Góra Beds at Wrzosowa. Out of the recorded 28 sponge species, only a few ones have a significant share in the assemblage. Seven most abundant species (Cnemidiastrum stellatum, C. rimulosum, Plo.tychonia schlotheimi, Hyalotragos patella, H. pezizoides, Reiswigia ramosa, and Cylindrophyma milleporata) account for 93% of the total number of specimens (Text-fig. 7). The taxonomic and numerical composition of the sponge assemblage is variable among the exposures. In general, sponges are much less common at Ogrodzieniec than in the other exposures (Text-fig. 7). The newly recognized (Trammer 1979) form Reiswigia ramosa is very common in the southern and central part of the investigated area (Zalas, Nowa Krystyna, Ogrodzieniec), but it is very rare in the north (Wrzosowa). The species Cylindrophyma milleporata also decreases in abundance northwards, while the opposite holds true for Hyalotragos patella. The latter is not only much more abundant at Wrzosowa than in the south, but also its small individuals are accompanied by very large ones at Wrzosowa which is not the case in the south. The bioherm of Zalas comprises the same sponge species as the surrounding bedded rocks do, but the sponge density is a few to a dozen or more times higher in the bioherm (Text-fig. 7). Furthermore, the bioherm is dominated by Cnemidiastrum rimulosum and Reiswigia ramosa which occur in minor amounts in the surrounding bedded rocks (Text-fig. 7). The sponge assemblage of the Jasna Góra Beds probably included some non-lithistid (soft) demosponges in addition to the Lithistida and Hyalospongea. This is indicated by the occurrence of monaxons, tetraxons (triaenes), and asters (Text-fig. 8) in addition to desms and triaxons in the spicule assemblage from Wrzosowa (cf. Moczydłowska &

OXFOREUAN

SPONGES

Parućh-Kulczycka 1978). The occurrence of criccorhabd spicules (Text-fig. 8h) iś suggestive of some representatives of the order Hadromerida Topsent, 1898, of the subclass Tetractinimorpha Levi, 1973 (see Wiedenmayer 1980, p. 72). The remainder of the recorded monaxons (Text-fig. 8a—g) are less diagnostic because most of them occur in lithistid as well as in soft demosponges (cf. Levi 1973, Hartman 1980). The triaenes and asters (Text-fig. 8i—o and u—y) may represent some forms of the

Fig. 8. S p o n g e spicules o b t a i n e d f r o m l i m e s t o n e s of t h e W r z o s o w a

section

a — oxea, X16; b — style, X16; c — m e g a s t y l e , X10; d — a m p h i o x e , X70; e — strongyle, X30; f — amphistrongyile, X70; g — o p h i r h a b d , X30; h — criccorhabd, X100; i — a n a d i a e n e , X16; j — p l a g i o t r i a e n e , X30; k •— o r t h o t r i a e n e , X10; 1 — protriaene, X15; m — a n a t r i a e n e , X10; n — p r o s t y l o t r i a e n e , X15; o — p r o d i c h o t r i a e n e , X30; p — o x y p e n t a c i n e , X30; r •— e c h i n o h e x a c t i n e , X70; s — a n a t e t r a e n e , X15; t — o x y h e x a c t i n e , X16; u •— s p h a e r a s t e r , X100; w — s t e r r a s t e r , X100; y — " r h a x " ( = c o r r o d e d a s t e r of R u t z l e r & M a c i n t y r e , 1978), X'lOO; z — rhizoclone, X50 Drawn

from

photographs

presented

by

Moczydłowska

& Parucii-Kulczycka

(1978)

ACTA

GIoLOGICA

POLONICA,

J.

VOL.

TRAMMER,

FIG.

Distribution and frequency of sponges in the investigated sections (number of beds the same as in Text-fig. 3; B—bioherm, W—waste)

LOG A LITY

Z A L A S

Z O N E CORD.I PLICATILIS 1 II i « i l!T • I M n n i i i i i l > • E D I I I 'I—!—ł—' . . . ESCISPCKGE&, MTHISHm Rhi zom or i n a Cnemidiastrum st&llat-t-m i 7 4 14 8 6 '2 2 1 2 3i Cnemidiastrum rimulosum 3 4 '« :1 ' « l 1 i40: Cnemidiastrum plurist^i l.it'.m Jer&ica sp. Plattjchonia schlotheiryi 3 2 12 . 4,2 Hyalotragos patella •IO: : 2 S ' •' 9 ' : : ! 7 ' Ryalotragos pezizoide." 2 3 6 9 9 3 a P. schlotheimi or H.pi' Leidorelia expanr.a i i 2. i1. . i ":.}'/ foliacea i; o v .. : ..' yo:i Reiswigia ramosa E£ra3Bentsł A n o r a o c l a d i na Cg lindropbima ltd 1 U?po?;xt a2 ' 3 .4 : .4 !

PUCATfLS

9 lip i 11 [ifllłlMiM4 ; s !

CORDATUM 9

11 : n U « ! i » - i « t i T ! a o j i | j i

i 1 i 1 :

28

I

2

:

' 21 9 0.2 i ! 1 t ! 1•• 1

CORDATUM

6 3 6 3 2 2 3 ! 2:1 2 i 4 8 i i 2 16 7 12 17 11:2

i !'.'!

:i«;io;2o;ii

;tsa;

i

'

>* S ;1:3;14<2I12 1-

1 i : i

58 34(23%)

• i

Jfenosc.'ir.jjnm<;niim /.

Staurodcrma Jochms" Tremadictyon reticular'.-™ Tremadict'jon sp. •T ' l : • i : > •• sp. 7: :r idi urn schweięgeri Maicotolia pertusa r<-. I . r.• i;.i texturata Rhogostoftium corzusjat'm Aulodomus sp, fen. et sp. indet. HYALOSKKCEft., LYCSKISKIDiX Sporadopyle v:-/ >.-< Txochobolus sp. Cypellia rugosa Fiacotel.ia marco'ii

3 11 1 1 5 1 13 2 I 2 ! 4 I 6 '.20! 9 I 8 I 8 6 < 2i2I i ' 2i9 I2 l i I 2 9 i

1

h

hyaiospc»gea, DICTYIDA

XenoschrrtirmertuKt I! "-r

24 2 19 i_2 2 12 3I2 :1 14 11 :1 14 > i : ; ! i

; i 17 i 71 j- ; : 11

6 4 ! 3 : 2 >8 1» I2

C O R D A T U M

a 13 U Is I e i 71 s i 9 Uolnlia'w is 2o|si|j4 le TOTAL H I i I ' M ! -i'""l 11 ' ł " I • " i — 1392(96%) 10

4 2 2 4 2 2 7 1 8 4 ! 2 7 1 2 3 5 9 12 3

]1 i 1

PLICATILIS

a s i s s 4 I 5 110111 13 1 « I t a l i e i 17 18 19 ! 2 0 t 2 1 j 2 2 i 2 3 : 2 4

i 21 ill i 215 1 1 ) - . : ; I , 1 30} " t f l ' t i j i l 2 3 11 1 4 ; 2 i 2 I jl7 :1 41 2. 18 • 6 • ' •1 • : • '2*

1

1'1 9 10 3

PL

4 9 2 2 3

2 2 15 19 5 6 9 2212:1 2 2 5 31 3 3 3 4 ; 1 1

WRZOSOWA

WYSOKA

N.KRYSTYNA O G R O D Z I E N I E C CORD.

1: I M

11

1

5.

2

1.

;i;

2i I

22 (15%) 15

7

J.

10

TRAMMER

order Astrophorida Sollas, 1888 ( = Choristida), of the subclass Tetractinimorpha (see Levi 1973, Bergquist 1978, Hartman 1980). Some lithistids may in fact comprise triaenes and asters in addition to desms. However, the Lithistida are represented in the Jasna Góra Beds almost exclusively by the Rhizomorina; whereas the extant rhizoclonid sponges have either no triaenes at all, or (e.g. the genus Corallistes) they have triaenes with long clads (Rauff 1893, Zittel 1878, Levi 1973), different from those with very short clads found at Wrzosowa.

REGIONAL COMPARISONS OF THE SPONGE

MEGAFACIES

SWABIA AND FRANCONIA

When the Jasna Góra Beds, typical of the White Jurassic, accumulated in the Polish Jura, sandy glauconitic marls typical of the Brown Jurassic still deposited in Swabia and Franconia (see e.g. Zeiss 1955; Nitzopoulos 1974; Ziegler 1977, Fig. 3). The latter rocks are devoid of sponges. The calcareous-marly sedimentation started in that area in the transversarium Zone. Since that time up to the end of the bimam-

mainly in bedded rocks

MODE OF SPONGES OCCURRENCE

malinly in bioherms

very r a r e

ALGAL CRUSTS ON SPONGES

very abundant

28

TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIES

51

14

NUMBER OF SPECIES IN CO»!ON

14

12

NUMBER OF DEMOSPONGEA SPECIES

11

18

NUMBER OF HYALOSPONGEA SPECIES

dominant (96%) subordinate (4%)

40

ABUNDANCE OF DEMONSPONGEA

subordinate (5%)

ABUNDANCE OF HYALOSPONGEA

dominant (95%)

Fig. 9. S t r a t a g r a p h i e p o s i t i o n of t h e o l d e s t m e m b e r s of t h e W h i t e J u r a s s i c in P o l a n d ( = J a s n a G ó r a Beds) a n d in s o u t h e r n G e r m a n y ( = W h i t e J u r a s s i c a), i n c l u d i n g s h o r t c h r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e sponge a s s e m b l a g e s

OXFORDIAN

SPONGES

11

matum Zone, limestones interbedded with marls were deposited in Swabia and Franconia; those rich in sponges rocks are called as the White Jurassic a or the Oxford-Mergel (Gwinner 1976, Ziegler 1977). The White Jurassic a and the Jasna Góra Beds are facies equivalent to each other. They appear at the begin of the sedimentary cycle of the White Jurassic, and they are almost indiscernible lithologically from each other. For instance, the rocks representative of the bimammatum Zone at Nusplingen, Swabia (cf, Dietl & al. 1980), are macroscop ically identical to the Jasna Góra Beds. A marine connection supposedly existed in the Oxfordian between Swabia and Franconia on one hand, and Poland on the other (Holder 1964, p. 354; Geyer & Gwinner 1968). Consequently, the calcareous-marly facies marking the onset of the White Jurassic sedimentation is diachronous; it developed in the eordatum to plicatilis Zones in the Polish Jura (Jasna Góra Beds), while it appeared later (White Jurassic a) in Germany (Text-fig. 9). The two complexes are facies equivalent to each other but nevertheless, their sponge assemblages are widely different (Text-fig. 9). In the Polish Jura the assemblage is dominated by the Demospongea, while the Hyalospongea prevail in Germany. The assemblage recorded in the White Jurassic a includes 51 sponge species (Schrammen 1937 2), most of which occur very rarely (Schrammen 1937; W. Miiller, personal communication). Only a few species of the genera Cypelha, Sporadopyle, Stauroderma, and Tremadictyon represent the vast majority of sponges found in Swabia and Franconia. These species occur also in the Jasna Góra Beds but only very rarely. In turn, the species dominant in the Jasna Góra Beds (representatives of the genera Cnemidiastrum, Hyalotragos, Platychonia) occur very rarely in the White Jurassic a (W. Miiller, personal communication). The apparent change in sponge assemblage of the considered calcareous-marly facies with time (Text-fig. 9) was mostly ecological in nature, as the dominance hierarchy has changed within the constant 2 S c h r a m m e n (1937, p. 187) d e s c r i b e d 61 sponge species f r o m t h e W h i t e J u r a s s i c a. H o w e v e r , t h e p r e s e n t a u t h o r r e v i s i t e d S c h r a m m e n ' s collection k e p t a t t h e Imsititut a n d M u s e u m fiir Geologie u n d Palaontologie, U n i v e r s i t y of T u b i n g e n a n d realized t h a t s o m e f o r m s collected f r o m a single f a c i e s c o m p l e x i n t e r g r a d e morphologically w i t h e a c h o t h e r w i t h respect to c h a r a c t e r s recognized f o r diagnostic b y S c h r a m m e n (1937). C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e f o l l o w i n g species e s t a b l i s h e d b y S c h r a m m e n (1937) h a v e b e e n recognized t o b e s y n o n y m o u s : Phanerochiderma rugosa a n d P. infundibuliformis, Paracypellia prolifera a n d P. minor, Stauroderma lockense a n d S. microstomata, Craticularia clathrata a n d C. paradoxa, Paracraticularia procumbeńs a n d P. arborescens, Rhopalicus pertusus a n d R. cingulatus a n d R. maerostomata, Verrucocoelia verrucosa a n d V. gregaria, Polyphemus fungiformis a n d P. strombiformis. S o m e o t h e r s p o n g e species f o r m S c h r a m m e n ' s (1937) m a y also b e ecological v a r i a n t s (cf. Ziegler 1977, p. 35) b u t this c a n n o t b e d e m o n s t r a t e d at t h e m o m e n t b e c a u s e of t h e scarcity of t h e m a t e r i a l .

12

J.

TRAMMER

group of species. The evolutionary process seems to have played but a minor role, as the species absent from the Jasna Góra Beds but present in the White Jurassic a occur in the latter area in very small amounts. The two sponge assemblages under discussion differ also from each other in the mode of occurrence of sponges. Sponges occur mostly in bedded rocks in the Polish Jura, while they are usually confined to bioherms in Germany. Furthermore, the upper surface of sponges very commonly displays a calcareous (? algal) crust in Germany (Hiller 1964, Wagenplast 1972, Nitzopoulos 1974, Gwinner 1976, Ziegler 1977, and others), whereas such crusts are rare and poorly developed on the sponges of the Jasna Góra Beds.

SWITZERLAND AND FRANCE

The Jasna Góra Beds are facies equivalent also to the Birmenstorf Beds of the Jura Mts. The latter complex consists of limestones interbedded with marls, and it marks the onset of the White Jurassic sedimentation. The accumulation of the Birmenstorf Beds was confined to the transversarium. Zone almost everywhere in their outcrops (Gygi 1969). The Jasna Góra Beds share 17 sponge species in common with the Birmenstorf Beds (cf. Oppliger 1915, 1926). Nevertheless, the latter sponge assemblage is dominated by the Hyalospongea (representatives of the genera Tremadictyon, Stauroderma, Cypellia, Sporadopyle), while the Lithistida occur in subordinate numbers (Oppliger 1915, 1926; Lagneau-Herenger 1951). The Birmenstorf Beds, however, resemble the Jasna Góra Beds rather than the Swabian and Franconian White Jurassic a in that the sponges are mostly confined to bedded rocks, while bioherms occur only rarely (Behmel 1970; Wiedenmayer 1980, p. 79).

SPAIN

In the prebetic Jurassic of the eastern Spain the sponge facies ranges from the eordatum to bifurcatus Zones, and sometimes even up to bhnammutum Zone (Behmel 1970, El Khoudary 1972). However, it differs from the Jasna Góra Beds, as it includes mostly irregularly bedded limestones without any marly intercalations. The Jurassic sponges of Spain have not been studied in detail but the general data given by Behmel (1970) indicate that the Hyalospongea are dominant and the Lithistida subordinate.

OXFORDIAN

ECOLOGICAL

SPONGE-SEDIMENT

SPONGES

13

REMARKS

RELATIONSHIP

Some relationship between the composition of a sponge assemblage and the rock character has been found, well exemplified by the section of Wrzosowa (Text-fig. 10). All taxa contribute more or less equally to the assemblage recorded in marly beds, while a single species by far predominates in limestones. The dominant species in limestones of Wrzosowa (Text-fig. 10) is Hyalotragos patella. This sponge achieves

Fig. 10. D e p e n d e n c e of t h e s p o n g e - a s s e m b l a g e d i v e r s i t y u p o n t h e n a t u r e of t h e e m b e d d i n g l i m e s t o n e (visible is g r e a t e r d i v e r s i t y of a s s e m b l a g e s f r o m m a r l y beds; f o r f u r t h e r c o m m e n t s see t h e t e x t ) ; lithology t h e s a m e as i n T e x t - f i g . 3

J.

14

TRAMMER

also much larger size in limestones than in marls. The observed relationship is well evidenced (Text-fig. 10) by the Simpson index of diversity and equitability, while decreases with increasing dominance of an assemblage. Whether this sponge-sediment relationship reflects a direct dependence of the sponges upon the substrate, or upon some other ecological factors correlated with bottom sediment nature, is unknown.

MODE OF

ATTACHMENT

The rocks constituent of the Jasna Góra Beds contain a considerable amount of clay matter, which made impossible a rapid early lithification (cf. Shinn 1969, Zankl 1969). There are no hardgrounds. It seems that the bottom was never firm, as there are no traces of burrowers, no algal crusts or diastems. One is forced to conclude that the substrate was soft. Hard substrate areas, however, were provided by dead sponges, shells of ammonites, and skeletons of benthic organisms. Only two specimens (Platychonia scnlotheimi and Leiodorella expansa; PI. 7, Fig. la and PI. 10, Fig. lc, respectively) have been found to display a flat attachment scar. None of the other specimens, including those very well preserved, displays a flat attachment scar, root tufs or peduncles; sometimes, however, an irregular, somewhat nodular, rounded element occurs at the lower surface. Any isolated root tufs have not been recorded. The vast majority of the assemblage is represented by lithistid demosponges. Extant demosponges live usually at hard substrates, but a few forms have their lower part buried in the sediment or live freely on the bottom (Rauff 1893, Sara & Vacelet 1973, Wiedenmayer 1979, Fry & Fry 1979). One may suppose that most sponges of the Jasna Góra Beds did also live slightly implanted in the sediment. This mode of life has already been proposed by Hess (1975) and Wiedenmayer (1980, Fig. 2.1—16) for the sponges of the Birmenstorf Beds of Switzerland. It is noteworthy that species-diverse and abundant demosponge assemblages, those from shallow-water tropical environments as well as those from the continental slope of the Antarctic, prefer nowadays hard substrates (Sara & Vacelet 1973, Wiedenmayer 1979); whereas extant demosponges adapted to soft bottoms occur in species-poor assemblages with very low population density. In the Upper Jurassic, however, at least in the Jasna Góra Beds and the Birmenstorf Beds, species-rich and abundant sponge assemblages seem to have consisted of forms adapted to soft substrate conditions.

OXFORDIAN

BATHYMETRIC

SPONGES

POSITION OF THE SPONGE

15

FACIES

There are no sedimentary structures or rocks indicative of wave action on the bottom sediment in the Jasna Góra Beds, which indicates that these strata accumulated below the wave base. There are also no doubtless, well developed calcareous crusts similar to those widespread in the Upper Jurassic sponge facies of Swabia and Franconia where they have been interpreted to be algal in origin (see e.g. Ziegler 1977). One may conclude that the Jasna Góra Beds accumulated below the wave base and photic zone; hence, at the depth not less than 150—200 m. The faunal spectrum of the Jasna Góra Beds (Text-fig. 5; cf. also Matyja & Giżejewska 1979) is suggestive of the deeper shelf, as judged after the bathymetric model put forth by Ziegler (1967, 1971). The basin seems to have deepened southwards, as the ammonite spectra from Częstochowa region and Zalas (Matyja & Giżejewska 1979) are typical of the shallow to deeper shelf boundary and the proper deeper shelf, respectively (cf. Ziegler 1967). Furthermore, rocks resembling the ammonitico rosso facies have been observed at Zalas but not further to the north. This interpretation is consistent also with the general paleogeographic image (Text-fig. 6), as the sponge megafacies contacts the Tethyan realm in the south and shallow-water facies in the north. The available geological evidence permits thus the conclusion that the sponge assemblage of the Jasna Góra Beds lived at the depth not smaller than 150—200 m 3 . The assemblage was dominated by the Lithistida. Extant lithistids range from subtidal zone down to at least 1500 m in depth, but most of them prefer the interval of 100 to 300 m in depth (Sara & Vacelet 1973, Hartman 1980). Their bathymetric requirements remained more or less constant since the Late Jurassic. However, the abundance and diversity of non-lithistid demosponges rapidly decrease below 50—60 m in depth in present-day warm seas (Sara & Vacelet 1973, p. 550), whereas those deeper habitats were occupied in the warm (Fritz 1965, Veizer 1974) Jurassic seas by a rich lithistid assemblage. The Lithistida are now a relic organic group (de Laubenfels 1957). One may thus conclude that the deeper shelf of warm seas made void by the lithistid decline has nevertheless not been settled by non-lithistid demosponges. The latter, as well as the accompanying hexactinellids, seem to prefer the deeper shelf and the con* T h e l o w e r l i m i t of t h e b a t h y m e t r i c r a n g e of t h e a s s e m b l a g e c a n h a r d l y be d e t e r m i n e d w i t h c e r t a i n t y . O n e m a y , h o w e v e r , s u p p o s e t h a t a t least locally this limit c o u l d b e a little o r e v e n c o n s i d e r a b l y b e l o w 200 m. T h e s p o n g e f a c i e s i n t e r f i n g e r s in S w a b i a w i t h p e l a g i c T e t h y a n l i m e s t o n e s (Hiller 1964, Fig. 37) deposited, a c c o r d i n g t o Bosellini & W i n t e r e r (1975), a t t h e d e p t h of 200—1000 m. I n Spain, t h e s p o n g e faoies g r a d e s s o u t h w a r d s into t h e a m m o n i t i c o rosso facies, t h e l a t t e r h a v i n g a c c u m u l a t e d a t d e p t h s e x c e e d i n g 1000 m (cf. Bosellini & W i n t e r e r 1975).

16

J.

TRAMMER

tinental slope of the cold climatic zone (Sara & Vacelet 1973, Wiedenmayer 1980). The sponge assemblage of the White Jurassic a of Germany is dominated by the Hyalospongea (lychniskids and dictyids), which contrasts to the lithistid-dominated assemblage of the Jasna Góra Beds. The white Jurassic a is commonly thought to- have accumulated at the depth of 100-200 m or a little more (see Gwinner 1976). However, those strata commonly contain algal crusts, which indicates that the bottom was in the photic zone. Consequently, the White Jurassic a accumulated in shallower depositional environment than the Jasna Góra beeds did, or in exceptionally clear water. The above presented considerations undermine the generality of the bathymetric model established after the Upper Jurassic sponge facies of Swabia and Franconia, according to which the Hexactinellida were characteristic of deeper water and the Lithistida of shallower water in the Late Jurassic (Gwinner 1962; Ziegler 1977, Fig. 31). That model was already partly questioned by Wagner (1963a) and Reid (1968). The problem in bathymetric requirements of fossil sponges has been for long discussed (de Laubenfels 1957; Nestler 1961; Gwinner 1962; Wagner 1963a, b; Reid 1968; Finks 1970; Ulbrich 1974; Wiedenmayer 1980) but it is still far from being solved. Another problem concerns bathymetric requirements of particular species, which could contribute to the differences between the sponge faunas observed in the north and south of the investigated area in the Polish Jura. The species Reiswigia ramosa and Cylindrophyma millepcrata commonly occur in the south which may suggest that they preferred deeper-water habitats; whereas Hyalotragos patella, dominant in the north, could show preference for shallower-water environments. The other common species are widespread in the whole study area, which may indicate that they were eurybathic within the limits of the deeper shelf.

SPONGE BIOHERM AT Z ALAS

The bioherm recorded at Zalas (Text-fig. 4) consists almost exclusively of sponges, which makes a difference from the Swabian and Franconian bioherms as well as from those from the overlying parts of the Oxfordian in the Polish Jura (Text-fig. 2). In the Swabian and Franconian bioherms sponges are accompanied by algal crusts and actually, "the crusts are in most cases the predominant rock building components, rather than the sponges" (Gwinner 1971). Furthermore, the sponges are embedded in marly matter at Zalas, while the younger

OXFORMAN

SPONGES

17

Oxfordian bioherms of the Polish Jura as well as those from Swabia and Franconia are built by the so-called massive limestones (Massenkalke). The bioherms are rare in the Jasna Góra Beds; hence, the factors that contributed to development of the Zalas bioherm will be shortly discussed. The underlying strata rapidly decrease in thickness westwerds (Text-fig. 4). There are draping beds at the eastern side of the bioherm, but not at the western one. The bioherm contacts with detritic limestones in the east (Text-fig. 4 and PI. 2, Fig. 3); the intraclasts constituent of those limestones probably derived from the slope of the bioherm. This evidence indicates that the bioherm developed at a local slope of the bottom. The bioherm of Zalas is a miniaturized "model" of large fossil bioherms related very commonly to a "sloping sea bottom" or a "break of the slope" (Heckel 1974, pp. 144—145). To explain this correlation between bioherms and sloping bottoms, a change in speed of the water flowing above the bottom can be invoked, which happens according to the Bernoulli law where the slope of the bottom changes. This improves the water circulation &nd supports the flourishment of benthic organisms.

TAXONOMY OF THE

SPONGES

The large majority of the sponge species found in the Jasna Góra Beds have been described by various authors. Therefore, it might be enough to give herein merely the synonymies and additional remarks on newly discovered details of the structure. However, species established in the last century or at the beginning of this century commonly have no diagnose, but only a description and illustrations; the same specific names have also been variably conceived of by various authors. To avoid further misunderstandings, such species will be diagnosed in the present paper^The diagnoses are usually based on the original descriptions, but given in modern terms and supplemented with new observations wherever necessary. Where the abundant material permits a study of morphological variability, the task will be undertaken to depart from the morphotype taxonomy by lumping under a single specific name morphotypes found in the same facies complex and interconnected by morphological transitions. This approach contrasts to such splitters as Oppliger (1897, 1907, 1915, 1926) who considered each new feature as sufficient to establish a new species irrespective of the morphological variability. 2

J.

18

THAMMES

The variability of those species established after a single or only a few specimens and scarcely representd in the Jasna Góra Beds could not be investigated. With the enormous variability of sponges taken into account, one may often suppose that these are merely morphotypes of other species, which cannot be documented because of the lack of adequate samples.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION Class Demospongea Sollas, 1875 Order Lithistida Schmidt, 1870 Suborder Rhizomorina Zittel, 1878 (= Proseliscothon

Genus CNEMID1ASTRUM Zittel, 1878 Siemiradzki, 1913; == Lithostrobilus Schrammen,1937)

Diagnosis: Rhizomorine sponge w i t h exhalatory channels densely spaced one over another, w h i c h pattern produces distinct radial grooves (Radialsp alten) at w e a t h e r e d in — and e x h a l a t o r y s u r f a c e s ; t h e g r o o v e s m a y b e s t r a i g h t , u n d u l a t e d , or i n f o r m of a n e t w o r k . T h i s d i a g n o s i s f o l l o w s Z i t t e l <1878) w h o g a v e o n l y d e s c r i p t i o n , b u t n o t d i a g n o s i s of t h e genus.

Remarks. — T h e g e n u s Proseliscothon S i e m i r a d z k i , 1913, does not show a n y d i f f e r e n c e f r o m Cnemidiastrum. S c h r a m m e n (1937) splifcted Zittel's Cnemidiastrum into t w o g e n e r a : Lithostrobilus, i n c l u d i n g f o r m s of t u b u l a r - s t e n o p r o e t type, a n d Cnemidiastrum, i n c l u d i n g p l a t e — o r b o w l - l i k e f o r m s . H e a t t r i b u t e d C. stellatum to t h e f o r m e r g e n u s , w h i l e C. rimulosum a n d C. pluristellatum to the latter. Thus, h e c o n s i d e r e d C. rimulosum a n d C. pluristellatum t o be m o r e closely p h y l o g e n e t i cally r e l a t e d t o e a c h o t h e r t h a n t o C. stellatum. H o w e v e r , C. rimulosum shares one c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e i n c o m m o n w i t h C. stellatum (presence of a single osculum) as w e l l as w i t h C. pluristellatum ( b o w l - l i k e f o r m ) . All t h e t h r e e species co-occur in t h e J a s n a G ó r a B e d s ; this is t h e i r f i r s t a p p e a r a n c e a n d h e n c e some distinct b u t e q u a l l y p l a u s i b l e p h y l o g e n e t i c t r e e s c a n be p r e s e n t e d (Text-fig. 11). T h e r e is no e v i d e n c e w h a t s o e v e r to c l a i m t h a t C. rimulosum a n d C. pluristellatum a r e m o r e closely r e l a t e d t o e a c h o t h e r t h a n to C. stellatum (A a n d C in T e x t - f i g . 11), r a t h e r t h a n ithat C. rimolosum a n d C. stellatum a r e m o r e closely r e l a t e d t o e a c h o t h e r t h a n t o C. pluristellatum (B a n d D in T e x t - f i g . 11). T h e r e f o r e , all t h e t h r e e species a r e h e r e c o n s i d e r e d c o n g e n e r i c a n d a s s i g n e d to C n e m i d i a s t r u m , a c c o r d i n g to t h e O c c a m ' s R a z o r . T h e g e n u s Cnemidiastrum is m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y v e r y close to t h e C r e t a c e o u s r h i z o m o r i n e g e n e r a Cytoracea P o m e l , 1872, a n d Astrobolia Zittel, 1878, as w e l l as to t h e C r e t a c e o u s a n d T e r t i a r y g e n u s Pliobolia Pomel, 1872, P e r h a p s , t h e s e a r e c o n g e n e r i c f o r m s . H o w e v e r , t h e a u t h o r h a s h a d n o o p p o r t u n i t y to i n v e s t i g a t e t h o s e p o s t - J u r a s s i c g e n e r a a n d hence, t a x o n o m i c decisions m u s t be posponed.

/

Cnemidiastrum stellatum (Goldfuss, 1833) (PI. 3 and PI. 5, Fig. 4) 1833. Cnemidium stellatum n o b i s ; A . G o l d f u s s , p. 15, PI. 6, F i g . 2. 1878. Cnemispongia goldfussi; F. A . Q u e n s t e d t , pp. 257—267, PI. 126, F i g s 73—74 a n d 127, F i g s 1—15. 1878. Cnemispongia corallina; F .A. Q u e n s t e d t , pp. 267—268, PI. 127, F i g s 16 a n d 18. 1878. cnemidiastrum. hoheneggeri z i t t . ; K. A. z i t t e l , p. 46, PI. 2, F i g . 8. 1897. Cnemidiastrum corallinum Q u e n s t . sp.; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 41, PI. 8, Fig. 4. 1897. Cnemidiastrum stellatum G o l d f . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , pp. 41—42, PI. 8, F i g . 5. 1910. Cnemidiastrum stellatum G o l d f . s p . ; R. K o l b , pp. 218—219. 1913. Cnemidiastrum stellatum G f . ; J. S i e m i r a d z k i , p p . 4—5, PI. 1, F i g . 16. 1913, Cnemidiastrum corallinum Qu. e m e n d . S i e m i r . ; J. S i e m i r a d z k i , pp. 5—6, PI. 1, F i g .

PI.

19.

OXFORDIAN

SPONGES

19

Fig. 11- Models of filogenie lineages b e t w e e n t h e species Cnemidiastrum (Gold'uss), C. rimulosum (Goldfuss) a n d C. pluristellatum Zittel A — F r o m t h e C. rimulosum stock, f i r s t l y i s s e p a r a t e d C. stellatum pe f r o m b o w l - l i k e to conical), a n d a f t e r w a r d s — C. pluristellatum of n u m e r o u s oscula) B — F r o m t h e C. rimulosum dly — c . s t e l l a t u m

stock, f i r s t l y is s e p a r a t e d C. pluristellatum,

stellatum

(change of sha (development a n d secon-

^ — F r o m t h e C. stellatum stock, f i r s t l y o r i g i n a t e d C. rimulosum ( c h a n g e of s h a p e f r o m conical to b o w l - l i k e ) f r o m w h i c h C. pluristellatum developed afterwards D — F r o m t h e C- pluristellatum stock, f i r s t l y o r i g i n a t e d C. rimulosum (reduction of n u m e r o u s oscula t o one) f r o m w h i c h C. stellatum developed a f t e r w a r d s All these f o u r models a r e of t h e s a m e p r o b a b i l i t y a t t h e m o m e n t , a n d t h e r e f o r e it seems r e a s o n a b l e to give u p t h e distinction b e t w e e n t h e g e n u s Lithostrobilus S c h r a m m e n f o r t h e species stellatum, a n d g e n u s Cnemidiastrum for the two r e m a ining species

20

J.

TRAMMER

1913. 1913. 1915. 1987. 1937. 1937.

Cnemidiastrum radiatum n . s p . ; J . S i e m i r a d z k i , p. 6, PI. 1, F i g s 20—21. Cnemidiastrum hoheneggeri Z i t t . ; J . S i e m i r a d z k i , p. 6, PI. 2, F i g s 25—26. Cnemidiastrum stellatum G o l d f . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 61—62. Lithostrobilus stellatus Goldf. sp.; A. S c h r a m m e n , p .87. Cytoracea pusilla n. s p . ; A. S c h r a m m e n , p. 89, PL 17, F i g . 7. Cytoracea goldfussi Q u e n s t e d t s p . ; A . S c h r a m m e n , p. 90, PI. 23., F i g . 6 a n d PI. 24, F i g . 7. 1937. Cytoracea corallina Quenst. sp.; A. Schrammen, pp. 90—91. Material: O v e r 300 s p e c i m e n s . Diagnosis: T u b u l a r - s t e n o p r o c t Cnemidiastrum in f o r m of a c o n e or a c y l i n d e r . T h i s d i a g n o s i s f o l l o w s t h e d e s c r i p t i o n g i v e n b y G o l d f u s s (1833), b u t it is p r e s e n t e d i n modern terms.

Remarks. — V a r i o u s m o r p h o t y p e s of C. stellatum h a v e b e e n recognized f o r distinct species, a l t h o u g h t h e d i f f e r e n c e s consisted m o s t l y in p r e s e r v a t i o n s t a t s a n d / o r in f e a t u r e s g r a d i n g c o n t i n u o s l y f r o m one m o r p h o t y p e t o a n o t h e r (see T e x t -fig. 12) F o r instance, Z i t t e l (1878) a t t r i b u t e d to C. stellatum those s p e c i m e n s w i t h s t r a i g h t to u n d u l a t e d r a d i a l grooves a t t h e s u r f a c e , w h i l e those w i t h a n i r r e g u l a r n e t w o r k of grooves a n d ostia w e r e a s s i g n e d t o C. hoheneggeri. This variation, h o w e v e r , is due t o w e a t h e r i n g or etching, a n d a single s p e c i m e n m a y display r a dial grooves on one side a n d a n e t w o r k of grooves o n t h e other, b e t t e r p r e s e r v e d side ( T r a m m e r 1981, Fig. 2; a n d PI. 1 3, Fig. 12 in t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r ) . T h e o t h e r f o r m s r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e s y n o n y m e w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a f t e r a d i f f e r e n c e in gener a l shape, u n d u l a t i o n of r a d i a l grooves or t h e i r t h i c k n e s s ; w h e r e a s c o n t i n u o u s t r a n s i t i o n s i n t h o s e c h a r a c t e r s a p p e a r in t h e m a t e r i a l f r o m t h e J a s n a Góra Beds. Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see T e x t - f i g . 7) a n d M i d d l e t o U p p e r O x f o r d i a n of t h e Polish J u r a ( S i e m i r a d z k i 1913); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to T i t h o n i a n of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e Swiss J u r a (Oppliger 1926); O x f o r d i a n to T i t h o n i a n of F r a n c e ( L a g n e a u - H e r e n g e r 1951); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of D o b r u j a ( B a r b u l e s c u 1974).

OXFORDIAN

SPONGES

21

Cnemidiastrum rimulosum (Goldfuss, 1833) (PI. 4, Figs 1—5 and PI. 5, Figs 1—3) 1833. 1878. 1878. 1878. 1873. 1897. 1910. 1913. 1913. 1913. 1913.

Cnemidium rimulosum n o b i s ; A . G o l d f u s s , p. 15, PI. 6, F i g . 4 Cnemispongia goldfussi; F. A . Q u e n s t e d t , p. 268, PI. 127, F i g . 19. Cnemispongia nudipes; F . A . Q u e n s t e d t , p. 270, PI. 127, F i g . 24. Cnemidium rimulosum; F. A . Q u e n s t e d t , p p . 271—272, PI. 128, F i g s 1—5. Tragos granulosum; F . A . Q u e n s t e d t , p p . 285—286, PI. 129, F i g s 4—5. Cnemidiastrum rimulosum G o l d f u s s sp.; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 39—40, P i . 8, F i g . 1. Cnemidiastrum rimulosum G o l d f u s s s p . ; R. K o l b , p p . 220—221. Cnemidiastrum gracile n. s p . ; J . S i e m i r a d z k i , p p . 6—7, PI. 2, F i g . 27. Cnemidiastrum rimulosum G f . ; J. S i e m i r a d z k i , p . 7, PI. 2, F i g s 28—29. Cnemidiastrum intusstriatum n . s p . ; J . S i e m i r a d z k i , p. 7, PI. 2, F i g s 30—31. Cnemidiastrum foliaceum n . s p . ; J. S i e m i r a d z k i , p p . 7—8, PI. 2, F i g s 22—23 3, F i g . 36.

1913. Proseliscothon

cracoviense

1915. 1915. 1915. 1926. 1926. 1937. 1937.

rimulosum rhizophorum calycinum linguijormis expansum rimulosum granulosum

Cnemidiastrum Cnemidiastrum Cnemidiastrum Cnemidiastrum Cnemidiastrum Cnemidiastrum Cnemidiastrum

Material:

Over

160

n.

sp.;

J.

Siemiraddzki,

pp.

14—15,

PI.

5,

Figs

and

PI.

64—65.

G o l d f . sp.; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 63. n. sp.; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 64, PI. 11, F i g . 2. n . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 65, PL 11, F i g . 3. n . sp.; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 52, PI. 3, F i g . 5. n . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 52—53, PI. 3, F i g . 6. G o l d f . s p . ; A . S c h r a m m e n , p p . 85—86, PI. 23, F i g . 3. Q u e n s t . s p . ; A, S c h r a m m e n , p p . 86—87, PI. 23, F i g s 4—5.

specimens.

Diagnosis: Cnemidiastrum in f o r m of a plate, f a n , b o w l , or v a s e ; o s c u l u m a b s e n t in p l a t e or f a n - l i k e f o r m s ; a s i n g l e o s c u l u m i n b o w l - o r v a s e - l i k e form®. T h i s d i a g n o s i s f o l l o w s t h e d e s c r i p t i o n g i v e n b y G o l d f u s s (1833), b u t i t i s s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h r e m a r k s o n o s c u l u m .

Remarks. — Most f o r m s r e f e r r e d to in t h e s y n o n y m y a r e m o r p h o t y p e s v a r i a ble in s h a p e b u t c o n t i n u o u s l y g r a d i n g i n t o one a n o t h e r in t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d m a t e rial f r o m t h e J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (See T e x t - f i g . 13). In t u r n , Tragos granulosum Q u e n s t e d t is distinctive due to its p r e s e r v a t i o n s t a t e b e c a u s e t h e e x h a l a t o r y channels, p r e s e r v e d u s u a l l y as grooves, h a v e b e e n filled u p w i t h s o m e r e s i s t a n t m a t t e r , w h i c h p r o d u c e s a p a t t e r n of rolls or ridges.

ACTA

GEOLOGICA

POLONICA,

VOL,

J. T R A M M E R ,

32

PL. 3

BN * • • ,

m

Cnemidiastrum

stellatum

(Goldfuss) f r o m

various

localities,

wfw*

to s h o w t h e s h a p e v a r i a b i l i t y of t h e species (cf. T r a m m e r 1981); e x t e r n a l s u r f a c e of t h e s p e c i m e n s is e i t h e r w e a t h e r e d or e t c h e d w i t h acid 1 — L o c a l i t y Z a l a s . b i o h e r m ; 2 — N o w a K r y s t y n a , b e d 14: 3 — N o w a K r y s t y n a , b e d 13; 4 — N o w a K r y s t y n a , b e d 14; 5 - p a t h o l o g i c (?) s p e c i m e n w i t h s e v e r a l o s c u l a ; N o w a K r y s t y n a , b e d 14; 6 — N o w a K r y s t y n a , b e d 10; 7 — N o w a K r y s t y n a , b e d 14; 8 — N o w a K r y s t y n a , b e d 8; 9 — N o w a K r y s t y n a , b e d 14; 10 — Zalas, b e d 11 _!_ t w o a c c r e t e d s p e c i m e n s ; N o w a K r y s t y n a , bed 6; 12 — s p e c i m e n d i s p l a y i n g r a d i a l g r o o v e s o n o n e s i d e (12a), a n d t h e n e t w o r k of g r o o v e s on t h e o t h e r , b e t t e r nrpwrvprf nnp (12h\• N o w a K r v s t v n a . bed 9: 13 N o w a K r y s t y n a , b e d 5: 14 — p o l i s h e d s p e c i m e n , to s h o w t h e c l o a c a ; Z a l a s . b i o h e r m

ACTA G E O L O G I C A

0

^7Cne7nidiastrum n imidiastrum

POLONICA,

rimulosum pluristellatum

VOL.

J. T R A M M E R . PL. 26

32

(Goldfuss); 1 — locality Zalas, bed 8; 2 — N o w a K r y s t y n a , bed 8; 3—4 — Zalas, b i o h e r m ; 5 — Nowa K r y s t y n a , (Zittel): 6a — b o t t o m , 6b — top v i e w ; N o w a K r y s t y n a , bed 9 All p h o t o s in n a t . size; t a k e n by S.

Kolanowski

bed

27

J.

TRAMMER

Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see T e x t - f i g . 7) a n d M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of the Polish J u r a ( S i e m i r a d z k i 1913); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n ito K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e Swiss J u r a , S w a b i a , F r a n c o n i a , a n d F r a n c e (Oppliger 1926, S c h r a m m e n 1937, L a g n e a u - H e r e n g e r 1951); p e r h a p s also M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of S p a i n ( B e h m e l 1970).

Cnemidiastrum

pluristellatum (PL 4, Fig. 6)

Zittel, 1878

1926. Cnemidiastrum pluristellatum Z i t t . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 50—51 [ c u m syn.]. 1937. Cnemidiastrum pluristellatum Z i t t e l ; A . S c h r a m m e n , p. 85. Material: One fragment. Diagnosis: Cnemidiastrum i n f o r m o f a p l a t e , v a s e , b o w l , or f a n , w i t h the upper surface; radial g r o o v e s spread f r o m e a c h of t h e oscula.

several

oscula

at

Remarks. — T h e s p e c i m e n s f r o m S w a b i a a n d F r a n o a n i a (Quesnstedt's a n d S c h r a m m e n ' s collections) d i f f e r f r o m t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d s p e c i m e n i n t h e i r oscula being w i d e r , w i t h less n u m e r o u s a n d w i d e r r a d i a l grooves. Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a Beds (see T e x t - f i g . 7); u p p e r m o s t O x f o r d i a n t o l o w e r m o s t K i m m e r i d g i a n of S w a b i a anid F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to L o w e r K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e Swiss J u r a (Oppliger 1926).

Genus JEREICA

Zittel, 1878

Diagnosis: R h i z o m o r i n e s p o n g e i n f o r m a sphere, pear, c o n e , or cylinder, w i t h m u l t i p l e c l o a c a (j. e. a b u n c h o f v e r t i c a l c h a n n e l s ; Verticalrohren) and multiple osculum; upper s u r f a c e f l a t t o c o n v e x ( Z i t t e l 1878; c f . also M o r e t 1948, F i g . 48D); s k e l e t o n f i b r o i d ( s e n s u d e L a u b e n f e l d s 1955, p. E45).

Jereica sp. (PI. 6, Fig. 3 and PI. 7, Figs 7—9) 1913. Jerea cracoviensis Material: One whole

n . s p . ; J. S i e m i r a d z k i , p p . 16—17, PI. 6, F i g s 70—72. s p e c i m e n a n d 18 f r a g m e n t s .

Description. — T h e o n l y w h o l e s p e c i m e n is s l e n d e r conical to c l a v i f o r m (PI. 7, Fig. 8); t h e o t h e r s a r e c y l i n d r i c a l , one of t h e m (PI. 7, Fig. 9) r e p r e s e n t i n g t w o c y l i n d r i c a l i n d i v i d u a l s l a t e r a l l y a t t a c h e d t o e a c h o t h e r . A b u n c h of v e r t i c a l c h a n n e l s , 14 t o 20 i n n u m b e r , occurs i n t h e m i d d l e of t h e f o r m . T h e c h a n n e l s a r e closely a t t a c h e d to e a c h other, m o r e o r less c o n s t a n t i n d i a m e t e r (0.5 t o 0.7 mm). I n h a l a t o r y c h a n n e l s axe h o r i z o n t a l . T h e c o r t e x iis f a i r l y t h i c k (up t o 1 mm), of " D e c k s c h i c h t " t y p e . L a t e r a l sides a r e c o v e r e d w i r h r e g u l a r l y spaced, v e r y n u m e r o u s , c i r c u l a r t o i r r e g u l a r o s t i a a t t a c h e d one to a n o t h e r . T h e s k e l e t o n consists of trhizoclones, r e l a t i v e l y p o o r i n p r o c e s s e s . T h e spicules a r e d i s t i n c l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e t y p i c a l of Cnemidiastrum, r i c h in p r o c e s s e s ; i n t u r n , t h e y r e s e m b l e some spicules of t h e g e n u s Hyalotragos. S a m e spicules of Jereica sp. s e e m t o b e i n t e r m e d i a t e b e t w e e n t h e r h i z o c l o n e a n d t h e t e t r a c l o n e (PI. 6, Fig. 3). Remarks. — T h i s f o r m r e s e m b l e s v e r y closely s o m e C r e t a c e o u s c o n g e n e r s ; e. g. Jereica polystoma (Rioemer), a n d e s p e c i a l l y i t s m o r p h o t y p e s r e p o r t e d f r o m d e e p e r - w a t e r f a c i e s (cf. e. g. U l b r i c h 1974, PL 6, Figs 3—4). H o w e v e r , t h e C r e t a ceous species of Jereica h a v e spicules d e n s e l y c o v e r e d w i t h p r o c e s s e s (see e. g. Zittel 1878, PI. 4, Figs 11—12). The i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r m m a y b e consepcific w i t h t h e s p o n g e f r o m t h e P o l i s h O x f o r d i a n d e s c r i b e d b y Siemiradziki (1913) as Jerea cracoviensis. T h i s is s u g g e s ted b y t h e d e s c r i p t i o n a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s g i v e n b y S i e m i r a d z k i ; h o w e v e r , t h e spicules of t h e l a t t e r f o r m a r e i n a d e q u a t e l y i l l u s t r a t e d w h i c h m a k e s i m p o s s i b l e any u l t i m a t e decision.

ACTA

GEOLOGIC A

POLONICA,

VOL.

32

J. T R A M M E R . P L . 5

1—3 — Rhizoclones of Cnemidiastrum rimulosum (Goldfuss): 1 — locality b i o h e r m ; 2 — Zalas, b e d 8; 3 — Zalas, b e d 4 i — Rhizoclones of Cnemidiastrum stellatum (Goldfuss); Zalas, b i o h e r m All p h o t o s X100; t a k e n b y L. Ł u s z c z e w s k a , M. Sc-

Zalas,

A C T A G E O L O G I C A P O L O N I C A , V O L . 32

J. T R A M M E R . P L . 6

1—2 — Rhizoclones of Platychonia schlotheimi (Miinster in G o l d f u s s ) ; Zalas, b i o h e r m 3 — Rhizoclones of Jereica sp.; W r z o s o w a , b e d 4 All p h o t o s X100; t a k e n by L. Ł u s z c z e w s k a , M. Sc.

locality

OXFORDIAN

30

SPONGES

Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see T e x t - f i g . 7); p e r h a p s also Middle O x f o r d i a n of t h e P o l i s h J u r a ( S i e m i r a d z k i 1913).

Genus PLATYCHONIA

Zittel, 1878

Diagnosis: R h i z o m o r i n e s p o n g e circular to Irregular i n outline, i n f o r m o f a flat plate, cake, or ear, rarely v a s e - l i k e ; m a r g i n s flat to u n d u l a t e d ; u p p e r a n d l o w e r s u r f a c e c o v e r e d w i t h densely spaced, small pores; skeletal bands arranged in orderly raws, which pattern produces v e r y fine, radial, d e n s e l y spaced lines at t h e w e a t h e r e d surface. This diagnosis f o l l o w s t h e d e s c r i p t i o n g i v e n b y Z i t t e l (1878).

Platychonia schlotheimi (Miinster in Goldfuss, 1833) (PI. 6, Figs 1—2 and PL 7, Figs 1—6) Scyphia Schlotheimi M i i n s t e r ; A . G o l d f u s s , p. 90, PI. 33, F i g . 5. Spongites auriformis; F . A . Q u e n s t e d t , p. 319, PI. 131, F i g . 1. Spongites stragulus; F. A . Q u e n s t e d t , p. 326, PI. H I , F i g . 9. Spongites feralis; F. A . Q u e n s t e d t , p. 3S2, PI. 131, F i g . 14. Spongites vagans; F . A . Q u e n s t e d t , p p . 328—330, PI. 131, F i g s 15—16. Platychonia vagans Q u e n s t . s p . ; F . O p p l i g e r , p p . 45—46, PI. 9, F i g . 2. Platychonia auriformis Q u e n s t . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 46. Platychonia Wettingensis n . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. « , PI. 9, F i g . 3. Platychonia conchiformis n. s p . ; F . O p p l i g e r , p. 47, PI. 10, F i g . 2. Platychonia Oppeli E t a l l . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 3, PI. 1, F i g . 2. Platychonia ostraeaformis n . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p . 4, PI. 1, F i g . 3. Platychonia rotundus n. s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 4, PI. 1, F i g . 4. Platychonia v a g a n s Q u e n s t , s p . ; R. K o l b , p. 237. P l a t y c h o n i a a u r i f o r m i s Q u e n s t . s p . ; R. K o l b , p p . 237—238. P l a t y c h o n i a c o m p r e s s a n . s p . ; R. K o l b , p p . 238—239, PI. 16, F i g . 13 a n d PI. 20, F i g s 22—23. P l a t y c h o n i a c f . f e r a l i s Querast.; R. K o l b , p p . 239—240. P l a t y c h o n i a v a g a n s Q u e n s t . ; J . S i e m i r a d z k i , p. 16, PI. 7, F i g . 84. P l a t y c h o n i a a u r i f o r m i s Q u e n s t . ; J. S i e m i r a d z k i , p. 15. P l a t y c h o n i a s t r a g u l u s Q u e n s t . ; J . S i e m i r a d z k i , p p . 15—'16, PI. 7, F i g . 83. P l a t y c h o n i a schlotheimi M s t r . ; J . S i e m i r a d z k i , p . 16, PI. 6, F i g . 69 a n d PI. 7, F i g . 86. Platychonia lacinata n . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 71, PI. 12, F i g . 1. Platychonia argoviana n. s p . ; F . O p p l i g e r , p p . 71—72, PI. 12, F i g . 2. Platychonia conchata n . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p . 73, PI. 12, F i g . 3. Platychonia cuspidata n. s p . ; F . O p p l i g e r , p. 66, PI. 4, F i g . 5. Platychonia Schlotheimi G o l d f u s s s p . ; A . S c h r a m m e n , p . 95. Platychonia feralis Q u e n s t e d t s p . ; A . S c h r a m m e n , p. 96, P i . 22, F i g s 6—11.

Fig. 14. S h a p e v a r i a b i l i t y in t h e species Platychonia fuss)

schlotheimi

(Miinster in Gold-

31

J.

TRAMMER

i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y in sponges t a k e n into account, t h i s m u s t be considered u n s o u n d (see T e x t - f i g . 14). Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a Beds (see T e x t - f i g . 7) a n d M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to T i t h o n i a n of S w a b i a a n d Flranconia ( S c h r a m m e n 1937); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e Swiss a n d F r e n c h J u r a (Oppliger 1907, 1926).

Genus HYALOTRAGOS

Zittel, 1878

Diagnosis: R h i z o m o r i n e s p o n g e i n f o r m of a v a s e , p l a t e , f u n n e l , o r c o n e , r a r e l y p e a r - s h a p e d , w i t h m o r e or l e s s c o n c a v e u p p e r s u r f a c e ; v e r t i c a l c h a n n e l s i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e s k e l e t o n , e i t h e r i n f o r m of a c e n t r a l b u n c h (PI. 8, F i g . 8) a s in t h e g e n u s Jereica, or i n a f e w f a s c i c l e s (PI. 8, F i g . 9); r h i z o c l o n e s r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e - s i z e d ; s k e l e t o n c o n f u s e d .

Remarks. — S o m e m o r p h o t y p e s (see H. pezizoides) resemble strikingly the g e n u s Jereica, b u t t h e l a t t e r is d i s t i n c t i v e due t o its f i b r o i d skeleton. P o o r l y p r e s e r v e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of Hyalotragos do n o t s h o w openings of v e r t i c a l c h a n n e l s at t h e u p p e r s u r f a c e , w h i c h a r e n e v e r t h e l e s s discernible in t r a n s v e r s a l sections.

Hyalotragos patella (Goldfuss, 1833) (PI. 8, Figs 11—13 and PI. 9, Fig. 5) 1833. 1878. 1897. 1910. 1913. 1913. 1915. 1926. 1926. 1926. 1937.

Tragos patella n o b i s ; A. G o l d f u s s , p p . 14 a n d 96, PI. 5, F i g . 10 a n d PI. 35, F i g . 2. Tragos patella; F. A . Q u e n s t e d t , p p . 283—285, PI. 128, F i g . 26 a n d PI. 129, F i g s 1—3. Hyalotragos patella G o l d f u s s s p . ; F . O p p l i g e r , p. 42, PI. 8, F i g . 6. Hyalotragos patella G o l d f u s s s p . ; R. K o l b , p. 226. Hyalotragos patella G f . ; J . S i e m i r a d z k i , p p . 8—9, PI. 3, F i g s 38—39. Hyalotragos patelloides n. n o m . ; J. S i e m i r a d z k i , p p . 9—10, PI. 3, F i g . 40. , Hyalotragos patella G o l d f . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 65—66. Hyalotragos patella G o l d f . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 53—54. Hyalotragos patelloides v. S i e m . ; F . O p p l i g e r , p p . 54—55. Hyalotragos geniculatus s p e c , n o v . ; F . O p p l i g e r , p. 56, PI. 3, F i g . 7. Hyalotragos patella G o l d f . s p . ; A . S c h r a m m e n , p p . 91—92, PI. 23, F i g . 9.

Flig. 15. S h a p e v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e species: A — Hyalotragos pezizoides a n d B — Hyalotragos patella (Goldfuss)

(Goldfuss),

ACTA

GEOLOGIC A

1—6 Platychonia 7—9 — Jereica

POLONICA,

schlotheimi sp.: 7

VOL.

32

J. T R A M M E R . P L . 32

(Miinster in G o l d f u s s ) : 1 — locality Zalas, b i o h e r m (la b o t t o m view, a r r o w e d is a t t a c h m e n t s c a r ; lb top view); 2 — Zalas, bed 6; 3 — Zalas, bed .'J; 4 Zalas, b i o h e r m ; 5 Wysoka, bed 23; 6 — Zalas, b i o h e r m - W r z o s o w a , bed 6 (7a b o t t o m , 7L» top view); 8 Wrzosowa, bed 4 (8a side, 8b t o p view); 9 s p e c i m e n composed of t h e t w o i n d i v i d u a l s , p a r a l l e l y g r o w n t o g e t h e r ; Zalas, bed 4 (9a side, 9b t o p view) All photos in nat. size; t a k e n by S. K o l a n o w s k i

ACTA

GEOLOGIC A

POLONICA,

VOL.

32

J . T R A M M E R . P L . 33

' 'i"

1

10 Hyalotragos pezizoicles (Goldfuss): 1 — locality Nowa K r y s t y n a , bed 8; 2 — Wrzosowa, bed 7; 3 Ogrodzieniec, bed 15; 4 Wysoka, bed JO; 5 Nowa K r y styna, bed S; U - N o w a K r y s t y n a , bed 1-'; 7 — Nowa K r y s t y n a , bed 9; 8 - 9 — t r a n s v e r s e sections, to s h o w v e r t i c a l c a n a l s ; Zalas, b i o h e r m ; 10 — Wysoka, bed 23 11—13 Hyalotragos patella (Goldfuss): 11 — W y s o k a , bed 16; 12 — Zalas, b i o h e r m ; 13 — Zalas, b e d 5 All photos in nat. size; t a k e n by S. K o l a n o w s k i

.1. T R A M M E R , ACTA

GEOLOGICA

POLONICA,

VOL.

32

Rhizoclones of Hyalotragos

pezizoides (Goldfuss): 1 — locality W y s o k a , bed 16; 2 — Wysoka, bed 23; 3 5 — Rhizoclones of Hyalotragos patella (Goldfuss); W r z o s o w a , bed 6 All p h o t o s X100; t a k e n by L. Ł u s z c z e w s k a , M.Sc.

P L . FL

ACTA

GEOLOGIC A

POLONICA,

VOL.

32

J. T R A M M E R . P L . 32

1 — Leioclorella expanse Z i t t e l : l a — l o w e r or side p a r t , l b — u p p e r or side p a r t , l c — l o w e r or side p a r t (visible is a t t a c h m e n t scar); locality 2 — Leiodorella foliacea Oppliger: 2a — u p p e r p a r t , 2b — l o w e r p a r t ; Z a l a s , bed 4; 3 — Hyalospongia rugosa ( M u n s t e r in G o l d f u s s ) ; Zalas, w a s t e —5 — Cylindroph yma milleporata (Goldfuss); Zalas, bed 6 All p h o t o s in nat. size; t a k e n by S. K o l a n o w s k i

4

Zalas,

OXFORDIAN

Material:

Over

180 s p e c i m e n s ,

often

poorly

SPONGES

25

preserved.

Diagnosis: R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f Hyalotragos i n f o r m o f a v a s e , b o w l , or p l a t e at a l e g ( t y p i c a l e u r y - , a m b l y - , or p l a t y p r o c t s p o n g e sensu d e D a u b e n f e l s 1955, p. E45). T h i s d i a g n o s i s f o l l o w s t h e d e s c r i p t i o n g i v e n b y G o l d f u s s (1833), b u t i t i s p r e s e n t e d i n m o d e r n t e r m s .

Remarks. — T h e f o r m H. patelloides w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y S i e m i r a d z k i (1913) because of its t h i n n e r wall. It is h e r e c o n s i d e r e d to b e a j u n i o r s y n o n y m of H. patella b e c a u s e b o t h t h e m o r p h o t y p e s g r a d e c o n t i n u o u s l y i n t o each other in the i n v e s t i g a t e d m a t e r i a l . T h e species H. geniculatus w a s e r e c t e d by Oppliger (1926) a f t e r a single s p e c i m e n w i t h i r r e g u l a r l y s w o l l e n m a r g i n of t h e osculum. T h i s seems, h o w e v e r , i n s u f f i c i e n t to j u s t i f y distinction of a species. I n t h e J a s n a G ó r a Beds t h e d o m i n a n t m o r p h o t y p e is t h e b o w l - l i k e one (see T e x t - f i g . 15A), w h e r e a s pla t e - l i k e f o r m s p r e v a i l in G e r m a n y (Quenstedt's a n d S c h r a m m e n ' s collections). Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a Beds (see T e x t - f i g . 7) a n d Middle O x f o r d i a n of t h e Polish J u r a (Siemiradz,ki 1913); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to Middle K i m m e r i d g i a n of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n t o L o w e r K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e Swiss J u r a (Oppliger 1926).

Hyalotragos pezizoides (Goldfuss, 1833) (PI. 8, Figs 1—10 and PI. 9, Figs 1—4) 1926. Hyalotragos 1937. Hyalotragos

pezizoides pezizoides

G o l d f u s s s p . ; O p p l i g e r , p. 55 [ c u m s y n . ] . G o l d f u s s ; A . S c h r a m m e n , pp. 92—93, PI. 23, F i g s

Material: O v e r 130 s p e c i m e n s . . Diagnosis: R e p r e s e n t a t i v e of Hyalotragos, s l e n d e r or - f i g . 12), w i t h m o r e or l e s s c o n c a v e u p p e r s u r f a c e

stocky

conical

to

10—11.

pear-shaped

(Text-

Remarks. — T h e f o l l o w i n g c o m p a r i s o n m a k e s clear t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n H. pezizoides a n d H. patella. T h e l a t t e r species is a t y p i c a l e u r y - or a m b l y p r o c t sponge, w i t h i n h a l a t o r y l o w e r s u r f a c e a n d e x h a l a t o r y u p p e r s u r f a c e s ; t h e v e r tical c h a n n e l s a r e i n n u m e r o u s a n d loosely dispered. In t u r n , H. pezizoides resembles J e r e a a n d Jereica in its c h a n n e l s b e i n g f u s e d in f o r m of a single b u n c h (cf. M o r e t 1948, Fig. 48D; de L a u b e n f e l s 1955, Fig. 15. 2c). S o m e r a r e , p e a r - s h a p e d m o r p h o t y p e s of H. pezizoides (Tex-fig. 15 a n d PI. 8, Fig. 4) do n o t d i f f e r in s h a p e f r o m r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of Jerea or Jereica. H o w e v e r , H. pezizoides displays most c o m m o n l y a m o r e or less c o n c a v e u p p e r s u r f a c e (see T e x t - f i g . 15A), being m o r phologically i n t e r m e d i a t e in s h a p e b e t w e e n e u r y - or a m b l y p r o c t sponges a n d t h e g e n u s Jerea. Occurence. — J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see T e x t - f i g . 7) a n d M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of t h e Polish J u r a ( S i e m i r a d z k i 1913); U p p e r O x f o r d i a n t o T i t h o n i a n of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937); O x f o r d i a n to K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e Swiss J u r a (Oppliger 1926); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of D o b r u j a ( B a r b u l e s c u 1974).

Platychonia Material:

Over

100 p o o r l y

schlotheimi

and fragmentarily

or Hyalotragos preserved

patella

specimens.

Remarks. — More precise identification has t u r n e d out t h e r e f o r e , t h i s c a t e g o r y h a s b e e n used i n T e x t - f i g s 7 a n d 10.

to be

impossible;

T h e f e a t u r e m a k i n g t h e g e n e r a Hyalotragos a n d Platychonia different from each other is t h e o c c u r r e n c e of v e r t i c a l c h a n n e l s i n t h e f o r m e r . T h e c h a n n l e s a r e g e n e r a l l y c o n f i n e d t o t h e c e n t r a l p a r t of t h e skeleton, w h e r e a s m a r g i n a l f r a g m e n t s do n o t d i s p l a y t h a t diagnostic f e a t u r e a n d h e n c e , t h e y a r e indiscernible f r o m f r a g m e n t a r i l y p r e s e r v e d Platychonia schlotheimi.

J.

26

TRAMMER

Genus LEIODORELLA

Zittel, 1878

Diagnosis: R h i z o m o r i n e s p o n g e i n f o r m o f a p l a t e , f l a t b o w l , or f a n ; b o t h t h e s u r f a c e s b e a r s m o o t h c o r t e x a n d n u m e r o u s ( u p t o 30 p e r c m 1 ) s m a l l o s c u l a l o c a t e d e a c h at a c r a t e r - l i k e r i s e . T h i s d i a g n o s i s f o l l o w s t h e d e s c r i p t i o n g i v e n b y Z i t t e l (1878).

Leiodorella expansa Zittel, 1878 (PI. 10, Fig. 1) 1878. Leiodorella 1897. Leiodorella 1913. Leiodorella Material: One

expansa expansa expansa specimen.

Z i t t . ; K. A . Z i t t e l , p. 49, PI. 2, F i g . Z i t t e l ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 45. Z i t t . ; J. S i e m i r a d z k i , p. 13.

Diagnosis: F a n - l i k e Leiodorella, species, but only the figures.

Zittel

(1878) g a v e

neither

5 and

diagnosis,

PI. 3, F i g .

nor

11.

description

of

the

Remarks. — T h e h o l o t y p e d i f f e r s f r o m t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d s p e c i m e n i n its less n u m e r o u s a n d l a r g e r oscula, a n d a l s o in details of g e n e r a l s h a p e . Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a Beds (see T e x t - f i g . 7) a n d p e r h a p s a l s o u p p e r M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of t h e P o l i s h J u r a (Zittel 1878, S i e m i r a d z k i 1913); K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e S w i s s J u r a (Oppliger 1897).

Leiodorella foliacea Oppliger, 1926 (PI. 10, Fig. 2) i 926. Leiodorella

foliacea

spec,

n o v . ; F. O p p l i g e r ,

p. 60, PI. 3, F i g . 8.

Material: 18 s p e c i m e n s . Diagnosis: F l a t b o w l - l i k e Leiodorella, with oscula arranged in rows parallel to the sponge m a r g i n . T h i s d i a g n o s i s f o l l o w s t h e d e s c r i p t i o n a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n g i v e n b y O p p l i g e r (1926).

Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a Beds (see T e x t - f i g . 7); K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e Swiss J u r a (Oppliger 1926).

Genus HYALOSPONGIA

Siemiradzki, 1913

Diagnosis: R h i z o m o r i n e s p o n g e i n f o r m of a b o w l , plate, f u n n e l , or c o n e , w i t h s m o o t h c o r t e x at b o t h the s u r f a c e s ; o s c u l a c o n f i n e d to the u p p e r s u r f a c e , f a i r l y u n i f o r m l y d i s p e r s e d (at m o s t a f e w p e r c m ' ) , l o c a t e d e a c h a t a r i s e , d e l i m i t e d b y s h a r p e d g e s . T h i s d i a g n o s i s f o l l o w s t h e d e s c r i p t i o n a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s g i v e n b y S i e m i r a d z k i (1913).

Hyalospongia rugosa (Miinster in Goldfuss, 1833) (PI. 10, Fig. 3) 1833. 1878. 1926. 1937.

Tragos rugosum M i i n s t e r ; A . G o l d f u s s , p. 96, PI. 35, F i g . 4. Tragos infrajugosum; F . A . Q u e n s t e d t , p . 292, PI. 1129, F i g . 16. Hyalospongia rugosa Goldt. s p . ; F . O p p l i g e r , p p . 56—57 [cum Hyalotragos rugosum M t t n s t . s p . ; A . S c h r a m m e n , p. 93.

Material: 2 specimens. Diagnosis: A s for the

syn.l.

genus.

R e m a r k s . — S p e c i m e n s w i t h f l a t u p p e r s u r f a c e p r e v a i l i n G e r m a n collections (Quenstedt's a n d S c h r a m m e n ' s collections), w h e r e a s t h e t w o a v a i l a b l e s p e c i m e n s f r o m t h e J a s n a G ó r a B e d s h a v e t h e i r u p p e r s u r f a c e d i s t i n c t l y concave. F u r t h e r more, t h e G e r m a n s p e c i m e n s h a v e l a r g e r b u t less n u m e r o u s oscula. O c c u r r e n c e . —• J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see T e x t - f i g . 7) a n d M i d d l e t o U p p e r O x f o r d i a n of t h e P o l i s h J u r a ( S i e m i r a d z k i 1913); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e S w i s s J u r a (Oppliger 1926); K i m m e r i d g i a n of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937).

OXFORDIAN

SPONGISS

27

Genus REISWIGIA Trammer, 1979 Reiswigia ramosa Trammer, 1979 1979. Resiwigia

ramosa

Material:

270 s p e c i m e n s ,

Over

Occurrence.

sp.

n.; T r a m m e r , mostly

p. 41, P i s

fragmentarily

1—3 a n d

Text-fig.

2.

preserved.

— J a s n a G ó r a Beds (see T e x t - f i g . 7).

Suborder Anomocladina Zittel, 1878 Genus CYLINDROPHYMA Zittel, 1878 Cylindrophyma milleporata (Goldfuss, 1833) (PI. 10, Figs 4—5) 1926. Cylindrophyma milleporata G o l d f . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 43—44 i l e u m s y n . ] . 1937. Cylindrophyma milleporata G o l d f . s p . ; A . S c h r a m m e n , p p . 102—103, PI. 21, F i g . 5. Material: 58 s p e c i m e n s , n o n e o f t h e s p i c u l e s h a s b e e n p r e s e r v e d i n o r i g i n a l , s i l i c e o u s f o r m but n e v e r t h e l e s s , t y p i c a l s p h a e r o c l o n e s p i c u l e s are d i c e r n i b l e i n t h i n s e c t i o n s a n d at e t c h e d surfaces.

r ^

Fig. 16. S h a p e

variability

in t h e species Cylindrophyma

milleporata

(Goldfuss)

Remarks. — T h e i n v e s t i g a t e d species occurs in t h e M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to T i t h o n i a n of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a w h e r e a n i n c r e a s e i n i n d i v i d u a l size u p w a r d s in t h e section a p p e a r s v e r y c l e a r l y ( S c h r a m m e n 1937). T h e O x f o r d i a n s p e c i m e n s a r e 5—7 cm long, t h e L o w e r K i m m e r i d g i a n ones e x c e e d ilO c m i n length, w h i l e h i g h e r in t h e section t h e a v e r a g e i n d i v i d u a l l e n g t h is e v e n g r e a t e r . I n t h e J a s n a G ó r a Beds, h o w e v e r , l a r g e - a n d v e r y l a r g e - s i z e d c y l i n d r i c a l s p e c i m e n s (see T e x t -fig. 16) occur v e r y c o m m o n l y a l r e a d y i n t h e L o w e r O x f o r d i a n . Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a Beds (see T e x t - f i g . 7) a n d M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of t h e Polish J u r a ( S i e m i r a d z k i 1913); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n t o T i t h o n i a n of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e Swiss J u r a (Oppliger 1926); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of D o b r u j a (B&rbulescu 1974).

39

J.

TRAMMER

a n d T i t h o n i a n of F r a n c e ( L a g n e a u - H e r e n g e r 1951); L o w e r to M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of S p a i n {Behmel 1970); Middle O x f o r d i a n of D o b r u j a (Barbulescu 1974).

Tremadictyon sp. (PI. 11, Fig. 6 and PI. 12, Fig. 6) Material: 3 s p e c i m e n s , all of t h e m a r e v e r y s m a l l f r a g m e n t s w i t h w e l l mal skeleton but without dermal skeleton.

preserved

parenchy-

Remarks. — These fragmentarily preserved specimens show alternately a r r a n ged p o r e s a n d t h e s k e l e t a l s t r u c t u r e t y p i c a l of t h e g e n u s Tremadictyon (cf. PI. 12, Fig. 6 in t h i s p a p e r a n d S c h r a m m e n 1937, pp. 22—25). Occurrence. — J a s n a Góra Beds (see T e x t - f i g . 7).

Genus CRATICULARIA Zittel, 1877 Craticularia sp. (PI. 11, Fig. 4 and PI. 12, Fig. 1) Material: skeleton.

One

specimen

with

well

preserved

parenchymal

skeleton

but

without

dermal

Remarks. — T h e f e a t u r e s diagnostic of t h e g e n u s a r e easily discernible: cylindrical shape, p o r e s a r r a n g e d in l o n g i t u d i n a l a n d t r a n s v e r s a l r o w s a t t h e i n h a l a n t a n d e x h a l a n t s u r f a c e s , r e g u l a r s k e l e t o n w i t h t h i c k e n e d solid nodes. Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see T e x t - f i g . 7).

Genus THYROIDIUM de Laubenfels, 1955 (= Thyridium Schrammen, 1937) Remarks. — T h e n a m e Thyridium h a s t u r n e d out to be a h o m o n y m ; it h a s b e e n r e p l a c e d b y de L a u b e n f e l s (1955, p. £80).

Thyroidium

schweiggeri (Goldfuss, 1833) (PI. 11, Fig. 10)

1833. 1878. 1907. 1910. 1913. 1915. 1926. 1937.

Scyphia Schweiggeri n o b i s ; A . G o l d f u s s , p. 91, PI. 33, F i g . 6. Scyphia Schweiggeri; F. A . Q u e n s t e d t , p. 63, PI. 117, F i g . 3. Craticularia subclathrata E t a l l , s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 6—7, PI. 3, F i g . 2. Craticularia c f . schweiggeri G o l d f . ; R. K o l b , p. 163. Leptophragma Schweigeri G o l d f . ; J S i e m i r a d z k i , p. 23, PI. 7, F i g . 81. Craticularia Schweiggeri G o l d f . sp.; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 17—18. Craticularia schweiggeri G o l d . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 9. Thyridium schweiggeri G o l d f . s p . ; A . S c h r a m m e n , p. 31, PI. 9, F i g . F i g . 1.

1973.

Craticularia

Material:

One

hence,

subclathrata

(Etall.);

fragmentarily

preserved

Z.

Fibich,

p.

50, PI.

6,

Fig.

4

and

PI.

27,

9.

specimen.

Remarks. — T h e r e is n o d i f f e r e n c e w h a t s o e v e r b e t w e e n T. schweiggeri and Craticularia subclathrata Etall. sp. in O p p l i g e r (1907). T h e scarcity of t h e m a t e r i a l m a k e s i m p o s s i b l e a n y s t u d y of t h e v a r i a b i l i t y a n d hence, a possibility c a n n o t be r u l e d out t h a t T. schweiggeri, as w e l l a s its c o n g e n e r s , is a n e c o p h e n o t y p e of a species of t h e g e n u s Craticularia Zittel, 1877, or Paracraticularia Schrammen, 1937. A c c o r d i n g t o S c h r a m m e n (1937), t h e f l a t Thyroidium d i f f e r s m e r e l y in its g e n e r a l s h a p e f r o m t h e c y l i n d r i c a l Craticularia; Paracraticularia, in its t u r n , m a kes u p colonies of c y l i n d r i c a l i n d i v i d u a l s like t h o s e t y p i c a l of Craticularia. Such a v a r i a t i o n m a y occur e v e n w i t h i n a single s p o n g e species.

OXFORDIAN

40

SPONGES

A n o t h e r p r o b l e m c o n c e r n s t h e r e l a t i o n of Thyroidium schweiggeri to its c o n g e n e r s : T. cancellatum (Goldfuss), T. leptophyllum (Quenstedt), T. foliatum (Quenstedt), a n d T. lineatum S c h r a m m e n . T h e s e species d i f f e r e x c l u s i v e l y i n t h e size of ostia f r o m one a n o t h e r . O n e m i g h t s u p p o s e t h a t t h e s e a r e conspecdfic m o r p h o t y p e s b u t a n y u l t i m a t e decision c a n n o t be m a d e b e c a u s e of t h e scarcity of m a t e r i a l . Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see T e x t - f i g - 7) a n d M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of the P o l i s h Juira ( S i e m i r a d z k i 1913); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n t o L o w e r K i m m e r i d g i a n of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937) a n d of t h e Swiss J u r a (Oppliger 1926).

Genus WALCOTELLA de Laubenfels, 1955 (= Rhopalicus Schrammen, 1937; = Eutactus Schrammen, 1937; = Ordinatus de Laubenfels, 1955) Remarks. — T h e n a m e s Rhopalicus a n d Eutactus h a v e b e e n r e p l a c e d b y de L a u b e n f e l s (1955, pp. £82—83) w i t h Walcotella a n d Ordinatus, respectively, because they h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o be h o m o n y m s . Ordinatus, h o w e v e r , is h e r e considered a j u n i o r s y n o n y m of Walcotella b e c a u s e t h e only d i f f e r e n c e s ( s o m e w h a t t h i n n e r wall a n d m o r e d e n s e l y spaced o s t i a -in Ordinatus) s e e m to b e i n s u f f i c i e n t to p e r m i t a d i s t i n c t i o n a t t h e g e n e r i c level.

Walcotella pertusa (Goldfuss, 1833) (PI. 11, Figs 1—2 and PI. 12, Fig. 2) 1913. Sporadopyle 1915. Sporadopyle 1937. Rhopalicus

pertusa pertusa pertusus

G f . ; J. S i e m i r a d z k i , p. 19 [ c u m syn.]. Goldf. sp.; F. Oppliger, pp. 20—21. G o l d f . s p . ; A . S c h r a m m e n , p p . 36—37, PI. 3, F i g .

F i g s 6—7 a n d PI. 26, F i g . 4. 1937. Rhopalicus cingulatus n. sp.; A . PI. 15, F i g . 7. 1937. Rhopalicus Material:

macrostomata

6 poorly

preserved

n.

Schrammen,

sp.; A.

p.

Schrammen,

37,

PI.

1,

p. 37, PI.

Fig.

11,

12, F i g .

13, PI. 7, F i g . PI.

7,

Fig.

6

14, and

6.

specimens.

Remarks. — T h e f o r m s R. cingulatus a n d R. macrostomata have been here considered conspecific w i t h W. pertusa because they were erected each after a single s p e c i m e n d i f f e r e n t only v e r y slightly f r o m t h e l a t t e r species; those d i f f e r e n c e s c o n c e r n t h e r e g u l a r i t y of a r r a n g e m e n t of ostia. It seems u n l i k e l y t h a t this v a r i a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s a n y t h i n g else t h a n i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y . Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see T e x t - f i g . 7) a n d M i d d l e t o U p p e r O x f o r d i a n of t h e P o l i s h J u r a ( S i e m i r a d z k i 1913); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to L o w e r K i m m e r i d g i a n of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n a n d L o w e r K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e Swiss J u r a (Oppliger 1926).

Walcotella texturata (v. Schlotheim, 1820) (PI. 11, Fig. 3 and PL . 12, Figs 4—5) 1910. Sporadopyle texturata S c h l o t h . s p . ; R. K o l b , p p . 168—169 [ c u m s y n . ] . 1915. Sporadopyle texturata S c h l o t h . s p . ; F . O p p l i g e r , p. 21. 1037. Eutactus texturatus G o l d f . s p . ; A . S c h r a m m e n , p. 38, PI. 13, F i g . 5. Material: 9 specimens.

Remarks. — T h e specimens f r o m G e r m a n y ( Q u e n s t e d t ' s a n d S c h r a m m e n ' s collections) a r e c i r c u l a r i n cross section as a r u l e , w h e r e a s t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d ones a r e m o s t l y oval to i r r e g u l a r l y s u b o v a l .

ACTA GEOLOGIC A

POLONICA,

VOL.

32

J. T R A M M E R .

P L . 41

mmĘ ar*

1—2 — Walcotella pertusa (Goldfuss): 1 — locality W r z o s o w a , w a s t e ; 2 — W y s o k a , bed sp.; Zalas, bed S; 5 — Tremadictyon reticulatum (Goldfuss); W r z o s o w a , w a s t e ; <> m e n ) ; Zalas, bed 10; 8 — Xenoschrammenum punctatum ( S c h r a m m e n ) ; Zalas, bed schweiggeri (Goldfuss); Zalas, bed 10 F i g u r e s in nat. size, except of Fig. 1 (X1.5), Figs

15; 3 -Walcotella texturata (v. S c h l o t h a i m ) ; Wysoka, bed 14; 4 — Tremadictyon sp.; Zalas, bed 8; 7 — Xenoschrammenum alternans 10; 9 Stauroderma lochense ( Q u e n s t e d t ) ; Wysoka w a s t e ' 10 4 a n d 6 (X2); t a k e n by S- K o l a n o w s k i

Craticularia (SchramThyroidium

ACTA

1

GEOLOGIC A

POLONICA,

VOL.

32

J. T R A M M E R . P L . 42

— Cralicularia sp.: p a r e n c h y m a l skeleton, X40; locality Zalas, bed 8; 2 — Walcotella pertusa (Goldfuss): 2a — p e r e n c h y m a l skeleton, X40; 2b — s u b d e r m a l skeleton, X40; W r z o s o w a , w a s t e ; 3 — Stauroderma lochense (Quenstedt): p a r e n c h y m a l skeleton, X40; W y s o k a , w a s t e ; 4 — Walcotella texturata (v. S c h l o t h e i m ) : p a r e n c h y m a l skeleton, X100; Wysoka, bed 20; 5 — Walcotella texturata (v. S c h l o t h e i m ) : s u b d e r m a l skeleton, X40; Wysoka, bed 14; 6 — Tremadictyon sp.: p a r e n s k t o n X40 v L , , , ™ ' '> Zalas, bed 8; 7 — Tremadictyon reticulatum (Goldfuss): 7 a _ s u b d e r m a l skeleton, X40; 7b — l a n t e r n node f r o m p a r e n c h y m a l skeleton, <*-4l; Wrzosowa, w a s t e All p h o t o s t a k e n by L. Ł u s z c z e w s k a , M.Sc,

J.

32

TRAMMER

Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a Beds (see Text-fig- 7); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n t o L o w e r K i m m e r i d g i a n of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of the S w i s s J u r a (Oppliger 1926).

Genus RHOGOSTOMIUM Schrammen, 1937 Rhogostomium corrugatum Schrammen, 1937 (PI. 13, Fig. 2) 1937. Rhogostomium Figs Material:

6, 9 a n d One

corrugatum

n.

PI.

3.

27,

Fig,

sp.;

A.

Schrammen,

pp.

58—59,

PI.

2,

Fig.

9,

PI.

5,

specimen.

Remarks. — T h e i n v e s t i g a t e d s p e c i m e n displays t h e diagnostic specific f e a t u r e s : its ostia aęe a r r a n g e d in l o n g i t u d i n a l , s o m e w h a t i r r e g u l a r r o w s , a n d l o c a t e d in f u nrows. Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a Beds (see Texst-fig. 7); u p p e r m o s t of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937).

Kimmeridgian

Genus AULODOMUS Schrammen, 1937 Aulodomus sp. (PI. 13, Fig. 1) Material:

One

fragmentarily

preserved

specimen.

Remarks. — T h e s p e c i m e n is a t t r i b u t e d to t h e g e n u s Aulodomus b e c a u s e of t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : s m a l l c u b e s of t h e s k e l e t a l n e t w o r k , only slightly t h i c k e n e d s k e l e t o n n e a r t h e s u r f a c e (most J u r a s s i c dictyids h a v e t h e i r s k e l e t o n c o n s i d e r a b l y t h i c k e n e d n e a r t h e surface), p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d c h a n n e l system. Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see T e x t - f i g . 7).

Dictyida gen. et sp. idet. (PI. 13, Fig. 3) Material: One specimen with fragmentarily f r a g m e n t s of d e r m a l s k e l e t o n .

preserved

subdermal

skeleton

and

very

small

R e m a r k s . — A n y m o r e p r e c i s e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n is i m p o s s i b l e b e c a u s e t h e o b s e r v a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e d e r m a l a n d s u b d e r m a l s k e l e t o n a r e s h a r e d b y v a r i o u s J u r a s s i c dictyid g e n e r a . Occurrence.

— J a s n a G ó r a Beds (see T e x t - f i g . 7).

Order Lychniskida Schrammen, 1902 Genus SPORADOPYLE Zittel, 1877 Remarks. — De L a u b e n f e l s (1955,. p- £84) a s s i g n e d Sporadopyle to t h e o r d e r Diotyida, a l t h o u g h S c h r a m m e n {l&fS) h a d a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d skeletons w i t h l a n t e r n nodes (lychniscs) r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h a t genus.

Sporadopyle IKS. Sporadopyle 1937. Sporadopyle

obliqua obliqua

Goldf. Goldf.

sp.; sp.;

obliqua (Goldfuss, 1833 (PI. 14) F . O p p l i g e r , p. A. S c h r a m m e n ,

Fig. 1. Material:

15 s p e c i m e n s , m o s t o f

them well

preserved.

10 [ c u m s y n . ] . pp. 17—18, PI. 2.

Fig

8 and

PI.

11,

ACTA

GEOLOGICA

P O L O N I C A , VOL.

32

1

J. T R A M M E R , PL. 13

1 — Aulodomus sp.: skeleton, X15; locality W r z o s o w a , b e d 21 2 — Rhogostomium corrugatum S c h r a m m e n ; n a t . size; Zalas, bed 3 — Dicityida gen. et sp. indet.: 3a — s u b d e r m a l skeleton, X40; s k e l e t o n w i t h f r a g m e n t s of d e r m a l s k e l e t o n (at foreground), bed 21 Figs 1 a n d 3 t a k e n b y L. Ł u s z c z e w s k a , M.Sc-; Fig. 2 b y S.

10 3b — s u b d e r m a l X40; Wrzosowa, Kolanowski

A C T A G E O L O G I C A P O L O N I C A , V O L . 32

J. T R A M M E R . P L . 32

Sporadodyle obliqua (Goldfuss): 1 — locality W r z o s o w a , bed 9 (la — side view, X l . 5 ; l b — t o p view, X1.5; l c — I d — p a r e n c h y m a l skeletons, X100; l e — s u b d e r m a l skeleton, X15); 2 — N o w a K r y s t y n a , bed 14; t a k e n X l . 5 ; 3 — Wrzosowa, bed 6; t a k e n X 2 P h o t o s of s k e l e t o n s by L. Ł u s z c z e w s k a , M.Sc.; o t h e r s b y S. K o l a n o w s k i

OXFORDIAN

SPONGES

33

Remarks. —• I r r e g u l a r , t h i c k e n e d , a n d p o r o u s s u b d e r m a l s k e l e t o n (PI. 14, Fig. le), c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e r e g u l a r p a r e n c h y m a l s k e l e t o n (PI. 14, Fig. lc—d), h a s b e e n f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e o b s e r v e d in S. obliqua. Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see T e x t - f i g . 7) a n d M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of t h e Polish J u r a ( S i e m i r a d z k i 1913); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to M i d d l e K i m m e r i d g i a n of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n t o K i m m e r i d g i a n of t h e Swiss J u r a (Oppliger 1926); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n a n d T i t h o n i a n of F r a n c e ( L a g n e a u - H e r e n g e r 1951).

Genus TROCHOBOLUS Zittel, 1877 Trochobolus sp. Material:

One

fragment

of

a

specimen.

Remarks. — T h e s p e c i m e n s h o w s diagnostic f e a t u r e s of t h e genus: v e r y r e g u l a r s k e l e t o n w i t h l a n t e r n nodes, e x t e r n a l s u r f a c e conspicuously o r n a m e n t e d w i t h l o n g i t u d i n a l i r r e g u l a r rises a n d d e e p f u r r o w s i n b e t w e e n (cf. S c h r a m m e n 1937, PL 12, Fig. 3). Occurrence.

— J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see Text-fig- 7).

Genus CYPELLIA Pomel, 1872 Cypellia rugosa (Goldfuss, 1833) (PI. 15) 1833. 1833. 1878. 1878. 1878. 1878. 1897. 1897. 1907. 1907. 1910. 1913. 1915. 1915. 1926. 1926. 1937.

Scyphia rugosa n o b i s ; A . G o l d f u s s , p. 9, PI. 3, F i g . 6. Scyphia rugosa n o b i s , v a r . infundibuliformis; A. G o l d f u s s , p p . 87—88, PI. 32, F i g . 2. Crucispongia annulata; F. A. Q u e n s t e d t , p. 165, PI. 123, F i g . 2. Crucispongia cruciata; F . A . Q u e n s t e d t , p p . 166—168, PI. 123, F i g s 3—5. Spongites dolosus; F . A. Q u e n s t e d t , p. 302, PI. 130, F i g . 3. Dolispongia semicruciata; F. A . Q u e n s t e d t , p p . 306—310, PI. 130, F i g s 7 a n d 11. Cypellia rugosa G o l d f . s p . ; F . O p p l i g e r , p p . 32—33. Cypellia infundibuliformis G o l d f . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 34. Cypellia caliciformis s p . n o v . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 10, PI. 4, F i g . 2. Cypellia conica s p . n o v . ; F . O p p l i g e r , p p . 10—11, PI. 4, F i g . 3. Cypellia rugosa G o l d f . s p . ; R. K o l b , p p . 177—181,, PI. 11, F i g s 17—22 a n d PI. 12, F i g s 2—11. Cypellia rugosa G f . ; J. S i e m i r a d z k i , p p . 25—26. Cypellia rugosa G o l d f . sp.; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 32—33. Cypellia calyciformis O p p l . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 37—38. Cypellia rugosa G o l d f . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p p . 17—18. Cypellia r u g o s a f o r m a i n f u n d i b u l i f o r m i s G o l d f , ; F. O p p l i g e r , . p. 18. P h a n e r o c h i d e r m a rugosa G o l d f . s p . ; A. S c h r a m m e n , p. 12, PI. 1, F i g . 1, PI. 2, F i g . 8 a n d PI. ill, F i g . 7.

1937. Phanerochiderma

infundibuliformis

1973. Phanerochiderma

rugosa

Material:

3 variably

preserved

(Goldf.);

Goldf. z.

specimens

sp.;

Fibich, with

p.

well

A.

Schrammen,

47, PI.

7,

preserved

Figs

pp.

12—13.

3—5.

skeletons.

Remarks. — V a r i o u s m o r p h o t y p e s r e f e r r e d to i n t h e s y n o n y m y d i f f e r f r o m t h e h o l o t y p e e x c l u s i v e l y in t h e i r g e n e r a l s h a p e ; f o r instance, C. caliciformis is e u r y p r o c t , a n d C. conica i s a m b l y p r o a t i n t e r m s of de L a u b e n f e l s (1955, p. E25). All those m o r p h o t y p e s g r a d e c o n t i n u o u s l y into one a n o t h e r in S c h r a m m e n ' s collection. T h e f o r m s "Cypellia labiosa spec, n o v . " in O p p l i g e r (1915, p p . 33—34) a n d "Cypellia verrucosa spec,, n o v . " in O p p l i g e r (1915, p p . 35—36) r e s e m b l e C. rugosa in t h e i r g e n e r a l s h a p e b u t t h e i r d e r m a l s k e l e t o n lis a b s e n t . T h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e l a t t e r is diagnostic of t h e g e n u s Cypellia a n d hence, t h e r e is n o r e a s o n t o a t t r i b u t e these t w o f o r m s t o t h e g e n u s u n d e r discussion.

J.

34

TRAMMER

Occurrence. — J a s n a G ó r a Beds (see T e x t - f i g . 7) a n d M i d d l e to U p p e r O x f o r d i a n of t h e Polish J u r a ( S i e m i r a d z k i 1913); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n to L o w e r K i m m e r i d g i a n of S w a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a ( S c h r a m m e n 1937) a n d of t h e S w i s s J u r a (Oppliger 1926); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of F r a n c e ( L a g n e a u - H e r e n g e r 1951)-

Genus PLACOTELIA Oppliger, 1907 (= Placotelia Oppliger, 1915; = Discophyma Oppliger, 1915) Remarks. — O p p l i g e r (1926) recognized t h e g e n e r a Placotelia and Discophyma to be s y n o n y m o u s ; this c o n c l u s i o n is s u p p o r t e d b y t h e p r e s e n t a u t h o r . H o w e v e r , c o n t r a r y to t h e p r i o r i t y r u l e , O p p l i g e r (1926) m a i n t a i n e d t h e g e n u s Discophyma i n s t e a d of Placotelia.

Placotelia marcoui (Fromentel, 1859) (Pl. 16) 1907 1907. 1915. 1926. 1926.

Placotelia Marcou E t a l l . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 14, PI. 5, F i g . 3 [ c u m Placotelia dolata E t a l l . s p . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 14, PI. 5, F i g . 3. P l a c o t e l i a Marcoui O p p l . (isic!); F . O p p l i g e r , p. 41, PI. 5, F i g . 2. Discophyma marcoui O p p l . ; F. O p p l i g e r , p. 22. Discophyma dolata O p p l . (Et.); F . O p p l i g e r , p p . 22—23.

Material:

3 well

preserved

syn.].

specimens.

Remarks. — T h e f a r m s P. marcoui a n d P. dolata, a s described b y Oppliger (1907), d i f f e r only slightly i n g e n e r a l s h a p e a n d also in t h e size of oscula; f u r t h e r m o r e , O p p l i g e r (1907) h a d only t w o s p e c i m e n s of P. dolata a t his disposal. It is t h e r e f o r e v e r y likely t h a t one d e a l s h e r e w i t h i n t r a - r a t h e r t h a n i n t e r s p e c i f i c variation. I n t u r n , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of P. marcoui t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n g e n e r s r e m a i n s u n clear: P. etalloni (Oppliger, 1907) ( = Discophyma etalloni spec. nov. in Oppliger, 1915), P. pertusianum (Oppliger, 1915), P. rugatum (Oppliger, 1915), P. levigatum (Oppliger, 1915), P. cribratum (Oppliger, 1926), a n d P- foraminosa (Oppliger, 1926). All those species h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d a f t e r a single t o a t m o s t t h r e e specimens. T h e i r h o l o t y p e s h a v e only f r a g m e n t a r i l y p r e s e r v e d s k e l e t o n s in s o m e cases. T h e i r q u a l i t a t i v e d i a g n o s t i c c h a r a c t e r s a r e i n c o m m o n w i t h P. marcoui, w h i l e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s consist i n such q u a n t i t a t i v e f e a t u r e s as t h e i n d i v i d u a l size, w a l l t h i c k ness, d i m e n s i o n s a n d n u m b e r of i n h a l a n t pores. O n e m a y s u p p o s e t h a t all, or • some of, t h e s e species axe oonspecific w i t h P. marcoui. To solve this p r o b l e m , h o w e v e r , a l a r g e r s a m p l e of t h e l a t t e r species is n e e d e d . O c c u r r e n c e . — J a s n a G ó r a B e d s (see T e x t - f i g . 7); M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of t h e Swiss J u r a (Oppliger 1926) a n d F r a n c e ( L a g n e a u - H e r e n g e r 1951); p e r h a p s also M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n of S p a i n (Behmel 1970).

FINAL REMARKS

When giving the characteristic of the sponge assemblage of the Jasna Góra Beds, not only the taxonomy has been discussed but also some ecological and biogeographical aspects have been considered, as it is in fashion nowadays. The Jasna Góra Beds, however, present merely a small fraction of the space occupied by the lithologically variable sponge megafacies of the Upper Jurassic (cf. Text-fig. 6). They present also

OXFORDIAN

SPONGES

35

a very small fraction, an early stage, of the stratigraphic section of this megafacies. To solve several ecological and biogeographical problems involved, a multifaceted study of the entire megafacies, a unique complex in the fossil record, will be needed. Especially important topics include relative abundances of particular sponge species in various areas and their relationship to lithology. The author is therefore fully aware that this report reflects merely the initial stage of the research, when the problems first appear but are still far from being satisfactorily solved. Institute of Geology of the Warsaw University, Al. Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland

REFERENCES

A R K E L L W. J . 1956. J u r a s s i c Geology of t h e W o r l d . 806 pp. Olivier LondonB A R B U L E S C U A. 1974. S t r a t i g r a p h i e du J u r a s s i q u e d a n s la p a r t i e la Dobrogea C e n t r a l e . 173 pp. Editura Academiei; Buearesti.

and

Boyd;

Ouest

de

B E H M E L H. 1970. B e i t r a g e zur S t r a t i g r a p h i e u n d P a l a o n t o l o g i e des J u r a s von O s t s p a n i e n . N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh., 137, 1—102. S t u t t g a r t . B E R Q U I S T P. R. 1978. Sponges- 268 pp. Hutchinson; London. B O S E L L I N I A. & W I N T E R E R E. L. 1975. P e l a g i c l i m e s t o n e a n d r a d i o l a r i t e of t h e T e t h y a n Mesozoic: A g e n e t i c model. Geology, 3, 279—282. B U K O W S K I G. 1887. U e b e r d i e J u r a b i l d u n g e n v o n C z e n s t o c h a u i n Poleru Beitr. Paldontol. Oesterreich-Ungarns, 4, 76—171. Wien. C A R I O U E., E N A Y R. & T I N T A N T H- 1971. O x f o r d i e n . C.-R. Somm. Soc. Geol. Fr., 6, 18—21. N a n c y . D I E T L G., Z I E G L E R B. & W E S T P H A L F. 1980. S t r a t i g r a p h i e , F a z i e s u n d L a n d s c h a f t s g e s c h i c h t e i m B r a u n - u n d W e i s s j u r a der S i i d w e s t a l b . 13 pp. P o l o ontologische Gesellschaft, 50. Jahresversammlung (Exkursionen). Tubingen. D E F R E T I N - L E F R A N C S. 1960. C o n t r i b u t i o n a l ' e t u d e d e s S p o n g i a i r e s siliceux du C r e t a c e s u p e r i e u r d u N o r d de la F r a n c e . 178 p p . These Fac• Sci. Lille. Lille. F I B I C H Z. 1973. U p p e r J u r a s s i c T r i a x o n i a of t h e C z ę s t o c h o w a R e g i o n ( C e n t r a l Poland). Ann. Soc. Geol. Pologne, 43 (1), 41—58. K r a k ó w . F I N K S R. M. 1970. T h e e v o l u t i o n a n d ecologic h i s t o r y of sponges d u r i n g Palaeozoic times. In: F R Y W. G. (Ed.), T h e biology of P o r i f e r a . Symposia Zool• Soc. London, 25, 3—22. L o n d o n . F R I T Z P. 1965. 0 1 8 / 0 1 8 — I s o t o p e n a n a l y s e n u n d P a l a o t e m p e r a t u r b e s t i m m u n g e n a n Belemndten a u s d e m S c h w a b i s c h e n J u r a . Geol. Rundschau, 54, 261—269. Stuttgart. F R Y W. G. & F R Y P. D. 1979. A s p e c t s of t h e f u n c t i o n a l a n a t o m y a n d ecological physiology of Disyringia a n d s o m e o t h e r i n f a u n a l t e t r a c t i n o m o r p h spongesColloques internationaux du C. N. R. S., 291 (Biologie des spongiaires), 335—341. P a r i s . F U C H S B. 1935. T e r e b e l l e n a u s d e m W e i s s j u r a S c h w a b e n s . Zblatt. Mineral. Geol. Palaont., B, 210—215. S t u t t g a r t .

49

J.

TRAMMER

G E Y E R O. F. & G W I N N E R M. P- 1968. E i n f u h r u n g i n d i e Geologie v o n B a d e n -Wurittemberg. 228 pp. Schweizerbarf, Stuttgart. G O L D F U S S A. 1833. P e t r e f a c t a . 252 pp. Arnz; Dusseldorf. G W I N N E R M. P. 1962. Geologie des Weissen Juira der A l b h o c h f a c h e ( W u r t t e m b e r g ) . N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh., 115, 137—221. S t u t t g a r t . — 1971. C a r b o n a t e r o c k s of t h e U p p e r J u r a s s i c An S W - G e r m a n y . I n : M U L L E R G. (Ed.), S e d i m e n t o l o g y of p a r t s of C e n t r a l E u r o p e , 193—207. Kramer; Frankf u r t a. M. —• 1976. O r i g i n of t h e U p p e r J u r a s s i c l i m e s t o n e s of t h e S w a b i a n A l b ( S o u t h w e s t G e r m a n y ) . Contr. Sedimentology, 5, 1—75. S t u t t g a r t . G Y G I R. A. 1969. Z u r S t r a t i g r a p h i e d e r O x f o r d - S t u f e (oberes J u r a - S y s t e m ) d e r N o r d s c h w e i z u n d des s i i d d e u t s c h e n Grenzgebietes- Beitr. Geol. Karte Schweiz, N. F., 136, 1—123. B e r n . H A R T M A N W. D. 1980. S y s t e m a t i c s of t h e P o r i f e r a . In: H A R T M A N W. D., W E N D T J . W. & W I E D E N M A Y E R F., L i v i n g a n d Fossil Sponges. Sedimenta, 8 (Notes f o r a s h o r t course), 24—51. M i a m i . H E C K E L P. H. 1974- C a r b o n a t e b u i l d u p s i h t h e geological r e c o r d : a r e v i e w . In: L A P O R T E L. F. (Ed.), R e e f s i n t i m e a n d space. Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Pub., 18, 90—154. H E S S H. 1975. Die f o s s i l e n E c h i n o d e r m e n des S c h w e i z e r J u r a s . Veroff. Naturhist. Mus. Basel, 8, 1—130. BaselH I L L E R K. 1964. U b e r die B a n k - u n d S c h w a m m f a z i e s des W e i s s e n J u r a d e r S c h w a b i s c h e n A l b ( W u r t t e m b e r g ) . Arbeiten Geol. Inst. T. H. Stuttgart, N. F., 40, 1-4190. S t u t t g a r t . H O L D E R H. 1964. J u r a . 630 pp. Enke; S t u t t g a r t . H U R C E W I C Z H- 1975. C a l c i s p o n g e a f r o m t h e J u r a s s i c of P o l a n d . Acta Palaeontol. Polon., 20 (2), 223—291. W a r s z a w a . K A Ź M I E R C Z A K J. 1973. Tolypammina vagans ( F o r a m i n i f e r i d a ) as i n h a b i t a n t of t h e O x f o r d i a n siliceous sponges. Acta Palaeontol. Polon., 18 (1), 95—115. W a r szawa. K H O U D A R Y E L R. H. 1972. B e i t r a g e zur S t r a t i g r a p h i e u n d Palaonitologie des J u r a s v o n O s t s p a n i e n . N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh-, 144, 296—341. S t u t t g a r t . KOLB

R. 1910. Die K i e s e l s p o n g i e n des s c h w a b i s c h e n graphica, 57, 141—256. S t u t t g a r t .

weissen

Jura.

Palaeonto-

K U T E K J., M A T Y J A B. A. & W I E R Z B O W S K I A. 1973. S t r a t i g r a p h i c a l p r o b l e m s of t h e U p p e r J u r a s s i c deposits i n t h e W a r s z a w a s y n c l i n o r i u m . Acta Geol. Polon., 23 (3), 547—575- W a r s z a w a . — W I E R Z B O W S K I A., B E D N A R E K J., M A T Y J A B. A. & Z A P A Ś N I K T. 1977. N o t e s on t h e U p p e r J u r a s s i c i n t h e P o l i s h J u r a C h a i n . Przegląd Geol., 438—445. W a r s z a w a . L A U B E N F E L S M. W„ de 1955. P o r i f e r a . In: M O O R E R. C. (Ed.), T r e a t i s e on I n v e r t e b r a t e P a l e o n t o l o g y , P a r t E ( A r c h a e o c y a t a , P o r i f e r a ) , 21—122- L a w r a n c e . — 1957. S p o n g e s of t h e Post-Paleozoic. In: L A D D H. S. (Ed.), T r e a t i s e of M a r i n e Ecology a n d Paleoecology. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem., 67, 771—772. W a s h i n g t o n . L A G N E A U - H f i R E N G E R L. 1951. S u r les g i s e m e n t s a s p o n g i a i r e s siliceux J u r a s s i q u e S u p e r i e u r f r a n c a i s , Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 6, 67—74- P a r i s .

du

L E V I C. 1973. S y s t e m a t i q u e de la classe des D e m o s p o n g i a r i a (Demoisponges). I n : G R A S S E P. P . (Ed.), T r a i t e de Zoologie, T o m e I I I (Spongiaires), 577—631. Paris. M A L I N O W S K A L. 1963. S t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e O x f o r d i a n of t h e C z ę s t o c h o w a J u r a s s i c on b a s e iof a m m o n i t e s . Prace Inst. Geol., 36, 1—161. W a r s z a w a -

OXFORDIAN

SPONG.ES

37

M A T Y J A B. A. 1976. O k s f o r d p o ł u d n i o w o - z a c h o d n i e g o o b r z e ż e n i a Gór Ś w i ę t o k r z y s k i c h . Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation; University of Warsaw. — & G I Ż E J E W S K A M. 1979. D i s t r i b u t i o n of C a l l o v i a n a n d Dover O x f o r d i a n a m m o n i t e f a u n a s in P o l a n d . Acta Geol. Polcn., 29 (2), 177—185. W a r s z a w a . — & T A R K O W S K I R- 1981. L o w e r a n d M i d d l e O x f o r d i a n a m m o n i t e b i o s t r a t i g r a p h y a t Z a l a s an t h e C r a c o w U p l a n d . Acta Geol. Polon., 31 (1/2), 1—14. Warszawa. M O C Z Y D Ł O W S K A W. & P A R U C H - K U L C Z Y C K A J. 1978. An a n a ł i s i s of siliceous s p o n g e spicules f r o m t h e O x f o r d i a n of W r z o s o w a a n d Zawodzie, a n d t h e C a m p a n i a n of B o n a r k a . Kwart. Geol., 22 (1), 83—103. W a r s z a w a . M O R E T L. 1948. M a n u e l de P a l e o n t o l o g i e A n i m a l e . 745 pp. Masson; Paris. N E S T L E R H. 1961. S p o n g i e n a u s d e r w e i s s e n S c h r e i b k r e i d e ( U n t e r - M a a s t r i c h t ) der I n s e l R u g e n (Ostsee). Palaontol. Abh. Geol. Ges. DDR, 1, 1—70. Berlin. NITZOtPOULOS G. 1974. F a u n i s t i s c h - o k o l o g i s c h e , s t r a t i g r a p h i s c h e u n d s e d i m e n t o logische U n t e r s u c h u n g e n a m S c h w a m m s t o z e n - K o m p l e x bei S p i e l b e r g a m H a h n e n k a m m (Ob. O x f o r d i e n , S u d l i c h e F r a n k e n a l b ) . Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk. B., 16, 1—143. S t u t t g a r t . O P P L I G E R F- 1897. Die J u r a s p o n g i e n v o n B a d e n . Abh. Schweiz. Palaontol. Ges., 24, 1—58. Z u r i c h . — 1907. S p o n g i e n a u s d e m A r g o v i e n I ( B i r m e n s t o r f e r s c h i c h t e n ) des D e p a r t m e n t du J u r a , F r a n k r e i c h . Abh. Schweiz. Palaontol. Ges., 34, 1—19. Zurich. — 1915. Die S p o n g i e n der B i r m e n s d o r f e r s c i h i c h t e n des s c h w e i z e r i s c h e n J u r a . Abh. Schweiz. Palaontol. Ges., 40, 1—84- G e n e v e . — 1926. K i e s e l s p o n g i e n des s c h w e i z e r i s c h e n w e i s s e n J u r a . Abh. Schweiz. Palaontol. Ges., 46, 1—76. G e n e v e . Q U E N S T E D T F. A. 1858. Der J u r a . 842 pp- Laupp; Tubingen. —• 1878. Die S c h w a m m e . In: P e t r e f a c t e n k u n d e D e u t s c h l a n d s , 5, 1—612. Leipzig. R A U F F H. 1893. Palaeospongiologie. Palaeontographica, 40, 1—346. S t u t t g a r t . R E I D R. E. H. 1968- B a t h y m e t r i c d i s t r i b u t i o n of C a l c a r e a a n d H e x a c t i n e l l i d a in t h e p r e s e n t a n d in t h e p a s t . Geol. Mag., 105, 546—559. H e t f o r d . R Ó Ż Y C K I S. Z. 1953. G ó r n y d o g g e r i d o l n y m a l m J u r y K r a k o w s k o - C z ę s t o c h o w s kiej. Prace Inst. Geol., 17, 1—335. W a r s z a w a . R U T Z L E R K. & M A C I N T Y R E I- G. 1978. Silieeeous sponge spicules in c o r a l reef s e d i m e n t s . Mar. Biol., 49, 147—159. B e r l i n — H e i d e l b e r g — N e w Y o r k . S A P U N O V I. G. & Z I E G L E R B. 1976. S t r a t i g r a p h i s c h e B r o b l e m e im O b e r j u r a des w e s t l i c h e n B a l k a n g e b i r g e s . Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk.B., 18, 1—47. S t u t t g a r t S A R A M. & V A C E L E T J. 1973. Ecologie des Demosponges. In: G R A S S E P. P. (Ed.), T r a i t e de Zoologie, T o m e I I I (Spongiaires), 462—578. P a r i s . S C H R A M M E N A. 1937- Die K i e s e l s p o n g i e n des O b e r e n J u r a v o n S u d e t s c h l a n d . B. B e s o n d e r e r Teil. Palaentographica, A, 85, 1—114. S t u t t g a r t . S H I N N E. A. 1969. S u b m a r i n e l i t h i f i c a t i o n of H o l o c e n e c a r b o n a t e s e d i m e n t s i n t h e P e r s i a n G u l f . Sedimentology, 12, 109—144. A m s t e r d a m . S I E M I R A D Z K I J . 1913. L e s s p o n g i a i r e s ' J u r a s s i q u e s de la Pologne. Paleontol. gne, 1, 1—50. W a r s z a w a -

Polo-

S I M P S O N E. H. 1949. M e a s u r e m e n t of d i v e r s i t y . Nature, 163, p. 688. L o n d o n . T A R K O W S K I R. 1978. B i o s t r a t y g r a f i a mairgli k o r d a t o w y c h w Zalasie. Unpublished graduate paper; University of Mining and Metallurgy, Cracow. T R A M M E R J. 1979. Some a s p e c t s of t h e biology of fossil s o l i d - b r a n c h i n g d e m o s ponges, e x e m p l i f i e d b y Reiswigia ramosa gen. n., sp- n., f r o m t h e L o w e r O x f o r d i a n of P o l a n d . Acta Geol. Polon., 29 (1), 39—49. W a r s z a w a . — 1981. M o r p h o l o g i c a l v a r i a t i o n a n d r e l a t i v e g r o w t h in t w o J u r a s s i c demosponges. N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Mh., 1981 (1), 54—64. S t u t t g a r t .

51

J.

TRAMMER

U L B R I C H H- 1974. Die S p o n g i e n der I l s e n b u r g — E n t w i c k l u n g (Oberes U n t e r — C a m p a n ) d e r S u b h e r z y n e n K r e i d e m u l d e . Freib. Forschugsch., C, 291, 3—121. Leipzig. VEIZER J . 1974. C h e m i c a l diagenesis of b e l e m n i t e shells a n d possible c o n s e q u e n s e s f o r p a l e o t e m p e r a t u r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh., 147, 91—111. Stuttgart. W A G E N P L A S T P. 1972. Okologische U n t e r s u c h u n g d e r F a u n a a u s B a n k - u n d S c h w a m m f a z i e s des W e i s s e n J u r a . Arb. Inst. Geol. Palaont. Univ. Stutt., N. F., 67, 1—99. S t u t t g a r t . W A G N E R W. 1963a. K i e s e l s c h w a m m e u n d S c h w a m m o k o l o g i e i m K o r a l l e n k a l k des o b e r e n M a l m v o n L a i s a c k e r bei N e u b u r g a n d e r D o n a u . Mitt. Bayer• Staatssamml. Palaont. Hist. Geol., 3, 1—20. Miinchen. •— 1963b. Die S c h w a m m f a u n a d e r O b e r k r e i d e v o n N e u n b u r g (Donau). Palaentographica, A, 122, 166—250. S t u t t g a r t . W I E D E N M A Y E R F. 1979. M o d e m sponge b i o h e r m s of t h e G r e a t B a h a m a B a n k a n d t h e i r likely a n c i e n t a n a l o g u e s . Colloques internationaux du C. N- R. S., 291 (Biologie des spongiaires), 281—296. P a r i s . — 1980. Siliceous sponges. D e v e l o p m e n t t h r o u g h time. In: H A R T M A N W. D. W E N D T J . W. & W I E D E N M A Y E R F., L i v i n g a n d Fossil Sponges. Sedimenta, 8 (Notes f o r a s h o r t course), 55—85. M i a m i . Z A N K L H. 1969- S t r u k t u r a l a n d t e x t u r a l e v i d e n c e of e a r l y l i t h i f i c a t i o n in f i n e - g r a i n e d c a r b o n a t e rocks. Sedimentology, 12, 241—256, A m s t e r d a m . Z E I S S A. 1955. S t r a t i g r a p h i e des C a l l o v i e n u n d U n t e r - O x f o r d i a n b e i B l u m b e r g (Siidbaden). Jh. Geol. Landesamt Baden—Wurttemberg, 1, 239—266. F r e i b u r g . Z I E G L E R B. 1967. A m m o n i t e n - O k o l o g i e a m Beispiel des O b e r j u r a . Geol. Rundschau, 56, 439—464. S t u t t g a r t . — 1971- B i o g e o g r a p h i e d e r T e t h y s . Jh. Ges. Naturkde. Wurttemberg, 126, 439 — —464. S t u t t g a r t . — 1977. T h e " W h i t e " (Upper) J u r a s s i c i n S o u t h e r n G e r m a n y . S t u t t g . Beitr. Naturk., B, 26, 1—79. S t u t t g a r t . Z I T T E L K. A. 1876. H a n d b u c h der P a l a e o n t o l o g i e . B a n d I. A b t e i l u n g I. Protozoa, C o e l e n t e r a t a , E c h i n o d e r m a t a u n d Molluscoidea. 765 pp. Oldenbourg; Miinchen—Leipzig. — 1877. S t u d i e n iiber fossile S p o n g i e n . I. Hexacitinellidae. Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Phys. Kl., 13, 1—63 Miinchen. — 1878. S t u d i e n liber fossile Spongien- Z w e i t e A b t e i l u n g : L i t h i s t i d a e . Abh. K. Bayer. Wiss., Math.-Phys. Kl., 13, 66—153. Miinchen.

OXFORDIAN

SPONGES

39

J. TRAMMER

GĄBKI DOLNEGO I ŚRODKOWEGO OKSFORDU JURY POLSKIEJ

(Streszczenie) P r z e d m i o t e m p r a c y są g ą b k i dolnego i środkowego o k s f o r d u J u r y Polskiej, z e b r a n e w k a m i e n i o ł o m a c h Wrzosowa, Wysoka, Ogrodzieniec, Zalas i N o w a K r y s tyna (fig- 1). G ą b k i te pochodzą z w a r s t w jasnogórskich (fig. 2-—3 oraz pl. 1—2), gdzie stanowią d o m i n u j ą c y e l e m e n t w ś r ó d f a u n y bentonicznej (fig. 5), a sporadycznie tworzą b i o h e r m y (fig. 4). W a r s t w y jasnogórskie są n a j s t a r s z ą częścią g ó r n o j u r a j s k i e j m e g a f a c j i g ą b k o w e j , k t ó r a jest przejściową między głębszymi u t w o r a m i T e t y d y i p ł y t k i m i osadami ś r o d k o w e j i p ó ł n o c n e j E u r o p y (fig. 6). W b a danych u t w o r a c h (patrz fig. 7) stwierdzono obecność 16 g a t u n k ó w n a l e ż ą c y c h do g r o m a d y Hyalospongea oraz 12 p r z y n a l e ż n y c h do rzędu Lithistida g r o m a d y Demospongea. Ponadto, na p o d s t a w i e analizy izolowanych spikuli (fig. 8), ustalono obecność „miękkich", o r o z s y p u j ą c y m się po śmierci zwierzęcia szkielecie, przedstawicieli Demospongea należących do innych niż Lithistida r z ę d ó w . Ilościowo d o m i n u j ą przedstawiciele Lithistida s t a n o w i ą c 96%> znalezionych okazów (fig. 7). P o r ó w nanie zespołów g ą b k o w y c h w a r s t w jasnogórskich i ich o d p o w i e d n i k a f a c j a l n e g o z obszaru Szwabii i F r a n k o n i i (kompleks j u r y b i a ł e j a) w s k a z u j e , iż oba te zespoły poważnie różnią się, gdyż w Niemczech d o m i n u j ą przedstawiciele Hyalospongea (fig. 9). Analiza sedymentologiczna w a r s t w jasnogórskich p r o w a d z i do wniosku, że w y s t ę p u j ą c e tu g ą b k i żyły n a głębokościach p r a w d o p o d o b n i e nie mniejszych niż 150—200 m, i że r o z w i j a ł y się n a m i ę k k i m dnie. P r a w i e zupełny b r a k u b a d a nych g ą b e k s p e c j a l n y c h organów m o c u j ą c y c h do podłoża, p o z w a l a przypuszczać, że żyły one nieco zagłębione swą dolną częścią w osad. Zauważono, iż w w a r stwach m a r g l i s t y c h zespoły, g ą b k o w e są g a t u n k o w o zróżnicowane, podczas gdy w w a r s t w a c h w a p i e n n y c h d o m i n u j e z w y k l e j e d e n g a t u n e k (fig. 10). Dzisiejsze zespoły g ą b k o w e głębszego szelfu stref ciepłych różnią się w y r a ź n i e od zespołów górnej jury, gdyż obecnie d o m i n u j ą t a m przedstawiciele Demonspongea należący do innych niż Lithistida rzędów, a p o n a d t o są t o f o r m y w y m a g a j ą c e t w a r d e g o podłoża. Stwierdzono, że m i e j s c a m i p r e d y s p o n o w a n y m i dla p o w s t a w a n i a b i o h e r m g ą b k o w y c h były podczas p o w s t a w a n i a w a r s t w jasnogórskich lokalne nierówności dna, gdzie — zgodnie z p r a w e m Bernoulliego — istniał zwiększony przepływ, a zatem lepsza c y r k u l a c j a wód. W s y s t e m a t y c z n e j części p r a c y opisano 28 t a k sonów (patrz fig. 12—16 oraz pl. 3—16). W s t o s u n k u do t a k s o n ó w w y s t ę p u j ą c y c h na tyle licznie, że m o ż n a było zbadać ich zmienność, p o d j ę t o p r ó b ę odejścia od p a n u j ą c e j d o t ą d r o z d r o b n i o n e j i często czysto m a r f o t y p o w e j taksonomii g ą b e k jury górnej.

ACTA

GEOLOGIC*

P 0 L

0NICA,

VOL.

32

Cypellia rugosa ( G o l d f u s s ) : 1 — l o c a l i t y W y s o k a , w a s t e (la — s k e l e t o n s , X40; If — s u b d e r m a l s k e l e t o n e m b r a c i n g s t a u r a c t s v i e w , n a t . size; 2b — t o p v i e w , n a t . size; 2c — d e r m a l s k e l e t o n , P h o t o s of s k e l e t o n s

J. T R A M M E R , P L . 15

side v i e w , n a t . size; l b — t o p v i e w , n a t . size; l c — d e r m a l s k e l e t o n , X 2 0 ; I d — l e — d e r m a l of t h e d e r m a l s k e l e t o n , X40; l g — p e r e n c h y m a l s k e l e t o n , X40); 2 — W y s o k a , w a s t e (2a — s i d e Xl5) by L. Ł u s z c z e w s k a M. Sc; o t h e r s by S. K o l a n o w s k i

ACTA

GEOLOGIC A

POLONICA,

VOL.

32

Placotelia marcoui (Fromentel): 1 — locality W y s o k a , w a s t e (la side of t h e specimen, X15; Id —le — solid d e r m a l skeleton f r o m X15; If — s u b d e r m a l skeleton, X15); 2 — W r z o s o w a , w a s t e (2a P h o t o s of s k e l e t o n s

J. T R A M M E R . P L . 54

— top view, nat. size; lb — side view, nat. size; l c — o p e n - w o r k d e r m a l skeleton f r o m l o w e r u p p e r side of t h e s p e c i m e n : s t a u r a c t s a r e e m b e d d e d w i t h i n a c o n t i n u o u s siliceous envelope, — top view, nat- size; 2b — b o t t o m view, X 2 ) by Ł u s z c z e w s k a , M.Sc.; others by S. K o l a n o w s k i