THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB,
LL.D.
EDITED BY t T. E. t E.
L. A.
CAPPS, POST,
PAGE,
PH.D., LL.D.
M.A.
E. H.
C.H., LITT.D.
t
W. H.
D.
WARMINGTON,
JOSEPHUS II
ROUSE,
m.a.,
litt.d.
f.r.hist.soc.
JOSEPHUS WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY H. ST.
J.
THACKERAY,
M.A.
HON. D.D. OXFORD, HON. D.D. DURHAM
IN NINE VOLUMES II
THE JEWISH WAR, BOOKS
I-III
LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS MCMLVI
First printed 1927
Reprinted 1956
s.w
Printed in Great Britain
CONTENTS OF VOLUME
II PAGE
Introduction
vii
THE JEWISH W AR— Book Book Book
2
I
II
III
322 574
.
.
The Herodian Family Maps
— Galilee
District
Central
and
Palestine
Jerusalem
at
.
....
and
Surrounding
Southern
end of Book
:
INTRODUCTION The
History of the Jewish War is the earliest and the most famous of the works of Josephus. The firstfruits of the leisure which he found in Rome after the war, it was written with all the advantages possessed by an ex-combatant and eyewitness, now a pensioner in the former palace of Vespasian, with the commentaries " of his imperial patrons, the commanders in the recent campaign, placed at his disposal." The title by which the author refers to his work is "Concerning the Jewish War" (Ilept tov 'lov^alKov TTokifjiov Vita 412, A. xx. 258, cf. xviii. 11). Laqueur, Der Jild. Hisioriker Flavins Josephus, Giessen, 1920, p 255 and p. 98, considers that this heading plainly betrays the purely Roman point of view of the Jewish turncoat. The expanded form, 'loi'SaJKov iroXe/xov Trpos 'Poj/zaiovs, found at the head of the first two books in Niese's principal ms P, may, it has been suggested, be an attempt of the author to neutralize the offensive character of the former superscription. But the majority of the mss employ another title, " Concerning (the) capture " (Ylepl aAolcreojs), often
quartered "
with the addition of
'lov8al'Ky]s
l(rropia
The
title
found also in Origen and Jerome, the latter of whom attributes it to the author himself * quae Josephus Judaicae scriptor historiae septem explicat uoluminibus,quibusimposuittitulumCaptiuiIlepi
aAcuo-ews is
<'
Ap.
i.
50, Vita 358, 423. vii
Title.
— INTRODLXTION tatis Judaicae id est Oepi aAojo-€oj? " {Comm. in Isaiam, Niese (vol. i. p. vi) regarded this cap. 64-, sub Jin.). as a title of Christian origin, introduced at a time when our author's principal works, the IVar and the Antiquities, were collected into a single corpus, bearing •, and sub-titles llf/.t ^^^ the short title is one which the author might well have employed himself;
the general oAa^cr
title 'loidatKT) t'o-ropt
and
'Apx"^'0'^°7''"'
often without the article, is constantly used tragedy, e.g. ii. 454 (-poointov aAtucrecjs), iv. 318, and v. 3 (uAojaews ap^ai, a A. Ka-iipqiv nj TrdAei). Dr. Robert Eisler, to whom the present writer is indebted for many suggestions in this Introduction, and whose forthcoming volume on the important Old Russian version of the IVar will throw much light on the genesis of the work, draws a distinction between an older and simpler draft, the Halosis, and a later and more elaborate edition, the Polemos. aAioo-t9,
of the
final
"
" Jewish history " or *' histories Euseb. Histnr. EccL i. 8) was the 345 general title of Josephus's " collected works " as they were finally published by Epaphroditus. He emphasizes the fact that all mss of the Russian version are entitled " On the Capture of Jerusalem " and that a hitherto unidentified quotation from Josephus, iv tJ5 Trt/xwTw Xo-ycj TTjs aM-aoL'^, in the Chron. Pasch. i.363 Dind.,can be traced He hopes to prove in his forthto certain of those .mss. coming work that the Russian version, as well as the " " so-called (Heg.) a Christianized Latin Egesippus translation by a converted Jew. Isaac alias Gaudentius or Hilarius, a contemporary of Pope Damasus is based on a lost earlier, somewhat different edition of our work
He
thinks
(ioTop/ai
that
Vita
:
—
—
first
published
in
triumph of Titus TTfpl
aXJvTfws
a.d.
— which
This was gradually added in subsequent years. lotoaiVos ir6\(tx.os to be the title of the
Tr/s
'l(povaa\r)u..
to, revised, curtailed,
He viii
considers
12 for the celebration of the bore the title 'i^\aviov 'lijcrrj-rrov
and expanded
INTRODUCTION thoroughly revised edition, published during the reign of Domitian, as it survives in the mss PA and L, while
MC
VR
and represent earlier, less carefully revised editions of the original "AXwjij, such as were used also by the Slavonic translator.
We learn from the proem that the Greek text was First not the first draft of the work. It had been preceded ^Jfuonf by a narrative written in Aramaic and addressed to " the barbarians in the interior," who are more precisely defined lower down as the natives of Parthia, Babylonia, and Arabia, the Jewish dispersion in Mesopotamia, and the inhabitants of Adiabene, a principality of which the reigning house, as was proudly remembered, were converts to Judaism {B. i, 3, 6). Of this Aramaic work the Greek is described as a " version" ("EAAa'St yXwcrcrr] /aeTa/iaAuJi), made for the benefit of the subjects of the Roman Empire, i.e. the Graeco-Roman world at large. The Aramaic is lost, but two probable inferences may be drawn with regard to (i) its relation to the Greek text, and (ii) its purpose. First, the Greek was not a literal translation. This may be inferred from the language of the historian elsewhere. He describes his Antiquities as a translation from the Hebrew Scriptures (€K Tuju 'Ef3paLKii>v
iJLedrjp/j.-)]ieviJLei'-i]u
ypo.iJ./xdTwUf
and again as a rendering of the Hebrew books into Greek (/^erac^pa^eii/ et's Tt)v "EA/VaSa yAwTTai') without material addition or omission on his own part (A. X. 218) but we know in fact that that work is a
A
\.
5),
;
free paraphrase of the Biblical story,
made
with the
LXX
assistance of the translation, and including considerable additions derived from other sources. The Jetvisk War in its Greek form was, we are told, pro-
duced with the aid of Greek assistants and shows no VOL.
II
A 2
ix
rhe Old Russian yersiOD.
INTRODUCTION trace whatever of Semitic phraseology we may infer that the older work has been practically rewritten. ;
With regard to its purpose, written as it was almost immediately after the war under the patronage of Vespasian, there is good ground for believing that it was officially "inspired" (see L?iqueuT, Der jUd. Historiker Fl. Josephus, 126 f.). It was a manifesto intended as a warning to the East of the futility of further opposition and to allay the after-war thirst for revenge, which ultimately led to the fierce outbreaks under Trajan and Hadrian. The danger of a Parthian rising was a constant menace, and it is significant that the Parthians stand in the forefront of the list of contemplated readers (i. 6). Such a motive is in fact admitted in the remark with which Josephus closes his description of the Roman army If I have dwelt at some length on this topic, my intention was not so much to extol the Romans as to console those whom they have vanquished and to deter others who may be tempted to revolt " (iii. 108 cf. :
;
Agrippa's speech ii. 345 ff., with the reference to the Jewish hopes of aid from Mesopotamia).
The
original Aramaic edition was at an early date lost Western world. A theory advanced byH. Kottek 16S6 that part of it has survived in the 6th century Syriac version of Book vi was shown by Noldeke to be untenable. More recently, however, A. Berendts (ap. Harnack. Tf^xte und Cnfersuchungen, xiv. 1, 1906) has maintained that it survives in the Old Russian version. That version contains some remarkable deviations from, and additions to. the Greek text of the Har. including in particular passages relating to John the Baptist, Christ, to ttie in
and the early Christians.
The
full text
of the Slavonic version has not yet been
made available to scholars but the first four books of the War have appeared in a German translation by the late :
INTRODUCTION A. Berendts. edited by K. Grass (Dorpat, 1924-27). This work reached the hands of the present translator too late for use to be nnade of it in the volume now issued. He hopes, however, to print in an Appendix to vol. iii a translation of the more important additions in the Slavonic text, together with a list of the passages which it omits. The theory of Berendts can. according to Dr. Eisler, be accepted only with reservations. The Slavonic text is interpolated, but even after certain Christian interpolations have been detected and set aside, it cannot be derived directly from the lost Aramaic numerous indications prove that it is a translation from a Greek text, allied to that contained in the mss VRC. But below this Greek text Dr. Eisler finds, in certain transliterated words, traces of an underlying Semitic original. According to him." the Greek was translated into Slavonic in Lithuania between a.d 1250 and 1260 by a Judaizing heretic priest of the Russian Church, who by chance obtained a copy. or copies, of Josephus's first rough Greek version of the original Aramaic (the Halosis), before it was rewritten in the form in which it has come down to us. :
The
draft of the Greek work was produced in formed the subject of a long correspondence between the author and King Agrippa, two of whose 62 compUmentary letters, one offering further oral information, are reproduced {Fita 364 ff.) we may suspect that Agrippa was also consulted on the earlier Aramaic edition. On its completion copies were presented by the author to his imperial patrons and others, Titus giving it his imprimatur " indeed so anxious was the Emperor Titus that my volumes should be the sole authority from which the world first
parts and
Producti eiiuo^n.''
;
:
"
Les
la traduction slave de Josepiie, Russie et la secte des Josephinistes en. et Asie Mineur. en Italie en Provence." Communication au Qongres des Historiens Franqais le 22 Avrii 1927 {Revue des Etudes slaves^ Paris, 1927). "
Origines
I'heresie judaisante en
de
INTRODUCTION facts, that he affixed his own sigra" ture to them and gave orders for their publication (ib. 363, Ap.i. 50 ff.). The date of publication is commonly regarded as falling within the latter half of the reign of \>spasian, between a.d. 15 and 79, before the death of that Emperor, who received a copy, but after the dedication of the Temple of Pax {B. vii. 158 ff.) in the year 15 (Dio Cassius, Ixvi. 15). It had, we know, been preceded bv other narratives of the war [B. i. 1 If.,
should learn the
A.'i.^).
These limits cannot, however, be pressed and may be applicable only to a single edition. Josephus, as we have come to learn, like other ancient authors, must have constantly retouched and added to his works as fresh copies were called for. We know that in a.d. 93-4, towards the end of his life, he was contemplating a new edition of the ^Vor, which was to include the after events of his nation's history brought up to date {A. w. 267). Similarly our extant text was not improbably preceded by a shorter draft. From the fact that the " table of contents" in the Greek proem {B. i. 39) concludes with the triumph. Dr. Eisler infers that the first Greek edition ended with that event and appeared as early as AD. 71. He acutely suggests that Josephus strove to complete his work by the day of the triumph and to present a copy to the two emperors on that memorable occasion. The sequel, including the penultimate chapter about the destruction of the other Jewish temple, that of Onias in Egypt, in a d. 73 (B. vii. 420-436), was, in Dr. Eisler's opinion, added after that event, the opportunity being taken at the same time to prefix to the whole work a corresponding chapter about its foundation (5. i. 33) and contemporary Hasmonaean history.
A and (i.
brief preface includes a
19-29)
primarily
;
somewhat inadequate
summary
of the whole work the topics mentioned are probably selected to catch the imperial eye and also to
unsystematic
zii
I
INTRODUCTION Then follows an inattract the general reader. ordinately long introduction, occupying the whole of the first and nearly half the second Book, containing a sketch of Jewish history from the previous capture of the Temple by Antiochus Epiphanes down to the outbreak of the war with Rome, nearly 250 years later. When in later life the author undertook a complete history of his nation, this portion of the narrative was expanded in the Antiquities, where it fills seven and a half books {^A. xiii-xx). A comparison of these two narratives forms an instructive study the parallel passages in the Antiquities are indicated at the head of the pages of the present translation. Book i extends from the time of Antiochus Epiphanes (c. 170 b.c.) to the death of Herod ii continues the history down to the outbreak of war in A.D. Q>Q, the rout of Cestius, and the preparations of Josephus for a campaign in Galilee. Book iii narrates Vespasian's Galilaean campaign of a.d. 67, including the siege of Jotapata and the capture of Josephus iv the conclusion of the Galilaean campaign, the isolation of Jerusalem, and the interruption of operations by the acclamation of Vespasian as Emperor (68-69) ; v and vi describe the siege and capture of Jerusalem by Titus in a.d. 70 ; vii the return of the conquerors to Rome, the triumphal procession, the extermination of the last strongholds of the rebels and some later events. Considered as a literary work the Jewish War as Greek a whole possesses great merits. The style is an excellent specimen of the Atticistic Greek fashionable in the first century, introduced by the school which sought to stem the development of the language that set in with the Alexandrian age and to revive the ;
;
;
s
INTRODUCTION A choice vocabulary, Attic of the age of Pericles. well-knit sentences and paragraphs, niceties in the use of particles and in the order of words, a uniformly classical style but without slavish imitation of classical models, these and other excellences tax and often defy the powers of a translator Vocabulary.
inJosephuS: iUoilos
following: words, among others, are \yar, and do not occur elsewhere
d5idXfi7rTos (a;?), d^fSTj^, d-rocos i-wj
dr]LU)Tris, ^if/cTratfif,
,
/SaatXftdi',
5iex(iv [distare, in preference to dTre'xf"'),
(ws), f^aTrifTjs (in preference to
ei,ai(pvr)
dauardi', KaTaXrj-ydu, KaravTi^oXdv, KaToppu}5(if KOTTidf, \a6palos (ws), Xeuxpopoi, /xfarjtx^pivos
eiiodivos,
and oppwbuv,
("southern"),
and irpoyefearepos, fibvov ovk ("almost"), 6X60i'pcrts (from Thuc), iraXifdpofj.di', vavovpyos (and derivatives), TrapdcTTTjixa ("intrepidity"), iroXixur) and 7roXiX'''Of, vpbs 6i (adverb: where ^nf. uses nai wpojin), npoaaixvudv,
/xfTayeueaTepo^
TrpoadpKTLOs,
TTpoatros,
tnoelaOai.,
ai/j./j.ij^,eiv,
and Kara rdxo':, tovoi/Uj uirodeibitv Xti'picTMOs ("departure"), x^^po'.
TQXOi'j
^ ,
PP^ ^t^
— The
characteristic of the
'
5id
aiffTddrif,
(epic), x^'^Z-^O'^os,
Writing for educated readers, Josephus boasts of having immersed himself in Greek literature {A. xx. 263), and taken extraordinary pains to cultivate style. "Among other qualifications," he writes, "the needs charm of style, in so far as this historian attainable by the choice and nice adjustment is {apfxovia) of words and whatever else may serve to embellish the narrative for his readers " {A xiv. 2) in the " nice adjustment " he refers to the careful avoidance of hiatus or harsh clashing of vowels, which is a But such marked feature, particularly in the War mastery could only have been gradually acquired, and that an author, who had hitherto written solely in Aramaic, should open his literary career with a work showing such a thorough command of Greek ;
xiv
INTRODUCTION niceties
by an
would be astonishing, were
it
not explained
dictum in a later work. In the Contra Apionem, written perhaps a quarter of a century after the War, the historian makes a welcome, if tardy, acknowledgement of the help which he had received in the composition of the earlier
obiter
work.
He employed, he
tells
us,
Ltterar
^^^'^tau
some
assistants for the sake of the Greek {xpy)(Ta^€.v6% no-i Trpo<; Ti)u 'KWy-juiSa (fiojin^v crvvepyoU, Ap. i, 50). The
immense debt which he owes to these admirable collaborators is apparent on almost every page of the work. Book vii stands apart ; the style here shows many of the characteristics of the Antiquities, and the author seems to have been more dependent on
his
also
own
resources.
The
perhaps be detected
in
author's own style may some autobiographical
passages and occasional insertions.
The admission made in the Contra Apionem serves to explain the inequalities in the work of Josephus as a whole, and puts us on the track of other "assistants." The cruder style of the Life appears to represent the ipsissima verba of the author. The Antiquities also seem to have been largely written with little assistance, until towards the close, when, having reached the narrative already partially covered in the War, the author for nearly five books (xv-xix) entrusts the work to other hands : xv-xvi appear to betray the style of one of the able assistants in the War-, xvii-xix. 275 exhibit the marked mannerisms of a hack, a slavish imitator of Thucydides. In the Contra Apionem the choice diction, recondite classical lore, and excellent arrangement ot subject matter again suggest that assistance has been obtained. Josephus, by the time that he wrote the Antiquities, claims to have been thoroughly conversant with the best Greek literature, including, according to the reading of some mss, Greek poetry; rC)u'KX\rjviK(^>u XV
ciassica "'°^^'*-
INTRODUCTION 06
ypafxfxdrtjjv
ia—oiSo.rra
neTa(T\ui- ti]v ypan/xaTLKi^v
where after ypafifxaTiov and the epitome add the words K-at 7roi?;rtKwv [laSrjixciTMv ( + -oAAa A). The last words may have dropped out of the other mss through homoioteleuton, or possibly, as Dr. Eisler suggests, through €fx-€ipiai>
Cod.
avaXafthjv A. XX, 263.
A
the deliberate malice of his assistant slaves, who knew the truth about these boasted achievements of their master. In his earlier work we may well believe that he is indebted for an occasional classical phrase or allusion to his learned secretaries. Thucydides was naturally a model to which most historians turned.'* In the Antiquities Joseph us quarries freely from this
mine, and his assistant in Books xvii-xix deserves the ridicule already cast by Cicero on such plagiarists (" ecce autem aliqui se Thucydidios esse profitentur, novum quoddam imperitorum et inauditum genus," Orator 30). In the War, on the contrary, the use of this source is far more restrained, being confined to an occasional reminiscence or phrase. Similar use is made of Herodotus, Xenophon, Demosthenes, and Polybius. More interesting is the familiarity shown with
Greek poetry, Homer and the tragedians.
The
poignant narrative of the domestic troubles of Herod the Great is told in the manner of a Greek drama :^ we hear of Nemesis at the outset (i. 431), of the pollution of the house (/xi'cro^ 6S^. cf. 4-4-5). the tempest lowering over it (488), the villain and stage-manager "
Dr.
P>isler
draws
my
attention to Liician's strictures
on
such borrowing in his Qvomodo historia sit conscribenda. The quotation from Cicero I^owe to Driiner, Untersuchungen vber Josephus, 1S!'6. " Eusebius describes this portion of the narrative as rpayiKTj dpa/xarovpyia {II. E. i. 8), I am again indebted for the reference to Dr. Eisler. xvi
INTRODUCTION of the plot
(roi'
Xvfxeujva
Tr]
oiVtas Kat SpafiaTovpyov
anxious waiting for " the end of the drama " (54'3), the avenging deity (KaO' aSov (fiepetu Toi/ dXdcTTopa 596), the ghosts (Saipoveq) of the murdered sons roaming the palace and dragging secrets to light (599) or sealing the lips of others (607). But there are other more precise allusions. Sophocles was evidently a favourite ; the allusions to this tragedian, being mainly confined to the JVar and to portions of the Antiquities, especially Books xv-xvi, written in the style of the War, are probably attributable rather to the assistant than to the historian. From him also doubtless come some apparent 6/\ov Tov fjivcrovs 530), the
allusions to Virgil.
Thucydides.—The proem of Josephus yd.p
.
.
.
jxeyiaTov Tovbe tov KLvrifxaTos
.
.
.
(i.
4
yevoixlvov
dK/j.d^ou)
echoes
. that of Thucydides (i. 1 Kivrfais ydp olvti) /xeyicmj e7^j'erowith preceding o.Kfj.d^oi^Tes) ; Herod's speech to his troops disheartened by defeat followed by earthquake (i. 373 fF.) recalls that of Pericles to the Athenians exasperated by invasion and the plague (ii. 60 ff.); the reception at Jerusalem of the news of the fall of Jotapata (iii. 432) is reminiscent of the reception at Athens of the news of the Sicilian disaster (viii. 1). In phraseology the following parallels are noteworthy: /Si'-fr?// D. u\. -296, di^appnrTeli' kIuSvi'oi^ B. iv. 217, vi. 326, Thuc. iv. 8; Thuc. vi. 13; irepLaXyeli^ tw -rrddei B. iv. 590, Thuc. iv. 85, 95; dovXeia dKii^dvi^o's B. vii. 324, cf. Thuc. vi. 80; to ^ovXbixevou rijs yuiJjp.Tjs B. vii. 338, Thuc. i. 90; {ixT]) (TTepL(pujT€p{ou) TToielv B. wu. 314, Thuc. vii, 36. Herodotus supplies the following: t€/j.€i^os dwodaKuui'aL B. i. 403; irpoKaBi^iLV (eVt dpouov) ii. 27, cf. Hdt. i. 14 (e'j dpbvov)\ TTju ewi BavdTLO {sc. bbov) ii. 231, vi. 155: Trdtres rj(3r)5bu iii. 133, cf. iv. 554; rpoxoetSr^s Xifxfy] iii. 511; aKecns "cure" iv. 11, vii. 189; irpbs d\Kr]i^ TpeneaBaL vi. 14, vii. .
.
vii. 329; Xr/paTOS Hdt. V. 111. Xenophov, Cyropaedia, probably furnishes dqyuv \pvxds
232;
dvajxdpTriTO'i
irXripy]^ vii.
340,
irpos
tlvo,
yiueadai.
cf. Xrifxaros jrXeos
xvii
;;
INTRODUCTION iv. 174: avTifjifT'jjiros rdpaxos (for rapaxv)
V. .56 i^'-
and
di/Tnrp6crw7roj v. 63,
495; OLaOwpdaOai
vi.
418;
136; pi\/0-
Kifovfos vii. 77.
Demosthenes provides phrases Tvpauvis
(WLTeTiiy^i^/Jiei'r)
257; perhaps also 183, ^poxov
172,
iv.
dvaicrdrjTeli'
for speeches
Ttuwpt'as iv.
165,
such as
5iaKpovea6ai (k
tC:v
iv.
(vovtlou
250, aKev(Jjpr}iJ.a vii. 449. dfaiaurt ii. 495, iv. 40 etc. eixovTo Kal fiera kijJkvtCjv iii. 202, cf. kcjkvtu t' etxovTO II. xxii. 409; ^/c0oper;' = " carry out corpse for burial,"
vi.
iTTKjirdiv vii.
From Homer come 330;
iv.
d/voXos
"morsel"
dudos "dunff" V. 571; (for 0i'Xat) vii. 291.
v.
432; dpiapa "conduit" and rjXois vi. 85; q>v\aKTTjp
Tr€irappLit'{a)
—
From the Elecfra come dcpade^v \pvxvs B. 212, El. 980, and Opaaos 6ir\i^(Lv B. iii. 153, EL 995 f., and we may confidently infer that we have a paraphrase of a line in the near context of that play (opa ttovov TOL x^'P'5 ovbkv evri'xd El. 945) in B. iii. 495, v. 501 reminiscences of this play and of the Ajax occur also in A. xv-xvi. tind also ddp^Tos npo^euslu B. v. 66 from Track. 726 ; ivaK-qiTTeiv Oeoi B. v. 408, probably from O.T. 27; Trpoa-4yaOeiu B. vii. 348, c/. O.C. 330 etc., and immediately after f?? Kai liUqXtv from Track. 235 ovbkv vyu^ (Ppoi'dv, B. V. 326, cf. Phil. 1006. X'rRGiL. Like a rather younger historian of the same period Tacitus the civ^pyb^ (for Josephus can here hardly be responsible) seems to have interwoven some \'irgilian reminiscences into the narrative. The sack of Jotapata (as in Tacitus the siege of the Capitol under Vitellius, Mackail, Latin Literature 219) recalls the sack of Troy. Compare B. iii. 319 -rrfpl ydo r'qv {crxdriqu (pvXan-qv, Kad' rjv duetriu re twj/ OeifCJi' (Ookovv ^x^'" '^^'^ KaddirreTaL fxd\i(TTa K^KOTTUiixevujv [=mortalibus aegrisj ewdivbs virvos Sophocles.
iii.
We
;
—
.
.
.
323
TlItos
.
flF. .
•
—
vffvxv '"'pos ro reixos. Kal wpuiros fTn^aivei d7ro(70d^afTes de rovs (pvXaKas daiacrii' els tt]v
jecraj'
" primusque Machaon ii. 263 Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam caeduntur uigiles. Tempus erat quo prima quies with Aen.
iroXiu .
.
—
.
fiF.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
mortalibus aegris incipit et dono divum gratissima serpit." The personified 'i'-qurj B. iii. 433 f. (with the allusion to facts embroidered by fiction, TrpoTfa-xfSidfeTo ye pLr]v Tots Treirpa-^/ieVoiS Kai rd /xtj ya/o/xeva) recalls the picture '
INTRODUCTION Fama in Aen. iv. 173 ff. ("et pariter facta atque infecta canebat " 190) cf. B. i. 371. The portrait of John of Gischala in B. ii. 585 flF. curiously resembles that of CatiHne in Sallust, Cat, 5. of
;
The War contains no
allusions to authorities such
as are interspersed throughout the Antiquities.
The
historian in this earlier work is silent as to his sources, merely leading us to infer from his proem that his information is largely first-hand and based on his own recollections as an eyewitness (i. 3), that he had new materials and constructed the framework of the
narrative himself (cfakoTrovos ... 6 /xera tov Kan^a Aeyeti/ Kal to aojfxa Trj<; IcTToptas KaracTKeva^'cuv I'Sioi'), and that he collected the facts with laborious care (i. 15 f.). These scanty hints can be supplemented by a fewnotices in the works produced in later life, the Contra Apionem and the Life. Here again he emphasizes the personal part which he took in the contest, as commander in Galilee in the opening campaign, after his capture in constant touch with the Roman generals, and during the siege of Jerusalem associated with Titus behind the Roman lines. He tells us that throughout the siege he made careful notes of the proceedings in the Roman camp and was kept aware of events within the city by deserters, whose information he was alone in a position to understand {Ap. i. 47-49). know, moreover, from the War^ that he was employed on more than one occasion as
We
intermediary to urge his besieged compatriots to surrender. We learn further that King Agrippa, who was kept supplied with a copy of the War as it appeared in parts, was in correspondence with the author throughout its production and offered to
Sources,
INTRODUCTION furnish
him with information about
known
{I'ita 364-
facts not generally
ff.).
But, besides his own notes and recollections and such further information as he may have obtained from Agrippa, the author appears to have had access to another document of the first importance, the " memoirs " or " commentaries " (t'-o/jU'vy/jta-a) of Vespasian and Titus. No reference to this source is made in the JVar itself; this silence is In accordance with the historian's consistent practice of naming no authorities in this work, but may, perhaps without injustice, be partly attributed to vanity. He would have us know that the framework of the narrative is
own (o-oi/ja Toior), and a mention of this source, whatever weight it might add to his authority, might detract from his personal fame. At any rate, like his acknowledgement of indebtedness to his Greek his
to the Commentaries only works, in reply to the adverse criticism which his Jenish War evoked from Justus and other rival historians. His previous silence on other matters (ra /xexpl ivv a-ea-LOiinjixeia) evidently formed one of the complaints of his critics (Fiia 338 f.). Tlie Commentaries are thrice mentioned. Replying to the criticisms of Justus of Tiberias, Josephus reminds him of hostilities for which he and his fellow-citizens were responsible at the opening of the war before \'espasian's arrival, and which were afterwards brought to that general's notice. He adds: " This is no unsupported assertion of my own. The facts are recorded in the Commentaries of the emperor \'espasian, which further relate how insistently the inhabitants of Decapolis pressed Vespasian, when at Ptolemais, to punish you as the culprit " {Vita 342). assistants,
appear
his
allusions
in his later
INTRODUCTION Ptolemais was the first place to which Vespasian led his army from Antioch, his original base (B. iii. 29) we ;
here learn that the Commentaries went back to the opening of the campaign. Again, attacking the same opponent, Josephus writes " Perhaps, however, you will say that you have accurately narrated the events which took place at Jerusalem. How, pray, can that be, seeing that neither were you on the scene of action, nor had you perused the Commentaries of Caesar, as is abundantly proved by your " account which conflicts with those Commentaries ? Again, of certain malignant critics who {Vita S5d>). have dared to compare his Jewish War to a schoolboy's prize composition {ioa-n-ep eV ct^oA?/ jxiipaKLwi' yv/j.i'oa-fjLa TrpoKdcrBai vo/jLi(ovTi^), the author writes " Surely, then, one cannot but regard as audacious the attempt of these critics to challenge my veracity. Even if, as they assert, they have read the Commentaries of the imperial commanders, they at any rate had no first-hand acquaintance with our position in the opposite camp" (Ap. 1.53-56). These two last passages, in which Josephus is contrasting his own qualifications with those of others, clearly imply that the Commentaries were before him when he wrote the War. Indeed, as has been suggested by a recent writer (VV Weber, Josephus und Vespasian, 1921), there is reason to think that our author has made extensive :
:
use of these documents.
The
may be supposed, were Latin, made on the field of
it
Commentariiprincipales, the notes, presumably in action by the Roman com-
manders and their staff, which might sometimes be put out in a more literary shape as the official record of the campaign, like the Commentarii de Bello Gallico of Julius Caesar. From this or from some other official
las of
iSCU«.
INTRODUCTION source must come the information with regard to the disposition of the Roman legions in a.d. 66, which is strikingly confirmed by other evidence and is here worked up into the great speech of King Agrippa Another passage which looks Hke a {B. ii. 3i5 tf.) direct extract from the Commeritaries of Titus is the concise itinerary of the march of that general from Egypt to Caesarea, with its bare enumeration of the various stages, though it must be remembered that Josephus accompanied him (B iv.658-end). Whether Weber is right in referring to this source the geographical sketches of Palestine interspersed throughout the narrative may perhaps be questioned, but the description of the Dead Sea with the mention of Vespasian's visit of inspection (B iv. 477) lends support to his view {cf. the rather similar account in Tacitus, Hist. v. 6).
Weber goes so far as to maintain that the backbone of the whole history is a *' Flavian work." of which the theme was the rise to power of the Flavian dynasty. In his opinion, this work opened with a sketch of the disposition of the legions in a.d. Q& (utilized in Agrippa's speech), included much of the material of B. iii-vi. and ended with the passage which stands in Josephus at In vii. 157 : it was used by Pliny the Elder and Tacitus. his review of Weber, Laqueur denies the existence of any such literary work, on the ground that Josephus severely criticizes all previous publications on the war (B. i. ad
init.).
For the pre-war period (Books i-ii) we can confiname one writer, frequently mentioned in the Antiquities, as having furnished material also for the JVar Nicolas of Damascus (c. 61- B.C. to the end of the century), the intimate friend of Herod the Great and of Augustus, and author of a universal history in 144 books and other works, including probably a dently
—
xxii
INTRODUCTION separate life of Herod. From Nicolas undoubtedly derived the detailed history of Herod's house, which fills two-thirds of Book i, and of the accession of Archelaus (opening of Book ii), in which he himself played an important part. Here again Josephus had the advantage of a first-rate, if somewhat biased, After Archelaus the narcontemporary authority rative unfortunately becomes meagre, expanding into rather greater fullness when the reign of Agrippa I With regard to him the historian would is reached. obtain information from his son, Agrippa II, and for the events leading up to the war he might draw on For the slight sketch of the his own recollections. Hasmonaean house the history of Nicolas is perhaps the historian shows no acquaintagain the authority ance in the War with the first book of Maccabees, of which he afterwards made large use in the Antiquities. As historian of the Jewish War Josephus thus comes before us with apparently high credentials at any rate few war historians in ancient or modern times can have enjoyed so rare a combination of opportunities for presenting a veracious narrative of How does his work appear when tested by events. the highest of standards, the Historic of ike PeloponIt is natural to compare the Jew and nesian War ? the Athenian because, widely different as were the characters of the two, there were points of similarity is
;
;
Like Thucydides, Josephus combined the functions of general and historian like him he failed as a commander and was consequently brought into close contact with the enemy and enabled to view the war from the standpoint of both belligerents (Thuc. iv. 104 ff., V. 26 " associating with both sides, with the Peloponnesians quite as much as with
in their careers.
;
xxiii
credibi
— INTRODUCTION the Athenians, becau-e of my exile," cf. Jos. B \. 3); the Jewish historian, unlike the Greek, had the further advantage of the use of the official record of the campaign compiled by, or under the supervision of, the enemy's generals. With access to these first-hand sources, with the weighty authority both of his imperial patrons and of King Agrippa behind him, and with the possibly more questionable benefit of good literary assistants, the historian's narrative as a yihole cannot but be accepted as trustworthy. Unfortunately reservations must be made. Josephus lacks the sober impartiality of Thucydides and, with all his boasted zeal ^vhile
shows on occasions, when his statements are subject to control, a lax sense of the meaning of that word. The Comme?itaries themselves were written from the Roman standpoint, and the proRoman bias of this client of the conquerors, who from the first had recognized the hopelessness of resistance to imperial Rome, is frequently evident. His repeated references to the clemency of the Roman generals, his hero Titus in particular, and his representation of them as the saviours of an oppressed people, are specially open to suspicion. In one crucial instance, a statement of Josephus that Titus desired to spare the temple is directly contradicted by a later historian. The fourthcentury Christian writer, Sulpicius Severus, who has been thought to be here dependent on the lost work of Tacitus, states, like Josephus, that a council of war was held on the subject, at which different opinions were expressed, but here the roles are reversed and Titus who sanctions the destruction of the it is building. The passages are as follows : for truth,
—
xxiv
INTRODUCTION Josephus, B.
Sulpicius, Chron.
vi.
Trepl tov 238 ^ovXrjv To'i.% ixiu 239 irpovTldei.
vaoii
ovv
ii.
prius deliberasse, an
templum
tanti operis euerteret.
nonnullis TTOTf 'lovbaiovi
wavaacdai
f fajTeptfoi/Tas
tov
fxivovro%, 24-0
(0'
5p
vaou vau-
oi
raxddev crvWeyovTai. d(
iraprjuovv,
ii
fxev
tlu(s
Kara-
XivoLeu avTou '\ohbaioi Kai fi-qbels f7r' avrov to. oirXa a Cj^eiv.
Oiiri,
d
de iroXeuLoleu
(7n^6.i'T(s.KaTa(p\€y€Lu
241
.
.
.
6 5( Tiros Qv8' av €Tnl3(xpT6
eV
avTou TroXffxCjaiu
']ov-
5aloi 0rj<jo.% avTLrCjvapbpCov dfjivpeladai. to.
xara^Xe^eiP
Trore ttjXikoij-
TOV ?p-yov ^ofadai T7]v
Vw/jLaiup
Kal
Koap-OP
yap
uidebatur,
Etenim
aedem
sacratam ultra omnia mortalia illustrem non oportere deleri,
quae seruata modestiae Romanae testimonium, diruta perennem
crudeJitatis
notam
praeberet. At contra alii et Titus ipse euertendum in pnmis templujn censebant, quo plen\us
ludaeorum
et
Christianorum
religio tolleretur: quippe has religiones, licet contranas sibi,
tamen ab auctoribus profectas; Christ ianos ex
isdem
ludaeis extitisse: lata stirpem facile
radice subperituram.
I3\d(3rip. Cbatrep Tr}%
avTOv pJpopTo^
The evidence the
d\pvxo- ovbe
30.
Fertur Titus adhibito consilio
r]y(/j.opias .
of Sulpicius
is
somewhat
vitiated
by
which can hardly be correct ^ but the known partiality of Josephus leaves him under the suspicion of having misrepresented final allusion to Christianity ;
the attitude of Titus, in order to clear him of the imputation of cruelty. Weber (Josephus u?id Vespasian 72 f.) wMth others upholds Sulpicius against Josephus Schiirer {Gesch. des jild. Folkes, ed. 3, i. 631 f.) inclines to the middle view of Valeton that Josephus, without actual mendacity, has by the suppression of important facts created a false ;
impression. " Dr. Eisler suggests that " Christian! " may be a general designation for Jewish " Messianist " rebels; but here I hesitate to follow him.
XXV
INTRODUCTION For the earlier pre-war history Josephus has himcheck upon his statements and enabled us to form some estimate of his treatment of his sources by the double narrative which he has left us. The precise relation between the two narratives cannot here be considered. The fuller account in the Antiquities was based partly on the same sources which he had used in the JVar, partly on new information since obtained. The subject matter has sometimes been re-arranged, notably in the latter part of Herod's reign, where the JVar separates the external history from the domestic tragedies, while the Antiquities keep the self provided us ^vith a certain
There are, as is natural, chronological order. inconsistencies between the two accounts but, generally speaking, it may be said that the author faithfully follows his written authorities. It is otherwise with the passages in which the War overlaps with the Life. Here there are unaccountable discrepancies, and the autobiographical notices of the historian must be pronounced the least trustworthy portion of his writings. The numerous inconsistencies, of a minor or a graver character, between the two accounts of his command in Galilee, to which attention is called in the footnotes to B. ii. 569-64:6, betray either gross carelessness or actual Laqueur, who holds the Life, or certain fraud.'' portions of it, to be the earlier and more faithful record, suspects the author of deliberate misrepresentation of some details in the War in order ;
The
alternative. Dr. Eisler informs me, is certainty through his critical comparison of the third, and again quite distinct, account in the Slavonic Halosis. "
latter
rendered a
xxvi
;
INTRODUCTION to ingratiate himself with another patron, King Agrippa. Nothing, unfortunately, has survived of the earliest, probably Roman, histories of the war criticized by Josephus in his proem, nor yet of the Jewish history of Justus of Tiberias produced soon after a.d. ]o6, in which his own work was criticized. We possess, however, from the pen of Tacitus early in the second century a brief sketch of the campaign up to the preparations for the siege of Jerusalem {Hist. v. 1-13) the sequel is lost. We have also the hves of Vespasian and Titus written at about the same time by Suetonius, and an epitome of this portion (Book Ixvi) of the great Roman history of Dion Cassius (early third century) made in the eleventh century by Xiphilinus. The account of Tacitus presents some interesting parallels not only with the War, but also, on the origin of the Jewish nation, with the Contra Apionem of our author. Though the Histories were written at Rome almost within the hfetime of Josephus, the Roman's antipathy to the Jews makes it improbable that he ever consulted his works. But both writers may be dependent on a common source, such as the Flavian Commentaries.
other
narrative of
the wa
The Greek text here printed is based on that of Greek tej Niese, but is the outcome of a careful and independent ^"^ "^^' investigation of the ms evidence collected in his great edition. The mss and other ancient authorities the text, in so far as they have been used by Niese, are quoted in the present work M'ith his abbreviations as follows ^
for
:
"
For particulars with regard to the versions
to Dr. Eisler.
I
am
indebted
P Codex
Parisinus Graecus 14-25, cent. x. or
A Codex Ambrosianus
xi.
(Mediolanensis) D. 50 sup.,
cent. x. or xi. ^J
Codex xi.
L Codex or
V R
Marcianus
or
(Venetus)
Gr.
383,
Laurentianus, plut. Ixix. 19, cent.
xi.
xii.
Codex Vaticanus Gr iS, about cent. Codex Palatinus (Vaticanus) Gr. 28i, 1
or
cent,
xii.
xi.
cent. xi.
xii.
C Codex
Urbinas (\'aticanus) Gr. 84, cent. xi. made in the tenth century by order of Constantine \'II Porphyrogenitus. Lat. A Latin version known to Cassiodorus in the fifth century and commonly ascribed to Rufinus in the preceding century. Pleg. Hegesippus, a corruption of Josepus or Josippus another Latin version, wrongly ascribed to S. Ambrose, written about 370 A.D. by a converted Jew, Isaac, as a Christian called Hilarius or Gaudentius, the so-called Ambrosiaster, a contemporary of Pope Damasus (see Jos. Wittig in Max Kirchengesch. Ahhandlungen Sdralek's iv ed. Keber-Caesar, Marburg, 1864). A new edition by Vine. Ussani for the \'ienna Corpus is forthcoming. Exc." Excerpts
:
;
Syr.
A
Syriac translation of Book vi in Translatio \'et. Test, ex cod Ambrosiano phololith. edita cura et adsec. fere vi notationibus Antonii Maria Ceriani, Milan, 1876-1883.
Syra Pescitto
To
these
xxviii
may be added
:
Yos. =Josephus Gorionides or Yosippon, a Hebrew paraphrase, derived from Heg., ed. Breithaupt, Gotha, 1727. Slav. A critical edition of the Old Russian Version by Vladimir Istrin is nearing completion. The first four books are published in a German version by Konrad Grass (see above, p. xi).
Among are
other mss occasionally quoted by Niese
:
N
Codex cent.
T Codex
Laurentianus,
plut.
Ixix.
17,
about
xii.
Philippicus, formerly belonging to the
of
library
the
late
Sir
Cheltenham, about cent.
Thomas
Phillips,
xii.
The MSS fall into two main groups, PA(ML) and VR(C) M, L, and, to a less extent, G are inconstant members, siding now with one group, now with the other. The first group is decidedly superior to the second. The two types of text go much further back ;
than the date of Niese's oldest mss, since traces of the " inferior " type appear already in Porphyry (3rd century) the diversity of readings must therefore have begun very early. Indeed some variants appear to preserve corrections gradually incorporated by the author himself in later editions of his work." Mixture of the two types also began early, a few instances of " conflation " occurring ;
" A striking instance occurs in B. vi. 369, where, beside ttSj Xi/ulou viKpbu etx^" v (Trdafcj?, a more the neater tovoi prolix and apparently older phrase Kal wevXrjpcoTo veKpCju >) 5ta .
.
.
been left undeleted. See Historiker Fl. Josephus, p. 239, whose theory is confirmed, 1 am told, by Dr. Eisier's analysis of the did Russian.
(jTaaiv
i)
8ia Xiiubu dTroXwXora-i/ lias
Laqueur, Der
jitd.
j.>
1
n-WJ^L.
\^ 1
iw->
already in the fourth-century Latin version. P and A, on which Niese mainly relies, appear to have been copied from an exemplar in which the terminations of words were abbreviated, and are to that extent untrustworthy. The true text seems to have been not seldom preserved in one of the mss of mixed type, L in particular. The mixture in that ms is peculiar throughout Book and down to about \'RC, from that point onwards ii. 24-2 it sides with more often with the other group or with the Latin version. In the later books L becomes an authority of the first rank and seems often to have preserved alone, or in combination with the Latin version, the :
i
original text.
The translator must finally express his grateful acknowledgement for the assistance which he has received from the labours of many previous workers, of various nationalities, in the same field notably Dr. Robert Eisler, of whose forthcoming work on the Slavonic version an English version is expected from Messrs. Methuen, Benedict Niese (on whose edition the Greek text is based), the Rev. Robert Traill, D.D., who fell a victim to his devoted exertions for his parishioners during the Irish famine of 1 84-6—t? (for his excellent translation), the Rev. William Whiston (for his pioneering version, produced nearly two centuries ago, as revised by the Rev. A R. Shilleto, 1889-90), :
and last, but not least, Dr Theodore Reinach and his collaborators (for his French translation and invaluable notes, (Euvres completes de Flavins Josephe^
tome
V, Guerre des Juifs, livres i-iii, Paris, 1912). Dr. Reinach has graciously permitted me to make use of this work with its admirable commentary, and
XXX
;
my
constant indebtedness to this brilliant scholar be evident to the reader from the references in the footnotes throughout this volume. The works of will
R.
Laqueur and W. Weber must
also
be mentioned.
The Map of Jerusalem is based partly on that contained in the article Jerusalem in the Encyclopaedia Biblica (vol. ii), partly on one published by the Palestine Exploration Fund. The translator gratefully acknowledges the kindness of Messrs. A. & C. Black and of Dr. E. W. G. Masterman, the Hon. Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund, in permitting him to make use of their respective publications. He is further indebted to Dr. Masterman for much helpful advice in the matter, as well as to Mr. C. E. Mott, the Hon. Secretary of the but the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem responsibility for the form in which the map is here presented rests solely with himself. The invaluable Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land by Sir George Adam Smith and Dr. J. G. Bartholomew (Hodder & Stoughton, 1915) has been in constant ;
use.
Abbreviations
A = Antiquitates .
Judaicae. Contra Apionem. Bellum Judaicum.
Ap.=
= V.=
B.
Vita.
= conjectural emendation. ed. pr. = editio pri?iceps (Basel, 1544.). Eus. {HE. ; jP.£.) = Eusebius {Historia
cow;'.
Praeparatw Evangelica). ins.
= inserted
by.
om.
= omit.
Ecclesiastica
Conjectural insertions in the Greek text are indicated by angular brackets, > doubtful ms readings and apparent glosses by square brackets, [ J. The smaller sections introduced by Niese are sliown in the left margin of the Greek text. References throughout are to these sections. The chapterdivision of earlier editions is indicated on both pages (Greek and English). <:
xxxii
;
THE JEWISH WAR
VOL n
UTOPIA lOTAAlKOT nOAEMOT RPOS PaMAIOVS BIBAIOX A 'ETTeidr)
(1)
TTo'AejLtoi^
axeSou
rjjxd?,
^lovSaicou
TOP-
Kai
de
TToAeojv 77p6? TToXeL? 01
fj-kv
^lovSaiovs €)(€(
OLKofj
TOL
^
ao(f>i.
8e
7Tapay€p6fjL€voi
ol
ij
rep
rrpog
KaraipevSourai tojp TTpayp-drojv,
nept'
rfi
Trpog
'Pajfiaiovs
rj
p-ioei
§e airroh ottov p,kv Kar-qyopiav ottov 8e iyKUJ-
rd GvyypdfjLfxara, to
rjyefjLOPLav,
'EAAaSt
S'
^ap^dpoi<;
[yeVet
rrarpLcp
rfj
'EjSpato?,]^
aKpt^kg
Kara
ovvrd^ag
'IceJcrr^TTO?
cf 'lepoGoXufxatv ^
ttJ? tcTToptas'
rrju
'Pcofxalajv
fiera^aXdw
yXajoarj
rrporepov, d(f)rjyT^Ga(jdaL,
3
KaQ*
TrpdyfiaGLV, dAA* aKofj
/cat dGVfj.(f)OJva SirjyrjfjLara
3 ovba/jLOV, TTpovdefirjv eyco tol^
dvoj
ruju
77ap6tArj0a^€i^
idvcov edueac ovppayeurcov,
dvaypd(fiovGiv,
KoAaK€La
jiLov
Tj
(Lv
77apaTV)(6vr€s
01)
ovXXeyovre^ eiKala 2 ariKU)';
'Poj^atou?
Trpo^
avdTdura jxeyiGTov ov ixovov
om. P Eus.
a
roTs
dve-nepiijja,
Slardiov rraX? iepevg,
avros
—
HISTORY OF THE JEWISH WAR AGAINST THE ROMANS BOOK (1)
The war
I
Romans — the own time, but,
of the Jews against the
greatest not only of the wars of our
so far as accounts have reached us, well nigh of all that ever broke out between cities or nations has not lacked its historians. Of these, however, some,
prefm
—
having taken no part in the action, have collected from hearsay casual and contradictory stories which they have then edited in a rhetorical style while others, who witnessed the events, have, either from flattery of the Romans or from hatred of the Jews, misrepresented the facts, their writings exhibiting alternatively invective and encomium, but nowhere
[nadeq
5lLtorii
;
historical accuracy. In these Josephus, son of Matthias, a
circumstances,
I
Hebrew by race, a native of Jerusalem and a priest, who at the opening of the war myself fought against the Romans and in
—
the sequel was perforce an onlooker propose to provide the subjects of the Roman Empire with a narrative of the facts,
account which
I
by translating into Greek the composed in my ver-
previously
3
Joseph *^''^'*®'^
JOSEPH us
4
T£ *PojfJLaLOV<; 7ToX€iJLrjoa
XP^JP-O-OLU,
St'
VTTep^oXrjv dopvf^oju tols pi€v iv
eX—lSi KTi]G€Ojg Tols S' eV d^atpccreoj? Seet yiveiTretSr} 'lofSatot pLev 5 odai rd Trpos ttjv dvaroXrjv aTTav TO V77€p Kv(l)pdrr)u 6pi6(j)vXov ovverrapdrjaeo,
rjXmGap, 'PajpLatovg S' ol re yeiroves KeXriKov ovk rjpe/cat to pL€L, pL€(jrd S' "^u Trdvra Oopv^ojv pLerd ^cpcoua, /cat rd TToXXovs pL€v ^aoiXeLav 6 KciLpos dv€7T€L9ev arparLCjTLKd Se yjpa pera^oXrjg cXttlBl XrjpLpLarcxju' Bat
G(j)LOLv
TaXdrai TrapeKivovv
,
droTTOv
C
r^yrjodpevos^
TrepLidelv
TTXal^opevrjV
eVt
nqXiKO'tnoLs Trpdypaoi ttiv dXiqdeiav, /cat Yidpdovs pL€v /cat Ba^vXojPLOvg Wpd^ow t€ rovg TToppcordrco /cat TO VTTep ¥lv(f)pdrr)v 6p.6
Xdvovrag '
Some
rj
Mss.
/coAa/cetat?
have arowov
rj
ouu
TrXdopiaoL. riyTjad/x-ni'.
apparently form a single sentence, §§
(-2)
But chaps. (1) and 4 and 5 being a
parenthesis. " "
Aramaic or Hebrew. The " up-country barbarians
cisely specified in
§
" intended are
more
pre-
(3.
As Reinach points out, this is exaggerated. At the outbreak of war the Roman Empire was free from disorder. i.e. the Germans. The references are respectively to '
<*
4
JEWISH WAR, nacular tongue
°
and sent
I.
3-6
to the barbarians in the
interior.^ (2) I spoke of this upheaval as one of the greatest magnitude. The Romans had their own internal disorders. The Jewish revolutionary party, whose numbers and fortunes were at their zenith, seized
Critical
Sairs k East
am
the occasion of the turbulence of these times for As a result of these vast disturbances the whole of the Eastern Empire was in the balance the insurgents were fired with hopes of its acquisition, their opponents feared its loss. For the Jews hoped that all their fellow-countrymen beyond the while Euphrates would join with them in revolt the Romans, on their side, were occupied with their neighbours the Gauls, and the Celts ^ were in motion. Nero's death, moreover, brought universal confusion juneA.i many were induced by this opportunity to aspire to the sovereignty, and a change which might make their fortune was after the heart of the soldiery. I thought it monstrous, therefore, to allow the truth in affairs of such moment to go astray, and that, while Parthians and Babylonians and the most remote tribes of Arabia with our countrymen beyond the Euphrates and the inhabitants of Adiabene ^ were, through my assiduity, accurately acquainted with the origin of the war, the various phases of calamity through which it passed and its conclusion, the Greeks and such Romans as were not engaged in the contest should remain in ignorance of these matters, with flattering or fictitious narratives as their only guide.
insurrection.''
;
;
;
the revolt of
Gaul under Vindex
Batavi under Civilis (69). « In the upper Tigris region.
(a.d. 68)
and
to that of the
JOSEPHUS 7
Katrot ye laropiag auras
(3) fjLcoGLi',
if
ah
77/30? TO) fiTjSeu
roXtou ^ovXovraL
€7TLypd(f)€LV
vyieg SrjXovf
OK07T0V hoKOVGLV euLOLye OLafj^apTOLUCLV.
/cat
yap fieydXov? rovg 'Poj/xat'ous" aTToSeiKi'veLU, Kara^aXXovcnu Se del rd ^[ovSaioju Kal raTretvovGLW ov)( opo) Se, TTcos du eluai fieydXoL Sokol€v ol
jikv
8
ovre to firJKO? atdoui'rat ovre ro TrXrjOog rrjs 'PcofjLaLa>v KafjiovorrparLas ovre ro pueyedos rcjv arpar-qydjv, ol
fjLLKpovg vevLKTjKore?- Kal
rod
TToXe/jLOV
crrjs
TToXXd TTepl rots 'lepoaoXvfjLOt? ISpcocraures, oip^ai, raTTetvovfjievov rod Karopdojp.arog avrol? dSo^OVGLU.
Ov
(4)
9
fjirjv
eyoj rol?
dXXd rd e^eLf.u,
fjueu
rovs
epya S'
eVt
rcJov
rolg
'Pcop^alajv
6pL0(f)vXa>v
d/cpt/Seta?
/Ltcr'
rd
eTraipovGL
rd
dvrixjiiXoveiKcov av^ecv
SLeyva)v,
dfi(j)orepajv
St-
Xoyovs dua-
TrpdyfxaGi
SLadeaet, Kal rotg efiavrov Trddecn StSous" erroXoSvpeod at rat? rrjs TrarplSos Gvp,
opals. on ydp avrr]v GraGL? OLKela KadeiXev, Kal ra? 'Pcopiaiojv -x^elpas d/coJaa? Kal ro rrvp inl rov [dytov]' vadv elXKVoav ol ^Xovhaicov rvpavvoi, pudprvs avros 6 TTopdrjGas KaLGap TtVo?, eV Travrl roj TToXepLCx) rov iiev SrjpLov eXerjOas vtto row crracrtacrrajv ^povrtO-qpLL rfj^
10
povpLevoVy TToXecjs 11
TToXXaKLS
he
V7Tepridep.evos
Ikojv
Kal
oXcoglv
r-qv
SiSou?
rfj
rrjs
TToXiopKia
Xpouov els pLerdvotav rojv alritov. el he ti? oaa 77po9 rovs rvpdvvovs rj rd XrjGrpLKOV avrdjp KariqyopLKOJS Xeyotfiev eTTLGrevovres ^
6
Holwerda
rj
rolg hvGrvxrjiiaGL rrjs rrarpihos
GVKO(j>avroirj, inserts
,
hthoroj
irapd rov -
oni.
PM*.
rfjs
JEWISH WAR,
I.
7-11
(3) Though the writers in question presume to Erroneou give their works the title of histories, yet throughout menroP them, apart from the utter lack of sound information, -^ews by they seem, in my opinion, to miss their own mark. SstodaL They desire to represent the Romans as a great nation, and yet they continually depreciate and disparage the actions of the Jews. But I fail to see how the conquerors of a puny people deserve to be accounted great. Again, these writers have respect neither for the long duration of the war, nor for the vast numbers of the Roman army that it engaged, nor for the prestige of the generals, who, after such herculean labours under the walls of Jerusalem, are, I suppose, of no repute in these writers' eyes, if
achievement is to be underestimated. have no intention of rivalling those who extol the Roman power by exaggerating the deeds of my their
(4) I
compatriots. I shall faithfully recount the actions of both combatants but in my reflections on the events I cannot conceal my private sentiments, nor refuse to give my personal sympathies scope to bewail my country's misfortunes. For, that it owed its ruin to civil strife, and that it was the Jewish tyrants who drew down upon the holy temple the unwilling hands of the Romans and the conflagration, is attested by Titus Caesar himself, who sacked the city throughout the war he commiserated the populace who were at the mercy of the revolutionaries, and often of his own accord deferred the capture of the city and by protracting the siege gave the culprits time for repentance. Should, however, ;
;
any
critic
tyrants
or
censure their
lamentations over
me
for
my
strictures
upon the
bands of marauders or
my
for
country's misfortunes,
I
my ask
7
Theautno flfehugs!
JOSEPHUS icTTopta?
yap €771
817
I'Ofjbov
Toju
GvyyvJjjx-qv ro) Trddei' ttoXlv 'Poj/i.atot?
VTTO
TrX^iorov re evSaifjiovLa? crvve^-q rrpoeXSeZv kol
12 Trpo?
yovv
eoxarou TrdvTOJv
^lovhaiojv
avdc?
oviJL(f)op6jv
alojvo?
(ztt'
Sokw
rjTT-qadai
KaraTreaelv
Kara
eTTiKparelv.
oSvpfxojv
€l
8e
GvyKpcoLV,
wore
.
Trpos
aTV^i^P'O-'^O-
rovTcov OLTLOs ovhel<^ dXX6(j)vXoSy -qv
[{JLevY
Traocvv rrjv -qixeripav
ra tq Kal
df.LT]xavov
olktov okXt)-
ri?
StKaarij?, rd fxkv Trpdyfjuara rfj IcrropLa TrpouKpiviroj, rag 8' 6Xo(l)vpG€L<; ra> ypd(f)OVTi.
porepog 13
(5)
e'i-q
KairoL ye
i7nrLixi-jGaLi±
dv avros
hiKaiojs
TOLS 'RXXr/vajv XoyloLQ, ol nqXtKovrajv /car' avTOVs TTpayfidrajv yeyeuqfMevojv, d Kara GvyKpiGiv iXaXLGrov? dTToheLKvvGL rovs TrdXai rroXefiovg, rovrojv
Kpiral rols (j>LXorLp,ovpLevois cTT-qpedKal rcij Xoyw ttXcovcktovgl, AetTTovrai rfj TrpoaipeGCf avrol 8e rd AGGvplojv Kal M-t]Sa)V Gvyypd(f>ovGLV cjGTrep rjrrov KaXcos vtto rojp dp)(ai(jjv Gvyypa(j)eojv dTnqyyeXfjLeva. Kairoi roGOvrco rij? iKeivcov rjrrdjuraL Svvdfji€w? eV rco ypd(f)€Lv, OGCp Kal rrjg yvajfir]?- rd ydp Kad^ ainovs €G7TovSail,ou €KaGroL ypd(f)€LV, OTTOV Kal rd vaparv)(eLV TotS" rrpayfiaGiv €7tol€l rrju arrayyeXiav ivapyij Kal rd ifjevheadaL Trap* €lS6glv aLG\pdv tjv. rd y€ p.T)v /xi^-qixr] rd [lJ.r}Y TrpoiGropijOevra 8i8ovat Kal rd rdjv ldia>i> xpdvojv rols p-ed^ lavrdv gvvLGrdv€iv irraivov Kal fiaprvpiag d^Loi^' (jyiXoTTovos Se ov^ d (lerarroLcou OLKOx^op^iav Kal rd^tv dXXorpiaVy
/lev KddrjvraL
C,ovr€?,
ojv
€L
^
14
15
'
PAM
:
on), the
rest
solam). "
Literallv cf. B. V. 20/
8
:
Destinon conj. ulav (after Lat. 2
*'
which
is
A'^^'^"^
Lat,
:
om. the
rest.
contrary to the law of history "
:
^
JEWISH WAR,
I.
11-15
indulgence for a compassion which falls outside For of all the cities under Roman rule it was the lot of ours to attain to the highest felicity and to fall to the lowest depths of calamity. Indeed, in my opinion, the misfortunes of all nations since the world began fall short of those of the Jews and, since the blame lay with no foreign nation, it was impossible to restrain one's grief. Should, however, any critic be too austere for pity, let him credit the history with the facts, the historian with the lamentations. (5) Yet I, on my side, might justly censure those historian c erudite Greeks who, living in times of such stirrinff contempoi C5 ary events actions as by comparison reduce to insigmricance the is superior wars of antiquity, yet sit in judgement on these ^^^^^^^'j^^j. current events and revile those who make them their ancient "^^^ ^^^' special study authors whose principles they lack, even if they have the advantage of them in literary skill. For their own themes they take the Assyrian and Median empires, as if the narratives of the ancient historians were not fine enough. Yet, the truth is, these modern writers are their inferiors no less in hterary power than in judgement. The ancient historians set themselves severally to write the history of their own times, a task in which their connexion with the events added lucidity to their record while mendacity brought an author into disgrace with readers who knew the facts. In fact, the work of committing to writing events which have not previously been recorded and of commending to posterity the history of one's own time is one which merits praise and acknowledgement. The industrious writer is not one who merely remodels the scheme and arrangement of another's work, but one his
an
historian's province.^
;
.
.
f,
,
—
;
VOL.
II
B 2
O
JOSEPHUS IG
dAA' o /Ltera rod Kaiva \iyeiv koX to atu/xa tt^? LOTopLag KaraGKevd^ojv lSlov. Kayoj fxev duaXcvfiacn /cat 7701^01? fJLeyLCTTOL? dXXochvXo? a)u "EAXrjGL T€ Kal 'Pco^taioi? tt7i^ ^vrj^rjv tojv Karopdoj' Tolg Se yvr]GLOig Trpo? fjikv rd Kal rag St/ca? Ke^-qvev evdeojs ro orojia Kal r) yXdJaaa XeXurat, 7Tp6<; he rrfv loTopiav, evda \pr] rdXrjBrj Xey€Lv Kal fxerd ttoXXov ttovov rd TTpdyfiara ovXXeyen', 7T€<j)i}xa>vTaL Trapevre^ rot? fj-drcou
dvariBrnML-
X-q/jL/jLara
Kal fxrjSe ywcoGKOVOi rd? Trpd^ei? ypd^eiv. TLfjcdaOo) Sr) ttq/d' tjulu to T7J<; LGToplag dXy]d€^, errel nap* "EaXXtiglv rjfjLeXrjTaL. (6) WpxatoXoyelu fxev S?) rd ^lovSatcov, TiVes" t6 6i^T€? Kal 07TC0? drraviGnqGav AlyvTTTLOJU, ^copav re 00171^ €7TrjXdou dXcofxeuot Kal iroGa €^i]9 KareXa^ov Kal ottoj? fxeraveGTTjGav, uvu re aKaipov (hrjB-qv elvat Kal dAAcu? TTepirrov, €7T€lSi]7T€P Kai
dodeueoTepoL^
70JW
17
rjye/JLOucoi'
77oAAot
\ov8aLCxju
avverd^avro €K€Lva ]S rrjg
ftcr'
TTpo
TTarpicp
rfj
ijjLOV
dKpt^eiag cfycoufj
dXi]0€La<^ hn^fiaprou.
rd Kai
row
Trpoyoviov
nve? 'EAAt^vcov
fxera^aXoi^reg ov ttoXu ottov S* ol re rovrojv
Gvyypa(f)els eTravaavro Kal ol -qp-erepoi 7Tpocl)rjraL, rrjv
dpx-qi>
eKeldev
rovr ojv Se rd
TTonjGoixai
rrj'i
Gvvrd^etog.
rod Kar^ ifxavrou TToXepLOV 8te^ohiKojrepov Kal p.ed^ do-qs dv e^epyaoias hvvuj-
p.aL
5tet/Ltt,
e-Lhpap,(jL) 19
(7)
cLs
fieu
rd Se rrpoyeveorepa Gwrofxajs' 'Avrloxog
6
KXrjOel'i
rrjs
^P-'rj?
rjXiKLag
'K7n(f)aurjg
eX(l)v\
Perhaps " successively." allusion to the works of Demetrius, Philo the elder, Eupolemus, etc.; c/. Ap. i. '218, where Josephus speaks in the same terms. Subsequently he thought that these 10 * "
An
JEWISH WAR,
I.
15-19
who uses fresh materials and makes the framework of the history his own. For myself, at a vast expenditure of money and pains, I, a foreigner, present to Greeks and Romans this memorial of great achievements. As for the native Greeks, where personal profit or a lawsuit is concerned, their mouths are at once agape and their tongues loosed but in the matter of liistory, where veracity and laborious collection of the facts are essential, they are mute, leaving to inferior and ill-informed writers the task of describing the exploits of their rulers. Let us at least hold historical truth in honour, since by the Greeks it is disregarded. (6) To narrate the ancient history of the Jews, the Limits o origin of the nation and the circumstances of their So^ij'J^j migration from Egypt, the countries which they Jewish traversed in their wanderings, the extent of the negiectec territory which they subsequently" occupied, and the incidents which led to their deportation, would, 1 considered, be not only here out of place, but superfluous seeing that many Jews before me have accurately recorded the history of our ancestors, and that these records have been translated by certain Greeks into their native tongue without serious error. shall therefore begin my work at the I point where the historians of these events and our prophets conclude. Of the subsequent history, I shall describe the incidents of the war through which I lived with all the detail and elaboration at my command for the events preceding my lifetime 1 ;
;
**
;
shall (7)
be content with a brief summary. I shall relate how Antiochus,
earlier
{A.
i.
works
still
left
room
tor a
new
surnamed
" archaeology "
proem).
n
:
'
JOSEPHUS Kara
Kpdro?
rpioi Kal
eV^aAAerat yovoL
'lepoaoXvfia Kal Karao^ajv ereat e^ vtto tojv Waafiajvalov Traihojv
fjLrjcrlv
-717?
;\;c(j/)as"
rrj?
TTcpl
erreid^
^aatXeta?
ojs
ol rovrcov
StacrraCTtaaavre?
eyctA-
Kvoav
'Pa>p,aLOvg Kal YIojjlels ~o. Trpdyfiara Kal CO? 'HpcoSrjs 6 Wi'TLTrdrpov KareXvoe 20 T-qu hvvaoTeiav airrcou errayayoju ^octolou, ottojs re o Aao? ftera rriv 'Wpa'jhov reXevTrju Karearaaiaaev \vyovGTOv pkv 'Pco/xatcov -qyefjiOvevovTOS, KvlvtuXlov Be Ovdpov Kara rrjv ^copav ovtos, Kal (jjs €Tet hojheKdroj rrjg Sepa>vos apx^js o rroXepios dveppdyrj, rd re ovpL^dvra Kara \\eoTLOv Kal oaa TTTjiov
Kara} rds Trpcvrag
6pfj.d? eTrrjXdov ol ^lovSaloL rot?
OTrXotg 21
(8)
OTTOJ?
yepojv
cu?
TOJV
oXuju
re
eirl
rd?
TrepiOLKovs
ireix^aai'TO,
Kal
rols Keariov TrraiajJiaoL heiaas Trepl
OveoTTaoLavov
i(f)LarrjOL
toj
TroXefjLco,
Kal ojs ovTos fxerd rod Trpea^vrepov rcov Traihcov €iV TTjv ^lovhaiojv x^P^^ eve^aXeu, oarj re XP^' pL€vog 'PojfjLaLOJv or par La Kal tocrot? avfifiaxoLS eloeTTaLoevT' el? oXyji' r-qv FaAtAatW, Kal oj? rcov TToXecou avrrjs d? fieu oXoax^pco? Kal Kara Kpdros 22 d.g 8e 8t' ofioXoylag eXa^ev evda b-q Kal rd rrepl rrjs 'Pcoiiaccjov ev TToXepLois evra^ia? koI rrjv daKTjOLU rcjjv rayjjidrcov y r-qg re FaAtAata? eKarepas rd hiaor-qp^ara Kal r-qv
LVXC.
»
irapd
'
0001% avfjLpLdxois
€i
5aoi aufi^axoi (KOirrjaay MS3.
12
conj. (after Niese
and Kaber)
JEWISH WAR,
I.
19-22
Epiphanes, took Jerusalem by storm and, after hold- Summar it for three years and six months, was expelled Book next how from the country by the Hasmonaeans their descendants, in their quarrel for the throne, dragged the Romans and Pompey upon the scene how Herod, son of Antipater, with the aid of Sossius, of the revolt Book overthrew the Flasmonaean dynasty of the people, after Herod's death, when Augustus was Roman Emperor and Quintilius Varus provincial of the outbreak of war in the twelfth governor year of Nero's principate, the fate which befell Cestius and the success which attended the Jewish arms in overrunning the country in the opening ing
i.
**
;
;
ii.
;
;
engagements. (8) Then I shall proceed to tell how they fortified the neighbouring towns how Nero, apprehensive for Book the Empire in consequence of the reverses of Cestius, entrusted the conduct of the war to Vespasian of his invasion of Jewish territory, accompanied by his of the strength of the forces, Roman and elder son auxiliary, with which he penetrated into Galilee, and of the towns of that province which he captured either by main force or by negotiation. In this connexion I shall describe the admirable discipline "o of the Romans on active service and the training the extent and nature of the two of the legions 35 Galilees,^ the limits of Judaea, the special features of the country, its lakes and springs. I shall give a c/. precise description of the sufferings of the prisoners taken in the several towns, from my own observation ;
iii.
;
;
;
iii-
fr.
iii.
ff.
iii.
<»
Or. " the sons of Asamonaeus." *
Upper and Lower. 13
so
JOSEPHUS ^€ias, d)S cidou
ifiavrov
erraOov,
rj
avfi6opow
tl
oide yap tojv
dleLUL.
aTTOKpuipofJiaL,
ye
fieXXcov
rrpos eldorag epelv. 23
"Ettci^*
(9)
6u?
'lepoGoXv/jLOJi'
irrl
avros
row
V7TO
dTToheLKVVTaL, oXojv
Tcov
^lovhaiaw
25
€L?
rcov
rrj?
rjycfiovLa?
ravrrjs
rrepl
avrcp
piera^oXds , kol (hs
'Poj/xrj?
avTOKpdrojp
aKOJV
GrpaTLCxJTOJU
KOL
dTToxojprjGavTos
rrjv
AlyvTrTOv eGraGLaGdr] rd rcbv
€7TL
Slolk-^G€L
rvpav
re eTraveGrrjGav avroLS ol
ottoj?
,
^lovhaioLS
vrro
yevofjieva
ra? eVt
Kal
24 Giqfiela
Kafivovrajv
copfirj/jievo?
rd re
avdeXK€Tai'
VOL,
rjhrj
dvrjOKeL fxev Xepcov, OveGTraGtavo? he
Trpay/jLOLTajv
Kal rd? tovtujv npo? dXXijXov? hiaSopds'
Kal
(lO)
SwdfieL?
Kal
tV
rrjs
OTTOjg
dpag
d>g
bevrepov el?
aTTO
)(wpau
t7]v
OTTOV
r)
orrajg
Kal
crvvrjyaye
GrdGeojs
TToXig
Tlrog
AlyvTrrov
rrj?
eveBaXev,
re rag
OTTOGag,
Kal
SieKecro rrapovrog
avrov, rrpoG^oXdg re OGag eTTOLrjGaro Kal oTTOGa Xojfjuara, rreptftoXovg re rojv rpccov
reixow kol rd
fierpa rovrojv, r-qv re rrjg TToXeojg oxvporrjra Kal 26 rod lepov Kal rov vaov r-qv StddeGLv,
rovrojv
aKpij^etag,
Kal
"
14
re
rdg
eodrjrag
olov
Lit.
eOq
Kal
dyveiag he rdg
rod ^ojfxov
Kal
Tjv
rd
eoproju
fierpa evLa
Kal
en
Se Kal
rrdvra
rdg
/xer'
enrd
rwv lepecov Xetrovpyiag, en rwv Upeow Kal rov dp^t-^peajg,
rov
vaov
rd
dyiov,
ovhev
ovre
" the seven purifications," referring doubtless, as
;
JEWISH WAR,
I.
22-26
share in them. For I shall conceal nothing even of my own misfortunes, as I shall be addressing persons who are well aware of them. (9) I shall next relate how, at the moment when Book i\ the Jewish fortunes were on the decline, Nero's death occurred, and how Vespasian's advance upon Jerusalem was diverted by the call to imperial dignity the portents of his elevation which he received, and his the revolutions which took place in Rome proclamation by his soldiers as Emperor against his iv. eoi. 656. will the civil war which, on his departure for Egypt to restore order to the realm, broke out among the Jews, the rise of the tyrants to power and their Book v or personal
'^'^^'
;
;
'\'-
;
'^- ''' ^
mutual feuds.
M}^ narrative will proceed to tell of the second iv. 658. invasion of our country by Titus, starting from Egypt how and where he mustered his forces, and their v. 47. strength; the condition to which civil war had v. 1. reduced the city on his arrival his various assaults and the series of earthworks which he constructed further, the triple line of our walls and their dimen- v. i36. sions the defences of the city and the plan of the temple and sanctuary, the measurements of these v. 184. buildings and of the altar being all precisely stated certain festival customs, the seven degrees of purity,'^ the ministerial functions of the priests, their vest- v. 231. ments and those of the high priest, with a description of the Holy of Holies.'' Nothing shall be concealed, (10)
;
;
;
;
Reinach suggests, to the zones or rings into which the Holy City was divided, and accessible to persons of various degrees of ceremonial purity. A list of these, omitting the innermost ring (the Holy of Holies), is given in the Mishna, Kelim, i. 8 (quoted in Schiirer, GJV^, ii. 273); Josephus gives an incomplete enumeration in B. v. 237, cf. Ap. ii. 102 fF. * " The holy [place] of the sanctuary."
15
.
JOSEPHUS ovre
aTTOKpuTTTOfievos (11) "ETietra
27
hU^eiiu
rot?
TrpooTidei'^
r-qv re
77€
row Tvpdvvow
irpos
'Poj/jLalajv Kal rrju Kal ogolkls Ttro? (f)€LSaj Trpos rov? d?^o(f)vXovg , oworaL rrjv ttoXlv Kal rov vaov eTndvfiojv irrl Sc^ta? hLaKptvo) 8e rovs orraGLal^ovTa? TrpovKaXeaaro. rd Trddrj rod S-qfiov Kal ra? cn-'fiopd?, ooa re VTTO rod TToXefiov Kal ooa vtto rrj^ crrdaeajg Kal Trapa28 ocra vtto rov Xiixov KaKOjOevreg idXojaav. Xeli/jco 8e ouSe rd? row avrofxoXajv drvxias ouSe rds rojv aL)(iiaXojrojv KoXdcrei?, ottojs re 6 vao? aKOvros iveTrp-qodri Kalaapo? Kal ooa rcov Upojv KeLiirjXlajv eV rov rrvpos rjpTrdyr), r-qv re rrj? oXrj? TToAecos" dXojGLv Kal rd rrpd ravrrj? cn^/xeta /cat
Tov?
ofioc^vXov?
(xjfiorrjTa
repara, Kal r-qv alxfJiaXcoGLav rojv rvpdwcov, rcov re dyhpaTTohiGdevrcov rd ttXtjOos Kal els tjv eKa29 GroL rvx'qi' hLevepL-qOrjGav Kal oj? 'Poj/jLaloL fiev e7Te^rjX£ov rd Xetipava rov TroXefiov Kal rd epvfiara rcov -xcjjpicov KaOelXov, Tiros Se iraGav eVr-qv
eXdcjjv
)(copav
Kareonqoaro,
r-qv
re
vtto-
Grpo^-qv avrov rrjv els TraXlav Kal rov dplafjL^ov. 30 (12) Tavra Trdvra nepiXa^cjjv ev eTrrd ^l^Xlols Kal fjL-qSefxlav rots emGrajievoLs rd TTpdyfiara Kal Traparv^ovGL rco TToXefxa) KaraXtTrcjw -q fxepufjecos Tj Kar-qyoplas, rots ye r-qv dX-qdeiav d(f)opiJLrjv TTOiiqdyaTTOJGU', dXXd fi-q TTpds -qhovrjv^ dveypaipa. GOfiaL he ravr-qv rrjs e^rjy-qGeojs dpxrjv, -qv Kal rcov KecfyaXalojv eTTOfqGd/jLrjv 31
(i.
16
l)
SrciCTeoj?
rols
hvvarois
^lovbalcov
ep,TTe-
E
JEWISH WAR,
I.
26-31
nothing added to facts which have been brought to hght.« (11) I shall then describe the tyrants' brutal treatof their fellow-countrymen and the clemency
ment
of the Romans towards an alien race, and how often Titus, in his anxiety to save the city and the temple, invited the rival parties to come to terms with him. I shall distinguish between the sufferings and calamities of the people, culminating in their defeat, as attributable respectively to the war, the sedition, and the famine. Nor shall I omit to record either Book vi. the misfortunes of the deserters or the punishments inflicted on the prisoners the burning of the Temple, contrary to Caesar's wishes, and the number of the sacred treasures rescued from the flames the taking of the whole city and the signs and portents that vi. 288. preceded it the capture of the tyrants, the number of the prisoners and the destiny allotted to each vi. 414. ;
;
;
;
nor yet how the Romans crushed the last remnants Book of the war and demolished the local fortresses how Titus paraded the whole country and restored order ; and lastly his return to Italy and triumph. (12) All these topics I have comprised in seven books. While I have left no pretext for censure or accusation to persons who are cognisant of the facts and took part in the war, my work is written for lovers of the truth and not to gratify my readers. I will now open my narrative with the events named at the beginning of the foregoing summary. ;
(i.
"
1)
C/.
At the
Ap.
ii.
time**
when Antiochus, surnamed
80, 107, for the " discoveries " of
Antiochus
Holy of Holies and the " unspeakable c. 171 b.c. mysteries " supposed to take place there. Epiphanes
in
the
''
17
vii
.
JOSEPHUS aovoTjg KaS^ ou Kaipov 'AvTto;^o? o KXrjdel^ 'Etti(f>avrjg
hL€(f)€p€TO
pLOLOv TOP
TTcpl
eKTOv
oXtj?
Hvpla? TTpog UroXe-
S' -qv avroig Trepl hvvaoTeia?, eKdcrrov row eV d^LcofJiaTL purj (})epovTog Tols op-OiOLS V7Tor€TdxOo.L) ^OvLa? pikv els tojv dpxiepeojv eTTLKparrjoa? e^e^aXe rrjg 7t6X€Cj<; rovg 32 Toj^la vlov?. ol Se Karacfyvyovreg Trpo? ^Avtloxov LK€T€Voav airrols rjyepLOGL )(poj/x€vov etV ttjv 'loi;Saiav epi^aXelv. TreiOeraL §' o ^aoiXevs chppLT]pLev'os TrdXat, /cat pcrd TrXeLGTrfs hvvdpieojs ainos opp^Tjoas TTjv re ttoXlv alpel Kara Kpdros kol ttoXv ttXtjOos roiv YlToXefJiaLOj Trpooexovrajv dvaipel, raZs re dpTrayals dveh-qv eVa^iet? rovs orpar noras avros kol rov vaov eavX-qcre Kal rov ivSeXeXi-op-ov ra)v Kad^ -qpuepav evayiapLow eTravaev €77* 33 er-q rpia kol pbijva? e^. 6 8* apxtepev? 'Oi^tW Trpos YlroXepialou biacfyvydw Kal Trap' avrov Xa^(jjv roTTOv ev rep ' HXcoTToXirrj vopLOj ttoXixvtjV re roZs ^lepoooXvfioig aTreiKaGp^ev-qv Kal vaov eKrioev opLOLOv TTepl d>v avdt? Kara ;;^c6pav SrjXojoopiev 34 (2) 'AvTid^w ye p-rjv ovre ro Trap* eXrriha KparrjooL rrjs TToXews ovd^ at dpTrayal Kal 6 rooovrog
(jyiXoripia
,
pLvqpLrjv
Trapo}
(hv
rrjv
rroXiopKLav
eiradev
rjvdy-
Katev ^lovhaiovs , KaraXvoavrag rd Trdrpia, ^pe<j)7j re avrojv cbvXdrreiv aTrepirpirira Kal ovg eTndveiv 35 roj jjojpLoj' 77 pos a Trdvres p^eu 'qneidovv , eo(f>drrovro he ol boKLpLOjraroL. Kal HaKXthr]? 6 7re/x^
Trapd
Naber, Niese:
irepl
mss.
" " The refrular course," literally " continuity," i.e. the Tdwui or continutus (standing) burnt offering. "Sacrifices";
18
JEWISH WAR,
I.
31-35
Epiphanes, was disputing with Ptolemy VI. the Antiochn suzerainty of Syria, dissension arose among the EpiphaiK Jewish nobles. There were rival claims to supreme t^^'^'^ power, as no individual of rank could tolerate sub- and inter jection to his peers. Onias, one of the chief priests, ™m^pie^*^ gaining the upper hand, expelled the sons of Tobias worship. from the city. The latter took refuge with Antiochus and besought him to use their services as guides for an invasion of Judaea. The king, having long c. 170 b.c cherished this design, consented, and setting out at the head of a huge army took the city by assault, slew a large number of Ptolemy's followers, gave his soldiers unrestricted licence to pillage, and himself plundered the temple and interrupted, for a period of three years and six months, the regular course of the daily sacrifices." The high priest Onias made his escape to Ptolemy and, obtaining from him a site in the nome of Heliopolis, built a small town on the model of Jerusalem and a temple resembling ours. We shall revert to these matters in due course.^ (2) Not content with his unlooked for success in Religious capturing the city and with the plunder and whole- P^^secuti sale carnage, Antiochus, carried away by his ungovernable passions and with the rankling memory of what he had suffered in the siege, put pressure upon the Jews to violate the code of their country by leaving their infants uncircumcised and sacrificing swine upon the altar. These orders were disobeyed by all, and the most eminent defaulters were massacred. Bacchides,^ who was sent by Antiochus to command the Greek word is that elsewhere used for the Lat. parentatio or offering to the manes of the dead. B. vii. 421 ff. " The mention of Bacchides is, as Pteinach notes, an anachronism ; he did not appear on the scene till some years later, A. xii. 393, 1 Mace. vii. 8. **
19
JOSEPHUS ^^et? VTT^ ^ AvTioxov (f)povpapxo?, rfj (f)uaLKi^ irpoGXa^ojv (hfioT-qri to. doe^rj TrapayyeXfjLara napavop.ia
ovhepLiav
KareXiTrev
vrrep^oXrjV,
avhpa rovs d^toAdyou? atVt^d/xevo? Kal Tj/jiepav
ivSeLKvvfjLcvo^
oiJjlv
dAojcreaj?
/cat
/car
KOLvfj KaO^ rfj
ttoXcl,
rat? VTTep^oXalg tojv dhiKrjpbdrojv tovs tto.oxovras ch djivvrfs roXpiav rjpediGC. 36 (3) Mar^ta? yovu vlo? WcraficovaLOV tojv Upeojv ef? aTTo Kcofjirjg McoSeelv 6Vo/xa, ovvauTrioas fJLerd X^^pos OLK€Lag, rrevre yap vUls rjaav avrcp, kottLoiv dvaipeL rov BaKxi^^^]^- Kal Trapaxp^P'd jjlcv Setaas fJi^xpi-
ro TrXijdog tojv (f)povpwv els to, oprj KaTa(f)€vy€L, dno rod hrjpuov ttoXXcov dvadapOTjoas KdreiGi Kal GVjji^aXdw p^dx'O vlko. re rovs ^AvTLOxov Grpar-qyovs Kal rrjg 'louSata? e^eXavvei. TTapeXddw he dno rrjs evrrpaytag els hvvaGreiav Kal hid rrjv dTraXXayqv rwv dXXo(l)vXa)V dp^ag rcjv aavrj TrdXtv els rrjv x^P^^ e/x^dAdno he 39 Xovra^ fierd Kaprepds TrXrjyrjs dveoretXev. depjjLov rov KaropdaypLaros wppLrjoev enl rrjv ev rfj TToXei
37 TrpooyevojjL^vcov he
^
"
in
20
A
Lat. (vid.)
:
Mattathias (1 Mace). Apelles according to A.
«
1
>lacc.
ii.
25.
da^oKbvTa the
xii.
270
;
rest.
the officer
is
unnamed
I '*
JEWISH WAR,
I.
35-39
the garrison, with these impious injunctions to back his innate brutahty, was guilty of every excess of iniquity, torturing distinguished individuals one after another, and daily parading before the eyes of all the appearance of a captured city, until by the extravagance of his crimes he provoked his victims to venture on reprisals. Rising of (3) These began with Matthias," son of Asa^ monaeus, a priest of a village called Modein, who hiL. forming an armed band of himself and his family of Fear of five sons, slew Bacchides " with choppers. the large garrison drove him to seek refuge at the moment in the hills but, on being joined by many of the common people, he summoned courage to descend, fought and defeated the generals of Antiochus, and drove them out of Judaea. This his expulsion success brought him supreme power of the foreigners led his countrymen willingly to submit to his rulersiiip, which, on his death, he be- c i67 b.c queathed to Judas, the eldest of his sons. (4) Judas, assuming that Antiochus would not re- Exploits mam mactive, besides recruiting a native force, of Judas made an alliance he was the first to do so with -^Iaccathe Romans ^ and when Epiphanes ^ again invaded the country struck hard and forced him to retire. Flushed with this success, he attacked the garrison, not yet ousted from the capital, expelled the troops from the upper city and confined them to the lower portion of the town, known as Acra. Being now i65 b.c. ;
;
'^
—
—
;
"
According
to
1
Mace.
ii.
4,
Judas was the third of the
five sons.
Another anachronism I Maccabees Demetrius (162-150 b.c). ^
narrative of *
Or
:
the treaty with Rome, if the is to be trusted, fell under
(viii.)
rather his generals Lysias
and Gorgias
(I
Mace). 21
JOSEPHUS "A/cpa
KeKXrjTat-
Xojpou
iKddrjpe
Kvpcevaa? de rov Upov rov re kol
Travra
TTpos Tas XeLTOVpyias
Tou vaou €LGrjV€yK€V
€tV
re
^ajfiov
jjievojv,
ojs"
to.
rcov rrporepajv /xe/zta/x-
ercpov
Kal
reXevra
WvrLO)(o^^,
fxev
KXrjpovoixog he rrjg ^aGiXeiag avrov Kal
^lovSalovs aTTey^deias 6 vlos
tcop
ro lepov
XafjiBavovcrrjg Se dprc
TToXeoj?
rrj^
/cat
Katva KaraaKevdaa?
ojKoh6}xriGev
40 evaytopLoyv rjp^aro. KaTCiarrjiJLa
TTeptereixioe,
OKev-q
r-fj?
Trpog
Avrloxos yiveraL.
YiVvayaycjv yovv irel^wv
fxev^ fjLvpidSas Trevre,
1777761? S' €19^ TTevTaKLorxf-Xiovs ,
eXe(f>avras he dyhoij-
(5)
41
Kovra
ifJi^dXXei hid rrj? ^lovhatas el? ttjv opeiv-qv.
Kara he
Srjdaovpoi' fxev ovu TroXixvqv alpel,
tottov
o? KaXelrai UedLaxapla, OTevrjS ovGiqs rrj? rrapohov, 42 'louSas- vTTai'Ta fierd rrjg hwd/jueoj? di/jat
TTpoihoju
re
cf)dXayya? 'EAca^apo? o
TOL?
rou
Kal
fjLeydXo)
Gfji-qfieuou, rijjv
re
viprjXorarov
Grl^os row 43 e(j)LKeGdaL
olog re
rr)v
yaGrepa
err*
yjv
eXecbdvrojv
avrov nvpyoj
avrov rov Wvrloxou eluai
e/CTpe;^ct
TToXefJLLOJV
fiev
ov)(
dheX(f)6?
irepixpyGOis TTporeLX^GfJiaGL kcko-
VTToXa^ujv
Ihiojv
rcjv
he gvu-
Trplv
.
ttoXv
errl
Kal
htaKoiJjas
rd
rov eXe(pavra hLt]vvGev.
ovv rod hoKovvros elvai ^aoiXeaj? hid rd v(po?, 6 he rd Orjplov vtto
rrX-q^ag
emKareoeLGev eavrw Kal gvv-
rpi^el? ereXevrTjGeu, fxrjhev irXeov hpdGag rov fxeydXoL<; e-TTL^aXeGdaL, Oefxevos evKXeias ev hevrepco rd 4
1
Lrjv.
Kav '
22
o ye
fjirjv
KV^epvojv rdv eXecfiavra
el Gvve^rj he etvai
Ihidjriqs rjv
rdv WvrLO^ov, ovhev TrXeov
Text emended by Destinon.
^
om,
eij
AM.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
39-44
master of the temple, he cleansed the whole area and walled it round, replaced the old and polluted vessels for the services by others which he caused to be made and brought into the sanctuary, built another altar
and reinstalled the expiatory sacrifices." The city was just recovering its hallowed character when Antibchus died, leaving his son Antiochus heir, alike to his kingdom, and to his detestation of the Jews. (5) The latter, accordingly, having collected 50,000 infantry, some 5000 horse and 80 elephants, pushed through Judaea into the hill country.^ After capturing the small town of Bethsuron,^ he was met at a spot called Bethzacharia, where there is a narrow defile, by Judas at the head of his forces. Before the opposing armies came into action, Eleazar, brother of Judas, observing the tallest of the elephants, surmounted by a huge howdah ^ and an array of gilded battlements, and concluding that it bore Antiochus, rushed out far beyond his own lines and, cutting through the enemy's ranks, made his way to the elephant. Being unable to reach the supposed monarch because of his height from the ground, he struck the beast below the belly, brought its whole weight down upon himself, and was crushed having achieved nothing more than to to death attempt great things, holding life cheaper than renown. The elephant-rider was, in fact, a commoner ; yet, even had he happened to be Antiochus, his ;
See note on § 32. There is an independent account of this battle of the elephants in 1 Mace. vi. 28 if., of which Josephus made use "
*»
in his later
work {A.
xii.).
According to Mace. vi. 50 {A. was not taken until after the battle. " Greek tower." "
1
xii.
376) Bethsuron
**
23
i64 b.c.
;
JOSEPHUS 6 ToA/xv^aas" rov doKelv err^ eArrtSt l^ovrj iXeadai rov KaropdcofiaTOS Bdvarov. 45 yiv^rai he kol KXrjhujv TaSeAte;(/3t TToXXov btrj-yajVLGavro, TrXrjdeL 8e V7T€pe)(ovT€£ ol ^aaiXiKol /cat Sc^ta xpiqadpievoL rv)(rj Kparovai, dvaipedevrcuv rov? Xolttov? e)(Ojv TToXXcjv /cat 'IoJ8a? etV rrfv To(f)VLrLKrjv rorrapxLCLV u eTTLrriheicov dTTavicrraraL, KaraXiTTow p.kv
ciu
XafjLTTpov
avrov
dheX
ra ^AvrLo^ov 48
^lojduvrjg
1)
XaKT]? Tjyev eavrov, dp)cqv ^
*
vrro
Atade^a/xet^o? he rovrov 6 dheX(f)6? rd re dXXa npo? rov? e7TL)(copLov? hcd
(ii.
vddrj?
rrjV
eTTif^ovXevdel?
One
Adasa
rtov
(j^povovvrojv reXevra.
/cat
eKparvvaro,
rfj
'Icu(f)v-
Trpo? 'Ptu/xatou? (;^tAta
re
"Trpo?
Lat., perhaps rightly
;
cf.
of the eleven sub-districts of
rov A.
W^no-^ov
\\\. 4-0;^.
Judaea {B.
iii.
55)
according to A. xii. 375 Judas withdrew to Jerusalem and prepared for a "^iege. ^ Strictly Nicanor, the general of Demetrius, 1 AMacc. vii. 39 fF.
24
JEWISH WAR,
I.
44-48
daring assailant would have gained but the reputation of courting death in the bare expectation of a To Eleazar's brother the incident brilliant exploit. proved an omen of the issue of the engagement. For, long and stubborn as was the resistance of the Jews, the king's forces, with superior numbers and and, after favoured by fortune, were victorious the loss of many of his men, Judas fled with the remainder to the province of Gophna." Antiochus proceeded to Jerusalem, where, owing to a shortage he then left of supplies, he stayed but a few days what he considered a sufficient garrison and withdrew the rest of his army to winter quarters in Syria. (6) After the king's retreat, Judas did not remain Rallying the survivors of the combat and inactive. joined by numerous new recruits from his nation, he gave battle to the generals of Antiochus ^ at the where, after winning the honours village of Acedasa of the day and slaying a large number of the enemy, he was slain himself.^ A few days later his brother John also perished, a victim of a conspiracy of the partisans of Antiochus.** ;
;
;
(ii.
1)
Jonathan,
his brother,
who succeeded him,
amongst other safeguards against his countrymen, strengthened his authority by an alliance with Rome ^ and made a truce with the young Antiochus.-^ Judas was slain, not at the battle of A(ce)dasa, but in a later engagement at Elasa (1 Mace. ix. 5) or Berzetho {A. xii. 422). Cf. 1 Mace. ix. 35 f ; A. xiii. 10 f. " Mace. xii. 1-4; A. xiii. 164 f. 1 f Greek " the son of Antiochus," i.e. presumably of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. But the reference must be to the treaty of .Jonathan with Antiochus VI Dionysus, 1 Mace, xi. 57, A. xiii. 145. Josephus has confused Antiochus and Antiochus VI. <"
<*
.
V
25
lei b.c.
Jonathan ^fg^de?
161-143
b.
JOSEPHUS StoAAaya?
TratSa
49 'qpKeoev
iTTOi-qaaro
Trpos
airrco
ov
.
aa<J3a.XeLav'
ixtjv
n
TpvcfxDV
rovrcov yap 6
rvpavvos, eVtVpoTTos' fJikv ojv rod 'Avrtd;\;ou iraiho?, eTTL^ovXevcov S' avrco /cat Trpoadep, a-nooKevateadai Tovs (fjlXov? avrov TTecpajpLevog, rjKOvra rov ^lojuddrjv ovv oXiyoLS €1? YiroX^ixatha Trpos ^Avrioxov hoXo) cruXXafxBdvei /cat Si^aa? cVt 'louSatav
rod HifxcDvo?, o?
crrpar€V€L' clr^ aTTcXaOel? vtto dSeXcfyog
rod 'IcjvdOov,
/cat
"^v
Trpo? r-qv -qrrav (hpyi-
rov ^lojvddrjv. yewacios drfj-qyo-ufxevos ra>v rrpayfidrajv aipet fiev Tdi^apd^ re /cat 'Iottt^v /cat 'la/x.vetay rcDv TTpoaoiKcov, KareaKaipe 8e /cat tt^i/ a/cpav TcrJv <j)povpojv Kpartjo-a?. au^t? 8e ytVerat cr/xeVo? Kr€LU€L
50
St/xoiv Se
(2)
Gvixpbaxo? Kara Tpv(f)OJVos, ou iv eVt MtJSous" arparela? eVoAtop-
'AvTto;^6fj
/cat
A(jL}poLg
TTpo
rrjg
i^ehvuojTTTjuev rrjv rod /SacrtAea)? Tpvchowa avve^eXcov fxer^ ov ttoXv yap 'Avrioxo? Kevhe^alov rov avrod Grpariqyov
aAA'
51 /cet.
ou/c
TrXeove^iav /jL€rd
52 /cat
SuvajLteojs"
Srjcocrovra rrjv
/caraSouAajao/xet'ov St^a>va,
'louSatav eTre/jufjev c) Se /catrot yi^-
patog OJV veavLKOjrepov dcfirjyrjo-aro rod TroXe/jLov rov? p.€v roL ye utet? avrod^ pier a rujv eppojpLeveardr OJV TTpoeKTrepLTreL, avro? 8e fjiotpav rrj? Svvd-
di'aAa^wy eTTrjei /car' aAAo pLepog. ttoXXovs Kdv rot? opeui TrpoXoxicro.? Traaats KpareZ rals eTTi^oXaZs, /cat viK-qoas XajjiTrpcos
53 /xcco?
Be
7ToXXa)(od
dpxi'^p^vg 1
dTTohe'iKvvrai
Bernard 2
"
26
C/.
1
{cf.
A.
M Lat. Mace.
/cat
rry?
Ma/ceSop'cov
215): Fai-af or Zapd mss. iw avrbv the rest.
xiii. :
xii.
39
flF. ;
A.
xiii.
187
fiF.
€7rt
JEWISH WAR,
I.
48-53 (51-53 = ant.
225-227)
xiii.
None, however, of these precautions proved a suffiFor the tyrant Trypho, guardian cient protection. of the young Antiochus, who was ah-eady conspiring against his ward and attempting to make away with his friends, treacherously arrested and imprisoned Jonathan, when on a mission with a small retinue to Antiochus at Ptolemais, and started on a campaign Repulsed by Simon, Jonathan's against Judaea. brother, and indignant at his defeat he then put his captive to death. '^
Simon's administration of afftiirs was excellent. of Gazara, Joppa, and Jamnia, in the vicinity of the capital, and, after overpowering the garrison at Jerusalem, razed the citadel ^ to the ground. Subsequently, he made alliance with Antiochus ^ against Trypho, whom the king, before (lis expedition against the Medes, was besieging at Dora. Yet Simon's contribution to the fall of Trypho failed to shame the king out of his cupidity for not long after Antiochus sent his general Cendebaeus at the head of an army to ravage Judaea and make a The latter, though advanced in vassal of Simon. j^ears, took command of the war with juvenile energy and, sending his sons ahead with the most ablebodied of his troops, proceeded himself, with a division of his army, to the attack on another front. Having, further, posted numerous ambuscades in different parts of the hills, he was successful in all the engagements, and after a brilliant victory was appointed high-priest and liberated the Jews from (2)
He captured the towns
;
;
''
is
Greek " Acra "
;
A.
xiii.
215 shows that Jerusalem
referred to.
Antiochus VII Sidetes, A. xiii. 223. From this point the two narratives in B. and A. are closely parallel. "
27
Simon's 1*4^2*^131^8^0
JOSEPHUS Kpar€La? fiera eVarov Kal il^SofJu^KOvra
err]
rous"
'louSatou? dTTaXXdrrei. 8e /cat avrog im^ovXevOel? ev 54 (3) GvqGK€L TlToXcfiaLOV Tov yafj^^pov, og V7t6 uvfjiTTOolu) avTov rijv re yvvatKa Kal rovs ^vo TralSag iyKadeip^as eVt rov rpirov ^Iwduvrju, o? Kal 'YpKavog 55 eVaAetTO,
rovs
dvaip-qGOvras
eTreiJUpev.
npoyvovs
8e rrjw e(f)oSov 6 veavioKOS rrapayeveodai ets" rr]v TToXiv rjuetyero, TrXeiGrov ro) Xaoj 7T€7ToiBa>s Kara
re
{Jivqfxr)u
row
Trarpojcov
Karopdoj/Jidrajv
Kal
a)ppLr]Ge 8e ploos rrjs TiroXefJiaLOV Trapavopiias Kal YlroXefiaLog eloeXdelv Ka9^ erepav -nvX-qv, e^eKpovoOrj ye pLTjv vtto rod htjp^ov ra^eajs heheyKal 6 p.ev TTapaxprjP^o. 56 p.evojv rjhrj rov 'YpKavov. .
duexojp'^^cr^v et? ri rcov virep 'lepixovvro? epvpidrow, o Saydjv KaXelrar Kopnadpievos he rrjv irarpojav dpxtepujuvvqv 'Tp/cavo? Kal Bvaas rep dew pLerd rd^ovg irrl TiroXeixalov wppbTjuev BorjO-quojv rfj pLTjrpl Kal rols dheX(j)ols. (4)
57
Kat rrpoo^aXojv
Kpeirrojv
rju,
rjrrdro
rqj
8e
(Jipovptoj
St/cat'ou
rd
f-tev
nddov?.
dXXa 6 yap
YlroXepLalos dnore Kararrovolro, r-qv re p.-qrepa Kal roug dBeXc^ovg avrov Trpodyojv IttI rov reL)(ovg*, el? evGVVOTTrov r^Kil^ero Kal KaraKp-qpivielv el p,rj\ Trpos a rov /x€IA 58 ddrrov dnavaGraLr], Str^Tret'Aei. 'YpKauov opyrjs TrXeitov olKrog elorjet Kal Seog, r^ be pLTjrrjp ovdev ovre Trpos rds alKuig ovre npo^ rov dTTeiXovpLevov avrfj ddvarov cVStSoucra )(elpas (jopeye Kal Karr^vrL^oXei rov Tralba /xryrt 77p6s" rrji ,
Reckoning from 312
"
era
28
;
b.c, the first year of the Seleucid according to this reckoning Simon's high priesthood
JEWISH WAR,
I.
53-58 (=ant.
xiii.
228-232)
the Macedonian supremacy which had lasted for 170 years." (3) He too, however, fell a victim to treachery, john being murdered at a banquet by his son-in-law /^35'1^J5 Ptolemy. The latter, after incarcerating Simon's B.c.)opp wife and two of his sons, sent a body of men to kill in^ia\v° the third, John, also called Hyrcanus. This youth, Ptolemy forewarned of their approach, hastened to reach the city, fully confident of the people's support, both from their recollection of his father's achievements and their hatred of Ptolemy's enormities. Ptolemy also rushed to gain entrance by another gate, but was repelled by the populace, who had with alacrity already admitted Hyrcanus. Ptolemy forthwith withdrew to one of the fortresses above Jericho, called Dagon while Hyrcanus, having gained the high priestly office held by his father before him, offered sacrifice to God and then started in haste after Ptolemy to bring aid to his mother and brethren. (4) Attacking the fort, he proved superior in other ways, but was overcome by his righteous feelings. For Ptolemy, as often as he was hard pressed, brought forward his mother and brothers upon the ramparts and tortured them within full view of Hyrcanus, threatening to hurl them over the battlements, if he did not instantly retire. At this spectacle indignation in the breast of Hyrcanus gave way to pity and terror. His mother, unshaken by her torments or the menace of death, with outstretched hands implored her son not to be moved ;
dates from
c. 142 b.c, i.e. from the beginning of his leaderwhere it is placed in the parallel account in A. xiii. 213. " In the hundred and seventieth year Cf. 1 Mace. xiii. 41 f., was the yoke of the heathen taken away from Israel," and Jerusalem started a new era of its own.
ship,
29
JOSEPHUS eVi/cAaa^eVra
v^ptu
avrrjg
rod
(fyeioaodat
Svcr-
ye Kpeirrova rov eV ^ToA€^tatou Odvarov aOavaaias elvai hovros StVa? €' ols €ls 50 Tou oIkov airrojv TraprjvofjLrjGev 6 8e ^Icodwrj^ ae^ovg,
OLvrfj
cl>?
.
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id-qXvvero
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CO rpi^o/jLev-qg
ro dpyov erog, o Kara eVraertav dpyelrac napd *Iou8atot? ofiOLOJS roL? e^Oofidcnv rjpLepaLg. Kav rovToj YlroXefiaLOS dvedelg rrjs TToXiopKias dvaLpel
rov? dS€X
(5)
Xvrioxo? hk /car' opyrjv ow vtto Hificovo's orparevoag ctV rrjv ^lovSalav irroXiopKeL 'YpKavov 7TpoGKadel,6}X€Vos rots' '\epoGoXv6 Se rov Aavihov rd
€7Tad€v
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v(f)eX6pL€VOS
rov re ^AvrioTToXcopKLag Treioas rpiaKOGioLS Kal ^evorpo<^elv irpwros Mou;^p7^/xaT6UP'
rrepiOVGLas rjp^aro.
(6) AvOl? ye fJLTjv a>s" ^Avrtoxog inl MijSovs GrparevGas Katpov dfivvrj? avroj TrapeZ^^v evOeojs (ZpfjL-qGev eVt ra? ev Supta TroAet?, Kevd<^, orrep rjv, ,
^
" ••
30
e-rreiSap 5(
MS>.
:
(Trel S'
au Xiese.
The sabbatical year: Lev. vvv. L in tin puiallel account So J. vii. 393 ;
in
A.
xiii.
349
JEWISH WAR,
I.
58-62
(
= ant.
232-254)
xiii.
by her outrageous treatment to spare the monster ; to her, death at Ptolemy's hands would be better than immortality, if he paid the penalty for the wrongs which he had done to their house. John, as often as he took his mother's unflinching courage to heart and gave ear to her entreaties, was impelled to the assault but, when he beheld her beaten and mangled, he was unmanned and quite overcome by emotion. The siege consequently dragged on until the year of repose came round, which is kept septennially by the Jews as a period of inaction, like the seventh day of the week." Ptolemy, now relieved of the siege, put John's brethren and their mother to death and fled to Zeno, surnamed Cotulas, the ;
despot of Philadelphia. (5) Antiochus, smarting under the blows which His war Simon had dealt him, led an army into Judaea and, Ai?tiochi sitting down before Jerusalem, besieged Hyrcanus (yjO who, opening the tomb of David, wealthiest of kings, extracted therefrom upwards of three thousand talents, with three hundred of which he bribed Antiochus to raise the blockade.^ The surplus he used to pay a mercenary force, being the first Jew ;
to start this practice. (6) Subsequently, however, the campaign of Anti\ j-T, V. J ocnus agamst the A/r Medes gave 1,him an opportunity forrevenge.'^ He at once flew upon the cities of Syria, expecting to find them, as he did, drained of efficient •
Hyrcanus did not open the of Antiochus.
i.
tomb
until after the
-1.
departure
" The account in A. xiii. 250 There Hyrcanus joins Antiochus
ff., is more trustworthy. in his expedition against " the Parthians (here called Medes ") in 130 b.c. his attack on the Syrian cities only began after the death of Antiochus ;
in 129 B.C.
31
His
victories.
.
JOSEPH LS 63 vTToXafjL^dvoji'
row
McSa-
fiaxLfiojrepow €vpi]aeiv.
ovu Kal Hafiayau a/xa rat? ttXtjolov, en he ^LKLfia Kal Wpyaptl^lu avro?^ alpel, 7rp6? at? to \ovSaia)v yevog, ol TrepicoKovu to eiKaoOkv rw ev
^r^v fi€u
Upov}
'lepocroAu/i,oi? /Liat'a?
aAAa?
re
ovk
alpel
he
oAtya?
'ISou-
rrjs
/cat
Whwpeou
Kal
/cat
Maptcrai'. G4
TipoeXdojv
(7)
vvv
eonv
he
Kal
T.e^aorrj 77oAt?
T^afiapeiag
p-expt ixj)^
,
evda
'Hpcohov KrtoOeloa
rod ^aoiXewg,
Kal rravrodev avrrjv aTToreix^oas rovg vlelg eTrearrjoe rfj -TToXiopKLa Wpiaro^ovAov Kal ^Avrtyovov cbv ovhei' avievrcov Ai/xou fiev eis roaovrov TrporjXOov ol Kara rrju ttoXlu, co? a^a65 cr^at Kal rujv drjdecrrdrajv. eTTiKaXovvrai he ^orjdov Wvrio-)(^ov rov eTTLKXiqdevra AoTrevhtov^ KOLKelvos eroLfiojg VTraKOVoas vtto rcjjv rtepl 'Aptaro^ovXov TjrrdraL. Kal 6 fieu p-^XP'- ^KvOonoXeaJS ^
hiojxd^l?
VTTO
rcov
dheX(l>d)v
eK(f)evyeL,
ol
8'
rov?
em
TrXijdog VTroarpeipavres ro re ^afiapelg TrdXiv el? ro relxos ovyKXeiovaiv Kal rrjv rroXiv eXovre? avrrjv re KaraoKd—rovoLv Kal rov? iv66 OLKOVvra? e^-qvhpaiTohiaavro Trpoxcopovurcou he rojv Karopdojpidrojv rrju oppL-qv ov Kareipv^av, dXXa rrpoeXdovre? a/xa ri] hwdptei p-expi- Trj? TiKvdoTToXeo)? ravrr]v re Karehpapiov /cat rr^v evro? KappLrjXov rov opov? x^P*^^ aTraoav Kareveip,avro (8) Wpo? he TO? evTTpayia? avrov re ^Icoduvoi 67 Kal rojv rralhajv (j)d6vo? eyeipeL ordotv riov emKal /car' avroju crvveXdovres TToXXol Xojplojv, OVK rjpepLovu, piexpt- Kal Tjpo? avep6v TToXepLOu Ik.
'
*
32
A.
(in parallel
Niese:
j«pi^
passage) has evdis
mss.
'
-.
r
read oirwj.
'AaTro^'Sto*'
Mss.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
63-67
(
= ant.
xiii.
255-288)
troops. He thus captured Medabe and Samaga with the neighbouring towns, also Sichem and Argarizin, besides defeating the Cuthaeans,^ the race inhabiting the country surrounding the temple modelled on that at Jerusalem. He further took numerous cities in Idumaea, including Adoreon and Marisa. (7) Advancing to Samaria, on the site of which now stands the city of Sebaste, founded by King Herod, he blockaded it by a surrounding wall and entrusted the siege to his sons Aristobulus and Antigonus, who pressed it so vigorously that the inhabitants were reduced by the extremities of famine to make use of the most unheard of food. They summoned to their aid Antiochus, surnamed Aspendius,** who, readily complying, was defeated by the forces of Aristobulus. Pursued by the brothers as far as Scythopolis he got away they on their return to Samaria again confined its people within the walls, captured the town, razed it to the ground, and reduced the inhabitants to slavery. Not allowing the flowing tide of success to cool their ardour, they proceeded with their army to Scythopolis, overran that district, and laid waste the whole country south of'' Mount Carmel. (8) The prosperous fortunes of John and his sons, His however, provoked a sedition among his envious f-l°^^ countrymen, lar^e numbers of whom held meetings gift o proph to oppose them and continued to agitate, until the smouldering flames burst out in open war and the ;
Tlie foreigners imported into Samaria at the time of the A. ix. 288, 2 Kings xvii. 24. " Antiochus of Aspendus(in Pamphylia) = Antiochus VIII or Grypus ; A. xiii. 276 names, instead of him, his half"
exile,
brother and rival, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus. " Literally " within," i.e. " this side of."
VOL.
II
c
S3
JOSEPHUS 68 piTTiadivTes evSaL/jLoi^la
Atcrra €771
Stot/C7]cras"
7T€Ure
Kara
to
rjTTCovTaL.
eVt^
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rd Kara
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8*
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iv
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ttjv o-px^jv
TpiaKovra oXols ereoLV
TcXeVTa, IxaKapLGTOS OVTCOS Kal idaa? e' eavro) fiefKJidrji'ai rrjv rv)(r]v.
VLOLS
/xr^heu
rpia yovv rd /cpartcrreuovra fiovo? ^'^X^^' '^W '^^ ^PXW '^^^ edvov? Kal ttjv dpxicpcoGwrjv /cat TrpowfiiXeL yap avro) to SaifiovLOv ct>? fxrjSev 69 (f>rjr €iav. Toju /xeAAdvTOJV dyvoelv, o? ye Kal irepl hvo tcjv TTpeo^VTepojv vlcov otl iitj Sta/xei^ouat Kvpioi tcjv TtpayixaTajv TrpoeiSev re /cat 7Tpo€
70
71
(iii. tt/u tov Txarpd? TeXevTTju 6 1) Merd ydp TTpeo^VTaTos airrCjv Wpioro^ouXo?, ttjv dpx'rjv ct? ^aoiXeiav /Ltera^et?, TrepLTideTai piev StdBrjfjLa TrpcjTO? /zerd t^t paKOOiooTov Kal e^SopLrjKOOTOv TrpcoTOV €TOS, TTpOS Se fJL-qvaS Tpelg, €$ OV KaTTjei^ 6 Aad? etV Tr]v x^P*^^ drraXXayels ttj? eu Ba^vXdJi'L SouAeia?* tcov Se dS€X(f>dju tov fxev (JLed^ iavTov AvTiyovoVy eboKet ydp dyaTrdv, "qyeu tVort/xco?, Sea/Ltet Se /cat tt)v TOi)? hi* dAAou? elpyvvoL hi]oa£. pLTjTepa hievexd^icro-^ rrepl ttj? e^ovoLa?, TavTrju ydp Kvpiav tcjv oXcjv 6 ^Icjdvvq^ aTToXcXoLneL, Kal ^
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p^^xptAt/Ltoj
72
(2) *
wpLOT-qTo?
tuare
TTporjXdev,
/cat
htacfiOeipaL SeSepLevqv.
ivi
UepLepx^TaL
3e
aurdi^^
(with Hegesippus) Niese,
Tpiaif Mss. Lat., EN I having * KaTrjXOeu the rest. :
cf.
-q
A.
TTOLvrj* xiii. -299,
tov
etV
xx. 2+0: iv
perhaps been read as
EN
l".
AM
«
''
34,
AMC:
ai)rti(i.)
the rest.
481 years according to A.
*
xiii.
301.
AM:
riais
the rest.
Both numbers are
JEWISH WAR,
I.
68-72
(
= ant.
xiii.
299-303)
rebels were defeated. For the rest of his days John lived in prosperity, and, after excellently directing the government for thirty-one whole years, died leaving five sons ; truly a blessed individual and one who left no ground for complaint against fortune as regards himself. He was the only man to unite in his person three of the highest privileges the supreme command of the nation, the high priesthood, and the gift of prophecy. For so closely was he in :
touch with the Deity, that he was never ignorant of the future thus he foresaw and predicted that his two elder sons would not remain at the head of affairs. The story of their dovvnfiill is worth relating, and will show how great was the decline from their ;
father's
good fortune.
On the death of Hyrcanus, Aristobulus, the aristoeldest of his sons, transformed the government into lo^^ill a monarchy, and was the first to assume the diadem, four hundred and seventy-one years " and three months after the return of the people to their country, when released from servitude in Babylon. Of his brothers, he conferred upon Antigonus, the next in seniority, for whom he had an apparent (iii.
1)
honours equal to his own the rest he imprisoned in chains. His mother also, who had disputed his claim to authority, John having left her mistress of the realm, he confined in bonds, and carried his cruelty so far as to starve her to death affection,
;
in prison. (2)
Retribution, however, overtook him
^
in
the
the decree of Cyrus for the return of the Jews is dated 537 b.c, 432 years before Aristobulus I. The chronology of Josephus appears to be based on the " seventy weeks " ( =490 years) of Dan. ix. 24. " See §§ 81 ff. too large
;
S5
.
JOSEPHUS dS€X(t)6p Aetas"
*AvTLyovov, ou
KOLVCovou
etx^^'
rj-yci-a
Kal
re
^aat-
rrjg
yap /cat rovrov eV Kara ro ^aoiXeiov
kt^lv^l
a? ol Trovqpol rojv €V€OK€vdoavT0. ra fieu Srj Trpajra Sltjttlgt^l tols XeyofMei'OLS 6 ^ApLaro^ovXo?, are Sr] /cat rov d8eA-
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y
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/cat
73 XoyoTTOLOVjJiivcxjv
StSou? S'
ojs
.
(f)d6va)
o
^
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Avriyovo?
diTO Grparelag "^XOev etV ttju ioprrjv, iu
TTarpLOV
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ro)
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deep,
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Avriyovov eVt dva^dvTa perd raJv irepl avrov
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TrpooKwrjoai ro rrXeov npooLOvreg ol ttovt]-
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pol ro) /SaatAet r-qu re TToprr-qv
rwu
ottXltcvu iS-q-
Xovu /cat TO Trapdor-qpLa rou Wuriyovou pLei^ov rj Kar^ ISicorrju, on re Trapelr]^ perd p-eyiorov ovvrdypiaro? duaip-qacov avrov ov yap dvexeodai npLT^v pLouou €K /SacTtAet'a? ^X^^> irapov avr-qu Karaax^LU 75 (3) Tovroi? Kard piKpov aKiov intGrevorev 6 ^ApLGro^ovXo?, /cat irpovoaJv rov pi'qO* V7to7TT€Voju yeveodat Kal 7Tpor)G(f)aXLGdaL npo? to (f>av€p6? dBrjXou KadLGTrjGL^ p,kv rov^ oojp.aro(f)vXaKas €i TLVL Ta)V VTTOyaLOJV dXapL77€L, KaT€K€LTO S' cV T7^ AvTOJvia pLerovopia Bapet rrporepov aO^t? S' odeLGT], TTpoord^a? di-OTrXou pL€u aTrexeodaL, kt€l veiu 8e rou WuTLyovov, ei /xerd rcov ottXojv npoGLOL Kal Tjpos avTOv enepLipev rov<; Trpoepovura^ dviXdelu. rrpos rovro nduv rravovpyajg r 76 ottXov ^aaiXiGGa GwrdoGeraL puerd roju im^ovXajv ^
36
C;
irapiqei
the rcbt.
"
oUotijoi
LVN.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
72-76
(
= ant.
xiii.
303-308)
his brother Antigonus, whom he loved and had made partner of his kingdom for he slew him also, owing to calumnies concocted by knavish
person of
;
courtiers.
Aristobulus at
first
distrusted their state-
ments, out of affection for his brother and because he attributed most of these fabricated reports to envy. But one day when Antigonus had come in pomp from a campaign to attend the festival at which, according to national custom, tabernacles are erected in God's honour," Aristobulus happened to be ill and, at the close of the ceremony, Antigonus, surrounded by his bodyguard and arrayed with the utmost splendour, went up (to the Temple) and offered special worship on his brother's behalf. Thereupon these villains went off to the king and told him of the mihtary escort and of Antigonus 's air of assurance, grander than became a subject, and that he was coming with an immense body of troops to put him to death, disdaining the mere honours of royalty when he might occupy the throne itself. (3) Gradually and reluctantly Aristobulus came to ;
Taking precautions at once to conceal his suspicions and to secure himself against risks, he posted his bodyguards in an unlit subterranean passage he was lying at the time in the castle formerly called Baris, afterwards Antonia with orders to let Antigonus pass, if unarmed, but to kill him if he approached in arms. To Antigonus liimself he sent instructions to come unarmed. To neet the occasion the queen concerted with the :;onspirators a very crafty plot. They induced the believe these insinuations.
—
—
<•
The autumn
feast of
Sukkoth or Tabernacles.
37
murders
\
AnTigonn;
JOSEPHUS TOVS yO-p 7T€[l(f)9€VTaS TTeidoVGLV TO, fl€V TTapOL TOV ^aoiXeojs OLajTrrjaat, Aeyeiv Be npo? rov 'Avrtyovov ojs 6 aheX(f)6s OLKovoag orrXa re avrco rrap€GK€VaK€VaL KoXXlGTa KOI TToXepHKOV KOGfjLOV €V TTJ FaAiAata, Sea fiev rrjv aGdiveiav avro? eVtSetv eKciGTa KOjXvOeLT], vvv 8' eVet /cat ^ajpit^eGdai f.LeXXoL'?, BeaGaiT^ av T^Stara g€ iv rols ottXolsTaur' aKOVGag 6 Wvriyovos, evrjyev 8' r^ (4-) 77 TOV aheX(f)ov hiddeGi? fxriheu V7T07rT€V€LV TTovrjpov,
ix^P^^
P-^TO.
y€v6p,6i'o? Se
rcovo?
Tcov
Kara
eKaXeiTo
ottXojv,
CO?
rr]v GKOT€Lvr)v
rrvpyos,
vtto
Trpog
Twv
dyadcoi'
CTCo/xaro^uAa-
tcov
Kcov dvaipeLTai, j^e^aiov OLTToheL^ag
voiav KOI ^vGiv KOTTTei Sia^oXr)
eTTtSet^a'.
ndpoSov, Erpa-
on
Kal
Tradow LGXvpov, o to)
TTO-Gav
eu-
ovSev ovtojs (f)d6va}
p^e^p^
Tjavros avTe)(€L.
SavpaGai
8* dv rt? eV tovtco kol 'louSai', yivos ovk cgtlv ore TrraiGas rj ipeuoOels eV Tols TTpoarrayyeXp^aGLV, o? ineiS-q Kal rore TOV ^AvTiyouov e^eacraro irapiovTa Sta tov Upov, npos TOVS yvajplfj-ov? dueKpayev, rjaau 8' ovk dXiyoL TTapehpevovTes avTco tojv pavdavovTOJV, 79 " 77a7rat, vvv epLol KaXov," e0^, "to Oavetv, 6t€ pov^ 7TpoTe6vrjK€v Tj dXrjdeLa /cat tl tojv vtt^ ipLOV TTpopprjdevTcov yap ^AvTiyovog BUiJjevGTaL' l^fj ovtogI Grjpepov d(j)eiX(jjv di'T^prjadai. ;^c/jpiop' 8e avTO) TTpos G(f)ayrjv Srpartoi'o? nvpyos etpapTO' Kal TOVTO pkv (1770 e^aKOGLCov evTevdev GTahiojv eGTiv, ihpai he ttjs r^pepas TJhrj TeGoapeg. 6 8rj SO xpdvog eKKpovei to p,dvT€VpLa." tgvt^ eLTTojv gkv dpcjTTos irrl crvvvoias 6 yepojv SteKapTepeLj Kal
78
(5)
"YjGGOlos
Tjv
^
38
Niese:
/j.oi
mss,
— JEWISH WAR,
I.
76-80
(
= ant.
xiii.
308-313)
messengers to keep the king's orders to themselves, and instead to tell Antigonus that his brother had heard that he had procured for himself some very fine armour and military decorations in Galilee that illness prevented him from paying a visit of inspec" but, now that you are on the point of detion parture, I shall be very glad to see you in your armour." (4) On hearing this, as there was nothing in his ;
;
brother's disposition to arouse his suspicions, Antigonus went off in his armour as for a parade. On reaching the dark passage, called Strato's Tower, he was slain by the bodyguard affording a sure proof that calumny severs all ties of affection and of nature, and that of our better feelings none is strong enough to hold out interminably against envy. (5) Another feature of this case which may well Predict! excite astonishment was the conduct of Judas. He murfer was of Essene extraction, and his predictions had Judas ti never once proved erroneous or false." On this occasion, seeing Antigonus passing through the court of the temple, he exclaimed to his acquaintances a considerable number of his disciples were seated beside him " Ah me now were I better dead, since truth has died before me and one of my prophecies has been falsified. For yonder is Antigonus alive, who ought to have been slain to-day. The place predestined for his murder was Strato's Tower, and that is 600 furlongs from here and it is already the fourth hour of the day. So time Having said this, the old frustrates the prophecy." ;
—
!
;
man remained plunged «
in
gloomy meditation.
For the Essenes as prophets see B.
ii.
A
159 with note.
39
.
JOSEPHUS oXiyov
/Li€r'
WvTLyovos
avrjpriix^vos
Kara ro vrroyatov x^P^oVy
o
T^yyeAAero
Kal avTO Srpa-
§17
IkqX^Ito TTvpyos, ofiowvi-hovu rfj TTapaXlaj KaLdapcLa. rovro yovv rov jxavTiv hicrdpa^ev €vdv^ rj nepl rov fir)v (6) ^ApiGTO^ovXoj ye ^voovs /jLeraiieXeia vooov €vgki]7tt€L Kal npos evvoLav rod (fyovov rrjv ipvy^-qv e^ow dec rerapay Tojvo?
81
f
fj.€vr)v
Gvv€Ti]K€ro,
dKpdrov
*
Avrlyoi^og
TOts" a77o
rod
i7T€^€X€€V.
fievon', (Zorrep 8'i
TTpovoia
alfia.
alriav
rr]v
atfJLa
Kad*
ov
(j^awofJievoLS
en
G(j)dXXerai
ro aifxa rod Kreivavros
rojv OeaGaolfjLOfyrj rod rraihos eK€L irrcKara-
evOvs
eTrirvihes
ro
GTTeiGavros jSacriAeu?
8'
>
vtt
depaTTeia rraihcov
rfj
Kal
€G(f)aKro,
(f)6vov gttlXols
rfpOif]
ddpovv
GTraparrofJLevcov
rovro ris rcov iv SaLfiovLw
iK(f)€pojv
roTTov
XvTrrj?
rrjg
82 ai'a/SaAAet.
GTrXdyxvajv
"^^^
ff-^XP^
rrj?
Se
^orjg
€7TVvddvero,
d/coJaa? Kal
o
ixrjhevos
roXfjLwvros elrreZv fidXXov eveKeiro fiadelv ideXojv
reXo?
5'
dTTeiXovvri Kal ^iSta^o/xeVoj rdXrjOes elrrov. rovs 6(f)9aXfiovg efi—LTrX-qGL haKpvojv Kal 84 Grevd^a? ogov rjv avroj Svi'afjLLS elrrev " ovk dpa Seov /leyav 6(l)6aXii6v eV epyois dSepLiroLS
6
he
XrjG€LV
efieXXov,
4>6vov
Gvyyevovs.
dXXd
fie
rax^la
P-^XP^ tou^
fJLOi,
fiereiGu
Gcofia
orrarov, rrjv dSeXcfxx) Kal pLifrpl KaraKpirov
Kade^eis; fjLepos
Kal
P^XP^ rov^
rovjiov
Xa^erojGav dOpoov rovro, eK rwv ifxdjv GrrXdyx^ojv x*^^^^
^ Niese ttoO mss. Destinon (with Lat.): ai'ros mss. :
'
0
^v^^v
avrol?^ eiTLGTreLGOj Kara
af/xa;
raTs"
iJLr]Keri
8'
Slktj
duathe-
JEWISH WAR, little
later
I.
80-84
(
= ant.
xiii.
313-317)
came the news that Antigonus had been
slain in the
underground quarter,
also called, like
the maritime Caesarea, Strato's Tower." It was this identity of names which had disconcerted the seer. (6) Remorse for his foul deed had the instant effect The of aggravating the malady of Aristobulus. His mind ever distracted with thoughts of the murder, he fell into a decline until, sheer grief rending his entrails, he threw up a quantity of blood. While removing this, one of the pages in attendance slipped, so divine providence willed, on the very spot where Antigonus had been assassinated, and spilt on the yet visible stains of the murder the blood of the murderer. An instantaneous cry broke from the spectators, believing that the lad had intentionally poured the bloody libation on that spot. The king, hearing the cry, inquired what was its cause, and, when no one ventured to tell him, became more insistent in his desire to be informed. At length, under pressure of threats, they told him the truth. W^ith tears filling his eyes and a groan such as his " My lawremaining strength permitted, he said less deeds, then, were not destined to escape God's mighty eye ; swift retribution pursues me for my kinsman's blood. How long, most shameless body, wilt thou detain the soul that is sentenced to a brother's and a mother's vengeance ? How long shall I make them these drop-by-drop libations of my blood ? Let them take it all at once, and let heaven cease to mock them with these dribbling ;
:
" For Strato's Tower on the coast, afterwards rebuilt by Herod the Great and renamed Caesarea, see B. \. 408 The quarter in Jerusalem so called is not mentioned elseff".
where except VOL.
II
in the parallel
passage c 2
in
A.
xiii.
41
enc
JOSEPHUS ro haifiovLOV." raur' etTTOju ev^aoiXevoas ov ttX^lov eVtaurou. Avoaoa 8' 77 yvvr] tov? dSeA^oi)? avrov
eTTeipajpeveadoj deoj? reXevra (iv.
85
l)
KadioT-qaiv 'AAe^avSpoi^, rov koI Kad^ Koi iieTpiOTrjTL npovxeiv SoKOVura. 6 8e TTapeXOcjv els ttjv i^ovoiav rov erepov pceu tojv kt€lv€l, tov 3e /caraAi/xdSeXcfxjji' ^aoiXeLcjjvra dyarrcovTa to l^rjv hi\a Trpay/jLarcov 77ai'6p.€Pou
PaoiXea rjXLKLav
86
FtWrat
{'2)
iTTLKXrjdcvTa
8'
kol
avTco
Trpo?
avpL^oXi]
YlToXefxatop
Addovpop
top ttoXlv
^Aooj)(lp
TjprjKOTa, Kal ttoAAoi)? fi€P dpelXep tcop rroXefiLcop,
be
T)
PLKT]
UToXe/jLOLOP
77/30C
€pp€ip€P.
inel
8'
KXeoTTaTpas SLOJxdel? els AiyvrrTOP dv€)(d)prjoep, 'AAe^ai'Spo? Vahdpcup T€ ttoXlopklo. KpaT€L Kal WfxadovPTOs, o 8r} fieyLcrTOP fjikv 'i)p epvfjLa tcop vnep ^lopSdprjp, to. ri/xtaSrara 8e Tojp OeoScopou tov 7jT]pcdvos KTiqpidTtop rip ip eTTeXdojp 8' e^aL(j)Piqs 6 0eo8topos" ra T€ 87 avTOj. o(f>€Tepa Kal ttjp tov ^acrtAecas" drrooKevi^p alpei, oiiTos
VTTO
8*
TCOP
eTrdpcj
T-fjs
fjii-jTpos
^lovbalajp els fivplovs KTeipei. TTjS
WXe^avbpos Kal
TrXrjyijs
els TTjP TTapdXiOP alpel
WpOqhopa
T-rjP
avdis
yipeTai 8' TpaTTOfiepos
Tdt^ap Te Kal 'Pd(f)Lap Kal
vcf)^
'HpcoBou tov ^aoiXecjJS
^AypiTTTndSa e7n KXrjde to ap. 88
(3)
to *
'E^av8pa77o8to-a/xeVcu Se raura? enapiaTaTak
^lovhaiKOP iv
Ti/jLT]
om.
.Mss.
ep :
eopTrj'
inserted
fidXiOTa
yap
by Hudson from A.
ep xiii.
rats 323.
" Salina (t\/. Salome) or Alexandra, ^. xiii. 330. Though Josephus never expressly says so, it appears certain that besides the throne, she gave Alexander Jannaeus her banc in marriage. For her sub'sequent reign see ^ 107.
4t>
JEWISH WAR,
I.
84-88
(
= ant
xiii.
318-372)
from my entrails." With these words on hps he expired, after a reign of no more than a
offerings his
year.
(iv. 1) The widow of Aristobulus " released his alexan: imprisoned brothers and placed on the throne 104^^3^^^ Alexander, who had the double advantage over the others of seniority and apparent moderation of character. However, on coming into power, he put to death one brother, who had aspirations to the throne the survivor, who was content with ^ a quiet Hfe, he held in honour. (2) He also had an encounter with Ptolemy, sur- His eaiij named Lathyrus, who had taken the town of Asochis ^^^^^" although he killed many of the enemy, victory inchned to his opponent. But when Ptolemy, pursued by his mother Cleopatra, retired to Egypt,^ Alexander besieged and took Gadara and Amathus, the latter being the most important of the fortresses beyond Jordan and containing the most precious possessions of Theodorus, son of Zeno. Theodorus, however, suddenly appearing, captured both his own treasures and the king's baggage and put some ten thousand Jews to the sword. Alexander, nevertheless, recovering from this blow, turned towards the coast and captured Gaza, Raphia, and Anthedon, a town which subsequently received from King Herod the ;
;
name
of Agrippias.'^
After his reduction of these places to servitude, the Jewish populace rose in revolt against him at (3)
^
Or " loved." More correctly
to Cyprus, where he reigned after his expulsion by Cleopatra from the throne of Egypt A» xiii. 328, 358. See B. i. 416 (where the name is givefl as Agrippeion). <*
;
"*
43
'f^y^j^^.^^^
against
i
.
JOSEPHUS orduLS airrerai.
avTOJv
€vujxiaLS
Koi
iSoKCL
jjurj
to OtacSat /cat KiAt/ce? rqaav T.vpov£ yap ovk eS^x^TO fiLoOocfiopovs Slol rr^v avra)v Trpos ro ^dvos aTrexdcLav. eiJ.(f)vrov 80 Kreivas Se tcjv iTTavacrravTcov vrrep e^aKiGXiXtovg 'ApajSta? rjTTTero, kol raxjTrj? eAtui^ roAaaStra? /cat Woja^lra?, chopov re avroig eTTLrd^as, dveuTpeipev eVt AjxaOovvra. QcoScupov 8e Trpos- rd? evrrpayias avrov^ KaraTrXayevros eprjfiov Xa^ojv to av
Kp€LTTajv yeveadat rrjs ^ei/iKou avTO) Tiape^orjdei'
eTn^ovXrjs,
el
(jltj
^
(f>povpLov
90
91
(4)
KareoTKatpev
"ErretTa
(ivfx^aXdjv
'O^eSa
Wpd^ojp
to)
^aaiXel TTpoXoxioavTi Kara rriv TavXdvriv ivehpa^ avroj yevopLewrjg Trdoav dTTo^dXXec Tr]v orpandv crvvLoodeZcrav Kara ^aOeias (f>dpayyo? /cat nXijde KajjLi'jXajp ovvrpL^eZaav. SLa(f)vyd)V 8' avro^ et'v 'lepoGoXvfjLa roj fxeyedet rrj^ ovii^opds rrdXa fJLLaovv TO edvo? r^pediGev els eTravdaraaLV yivera he /cat TOT€ Kpeirrajv /cat /Lta;^at? eVaAAT^Aot? ovh eXarrov TTevraKiGfjivpLajv ^Xouhaiojv dveZXev iv ii €T€GLV. ov jJLTjv €v
02 VTTorerayixevovs
voiau avrov
ol he fxaXXov €/jllgovv ttju /uerd
.
tou rponov ro dvcopiaXov nvvOa pofieuco re [ro ainowY re av TTonjoag KaraGrelXeLt avrovg, dirodavajv, eXeyov veKpd) ydp av htaX XayrjvaL /xoAt? rat rooavra hpdGavrc. dfia he kq rov "AKaipov eTTLKXrjdevra AT^^ry-ptov eireKaXovvr ^
•
44-
/cat
,
avTov Lat., Hegesippus: avrov mss. has probably arisen out of rt
omit Destinon
:
tI &*»,
JEWISH WAR,
I.
88-92
(
= ant.
xiii.
374-376)
one of the festivals for it is on these festive occasions that sedition is most apt to break out. It was thought that he would never have quelled this conspiracy, had not his mercenaries come to his aid. These were natives of Pisidia and Cilicia Syrians he did not admit to the force on account of their innate hatred of his nation. After slaying upwards of six thousand of the insurgents, he attacked there he subdued the people of Galaad Arabia and Moab and imposed tribute upon them, and then ;
;
;
returned once more to Amathus.
Theodorus being overawed by his victories, he found the fortress abandoned and razed it to the ground. (4) He next attacked Obedas, king of Arabia. The latter having laid an ambuscade near Gaulane, Alexander fell into the trap and lost his entire army, which was cooped into a deep ravine and crushed under a multitude of camels. He himself escaped to Jerusalem, but the magnitude of his disaster pro^^oked the nation, which had long hated him, to insurYet once again he proved a match for them, fjjg lo^g rection. ind in a succession of engagements in six years killed war with no fewer than fifty thousand Jews. His victories, tiowever, by which he wasted his realm, brought him desisting, therefore, from hosittle satisfaction lilities, he endeavoured to conciliate his subjects by But his change of policy and inconDersuasion. nstency of character only aggravated their hatred md when he inquired what he could do to pacify even death would hardly Lhem, they replied " Die reconcile us to one ffuiltv of your enormities." Thev ^"^ ^'^^^ simultaneously appealed for aid to Demetrius, sur- theUnread ;
;
;
45
.
JOSEPHUS he VTraKovaaprog Kar^ ^XrrLda il€ll6vojv cTTparid? tJkovto'^ uvveiiioyov ol 'louSatot
pahioj<;
Kal
ii€Ta.
rot? GU/X/.Ld)(OL? TTepl ^iKLiia. 03
(5) fj.ev
eKarepovs WXe^avhpos
5'
\exerai
be
)(lXlols, fiLado(f)6poLg
Twv
eiJi'oovi'
'lovSaiKov
els
evavriojv In— el'? p.ev rjuav rpccr-
ne^ajv he
/JLvptoi reTpaKLOxiXiOL. Kal —plv hiaKrjpvauovres ol ^aatXels eVet-
els ;(etpas' eXOelv
paJUTO
LTTTTcvaL
OKraKLcrxiXioL^'
S*
fjLupLOVS.
XlXlol,
to
Kal
avroj
he
TTaprjv
rrelol'^
Tcjju
TTap^ dXX-qXoLS
drroaraGewv
,
ArjiJLtjrpLos
Tovs WXe^di^hpov puaOochopovs, WXe^avhpos he Tovs dfxa Ar]fjLrjTpLCp ^lovhaiovs pieraTTeioeLV 9 eXrrLoas. cos S' ovre ol ^lovhalot Ouijlcov,^ out€ ol "EXXrjves eTTavaavTO TrlaTeojs, hieKpivov>70 rjhr) rols Kparel he rfj fidx^] ^rjfi-q95 ottXols avfiTTeoovres. jpios, KalroL TToXXd raw WXe^dvhpov iJiLodo(f)6pcou Kal iJjvxT]S ^py^ Kal x^f-pos eTTihei^afievcov. x^P^^ he TO -eXos TTJs TTapard^ecos Trapd ho^av dfxchorepois' ovre yap SrjpLrjrpicp Trapefieivav vlkojvtl ol KaXeaavres, Kal Kar* oIktov rrjs fJLera^oXijs 'AAe(di'hpoj 77 po a excoprjaav els to. oprj KaTa(f)vy6vTL fxeu
1
'\ovhaLOjp
qveyKev
e^aKLGxlXiOL. ravr-qv rr^v poTrrjv ovk aAA' VTToXa^ojv rjhr] fiev d^io-
Arj/jLi^rpLos,
p.axov elvai ndXiv WXe^avhpov, pLerappelv he Kal -nav TO edvos els avrov, dvex^J^iprjaev (6)
im
Ol)
odvTOjv
p.r]u
Tcjjv
ovvex'^S he Ttpos •
C:
of,KU3i>
TO
ye
GVfjLfidxojv
PAM
Xolttov
WXe^auhpov Lat.,
nXijOos
VTToxcupy]
KaTedevTO ra? htac^opds tjv
avrois 6 TToXepLOS.
whence Destinon
restores opyCjv.
Demetrius III, king of Syria; his nickname is else where given a5 Eukairos, "' the timely," here Akairos, " the untimely." "
46
JEWISH WAR,
I.
92-96
(
= ant.
xiii.
377-379)
named the Unready." Hopes of aggrandizement brought from him a prompt response. Demetrius arrived with an army, and the Jews joined their aUies in the neighbourhood of Sichem. (5) Their combined forces, amounting to three thousand horse and fourteen thousand foot, were met by Alexander with one thousand horse and eight thousand foot, mercenaries besides these he had some ten thousand Jews who were still loyal Before action the two kings endeavoured to him.^ by proclamations to cause desertion from the Demetrius hoped to win over opposite ranks Alexander's mercenaries, Alexander the Jewish allies of Demetrius. But, when neither would the Jews abate their resentment nor the Greeks their fidelity, they ended by referring the issue to the clash of arms. The battle was won by Demetrius, notwith;
;
standing many feats of gallantry and strength displayed by Alexander's mercenaries. The upshot, however, proved contrary to the expectations of both combatants. For Demetrius, the victor, found himself abandoned by those who summoned him ; while Alexander, who took refuge in the hills, was joined by six thousand Jews, moved by compassion for This turn of affairs was more his reverse of fortune. and in the belief that than Demetrius could stand Alexander was now once more his match and that the whole nation was streaming back to him, he withdrew. (6) The remainder of the people, however, did not, on the withdrawal of their allies, drop their quarrel, but waged continuous war with Alexander, ;
there The numbers in A, xiii. 377 are different Demetrius has 3000 horse and 40,000 foot, Alexander 6200 mercenaries and about 20,000 Jews. ''
:
47
JOSEPHUS rov? AoiTroi)? CLTT-^Xaocv Kal ravTrjv KaTaGTpeipdfJLevog dvr^yay€V eiV 'lepoaoAu/xa. -npov97 alxfJ-aXcoTOvg Koipev 8' avTOj 8t' V7T€p^oXr]u opyrjs €t9 doe^etau fLexpi- rrXeicTTOvs OLTTOKrea'ag
€iV Be/LteaeAii' ttoXlv,
ro
twv yap
dnioTTiros'
rrj?
movs dvacrravpojoag
oKraKoyvvalKa? re
Xr]
eV pL^ar] rfj ttoXel
Kal TEKva avrojv d7T€o4)a^€V <eV>^ rat? 6ip€GL, Kal ttlvojv Kal (jvyKaraKeLjievog rat? TraXXaKiOLV TouavTiq Se KardnX-q^LS ecrx^v rov 8rJ/xoi/, 98 d(f)€copa.
ravra cucrre
rwv
vvKra
(f>vy€LV
Kara r-qv iTnovaav OKraKiox^Xiovg e^o) 'louSaia? oAt7?, ofs" opog rrj? (f)vyfj? 6 ^AXe^dvhpou Odvaros Kardarq. roLOvroL£ epyoi? oipe Kal jjl6Xl<; -qcrvxLau rfj ^aoLXeia TTopLuag dvcTTavaaro rcov ottXluv. 99 (7) Tiverai 8e avrat TrdXii' dpx'q 6opv(Sa)v ^Avrioxo£ 6 Kal Alovvgos^ irriKXriOeis, I^rjjjuqrpiov fi€V d8eA<^os' ctJ^', reXeurdlog 8e rd)v djTO SeAeL'/cou. rovrov yap Setaa? arpareveGdaL inl rous "ApajSa? (LpijL-qpevov, ro fieu piera^v rrjg vrrep ^ AvriTrarpihos 7Tapojp€LOV Kal row 'Iottt^? alytaXcju SLara(f)p€V€L (f>dpayyL ^adela, Trpo 8e rrjg rd^pov relxos rjyeLpeu vip-qXov Kal ^vXivovs 7Tvpyov<^ iver^Kr-qvaro rd? ov fx-qv elp^al ye 100 eu/xapet? ip^oXdg d7TO(f)pdrr ojv. rov Avrioxov lgx^gcv ipLirp-qGas yap rovs TTvpyov? Kal r-qv rd(j>pov ;)^ajcra? hi-qXavve pLcrd ri]? Suvdpecos OepLevos 5' iv Sevrepqj rrjv Trpo? rov kwXv101 Gavra dpLvvav evdus cttI rov? "Apa^a? fjei. rcov S* d ^aoiXev? dvaxojpdJv €tV rd ;]^/)7]crt/.<.oSTepa rrj? dirLoraoLaarwu
^
.
^
*
«
ins.
Aioi'vcnos Mss.
In A.
xiii.
:
Herwerden. for text
rf.
A.
xiii.
387.
380 Bethome (unidentified).
JEWISH WAR,
I.
96-101
(
= ant.
xiii.
380-391)
until, after killing a very large number of them, he having subdued drove the rest into Bemeselis " this town, he brought them up to Jerusalem as prisoners. vSo furious was he that his savagery went He had eight hundred of to the length of impiety. his captives crucified in the midst of the city, and their wives and children butchered before their eyes, while he looked on, drinking, with his concubines reclining beside him. Such was the consternation of the people that, on the following night, eight thousand of the hostile faction fled beyond the pale of Judaea their exile was terminated only by Alexander's death. Having, by such deeds, at last with difficulty secured tranquillity for the realm, he rested from warfare. (7) A fresh cause of disturbance, however, arose in the person of Antiochus, surnamed Dionysus, brother of Demetrius and the last of the Seleucid hne.'' This prince having set out on a campaign against the Arabs, Alexander, in alarm, dug a deep dyke to intercept him, extending from the mountainside above Antipatris to the coast at Joppa, and in front of the trench erected a high wall with wooden towers inserted, in order to bar the routes where attack was easy. However, he failed to check Antiochus, who burnt the towers, levelled the trench and marched across with his army. Deferring his vengeance on the author of this obstruction he at once pushed on against the Arabs. The Arabian king began by retiring to territory more favourable ;
His
^^^^ewf
;
"
Antiochus XII Dionysus,
c.
86-85
Seleucid line, before Syria became a 64 B.C., was actually Antiochus XI 1 House of Seleucus, ii. 266 f.).
b.c.
Thie last of the
Roman 1
province in Asiaticus (Bevan,
49
His
last
JOSEPHUS rqv
eVeira tt)v lttttov €^aL(f)vr]S tov apidfjiov, dra/^rot? €7TL7TL7TT€L TOtS" 776/31 TOV ^AuTLOXOV. KapTCpd? §€ fidxy)? ycvofievr}?, €w? yikv Trepirjv Avrioxos dvT€lx^^ V Swa/xi? avrov, KatTrep dveh-qv vtto twv 102 Wpd^ojv d>Ol'€v6/J.€l'OL' TT^GOVTOS §€, KOL ydp TTpOXci)pa? TTpos
ixdxr]v,
jivpia
eTTiarpeipas,
S*
tjv
*
€Kii'Svv€V€v
det
TOtS"
Trapaf^o-qdojv,
-qTrajpievois
iyKXivovoi^ rravreg, /cat to fieu rrXelaTov avTcov iiTL re TTjS TrapaTOL^eaj? kolv ttj (f>vyfj Sta^^etperat, Tovg Se XoLTTOvg KaTa(f>vy6vTa? et? ¥>.ava} kcjo/jlyji' Gndvei Tcou eVtrrySetcuy dvaXojdrjvai avue^r] TrX-qv oXiyujv arravras. ^03 (8) 'E/c TOVTOV AapLaGKTivoL hid to irpos IlroAefjLOLOV TOV ^Xevvaiov pXGOs WpeTav eTrdyovTai Koi
KadiGTWGLV kolXtj? Su/)ia? ^acriAea. GTpaT€V€TaL 8' OVT09 eVt Tr)v 'louSatW /cat f^'^XV ^'^^^crct? 104
AAe^ai/Spoi' /card
GvudT]Ka<;
d^'e;\;c(Spr]o€^'.
'AAe|--
avSpo? Se rieAAat' eAcoi^ eVi Fepacrai^ ^€t TT-CLAtf Tcoi' GcoScopov KTTifidTOJV yAt;\;o/.tei'os', /cat rpto-t TOV? (f)povpov? 7T€pi^6XoLs aTTOTCLX^croi? 8t;^a' f^(^XV^ 105 TO ;^ctjptov TrapaXaixj^dvec. KaTaGTp€(f)€TaL 8e /cat FauAa'^T^i^
/cat
ZeAcL'/cetai^
tt^v
/cat
'Ap'rto;)(OL>
cf)dpayya KaXovfiiv-qv , 77-pd? ot? Fd/xaAav (jypovpLOV KapT€.p6v iXojv, TOV dpxovTa ^ruirjTpLov iv avTcp
TTapaXvGas* e'/c ttoXXcov iyKXrjfjLdTOJv, eTrdveiGLV els \ovhaiav, rpla rrX-qpcoGas eTiq Trjs GTpaTelasdo/Jievoj? 3' 1^770 TOV edvovg iSexOr] 8td ttjv €V^
Bekker;
'
From
(
KKXlvovaiiv) mss.
./. xiii.
391
:
'Avav or
Destinon: 5id mss.: rf. A. phrase 5ia fidxv^ B. iv. 372. ^
* -<4.
50
A'^o'"''
:
the
irepi45iaev),
Wuua
xiii.
other mss. have
mss.
393
jj
anaxl-,
Tre/jtXi'traj
and
for the
or TreptSiVaj
(r/.
JEWISH WAR, for battle,
I.
101-105
(
= ant.
xiii.
391-394)
and then suddenly wheeling round his fell upon the troops of
cavalry, ten thousand strong,
Antiochus while in disorder. A hard fought battle ensued. So long as Antiochus Hved, his forces held When out, though mercilessly cut up by the Arabs. he fell, after constantly exposing himself in the front while rallying his worsted troops, the rout became general. The bulk of his army perished either on the field or in the flight the rest took refuge in the village of Gana, where all save a few succumbed to ;
starvation. (8)
On
the death of Antiochus, the inhabitants of
Damascus, from hatred of Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus, brought in Aretas and made him king of CoeleSyria.^ The latter made an expedition into Judaea, defeated Alexander in battle, and after concluding a treaty withdrew.
Alexander, for
his part,
captured
and proceeded against Gerasa, hankering once more after the treasures of Theodorus.^ Having blockaded the garrison by a triple line of walls, he Pella
carried the place without a battle.
He
also con-
quered Gaulane and Seleuceia and took the so-called " Ravine of Antiochus," He further captured the strong fortress of Gamala and dismissed its commander, Demetrius, in consequence of numerous accusations. He then returned to Judaea after a campaign of three whole years. His successful career brought him a cordial welcome from the nation yet ;
Ptolemy was king of Chalcis and the surrounding disCoele-Syria (c. 85-40 B.C.) ; Aretas was king of the Nabataean Arabs. °'
trict in "
Cf.
§
86.
51
1
.
JOSEPHIS TTpayiaVy Kal Xaf.L^dv€L ttjv avaTravoLV rov TroXe/JLEtv
rerapraiaLS he nepLoSoig TTvperow SiaKpovoeadac^ ttjv voaov ttclXlv oupd/xei'o? TTpay/jbdrcov. Sio Srj aTpareiais dKalpoLS lavTOV imhibov? Kal ^lat^ojievos Trapd ovvai.Lii^ TO ooifia irpos ra? ivepyela? ciTTT^AAa^ei^. TeAeura yovv iv fjicaocs rot? dopv^OLS GTp€(f)6/x€uos voGOV.
106 dpxrjv
cvoxXov/JLeuo?
^acnXevaa?
4^'^^'0
eTTTOL Trpos
rots €ikoglu err].
KaraActWi Se
tt^i' ^aaiXeiav ^AXc^dvSpa yvvatKL TTerreLGjjLevo? TavTfi (xdiXiOT^ av vrraKOVaai Tovg 'louSat'ofS', eVetSi] rrjg ojpior-qros avrov drroSeovaa Kal raZs Trapavoyiiais dvdfjLaKpdv Kal 108 iGrafievT] row SrjfjLoi' els evi'OLav TTpoorjydyero} ov hnj/jLaprev rijs eA77iSo?" CKpdr-qaev yap rrjs o.px^S TO yvvaiov hid ho^av eucre^eta?. rjKpl^ov yap Sr) fidXiora rov edvov?^ rd Ttdrpia Kal rovg TTXrjfjLfieXovvTas: eiV rov? t'epous' vopiovs i$ ^PXV^ 8vo S' avrfj Traihojv ovrojv i^ 'AAe^109 rrpoe^dXXero. dlSpOV, r6l> fjL€V 7Tp€G^VT€pOU 'YpKaVOV Sid T€ TTjV -qXiKiav d-oSeiKi'VGLv apxiepla Kal dXXcos ovra vojQeGrepov rj ctjore eVo;^Aeti^ Trepl rajv oXcov, rov Se vfojrepov WptGTo^ovXov 8ta depfio-r^ra Karelx^v
107
(v.
1)
rfj
IhLCJTiqV 1
10
1
1
he avrijs els ttjv e^ovGiav (2) Wapa(j)Vovrai ^apiGaloL, Gvuraypid tl 'Iou8ata>y hoKovv evGe^eGTepov elvai rcov dXXojv Kal tovs vopLovs aKpt^earepov d<^i]yeZGdai. tovtois TrepiGGOv hr] tl TrpoGelxev r) 'AXe^dvhpa oeao^rnievr]^ nepl to Oelov.
ol
he *
* '
52
ttjs
Bekker: 5iaKpo0caa6ai
irporjydyfTo fdfiov
aTzAorr^ra
TTjv
AM
PAM*.
:
npoa*
M
di'dpcorrov
/card
mss.
supported by B. i. 153. margin: ce^onfi'-q the rest. is
JEWISH WAR,
I.
105-111
(
= ant.
xiii.
398-407)
from war proved but the beginning of disease. by a quartan ague, he hoped to shake off the malady by a return to active hfe. He, accordingly, plunged into ill-timed campaigns and, forcing himself to tasks beyond his strength, hastened his end. He died, at any rate, amid stress and turmoil, Hisdi '^ ^'^ after a reign of twenty-seven years. (v. 1) Alexander bequeathed the kingdom to his Queer wife Alexandra, being convinced that the Jews would ;^gt69 bow to her authority as they would to no other, because by her utter lack of his brutality and by her opposition to his crimes she had won the affections of the populace. Nor was he mistaken in these rest
Afflicted
expectations
;
for this frail
woman
firmly held the
government, thanks to her reputation for piety. She was, indeed, the very strictest observer of the national traditions and would deprive of office ^ any offenders against the sacred laws. Of the two sons whom she had by Alexander, she appointed the elder, Hyrcanus, high priest, out of consideration alike for his age and his disposition, which was too the lethargic to be troubled about public affairs younger, Aristobulus, as a hot-head, she confined to reins of
;
a private life. (2) Beside Alexandra, and growing as she grew, Growi arose ^ the Pharisees, a body of Jews with the g^^S reputation of excelling the rest of their nation in the observances of religion, and as exact exponents of the laws. To them, being herself intensely religious, while they, she listened with too great deference gradually taking advantage of an ingenuous woman, ;
*
Or perhaps
*
Literally,
"
suckers round a
" banish
from the realm." grew up beside into her power "
(like
tree).
53
JOSEPHUS V7n6vT€S
fiLKpou
^1^7]
T€
Slojk€LV
eyivovTOy
Xv€Lv re Kal heoyLelv.
Tojv
8toiK'r/Tat
KaOoXov
112/xaTa Kal at Bvax^peLat
oAojv
Kardyetv ovs iSeXoiev, 8'
at fikv airoXav-
^aaiXeiojv iKeivujv -qoav, ra S'
Tcui'
(T6t?
Kal
Kal
avaXoj-
WXe^cii'Spa?.
rrjs
SeLur]
ovyKporovaa hiTrXaoiova KarecrrrjGev Kal ^evLKrju avvI'lyayev ovk oXiyrju, clj? fJ-r] fiouow Kparvi^ecrdaL ro oLKelov edvo<;, <j)o^epdv Se Kal rolg e^wdev elvai eKpdrei he rojv fieu dXXcov ai3rr), Swdorai?. S*
-^u
TO.
fieiCco
hiOLKelv,
re
hvuafjLLv
del
Oapicjatot 5' avrrj?. 113
Aioyeurjv
(3)
yovi^
rwv
riva
eTnoTJpLOJV,
(f>iXov
KreivovoLV avroi,^ avfi^ovXov eyKaXovvreg yeyovevat neplrcjv duaorravpcoiwrjyoi' 8e devrojv v7t6 rod ^aoiXeajs OKraKooiajv. 'AAe^ai'Spoj y€y€vrjij.evov y
rrfv
WXe^duhpav eh to Kal
oaodai ru)V Trapo^vudvrojv 8'
avhpou- evhibovor}?
lUoUb
eSeXoiev
^ovXcp
-<JL)V
avroi.
Tcou
vtto
dXXovs hia^eLpi-
eKeli'Ovs rov
WXe^-
8eicri8at/xoi^ta? dvrjpovv
7TpoG(f)€vyovoL
oe
'Apioro'
Kivhvvev6vr(jjv ol Trpovxeiv BoKovureg,
KaKeluo? veiOei d^LOjfia
rov^g
eV
ttjv p.T)repa
di'hpoJi',
Kadapovg
VTrelXt-jclieu,
hodelariq
dSeiag
4>€LoaodaL p-kv
eK-ep.ipaL
8'
avrov?,
8ta,
ro
el
p.r)
eK ri]? TToXecu?. ol p.ev ovv eoKebdodrjoaw di^d rrji/ )(copaw. 115 WXe^dvSpa de eKTrepupaoa e-rrl Sap-aoKov orpartdi^, 7Tp6(f>aoL^ 8' -qv n-oAe/Ltaios" aei dXi^ow rrju ttoXlu, ravrrju p.ev v-ebe^aro prjdeu d^LoXoyov ipyaoaTiypdu-qu 8e rou Wpp.evi(jjv ^aaiXea npoo\\Q pLevrfV Kade^opievov nToA€/Ltai8t Kat TToXiopKOvira KAeo*
54
o^T&i
Destinon,
JEWISH WAR, became
I.
111-116
(
= ANT.
xiii.
409-419)
at length the real administrators of the state,
at Hberty to banish
and
to recall, to loose
and to
whom
they would. In short, the enjoyments of royal authority were theirs its expenses and burthens fell to Alexandra. She proved, however, to be a wonderful administrator in larger affairs, and, by continual recruiting doubled her army, besides bind,
;
body of foreign troops so that she not only strengthened her own nation, but became a formidable foe to foreign potentates. But if she ruled the nation, the Pharisees ruled her. collecting a considerable
;
(3) Thus they put to death Diogenes, a distinguished man who had been a friend of Alexander, accusing him of having advised the king to crucify They further urged his eight hundred victims." Alexandra to make away with the others who had and as instigated Alexander to punish those men she from superstitious motives always gave way, they proceeded to kill whomsoever they would. The most eminent of the citizens thus imperilled sought refuge with Aristobulus, who persuaded his mother to spare their lives in consideration of their rank, but, if she was not satisfied of their innocence, to expel them from the city. Their security being thus guaranteed, they dispersed about the country. Alexandra sent an army to Damascus, on the Aiexand pretext of the constant pressure put upon that city p^o'^iicy? by Ptolemy the troops, however, returned to her without having achieved anything remarkable. On the other hand, by means of treaties and presents, she won over Tigranes, king of Armenia, who was c 70-69 ;
;
«
§97.
55
JOSEPHUS Ttdrpav ovvdrjKais koI hojpoLS v7n]ydy€ro (f)ddu€L 5' cKelwos OLTTavaaTds Slol rd? oIkol rapa^ds c/jl^e^X-qKOTog etV rrjv WpfievLav A^vkoXXov. 117 Kdv rovrcp vooovarjs WXe^dvhpa? 6 veco(4') T€pos Tojv Traihojv ^ Apioro^ouXog top Katpov .
dpTtdoas pLerd rdjv OLKeicvv,^ ^'^X^^ ^^ TroAAou? Kal Trdvrag €vvovs Sta Tr]v deppLonqra, Kparei pikv rdjv cpvpLdroju drrdi'Tajv, tols 8' eV tovtcuv xPVI^^^^^
ddpoLoas eavrov dTToh^LKWOi jSacriAea. obvpopLeuou rou *YpKav6u tj pL-qr-qp OLKTelpaoa riqv re yvvaiKa Kal rovg TratSa? 'Aptaro^ovXov KaQeipyvvoLV ei? rriv Avrcoviav (fjpovpuov S' rjv TO) ^opetcp KXipcari rod Upov 7TpooKeipi€vov, TrdXai pL€u, CO? ((fy-qv, Bapt? 6uop,ai,6pL€i^oi', avdig be ravTYj? rv^dv Trjg TTpooiqyoplag iiriKpaTqaavros WvTOJVLOV, KadaTTep drro re rod He^aorov Kal WyptTTTTa ^e^aoTTj Kal XypnrTnds TToAet? eV-
pLLodo(f)6povg \\% rrpos
ravra
^
^
119 ojvopidod-qGav
irplv he
.
WpLGTO^ovXov hiOLK-qaaaa 120
rrj?
rrfv
eTre^eXBelv
^
AXe^dvhpa rov
rd8eX(f)OV KaraXvuecos
reXevra
dpx'qv ereotv evvea.
Kat
KXrjpoi^opLog p.ev tjv tojv dXojv 'YpKal tojoa r-qu ^aoiXeiav evexeipioev, hvvdpieL he Kal (l)pou-qpLaTi rrpoelxev 6 Wpiaro povXos yevopLevqs he avrolg nepl tcov dXcov ovpL ^oXrjg TTepl 'lepLXOvura KaTaXiTrovre? ol ttoXXoI rdi 'YpKai'OP p-era^aivovaLV Trpo? rou ^ Apioro^ovXov o he p.erd rujv avpLpLeii'dvrojv ^Sdvet ovpi(j>vy(jJi irrl r-qv Avrojviav Kal Kvptevaag tow rrpds oojriq (vi.
1)
Kavog,
d)
.
121
^
^
olKeiwv
Herwerden
:
oIk€tC}v mss.
and Niese.
" Cleopatra or Selene (A. xiii. 430), daughter of Ptolemy Physcon, and married to several of the Seleucid kings. Wi
56
JEWISH WAR,
I.
116-121
(
= ANT.
xiii.
419-xiv.
5)
seated before Ptolemais, besieging Cleopatra." He, however, had to beat a hasty retreat, recalled by domestic troubles in Armenia, which Lucullus had invaded. (4) Alexandra now falling ill, her younger son Aristobulus seized his opportunity and with the aid oi his lollowers a numerous body, every one or whom was devoted to him because of his fiery nature took possession of all the fortresses and, with the money which he found there, recruited a mercenary force and proclaimed himself king. The complaints of Hyrcanus at these proceedings moved the compassion of his mother, who shut up the wife and children of Aristobulus in Antonia. This was a fortress adjoining the north side of the temple, which, as I said,'' was formerly called Baris, but afterwards took this new name under Antony's
Revolt of '^^^
—
1°^
,
—
supremacy
Augustus and Agrippa gave ^ and Agrippias.** But before Alexandra could take action against
their
;
names
just as
to the cities of Sebaste
Aristobulus for his deposition of his brother, she Her expired, after a reign of nine years.
death
1) Hyrcanus, to whom even in her lifetime hyrcanu: " abdicai mother had entrusted the kingdom, was sole heir '" favour to the throne, but m capacity and courage was aristosurpassed by Aristobulus. A battle for the crown JjJ.'^^gV.c. took place near Jericho, when most of the troops of Hyrcanus deserted him and went over to Aristobulus. Hyrcanus, with those who remained with him, hastily :ook refuge in Antonia and secured hostages for his (vi.
-1
his
.
earn from Strabo. xvi. 749, that Tigranes on his retreat carried off Cleopatra as a prisoner and sublequently put her to death.
Vom Syria §
*
75.
Formerly Anthedon,
§
Samaria.
87.
57
,
JOSEPHUS ptav oyiiqpow ravra fjiera rojv 7€KV(x>v.
ht€Xvdr)oau
,
ojore
8'
r)
WpLoropovXov
rrplv
^aaiXeveiv
'YpKavov be eKordvra 122
-^v
d/xe'Aet
fj,ev
^
Apioro^ovXov
aAAr]? d7ToXav€LU
Trj<;
yvvrj
dvrjKearov TrdOovg TLfirj<;
ojo-ep dd€X(i>6v ^aatAeco?. eVt tovtol? StaAAayeVT€^ ev Toj Upoj KOI Tov Xaov rrepieoTOJTos (f)iXo(f)p6i'cos dXXrjXovs doTraodfJLevoL SiT^/xei^at' rds otVt'as"
WpLGTofSovXos 8'
IJL€V
ydp
et? TOL /SaatAeia,
'YpKavog
dvexojprjG€v elg ttjv ^ApLoroBovXov oiKLav. (2) Aeo? 8e rols re aAAot? toii^ WpLoro^ovXov
\2'^
hiacbopojv
lidXiora 8'
T^y
efJLTTLTTTCL 77ap' eArrt'Sa Kpar-qaavros kol WvTLTrdTpoj 77aAat hLapaoovpLevo). yivos
'ISou/aaios-, TTpoyoioji' re
eVe/ca /cat ttAoutou
lgxvo? TTpcorevcvv rod edvovs.
ovtos KOL TOV 'YpKapou Wpera 7Tpoo(f)vy6ura toj ^aoiXcL rijg Wpa^las dvaKTi^aaudaL rrjv /SaatAetay CTTet^cy, K^at TOV Wperav hi^aaOai re tov 'YpKavov KOI Karayayelv eVt tt^i- dpx'rjv, ttoAAq /zey tov ^ ApiOTof^ovXov etV TO 7)^0? hiaf^aXXajVy voXXd 8' €7raLva)v rov 'YpKavov [TraprjveL Se^aadai],^ Kal (Lg 7Tp€7Tov etrj tov ovtoj XapLrrpas TrpoeoTCJTa
124 /
dfia
vrrepex^Lv X^^P^ '^V dhiKOvpLevcp^' dhiKetadai 8e tov 'YpKavov (jT€pr]d€VTa Trjg Kara to rrpoKara 125 TTp^a^elov avroj TrpoomKOVGiis apx^j?OKevdoag 8e dfKfiOTepovg, vvKTOjp dvaXa^ojv tov 'YpKavov (1770 TTjs TToX^ajs dTToSiSpdoKei Kal GVV Tovcp l,€TaL' ^aoiX^iOv avTrj ttjs 'Apa^ia? ioTLV. 12t) ev6a TOJ 'ApeVa tov 'YpKavov eyx^ipioag Kal jSaCTtAcias"
TToAAci
fJLeV
TToXXolS
KadofliX-qGaS,
8€
eXBojVy hovvaL hvvapav avroj TTcldeL ttjv *
58
cm. Bekker.
*
ScopOLg
V7T
Kard^ovGav
tCwv ddiKov/ji^vbju
Destinon.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
121-126 (-ant. xfv. 6-17;
safety in the persons of the wife and children of However, before any irreparable harm Aristobulus. was done, the brothers came to terms, to the effect that Aristobulus should be king and Hyrcanus, while abdicating the throne, should enjoy all his other honours as the king's brother. The reconciliation on these terms took place in the temple. In the presence of the surrounding crowd they cordially embraced each other, and then exchanged residences, Aristobulus repairing to the palace, Hyrcanus to the house of Aristobulus. (2) The unexpected triumph of Aristobulus alarmed his adversaries, and, in particular, Antipater, an old
and
bitterly hated foe.
An Idumaean by
race, his
Antipat*
aKf
of^*^^
Aretas,
ancestry, wealth, and other advantages put him in rdns\at( the front rank of his nation. It was he who now "yrcam persuaded Hyrcanus to seek refuge with Aretas, king of Arabia, with a view to recovering his kingdom, and at the same time urged Aretas to receive him and to reinstate him on the throne. Heaping aspersions on the character of Aristobulus and en-
comiums on Hyrcanus, he represented how becoming would be in the sovereign of so brilliant a realm extend a protecting hand to the oppressed and such, he said, was Hyrcanus, robbed of the throne which by right of primogeniture belonged to him. Having thus prepared both parties for action, Antipater one night fled with Hyrcanus from the city, and, pushing on at full speed, safely reached the capital of the Arabian kingdom, called Petra. There he committed Hyrcanus into the hands of Aretas, and, by dint of conciliatory speeches and cajoling presents, induced the king to furnish an
it
to
;
59
JOSEPHUS avTou' aX\' 127
S'
Tju
eV
avri]
TTpo?
yLvpidheS'
tjv
TieCcou
TrpcoTTj
TT7
GVfx^oXfj
ooAvfia GVi'eXavverai.
€L
,
/JLT)
re
Kal
LTTrretov
7T€1'T€
ovk avTeo^ev "ApLaro^ovXo?, nav
^Kavpos 6
AeKpdcls
€(f)drj
€t?
'lepo-
Kara Kpdros
^r]-
'Poj/JLaLOW orpaT-qyog in-
avacrrds avrcbu rols KaLpol? eAucjc ttju TToXiopKLav OS
pikv
i7T€p.(f)dri
^vpcav
€19
Mayt-ou
nofiTrrjLOV
citto
TToXep-ovvros
7Ta.pay€v6fieuo? Se etV
'
Apfxevias vno Tiypdv-qv,
rrpos
AafxaoKov eaXcvKvlav Trpoo-
Mer^AAou /cat AoXXlov Kal toutov? p.€TaGTrjaag eTrcLb-q rd Kara rrjv ^lovhaiav luvdero, ^drojs
V7t6
,
Kaddrrep €
roGovrov yap Xa^ow ^Kavpos eTTLKT] pvK€V€r ai rrpos T6 'YpKauov Kal rovs "Apa^a?, d—eiXcov 'Pajfiaiovg €L XvG€Lav rrju TToXiopKiav. fJLT] €K rrjs '\ovhaias €tV OiAaSe'A^eiay 'Apera? KaraTrXayets, Kal TrdXtv eiV Aa/xaa/cov J30 I^Kavpos. WpLGro^ovXoj 8' ovk aTzexP'qGev ro /irj dXdJi'aL, TTaGav hk r-qv hvvapnv eVtauAAc'^as* etTxero Tois" TToXepLLOtg Kal rrepl rov KaXovfiei'OV ilanvpcova ovpL^aXuw avrols vrrep e^aKiGXf-Xlovs Krecvei, fieO^ ow Kal roi' ddeX(f)6u rov 'Avmrdrpov Oa^Xtajva. 131 Avrtnarpos rtov 'Apd^ojv (4) 'TpKauo? 8e Kal a(f>aip€6€vre? iJLere(j)€pov eVt rovg ivavriovs rr)V
Kal
riofiTT-qLov,
129 dv€xojp€L
8'
'
iX-niha,
*
60
A,
Kairethq
xiv,
19. "
WofXTT-qiog
iviojv
r-qv
"Lvpiav el?
50,000 cavalry besides infantry."
JEWISH WAR,
I.
126-131
(
= ant.
xiv. 19-34)
army,
fifty thousand strong, both cavalry and infantry ,<* to reinstate his ward. This force Aristobulus
was unable to resist. Defeated in the first encounter he was driven into Jerusalem, and would there have been speedily captured through the storming of the city, had not Scaurus the Roman general, intervening
had
moment,
raised the siege. been sent into Syria from Armenia
at this critical
The latter by Pompey
inteivt
gcTuru in the
the Great, then at war with Tigranes. On reaching quarrel Damascus, which had recently been captured by 65 b.c. Metellus and Lolhus, he superseded those officers,'' and then, hearing of the position of affairs in Judaea, hastened thither to snatch what seemed a god-sent opportunity. (3) Sure enough, no sooner had he entered Jewish territory, than he received deputations from the brothers, each imploring his assistance. Three hundred talents offered by Aristobulus outweighed considerations of justice Scaurus, having obtained that sum, dispatched a herald to Hyrcanus and the Arabs, threatening them with a visitation from the Romans and Pompey if they did not raise the siege. Aretas, terror-struck, retired from Judaea to Philadelphia, and Scaurus returned to Damascus. Aristobulus, however, not content with having escaped capture, mustered all his forces, pursued the enemy, fought them in the neighbourhood of a place called Papyron, and killed upwards of six thousand. Among the slain was Phallion, Antipater's brother. (4) Deprived of their Arab allies, Hyrcanus and Both Antipater turned their hopes to the opposite party, appeal' and when Pompey entered Syria and reached pompe^ ;
*
The meaning
(omitted in A.)
is
of the phrase uncertain.
kuI
tovtov^
ixtTaaT-qcrai
61
JOSEPHUS AaixacTKOv rjK€v, eV avrov KaracjievyovuLV , Kcil hi^a hojpeojv, als Koi Trpo? rov Wperav St/catoXoylai? xP^H-^^^^y KariqvrL^oXovv fiLcrfjcrai fxev rrjv *ApLGTO^ovXov ^iav, Kardyeiv 8' eVt rr^v ^aoLXeiav Tov kol rpoTTco kol Kad^ rjXiKLau Trpoo-qKOvra. 132 ov pL-qv ouS' WpLGTo^ovXog VGripei TreTToidcjs rfj T.Kavpov 8copo8oKLa, Traprjv re kol avros co9 otov T€ ^aoiXiKcoTara KeKOGp^-qKajs iaDTOv. aho^-qoa? Se Trpos" ras depaTreias Kal pLTj (j)€pcov hovXe'ueiv rats ;\;peiai? TaireLvorepov rod oxripLaro? cltto \iov TToX^ios^ Xcopl^eraL. 1^3
raur' dyat^a/crvjcras" YlopLTn]LO?, TToAAa 'Yp.Kauov LKerevovrcov (ZppL-qcreu eV WpLGTO^ovXov, duaXa^ojv rrjv re 'PojpLa'iKr^v Svva134 ^Li; Kal TToXXovs CK TTJ? Supta? CTU/u,/xa;(ou? iirel 8e TTapeXavvojv IleAAav Kal '^kvBottoXlv rJKev etV Kopea?, oOev rj ^lovSalcuv apxerai X^P^ Kara rrju pLeaoyeLOv dvLovrojv, OLKOvaa? ovp.7Te4>€vyevai rov WpiGTO^ovXov el? ^AXe^dpSpeiou, rovro 8' ecrrlv (5)
Kal
ripos"
rcjjv
TTepl
,
.
TU)v TTavv <j>LXorip.ojs e^iiGKTjpievojv vrrep
(f)povpLov
6pov£ vip-qXov KeLpLevov, Trepupas Kara^aiveiv avrov 135 eKeXevGev raJ 8' tjv pLev oppLTj KaXovpLevcp SeGTTO.
TLKcorepov
hiaKivhvveveiv
pidXXov
-q
VTraKOVGat,
KaOecopa 8e ro TrXrjdo? dppojhovv, Kal TTaprjVovv ol 4)lXol GKenreGdat r-qv 'PojpLaLOJV lgxvv ovGav dvvTTOGrarov ols -neiGdel? KdreLGiv Trpos Yiop,TTrjLOv Kal TToXXd TTepl rod St/catco? dpx^LW ciTro136 Xoy-qdels VTreGrpeipev elg ro epvpLa. irdXiv re rdSeXchov TTpoKaXovpLevov Kara^ds Kal SiaXexOels .
* At'oc TToXews Spanheira Atos i?\{oi' 7r6\ea;s (probably arising from a glossed text Ato? ^ Aiov tt.) or AioaTroXewj >iss. :
62
s
JEWISH WAR,
I.
131-136
(
= ant.
xiv. 47-50)
Damascus, took refuge with him. Coming without presents and resorting to the same pleas which they had used with Aretas, they implored him to show his detestation of the violence of Aristobulus, and to restore to the throne the man whose character and seniority entitled him to it. Nor was Aristobulus behindhand relying on the fact that Scaurus was open to bribery, he too appeared, arrayed in the most regal style imaginable. But feeling it beneath his dignity to play the courtier, and scorning to further his ends by a servility that humiliated his magnificence, he, on reaching the city of Dium, took himself off, ^ (5) Indignant at this behaviour, and yielding to Aristobui the urgent entreaties of Hyrcanus and his friends, prepared Pompey started in pursuit of Aristobulus, with the war with Roman forces and a large contingent of Syrian auxiliaries. Passing Pella and Scy thopolis, he reached Coreae, at which point a traveller ascending through the interior enters the territory of Judaea. There he heard that Aristobulus had taken refuge in Alexandreion, one of the most lavishly equipped of fortresses, situated on a high mountain, and sent orders to him to come down. At this imperious mmmons Aristobulus felt disposed to brave the risk •ather than obey but he saw that the people were ;errified, and his friends urged him to reflect on the rresistible power of the Romans. He gave way, 'ame down to Pompey, and after making a long lefence in support of his claims to the throne, reurned to his stronghold. He descended again on lis brother's invitation, discussed the rights of his ;
;
" A. has " he went off (from Damascus) to hence to Judaea."
Dium and 63
JOSEPHUS rujv
7T€pi
ScKalcDV
YloijL7Tr)LOV.
fjLeao?
Karrj€L
cL?
Tpe7T€LV
fiev
aVTO),
a7T€iGLV S'
rjv
/jLrj
iXTTtdo?
kojXvovtos rov Kal Seovs, ko.
SvacuTT-qacov YlofjLTT-qLov ttolvt* imTTaXlU 8' dv€^aLV€U et? TTjU O-Kpav
TTpoKaraXveiv ho^ei^v avrov. iiTei jjievroL i^icrraodai re rwv (f)povpiOjv eKeXevev aura) /cat, TrapdyyeXfia raju (f)povpdp)(Oji' i-)(ovTOj\
137 a*?
IJ-T]
UofiTTTJio?
fjLovaLS
7T€L6apx€Lv
avT oyp6.(f)OLS
Tttt?
eTTiaroAat?
rjvdyKa^ev avTOv iKdcrroLg ypdcpeiv cV;(coperi^, Trote p.ev rd TTpooraxOeura, dyavaKTT]oa^ Se dvexd>priae\ els 'lepocToAu/xa /cat TTapeoKeud^ero noXe^ielv 7Tp6<: (6) '0 8', ov yap eSldou XP^^^^ rat? Trapa OKevals, evdeojg elrrerOy Kal TtpooeTreppcooev ttj opjjLTjv 6 yiidpiSdrov ddvaros dyyeXdels avrco irep '\epLXovvra, evda rrjg 'louSata? to moTarov (J)Olvlk re Trd/jLTToXvv Kal ^dXaafiov rpe(f)eL. rovro XidoL d^eoLv eTTirepiVOvres rd Trpepiva Gvvdyovoiv^ Kar Kal orparoTrehevodpievo 139 rds TOfids eKhaKpvov. ev TO) x^P^^ pLiav ioTTepav eojdev rjireiyero rrpc rd *IepoCToAu/i,a. KararrXayels he rr]v eP' re VTroax^<^* Kal TO) pierd rrj? rroXecxjs eTTiTpeTTetv Kal eavrc
13S
E:
140 x^XeTTaivovra Tt rojv
KaraoreXXei rov
ojpLoXoyrjpevojv
YlopLTrrjiOv.
ov
/xr
eyevero' rov ydp enl rr Ta^lviov oil
KopLLhrjv rcov xP'^JP-drajv eKTrepi(f)devTa
141
*ApLoro^ovXov (fypovovvres ovhe rfj TToXet hexovrai (vii. l) ripo? ravra dyavaKrijoas YlopLTrrju WpiOTo^ovXov pLev e(f)povpeL, mpos he rrfv ttoX eXOojv
TTepLeoKorreL
ottoj?
Set
rrpoa^aXeZv,
rrjv
'
oxvporrjra rajv retxo^v huaperaxetpLorov opdjv k *
64
avKM^^ovai
VNC
j].
•e!-.
1-
JEWISH WAR,
I.
136-141
(
= ant.
xiv. 51-57)
and withdrew, unimpeded by Pompey. Torn between hope and fear, he would come down determined by importunity to force Pompey to deliver everything to him, and as often ascend to his citadel, lest it should be thought that he was prematurely throwing up his case. In the end, Pompey commanded him to evacuate the fortresses and knowing that the governors had orders only to obey case,
instructions given in Aristobulus's
own hand,
insisted
writing to each of them a notice to quit. Aristobulus did what was required of him, but indignantly withdrew to Jerusalem and prepared for
on
his
war with Pompey.
Pompey, allowing him no time
for these pre- Pompey further impetus to Jerusalem his pace was given by the death of Mithridates, news 3f which reached him near Jericho. (The soil here is the most fertile in Judaea and produces abundance the stems of the latter 3f palms and balsam-trees ire cut with sharp stones and the balsam is collected it the incisions, where it exudes drop by drop.) At :his spot Pompey encamped for an evening only and it daybreak pressed on to Jerusalem. Terrified at lis approach, Aristobulus went as a suppliant to neet him, and by the promise of money and of the lurrender of himself and the city pacified Pompey 's vrath. However, none of his undertakings was ful(6)
parations, followed forthwith.
A
;
when Gabinius was dispatched to take promised sum, the partisans of Aristobulus efused even to admit him to the city. (vii. 1) Indignant at this treatment, Pompey kept Pompey \.ristobulus under arrest and, advancing to the city, jerus^alem
illed
;
for
)ver the
arefully considered the best
method of
loted the solidity of the walls VOL.
II
D
attack.
He
and the formidable 65
^^ ^•^^
.
JOSEPHUS TovTOjv
7tp6
Tr]v
evTo?
rrjg
cf)dpayya
to
(f)o^epa.v
oxvpcorara
(f)6.payyos
re
Upov
7eT€L\LG}xivoVy
aareo? aXioKopiivov Bevrepav ehat tovto rol? rroXepiioLS XiaTTopovvro^ 8' erri ttoXvv xpovov ordoi?
ware
rod
Kara(j)vyriv
U2
(2)
evhov
TOt?
rwv
iix7TL7Tr€L,
WpLoro^ovXov
fjLev
pveodai rov ^aotXea, rcov Se 70. 'TpKavoO (jypovovvrojv dvoLy€LU YloiJLTrrjLco ra? TTvXag' TToAAoi)? Se rovrov; irroUi to heo';, dopcjura? ei? 7191^ rcov 'Pajfj-alcov evra^lav. rjrroj[XeVOU §€ TO WpLGTO^OvXoV jdCpog €1? TO UpOl' dv€XojpriO€V Kal ti]v Guvdrrrovoau drr^ avrov rfj TToXei y€(f)vpav dTTOKoif^avre^ dvTtax^^^ et? eoxarov TToXefielu d^LOVuraju Kal
143
rcou Se iripojv SexofJieuojv 'Pcj-
TTapeoK€vdl,ovTO. fiaiovs irrl
rfj
TToXei
ravra
fieu
orparrjywv 144
OS"
TO
/cat
rd ^aoiXeia Trapahihovrajv,
11 0/1777)10?
Yletocova
eVa
€i07T€jjL7T€L
TtDi^
BtaXa^ajv ^povpals rrjv ttoXlp,
Upou
ovfi^-quaLy
arparidg'
eTTetSi]
toju
et?
ovSeva
Adyot? eTreideu evrpeTn^ev Trepi^ et? 77 poo^oXds rov *YpKai^6u e't? re rag emuoLas
KaTa(f)vy6vT(jjv
rd
iavrco
u
fierd
exojv Tovs TTepl Kal rds VTTTjpeoias Trpodvfxov?. (3)
145
re
Auto? Se Kard rd rrpoodpKTiov
rd(f)pov
exou
ovfi(f)opovGr)s
rrjg
Kal
ttjv
(f)dpayya
Svvdfieojs.
;(aA€7rdi'
dvarrXripovv hid ^ddog aTreipou Kal 146 Trdvra ejieivev
rporrov
elpyovrcov
KXifia rrjv
Trdoau, tojp'
3'
vXr]v rju
re
'louSaicui-
Kav dreXeGro^ fx-q tq? e/S8ocV af? 77at'Td? epyoi
dvojOev.
rolg 'Pco/xat'ot? d 7701^0?, el
fj.dbas €7TLrr)pa)v 6
Floft 771710?,
Sid rrfv 6prjGK€Lav x^^P^^^ drTiGXOVGLV 'louSaioi, tc X^P-OL vifjov ri^s Kard X^^P^ GVjj.^oXrj<^ etpyatu rovs
Ob
JEWISH WAR,
I.
141-146
(
= ant.
xiv. 57-64)
task of their assault, the frightful ravine in front of them, and within the ravine the temple also so strongly fortified as to afford, after the capture of the town, a second Hne of defence to the enemy. (2) However, during his long period of indecision, sedition broke out within the walls the partisans of Aristobulus insisting on a battle and the rescue of the king, while those of Hyrcanus were for opening the gates to Pompey. The numbers of the latter were increased by the fear which the spectacle of ;
the perfect order of the Romans inspired. The party of Aristobulus, finding themselves beaten, retired into the temple, cut the bridge which connected it with the city, and prepared to hold out to the last. The others admitted the Romans to the city and delivered up the palace. Pompey sent a body of troops to occupy it under the command of Piso, one of his lieutenant-generals. That officer distributed sentries about the town and, failing to induce any of the refugees in the temple to listen to terms, prepared the surrounding ground for an assault. In this work the friends of Hyrcanus keenly assisted him with their advice and services. (3) Pompey himself was on the north side, engaged in banking up the fosse and the whole of the ravine with materials collected by the troops. The tremendous depth to be filled, and the impediments 3f every sort to which the work was exposed by the lews above, rendered this a difficult task. Indeed, ;he labours of the Romans would have been endless, lad not Pompey taken advantage of the seventh lay of the week, on which the Jews, from religious jcruples, refrain from all manual work, and then )roceeded to raise the earthworks, while forbidding
67
JOSEPHUS vrrep
orparLcora'i'
yap rod
jiovov
147 vovTai^ rols aa/S/Sarot?.
rjh-r)
8'
crco/xaro?
dftu-
dvaTT€7rXT^pojfJL€vr]?
TTvpyovg viIj7]Xov£ iTnor-qGa? ro) rrpoaayayajv rag €K Tvpov Koynodeioas ixrjxava.'g eTreipdro rod T€l)(ov?' dvecrreXXov Se at TTerpo^oXoL TOU'^ KadvTTepOev KcoXvoura?. dvTelxoi^ 8' eVt 7tX€lou ol Kara rovro to fiepog rrvpyoi
TTJs
;^c6^taTt /cat
re
iJLeyedec
148
/caAAet Siacfjepovre?.
/cat
77oAAa rait' 'PcofialcDU KaKOiradovvrcov 6 IIo/xTTT^tos- rd re dXXa rrj^ Kaprepiag Tovg ^lovSaLOV? d7Tedavixat,ev, /cat pLaXLcrra rod (4')
"Ei'^a
87)
TTapaXvcrai
pL-qhev
/xeaot?
ev
6priOKeia<^
rrjs
rols
^eXeoLv dvetX-qpLevovs' ojorrep yap elp-i]vr]'g ^aOeta? Karexovo-qg rrjv noXtv at re Ovaiai Kad^ -qpiepai' /cat ol
ndoa
evayiopLol /cat
i^ereXelro
dXwoiv r)f.Lepav
rep
Oeco.
ro)
TTepl
vopi.ip.ojv
yap
^a>pLa)
etV
deparreta
/cat
rrjV
ovhe
Kara
/car'
rrju
rdjw
/ca^'jf
(fyoi'euop.evoL
dpi-jcrKeLav
rd/cpt^es"
avrrjv
dTreor-qGav.y
eva rfjji^ ro lepoi 6 he Trpoj-os v—ep^rji.'aL roXfMijoas ro rel^o? SuAAc Trat? Tjv Oaucrros" KopvrjXLOS /cat yLter* avrou e/carovrdpxoiL hvo Ooupio?^ /cat (^d^ios. etnero 8« eKaarcp ro lSlou orL(f)os, /cat Trepioxovres rravra^^ ro lepov eKreivov ovs pi€u rep vacp Tipoocfievyovras ovg he djxvvopievovs rrpos oXlyou.
149 rpiro)
TTijpyojv
p.i]vl
rrjg
TToXiopKLas
Karapptipavre?
/xdAi?
eloeTTLTrrov
^
+Kai
V'RNC
2
Lat.,
Heg.
:
els
Lat. (eliani). 4>pot'ptos
mss.
Military engines for flinging stones and other missiles A. xiv. 66 gives tiie precise year (Olympiad 179 an< the Roman consuls of 63 b.c.) and adds "on the day of th fast," i.e. probably the Day of Atonement (10th Tishr September-October). Dio Cassius, xxxvii. 16, says " on th "
**
68
•
JEWISH WAR,
I.
146-149
(
= ant.
xiv.
64-70)
his troops to engage in hostilities for on the sabbaths the Jews fight only in self-defence. The ravine once filled up, he erected lofty towers on the earthworks, brought up the battering engines which had been conveyed from Tyre, and tried their effect upon the walls the ballistae," meanwhile, beating off However, the towers, which resistance from above. in this sector were extraordinarily massive and beautiful, long resisted the blows. (4) While the Romans were undergoing these severe hardships, Pompey was filled with admiration for the invariable fortitude of the Jews, and in particular for the way in which they carried on their religious services uncurtailed, though enveloped in a Just as if the city had been wrapt hail of missiles. in profound peace, the daily sacrifices, the expiations and all the ceremonies of worship were scrupulously performed to the honour of God. At the very hour when the temple was taken, when they were being capture o massacred about the altar, they never desisted from '^'iQTemp the religious rites for the day. It was the third month of the siege ^ when, having with difficulty succeeded in overthrowing one of the towers, the Romans burst into the temple. The first to venture across the wall was Faustus Cornelius, son of Sulla fter him came two centurions, Furius and Fabius. Followed by their respective companies, they formed 1 ring round the court of the temple and slew their victims, some flying to the sanctuary, others offering ;
;
;
i
brief resistance.
labbath " {^v rrj tov Kpouov n/j.^pa) ; and it has been held )y some that " the fast " named in Josephus's non-Jewish •ource meant the sabbath, according to a mistaken and widepread idea in the Graeco-Roman world that the Jews fasted )n the sabbath (Schiirer).
69
JOSEPHUS 150
(5)
"Kpda
77oAAot
TcJou
lepeoju
^t^r^pet?
TToXefJLLOV?
IvLovras ^Xenovrc? aOopv^oj?
6pr]GK€La?
efieivau,
a7T€.vhovre<^
he
IttI
rovs Trj
d7T€G(f)dTTovTo
Kal dvjiiujvres [/cat] tt^? Tjpos to Belou 6epa7T€La<; iu Sevrepqj ttjv ocar-qpiav TiOefievoL. TrXeLGTOt 8* VTTO ro)v 6f.LO(f)vXoju aiT LOT aoLauTajv avrjpovvTO Kai Kara tlov Kpi-jjivow eppiTTTOV iavTovg aTTetpoL' Kal TO. rrepl to t€lxo? 8' eutoL iJ.avi6jvT€S €i> tols }o\ afjir])(^auLaLS UTTenpr^oav Kal ovyKaT€<j)XeyovTO 'lofSaicou ixkv ovv durjpedrjaav pLvpioi Kal hiG\iXLOL, ^PojfjLalow Se oXtyoL f-ih- irdw v€Kpoi, Tpaf/xartai 8' eyevovTO TrXeLOug. OVTOJ9 eV Tat? t6t€ GVfi(f)opaLg 152 (6) Ou8ej^ 8* KaOrjiliaTO tou edvovs oj? to Tecos dopaTov dyiov TTapeXdujv yovu €KKaXv(f)deu VTTO Tcjv dXXo(^vXcjjv ovv Tois" rrepl auTOU 6 YlofJiTnJLOS ei? tou vaou evda p.6va) QepnTOV rju TrapUvai to) dp)(^L€pel, to ei'hov ededoaTO, AL';^i'iav re Kal Xv^i^ov? Kal rpa TTel^au Kal onovBela Kal dvjxiaT-qpLa, oXoy^pvoo TrdvTa, TrXridos T€ dpajfJiaTcov oeacopevfjiei'ov Ka 153 Upojv xpripidTajv etV raAai^Ta 8(a;)(tAta. oirre 8» TOVTOjv ovT€ oAAou Tivos Tcov Upojv KeipnqXioj^ rjipaTo, dXXd Kal /JLerd fxiav ttjs dX<jjoea>s rjiiepai KadS^ai TO lepov rolg veojKopois TrpoaeTa^ev Ka Tag i^ edovs imTeXelv dvoias. avOi? 8' drroSet^a' 'YpKauou dpxi€p€a, Ta re aAAa TrpoOufioTaTO I lavTov eV Tji —oXiopKia TrapaaxovTa, Kal Sidrt t< h-ara ttjv x<^p<^^ rrXrjdo? d-niaT-quev ^ ApLorofiovXo djppLrjpievoVy €K tovtuju, onep rj ovfiTToXeixelv^ rrpoGrJKOu dyado) gt paTrjyo) , tov Xaov evvoia nXdo ev hk tols alxp-O-XcoTOt bdei npoG-qydyeTO. 154 Tj .
.
70
JEWISH WAR.
I.
150-154
(
= ant.
xiv. 70-73)
(5) Then it was that many of the priests, seeing the enemy advancing sword in hand, calmly continued their sacred ministrations, and were butchered in the act of pouring libations and burning incense putting the worship of the Deity above their own preservation. Most of the slain perished by the hands of their countrymen of the opposite faction ; countless numbers flung themselves over the precisome, driven mad by their hopeless plight, pices set fire to the buildings around the wall and were consumed in the flames. Of the Jews twelve thouthe losses of the Romans in dead sand perished were trifling, in wounded considerable. (6) Of all the calamities of that time none so deeply affected the nation as the exposure to alien eyes of the Holy Place, hitherto screened from view Pompey indeed, along with his staff, penetrated to the sanctuary, entry to which was permitted to none but the the high priest, and beheld what it contained candelabrum and lamps, the table, the vessels for libation and censers, all of solid gold, an accumulation of spices and the store of sacred money amount;
;
;
:
ing to
two thousand
talents.
However, he touched
neither these nor any other of the sacred treasures ind, the very day after the capture of the temple, Tave orders to the custodians to cleanse it and to •esume the customary sacrifices. He reinstated Hyrcanus ^ ^yrcanus as high priest, in return for his enthusiastic If high upport shown during the siege, particularly in de- pnest. aching from Aristobulus large numbers of the rural opulation who were anxious to join his standard. ly these methods, in which goodwill played a larger lart than terrorism, he, like the able general he was, onciliated the people. Among the prisoners was 71
JOSEPHUS WpLGTo^ovXov
KOL 6
iXr]4>d-q •^u
Kal dcLO? avTO). TTcAeVci
TToXd/jLOV
avTov
fjL€T
dpLOT€LOLs
/cat
OauCTTou
KoAdCei,
yevvatajs
8e
re
rfj
fjLev
/cat
dya)VLoaiievov<;
ha>pr]odfji€vo?
aVTO^ rov
TTCV^epOS", o 8'
rovg atrtcuTarou?
tou?
Xajj-Trpots
X^V?
'''^^^
'^^^
'JepoaoAu/xotj eTnrdoaeL (j)6pov. 155
(?)
'A(^e/\o/^evo? 8e
tou eduovg Kal rds
€v kolXtj
ILvpia 77dAei?, a? €tAor, VTrera^ev roj /car' eKeluo *Pa>ju,ata>P'
aTparrjyu)
avrovg rot? Se
tSiots"
FctSapat'
/cat
TaSo-ptrr]
tlvl
156 X'^P'-^^H'^^^^
KaTarerayixivaj
opoL<;
utto
tcov
TrepteVAetaei^.
'louSatcov
ISlojv
eV TT^ pL€Ooy€Lcp euKaijjaVy "Ittttov
8'
TToAet?, oCTa?
d??' /i'J7
pLovoL^
dvaKrit^ei
KareaTpapLpteviqu,
dTreXevdepojv
"rjXevdepojaev
•
kol
Ar]p.rjTpLaj
airraji-'
/cat
tols
/ca--
HkvBottoXLv t€ /cat IleAAai^ /cat /cat Maptaai' "A^cDrot' re be Kal rag irapaXiovs
2a/xapetav /cat 'la^vctai' 'Apedovoav, opLotojs /cat
Tdtav re 157
AdJpa Kal ttjv TrdXat p-ev JlTpdrcovo? vortpov he pLeTaKriodeladv 'Hpcu8ou jSacriAeoj? XapLTTpordroL^ Kara-
^loTTTT-qv
TTvpyov V(f>^
KaXovpLei'rjv,
GKevdapLaGLv Kal pLeTovop.aodelaav Kaiaapetai^.
a?
Trdoas Tot? yviqoLOLS dTTohovs TToAtVat? /caTeTafe^ eis"
T€
TT7i^
/cat
^vpLaKTjv eTrapxiav. 'lof8atai/ /cat ra
TT]!^
TrapaSovg 8e ravrrji /ze;^pt? Aiy^TT'Tou /cai
Ei)
auTO? 8ta KtAi/cta? €tV 'PcupLrjv rjTTeiyero rov ^ApLoropovXov dyojv pterd rrjg yevedg alxp-dXcorov 158 hvo 8' i^aai^ avroj Ovyare'pe^ Kal hvo vU??, (hv c erepos p-ev WXe^aihpos e'/c rrjs ohov 8taSt8paCT/cet •
Named Absalom
{A. xiv. 71
JEWISH WAR,
I.
154-158
(
= ant.
xiv. 73-79)
the father-in-law of Aristobulus, who was also his Those upon whom lay the main responsibility Faustus and his brave for the war were executed. companions in arms were presented with splendid rewards. The country and Jerusalem were laid uncle.'*
Judaea
iributarj ^'^
^^"^^
under tribute. (7) cities
Pompey, moreover, deprived the Jews of the
which they had conquered in Coele-Syria, placing these under the authority of a Roman governor appointed for the purpose,^ and thus conthe nation within
fined
own
its
boundaries.
J^^^'q^^^'
territory
To
gratify Demetrius, one of his freedmen, a Gadarene, he rebuilt Gadara, which had been destroyed by the Jews. He also liberated from their rule all the towns in the interior which they had not already razed to the ground, namely Hippos, Scythopolis,
Samaria, Jamnia, Marisa, Azotus, and Arethusa likewise the maritime towns of Gaza, Joppa, Dora, and the city formerly called Strato's Tower, which afterwards, when reconstructed by King Herod with magnificent buildings, took the name of Caesarea. All these towns he restored to their legitimate inhabitants and annexed to the province of Syria. That province, together with Judaea and the whole region extending as far as Egypt and the Euphrates, he entrusted, along with two legions, to the administration of Scaurus and then set out in haste across Cilicia for Rome, taking with him his prisoners, Aristobulus and his family. That prince Aristobu had two daughters and two sons. Of the latter, J^ptwe t one, Alexander, made his escape on the journey Rome. Pella,'' ;
;
;
/car' iKeluo, "ad hoc," or perhaps governor placed over that region." " A. adds Dium. ''
VOL.
II
D 2
"of
the
Roman 73
P
,
JOSEPH us ovv he Tul? dheXchalg 6 vecjorepo? 'A^'Ttyo^'o? '
ojfi T/V
eKOf-Liiero.
(viii.
1)
159
Kd^
efjL^aXdjv rrjs fiev
rovroj ^Kavpo? etV rr]v Wpa^lav Yierpag eipye-ro rat? hvax^pf-O-iS
eTTopdei hk TOL Trepi^ ttoXXo. kolu
yap
iXifjLCjrrev
ei?
orrparLOL.
rj
tovtw KaKOTradcov
/cat rrpos
rovro 'Yp/ca-
vos ine^orideL Bia *AvTL7Tdrpov rdTrtrrySeta TTefiTrajv, ov /cat KadlrjGL UKavpos ovra crvvrjOrj Trpo? Wperav, rov TToXe/iov. €7Ti StaAucraiTO OTTOJS y^pi'iixaoLV TTeiderai S' d "Apaip rpiaKOOia hovvai rdXavra,
TOVTOig Z/cau/30?
KOLTTL
i^Tjyev
tt]?
Wpa^la?
rrjv
Svi'afxtv.
IGO
'0
{-2)
6'
Y\op.7T-qLOv
a.7To6pd<^
raJu
WpLorro^ovXov Traihmv
WXe^avhpos XP^^'^ Gvvayayoju X^^P^
^apvs fjv 'YpKai^cp /cat rrju ^lovhalav Karerpex^Vy eSd/cet re dv KaraXvaac rax^oj? avrou, 09 y€ rjSi-} /cat to Karappi<^6ev vrro rio/xTTT^toi/ T€LXO? eV 'lepoaoXvijLOL^ dva/crt^eit^ iddppei rrpoGovx^T]^
Ta^uLog elg Hvptau 7T€fJL(f)d€L? €L firj ^Kavpoj SLaSoxo? rd re dAAa yevvaZov direheL^ev lavTov eV TToAAot? /cat eV ^ AXe^avhpov (Lpfi-qaev. ^XBojv,
8e Setca? tt/jos" tt^i^ €? Xi-XLOvg Se /cat TrevraKoaiovg LTTTrelg, /cat rd eVtTT^Seia rdjp x^P^^^ ^'^^^X'-^^^' WXe^dvSpetov re
161 d
'Tp/cavtW
/cat
/cat
Ma;!^aipoL'VTa
77/30?
rot? 'Apa-
^toi9 opeoLv. 162
(3)
Ya^iviog he fierd pLepovg rrjg orpar tag AvrojvLov TTpoTrepnlsag avrog etnero rrju
Mdp/coi^ ^
^
Niese (so
it is
called elsewhere): 'Tp/fd»'(e)tof
.mss.
Accordinj? to Appian, Syr. 51, there were two intermediate governors of Sjria between Scaurus and Gabinius, "
<4
JEWISH WAR,
T.
158-162
(
= ant.
xiv. 79-84)
Antigonus, the younger, was conducted with
his
Rome. (viii. 1) Meanwhile Scaurus had invaded Arabia. Antipate Being held up at Petra by the difficulties of the scSL sisters to
ground, he proceeded to lay waste the surrounding country, but here again suffered severely, his army being reduced to starvation. To relieve his wants Hyrcanus sent Antipater with supplies. Antipater being on intimate terms with Aretas, Scaurus dispatched him to the king to induce him to purchase release from hostilities. The Arab monarch consenting to pay three hundred talents, Scaurus on these conditions withdrew his troops from the
against
country.
(2) Alexander, son of Aristobulus, the one who Revolt o escaped from Pompey, in course of time mustered ^^^^^1^^ a considerable force and caused Hyrcanus serious Ariscoui; annoyance by his raids upon Judaea. Having already advanced to Jerusalem and had the audacity to begin rebuilding the wall which Pompey had destroyed, he would in all probability have soon deposed his rival, but for the arrival of Gabinius, who had been sent Govemn
Gabinius, whose valour had been proved on many other occasions, now marched against Alexander. The latter, alarmed at his approach, raised the strength of his army to ten thousand foot and fifteen hundred horse, and fortified the strategic positions of Alexandreion, Hyrcania, and Machaerus, adjacent to the Arabian to Syria as successor to Scaurus."
mountains. (3) Gabinius sent division of his
j!,^!''^"
Mark Antony ahead with a hq defe? army, following himself with the main Aiexand
Marcius Philippus (61-60 b.c, Schiirer) and Lentulus Marcellinus (59-58 b.c).
viz.
75
.
.
JOSEPHUS oX-qv
6e
oi
BvvafjLLV
€)(cov
rrepi
WvTLTTarpov
roi
Kal TO dXXo rdyixa tcou 'lovhaicou, wv ovfjifii^avre? TOt? rjpx^^ '
€7tl\€Ktoi
^IdXiXO? yidpKOV AvTCijVLOv rjyefjLOGLv vtttjvtojv *AAe^dvSpoj. Kal iJL€T* OX) TToXi) TTaprjv d/jLa rfj (f)dXayyL 163 Ta^ivLOS€i'0Vfi€vr]v Se rrjv toju TToXepiiojv SvvafiLV ovx L'770yu,€tVas' AAe'^avdpo? di'€xd>p€i Kal ttXtjoiov ,
TTepl
^
'
'XepoGoXvpLCov
77817
Kal
Kara
^aXcx)v,
d)v
TpLGX^XiOL
itojyprjdiQGav,
dvayKdlerat
yevoi-LCvos
^aXelv,
TrjU
ovfi-
i^aKioxiXiov? dno-
fid^'^ji'
eneuov Tptox^XiOL fj,€u gvv rolg KaraXetcf^OelGLV
he ei?
AXe^dihpetou. (1) Va^u'Log §6 Trpo? to WXe^diSpeiou eXOdiV eVetSv) TToXXov^ evpev eoTpaTOTreSev/JLevov^, iiret^
164
pdro
Gvyyvo'jpLrj^
irpo
fxevoju
fidx'>]9
V7togx^G€l
TTepl
toju
dpLGrevet ttjv pLdxrjv 6 fieu
rjye}.Ld>v
del
yevvalo'^
/jLT^Seu
TToXXovg Tovg
Se jjLeTpLOv (f)pouovuTOJU aTTOKTeiua? 165 AotTTou? aTTeKXeiGev et? to epvfia.
navTaxov
rjpLapTr)-
avrov? TrpoGayayeGdaf
Kara Tavrrjv Wvtwvlo?,
Md/DACO?
ovSapiov
(f>aveL<s,
8'
FgISlvlo^ Se tov? e^aiprjGOVTa? to (f>povpLOV
ovrcog.
KaTaXirrdjv avTO^
eTTijei Tag p.ev dTTopdrjTOV^ TToXei? KaOiGTaixevo^, ra? he KaTeGTpa}.ip.evas dvaKrit^ojv 166 ovverroXiGdiiGav yovv tovtov KeXevGaPTO£ TtKvdottoXls Te Kal Hafidpeia Kal ^Avdrjhdjv Kal 'A770AXojiia Kal ^Idfiveta Kal 'Pd(f)€La Ma/3tcra re Kal
Whwpeog TToXXai,
Kal Tojv
Kal
Fd/jLaXa^
OLKrjTopojw
"A^coto?
dofxei'Lo?
icf)^
Kal d'AAai CKdoT-qu
GVvdeOVTQJV 167
(5)
^
76
Mera TO
77/30S"
VC
^
he ttjv tovtcov eTTLfxeXetav erraveXdayv
AXe^dvhpeLov eTTeppojoev :
1
d/iaXa the
ifcst
.
ti)u TToXtopKiau,
Gadara Lat.
:
Gaza
^.[j
JEWISH WAR,
I.
162-167
(
= ant.
xiv. 84-89)
body. Antipater's picked troops and the rest of the Jewish contingent under the command of Mahchus and Peitholaus joined forces with Antony's generals and proceeded against Alexander. Gabinius appeared before long with the heavy infantry. Alexander, unable to withstand the combined forces of the enemy, retired, but wlien approaching Jerusalem was forced into an engagement. In this battle he lost six thousand of his men, three thousand killed, and as many prisoners. With the remnant of his army he fled to Alexandreion. (4) Gabinius, following him thither, found many of his
men camping outside
Before attacking
the walls.
them, he endeavoured, by promise of pardon for past offences, to bring them over to his side but, on their proudly refusing all terms, he killed a large number of them and confined the remainder in the The honours of this combat went to the fortress. ;
commanding
officer,
Mark Antony
;
his valour, dis-
played on every battlefield, was never so conspicuous Leaving the reduction of the fort to his as here. troops, Gabinius made a parade of the country, restoring order in the cities which had escaped devastation, and rebuilding those which he found in ruins.
It
was,
for
instance,
by
his
orders
that
Scythopolis, Samaria, Anthedon, Apollonia, Jamnia,
Raphia, Marisa, Adoreus, Gamala, Azotus, and many other towns were repeopled, colonists gladly flocking to each of them. (5) After supervising these arrangements, Gabinius returned to Alexandreion and pressed the siege so 77
and
rest
country.
JOSEPHUS 'AAe'^aiSpo? aTToyvov? rrepl rojv oXojv im-pog avrou, ovyyvajodrjuat t€ tow r)iiaprr]fi€vajv S€6pL€vo? Koi ra ovfXfxivovTa^ (jypovpia TrapadLSov? 'TpKaviau Kal Maxatpovvra- avOis he 168 Kal TO WXe^6.vbp€LOv ivex^^pi-oeu. a rravra TajSato? €vayovar)g -rjg WAe^di^hpou p.r]Tp6? Kar<jj(jre
KripvK€V€rai
€(jrpei/j€v,
wg
p.r]
ttolXlv oppLTjTTjpLou
yivoiro devrepov
TToXe/jLOV TTaprjV he iieiXiGGOfxevri rou Faf^LULOU heo<;
Tojv
eTTL
169 avhp6<; kol tojv
rfis
'Pa)iJLr]<^
aix/jLaXojrow,
dXXow reKvow.
fxerd he
Kara
rov re
ravra
etV
Fa^tVio? 'YpKavov Karayayojv kol rrju rov lepov Trapahov? KrjheyLOviav avro) KadtaraTo TTjv dXXrjv TioXireiav eTTL TipoGTaaia tcDi^ dpLGTow. I'O hielXev he Tidv to edvos el? Trevre Gvvohov?, to fiev ']epoooXv[jLOLS TrpoGTa^a?, to he FaSapot?, ol 8' Tra GVVTeXojGLV els WfiadouvTa, to he reTapTov els 'lepLXOvPTa KeKXrjpojTo, koi tco TrefXTrTco SeVFaAiAata?, da^eVoj? pLS drreheLxOr] ttoXls rrjs he TTJs e^ eios eTJiKpaTeias eXevdeptodevTes to XoLTTOV dpLGTOKpaTLO. hLWKOUVTO. 171 (6) Mct' ov -roXv ye iirjv avTols dpx'q yiverai Oopv^ujv ^ApLGTO^ovXos aTTohpds €K 'PojjJirjS, OS avdis TToXXovs ^Jovhatajv eTTLGVviGTrj, tovs fJLev eTridvfiovvTas p.eTa^oXrjs, tovs S' dyajTcovTas avTOV Kal TO p.ev vpojTov KOTaXaf^opLevos to TTcUat. * AXe^dvhpeLov dvaTeixiteiv eVetparo' ws he Fa^ivLOS huO Hioevva Kal WvTOjvLcp Kal Yepouiauco 'lepoGoXviJLa
1
cxWri
PAM.
Reinach would read ciufopia, " councils," as in the parallel passage A. xiv. 91. * but we should rather read So the M5S. in B. and A. Gazara, i.e. the O.T. Gezer, about half-way between Jerusalem and Joppa. The Hellenistic town Gadara in N. •
awooovi
;
:
78
;
JEWISH WAR,
I.
167-171
(
= ant.
xiv. 89-93)
vigorously that Alexander, despairing of success, sent him a herald with a petition for pardon for his offences and an offer to surrender the fortresses of Hyrcania and Machaerus, still in his possession
subsequently he gave up Alexandreion as well. All these places Gabinius demolished, to prevent their serving as a base of operations for another war. He was instigated to take this step by Alexander's mother, who had come to propitiate him, in her concern for her husband and remaining children, then prisoners in Rome. After this Gabinius reinstated Hyrcanus in Jerusalem and committed to him the custody of the Temple. The civil administration he reconstituted under the form of an aristocracy. He divided the whole nation into five unions ^ one of these he attached to Jerusalem, another to Gadara,*^ the third had Amathus as its centre of government, the fourth was allotted to Jericho, the fifth to Sepphoris, a city of Galilee. The Jews welcomed their release from the rule of an individual and were from that time forward governed
AHatocn constitu
;
by an
aristocracy.
They were
soon, however, involved in fresh through the escape of Aristobulus from ^ jj-in mustering D Rome. r^ Once more 1,he succeeded a large body of Jews, some eager for revolution, others long since his devoted admirers. He began by seizing Alexandreion and attempting to restore the fortifications but on hearing that Gabinius had dispatched an army against him, under the command (6)
troubles
•
;
Peraea had been severed from Jewish territory by Pompey. The names are elsewhere confused (Schiirer). Judaea proper is thus represented by three towns, Gahlee by one, and
Peraea by one (Amathus), a
little
E. of Jordan, to the N. of
the river Jabbok.
79
Fresh re a"<^/®-
capture
I
Anstobu
.
JOSEPHUS 172
OTpariav CTref-nfjeu eV avroi', yvov? a.V€X<-op€.L errl rov /leu axpi^crrov o^Xov Koi flaxen povvr o? imjyero rovg wttXld7T€(f>opTLGarOy fxovovs S' iv ols koi ofievovg, ovras etV oKTaKLUxt^^tov^ .
,
Yi^idoXaos
6
rjv
€^
avTOjJLoXijora?
fiera
Xovdovv,
yevojxii'iq^
Kal
VTTOOTpaTrjyos
'lepoGoAvfjLajv
8'
'PajfiaToL
;!^tAtaji^.
irr-qKO-
ttoXXov fiev ol TTepl rov ^ ApiOTo^ovXov ^iCKaprepovu y€vvaiojs ay(jjvLt,6iA€voi, riXos he ^laodevreg vtto tojv TTLTTTOVGL
'Poj/J-aLOJU
uvi-L^oXtjs
fXeV
TTeVTaKLGX^XtOL
nva
bLGXiXlovs ave(j)vyov els
fJ-^XP^
X6(j)0Vy
,
TTepl
Se
ol he XolttoI
XlXlol ovv *ApLGTo^ovXoj hiaKoifjavTes rrjw
Twv
'Pajfialajv
173 eida
hrj
epeiTTLOL?
ttjv
el?
avveXavuovrai. ^aoiXevs rot?
}^\axo.Lpovi-'Ta
eoTrepav
TTpcoriju
ivavXiodjievos:
ev
6
eXTriai
fieu
rfv
dXXr)v
avvaOpoLoeLv hvvafiLv, dvoxT]^' tou TToXefiov hthovros, Kal TO (fypovpLoi^ KaKOjg (Lxvpov TrpooTreoovTcuv he
vnep hvvafJLLV ^AvTiyovov rod Traihog, o? a7ro 'PcopL-qs avro) ovvaTrehpa, heopiojTiqs errl Ta^ivLov Kal dno Ta^iviov TrdXiv els 'Pcofi-qv. dvTjxOr] 174 TOVTOV fjiev ovv rj ovyKX-qros elp^ev, rd reKva 8* avTov hirfKev^ els ^\ovhaiav TajjLviov St' eTnaroXaJif hrjXcooavros rfj ^ApLOTO^ovXov yvvaiKL rovro dvTL 'PcjfjLaLOJW errl hijo -qfiepas avrtap^cov
dXioKeTaL koi
/xer'
,
rrjs
TTapahoaeojs raJu epvfjLdrojv cofioXoyrjKevaL
(~)
175
Po-^i-vioj
reveiv
yiverai
orpei/jas ^
Si^Kev
d?:'
'
80
eirl Yldpdovs (Lpfirj/jLevoj orpaUToXepLalos ipLTTohiov, ov^ vttoRixhpdrov Karrjyev els AtyvTrrov,
Destinon (after
Lat. 2
MS5. "
5'
;
dyrjKfv
rf.
Hudson
:
5j
A.\.):
diiiyep
mss.
* Cf. A. xiv. 92, and many mss. of B. § 168. Ptolemy Auletes, driven from the throne of Egypt by
vServilius,
JEWISH WAR,
I.
171-175
(
= ant.
xiv.
92-98)
of Sisenna, Antony, and Servianus,** he retreated towards Machaeras. Disencumbering himself of his rabble of inefficient followers, he retained only those who were armed, numbering eight thousand among these was Peitholaus, the second in command at Jerusalem, who had deserted to him with a thousand ;
men. The Romans pursued and an engagement took place. Aristobulus and his men for long held their ground, fighting valiantly, but were ultimately overpowered by the Romans. Five thousand fell about two thousand took refuge on a hill Aristobulus and the remaining thousand cut their way through the Roman lines and flung themselves into Machaerus. There, as he camped among the ruins on that first evening, the king entertained hopes of raising another army, given but a respite from war, and proceeded to erect some weak fortifications but, when the Romans attacked the place, after holding out beyond his strength for two days, he was taken, and, with his son Antigonus, who had shared his flight from Rome, was conducted in chains to Gabinius, and by Gabinius was sent back once more to Rome. The Senate imprisoned the father, but allowed his children to return to Judaea, Gabinius having written to inform them that he had promised this favour to the wife of Aristobulus in return for the surrender of the fortresses.* (7) An expedition against the Parthians, on which Gabinius had already started, was cut short by Ptolemy," to effect whose restoration to Egypt the former returned from the banks of the Euphrates. ;
;
;
his subjects, induced Gabinius bj' a large bribe to undertake his restoration (55 b.c). He had since his expulsion in 58 been working for this at and had obtained the influential support of Cicero.
Rome
81
56b.c.
Further
^Vfeit o"
Aiexand*
JOSEPHUS €7nrr]h€LOLg €tV aTrav-ra xpojixevog
1T>3
Kara
rr]v
arpa-
Teiav 'YpKauo) /cat Wutlttoltpoj' Kal yap -x^pi^fxara Kal oirXa Kal alrov Kal eTTiKovpovg Wi'TiTrarpo? Trpoarjyev, Kal rov? ravTrj ^lovSalov^ (f)povpovvras 7G.S Kara ro Hr^XovcrLOu e/x^oAa? napelvai Ta^ivLov €7T€LG€V. rTjS 8' aXXrjs ILvpiag rrpog rou Ta^iVLOV XOjpLGpLOV KLvr^deLGrjg Kal ^lovSalov? ttolXlv oltteorrjoev
WXe^avdpog
6
GvyKpori]cag dvvapnv 177 TTju
)(copav
'PajpLacovs
Wpioro^ouXov ajpfxriro
,
rrdpra?
dveXelv.
Trpo^
rj6r] 3e Traprjv oltt^ AlyvTrrov Sttcras", dopv^OLg TjneLypievos irrl rivas piev row ,
ii^yLorrjV hk
rov? Kara Va^Lvtos
o
rot?
rfjhe
d(f)€orcor<jji>
^AvriTTarpov TrpoTrepufjag pLeri-eiaev ovvepi^vov hk AXe^dvhpoj rpelg p-vpid^es, KdK€LPO£ wppc-qro ,
^
TToXepelv.
ovrojs
e^doiv
rrpog
pidxriv.
virrjvrojv
8' ol 'JofSatOi,
Kal GvpL^aXovrojv nepl ro ^Ira^vpiov opog pLvpLOL p-kv dvaipovvraL, ro bk Xolttov ttXyjOos 17S cGK^hdodrj (f>vyi]. Kal Fa/ScVio? iX6d>i' eh '\epoo6Xvpia rrpos ro WvriTidrpov ^ovXrip.a KareGrrjaaro rrjv TToXireLav. evdev oppLT^oa^ ^a^araLOju re p-axf) Kparel Kal Midpthdrr^v Kal ^OpGavrjV (f)vyovra? eV YldpOajv Kpv(j)a p,kv d7T€7T€pnp€V, vapd hk roLS GrpariojraL? eXeyev dTTohpavai. 179 (8) \\dv rovr oj KpdGGOS avroj 8ia8o;^o? iXddjv napaXapL^dvei ^vpiav. ovros el? rrjv inl T\dp6ov9 Grpareiav rov re dXXov rod ev 'XepoGoXvpoiq vaov )(Pvg6v Trdvra irepielXev Kal rd SiGXiXta rdXavra rjpev, (hv d7ieG\ero Flo/x 777)10?. hia^ds " Or " river-mouths." entrusted to the Jews cf.
For the charge of the
Ap.
ii.
river Nile
Q^.
'As Reinach remarks, this detail, which has no relevance tc Jewish history, shows that Josephus is abridging a genera history. The language, both here {Kpvcpa dw^TTfu-^ei') and 82
JEWISH WAR, For
this
I.
175-179
(
= axt.
xiv. 99-105)
campaign Hyrcanus and Antipater put
services entirely at his disposal.
their In addition to pro-
viding money, arms, corn, and auxiliaries, Antipater further induced the local Jewish guardians of the frontiers ° at Pelusium to let Gabinius through. His departure, however, was the occasion for a general commotion in Syria and Alexander, son of Aristobulus, heading a new Jewish revolt, collected a vast army and proceeded to massacre all Romans in the country. Gabinius was alarmed. He was already on the spot, news of the local disturbances having hastened his return from Egypt. Sending Antipater in advance to address some of the rebels he brought them over to reason. Alexander, however, had still ;
thirty thousand left
and was burning
for
action.
Gabinius, accordingly, took the field, the Jews met him, and a battle was fought near Mount Tabor, in which they lost ten thousand men the remainder fled and dispersed. Gabinius then proceeded to Jerusalem, where he reorganized the government in accordance with Antipater 's wishes. From there he marched against the Nabataeans, whom he fought and defeated. Two fugitives from Parthia, Mithridates and Orsanes, he privily dismissed, giving out to his soldiers that they had made their escape.** (8) The government of Syria now passed into the Crassus hands of Crassus, who came to succeed Gabinius. thelemp To provide for his expedition against the Parthians, -^^-^s b.c Crassus stripped the temple at Jerusalem of all its ^old, his plunder including the two thousand talents left untouched by Pompey.'' He then crossed the ;
the parallel A. xiv. 103 (ry 8e \6yui d-rredpaaau avrou), ' §§ 152 f. oased on Thuc. i. 128. in
'
is
'
83
i
JOSEPHUS
J
5^ Tov Kv(f)pdTrju av76v ov vvv Kacpos Xeyetv. Se fieTO. tov Kpdooov eVtSia80 (9) riap^ous"
^alvELV
eiV
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du€K07TT€V
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TrepLTToirjoari)v i-rxp-)^iav €L9 SLa(f)vyci)v. fiei'o? §' avTTjV eTTL 'louSata? rj-elyero, /cat Tapi/lev eXdjv €ls rpels
Xaia^
TTohiC^eTai, KTeivei 8e kol
^ovXov
pivpidhas ^lovhaicov dvhpaVieiOoXaov rovs 'A/jictto-
iTTLGUULardvra' rod (^owov Avrlrrarpo?. rovrio yrjfiavri yvvaiKa row i.7noriiX(x>v e^ Wpa^la?, KL'Trpoi^^ rovfOfjLa, reaaape? fiev vUls yivowrai, Oaactr^ Ao? Kal 6 ^aaiXev? avdis 'Wpo'jhiqs, Ttpos oig ''Xo'jarjTTOs Kal ^epojpas kol 'LaXojfJLr] 6vydrr]p
181 8e
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^
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182
eip^ojv, TTepl (Lv iv irepois epovfjiev. 183
(ix. 1) KaiGap 8e HofJiTT-qLOv Kal rrjs ovyKXr\rov (f}vy6vrcov VTrep t6v ^Iovlov 'PcofJLrjs Kal rcoi oXojv KparrjGas dvlrjGL jxkv r(Zv ScGficov rov 'Apto-rd-
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rd
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^
' "
84
i.fi.
8*
YiVpiav,
Hudson
:
KiiTf){.v
mss.
the Euphrates (^ 182). is not fulfilled; the corresponding phrase
This promise
JEWISH WAR,
I.
179-183
(
= ant.
xiv.
119-123)
Euphrates and perished with his whole army ; bur of those events this is not the occasion to speak. (9) After the death of Crassus the Parthians rushed Cassius ^^"^^ ^-"^ to cross the river" into Syria, but were repulsed by Cassius, who had made his escape to that province. Having secured Syria, he hastened towards Judaea, capturing Tarichaeae, where he reduced thirty thousand Jews to slavery and put to death Peitholaus, who was endeavouring to rally the partisans of Aristobulus. His execution was recommended by Antipater. Antipater had married a lady named Rise of ^^"^^''^ Gypros, of an illustrious Arabian family, by whom he had four sons Phasael, Herod afterwards king, Joseph, and Pheroras and a daughter, Salome. He had, by kind offices and hospitality, attached to himself persons of influence in every quarter above all, through this matrimonial alliance, he had won the friendship of the king of Arabia, and it was to him that he entrusted his children when embarking on war with Aristobulus. Gassius, having bound over Alexander by treaty to keep the peace, returned to the Euphrates to prevent the Parthians from crossing it. Of these events we shall speak elsewhere.'' (ix. 1) When Pompey fled with the Senate across Julius the Ionian Sea, Gaesar, now master of Rome and ^g^^c!^ the empire, set Aristobulus at liberty and, putting two legions at his service, dispatched him in haste
—
—
;
;
in bringing over
by his means to have no difficulty both that province and Judaea with
A. xiv. 122 is ws whether Josephus
in this
to Syria, hoping
in
Kal
vtt'
aWwu
SeSTjXwrat.
It is
uncertain
and kindred phrases, mainly
re-
lating to Parthia and the Seleucids, has thoughtlessly taken over a formula from his source, or whether he actually wrote, or contemplated writing, a work which has not come down to us.
85
.
JOSEPHUS 1S4
d^€o6ai.
^ovXov
(j)6dv€L 77
Trarpcva
o
d'
(hSovos
Kal
rrji^
Wptaro-
podviiiav koI to,? Kaicrapos" iXTrlBag' yovv dvaipedels vtto rojv rd IXofiTTrjiov
ttoXXov fiev ovhe rachi^s eV rfj H-^'^^X^^' eKeiTO Se jue'Atrt avu-
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'Avatpetrat
(2)
kol
Se
6 vlos ainov 'AAef ay-
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KaKeh'O? drroGrrdGa? rrjg WpLoro^ovXov yvvaLKO? WvrLyovov Kal rd? d3eA(/>a? avrov 77p6? dXov? hi* epojn yap.ei rrjv rov Ttaripa dv-qyayev Irepav^ Kal fierd ravB^ vrrd rod rrarpo? hC avrrjv Kr eiver ai' yafiei ydp YlroXepLaLO? rrjV 'AAe^dvhpav dveXdjv rov vlov Kal Std rov ydpLov /CTySefjLOVLKcijrepo? avro? rjv 7Tp6? rov? d3eA(^ous". (3) WvriTTarpo? 8e /uerd rviv Y\oii7Trjiov reXevrrjv p.era^d? idepdrtevev Kaloapa, /cciTreiS?) Mt-
186 7repL7T€L.
.
i&7
OpL^drrj? 6
n.€pyaiJ,rjv6?
rov
bvidfjieoj?
OLOv
ifx^oXdjv
iv
"Apa^a? ^€vo? *
"
PA
Heg-.
fjLed^
eipyopLevo? d)V :
rj?
rcuv
rjyev
eV
Kara to
AlyvTrYlr]Xov-
WoKdXojVL Karelx^ro, rov?
veunepav the rest (perhaps rightly).
Q. CaeciUus Metellus Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey
defeated by JuHus Caesar and governor of Syria battle of Thapsus i6 b.c. ;
86
re
€7T€lo€V €7TLKOvp-fJGai Kal avro?
at the
JEWISH WAR,
I.
184-187
(
= ant.
xiv.
124-128)
the surrounding country to his side. But the zeal of Aristobulus and the hopes of Caesar were thwarted
Poisoned by Pompey's friends,
by maHce.
it
was
Death of
long before Aristobulus obtained even burial in his native land the corpse lay preserved in honey until it was sent to the Jews by Antony for interment in the royal sepulchres. under and of son Alexander also perished (2) His Pompey's orders, he was beheaded at Antioch by ^^° ;
;
^
which he was accused of the which he had caused to the Romans. Alexander's brother and sisters were taken under the roof of Ptolemy,^ son of Mennaeus, prince of Chalcis Scipio," after a trial in injuries
Lebanon valley, who sent his son Philippion to Ascalon to fetch them. The latter succeeded in in the
tearing Antigonus and his sisters from the arms of Aristobulus's widow and escorted them to his father. Becoming enamoured of one " of the princesses, the
young man married her, but was subsequently slain by his father on account of this same Alexandra,
whom
Ptolemy, after murdering his son, married His marriage made him a more attentive guardian to her brother and sister. (3) Antipater, on the death of Pompey, went over When to his opponent and paid court to Caesar. Mithridates of Pergamus, with the army which he was leading to Egypt, was forbidden to pass the Pelusiac frontier^ and was held up at Ascalon, it was Antipater who induced his friends the Arabs to lend their assistance, and himself brought up an army of three himself.
Another reading " the younger." of the Nile." The authorities at Pelusium must have sent early notice refusing him a passage; Ascalon was six days' march from that mouth of the Nile {B. iv. 361 ff.). *
See
^
Or "arm
§
103.
"^
87
Services
Antipatei
^^^^^^ f°
48-47 b.c.
JOSEPHUS ^Xovhaiuju
etV rpiaxiXiov; OTrAiVa?. Kal tov? iv ^upia 8vuaT0vg irrl rr]v fjorjdeiav rou r' erroiKOV rov Ai^dvov I\roXeixaiou Kal ^Idfi^Xixou, 8t' oi)? at ravrrj 77oAetg 189 eTOL[j.aj<; GVV€(f)rnpauTO rov TToXeptov. Kal dappoji' -qSr) Trpooyevopiivr] hC ^AvtLyiidpiSaTri^ rfj varpov Ig\vl rrpog to IlrjXovoLOv i^eXavi'CL, koj-
ayoji'
rJK€i^
188 TTapcopurjueu
8e
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TO yap Kad^ avTOu pL^pog rov rdxov? hLappi\^a<; TTpoJTOS €10 €77 1'lhriOeV €tV T-qV TToXlV fieTCL 7(Zv OVl avTuj. 190
191
TO riT^Aot'atoi-' fieu IdXoj, Trpoow 6 (4) Kat avTou lovTa elpyov avBi^ ol ttju ^Ovlov vpooayopevofievTju \<jjpav KaTexouTes' rjoav 8e 'louSato. AlyVTTTLOL. TOUTOU? WuTLTTaTpOS OV fJiOUOU fir KcoXveiP €7T€io€u, dXXd Kal TCiTrtTT^Seta tv} ^vvd/j.^ TTapaoxeli^' oBev ovh€ ol Kara Me/^£i^ €tl el^
X^Xpa^ rjXdov, Ikovolol hk TrpooedevTO AJt^ptSarr^ KaKeluos rjdrj to Ae'Ara 7T€pt€Xdd>u avve^aXXci TOLS
XoLTTOL?
AlyvrTTLOis
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fidxi]i^
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o£
KaTa
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KLvhvv€VovTc
6'
avTOv iv TT] TTapaTd^ei ovv oXoj tco 8e|io K€paTL pb'erai TrepieXdoju AvTLTtaTpos napd to alyiaXov tov 7TOTap.ov- tojv yap /ca^' iavTO eKpaTeL to Xatou e^ojv Kepa^' eVreiTa TrpooTreooj TOt? biojKovoL Mt^ptSa'rr/i^ dveKT€iV€V ttoXXov? acq TOGOVTov Tovs KaTaXeiTTOfievov^ ibLw^ev fJL^xpt 6yho-qKOUT( (Ls Kal TO GTpaTOTTeSov avTojv iXelv. ^
192
"
Son of Sohemus {A.
xiv. 129), not the son of
Mennaeu
mentioned above (§ 185), though living in the same regior Nothing more is known of him and Jamblichus.
88
JEWISH WAR,
I.
187-192
= ant.
(
xiv. 128-135)
thousand Jewish infantry. It was he who roused in support of Mithridates persons so powerful in Syria as Ptolemy,** in his
Lebanon home, and Jambhchua
through whose influence the cities in those parts readily took their share in the war. Emboldened by the reinforcements which Antipater had brought him, Mithridates now marched on Pelusium, and, being refused a passage, laid siege to the town. In the assault it was Antipater again who won the for he made a breach in greatest distinction ; the portion of the wall which faced him and was the first to plunge into the place at the head of his troops.
but the conqueror's (4) Thus Pelusium was taken advance was again barred by the Egyptian Jews who occupied the district which took its name from Onias.* Antipater, however, prevailed on them not only to refrain from opposition, but even to furnish supplies with the result that no further refor the troops sistance was encountered even at Memphis, whose ;
;
inhabitants
voluntarily
joined
Mithridates.
The
having now rounded the Delta, gave battle to the rest of the Egyptians at a spot called " Jews' camp." In this engagement he, with the whole of his right wing, was in serious danger, when Antipater, victorious on the left where he was in command, wheeled round and came along the river bank to his Falling upon the Egyptians who were purrescue. suing Mithridates he killed a large number of them and pushed his pursuit of the remainder so far that he captured their camp. He lost only eighty of latter,
'^
^ For the Jewish temple built in Egypt by Onias, a refugee from Jerusalem, see B. vii. 421 tf. « A. " fifty."
^9
.
JOSEPHUS Be IjLOuov? tojv Iblcov aTre^aXev,
oKraKOoiovs
rfi TpoTTTJ TTepl
a^duKavo? ytVerat raw ^AvTLTrdrpov KaropdajfjidTcov iXTTiSa fidpTVs
193
'0 5e t6t€
(5)
Mt^ptSarT]? eV
/cat
oojBels S' avro? Trap'
.
Kaioapa
irpos
tov dvhpa rols eVatVoi? kol
fJL€V
rat? iX—LGLV etV toi)? VTrkp eavrov KwBvi'ovs eVeppojGev, if ol^ ttolglv Trapa^oXajrarog yei'Ofievog Kal 77oAAa rpcodelg 194 GcofiaTog
el^ev
Grjixela
TO.
tq
KaTaoTqGdfjievos
Kara
€'
rrj'i
ri)v
Kal dreXeia,
cf)LXo(f)povT]Geajg
(x.
eV-
dXXt]?
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/cat
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avrov eveKvpujGev 'YpKai'oj.
Kar' avro oe Kal ^Avrlyoi-os 6 WpLGTo-
1)
^ovXov
re
co?
'Pa>ijLaLOju
rfj
eveKev ^t^Acutop' eTroiiqGev, Kal be
dpxi-^poJGVvrjv 195
Trjg
avOtg he
dperfjg.
AtyvTrrov
avTjKev els Hvpiav, TToXi-eia re avrou
ibcDprjGaro
dyojvLGrrjS
oXov G)(€h6u tov
rov
TTpoq
Kai'crapa
Trapojv
ytVerat
irapa-
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Kal
^
Td8eX(})ou
TTepl
Kal
pLefjLcfyeGdaL
edi'os ei?
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rou
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wiJiorrjTa Trapa/jLL^au
rovroig 'TpKavoO Kal
rrapeXdow,
fierd
avTol hid Kopov
twv
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ojs
dheX(j)on>
77oAAd
yrjs,
e^v^pit,OLe\' ,
Kal
8'
1
TTdGr]^ et?
otl^
to ttju
GViipLa^io-v ovk eV evvoia ainaj dXXd Kara beos roju rrdXat SLa(j)opd)i/
AtyvTrTov
TTeiJUpeiau,
90
avrov
fiev
aTTeXavvoLev
els
Kar-qyopei
196 ^AvTLTTdrpou
jidnara
rrjv
6 S' inl
Trddos,
(j)6ovep6v
',
jjLrjbeu
',oOi'
LVRC.
»
5*071
LVR.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
192-196
(
= ant.
xiv.
135-140)
men Mithridates in the rout had lost about eight hundred. Thus saved beyond all expectation, Mithridates bore to Caesar's ears ungrudging witness of Antipater's prowess. (5) The praise bestowed by Caesar at the time on Honours the hero of the day and the hopes which it excited A°i?ii*paie spurred Antipater to further ventures in his service. Showing himself on all occasions the most daring of fighters, and constantly wounded, he bore the marks of his valour on almost every part of his person. Later, when Caesar had settled affairs in Egypt and returned to Syria, he conferred on Antipater the privilege of Roman citizenship with exemption from taxes, and by other honours and marks of friendship made him an enviable man. It was to please him that Caesar confirmed the appointment of Hyrcanus to the office of high-priest. (x. 1) About this time Antigonus, son of Aristo- Antigonv bulus, waited upon Caesar and. contrary to his inten- I'ji^tipate tions, became the means of Antipater's further before promotion. Antigonus ought to have confined himself to lamentation over his father's fate, believed to have been poisoned on account of his differences with Pompey, and to complaints of Scipio's cruelty to his brother,'^ without mixing up with his plea for compassion any sentiments of jealousy. But, not content his
;
with that, he came forward and accused Hyrcanus and Antipater. They had, he said, in utter defiance of justice, banished him and his brothers and sisters from their native land altogether they had, in their insolence, repeatedly done outrage to the nation they had sent supports into Egypt, not from any goodwill to Caesar, but from fear of the consequences ;
;
'^
§§
184
f.
91
.
JOSEPHUS Kal
Tov
7Tp6?
TTjv
SiXlaw 6.7ToaKeva}l,6-
nofJLTTTJiov
fievoi. 197
Tavd^
ripos"
(2)
6
^
Ai'TLTTarpo?
dTToppLiJjas
rrjv
eodrJTa to TrXijOog ineh^LKwev tCjv rpavfidrcou, Kal TTepl }i€v rrj
WvTiyoi'OV 8e OavfidCeLU
198 rrcovTO?'
wv
VLO?
'Pcofxaiajv
7ToX€f.LLOu
ttju
roXfiai',
'Pcofiaicow
Kal TO veojTepoTTOLO? etuai Kal avTOS TTarpojov e-)(Ojv, Trapd tco 'Pajfiaicuv 776701;
Karrjyopelv
Kal
irepcov
e7TLKe\€ipr]Kev
cl
Spaoraouohr]^
Kal
rjyefJLOvL
TT^Lpdrai
rvx^lv dyadov tlvos, Seow dyaTrdv otl frj- Kal yap vvv ecjiUodai TTpayadTcou ou tooovtov hC dTTopiav, aXX Iva 'louSat'ou? hiaoTaaidarj rrapeXBuw Kal XP''!' OTjTaL Kara rwv hovrtov raZs d(f)opiia'i^ 199
Tov-wv
(3)
Kalaap
dKovoas
'YpKai'oi^
d^Lcorepov
rrjg
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hvvaoreia? alpeaiv eScoKev.
be
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to) TLp-Yjoavri to fxeTpou ttj?
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200 €OTpafi{jL€va.
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8'
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6
fxev
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Kal
,
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fjL€u
817
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tqutq? Kalaap
eTreoTeXXev iv tco KaTreTcuAioj x'^P^X^^^^^' "^V^ '^^ avTov biKaioovvrj? o-qyi^iov Kal ttjs TarSpo? ioofi€uag^ dpcTTJg. 201
('!•)
^
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AuTLTTa-po? 8e Katoapa 'JouSat'ai^
€(V
'npo-ip.ilja<;
V77€OTp€ip€U.
Kal
eV Trys vpojroi
TO Telxo^ dueheifiaTO T-fjs 77a7/3t8o? vno flo/iKaTeoTpafipievov Kal tovs dvd T-qv ;(tupai OopV^OVS €.7TL<JJV KaT€GT€XX€U, d7T€LXr]Tr]^ dfia Ka>
pi€v
TT-qiov
^
Niese "
92
:
ecofj-(i'r)s
Or
or xao^f^oi'
" procurator.'
ms-^.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
196-201
(
= ant.
xiv.
141-156)
of old quarrels and to obliterate the memory of their friendship for Pompey. (2) At these words Antipater stripped off his clothes and exposed his numerous scars. His loyalty to
Caesar needed, he said, no words from him his it aloud, were he to hold his peace. But the audacity of Antigonus astounded him. The son of an enemy of the Romans, son of a fugitive from Rome, one who inherited from his father a passion for revolution and sedition, presuming to accuse others in the presence of the Roman general and looking for favours when he ought to be thankful to be alive Indeed (said Antipater), his present ambition for power was not due to indigence he wanted it in order to sow sedition among the Jews and to employ his resources against those who had provided them. (3) After hearing both speakers, Caesar pronounced Hyrcanus to be the more deserving claimant to the high-priesthood, and left Antipater free choice of office. The latter, replying that it rested with him who conferred the honour to fix the measure of the honour, was then appointed viceroy ° of all Judaea, He was further authorized to rebuild the ruined walls of the metropolis. Orders were sent by Caesar to Rome for these honours to be graven in the Capitol, as a memorial of his own justice and of Antipater's ;
body cried
!
;
caesar
A^j^^patei
and makt ^J jy^'^ea
**
valour. (4) After escorting Caesar across Syria, Antipater returned to Judaea. There his first act was to rebuild the wall of the capital which had been overthrown by Pompey. He then proceeded to traverse the country, quelling the local disturbances, and every^
In A. xiv. 144 this permission
is
given to Hyrcanus.
93
Antipate
govermru
of Judaea JJivn
ham
.
JOSEPHUS ovfjL^ovXo?
d)V
eKauTOLs,
OTL
^povovvr€S eV oX^co kol Kad^
ra
'YpKavov
}i€u
rjovxt-oa^
^Lojoovrai,
re Ihiojv KTrjixdrcov Kal kolvtjS €Lp-qvq<^ airoet he TTeidoLvro rats ipyxpal^ IXttlglv Tojv vecxjrepil^eLv IttI Kepheoiv olkclol? idcXovrojv, TCx)V
202 AauovTCS"
CWS" aVTOV T€ 7T€Lpd(JOVGLV OLVTi K'i'jSeflOVOS SeCTTTOT^p Kal 'YpKavov dvrl ^acrtAecu? rvpavvov, 'Pco^atofS" yc fJL-qv Kal KaLuapa TToXepLLOV? dvd^ -qyejiovcov Kal (jyiXojv ov yap dve^eoOai pLeraKLVOvpLevov eK rry? 203 apxT]? ov avrol Karearrjaav a/xa Se ravra Xeyojv Kal 8t' avrov Kadlararo rrjv ^copav, opwv rov *YpKav6v vajd-fj T€ Kal ^aaiXelag drovwrepov ^aadriXov pL€i> Si], row TralScov rov Trpeo^vrarov, 'lepoGoXvp^ow Kal row rrept^ urpariqyov KaBiorii)OLV, rov he ftcr' avrov 'Wpojhiqv IttI rols 'looi^ eareiXev els FaAtAatai^ Kopihfj veov. (o) '0 he d)V (fivaei hpaomjpLO? vXr]v evBeoJS 204 evpluKeL ro) (f)povT]pLarL. KaraXa^ojv ovv ^KCeKiav rov dp)(LXrj(jrrjv rd Trpooex^ '^fj ^vpia Kararpexovra pLerd peyiorov orlcjiovg, avrov re ovX2u5 Xaj^ojv dTTOKreivei Kal ttoXXovs rojv Xrjcrrwv. 6 hi] .
pdXiora roLS ^vpoLS rjydTrrjro^ Ke)(apLop,evov' vp,velro yovv dvd re rag Kcopca? Kal ev rats iroXeoLv avrolg Kal rag Kri]oeig eK rovrov Kal ^e^rcp KataapL yvcopipiog ovri ovyyeveZ rov pLeydXov KatGapog Kal hiOLKOvvrL rrjv ^vplav. rrpog he top dheX(f>6v evhoKLpuovvra Kal ^aod-qXog e(f)iXorLp,elro r7]v dyadrjv epiv, rovg ev rolg 'lepoaoXvpLoig ev'\\pojhy]s
cog
avaoeoojKOjg
2o>j
^
elpi]vriv
yU'erat
TjydirrjToconi. {c/.
the rest.
94
.
A.
j
S'
r)-fanr]aai')
:
qye'iTo
PAM
:
KarupduKi
JEWISH WAR,
I.
201-206
(
= ant.
xiv.
156-161}
where combining menaces with advice. Their support of Hyrcanus, he told them, would ensure them a prosperous and tranquil existence, in the enjoyment of their own possessions and of the peace of the realm. If, on the contrary, they put faith in the vain expectations raised by persons who for personal profit desired revolution, they would find in himself a master instead of a protector, in Hyrcanus a tyrant instead of a king, in the Romans and Caesar enemies instead of rulers and friends for they would ;
never suffer their own nominee to be ousted from his office. But, while he spoke in this strain, he took the organization of the country into his own hands, finding Hyrcanus indolent and without the energy necessary to a king." He further appointed his eldest son, Phasael, governor of Jerusalem and the environs the second, Herod,'' he sent with equal ;
authority to Galilee, though a mere lad. (5) Herod, energetic by nature, at once found Youthful material to test his metal. Discovering that Ezekias, herod h a brigand-chief, at the head of a large horde, was Galilee. ravaging the district on the Syrian frontier, he caught him and put him and many of the brigands to death. This welcome achievement was immensely admired by the Syrians. Up and down the villages and in the towns the praises of Herod were sung, as the This exploit, restorer of their peace and possessions. noreover, brought him to the notice of Sextus Caesar, I kinsman of the great Caesar and governor of Syria, c 47 b.c. [Phasael, on his side, with a generous emulation, vied His broti A^ith his brother's reputation he increased his popu- go^^e^nm I
;
An
incorrect term; Hyrcanus 'thnarch, A. xiv. 191, etc. " Herod the Great, whose history he remainder of this book. "
had only the fills
title
of
the greater part of
95
''^'^"**'^'
JOSEPHUS vovcrrepovs Kadtardfjieuo?, Kal 8*
rrjv ttoXlv fxrihkv
207 i^v^pitcxjv
avrov
8t*
d77etpo«:aAtci? et? T-qv
/i,ev
evdev^ ^AwTLTrdrpco depaTreia re
.
excov
i^ovulav r^v
€k
rov edwovg ^aaiXtKrj /cat rLjjbal Trapd ttclVtcov cos" beoTTorrj tujv oXcjv ov purju avro^ rrj? -npos 'Tp/ca208
(6)
8'
WiJ.-q)(avov
evTrpayiais
eV
(f)d6vov
8ia-
'\pKav6? yovv rjBrj fiev /cat /ca^' eauroi^ eSaKuero, Tyau;^,^ TT-po? TO /cAe'os' toji^ veavioKOJV fidXiGTa 8' iXv7T€L rd 'HpcoSov Karopdd>pLara Kal KTjpvK^s irtdXXiqXoi rrjc Kad^ €KaoTOV evSo^iag (j)vy€LV.
ttoXXol 8e rcbv iv rols ^aoiXeioL^
7TpoGTpe)(ovre?. •
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of?
to iQ>v nalhudv ^ to
-q
209 ^ \vT\.-ndrpov oojf^poviKOV TTpooioTaro, Xeyovres ojs ^
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Trapaxouprjoas
KaOetoLTO rovpopia p.6vov ^aacAe't/Jb €xojv ep-qpLOv i^ovatas. /cat p-^xpt- tov^ TrXavrjdy]oeraL /ca^' iavrov ^aatXeis €7TLTpe(f)wv ; ovSe Trpaypidrajv
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yap €.lp(jDV€V€odai rr^v iTTirpoTT-qv avrovg CTt,
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OVK 210
€
(7) /cat
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Vipdjhrjv. cLKpiTovs
6 8e -
Dindorf
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eKprj^ag
inTfitjiv p. '
96
Kard puKpov T^Xevralov
:
/cat
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e/caAet Kptdr)
tou irarpos Trap
Destinon aKpirua
:
3iss.
irov mss.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
206-210
(
= ant
xiv.
161-169)
with the intiabitants of Jerusalem, and kept the city under control without any tactless abuse of Antipater, in consequence," was courted authority. by the nation as if he were king and universally honoured as lord of the realna. Notwithstanding larity
Hyrcanus and his loyalty to him underwent no change. (6) But it is impossible in prosperity to escape envy. The young men's fame already caused Hyrcanus a secret pang. He was vexed in particular by Herod's successes and by the arrival of messenger after messenger with news of each new honour that he had won. His resentment was further roused by a number of malicious persons at court, who had this, his affection for
,
taken offence at the prudent behaviour either of Antipater or of his sons. Hyrcanus, they said, had abandoned to Antipater and his sons the direction of affairs, and rested content with the mere title, without the authority, of a king. How long would he be so mistaken as to rear kings to his own undoing ? No longer masquerading as viceroys, they had now openly declared themselves masters of the seeing that, without state, thrusting him aside either oral or written instructions from Hyrcanus, Herod, in violation of Jewish law, had put all this large number of people to death. If he is not king but still a commoner, he ought to appear in court and answer for his conduct to his king and to his country's laws, which do not permit anyone to be put to death without trial. (7) These words ffraduallv inflamed Hyrcanus \ ., c u J until at last, in an explosion or rage, he summoned Herod to trial. Herod, on his father's advice, and
Hyrcanus
"gli'ifsV Herod anr his family
;
;
.
1
,
.
^
«
VOL.
II
Or
" Ihienceforth."
E
97
Herod's trial
and
acquittal.
JOSEPHUS aivovvro? Kal tojv irpayiidrajv hthovrcov Trapp-qaiav FaAt(jypovpals hiaXa^cjv rrporepou rrjv
dvT^ei,
Xaiau.
be /xerd Kaprepov^
7J€L
wg
ori(j)ov<;,
KaraXveiu ho^eieu 'YpKavov aBpau' dycov 211
yvfxvo? efxTreooL to)
{JL-qre
oap SeLoag dpols
Trddr],
d77oXrj(j)deLS
rovs TTapayyeXovvTag S-qv
-717?
-qydTTa
p.€vos,
212
(8)
Xews
Kat
77e/Li77et
6
.
'YpKavov
kqt'
Xeyovreg
Kal
OLTToXveLV
'Hpoj-
Kal dXXa>g
cvpfx-q-
d7T0iprj(j)LL,€raL.
dKOvros rod ^aotAafxaaKOu dvexd)pr]oev 77 pos
et?
^e^TOv, rrapaoKeva^ofxevos Kal
'YpKavov
77/30?
VTroXafj-^Bdvajv
hLa(l)vy€LV
KaXovvTL.
Se
yap 'Upcohijv,
o?
Trapa Tolg e^'
tl
ixiq
biapprjb-qi'
Slktis
(f)OVLKrj'i
Se'^ro? 8e Kat-
cjidovo).
veavia,
ro)
rrepl
piT]re
bvvafj.Lv
TrdXiv
ol
vrraKovoai
Trapw^vvov rov OL)(^eodaL rov 'Hpcobiqv
re
opyrjv
avdi?
oi35'
7rovT)pol
TiapeoKevaofievov
/car' avrov' ttl^aoiXevs ovk elxev 6 n xprj Spdv, a»s enel be vtto Sefrot 213 edjpa fieilova tov hid
OTevojv
8' o
Kal HapapeiaSy ov fiovov re Kar* evvoiav rr)v ck rov edvov? dXXd Kal Swdfj-ec (f)0^ep6? rjv, els eaxo^^ov heovs Karerreaev
rrpoohoKwv 214
(9)
Kat
eV
avrov
ov
bLYjfxaprev
Kar^ opyrjv rrjg
'Wpd>hrj<£
arparidv ddpoiaas Xvoojv
rov *
*
98
'YpKavos^,^ ooov ovttoj
6pfn']GeLV fxerd orparids.
errl
'YpKavov.
ri]g
rrepl
e]
apK(7ov conj. Destinon {A.
LVRC:
XapLTrpaf
PAM.
»
\\
yap
Slktjv dTTeiXi]?
'lepoooXv/juxjv
Kav
6
ol-qoeojs' rrjv
rjyev
rovro
Kara-
rroL-noas,
dTroxpcDToy).
ins.
P: om. the
rest.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
210-214
(
= ant.
xiv.
169-180)
with the confidence which his own conduct inspired, went up to the capital, after posting garrisons throughout Galilee. He went with a strong escort, calculated to avoid, on the one hand, the appearance of wishing to depose Hyrcanus by bringing an overwhelming force, and, on the other, the risk of falling unprotected a prey to envy. Sextus Caesar, however, fearing that the young man might* be isolated by his adversaries and meet with misfortune, sent express orders to Hyrcanus to clear Herod of the charge of manslaughter. Hyrcanus, being inclined to take that course on other grounds, for he loved Herod, acquitted him.<* (8) Herod, however, imagining that his escape was contrary to the king's wishes, retired to join Sextus it Damascus, and made ready to refuse compliance The knaves at court con:d a second summons. :inued to exasperate Hyrcanus, saying that Herod lad departed in anger and was prepared to attack The king believed them, but knew not what lim. ;o do, seeing his adversary to be more than a match But when Sextus Caesar proceeded to or himself. ippoint Herod governor of Coele-Syria and Samaria, md he was now doubly formidable owing to his )opularity with the nation and his own power, hyrcanus was reduced to consternation, expecting ivery moment to see him marching upon him at the lead of an army. Herod, (9) Nor was he mistaken in his surmise. urious at the threat which this trial had held over him, T toUected an army and advanced upon Jerusalem to lepose Hyrcanus. This object he would indeed have
11
«
1
In J. xiv. 177 Hyrcanus merely adjourns the Herod to escape.
1
trial
His
"^I^"^2? retaliation
forestalled
and
idvises
99
-r
'^
JOSEPHUS €t
fiT]
77
poe^eXOour eg 6 re
-rrarrip
kol 6 dSeA^os
€K\aaav avrov rrju opfi-qv TrapaKoXovvreg [/cat] avTOv a7:€iXfi Koi avardaet pLOurj fxerprjoai tt^i dfjLwav, (f)€LGaa6aL Se rov ^acriAecu?, l-^' ov pi^xp TOGavrrj? hwdpLetog TrporjXBev heiv re, et KXrjdeh €771 dLKrjV Trapoj^vvrai, Kal rrepl rijg d(f>eo€Ojg €V XapLarelv Kal pLrj -rrpog fieu to GKvBpojTTOv dTravTav el 8e 8? 215 77€pt 8e TTj? oojTi-jpia? d^dpiGrov etvai. XoyLGTeoi' ecr) Kal rroXefiov poTrds ^paBeveoda vrjg <6e(jj>, deojprjreov^ elvai Grpareias^ n dhiKOv. bid hrj Kal rrepl rrjc VLKrjS ov \prjvaL^ Kad dirav eveXiTLV elvai, GvpL^aXeZ iieX}\ovTd ye^ ^aGiXel Kal Gvi'TpoSco Kal TToXXdKig p.ev evepyerfi XO-XeTTcp be ovheiTOTe, -nXrjU ogov TTOvqpols GVpL ^ovXoLS ;^pt(S/xei'os' eTrtGeioeiev avroj GKLdv dSiKij fiaros. TTeideraL tovtols 'Wpojhrjig v7roXaf3dw ei rag iXTTiSag avrapKe? elvai Kal to ttjv lgxv eTTihei^aGdai to) eOvet. 216 (10) Kdv TOVTco yiveTai Trepl WTrdf-ieiav Tapax 'Pc/j/xatojv Kal TToXepiOS epL(j)vXLOS, Kat/ctAtou /x€ BaaaoLJ hid ttjv elg IlopLTT-qLOV evvoiav hoXo
errl
217 p,€Td
TLpLOjpia
Trdo-rj^
ttjs
tov
Bacrcraj
(f)6vov
olg Kal
SvvdpLeojg.
GvpL^aXovTa bed tov di
tov TreptovTa KaiGapa, (hiXoi ijprjfji,evov Kal bid ovTag dp.(hoTepov£y 6 WvTLTTaTpog bid rcui/ Traiba eTTepLipev GvpLfj.axLO.viJ.rjKViop.evov be tov 77oA< ^
om. VC.
*
6eu,
6iQ. '
*
VC
Destinon xPl PAM.
100
conj. after Aldrich (assimilation to A. ). arpaTias mss.
dfuopriTfOi'
t\'.'iov
:
:
deup-qriov
PAMLF
\
•
Bekker:
re .ms3.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
214-217
(
= ant.
xiv. 181 ff.-216f.)
had not his father and brother meet him and mollified his rage. They implored him to restrict his revenge to menaces and intimidation, and to spare the king under whom speedily achieved, in time to
gone out
he had attained to such great power. Indignant as he might be at the summons to trial, he ought on tlie other hand to be thankful for his acquittal after facing the black prospect of condemnation," he ought not to be ungrateful for escaping with his life. Moreover, if we are to beheve that the fortunes of war are in the hands of God, the injustice of his present campaign ought to be taken into consideration. He should not, therefore, be altogether confident of success, when about to make war on his king and companion, frequently his benefactor, never his oppressor, save that, under the influence of evil counsellors, he had menaced him with a mere shadow Df injury. To this advice Herod yielded, thinking that he had satisfied his expectations for the future jy this exhibition of his strength before the eyes of ;
**
:he nation.
at Apamea the Romans had War of on their hands leading to civil war. Caecilius mur'rer^of 3assus, out of devotion to Pompey, assassinated f^^^^^ 5extus Caesar and took command of his army 46 b.o. vhereupon Caesar's other generals, to avenge the nurder, attacked Bassus with all their forces. \ntipater, for the sake of his two friends, the de;eased and the surviving Caesar, sent them rein(10)
Meanwhile
•.rouble
;
brcements
under
his
sons.
The
war
dragged
" For TO (TKvdpwirbv in this sense cf. A. ii. 156 (opposed o acquittal), and B. i. 542. * Or perhaps, with the other reading, " the injustice [of lis
case]
might outweigh an army."
101
JOSEPHUS MovpKO?
fiov
OLTTO
fieu
TT]S
'IraAia?
Witigt lov^
napayiverai 8taSo;(o?. 218
(xi. 1) TiVVLGraraL 8e 'Poj^atot? /caret tovtov Tov Kaipov 6 fieyas rroX^fio?, KaoGiov Kal BpovTov^ Kreivdvrcov So/\a> Kataapa, Kara^xoi^Ta rrju
^PXW €77t
^*'^'
TU)
^^V
'^P^^
'^'ct^
piTJvas
oiaoBevTUJv TUiv hvvarCjv
imd.
KLvrjixaros
yevofjuevov
<j)6vi^
e/cacrros"
fieyioTov 8 Kal Siaora-
iXTrloiv olKelai^
Kal Stj Kal KdoGLO? €tV Hvpiav KaraXriipofievo? rag rrepi evOa BacrCTO) re "SlovpKOi 219 ^ At: d pie Lav hwdp^eisKal TO. SL€(jTa)Ta ray/xara SiaAAa^a? iXevOepo'i 8 ^ATrdpLeiav rrjs TToXiopKias y rjyovpbevos fjLcv Ixojpei
avTOs
TTpos
rrjs
o
VTreXdj^lSavev,
ovjjLcf^epeLV
arparids
(j>opoXoya)u rds
iTT'^et
ttoXels
Kal TTapd Svi'apLiu ra? elorrpd^eL? 7TOLOvp,€vo?. elaeveyKeh 'louSatoi? 8e Kal (~) KeXevodev 220 eTTTaKooia rdXavra, 8eiaa? 'AvTiTTarpos" tt^i^ ciTrct At^j/ tov KaaoLov roTs re vlots SielXev eloTrpdrreu rd )(p-qfjLaTa Kai riaiv dXXoi? rcov iTTLT-qheiojv Kan rd)(o?, ev otg Kal ^laXl^^ tlvI tcov hia(j)6p(x>v TTpojTOS 8' diTepieiXi 221 OUTOJ? 7]7T€Ly€V Tj di'dyKT]
w
.
^aro KdooLov *HpojSr]? ttjv iavrov pLoXpav ck rrjTaXiXata? KopLtaas eKarov rdXavra, Kal hu Tovro iv roZs p^dXtora (f)lXo? rju. rous" 8e Xolttov ^pahvrfjra KaKiaas avracs idupLovro rat €tV yovv Kal 'A/^/xaow Kal Sv* 222 TToXeuLv. r6(f)i'a €Tepas Tojv Ta7T€LVOT€pcov €^avhpa7TohLodp.€VOS ^X^ ^ Lat. Antistius Vetiis, who besieged Bassus ( = C. Apamea before the arrival of Murcus, Dio Cass, xlvii. 27) avri Kaaalov P: di'rt KeaTiou A "Li^Tov the rest (apparentl'
ii
:
from
2
./. I). "
102
See
+6.u}
critical note.
PAMC.
^
«
JEWISH WAR, on
and
Murcus
I.
217-222
arrived
(
= ant.
from
xiv. 270-275)
Italy
to
succeed
Antistius.** (xi. 1) At Romans broke
this
time
the
great
war
of
the
out, arising out of the death of Caesar,
treacherously murdered by Cassius and Brutus after holding sovereign power for three years and seven months.^ This murder produced a tremendous upheaval leading men split up into factions each joined the party which he considered would best serve his personal ambitions. Cassius, for his part, went to Syria to take command of the armies con^entrated round Apamea. There he effected a reconciliation between Murcus and Bassus and the Dpposing legions, raised the siege of Apamea, and, Dutting himself at the head of the troops, went 'ound the towns levying tribute and exacting sums »vhich it was beyond their ability to pay. (2) The Jews received orders to contribute seven lundred talents. Antipater, alarmed at the threats )f Cassius, to expedite payment distributed the task )f collection between his sons and some of his icquaintance, including so urgent was the necessity )f the case one of his enemies named Malichus. Jerod was the first to bring his quota the sum
war
Civil
oKuihis"^^ Caesar
;
;
Cassius in exactions?
—
—
—
—
from Galilee, thereby one hundred talents ppeasing Cassius and being regarded as one of his )est friends. The rest Cassius abused for dilatoriless and then vented his wrath on the cities themf
elves. ess
Gophna,
importance
"
Emmaus and two other places of he reduced to servitude. He was
" 3 years and 6 months," A. xiv. 270. From the battle Pharsalia (9 August 48) to 15 March 44 the period was jst over 3 years and 7 months. Lydda and Thamna, A. xiv. 275. **
f
103
0^'
.
J0SEPHU5 p€L
fJL€v
Kal Ma/^t;^o^• dvaiprjoajv, otl
cu?
fir)
rovrov Ttuv aAAojv TToXeoju dTTivXetav WvrLTrarpo^ iKarov raXavroLs dcpa—evGag KdcjGLOi'.
aag €iG€77pa^ev,
223
Ov
(3)
70V
Se
p.r]v
y^dpiTos
rrj^
MaAt;^o?
07T€V-
/cat
rr/i^
ra)(€a)^
Kacrcrtou
dvaxcop'^joavro?
WvTiTTdrpa), Kara im^ovXriU iveaK€vd-
TToXXdKLS
ocurrjpo?
dj-'eAeti^
ovTa-
.
opKotg
€Kyor]revGa5
varepa
Treidet
rrdrpov
Gajterat
SiaAAa/cra?
yiveGdai.
ecf)'
of?
rrdXiv
TreLGavrog
orpaTrjyovvra 'Lvplag, 6?
avroj
yovv
}>\ovpKOU
irpo? vtt^
rov
ojpp.rjTo Kreivai
roi
Wvtl-
ron
}s\dXi-)(^o\
eveojTepiuev
tov vrpo? KdaGLOv Kal Bpov KaLGapi re toj veoj kol Wptowlo. KaGGLog Kal MovpKOS GTpaTidv ddpoiGavTeg eV T7)c Zt'pt'as-, eTTeihT] p-^ya pepo? els tq? XP^'-'^ Wpojhri^ edo^e, Tore p.ev avrou Supta? aTrdGrjempeXiQTrjP KadiGTaGiv hvvap.iv Treliju re Ka irrmKrjv SoVres", perd he rrjv rov rroXepov Kard (4-)
TOV
22t"^
rr)u
dTrejJLvrjijLovevaev
G7T€vScov
dSiKTJpLaGLi'
225
Se
tov IpLTTohiov avrov roU WvTiTraTpos Se '^'rjv re ta;(t'i Kal TO TTavovpyov rdvhpo^ VTroSelaa? biaBaLvei rov ^lopbduTjU, orparou ddpoLGtoi' eh rr^v rr}? em^ovXrj^ dfivvav (^tupaOel? he WdXi^os dvaiheia TcJjp WvTLTrdrpov rratSajv -epiyiveraL- tov re yap 'lepoGoXvfiojv 4>povp6v ^aGdrjXov Kal 'Wpojhrji TreTTiGTevfjLevov rd orrXa rroXXalg dTToXoyiaLS Kat Lero
224
eVe'cr^'Ci'
T^vG-rdv-ro^ he
TToXefjLov
XvGLV aTTohei^eLv KacTcrtos' vrreGxero Kal 'louSataBaaiXea. Gvve^-q 6' ^ AvTiTrdTpcv Trju re lgxvv toi TTaLdog Kal TTjv iXiriha alriav aTzcuAeia? yeveGdai " Or perhaps *' out of consideration for the large par which H. had played in rendering assistance." The un
104
JEWISH WAR,
I.
222-226
(
= ant.
xiv. 276-280)
proceeding so far as to put Malichus to death for but Antipater tardiness in levying the tribute saved both his life and the other cities from destruction, by hastily propitiating Cassius with a gift of a ;
hundred talents. (3) However, on the departure of Cassius, Malichus, far from remembering this service of Antipater, concocted a plot against the man who had often saved his life, impatient to remove one who was an Antipater, dreading the man's strength and cunning, crossed the Jordan to Malichus, :ollect an army to defeat the conspiracy. though detected, succeeded by effrontery in outvvitting Antipater's sons for Phasael, the warden of Jerusalem, and Herod, the custodian of the armoury, cajoled by a multitude of excuses and oaths, consented to act as mediators with their father. Once igain Antipater saved Malichus by his influence with Vlurcus, who when governor of Syria had determined put him to death as a revolutionary. (4) When the young Caesar and Antony declared var on Cassius and Brutus, Cassius and Murcus levied m army in Syria, and, regarding Herod's future issistance as a great asset," appointed him then and here prefect ^ of the whole of Syria, putting a force )f horse and foot at his disposal Cassius further )romising on the termination of the war to make lim king of Judaea. These powers and brilliant xpectations of the son proved in the end the occasion Dbstacle to his malpractices.
;
;
ertainty arises from the absence of a verb [yevrjaecrdai as in XV. 264, or 7ei^ecr^atas i6.307). The addition, avfx^€0\rj(T9oL:, n cod. C is a gloss, due to misunderstanding of the Latinism lagna pars. Or " procurator " A. says " governor of Coele-Syria,"
1.
**
;
less
considerable and more probable appointment.
VOL.
II
e2
105
Antipater
by Malichus.
JOSEPHUS ravra yap Setaa? d MaAi;^o?
hLa(l)deip€i Tti^a tojv
^aoiXiKoju oli'oxoow ;YpT7/xacrtv Sovi'ai (fxipfiaKov * AvTLTrdrpcp. kol 6 fxeu ayajvLopLa rrj? MaAt;i^0L' TrapavopLta? yevopievo? pLera to avpLrroGLOV dvrjOKei, rd T€ dXXa Spaar-qptog dvrjp Iv d(^riyiqo€L vpayfiarcou Kal rrjv dp)(rju dvaKrtiodpLevo? re 'YpKavco /cat
227
hLa(j)vXd^a
MaAt;^o? Se KaO^ VTrovotav rrj? cfiappLaKelag TO TrXrjdog dpi'ovpL€vo? ^Treidev /cat hviarwrepov iavrov KaT€GK€val€u ottXIt as ovyKpordjv ov yap r]p€p,i]G€LV 'HpcvSrjv vTreXdpi[3av€Vy Srj Itti Kal TTaprju avrtKa o-rparov dyow OS" (5)
opyi^6pi€vov
228 TLpLcvpia
rod
Trarpos.
Oaaav^Aou Se
rdS€X(f)ov
rov dvopa pLeriei'aL, hiaGraGidGeiv yap to ttXtjOos, Tore puev a7ToXoyovpL€v6v r€ TtpoGUrai rov MaAt;^ov /cat riis VTTovoias drroXveiv cvpLoXoyei, XapLTrpdv de TTOpLTrr^v crupLpovXevGavTos
€77t
229
rep
(6) pLevrjv
rrarpl
Tpanelg
avrqj
/crySeta? 8'
pLTj
(f)av€pa)S
lreXeG€v.
eVt 2a/xa/D£tav CTTaoet rerapay-
KareGTi'^oaro rrjv ttoXlw €7T€ira /ca^' iopr-qv
'lepoGoXvpLa rovs OTrXiras dyow. 'YpKavoSj evrjyev yap hehoiKOJS rr)V e(j)ohov MaAt;(os", eKOjXvev rovs dXXovXovs eiGayayelv e
els
TrepLTTOJv
.
106
JEWISH WAR,
I.
226-230
(
= ant.
xiv. 281-288)
of his father's destruction. For Malichus, taking alarm, bribed one of the royal butlers to serve poison to Antipater. Thus, a victim of the villainy of Malichus, Antipater expired after leaving the banquet^a man of great energy in the conduct of affairs, whose crowning merit was that he recovered and preserved the kingdom for Hyrcanus. (5) Malichus, being suspected of poisoning him, appeased the indignant populace by denial, and
strengthened his position by mustering troops. For he never supposed that Herod would remain idle, and in fact the latter appeared forthwith at the head of an army to avenge his father. Phasael, however, advised his brother not to proceed to open vengeance on the scoundrel, for fear of exciting a popular riot. Herod, accordingly, for the moment accepted Malichus's defence and professed to clear him from suspicion. He then celebrated with splendid pomp the obsequies of his father. (6) Samaria being distracted by sedition, Herod betook himself thither, and, after restoring order in the city, set out on the return journey to Jerusalem, then keeping festival, at the head of his troops, [nstigated by Malichus, who was alarmed at his approach, Hyrcanus sent orders forbidding him to ntrude aliens upon the country-folk during their Deriod of purification. Herod, scorning the subterfuge and the man from whom the order came, entered by night. Malichus again waited on him ind wept over Antipater's fate. Herod, scarce able At :o restrain his wrath, dissembled in his turn. :he same time he sent a letter to Cassius, deploring ;he murder of his father. Cassius, who had other grounds for hating Malichus, replied, " Have your
107
43 b.c.
Herod's
^janchu"'^
.
JOSEPHUS rev (f)ou€a rov Trarpo? ayreTrtCTret'Aa? Kal Totb vcf) lavTov yLXtdpxoL? XdOpa Trpooera^eu 'l^pcoSrj ^orj f^elv €LS Trpd^LV hiKaiav 231 (7) Ka7retST7 AaoSiVetai' €.X6vto<s avrov avvfjaai' Gi 7TavTa\69€v hwaroi Scupea? re kol ore^dvov €pour€g, 'Hpoj87]g fjLCU tovtou rf/ rifxajpia rou Kaipov d(f)(jjpLG€v, MdAt;^o? he VTro-Tevoas, cLs e Tipoj ytVeVai, tou re vlov ofjLTjpevovra Ttapd rol TvpioL? VTTe^ayayelv eyvoj XdOpa Kal avro? el 232 TT^v ^lovhaiau Trap aTTohpavai r:apeGKevdt,eTO. (L^vvev 5' avrov rj rijg otorripias drroyvojOLS evdv fieladaL Kal p.eilova- ro re yap edvo? eTravaori]aeiv 'PajpLacoLS TiXTnoeVy Ixaaoiov rcu rrpo? ^AvnovLcv TToXefiw TTepLOTTojyievov, Kal ^aatXevaeLV avros 233
'XpKavov KaraXvoag eu/xapcu?. 8' dpa re xpediv avrov rals (8) ^E.7T€yeXa eXTrioLV. 6 yovv ^Wpajh-qs TTpoLdofievog avrov rrji cpfirjv rov re 'YpKavov KaKeivov IttI helTrvov eKaXety
TTapearcora §' erretra
avrov
elueTTep^ipev
cLs
rwv
OLKerujv rivd 77p6c
eVt rrjv rov heiTTVOv Trapa-
OKevTjv, ro) be ovri TrpoeiTrelv
rot? ;(tAtap;^ot9
e'^-
KaKelvoi rcov Kaooioi 77 poor ay iidra>v dvapLvrjaOevres errl rov npo rrji TToXecjs alyiaXov e^ijeoav ^L(t)ripeL<;, evBa Ttepiordvres rov y\dXi\ov ttoXXoIs rpavp-aoLV dvaipovoLV
234 eXQelv
*^
eirl
rrjv
pKavog he
evehpav.
Trapaxpyjp-o.
fxev
Xvdel?^
vri"
eKTrXvi-
^€01? eTreaev, (xoXig he dveveyKOJV 'lr{pa}hr]v hnqpajra 235
ri<;
6
Kreiva?
elrj
rLVog rojv ^^iXidp^cov
Kaccrio? p.ov
oojCei
elre
he
108
dpa,'
rov
y\dXL)(Ov. drroKpaapLevov ht " to \\aooLOV TrpoGrayfxa,'
^cjjrj,
" Ka/ie
diiorepa>v
Kal
rr)v
€7tl(^ovXov
'YpKavo? ovroj^
eW^
Ttarpiho dveXcov.'
vtto
heovi
JEWISH WAR,
I.
230-235
(
= ant.
xiv.
288-293)
revenge on the murderer." and gave secret orders to the tribunes under his command to lend Herod aid in a righteous deed. (7) When Cassius took Laodicea, and the grandees from all parts of the country flocked to him with gifts and crowns, Herod fixed on this as the moment MaHchus had his suspicions, and on for his revenge. reaching Tyre resolved to effect the secret escape of his son, then a hostage in that city, while he made tiis own preparations to fly to Judaea. Desperation he stimulated him to conceive yet grander schemes bad dreams of raising a national revolt against the Romans, while Cassius was preoccupied with the war against Antony, of deposing Hyrcanus without difficulty, and of mounting the throne himself. Herod, divin(8) But Destiny derided his hopes. ng his intention, invited him and Hyrcanus to supper, ind then dispatched one of his attendant menials :o his house, ostensibly to prepare the banquet, in ;
the tribunes to come out for the the orders of Cassius, :hey came out, sword in hand, to the sea-shore in Vont of the city, and there, surrounding Malichus, itabbed him through and through to death. Hyrcanus From sheer fright instantly swooned and fell when Drought, not without difficulty, to himself, he asked 'eaiity to instruct
imbuscade.
Remembering
;
whom Malichus was killed. One of the " Then," rribunes replied " By Cassius's orders." ^aid Hyrcanus, " Cassius has saved both me and my
Herod by
country, by destroying one who conspired against joth." Whether he expressed his real opinion or »
iKKvOels C.
109
JOSEPHUS
236
dXXa ofjioae rfj Trpd^ei \ujpojv elrrev, aS'qXov "^v. yap WdXixov fikv ovtcos 'Wpojb-qs {.lerrjXdev. (xii. 1) Kaaalov Se dvaxcjopi^aavrog eV Supi'a? ordoig
TTaXiv
iv
'lepocroXvfjLOL?
yiverai,
^erd (jrparidg iTravaordvros ^aua-qXco
"EAt^os" /cat
Kara
^\aXixov TLpuajpiav dpLVveadai deXovros 'HpwSrj^ Se ervx^v *}JpcuSrjv etV Tov dSeA^dv. fiev a)v Trapd Oa^t'oj tco arpanqyoj Kara Aa/xaGKou, ojppnqfiei'os ^o-qdelv vtto vogov KarSe 237 elx^ro. Kau rovrco ^aodrjXo? Kad^ eavrov "EAt/co? 7Tepiy€v6pLevos 'YpKavov cuvetSi^ev etV dxo-p^oriav a)v T€ "KXlkl av/jLTrpd^etev, /cat on rrepLopcor] roi^ dSeA(^ov' Tov yiaXixov rd <j)povpia Ka-raXapL^dvovra TToXXd yap Stj^ KarelX-qTrro /cat ro Trdvrwv dxvpojTarov MaCTCtSay. 238 TrpoT rrjv 'HpoSSou /3tai (2) Ov fjLrjv avroj rjpKecrev, o? dvappcoGdel? rd re dXXa rrapaXajJi^dv€L /cd/cetvov e/c rrj? MacrdSa? iKenqv d(f)rJK€V i^-qXauev he /cat e/c rrjs FaAtAata? Mapta>i^a roi Tvpiojv rvpawov tJSt) rpia KareGX'rjKora rcov epvfidrcoUy Tovg Se Xrj(f)devras Tvptovg eaojorei^ fiei Trdvra?, rjaav S* ov? /cat Sajprjudfxcvo? drreTref-Hpev evvotav lavTO) Trapd ri]? TroAeco? /cat toj rvpavva 239/At(TOS' 7rapaGK€val,6iJL€vo? 6 8e Maplajv tj^lcotc fjLev rrj? rvpavviSog vtto Kacro-iou rvpawiuLV Trduai StaAa/Sov'Tos" rrjv Hvpiav, Kara 8e to tt/jos" 'Hpo)Sr]v exOo? cruyKarrjyayev Avriyovov rov 'Aptcrro^ovXov, Kal TO TrXeov Std ^d^tov, ov ^Avrlyovos XP'rjpiaGiv TTpoGTroL-qodfJievo? ^orjdov etx^v ttjs KaOTTjv
VTrkp
n
.
^
68ov x^PT/^^ /xatos"
^
^'
^^ aTidpTajv 6 K-qhear-q? IlroAe-
AvTLyovo). 1
110
^077
LVRC.
^
JEWISH WAR,
I.
235-239
(
= ant.
xiv. 293-298)
from fear acquiesced in the deed, was uncertain. Be that as it may, thus was Herod avenged on Mahchus. (xii. 1) The exit orCassius ironrSyria was followed 42 b.c. by a fresh outbreak at Jerusalem. A certain Helix, Revolt of ^^^^'^^ with a body of troops, attacked Phasael, wishing to punish Herod, through his brother, for the chastisement which he had inflicted on Malichus. Herod at the time was with Fabius the Roman general at Damascus, where, though impatient to lend his aid, he was detained by illness. Meanwhile Phasael, unassisted, defeated Helix and reproached Hyrcanus for ingratitude both in abetting the rebel and in allowing the brother of Malichus to take possession of the fortresses. Quite a large number of these had been taken, including Masada, the strongest of all. (2) But nothing could avail the captor against the Herod might of Herod. Once restored to health, he re- advTrsarie covered the other forts and ousted him from Masada, a supphant for mercy. He hkewise expelled from Galilee Marion, the despot of Tyre, already master of three of the strongholds. The Tyrians whom he took some he even sent prisoners, he spared to a man away with presents, to procure for himself the favour of the citizens and for the tyrant their hatred. Marion owed his position to Cassius, who had cut up the whole of Syria into principalities. Hatred of Herod had led to his taking part in bringing back the and in this he exiled Antigonus," son of Aristobulus was influenced still more by Fabius, whom Antigonus had induced by bribery to assist in his restoration. All the exile's expenses were met by his brother-inlaw,^ Ptolemy. ;
;
«
C/. §173.
*
§
186.
Ill
V
.
JOSFPHUS 240
ripo?
(3)
ous
dvTi7TapaTa^diJi€VO<;
V\ pojh-i-j<;
ctti
^lovdaia? Kparel tt) fJ-axj], Kal Tov Wuriyouoi- 6^eAacra? v-nerrrpeil^ev els 'lepo CToAu/xa rrdoiv dyairriroq wv errl roj KaTopdayfiari Kal yap oi p.r] npooexovre'S TrdXat rore ojKeicjvro hid rrjv 7Tp6<; 'YpKavov eTnyafilav avroj. Trporepov ru)u efif^oAoJi'
241
'
rrjs
row
ovk a eyivvqaev Wvrl TTarpov rore 8e yrjfjLas rrju .We^dvbpou rod 'Apicrro^ovXov Svyarepa, duyarptBrji' 8e 'TpKavou, MapidfxiJL-qv OLK€LO<; roj ^auiXei ytVerat. KdoGiou rrepi ^lXlttttov^; dv 242 'ETTei be (4-) eXoures dve\ci)prioav et? p-kv ^XraXiav \\alaap em Wurcoviog rrpeo^evajxevoji' rcbv he ri]s 'Actios' dXXoju TToXeojv —pos Wvrajviop eis IjiOuulau tjkou Kai hwarol Kar-qyopovvreg ^aaarjXov *\ovhai(jji' ol Hpcohov, /3i'a [leu avrov^ Kparelv raw rrpayKai YpKauoj ripaov. p-drajv, 6uop.a he ^xovov rrepielvaL 77p6? a TTapdw 'Wpcohrf^ Kal Te6epa7TevK(jj<; ovk
ydp
^kv
yvvaiKa
rjKTO
eKoXetro,
Aojplg
arj/jiou,
e^
e7Ti)(ojpiajv
t]?
,
,
oXiyoLS p.r)he
.\vr(jWLOv
Xoyov
rcov
xp-qp-aaiv
exOpow
oirrajg
hieO-qKev,
duaax^'odaL.
Kal
cos"
rore
p.ev ovrtos hieXvOrjaav
243
(5)
\vdtq
he
OL
ev
reXei
'louSatojf
eKarov
dvhpe<; rjKOV els rr)u rrpos 'Ai'Tio;^€tai^ I^d(f)vr]v eV* ^ AvTOjVLOv rjhr) rep KXeondrpas epojri p.evov ol TTpoarrjodpLeuoL rovs a^iojp.ari hvuara)rdrovs Karrjyopovv rojv 0(f)(jtju VTTiqvra ajToXoyovp-evog he WeoodXas Kal YpKavov hid ro Kijhos 244 eardjros .
'
"
Or
corded
112
rather,
L*VR:
TTji'
Affi'ac
dheXcfxjju.
avpLrrap-
Wvrcji'LOS
the rest.
apparentlw betrothed
later in § 344.
hehovXojKal Xoyco
:
the marriage
is
re-
JEWISH WAR,
I
240-244
(
= ant.
xiv.
299 ff-324)
(3) These enemies were opposed by Herod at the entry to the territory of Judaea, where a battle took place in which he was victorious. Antigonus being banished from the country, Herod returned to Jerusalem, where his success won him all men's hearts. Even those who had hitherto stood aloof were now reconciled by his marriage into the family of Hyrcanus. His first wife was a Jewess of some standing, named Doris, by whom he had a son, Antipater but now he married'^ Mariamme, daughter of Alexander, the son His of Aristobulus, and grand-daughter of Hyrcanus, and '^vuT^^ Mariam thus became kinsman of the king.^ (4) After the death of Cassius at Philippi, the M. Anti victors departed, Caesar going to Italy, Antony to f/JadnAsia. Embassies from the various states waited Jewish upon Antony in Bithynia, and among them came the against Jewish leaders, who accused Phasael and Herod of '^'^°''.^^' usurping the government and leaving to Hyrcanus H'Jm'di merely titular honours. Herod thereupon appeared ^\^l^^\ and by large bribes so wrought upon Antony that judaea he refused his adversaries a hearing. So for the time ^'^'"^^ ^^ being these enemies were dispersed. (5) But on a later occasion a hundred Jewish ;
approached Antony, now a slave to his passion for Cleopatra, at Daphne beside Antioch, and, putting forward the most eminent and eloquent of their number, laid accusations against the brothers. The defence was undertaken by Messala,^ Hyrcanus supporting him because of his marriage connexion officials
After hearing both parties, Antony
with Herod.
incorrectly entitled " king," as in §203. Messalla Corvinus, c. 70-3 b.c, attached himself in the civil wars respectively to Cassius, Antony and Augustus author, orator and patron of literature, a friend *"
'^
Hyrcanus
M.
II,
V^alerius
:
of Horace
and Tibullus. 113
JOSEPHUS iKaripojv 'YpKavov BicTTVi'ddvero rovs ouras apxeiv rod he rovs Tiept Tov 'HpojSr]v TTpoKpivavTos,^ TjaSeis, rfv yap rjhrj Kal ^evos avrols Trarpojos, 8e;\;^£t? vtt^ 'AvrtTrdrpov (f)i\o(j)p6voJS ore eh tt^v 'louSatav avv Ta^Lvico TTape^aXXev, rerpdpxas^ aTToSeiKwaiv rovs dSeX
eTTLTrjheLorepov?
eXelv cjpjx-qGeVy rovs he Xolttovs
rjXauev
fJ^ed*
v^peojs dir-
rrpos o fjiel^ojv ev rols 'lepocroXvpiOLS yive-
.
rai rapax-q- ^i-Xiovs yovv TrdXtv errefjupav Trpea^eLS els Tvpop, evda hierpt^ev ^Avrcovios eVt 'lepoGoXvpLcov eVt rovrovs KeKpayoras wpfjL-q/jievos. eKTTefjLTreL rov TrpoGrd^as ovs
dp^ovra oiv
rwv
Tvpicnv
KoXdL,eLV
Xd^rj, GvyKaraGKevdl,eiV re^ rrjv
vtt" avrov KaraGraOelGiv rerpdpxo.LS. Tlpo Be rovrov 77oAAa TTaprjveu rrpoeXdajv eTTL rov alyiaXov 'Wpojh-qs gvv 'YpKavco ixiqd^ eavrols aTTOjXeias alriovs p^'qre ri] rrarpihi noXeyiveGdai
dpxrj^ TOLS
246
(7)
en
fidXXov dyavaKrovvrojv Avrojvios eKTrepiipas ttoXXovs piev dTzeKreivev , iroXXovs Be ^
orrXiras
erpojGev 247 pLarlac fj-vv
(Lv
at re TreGovres
depajreias
ra
Tjitwdr^Gav
vtto
Kal ol rpav'YpKavov. ov
rjpeixovv, dXXd rd Kara rrjV GVvrapdGGOvres Trapoj^vvav ^AvrowLOV WGre rovs BeGjjLojras diroKrelvaL.
ol BLa(f)vy6vres
TToXiv /cat
248
(xiii.
^
114
1)
Mcrd
vpoKpii'oi^Tos
Se
PA.
eriq
Bvo 2
Bapla(f)pdvov
MVC:
5e
the rest.
rod
JEWISH WAR,
I.
244-248
(
= ant.
xiv. 325-330)
who was the best quahfied Hyrcanus pronouncing in favour of Herod and his brother, Antony was dehghted, because he had formerly been their father's guest and had been hospitably entertained by Antipater when he accompanied Gabinius on his Judaean campaign. He, acinquired of Hyrcanus ruler.
cordingly, created tlie brothers tetrarchs, entrusting to them the administ.-ation of the whole of Judaea. vent to indignation, and (6) The deputies giving Antony arrested and imprisoned fifteen of them, and "Jl^e^jew was even prepared to put them to death the rest deputie; he ignominiously dismissed. His action intensified the agitation in Jerusalem. A second embassy, numbering this time a thousand, was sent to Tyre, where Antony had broken the journey to Jerusalem. To check the clamour of this party he dispatched the governor of Tyre, with orders to chastise all whom he caught and to support the authority " of the tetrarchs whom he had appointed. (7) Before these orders were executed, Herod, accompanied by Hyrcanus, came out to the deputies on the shore, and strongly recommended them not to bring ruin upon themselves and war upon their country by injudicious strife. His words only increasing their fury, Antony ordered out troops, who killed or wounded a large number burial for the dead and medical attention for the wounded were ;
;
granted by Hyrcanus. Those who escaped were, even now, not silenced, and by the disturbance which they created in the city so exasperated Antony that he put his prisoners to death. (xiii. "
1)
Two
years later, Barzapharnes, the Par-
avyKaraaKevd^eLP
rrju
dpxw,
after
Thuc.
i.
93.
115
JOSEPHUS ndpOojv GarpoLTTOV crvu UaKopu) rco ^auiXloJS Xvpiau Karaaxoi^TO? Avoavias StaSeSey/xcVo?^ ''°^
cipxV
rr]v
reXevrr^aavTos
Trarpo?
,
via) 7)67]
OroAe-
^{ewaiov, TreiOei tov oarpaTTTqv u7roCT;^€cr€i \iXiujv raXdvrajv kol TrevraKoaiojv yvvaLKCJV Karayayelv iirl rd ^aalXeta tov 249 AvTLyouov, KaraXvaai 8e tov 'YpKavov. tovtol? VTTaxdel? YlaKopos avTos fiev fjet /caret ttjv Tiapd8'
/xaio?
ovros
171^
6
^
Xlov,
Bapl,a(f)pdvqv
Sia
he
€Ta^ev ifJi^aXelv. tojv ridKopov ovK ehe^avTO ^idcovLcou
^aatXiKcov
8e8ey/i,eVajv. ofiajvvfjLOJ
jiolpav
CKeXevaev
TTpoeii^aXelv
GKeipofxevov re
fieaoyeiov TrpoaiTndaXaTTLCDV TvpLoi KaiToi riroAep-atcDv kol o 8' olvoxou) tlvI tojv ti7S"
8'
ra tcov
el?
napaSov? KaTaKal irpos a 8eoi lttttov
ttjs
'Iou8atai',
ttjv
TToXefiLOJV
^OTjdrjcyovTa 'Avrtydvoj.
2o0
(2)
Twv
^lovhaloi
he
XrjlofJLevcov
ovrhpaf-LovTeg
tov Trpos
KdpfirjXov
WvTcyovov
ttoXXol rrpo-
eavTovg errl ttjv ela^oXr^v rrapelxov 6 he avTovs e-l tov KaXovfievov ApvpLOv 77poe77efnpev TO \ojpiov KaTaXafSelv ev (L yevofievrj'^ (jvpi^oXrjs cuGaixevoL tov? TroXefMLOv? Kal hioj^avreg inl dvfjLov?
.
eOeov, yevofievoi re TiXeiovs p^^XP^ ^aGiXeiiov TrporjXOov. 'YpKavov he Kal OaGaT]Xov he^apLevcov avTov? Kap-epcv GTL(f)eL pidxr] 'lepoGoXvfjLOJV
251 Tcov
dyopdv GvpprjyvvTaL, Kad^ tjv TpeipdTovg TroXepLiovs ot Trepl 'Wpcoh-qv KaTaKXeiovGLV el? to lepov Kal ^povpovg avTOjv dvhpa? l^-qKovTa rais" 7rXr]GL0v otVtats" iyKaTeGTr]Gav. /cara
ttjv
p.evoL
252
TovTovg fiev^ 6 OTaGidtojv rrpo? tovs dSeA^oi)? Aao? eireXdajv efXTTLTrprjGLV, *Hpojhr]£ he tov hijpLov ^
]I6
di^aSiSeyfieyos
PAMC.
^
PA
:
ijl€i>
oiv the rest.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
248-252
(
= ant.
xiv. 330-336)
thian satrap, with Pacorus, the king's son, occupied Parthii Lysanias, who had inherited the principality oTsyH of his father Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus, induced the ^"^ ^^' Syria.
satrap, by the promise
" of a thousand talents and hundred women, to bring back Antigonus and raise him to the throne, after deposing Hyrcanus. Lured by this offer, Pacorus followed the coast route, directing Barzapharnes to advance through the interior. Of the maritime towns, Tyre closed its gates to Pacorus, Ptolemais and Sidon admitted him. Entrusting a squadron of horse to one of the royal cup-bearers who bore his own name, the prince ordered him to proceed in advance into Judaea, to reconnoitre the enemy's position and to lend Antigonus such aid as he might require. (2) While these troops were raiding Carmel, Jews Pacorus flocked to Antigonus in large numbers and volun- jei^sai teered for the invasion. These he sent forward with orders to capture a place called Drymus.^ Here they came into action, repulsed the enemy, rushed in pursuit to Jerusalem, and, with growing numbers, actually reached the palace. They were received by Hyrcanus and Phasael with a strong force, and a fierce battle ensued in the market-place. The Herodian party routed their adversaries, shut them up in the temple, and posted sixty men in the adjoining houses to keep guard over them. The section of the populace that was in league against the brothers attacked this garrison and burnt them to death, which so enraged Herod that he turned his
five
§
" In A. this promise 257 below.
is
given by Antig'onus himself; " Oak-coppice."
cf.
'•
H7
JOSEPHUS rwv
kqt' opyrjv Koi Kad^
77oAAoL'S'
253
Xoxovs
/caret
Aots"
6vog
rjv
'Evo-raar]? S' ioprrj?,
(3)
dTToXojXorajv
aratpet
eVe/c^eoyrcoy
rjfjiepav
ovfipaXcoi',
ciAArj-
a3iaAet77T09, 7T€vr7]KOGTr]
rj
KaXel-
rat, TCL r€ Tiepl to lepou rravra Kal r] ttoXls oXr] TrXi'-jdovg ra)v oltto rrjg y^ujpas av air ipLTrXar at, to
ttXIov
OTrXirwv.
Kal
OU
fJL€Ta
S'
'H/DCoSt]?
OacTaTyAo? TToXXoJV
pLCu
to
i(f)pOVpeL
TO.
Tet;^o?,
^aoL-
Xeia- Kal rolg TToXefiLotg iireKhpapiajv dauvTOLKTOLg Kara to TrpoduTeiov^ TrXeioTOV? fxev dvaipel, TpeTTcrai Se TrdvTas Kal Tovg fieu etV tyju ttoXlv, tou?
tovs Se €iV to efco x'^pa.KojpLa tovtco SiaXXaKT-qv fi€v ^Avtlyovog TTapaKaXel YlaKopov eloa4)eZvai, ^aodi^Xos he 7T€iodels Tjj T€ TToAet Kal ^evLO. tow Yidpdoi^
8e
to
etV
lepov,
254 CTuy/cAetet.'
/<:d^
elohex^Tai fjueTO. TrevraKooiajv LTTTrecov, 7Tpo(f)daeL fiev rjKovTa tov Travaai ttju oTdoiVy to S* dXrjdeg Oacrar^Aoi^ ivtov yovv ^orjdov. 255 'AvTtyop'OJ ehpevujv dve-ecGev irpos ^apl,a^pdvrjv TTpea^evoaodai TTepl KaTaXvaeoj? KatToi t€^ ttoXXo. aTTOTpeTTOvTog 'HpcoSou Kal TrapaivovvTos dvatpelv tov dXXd jjltj rat? eVt/^ouAat? iavTOv €KeTTi^ovXov hihovaL,
y
.
TLvd? 256
(4)
7Tpo€7T€iJLipev
'O?
S'
l7T7T€(jov
toX?
Oaoav^Aoi^.
iyevovTO
PA Lat (so iyKXeiei PAM. ^
»
^Y^Xevdepajv
KaXovjjievojv
Tojv
AotTTOts"
A.
/caret II):
ttjv
TaXtXaiav, tovs
TrpoaapKTiov the rest. ' re Niese : -y€ mss.
" Probal the cup-bearer, not the prince, fur, as Pteinach remarks, tlie latter would have been in a position to treat .
118
JEWISH WAR,
I.
252-256
(
= ant.
xiv. 336-342)
arms against the citizens and slew many of them. Every day small companies sallied out against each other, and slaughter was incessant. (3) When the feast called Pentecost came round, the whole neighbourhood of the temple and the entire city were crowded with country-folk, for the most part in arms. Phasael defended the walls ; Herod, with a small force, the palace. With this he descended upon the enemy's disordered ranks in the suburb, killed large numbers of them, put the rest to flight and shut them up, some in the city, others in the temple, others in the entrenched camp outside the walls. Thereupon, Antigonus petitioned for as mediator. Phasael the admission of Pacorus consented, and received into the city and offered hospitality to the Parthian, who, with five hundred **
horsemen, had come ostensibly to put an end to strife, in reality to support Antigonus. With this object, Pacorus insidiously induced Phasael to go on Phasael an embassy to Barzapharnes with a view to the ^e^nX cessation of hostilities. So, notwithstanding the to leave strong dissuasion of Herod, who urged his brother to on aiV embassy kill the schemer and not to abandon himself to his to tJie schemes, barbarians being (he said) by nature per- satrap fidious, Phasael left the city, accompanied by Hyrcanus. To allay suspicions, Pacorus left with
Herod some of the cavalry called by the Parthians " Freemen " * with the remainder he escorted ;
Phasael on his way. (4)
On
their arrival in
Galilee they found the
directly with Phasael and there woiikl have been no need for the subsequent embassy. * More precisely 200 cavalry and 10 " freemen " (A, xiv. 342). Most of the Parthian soldiers were slaves (Justin, xli. 2. 5,
quoted by Reinach).
119
,
JOSEPHUS roJ aarpdvr] d' €V€Tvy)(auov KaraXayi^dvovoLv vavovpyco^ opovrioeoLV ttjv Soi)? avToU eriL^OhXriv KaXvTrrovri' ScZpa yovv ,
257
dva)(OjpcvvTas
677-617'
ylve-ai
tt^?
8'
Tolg
iXoxoi-
KaraxOelGtv )(^P^^^> ^ KaXelraL
Ittl^ovXtj^
TrapadaXaoaicou
aiodiqoLS
^t? '
tCjv
tl
Ek^Si 7777 cop*
€KeL yap rxiv re V7T6ox^
VldpOoLi, otl re TrpoXox^ioiuro iilv avTOig at vvKT€? 1)770 Tojv ^apSdpcuv del, TrdXai 8' du Kal GVveXrj(l>drjGav, et fxrj Trepieiievov iv 'lepoCToAu/xot? 'Hpcudr^p TrpoTepov Xa^elu, cu? firj rrpokqt' avTov^ <j)vXd^ai.To. tqCt' Tci 7Tv66^€uo<^ ovKCTL Aoyo? t)!^ jjiovov dXXd Kal (f)vXaKdg Tjd-i] TToppcudeu^ €avTd)V e^Xerrov. KaiTOL ToXXd nap^aGdr]Xo
258 oGLCooetei^'
,
,
wv
airro? i;77ep Gojrrjpias ScoGeiv
v—^ax^ro.
260 ^acriAeia^
drroXoyiaLg
\\dp6o<,-
odp.euo<;
rrpos
re
^
ravra
Kal
ttjv
vTroiplav
Twv
KaraXeL(l)devTOjv
Avriyovos
dpKOi?
cox^ro rrpos
vrrep
Travovpycxj?
6
d770GK€va-
WdKopov
.
ev-
WdpOcjv olg rrpoGereraKTo (t>aodrjX6u re Kal 'YpKaiou GVveXdfx^avov ^ecu?
'
120
5e
AM
:
7^a^oly7ws the rest.
^
baud procul Lat.
JEWISH WAR,
1.
256-260
(
inhabitants in revolt and up in arms The satrap,^ and are with whom they had an audience, was a very crafty th?^'^'^^^ individual who disguised his plot under a show ofP''^rthian benevolence he gave them presents, and then laid an ambush to catch them on their departure. They discovered the conspiracy at a maritime town, where they halted, named Ekdippa.*" There they heard of the promise of the thousand talents,^ and that the :
hundred women
whom Antigonus had
devoted most of their own that the barbarians invariably kept a watch upon them and that they would long since have been at night arrested, had not the conspirators been waiting till Herod was caught at Jerusalem, fearing that the news of their capture would put him on his guard. This was now no mere idle gossip for already they five
to the Parthians included
;
;
;
could see the sentries posted in the distance. (5) Phasael, however, notwithstanding the urgent exhortations to flee made to him by a certain Ophellius, who had learnt the whole plan of the conspiracy from Saramalla, the wealthiest Syrian of his time, could not bring himself to desert Hyrcanus. Instead, he went to the satrap and frankly reproached him for the plot, and in particular for acting as he had done from mercenary motives undertaking, for his part, to give him a larger sum for his life than Antigonus had promised for a kingdom. To this the Parthian made a wily reply, clearing himself of suspicion by protestations and oaths, and went off to join Pacorus.** Immediately after, certain Parthians who had been left behind, with orders to do so, ;
<»
Barzapharnes.
Achzib (ez Zib). half way promontory of Carmel. *^
'
§
248.
<*
between
Tyre and
the
Apparently the prince. J2I
.
JOSEPHUS TToAAa^ 77^0?
iTTLopKcav Kal to aTnarov avTol?
'rrjv
Karapco/jLevovg (6) 'Ei^ be rovTOj Kal rov 'llpojdrjv 6 7T€fJLcf)6€L? olvoxoos iTTe^ovXeve GvXXrj.^eZv, e^co rov relxovs aTTarrjaa? irpoeXdeZv, ojuTrep ivroXas ^Ix^^' ^ §6 OLTT^ a.pXV'^ VTTOTTrevojv rov? ^ap^dpov^ Kal Tore TTeTTVcrfievos ets" rov9 TToXe/JLLOvg eixrrerrrojKevaL ra fjL7]vvovra rrjv eTTL^ovXrjv avroj ypdfjLiiara, rrpoeXdelv ovK rj^ovXero, Kairoi /xciAa d^iorrLGra>s rod YlaKopov (hdoKovros heZv avrov VTravrrjaai rols rds eTTLGToXds Kopbitovoiv ovre yap eaXojKevat avTcis Kal TTepuexeiv ovk IttlToZs TToXepLLOLS 2Cy2^ovX'qv, dAA' 0770cra hieTrpd^aro OacraT^Aos'. ervx^v Se Trap' dXXatv TTpoaKrjKodjg rov ddeXcjyov cruveiX-q/jifievoVj Kal TrpoafjeL 'YpKavov dvydrrjp [Ma-
261
pidfjUpLri
/
yvvaiKow,
(jvverojrdrrj
Karavri^oXovoa
rrpoCevai pifjh^ eiLTTLGreveiv eavrov
fxr)
rjSrj
(f)avepios
eTTLxeipovGL roZs ^ap^dpois.
"Ert Se rojv rrepl YldKopov GKeTrro/JLevwu, dv Kpv(f)a rrjv eTTL^ovXrjV dnapriGeLav, ov yap eK (f>avepov olov t' rjv dvSpog ovroj Svvarov^ rrepiyeveoBai, rrpoXa^ajv 'HpojSrj? fierd row olKeiordrojv rrpoGOJTTOJV vvKrojp IttI 'ISou/xata? ex(x>pei aLGOofievoL S' ol IldpdoL 264 Xddpa rojv TToXepiiojv KdKeZvos ttjv jj,ev jJL-qrepa Kal rds KarehiojKOV dSeX(l)ds^ Kal rrjv KadaJixoXoyrjpLev'qv TratSa fJLerd (~)
263
TTCus
.
.
TToWd Destinon (with A. ''): rd re dWa MSS. Perhajis a gloss (Niese), or read MapidMM^s 5f /j-vtvp ^ awerov LVR Lat. (Destinon), cf. A. xiv. 3ol. 1
»
*
rds dbe\<pas Nlese,
"
Pacorus
oivoxooi»
122
(§
249)
:
cf.
A.
A.
\\
d5eX07ji'
:
rovs ddeXipovs MSS.
incorrectly has evvovxos instead of
JEWISH WAR,
I.
260-264
(
= ant.
xiv. 348-353)
arrested Phasael and Hyrcanus, the prisoners cursing them bitterly for their perjury and breach of faith. (6) Meanwhile a plot to arrest Herod also was in Plot to progress, and the cup-bearer " who had been sent to Herod. execute it was, in accordance with instructions, endeavouring to lure him to come outside the walls. Herod, how^ever, having suspected the barbarians from the first, had now learnt that letters informing him of the conspiracy had fallen into the enemy's hands. He, therefore, refused to come out, notwithstanding the highly plausible assertions of Pacorus that he ought to meet the bearers of the documents, which, he said, had neither been intercepted by his enemies, nor contained any mention of a plot but a But Herod had full report of Phasael's proceedings. already heard from another source of his brother's Moreover, Mariamme, the daughter ^ of arrest. Hyrcanus, most sagacious of women, came and implored him not to venture out or trust himself to the barbarians, who were now openly planning his ruin.
While Pacorus and his accomplices were still by what stealthy means they might achieve their design, as it was impossible openly to triumph over so powerful an adversary, Herod forestalled them and, unobserved by his enemies, set out by night, with the nearest and dearest of his family, The Parthians, discovering his flight, for Idumaea. started in pursuit. Herod, thereupon, directed his mother and sisters, the young girl who was betrothed (7)
deliberating
* Strictly grand-daughter (§ 241) ; but A. xiv. 351 is here probably correct in mentioning " the daughter of Hyrcanus, the mother of his betrothed." His bride would hardly be referred to in this way.
123
Herod's ^'j^a^iJia,^
JOSEPHUS rov veajrarov rcov a8cA<^cui' irpooauro? acr(/>aAai? jxera. tojv depa-
r-qs fi'q'rpc? xrat
TCL^a?
oheveix'
dv€K07TT€ rov<; ^ap^dpov<;- Kal ttoXXov? Trdaau Trpoa^oXrju aTTOKreivag et? MaaaSap"
TTOvrojv
Kara.
TO (hpovpiov rj7T€Lyero. 265
(8)
Bapurepou?
Kara,
Se
rriv
IldpOaju
(f)vyrju
'iouSatofs- er:eipaG€v, ivoxXrjoavra^ p.kv hiViveKajg, 8'
QTTO
l^rjKOVTa rijg TrdAeoj? crraStait'
'HpcoSr/s €LS
/cat
fivrjix-qv
7roAAoi)9
Trapa-
/cat
evda Kparrioa?
ra^a/LteVous" €7TL€LKcig ttoXvv )^p6vov.
aTTOKreiva^
aCrcui^
rod KavopdcvpLaro^ €ktlo€1' to
avdi'^
)(ojplov
eKooyLrjoev, Kal ^ao-tAetot? TroAuTeAecr-aTotb aKpoTroXiv oxvpojrdrrjv dveheipLaro , 'WpojbeLOv re 266 eKdXeaeu a6' iaurov. rrjuLKavrd ye /xt^p'
Kara 'Prjaau dSeAt^o?
yeuofievcu^ rrj?
^ISovfiaia^ ^laxjrjTro?
avue^ovXevcv
VTTaur-qaa^
ran/ iTTOjxivtov drrochoprLuaadai
rov 6)(\ov Se^aadat 261 rov? ivvaKLGXiMovg
rrjv
.
^apvrepovs
fiev
firj
tol'?
yap
MacraSaf
TreLodeU
rrjg
,
[ovv^"^
;)^p6ta?
770AA01)? di'
rocrov-
rioav S' VTrkp
^HpdoSr]? rov^ di'd
biacjyrJKey
rrju
bovg ifhohia, jjLerd he rdjv dvayKaiordrcov rovg dXKifiojrdrov^ Karao\dju eiV to
^
Werpav 263
(9)
rjTreLyero.
riap^oi
rpaTTOfiei^OL *
Kara. 'P. "/(vofi^vu}
/rara (ttjv) Qpr^;jav »
12i
8'
rwv
om. PA.
ev
'lepoaoXvpLOL?
(jivyomwv Niese
the rest,
:
i(f)^
eh to?
jrap-^crai'
r/. .-/. xiv.
-^(uofxhu
361
dpTrayrju
oi/cta? 5'
eVi
(fV Qprj
eia-
PAM
:
JEWISH WAR,
I.
264-268
(
= ant.
xiv.
353-363)
to him, with her mother, and his youngest brother to continue their journey, and then, aided by his attendants, secured their retreat, holding the barbarians at bay. In every encounter he slew large numbers of them, and then pressed on to the fortress of Masada.** (8) But he found in this flight the Jews even more troublesome than the Parthians, for they perpetually harassed him, and at a distance of sixty furlongs from the city brought on a regular action which was prolonged for a considerable time. Here Herod eventually defeated them with great slaughter ; and here subsequently, to commemorate his victory, he founded a city, adorned it with the most costly palaces, erected a citadel of commanding strength, and called it after his own name Herodion.^ Thenceforward the fugitive was joined daily by many others, and on reaching Rhesa in Idumaea was advised by his brother Joseph, who met him there, to disencumber himself of the bulk of his followers, Masada being unable to accommodate such a crowd, numbering upwards of nine thousand. Herod, acting on his advice, dispersed throughout Idumaea those who
were more an encumbrance than an assistance, after supplying them with provisions and retaining the most stalwart of them together with his cherished kinsfolk reached the fortress ° in safety. Leaving there a guard of eight hundred to protect the women, with sufficient supplies to stand a siege, he himself pushed on to Petra in Arabia. (9) In Jerusalem, meanwhile, the Parthians gave themselves up to pillage, breaking into the houses " Above the west coast of the Dead Sea, near its lower ;
extremity. * A description *
is
given
later, §§
419
ff.
Masada.
125
—
JOSEPHUS
Kal TO ^aoiXeLQv a7T€x6iJL€VO(, fiovwv rcov 'YpKai'ov )(prjfjLdTCDV' rjv 8' ou TrAetco rpLaKOOLOJV TaXdvTow. €77 €TvyxoLi^ov Se /cat rcov dXXojv ovx OGOtg TjXTTLaav' 6 yap ^Wpwh-qs eV ttoXXov rr]v dTiLGriav tojv ^ap^dpcxjv i)(j>optoii€vo? eU ttjv 'I8ouXajXTrpoTara tojv Kenxr^Xicov Trpoavpiaiav Tct eoKevaaro, /cat rayv avrco 77/Docre;^oi'raji^ o/xotctj?
eTTLTTTOv
,
WdpOoi he fxerd rag dpTrayci? eVt roooveKaoTos Tov v^peojs exojprjoav cog eixTTXrjoai p,kv dKrjpvKTOv TToXefiov rr]v ;^a>pav aTtaoav, dvdoTarov he TTOtijaai TTjv Maptaatojy ttoXlu, pur) piovov he KaraoTrjaaL ^aaiXea Avriyovov, dXXd /cat Trapahovvai avrco Oacrar/AoV re /cat 'YpKavov heapLOjrag aiKioaodai. 270 o he 'YpKavov p.ev TrpooTreGovros^ avrog rd cora 269
.
jr
ii
I
ii
^
Xco^drai rols ohovoLV, cog TTOTe
hvi^acTO
TTju
pLrjhe
avdtg ev pLera^oXfj aTToXa^elv hel
dpxiepojGvurjP
yap oXoKX-qpovs apxiepdodai. (lO)
271
Tvy? Oacra7]Aou he dperrjg vorepit^ei (f>8dGav-
Tog TTerpa TrpoGprj^at ttjv Kecj^aX-qv, (Lg Kal GLhijpov Kal x^'-pdJi^ e'lpyero. KaKelvog piev, 'Hpojhov yvqGLOv eavTov aTTohei^ag dheX(f)6u Kal 'YpKavov dyevveGrarov dvhpeLorara durjGKeL, TTOiTjGdpLevog TTjv KaTaGTpo<prju rolg Kara tov ^iov epyoig k 272 TTperrovGav. Karexei he Kal dXXog Xoyog, cog dveveyKat jxev e/c T-qg roTe TrXrjyrjg, 7Tep,<j)d€lg S' taTpog V7T^ WvTLyovov OepaTTevGai hrjOeu avTou epLTrX-qGeiev to Tpavpua h-qXi-jTrjplcov (f)appidKCxJV Kal ,
^ irpo<jTr(abvTos MLVR om. Lat. TrpoaTiaCjv the " Antigonus personally assaulted H." :
"
rest,
i.e.
Whether from sacrilej^ious scruples, because H. was more probably as reserved for Antigonus, does
high-priest, or
not appear.
126
:
JEWISH WAR,
268-272
I.
(
= ant.
xiv. 363-368)
refraining only The of the fugitives and into the palace from the funds of Hyrcanus," which, however, J^fa?te,*^"oJ amounted to no more than three hundred talents. Jerusalem ;
Elsewhere they found less than they had expected for AnUgconus »" the Herod, long since suspecting the barbarians of per- tlirone. fidy, had taken the precaution of removing the most precious of his treasures to Idumaea, and each of his After the pillage, the friends had done likewise. insolence of the Parthians proceeded to extremes. They let loose on the whole country the horrors of implacable ^ war, laid the city of Marisa ^ in ruins, and, not content with raising Antigonus to the throne, delivered up to him Phasael and Hyrcanus, in chains, for torture. Hyrcanus threw himself at the feet of ;
Antigonus,
who with
his
own
teeth
'^
suppliant's ears, in order to disqualify
lacerated his
him
for ever,
under any change of circumstances, from resuming the high priesthood since freedom from physical ;
defect
is
essential to the holder of that office.^
(10) Phasael, on the other hand, courageously Death of p^^^^*^^forestalled the king's malice by dashing his head
apon a rock, being deprived of the use of hands or iteel. Thus showing himself to be a true brother of tierod, and Hyrcanus the most ignoble of men, he iied a hero's death an end in keeping with his life's career. According to another account, Phasael re'overed from his self-inflicted blow, and a physician :ent by Antigonus, ostensibly to attend him, injected loxious drugs into the wound and so killed him.
—
*
Or
" undeclared."
Mareshah {Khurhet Mer*ash), some 25 miles S.W. of erusalem, in Idumaea (§ 63). ^ A. xiv. 366 omits this detail, saying merely " docked *
is *
ears." C/. Lev. xxi. 17-23.
127
JOSEPHUS Bia(f)6€ip€L€v TTji^
(ipXV^
rplv
€K7TV€V(jai
oj? *Wp(xihrj<; aT7eifj,L
Xlttojv
273
avrou.
^X^*-
Tou
5'
OTTorepou
au
dXrjOes
fj,
yovv avrov /cat —apa yvvaiov tlvos
6olglv
'^Ci/u.Trpai'.
TTvdofievoi^
6La—€(pevyoL, " vvv," elrrelv, " evOvfjLO? ixereXevaofJLeuov
rov^
i\6pov?
Kara-
iojvTa.'
ndpdoL Be (11) '0 fxev GLV ovrcog rcAeura. KairoL htr^jjLaprr^KOTc? cbv /xdAtcrra irreOvfiovv yvlaLKOjv KaOiuTacnv p.kv iv 'lepoGoXvpiOLS WvTLyouco rd TTpdy/xara, hecrpLco-rjv 8' 'YpKavov dvdyovGiv nqv riapdvrjurjv.
et?
1) 'HpcoS-qs 8e avvrovcorcpov rjXavvev et? zrv Wpa^iav ws ert rdheX(f)ov lwvtos e—eiyofjievo^; Xpri/jLara Trapd rov ^acriAcco? Xa^elv, ols ijlovoi? TTeiGeiv VTTep OaaaijXov rrjv rcov ^ap^dpojv riXmt,€v TrXeove^iav. eXoyi^^ero ydp, el rrjs Trarpcvas (juXia^ dpLvrfpLOveuTepos 6 "Apaip yevoiro Koi rov Sovuai hojpedv fxiKpoXoyayrepo? , haveiGCLcrdai Trap' avroi TO. Xvrpa pvGLOv dels rov rod Xurpoufxeuov rralSa ydp eTTrjyeTO rov ddeXcfiLSovv dura ircoi 275 Kal iurd- rdXaura 8' rjv eroifios rpiaKOGia hovvai -poGrrjGdfieuos Tvpiovs rrapa/caAowra? to \pedjv b dpa TTjv avTOV GTTOvSrju ecfiOdKei Kal Oaaar^Aoi TeOvqKorog els Kevov 'Hpcodrjs ^iAa8eA(/)0? rjv ox 276 p-')i^ ovde Trapd "Apaipiv evpiGKec (j>LXiav ovGav} yovv BaGiXevs avrow MaA;^os" TrpoTre/jupas eK rij' \(jjpas Kard rd^os rrpoGeraGGev dvaorpecheiv
274
!xiv.
.
(
7rpo6dGeL
fxeu
;(pc;j/i,ei^o?
TidpOots,
eTTLKTjpvKev
oaGOat ydp avrovs eKJ^aXelu Hpojdrju rrjs 'Apa ^tas, roj be outl KaTaG\eLV TrpoaLpov/xeuos rd Trap AuTinaTpov XP^^ ^^^^ p^rjSeu els rds eKeivov hojped '
'
i2S
^ii'oicTai'
LVRC
(perhaps rightly).
^
JEWISH WAR,
I.
272-276
(
= ant.
xiv
368-372)
But whichever account be true, the initial act redounds to his glorious credit. It is said, moreover, that before he expired, being informed by a woman
^
of Herod's escape, he exclaimed, " Now I shall depart happy, since I leave one behind me who will have vengeance on my foes," The Parthians, (11) Such was Phasael's end. though disappointed of their most coveted prize, the women, none the less installed Antigonus as Hyrcanus master in Jerusalem, and carried off Hyrcanus ^ ^ P"^oner prisoner to Parthia. (xiv. 1) Herod, in the belief that his brother was Herod, still ahve, was now accelerating his march to Arabia, Mai^hus hastening to obtain from its king the money by king of which alone he hoped to move the avaricious barbarians on behalf of Phasael. For, should the Arab prove unduly forgetful of the ties of friendship with bis (Herod's) father and too mean to make him a present, he counted on borrowing from him the amount of the ransom and leaving in pledge the son of the prisoner whom he wished to redeem for he had with him his nephew, a lad of seven years old. He was, moreover, prepared to give three hundred talents, offering as his sureties the Tyrians who had i^olunteered their services. Fate, however, proved to have outstripped his zeal Phasael was dead and Herod's fraternal affection was all in vain. He found, too, that the Arabs were no longer his friends. For their king, Malchus, forwarded peremptory orders to him instantly to quit his territory, pretending to lave received formal notice from the Parthians to ;xpel Herod from Arabia in reality, he was deter'
;
:
,
;
nined not to repay VOL.
II
his
debts to Antipater, nor to be F
129
JOSEPHUS dvTiTTapaax^h- xpfl^ovaiu rols t€kvols hvoajTrelodai. ov/jL^ovXoLg b' exprjTO ri]^ dvaiheLa^ rot? ofioiajg OLTTOGTepeLi^ rd? Wv-LTrdrpov TrapaKarad-qKas 64XovOLV Tjoav he rcov 7T€pl avrou ol SwarcoTaroL. 277 (2) *Hpa)Sr)<; fxev hrj TToXe/XLOV? rovs "ApajSa? evpojv hC d
TL
AiyvTrTou.
€.7TL\ojpiojv
T(jjv
dvaXaj^o'jv
dei'ras
TrpoeXdovTL
Tct
,
TTepl
to nddos
VTrecrrpeipei^
Kard Upov avXit^erai rovs VTroXeKJ)t^ 8' ^^17? els 'PivoKopovpa TTjv rdheXcfjov reXevrrjv dnay-
Kai TTjv ixev
TTpcorrji/
eoTrepau
npooXa^dju he Trevdovs^ ouov dTTe6i]Karo
27S yeXXerat.
Trpocojrepaj. Kal hrj ^pahecos 6 f/eL \paih p.eravo-qaas e—efj-ipei' hid rd^ovs rovs dvaKaXeoovras rov v^piGfievou eLK6pLevos evda rrjs TTapohov fjL-q rvyxdvwv vtto rwv eoppiOVvrojv^ rols\ KdKelvot rrjv re (j)-qp.-qu Kai TjyeiJLOOLi' evrvy\dveL ro d^LCofjLa rduhpos alheodevres irponeinrovoa 279 avrov els AXe^dvhpeiav. 6 he TrapeXOdw els rrji ttoXlu ehexOrj /xeu XafXTrpcus vtto HAeorrdrpas or pa r-qyou e^eiu eX~LCovoris a rrapeoKevdCero els hiaKpovodaevos he rds TrapaKXi^oeLS rrjs ^aotXlhos Kal (irire -tjv aKfirju rod x^i-f^^^os VTToheioas ^f7Tf rovs Kara rrjV ^{raXiav Bopv^ovs eVt 'Ptu/xT^s (f)povrihojv
*"
.
,
^
enXei. nroKpifOfxivos
*
*
((popfj-cvfTuv
PLV. Spanheim
* :
vivBo'i
PA.
(ci^opuwuTuji/ mss.
Or Rhinocolura {el- Arxsh), the maritime town on th( Egypt and Palestine. * Such seems to be the meaning of the text of the besl MS9., literally Having taken as much of grief as he laic 130 "
frontiers of
**
JEWISH WAR,
I.
276-279
(
= ant.
xiv. 372--376)
by any sense of shame into making the he had received from the His father, to his children in their hour of need. advisers in this shameless conduct were the most forced
slightest return, for all
powerful to
men
embezzle
at his court, the moneys
who
like himself desired entrusted to them by
Antipater.
(2) Herod, finding the Arabs hostile to him for the makes hi very reasons which had made him look for their warm ^';y ^'^ friendship, gave the messengers the reply which his feelings dictated and turned back towards Egypt. The first evening he encamped in one of the temples of the country, where he picked up those of his men who had been left in the rear. The next day he advanced to Rhinocorura,'^ where he received the news of his brother's death. His load of anxiety thus replaced by as heavy a burden of grief,^ he resumed his march. The Arab king, now tardily repenting his conduct, dispatched messengers in but Herod outhaste to recall his insulted suitor stripped them, having already readied Pelusium. Here, being refused a passage by the fleet stationed in that port, he applied to the authorities, who, out of respect for his fame and rank, escorted him to Alexandria. On entering the city he had a magnificent reception from Cleopatra, who hoped to entrust him with the command of an expedition which she was preparing but he eluded the queen's 1 solicitations, and, deterred neither by the perils of mid-winter nor by the disturbances in Italy, set sail ;
;
for
Rome.
down
of care."
Traill, followinjr
an inferior
text,
renders
"
Having indulged such sorrow as became the occasion, he similarly Whiston and Reinach. dismissed his grief " ;
131
v^:a.
JOSEPHUS 280
Oa^^uAiai' Kal rov €iV 'PdSov 5taTrpo? KdooLOV TToXefjLCo rerpv-
Ku'Svi-cvaa? Se Trepl ro nXelov eV/SaAojt'
(3)
<j>6prov
owleraL, o(f>6hpa
rw
/xdAis"
hexdels^ vtto flroAe/zat'ou Koi ^a7T
\(jjp.4vr]v,
TLOV
281 vav7Tr]yelraL eiV
(j>iXcjjv
Tpn-jp-q
fieyiaTriV,
iv
pLera
fj
Kara-Xevoas
Bpei^re'criop'
,
KOLKeWep
tojv €t?
'PojpL-qv €7TeLxd€LS, TTpojTw Sid TT^v TTarpcpav (^aXiav
ivervyxavev yeVoys"
282
Avtojulco,
/cat
ra? re aurou
on
€Kh(.-qyelTo ,
avfjL(f>opa?
/cat
rdrovg eV
(f)povpicp KaraXiTrajv TToXiopKOvpiivovs
X^Lfjicovos
TrXevoeiev
(•i')
8e
'At^rajytou
avrov
Itt^
rJ7TT€TO
tou
re toi)? oIk€lo-
Sta
LKerrjg.
rrpos
rrju
pL€Ta^oXr)V
Kal Kara pvrjpLiqv jxeu rrj? ^AvTLTrdrpov ^evia^y TO 8e oXov /cat hid rrjv rov TrapouTog dp^Trjv, eyvoj Kal t6t€ ^acriXea KaOiurdv ^lovhaiojv ov TTporepou aurds" €7TOLrjG€V reTpdp\riv. eurjyev Se ovK eXarrov rrjg etV 'HpcoS-qv (f)iXoTLpiias rj rrpos ^ \vTiyovov hiachopd' rovrov yap hrj GraaLojSrj re 283 /cat 'PcofiaLotv exOpop VTreXdfi^ai'ev Kataap^ ptev ovv €1X^1^ iroLporepov avrov rag WurLTrdrpov orpareias^ dvaveovpi^.vo'; ,* a? /car' Alyvrrrov avrov rep rrarpl crvvhiiqveyKev, ri]v re ^eviav Kal rrjv iv aTTaoLv evvoLav, opujvrd ye pr]v Kal ro *\{pd>hov 284 hpaarrjpLOV Gwqyayev de rijv ^ovXrjv eV Mecrfj aaAas" /cat ^er* atrrdt' ^ Arparlvog rrapaorrjadpievoL rov 'Wpajd-qv rdg re Trarpcoag evepyeoiag Kal rr]u avrov Trpos 'PajpLalovg evuoiav dtefr^eaai^, aTTO^eiKvvureg a/xa /cat noXepLLOv rov Wvriyovov ov OLKTO?,
.
,
1
'
4-5e
and om.
PAM
Kalaaf)
* <xTpaT»77taj •
132
PM
:
P:
below MLVR. Kaiaapa the rest,
5' :
CTfjaTias
di'ayeovfievoi'
most »ss.
the rest.
JEWISH WAR, (3)
I
280-284
Nearly shipwrecked
off
(
= ant.
xiv,
377-384)
Pamphylia, after throw-
and Rhoc
ing overboard the bulk of the cargo, he with difficulty came safe to Rhodes, which had suffered severely from the war with Cassius. Here he was welcomed by his friends Ptolemy and Sapphinius, and, notwithstanding his lack of funds, procured the construction of an immense trireme, which carried him and his friends to Brundisium,
He
whence he sped
on Antony, as
to
Rome.
and him the story of his own and his family's misfortunes, and how he had left his nearest relatives besieged in a fortress and crossed the sea in the depth waited
first
his father's friend,
to
Rome.
told
of winter to implore his aid.
(4) Antony was moved with compassion at his By Antor and influenced by the recoUec- l"e^sen?t reverse of fortune tion of Antipater's hospitality, but above all by declare the heroic qualities of the man in front of him, of j^e Je determined then and there to make him king of the Jews whom he had himself previously appointed Besides admiration for Herod, he had as tetrarch.'* strong an incentive in his aversion for Antigonus, whom he regarded as a promoter of sedition and an enemy of Rome. Caesar proved a yet more ready champion than Antony, as his memory recalled the part which Antipater had borne with his own father in the Egyptian campaigns,'' his hospitality and invariable loyalty, while his eyes rested on Herod and read his enterprising character. So he convened the Senate, to which Messala, seconded by Atratinus, presented Herod and dwelt on the services rendered by his father and his own goodwill towards demonstrating at the same time the Roman people that Antigonus M'as their enemy, not only from the ;
;
»
§244.
*
§§
187
ff.
133
.
JOSEPHUS e^ cor hn]V€xOr] rax^ov, dAA' on kol rore hia YlapBojv Xd^oL T-qv dpx'Qv 'PojjJLaLovs virepihajv rrj£ be ov/kXtjtov Trpos" ravra KCKLvrj/jteur^s, co? TTapeXdojv WvTcovLO? Kal rrpos tov Kara Yldpdojv TToXefiou ^aGiXeveLU 'HpcuSrju ovp.(l)ipeLv eXeyev, jiovov
Travres
285 €Tn\l)-q(f>it,ovTaL
Wi'TcovLO? fiev Kal
.
XvdeLarjs
Kacoap
Be
rrjs
jSouAr^^
^xovres 'Wpcohriv i^Tjeoav, Trporjyov Se avv ralg aAAat? apxcls ol vrraroL dvoovris re Kal to Soy/xa dvaQ-qaovTes €t? TTjv he TTpojrrjV 'Wpo'jhr} ri]? ^aaiTO \\a7TeTojXLOv ^ Aeta? r]p,epav Avtojvlo'S eloTia airrov]} fj-doow
.
(xv.
286
Wapa
l)
enoXiopKet
rovs
he tov xpoi^'ou tovtov ^AvrLyovos ev
MaaaSa,
Tots"
fJ^ev
aXXoL<^
vharo^' hio Kal ^laxjTjTTO? dheXcjyog 'Hpojhov ovv hiaKooioL? Ta)v olKeiojv hpacr/jiov e^ovXevero el? "Apa/Sa?, OLK-qKoajs Tcov els ^Wpajhrjv dfjLapri'jpLdTCxju MaA;;^a> kolv ecpOr] KaraXiTTow rd (hpovpiov, el 287 pcera/JLeXeLV. eTTLTrjheLOL? hiapKOVfJuevov?, aTravt^ovTa? he
p,rj
rrepl
voaf
vvKra rrjs e^ohov avve^rj TrXeZurov yap eKhox€ia>v vharo? dvaTrXirjadevrajv
rrjv
TCOV
ovKer^ exP'Q'^^y ov. (-) Kdv rovTcp Bevrlhio? 6 'Pajfiaiajv arpa288 TT)yds 77eiJL
,
^
13 +
om. Niese with C.
*
birov
PAM.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
284-288
(
= ant.
xiv. 384-392)
quarrel which they had had with him, but because he had also just been guilty of contempt of Rome in accepting his crown from Parthian hands. These words stirred the Senate, and when Antony came forward and said that with a view to the war with Parthia it was expedient that Herod should be The king, the proposal was carried unanimously. meeting was dissolved and Antony and Caesar left the senate-house with Herod between them, preceded by the consuls and the other magistrates, as they went to offer sacrifice and to lay up the decree earlier
On this, the first day of Herod was given a banquet by Antony.
in the Capitol.
his reign,
40 b.c.
(e
(xv. 1) All this time AntigonuJ was besieging the Aniisom occupants of Masada, who, though well supplied with ^^j^H^^l Iniamiiyin all other necessaries, were in want of water. these straits Joseph, Herod's brother, with two hundred of his men resolved to escape to Arabia, having heard that Malchus had repented of his criminal He was on the point of leaving treatment of Herod the fortress, when on the very night fixed for his the reservoirs departure, rain fell in abundance were replenished and Joseph saw no further need ;
for flight.
Instead, the garrison
now began
to sally
out against the forces of Antigonus and partly in open combat, partly by ambuscades, destroyed a considerable number. They were not, however, uniformly successful, meeting with occasional reverses themselves and being forced to retire. (2) Meanwhile V^entidius, the Roman general dispatched from Syria to hold the Parthians in check, had in his pursuit of them advanced into Judaea, nominally to relieve Joseph and his friends, but in 135
ventidiuj
^aHyrm.
JOSEPHUS ey/Lora yovv 'lepoGoXvfjLcov avXiXPVH-^'^^* avro? fikv
289 apyvpiovyievos.
dv€X<^p^t,
fj-erd
7:X€LGTr]s
ttJs"
'LlXajva
hvi^dfieojs,
KariXnrev,^ d)? p-r} KaTd<j><jjpov ro dTTavacrr-qaas *AvtlTrdvras 7TOL-qa€L€v
ovu
Se
iveTrXi^ad-q
oj?
odfMevog,
pLepei
Xijfifia
.
yovo? 8e TrdXiv
iXTrit^ajv
WdpOovs
iTrapiVveiv
/cat
Zi'Aojva 7 ecu? idepdrrevev, cog pr]h€v ivoxXoirj -npd TTjS
290
1X77 iho<;.^
"Hdf] be 'Upojbr]? Kara-eTrXevKOJS dtro rrjq 'IraAta? ei? riToAe/^atSa Kal Gvvayqoxdj? Svvapiu OVK oXlyrju ^Ivojv re /cat 6po(f)vXojv rjXavvev 8ia ^3)
eV
Wi'TLyovov, ovXXapifiavovrojv AeAAto? vtt^ ^ Ps.vTOjviov ervy291 7T€p,(f)6€Lg 'Hpcobqu ovyKarayayelv eVeiaev. XO.i^ei' Se Bei^Tt'Stos" p^ev iv rat? iroXeaLV ra? hid YldpBov? Tapaxd? Kadiardpei'o?, HlXojv 8' eV *IoL'8ata ;\;pr]/xaCTtP' i;??' 'Avrr/oi^ou hL€(j)6app4.vos. ov pirjv 'Wpcohrj^ loxdos rjTTopeL, Trpoiovn 8' avru) Kad^ rjpLepau -qv^eiTO rd rrj? Svvdpeoj?, Kal ttXtjv 292 dAiyoii' Trdaa rj FaAtAata Trpooedero. TrpovKeLTO pikv ovv TO dvayKaiorarov dyujVLopa MaCTa8a /cat TO pvoaodai Tipcarov tovs olk€lov? e'/c rijs TToXiopKtas, yiverai 8' ep—ohiov ^\67T7Tiy ravTTjv yap exprjv rij?
FaAtAat'a?
Bei^TtSt'ou /cat StAceji^o?, ovs
TToXepLiav
ovaav e^eXelv
'\epOGoXvilOJV
€7TL
epup.a
KaraXeLTTOLTO.
dop.€vojg
rrjs
7TpoO€K€LVrO
-rrporepov, ojg
/CaTO,
VOJTOV
^\ovhaLOL
x<^povuT05
TOl?
7rp6(j}aoiv
bLd)KOVT€9.^
e;(^/Dot?
Kal
hk
ovvrjTtrev
dnavaordoeoj?
p,rj
TL
€77t
lLiXa)v
evpojv,
<1>
ZOVTOVS
'HpojSrjg iKdpajidjv p,€r^ dXiyov arL
*
136
TTpos
Destinon
rdj (\Tri5as C.
:
A.araXAotTrfi' .mss. ^
TrpoffrjKOifTts
PA.
'
JEWISH WAR, reality to extort
ingly
I.
289-292-
(
= ANT.
xiv.
money from Antigonus.
encamped
in the
immediate
392-397)
He
accord-
vicinity of Jeru-
salem and, after glutting his avarice, retired with the bulk of his troops leaving, however, a detachment under the command of Silo, to prevent the detection of his mercenary proceedings which might ensue from the withdra\val of the entire force. Antigonus, on his side, hoping for renewed assistance from the Parthians, meanwhile paid court to Silo, as he had to Ventidius, to prevent any trouble from him before his expectations were realized. (3) But already Herod, having sailed from Italy Herod to Ptolemais and collected a considerable army of Cf V"""? Palestine ^ n loreign and native troops, was advancmg through 39 b.c. Galilee u^^on Antigonus. Ventidius and Silo, induced by Dellius, Antony's emissary, to assist in reinstating Herod, w ere co-operating. But Ventidius was occupied in quelling local disturbances arising out of the Parthian invasion, while Silo, corrupted by the bribes of Antigonus, lingered in Judaea. Herod, however, had no lack of support new recruits added daily to his strength as he advanced, and, with few exceptions, all Galilee went over to him. The most urgent task ahead of him was Masada and, above all, the liberation of his relatives from the siege. But Joppa was a preliminary obstacle. For that town being hostile had first to be reduced, in order that there might be no stronghold left in enemy hands in his rear when he marched against Jerusalem. Silo, glad of an excuse for quitting Jerusalem, now proceeded to join him, hotly pursued by the Jews. Herod with a small party flew out upon them and soon routed them, rescuing Silo, who was making but a poor defence. ;
.
1-11
•
:
VOL.
II
F 2
1
37
,
.
JOSEPHUS 293
(4)
*'E77etTa
eXojv
^loTT-rju
MaaaSat^
rr^v
irpos
pvGOfxevo? Tovg OLKelovg rj-etyeTO. /cat rcop eVt^ojpLOJv ov? iJL€u TTarpcva (jiiXia rrpoGt'jyev, ovg 8e to avTOV kMos, ov^ d€ rfi? e^ a.fjL(t)OLU evcpyeoia^ dfiOL^Tj, TrXeLGTovs >'€ firju e'ATTts" tu? eV ^aatMoj^ ^e^aiou, SvciVLKrjr6<;* re 77817 Svi^afiig yjdpoLGTO. 294 rrpoLOura
S'
Wv-iyovo?
evi'-jbpeveu
TOLTTLTi^BeLa
tcou
-poXox^Ccvv eV olg ov6ev r) puKpa rov? 'Hpa»8i7? 8e tou? €/<• iMaTToXeiJLLOvg k^XaTt-ev aa8a? olk€lovs TrapaXa^ojv paSt'cu? /cat 'Pr^o-av* to \epoo6Xvfxa- GvurjrrTe 5' (f)povpLOu fJ€i Trpo^ TO. avTcp TO pL^Ta Y^iXcovog oTpaTicoTiKOv /cat 77oAAot TUiV €K T-qg TToXeojg Ti]v LG)(vu /caraTTAayeVre?. (5) T^TpaTO—eSevGafievovg 8e /caret to rrpog Bvglu 295 €t6^€v6v re /cAi/Lta Tov dGT€o<; ol TavTr) (f)vXaKe<; /cat i^rjKovTil^ov aurou?, dAAoi 8e K'ara gtl(J}0<; €k6€oi^t€<; d7T€77€ipon'To TCOU TT poT€Taypiivo}v 'Hpd>hri<^ hk TO p.kv TipojTov KrjpvGGeiv Trepl to T€L)(o<; e/ce'Aeuei/ a>9 eV dyadoj t€ Trapeit) tov S'qpiou Kal eTTL oojTripia. rr]<; ttoXcoj^ fir]Sev firjhe^ roi)? TrapoSojv
,
'
,
ex^povs diivuGvpLcvog
(f>av€povs '^'ii'o
^ia(f>op(jL>-dTOLS
povfTes tcl)u
TO
OL
dfjLvrjGTcau.
tou
nepl
KrjpvypidTCjju
XoLTtOv
,
ho'jooju 8e /cat rot?
eVet
5e
dvTLTrap-qyo-
WvTcyouou ovt€ KaTaKOveiv Tiud? ovre /xera/SaAAeCT^ai,
eioju
dpLVveGBai
tov<;
e~p€7Tev Tot? G(f)€T€poL9
tov Teixovg
drro
OL Sf Ta)(e(jL>?
€tt-
uTTavTa? dno
Toju TTvpyoju eTpdipavTO tol? fjeX^GLv. 297
(6) "Ef^a hrj /cat HlXojv dTreKaXvipaTO ttjv SojpoooKLaw €7TLOK€vaGdfi€vog ydp TToAAou? Tcov GTpa-
Naber:
^
A.
5i'(r/
ms3.
:
the
same confusion occurs
in
xviii. 23. *
138
Qprjaav
M\'C:
cf. § 2o(>.
*
Bckker
:
tx-qre
mS3.
JFAVISH WAR, (4)
I.
293-297
(
=
ANT. xiv. 397-406)
Then, after taking Joppa, he
Masada
to He
hastened
takes
rescue his friends. The country - folk ffi^e^ves' rallied to him, some drawn by old aflfection for his Masada. father, others by his own renown some in return for benefits conferred by both father and son, but the majority attracted by their expectations from one whose claim to the throne seemed assured so that by now he had assembled a formidable army. Antigonus sought to obstruct his advance by posting to
;
;
ambuscades in suitable passes, but caused little or no injury to the enemy. Herod without difficulty rescued his friends in Masada, recovered the fortress of Rhesa," and then marched against Jerusalem where he was joined by Silo's troops and by many of the citizens, who were alarmed at the strength of his army. (5) Having encamped on the west side of the town, his forces were assailed by showers of arrows and javelins from the guards posted at that quarter, while others sallying out in companies made attacks on his outposts. At the outset, Herod ordered heralds to patrol the walls and proclaim that he had come for the good of the people and the salvation of the city, that he had no intention of punishing even avowed enemies and would grant an amnesty to his bitterest foes. But when Antigonus issued counter-exhortations forbidding any to listen to these proclamations or to go over to the enemy, Herod at once gave his men permission to retaliate on their assailants on the ramparts, and with their missiles ;
Herod jerusaie
they soon drove them (6)
tion.
all out of the towers. Silos conduct betrayed his corrupFor he induced a large number of his soldiers
And now
«
In
Idumaea, §266.
139
V'
-
JOSEPHUS OTrduLW
TLOjTOju
rpo^a?
€77 LTTjbeLOJv
avapodv KOL
')(prjiiara
OLTTaLTelu, dTTdy€LV
re G(f)d? x€Lii€pLovvrag €19 TOi)? €7n~ri6eiovs^ tottovs , €.7T€ihr] rd Tiept T-qv ttoXlv Tju eprjfxa rraura row rrepL Aunyovov Trpoav€tV
€OK€VaafJL€U(JJU
298
€KLl'€L
,
T€ TO OTpar07T€00U Kai
ai'tt
'HpajSr/9 S' Ivrvyxdvojv rolg re X^P^^^ V7t6 tov Li'AcuP'a -qyefiooLv Kal Kara TrXrjdos rolg orpaTicorais eSelro firj KaraXiTrelv airrov vtto re e77€i/3aTO.
Kataapo? kol
Avrojviov Kal rrjs crvyKX-qrov TrpoXvoen^ yap av6i-]ix€p6v avrojv rds 299 duopias. Kal fxerd rrju hir^oiv evOeojs^ oppufjoas avro^ ets" Trjv "x^ojpav roaavrrju avrolg emriqheicjjv aTTOKOipaL Trdoa? d(j}9ovLav ojg rag eKOfjLLoeu, ^lXojuos 7Tpo(f)doeL<; et? re rag ^^rj? rj/JLepag fXTj btaXi—elu rrjv \opriyiav 77 povoo'uixevog erreoreXXev rolg 77€pt Ha/xdpeiau, (JjKeiojro 6' 77 TroXtg avrat, olrov Kal olvov Kal eXaiov Kal ^ooKrjfj.ara Kardyeiv ravr' dKOVoag ^Avriyovog 8t300 et? '\epLXOVvra. eTTefxipeu rrepl r-qv xojpav eXpyeLV kol Xo-)(dv rovg OLrrjycvg KeXevcov. ol 8* VTT-qKOVov, Kal ttoXv '
TTep.cjydei'ra
,
ttXtjOos OTrXLrdjv
vnep
huKadetovro he
errl
rrju
'\epLXOvvra ovvrjOpoiadrj'
row opwv 7rapa<^vXdooovreg
rdmrrideLa eKKO/jLil^oprag. ov beKa be OTreipag dvaXa^cov,
30J TOL'9
rjpefjieL,
'PaifjaLOJu
TTevre
8'
pLTjv
'HpoSSr^?
cbv Trevre fiev
rjoav, exovoat Kal oXiyovg rojv LTTTrecuv, Tiapayiverai., Kal rrjv fjLev
'loudai'oji/
IJ.Lo9o(f)6povs pttyaSas Trpog olg €7tI
rrjv
302
'XipLxovvra
evpioKei, nevraKooiovg he rd aKpa KareiXrjC^oras ovv yvvai^lv Kal yeveaZg. avrovg fiev ovv dTToXvet Xa^ojv, 'Pto/zatot S* ttoXlu
KaraXeXeLfxfjieprjv
'
iOt'ois
*
iidfwi
PA. om.
PA
Lat. Heg., but probably not a gloss from normal form of the adverb in B.
A.\\ (e^^i>$); iidiu% is the
140
JEWISH WAR,
I.
297-302
(
= a\t.
xiv.
406-410)
an outcry about a lack of supplies and to for the purchase of provisions and to be marched to suitable wniter quarters, as the troops of Antigonus had already completely cleared the neighbourhood of the city and reduced it to a desert. He, therefore, broke up his camp and attempted to retire. Herod, however, interviewed first the officers of Silo's staff and then the assembled troops, and besought them not to desert him, holding, as he did, a commission from Caesar, Antony, and tiie senate; "for," said he, "this very day I will relieve your wants." After making this appeal he instantly set off in person into the country and brought back such an abundance of supplies as to cut away all Silo's excuses while, to ensure that there should be no shortage in the immediate future, he instructed the inhabitants of the district of Samaria, that city having declared in his favour, to bring corn, wine, oil, and to raise
demand money
**
;
cattle dov^^n to Jericho.
Hearing of
this,
Antigonus
issued orders throughout the country to hold-up and waylay the convoys. Acting on these orders, large
bodies of men in arms assembled above Jericho and took up positions on the hills, on the look-out for Herod, however, was the conveyors of the supplies. on the alert, and with ten cohorts, of which five were Roman, and five Jewish with mercenaries intermixed, and a small body of horse, proceeded to Jericho. He found the city deserted and the heights ^ occupied by five hundred persons with their wives and children. These he made prisoners and then released while ;
"
Or
" interceded with."
* rd aKpa here and in A.i not rV aKpay ("the citadel") which might have been expected. /
141
.y
JOSEPHUS ro Xoittov aorv SirjprraGav 7TAr]p€LS KaraXafi^dvoures ras" otVt'a? -avroitov K€L}i-qXiojv ovv 6 ^aatXeus Kara* itpi\ovvTOS fJLeu
ciOTrejovre?
>
XiTTOju vTTecrrpeipeu,
orpa-iav els *I8ouaatav Kal
Kal )(ei}xepiovrjav rrjv 'Pojfxaiojv 7TpooK€XOjprjKVta<;^
to.-;
FaAtAatat'
StacfyrJKeu
Haixapeiav.
/cat
iir-
AiTlyouo? Trapa ttj^ HlXwvo? hojpoSoActa? vTTohe^audaL rod orparov polpav ev AJSSot? €TVX€i' be Kal
^
OepaTTeuojv Wvtoji'lou. 303
(xvi.
Kat rwv
1)
dueLfjLeuoL
dXXd
}xev
T-qv
rerpaKoaiOLS dheXfhov
'PojfjLaLOL
fxev
^Xhovpiaiav
l7t-€Vgiv
^IcoarjTTOv,
ev acbBoi^ois dtij-yov
^Hpcohr)?
ottXojv,
3'
ovk
hiaXapif^dvei
ojs
fxrj
^Avrr/ouov^- avro? 8e Tr)^
tl
rfpefxeL,
'nel.ols
Kal
77e/x(/'a?
rov
hLox^-XioLS
veiorepLadeirj
fx-qrepa
rrpos
Kal ooovs
MacraSa? oiKecov? i^Tjyayev fierayayajv
e/c
Sa/za-
el?
peiav Kal KaTaGTrjadpLevo? docfyaXws ry'et rd XotTrd TTjS FaAtAata? Karaarpeipofxeuos Kal rd? *Ai^Tt-
yovov <j)povpd? e^eXdacov. (2)
304
Hpo?
he
rrjv
SeTT^coptv
eu
vLc^ercp
hpordrcp hiavvoas dKovirl napaXapL^dweL 7Tp6 rrJ£
e<j)6hov tojv
rovs eTTOjxevovs vtto dvaXa^ojv ttoXXtj S' ,
evda KaKcoBevras
(f)vXdKCov eK(i>vy6vr cjv
tou rjv
xeipicovos
dcfiOoula
G(f)0-
rr^v ttoXlv,
rtov
.
err Lrrjheictjv
omqXaloL? (LppL-qro XrjGrds, ol TToXXrjv rrjg ^^cupa? KaraTpe)(ovTe? ovk iXdrroj KaKa TrpoTrepupas 305 TToXefjLOu hierideaav rovg eTTixcopLOU?. irrl
he
Tovs
ev
rpla reXrj
TreCojv
^ -
14^^
rols
C (adding
'At'Tiydi'Ov
VC
•'
Kal pblau
7rc>\rt5): irf/onfx-
iXrjV
LTT-ecou
Trpd?
the rest.
on the part of A." (perhaps rightly).
JEWISH WAR,
I
302-305
(
=
ant. xiv. 410-415)
the Romans fell upon and rifled the rest of the town, where they found the houses full of treasures of every sort. Leaving a garrison in Jericho, the king returned and dismissed his Roman army to winter quarters in the districts which had joined his standard, Idumaea, Galilee, and Samaria. Antigonus, on his side, to ingratiate himself with Antony, induced
by a bribe to Lydda."
Silo
Winter
(
division of his troops in
billet a
Romans were
thus hving on the Herod's from arms, Herod, never idle, campaig occupied Idumaea with two thousand foot and four ^dumaec hundred horse, which he sent thither under his brother Joseph, to prevent any insurrection in favour of Antigonus. His own care was the removal of his mother and other relations, whom he had rescued having safely installed from Masada, to Samaria them there, he set out to reduce the remaining strongholds of Galilee and to expel the garrisons of and Gaii Antigonus. (2) He pushed on to Sepphoris through a very heavy snowstorm and took possession of the city without a contest, the garrison having fled before Here, provisions being abundant, he his assault. refreshed his troops, sorely tried by the tempest, and then started on a campaign aeainst the cave- ^^ ^^f^' the bri"( dwelling brigands, who were infesting a wide area at Arbli and inflicting on the inhabitants evils no less than those of war. Having sent in advance three battalions of infantry and a squadron of cavalry to the village (xvi. 1) W^hile
the
fat of the land, at rest
;
" On the west frontier of Judaea an action in the enemy's favour apparently intended to weaken the allegiance of the ;
Roman
troops.
143
l;.dLiK
JOSEPHUS "ApprjXa
KcofJLrjv,
avro? fxera reoaapaKOvra rjiiepa? ov iir]v 7Tp6?
eTTrjXOev fiera rrjg Aoltttjs Sui^a/xecus".
e<^ohov
rrju
eSetaau
ol
TToXefiLoi,
8e
/i-ero.
rwv
OTtXoJV dTTrjVTOJV, ifJL7T€LpLaV fXeV TToXeflLKTjV €XOVT€S,
crvfi^aXovres yovv rw Opdao? XrjOTpLKov Se^uo ro evcovvfjiov Kepa? row 'HpcuSou Tperrovrai. TrepceXOajv Se Ta^e'cD? 'HpcuSr^? eV toO Kad' iavTOV Se^tou rrpooeBoi^det, Kal to p.kv olk€lou
306 TO
Se
.
a(f>erepcp
i7T€aTp€(f)€U ifXTTLTTTOJV
€.K
TYJS
orofxa TTpoa^oXds 307 (3) '0 Se ecD? TToXv
pL€V
4>VyT]?
dv€K07TT€V TrjV
avrow
,
StaJKOVOLU
Sc
TOL?
OpfJLTJv ,
p^^XP^
"^^^
KaTOL
6epovreg i^eKXiuav. 'lophdvov KTelvoju €lt7€to
pLrj
p,€pOS
hi€
OL
Kal
XoLTTol
5'
VTTep rov 7TOTap,6v ioKehdodrjcrau, ojore 7r]v FaAt-
Xalav eKK^Kaddpdai (ho^ojv,
rrXrju
KaBooov
ol tol9
OTTYjXaLOL? ep,(f)OjXevovr€? vTreXetTTovTO- Kdrrl tovtols
308 eSet
rds
SLarpL^i]^.
€K
Tojv
Slo
br]
Trpujrov rots
7T€7Tovr]pL€vajv
GrparicoTaLg
inLKapTTLas
drTeSlBou,
eKdoTcu ^paxp^d? eKarou TrevrrjKOVTa dpyvptov Kal rot? -qyepcooLV TToXvTrXaaioua, ^ Oe/OCOpOl hL€7T€p.lp€V €tV OV? €X€LpepLL,OV GTa6pOV£. Be TO) veajrarcx) raJv dSeXi^cov iTTeareXXev rrjg re dyopd? avTols -OLelodai Trpovoiav Kal retx^^^LU ^AXe3dvSp€L0i'. KdKelvog dp:(j)0Tep<jDV iTTepeXrjdrj. 309 Adiqvag hLrjyeu 8e rovTcp Trepl pkv (4) 'Ei^ WvTcovLog, Sevrihiog 8' eVt rou Trpog Yidpdovs hiavepiojv
^
voXepLOV
ILiXujvd
re
Ka\
Wpujhiqv
pi€r€7T€pL7T€TO,
KaraorrjoaadaL Trporepov i—LGTeXXcvv rd ^lovhaiav. 'HpwSrjg 8* aa/xeVco? TtXajva
jrepi
npog
^ I have inserted the conjunction which seems necessary. Without it the sense would be "and sent much larger sums
to the officers in their various winter quarters."
U4
JEWISH WAR,
I.
305-309
(
= ant.
xiv. 415-421;
them forty days later with the Nothing daunted by his approach, the enemy, who combined the experience of seasoned warriors with the daring of brigands, went armed to meet him, and, coming into action, routed Herod's Herod instantly wheeling left wing with their right. round his troops from the right wing, where he was in command, came to the relief, and not only checked the flight of his own men, but falling upon their pursuers broke their charge, until, overpowered by his frontal attacks, they in turn gave way. (3) Herod pursued them, with slaughter, to the Jordan and destroyed large numbers of them the rest fled across the river and dispersed. Thus was Galilee purged of its terrors, save for the remnant still lurking in the caves, and their extirpation required time. So, before proceeding further, Herod awarded of Arbela," he joined
rest of his
army.
;
to his soldiers the fruits of their labours, distributing to each man a hundred and fifty drachmas of silver and to their officers much larger sums, and then dismissed them to their various winter quarters. He instructed Pheroras, his youngest brother, to take
charge of the commissariat department^ and to fortify Alexandrion both tasks received his brother's ;
attention. (4) At this time Antony was residing in the neighbourhood of Athens, and Silo and Herod were summoned by Ventidius for the war with Parthia, being Herod instructed first to settle affairs in Judaea. gladly dismissed Silo to Ventidius, and set out him" Irbid, near the Lake of Gennesaret, N.W. of Tiberias.
and exter minates t cavedwellers.
In A. xiv. 418 it is not Herod's troops which Pheroras is instructed to provision, but Silo and the Romans, whose supplies Antigonus at the end of a month had cut short (see § 302). ''
145
r
JOSEPHUS Bev'TLSiou oLTToXvaag avro?
IttI
ra be
iarpdrevcjev.
310 Aatoi?
rov? Iv roTg
otttj-
ravra
Trpog
GTr-qXaia
ovhapioOev Trpoond, rrXayta? rj 8e Kara Be dvoSov? pLOvou e^ovTa crrevordTag jjieTCxJTTOU a-ura)v irirpa Karereivev et? ^advrdra? €7nppiTT0vaa ral? ;;^apaSpais', dpayya? opBios cjCTxe Tov ^aoiXda p.^xp'- ttoXXov p.eu dvopeli^ irpos ro dpLrjxavov rod tottov, reXevralov 8' iTnvoia yovv dXKipLov? 311 )(p-qaaGBaL roi)? oaX€pajrdTr). Kadipicov eV Xdpva^Lv eVtet TOiS- urop^LOt^, ol Se aTTeoc^aTTOV re avrovg ovv yeveal^ kol irvp evieaav Tols dp.vvop,evoLS. ^ovX-i)dcls 8' e^ avrojv kol CLTTOKp'q/jLvoL?
opeoLV
rjv
.
TLvag
TTepLGCJoaL 77/30?
avrov.
edero,
/cat
rctJi'
eTnd
p,€vov<;
Se^ta
dvaxojp^^^^
^ialop.eva>v Se ttoXXol rrj? al^P-a-
312 Xcooias TrpoeiXovro Sdvarov. TiSy
eK')]pv^€v
'HpojSvyS"
rcov he ideXovalajs p-ev ou8et? Trpoo-
TTaihcov
Trarrjp,
evBa Kal rcov yrjpaLOJV Trj? p.7]Tp6s Beo-
p-erd
Tov? TratSa? eTTiTpeihai KTeivei
rpoTTco
KeXevGGs auTO? loraro del TTpoLOvra tojv vlwv
irrl
l^eXdelv enl eva Trpo'Cevai GTop-tou^ /cat rov
G(f)LGLu
kgB^
roLcoBe
to
d77eG(f)a'r7ev.
e^ aTTOTtrov
he 'HpcoSr]? eTrSXeTTOjv to* re TrdOei GvvexeZTO^
/cat
Toj rrpeG^VTTj he^idv ojpeyeu (^eLGaodat tojv jeKvojv
ovhev evhov^ tcDi' Xeyorov 'Hpwhr^v elg TaveivorrjTa, errl toI? TraiGlv avaipel Kal rr^v yvvalKa, Kal Kara^aXdjv /cara tov Kprjp.vov toi)? feKpov^ reXevralov eavrov eppupev.
313 TTapaKaXojv pLevojv,
,
dXXd
6
'
PA
:
dTroxupflf
Tci' arotxiov
"
146
rrpos
TrpoGOvethiGag
the rest.
Niese from the parallel passage in u4. So most Mss.. r/. B. vii. 300: CLudxfTo Niese with C. 2
'
he
/cat
Or
chests.'
JEWISH WAR,
I.
309-313
(
= axt.
xiv. 421-430)
self on a campaign against the bandits in the caves. These caves, opening on to mountain precipices, were inaccessible from any quarter, except by some tortuous and extremely narrow paths leading up to the cliff in front of them dropped sheer them ;
down
into ravines far below, with water-courses at the bottom. The king was, consequently, for long baffled by the impracticable nature of the ground, but at length had recourse to a most hazardous scheme. By means of ropes he lowered the most stalwart of his men in cradles " and so gave them these then massacred access to the cavern-mouths the brigands and their families, hurling in fire-brands upon those who resisted. Anxious to save some of them, Herod, by word of herald, summoned them to Not one of them voluntarily surhis presence. rendered,'' and of those taken by force many preferred death to captivity. It was then that one old man, the father of seven children, being asked by them and their mother permission to leave under Herod's pledge, killed them in the following manner. Ordering them to come forward one by one, he stood at the entrance and slew each son as he advanced. Herod, watching this spectacle from a conspicuous" spot, was profoundly affected and, extending his hand to the old man, implored him to spare his children but he, unmoved by any word of Herod, and even upbraiding him as a low-born upstart,*^ followed up the slaughter of his sons by that of his wife, and, having flung their corpses down the precipice, finally threw himself over after them. ;
;
^
^
many cases of Or " commanding." " perhaps for his abject spirit."
Jnt. 427, on the contrary, mentions
surrender. Cf.
§
478
'^
;
147
^
,
JOSEPHUS 314
^€ipovTaL
(o)
auTOib
€u
CQ-qv
fjLolpai^
f.L€u
'HpcuST7?
ovrws ra
Koi rovs rov orrparov
OTT-qXaia
8e
Ka-raXiTTOji^
VTTcXdfJL^avev
a7TO-)(priO€LV
i7TavaoTdGeL<; kol GoAc/xaloi^^
eV
avrijg
Trpos irrl
to,?
Sa/xa-
peias V7T€OTpe(f)€i', OTrXtra^ p.kv rpiox'-^'-ov? ('7777619 dyoju i^aKOOLOvg eV WvTLyovo]/. evda rrpos TTjv d7:o\d>pr]uiv avrov Xa^ovres dheiau ol<^ e^os
315 he
dopv^elv Tov
rju
fxalov^
YaXiXaiav Kreivovoiv fxev QoXeorpar-qyov dSoKrjroj<; Trpoo7T€G6vre<;,
rr^v
eTTopdovv Se ttju x^P*^^ 7TOLovp.evoL rds dva(f>vyds Ta eXr) Kal rd Svoepevurira tojv )(a)pLO)v €1? 316 TTvdofievos he 'HpcuSr^s" T-qv eTravdoraoLV hid rdxovs €7Te^orjdei Kal ttoXv p.ev avrojv TrXrjdos hia(f)6eLpeL_
TO
(fipovpia he Trdvra TToXLopKLats e^eXujv ertiripiLoi
TTj^
liera^oXrjs
eloeTrpd^aTO
rtapd
tojv
TroXeoJv
eKa-TOV rdXavra. 317
(6) "HSr^ 8e Yldpdow p-eu e^eXiqXapevojv dvrjp-qpeuov he UaKopov, Bevrihio? eTTtcrreiXavro'i ^Av ,
Hpcohrj /car' 'Avrt hvo rdyfjiara. rovrcov 8< 701^ OTpa-Tjyov ^laxoupdv \vr'i.yovo<; LKerevoev 81 (TTLOToXwu eavro) ^orjBov d(l)LKeo6aL, rroXXd t« 77€pc' TYJ^ 'Hpcohov ^La<^ [Kal eTTrjpeias Trjg /Saat
Tojuiov
youou
rrefXTTet
ovp-iJLdxovs
^i-Xlovs (777761? Kal
^
XeiasY dnohvpopevos Kal xp-qjiara hojoeiv vttigx 6 he, ov ydp Kare(i>p6veL
SIS vovpevog.
'
PA
:
U.rc\€ixo.iov
the rest (as in
frc\iu{.uv
*
The bracketed words only
hrough horaoioteleuton, by the P T\iQi' the rest. *
148
:
A
LVRC.
*
\\).
^
in
MVC;
rest-
-i-Te
MSS.
omitted, probabb
JEWISH WAR,
I.
314-S18
(
= ant.
xiv. 430-435)
Herod having o thus mastered the caves and inhabitants, leaving behind him under the command of Ptolemy a contingent sufficient, in his (5) \ y
their
Fi'esh ^is
,n Galilei
queued.
opinion, to repress insurrection, returned towards Samaria, bringing to meet Antigonus a force of three
thousand heavy infantry and six hundred cavalry. Thereupon, emboldened by his departure, the usual promoters of disturbance in Galilee made a surprise attack on his general Ptolemy and slew him, and proceeded to ravage the country, finding refuge in the marshes and other places difficult to search. Apprised of the revolt, Herod returned in haste to the rehef, killed a large number of the rebels, besieged and destroyed all their fortresses, and imposed on the towns, as the penalty for their defection, a fine of a hundred talents. (6) The Parthians having now at last been expelled and Pacorus slain, Ventidius, under instructions from Antony, dispatched a thousand horse with two legions to support Herod in opposing Antigonus, the officer in command being Machaeras. To this general Antigonus wrote, imploring him instead to come to his own assistance, complaining bitterly of Herod's high-handed and abusive treatment of the realm," and adding a promise of money. Machaeras, not being prepared for such contempt of his superior's orders, especially as Herod was offering him a larger sum, declined the temptation to treason, but, feigning amity, went off to spy out the position of Antigonus,
*
Or perhaps
" the throne."
U9
^entidins Parthians
Machaera his
"
^^
atutud?'
JOSEPHUS 6'
avTOV
hidvoiav Wvriyovo? ttju Kal aTTO rcov tci^cDv tu?
TTjv
(iTTeKXeicrev
alBovixevog Max'^t-pd^ els 'Aft'Hpa)8r)u dua)(cup€L Kal Trpog ttji dvfjLovfievo? oool? e7T€Tvyxav€v ^\ov-
7rp6?
StafjLaprtau
haiois dvfjp€L, ovuei^og, aAA* 320
f7j
ttoXli
TToXefiLo:
yL€\pL<;
TifivvaTO,
fiaovvra
re
'
xaAerrrjuas 'HpcuSry? ojpixrjuev
olg
'E(;^'
ajjivvaadat
HpcvSeiojv <^et8w 7701firjBefJLLav rwv ws Wi^riyoueioLS xpajfj.€vos aTraGLV.
Ma;^atpdi^
rroXijiLOv,
oj?
KparrjGa?
fxei
8e
'
Trjs
TTj?
opyrjg
rjXavvev ~p6s
'Slaxo.ipd
-napavoixias
Autcoulov KaT-qyop-qotui .
6
8'
eV
8iaAoytcrju.o"
tCjv rjiJLapTr]/ji€PCov y€v6pLeuo<; rax^co? ixera^LcvKeL re
Tou ^aoiXea
/cat
noXXd Sery^et? eauroj SiaAAarrei. i—avGaTO rrjg rrpos \vt(Jjvioi ^
321 01)
p-Tiv
'HpcL)877?
8'
dKrjKod)^ avTou fierd TToXXrjS Svudfxeoj'; po G 77 oXep-ovvT a XapLOGaroLS, ttcXls 8' cgtIu Evrou (f)pdrov TrXiqGLOV Kaprepd, Odrrov -qTreiyero Katpov iTTiTTJBetov opcov TTpog re €77-t8ei^a' ai'Spet'a? 322 Kal 70V pidXXov dpeaaodaL tov Wvtujviov. yiverai yovv €7T€X6d)u reXos avrolg Trj
77
^ap^dpoju dnoKTeiva<;, TToXX-qu 8e 07:0idv \xkv Xvtojviov 6avp.dLovra Kal TrdXai ttj^ dpeTrj? avrou t6t€ p.dXXou ovToj<; ^x^Li^ Kal -poGdelvaL -oXv rat? t€ aAAat? Tt/xats avTov Kal rat? ft? rijv ^aGiXeiav IXttLglv, ^AvTLOXOv 8e Tov ^aGiXea dvayKaGOrjvaL rrapaSovvaL rd Sa/xocrara. (xvii. 323 Kdv tovtw OpaveraL rd Kara ttju 1) 'lovbaiaif 'Hpcodou vpdyixaTa. /careAeAotVet p-kv ydp ^\d>Gr,7Tov tov dh€X(i)6v €7tI rdjv oXujv vapayyeiXas pLrjdkv p-kxpi- ttjs v7TOGTpo(^ris avTov napa130 p-kv
TCx)v
^
T€pL6p.evog Xeiav, cjore
JEWISH WAR,
I
319-323
(
= a>jt.
xiv. 435-448)
without listening to Herod, who tried to dissuade him. Antigonus, divining his intention, refused him admittance to the city, and repulsed him from the until at length Machaeras, for walls as an enemy very shame, was forced to retire to Emmaus and Infuriated by his discomfiture, he rejoin Herod. killed all the Jews whom he met on his march, not even sparing the Herodians, but treating all alike as friends of Antigonus. (7) At this Herod, in indignation, hastened to Herod attack Machaeras as an enemy, but, restraining his A^,"^[on^y anger, set out instead to lay before Antony an>nthe Machaeras, reflecting samosata accusation of his enormities. on his errors, pursued after the king and by dint of entreaties succeeded in pacifying him. Herod, notwithstanding, continued his march to join Antony ; the receipt of intelligence that the latter with a large army was assaulting Samosata, a strong city near the Euphrates, quickened his pace, as he saw in this a favourable opportunity for displaying his courage and strengthening his hold upon Antony's affection. His arrival, in fact, brought the siege to He killed numbers of the barbarians a conclusion. and secured booty in abundance, with the result that Antony, who had long admired his valour, now held it in even higher respect, and largely increased both his honours and his high expectations of sovewhile King Antiochus was compelled to reignty surrender Samosata. (xvii. 1) Meanwhile Herod's cause had suffered a Defeat an grave reverse in Judaea. He had left his brother nTrod? Joseph in charge of the realm, with injunctions to brothner Joseph. take no action against Antigonus until his return, ;
j
I
;
151
JOSEPHUS 'AvTLyoi'ov ov yap
Kivelv rrpo?
St)
/Se^atov elvat
GvpLfiaxov e^ d>v eSpaoev. 6 Se cog rJKOuaev ovra TToppaj-droj rov dheXcjiou, a/xeATJaaj TcDv TTapayyeXjiaTajv eVt '\€pLXOvvros ixcopet fierd MaxcH'pa.i^
rrevre
324 Tov
as (JvveTTepLijjev Ma;^atpa?' fj^i Se dpTrdoojv iv aKfifj rod Bepovg. eVtSe €v roZg opeaiv Kal ralg hvox^jpiaLS
OTreipciiV,
OLTOV
6€p.ei'ojv
Tcov evavTLOjv avrog re 6vqoK€L, fidXa yeuwaiog eV Tjj
Kal to 'PajfiaiKov irav 8ta
p.dxij (f)av€Lg,
rLcorcjv
KaXovfievajv,
TOt?
irrafivvciv
aTT^ipois
TToXefXOV SvvdfJL€WOV.
325
WvTLyopoj 5e ovk dTTexprjcreu tj ulkt], Trpotouovtov opyrjg, (Lore Kal veKpov atVtoaoOai Tov ^Icvgtjttov KpaTi^oag yovv tljv oojpidTOjv (;2)
rjXdev be et?
aTTOTepLvei rrjv K€(l)aXrjv avrov,
Kairoi TrevrrjKovra
rdXavra Xvrpov avr-qg ^epcopa rdSeX(f)ov SthovTog. 326 rd 8e rrjg FoAtAatas" /xera rrjv WvTiyovov vlkt^v ivecorepiodr] irpos roaovrov, coo-re rovg rd 'HpcoSov (fipovovvrag roov Swaroiv irpoayayovres^ etV ri^v Karehvaav ol Trpocexovreg 'Avrtyovoj. Xifiprjv fiere^dXXero }i\a)(aLpdg
327 KaAetrat. Si]g'
jieTa
8e
ttoAAo,
tow
tovtojv Se oudev ovttoj^ ttIttvgto
*\\pci}-
yap
ttjv
Ha/xoadTcov dXtooiv
KaTaoT-quag enl Trjg TTpoard^ag 'Wpojhr] ^orjOeti'
^
AiyvTrToi'
dvex^jprjoev,
Niese. with Lat. ovotv oiiru}
M
:
:
AvrojvLog Hvpiag Hoaaiov Kal eV* 'Avrtyoyov aj^ros" Soaatos" 8e hvo fiev
irpoaaytiyouTes or
ovbiiru)
*
152
eV^a
rtr^a
tl
fjLev
etV
'ISou/xata?,
rfjg
/cat
e'pu/zarcuv
dverelxi-^^v
LVR
:
oviru)
tt
poa ay ov res
PA
Of Gennesaret.
^
:
ovbh
>iss.
iru
Bckker.
Jl
JEWISH WAR,
I.
323-327
(
= ant.
xiv. 448-450)
because the previous conduct of Machaeras proved No sooner, howto be an untrustworthy ally. ever, did Joseph hear that his brother was at a safe distance, than, disregarding instructions, he marched towards Jericho with five cohorts sent to him by Machaeras, with the object of carrying off the corn- Summer ^^^•^• crop in its midsummer prime. On the way he \vas attacked by his adversaries on difficult ground in the after displaying great gallantry in the battle hills he fell, and the whole Roman force was cut to pieces. For the cohorts had been recently levied in Syria and had no leavening of the so-called " veterans " to support these raw recruits. (2) Not content with his victory, Antigonus was Further so far carried away by rage as actually to do outrage Qaiuee ^ Being in possession of the bodies idumaea, to Joseph's corpse. of the slain, he had his head cut off, notwithstanding the ransom of fifty talents with which Pheroras, the brother of the deceased, offered to redeem it. In Galilee this victory of Antigonus led to so serious a revolution that his partisans dragged out of their houses the men of rank who were in favour of Herod and drowned them in the lake."* There was defection also in many parts of Idumaea,^ where Machaeras
him
;
was rebuilding the walls of
Of
all
this
a fortress called Gittha.
knew nothing. T'or after Samosata Antony had appointed
Herod
as yet
capture of Sossius governor of Syria, with orders to support
the
Herod in opposing Antigonus, and had then taken his departure for Egypt.^ Sossius, thereupon, sent on ^ A. has Judaea the position of the fort is uncertain. Smith and Bartholomew {Hist. Atlas of Holy Land, map 44) place it S.W. of Hebron. " This, as Reinach points out, is an error. Antony passed the winter of 38-37 b.c. at Athens (Plut. Ant. 34). ;
153
.
JOSEPHUS ray/xara
TrpoarrejTeLAeu
etV
^lovSalaw
'HpcoSi]
avro^ 8e fj-erd Trjt'T7P' rov TaheX^ov ddvarov oveipoi oacfiel? ovfjiijLaxoJ^)
-poar]p.aivovuLv KOLTrjg
oXlyov -rod
,
elofjeaav
Kal /xerd rapax'rj? eKdopovn dyyeXoL rrj? ovfx(f)opdg. 6
TrpoaoLfjLcu^ag
fjL€v
tuj
8e
-ddei, to rrX^lov he
7T€vdov? vrrepde/jLCvos, eVt Tovg ixdpov
329 y^TO, TTOiovfievos^ ttjv
rrjs
-opeiav vrrep
hvpajjLLV.
rjTrei-
Kal
Siavvaas eVt tov Xij^avov oKraKoatov^ p,kv rwv —epl TO 6po<; 77 poaXafj..3di'€L ovixjxdxovs, ^Pajfialojv 8e ev Tdyfia TavTV crvvrjiljev. fxeO' d)v ov TrepLpLeluas rjfiepav et? T-qv FaAiAatav eve^aXev, tol'? re TroAei.dovs VTravTidaavTa? ctV o KaTaXeXoirreaav x^P^ou 330 -peTTCTaL, Kal Trpoae^aXXev fxeu ouvexdj? toj (f)povOicp, TTplv 8e eXelv ;!^et/xa>i^t ^taa^et? p^aAeTTcurdTOJ irrel 8' rat? ttXtjolov ivGTpaTOTTeSeveTaL KcopiaLS avTO) ixeT^ oAtya? rjpLepa? Kal to Sevrepov Trapd WvTOjVLOV^ TdyfjLa cruvepLL^ev, Setcrayre? T-qv lox^v ol 77oXep,LOL Sid vvKTOS i^eXiTTov TO epvjxa. »^31 Kat TO XoLTTov Sid '\epLXOVVTOs jjet 07T€v8ajV (J.) Tdx^crra Tovg TabeX^ov (hovel? pLeTeXdelv evda* fj Kal SaLpLovLov TL avTO) (jvpL^aiveL Tepag, e^ ov Trap* eArrt'Sa uojdel? diSpog deoSiXeaTdTov 86$au dirr^veyKaTo. TToXXol p,€v ydp avTO) tCjv iv reAet uvveLGTidOrjaav Kar' eKeivrju ttjv lorrepav, hiaXvOevTos he TOV ovpLTTooLov pLeTa TO TrdvTas e^eXdelv 6 oIkos .
1
Destinon
3
M
154
:
:
'
XvTiOxaav
'AvTuvLw the rest.
y\S9.
* *
+ oe L\'RC. +5^ LVRC.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
327-331
(
= ant.
xiv. 451-455)
two legions into Judaea to assist Herod, and followed himself close behind with the rest of his troops. (3) But while Herod was at Daphne, near Antioch, Herod he had a dream distinctly warning him of his brother's paie^tfue death, and springing in horror from his bed was met by the messengers bringing news of the catastrophe. After brief lamentation for his loss, he deferred further mourning for another season and set out in haste to meet his foes. By forced marches he pushed on to Lebanon, where he received a reinforcement of eight hundred of the mountaineers and was joined by one of the Roman legions. With these allies, without waiting for daylight,^ he invaded Galilee ; he was met by the enemy, but drove them back to the position which they had just left. He made repeated attacks upon their fortress, but before he could capture it was compelled by a terrific storm to encamp in the neighbouring villages. A few days later he was joined by the second of Antony's legions.'' whereupon the enemy, alarmed at his strength, under cover of night evacuated their stronghold. (4) His subsequent march, accelerated by the de- His sire for speedy vengeance on his brother's murderers, escTp^at' took him through Jericho. Here he had a pro- Jericho. vidential and miraculous escape, the surprising nature of which won him the reputation of a special favourite of heaven. A large company of magistrates had dined with him that evening, and no sooner had the banquet ended and all the guests departed, than the " The Greek might mean " without a day's delay " ; but the rendering above seems fixed by the parallel hi A. xiv. 452 {uvKTos duaards); TrepifxtueLu \n Josephus usually means "to wait for.'' But the narrative is here abbreviated ; in A. the night march starts not from Lebanon, but from Ptolemais. "
§327.
155
V.^c'
JOSEPHUS 332 €U^€'a)? avveTTeGev. rovro Kal KLvbvvwv Kal ocdtt]pias KOLVou eVi ro) fieXXovri TToXefiw Kpivas elvai arjfjLeiov
vrro
ttjv
ivavrlow KaraTpexoi'Tes
70JV
Kara
X^'-P'^
eoj
Ste/ciVet
aTTen^LpujvTO
P-^^'
UTpanav.
tt^v-
l^aKLOXiXiovs
€ls
rtuv
ov}JL7TX€K€G6ai
tt
tols
Kal
rwv opwv
arro
pOT €7 ay p.ivojv, 'Poj/^atot? ov
Troppcudev 8e ;(e/3/xaaty Kal e^aXXov, cuare gvxvov? Ka'Ta-irpcooKeLV. Kal avTOS 'HpojSrjs TrapeXavvwv ttolAtoj^ Kara
dappovvT€<s,
o
TraArot?'
w
iv
rrjv TrXevpav aKovrit^eraL. Bou/\d/Ltci^09
(5)
333
Tojv
he
^
AvrLyovo<^
oAAa Kal
o(f)erepajv
Twu
p.6vov
jir]
TTepielvat
TTXrjdei
ToXfJLrj
boKelv,
arparids ivrl ovv rjv MaXdipd^ ayajvLop.a, 'HpwSrj? 8e rryi/ TToXepiav KarahpapLOjv TTeure pikv TToXix^'as KaraoTpec^erai, SloX^Xiov; 8e rwv iv avral? hia Ylpoaeyivero 335 TrXijdoi ^lovhaLOJV €k re ttj?^ 'lepixovvro? kolk r-fjs oAAr/? x^P^^> ol fiev hta puoos to 77^0? ^Avriyovov, ol S' IttI tols avrov KaropdajfiaGLU KeKivq/jLcvof Tou? ye ixrjv rroXXovs evrjyei' eVi^u/xta pLera^oXi]? Kal 6 p.ev rjTrelyero ov/JL^aXelv, ol he aXoyos TTepl YlaTTTTov ovTe TTpos TO ttXtjOos ovre Trpos rrjv opiJirjv VTToheioavre? avrov Trpodvfioj? avreTre^riXdov. TiaTTTTOV
TLva
334 Hafjidpeiav
ira'ipwv
77ept77e/Lt77et.'
fxera
Toirrqj*
fiev
.
336 y^vofieurj? he ttiS Trapard^eoj^ rd /xcv aAAa fJ-eprj TTpos oXiyov dvreox^v, 'Hpcuhr^s he Kara fJLVTjiirjv^
Hudson;
'
'
I'A *
156
:
TreX-oIj Msa.
the rest. aur^j mss.
(iriirftJiTrd
Niese
:
*
*
ttsXtu >is3. toltwu mss.
Destinon •
/xr}vn>
:
LVRC.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
33^-336
(
= a\t.
xiv. 455-458)
Seeing in this an omen alike of and of preservation during the coming campaign, he at daybreak put his troops in motion. Some six thousand of the enemy rushed down from the hills and assailed his vanguard they had not building collapsed.
perils
;
come to close quarters with the Romans, but pelted them from a distance with stones and darts, wounding many of them. On this occasion Herod himself, while riding along the lines, the courage
to
was struck by a javelin in the side. (5) Antigonus, wishing to create an impression of the superiority of his men, not only in enterprise but in numbers, dispatched an army to Samaria under one of his comrades named Pappus, whose
commission was to oppose Machaeras. Herod, meanwhile, ravaged the enemy's territory, subdued five small towns, slew two thousand of their inhabitants, set fire to the houses, and returned to his camp. His present headquarters were in the neighbourhood of a village called Cana." (6) Multitudes of Jews now joined him daily from He defeat Jericho and elsewhere, some drawn by hatred of cre7ieJ-a?'of Antigonus, others by his own successes, the majority ^'^I'igonus Herod was burning for by a blind love of change a fight, and Pappus, undeterred either by the number or the ardour of his adversaries, advanced with alacrity to meet them. On coming into action the
enemy made but Herod,
a brief stand in other parts of the line with his memories of his murdered ;
We
should doubtless read, as in the parallel account, due north of Jerusalem near the frontier of Judaea and Samaria. "
A.
xiv. 458, Isana, a place
157
JOSEPHUS rod
aTravra^
rpeTTOjjLevo?
337 atei'
7]g
(ZppLTjUTO,
ToO 8e
KT€LVOVTO?
Kal
KaTTeiSr)
GVVeLCTTTLTTTeL
rrdaa
Kal
vivaKTO, ra reyrj 338 rrXea.
(fyovo?
S'
rji'
KcoiJ.r]v
OLTTeLpOV?.
etaoj,
TToXefiLOL?
SicoKeL.
avve^codoufievajv ef 77pO(JK€Lp,€VOV TOt? UCTTaTOts
rroXvg, rcov jxeu et? rrju
8e
ottXltoju
/xer
TOL';
OLKca
§' rju vrrepOev dfjLVvofJLevojp Kara.-
Trepirjv
rwv
ra? OLK-qoeig
e^ojdeu,
OTTapdrroju €IXk€v rov? evhoOev. Kal rol? fieu TToXXolg i—LKaraa€LCOv rov? opocbov? ddpoov?^ dvfipei, rov? vrro^evyoura? Se rcou ipeLTTLOjv ol orpanajrai ^idi-qpei? dveSexovro, Kal roaovrov iacjopevdrj veKpoJv ttXtjOo?, ware ra? oSov? cltto ravrrjv rrjv TrXrjyqu ovk ro yovv e7TLOvXXey6p.€vov iOedoaro rov? dvd rrji/ Kojjjirjv (I)vyr]v SLeoKeSdadr], Kav evSew?
rol? Kparovoiv.
339
rjueyKau
ol
TroXcfiLOL-
avroju ttXtjOo? oj? h\.€(hdappLevov?, el? rfj
VLKT]
rjXaaev,
redapprjKO)? el
(xi)
'HpcoSr]?
y^eifXcoi^L
errl
BteKOjXvdr)
'
lepoaoXv/j.coi'
o(f)oSpordraj
rovr^ epLTToSiov eKeu'co re TraureXov? Karopdajfiaro? Kal Tirrrj? ^AvrLyouq) Karearr], ^ovXevojjLeuco KaraXi—elu rjSrj rrjv ttoXlv. 8e TTpo? ioTrepav rov? (T) 'Hpcobr]? [rj^r^Y 340 4)lXov? KeKfjLrjKora? errl SepaTreia rov ocop-aro^ Sta^et? Kal avro? oj? tjv en 6epp.6? eK rojv orrXcji Xovoo/jLevo? fjeL orparicorLKcorepow el? yovv avro. TTal? eLTTero. Kal rrplv el? ro ^aXaveZov eloeXdeiv ivavriov avrov ri? eKrpe\eL rojv TToXefjLtwv ^i(j)rjpri? 1
2
dei P. '
158
ora.
PAM
pM Lat.
.
d^p^t^s
the rest.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
S36-340
(
= a\t.
xiv. 458-463)
brother, hazarding all to be avenged on his murderers, quickly overcame the troops in front of him, and then, successively directing his attacks upon any that still held together, routed the whole body. scene of carnage ensued, the enemy driven pell-mell back into the village from which they had issued, Herod pressing upon their rear and massacring unRushing with his foes into the village, told numbers.
A
he found every house packed with soldiers and the thronged with others who attacked him from above. After defeating his enemies in the open, he pulled the buildings to pieces and dragged out those within. Many perished in a mass under the roofs which he brought down upon their heads, while those who escaped from beneath the ruins were met by the soldiers with drawn swords and there was such a heap of corpses that the streets were impassable This blow was too much for the to the victors. enemy those of them who rallied after the battle, when they saw the village strewn with dead, dispersed and fled. WMth the confidence of his victory, Herod would instantly have marched upon Jerusalem, had he not been detained by a storm of exceptional severity. This accident impeded the completion Df his success and the defeat of Antigonus, who was by now meditating the abandonment of the roofs
;
;
capital. (7) That evening. Herod having dismissed his :ompanions to refresh themselves after their fatigues, ft-ent himself just as he was, yet hot from the fight, -O take a bath, like any common soldier, for only a •ingle slave attended him. Before he entered the 3ath-house one of the enemy ran out in front of lim, sword in hand, then a second and a third,
Another
*^"'
ScTpe. .
159
A \
1^
JOSEPHUS ovroi
341 e7T€LTa Seurepos" Kal Tpiro?, i^rjg Se TrAetou?.
Kara7Te(f)€vyeaav
eV
fxev
rrj?
Trapard^eoj?
et?
ro
coTrAta/xeVot, reoj? 8' V7T07T€Trrrj)(6T€? Kal
^aXavelov
ededaavro row ^aatAea, Auavrov fjLeu iraperp^xov yvfivou ovra rpefMOures, ettl 8e rd? €^66ovs ixo^povv. toim /xei' ovu dXXojv ouSet? Traprju Kara Tvxr]u 6 ovXX-qipofievo? TOV9 di>hpa9, 'H/dcoSt] 8' drte^P'^ to BiaXai'ddi'ovTe?,
342
ct»9
devre^
vtt" iKTrX-q^eco?
fjLTjSev
TTaOelu, (Lore Siacf^evyovGLV Trdvres.
(8)
Tt^ 8'
vorepaia WdTTTTOv
GTparTjyov
KapaTOpL-qua?,
TTapard^eojs
,
tyju
7T€pi7T€L
/lep
rou ^AvTLyouov
dvfiprjro
8'
K€(f)aXr}v
^epwpa rd-
eVt
tt^s"
rou (I>ov€v6€vto? avrcov d8eX
343
yap
.
344 YiofjLTrrjLOS
SieXdtv
ttoXlv.
rr]u
8e
et?
^pyo-
Tr)i
rd Trpodoreia, rpia fxei eyetpetv ;(cu/xaTa Kal —vpyovg eTTOLKohofJielv avTols KcAeJet, KaraXiTTOJi^ 8e rov^ dvvTLKOjraTovg rwi iraipuiv irrl rwv epyojv avrds et? ^afjidpetau fjei TTjv WXe^di'Spou rod Wptaro^ovXou pLeriajv dvyae(j>ayi€V, re pa KaOojfxoXoyrjiJLevrjv cog avrco /ca^ urpaTidv
Kal
Tep-cov
,
rrdpepyov qSr]
345
yap
(9)
7roLOViJLevo<;^
V7r€pr)(f)dv€L
rT^/xa?
8e *
l60
rrjs
TToXiopKias rov ydpLOv
rovg TToXepLLOV?.
VTrearpcipev
PA:
inl
woielrai the rest,
'lepoooXvfjLOj].
JEWISH WAR,
I.
341-S4.5
(
= ant.
xiv.
463-468)
followed by more. These were men who had escaped from the combat and taken refuge, fully armed, in the baths. There for a while they had remained lurking and concealed but when they saw the king, ;
they were panic-stricken and ran trembling past him, unarmed though he was, and made for the exits. By chance not a man was there to lay hands on them but Herod was content to have come off unscathed, and so they all escaped. (8) On the following day he cut off the head of He besie^ Pappus, Antigonus's general, who had been killed in sprin^^or the combat, and sent it to his brother Pheroras in ^^^•"' retribution for the r^urder of their brother for it was Pappus who had slain Joseph." When the tempest abated, he advanced upon Jerusalem and marched his army up to the walls, it being now just three years since he had been proclaimed king in Rome." He encamped opposite the Temple, for from that quarter the city was open to attack and had on a previous occasion been captured by Pompey." He then appointed his army their several tasks, cut down the trees in the suburbs, and gave orders to raise three lines of earth-works and to erect towers upon them. Leaving his most efficient lieutenants to superintend these works, he went off himself to Samaria to fetch the daughter of Alexander, son of His Aristobulus, who, as we have said, was betrothed to wfth'*^^ him/^ Thus, so contemptuous was he already of the Manamm ;
;
enemy, he made
his
wedding an interlude of the
siege. (9)
After his marriage he returned with a larger
<'§§323f.
VOL
II
"§284.
«
Q
§
U5.
"§241. l6l
.
JOSEPHUS fi€7a jielt,ovo<s^ Suudfieoj?' avvfJTTTe S' avro) HooGLO'; /iera TrXeiorr]? orpaTid'^ l7T7T€Coi> re 7T€<^a)u,
346 7Top€Lai>
TTpoeKTrefjupa?
7^1/
avTO?
Slo.
^oh'ckt)?
Slol
Kat /cat
fxeooyeiov Trjv ovvinoL-qoaTO.
rrjg
adpoLodelor]? 8e rrj? oX-qg Swdfieoj? eh evSeKa fieu TeXrj TTetoJv, LTrTrels Se l^aKLG-^LXlovs S'^^ "^^^ ^^^ TiVpias ovfipLdxajv, ol fdepos ovk oMyou rjoau, KaTaajpaTO-nebevovrai rod f^opeiov r€i)(Ovs TrX-qoiov, avro? fxeu rreTTOLdoj? rol? rrj<^ ovyKXijrov Soyfiaoii', St' Su ^aoiXevg drreSeSeLKro, Hoooio? 8e ^Aurcovioj ro) vefupavri rrjv utt' avrco orparidv 'HpcoSj] o-vp.pLa\ov. Toii^ 8*
dvd rrjv ttoXli' ^louSatoju ro IrerdpaKro' Kat ydp nepl rov vaov ddpoitojLevov ro dodeviorepov eSaifj-Ovia Kal 77oAy\d deaohiorepou irpos rovs Kaipovs iXoyortoiei, Kal rcJav roXp.riporepa>v Kara. orL(f)0£ -qoau Xrjarelai TToXvrpoTTOL, fidXiora rd Tiepl rrju ttoXlu dprrat,6vrajv eVtrr^Seta K-ai ix-qTe lttttols p-ijre dvbpdoii 348 vrroXeLTTO/jLevoju rpo(f)T]u. rod ye jj-tju p.axip-ov re evroKrorepov e-eraKro rrpos dpivvav rrj? ttoXlopKLa?, rov? re ;;^cyi^vwTa? elpyov otto rod reixovs Kal rots dpydvoL? dvrLixri-)(aviop.evov dei n kcjoXv/jlo Kaivorepov ev ovhevl hi* ovruj? cu? ev rat? fxeraX-
347
(xviii.
rrXrjdo?
1)
ttolklXoj?
Xeiais TTepLYJoau 349
rwu
TToXepLLCov
To) he ^aoiXel irpd? p.ev rds Xxjortias dvreTiei'o-qdijoav XoxoL 8t' d>u dveareXAew rds hieKhpop-d?, (2)
77/30?
he rr]v
rwv
eTtLrrjh^iojv drroplap at TroppojOei
ovyKOjjLihaL, rcjv he ixa\op.evojv Trepirju ^
7r\e/ffT/js
PAM «
62
:
TrXft'oi'OS tt/s
C/.
§
327.
rfj
'PajfjLaLwi
Destinon.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
845-S49
(
=
ant. xiv
468-474)
Here too he was joined by force to Jerusalem. Sossius " with an imposing army of horse and foot, which that general had sent on ahead through the interior, while he himself took the route by Phoenicia,
sossius
^
EJ^o're
'«rusaie
total strength of the united armies amounted to eleven battalions of infantry and six thousand cavalry, not including the Syrian auxiliaries, who
The
no inconsiderable contingent. The two Herod with generals encamped near the north wail the confidence inspired by the senatorial decrees, Sossius relying on which had proclaimed him king Antony, who had dispatched the army under his command in support of Herod.
formed
:
;
(xviii. 1)
Throughout the
city the agitation of the The
siea
Jewish populace showed itself in various forms. The feebler folk, congregating round the Temple, indulged in transports of frenzy and fabricated numerous oracular utterances to fit the crisis. The more daring went out in companies on marauding expeditions of all kinds, their main object being to seize all provisions in the neighbourhood of the city and to Of the military leave no sustenance for horse or man the more disciplined men were employed in repelling the besiegers, from their position on the ramparts beating off the excavators of the earth-works and constantly contriving some new means of parrying but it was above all in their the enemy's engines mining operations that they showed their superiority. (2) To stop the raiders the king arranged ambuscades, by which he succeeded in checking their incursions ; to meet the shortage of provisions he while as for had supplies brought from a distance the combatants, the military experience of the .
;
;
163
capture
^,^j"^^''
whoiesa
'"^^^^'^'
JOSEPHUS xaiTOL
€fiv€Lpia,
Poj/^atOtS"
TO)
TTpOVTTTCp
€7tI
peootg
eV
VTTOuofjLOJU
,
avTols
i<^aivovro,
i^anivriq
tov
reixovs erepov dvTajx^povv KadoXov re €L7T€lvY ovre xepalu ovr^ €Kap.vov et? eoxarov avTiox^lv StimvoiaLS aj-teX^i nqXiKavr-qs SvudfjLeo)? nepLKadeyvojK6r€S -€UT€ fxriGLV SirjueyKau rqu noALopKLau, €l,op.€.vri'^ eojg ToJu Wpcodou nveg eTnAeKTOJV €7n^'fjvaL rou Teixov? Oaparjaaure? eLOTTLTrrovoLV els ttju ttoXlu, ^oooiov. npojTa Sc rd nepl €(f>' oh iKaTovrdpxo-i TO Upou rjMoKero, Kal rrjs Sum/uecu? eneLOKal
351
KaraXLTTOvToju ovpeppr^yuvvro rots' 6aV€LV 6ia hk TCOU
ovSefilav
T6Xfirj<^
(fjaiepoj? /xeV ye ou^
350 VT:€pfio\riv
KaraoiLodrji'ai
-npiv
tl
•
Xvdeiorjg '
—ai'raxov
I'ojv,
(pouo?
tju
fxvpLos,
noXiopKLag TOV Se ~epl 'HpwSr^u ^lovbalKOV
PajpLatoju
rrjs
Tpt^fj
rfi
352 XiTriadaL oirovhdl^oi^Tos dvrirraXov.
tojv
fiev
3ict>pytCT/x€-
purjSey vtto-
io(f)drrovTO 8e
ot€Voj7ToIs Kal Kara rd? Kal rd) vao) 'TTpoo(j>€vyovT€<;' Tjv T€ ovT€ vqTTLOJV ovT€ yqpcxjs cAeo? OL>r€ doOeveias yvvaiKajv, dXXd KairoL 77€pi~€ix7TovTO£ tov ^aauAe'oj? Kal (j)€iheadaL TrapaKaXovvro? ovhels CKpdrrj(j€v rrjg 6€^Ld<;, aAA' ojonep /xc/jurjuoTe? Trdoav €.vda Kal WvT [yOVOS f^'QT^ '^^'i 353 TjXLKLaV €7T€^7]€CTaV. ndXai fJiTJT€ TTJ? roTC Tdx^]? evvoiav Xa^djv KdTeioiv p.iv diTO TTjs jSapecus", TTpooniTTTeL Se rot? SooCTtou vooiv. KdKelvo<s fJLriSev avTOv oiKreipa<s Trpo? ttjv p.€TalioXi)v iTteyeXaoiv re dKpaTdjs Kal ^ Ai/TLyoi^rjv TTapnTXrjOels
€U
re
rots'
avvajdovfjievoL
otKt'a?
*
uef >e
oi/
M
:
Mf" ve «
PA
oni.
:
" Or (omitting the negative with themselves."
164
Mf" ovv ov the rest.
PA.
PA)
**
They openly tlung
JEWISH WAR,
I
349-353 (-ant. xiv
474-481)
Romans gave him the advantage over them, although If they did not their audacity knew no bounds.
themselves against" the Roman lines, death, they would through their underground passages appear suddenly in the and before one portion of the wall enemy's midst was overthrown they were erecting another in its In a word, neither in action nor ingenuity stead. did they ever flag, fully resolving to hold out to the In fact, notwithstanding the strength of the last. beleaguering army, they sustained the siege into the fifth month ^ until some of Herod's picked men ventured to scale the wall and leapt into the city, The environs of the followed by Sossius's centurions Temple were first secured, and, when the troops Summei ^^' poured in, a scene of wholesale massacre ensued for the Romans were infuriated by the length of the siege, and the Jews of Herod's army were determined to leave none of their opponents alive. Masses were butchered in the alleys, crowded together in No quarter the houses, and flying to the sanctuary was given to infancy, to age, or to helpless womanNay, though the king sent messengers in hood. every direction, entreating them to spare, none stayed his hand, but like madmen they wreaked their rage In this scene Antigonus, on all ages indiscriminately regardless alike of his former fortune and that which now was his, came down from the castle and threw himself at the feet of Sossius. The latter, far from pitying his changed condition, burst into uncontroll-
openly
face
to
fling
certain
;
[I
;
'^
;
A. xlv. 487 appears to state, on the contrary, that Jerusalem was taken " in the third month " or even in less. the first wall being captured in 40 days, the second in 15 ''
{ih.
476).
165
,
.
JOSEPHUS yvvaiKa ye Kai (ppovpas a>? aAA' o fiev bedels e(f)vXdTT€TO KpaTovvrt rcov ^u HpcvSr] S' 3o4 (3) UpouoLa -ore KparrjaaL Kai rwv dX\o(f)vXctJv TToAef-Lioju ovixp.dxojv wppuriTO yap to ^euiKOU nX-qdos errl Beav rod re lepov Kai rcov Kara rou uaou dyicjv. ov
eVaAeact''
eAevdepou
6 he
yn^v
d(f)-qK€u,
jSaatAei)?
rov
p.ev
napaKaAow,
rols 8' an-
eiAovfievoSt eariv S' ou? ^-at rots ottAoi? dveoreiAev
^aXeTrajrepav
Tjrrris
rr]u
ulktjv
VTToAafx^dvoju
,
el
dOedrcou Trap* avrcou 6(f)deir]. hLeKcvXvaev 6e 77877 Kol rds Kara r-qu ttoAlu dprrayds, noXXd hLareivop.evo'^ TTp6<; Hooulov, el xprjiidrcov re Kai dvhpojv rr)u ttoXlv 'PojfxaloL Kevujoavres KaraXeiipovGLU avroi' epyyxLa<; fSaoiXea, Kai cu? €77t rooovrwv ttoXltwu (f)6vaj f^pa^v k^iI tyju rrj? olkovrou 8e duTi Z56 p.evrj<; riyep.oviav dvrdXXayp.a KpivoL. rrj<; TjoXLopKias rd? dpTrayds SiKalw? rots orpaTtojTQt^ eTTLTperreLV ^a/ueVof, avros eGev XajiTrpoji fxev yap eKaarov OTpariojT-qv, duaXoyajg be rous riyepbovag, /SaatAtKcljrara Se avrou eSojprjoaro ^ogolou, cu? /nrySeVa "Looolos 8e xpvoovv 357 )(^piip.dra>v dTreXBelv he6p.evov raju
355 TL
.
di^atfels
Ttp
dyojv
uoXvfjLOjv,
rovrov
p.ev
iljvxpd
8eaj
are(f)avov 6ea(ia)rr]u
dvel,ev^ev
dTTO
Wi^rlyovov
'
Xepo-
Aurwvlcp.
ovu
eXTTLbo<;
eKbexerai. 358
(4^)
TYji'
l6fi
SaaiXeus
be
tioXlv TrArjOo'^
'Hpo')br)<;
8ia«:p(Va?
ro
Kara
rods p.ev rd avrou (^poi^rjoai^ras
JEWISH WAR,
I
35S-358
(
=
ant. xiv. 481-xv.
2)
able laughter and called him Antigone. ° He did not, however, treat him as a woman and leave him at liberty strict
:
no,
he was put
in irons
and kept under
guard. ,
Now
master of his enemies, Herod's next task was to gain the mastery over his foreign allies for this crowd of aliens rushed to see the Temple and the holy contents of the sanctuary. The king expostulated, threatened, sometimes even had recourse to weapons to keep them back, deeming victory more grievous than defeat, if these people should set eyes on any objects not open to public view. Now too he put a stop to the pillage of the town, (3)
;
forcibly representing to Sossius that,
if
the
^erod
piofanai
"[j^'^'J'P
of city.
Romans
emptied the city of money and men, they would leave him king of a desert, and that he would count the empire of the world itself too dearly bought with the slaughter of so many citizens. Sossius replying that he was justified in permitting the soldiers to pillage in return for their labours in the siege, Herod promised to distribute rewards to each man out of his private resources. Having thus redeemed what remained of his country, he duly fulfilled his engagement, remunerating each soldier liberally, the officers in proportion, and Sossius himself with truly royal munificence so that none went unprovided. Sossius, after dedicating to God a crown of gold, withdrew from Jerusalem, taking with him to Antony Antigonus in chains. This prisoner, to the last clinging with forlorn hope to life, fell beneath the axe, a *,
end to his ignominious career. King Herod, discriminating between the two classes of the city population, by the award of fitting (4)
"
Or
in
the general's Latin " Antigona." Jfi?
Antigon ^'^lih.
JOSEPHUS rat?
€ViovaT€poi"^ lidrcov 359 rtovio)
anav^ *
kuI Kara arTdvw
rov^
5'
rjoi]
XPV' ooov ilx^v Koofxov KaravofiLOTevGa
A.VT<jjVLO<;
KAeoTTcfrpa?
Tip
8te^^ap/xeVo?
h'pcori
ndoLV ri^s €Tn6vpia<; KAeoTrarpa he Sie^eXOoCaa r-qv yevedv rrjv iavrris OJS pirjSeva rojv d(f> at/iaTO? vnoXeiTreoBaL, ro Xolttov €7tl tov; e^ojdev i6va, Kal rous €u riXei ^vpwv hia^dXXovaa Tipos Tov ^ \vTojuLOV dvatpelv eTreiBev, cu? dv rwv KT-qaeajv endoTov pa6ta>9 yivop-durj heoTToris, en6' iK-eivovoa rrju TrXeoue^iau inL '\ovSaiov<^ Kal " Apa^a? v-eipydCero tov<; CKarcpcoi' /^acriAet? rjrrojv
3f)U
KaSlaraTO,
Tn^ifu<;
Ai^TLyovetous^ dirjpet.
rju
'\\pojSr]i^
(5)
3f3l
iv
,
MdXxov
Kal
'Ei^ fJ-€p€L
yovv
duaipedijvai. Ttjov
TTpooraypLarajv €7TLvi]ipag
TO Krelvai p,kv dvhpa<; dyaOoug /cat r-qXiKOVTOVs dvooLOv riyrjoaro, to Se f^aaiXeLS rovTiov eyyiou ^iXov;^ hL€Kpovoaro- TroAAa he rrj^ Kal hi] Kal rov ev Xd)pa<; avTcbu dnorepoixeuog IdpiXouvTi (f)OLVLKa)ua, eu c5 yevvdrai ro ^dXaapov, bibuDOLV avrfj rroXet? re ttAt^p- Tvpov Kal ^ihcouos 3b2 xds €ur6<; 'KXevdepou TTorapov Trdoa?. (Lu yeuopevT) Kvpia Kal TrpoTrep^ipaoa pexpis E,V(f)pdrov rov Avrwvioi^ eniorparevoira Ilap^ot? r)XBev els '\ovbaiav 8i' ArrapLeias Kal !\a^aaKOV Kdvravda AuTcui^LO';
,
'
'
^
Msnrrai
'
.
LVRC.
» fjiXcij h^A fclxc. Lat. 0i\o
'
no
sign.
08
— JEWISH WAR,
I.
358-362
(
= ant.
xv. 2-5, 88-96)
honours attached more closely to himself those who had espoused his cause, while he exterminated the Finding his funds now repartisans of Antigonus. duced, he converted all the valuables in his possession into money, which he then transmitted to Antony and his staff. Yet even at this price he failed to secure for himself complete exemption from injury for Antony, already demoraMzed by his love for Cleopatra, was becoming wholly enslaved to his passion, and Cleopatra, after killing oft' her own family, one after another, till not a single relative remained, was now thirsting for the blood of foreigners. Laying before Antony calumnious charges against high officials in Syria, she urged him to put them to death, in the belief that she would have no ;
difficulty
in
appropriating their possessions
;
Cleopatra ^
Herod°
and
now, her ambitions extending to Judaea and Arabia, she was secretly contriving the ruin of their respective kings, Herod and Malchus. (5) One part, at any rate, of her orders brought anci Antony to his sober senses he held it sacrilege to ^r'^o^mhu^ take the lives of innocent men and kings of such realm. eminence. But what touched them more nearly he threw over his friends. He cut oft^ large tracts of their territory including, in particular, the palm- 34 b c. ^'^"^^'^^ grove of Jericho where the balsam grows and pre- ^ sented them to Cleopatra, together with all the towns to the south of" the river Eleutherus,'' Tyre and :
— —
—
Sidon excepted. Now mistress of all this land, she escorted Antony, who was starting on a campaign against the Parthians, as far as the Euphrates, and then, by way of Apamea and Damascus, came into **
Greek
"
VOL.
II
i.e. " on this North of Tyre. G 2
" within,"
side of."
169
JOSEPHUS 'HpcfjS)]9
cV^eiAtaaerai, fjiiadoGrai Se Kal ra
ttjs
anoppayivra xtopia hLaKoaum^ TaXduTwu eKaoTOu ii'tauroi', Trpu7T€fji7T€L S' amrju fxexpi-
jSaatAet'a? eis"
363
n
/^Aouaiou
depaTreia
Trdor)
KaTOXpcjop-ci^os
.
Kal
ov ttoXu 7Tapi]u €K ndptioji' WinojULOS dyojv alxpdXojTou \pra^d(^r]u tov Ttypduov rraTSa hwpov
/lxct'
'
KAeoTxctTpa Aeias"
364
yap rcou XPVH-^'''^^ UdpUos evdus exo.piodr].
pLerd
dndcrris 6
'^"'
"^V^
l) 1 oO 6' 'AxTtaKoO TToXepiov ovveppu)7Tap€OK€vaoTo p.kv 'Wp(j)6i']<; Avtojuloj ovve^yoTos
(xix.
*
dAAcjw rcbv Kara "^lovhaiau Kal K€Kparr)Kd><s 'Vp/caWa?, o Sr] x^P'-^^ V '-^^TLyovov Karelx^u dBeXcf)T). 365 Si€KX€LoUri ye f.iTju rravovpycxj^ vtto rrjs KAeoTrdrpas avixf-ieraax^li' rcou Kivbwcoi' * Avrujvicp- rot^ opp.dv,
rjhrj
ruiv
dTn]\\aypL€vo<;
ydp ^aoiXevoLv
re
dopvf^cov
^
d>s
€(f)apev,
em^ovXevovoa
rreidei
rdu WvrcxjVLOv *\\pd)hri SLamorevoai roi^ Trpog "ApajSa? TToXepLOi'j Iv' rj Kpanqoauros 'Apa^ta? rj Kparrjdevros 'lofSaia? yevrjrac SeaTroTt? Kal darepep rdjv SuuaGrciju KaraXvar) rov erepou. p.evroL KaO' 'HpojSrji' ro pou366 (2) "Eppeipeu Xevp-a- Trpcorou p.ev ydp pvoia ^Kard\^ rcbv iroXep.iojv dywv Kal ttoXv ovyKporr^oa^ lttttlkoi' cVa^LTjOLi- avroLS rrepl AloottoXli^, eKpar-qoev re Kairoi '
oni. F.
This Artabazes (Artavasdes) was not a Parthian, but Antony in an attack Media, deserted him and was subsequently taken captive by Antony (Phit. Ant. Josephus or his source appears to have confused the 50). "
kincr of Armenia, who, having joined on his namesake Artavasdes, king of
170
JEWISH WAR,
r.
362-366
(
= ant.
xv.
103-111)
There, by large bounties, Herod appeased and agreed to take on lease for an annual sum of two hundred talents the lands which had been detached from his realm. He then escorted her to Pelusium, treating her with every mark of respect. Not long after Antony returned from Parthia bringing, as a present for Cleopatra, his for upon her, prisoner Artabazes, son of Tigranes together with the money and all the spoils of war, the Parthian " was instantly bestowed.
Judaea. her
ill
will,
;
(xix. 1) On the outbreak of the war of Actium Herod prepared to join forces with Antony for he was now rid of disturbances in Judaea and had captured the fortress of Hyrcania, hitherto held by the sister of Antigonus. The craft of Cleopatra, however, precluded him from sharing Antony's perils. For, as we have stated,^ she had designs on the ;
kings,
in
pursuance
of
which
she
Herods
uieVrai 32 a.c.
now induced
Antony to entrust the war against the Arabs to Herod, hoping, if he were successful, to become mistress of Arabia, if unsuccessful, of Judaea, and by means of one of the two potentates to overthrow the other. (2) Her scheme, however, turned to Herod's adFor, beginning with raids upon the vantage enemy's territory, he mustered a large body of cavalry, flung them at the foe in the neighbourhood of Diospolis*^ and, though he met with a stubborn '^
two namesakes (Reinach). 104, he "
*
is
in the parallel account, A. xv. not called a Parthian.
360. In Coele-Syria,
§
"
Or
" reprisals."
not (as stated in Shilleto's Whiston) Lydda, which only received the name Diospolis at a later date it has been mentioned in § 132. ;
171
victor at ^'o-mjou:
JOSEPHUS Trpos 8e ttjv rJTrav Kaprepojs avTiTTapara^afxevajv yiverat Kivrjfjia rojv ^Apd^ojv, /cat orvpadpoLoOivres eiV \\dvada rrjs KoiX-qs ILvpias aTreipoL 'JouSatous" €p,€VOV. evda /jlctcl 3G7 TO TrXrjdos tov? eTreXddw iTreipdro TTporfjs SvvdjjLeojg 'HpojSrjg p-rjOeorepov dt^riyelodat rod TToXeaov xrat arparovehov eKcXeve Tetp^t^etv. ov p.'qv VTT-qKovoev to dXXd rf] Trporepa vlkj) redapp-qKores TrXrjdos, wpjiTjoav €7TL rov£ "Apa^a?. Kal Trpos p^€V rrju TTpojT-qv ipL^oXrjv TparrevTas ihiojKov, iTTi^ovXeverai he 'Wpojhrjs ev rfj 8loj^€i, rov? eV tcju Kai^aOujp i7TL)(OjpLOV? dvevros W9-qvLOJVOs, o? rjv avTot 368 Toji'' KXeoTrdrpa? OTparrjycov alel Sia(/>o/3os" Trpos* yap rrjv tovtow iTridecLV dvadapprjoavre? ol "Apa^€s €77 LOT pecfiour at Kal ovvdijjavTe^ to ttXtjOos rtepl TreTpcohrj Kal hvo^ara )(Ojpia rovs 'Wpojhov rpeTTovTai TrXeloTOv re aurtDt' (f>6vov elpydoavTo. ol 8e hiaoajdivTeg eV tt^s" p-dxTj^ €ls "Opp.it,a Kara
pLeya
'
172
" Canata or (ana Unidentihed the name ;
in ./. xv. IIJ. is
not mentioned
in
A.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
366-370
(
= a\t.
xv. 11U12I)
resistance, defeated them.
This defeat occasioned a great commotion among the Arabs, who assembled in vast numbers at Canatha ^ in Coele-Syria and there awaited the Jews. Herod, arriving with his troops, endeavoured to conduct operations with due caution and ordered the camp to be fortified. His orders, however, were defied by the rank and file, who, flushed with their recent victory, rushed upon the
I'e is
at Catfati
Arabs. With their first charge they routed them and followed at their heels but during the pursuit a snare was laid for Herod by Athenion, one of Cleopatra's generals, who had always been hostile to him, and now let loose upon him the natives of Canatha. Encouraged by their allies' attack, the Arabs faced about and, after uniting their forces on rocky and difficult ground, routed Herod's troops with immense slaughter. Those who escaped from the battle took refuge in Ormiza,^ where, however, the Arabs surrounded and captured their camp with all its defenders. (3) Shortly after this disaster Herod arrived with reinforcements, too late to be of use. This calamity was brought upon him by the insubordination of the divisional officers for, had they not precipitated an engagement, Athenion would have found no opportunity for a ruse. However, Herod subsequently avenged himself on the Arabs by constantly raiding their territory, so that they had frequent occasion to rue ^ their single victory. But while he was punishing his foes, he was visited by another calamity an act of God which occurred in the seventh ^ year of ;
;
—
Such, or " regretfully recall," seems to be the meaning. Reckoning from the year of the taking of Jerusalem, 37 B.C., as the effective beginning of Herod's reign. "
<^
173 J
0^
JOSEPHUS
371
"Aktlov rroXep.ov. apx^' oeLaOelaa ^OGKruxarajv {jlcv
aKfid^ovTog Se rod
Trepl
/xeVou yap^ eapog
r)
yrj
aireLpov
avdpLOTTOjv
TrX-qdog
Se
rpels
hie(j}deLp€v
^vpidSag, TO Be crTpariajTiKou efieivev d^Xa^es' vnaidpov yap r]vXl^€TO. kolv tovtco tovs "Apa/Sa? erri /xet^oi' dpdoo
xujpas Kpari^oew wpprjuau €ls aur/^p', rrpoOvadfievoL rovs Trpeo^eis ot Trapd ^lovSaicvv ervxov
rrjs
372 -rJKOvre'g 77po? avrovs.
irXayev to ttXtjOos^
eKXvrov
Trpos he r-qv ifji^oXrjv
kcA
fieyeOei
Kara-
GVfJL(f)opa)i'
in-
avvayayajv
'Wpojh-qs CTreLpdro TTapopiidu 677t rrji' dfivvav Xeyow rotdSe' 373 (i) " YlapaXoycorard pLOt SoKel to irapov vpLwu aXXrjXajv
KaddTTjeoOaL beos' rrpos /J-eV ye to.? haipioviovs TrX-qyds ddvpelv eiKos 7)1% to 8' airro Kal 77/56? dvBptoTT iviqv e(f>ohov Trdoxeiv avdvhpojv.^ eydj ydp rooovTov dnoheco KareTrrrixevai rov? TToXefiiovs fierd Tov oeiopLOV, a)o6^ VTToXapL^dveiv rov Seov "Apaijjiv heXeap rovro KadeiKevai rod hovvai 8tVa? rjpLlv ov ydp rooovrov ottXois tj xepoiv TreTroiBores doov rats avrofjidr as rjfjLcoi' Gvp.4)opals 'Qkov aSaXepd 8' eXTrlg ovk e^ OLKetag lgx^os dAA' e^ dXXoovre 8e to Svg374 rpias rjpTrjpLevrj KaKOTrpayiasrvxe'LU ovTe Tovvavriov ev dvOpojTTOis ^e^aiov, dXX eoTLv ^
ISe'LV
^PX- y°-P
eKdrepa
e7TaiieLpopieu7]v el?
C
:
Kara yap
a.pxoiJ-(vov
the rest
rrjv rvxrjv. :
kol -yap apx-
Destinon. 2
idvos
LVRC.
'
avavbpov
?\M
Lat.
Cf. B. iii. 433 ; Josephus may have known Virgil's description of rumour (Fama), Aen. iv. 173 ff. * This speech is quite independent of that contained in "
174
JEWISH WAR.
I.
370-374
(
= avt.
xv. 121-127).,
when the war of Actium was at its height. In the early spring an earthquake destroyed cattle Eartbq' innumerable and thirty thousand souls; but the army, springe being quartered in the open, escaped injury. At ^^ "•^• the same moment the confidence of the Arabs rose, stimulated by rumour which always exaggerates the Imagining that the whole of horrors of a tragedy." Judaea was in ruins and that they had only to take possession of an abandoned country, they hastened to invade it, after massacring the envoys whom the Jews had sent to them. So dismayed were the people at this invasion, and so demorahzcd by the magnitude of these successive disasters, that Hero d called them together and endeavoured to rouse them f f-*^ to resistance by the following speech.* " This alarm which has now laid hold of you Herods (4) seems to me most unreasonable. To be disheartened l^%l~^ by the visitations of heaven was natural but to be cIhccdso ^^°'^^^similarly despondent at the attack of a human foe his reign,
;
unmanly, f'or my part, far from being intimidated by the enemy's invasion following the earthquake, 1 regard that catastrophe as a snare which God has laid to decoy the Arabs and deliver them up to our vengeance. It is not because they have confidence in their weapons or their might that they are here, but because they count on our accidental calamities but hopes are fallacious which are dependent not on one's own strength, but on the misadventures of Moreover, with mankind fortune is never another. permanently either adverse or favourable one sees her veering from one mood to the other. Of this you is
;
;
A.
XV. 127.
It
in
some
respects recalls that of Pericles in is here a " visitation of
Thuc. ii. 60 ff. (the earthquake heaven," as the plague is there).
1
75
-
JOSEPHUS TOVTO ildOoLT^ yovv vporipa
Kal
oiv
€^
OLK^LOJV
VTrohciyfiOLTOju-
Kparovvroju iKpoLTt-joau rjpLCJU ol TToXe/JLLOL, Kal Kara to eiVos- i^vv aXix)GOVTai KpaTTjoeLv SoKovi^res. ro fikv yap ayav ttc 7Toi66<; d(f)vXaKTOu ol r](ids rov oeifSXddfai Kal Kparrjoas 6 7T6XefJLO<;*; repas" 37 S opLOV rfj
IJ-O-XD
-
y
,
,
^
^(doiK^fxi ifxds
PAiM.
ante proelium Lat., reading m^XP' ^"'' iro\eix(iv. * iro\(uio<: Cocceius. napn 'Xu-fOu LVR. 2
'
'
'
ing
if
*
176
During the period of waiting " seems to be the meanthe text is right. Cy. Arisiot. Meteor, ii. 8 for premonitions of earthquakes.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
371.-378 (c/ ant. xv. 127-146;
find an illustration in your own experiences conquerors in the first battle you were then conquered by our enemies, who in all probability, expecting a For excessive convictory, will now be defeated. fidence throws men off their guard, whereas fear teaches precaution so that your very timidity is to me reassuring. When you displayed uncalled for temerity and, disdaining my advice, dashed out upon the foe, Athenion had his opportunity for a ruse but now your hesitation and apparent despondency are to me a sure pledge of victory. Appropriate, however, as are such feelings before an impending battle," when once in action your spirits must be roused and you must teach these scoundrels that no disaster, whether inflicted by God or man, will ever reduce the valour of Jews, so long as they have breath in their bodies, and that not one of them will consent to see his property pass into the hands of an Arab, who has often so narrowly escaped
might
:
;
;
becoming
his prisoner.
Do
not let the convulsions of inanimate nature disturb you or imagine that the earthquake is a portent of a further disaster. These accidents to which the elements are subject have physical causes, and beyond the immediate injury inflicted bring no further consequences to mankind. A pestilence, a famine, subterranean commotions may possibly be preceded by some slighter premonition,^ but these catastrophes themselves are limited by their very magnitude to their instant effects. I ask you, can war,'' even if we are defeated, do us more harm than the earthquake ? " Our adversaries, on the other hand, have one '^
Or, with the conjectural reading, " the enemy."
177
JOSEPHUS f.UyLGTOV aXcoaecog yiyov€v to'l<^ e^'^pots" avTOixdrco? ovSe Sta x^tpog aAAorpta?, ol TTpeo^ei? r)fi€Tepovs Trapa tov 7t6.vtow dvOpomoiV vopiov ojfJLCJS dneKTeivav Kal roiavra toj deoj Ovj-Lara rrepl rod TToXefjLov KareoTeipav .^ aAA' ov
f.Ui'TOL
OVK
SLa(f)€V^ovrai rov ixeyav
dv TOV TTarpiov 379 poL
8'
VTTep
rnxiv
yvvaLKOs
oi5S'
avTov Kal rrji^ avriKa SiVas",
OTidoavT^s
(f)povi]iJLaro? -qSrj
dvaorcajx^v
rrapedTTOvSrjjjievojv
Tcoi'
ovx
6(l>Ba\ii6v
hojoovoLV
he^idv,
dvLK-qrov
virkp
reKViov
ouS'
rwv
KLvhvv^vovcrqs TrarplSos, oAA' VTrep
eKeZvoi arparr^yi'^aovoLV
d/jLVvofievo?'
rifjico-
ltcj
.
ng VTrkp
Trpeopeoji'
tov r^oXifxov
^OWTOJV TjfjLCVl'/ dfl€LVOV. TTpOKLvSvveVGCO §€ Kdyd> xpajfievo? vfiZv TTeidi-jVLOL?' ev yap lgt€ ttjv iavTCJV dvhpeiav dvvTTOOTaTov, idi> pirj TrpoTreTeia
T'tJjV
TLVL ^Xa^rJT€.
380
TovTOL?
(5)
iojpa
'd6v€v
bU^awev tov
Ovoiai'
tov
TTapaKpoT-qoas
TTpodviJLOv?,
TOJ
Beep
OTpo/rov
Kal
/lera
c6? tt]!*
^lophdviqv TTOTafiov /xera Trjg
OiATrepl 8e iyyvg tojv TroXcpLiajv Trepl tov /xera^i) (fjpovpiov TTpos avTOVs riKpo^oXil,€TO ^OvX6lJL€VO? iv Td^^L GVfjL^aXeLV eTv^ov yap KaKelvoi TLvas 7Tpo7Te7TOfjL(f)6T€s Tov£ KaTaXr]ipop.€vov? TO epvfxa. TOVTOVS fJ.€V OVV d7T€KpOVGaVTO TaX^OJ? OL 7T€fJi
OTpaTOTT^hevodfievos
abeX^eLav
381
jSa?.
(L?
S'
ovSeU
KaTdTrXvi^LS etyc Kal *
"
178
C
:
beLvrj
iTTe^rjCL,
npo tov
KaTiaTfc^av the rest.
Rabbath Ammon, the ancient
ydp
rts"
avToifS
TrXrjdovg 6 GTparrjyos 2
capital of the
Qrp^ p.\.
Ammonites.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
37S-381
(
= ant
xv. 147
150)
grave portent of impending disaster in a recent incident, due neither to natural causes nor to the Contrary to the universal law of action of others. mankind they have brutally murdered our ambassadors ; such are the garlanded victims which
But they have offered to God to obtain success they will not escape his mighty eye, his invincible right hand and to us they will soon answer for their crimes if, with some vestige of the spirit of our fathers, we now arise to avenge this violation of Let us each go into action not to defend treaties. wife or children or country at stake, but to avenge our envoys. They will conduct the campaign better than we who are alive. I myself will bear the brunt of the battle, if I have you obedient at my back for, be assured, your courage is irresistible, if you do not by some reckless action bring injury upon your!
;
;
selves."
(5) Having by this speech reanimated his army. Herod Herod, observing their ardour, offered sacrifice to '^^Sg^ God, and then proceeded to cross the Jordan with PhiiEncamping in the neighbourhood of^'®^' his troops. Philadelphia,*^ close to the enemy, and anxious to force on an engagement, he began skirmishing with them for the possession of a fort which lay between the opposing lines. The enemy on their side had sent forward a detachment to occupy this post the party sent by the king promptly beat them off and secured the hill. Daily Herod marched out his troops, formed them in battle array, and challenged the Arabs to combat. But when none came out to oppose him for a dire consternation had seized them and, even more than the rank and file,^ their ;
—
"
Or perhaps
" in presence of his troops."
179
JOSEPHUS "KXOef-Log avos
to
382 avr(2>v
odevre? i^laoLV
Kav
.
rrjv
Ittl
rwu ^lovSaiow
draKTOL
f-Ldx'r]v
Kairoi
dvpLLaLg,
8ta
/cat
ire-
TrXrjdei fJLev
ovv
rat? rrpo-
8e
iXeiTTOvro
Trepi-fjaaw,
crvvavayKa-
rovro)
Tols iTTTTeVOLV OL TTetoL.
(f>VpfJL€VOi
icndparrev
rto Sect, TrpoaeXdojp
rji'
;^apa/<:ajju.a
aTToyvojoiv
Trjv
rrjg
vlkt)^
tjv
avrwv
ovTes Kal avrol Trapd^oXoi. 383
Ato p^xpL
(6) (f)6vos,
Tcuv
8'
(Jjs
dvr€lxov ov ttoXvs
fJi^u
VTTeSei^av to, vujra, ttoXXol fiev vtto
^lovSaLajv 77oAAot Se
vtto
avrwv
acfywu
ov/jl-
7TaTovp.€voL hiecjid^ipovro' TrevraKLOXiXLOi yovv k-ne-
TO 8e XoLTTOv ttXtjOo?
(jov iv rfj TpoTTTJ,
avv-
€.(j)dri
eh
TO x^pdK(jjp.a. tovtovs -rrepLoxdjv IttoXl6pK€L, Kal fjieXXovTag dXojueodaL rot? ottXols rrpo-
ojudev
384
Kar-qneLyev
r)
V7T€prj(f)di'€L
8e
Xvrpa TrXridos
eKOvreg,
ct»s"
SedrjvaL,
rfj
'
u)(jT€
TTepl *
1)
rci)v
AvrojvLOV
rerpaKiax^Xiovs
rjixepaig
to eVt
TrXrjBo?
XeiTTop-^vov
fidxr]v
oh
^
Apa^iav ra
rr^At-
d^ivvdp.€vos^
^povyy/zara
vtt*
crvpu^aXajv
eTTraKLOXf-Xiovs /cretVet.
dvhpujv
Kal
TrpovKoipei'
yieraXapPdvei
8e
avrov
evdew?
r)
oXojv TTpayiiarcov <j)povrh 8ta rrjv Trpos
180
Kai
Kal TTpooTdr-qs vtto tov eSvovs alpeO-qvac.
(xx.
386
Tcbv
eh rrjv
TrX-qyfj
o^eoas
/xev
^kttj
i^eXdelv
TrdXiv
Hpcu8T7S"
KavTTj
iTnXeLTrovrajv.
^aoiXevs
6
TrevraKoaia
TreVre 8'
aTToyvcoaeci)?
385
vhdrwv
TTpea^evoyiivovs
rdXavra fiaXXov errod 8e hlifjovg eKKaiovros i$i6vT€S Kara 6V€\'etptfov' o(^ds avrovs rolg ^lovSaloLS
SlSoi'TCvv
€K€LTo.
ra)v
Scipa
\\aLoapo<; Trepl "Aktlov vevLKt]-
Bekker:
diLiiv6iJ.€vos .ms9.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
381-386
(
= ant.
xv. 150-161)
—
general Elthemus was paralysed" with fright the king advanced and proceeded to tear up their Thereupon, impelled by necessity, the palisades. enemy at length emerged for action, in disorder, Superior in infantry and cavalry intermingled. numbers to the Jews, they had less stomach for a fight, though despair of success rendered even them reckless.
Consequently, so long as they held out, their were slight but when they turned their backs multitudes were slain by the Jews, and many others were trodden to death by their own men. the rest of the crowd Five thousand fell in the rout succeeded in forcing their way into their entrenched camp. There Herod surrounded and besieged them, and they must have succumbed to an assault, had not the failure of their water-supply and thirst precipitated their capitulation. The king treated their envoys with scorn, and, although they offered a ransom of five hundred talents, only pressed his attack the harder. Parched with thirst, the Arabs came out in crowds and willingly surrendered to the Jews, so that in five days four thousand were made prisoners. On the sixth the remnant in desperation came forth to battle these Herod engaged, killing some seven thousand more. Having, by this crushing blow, punished Arabia and broken the spirit of its and bec( people, he gained such a reputation with them that y[e Ara nation. the nation chose him for its Protector. (xx. 1) But, this peril surmounted, Herod was instantly plunged into anxiety about the security of He was Antony's friend, and Antony his position. had been defeated by Caesar ^ at Actium. (In reality, (6)
casualties
;
;
;
^
Literally
''
dry."
**
Oetavius.
181
JOSEPHUS KOTOS'
napelxeu jxevTOL
6eov<;
TiXiov
e7Taa)(ev'
t}
Xvtowlov eKpivev Kalcrap o ye fJLr]u ^O-OiXevs oixooe 387'Ilpai8ou ivfifj-dvovTos Xvjprjoai roj kluSvuco Sidyvoj, Kal rrXevoas et? 'Vohov, evda hUrpi^ev \\aloap, TrpooeiOLV avrco hi\a BiaSrifiaTos, rrju p.€v eodiJTa Kal ro o\rnxa fJirjSei' yovv iSicoT-qs, TO 6e (f)p6uripLa ^aaiXevs. elTtev VTrooTeiXapievos avTiKpvs Try? dXrjdeias 3HS"dyco, KatCTap, vtto P^vtcovLov ^aotXev?^ yevoyeyovivai XRV^'-H-^'^ iv irdatv ofjioXoyco fxeuog ^ tout AvTOJvicp. Kal ovok av VTTOOTeiXaifxr^u €L7T€lw, on TidvTOJS dv /Ltc /Lterd T(2)v ottXojv inetpaoa^ dxojpf-OTOv,^ et pLTj hieKcoXvoav "Apa^e?. Kal aviip.a\Lav fieuroL ye avTco Kara to SuvaToiKal GLTOV TToAAds" enefjupa pLvpidhas, dAA' ovhe /Lterd 7171^ ev Wktlo) TrXrjyrjv KaTeXiTTOi' tov ev389 epyeTTjV, eyevofx-qv he avfi^ovXo? dpLcrros, cog ovKeTi )(prj(7L{xog '']ixrjv (jv/^/^ap^o?, fj-iau eiuat Xeyojv tcov TTTaioBevTojv hi6p0a>uiv tov KAeoTTaTpa? ddvaTov ^v dveXovTL Kal ;(pr]/xaTa Kal Tei)(ri Trpos do(j)dXetav Kal OTpaTidv Kal ifxavTOv VTTiaxuovpL'qv 390 KOLva>u6u tov 77 pog oe TToXepLOV. tov 8' dpa Tct? aKodg d7Te(f)pa^av ol \\Xeo7TaTpas If-upoL Kal deog 6 ool TO KpaTelv ^apit^opievog ovvqTTqpiaL 6' AuTOJVLO) Kal TeOetKa fxeTa Tijg eKeivov Tvy'qg to ovTtto
yap
eaAco/ceVat
.
^
.
pog oe 8e rjXdop exojv ttju dpeT-qv tt^? Kal TrpoXa^dw e^eTaoOi'iaeadat, ." TTOTarro? (fiiXos, ov Tiuog, eyeuof-iriv " dAAd ocol^ov ye," Kaloap 391 (2) Upog Tavra hidhrjiia.
77
owTTipias
eXTTiha
P Lat. Ti^v 'lov5aiu)v j3a(Tt\ei>s the rest. ax^picTou Havercamp from a Leyden >i3. (vxapiarop (" a grateful ally ') Lat. cm. the rest. ^
PaoiXcjs
:
*
:
PAM
18^2
:
JEWISH WAR,
I.
386-391
(
= ant.
xv.
187-193)
for Oaesar Battle oi lie inspired more fear than he felt himself Actiuni considered his victory to be incomplete so long as septemt Herod remained Antony's ally)." The king, never- ^' ^*^* theless, resolved to confront the danger and, having sailed to Rhodes, where Caesar was sojourning, Herod presented himself before him without a diadem, a peaceVi commoner in dress and demeanour, but with the J^ 3^^"^' proud spirit of a king. His speech was direct ; he told the truth without reserve. " Caesar," he said, " I was made king by Antony, and I acknowledge that I have in all things devoted my services to him. Nor will 1 shrink from saying that, had not the Arabs detained me, you would assuredly have found me in arms inseparable from his side. I sent him, however, such auxihary troops as I could and many thousand measures of corn ; nor even after his defeat at Actium did 1 desert my benefactor. When no longer useful as an ally, I became his best counsellor I told him the one remedy for his disasters the death of Cleopatra. ;
,
,
I
.
.
.
I
1
I
;
—
Would he but
J promised him money, walls army, and myself as his brother But his ears, it in arms in the war against you. seems, were stopped by his infatuation for Cleopatra and by God who has granted you the mastery. 1 share Antony's defeat and with his downfall lay down my diadem. 1 am come to you resting my hope of safety upon my integrity, and presuming that the subject of inquiry will be not whose friend, but how loyal a friend, 1 have been. ** Nay, be assured of (2) To this Caesar replied
kill
her,
to protect him, an
'
:
<*
An exaggerated
statement, absent from A.
183
JOSEPHUS i(f)r],
" Kal ^aoiXeue vvv ^(^riLorepov
TToXXojv
€1
ovTco
ap)(€iv
(j)tXias
a^ios yap
TTpo'iardixevos.
Kal rot? evTVxeoTepoug hiajjiiveiv ttlcjtos, eyojye Xap^TTpoTaras vrrcp rod gov (j^pov-qp^aros iXTtihas ^X^KaXcbs p.€vroi ye iTTOirjaev 'AvTcjVLO^ KXeoTTarpa TTeLodeis p,a.XXov rj ooi' Kal 392 yap ok KeK€pbi]Kap.€u e'/c rrjg dvoia? avrov. Karapx^L? S\ 6US" €OLK€v, evTTOuas 6t' ihv p,OL ypd(f>ei KvLVTOS At'Sios"^ ovp.pLa\iav ere 77e77o/i.^eVa( irpos rovs pi.ovop.d)(ovs avrw. vvv /xev ovv hoypLan to /Se'jSatov ooL ri]? ^aoiXeias e^ayydXXoj, rreipdoop-OL Se Kal avdi'i dyaOov rt oe rroielv, tu? pirj t^TjToirj^ \vTtbvLOv 393 (3) TovTOLS (f)iXo(i)poi'rjodp€vo'S rov jSacrtAe'a Kal —eptdel'S avroj to SiaSvy/ua Soy/xart 8i€orjp.aLV€v TijV Sojpedv, 6v cij TToXXd p.eyaXo(f)p6vujs et? enaivov 7T€ipd> be cus"
'
.
Tavhpos eCjiOey^aTO. 6 he oojpois eTripLeiXi^dp.evog avTOV e^rjTetTO rtra tojv Wvtojvlov (fyiXojv 'AAe^dv LK€Trjv yevopevov evtKa 8e rj KoLoapos opyrj TToXXd Kal xaXerrd p.ep.(j)0}xevov tov e^aiTovpievov /Ltera he tovto tto394 ot's" SieKpovooTO ttjv herjOLV. pevopLevov eV AlyvTTTOV hid ^vpla? Kaloapa ttovtI TO) ^oolXikoj ttXovtco he^dp-evog 'Hpcohrj^ t6t€ Kal ovviTTTTaoaTO TTOLOVpievoj TTepl TItoXep,atha tyj^ hvvdpLecos e^eTaoiv eloTiaoev re ovv dnaoLV tol£
TTpojTov
395 Tta
TTpos
evoj^iai'
rrdvTa
hiehojKev.
Trpovvoiqoev
At5tos conj. Hudson from Dio Cass. yi.biQ% \iese: ko.I Bevriotos or heinioLOs MSS. *
Kl'-u'tos
li.
7:
hoi
" After the battle of Actium Cleopatra, seeking aid in all directions, sent for some gladiators who were being trained for Antony at Trapezus; the gladiators started but were intercepted.
184
JEWISH WAR,
391-395
I.
(
= ANT.
XV. 194-199)
your safety, and reiern henceforth more securely than and ""^ So staunch a champion of the claims of J.5*" before. ing, friendship deserves to be ruler over many subjects. Endeavour to remain as loyal to those who have been more fortunate since, for my part, I entertain i
;
the most brilliant hopes for your high spirit. Antony, however, did well in obeying Cleopatra's behests rather than yours ; for through his folly we have gained you. But you have already, it seems, done me a service for Quintus Didius writes to me that you have sent a force to assist him against the I therefore now confirm your kingdom gladiators." and hereafter I shall endeavour to you by decree to confer upon you some further benefit, that you may not feel the loss of Antony." (3) Having thus graciously addressed the king, he placed the diadem on his head, and publicly notified this award by a decree, in which he expressed his commendation of the honoured man in ample and generous terms. Herod, after propitiating Caesar with presents, then sought to obtain pardon for Alexas, one of Antony's friends, who had come to but here Caesar's resentment was sue for mercy too strong for him, and with many bitter complaints against Herod's client the emperor rejected his Subsequently, when Caesar passed through Herod'.'^ petition. Syria on his way to Egypt, Herod entertained h un Octavius for the first time with all the resources of his realm in his he accompanied the emperor on horseback when he campaign he entertained ^^ ^•^• reviewed his troops at Ptolemais him and all his friends at a banquet and he followed this up by making ample provision for the good cheer of the rest of the army. Then, for the march ;
;
;
;
;
;
185
.
JOSEPHUS Se Kal Sta )^ovoiov
rrj<;
avvhpov Tropeuo/xeVoi?
Tzapaax^'^i^
vSwp
dcf)dovou
l^^XP'-
Hry-
irravLOvai
re
ovhk €cm\> 6 tl tcou iTrniqheiajv iveSerjoeu So^a yovv avro) re Katcrapt Kal rols 8vvdfi€i.
6iioLOJ<;, rfj
arpartcuTai?
—apeorrj ttoXXoj ^pa^vrepav
396 7T€pLelvaL ^aocXeiav 7Tp6<; d Trapiux^^-
^K€v
d)S
AtyvTTToi' ,
els
Xats
TLpLals,
Tr)v re
dXXd
Kal
KAeoTrarpa?
-rjS-q
ov
*AvTa)PLOV redvewTOji',
(jlovov
rfj
Upcohrj
Sia tovto,
Kal
avrov rals dX-
^aoLXeia
TrpoGedrjKev
KAeoTrarpa? dTTorixriBelaav )(d)paw Kal
vtto
rdbapa Kal "Ittttou Kal ^ajj-dpeiau, Trpos TOW TrapaXiojv Tdl,av Kal Avd-qhova Hrpdrowog rrvpyov ehajprjoaro ^loTTTT-qu Kal
e^codeu
TOUTOt?
he 397 Kal 6'
^
avro) Kal rrpos
(f)vXaKr)v
rod aojfiaro? rerpa-
Koaiovs VaXdr as, ol Trporepov ihopv
Mera
(4-)
avrov
he r-qv npcvr-qu ^AKridha rrpoorid-qoLV
^aoLXeia rov re TpdxcDi'a KaXovfievov rrpooex^ ^aravaiav re Kal rrju Avpavinv
rfj
Kal rrjv Xojpav i^ air las rotdohe 'Z.-qvohtopos 6 rov Avoaviov p.epiiodojfievos olkov ov hLeXeLrrev eVac^etS
rovs cV rod Tpa;^cuvos" XrjGr as Aap-aoK-qvols. oi 6' e-nl Ovdppojva rov -qyepLOva rijs ^vplas Kara(j)vy6vres eheTjdrjGav hrjXdjaaL rrjv ovp.<^opdv avrojv
Kalcrap
Kai'aapr
»
§§ 361
'
'*
186
.
at
dvreTreareXXev
e^-
urparevaas ovv Ovdppojv "
f.
The games
yvovs
he
399 aiped'fjvaL ro Xr]GriqpLov
The
later Caesarea.
Actium were celebrated
for the
first
JEWISH WAR, 1.395-399 ( = ANT. XV
200
f.
,217,343
ff.)
to Pelusium across the arid desert, and likewise for the return, he took care to furnish the troops with abundance of water in short, there were no necesThe thought could saries which the army lacked. not but occur both to Caesar himself and to his soldiers that Herod s realm was far too restricted, in comparison with the services which he had rendered Accordingly, when Caesar reached Egypt, them after the death of Cleopatra and Antony, he not only conferred new honours upon him, but also annexed to his kingdom the territory which Cleopatra Annexatij had appropriated," with the addition of Gadara, kJu^ay^. Hippos and Samaria and the maritime towns of Gaza, Anthedon, Joppa, and Strato's Tower.'' He further presented him, as a bodyguard, with four hundred Gauls, who had formerly served Cleopatra And nothing so strongly in the same capacity. moved the emperor to this liberality as the generous spirit of him who was the object of it. period of the Actian era,^ Subseque (4) After the first Caesar added to Herod's realm the country called ^^^Ijl^J^. Trachonitis, with the adjacent districts of Batanaea etc) ^* ^' and Auranitis. The occasion of this grant was as lease the taken on had follows. Zenodorus, who domain of Lysanias, was perpetually setting the brigands of Trachonitis to molest the inhabitants of Damascus. The latter fled for protection to Varro, the governor of Syria, and besought him to report on learning the facts their sufferings to Caesar Caesar sent back orders to exterminate the bandits. Varro, accordingly, led out his troops, cleared the time in 28 b.c, then in the years 24, 20, 16 B.C., etc. That after the enlargement of territory therefore took place course of the tirst Actiad had run,' i.e. in the end of 24, b.c. " or beginning of 23 b.c. (SchUrer). 187 ;
'"^^
;
*
**
JOSEPHUS re
Kafiaipec
7^r)v6hix)pov'
dvSpan' rrjv yrju Kal a(jiaipelTai
7(")t'
vorepov
r)v
ttolXlu opfJLrjr-qpLOi'
Kataap,
a>?
/xr)
yevoiro
TOt? Ar^arats" eVt r-qv AafiaoKou,
'HpcuSfj SlScjjglu. Kareorrjoev Se avrow Kal Hupia? oAt7? iTrirpoTTOv erei SeKarco uaXiv iXdojv els TTju enapxiav, oj? yL-qhev l^elvai Si^a rrj? €K€lvov iinrpoTroLS SioiKcti^. cVet he 400 ovfj-^ovXla? ToU
TeXevra
Z,rjv6Scopo^ ,
TrpoaeVei/xev
avrw
/cat
Tr)v
fiera^u I pdxioi'o
/xer'
Kalaapa. TTpovKoiJjei',
TrXeov rrfs 401
(xxi.
Xelas
'Aypt7777aj',
evOev
1)
avroi'
he yierd
fieu
WevreKaLheKara) yovv erei re rov vaov eireoKevaoev
avTOV di'ereixloaro dfierpoLS
Wypimra
utt'
TrXelorov
evhanxovias €tV (JLelCov 8' e^rjpdi-j (f)p6vrjfjia Kal re p-eyaXovoias eTrereivev els evoe^eiav. errl
p-ev
)(^cx>pav
\p-qodiievos
rrj?
TOt?
rrjs
^aoL-
Kal
rrepi
ova-qs hiTiXaoiova
dvaXcofiaGiw
dv-
VTrepPXi^TO) he rfj TToXvTeXeia. reKp-qptoi^ he -qoai at jieydXai aroal rrepl to lepov Kal to ^opeiou en
(f>povpLov asT pLev yap duojKohopLrjoei' ih depieXiojv , o 8' eTnoKevdaas rrXovTOj haiptXel KaT
auToJ
ovhev Tcjv ^aoiXeiojv eXaTTOv 402 els
TTji^
WvTOWLOV
TiiL-qi>.
* AuTcovlau eVa'Accrei TO ye pirjv eavToi
i:
/cara Tr]v dvoj heqxdpevos ttoXlv, hvc Tovs i-ieyioTovs Kal TTepLKaXXeoTd-ovs o'lkovs, ots ^acriXeLov
M. \'ipsaniii.s Agrippa (63-12 b.c). the devoted friend minister and presumptive successor to Augustus, builder 01 Pantheon and organizer of the Roman nav\'. the " Or thanks to this favoured position." « According to A. xv. 380 " the eighteenth year" ; th( •'
188
li
JEWISH
WAR,I.399-402(=A>srT. xv.360f.,
380, 318
and deprived Zenodorus of his This was the territory which Caesar subsequently presented to Herod, to prevent it from again being used by the brigands as a base for raids upon Damascus. When ten years after his first visit Caesar returned to the province, he, moreover, gave Herod the position of procurator of all Syria, for the (Roman) procurators were forbidden to talce any measures without his concurrence. Finally, on the death of Zenodorus, he further assigned to him all the territory between Trachonitis and Galilee. But what Herod valued more than all these privileges was that in Caesar's affection he stood next after Agrippa,* in Agrippa's next after Caesar. Thencehis forth ^ he advanced to the utmost prosperity noble spirit rose to greater heights, and his lofty ambition was mainly directed to works of piety. district of these pests
tenure.
e.
20 b.c.
;
(XXI.
Thus, in the fifteenth year'' of his reign, Temple and, by erecting new foundation-walls, enlarged the surrounding area to double ts former extent. The expenditure devoted to this work was incalculable, its magnificence never surpassed as evidence one would have pointed to the great colonnades around the Temple courts and to The the fortress which dominated it on the north. colonnades Herod reconstructed from the foundations the fortress he restored at a lavish cost in a style no way inferior to that of a palace, and called His own palace. it Antonia in honour of Antony. which he erected in the upper city, comprised two most spacious and beautiful buildings, with which 1)
he restored the
Herod's
reconstfm tionoftiw
beg'm^ <^-
20-19 ^
;
;
latter
appears to be the correct date of the beginning of the till c. a.d. 28
work (Schurer), which was not completed [Gospel of S. John ii. 20).
189
The ""^
fortre ^"^°''''
The royal p^^^^^^-
.
JOSEPHUS ovS' 6^ vao? TOJV
<jvv€Kpivero, TrpoGrj-yopevaev
TTTj
TOV
(fiiXoW
fjL€V
oltto
KaLodp€LOV TOV Sc *AypL7T-
7T€L0V.
403
'AAAa
yap ovk oIkois fiovov avTOJV rrjv Koi ra? €7TLKXrjO€is rrepUypaijjev, Ste^t] Se et? oAa? TToAet? avrco to (f>LX6rLixov eV fxiv ye rfj HapLapeLTihi ttoXlv KaXXiorco TTepi^oXcp T€ix^od{"2)
fjivrjiirjv
.
eVt araSlovs €lkogl
fjL€V09
/cat
Karayayojv
efa/ctcr-
Xt-Xiovs €tV avTTju OLKiJTopag, yi]v Se tovtols
XLTrapojrdTrjv,
veLfjLag
iv
/cat
fieaco
rco
npoa-
KrlcrfJiaTL
fieyiorov /cat Trepl avrov Kaloapc rpLcov rjpLLGrahiojv TO aaTf Ze^aorryi^ cVaAeaev i^atperov 8e Tot? cv^
vaov T€ re/xevOb
iviSpvadfieuos
drroSet^as' toj
axno) 7Tapeox€v evvojiiav (3) 'ETTt TOUTOtS" hcxipqaapiivov rod Kaluapos avrov irepas TTpoodioei x^P^^> ^ ^^ Kavravda vaov avTO) XevKrjs fiappidpov KaOidpuaaro Tiapa rds ^lophdvov Tiiqyds- KaXeZrai 8e Wdveiov c 405 TOTTO?. evda Kopv(f)rj fxev ns opovs els drreLpoi vipo? dvareiverai, Trapd Se ttjv VTTopetov Xayovc ovvrjpe(j)es avrpov viravoiyei, 8t* ov ^apadpcoSrji aTTOppojya ^aOvperat Kp-qp.v6s dfjLerpTjTov els TrXrjdei re vharos doaXeijrov /cat Tots" KadifMcoou 406 Tt TTpos epevvav yrjs ovhev /jlt^kos e^apKel. roi Se dvrpov Kara rds e^codev pitas dvareXXovoiv a
404
Kal yeveoLS p-^u, (Ls evtoi Sokouglv, evOe) ^Xophdvov, TO S' aKpi^es ev tols ^^17? SrjXcoaofjiev 407 Se ^aoiXevs /cat ev 'lepixol pLera^i (4) *0 Tr-qyai'
Kvrrpov ^
"
190
oi'o
rod i
<j)povpiov
/cat
Mount Hermon.
For
a
rrporepojv
rojv
Bekker from a Leyden
ms.
:
^aat
ovbk the rest.
description
of
Paneion
o
JEWISH WAR,I.402-407( = ANT. xv.318,296fr., 363 f.)
the Temple itself bore no comparison these he named after his friends, the one Caesareum, the other Agrippeum. (2) He was not content, however, to commemorate Foundatu his patrons' names by palaces only his munificence fn gamari extended to the creation of whole cities. In the district of Samaria he built a town enclosed within magnificent walls twenty furlongs in length, intro;
;
duced into
it six
thousand
colonists,
and gave them
allotments of highly productive land. In the centre of this settlement he erected a massive temple, enclosed in ground, a furlong and a half in length, consecrated to Caesar while he named the town itself Sebaste. The inhabitants were given a privileged ;
constitution.
(3) When, later on, through Caesar's bounty he riie Temp received additional territory, Herod there too dedi-^[ p^J^J, cated to him a temple of white marble near the sources of the Jordan, at a place called Paneion. At this spot a mountain ^ rears its summit to an immense height aloft at the base of the cliff is an opening into an overgrown cavern ; within this, plunging down to an immeasurable depth, is a yawning chasm, enclosing a volume of still water, the bottom of which no sounding-line has been found long enough to reach. Outside and from beneath the cavern well up the springs from which, as some think, the Jordan takes its rise but we will tell the true story of this in the sequel.^ (4) At Jericho, again, between the fortress of Cypros ^ and the former palace, the king constructed ;
;
Faneas, later Caesarea Philippi, mod. Banias, see G. A. Smith, Hist. Geog. of Holy Land, 473. " See iii. 509 ff. * Built by Herod in honour of his mother, § 417.
191
JOSEPHUS dXXa KaraoKevdaas d/xetVco nal ;^pr]ai/xctjT€pa Trpo? rds iTnhrjiJiia<; aTTO tcZu avTOJU wuofiaaeu iXojv. KadoXov hk ovk €otlv €l7t^Iv ovTiva TTJ9 PaaiXeiag iTnrijSeLOv tottov tyjs Trpo? Katcrapa Xeicov
ri/jLrjg
yvyLvov
€7TX-qpa)G€v rifjids
€lao€v.
vacbi^,
V7Tep€^€X€€v
inel
Be
rrjv
e7Tap)(Lav
etV
Kal
iroXXalg
ttjv
^topav rag
IStav
avrov
eVtSpu-
TToXeoLU
oaTO KaLodpeta. KaTiSdju Se Kav rols vapaXiots ttoXiv rjSri Kap-vovoaVy Hrpdrcovo? eKaXelro 7Tvpyo<;, hid he €V(j>viav rov ;(tupiou Se^aadai Bvvap.dvr]u to (piXoTijJLOu avTov, Ttdoav dveKTLoeu XevKco Xidcp Kal XapLTTpordroLS eKOop-Tjaev ^aoiXeioi^; iv fj 4ij9 {idXiora to (f)vaeL p,€yaX6povv eVeSei'^aro. (lera^v yap Atupojv Kal 'Jottttt^S-, (Lu tj 770A19 P-^or] Kelrai, TTdoav elvai ovp.3€^r]K€V rrjv TrapaXiov dXipLevov, ojs TrdvTa tov rrjv (t>OLVLKrjv irr^ AlyvTrrov napaTrXeovra oaXevetv ev TreXdycL Sid ttjv cV Ai/So? dneiXTJv, (I) Kal /xerptcus" ivavpil^ovri, r-qXiKovrou cVeyetperat^ Kvp.a vpog rals Trerpais, ojore rrjV v7:ooTporjv tov Kvp.aTos irrl TrXeiOTOi' i^aypiovv 410 Tr)i' BdXaoGav* dAA* o ^aoiXevg rots' dvaXojpiaoLV Kal Trj (f)iXoTipiia I'lKijoa? rrju (f>voLV fxeil^ova pikv
408
(5)
pikv
,
rov
Xip.€va
Vieipaicjjs
KaTeoK€vao€V,
iv
he
rots'
p.vxoi^ avTov ^adels opptovs erepov?. 411
(6)
KaOdrrav
8'
e^^JV avTirrpdooovTa rov tottou
ttju hvax^peiau, cLs ttjv p.ev oxvpoTTjra rrj? hopLiqoeojs hvodXixjTOV etvai ttj daXdoGTj, TO he KaXXos ojs eirl p.r]hevL hvoKoXco KeKOopLfjoOai. ovp.pLeTp-qadp.evos ydp ooov ft'pT^-
ecfuXoveiKrioev
^
rrpos
iwe',(ifjtTo P.\I
:
eytlpeTai the rest.
.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
407-411 (=ANT. XV. 331-334)
new buildings, finer and more commodious for the other reception of guests, and named them after the same Sjonour^o^f friends." In short, one can mention no suitable spot Augustus, within his realm, which he left destitute of some mark of homage to Caesar. And then, after filling his own territory with temples, he let the memorials of his esteem overflow into the province and erected in numerous cities monuments to Caesar. (5) His notice was attracted by a town on the Caesarea coast, called Strato's Tower, which, though then harbour. dilapidated, was, from its advantageous situation, suited for the exercise of his liberality. This he entirely rebuilt with white stone, and adorned with the most magnificent palaces, displaying here, as nowhere else, the innate grandeur of his character. For the whole sea-board from Dora to Joppa, midway between which the city lies, was without a harbour, so that vessels bound for Egypt along the coast of Phoenicia had to ride at anchor in the open when menaced by the south-west wind for even a moderate breeze from this quarter dashes the waves to such a height against the cliffs, that their reflux spreads a wild commotion far out to sea. However, by dint of expenditure and enterprise, the king triumphed over nature and constructed a harbour larger than the Piraeus, including other deep roadsteads within its recesses. (6) Notwithstanding the totally recalcitrant nature 3f the site, he grappled with the difficulties so successfully, that the solidity of his masonry defied the sea, while its beauty was such as if no obstacle had existed Having determined upon the comparative size ^ of ;
" "
VOL.
U
i.e.
Augustus and Agrippa.
" larger than the Piraeus "
H
(§
410),
193
JOSEPHUS KaBUt Xidovs eV opyvias CLKOGLV etV TO TTeXayos , (hv rjaav ot TrXeloTOL fxrJKOs TToSoju TTevT-qKOvra, ^ddo? evvea, evpo? 8eVa, nines' 412 8e Koi jieil^ovs. eVct 8e dv€7TXr]pcu6rj to v<^aXov,^ ovrcus 7]Srj to vrrepexov rod rreXdyovs Telxo? eVt /ca/xev roj At/xeVt yLe'y€dos
TToSas TjvpvueTO' (Lu OL fikv eKarov TTpohehop-qvTO Trpos ~r]v dvaKOTrrjV rod KVfiaro?,
SiaKOGLOvg TTpoKVpLta
yovv
TrepideovTL
TO)
iKXrjO-q,
XlOlvco
to
Xolttov
8e
t€l)(€l.
tovto
VTTOKeiTaL
Se
Tfupyois
T€ hieiXrjTTTaL ixeyioTOLS , (x)V 6 7Tpov)(^U)v kol rrepiKaXXecrraro? d—o tov Kaloapos Trpoyovov ApouOLOv KeKXrjTaL. 413
TTVKval rrpos Karayojyrjv tCjv Kal to rrpo avTow irdv kvkXco vdyfia Tols dTTO^aivovaiv TrXaTvs nepLTTaTOS. 6 8' €lo7tXovs ^6p€Log, aWpLOjTaros yap dveficvv rep TOTTw /Sopea?, Kal eVt tov oTOjjLaTo? koXooool rpels eKaTepojdev VTreoT-qpLyfievoL kloglv, d>v tovs re
4:'aAt5es"
(7)
ivopfiLCofjLei'cov,
eV Aaid? x^'-P^^ eloTrXeovraji^ Tivpyos raoTOS Tovs Be €k Se^iov Svo opdol XiSoi ovv €^€vyiJL€VOL TOV KaTa ddrepov ;;^erAos' TTvpyov fiei414 l,OVeS. TTpOOeX^L? 8' OLKiaC TO) XipLeVL, XevKov Kal avral XiOov, Kal KaTaTeivovres err^ avTOV ol p.€v
dvex^L,
doreo? rrpos €v hidoTripia /xe/x€TOV GTOfjiaTo? dvTLKpv vaos Kat-
orevojTTol
tov
Tpr)fi€voL.
Kal
oapos
yrjX6(f)ov
*
€7tI
.
xraAAet
Destinon from Lat.
:
Kal jxeyedeL Sta^opo?"
v\^r)\6v
PA
:
^dOos the rest.
" not less than eighteen," A. " A. adds " who died young." Nero Claudius Drusus (38-9 B.C.), son of Livia, afterwards wife of Augustus, and father of Germanicus. * Or " vaulted chambers," " crypts." * Strictly a temple of Rome and Augustus, as Reinach *
194
JEWISH WAR,
I.
411-414
(
= ant.
xv. 334-339)
we have stated, he had blocks of stone down into twenty fathoms of water, most of them measuring fifty feet in length by nine in depth and ten " in breadth, some being even larger. Upon the harbour as let
the submarine foundation thus laid he constructed above the surface a mole two hundred feet broad ; of which one hundred were built out to break the surge, w^hence this portion was called the breakwater, while the remainder supported a stone wall encircling the harbour. From this wall arose, at intervals, massive towers, the loftiest and most magnificent of which was called Drusion after the step-son of Caesar.^ ^ in the wall provided landing(7) Numerous inlets places for mariners putting in to harbour, while the whole circular terrace fronting these channels served as a broad promenade for disembarking passengers. The entrance to the port faced northwards, because in these latitudes the north wind is the most favourable of all. At the harbour-mouth stood colossal statues, three on either side, resting on columns the columns on the left of vessels entering port were supported by a massive tower, those on the right by tw^o upright blocks of stone clamped together, whose height exceeded that of the tower on the opposite side. Abutting on the harbour were houses, also of white stone, and upon it converged the streets of the town, laid at equal distances apart. On an eminence facing the harbour-mouth stood Caesar's temple,'* remarkable for its beauty and grand pro;
referring- to Suet. Aug. 52 " templa ... in nulla provincia nisi communi suo Romaeque nomine recepit." This is indicated in Josephus by the mention of the two
remarks,
statues.
195
JOSEPHUS eV 6'
avrcp koXgooos
^OXvimiaoLV be
taos
!Si6^
'Hpa
rfj
Kaloapo? ovk
co
,
Kal
Kar'
OLTTobeajv
TrpoaeiKacrTai,
'Apyog.
rod
'Ptb/ji-qg
dvdd-qKev Be
rfj
eTTapxta ttjv ttoXlv, rot? TavTfj Se ttAoI'^o^evoLg rov Xip-eva, Kai'aapi he ttjv Tip.riv jov KTiupLarog- KatadpeLav yovv ojv6p.aoev avTiqv.
fiev
(8)
415
Tcf
ye
pLTju
dearpov Kal evLSpvGaro. Kal crrriadp.evos
Xoltto.
tcov
dyopds,
Kal
epyojv,
afta
dyL4)i.deaTpov
TTpoorjyopias
tyjs
dydtvaq KaraeKdXeaev d—o rov Kat'aapo?,
rrevTaerripLKovs
opuoiajs
auTOi ddXa peyiara Trpodelg enl rrjg eKaToarrjg evevTfKourrjs Sevrepas oXvpLTTtdBog, eu oU ov pLOVov ol wtKcovTeg, dXXd Kal ol p.er' avrovs Kal ol TpiToi Tov ^aoiXiKov vXovTov p.ereXdp.dvaKTLoas Be Kal Wvdrjdoua ttji' rrapa416 ^avov. Xlov KaTappL(f)delaav ev TroXepLw AypLTnreiov rrpootov 5' airrov (J)lXov Bl' vrrep^oXrjv Tjyopeuoe evvoias Kal e-nl rrji; rruAry? exdpa^ev to 6wop.a, t]v avTOs ev TO) I'aoj KaTeuKevaoeu. 417 (9) OtAoTraTojp ye p.T]v, el Kai Tig eTepos' Kal yap TO) TTaTpl pLurip,eLOu KaTe9r]Keu voXtu, r]v ev Tw KaXXioTcp TYJs ^aaiXeias TreBiw KTicras TTOTapLols Te Kal BevBpeuLV TrXovoiav wvopLaaev AvTinaTpiBa, VTTep ^povpiov oxvpoTrjTL Kal TO 'lepLXOv^TOi Kal KdXAeL Bidi^opov T6t;^taa9 dvedrjKev ttj p.rjTpl KvTrpov. Oaaav^Aoj Be TdBeX(f)a) tov 418 T:poGei-djv ev 'lepoGoXvpLOLS 6p.a)vvp,ov rrvpyov, ov to Te rrpojTOS
'
'
ox^P-o. Kal T-qv ev toj pLeyedei iroXvTeXeiav Bid Kal ttoXlv dX\r]v KTioas Ttup €^^7? BrjXcoaopLev. xiii. 357 ; the town was close to Gaza. the particular gate so called is unknown.
•
Or Agrippias. A.
"
At Jerusalem
i9tJ
;
JEWISH WAR, 1. 414-418 ( = ANT. XV. 339,xvi. 136-145) portions ; it contained a colossal statue of the emperor, not inferior to the Olympian Zeus, which
its model, and another of Rome, rivalling that of Hera at Argos. The city Herod dedicated to the province, the harbour to navigators in these waters, to Caesar the glory of this new foundation, to which he accordingly gave the name of Caesarea. buildings— amphitheatre, Quinrest of the (8) The were constructed in a style gamerat theatre, public places worthy of the name which the city bore. He further Caesaiea instituted quinquennial games, hkewise named after Caesar, and inaugurated them himself, in the hundred io-9 b.c. and ninety-second Olympiad, offering prizes of the [f/the*^^'^ highest value at these games not the victors only, Olympian but also those who obtained second and third places, participated in the royal bounty.
served for
—
;
Another maritime town, which had been destroyed war-time, namely Anthedon, he rebuilt and renamed Agrippium ^ and so great was his affection for this same friend Agrippa, that he engraved his name upon the gate which he erected in the Temple.^ (9) No man ever showed greater filial affection, As a memorial to his father he founded a city in the fairest plain in his realm, rich in rivers and trees, and named it Antipatris.'' Above Jericho he built the walls of a fortress, remarkable alike for solidity and beauty, which he dedicated to his mother under the name of Cypros. To his brother Phasael he erected the tower in Jerusalem called by his name, the appearance and splendid proportions of which He also gave the we shall describe in the sequel in
;
.'^
Ras pa,
el 'Ain, some 10 miles inland from and N.E. of on the road from Jerusalem to Caesarea.
V. 166-169.
197
Foundat
?A^°pl^^ pium);
of Anti-
gypjos
a Piiasaeii!
.
JOSEPHUS Kara
rov
arro
'lepuxov^
Iovtojv
ai5Aa;i/a
Tipo?
^opeau (^aaa-qXtda ojvopiao^v. 419 (lO) Ylapahov? 8' alayvi rovs re olk€lovs Kal aWa (f>iXovs ovhk rrjs iavrov pLvqpi-qs r^jiiXqaev ,
imTeLXLcrag rep Trpog Wpa^lau opei TrpoarjyopevGev 'HpajBeiov a(j>* iavrov, rov hk pLaaroeiBi] koXojvov ovra y€Lpo7Toirirov e^iqKovra drrcodev Grahiojv 'lepoaoXvpiow, iKoXeoev p,€U (fypovpLOv iiev
,
420 ofjiOLOJS,
Xois p^ev
he
€^riGKr]G€v
yap
rrjv
(fnXonp.orepoi'.
aKpav Trvpyois
orpoyyv-
Trepieu-x^ev,
eVAry-
paxjev 8e rov Trepi^oXov ^aaiXeLOLs TToXvreXeardroL?, oj? prj pLOVOV rrjv evSov raJv OLKrjpLarwv oiptv ehac XafiTTpdv, dXXd Kal rols efcu^ei^ roixois Kal dpiyKols Kal ureyaLS TrepiKexvadai rov rrXovrov haijjiXrj.
TToppojdev 8e pieyioTois dvaXo'j}JiauLV vBd-
eiG-qyayev Kal ^aSpiols hiaKooiois XevKordrrjs papfidpov rrjv dvoSov hieXa^ev t^v yap br] ro yi^Xo(j}OV emeiKios vipr]X6v Kal rrdv ;)(eipo421 TTOL-qrov. KareoKevaaev he Kal rrepl rds pit>a.s dXXa ^aoiXeia riqv re aTTOGKevrjv Kal rov£ (^lXovs he^aadai hvvdpLeva, ojore rep pev rrdvra exetv ttoXlv eivat, hoKelv ro epvpa, rfj TrepLypacjifj he ^aoiXeiov 422 avyKrlaa? rrXeLGrai? Kal row (11 ) Too-aura e^o) TToXeojv ro fieyaXoipvxov eTrehet^aro, YptTToXei pLev ydp j^ Kal AapLauKoj Kal YlroXepLatht yvpivdat,a, Bu^Ao) he relxos, e^ehpag he Kal arods Kal vaovs Kal dyopds Br]pvra) KarauKevdoas Kal Tvpcp, T.LhdjVL ye pLTjv Kal AapiaGKoj dear pa, Aaorcov
ttXtjOos
^
'
IQ.S
om. Bekker.
Literally " in the
form of a breast."
JEWISH WAR, I. M8
422( = ANT.xvi.l45f.,xv.323ff.)
name of Phasaelis to another city which he built in the valley to the north of Jericho. (10) But while he thus perpetuated the memory The two of his family and his friends, he did not neglect to caUell"^^ leave memorials of himself. Thus he built a fortress Herodiun in the hills on the Arabian frontier and called it after himself Herodium. An artificial rounded^ hill, sixty furlongs from Jerusalem, was given the same name, but more elaborate embellishment.^ The crest he crowned with a ring of round towers the enclosure was filled with gorgeous palaces, the magnificent appearance of which was not confined to the interior of the apartments, but outer walls, battlements, and roofs, all had wealth lavished upon them in profusion. He had, at immense expense, an abundant supply of water brought into it from a distance, and provided an easy ascent by two hundred steps of the purest white marble the mound, though entirely artificial, being of a considerable height. Around the base he erected other palaces for the accommodation of his furniture and his friends. Thus, in the amplitude of its resources this stronghold resembled a town, in its restricted area a simple ;
;
palace. (11) After
founding
all
these places, he proceeded numerous cities outside
to display his generosity to
Thus, he provided gymnasia for Tripolis, Damascus and Ptolemais, a wall for Byblus, halls, porticoes, temples, and market-places for Berytus and Tyre, theatres for Sidon and Damascus, an aqueduct his realm.
^ Built in memory of his victory over the Jewish alHes of the Parthians, §265; modern Jehel Fereidis (" Hill of Paradise " or Frank mountain), some 4 miles S.E. of Bethlehem. The site of the other Herodium is unidentified.
199
Herod's bounties to foreigr
,
JOSEPHUS SiKevGL
423
Be
TotS"
TTapaXiOL?
cloaycuyrju
7;8aTaji'
^aXavela kol Kp-qvag ttoXuTeAet?, 77po? he TrepiorvXa daufiaGra ttjv re epyaoiav KOL TO fieyeOo?' elal d' ot? aAcn^ Kal XeificjI'CL? avedrjKev. voXXal he TroXei? warrep koivojvol r-fjg ^aoiXeias Kal ;\;ojpai^ eXa^ov nap* avrovyv}ivaoiapxLai<; 8' aAAa? eTreT-qoioLS re /cat 8t-qveKeoiv ihajp-qaaro -npooohov? narara^a?, (ZoTrep ^
AuKa}'(jL)viraLS
424 Kc/joi?,
ti'a
eKXeL-rj ro yepag.
fj.rjhe77ore
TTaoiv
fiTju
Se
rots
exopriy-qoev
heoyievois,
oltou ye Kal rfj
*P6hcp xpTjixara p,ev els vavriKOV KaraoKevqu Ttapeaxev 7:oXXa-)(OV^ Kal ttoXXcikls, epLvprjodev he TO YYvdiov IhioLS avaXcofiaoLV dfiewov dveheifiaTO. 425 Kal TL Set Xeyeiv ra? els AvkLovs rj Y.ap,iovs hojpeds Tj TTjv St' oX-qg TTJs *Iajvta?, cV oh eheijOijoav €KaOTOL, haifjcXeLav; dXX WO-qvaloL Kal AaKehai/jLoVLOL iSixoTToAiTat T€ Kal TO Kara }^\vGLav Ylepya-
ov Tojv 'Wpojhov yejJLOVoiv dvaOrjfxdrojv; ttjv AvTiO^eajv Tcjv ev Supi'a TrAaretat' ov
fiov S'
^
veTOJV
Td)V
TCI?
d770(f)vyds
eKOGpL-qoev
lGop.rjKei
GToa; 426
(12)
Tavra
dv tls elnOi Ihia tojv ev Tra-
jiev
dovTOJV^ hrji^ajv eKdGrov, to he 'HAet'oi? xapLodev
ov
KOLVOV
fJLOVOV
T7)S
'EAActSoS",
427 dycvvojv 1
hLLKvelraL.
evTradouuTwv ^
"
200
Bekker:
oXtjS
TrfS
tj
TToWd Destinon: ."s-oXXax^ *
dAA'
ho^a tojv ^OXvfXTTLaGLv rovrovs yap hrj KaraXvo-
olKOVfjLevrjS hojpop, els tjv
PLV
(c/.
Plato, Rep. 539 d).
and a Leipzig
.ms.
tCjv iv 'OXiv-TTLaaiv .mss.
Keeper of the gymnasium, responsible for the conduct
JEWISH WAR,
I.
422-427
(
=
ant. xvi. 147-149)
for Laodicea on sea, baths, sumptuous fountains and colonnades, admirable alike for their architecture and their proportions, for Ascalon to other communities he dedicated groves and meadovv-Iand. Many cities, as though they had been associated with his realm, received from him grants of land others, like Cos, were endowed with revenues to maintain the annual office of gymnasiarch ° to perpetuity, to ensure that this honourable post should never lapse. Corn he supplied to all applicants ^ to the people of Rhodes he made contributions again and again for shipbuilding,^ and when their Pythian temple was burnt down he rebuilt it on a grander scale at his own expense. Need I allude to his donations to the people of Lycia or Samos, or to his hberahty, extended to every district of Ionia, to meet its needs ? Nay, are not Athenians and Lacedaemonians, the inhabitants of NicopoHs and of Pergamum in Mysia, laden with Herod's offerings ? And that broad street in Syrian Antioch, once shunned on account of the mud was it not he who paved its twenty furlongs with polished marble, and, as a protection from the rain, adorned it with a colonnade of equal length ? (12) In these cases, it may be said, the individual eis communities concerned were the sole beneficiaries gj'jjj'" his bounty to the people of Elis, on the other hand, oiynjpic "^'^'^^^• was a gift not only to Hellas at large but to the whole world, wherever the fame of the Olympic games penetrates. For, observing that these were ;
;
;
'^
—
;
of festal games and for the maintenance trainers and training-masters. " Or " to all in need of it." <=
C/.
§280
for his shipbuilding
circumstances.
VOL.
II
at <*
H 2
and payment of
Rhodes
Cf.
A.
in
humbler
xvi. 147.
201
,
JOSFPHUS fievovs OLTTopLa ;)^p>y/xaroji' opcoi' Kal ro p.6vov Aetipavov rrjs dp)(aLag 'EAAado? VTToppeov, ov fjLOvov
dycovoderrj?
eTrervx^v
t)?
TrapaTrXeajv
fjLTjv
TrevTaeTrjpiho^
iyevero, dXXd kol
els
rrpos
'Pco-
ro
St-
7]V€Kes TTopovs
xPVf^^'^^ OLTTeSeL^ei' , COS firj^eTTore 428 dyojvoBeTOvaav avTov rrjv pLvripiiyj eVtAtTrea'. dvijvVTOv ai/ etrj )(pea}W StaAJcret? ^ (f)6pcoi^ CTre^teVat, KadoLTTep
OaCTvyAtVats"
kol
BaAaveturais"
kol
tols
rds ir-qcrlovs ctcri7r€^€KovLG€v. rrXeioTov ye p.T)v avrov (f>opa.s rrjs pLeyaXovoias edpavaeu 6 (j>6^os, d>s pLrj S6^€L€i^ n dripdadaL pLeiLov, evepyeroJv rds €TrL
TTjv
IxiXiKiav
ttoXlx^lols
'/}'
ttoXels irXeov rcav ixdvrcov.
429
(13) ^KxprjCJCLTO 8e /cat CTco/xart 77/309 rrjV ijjvx'i]i' dvaXoycp, Kvvrjyerrjs p^kv dpioros del yevopievos ev oj pLaXiara St' epiTreipiav iTTTTLKrjs eTrervyxo-vev /xta yovv r/piepa TTore TeaaapaKOVTa 6rjptojv eKpdTqGev, eon he Kal (tvot p6(f>os pLev r) x^P^> '^^ rrXeov S' eXd<j)OJV Kal dvdypojv evTTopos' noXe430 pLLcrrrjs 8' dwrroararos 77oAAot yovu Kdv rat? yvpLvaaiais avrov KareTrXdyqaav dKOvrLGri'-jV re WvBoXojrarov^ Kal ro^6rr]v €i>Grox<^TO.rov ISovres. rrpos Se rotS" iJjvxi-koIs Kal rots ocopLarLKols Trporepi'ipiaoLv exp'^]oaro Kal Sefta tvx^]' Kal yap OTTavLov eTTraioev ev TToXepLcp, Kal roJv Trratcr/xara>v ovK avros atrLOs, dXX rj Trpohouia rivchv tj TTpoTTereia crrparLa>rdjv eyevero. .
1
" (c.
(vdv^oXibraTOV
Either his second
visit
to
PA.M Exo.
Rome
{\2 b.c.) or his third
8 B.C.) (Schiirer). ''
A
^
On
maritime town of Lycia. the Syrian coast opposite Cyprus, between Eaodicea and Aradus. "202
JEWISH WAR,
I.
V27-4.30
declining for want of funds and that this soUtary rehc of ancient Greece was sinking into decay, he not only accepted the post of president for the quadrennial celebration which coincided with his visit " on his voyage to Rome, but he endowed them for all time with revenues, which should preserve an unfading memory of his term as president. The enumeration of the debts and taxes discharged by himself would be endless it was thus, for instance, that he lightened the burden of their annual taxes for the inhabitants of Phaselis,^ Balanea ^ and Often, however, his various minor towns in Cilicia. noble generosity was thwarted by the fear of exciting either jealousy or the suspicion of entertaining some higher ambition, in conferring upon states greater benefits than they received from their own masters. (13)^ Herod's genius was matched by his physical Hisph; constitution. Always foremost in the chase, in which P™wes he distinguished himself above all by his skill in horsemanship, he on one occasion brought down forty wild beasts in a single day for the country breeds boars and, in greater abundance, stags and wild asses. and at As a fighter he was irresistible practice spectators were often struck with astonishment at the precision with which he threw the javelin, the unerring aim with which he bent the bow. But besides these pre-eminent gifts of soul and body, he was blessed by good fortune ^ he rarely met with a reverse in war, and, when he did, this was due not to his own fault, but either to treachery or to the recklessness of his troops. ;
;
;
;
^ •
Cf.
This paragraph has no parallel in A. and contrast the estimate in A. xvii. 191
f.
203
JOSEPHUS 431
Ta? y£ firju vTraldpoug evTrpayla? rj Kar^ oIkov aviapol? eVe/xecn^aei', kol KaKohaii^Lovelv iK yvvaiKO? rjp^aro Trepl vv fxaXi(xxii.
1)
rot?
TV)(rj
432 crra io7To\jhau€v TjXdev,
yevos
Tjv
i^
dvyarepa,
rjv
8t*
r^u
apx"^^ Trap'^kto yaficTijv,
etV rrjv
lSlcott]?
'lepoooXvpLOJU rrju
MapidiJLfjirjv
yap
eTreihr]
.
OLTTOTTeiJiiljdfxcvo?
Acupt?
ya/xet
ovofxa,
WXe^dvSpov rou 'AptCTTO^ouAou avrw oraGLaoOrjvai avve^rj rou
kol rd^iov
fidXiGTa 8e pLerd rrjv in /.Lev yap rou Ik r-fjg AcoplBos vlov ^AvTiTTarpov hid roi)? €K MapudpipLi]<; €(f)vydS€V(7€v rrjs TrdAecu?, piovais rat? iopral^ oIkov,
433 'PcvpLrj?
dcjiL^LV.
piev,
Trpcorov
KanevaL' erretra top TrdiTTTOv ^TpKavov iK Yldpdojv irpos avrov
e(l)QL£^
yvvaiKO? iXOoura 8t'
rrj?
VTTOPOLav iiTL^ovXrj? dveXXeu, ou fj)(pLaXojTlGaTO
pL€i'
Bap^a4)pdprjg KaraSpapLcuv Suptav, e^r^njaauro Se kol et 434 Kar^ oIktov ol virkp Kvcppdrrjv opioedvel? ye TovToig eTTeiaOrj TiapaLvovoLV p.j) Sta^rjvai irpos 'Wpcoh-qv, ovK dv TrapaTTCoXero' SeXeap S' aural Bavdrov rrjs vlojvrjs 6 ydpLOs Kariarr]' rovrcp yap 7T€7TOLdoj£ Kal TTepiGGOV TL TTJg TTaTpiSo? i(f)iepi€VOS TjKev. TTapcv^vvev Se 'HpcoSrjp ovk avrds avri7Toiovpi€vo^ ^aGiXela^, dXX' inel to jSaaiAeuetv irre^aXXeu avrco. Tcov Se eK Mapta/x/XT^S" ttcVtc reKva>v aurco 435 {'2} .
yevopiivojv hvo piev dvyarepes, Tpels S' 'qoau uiew.
Kal rovTOJV 6 vecoraro^ peu eV ^Pcoptr] TratSevoreXevra, Svo Se rous" Trpeo^vrdrovs ^aai-
pL€vos *
i
Exc. (the usual verb "
*
For
his resijo-nation of the **
204
in
C/. §241.
Josephus): d0eis the »
%
throne see B.
Salampsio and Cyprus.
rest.
im. i.
1
20
tf.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
431-4.35
{cf.
ant. xv.
14,
164
ff.)
(xxii.l) But, in revenge for his public prosperity, Herods fortune visited Herod with troubles at home his l^^i"f^^' ill-fated career originated with a woman to whom he was passionately attached. For, on ascending the throne, he had dismissed the wife whom he had taken when he was still a commoner, a native of Jerusalem named Doris, and married Mariamme, daughter of Alexander, the son of Aristobulus.*^ It was she who brought into his house the discord, which, beginning at an earlier date, was greatly aggravated after his return from Rome. For, in the first place, in the interests of his children by Mariamme, he banished from the capital the son Banishr whom he had had by Doris, namely Antipater, Antlpat allowing him to visit it on the festivals only. Next he put to death, on suspicion of conspiracy, Hyrcanus, Executi Mariamme's grandfather, who had come back from ^^g^^g^ Parthia to Herod's court. Hyrcanus had been taken prisoner by Barzapharnes when the latter overran Syria,^ but had been liberated through the intercession of his compassionate countrymen living beyond the Euphrates. And had he but followed their advice not to cross the river to join Herod, he would have escaped his tragic fate but the marriage of his grand-daughter lured him to his death. He came relying upon that and impelled by an ardent longing for his native land, and roused Herod's resentment not by making any claim to the throne, but because ;
;
him by right.'' Herod had five children by Mariamme, two daughters and three sons. The voungest son died
it
actually belonged to (2)
'^
in
the course or his trainmg in Rome to the two ^ he gave a princely education, both out ;
elder sons
*
Alexander and Aristobulus.
205
Herod
s
cji'idrei
JOSEPHUS XiKcog
rjyei'
did re rrjv fir^rpcoav evyiveiav Kal
on
to he tovtojv loxvporepov 6 Mapta/x/Ltr^b epoj? ovvqpyei, Kad^ rjfjiepai' CKKaicov 'Hpcodrjv Xa^porepos, w? ixrjhevo? Tujv hia rrjv orepyoiieviqv XvTrrjpwv aladdveoOai' 70G0VT0V yap tjv filoog etV avrov rrjg Mapia/XjUi]?, 437 OGO? eK€LPOv rrpos avrrjv epojg. e)(ovaa Se rr^u 436 ^acriXevovrL
iyeyoveioav
avrco.
drrey^OeLav Ik tojv Trpayfidrcov evXoyov, ttjv he TTapprjcriav eV rod (hiXeladaL, (fyavepwg (LvelhiLev avTO) rd Kara tov TrdrTTTOv '\pKav6v koL tov f.L€v
abeX(j)6v ^Yojvddrjv TratSos"
i€Laaro,
ovhe yap tovtov Kainep ovros Sovg
fxev
airro)
ttjv
dpxi-^pco-
cruvqv eTTrafcatSe/ceVei, /xerd Se rr]v rcfMr^v Krelvag
evdeojg, rd)
eTreLhrj
^cofio)
rrjv
lepdv
TTpoueXdovTL
eSd.KpvGev rd ttXtjOos.
Kad^
ioOqra
Xa^ovri ddpovv p^ev ovv 6
eopTTjv
77e/x7rerat.
Kal enTrai?
vvKro? ecV 'lepLXovvra, eKel he Kar^ ivroXrjv VTTO rd)v YaXardiv ^aTrrtco/xeros" ev KoXvi-i^t^dpa reXevra. (3) Aid ravO^ 'Hpcoh-qv p^ev veihLt,ev r) Ma438 pLdp,fLr], Kal rrjV dheX(f)rjV avrov Kal rrjv pnqrepa heivals i^v^pL^ev AotSopiats*. ciAA' o /xev rre^ifiajro roXg IpiepoLg, heivrj he rd? yuvatxra? dyavdKrrjGL? elurjei, Kal rrpog o pidXiara KLViqaeiv rdv 'Wpujhrjv ep,eXXov, €tV /xot;^etap hie^aXXov avrrjVy 439 dAAa re rroXXd vpog ro TTidavov evaKevat^opevaiy Kal Kar-qyopovcjai Siort rr^v eiKova rrjv iavrrjs Sid
* Called Aristobulus (probablj^ his second name) in the narrative in A. (xv. 51, etc.). ^ A detail not in A. and, as Reinach points out, an anachronism, as Herod only received his guard of Gauls
206
JEWISH WAR,
I.
435-439
{cf.
ant. xv. 41
ff.,
27)
of respect for their mother's ilhistrious parentage, and because they had been born after his accession to
the throne. But a still stronger influence in their favour was Herod's passion for Mariamme, the con- His pai suming ardour of which increased from day to day, Jj^rian so that he was insensible to the troubles of which his beloved one was the cause for Mariamme 's hatred of him was as great as was his love for her. As the events of the past gave her just reason for aversion, and her husband's love enabled her to speak plainly, she openly upbraided him with the fate of her grandfather Hyrcanus and her brother Jonathan.* For Herod had not spared even this He mu poor lad he had bestowed upon him in his seven- 1^^^!^^^° teenth year the office of high-priest, and then im- Jonath mediately after conferring this honour had put him buius)° to death, because, on the occasion of a festival, when ^^ b.c the lad approached the altar, clad in the priestly vestments, the multitude with one accord burst into tears. He was, consequently, sent by night to Jericho, and there, in accordance with instructions, plunged into a swimming-bath by the Gauls * and ;
;
drowned. (3) It was on these grounds that Mariamme upbraided Herod, and then proceeded violently to abuse his mother and sister. He was paralyzed but the women, seething with by his infatuation indignation, brought against her the charge which was bound in their opinion to touch Herod most nearly, that of adultery. Among much else which they invented to convince him, they accused Mariamme of having sent her portrait to Antony in ;
after the death of Cleopatra in
30
b.c.
{A xv. 217 .
||
;
B.'i. 397).
Aristobulus was murdered live years earlier.
207
and "
his
^^'^"
JOSEPHUS eh
TTeinpeiev
dnovGau Kal
440 yvvaLKOfiaiovuTL
ojonep
GKTjTTTO?
l-LaXiGTa
Wvrajvtcp
.ViyvTrrov
^oXr)u dcreAyetas"
jSta^ca^at
top
vrrep-
St*
epcxjra
rovd^
Swafjievaj.
irdpa^ev
€iJL7T€aojv
Sta
jikv
Kal
hei^eiev eavrrjv avOpojirco '
HpivSrjv,
^rjXoTVTTojs
€;j^ovTa,
KAeoTrarpa? SetroTr^ra, St' Avaavia? re 6 ^aotXev? dvfip-qro Kal MaA;^o;> 1^1^ o "Apaip' ov yap a0atpecr6t yajjieTrjg ep-erpei rov
XoyL/^ofievov he /cat
441
ttji'
KLvBvpov, dXAd davdrqj. ovv dTrohiiix-queLV (4) yieXXojv
'IcucTT^Trcu
rep
avroO, ttlotos Se tjv Kal Sta TO KTiho? evvovs, TrapariOeraL r-qv yvvalKa, Kpvcf)a Sou? euToXds duaipelv avrt^v, el KdKeluov SaAco/LiT]?
ai^Spt
^Ai'TowLO?.
TTjs
Se
6
dheX(f)r]^
'Ia>CT77770?
ourt KaKoijOcog,
dXXd
rou epa>ra rov ^aaiXeo)? Trapaari^aaL rfj yvvaiKl ^ovXofievo?, wg ovSe drroOavdjv avrrj? V7Top.evoi 442 hiaL^evx^^vo.L, to d—opp-qrov eK(f)aivei. KdKeivq TTpos enav-qKOura rou 'HpcoS-qu TToXXd re rrepl rov avrrjv GVfXTTadoO? ev rats ojutAtat? errop^vv' 77 po? jjLevov,^ cu? oi3S' epaadel-q nore yuvaiKOS dXX-qs, " rrdvv yovv," elrrev, " rat? Trpo? [rovY ^lcL)ar)7TOV euroXaT? erreSei^co rou rrpog rjpid? epwra Kreluai ." [le Trpoara^ab 443 (o) "KKchpoju e'udeco? a/
(^a/xero?
Oovoia
ro)
dveSrju
ev
'LaXajpnq
1
+/cai
hca^deipeLev Kolrrj?
ri]?
avrrjU,
/SaaiAetot?
r-qv
C
eue-
e^aXopteuo?'^
dSeX(j)r]
Lat. '
208
pLX]
Kal
dt'ciAetTO. /cat rovrov rou Kaipdu etV to? Sta^oAd? ^IcoaqTTOU erre^e^alcuaeu els rou
rolg -q
dpirdoaoa
el
uddeL
Destinon:
2
p. on, the
t^aXXo^tet'os >iss.
rest.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
439-443
(c/.
ant. xv. 65
ff.,
85, 240)
Egypt and of carrying wantonness so far as to exhibit herself, though at a distance, to a man with a madness for her sex and powerful enough to resort This accusation struck Herod Hke a to violence. His love intensified his jealousy he thunderbolt. reflected on Cleopatra's craft which had brought both King Lysanias " and the Arab Malchus to their end lie was menaced, he reckoned, with the loss not merely of his consort but of his hfe. (4) So, being on the eve of departure from his realm, he entrusted his wife to Joseph, the husband of his sister Salome, a faithful friend whose loyalty was assured by this marriage connexion, giving him private injunctions to kill her, should Antony kill him. Joseph, not with any malicious intention, but from a desire to convince her of the love which the king bore her, since even in death he could not bear to be separated from her, betrayed the secret. When Herod, on his return, in familiar intercourse was protesting with many oaths his affection for her and that he had never loved any other woman, " A fine exhibition you gave," she replied, " of your love for me by your orders to Joseph to put me to death " (5) He was beside himself, the moment he heard the secret was out. Joseph, he exclaimed, would never have disclosed his orders, had he not seduced and, frenzied with passion, he leapt from the her bed and paced the palace to and fro in his distracHis sister Salome, seizing this opportunity to tion. slander Mariamme, confirmed his suspicion of Joseph. ;
;
!
;
King of Chalcis
murder
at Cleopatra's instigation he is not named in the general reference to plots against high officials in Syria in B. i. 360. Malchus is named in the last passage as an intended victim of Cleopatra, but there is no further allusion to his end. "
is
;
his
mentioned in A. xv. 92
;
209
JOSEPHUS 6 8'
VTToiJjLav.
cLKpdrov
utt'
U]Xorv7TLas cV/xai'ei?
444 -apaxprfixa Krelveiv TTpoaera^ev d/M(f)OT€pov?. iierdI'OLa 8' evOeojs elrrero roj Trddei, kol rod dvfiov
6
TTeorovTog 8'
rrj?
eTTi^u/.iias',
Xvttt^v
rrjv
€0-)(€V
reOi'dvai
co? fi^jSe
SoKelv avrt]P, vtto he KaKcooecos cos XaXelv, l^^XP^ '^^ XP^^V Sihaxdels
dvdXoyov
rooaimi
are^cuTrupetro.
TrdXiv
epojs
(jiXeypiovT]
Tjv
t(x>Gr)
rrpoo-
to
TrdSos^
rrepLovoav^
rrpos
rfj
hiadeaei. (xxiii.
44.5
C'Js
TToXepiLOV
Tepov
i<€v
Se
\\.XripovopiovGL
l)
rralbe? opyrjs Kal
rod
v
€7tI
/xT^rpojas"
ttJs"
fivorovs evvoiav
rov rrarepa,
'PojfJLrjs
ol
Xafipdvovres Kal to 7rp6-
Traihev6jJi€VOLy
TrXeov
8'
VTreorpeipav cruvqvbpovTo 8* '.VT(x)V r) rjXiKLaLS bidOeGLS. ko.l iTreihrj ydpaov TOis 446 e)(0vr€S (x)pav 6 fxev ttjs ttjOlBos ^aXcop^-qs, t) ttjs jjL-qTpos auraJr KaTrjyoprjaev, 6 8' ey-qfiev ^ \p)(^eCOS
els
'louSatav
Xdov Tov KaTTTTaSoKwv ^amXeojs OvyaTepa, Trpou447
Xdfi^avoi'
TOV
rjSrj
Opdaovs
eXdfjL^ai'ov ,
toj
/xt'crei
avTOJV
Kal
Kal (fyavepwrepov
Ik hi hia^dXXovTes tw ^aGiXel hi-
TrapprjcrLav
.
ol
d(f>op[ids rjhrj
Twes cos €77 L^ovXevouro fiev vtt' dfJLcf>oTepojv Twv VLOJV, 6 he ^ApxeXdco Krjhevaas /ca. eXiyovTO
TTapauKevdi^oiTO toj Trevdepw rreTTOidcos, iv avrov KaT-qyop-queLev dvanXriohe Tojv hia^oXajv ' 11 pcohrjs woTrep eVtret-
445
Vt
Kalaapos
dels
.
TOLS VIOLS KaTayei tov AvTLTTaTpov Kal Trdvra Tporrov
XicrpLOL
^
eV
Conj. from Lat. " funere cognito'": '
Hudson from
Lat.
:
ttjs
TrpoTCfjidv
Acupt8os
apxerai
irev6os mss.
irepLoifflav .mss.
° The narrative of Mariamme's death in A. xv. is differently told. There are there two episodes, curiously similar.
210
JEWISH WAR, 1. 443-4 i8(r/^. ANT. xv.240ff.,xvi. 66
ff.)
Mad with sheer jealousy, he ordered that both should instantly be put to death. But remorse followed hard upon rage his wrath subsided, his love revived. So consuming, indeed, was the flame of his passion that he believed she was not dead, and in his affliction would address her as though she Mere alive until time taught him the reality of his loss, when his grief was as profound as the love which he bore her while she was alive." (xxiii, 1) The sons inherited their mother's resent- Hostility ment, and, reflecting on their father's abominable |,^sTmis\ crimes, eyed him as an enemy, even in the early ^i ariamm Alexandei days of their education in Rome, and still more on a Aristobuli their return to Judaea. The antagonism grew with c. their years and when, on reaching an age to marry, one espoused the daughter of his aunt Salome, their mother's accuser, and the other ^ the daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, their hatred found vent in open speech. Their rashness lent a handle to slanderers, and from this time certain persons threw out plainer hints to the king that both his sons were conspiring against him, and that the sonin-law of Archelaus, counting on his father-in-law's influence, was preparing to fly, in order to lay an accusation against his father before the emperor. Herod, drugged with these calumnies, recalled Recall of Antipater, his son by Doris, to serve as a bulwark f "^^^^^^^ against his other sons, and began to honour him with every mark of his special esteem. ;
;
;
''
An
Joseph during a voyage of Herod to 34 b.c.) leads to the execution of Joseph and the imprisonment of Mariamme. A similar indiscretion of Soemus during a voyage of Herod to Augustus (c. 29 b.c.) leads to her trial, condemnation, and death. ^ Aristobulus. Alexander. indiscretion of
Antony
(c.
<=
211
.
JOSEPHUS 449
ToF?
(2)
e^
S'
fJir)Tp6<;
eavrojv
evyevetav
TTji'
KTYjoeaJS,
6'
e^i(j)aivov'
Kal tov TrpoKovrovray hia
/Ltera^oArJ,
rj
6powT€<;
ouk eKparovv
eKOLGTov^ 8e
ojod^^ ol
450 iidWov, 6 S'
r]V
a(t)6pr]TO
iSttortSos"
(jcev
"AvrtVarpo?
rwv
Kad^ rjhrj
r-qg
dyava-
dviapojv r-qv opyqv
r]i-idpav
kol
St'
TrpooiaTavro
avrov iorrov-
fJL€i> (x}V eV rat? 7rp6? rov irarepa KoXaKeiais, hia^oXds 8e Kara rcoi' dSeX(f)<jiJu ttolKiXag ivoK€ua^6fj.€vos Kal to, /xev' avrog Xoyo-
Bdl,€TO, SeLUoraro?
rroLcJjv,
rd Se tovs
€7TLrrjS€L0V?
(f)-qfJLL^€LV
KaOieis,
TOV? aScA^o?)? d-nepp-q^^v ttjs Kal yap iv ralg htad-qKais 451 ^auiXiKTis iX-TTlSos. Kal (f)ap€pa)s ai^ro? tjv rjSr] htdSoxos' w? j^aocXevs yovv i7T€fJL(f)d'q Kal Trpos Kaloapa rw re Koafico Kal rat? dXXats OeparreiaLS TrXrjv Siahrjiiaro? XP^^' ^' €(^GXVG€i' eloayayelv irrl rrji fjL€vog. XP^^'^.^ SvgI S' ottXols MapLafJLfJbrj? Koir-qv rrjv fx-qrepa. Kara tcjv dSeXcfxjJv ;(p6o/.teyos-, KoXaKeia Kal 8ia ^oXfj, TOV ^auiXea Kal -nepl davaTov twv vlojv vtt€LpydaaTo (3) Tdv yovv ^AXe^avSpov avpa? jLte;^pt 'Poj/xt^j 452 o TTaTTjp TTJg i* iavTO) 6apfiaK€Las eKpLvev en KaLGapos. d 8' evpojv pLoXis 6Xo
TTCLVTaTTaGLV
2 PAMV. Bekker: ws 5(e) MSS. Xiese and Naber: dveovaaro mss. , cf. B. ii. 92.
(Kaarov
^
^
" From the narrative in A. xvi. it appears that both th< sons were taken to Italy and that the case was heard not a Rome but at Aquileia (xvi. 91).
212
JEWISH WAR,
I.
449-453
(
= ant.
xvi.
81
ff.)
the younff men this new departure was Antipate At the sight of the promotion of this son of a woman of no standing, they in their pride of birth could not restrain their indignation, and on every fresh occasion for annoyance openly displayed The result was that, while each suctheir wrath. ceeding day saw them in greater disfavour, Antipater was now gaining respect on his own merits. Showing remarkable adroitness in flattering his father, he concocted various calumnies upon his half-brothers, some of whicn he set in motion himself, while others were, at his instigation, circulated by his confidants, until he completely wrecked his brothers' prospects of the throne. For both in his father's will and by pubHc acts he was now declared to be the heir He is declared thus, when he was sent on an embassy to Caesar, he Je?r to tl went as a prince, with the robes and all the cere- throne ^' monial of royalty except the diadem. Eventually his influence was strong enough to bring back his (2)
To
Intolerable.
:
mother
to
Mariamme's bed
;
and by employing
against his brothers the two weapons of flattery and slander, he stealthily so wrought upon the king's
mind
as to
make him even contemplate putting
his
sons to death. (3) One of them, at any rate, namely Alexander, Aiexande as dragged by his father to Rome and there accused Aifglastus at Caesar's tribunal of attempting to poison him." whoeffec ^ The young man, finding himself at last at hberty to tion "•*^' ^^ vent his grievances and in the presence of a judge with far more experience than Antipater, more sagacity than Herod, modestly threw a veil over his father's faults, but forcibly exposed the calumnies directed against himself. He next proved that his '^-
213
JOSEPHUS rov abeXSov aTTohei^as KOLVojvovvra rcou klvSuvojv, OVTOJ? ijdi'j TO re WvTLTrdrpov Travovpyov kol ttju (jvvqpyei 8' avro) avTOJV drt/xtap' aTrtuSupero rj rod ovveLSoro? Trepl Xoyov^ lgxv?' Kadapov fxera koL ro reXevTolov 454 ^71^ yap St] Setvoraro? €L7T€lv. ^dfievo? CO? TO) TTarpl KrelveLV avrov? eorrtv "fet Stj^ KOL TTpoaUraL'f ^ ro eyKXrjiJia, Trpo-qyayev fxkv et? SoLKpva TTavraSy rov Se Kaiaapa hUOrjKev ovrojg, cog OLTToyvajvaL fiev avrcov rd Kanqyopiqpiiva, 8taXXd^ai he 'Wpojhiqv evdeojg. at StaAAayat S* errt rovroL^ Tjoav, ojore eKeivovs fJ-ev rw irarpl Trdvra TTeLdapx^LV, r6i> Se r-qu ^aoiXeiav KaraXiTrelv a) .
^ovXer ai. 455
(4)
Mera ravra
^aoiXev?,
rcou
p.ev
8'
drro
'Poj/xt]?
vrreorpe^ev 6 ateVat^
eyKXi'ifjidraju
rovs
vlov^ hoKCxjv, rrjs S' VTTOVoia? ovk dTrrjXXaypLivo'S'
yap
TTaprjKoXovdeL
WvTLTrarpog
rod
r)
pbtaovs
ye ro (fiavepdv ttjv drrexOeLav 456 OVK e^e(f)epev rov biaXXaKrrjv alhovjxevos. co? hk rrjv KiXiKiav irapaTrXeajv Karrjpev et's" ^KXaiovaav,' eana pcev avrov (f)iXo(^p6voj? Wpx^Xao^, vnep rrj^ rov yafi^pov ocori^plas ev^oipLoraJv kol rat? hiaXXayals e(f)rjh6ixevo<^, co? dv /cat rd)(LOv yeypacjxjj^ roLS eVt 'PojiJLrj<^ ^lAot? ovXAa/JL^dveadat irepl rrji dAA'
VTTodeoL?,
etV
WXe^dvhpcp- TTpoTrefiTreL he pLe^pi Zecpvploi I^^XP'' TptdKovra raXdvrojv. (5) 'Qs" S* els 'lepoGoXvpa 'llpajhijg d(l)LKveLrat, avvayayojv rov Xaov /cat rovs rpeZs vlovs hiK-qv
hcopa hov?
457
TTapaorrjodpevos aTreXoyetro conj. after Aldrich TTfjoaierai Holwerda : TrpoaTidfrai ^
2
et Hr)
3
rrjg
MVR
\KC
: :
dTTohrjpLLas^
i]5u >iss.
-rrpoTWfTaL the rest.
soluisse Lat. 'EXiouaav or 'EXeoOaaf .>JS3.
d(p(iK€vaL *
2U
rrepl (et 5e)
(-rjKti'ai.)
:
JEWISH WAR,
I,
453-457 (=ant.
xvi. 122, 129
ff.)
brother, his partner in peril, was equally innocent, and then proceeded bitterly to complain of Antipater's villainy and of the ignominy to which he and his brother were exposed. He was assisted not only by a clear conscience but by his powerful oratory, for he was an extremely able speaker. Concluding with the remark that it was open to their father to put them to death, if he really bf'lieved the charge to be true, " to tears, and so he v-^^ vd a]} h^'" ', '
^^
aff-
viOT
0.3^
MOV-
.,e^
^l,e
accr
na
agreement were ^ vnTNC^lj^e "'-ic thatVf.^ Luat tne sons ? conuiiioxT^i:«;+. _i J. ^'^^^^ obedience to their father, and should render im], ^' ^"^ bequeath the kingdom that he should be at hbeK^ -
whom
he would, After this the king left Rome o.:*^ his homeward journey, apparently dismissing his chargcb^" against his sons, though not abandoning his suspicions. iVr^r he was accompanied by Antipater, the cause of all this hatred, who, however, was withheld by awe of the author of the reconciliation from openly displaySkirting the coast of Cilicia, ing his animosity. Herod put in at Elaeusa and received friendly entertainment at the table of Archelaus, who congratulated bim on his son-in-law's acquittal and w^as delighted at the reconciliation for he had previously written to to
(4)
Herod
cal^^^
;
lis
friends in
Rome
to assist
Alexander on
his trial.
He accompanied his guests as far as Zephyrion and Tiade them presents amounting in value to thirty ralents.
On
reaching Jerusalem, Herod assembled the them his three sons, made his excuses for his absence, and rendered profuse thanks (5)
people, presented to
^15
Herod's
?hepem)i Jerusaier
JOSEPHUS TToXXa
Kal
458
€vxapicrr€L
jxkv
tco
Oeoj,
ttoXAol
be
Kaiaapi KaraoTrjaafievco tov oikov avrov rerapayix4vov Kal fxellou tl rots' vlolg ^aaiAeta? napaG)(6irL TTju ofjLOi'Oiap, " t]u avros €^-7, " (JvvappLOOoj fxaXXov 6 /xev yap efie Kvpiou rrj? dpx^^ Kal hiKaGrrjV hiahoxov Karior-qaev iyoj 8e /xerd Tov ovpL(t)epovros ifxavrat KCLKelvou apLti^oyLai} Tovohe 70VS rpels TratSa? aTToheiKWiiL ^aoiXels, ,'
,
,
1^''
TT7?
^^ic
^nrrio TTaii fj> f\
.^ uaAou?
Trap*
^^KiLOV
tov
6e6v
Vr, -'cveaOat-
Se
ovfjup-qcpov,
yap
roj fxev
,
r^^aare /iv^re adt/cou? ^7?t€ avcovaels r f ' 5 ? eKaoTO) oe Kara tc ^ rLiia? OL00VT€5, .' 5^
V
,^ ov yap
TjXLKLav
460 CLTLiJLOVfjLevov.
45 J
rov
p.€yedos r-qs P^"„--. apKei Kat vAeLOKatcrap y-^'r)va>G€v Kadlor-noLv Be
TO y€ P'^v
•^
"
TTC
yvcofjL-q?
^ Kal VfjLo^^ 7Ta'
V
'
\
rooovrou
'/'
^
<
-
evcppavei
rig
toi
ooov ohwrioei roi eKaoroj ovvelvai herioe
OeparrevopLevov ,
ov? ye
pirjv
Gvyyevels Kal (f)LXov?, eycb SiavepLO) Kal Trjg ofio voias eyyvTjTag eKeivov? /caraarryCTop-at, aacfxjj eTnordpLeuo? on rds" Grdoei? Kal rag ^iXoveiKia yevvojoiv al tojv ovvbLarpi^ovrajv KaKorideiaL, ko. d^U iLoiv ovTOL xprjOToi, TiqpovoLV rds" OTopyds. 3' ov p.6vov Tovrovs dXXd Kal toi)? ev rij orparu fjLOV ra^idpxovg ev epLol fiovov rd? eA77i.'5a? exei errl tov rrapovTOS' ov yap ^acnXeiav, dXXd TLp.r) ^aoiXeias toi? vloI? TrapahlSajfiL, Kal tcov fie Tjheojv a»S" dpxovTes drroXavoovoLVy to ^dpo<s S ^
dfjLei.^6/ij.evos
•
2)6
Havercamp on
ms. authority.
Greek " uneven."
JEWISH WAR,
1.
457-461
{cf.
ant. xvi.
132
ff.)
less to Caesar, who had re-estabhshed disordered household and had given his sons a greater boon than a kingdom, namely concord. " The ties of that concord," he continued, " I shall for Caesar has appointed bind more closely myself me lord of the realm and arbiter of the succession, and I, in consulting my own advantage, also repay my debt to him. I now declare these my three He decia sons kings, and I beseech first God, and then you, to sons heu They are entitled to the succes- the throi ratify my decision. sion, this one by his age, the others by their noble indeed the extent of my kingdom would birth Those, therefore, suffice for even a greater number. whom Caesar has united and their father now let the honours you nominates, do you uphold award them be neither undeserved nor unequal," but for in paying proportioned to the rank of each deference to any beyond the deserts of his age, you gratify him less than you grieve the one whom you myself shall select the advisers and atI slight. tendants ^ who are to consort with each of my sons, and shall hold them responsible for keeping the peace, being well aware that factions and rivalries among princes are produced by the malign influence of associates, while virtuous companions promote natural
to
God, and no
his
;
;
;
;
affection. " I must require these persons,
them only but
however, and not
my army, for the me alone for it is
also the officers of
present to rest their hopes on not the kingdom, but the mere honours of royalty, which^I am now delivering over to my sons. They will enjoy the pleasures of power, as if actual rulers, ;
""
avy-^eviU and 0iXoi are, as Reinach points out, technical in the hierarchy of a Hellenistic court.
terms
217
JOSEPHUS Kav fi-q OcXco. ok€7teKaaros nqv re -qXiKLav fiov kol rrji^ dycoy-qv rod f^Lov Kal rrjv evocj^eiav ovrc yap ovrojs €ifJLL yepojv, oiOT dv dTTcXTriGdrji'aL raxews,
462 Ta)u TTpayfJidraJv cfxov iariv, 8'
readco
ovT€
€LS
€KhiaLTci}jJL€VOS ,
rpv(t)rjv
im-
vlovs
Kal
Tj
TO §6 dcLOV OVTOJS TeOepaTTeVKafMCl' COCTT* 463 dv eirl pnqKLarov ^iov TrpocXdelv. 6 Srj rovs e/xoi)? rralSa? depaTrevojv iirl rfj ipifj KaraXvoeL bcvGet fMOi Kal rrepl eKeivojv 8t/ca?' ov yap iyoj (fidovojv T€fJLV€TaL,
TOL?
,
i^
avTovg
i/iov
dvaKOTrroj
yeyevqfJLevoLS
8e
iTnardfjievos
^iXorLjJLLav,
ttjv
els i^eot?
rots'
€t y€ Tas orrovhas dpdaovg l^ohiov. eKaaros ivOviiriQelr] rojv TrpoGLOvrojv, on XRV
464 yiveadai firji'
GTOS
p-^v CUV Trap" e/xou X-qiper ai rrjv dpLOL^-qv, crra-
GLaCwv Se Kal rrapd G€LV, TovreGTLv TO.
Tois 465 voeZv
toj
depaTrevopLevqj
dvovrjTov e^ei, irdvr as
r]des
GVfjL(f)€p€L .
vp.€is
epe
c5
KdpLol
rovrovs^
dyaOoi,
TralBes
ivdvp,ovp.€voL T7]V lepdv <j)VGLVy
rjs
to KaKo-
e/xa povq-
Kal yap rov-
Tcvv ipiojv vlojv
Kparelv Se,
rd
olpLat
6p.o-
Trparrov
p,€V
Kal Trapd drjpiois
GTopyal pcevovGLv, eVetra rov TTOLrjodpievov rds StaXXayds Kai'crapa, rpirov e/xe rdv iv €^€GTLv eTTLraGGeLV TrapaKaXovvra, fieLvan ols at
7)p,ci>v
dSeA^ot.
StSc/j/xt
46C)
Trjv
TrjprJGaL €L7T(JJV
Kal
UTTaodpLevos *
he
vpuv
^aGiXiKrjv
depaireiav
ipLrjv
KpiGLV,
dv
[rcY Se
Kal
opLOvorJTe."
t'jSr)
toj
Kal
dew raOr*
€KaGTOV TCOV VL(l)V KaTaSteXvoev to ttXtjOos, tovs p^v auv-
(f>LXo(hp6viX)S
So the corrector of A tovtois the * LRC om. the rest. :
:
218
eGdrjra
irrevxopLaL
rest.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
462-466
(cf.
ant. xvi. 135)
but upon me, however unwilling, will fall the burden of office. Consider, each one of you, my age, my manner of life, my piety. I am not so old that my life may soon be past praying for, nor given over to the pleasures of luxury, which cut short the lives even I have served the deity so faithfully of the young :
may hope
term of life. Whosons to bring about my downfall shall be punished by me for their sakes For it is not jealousy of my as well as my own. offspring which causes me to restrict the homage it is the knowledge that such to be paid them flattering attentions foster recklessness in the young. If everyone who is brought into contact with my sons that
I
for the longest
ever, then, pays court to
my
;
but remember that, if he acts honourably he win his reward from me, whereas if he promotes discord his malicious conduct will bring him no benefit even from the object of his flattery, then I think that all will have my interests, in other words my sons' interest, at heart for it is to their advantage that I should govern, and to mine that they should live in harmony. " As for you, my good children, think first of the sacred ties of nature and the constancy of affection which she instils even into the beasts think of Caesar, who brought about our reconciliation think, lastly, of me, who entreat you, when I might command, and continue as brothers. I present you, from this moment, with the robes and retinue of and I pray God to uphold my decision, if royalty you live in unity." With these words he tenderly embraced each of his sons and then dismissed the multitude. Of these will will
;
;
;
;
219
.
JOSEPHUS €vxoiJL€vov? rot? €lpr]fjL€V0Lg, OGOL 8' eTTedvfiovv fiera^oXij?,
Kal
OLKrjKoevai TrpooTTOLOv^evovg
fJLTjb'
(xxiv,
467
1)
^vva7TT^€L he
WvTLTrar po?
468 vefxeoow rolg dSeA^otS".
TO Tjdos
CUV
Kal
fiev
e;)(€/uu^eti^
re
exovre? 'Aptaro-
WyTLTTdrpco TOV rov Seurepeuett'
Kal
6e
cttcicti?,
r)
VTTovola?
KeKvpoji-Levov
6Bvvd)iJL€i^OL
Trpea^eiov,
dSeA^ot?
TOL
aAAT^Aois-
'AAcfay5/30?
OLTTrjXXdyrjCTav,
jSouAo?
cV
ra?
)(€Lpov?
dAA' d jiev TTOLKLXcoraros /cat ttoAAoj ro) Trav-
T^'Set
ovpyo) TO TTpos avrovs €KdXv7TTe puoo<s, rols he hC €vy€V€Lav Trdv to vo-qBkv rjv irrl yXojooris' Kal napo^vvovT€<; 469 TcDi^
Trap'
^
fxev
€1'€K€lvto
ttoAAoi,
rrapehvovTo KaTduKOTTOi.
AXe^dvhpcp XaXrjOev evdeco?
rjv
'Wpojh-qv ovre yap dvvTrevdvvo?
TTpos
^dfievos
6
veavias
hia^oXrjV TO p-qdev e(TTpe(f)eTOy
Trap*
aTraoLV
Kal tojv ttlotlv
ri
aTrAd;? tjv,
*Avtl-
dno *Avtldey-
dAAd
Kal [leTplaJS
els
napvpoo-
rot? eXaxioTois AvTiTraTpos del tovs epediavTco to ipevhos e^ot Tas d(jiopiJ.ds
Kadiei S'
aovTas, OTTOJs dXrjdeLS'
to
/JLeyioTa
prjGLaoafjLevov
470 eTrXaTTeTO.
Se
he
Trdv
TidTpuj, Kal i-LeTa TrpoodrjK-qs fieTe^aLvev
TrdTpov
TrAetou?
(f)VGeL
*
r]pLLtop.evojv
eTreTidei.
Kal
oreyai/turaro?
rjv
ev
tcov
tl
hieXey^Bev fxev
avrov
eKaoTos, ^ Kare-
GKevd^eTO hajpeais, cu? fir^hev eK(j)epeodaL tojv drropKal tov ^AvTnrdTpov ^iov ovk dv rj/Laprev Tts" eLTTOjv KaKias fxvanjpLov tovs he ^AXe^dvSpo) uvvovTas XPVP-^^^^ hia(t)deLpajv r) KoXaKetaLS vttlojv. prjTa>v,
C/. the N.T. phrase "
* TTji
dvofxia^} in 2
220
Thess.
ii.
mystery of lawlessness " 7,
{fxvcr-qpiov
)
JEWISH WAR,
I.
466-470 (c/ ant.
xvi.
189
ff
some joined in his prayer while those who hankered for change pretended that they had not even heard ;
him.
But the brothers on parting carried with Renewed discord in their hearts. They separated more fostered b suspicious of each other than before Alexander and Antipater ^° '^'^"^^• Aristobulus aggrieved at the confirmation of Antipater's right of primogeniture, Antipater resenting the rank accorded to his brothers, even though second to his own. The latter, however, with the extreme subtlety of his character, knew how to hold his tongue and, with much adroitness, dissembled his hatred of his brothers while they, from their pride of birth, had all their thoughts upon their lips. They were, moreover, beset by many persons trying to excite them, while a still larger number insinuated themselves into their friendship to spy upon them. (xxiv. 1)
them
:
;
Every word spoken
in Alexander's circle
was
in-
stantly in the possession of Antipater and passed from Antipater to Herod, with amplifications. The young
man
could not make the simplest remark without becoming incriminated, so distorted were his words
purposes of slander if he spoke with a httle freedom, the merest trifles were magnified into enormities. Antipater was constantly setting his agents on to irritate him, in order that his lies might have some basis of truth and if among the speeches reported one item was established, that was sufficient warrant for the rest. His own friends were all either of a very secretive nature or were induced by presents to divulge no secrets so that Antipater 's hfe might have been not incorrectly described as a mystery of iniquity." Alexander's associates, on the other hand, either by bribery or by that seductive
for the
;
;
;
221
2
,
JOSEPHUS npohoras
at? rravra Kar^Lpydoraro, 7T€TroL-qK€L 471 Toiv
8e
TTparroi-Uuajv
SpajxaTOvpycov
7T€pL€GK€iJifjL€i'oj£
/cat
(fxjjpas-
Trdvra
ras" Trpo?
'Hpt6-
XaXovpievcxJV
rj
oSovs rat? Sta^oAai? iTTOiecro TexviKcordras avTOs pikv dheX(j>ov TrpoaajTrelou eTTLK^ipLevo?, Kad-
Sr]v
Se pLiqvvrds irepovs.
L€LS
n
WX^^dvhpov,
Kar
aTTayyeXdeLTj
KaTreihav
vTreKpivero
TrapeXdojv
kol
hiacrupeiv to p-qdev ap^a/xevo?, eneira KarecjKeva-
^€v 47
Kal npos dyavdKTTjGLV e^eKaXelro tov
rjcrvx^
Trdvra S' et? em^ovXrjv dvtjyeTO
/SacrtAea.
SoK€LP
TTJ
o(f)ayfj
TOV TTaTpos
avBpov ovhev yap ovtojs TouTot?
(2) T]p€L
Kad^ rjpLepav
TooovTov
^
e^
(jyiXajv,
^
TTpoGeTidei.
(ZaTrep
irevov
"
^
AuTirraTpov
rTroAe/xatos"
225i
Doris.
(i.
o
ri/xtc
TrdvTa /car'
i^tev
ovv
yjSr],
iirl
rjv
rjv, rj
Kal to 'Ai^rt-
avTchv pLrjTpvLa? )(a-
pnoovoa tovs
e/c
rat? eAyftcrtv idcpd-
crui'at(Tra
8*
€Ka(jTov ra
entertainiiiir Herod at Ptliodes (i. 280), as 667), as befriending Archelaus (ii. 14), etc.
Mentioned as
his executor *
avvaireKXivav
ol re dheXchol tov ^aatAeoj? Kal
ovpi^ovXos
irdvTes
V(j)-
ol pueu eKovTes, ol
XtTTOJTepa Kal irXelov tl rrpoyovatv 474 /SaatAtSos".
ooov
vpo? rd pLeipdKta OTopyrjg,
XXe^dvhpcp,
pii]T7]p,
'AAe^-
AvTlTTaTpOS V7T€p aVTOV.
yeved' rrdvTa yap WvTLTraTpog
rj
TTLKpoTaTov irdrpov
^
i^ayptovpievos
Kara to ^aalXeiov
in-LTdypiaTos,
raros tojv Trdcra
rrjs
XvTLTrdTpoj
Se Kal Tcjv 8'
'Hpci)Sr]s
to
/cat
ttlotlv exoprp/et rat? 8ta-
^oXals, cos d7ToXoyOTJpL€VOS 473
i(f)€Bpev€iv
JEWISH WAR,
I.
470-474
{cf.
ant. xvi. 190
f.)
which Antipater invariably found effective, had been converted by the latter into traitors and detectives to report all that was said or done by his With a careful eye to every detail in the brother. staging of the play, he would plan with consummate flattery,
modes of bringing these calumnies to the ears of Herod, himself assuming the role of a devoted brother, and leaving that of informer to others. Then, when any word was spoken against Alexander, he would come forward and play his part, and, beginning by ridiculing the allegation, would afterwards quietly proceed to confirm it and so call forth art the
Everything was interpreted and made to produce the impression that Alexander was watching his opportunity to murder and nothing lent more credit to these his father the king's indignation. as a plot
;
calumnies than Antipater's pleading in
his brother's
defence. (2)
These insinuations exasperating Herod, his for the young princes diminished daily,
affection
while his regard for Antipater proportionately increased. The king's alienation from the lads was shared by people at court, some acting of their own accord, others under orders, such as Ptolemy ,** the most honoured of his friends, the king's brothers and For Antipater was all-powerful, and all his family. all-powerful this was Alexander's bitterest blow too was Antipater's mother,'' who was in league with him against the two and harsher than a stepmother, with a hatred for these sons of a princess greater than for ordinary stepchildren. All persons, accordingly, now paid court to Antipater, because of the expectations which he inspired everyone was further instigated to desert his rivals by the orders
—
—
;
223
Antipatei po^yerfui.
JOSEPHUy 70V ^acnXeoj? Trpocrrdyiiara, TrapayyeiXavros toIs 7LiiLOjTaroi<; TTcpl
npooexeiv rots
ijLTjTe
S'
ov
tjv
jjlouov
tols
dXXa Kal tols e^codev
475
Trpooiivai
fJirJTe
WXe^ai^Spov. ^aaiXeia?,
ttJs"
rds
hia^oXds riyvoovv,^ rrapo
iikv
XaKTios
€V€7Ti7Trov
(^avepws
rod
avTal?' avviei
d7T€iJLepL(f)€T0'
irpa\vv€ro.
SiedrjKev Se
/xdAAov dchv-
yap 6 Trarrjp Se Kara fiLKpov dno
>^ rrpos
Kal <6rL
ijjvyfjLaros
/cat
ovSei^^
rd Xvttovv pidXXov
npd? avrd Kal rou Oelov
^epujpav ^Am-Lvarpos €x6pajSa)S Kal r-qv rrjOlSa "ZaXcofiTjv, d)£ dv yapLerrfV^ ovoav, KadoinXcuu del 470 Kal Trapo^vvojv. GWi^pyei 8e Kal rtpog rrjv ravrrjs
AXe^duBpov yvvrj TXacjivpa yeveadnixOeLav r) Xoyouoa rr)v eavrrjg evyiveiav, Kal c6? Traacou rcov Kara ro ^aoiXeiov elr) SeaTTori?, Kara rrarepa fxev (1770 T-qfidvov, Kara ixqrepa he dird Aapelov rod *
ill 'TaracTTTeoJS" r-qv (Jju
re
ovoa.
dSeX(f)r]u
iKaarr]
77oAAa Se ajvelStCei^ et? dyeveiav
'Hpc^Sou Kal
r-qv
evyiop^iav ovk
Sl^
w? du
TToXXal S* rjGav,
ras"
yvvalKas,
dno yevovs
i(f)€LfJL€vov
fjpeOrj.
re Trarpicog 'lou-
SaloLS yafieXv TrXetovs Kal rov ^aaiXeajs rjSofieuov TrXetoGLv, (f)vpas
at
Trdaai
1
' *
Sia
to pLeydXav^ov ro
FXa-
Kal ras Xoihopias ifxioovv \AXe^af Spov.
PA
:
PA.M
:
ovdeui the rest.
nyi'oa the re^t. " Ins.
Text suspected: Naber reads
avi'€Tr]i>,
Casaubon. Destinon xo-XtTi;*'.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
474-477
{cf.
ant. xvi. 193
f.)
of the king, who had forbidden those highest in his favour to approach or pay any attention to Alexander Herod's formidable influence exor his brother. tended, moreover, beyond his realm to his friends abroad for no other sovereign had been empowered by Caesar, as he had, to reclaim a fugitive subject even from a state outside his jurisdiction. The young men, meanwhile, as their father had never openly reproached them, were ignorant of these calumnies, and being, consequently, off their guard, laid them;
more open to them but httle by Httle were opened by his coldness and increased asperity whenever anything annoyed him. Antipater further roused against them the enmity of their uncle Pheroras and their aunt Salome, perpetually coaxing and working upon his aunt's feelings, as though she had been his wife. Salome's hostility was aggravated by Glaphyra, Alexander's wife," who boasted of her Arroganc noble ancestry and claimed to be mistress of all the pro^oS ladies at court, because she was descended on her the ladies father's side from Temenus,^ on her mother's from courr° Darius, son of Hystaspes. On the other hand, she was constantly taunting with their low birth Herod's sister and his wives, all of whom had been chosen His wives for their beauty and not for their family. were numerous, since polygamy was permitted by Jewish custom and the king gladly availed himself of the privilege. All these, on account of Glaphyra's arrogance and abuse, hated Alexander. selves
still
;
their eyes
" ^
And daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia One of the Heracleidae, who gave his name
Temenid kings of Macedonia (Thuc.
ii.
99),
from
446). to the
(§
whom
Archelaus claimed to be descended. VOL.
II
I
225
,
.
JOSEPHUS Se
"^771^
(3)
478
HaXcoix-qi^
877
Trevdepav
/catVot
,
ovoav, avTO? 'ApioTo/SouAo? iavro) hLearaoiaaev (hpyiGiievriv kol Trpoodev irrl ral? e/c TXa(f)vpas p\ao(j)-qpLiaLS' (hv^ihil^ev yap rfj yvvaLKL avvexoj? rrjv TaTTeLVor-qra, koI ojs avros /^ev IhiayrLV, 6 8 rov479 aSeA^os" avrov AXe^avhpos yrjfiai /SaatAtSa. ro KXaiovoa rfj HaXajfifj SLrjyyeiXev "q dvydr-qp, ^
TTpooeridei 8' otl /cat
7601^
ol
OLTTeLXolev
fiTjrepas
aAAcov' d8eA(/>ajv to.?
rrepl
WXe^avhpov,
/xei'
eireihav
TTapaXd^ojOLV ttju /SacnAetW, larovpyov? a/xa rat? hovXaLS 7T0Li]G€LU, avTOV? he KOjfjLoju ypafjifxareL?, eTTLOKcoTTTOvreg
d
TTpog
77e7rat8eu/xeVou?^
(Ls
TTju 6pyr)u
ov Karaaxovaa
hiTiyyeiXev 'Hpco6-n-
o^ohpa
8' -qv
eVt/LteAcD?
HaXaj/jLTj
Trdvra
d^LOTTLGTo? Kara
/cat ng irepa hta^oXrj aw480 yafx^pov Xeyouaa. ebpafieu rj rou dvjJLOv VTreKKavoaoa rod ^aaLXeco?
yap
TjKOvaev rrjv
pL-qrepa
TToAAa/cts" 8'
nvd
rcov
avrals 481
KaroLpnol^eLV
/xev
avv€.yGi't>
eVapoj/xeVoi;?
avrov hiahthovros rwv
aural.
WapLdfi/jLY]? iod-q-
rals fierayevearepais yvvai^lv dTTeiXelv ^aatAt/caJt' eV rd)(€L TrepLBiqoovGa
durl
cos
dvaKoXeXodai
axrrovs /cat
rcjv
€/c
rpv^dyv"^
77 eTTOL-qpiev
as
Ata raura Kairoi rd s ovk aTTCKOTrre rrju iXTTiSc rrjs SiopdcuG€a>s, dXXd TrpoGKaXeodpieuos avrovs /cat ydp els 'PcopL'qv eKTrXevoeiv epLeXXeu, ^pa\ec fxev rjTTeiX-qGev co? ^aoiXevSy rd TroAAa 8* evov(4>)
,
derrjoev (Ls Trarijp, /cat
SlSovs
€/caAet
rd)v
LXelv
rovs dheX(j)ovs Trap-
7Tporip,apr-qpLeva>v
482 rrpos ro fxeXXov dpieivovs yevoivro. *
M
'
Niese
226
:
the rest. rpix^f "hair-cloth" m33.
dcfyeotu,
ol he
rds
e
pLei
Tat5eL'OMe'»'oi'5 :
The
parallel passagt
JEWISH WAR,
I.
478-482
{cf.
ant. xvi. 201-205)
Aristobulus himself alienated Salome, his saiome mother-in-law, furious as she was already at the pr?n for he was continually up- to Hem Glaphyra's scurrility braiding his wife for her low origin, saying that he had married a woman of the people and his brother Alexander a princess. Salome's daughter reported she added that this, with tears, to her mother Alexander and Aristobulus had threatened, when they came to the throne, to set the mothers of their other brothers to work at the loom along with the slave-girls, and to make the princes themselves village clerks, sarcastically referring to the careful education which they had received. At that Salome, unable to control her indignation, reported the whole as she was accusing her own son-in-law, to Herod her evidence carried very great weight. Another calumny came simultaneously to inflame the king's wrath. He was told that the young princes had their mother's name perpetually on their lips, cursing him while they bemoaned her, and that when he distributed, as he often did, some of Mariamme's apparel to his more recent wives, they would threaten that they would ere long strip them of these royal robes and clothe them in rags. (4) Herod, though he had learnt through such Herod reports to fear these high-spirited young men, did' ^^"1"°'"^ not abandon hopes of their reformation. Just before setting sail for Rome he sent for them, and delivered some curt threats as sovereign, followed by a long paternal admonition, exhorting them to love their brothers and promising to pardon their past offences if they would amend their ways for the (3)
own
;
;
;
A. of
xvi.
204 has
Tpix^ai-v
which appears
to
be a corruption
TpVX^<JI-Vt
227
JOSEPHUS Sta^oXas
aveoKevdlovro
ipevSel? €LvaL Xdyovre?, arroXoyiav rols epyot? e<^a-
TTLOTOJoeoOai 8e ttjv
GKOu- Selu TO)
Aet0eti^
rovs
paStco?'
yap
o^u
KaraipevGopiivov? avrcou,
6
TTarepa 7T€LcauT€? rax^oj? rou
(1)9
ev x^pulv (f>6^ov SieKpovcjauro, ttjv
fi€v
iin-
du
ecu?
fj.
TovTOL?
(5)
TTLGTeveLv
fxT)
7r€Ld6(l€VOS
483
rd? Xoyo-
jJiivToi KOLKeZvov a7T0(f)pdTT€iv
TTOLtag
S'
ct?
rd
fxeXAoura Xvtttju irpooeXa^ov eyvojoav ydp ttjv re ^aXcvfi-qu
€x6pdv
8e papels
jJ-ev]^ dp-cjiOTepoL
8e
rov
delov
Tou rdXavTa, 7T0VT0
ttjv
rjcrau
eKOLUcovet rrj? jSacriAeta?
fJikv
tSt'a?
el^^u eVa-
Be iripav ^lophdvov Trdoav eVap-
x^P^^ Xa^ojv
avrov
^epojpav.
Kal ;(aAe7rot, Oepcupa?
SLaBijpLaTO?, TrpoaoSov?^ 8e
TrX-qu
TTapd
TdB6X(l)ov
Bcopov,
o?
Kal rerpdpx'rju alT-qadp,€PO? rrapd ^aGiXiKajv re ydjioju rj^iojaev ovvol-
€7T0Lr](j€V
KaiCTapOb,
KLoas
TeXevrrjV
eavTov
484 TaXdvTOLS
ydpov
.
TTpos
^HpcvBrjs
KadojOLOjae
BvyaTepojv dAA'
rrju
yvvaiKos' p.€rd he
IBlag
Trj?
d6€X(f>-qv
eKetv-qs
rojv
Trdorjs
Ob
p.eiL.ojv,'^
/cat
d-nehpa
epojra fieu
IttI
TrpoLKL
rpiaKooioLS
Oepcvpag tov ^aoiXiKOv
BovXi-js ,
c<^'
dvyarepa
tlo
vcrrepov dvaipeOevri ovvetev^ev 1
ttju
TTpeo^vrdrinv
rrjv
w
;^aAe7TrJt'as
irpos
dBeX(f)ih(l)'
YldpBcov
Oepojpa
om. PAM. Destinon.
Trpoa65ov
"
PVC.
Name unknown.
Salampsio, dauerhter of Mariamme I. i.e. to the son of his brother Phasael (A. xvi. 196), also called Phasael {A. xvii. 22). Nothing is known of the fate ' "
228
JEWISH WAR,
I.
482-484
{cf.
ant. xvi. 194-196)
For their part, they repudiated the charges, declaring that they were false, and assured their father that their actions would vindicate their statement he ought, however (they added), on his side to stop the mouths of these tale-bearers by refusing for there would never so readily to believe them be wanting persons ready to calumniate them, so long as they found anyone to listen to them. (5) The father's heart was quickly reassured by ph^roras " their words; but if the youths thus dispelled their disfavour 1th Her( immediate anxiety, the thought of the future brought them new apprehensions, knowing, as they did, the hostility of Salome and their uncle Pheroras. Both were formidable and dangerous, but the more redoubtable was Pheroras, who shared with Herod all the honours of royalty, except the diadem. He had a private income of a hundred talents, exclusive of the revenue derived from the whole of the transJordanic region, a gift from his brother, who had also, after requesting Caesar's permission, appointed him tetrarch. Herod had conferred upon him the further honour of marrying one of the royal family, by uniting him to the sister of his own wife.*^ On her death, he had pledged to him the eldest of his own daughters,* with a dowry of three hundred talents but Pheroras rejected the royal wedding to run after a slave-girl of whom he was enamoured. Herod, indignant at this slight, married his daughter to one of his nephews,^ who was subsequently killed by the Parthians his resentment, however, subsided future.
;
;
j[,^
;
;
of this youth, and Reinach suggests that in the following words there has been some confusion or corruption of text, and that Josephus intended to say " son of Phasael who had been previously killed by the Parthians " (see B. i. 271).
229
JOSEPHUS he
ttoAu
o-u
/Lter'
opy-qv
ttjv
dvUi
ovy-
hihovg
yvojfxrjv ri] vooqj. '^^S
(5) Ate^aAA^TO be Kal TrdXai fiev en t,0JGr}5 rrjs ^aoiXlSos eTTLfSovXeveiv ainoj (j)apixdKois rore he KaiTrep ^iXTrXelaroL fir^vvral Trpoorieoav, ojs ,
ovra
aheX(j)6TaTov
'
tov
H pcvh-qv
els
ttlotlv
vtt-
o-X^W^f- TtDi^ Xeyop^eviov kol heog. ttoXXov? he rojv ev VTTOVoia ^aoaviaas reXevralov '^Xdev errl rovs 486
^epojpov
ovhelg,
(LfJLoXoyrjGev
adfievos
wv
em^ovXr^v he
ore
rrjv
p,ev
dvriKpvs
epojfievrjv
s ^
dpTra-
Hdpdovs drrohpavaL TrapeoKevd^ero,
els
he rov GKeiifiaro? avroj Kal rrjs KooTofiapos 6 ^aXojpirjs dvrjp, cL awojKLoev avrriv 6 ^aoiXevs eirl pLOLX^LO. tov rrporepou 487 hLa(f)dapivTos rju 8' iXevOepa StajSoArj? ovhe SaXwpLT]- Kal yap avri^s ^epcopas dheX(f)6? Karrjyopei ovvdrjKas rrepl ydpLov rrpos ^vXXaiov rov ^O^dha TOV ^Apd^ojv ^aaiXeajs eTTirpoTTOv, o? rjv exOpdraros 'Hpcohrj. SteAeyjj^^etcra he Kal tovto (jvfifJLerexoL^
(f>vy^s
.
Kal TrdvB^ ooa ^epaypas eveKdXei GvyyivojoKeraiy
Kal avrdv he ^epojpav 6 ^aoiXevg dneXvaev row eyKX-qpidrajv.
488
(7)
rijs
Mere^atyev he Kal
OLKias
dirripeioaro
.
Kal
^aGiXel,
e-n
rrepl
rpel?
rjaav
hrjXov
^
rrjv
e^
hXe^avhpov o x^^H-^^ eKeivov
d)v
eXeLTovpyovv rqj
yap olvoxoelv -npooereTaKTo, (fiepeiv,
6
oAo? pLev
ro) he helTTVov Trpoor-
avrov KareKoip.Ll,ev re Kal ovyKar-
S' ^
Destinon "
230
Ke(f)aXr]V
evvovxoL ripLLwraroL toj
:
ffi/uueVoxoi mss.
Mariarame
I.
^ [\
JEWISH WAR,
I.
484-488
{cf.
ant. xvi. 219
f.,
229
f.)
ere long and he made allowance for his love-sick brother. (6) Long before, while the queen " was still alive, Pheroras had been accused of a plot to poison Herod but at the period now reached informers came forward in such numbers that Herod, though the most affectionate of brothers, was led to believe their statements and to take alarm. After putting many suspected persons to the torture he came last of all to the friends of Pheroras. None of these admitted outright that there was such a plot, though they said that Pheroras was preparing to fly to Parthia, carrying off his mistress with him, and that his ;
and'
of plotting J^jQ^g^^^'
accomplice in this design and partner in his intended was Costobarus, Salome's husband, to whom the king had given his sister, when her former husband was put to death on a charge of adultery. Even Salome herself did not escape calumny she was accused by her brother Pheroras of signing a contract to marry Syllaeus, the procurator * of Obadas, king of Arabia, and Herod's bitterest enemy. However, though convicted of this and of everything else of which she was accused by Pheroras, she was Herod while Pheroras himself was acquitted by ^^^ ^nd pardoned Salome. the king of the charges against him. (7) The tempest lowering over Herod's house thus Alexander veered round to Alexander and burst in full force by^Herod' about his devoted head. There were three eunuchs eunuchs who held a special place in the king's esteem, as is indicated by the services with which they were one poured out his wine, another served charged him his supper, and the third put him to bed and flight
:
;
:
^ Or " viceroy " ; see A. xvi. 220 (Syllaeus administers the realm of the indolent Obadas).
231
.
JOSEPHUS Tovrovg
4S9 €KXiV€TO.
€LS
ra
77at8tK:a SaSpot? fieyaXoig
fjLTjuvdeu 8e roi ^aaiXel hirjXeyxovTo ^acrarot?, /cat rrjv fikv avvovoiav evdecu? ojfJLoXoyovi', l^e(f)epov he kol ras etV ainrju
V7rrjydy€T0
6
VTTOGX^cr^Lg,
'AAe^ai'Spo?.
ov
Tpoirov
drrarriOeicv
vtto
'AAefai^-
ovk iv ^HpojSr] Seot rag iXTrlSa? ex^w, dvaiSel yepovri kol PaTrropLeuco rag KOfj.a'i,
490 hpov XeyovTos, co?
Sid TOVT* avTOL' olovTai Kal viov, auTw 8e OS Kal irapd aKovro? StaSc^erat rrjv ^aaiXeiav, ovk elg fxaKpdv re rov? p.ev Ixdpovs €L
jjLYj
TTpoGex^LV,
Tov?
dfxvv€LTai,
(I>lXov?
8'
evSatfjiovag TTOLYjaet Kal
aurous" elvai 8e /cat rov ^AXe^auSpou XaBpaiav, rovs "re rfyepLOva? rod GrpaTtcuTiKOV Kal rovs Ta^idpxovs Kpv(f)a rrpog avrov ovvUvai. 492 (8) Taura rov ^Wpojhiqv ovrcos i^e(j>6^-qo€V ws ra? firjuvceLS €KfJ-rjSe roXfirjoai TTapaxprjfia €p€iv, dXXd KaracKOTTOvg V7T07T€fji7TOjp vvKrojp Kal fied^ rjfxepav e/cacrra roju TTparrofxivajv tj Xeyofjievcjv hi-qpe'uva Kal rovg Iv rats VTroi/jLatg evdeojs 493 dvTjpei. heivris 8e^ dvofxlag IveTrXrjod-q ro jSaat491 fiaKapiovs
depaTTeiav
,
Trpo
tcuv
TrdvTOjv
huvarow
8e
rrepl
,
Xeiov
Kara yap ex^pav ^
filaos
lScov
eKaoros
e-nXaaaev ra? hia^oXd?, Kal ttoXXoI Trpos rovs 8ta4>6povs (^ovcJvrL rcx) ^aoiXiKO) dvjjLO) KarexpcovTO Kal ro fjL€v ipevBos €lx€u napaxp'rjfJ'CL TTLGriv, at KoXdo€LS hk rcjv Sia^oXojv rjaav ojK'urepai' Kar-
yovv rt? aprt Karrjyop-qaas Kal ro) avrov SieXeyxOevrt ovvaTT-qyero, rds yap €^€rd(j€i9 rov ^aotXiajs d 7T€pl ri]s ^vx^js klvhvvos VTTerefjLvero^ npov^rj 8' els rooovrov ttlKpias, (1)S P-i]hk rcuv dKaraLridrojv nvl rtpoo^Xeiqyopelro
npos
494
'
232
577
A
:
itaque Lat.
*
^wer^/xveTo
AM.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
489-494
{cf.
ant. xvi. 231-239)
Alexander by large presents slept in his chamber. corrupted these menials for criminal ends on being informed of which the king submitted them to trial by torture. They at once confessed their relations with Alexander, and then went on to reveal the promises which had brought them about. Alexander, " You they said, had inveigled them by saying ought not to place your hopes on Herod, a shameless old man who dyes his hair, unless this disguise has actually made you take him for a youngster it is to me, Alexander, that you should look, to me, who am to inherit the throne, whether he will or no, and shall ere long be avenged on my enemies and bring fortune and bliss to my friends, and above all to you." They added that persons of rank secretly paid court to Alexander and that the generals and officers of the army had clandestine interviews with him. (8) These disclosures so terrified Herod that at the but, time he did not even dare to divulge them sending out spies night and day, he scrutinized all that was done or said, and at once put to death any who fell under suspicion. The palace was given over to frightful anarchy. Everyone, to gratify some personal enmity or hatred, invented calumnies many turned to base account against their adversaries the murderous mood of wrathful royalty. Lies found instant credit, but chastisement was even swifter than calumny the accuser of a moment ago found himself accused and led off to death with him whose for the grave peril to conviction he had obtained ;
:
;
;
;
:
;
his life cut short the king's inquiries.
He grew
so
embittered that he had no gentle looks even for VOL.
II
I
2
233
^J?^^g|.g(j
JOSEPHUS 7T€LU rjfiepojg, eluaL
8e
/cat
rol?
(/)tAoi? OLTT-qveaTaTO^'
TToAAoi? yovv avTOJV a-nelTrev ro ^aoiXeiov koI rrpos
ovs ovK 495
171^.
i^ovoiav rw Xoyco xaXenog AvrLTrarpos iv rat? avficj^opalg
;^€tpos'
€1X^1^
he
ovveiri^-q
^
^AXeidpSpcp Kal orL(j>og TToirjaas rujv ovyyeuwv OVK €07 LV -^vTLva hia^oXr]v TrapeXiTrev. rrpoT^x^V yd TOL TTpos TOOovTou ^€0? c ^acTiXev? V7t6 rrjs repareias axrrov eorduat SoKelu
Kal
rojv
avrw rov
ovvrayp.dTcov, oj9 ^
AXi^avhpov
e(f)-
^L(l)-qpr).
avrov i^anLvrj? eS-qaev Kal rrpos otytovre? 8e rcov (^lXojv avrov. d-nedviTjOKOv ttoXXoI Kal fjirjSev vrrep to oui^€lS6^
496 GvXXa^ojv
^doavov
ovu^
i)(cop€L
elrrovres'
ol
tcjv
vtto
S*
dXyrihovojv
tpevuaadai
^Laadevres eXeyov, (Ls im^ovXevoL re avro) fxero WpiOTo^ovXov rov dSeAou Kal 7Tapa(j>vXdrre^ rov497 KVVTjyovvra Kreivas els 'Pcojjltjv dnohpavai. roL? Kairrep ov mdavols ovglv dXX vtto rrjs dvdy KTjs
o ^aauXevs eTriarevaev rjhecos
ecr;^eStaa/xeVots'
rrapafivdiav Xapi^dva>v rov hrjoai rov vlov ro pn
498
hoKelv dhiKOJS. (xxv. 1) '0 p-erarreideLV
Xojpelv
S'
WXe^avBpos ecopa,
dpLi^xavov
Sieyvo),
Kal
e-nel roiS"
rov narept
Setvols
opLoa
reaoapas Kara rojv ex^po)
^l^Xovs avvra^dfxevos rrpooajfioXoyei fiev rrjv eVt ^ovXtjv, kolvojvovs 8* drreSeLKwev rovs rtXeiorov avrojv, TTpo 8e irdvrojv ^epujpav Kal ^aXaj/jirjp ravrrjv
yap
Srj
Kal fjnyTjval TTore avroj
499 vvKrojp elo^Lauafiev-qv
'Hpcjhrj
etV
;!(€t/)a?
»
234
.
77oAAa yoif
pLrj
deXovr
at re ovv ^l^Xol Traprjoa
Kal
LTRC.
Seii^d
Kara
raJ
JEWISH WAR,
I.
494-499
{cf.
ANT. xvi. 241-259)
who were not accused and
those
treated his
own
utmost harshness many of these he refused to admit to court, while those who were beyond the reach of his arm came under the lash of his tongue. To add to Alexander's misfortunes, Antipater returned to the charge and, raising a band of kindred spirits, had recourse to every conceivable form of calumny. By his portentous fictions and fabrications the king was, in fact, reduced to such a state of alarm, that he fancied he saw Alexander coming upon him sword in hand. He, accordingly had the prince suddenly arrested and imprisoned, and tlien proceeded to put his friends to the torture. Many died silent, Avithout saying anything beyond what they knew but some were driven by their sufferings to falsehood and declared that Alexander and his brother Aristobulus were conspiring against him and were w^atching for an opportunity to kill him, while out hunting, meaning then to escape to Rome. This statement, improbable as it was and invented off-hand under the pressure of torment, the king nevertheless found satisfaction in believing, consoling himself for having imprisoned his son with the thought that his action had been justified. (xxv. 1) Alexander, perceiving the impossibility of shaking his father's belief, resolved boldly to conHe, therefore, front the perils that menaced him. composed four books directed against his enemies, in which he avowed the conspiracy, but denounced most of them as accomplices, above all Pheroras and Salome the latter, he declared, had one night even friends with the
:
,
;
;
way into his chamber and, against his will, had immoral relations with him. These documents --a mass of shocking accusations incriminating perforced her
235
Aiexandei
g^tatement
JOSEPHUS hvvarojrdrajv /Socuaat, Kai 8ta 7d)(ov<; et? 'louraiav WpxiXaos d(f)LKveLTaL nepl rep yafx^po) Kai dvyarpl Setaa?. yu'erat 8e ^orjdo? aurots" T7J fidXa TTpofJLTiBrj^ Kai Texvrj tyju rod /Sao-iAeco? 500 dTreiXrjv SieKpovoaro. ovpL^aXdjv yap €vOea>s avrqj " 7TOV TTO-re iartu 6 dXir-qpiog ixou yafx^po? ; " epoa, " 7T0V be rrjv TrarpoKTOuop o0O)U,at K€(l)aX'qv, Tjv
rat?
he
Kai
yap 601
efiavTOV
el
hiaoTrapd^oj ;
^(^epGLv
dvyarepa
TTji^
KeKOivajvrjKev
/jltj
KaXco
to*
fiou
rod
Tjpoodiqaa}
i^u/A^t'oc
OKep.p.aro
Kai
on
roiovrov yvvr) yeyovev, pLep-iavrai. Bavj^idta) he Kai oe rov em^ovXevdevra rrj? dve^LKaKta?, el ^17
WXe^auhpog- eyoj yap
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KaTTTTahoKLa?
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p-eda 502
dXXT]Xa>u
rij?
(2)
p-evov
Tovrois
Kai
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tol
dvayvo) ovu KecjidXaiov
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orparrjy-qijLaros 503 ojg 6' eojpa
^
eKaorov
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p.LKp6v
el?
d(f)opp,rju
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rovs eyyerd? alria?
Kai ^epojpav ixer-qyayev Tnorevovra rov ^aotXea, " OKerrreou,' '
»
236
htdhoxoL."
Wpojhr]v vrtdyerat- hihaxji yovv avra>
ovvraxdeioaq uai
opyrjg
^
FA
(I'f^yi'Vffa :
et Lat.
:
most MS3. om. the rest.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
499-503
ant. xvi. 261-266)
{cf.
—
sons of the highest rank had passed into Herod's hands, »when Archelaus, alarmed for his son-in-law and daughter, arrived in haste in Judaea. Coming with singular sagacity to their aid, he succeeded by tratagem in diverting the king's threats in another direction. For, the moment he met him, he ex" Where is my scoundrel of a son-in-law ? laimed Where shall I set eyes on the person of this parricide, that I may tear him in pieces with my own hands ? My daughter, too, shall share the fate of her fine pouse ; for even if she has had no part in his chemes, as the wife of such a miscreant she is polluted. But you too, the intended victim of the olot, astonish me by your forbearance, in leaving, as
visit of Jn^iJtv^^'^'
Archelaus, mwiiator.
:
For my part, I seems, Alexander still alive lurried hither from Cappadocia expecting to find :hat the culprit had long since paid his penalty and
it
!
hold an inquiry with you upon my daughter, >vhom, out of regard for your exalted rank, I gave I way to that wretch. But now, I find, we have to leliberate about the pair of them. If, then, the bndness of a father's heart unnerves you for punishng a rebellious son, let us each lend the other his land, each take the other's place in visiting our ^ A'rath upon our children." (2) With this blustering oration J^e deluded Herod, lotwithstanding the latter*s~ attitude of defiance, Serod, at any rate, handed him for perusal the
:o
—
locuments composed by Alexander and examined chapter after chapter with him, dwelling upon each. \rchelaus, finding here an opportunity for furthering lis ruse, little by little shifted the blame on to the persons whose names appeared in the volumes, par:icularly Pheroras. When he observed that he was
237
Archelaus
l^iexaade^r,
JOSEPHUS "
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(-i)
tleLderai Oepojpa?, Kal
rovy cos av olKrporaro?
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(f)aveir], fieXalvr}
re eadrjri
Kal SaKpvoL? TTpoGTTiTTrei rot? 'Hpcohov TTOoiv, '
2
238
avTbi
Trapd
PA.
t'
d8e\(poi'
Cobet. 8
r^
Niese.
ojg'
JEWISH WAR,
I.
503-506
{cf.
ant. xvi. 267-269)
We
** gaining the king's confidence, he remarked nust be careful to see that all these villains have lot been conspiring against this young man, and not he young man against you. For I can see no reason vvhy he should have plunged into such heinous crime, .vhen he already enjoyed the honours of royalty and expected to succeed to the throne, unless there were others seducing him and misguiding the tractable Such persons, indeed, have been ^pirit of youth. :
cnown to impose not only on the young, but on old nen as well by them the most illustrious houses md entire kingdoms have been overturned." and for a while (3) Herod assented to this speech -elaxed his wrath with Alexander and vented it ipon Pheroras, as he was the main theme of the ;
;
documents. Pheroras, observing this quick hange in the king's feelings and the paramount influence exercised on him by his friend Archelaus, despairing of saving himself by honourable means ^ought protection in effrontery he abandoned Alexander and threw himself on the mercy of Archelaus. The latter replied that he did not see how he could sue for pardon for a man involved in such grave charges, which clearly proved that he had plotted against the king and been the cause of the young prince's present misfortunes, unless he were prepared to renounce his villainy and his denials, to own up to the crimes of which he was accused, and to ask pardon of his brother, who indeed loved him for that object, said Archelaus, he would render him four
:
;
every possible assistance. (4) Pheroras took his advice, and assuming an attitude calculated to arouse the deepest compassion, in black raiment and in tears, threw himself at
239
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Se
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^
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Kal
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avrov rov
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OVTOJS VTTO rov fiecpaKLOV rr\s yvvaiKOs,
240
iTnyafilas
hujpov
rjv
S'
irapa-
JEWISH WAR,
I.
506-509
{cf.
ant. xvi. 269)
Herod's feet and craved his pardon as he had often done before. He confessed himself a polluted wretch, guilty of all that was laid to his charge, but deplored his mental derangement and madness, which he attributed to his passion for his Archelaus, after thus inducing Pheroras to wife. appear as his own accuser and to bear witness against himself, now proceeded to plead for him and sought to appease Herod's wrath, citing parallel cases in his own family history. He had himself, he said, suffered much worse injury from his brother, but had preferred the claims of natural affection to revenge for in kingdoms, as in corpulent individuals, there was always some member becoming inflamed from the weight which it supported yet what it needed was not amputation but some milder method successfully
pleads
^^^°^'
;
;
of cure.
By many such
representations Archelaus sueHerod's anger against Pheroras. He himself, however, affected to be still indignant with Alexander, protesting that he would divorce his daughter and carry her off with him, until he brought Herod round into the position of a suppliant on the young man's behalf and a suitor, once more, for the hand of Archelaus's daughter for his son. With an air of complete sincerity, Archelaus said that he had his permission to unite her to whom for his dearest he would, save only Alexander desire was to maintain the marriage ties which linked him to Herod. To this the king repHed that Archelaus, by consenting not to break the marriage, would really be giving his son back to him, seeing that they already had children and that the young man was so deeply attached to his wife ; if she (5)
ceeded
in soothing
;
24]
and
bri
general reconci
JOSEPHUS ^oeadai hvooj-n-qixa tu)v afiapTqfiev arroppayelaav hk alriav rrjs €1? aTravra yap yiveodai ra? fjLaXaKcoTepa? aTToyvojoeojs610 ToXp-as TTaOeGLV oLKelotg TrepLGTrajfievas' Karavev^i /'.oAt? Wpx^Xaos SiaAAatTcrerat re Kal hLaXXdoGei h^lv fievroi TTai'TOJS TO) veavLGKO) rov irarepa. 7T€p,7T€LV avTov €i£ 'PcopLTjv KatoapL biaXe^o€(1)7] p.evov y€ypa(f)€vaL yap avrog eVetVo* Trepl Travrajv. (6) To p.ev ovp ^ApxeXdov orpar-qy-qpLa, 8i' ov oil Toi' yapiBpov ippvoaro, Trepa? eLX€V' pLerd 5e rag StaXXayds eV €Voj)(LaLg Kal (f)iXo
^evovaav fidrojv,
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/cat
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raw
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Kar^ d^iav. rrpoord^avrog rov ^aGiXeojs TTavres ApxeXdoj dojpa XafLrrpd eSoGav, TTpoe—epLxjydri re vtto re 'Wptohov Kal rwv hovarujv eojg^ AvrLO\eias. (xxvi. Mer' ov ttoXv he el? rrju TouSatap' l) 513 rrape^aXev dvrjp ttoXv ra)i> ApxeXdov Grparrjyqpidrojv Suvarcorepo?, o? ov piovov rds vrf eKeivov -TToXirevOeLGas WXe^diSpcv StaXXayds dverpexjjev, dXXd Kal dTiCoXeias alnos avrw Kareorr}. yevos rjp AdKOjv, KvpVKXrjs rovvopia, TTodcp xpr]pidrojv els rrjv ^aGiXeiav eloffydapeis' ov ydp dvrelx^v 514 en Tj 'EAAa? avrov rfj rroXvreXeia. Xapurpd 8' 'Wpwhrj Scupa rrpoGeveyKOJv, heXeap (Lu eOrjpdro, T€
512 ofioLW^
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^
,
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^
^
" "
P:
the rest.
-i. xvi. 270 it is Herod who undertakes to go to Rome. Mentioned by Pausanias (ii. 3. 5) as the builder of the
In
finest baths at Corinth.
242
fiexpi-is)
JEWISH WAR,
I.
509-514 (=ant.
xvi. 269
f.,
301)
remained with him, her very presence would make him ashamed of his errors, whereas, were she torn from him, he would be driven to utter desperation
;
domestic affections exercised a chastening and diverting influence on reckless characters. Archelaus was induced, not without difficulty, to assent, was reconciled to the youthful offender, and reconciled him to his father he added, however, that it was absolutely essential that the latter should be sent to Rome for an interview with Caesar, as he himself had forwarded a full report of the matter to the emperor." (6) Such was the end of the ruse by which Arche- Herod's After the reconciliation ArchSai laus rescued his son-in-law. the time was passed in festivity and interchange of On his departure Herod presented him courtesies. with seventy talents, a throne of gold set with precious stones, some eunuchs, and a concubine, named Pannychis he conferred other favours upon each of his friends, proportionate to their rank. Magnificent presents were, likewise, by order of royalty, made to Archelaus by all the high officials Herod and his nobles then escorted him at court. as far as Antioch. (xxvi. 1) Not long after, however, there arrived in visitor Judaea a man whose influence far outmatched the Scouia artifices of Archelaus, and who not only broke up the villain: reconciliation which the latter had negotiated in the Herod! interest of Alexander, but also proved the cause of that prince's ruin. He was a Lacedaemonian, named Eurycles,^ whose accursed visit to the realm arose from a craving for money, when Greece could no longer meet his extravagant requirements. He brought with him magnificent presents for Herod, as for the
;
;
243
JOSEPHUS /cat
rrjv 5\r,
TTapaxp^f^o- TToXXarrXaaiW Aa^cuv ovhev rjyetro KaBapav hooiv, el ijlt) 8t' aljiaros ifjiTTopevrrjv
criAea
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516
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erret to,
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rds re rwv dSeXcfxjjv Sta<^o/3d? /cat oirtog Ste/cetro AvriTrdrpov fiev ^evia TTpos eKaarov 6 nar-qp, TTpoKareiXriTTrOy *j'(/)tAta he AXe^avhpov^^ vnoKpiverat ifjevad/JLevog eralpov eavrov elvai /cat 'Ap;(e^
^
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hio
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TTeipadels
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rax^co? a>? S' avrov^
/cat
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yiverai he Trpo-qyovfievco? fitodcoros ^ Avrirrdrpov
/cat
TTpohorrj? ^AXe^drhpov, rep fieu dv'eiStJajv, et TTpe-
o^vraro?
cov TrepLoiperau
rat? eXTTLGiv,
^
rov? e(l)ehpevovrag avrov
AXe^dvhpoj
he,
el
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^aGiXlho? Kal ^aaiXihi gvvolkojv idaet hiahex^odaL r-qv dpx'q'^ TOV e^ Ihiajriho?, /cat raura fieyiGrrjv 518
d(f)opiJLr)v
^
*
ex^v
^
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Text corrupt
iavrou
LTRC.
:
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he
tjv
mGros
ra> /xet-
\\\€^dv5pov Bekker. ^
yeyevqu.evo'i
AL.
" Perhaps, as Reinach suggests, because of the pretended relationship of Spartans and Jews, 1 Mace. xii. 21 ; Jos. J. xii. 226.
244
JEWISH WAR,
I.
514-518
(
= ant.
xvi. 301-305)
a bait to secure his quarry, and instantly found them returned with interest but he accounted a pure and simple gift as nothing, if he failed to make merchandise out of the realm at the price of blood. So he proceeded to impose on the king by flattery, clever talk, and lying encomiums upon his merits. ;
Quickly reading Herod's character and studying in all he said or did to please him, he was soon numbered among his principal friends indeed the king and the whole court were delighted to show special honour to this Spartan, out of regard for his country." (2) When he had learnt everything about the He rottenness that was sapping the royal house, the denoun lexan quarrel between the brothers and their father's dis- to h ere position towards each of them, Eurycles, although under a prior obligation to Antipater for the latter's ;
*^'
nevertheless feigned a friendship for Alexander, falsely claiming to be an old comrade of Archelaus. With this recommendation he was quickly received as a proved friend and was at once introduced by Alexander to his brother Aristobulus. Exploiting in turn all the various personages,'' he insinuated himself into favour with each by a different method but he chiefly acted as a hireling of Antipater and a traitor to Alexander. To the former he represented how disgraceful it was that he, the eldest son, should overlook the intrigues of persons who had an eye upon his prospects to Alexander, that he, the son of one princess and husband of another, should suffer the son of a woman of no station to succeed to the throne, especially when he had in Archelaus such powerful support behind him. The fiction of his being a friend of hospitality,
;
;
"
Or
possibly " Trying in turn
all
the parts in the play." 24.5
JOSEPHUS pcu
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rrjv
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620
521
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Std8o;)(OV
^
+/cat
PA. *
24.6
-
Or
" in
P:
T/";?
AM
:
om. the
which he was an ahen."
rest.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
518-521
(r/.
ant. xvi. 305-307)
Archelaus made the young prince regard him as a counsellor to be trusted and so, without any reserve, Alexander poured out to him his grievances against Antipater, adding that it would not be surprising if Herod, after murdering their mother, should rob him and his brother of her kingdom. Thereupon Eurycles pretended to pity and condole with him. He then inveigled Aristobulus into using similar iving implicated both brothers in language, i -d ;
i
complaints confidences
own invention,
i
'
ii..
went off with these with the addition of his '^rs were plotting against
their father, ; '
and even then were him, watching their oppoi S^.. almost upon him sword in hand. Richly rewarded for his intelligence, he proceeded to sing the praises Finally, having underof Antipater to his father. taken a' a price to bring about the death of Aristobulus and Alexander, he came to lay his indictment of
them before
their parent.
came to bring return for his benefactions to himself, the light of day in repayment for his hospitality. *' For," he said, " a sword has long since been sharpened for your destruction and Alexander's right arm braced It is I who have retarded the blow by to wield it. pretending to assist him." Alexander, he continued, had said that Herod, not content with reigning himself over an empire which belonged to others,'* not content, after murdering their mother, with squandering her realm, was now proceeding to foist in a bastard as his successor and to offer their grandfather's kingdom to that pest, Antipater. But he, Alexander (so Eurycles reported him), would avenge the spirits of Hyrcanus and Mariamme ; for it would Visiting Herod, he declared that he
him
life in
247
J05EPHUS napa tolovtov
Trarpo? ttjv apxh^ Slxcl (j)6vov. rd Trapo^vvovra KaS^ rffxepav, (Lore AaAtct? TLva rponov dGVKO(f)dvTr]Tou /carafjLTjhe X€Xei(f)6aL' 7T€pl iJL€u ydp evyevelag erepajv (jLvetas
522 77oAAd S' elvai
aurd? aXoyios vf^pit^eodai, rod Trarpd? XiyovTO? " 6 fjLOvo? €vy€vr]<^ WXd^avBpo? /cat rov TTarepa 8t' dyeveiav dSo^ojv " Kara 8e rd^ ^rjpa? 7TpOGKpOV€LV fieU OLOJTTOJV, €7TaLV€aa<S hk 77 pOG523 aKOveiv e'lpajv. Ttavraxov 8' dix^iXiKTOv evplaKetu Tov TTarepa /cat fJLOuco (j)LX6oropyov WurLTzdrpaj, 8t' 6v^ qheoj'^ /cat redvi'i^eudai /xr) Kparijaas rij? imKreivavn 8e elvai, ocorripias d(j}opixriv ^oXrj?.^ TTpdirov fiei' Wpx^Xaov ovra Kriheonqv, Trpog ou hLa(^ev^€odai pahiws, eVetra Kataapa p-^xpL vvv 524 dyvoovvra rov 'Wpojhov rponov ov ydp oj? 77pdrepov avro) TrapaGr-queodai 77e0pt/caj? rov €(f)€Grojra TTarepa^ ovbk
•
fjLOvou eyKX-qpidraju,
dXXd
rov edvov? cruft^opd?
-rrpojrov fiev KTjpv^eLV rd<;
rovs
/cat
p-^XP'^
4'^X'O^ (f^opo-
Xoyoufieuov^, eTretr' ei? oTa? rpv(f)d? /cat Tipd^eis rd 8t' alfiaros rroptGdevra ;^p7]/xaTa dvr}Xco9r], 70i)?
re
e^
r)p.<2)V
TrXovrrjoavras
52a depaTTevdeiGa? rroXeus
eVt riGiv.
olol,
/cat
t,rjrriGeiv
8e
rd<^ /cat
rov TrdTTTTOv eKel /cat rr/v pur^repa /cat rd rrjg ^aaiAeta? jjlvgt] Trdvra Kripv^ecv, i(f>* ols ou Kpidijoeodat TTarpoKrovo?. 1
*
Destinon: 2
5
Destinon
eVtjSoi'X^j mss.
quae Lat.
:
cf. B-. vi. 64-
;
Bekker with Lat.
:
(some
.ms3.).
(pdfy^aadai mss.
" Rather his ^reat-grandfather, Hyrcanus, who was the father of Alexandra, the mother of Mariamme.
248
JEWISH WAR,
I.
521-525
become him
to inherit the throne from such a without bloodshed. Then there were the constant daily provocations to which he was subjected, insomuch that he could not utter a single word which escaped calumny. Were allusion made to other persons' noble lineage, his father gratuitously insulted him by remarking, " Nobody is noble but Alexander here, who scorns his father for the baseOn the hunting-field, were he ness of his birth " did he express commendasilent, he gave offence tion, he was pronounced ironical to boot. On all occasions, in fact, he found his father implacable, reserving all his affection for Antipater. He would, ill
father
!
;
therefore, willingly die,
if his
enterprise miscarried.
on the other hand, he struck the fatal blow, he first Archelaus, had protectors to fall back upon his father-in-law, to whom he could easily make his and then Caesar, who to that very day was escape ignorant of Herod's true character. For he would not, as once before, stand before the emperor, overawed by his father's presence, nor would he confine his observations to his personal grievances. No he would first proclaim to the world the sufferings of his nation, bled to death by taxation, and then go on to describe the luxury and malpractices on which the motley obtained by its blood was lavished, the charIf,
;
;
;
acters of the men who had grown rich at his and his brother's expense, and the motives which had led to the favouritism shown to particular cities. There, too, he would bring up for inquiry the fate of his
grandfather ^ and his mother, and make public all the abominations of the realm. Under such conditions he could not be condemned as a parricide. **
^
Or
" reign."
249
JOSEPHUS (3)
526
TotauTa Kar' 'AAe^ai^Spou T€paT€Vodfi€Vos i7TrjU€L TToXXa Tov WvTLTTaTpou, cu? dpa
KvpvKXi]? fjLOVog
re
e'lr]
(jaXoTrdrajp Koi hid tovto p-^xpt' vvv
eTTL^ovXyjg ifiTToBios.
Trj<;
TTpujTOis
fJLrjTTOj
Se KaXojg
/caTecrraA/xeVo?
6 /SacrtAei)?
rot?
irrl
dvr]K€arov Kaipdv 'Ai^ri-
et's"
kol rrdXiv Xa^dw iripovs Kara rcbv dSeA(/»a>i^ V7T€7T€fi7T€U Karrjyopovs Xeyeiv on 'IoukouVSoj Kal Tvpdvvoj Xddpa SiaXeyoLvro, rot? LTTrrdpxoLS /xeV vore rou rore S' e/c rivujv rrpoo^aaiXeaj? yevopiivois
527 opyrjV i^aypLOvrat.
TTarpos
,
KpouGfJidrajv dTTOTTeTrrcuKOGt r-qs rd^eojs.
e^'
of?
evdeoj? vrrepayavaKr-qoa? i^aodvLaeu dAA' ol jxev ovSev rcjv hia^X-qdevrajv 628 rov5 dvSpa?. d)fxoX6yovv, TTpoeKOfiladr] 8e rt? Trpo? rov 'AAe^*Y{pdjhiqs
eTTLorroXr) napd ^AXe^dvSpov avrdv Sefr/rat rd)
avSpetou^ (f)povpapxov
TTapaKaXovvro?
Iva
TTarepa, Kal Trapdoxj] rol? orrXot? ;\;p7]craa^at Kat ravrrjv WXd^avhpo? ijl€v 629 Tat? aAy\at? d(f)opp.at? elvai eAcyev rdx^aofia Ato^ai^TOf ypa/x/xarcu? 8' .
o ^L6(j>avros rov ^aoiXicos, roXfi-qpog dvrjp kol ScLVOs fJUfji-qoaodaL Trdor]? ;)(eip6? ypdjifiara- noXXd yovv TTapaxapd^as reXevralov eVt rovrco [/cat J' 171^
KreLver at.
^aoaviaas Se rov (f)povpapxov
ovhev rJKovGev
ouSe Trap'
iKeivov
'}]pd)Br]s
row Sia^e^Xr}-
[levojv.
530
(4)
'AAAa KairoL rovs iXeyxovs evploKOJV dode-
eVeAewaey rrjpelv, en fiivroL XeXv rov Se Xvpiedjva rrjs OLKtas Kal Spafiarovpyov oXov rov p.voovs EvpuKAe'a, oojrrjpa Kal
vels rovs VLOVS
p.€vovg,
'
Destinon from Lat. '
250
:
'AXe^dvdpov PA Lat.
om.
PAM
:
'Hpw5ou the
rest.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
526-530
(c/.
ant. xvi. 314-321)
officers (3) Having delivered this monstrous tirade against Alexander, Eurycles pfoc^eded"to^ extol Antipater torture. to the skies, as the only son who had any filial affection, an afTection which had so far enabled him The king, who had scarcely to thwart the plot. recovered his composure after previous shocks, burst Antipater, seizing this new into ungovernable fury. opportunity, privily sent in others to accuse his brothers of holding clandestine interviews with Jucundus and Tyrannus, at one time commanders of the king's cavalry, but now, owing to some misdemeanours, degraded. This report brought Herod's indignation to a climax, and he instantly had the two men put to the torture. They made no confesbut a letter sion of the crimes imputed to them was produced, addressed by Alexander to the governor of Alexandrion, requesting him to admit him and his brother Aristobulus to that fortress after they had slain their father, and to grant them the use of the arms and the other resources of the place. This letter Alexander declared to be the handiwork of Diophantus, a secretary of the king, an audacious ;
fellow who had a clever knack of imitating any handwriting, and who, after numerous forgeries, was eventually put to death for a crime of that nature. Herod had the keeper of the fortress put to the torture, but from him too failed to elicit anything bearing on the alleged facts. (4) Notwithstanding the weakness of the obtain- The end able evidence, Herod gave orders for a watch to be "^^^ kept on his sons, though still leaving them their liberty. As for Eurycles, the bane of his house and stage-manager of the whole abominable business,
^''
251
.
JOSEPHUS evepyeriqv KaXcov, TTevrrjKOvra Scupetrat raXavToiS'
6 be TTjV oLKpi^rj (f>TJfJLr]v
WXe^dvSpoj. Stapa? KaKcov KTiqdeLcnv €tV ofioia KaTexP'Tioaro' his yovv inl Kalcrapos Karrjyoprjdel? eVt tw ordoeojs ifiTrXrJGaL rrjv A)(atav Kal TTepiSveii' rd? TroAet? (^uyaSeuerat. KaKelvou WXe^dvbpou Kal ^AptoTo^ovXou pL€V ovrojs y)
631 OTL Kal SiaXXd^ecev 'HpcoSrjv 8' €1? T-qv 'EAAaSa toZs €K
^
TTepL-fjXdev.
TTOLvrj
"A^LOV 8e avTideluai rov Kcpov Kvdpearov^ TO) XTTapTLdrrj- Kal yap ovros cjv eV rot? fidXiara
532
634
(5)
(xxvii.
1)
8'
Ylapoj^vvev
avrov
Kal
^aXajyurj
eVt rotS" reKvois ti/xoTT^ra. ravrrjv yap ovvhrjoaadaL rots klv^vvol? 6 WpLoro^ouXo? deXcov,
rrju
ovaav
eKvpdv
Kal
TTapaivchv
eavTTjV
rriBiha,
StaTrep-Trerat
TTapeoKevdaO at
yap
Gco^euu
^aoiXea
e<j>* ots" Kal Trporepov, SuAAatcp TO) "Apa^i yrjixaadai GTrovSd^ovaa Xddpa Ta Tov jSacrtAeoj? dTtopp-qra hiayyeXXoi Trpos 635 avTov exOpdv ovTa. tovO' a)077ep TeXevTaia dveXXa
KTeiveiv avrrju hta^Xridelaav OTL
Evaparov RC (through assimilation to A.'\). ^ om. PA. Niese (f>i\oL$ mss. ^
*
:
"
252
C7".
J
487.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
530-535
(
= ant.
xvi. 309
ff.,
322)
the king called him his saviour and benefactor, and presented him with fifty talents. That villain then, before the true story of the affair got abroad, made off to Cappadocia, where he extorted more money from Archelaus, having the impudence to assert that he had reconciled Herod to Alexander. Thence he crossed to Greece, where he employed the proceeds of his crimes on equally criminal objects. Twice arraigned before Caesar for spreading sedition throughout Achaia and fleecing the cities of that province, he was condemned to exile. Thus did retribution overtake him for his betrayal of Alexander
and Aristobulus. (5) As a contrast to the conduct of this Spartan may fitly be mentioned that of Euarestus of Cos. The latter, who was one of Alexander's most intimate friends, paid a visit to Judaea at the same time as Eurycles, and on being questioned by the king upon the allegations made by his other guest, affirmed on oath that he had heard nothing of the kind from the young men. His testimony, however, was of no avail to the unfortunate wretches for Herod had a ready ear only for slander, and all stood high in his favour who shared his credulity and his indignation.
contraste
°
another ^'S'tor.
;
A further stimulus to Herod's cruelty to Salomes For Aristobulus, tton!"^'* sons was given by Salome. wishing to involve her, who was at once his motherin-law and aunt, in the perils threatening himself, sent her a warning to look to her own safety, as the king was prepared to kill her on the charge previously brought against her " namely that, in her anxiety to marry the Arab Syllaeus, she had privately communicated to him the secrets of the king, whose enemy he was. This was, as it were, the final hurricane (xxvii. 1)
his
:
253
JOSEPHUS )(€Lfial^of.Leiov9
yap
XaXcoiJL-q
atveoLu 8ecr/xet oltt"
rovg
€7T€^d7TTLO€v
^aoiXda
TTpos
ttjv
17
irap-
ovk€tl Kaprepijaas Kal hie^wpLo^v
KaKelvo? rov?
efjLrjvvoev.
fiev
veavioKOVi
SpajJLOvcra
aiiOT€povs
utets"
Kalaapa hid rdxovs
dXX-qXoji', TTefJLTTeL he rrpos
OvoXovfJLVLOu re rou arparoTreSdpx'rjv Kal tojv
(f>i-
rds urjvvaeLS ^epovras. TrXeiJoavres direhooav rd aTTo
Xujv^ "OXvfJLTTOV eyypd(j)ovs^
536 ol S'
els 'Pco/x7]v
COS"
Tov
^aatXeajs ypdiifiara, u(j)6hpa pikv rj)(9eadr) Kalaap eVt rots veavioKois, ov fMTjv a)ero heZv d(f)€XeadaL rov Trarepa ttjv rrepl^ rcov vlcjv e^ovoiav. 537 dvriypd(j)ei yovv Kvpiov jxev avrdv KaOiGrds, ev fievroL TTOLriaeiv Xeyojv, el pierd kolvov ovveSplou T(x)v
538
re Ihiojv Gvyyevojv Kal tojv
r^yepLOVcuv
e^erdueiev
ivexojvrat,
Kreiveiv,
Kard
rrjp eirapxiav
eTn^ovXiqv
rrjv
Kav
p-ev
edv he piovov ojglv hpaapidv
^e^ovXevpevoL, KoXdl^etu pLerpicorepov. TTeiSerai, Kal rrapaTovTOLS 'Hpcuhrjs (2) yevopLevog els Brjpvrov, evda Trpoaera^ev Katcrap, Gvvrjye 7TpoKadLL,ovGiv*' re ol rd hiKaaT-qpiov rjyepLoves^ ypa(f>ev avrols vtto Kalaapos, TiaropVLVos re Kal ol Trepl IlehdvLOv rrpeo^eiSy cruv ols Kal OvoXovpiVLOS [6y eTrirpoiTOS, erreid^ ol rod ^aaiXecus Gvyyevels Kal
heGTTjV
^
AXe^dvhpov 1
+A'oTd
LTRC.
»
:
*•
25*
^^X^^
'Hpcuh-qg.
t6u
:
PA trpoKadi^ovTal TO PAM. *
'
vrroiptas
Destinon from Lat.
f77/5d0w9
*
hi
Beirut.
PA Kard the rest. the rest. :
«
om. PA. ffide
JEWISH WAR, 1. 535-538
(c/ ANT. xvi. 323, 332, 356 ff.)
which submerged the tempest-tossed youths. For Salome ran off to the king and reported the warning which she had received. Herod, his patience exhausted, put both his sons in irons and in separate confinement he then hastily dispatched Volumnius, the military tribune, and Olympus, one of his friends, with all the information in writing, to Gaesar. Taking ship to Rome they deUvered the king's dispatches to the emperor, who, while deeply distressed for the young men, did not think it right to deprive the ;
Herod
thJ'prin'S
and repon
Angiustus^
father of his authority over his sons. He replied accordingly, leaving Herod complete liberty of action, Augustus but adding a recommendation to him to hold an f fr^g^e han inquiry into the plot before a joint council of his own relatives and the provincial governors ; then, if his sons were convicted, to put them to death, but if
they had merely meditated flight, to be content with a milder penalty. repaired to (2) Acting on this advice, Herod Berytus," the place appointed by Caesar, and there assembled the court. In accordance with written instructions received from Caesar, the Roman officers presided, namely Saturninus^ and his legates, Pedanius and others with them was associated Volumnius the procurator. Next came the king's relatives and '^
;
Salome and Pheroras, and after the aristocracy of Syria, with the exception
friends, including
these af
all
King Archelaus for, as Alexander's father-inhe was regarded by Herod with distrust. His '^
;
law,
C. Sentius Saturninus, governor of Syria, previously xtnsul in 19 b.c. * It is uncertain whether he is identical with Herod's "riend and ambassador (§ 535). ''
Cappadocia, it appears, must at this time have been jnder the superintendence of the governor of Syria. **
255
Trial held
c^^g^g^c?
J05EPHUS 539 Tovs
ye
ov
VLOus
fi-qv
fjidXa TTpofxrjdajs' jj^ei
iXerjdrjOOVT at
dXX
atTta?.
etV
hiKrjv
rrjv
pLovov ocfydevreg
et 8e St) koI \6yov pera^AXe^avhpou OLTToXvaeodat rds pL€u iv nAaravT^ Kcop-rj HibajVLOJU
Travrajs'
pahlajg
Xdl3oL€P,
-npoi^yayev
yap on kol
OL
i(f)povpovvTO. 540
(3)
KaraoTOLS
8l€T€lv€to,
dodevo)?,
5'
o ^aotXev^ ch? rrpos Tjapovra?
Kar-qyopei
t€
r-qv
Xoihopias 8e kol oKcoppara pieXelas
eTTL^ovXrju
pieu
dv dnopovpLevos els avrrju iXeyx^J^v,
cl>?
pLvpias
v^peis Kal nXrjpL-
/cat
d kol davdrov xaXe-
avrov,
els
TTcorepa rols GVvehpoLS d7Te(f)T]veu
dvTiXeyovTOs eTtOLKricrdpevos
.
cos
>
eTretra pi-qhevos
avros dXioKOiro
KOL VLKCOV^ VLKTjV TTLKpdv Kara TOJU TeKVOJU, eTTTjpOJTa 541 rrfv
ov
eKaarou.
yvcopLYju
a7Te(j)rjvaTo
ddvarov ov yap
TTapeGTcurajv
54"-'
yivovrai,
rjKoXovdrjoau.
erepov 8'
Kal
avro),
reKvois
avro)
tovtols
OvoXoypvLOs
Se
dXX
veavioKotv,
deparou
ovpLip-qchoL
HaTopvtvos
TrpojTOS
tCjv
p.ev
elvai
reKi^oju,
eTTLxpTicjiLoaoOaL.
TTpeo^evral
Kal
KaraKpLveiv
rpicov
dTrajXeiav
Kal
ol
erepoi
rrjs
hvo rives
OKvdpojnrjs
avrov Trdvres ddvarov KaraKpivovoiv rcov pLeipaKLOJU, ol piev KoXaKevovres, d7ro(f)dGeojs rjp^aro, Kal /x€t'
ol be pLLcrovvres '}lpcoSr)v, Kal ovSels Si' dyavdKrt]543 OLV.
evda
h-q
piereojpos
'q
re Supia Trdaa Kal ro
Tjv
eK^exopevcov ro reXos rov hpdp.aros'
ovhels pLevroL
vireXdp^avev eoeoOai piexpt reKvo'Wpdjh-qv. 6 he ovpas rovs vlovs,
^lovSa'LKOv
Krovlas
(hpov *
256
yiKi{)i}
M
and apparently Lat.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
539-543
(
= ant.
xvi. 361-373)
—
sons were not produced by Herod in court a very wise precaution, for he knew that their mere appearance would be sure to arouse compassion, while, if they were further permitted to speak, Alexander would have no difficulty in rebutting the charges. So they were detained in custody at Platana," a village in the territory of Sidon. (3) The king, on rising, nevertheless inveighed Coudemn against them as though they had been present. His ponces? accusation of a plot was, for lack of proofs, weak but he dwelt on the affronts, mockeries, insults, and offences innumerable of which he had been the victim, and which, he declared to the court, were more cruel than death itself. After that, none contradicting him, he commiserated his hard fate that even in winning his case against his sons his triumph would be bitter and himself the loser, and then asked them all to express their opinions. Saturninus first delivered his opinion, which was to condemn the young men, but not to death as the father of three children present in court, it would not be right for him, he said, to vote for the destruction of the children of another. His two legates voted in the same sense and their example was followed by some others. Volumnius was the first to pronounce a pitiless sentence and all who followed him condemned the lads to death, some from flattery, others from hatred of Herod, none from indignation against the prisoners. From that moment all Syria and Jewry were in suspense, anxiously awaiting the last act of the drama ; yet none supposed that Herod would carry his cruelty He, meanto the length of murdering his children. ;
;
;
« Eas Damur, on the coast, way between it and Sidon. K VOL. II
S. of Beirut
and about
half-
257
JOSEPHUS Tvpol' KOLKcldei' SLarrXevaa? els Katfjdpetav €ts" rpoTTOv avaipeoeojs tols /xetpa/ciot? icrKenrero. 544 (4) naAatos" Se ng rod ^aoiXiojs GTpaTia)Tr)s, ovojia Tipojv, €)(^ul>v vlov G^ohpa (Tvvqdrj /cat (f)i\ov
'AAe^avSpoj hi
ro
avros qyaTTTjKojg t8ta
/cat
TTpcjTov
iikv
SiKaiov,
e/5oa
oLTToXcoXevaL
TTepLLOjy
rrjv
TTjV (fiVGLV, dvOpLiaS y€fjL€LV
645
ret p.€ip6.KLa,
VTTep^oXrjV dyavaKTTJoecos €K(f>pojv eyiverOy^ /cat
fiTj
(f)€LhoiJLevcp
8e
/cat
Toj
e/xot fi€v,"
rod
77€7TarrJGdai
dXr'jdetav,
TOV ^lOV ro ,
^ijv VTTTjyopeve
/SacrtAet
ToXp.-qoa<^
ro
uvyKex^aOai KOL TTOLvd^ OOa ttolOo?.
irpooeXdelv
reXog " dAA'
" KaKoSaL/jLoveoraro? etVat So/cct?,
€(f)q,
OCTTt? Kara, rcov (f)LXrdra)u TTeldfj rols TTOvrjpordroi?,
ye Oepojpa /cat SaAoj/XT]? Karayvovs TToXXdKig Bdvarov 7tlot€V€l? rovroig Kara row reKvojv, ol G€ rcov yvrjGLCov TrepiKorrrovres 8ta8o;^a»i^ eV* ^Avrirrdrpo) KaraXeiTTovGL p-ovoj, rov eavrolg evGKeipaL piivroL 546 p-^rax^LpLGrou alpovpLevoi ^aaiXia. ye, fiT] TTore /cd/cetVoj yevrjrai pXGO? eV rot? arpariojrais 6 raJv dSeXc/xjw ddvaros' ov yap eariv OGri? OVK e'Aeet rd ptetpaKia, raJw Se rjycpovow /cat ravO^ dp.a Xeycjv v6pLat,€.v rovs dyavaKrovvra<; evdeojg iKeivovs re /cat avrdv /cat top' vldv avrov €t
.
547
GVveXdpL^avev. ojv /SAa/9eta?^
yap
€(f)rj,
rcjv
ouopLa,
eavrov
rrj?
avXrj^
p-qwr-qs
rt?
€/c
yiverai.
Kovpeoju,
deo" KapLe,"
rivos
" Tipcjjv ovros dvcTreideu, drav deparrevo) '
2
258
Ik
7rpo€K7TrjhriGas
PA
PA :
iyivero the rest. : (ppifo^Xa^elas the rest.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
543-547
(
= ant.
xvi. 373-387)
while, dragged his sons to Tyre, and, taking ship thence to Caesarea, pondered in his mind over the manner of their execution. (4) Now there was an old soldier in the king's army, named Tiro, whose son was on very intimate and friendly terms with Alexander, and who had a personal affection himself for the young princes. This man, in the excess of his indignation, lost his reason. At first he went about shouting that justice had been trampled under foot, truth was dead, the laws of nature confounded, the world full of iniquity, and whatever else his emotion suggested to one who was careless of his life. At length he boldly presented himself to the king and thus addressed him " Most god-forsaken of men, that is my opinion of you, you who to the injury of your nearest and dearest trust the word of the basest of scoundrels, if it be true that Pheroras and Salome, whom you have so often sentenced to death, have now made you believe their slanders upon your children. They are cutting off your legitimate heirs, leaving you none but Antipater, choosing him for king as the most manageable in their leading-strings. But take care that the death of his brothers does not one day rouse against him the hatred of the army for there is not a man there who does not pity the lads, and many of the officers are freely expressing their indignation." He forthwith named these malcontents and they were promptly arrested by the king, together with
Action o
Skiier^
:
;
;
Tiro and his son. (5) Thereupon, one of the court barbers, named Trypho, possessed by some strange frenzy, rushed forward and turned informer against himself. " Me too," he cried, " this Tiro tried to induce to cut your
259
and of
*
J'^^T^^
JOSEPHUS Toj ^vpo) o€ ^Lax^LpLoaodai, /xeyaAas" re
/jloc
nap*
618 'AAe^ai'Spov
Sojpea? vttlgx^^Ito." ravr* OLKOvaa? 'Hpojbrjg Tov re Tipcova avv roj iraihl kol rov Kovpea ^aadvois hiriXey)(^ev , kol roJu fxev apvov-
rod 8e
fii]heu rrXeov Xeyovrog, urpe^Xovv rov Tlpcova Gohp6repov. 6 8' vlos OLKTelpag vrreox^ro rev ^auiXel rravra firjvvGeiv, el ;^aptCTatTO rov rrarepa avrw. KOLKelvov Sovrog
fievcoVy
549 eKeXevaev
AXe^avhpco 6 rrarrjp avrov TreioBels avrov aveXelv. rovd^ ol /xev eh arraXXay-qv rrjs rod rrarpos at/cta? TreTrXdodat, rives
€L7rev
^
COS
BeXrjoeiev
he aXrjdes eXeyov. 550
'HpcoSrjs ye
ev eKKXr]oia rcjv re r\yeKarriyop-qoas rov Xaov err* avrovg eorparoXoyqcrev avroOc yovv dvaipovvrai fierd rod Kovpeojs ^vXols ^aXXop-evoi Kal XlOols. (6)
\x6v<jL>v
KoX
551 TTep.ipas Se Kal
rroppco
fi-qv
Tipojvos
rovs vlels
He^aurrjv , ovaav ov Trpooera^ev aTTOirvZ^ai.
els
Kataapetas",
rrjs
Kal reXeodevros avrco rax^cos rod TTpoordyjjiaros rovs veKpovs els AXe^dvhpeiov eKeXevoev dvaKOjJiLcrdrjvaL ro (f)povpLOVj (TVvra(f)iiGOiJLevovs *AAe^dvhpoj rqj firjTpoTrdropL. ro puev ovv *AXe^dvSpov Kal WpLoro^ovXov reXos roiodrov [rjv^^} ^
(xxviii.
652
^
1)
Avmrdrpo)
he
dh-qpirov
e^ovrt,
hiahoxrjv jjllgos fJiev d(j>6p-qrov eK rod edvovs eTTeyeiperai, Trdvrcov eTTLorafievajv on rds hia-
rrjv
^oXds roLS VTTOLKOvpei opojvrL ^
rrjv
AXe^drhptp
Trdoas eTTLOvvrd^eiev ovros, heos ov fierpiov av^avofJLevr]v
dheX
he
Kal
rcJov (.Lev
dvr)prjjjievwv
1
S60
yevedv
-qaav
yap
eK TXa(f)vpas vleis hvo, Tiypdvrjs om.
LTKC.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
54>7-552
(
= ant.
xvi. 387
ff.,
xvii. 1)
throat with my razor when in attendance upon you, promising me a large reward from Alexander." On hearing this, Herod put Tiro, his son and the barber under the torture, and when father and son denied all and the other would add nothing more, gave orders to rack Tiro still more severely. The son, thereupon, moved with compassion, promised to tell the king everything if he would spare him his father. Herod granting his request, he stated that his father, at the instigation of Alexander, intended to kill him. This statement, according to some, was a fabrication to end his father's sufferings, while others maintained
that
it
was true.
Herod summoned a public assembly, formally accused the officers concerned and Tiro, and enlisted the aid of the populace to dispatch them they and (6)
;
the barber were beaten to death on the spot with cudgels and stones. He then sent his sons to Sebaste,*' a town not far from Gaesarea, and ordered them to be strangled. The order was promptly executed, and direction was given to convey the bodies to the fortress of Alexandrion, for burial there with Alexander, their maternal grandfather. Such was the end of Alexander and Aristobulus.
Executi
^J^'^*'^'
Aristob
7-6 b.c.
(xxviii. 1) Antipater, having now an indisputable Unclaim to the succession, became an object of intoler- J°§"flfa!i able abhorrence to the nation for all knew that it Antipat was he who had contrived all the calumnies against his brothers. He was, moreover, haunted with grave alarm at the sight of the children of his victims growing to maturity. For Alexander had by Glaphyra two sons, Tigranes and Alexander ; and by his ;
"
Samaria.
261
JOSEPHUS Kal
WXe^auhpo?,
T7J<;
2aAa»/xT7?
^Aplgt6^ovXo<; 653 yiaptdiJLfjLr)
ai^etAei^
ojs
liepvlKr)^
Trdrpov
Bepi^tVry? /cat
duyarcpeg 8e 'HpcoSid? p.kv ovv rXa(f)vpai> pL^ra
rrj';
owa)Ki(j€v
yap
WpLoro^ovXov
rrjv
deloj
lLaXcx>iir]v
Trpo?
/cai
Ka7777a5o/
€1?
0.77 €77 € flip €U^
WXe^avhpov,
rrju
cV
*Aypi7r7ra?
*HpaȤ77?
TTpOlKOS
Kal
fjLev
viol, ttjv
.
8'
^ApioTo^ovXa)
*Hpa»8r^9
pLrjrpos
ovoav
he
'Ai'Tt-
bLd(f)opow
i^-
Ai/TtVaTpo? TOVTOv eVpay/uareuaaTO TTepirjeL 8e Kal rov ^eptopav 8o3pot? 654 Tov yd/JLov. T6 Kal rat? dXXais BepaTielais Kal 701)? Kat'crapo? (hiXov; ovK dXlya 77€fjL77a)v eiV riju Poj/jltji''^ XPV' jLtara. 01 ye p,rju Tiepl 'Laropvlvov iv Supi'a TtdvT€.<; iv€7TXiqodr]oav row drr^ avTov Sa>pe(I>v. qxLoelTO be btbovg TrXeloi', oj<; dv ovk €k rod peyaXoipvxov 655 ;^api4d/x6P'o? oAA' dvaXloKCov Kara heo<; avvi^aivev 8e^ rov<; fieu XapP6.vovra<; ovhev pdXXov euVou? ylveodai, ;^aAe77a>Tepou? 8' ix6pov<; oU fJ-i) 8180177. Aa/iTrpoTc'pa? 8e «:a^' rjpepau eVoietro ra? 8ta8dcr€is", opdJv Tou ^aoiXea Trap* as avros iXTrlSas elxev iTTifieXovpLefov row 6p
'
'
.
550
pLerdvoiav
Tots
dvr)prjpL€V0LS
TjXeeL
Tovs ef eKelvojv.
hC
ip(j)aLvovra
d>v
Hvvayaydw ydp Tjore 'Wpd)br]s ovyyevels Kal lXovs Trapaor-qadpevos re rd 7rat8ta Kal haKpvojv epTiXi'jGas rovs 6(f)BaXpov<; elrrev " €p.e rous pev rovrujv 7ro.r€pas OKudpojTTOs d(j)elXero (2)
re
halpojv, ravra 8c pot per a rrjs (fyvaeojs crvvlarrjoLU
eXeos
TTeipdjpai
dp^at't'a?.
iyeuopL-qv *
druxeoraros, dv/TTfwiZ'ff '
262
M. 6i]
8\
rrd7TTros *
LRC
:
Ti
el
Kal
yovv
(iri 'Pd!iJ.r)i
Niese.
Trarrjp
yeveodat P.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
552-556
ant. xvii. 6-13)
(cf.
marriage with Bernice, Salome's daughter, Aristobulus had three, Herod, Agrippa, and Aristobulus, besides two daughters, Herodias and Mariamme. After the execution of Alexander, Herod had sent back Glaphyra to Cappadocia with her dowry Bernice, the widow of Aristobulus, he gave in marriage to Antipater's maternal uncle,*^ this match being arranged by Antipater in order to conciliate his enem},- Salome. Antipater further sought to ingratiate himself with Pheroras by presents and other attentions, and with Caesar's friends by sending considerable sums to Rome. Saturninus and all his staff in Syria were glutted with his gifts. Yet the more he gave, the more he was hated, as it was felt that his bounties were not the outcome of generosity but extorted from him by fear. The result was that the recipients were no better disposed to him than before, while those whom he overlooked became more implacable enemies. The presents distributed, nevertheless, became daily more magnificent, when he saw the king, to the undoing of his own expectations, taking care of the orphans and showing his remorse for the murder of his sons by his compassion ;
for their offspring. (2) For Herod, one day, assembled his relatives and friends,^ set the young children before them, " I have been and said, with tears in his eyes bereaved by some evil genius of the sires of these infants, but pity for the orphans and nature alike commend them to my care. If I have been the most unfortunate of fathers, I will try at any rate to prove :
Theudion, A. xvii. 70. Reinach regards these words as having the technical meaning of high officials at court, cf. § 460. "
*
263
Herod's
niarrlSr^
arrangefur"th\ ^f'jjj'^^'^
murdere( p^'"^^^-
JOSEPHUS Kal juct' ifxk rjyefJLOvas avrols^ iyyvo) 8e rrjv rovs €jJiol (f)iXrdTov? ^€pojpa, dvyaTcpa ro) Trpea^vrepcp CO
KrjSefiovLKcorepos 657 KaraXLTreLV
.
fi€i>
OTjVy
Tcjv
dSeXcfxjov
^AXe^duSpov
TTaiSajv,
ti^a
avro)
17?
dvayKoios, ro) 8e ao) vratSi, 'AvrtTrarpe, Tr)v WpLGTO^ovXov OvyaTcpa' yevoLo yap dv ovtcjj Kal ttjv dSeA^i^y avrfj? 6 TTar-qp rrjs op(f)avrj?, K'qhepLOJv
ifjLos
'Hpojbrj? XrjiperaL,
rd
658 TrdTTTTOV. KpiGLVy Tjp
€771
rw
oviJi(j)€povTi TTJs
ravTrjv
e/xd
pL-qhels
hLaKOijjirf
€7T€VXop.ai 8e Kal
77/36? fxrjTpos oju
ovv
fJL€U
rwv
e/xe
dpxtepeoj? ix^TOJ
ttju
(fyiXovvrcjow
Oeo) ovvapixoaai rovs ydpLovs f/LirJ?
^aoiXeias Kal rojv
ificov
€Ky6vojv, rd re 77at8t'a ravrl yaXiqvoTepois eTnhelv ofjLfJLaoLV t) tovs 7TaT€pas avTcbu." 659
[^EneLSrjY ravra
(3)
€L7T(hu
d-nehdKpvoiv re Kal
rcbv TTaihow ovw^pfjioaeu rag 86^1(1?, eVetra
€KaoTOV
07TaodfJL€vos
ovueSpiov. SrjXo? elvai
rju
eTTaxvajdr]
aTTaoiv
TTapd
ro)
Kara-
hilXvaev rd ^AvTiTTarpo? Kal
(PiXo4>p6vLos 8'
evOv?
oSuvcvpLevog'
Traipl
rrju
VTreXd/jL^avev
twv
op(f)av(jiji'
ydp
TLpir^u
iavTOV KardXvaiVy avOis re KLuSuv€VG€iv Trepl rcov oXwv, €t 77pds' 'Apx^Xdo) Kal ^epcopav dvra TeTpdpx'i)v ^OTjdov
exoiev ol
660 GUveXoyll^ero 8e rd opcfyavdw eXeou €K l,0jvr(jjv
Kal
^
ijyf/j.di'as
*
M
:
jjLvqixrj
6(77)
avTovs
8iaK6\peL
PA
AXe^dvhpov
rralSe?.
iavrov puoos Kal rdu rwu rod eduov?, oar] re oirovhr)
:
rrapd
'IoL'8aioi?
Ki^de/mouas avro'is
rcbv
hi
the rest.
the rest.
Corrupt text: Destinon proposes iwdde, to be joined the preceding sentence. 3
°
Names unknown.
Tigranes (§ 552} or perhaps Alexander {A. where the order of names is reversed). *•
264
to
xviii,
139,
JEWISH WAR,
I.
556-560
{cf.
ant. xvii. 14-17)
myself a more considerate grandfather and to leave their tutelage, after my death, to those most dear to me. I affiance your daughter,** Pheroras, to the elder of these brothers,^ Alexander's sons, in order that this alliance may make you his natural guardian. son,^ Antipater, I betroth the daughter of Aristobulus so may you become a father to this orphan girl. Her sister ^ my own Herod shall take, for on his mother's ^ side he is grandson of a highpriest. Let then effect be given to my wishes, and And I pray let no friend of mine frustrate them. God to bless these unions, to the benefit of my realm and of my descendants, and to look with serener eyes upon these children here than those with which he beheld their fathers." (3) Having thus spoken he gave way to tears and joined the children's hands, and then fondly embracing one after the other dismissed the assembly. At that Antipater's blood ran cold f and his chagrin was evident to all. For he imagined that the honour bestowed by his father on the orphans was his own ruin and that his claims to the throne would be again endangered, if Alexander's children were to have, in addition to the support of Archelaus, that of Pheroras, a tetrarch. He reflected on the hatred which the nation bore him and their pity for the orphans, the enthusiasm which the Jews had shown for his brothers in their lifetime and their fond memory of them now^ that, in his interest, they were
To your
'^
;
**
<*
Mariamme. The celebrated Herodias mentioned
in the
New
Testa-
ment. * Mariamme If, daughter of the high priest Simon, son of Boethus {A. xv. 320). ^ Or *' Antipater instantly shuddered."
VOL.
II
K 2
265
JOSEPHUS avTOv (iTToXajXoTOJV
abeXcjxjJv.
tjv
eyvuj
brj
Travra
rpoTTou Sta/coTTTetv rds" iyyvag. 561
Kat 70
VTnivai Travovpyojs eSetae rov koI Trpos rag VTroipla? KLVovfievov o^icjg, iroXjjLi^Gev he TtpooeXOojv lk€' revetv auriKpv? firj OTepiuKeLV avrov -qs rj^LCoaev TLfjLTJs, fjLTjSe avTO) [JLEV oi^ofjia ^aaiXeias, Svvap,i.v Se V7Tdpx€LV dXXoLS' ov yap Kparr^aecv rujv irpay(4)
TTa-ipa
fxev
ovra
-)(aXe7T6v
el
fidrcov,
562 K-qheGTTjV 6
rrpos
^
Apx^Xdw
WXe^dvhpov
TraTTTTCp
/cat
ttols TrpoaXd^oi.
^epcopav KaT-qvn-
^oXei he TToXXrj? ovotjs yeveds Kara ro ^aalXeLou rovs ydpLovs. rjaav yap rep ^aotXel ywalKe? p,ev evvea, re/cva 8* eV rcDv^ enrd, avro^ p.ev Wi'TLTTarpos Ik Xojpiho^, 'HpojSryS" 8* e/c MaptCL/x/XT]? rrjs tov apxiepetos Bvyarpos, Avriiras he /cat 'Ap;^eAaos" €/c MaA^a/cr^? tt^? Sa/xapetVtSo?, /cat dvydr-qp 'OAu/xTria?, t)v 6 dheX(f)ihov£ avrov pLeradelvai
^
^IdjOTjTTOs ^lx^^> ^^ ^^ '^V^ 'lepoGoXvfjLLrihog KAeoTrdrpag 'HpcLhrj? /cat OiAtTTTTOs", e/c he naAAaSo?
563 ^aodrjXog. 'Pa)^di'rj
he
i^
/cat
8'
avro)
HaXojfJLr],
hvo
rj
/cat
aAAat Ovyarepe?,
ptev
e/c
Oat'Spa?,
tJ
€LX€V dreKi'OV?, dveipidi^ /cat dheX(f)Lhrjv x^P'-^ ^^ rovrojv hvo dSeA^db
re ^
eyevovro
re
'EA77t5os".
XXe^dvhpov
/cat
S'
WpLoro^ovXov rds
e/c Maptd/x/.tT^S'.
ovarj? he TToXxyrrpoowTTOv rrjs yeveds 6 WvrLTrarpos
ehelro peraredrjvai rovs ydpiovs664
XaAerroiS" 8* d ^aoiXevs rjyavdKrTjoev /cara-
(5)
piadojv ^
avrov ro Trpos rovs opchavovs
tCu'v
of
LTRC
must surely be
right:
rjdos,
tol'twi'
evvoid
PAM.
" Not including the deceased Mariamme I, who raises the total to ten. See Appendix, " The Herodian Family."
'266
JEWISH WAR, He
dead.
I.
560-564^
(cf.
resolved accordingly at
ant. xvii. 17-22) all
costs to
break
off these betrothals.
Afraid of practising a ruse upon so harsh a whose suspicions were easily aroused, he boldly ventured into his presence and besought him outright not to deprive him of the honour which he had deigned to confer on him, nor to leave him the mere title of king while others enjoyed the power for he would never be master of affairs, should Alexander's son, with Archelaus as his grandfather, also have Pheroras as his father-in-law. He therefore earnestly entreated him, as the palace contained a numerous family, to modify these matrimonial arrangements. The king, in fact, had nine ^ wives and issue by seven Herod's of them. Antipater himself was son of Doris, Herod chUdreu. (H) of Mariamme (H), the high-priest's daughter, Antipater and Archelaus were sons of Malthace, the Samaritan Olympias, a daughter by this last wife had married Joseph,^ the king's nephew. By Cleopatra, a native of Jerusalem, he had Herod and Philip by Pallas, Phasael. He had besides other daughters, Roxane and Salome, one by Phaedra, the other by Elpis. Two of his wives, one a cousin, the other a niece, were childless. In addition there were two daughters ^ by Mariamme (I), sisters of Alexander and Aristobulus. In view of this large family Antipater begged for an alteration in the projected marriages. (5) The king, on discovering Antipater's attitude to the orphans, was highly indignant, and the thought (4)
father,
;
;
;
''
Son of Herod's brother Joseph, who was
battle of Jericho (§§ 323 «
killed at the
f.).
Salampsio and Cypros.
267
JOSEPHUS T€ avro) Trapeorrj Trepl r(x)V di'7]pi^fJL€vojv, fxrj ttotc WvTLTrdrpov SiapoXoju yivoLvro rojv KaKelvoL t6t€ ukv ovv ttoXXo. Trpog opyqv dno565 dyojVLGfia. KpLvdfJievos drr^Xavvei rov ^AvrLTrarpov, a^^t? 8' VTraxO^Xs avrov rals KoXaKeiais pLedrjpfjLOGaro, Kal avTO) ixev ttjv 'ApiGro^ovXov ovvojKLGev Ovyarepa, Tov he vlov avrov rfj Oepcopa Ovyarpl. 666
8' dv n?, ooov tcrxfcrep' €V (6) KarafxddoL rovTOLS KoXaKevojv 'AvrtTrarpos", €.k rod T.aXcoiirjP eV ofioLOLS dTTorvxeiv ravT-qv yap Stj KaiTrep ovoav dheX^r^v Kal 77oAAa Sta Atouta?^ ri]^ yvvaiKOS Kaioapos tKerevovoau yafjLrjd-fjvai rep "Apa^c SuAXaicp, StajjjLOGaro fxev exdpordrrjv €^€lu, et firj TravGatro rrjg GTTOvdrj?, ro Se TeXevTalov aKOVGav 'AAe^a TLVL Tojv (f)LX<jJV GUvcpKLGeVy Kal rujv dvyaTepojv avrrjs ttjv jikv rep 'AAefa Trathi, ttjv S* irepav rep Trpos p,7]Tp6s WpTLTrdrpov deio)} tcZv 8' eK ^\apLdp.fJL7]<s dvyaripujv rj fiev dSeX^rjg vlov ^AvriTTarpov etx^u, tj he dheX(f)OV ^aodriXov. .
5C7
(xxix.
eXTTiha?
l)
6
^
AiaKOipas AvTL7Tarpo£
he Kal
rag Trpos
rLov
to
opcjiavojv Gvp,(f)epov
avTO) Tas eTTiyajxias TrouiGd/xevos, (vs IttI ^e^atotg wpfieL ralg iXvLGiUj TrpoGXa^ojv he rfj KaKia
fieu
TO rreTTOidos d<j>6prjTOS rjv ro yap Trap* eVacrrcj dTTOGKevdGaodai p,r) hvudfieuog €k rov
pi.GO£
4>o^ep6s elvai rrju dGcf)dX€Lau eTTopl^ero. Guvripyei he Kal ^epojpas cos dv rjhrj [/catj^ ^aoiXeZ ^e^alco. 1
^
Niesewith Heg. AeiiasPA(as :
+aTroi5d
a gloss). ^
268
P: cm. the
rest.
the rest. (doubtless
in § 641): 'loi-X/a?
'AvTLTrdrpov
PAM
JEWISH WAR,
I.
564-567
{cf.
ant. xvii.
18, 10, 33)
—
mind might not his murdered sons also have been the victims of this man's slanders ? He, accordmgly, at the moment replied a long and angry speech, and dismissed Antipater from his presence. Subsequently, however, seduced by his flatteries, he made other arrangements, and gave the daughter of Aristobulus to Antipater himself, and the daughter of Pheroras to his son. (6) How powerful was the effect of Antipater 's adulation on this occasion may be gauged from Salome's ill success in a similar suit. For, although she was Herod's sister and had recourse to the intercession of the Empress Livia to plead with him for permission to marry the Arab Syllaeus,^ Herod swore that he would regard her as his bitterest enemy if and, in the end, she did not renounce this passion he married her, against her will, to one of his friends, named Alexas, and one of her daughters ^ to the son ^ of Alexas, the other ^ to Antipater's maternal uncle.^ Of his daughters by Mariamme, one ^ was given to crossed his
m
Under A^^ip^
Herod
^opos^,
™^ons.
Enforo.
^
saToin
;
Antipater, his sister's, the other brother's son.
-^
to Phasael, his
(xxix. 1) Antipater, having cut off the orphans' expectations and arranged the marriages to his own advantage, regarded his prospects as securely anchored, and, with assurance now added to villainy, became insufferable. For, unable to avert the hatred which he inspired in all, he sought security in intimidation. He was assisted by Pheroras, who ° §§ 487, 334. In A. xvii. 10 it is stated that the empress (JuHa) took Herod's side and sought to break off Salome's proposed match with Syllaeus. ^ Names unknown. " Berenice, widow of Aristobulus. « Cypros. ^ Theudion (§ 553 note). * Salampsio.
269
lutrigu
^"^^P^^
JOSEPHUS Kara
568 ytVerat he Kal yvi^aLKcov avurayfjia
v€WT€pou? iKLvr]0€v dopv^ovs
o
Tj
-
riiv avXriv,
yoLp
(t>€pcopa
Kal rrjs aSeA^Ty? irpooXaf^ovoa Kal rrfv ^ AvTLTrdrpov jJLTjrepa TroAAa /xei-' rjueXyaivev Kara ro ^aoiXeioVy iroXfxr^oev 8e Kal rod ^aaiXeoj? v^piaai hvo duyarepa?, 8t* a Sr) I^LoXiGTa ravrrjv cKelvog Trpo^e^Xrjro' fitoovpLevai 6G9 ye /jltju vtt^ avrov row aAAcop' eTreKparovv. fiovr) 8e rrjg ofiovola? avraJv avriiraXo'S tjv T^aXcofirj Kal ^aoiXel hii^aXXev rrju ovi'oSoi', to? ovk eV dyaOo) yvvrj
rojv
fiera
ttjs
fJLr]Tp6s
avTov upayiidrojv
etrj.
yvovoai
8'
eVetvat
Kal ojs dyavaKrijaeiev 'HpoiSi^?, rrjg (^aifepd? GVVoSov Kal rwv (f)LXo(f)poin]Gecov fjL€u €7Tavaavro, rovvavriov 5' vrreKpivovro Kal 8ta(f)€p€GdaL Trpoc dAA7]Aa? dKOVovros ^aacXicos' at? ovvvTTeKpivero Kal 'Avrlnarpog, iv ro) (fyavepoj 570 77 poGKpovwv ^epojpa. GWOVGiai he rjGav avrdjv XdOpa Kal KOjfjLOL vvKrepwoL, nqv re ofxovoLav r) TTapari^prjGig enereLvev. rjyvoei hk ovhev SaAco/xi] rwv TTparrofxevcov Kal Tidvd^ 'Hpcohr^ 5t7)yyeAAer. 571 (2) 'EfeAcatero 8* eKelvos els dpyrjv Kal fjcdXiGra IttI rrjv ^epcopov yvvalKa' ravrrfv yap rrXeov rj HaXajjiTj hte^aXXev. ddpoiGas ovv ovvehpiov rcjjv re (f)iX(jjV Kal Gvyyevwv dXXa re TToXXd rij? dvdpco7TOV KarrjyopeL Kal rrjV els rds eavrov Ovyarepas v^piv, on re ^apiGaioLS jJ-eu \oprjyriGeLev fMiodovs Kar" avrov Kal rdv dheX(f>6v avroj KaraoKevdoeiev 572 TToXejiLov evhrjoafjievr) (j^appidKOLS reXevraZov 8' els Oepcopav d7TeGrpe(f>ev rov Aoyov, hvolv Odrepov rr^v hia^oXrjV
.
<•
*
270
Salome and Roxana. She had paid the fine imposed upon them
for refusing
JEWISH WAR,
I.
568-572
{cf.
ant. xvii. 33-48)
looked on Antipater's claim to the throne as already assured. There was, moreover, a gang of women at a cabals court who created new disturbances. The wife ofcouTt.^^ Pheroras, in league with her mother and sister and the mother of Antipater, displayed constant effrontery in the palace, and even ventured to insult two young daughters of the king.'^ She became, in consequence, the object of Herod's special aversion yet, notwithstanding the king's hatred, these women domineered over the rest. The sole opponent of their league was saiome Salome, who reported it to the king as a conclave "^^roceed? not conducive to the interests of his realm. Informed to Heroc of this denunciation and of Herod's wrath, they abandoned their public meetings and all signs of friendly recognition, and on the contrary pretended to quarrel with one another in the king's hearing Antipater joined in their dissimulation by taking offence, in public, at Pheroras. But they continued to hold clandestine meetings and nocturnal carousals, and the knowledge that they were watched only bound them closer together. Salome, however, was ignorant of none of their proceedings and reported everything to Herod. (2) The king was furiously indignant, particularly Pheroras at the wife of Pheroras, the principal object of^'jvorce^i Salome's charges. He, accordingly, assembled a wife. council of his friends and relations and accused the wretched woman of numerous misdeeds, among others of insulting his own daughters, of subsidizing the Pharisees to oppose him,^ and of alienating his brother, after bewitching him with drugs. In conclusion, he addressed Pheroras and told him that he ;
;
to take the oath of allegiance to Herod on his accession {A. xvii. 42).
271
JOSEPHUS iavrov aSeA^oi^ 7) rr^v yvvatKa. to l,rju rj ttju yvvoLKa €-)(OJV 6 Ti )(pr) Spdv /lere^atvev €77* TraprjyyeiXev p^rjTe rfj ^epojpa qj
eXeadai Xeyojv,
rod he ddrrov ovK (f>T](TavTos ,
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t)
dTToXeLipetv
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272
Mariamme
II,
daughter of Simon the high
priest.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
572-575
(c/.
ant. xvii. 49-55)
must choose one
or the other, either his brother or Pheroras replying that he would sooner part with his existence than with his wife, Herod, in perplexity, turned to Antipater and ordered him to have no further intercourse either with the wife of Pheroras, or with her husband, or with any of her set. Antipater, while not openly violating this injunction, continued secretly and at night to associate with them but fearing the vigilance of Salome he contrived, with the help of friends in Italy, a visit to Antipab Rome. A letter arriving from them, suggesting that Y^^'t to Antipater ought to be sent before long to Caesar's o b.'c. court, Herod without a moment's delay sent him off with a brilliant retinue, a large sum of money and his will, in which Antipater was named as heir to the throne, and Herod, the king's son by Mariamme, the high-priest's daughter," as Antipater's successor. he intrigue (3) Syllaeus the Arab also set sail for Rome had disregarded Caesar's orders and went to maintain J^g^J^'J^i against Antipater the case which he had previously pleaded against Nicolas.^ There was also a grave matter at issue between him and his own sovereign, Aretas, for he had put to death a number of that prince's friends, including Soaemus, one of the most powerful personages in Petra. By a large bribe he secured the services of Fabatus, Caesar's treasurer, whom he also employed to assist him against Herod. The latter, however, by even larger bribes, detached Fabatus from Syllaeus and endeavoured, through him, to exact from Syllaeus the penalty imposed by Caesar." But Syllaeus still refused to pay anything, his wife.
;
c.
;
Nicolas of Damascus had, in the course of an attempted mediation between Herod and Augustus (c. 7 b.c), accused Syllaeus of treasonable designs {A. xvi. 335 fF., no parallel inB.). A. xvi. 352 f. ''
273
JOSEPHUS Kar-qyop^L (J'6
^aBdrov
ov
rcDv
(f)€p6vrow.
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Xeyojv rrapd
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.
topLevoL TTetcrat Kdpii^^oi' djp,oX6yr]Gav XP'rjpio.cnv
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Kal
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rrapd
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ttoAAoi?
ovtol p,ev ovv dva-
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ttjv
Hvplav dv€7Tep(f)dr]Gav etV 'Pwpb-qv. 'Hpwhrjg 8' ou/c dvUt ^epojpav ^iaL,6pL€vog (-i) 578 dTToXXayrjvaL rij? yuvaiKos, ou8'^ eVci'det 8t'
t)?
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Kal
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a8eA^dv eV^aAAei. ^epojpas v^piv aTToXXdGGeraL pkv el?
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rerpapxlo-v opLOGag opov e^€LV eva rrjg tov 'Wpojhov Bdvarov Kal pLrjheTTore Trpos v7TOGTp€ip€iv, €7ravijXd€v 8e ouSe Trpo? tdjvra voGOVvra rov dheXcfjov Kalroi XirrapcLs perarrep,-
iavTOV
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TTopLevov i^oTjXero
yap avroj rivas ivroXd? Kara-
580 Xelipeiv cu? reOvv^^opevos (jcu^erat,
/lact'
1
274
.
aXX
6 pLev Trap' iXTrlSa
ov ttoXv 8e voGel Oepojpas", evpiGKero 6 5'
or
6 oe
PAM.
JEWISH WAR,
I
575-580
(
= ant.
xvii.
55-59)
and furthermore accused Fabatus to Caesar, asserting that the emperor's agent was acting not for his but Indignant at this and still for Herod's interests. highly paid by Herod, Fabatus betrayed the secrets of Syllaeus, informing the king that he had by bribery corrupted Corinthus, one of his bodyguard, and warning him to be on his guard against this nian. The king acted on this advice, knowing that this Corinthus, though brought up within his dominion, was an Arab by birth. He straightway had him arrested and with him two other Arabs, whom he discovered in his company, one a friend of Syllaeus,
Discover
another^
Arabaga
the other the chief of a tribe. Being put to the torture, these men confessed that Corinthus had by large bribes induced them to kill Herod. They were, accordingly, after being further examined by Saturninus, the governor of Syria, sent up for trial to Rome. (4) Herod, meanwhile, never relaxed his efforts to Exile am compel Pheroras to divorce his wife. But, notwith- ph^erom standing the abundant cause which he had for hisOBc hatred of the creature, he could devise no means of punishing her, until finally, in extreme indignation, lie banished both her and his brother from the realm. Pheroras, accepting this affront with equanimity, departed to his own tetrarchy," swearing that the only limit to his exile should be Herod's death, and that never, so long as his brother lived, would he return Nor, in fact, would he revisit his brother, to him. even during his illness, though urgently pressed to for Herod, believing that he was dying, do so desired to leave him certain instructions. Herod, however, unexpectedly recovered, and not long after Herod thereupon disPheroras himself fell sick ;
;
»
Peraea
(§
483).
275
JOSEPHUS he 'Hpcobrj^ jjL€Tpio'>r€pog Kal yap TJKeL Ttpos avrov Koi ovfiTTo.doj'i edepOLTTevev. ov ^ir^v VTrepioxvoev rod TTadoVi' /X€ra yap r)fi€pa<; oXiyas aTToOvrjGKet ov Kal-nep dyavqua^ 'Hpcohrjs P-^XP^ 681 ^epcopas. reXevraias r]f.Lepar]tov ye jJiriv veKpov eis" 'lepofiLodrj (jyapp^aKcp. ooXvfxa Kopiioas ttcvOos re pieyiorov oXcp rco eOvei Kar-qyyecXev Kal KrjSela? rj^LCocrev Xaprrpordr-q<;. eva pikv Srj row WXe^dvSpov Kal Wpiaro^ouXov
roLodrov Trepiepxerai riXos.
(f)ou€a>v
8' errl rov avOevrr^v rov OcpoSpa ddvarov dpx'QV ro)v rovrov yap Tii^es" drreXevdepwv Xa^ovoa. Karrj(f)€ig roj ^aoiXel npooeXOovre'? rov dheX(j)6v avrov SL€4>6dp9aL (fyappaKoi? eXeyov TTpooeveyKelv pL€v yap avro) rt rrjv yvvaiKa rcov ov avvrjdojg iaKevaopevajv, (jyayovra 8' evdeojs etV rrjV vooov dyrjox^vai re rrpo hvolv rjfiepcov rrji^ 583 KaraTTeuelv. p.r]repa ravrrjs^ Kal rrjv dSeXcjirjv yvvaLov €K rijs
582
Wpa^ias GKevdarj
yap
Tjv
n)
TTOwr}
(jiappaKOiv roj
davdoLpov 584
Were^atvev
(xxx. 1) WvrtTTarpoi'
Oepcopct,
HvXXaiov
eprreipov,
ottojs
heSojKevai
8'
(f>iXrpoi
dvrl
rovroi
TrpayparevoapLevov
rovra
yvcopipov.
nX-qyel? ovv 6 ^aaiXeus VTroifjiais TrXeioaa /cat nvas rcov eXevdepcov €^aadvLl,ev ejSoa 8e ns ev rals dXyr]h6oiv " deos 6 yrjv Ka ovpavov hieTTOJV pereXdoi r-qv rovrcvv rjplv rcoi KaKcov alrlav, ttjv WvriTrdrpov pi]repa." ravrr)<: (2)
deparraivas re
rrjs
dpx^? o ^aoiXevs Xa^opevos
rr^v
dXi^deiav} 1
276
a^r^s
PM.
tj
Se
yvvrj
rrjv »
erre^-fjei
re
rrpoaa
+^7nf777cDp
LTRC.
rrj\
JEWISH WAR,
580-585
I.
(
= ant.
xvii. 59-65)
played greater humanity, for he went to him and affectionately tended him. But he could not cope with the malady, and a few days later Pheroras expired. Notwithstanding the love which Herod had for his brother to his dying day, a report was spread that he had poisoned even him. Anyhow, he had the corpse conveyed to Jerusalem, gave orders for a solemn national mourning, and honoured him with the most imposing funeral. Such was the end to which came one of the murderers of Alexander and Aristobulus. (xxx. 1) But retribution was now, in turn, descend- Herod ing upon the real perpetrator of that crime, Anti- Jw^^'^"^^ this retribution arose out of the death of Pheroras pater Pheroras. For certain freedmen of the deceased poisoned came, in dejection, to the king and informed him that his brother had been carried off by poison ; his wife, they said, had served up to him some extraordinary concoction, after eating which he was im;
mediately taken ill. They added that, two days before, her mother and sister had brought from Arabia a woman who was an expert in drugs, to make up a love-potion for Pheroras but, instead of this, she had given him a deadly poison, at the ;
instigation of Syllaeus,
who knew
her.
Beset with all sorts of suspicions, the king put Reveiatio ^^^^ the women-servants and some ladies above that rank °' women One victmi in her agonies exclaimed, concernic to the torture. " May God who governs earth and heaven punish ^"^'P^*^" the author of our present miseries, Antipater's mother "" Clutching at this clue, the king pushed The woman his search for the facts yet further. (2)
/--v
•
•
•
1
•
1-1
!
«
Doris.
277
JOSEPHUS * Ai/TLTTarpou {JL-qrpo? Trpog ^epcopav Kal tols eKetuov yvvaiKas ^StJAov Kal rds XaOpaiag avrcov ovvohovs, OTi re 0€pt6pa? kol 'Ai^-tVarpos" ovv eKeivatg 77lVoteV, V7TOOTp€(f)OWT€9 OLTTO TOV ^O-GlXdoj?, 8t' oAt^?^ i^VKTO^y pLTiheva fJ.r)r€ OLK€Tr]v p.r]T€ depdTTaLvav ia)vr€£ TiaparvyxdveLV /it'a hi] tuju dAev.
depojv Tavra ixr]vvei. 68G
(3)
Ta?
e^aodvit^ev.
he
hovXas
eppi)d-q
;^tupt?
he
€Lpr]ixeva GVfx(f)OJva, Kal
Trapd
iKaoTqv Tr(iaai<;
hton Kara
'Wp<J)hris
rd
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npo^
Avrl-
TTarpog fikv els 'Pcopi-qw, ^epcopa? S' VTTOXojprjGeiev €1? rrji' Uepaiav TToXXdKig yap avrou? htaXaXelv, u)s fier^
WXe^auhpov Kal WpiGTo^ouXov eV avrovs
Kal rd? eavr<2)V yvvaiKas' ^lapidpLix-qv Kal rovs c^ eKeivqs erepou tluos, wcrre dfxeiuov elvai 6daai S' dv rdxo- Kal reXeurrjoas TTplv dp^aadat ^aoiXeias dXrjdovg. el he Kai TTore eKelvos reXeurriGeLev , (ttotc S' ai^ yevocro Tovro;) TTavrdTTaaiv avrco rrjv dTToXavotv rij? yiveodaL ovvroixov. vTro^Xaordveiv he .",S8 dLahoxyjs Ta? TTj? vhpas Ke(f)aXds, rovs WpLoro^ovXov Kal 'Hpu)hi-)s
ou ydp
fjcera^TJoeraL
(jieiaeodaL^
fierd
WXe^dvhpou TTalha?. d(f)r]prjodaL 8' avrou vtto rod jrarpos Kal rrjv e—l reKvoLS eXnlha' hidhoxov ydp ov rujv avrov nva naihcov fierd rrjv reXeur-qv, dXXd rou eK MapLapLfirjs 'V{pdjhr]u yeypacfyevai. Kal Kard rovro ye rravrdrraaLV Trapayrjpdu olofievov avrov Kal SiadqKag jxevelv Kvpias' avrov ydp 689 TTpovorjoeiv fj.rjheua rrj'i yeueds aTToXLTrelv. ovra 21 a
JEWISFI WAR,
585-589
r.
(
= ant.
xvii. 65-67)
then revealed the intimacy of Antipater's mother with Pheroras and the ladies of his family, and their clandestine meetings she added that Pheroras and Antipater, on their return from the king, would pass the whole night drinking with those women, without ;
allowing a single servant, male or female, to be present. This information was given by one of the ladies of rank. (3) Herod had each of the slave girls separately tortured. All their evidence agreed with that already stated they added that it was by a mutual arrangement that Antipater had withdrawn to Rome and Pheroras to Peraea for they were constantly saying to each other, " After Alexander and Aristobulus, we and our wives will be Herod's next victims. ;
;
Having
slain
spare none
;
Mariamme and so
it
will
her offspring, he
be better to
will
flee as far as
possible from the ferocious beast." Antipater, they continued, would often complain to his mother that he was already grey-headed, while his father grew
younger every day he would perhaps be the first to die, before he began to be really king. Even supposing his father ever did die (and when would that be ?) his enjoyment of his heritage must be extremely short. Then there were these hydra heads, the sons of Aristobulus and Alexander, shooting up. His father had robbed him of his hopes for his children, by nominating as the next heir to the throne not one of his own children, but Herod, the son of Mariamme. In that at least he betrayed his extreme senility, if he supposed that that part of his will would stand for he, Antipater, would take good care to leave none of the family alive. Never had ;
;
^
+T77S
AM.
^
Bekker:
^et'crao-^at
mss.
279
JOSEPHUS ixiooreKvorarov iiiaa-heX^ov hovvai yovv avTO) Trpojrjv CKarov rdXavra inl rw [xrj 8tarod Be eiTTOvros " ri yap XeyeodaL Oepojpot. aTTOKpivaudai tov *AvtlavTov i^XoLTTTOfieu; " TTarpov " eWe Travd^ rjiids d(f)€X6fjL€VO£ yvp^vovs
ye
rcov
jjbrjv
edoeiev^
L,a)vras.
i^eorai
hk
p6viqiJia 59(j
ciAA'
Trap*
Xddpa
(f)avepa)S.
elvau
fjidXXov
dr]pLOV,
(t)OVLK6v
Trarepcov
TTOjirore
TToXv
'Wpajb-qv
d/i.T7;\;aj^of
cL
yovv
<j>avep(2)?,
ovtoj
€K(f)vy€lv
nuag
(faXelv
e^eari
vvv aAAT^Aot? ovveGfiev, idv a;\;tD/xeV ttot* dvhpcov
Kal x^lpas."
Taur' eXeyov at ^epcopas ^ovXevaatro (4)
Ylerpav.
fMTjhe
eTTLoreuaev 8'
Kal on avrojv etV 'HpcoSqg TrdoLV rol? Xeyo/Saaart^o/xei^at, pier*
(fyvyelv
eK ratv eKarov raXdvTCov pLOvco yap 'Ai^rtTrdrpoj hieiXeKTo irepl avrcov. aTToa/ci^Trret 5' etV TTpcorrjv 6 ^u/xos" AcoptSa rrjv ^AvrLTrdrpou jji-qrepaKal yvpLvcoGas avrrjv iravros ov SeScoprjro Koap^ov, rds 591 TToXXcov 8' Tyy raXdvrojVy e/c^aAAet heijrepov. he (t>€pcopou yvvaiKa? drro rcov ^aadva>v irrjpLeXei SiryAAay^eVob€7tt6tjto Se tw (/)0^a> Kal rrpos TTauav VTTOvoiav i^eppi7Tit,€ro, ttoXXovs re rcjv ovk alriajv elXKCv els ^aadvovi y hehoLKOJS p,if] nva ran' jxeuoL?
aLTLCov TTapaXtTTrj. 59-
(5)
Kdv
rovTcp t peirer ai rrpog rou HapLapeinqv
^AvTLTTarpov,
0£
rjv
eTrirpoTTOS
^Avrmdrpov.
/Sa-
ainov rJKovaev otl pLereTrej^nljaro pLeu ^AvTiTTarpog e^ Alyvrrrov S-qXrjTTJpLov
*
he Trap* eKeivov Qevhicxjv 6 deZos' ^
»
S80
Dindorf
PAM
:
WvTnrdTpov Kal
idaei ye or idaei mss.
Heg.
:
lor text cf.
A.
xvii. 70.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
589-592
{cf.
ant. xvii. 65-70)
father so hated his children, yet Herod hated his brother far more only the other day he had given him (Antipater) a hundred talents to break off all intercourse with Pheroras. And when Pheroras remarked, " Why, w^hat harm were we doing " Would to heaven he him ? " he had replied would rob us of everything and leave us to live in nakedness. But it is impossible to escape so bloodthirsty a beast, who will not even allow us to show affection for anyone. Now we must meet in secret we shall be able to do so openh^ if ever we possess the courage and arms of men." (4) To these revelations the tortured women added Repudiat that Pheroras had had designs of flying with them to Antipatei Petra. Herod believed all these statements because mother. of the detail of the hundred talents, which he had mentioned to none but Antipater. The first to feel the explosion of his wrath was Doris, Antipater 's mother he stripped her of all the finery which he had bestowed on her and for the second time dismissed her from court. With the ladies of Pheroras 's household he made his peace and showed them ;
:
;
;
special attentions after their tortures. But he was scared with fright and flared up at the least suspicion,
and many innocent persons w^ere haled by him to torture, for fear that a single culprit should escape him.
(5) His attention w^as now directed to Antipater Discoverj the Samaritan, agent to his son Antipater. From^/^P^°^' ,} , Antipatei 1 .1 mm, under torture, he learnt that Antipater had and procured from Egypt, through Antiphilus, one of his fo^po^son companions, a deadly poison intended for the king Herod. that from Antiphilus it had passed into the hands of Theudion, Antipater's uncle, who had delivered it 1
•
.,11
.
,
;
281
.
JOSEPHUS yap
tov auro? eariv €v 'Pajfir] Trj<^ VTTOvoias KexojpicriJLevos' ^epojpav 693 8c rfj yvvaiKL Trapadeodat to cbopfiaKOW. TavrrjV ovv^]^ 6 fjaaiXev? iieraTrepLiljdiJLei'O'^ avriKa to 6' efetat /xev a»? t) Xri(j)6kv eKeXevaeu kopllI,€iv. KOfJLLOVaa, pL7TT€L 8' iaUTTjU OLTTO TOV TeyOU? TOV T€ eXeyxov Kal ttjv Ik tov ^aaiXiajs aLKtav (l)9dvovGaTTpOVoia 8', OJb €0LK€V>, deOV fieTLOVTOS ^AvTLTTaTpou OVK Ittl K€(j}aXrjv dAA' IttI daTepa Treaovoa 8taKopnGdelrrav 8' avTrju 6 ^aatAei)? dva694 ocoLeTaL. KTriGdjievo<^, KeKdpojTO yap drro tov TTTOj/jLaTo?, rjpcoTa 8t' ^v aLTiaw ptipctev iavT-qv, el fxkv et7ro6 TTapahoirj
rovroj
(t>epojpa'
Wi'TLTTarpov
'HpojSrjv
dveXelu
evr^iXaodaL
ecu?
TdX-qdeSy d(j)-qo€LV Trduiqs TLjLojpia<; iTTOfiuvfievog , €i 8' VTTOOTelXaLTO,
haTTavqaeiV aurrj? eV ^aodvois to
awfjLa Kal fir)Se Tdcbcp KaTaXeiipeiv
ripo? Tavd^ rj yvvrj }.UKp6v hiaXLVOVoa " Kal ydp," eL7T€i', " eVt (f)€L8oiJ.aL Tcov dnopp-qTOJi', Ofpcjpa Tedi'eojTOs; r^ owtovaa tov dTToXeaavTa TrdvTas r]iids AvTirraTpov; aKOve, /SaotAeu, Kal iL€Td GOV deos 6 fidpTVS ipLol Trj? dXrjdetas nXavq696 drjvaL jjltj Swdfievo?. 6t€ dTTodvrjGKOVTi Oepojpa rrapeKadetov heSaKpvjievos, TOTe /le npOGKaXeGd-
695
(6)
Tt
^
eKelvos ye,' effiy), a) yvvai, ttjs 17 ttoAu ifiavTOV Siavota? tov dSeA^ou St-qpiapTov, toi
et?
ovTOJS
GTepyovTa
Gdfl€VO
pLiG-qoas
TOV OVTOJS
€77*
dAA' iyco
Gvyx^dfxevov.
TO
'
'
fievo?
GV
iTTLTLpLLOV,
8'
Kal
€fJ,ol fjLev
^ovXev-
KTelvai
pLTjSe
dne^oj
TedveCOTL
TTCJb
doe^etas
Trjg
O (f)vXdGG€L9 /COT* aUTOU C^dp-
fiaKov VTT^ ^AvTLTTaTpov KaTaXei(j)dev rjpuv
282
AM
Lat.
:
om. the
rest.
^
n conj.
:
fj
mss.
JEWISH WAR,
592-596
I.
(
= ant.
xvii. 69-76)
to Pheroras, since it was he whom Antipater had commissioned to kill Herod while he himself was at Rome and out of the way of suspicion and that Pheroras had entrusted the poison to his wife. The king sent for her and ordered her instantly to produce what she had received. She went out, as though to fetch it, and then flung herself from the roof, in order However, to evade conviction and the king's rack. by the providence, it seems, of God, whose vengeance was pursuing Antipater, she fell not on her head, but on another part of her body, and was not killed. She was carried to the king, who had restoratives applied, as she was stunned by the fall he then asked her why she had thrown herself from the roof, and swore that, if she told the truth, he would exempt her from all punishment, but, if she prevaricated, he would tear her body to pieces with tortures and leave not a limb for burial. (6) At this the woman hesitated an instant and " After all, why should I longer guard then replied hese secrets, now that Pheroras is dead ? Merely o save Antipater who has been the ruin of us all ? Listen to me, O king, and may God hear me too, a vitness to the truth of my words who cannot be At the time when you were sitting weepleceived ng beside the dying Pheroras, he called me to him md said, Much have I been mistaken, my wife, in ny brother's feelings towards me I hated him who ;
;
confessio
:
!
'
;
oves
me
so tenderly
;
I
plotted to
kill
him who
is
so
)verwhelmed with grief for me even before my I am but receiving the reward of my imleath. as for you, bring that poison which Antipater )iety eft us, and you are keeping for his destruction, and )romptly destroy it under my eyes, lest I carry away ;
283
"/jJoJJ^of
Pheroras.
"
JOSEPHUS 597
rov dXaoropa.' Kal /^eAeucravros Kal TrXeZarov fxev el? to irvp opwuTos : avTov Kar€K€vajoa, ^pax^ ^^ ifiavrfj Trpos ro^^ ahrjXa /cat rov Ik gov (j)6^ov ir-qp-qoa."
aSow
epot/Ltt
eKo/jLLaa
50s
Taur' eiTTOvaa
(7)
TrpoKoixilei rrjv -nv^iha -nav
TaTTaaiv exovaav rov (j)appa.K0v ^paxv. /SacrtAeu^ 8' inl rr)v pnqrepa rrjv 'Avrt^tAou Acat rov dSeAoi
ra? ^aordvov? KOfjLLGai
re
iJL€re(f)ep€v,
AlyvTrrov
(Xtt'
KOiKelvoL rov 'Ap-rt^iAoi rrjv
rrv^iha ojfjLoXoyo
Kal Xa^elv Trap" dSeX(f)ov ro t^dpfiaKov echaoKO) WXe^ai'Spela. Trepuovres Se o iv 590 larpevovros Kal Wpio-ro^ovXou haipLOves drrav ri ^ AXe^dvhpov ^aolXeLOV ipeuvqrai re Kal {irjvvral ra>v dhrjXo)] eyivovro, rovs re TToppwrdroj rrjs: VTroipias ovra eovpov ecg rovs eXeyxovs- evpioKerai yovv Kal rov dpxi'€pea)S dvydrrjp ^lapLdpLfir) rrjs eTTi^ovXrj owLurojp- Paoavil,6}ievoi yap rovr* aTreSetfa 600 avrrjs ol dbeXcfyoL [SaoiXevs Se rrjs ixrjrpcoas roX Kal rov vlov rjpLVvaro' rov yovv e^ avrrj fjirjs 'HpojSrjv, ovra SidSoxov WvrLTrdrpov, rrjs Sta
h
*d
-<
6t]Krjs
601
e^rjXenJjev.
(xxxi.
eXeyxovs
1)
'AvruTrdrpa)
Bepos lovs
rovroLS Kal BddvXXos els rov r) reXevraia TTLons rw ^e^ovXevfievajv' rjv fiev yap dneXei)
'Etti
ovvehpapieVy
avrov,
Kop.L^ojv
dorrihajv Kal
5'
;;^l'Aol'S"
-qKev
dXXo
SrjXr/r-qpLoi-
erepojv epnercov, Iva
e fj-
TO TTpdjTOV daOevrjoei^ (f)dpfiaKov, rovrco Oepcopa jierd rrjs ywauKos oTrXioairo Kara rov ^aacXeojs 602 rrdpepyov he rijs enl rov Trarepa roXp^rjs eKopate rds Kara rcov dSeXcfxjjv eoKevajprjiievas eTnoroXd W.vrL7Tdrpov' rjoav yap Wpx^Xaos Kal OtA utt' ^
284
acdevr)
I
JEWISH ANTIQUITIES,
II.
274-277
my command.
And I bid thee without more delay Egypt, pressing forward by night and day, and by no dallying to prolong the time for the Hebrews, now suffering in servitude." (4) Moses, unable to doubt the promises of the Deity, after having seen and heard such confirmation 3f them, prayed and entreated that he might be i^ouchsafed this power in Egypt he also besought Him not to deny him the knowledge of His name, but, dnce he had been granted speech with Him and /ision of Him, further to tell him how He should be iddressed, so that, when sacrificing, he might invoke iim by name to be present at the sacred rites. Then lod revealed to him His name, which ere then had lot come to men's ears, and of which I am forbidden o speak." Moreover, Moses found those miracles at lis service not on that occasion only but at all times diensoever there was need of them from all which okens he came to trust more firmly in the oracle from he fire, to believe that God would be his gracious •rotector, and to hope to be able to deliver his people
make speed
to
Revelation divine nam ^^- "•• i^.
;
;
nd
upon the Egyptians. Accordingly, on learning that the king of igypt, the Pharaothes under whom he had fled the ountry, was dead, he besought Raguel to permit him 3r the welfare of his countrymen to go to Egypt nd, taking with him Sapphora,^ his wife, daughter of laguel, and the children whom he had by her, Gersos to bring disaster
(xiii.
1)
;
Ki'ptos) was employed, and JHVH in Hebrew was written with the vowels of the latter, to indicate Read Adonai"; hence, through later neglect of the in;ntion of the scribes, arose the form Jehovah, which has Inquired a sacredness of its own, but in its origin is a
donai (lxx
ss.
ybrid. ^ Bibl. Zipporah (lxx
I,eirc()dbpa).
285
Moses Egypt," En:. iv. i^^.
JOSEPHUS L7T7TOS
^aoL^eojs
'nalhe
eVi 'Ptu/xy^? TratSeud/Ltei^ot,
Kal (j)pourjfiaTO? fjieoToi. rovrov? €77auaKV7TTOVTa? avTOV rat? iXTriaiv anooKevaoaodaL 07r€vSaju ^Ai'TLTrarpog a? fiev TrXdrTeraL /car' avTwu €77 LGToXa? i^ ovofxaro^ tcov irrl 'Pto/x-/^? (fyiXow, ovg Se e-eidev ypdiljaL Sta(/)^etpas" ;\;p'/]/xacrtv,
G03 ixeipaKLO. re
TToAAa
a>S"
rjSr}
^Aacrc/^^/xotev toj^
/xep'
6e
6 TTarrjp fxereTTepLTTero, 604
Trarepa,
(f)au€p(jj^
WAe^auSpou Kal ^ApioTo^ovXou oSvpocvro, Trpos TTjv fxeroLKArjaLU dyauaKTOLew tJSy) ydp^ avrou?
Se
rapdoaov WuTLTrarpou. {-2} "Et6 Se Kal npo pLevcov
Totavra?
imoToXd^ rrepl rwu
,
Kal rovro rrj?
rjv
aTroSi^fiLag
to fxaXiora iv
^lovhala
aurdjv eVt 'Pcofirjg -qyopaCev TTpooio'jv tc ojs duvnoTrrog elrj rep Trarpl /car'
ifjevSrj dSeXcfxjju' dTreXoyelro, rd p.€V Xdycov elvai tCjv ypa(j)op,ivojv, d he veor-qros dp,ap605 rry/xara. rrjuLKavrd ye pirjv rots' ypd(j)0VOLv Kara
a6eX(j)ow TrXelara hovs XPVH-'^'^^ GviJ,(f}vp€Li ineLpdro rdv eXeyxov, eaOrjrd^ re TroXureXel? Kal
rCjv
eK7Tojp.ard re dpyvpd Ka\ dXXa re rroXXd rcov KeLpLTjXtcov, iLva roj nX-qdei rrjg €iV ravra harrdvris rov^ els eKeZva pnodovs eyKaraKpyifj-rf- Staxdata yovv dva-
orp(jjpivd<^
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77 p6(f>aoL<;
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tj
77
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dlKr).
T7dvraiV
8'
avrov rore Kal rcou ^pa^vrepoju ev ro) pt,eit,ovi KaKO) SLaKaXu(f)d€ur(x)U, 66^ at fxev ^doavoL 77daai ^
yap Niese from Lat.
The
alternative
0' or oe mss. reaciing of :
LTRC
Kal irpoaiwv t^ws avvTTo-mo^ tjv toj Trarpi tt((A tQiv abiXcpCji' 5e ("and then, while as yet his father had no suspicion of him, would go to him and " etc. ) is specious. *
'
2»6
LTHC
Lat.; (ynaTaypaxl/Ti
PAM
(perhaps rightly).
J
JEWISH WAR,
I.
602-606
(
= ant.
xvii. 80-82)
sons of the king, now growing lads and full of manlyspirit, were receiving their education in Rome. Anxious to rid himself of these scions springing up His to dash his hopes, Antipater forged several letters to
name of their friends in Rome, while he prevailed on others by bribery to write that the young princes were constantly railing at their their injury in the
Alexander and and indignant at their own recall for their father was now summoning them back, and it was this fact which caused Antipater the greatest
father, publicly deploring the fate of
Aristobulus,
;
uneasiness.
Even before
departure abroad, Antipater, used to procure, at a price, the sending of such letters of abuse of his brothers (2)
while
still
his
in Judaea,
Rome, and then, in order to avoid suswould go to his father and make excuses for lis brothers, urging that such and such statements vere false, while other matters mentioned were
>vritten in Dicion,
nere youthful indiscretions. Now, in Rome, having o pay immense sums to the writers of these letters Lgainst his brothers, his efforts were directed to
To this end bought up costly apparel, embroidered carpets, ups of silver and gold, and many other precious 'bjects, in order to conceal under the enormous total f these outgoings the wages paid for the other ffair. His returns showed an expenditure of 200 alents, of which the greater part was put down to is suit with Syllaeus. But now, though even all hese petty knaveries were exposed with the larger rime, now when every fresh torture was loudly
•onfusing the evidence of such outlay. le
287
forger]
injure his
brothers.
JOSEPHUS TTarpoKTovlav,
Trjv
'Pcop,rjv
els
8*
at
tcov ovheXs dTT-qyyetXev avrco ra?
d
opitos
row iXeyx^JV
eV 'louSaca rvxcs, KairoL /xera^i)
eTTavoSou SteXdovrcov
T^S"
diTayyiXXeiv SaipLoves 'PcopL-qs
Kal COS
eTrrd
avrov €k TrdvTUJV pXcros
Cu7 TTpos
Trporjp-qpevovs
dSeXcfxjju d(j>L^Lv
Sevrepas
eTTLoroXal
KCKpdycaav,
aheX(f)OKrovLa9
r^v.
i(j)LpLouv.
rdx^L Kal tovs
rcou
ol
di'rjprjp,€vajv
yovv
ypd(f)€L
iavTOV rax^lai'
/cat
togovtov
pLT]vojv'
diro
eiJayycAt^d/Ltevos',
w?
(3)
Tov
VTTO Kataapos pLerd ripL-^g dTToXvdeir]. '0 ^aoiXevs he etV x^^P^^ Xa^elv oirevhoiv
i—L^ovXov
<j>vXd^rjTaL,
dXXa
8t'
Kal
BedoLKOJS
(f)LXo(f)pouovpL€i>o?
diqaeodai pLepLipeLS
pirj
ttotc
Kal
OTrevSeii^
yap avrov Kal rds Trpds ineixd^uros' ov yap rjyvoei
609 rrjs pLrjrpog 'AvrtVarpo?.
rrpoyvovs rd re
dvOvTreKpivero,
€7TLGroXrjs
TtapaKaXwv rrjv
rrju
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rrporepov pL€V ovu
elXij-
^epojpa reXevrrj? eTnaroXr^v eV Tdpavri Kal pLeyiurou eTTOL-qoaro Trivdos, 6 nves eirl (1)9 delcp Kadvpivow, rjv S', cLs €0LK€V, in htapLapria rrjs eTTi^ovXrjs rj ovyxvats Kal oi ^epujpav KXaiovros, dXXd rov v7T7]perr]V' rjSrj St Kal (f)6^os eTTT^et ris avrou row rereXeapievojVy 610 TTore ei
rrjV
Trepl
rrjs
/Lt
oroX-qv TTapaxprjpa p^kv eoTrevhev, ojs Se et? KeAeVKarerrXeL, Xapij^dveL rts" avrov evvoia roji
SepLP
rrepl rr]p
On
288
rjdi^
Ka.
Pamphylia and Cilicia. Reinaci some confusion as Celenderis was the first port ir
the borders of
suspects Cilicia
prjrepa KaKwv, npopiavrevopevris
which he would reach.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
606-610
(
= ant.
xvii.
82-86)
proclaiming him a parricide, when the letters were reveahng him as once more a fratricide, none the less not one of the visitors to Rome told him of the turn of his fortunes in Judaea, although seven months elapsed between his conviction and his return so intense was the hatred which all bore him. Perhaps, moreover, the lips of those who were minded to speak were sealed by the spirits of his murdered brothers. However that may be, he wrote from Rome to announce the good news of his early return and of the honours paid to him by Caesar in taking leave ;
of him.
The
king, impatient to lay hands on the conand fearing that he might be forewarned and on his guard, repUed in an equally dissembling letter, couched in affectionate terms and bidding him hasten his return because, if he made speed, added Herod, he would be prepared to relinquish his complaints against his mother. For Antipater was not ignorant of her dismissal from court. He had previously received at Tarentum a letter announcing the death of Pheroras and had displayed the profoundest grief, for which some applauded him, attributing it (3)
spirator
;
to the loss of an uncle
but
emotion, it seems, he wept not for Pheroras but for his accomplice. He was, moreover, already alarmed at the thought of his past proceedings had the poison been discovered ? But now, when he received in Cilicia the above mentioned letter from his father, he instantly pressed on. However, as he was entering the harbour of Oelenderis," the thought of his mother's disgrace came over him, and even without such prompting ^ his soul had already
was due
;
his
to the failure of the plot
:
:
^
VOL.
II
Perhaps " involuntarily," propria motu. L
289
Return o
,vnar?nc( of his ^^^^^*^°
JOSEPHUS 611 Kad^ iavTrjv ri]? ipvx'rj?-
ol fxev ovv TrpoixrjdeoTepoL
ovve^ovXevov
(^iXcjjv
T(x)V
fjirj
Trporepov
ifJLTTLTTTeLV
a? atVtas" e^e^aXev avrov ttjv purirepa' SeSieVat yap, jjlt^ 7T0T€ 612 vpoadTjKTj yevoLTO toju kot' eKeiv-qs Sta^oXajv. ol Se OLGKeTTroTcpoL Kal rrjv TrarptSa 07T€vSovr€S ISeiv vplv
irarpl
TO)
fJLOiXXoV
iq
TO
€7T€Ly€G6aL
oxelv
TO)
TTvdeodat
OVlJL(f)€pOV
TTap-^vouv TTarpl
^dXXouGL Se
fxev
d(f)opfXTJv'
Kal
*
oacfycos
8t'
AvriTTOLTpa) fXYj
vrtoipiav
GKOTTOVVre?,
fjLcXX-queL
rfj
(f}avXr]v,
TTapa-
rot?
8ta-
Kal yap vvv, el tl K€KLur]Tai
avrov, rrapd ttjv aTTOVuiav y€yov€.v' yLi7]8e yap av ToXfiijaat irapovros' droirov 8' etvai hi dh-qXovg VTTOifjla? TTpoS-qXcov dyadojv orepioKeadaL, Kal /jltj ddrrov aTTohovvai puev iavrov ro) narpi, KopLLoaoOai. 8e TTjv ^aaiXeiav eV avro) (jlovco oaAeuouoav. G13 TreideraL tovtols, ivr^yev yap to haLfjLovtov, Kal htaTTepdoas €tV tov Hef^aorov Xcfxeva rrjg Kataapetas" Kardyerac. TlapvmjvT-qaev 8' avro) irapd ho^av iprjixia (4-) G14 TToXX-q, ndvrojv iKrpe7Top,ivcov Kal fjiy-jSevos TrpoaUvai roXjjLcovros' ipLLoeZro jiev yap iTTLG-qs, Kal TOT€ avr)vaL to ficGOS €gx^v TTappTjGLav, TToXXovs Se o eK rod paoiXeajs (j)6^os dTreorpeifjev,^ i-neSri Avmrdrpov (j>iqixris TTaGa ttoXls rjBrj rrjg Kar* TTenX-qpcvro Kal fiovo? -qyvoet rd ^ar' avrdv^ 'A^'TtTTarpog' ovre Se vpoeTriiKfydiq Xap-rrporepov rts iKCLUov TiXiovros irrl 'Pcu/LtTy? ovre drtpLorepou 615 v7Tehe)(dr]. 6 8e jjSr] fiev evevoei ra? oIkoi ov/jl(jiopds, en he €.k Travovpyias VTreKpvnrero Kal to) /car*
^
'
290
PA
:
dir4arp€(p€y the rest,
*
Aa^' tavrbi'
LTR.
JEWISH WAR,
611-615
I
{cf.
ant. xvii. 86-91)
a premonition of the future. The more far-sighted of his friends advised him not to put himself into his father's clutches until he had clearly ascertained the reasons for his mother's dismissal, as they feared that his arrival might only serve to swell the charges " against her. But the less reflective, anxious rather to see their native country than to serve Antipater's interests, urged him to push on and not by procrastinating to afford his father ground for sinister suspicions and his traducers a handle for calumny. *' Even supposing," they said, " any intrigue against you is now on foot, it is because of your absence none would have ventured on such a thing had you been there. It is absurd to let vague suspicions rob you of certain happiness, and not to run to your father's arms to receive the kingdom which is tottering on his unaided shoulders." Antipater, under the impulse of his evil genius, followed their advice, and sailing across landed at the port of Augustus, at Gaesarea. (4) Here he found a solitude, unlooked for, pro- His found, and ominous all avoided him, none ventured ]^l^^ll^ to approach him. For, equally hated though he had always been,^ this hatred was noW' at liberty to show itself. Moreover, fear of the king kept many aloof, for every city by now was full of the Antipater scandal, and the only person ignorant how he stood was Antipater himself. No man ever had a more brilliant escort than his when he sailed for Rome, none on return a more ignominious reception. Divining now the disasters which had befallen at home, he still maintained a crafty dissimulation and, ;
;
" Or perhaps " feared that there might have been some " Or " as he was by all." addition to the charges."
291
"
JOSEPHUS Se'et
redvqKOiS tvhodev oo^apo?
6\6 i^Ldl,€TO.
8'
(jivy-q
exovTUJV avdhvoLs,
ovB* eV toju Trepiovhiu^
p-kv
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§e
cAtti?
7T€(f)Ojpdo6 at,
rdxa
IXapwrepa,
qp avTO) pova ra
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Ttui^
t7/<:61^
ei?
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6 TTjS Sf/aia?
TTaTepa oj?
Kal
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Trju
€1^801^
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77/369
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.
K€
touto
8'
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TrapaKpoTijoa?
ToAprj
rfj
" Kal
e^e^orjoeu,
-qyepojv.
do7Tao6pevo<^
to ^aocXetou
v^pioddvTe? eVt tou
VpCUTOU TTvXcoUO? €LpxOrjGaU- €TVX€U
618 rfyyil^ev
77e-
ocor-qplas e^oSia.
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Kal
tl
et
S',
toju
tl
^aocXeoj?
tov
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htaoKeudoeLU dvaiSeLCi Kal SoAot?, aTrep
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(5)
to npoacoTTOV
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619 TTpos
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prjT-qp
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om
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LTRC ^
fjv.
Lat.
7^a^OL/)7^^taal^
»
A MLR.
aot
Xaber.
— JEWISH WAR,
615-619
I.
(
= ant.
xvii. 89-92)
though dead with fright at the bottom of his heart, contrived to preserve an imposing exterior. There was no longer any possibiUty of flight or retreat from the perils encompassing him. However, he had received no definite tidings of events at the palace owing to the king's threats against informers— and he still cherished a ray of hope perhaps nothing had been discovered, perhaps, even if anything had been discovered, he might mend matters by effrontery and guile, his sole means of salvation. (5) Armed, then, with these weapons he entered and at the palace, without his friends, for they had been ^^'^^^.'^ ^ insolently stopped at the outer gate. At the time there was a visitor within Varus,'^ the governor of :
—
Antipater proceeded to his father's presence and, seeking courage in audacity, approached as though to kiss him. Herod, with arms extended and " That too betrays the head averted, cried out parricide he would embrace me, with such accusations against him Perdition take thee, most impious wretch, and touch me not until you have cleared yourself of the charges. I offer you a tribunal and for judge this timely visitor, Varus. Go and prepare your defence for to-morrow I leave you that interval for your artifices." Unable through consternation to utter a word in reply, Antipater withdrew^, and his Syria.
:
:
!
;
mother and
his wife
^
came
to
him and
told
him
in
evidence against him. Then he collected himself and applied himself to preparing detail of all the his defence. ° P. Quintilius Varus, Ugatus of Syria c. 6-4 b.c, afterwards slain by Arminius and the Germans at the battle of Teutoburg. The daughter of Herod's predecessor Antigonus, A. xvii. 92, not his other wife, the daughter of Aristobulus (§ 565). ''
293
JOSEPHUS (xxxli.
620
1)
8'
T17
GVvdBpiov
iTTLOVOT]
p.kv
6
^aoiXeu? aOpoit^ei ru)v ovyyevcov Kal c^lXajv, eiaTrpoKaXel he Kal rovs 'AvriTrdrpov ^tAou? KadeL^erai he avro? dfia Ovdpco Kal rov? fi-quvrd^ TTcivTa? eKeXevaev eioayayelv, ev oh e to i]x9r] a ai' Kal TTJg AvrLTTarpou fi-qrpog olKerai nve^ ov vpo ^
TToXXov avveiX-qfiixeuoL, Koiii^ovre? ypap^iiara Trap* '' errel^ 7Te4>(jjparaL avrrjs 7:p6? tov vlov roidheTrdvra eKelva toj Trarpi oov, jjly) Trapayivou npog pirj riva TTopiar) Ttapd tov Kataapo? rovrcov ovv 7019 aAAoi? elorjyfjievcDV *ApTLTraTpos elaepxeraL Kal Treooju TTprjvrjg irpo " LKeTevco, TtdTep," e(f>r), rcjjv rrohcjjv tov Trarpo?,
du
avrou,
621 hvvafJLLu."
"
fj.r]hev
pLOV TrpoKaTeyvajKevai,
Trapaoxelv he
jioi
Ta? d/cod? aKepaiov; el? ttju aTToXoyiav aTTohei^u) yap ifxavTOv Kadapov, dv av deXr^g.' 8' 622 avTOj oiydv eyKpayojv^ 77po? tov (2) '0 Ovapov eLTTev " dAA' oti fxev Kal crv, Ovape, Kat AvTLTTaTpov i^a)Xr) Kpivel, hiKaGTrjs ooLog TTO-S hehoLKa he fir} Ka/JLOV fiLOT^arjs ttjv TTeneiopiai. ^
Ti'xrji',
Kajie Kpivr^s 770(77]? d^iov GVfi(t>opd'S TOiov-
XPV ^^ f^^ ^'^ tovto eXeeZoBai rrXeov, otl Ttpog ovtoj pnapovs kol ^iXo623 oropyoraTOs TraTrjp eyevofxrjv. tovs fxev yap TtpoTepovs /SacrtAet'a? re en veovs d^LOjaa? Kal rrpog tov? vlov? yeyevvqKOTa.
roL? ev 'PcopLTj rpocfieioLS (f)iXovs Kaluapog, t,r)XajTovs he 7T0ii]Gas ^aoLXevuLV eTepoi?, evpov eni-
^ovXovs, OL Tedv-qKaoi to TiXeov 'AvTindTpoj' vecx) yap ovTL Kal hiahoxcp tovtco pLdXtara rvjv do(f}ato he pnapdv tovto d-qpiov ttjs 624 Aetay e7Topil,6jJiriv efj-ov e/XTys" VTTepepLTrXrjCjdev dve^iKaKLas rjveyKev KaT .
1
29-^
iirdirfp
LTRC.
*
KfKpayCis (sic)
PA.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
620-624
{cf.
ant. xvii. 93-95)
On
the following day the king assembled and friends, inviting Antipater's friends to attend as well. He himself presided, with Varus, and ordered all the informers to be produced. Among these were some domestics of Antipater's mother, recently arrested in the act of carrying a letter from her to her son in these terms " As your father has discovered all, do not come near him, unless you have obtained support from Caesar." When these witnesses had been brought in with the rest, Antipater entered and, falling prostrate at his " 1 beseech you, father, do not father's feet, said condemn me in advance, but lend an unprejudiced ear to my defence for I shall, if you permit, establish my innocence." (2) Herod burst out upon him to be silent and then " That you, Varus, and every addressed Varus (xxxii. 1)
Trial of
a council of his relatives
:
:
;
:
honest judge
will
condemn Antipater
as an
abandoned
am fully persuaded. What 1 fear is that my fate may also appear hateful to you and that you may judge me deserving of every calamity for having begotten such sons. And yet you ought rather to pity me for having been the most devoted of fathers My late sons, whom to such abominable wretches. criminal,
I
when they were
young
I thought fit to destine not only expensively educated in Rome, but introduced to Caesar's friendship, and made an object of envy to other sovereigns, these I found to be conspirators. They have died, he was mainly to further Antipater's interests young, he was the heir, and to secure him was the object which 1 had most at heart. And now this foul monster, gorged with the benefits of my for-
for the throne,
quite
whom
I
:
995
Herod'^ '"^
JOSEPHUS Tov Kopov eSo^a yap avTO) ttoXuu l^rju Kal TO ipLov yrjpa
^ouXevordiJLeuo?,
yovi'
t'
ovx
7TaTpoKTOVLa<; yeveodai, 8tVata
hiOL
[17]
;(poVoi^,
on Karayayajv amov
airo
XOJpa? oLTreppLiiiieuov Kal 7Tapajodfi€uog rov<; Ik paoiXiho^ {lOL yeyevvqixlvovs aTreSetfa ttJ? i^ofJLoXoyoviio.t gol, Ovape, 7r]V 625 dpx^S hidhoxov ifjLavTOV (t)p€voPXdp€Law iyoj ydpY rovg vlou? €K€Lvou? /car' ifxavTov -napoj^vva, hiKaias avruw Kal ri pikv drroKoifjai; cXtt tSa? 8t' ^ AvTLTrarpov. iK€LVOv<; evepyerrjoa rrjXiKOvroVy tjXlkov tovtou; (L ye t,wv fjLeu oXiyov helv TrapexcoprjGa rrj? e^ovaiasy (f>avepajs Se rat? hiad-qKatg iueypai/ja rrjg dpx'TJ? SidSoxou Kal irpoGohov p,kv Ihia Trevr-qKOvra raXdvTOjv eVet/Lta, rcov 8' ifjLOJV exoprjyrjGa XP'H' lidrojv dveSrjv, TrXeovri Se vvv els 'Pcjj/jlt^v eScoKa rpiaKOGia rdXavra, KacGapi 8* e^ oXr]s ttjs yeveds rrjg
.
626 fxovov
GCjjrrjpa
ojs
rod Trarpog
TTapeOepL-qv.
ri 8'
WuTLTTarpos ; "q xar' avrwu, tjXlko? aTTOris eXeyxos rjvexOrj 627 SeLKvuGLV rovrov eTri^ovXov ; dXXd (j)deyyeG6ai ri eKelvoL TOtouTov rjG€^7]Gav,
olov
6 irarpoKTOvos
Kal rrdXiv hoXois rr^v Ovape, ool (fyvXaKreov iyd) jJiev ^^ yap olha ro Orjpiov Kal TrpoOpOJIJLaL TTjV fldXXoVGaV d^LOTTLGTiaV Kal TOV €7TLTrXaGTOV 6Xo(j)vppi6v ouros €Gtlu 6 Tiapaivcbv ifioi 7T0T€ (fivXarreoOaL Cowra WXe^aubpou Kal firj iraGlV 7TLGT€V€LV TO CTtU/Xa OVTO? 6 fJ-^XP^ '^V^ KOLTTjg eiGdycDV Kal fjirj fie rt? evehpevoL Trepi^XeTTCov OVTOS 6 Tafiias tCjv vttvojv Kal x^pi^yo? T€T6Xfir]K€u
dXrjBeLav imKaXvi/jeLV
eXTrit^ei.
.
"
rrjg
a/xept^rta?,
o ^
296
Trapafiudovfjiewog
P:
oni. the rest.
ttjv
eirl
toIs
JEWISH WAR,
I.
624-627
{cf.
ant. xvii. 95
f.)
bearance, has turned his bloated insolence upon me. thought me too long-lived my old age oppressed him he could not endure the idea of becoming king by other means than parricide. Justly indeed has he served me for bringing him back, a castaway, from the country, ousting the sons whom a princess bore me and declaring him heir to the throne I admit, Varus, my own infatuation. It was I who exasperated those sons against me by cutting off their just expectations in the interests of Antipater. When did I ever indulge them as I have this scoundrel ? To him in my own lifetime I well nigh resigned my power I nominated him in my will, in the public eye, heir to the throne I assigned him a private income of fifty talents, apart from hberal contributions from my personal revenues recently,
He
;
;
!
;
;
;
when he
set sail for
Rome,
I
presented him with
three hundred talents, and recommended him to Caesar, alone of all my children, as his father's preWhat crime did those others commit comserver. parable to that of Antipater ? Or what proof was brought against them so convincing as that which establishes this traitor's guilt ? " However, this parricide has
presumed to open his mouth, hoping once more to smother the truth under Varus, you must be on your guard. / his wiles. know the creature and foresee the plausible pleading, the hypocritical lamentations, that are to follow. This the man who, in former days, when Alexander was alive, advised me to beware of him and not to trust
is
my me
is he who conducted round to see that no is he who dispensed hours of slumber, ensured my freedom from care,
life
to all
men's hands
;
this
to my couch and looked assassin was concealed this ;
my
VOL.
II
L2
297
;
JOSEPHUS dvr)pr]fX€V0L? Xvtttju Kal hiaKpivojv ttju ra)v
evwotau abeXcjxIbv 6 vvepaoTnoTTj? o ,
e/xos",
1,(jjv7<jjv
o crco/xaro-
orav dvajjLvqadd), Ovape, to Trauovpyou Kal rrjv vnoKpioiv, dTnoTia /ue rov €l(jep)(eTaL Kal davfjidl^aj ttcD? ^advv^ ourcxj? t,riv eni^ovXov hUcjjvyov. dXX irrel Balfioji' rt? i^ep-qfiot rov efjLou olkou Kal fjLOt tovs <j>iXrdTou? eTTauLaTTqatu del, KXavoofiai fiev iyd) rr]u dSiKOu elfjiapfxeu-qu Kal Kar' ifiauTOU (jrevd^co r-qv ip-qfiiau, Sta^eu^erat 8' ovSel? Sufjiqcja? rovfxoi' alfia, Kav Std Trdvrojv
628
eKaoTcp
iu
jiov Tojv reKvoju 6 eXeyxo? eXdr]."
629
ToLavra Xiymv auro?
(3)
iveKOTTT],
Ke^aX-qv,
rrju
eVt
vtto
ovyxvoecoq
(fyiXojv
Xiyetv rag
p-kv
rcijv
8'
piera^v
€V€VO€v.
d77o8etfetb
indpas
8'
^LKoXdcp
€p.ev€v
o
yap
^ApTLTrarpos
hi)
/3e/3A?7/LteVo?
630 '^po rujv TTohwv rov Trarpog, eKpod' "av, rrdrep, VTTep ipLOV 7T€7T0L-qKag^ TTju drToXoyiav ttcu^ yap
iyd) TTarpoKTOvo? , ov op.oXoyel'i (j)vXaKa Std iravroi iox^]'<€PaL
;
repareiau Se p.ov Kal VTTOKpiotv Aeyet? ttcos 6 iravovpyos €v rolg aAAot?
€vae^€Lav.
rr)v
ovrojs oi)8'
iyevopuqv,
dpajv
cvg
p.rj
voelv,
on
Xad^lv
dv6pd)7T0US pabiov rrjXiKOvrou p.voos ivoKeva-
topLGVOv, rov 8'
ovpavov hiKaar-qv
ott'
dp.rixo.vov,
Travraxou TrdpeoTiv; -q ro TOJV dbeXcjxZv reXos rjyvoovv, oug 6 ^eo? ovrojq ri 8e pie Kal pLerrjXde rrjS els ae KaKo^ovXias ; TTapco^vvev Kara oov ; ^aoiXeias eX-nis ; aAA' e^a-
631 o?
i(f)opa
GiXevov.
29«
Ik
Sapiv
rrdvra
Kal
vTTOvoLa
oov
PA
ri?
Lat.
P.LO0VS
yap eorepyopuqv dXXd pL-qv oe r-qpojv
ov
;
dXXos
;
*
wiiToiTjaai
LVRC.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
627-631
(c/.
ant.
xvii. 99
f.)
consoled me in my sorrow for my victims, and sounded this is my the feelings of his surviving brothers When I recall, Varus, his buckler, my bodyguard knavery and hypocrisy on each occasion, I can scarce believe I am alive and marvel how I escaped so deep a schemer. But since some evil genius is bent on desolating my house and raising up against me one after another those who are nearest to my heart, I may weep over my unjust destiny, I may groan in spirit over my forlorn state, but not one shall escape who thirsts for my blood, no, not though conviction should extend to all my children." (3) Here his emotion rendered further speech impossible, and he signalled to Nicolas, one of his But now Antipater, friends, to state the evidence. ;
!
who
still
lay prostrate at his father's feet, raised his " You, father, have made
head and cried out
my
:
defence yourself. For. how could I be a parricide, I who, as you admit, have ever served as your proYou call my filial piety imposture and tector ? How could I, cunning in all else, have hypocrisy. been so senseless as not to perceive that, while it was difficult to conceal from man the concoction of so atrocious a crime, it was impossible to hide it from the Judge in heaven, who sees all, who is present everywhere ? Was I ignorant of my brothers' fate, whom God so relentlessly punished for their wicked designs upon you ? And then, what motive could have instigated me against you ? Aspiration to the Suspicion of your throne ? But I reigned already hatred ? But was I not beloved ? Had I other Nay, by preserving you I reason to fear you ? !
**
U
" Possibly for aov we should read e|w aov " reason to fear others beside you ?
:
"
Had
I
299
speech of ^""^'^^
-'
JOSEPHUS 632 erepOLS (t)o^€p6s i^-fjv
rrdvTOJV
dvOpcjTTCov
yap
el
;
Kal
iyevofMrju
drjptov
ifjvx'^i'
ovk du rals oat? evepye-
Trarep,
dvrjjjLepov,
etxoi^
Kal rivL ; e^ojXeoTaros
evheia xpi^iidroji'
^J/xr^i^.
dvaXLGK€Lv
fidXXou
atati evLK-qOriv, ov Karrjyaye? fieu, co?
avr6<;,
e(/)r]s"
TrpoeKpivag hk tooovtojv reKvoju, dneSeL^as Se ^cui/ /SaatAea, 8t' VTrep^oXrji^ Be tuw dXXojv dyadwu 633 i-olrjoag
€7TL(j)dovou
aTToS-qiJLLag,
;
rdXa? iyd)
co
rrjg
TTt/cpd?
ttoXuu eBojKa Kaipov toi (j)B6vuj /cat
cos"
aoL Se, Trarep, fjLaKpdu T0L9 iTTL^ovXevovuL hitopiav. Kal rot? CTOt? dyujGiv dTreSrjjjLOVu, Iva fxi) SuAAaio?
Tov GOV y-qpcos KaTa(f)povqGrj.
'Pco^ry
jjlol
fidprv;
Kal 6 rrjs oiKOViiivvig TTpoardr-qs KaiCTap, o (juXoTTaropa TToXXaKL? p.e eiTrajv. Xd^e, Trdrep, to, Trap' avrov ypa/x/uara. raura tojv ivddSe hia^oXaoi' TTLGTorepa, raura d/ToAoyta ^ot €UCT€/Seta?
rrj?
pLOWT],
T0VT0L9
634 XP^y-'^^-
TTJ?
Ct?
p-^y^vriGO
8e
^iXoGTOpyiaS
Cr€
LGrdpLevo? rrju ifK^cuXevovGau
r€KfJ.rjpLOLS
cVAeoi^, ctt-
rfj /SacrtAeta /car' ifjLoO
gv 8e /xe, Trdrep, aKCuv dTTcvXeGa?, Kaipov hia^oXrjs hovvai ro) (f)d6ucp.
hvGiiiveiav.
avayK-aaa? TTdpeLjjLL
eVoji^
oO;^
cu?
he eVt rovg eXeyxou?, TrdpetpLL hid yrjg Kal ovhev ovhajxov iradiov 6 TrarpoKTOvo';.
daXdaGrjs 635
aAAa
pL-qTTOj
eyvajG^xai
rovTcp
jxe
deep Kal
Kareyvojofjiewos he heofiai
aAAa
TTLoreveLU, ^
rest "
uTjTTu: ;
.
.
.
0i\(i
kgt*
PA.M
Lat.
300
:
reKfji-qptco'
vapd
kgt-
Goi, Trdrep.
rals aAAcoi^ ^aadvots
fxr)
ep.oC
(f)epeG6a>
tJ.TjWju
TOL'Tu)
to
vvp,
diOe\-nuai
the
text apparently corrupt.
" Lover of his father."
Text doubtful perhaps " benefit of this evidence." *
to*
^I'Aet^
ydp Kal rrapd
;
1
do not
ask.
to
be given the
JEWISH WAR,
I.
inspired fear in
others.
Who had more
632-635
ant. xvH. 102-105)
{cf.
Was
it
money Even had
lack of
at his disposal than I
?
?
I
been the most abandoned of men, with the heart of a ferocious beast, must I not have been reclaimed, For, as you have father, by your benefactions ? said yourself, you recalled me from exile, you gave me preference over such a number of sons, you proclaimed me king in your own lifetime, and by loading me with other favours made me the envy of Ah me that fatal journey What an opporall. tunity I gave to jealousy, what an ample period to 'hose who were intriguing against me Yet it was jor you, father, and to fight your battles that I took :hat journey, to prevent Syllaeus from treating your Rome is witness to my filial )ld age with contempt. Diety and Caesar, the lord of the universe, who has Take, father, these )ften called me Philopator.' " These are more trustworthy than etters from him. these are my sole he calumnies against me here indication here are the proofs which I offer of my !
!
!
'
;
;
Remember how
ender feelings for you.
reluctantly
embarked, knowing the lurking hostility to me nihm this realm. It was you, father, who involunarily brought about my ruin, by compelling me to pve my envious foes an opportunity for calumny. here I am, the 3ut here I am to meet my accusers parricide,' who has traversed sea and land, and But I do not ask for your lowhere been molested ove on the strength of the evidence so far given of ny innocence ^ for I stand condemned before God ind before you, father. But, condemned though am, I entreat you not to rely on admissions exracted by the torture of others. Let the fire be
'
;
!
;
301
JOSEPHUS efjLcou oTrXdyxvcov to. opyava, Tov fjLLapov acofiarog' €l yap elfil TTarpoKTovo's, ovK dc^et'Aoj 9vqaK€LU d^aadvLaros.^ 636 Totavra {jber^ 6\o(i)Vpp,ov kol haKpvojv iK^ocou tov<; T€ aAAous (ZTT-ai^ra? Kai tof Ouapou et? olktov TTpovKaXeaaro, jiovou Se o 6vp.6s 'HpcoSrju dhaKpw SieKpdrei roug iXey)(oug dXrjdels iTnardfJLevou. 'Ey TOVTO) NtKoAao? rod paoiXeoj? KeAeu(4.) 637 cravTO? TToAAa Trpog to navovpyov to ^ Avmrdrpov TTpoenrdjv koi tov Itt* avrco biax^o.? eXeov, eneLTa TTLKpdv Karrjyopiav Kar€T€LvaTO, Trdvra p.ev rd Kara ttjv ^aoiXeiav KaKovpyr]p.ara TTepLTiOels avTCOy
oSeueVoj
Sin
rchv
<j}eLh€o9oj^
fiTj
'
ndXiora Se
dvaipeoiv
Tr)u
rwv
dheXujv, diroh^iKuvf;
ralg €K€luov Sia^oXai? dTToXajXoras
eTn^ovXeveiv
.
avrov eAeyei^ Kal rot? TTepiovGiv cos i 5' eVt tov eXey^ov ttj? <j)appiaKeias ra? 03g TrpoeXdojv re p.->-juva€i<; Ji'^'^Y iTreheiKwev Kal irepl Oepojpa otl KdKeluof * AvTirtaTpos noL-qKaT€axe-Xial,ev oeteu dd€X(f)OKT6uou Kal tovs
,
dXXa T€ TToXXd
TTpog tovtols KaTa7Tav€L rou Xoyou.
Q^c)
(5)
eliTOjv
Kal aTToheL^a?
Ouapog 8e dTToXoyeiGdaL KcAcucra? tov Wvtl-
TTaTpov, CO? ovbev irXiov clttojv
tj
" deos iuTLV
/jloi
tov prjhev dSiKeiv fidpTVS " €K€Lto GtydJv, aLTTjGa? ^ The M??. add 6\o
302
-ov),
an obvious gloss, absent '
ora.
PAM.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
635-639
(cf.
ant. xvii. 106-128)
applied to me Let the instruments of torment course through my frame nor spare this polluted For, if I am a parricide, I ought not to die body without being put upon the rack." !
!
These ejaculations, accompanied by moaning and tears,
moved
all
compassion, including Varus.
to
Herod alone remained dry-eyed, furious and knowing that the evidence was true.** (4) Thereupon Nicolas, as ordered by the king. addressed the assembly. He began with a full exposure of Antipater's knavery, dissipating the commiseration which his speech had aroused. He then
Speech
of
^*^'^^^^'
launched out into a severe indictment, attributing to him all the crimes which had been committed throughout the realm, and in particular the execution of his brothers, demonstrating that they owed their death to Antipater's calumnies. He added that he had further designs on the survivors as presumptive " Would one who had preheirs to the throne pared to poison his father have stopped short at his brothers ? " Passing on to the evidence for the poisoning plot, he brought forward in succession all the information extracted being roused to indignation on the subject of Pheroras, at the idea of Antipater converting even him into a fratricide and, by corrupting the king's nearest of kin, infecting the whole palace with pollution. With many more observations, supported by proofs, Nicolas concluded ;
;
his speech. (5) Varus then called on Antipater for his defence. Outcome But he would say no more than " God is wdtness of Antipate my innocence " and remained prostrate and silent, imprison " According to A. xvii. 106 even Herod was not unmoved, though he sought to conceal his emotion.
303
,
.
JOSEPHUS TO (^dpfiaKov hidcoai tivl 7oju
em
Oavara) Kara-
rod Se 7rapa\priiia TfAeu640 KpLTOJV heoiicoTr] meti^. TTjoavTOS , 6 fiev OLTTopp-qTOvg TroiT^aa? ra? Trpo? ^Hpojdrjv opLiXiag Kal ra rrepl to ovvehptov Kaioapi ypdipag (JLera piav rjpLepav xajpit^eTai' Seop-el he 6 ^aaiXevs Wi'TiTraTpou Kal 77po? Katoapa rous hiqXojoovTas rrjv oup.(j)opa.u e^eTrepLifjev 641 (6) McTO. he raura Kal Kara HaXcufxrjg eni^ovXos * AvT LTTarpos evplorKeraL^' rcjv yap ^Kvtl
OLKercov
Tt?
*Pa)p.r]£ TTapa
rds
TTapa
Kal
vojjia.
TTapa
rjKev
emaroXa?
ko[xl^oju
Atoui'a?^ OepaTTaivihos, p.ev
T^aXojfirjg
ravriqs e-neoraXro
eTnoroXds
e'y
Atouta?^
rot?
evprjKevau ypdfJLfjLaaiu, 77e77o/x0eVat he avro)
paGiXeojs
^
AKp^-qv
rov
TTiKporaTas Kal Kar-qyoplav ravras he TrXdaas ^AvrLvarpo? Kal ttju
TTepielxov
fieyiGTrjV.
643
Xddpa
at he rrj? 'LaXwpLTjs AotSopta? re
642 8t' evvoiav.
qtto
rov^aaiXec
^Ak/jlyJ';
hiacfideipas
erreiaev 'Wpo'jhr]
TTefJiipai.
hc-
eV ttjs Trpo? avrcv eTTiGToX-qs' '<'cit yap eKeivo) to yvvaiov eypai/jew " wg e^ovX-qQ-qs eypaipd oov tw Trarpl Kal rds cTTtaroAd? eKeivas CTTepLipa, TTeTTetGiieuT] rov ^aacXea fir} (j>eLoeo9ai tt^s" KaXojs he TTOLrjoeig, ertei' dheX(f)r}g, OTav duayvo). he
TjXeyxOrj
hdv aTTapTLodfj Trdvra, 644
(?)
Kara
fJLvrjfxovevoag
(x)v
VTTeo)(OV."
TavT-qs (fxjjpadeLO-qs ttj? eTTLGToXrjg Kal
rwv
ivoKevaodeiawv, evvoia p,ev e/xTTLTTT€L TO) ^aoiXeZ rd^a Kal ' ^rar' AXe^di^hpou TrXaodrjvaL ypa/x/xara, vepuaXy-qs S* -qv vtto rod nddovs COS" Trap* oXiyov Kal rrjv dheXcjyrjV dvoHaXaj/JLT^g
^
*
-
iVL^ov\as 'AfT. Afuias •
304
PA
fi'.'piaK.
iraroiriKus
PAM.
'loiX/as the test; c/. § oob, hai TO. Destinon ; »
JEWISH WAR,
I
639-644.
(c/.
ant. xvii. 131-144)
The governor, thereupon,
called for the poison and applied to a prisoner under sentence of death, who drank it and instantly expired. Then, after a private interview with Herod, Varus drafted his report of the meeting for Gaesar, and a day later took his departure. The king had Antipater put in irons and dispatched messengers to the emperor to inform him of the catastrophe. (6) It was subsequently discovered that Antipater Di^^corp; had also plotted against Salome. For a domestic of A^J'^^^ Antiphilus arrived from Rome with letters from a saiome maid-servant of Livia," named Acme ; she wrote to the king to say that she had found among Livia's papers some letters from Salome, which, as his weilwisher, she had privately transmitted to him. These letters of Salome, containing the most cruel abuse of the king and the most scathing condemnation of his conduct, were forgeries of Antipater, who had bribed Acme to send them to Herod. He was convicted by the letter which the woman addressed at the same " As you desired, I time to him, in these terms have written to your father and forwarded those letters, and feel sure that, when he has read them, he will not spare his sister. Be good enough, when all is over, to remember what you promised.*' (7) When this letter was brought to light, with Herods those concocted to injure Salome, a suspicion crossed newfwni the king's mind that perhaps the letters incriminating naming Alexander were also forgeries.* He was, moreover, heir!^^^ deeply distressed at the thought that he had almost killed his sister also, owing to Antipater's intrigues. " Livia Drusilla, the wife of Augustus, and after his death known as .Julia Augusta; by her former husband she was mother of the emperor Tiberius.
had
it
:
"
Cy.
§
528.
305
JOSEPHUS K7€Lva<;
St'
645 Xa^^lv
^
AvTLTTaTpov
riymjpiav
ovK€TL avdvTOJv.
virkp
dve^ciXXero
ovi^
8'
d)pfJir]iJi€vo<;
AvTiTTarpou iiTeuxidr) voooj WKfirj'; Kal row Kara HaXojix-q^ €(jk€vrrjv re SiaQ-qK-qv G46 ojprjfjL€vajv eVeCTreiAei' KalaapL. €771
TOP
lievTOL
;\;aAe77r)- Trept
^
ri]<;
atTT^aa? ^xeriypar^ev, Kal fSaoiXea fiev ^ Avrinav dfieXwu rwv Trpea^irrdTtov
^iXlttttov
Kal
hia^e^X-qKei
yap
'AvTL7Tarpo<;
Kaiaapi be ovv rols
SojpoLS
TaXai^ra,
;(iAta
rfj
dn^heLKwev \p)(eXdov
^ ,
Kal
Si;(a'
tovtov<; xpriiidTa)v
hk yvvatKL Kal t€kvols
auTov Kal (f)LXoLg Kal ciTreAe u^e'poi? 7T€pl TTeuraKOOia, dneveni€v he Kal Tolg aAAoi? Traiolv^ ttjs re ;^ojpa9 OVK oXiya Kal rc7w XPVf^^'^^^' Aa/XTrpoTarat? 8e bajpeals eVt'/xa ZaAcu/xr^i/ r-qv dheX(f)-qv. Tat9 biaOrjKaL^ ravra StajpOcoaaro. (xxxiii,
647
repov yrjpa
Kal
ox^bou tpvx'Tjv
ripoT^ei
are
rojv
-qheoju
iqv
yap
fxev
rerarreivajro
row reKvojv
5' Tjv iTTLraoLS io)v
ixex'
ovv
avroj 77p6? ro xaXerrcora>u appojor-qpidraw iv
i^bofJ.'qKOvra,
rat? rrepl
n
8' Sr)
eTnirerjovrajv
ddvixia
erojv
vyteia^
iv
I)
i'6ao<;,
T)
iv
hk
avpi(f)Opals,
rrpooUadaL.
dj<;
ri)s
rjSr]
rrjv fJ-rjh*
vooov
*AvrL7Tarpos, ov ovk ev Trapepyo),
patera? hk TTpofjprjro at'eAeii^. 648
(2)
Kara
iv rals ov}X(l)opal<; avroj Kal h-uo rjoav oo
FtVerat
hrjfxorLK-q rrjv
h'
Tt?
•
^ Havercamp on ms. authority: bia. most mss. cf. B. 104 for the same error. * Destinon (after A. xvii. 147 vUctlv): airaaiv m93. ;
'
ir/fta
i.
M99.
Literally " without
money." Greek "sophists." The Greek term, orijrinally free for a paid professor of sinister associations, from any " *
306
JEWISH WAR,
644-648 (-ant.
I.
xvii.
146-149)
He determined, therefore, to delay no longer to punish him for all his crimes. But when proceeding to extreme measures against Antipater, he was arrested by a serious illness. He Mrote, however, to Caesar on the subject of Acme and the fraud which he also called for had been practised on Salome He now named Antipas his will and modified it. king, passing over his eldest sons, Archelaus and Philip, who had also been the objects of Antipater 's calumnies. To Augustus he bequeathed, besides gifts in kind," one thousand talents to the empress, to the children, friends and freedmen of the emperor about five hundred to the other members of his own family he assigned large tracts of territory and considerable sums of money, honouring his sister Salome with the most magnificent presents of all. Such were the corrections which Herod made in ;
;
;
his will.
(xxxiii. 1) His illness steadily grew worse, aggra- Herod' vated as were the attacks of disease by age and ISneS despondency. For he was now nearly seventy years old, and his tragic experiences with his children had so broken his spirit, that even in good health he no longer enjoyed any of the pleasures of life. His malady was further increased by the thought that for he had determined Antipater was still alive that his execution should be no casual affair, but seriously undertaken on his recovery. (2) To his other troubles was now added an in- a sedit surrection of the populace. There were in the pui^'^c capital two doctors^ with a reputation as profound thegoi experts in the laws of their country, who con- tul Tel ;
4 B.C.
rhetoric etc. is employed the Jewish " Rabbi."
by Josephus as the equivalent of
307
JOSEPHUS TTarpLa Kal 6ta Tovro eV vavrl rj^LojfjLeuoL 60^17?,
649
Mar^ta?
eVepo?
TTpoofjeaav
rcov
rw
edvei ixeyiarr^g
'louSa? re uto? He7T
e^rj-youfJievoLg
rov?
vofioug,
Kal ov^i^ov ovv€L)(ov^ ooiiiiepai rojr rj^owTOJi' crrparo-ehov. ot rore roi' f^aoiXia TiwOavofievoL rai? dOvfiLaig VTTeKpeovra^ Kal rfj voacp Xoyov KadUaav €is rov? yvajpifiovg, tu? dpa Katpog iTnrrjSeLOTaros
ra KaraoKevaoOevra epya KaraaTTdv ddep-LTOu yap elvat Kara rov vaou ^ ecKouag rj npoTOfxa? Tj [,cpov TLVO? eTTajvufiov epyov etVat* Karelrj
TLfiajpelv tJSt] ro) deo) Kal
650 TTapa tovs
Trarpiov? vofMOvg
eoKevoLKei S'
.
o PaocXev-; vrrkp rr]v fxeyaX-qv TrvXrjv
de-ov )(pvoovw ov
rore Trapffvovv iKKOTrretv ol
hr)
KaXov elvat Xeyoureg, et Kal rt? ylvoiro KLvhvvos, irnep rod TTarpiov vofiov 9vrjaK€LV' roZs
oocjyLorai,
yap ovTco TeXcuroJatv
dddi'aToi' re rrjw
ifjv)(rjv
Kal
dyadolg aiod-qoiv alowiov TrapafiiveLV, rovs hk dyei^i^ei?* Kal tt7? eavrcou aortas' aTtetpov^ dyvoovvTas (biXoipv^elv Kal npo rod he aperijs top Ik voaov ddvarov aipeLodai. (3) "Afia 8e rot? (.kclvow Aoyot? hLecfyrjixiodr] Kal OvrjOKeiv 6 ^aoiXev?, wore BappaXewrepov Tj-rovro rrj<; €7nx^LpT]Geajg ol veoi. fieo-qg yovv rjpepas Kal ttoXXwv Kara ro lepov dvaor pe(^o pievojv oxolvotg 7Taxelai<; Kadiixrjoavres 0(f)d<; avrov? dno rod reyoug rov xpvoovv derov l^eKorrrov rreXeKeoLU.
rrjv Iv
651
^
\'ariant
"ZafjKi^aiov. '
LVRC:
readings
Z(ir
i'7rop(pyo»'Ta
Xcn-ipaipfov
av^vhu awuxov P: the rest.
:
A.
avi'rjyov *
\\
the
d^efe??
has rest.
PC.
" Perhaps in imitation of the pediments of Greek temples. In the eatly temples ot Zeus the Hat surface of llie pediment
208
JEWISH WAR,
I.
648-651
(
= ant
xvii.
149-155)
sequently enjoyed the highest esteem of the whole nation their names were Judas, son of Sepphoraeus, and Matthias, son of Margalus. Their lectures on the laws were attended by a large youthful audience, and day after day they drew together quite an army of men in their prime. Hearing now that the king was gradually sinking under despondency and disease, these doctors threw out hints to their friends that this was the fitting moment to avenge God's honour and to pull down those structures which had been erected in defiance of their fathers' laws. It was, in fact, unlawful to place in the temple either images or busts or any representation whatsoever of a living creature notwithstanding this, the king had erected over the great gate a golden eagle." This it was which these doctors now exhorted their disciples to cut down, telling them that, even if the action proved hazardous, it was a noble deed to die for the law of one's country for the souls of those who came to such an end attained immortality and it was only an eternally abiding sense of felicity the ignoble, uninitiated in their philosophy, who clung in their ignorance to life and preferred death on a sick-bed to that of a hero. (3) While they were discoursing in this strain, a PunisTir the news culprits rumour spread that the king was dying caused the young men to throw themselves more boldly into the enterprise. At mid-day, accordingly, when numbers of people were perambulating the temple, they let themselves down from the roof by stout cords and began chopping off the golden eagle ;
;
;
;
;
was ornamented with an eagle as a symbol of the god, whence the whole pediment derived its name (d€T6s or
309
.
JOSEPHUS 652 r^yyiXOrj 8' evOecos rep ^aotXeujs arparrjya), KOiKei-
653
654
655
656
vo? fiera x^ipos ovk oXiyrj^ dvabpafjicov Trepl reaaapOLKovra veavias auXXafipdvei kol Kariqyayev irpos ^acrtAea. TTVvdavojjLevcp S' avrco Trpcorov, el toX/jltjoetav rov -x^pvoovv derov iKKOTrreiv, ojfjioXoyovv. CTretra, tlvos KcXevaavros , dTreKpivavro rod Trarpiov ri 8' ovrojs yeyijdacni' Stepajrijaavros, vofJLOv. dvaipelGdai fxeXXovres, eXeyov on nXetovajv dyadcjv dTToXavaouGLV jjuerd rrjv TeXexrrrjV. rovrois 6 ^aatXevs St' VTrep^oXrjv (4) 'Errt dpyrjs Kpetrrojv rrjs vocrov yevopLevos Trpoeioiv etV €KKXrjGLap, KOL TToXXd TOJi^ dvhpoiv Kaniyoprjoas ojs lepoGvXcov /cat TrpoSaGeL rod vopLov Treipal^oi'Tcov rt pLetl^ov r]^iov KoXdt^eiv ojs dcre^ets'. o 8e SrjpLos BeLGag, pur) Std ttoXXojv 6 eXeyxos ^XOr], rrapeKaXec Trpcorov pL€v rovs vrrodep^ivovs rrjv Trpd^Lu, eVetra rovs iv avrij GvXXrjt^devras KoXdoavra tols XoiTreiSeraL /xoAt? d jSa7TOLS rrjv opyrjv d^teVat. aiXevs, KOL rovs p^ev KadipaJGavras eavrovs dpLa rols GO
Xa^ovGa ttolklXols TrddeoLv ipiepit^ero' irvperos pL€v yap rju ov Xd^pos, Kvr]Gp.6s 8e dcjiopiqros rrjs iin(f)av€Las oXr]s /cat koXov Gvvex^^'^ dXy-qhoues, Trepi re rovs noSas ojonep vhpojTndjvros otSr^^tara, rov re rjrpov
(f)XeypLovrj /cat Sr)^ ^
01)
Xiese
:
alSoLov GTjTTeSdw gkoj5i'
mss.
Perhaps " the captain of the Temple " Acts iv. 1 , V. 24). «•
310
is
intended
{cf.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
652-656
(
= ant.
xvii.
156-169)
with hatchets. The king's captain,^ to whom the matter was immediately reported, hastened to the scene with a considerable force, arrested about forty of the young men and conducted them to the king. Herod first asked them whether they had dared to cut down the golden eagle they admitted it. " Who ordered you to do so ? " he continued. " The law of our fathers." " And why so exultant, when you will shortly be put to death ? " " Because, after our death, we shall enjoy greater felicity." (4) These proceedings provoked the king to such fury that he forgot his disease and had himself carried to a public assembly,^ where at great length he denounced the men as sacrilegious persons who, under the pretext of zeal for the law, had some more ambitious aim in view, and demanded that they should be punished for impiety. The people, apprehensive of wholesale prosecutions, besought him to confine the punishment to the instigators of the deed and to those who had been arrested in the perpetration of it, and to forgo his anger against the rest. The king grudgingly consented those who had let themselves down from the roof together with the doctors he had burnt alive the remainder of those arrested he handed over to his executioners. ;
;
;
From
time onwards Herod's malady began body and his sufferings took a variety of forms. He had fever, though not a raging fever, an intolerable itching of the whole skin, continuous pains in the intestines, tumours in the feet as in dropsy, inflammation of the abdomen and (5)
this
to spread to his whole
A meeting of the magistrates in the theatre at Jericho, according to A. xvii. 160 f. **
311
Herod's illness.
JOSEPHUS opOoTTvoia
XrjKa^ y€vv
hvo-
/cat
TTVOia KOi GTTaGfJLol TTOLVTOJV TOiV ^eXoJV, Cl)OT€ Tovg
eTrideiat^ovras
ttolutjv
o/xojs"
Tov
eii/at
tww
oo^lotow
ra
6 Se TraXaiojv tooovtol'^ TrddeoLv
657 voGTJfiara Xeyeiv.
avrelx^TO, aojTqpiav re rjXTTL^ev Kal
l,i]u
BepaTTeias eTrevoei- StajSa? yovu rov ^Yophdvqv rot? KaTOL KaXXtppo-qu ixprjro depyiols' €L?
fxev
S*
rrju
^
Aa(j>aXrl7 lv XLfjLvqv,
[Kaiy
icrrl
XaXaadeu
els
658 ocjidaXyious
rrdv
TrXrjpr]
TTveXoVy
ouafia
Kal
eKXvet
roi)?
dopv^ov Se
dveoTpeipev.
redveajs
a>?
to
dvaddXifjat
depfjLco
e^etat
S'
yXvKvrrjTO?
ivravda rols
So^au Se
TTOTLfia.
eXaio)
larpol?
ravra vrro
Tcou depanevovrajv yevofievou rrpos ftev T-qv
to Xolttov drroyvovg
dvqveyKev
,
roU
arpancoTaLg
re
eKiXevaev TjyeiJiOOL
(6)
659
et? he
Kal rols
'^ofi
TO)
Tou
660 KXeljai
Kal
Kal povov ovk dneiXcou
rjhr],
TrpoeKorrreu
davdroj
yap
TTpd^eo)?- tov?
evLO-qpovs
Spaxp-dg
XPVP-^"^^
Ai;t6? 8e v-noGTpicjjojv els ^lepixovvra irapa-
deuirou
€t?
TTevTijKovra
rroXXd
^t'Aots".
yiveraL peXayxoXoju
ainuj
dpd Kal
hiavelp-ai
vrju
ttju oojriqpiav
dvhpas
e^
KaXovfjievof
6Xr]g
els
d6'
eVtjSoAT^i/'
eKdoT-qs
^{ovSalag
LTrrrohpopov
ovi'ayayd>i^
eKeXevaev ovy-
TrpooKaXeudpevog he HaXcop-qp Tou di'hpa ravrris
d-
Kcuprjg
ttjv
'AAe^ai " olha,"
d6e\e(f)r^,
'louSatou? TOV epov eopTaoovTas ddvaTov, hvva'
*
S12
PAM
om.
Hudson
:
Lat,
iiTifiovXr];
.ms9.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
656-660
(
= ant.
xvii.
169-176)
gangrene of the privy parts, engendering worms,*^
in
addition to asthma,^ with great difficulty in breathing, and convulsions in all his limbs. His condition led diviners to pronounce his maladies a judgement on him for his treatment of the professors. Yet, struggling as he was with such numerous sufferings, he clung to life, hoped for recovery, and devised one remedy after another. Thus he crossed the Jordan to take the warm baths at Callirrhoe, the waters of Herod at which descend into the Lake Asphaltitis ^ and from Caiiirrho There, the their sweetness are also used for drink. physicians deciding to raise the temperature of his whole body with hot oil, he was lowered into a bath full of that liquid, whereupon he fainted and turned
up his eyes as though he were dead. His attendants raising an uproar, their cries brought him to himself, but, now despairing of recovery, he gave orders to distribute fifty drachmas per head to the soldiers and considerable sums to their officers and to his friends.
(6) He started on his return journey and reached Herod at Jericho in an atrabilious condition, in which, hurling af^est of defiance as it were at death itself, he proceeded to notables. Having assembled devise an outrageous scheme. the distinguished men from every village from one end of Judaea to the other, he ordered them to be locked into the hippodrome. He then summoned his sister Salome and her husband Alexas and said " I know that the Jews will celebrate my death by ;
"
Cf. the description of the death of his grandson, I, '• eaten of worms," in Acts xii. 23.
Herod
Agrippa
The Greek word means inabihty to breathe except in an upright posture. " The Dead Sea. Callirrhoe (" Baths of Herod ") was near the N.E. end of it. ''
313
;
JOSEPHUS (laL he
nevSelodaL
dv
e;(etu,
vfiels
8t*
irepojv Kal Xafirrpov i7nTd(l)Lov
rovoSe
VTTovpyrjaaL.
rats
OeXijarj-e
rovs
ivToXalg
ejials
<j>povpovixlvovs
avhpas
iveihdv eKTruevooj rdy^^Lara KretVare, rrepLGT-qaavres rov? orparLwras,
OLKOS aKCOV 661
(7)
€77*
TavTa
i}lOL
Trdaa *Iou8ata kol
ti^a
ttols
haKpVOT)."
epereXXero, Kal Trapd rojv iv 'Pcofirj
TTpio^eojv TjKov
€77 LOT oXaiy
St'
ojv
^AKfirj
fji€V
dv-
KeXevaavTos Kaicrapo? iS-qXovTO, Oavdrcp *AvTi7Ta7pos KaraKpLTos' eypa(^oi^ ye }iriv cog, Kal ^uyaSeuetv avrov edeX-JGeteu 6 TraTrjp,
jip-qpevr]
8' el
662 eTTLrpeTTOL
evdupLLav
Ka'toap. dvriveyKev,
6
8e
avOis
^po-xv fiev 77/D09 rr^v Kal yap evheia he,
Kal ^tj^I orraopLOjhei hiereivero, rCov dXyq-
Tpo(f)ri<;
hovojv rjOOTjSels (^Odoat rrjv elfxapjjLevrjv eTre^dXero.
Xa^d)U he iiTjXov fjTrjoev Kal p.axaipLOV , elcvdei yap aTTOTepLvajv eoOUiv, eTreira TrepiaOprjaag jjltJ ti? o
KwXvoJv
e'i-q,
TTpoohpapLOJV 663
avTov r'lpdri
eTrrjpev rrju
he
he^idv at? 7tXt]^ojv eavrov.
eKcoXvGev
Karaox^ov
rrjv
X^'^P^ pLeyiorr) Kara
to
^
.
A^ia^os olp.(jjy-q
^aoiXetov
cos
6 8'
dvei/jtos
evdecos
OLXOjJLevov
^aoiXeajs, Kal tox^ojs aKOVoag 'AvrtTTarpo? dva-
dappel re Kal yeyqdojs rovs 4)vXaKas LKerevev inl Xvoavras avrov. 6 he -qyepLojv
XpT^P-aoiv e^a(j)e1vai
ixovov
01)
eKUjXvaev
dXXd
Kal
^aoiXel
hpapoju
" A. xvW. 176, " He was not blind to the feelings of the Jews and knew what relief and intense delight his death would bring them/' A Jewish festi%'al on the seventh of the month Kislev (December), of which the occasion is un-
recorded is
said
314
in the
by a
Jewish calendar known as Megillath Taanith, commemorate Herod's death
late Scholiast to
JEWISH WAR,
I.
660-663
(
= ant.
xvii.
177-186)
a festival " yet I can obtain a vicarious mourning and a magnificent funeral, if you consent to follow my You know these men here in custody instructions. the moment I expire have them surrounded by so shall all Judaea the soldiers and massacred and every household weep for me, whether they will or no." Executio (7) At the moment when he was giving these instructions, he received letters from his ambassadors at Rome, informing him that Acme ^ had been executed by Caesar's orders and Antipater condemned to death but, the letter continued, if his father were content with banishing him, he had At this news he for a Caesar's permission to do so. while recovered his spirits, but later, under the strain of lack of nourishment and a convulsive cough, overpowered by his tortures, he endeavoured to anticipate Herod He took an apple and called tuiS.*^^ the hour of destiny. for a knife, as it was his custom to cut up this fruit when eating it, and then, looking round to see that there was no one to prevent him, raised his hand to However, his cousin Achiab rushed strike himself. up and seizing his hand arrested the blow. Instantly there arose loud lamentations throughout the palace, Anti- Executioi in the belief that the king had passed away pater, quick to catch the sound, took heart again and. radiant with joy, besought his jailers, for a remuneration, to loose him and let him go. The head jailer, however, not only prevented this, but hastened to the king and reported his prisoner's ;
;
;
;
cut the tradition is untrustworthy. sequel {B. ii. 10) that Herod died a
See
Zeitiin.
ed. 3)
i.
416
It
Megiliat Taanit, pp. 100 f,
appears from the
little f.,
before Passover. Schurer, G.J. V. *
§641.
315
JOSEPHUS 664 dvTJyyeiXev
rov£
TTJ?
vooou
SopvSopov?
TrdXiu
Tov
"AvTLTTarpoi^.
hLdho)(OU
Kal
irrawopdovTai,
Wpx^^aou rov Trpeo^vrarov
/JL€V
eK^lvog Trepufjas
TTapaxpTJlJ-CL
avrov Trpoard^a? iu ^TpKavta
SLadrjKas
Tag-
Kal
dnOKT^LveL
ddipai 8e TOW v(.Kp6v
5'
dveKpayev
imBoXriv.^
ttju
LO\vp67€pou
vlou,
8e
dh(.)«j)6v
^AvTLTTa, ypd(f)€i, Terpdpxr]v he WvTLTrav. 665
Merd
(8)
be rrju dvaipeoLv tov TzatSo? iTn^LOV?
TeXevTo., ^aoiXevoas d<j>' ov p.ev Xv-iyovov eKpdTTjaeu tcou npaypidTOJV €Tr) Teaaapa Kal rpidKOV-a, d<j)* ov he vtto 'Pojp.aiojv dTTeheixd-q ^aotXevg cVrd Kal TpidKOVTa, Kal KaTOL fieu rd dXXa TrdvTa tvx^j Sefta XPV^^' ixevos, el Kal ri? dXXog, ooTtg Ka-eKT-qaaTO ^aatTtevTe
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6
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haKTvXtou vapd tov ^aaiXeoJS TTeTTLOTeviievos TOV T€ ^aoiXea KaTevhaifiovt^ei Kal TOV
ro *
316
orjuavTrjpa
TTXrjdog TrapaKaXel, Kal ttjv dTToXeicfideloav toi?
Niese: eVi^oLX^f
>iS5.
^
Destinon:
/xer' dj'Spij
M33.
JEWISH WAR,
I.
664.-667
(
= ant.
xvii.
187-195)
Herod, with a shout which might have seemed beyond a sick man's strength, instantly sent his guards and had Antipater executed. He ordered his body to be buried at Hyrcanium." After that he again amended his will, nominating Archelaus, his eldest son and brother of Antipas, heir to the throne, and Antipas tetrarch.^ (8) Herod survived the execution of his son but design.
He
expired after a reign of thirty-four years, reckoning from the date when, after putting Antigonus to death, he assumed control of the state ; of thirty-seven years, from the date ^ when he was proclaimed king by the Romans. In his life as a whole he was blessed, if ever man was, by fortune a commoner, he mounted to a throne, retained it for all those years and bequeathed it to his own children in his family life, on the contrary, no man was more unfortunate. Before the army had learnt of his decease, Salome left the palace with her husband and released the prisoners whom Herod had ordered to be put to death, telling them that the king had changed his mind and now dismissed them all to their homes. Not until after their departure did she and her husband announce the news to the loldiers, summoning them and the rest of the people to a public assembly in the amphitheatre at Jericho. Here Ptolemy, to whom the king had entrusted his ^ r J J Ja Ibenediction iignet-rmg, came forward, pronounced 3n the deceased king, delivered an exhortation to :he people, and read a letter which Herod had left five days.
'^
Herod's
favour of" Archelaus,
Herod's (about ^^^''^^)-
:
;
•
4.-
" Hyrcania." * 37 b.c. Both sons of the Samaritan Malthace. 40 B.C. (end). Josephus reckons the short portions of Roman calendar year at the beginning and end of the eign as complete years (Schurer, G.J.V, i. 416). "
Greek here
*
•^
317
Reading o his will.
JOSEPHUS dveytuajaKev iTTiaroX-qv,
arpajLcoraLS Trepl
T-q?
hk
66g ixera
toi^
€tV rr^v
iTTLoroX-qi^
iv
evvoia?
BlolSoxov
Xvaas
ras
noXXa
fj
TrapeKaXei.
iTnStadrjKas
dveyivojaKev, iv als ^lXlttttos fikv rov Tpd)(OJvos Kal rcov y€LTViujv-ojv ^^copioju KXrjpovofiog, rerpdpS
-)(rjs
659
,
CO?
po ei-a^xeVy
77
'Ai^TiVa?,
jSaatAeu?
tovtco [de]^ tov t€
drredeLKvuro.
\p-)(^iXaos
S
Sa-
ktvXlov tou eavTov Kalaapi (^ipeiv ivereXXero Kal
rds SiOLK-qaeLS
~tJ?
^aaiXeias
yap
u)v
Siardfetei^
drravTcov
hiaQ-qKoJv
elvai
aecTT^/xacr/xeVa?* /cat
Kalaapa' rd ye
Kvpiov
^e^aLOjrrjv firju
Xotrrd
row Kara
rd? rrporipas 5ta^ry/
Tov
TrpoGLOvres
ttXtjOov^
vttluxvovvto
p.ev
ttjv
iavTujv evvoLav, ovviqv\ovTO 8e Kal rrjv rrapd roi
[xalY perd ravra TTpog racftrju irpdrrovTC TrapeXtrrev S* ovSeu Wpx^Xao? eis TOV ^aaiXicos TToXmeXeLau, dXXd Trdvra tou ^aoiXiKOV Koopoi deov,
£71
.
77
porjveyKev ov^TTopiTre-VGOVTa toj veKpto' kXIvt) pe\
yap 6X6\pvaos ttolklXt],
Xvpfieuov,
tju
Gojpa
to
StdAt^os", 8*
eV
GTpa>p.pr)
avTTjS
Kal 8idBr}p,a pkv €77€K€lto
GT€(f}aV0g 8' V7T€p
672 rrapd ttjv h€^idv.
673 SL€GK€vaGp,€VOL 7:duT€9 XoLTTTf ^
318
K€Ka
K(.4>aXfj
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Kal Ttepl ttjv KXivqu ol Te VLel icf)^
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Kal TO QpaKLOV Grlchos, Teppavoi re
rj
tjj
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Kal TO 77XrjSos Tcov Gvyyeuow,
8*
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/cat
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TcXepov.
77pofiy€]
SvvapiLS oj77XLap€.vri Tol? TiyepoGLV
cm. p.
*
P: om. the
rest.
Ka
JEWISH WAR,
I.
667-673
(
= ant.
xvii.
195-199)
which he earnestly appealed to be loyal to his successor. After this letter, he opened and read the codicils under these Philip " inherited Trachonitis and the neighbouring districts, Antipas, as we have already mentioned,'' was appointed tetrarch," and Archelaus king. The lastnamed received a charge from Herod to carry his ring to Caesar, with the documents relating to the administration of the realm, under seal, because he had vested in Caesar the control of all his dispositions and the ratification of the will in the remaining particulars the directions of the previous will were for the troops, in
them
to
:
;
to hold good.
Archelaus w^as instantly hailed with acclamaand the troops advancing by companies, with the people, made promises of allegiance on their own part, and invoked upon him the blessing of God. The king's funeral next occupied attention. Archelaus, omitting nothing that :;ould contribute to its magnificence, brought forth (9)
tions
and congratulations
;
the royal ornaments to accompany the procession n honour of the deceased. The bier was of solid ^old, studded with precious stones, and had a coverng of purple, embroidered with various colours on :his lay the body enveloped in a purple robe, a diadem
all
;
head and surmounted by a crown of the sceptre beside his right hand. Around :he bier were Herod's sons and a large group of lis relations these were followed by the guards, he Thracian contingent, Germans and Gauls, all quipped as for war. The remainder of the troops narched in front, armed and in orderly array, led by
encircling the ^old,
;
«
Son of Cleopatra. « Of Galilee and Peraea {A.
"
§
664.
xvii. 188).
319
His funen
JOSEPHUS Ta^idpXOL? OLKoXovOoVVTeg iv KOOflO), TTeVTaKOOlOl be eV avTOL? rojv olk€T(jju Kal aTreXevdepojv dpojCTTaStou? 5' iKopLLoSy) TO CTcu/xa 8iafjLaTO(f)6poL. Kooiovs^ et? ^WpJjheiov, orrov Kara ra? eVroAa? Kal rd piev rrepl 'HpojSrjv roiovrov eo^ev iTd(t)r]. 77epa?. 1
LVRC
Lat. Heg.
The procession
;
id^on-nKovra
PAM
(reading
o' /or r
).
from Jericho which was 150 stades (N.E.) from Jerusalem {B. iv. 4-74); Herodion was bO stades south of Jerusalem [B. i. -265, 4-19).
320
starts
JEWISH WAR,
I.
673
(
= ant.
xvii. 199)
commanders and subordinate officers behind came five hundred of Herod's servants and freedmen, carrying spices The body was thus their
;
these
conveyed
for a distance of
two hundred furlongs to
Herodion, where, in accordance with the directions of the deceased,
it
was interred.
So ended Herod's
reign.
VOL.
II
M
S21
Aoroi^ l)
(1.
1
irrl
he
'Ap;)^€Aaa»
viojv
dopvScDV
"qp^e
avdyKT].
a.7ToSrjiiLas
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B' rj
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TrevOi'^aa?
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ovx
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Aao? eKhexerai.
TTJ?
re
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rrjv
KT^heiav Tov Trarpo?, ev^apLareZ Kal tt]? rrpo? avTOV
depaTTeia? oj? rrpo^ ^e^aiov
ye
pLTiV 01)
dXXd Kal
pLouov rojv
e(f)r]
ttJ?
rjBr)
ovoixdroav,
eoj?
eTJLKvpcoorj rrjv bLaBo\rjv, 6 Kal 3 7(jju
^aoiXea' <^eiheodai
e^ovaiag eVt toO TrapovTO?,
oXojv heoTTOT-qg- ov6e
yap
dv avrco Kalaap Kara rag BiadrjKas ev
'Xepixovvri
ttjs
orpaTid? TO 5td8r]/xa TTepiartTovoTj? avToj SeSexdac
70V p.evroL Trpodvpiov Kal orpaTLcvrai?, *
322
Kal
ovrco (3ia
,
,
.
rrjs evvoias, cjOTtep toi?
rco
hrjfJLOj
di'dyK7]i oin.
Lat.
7TXrjpeL<;
ciTro-
BOOK
II
(i. 1) " The necessity under which Archelaus found Accessio himself of undertaking a journey to Rome was the p^oj^jgec signal for fresh disturbances. After keeping seven archel^ ^'°' days' mourning for his father and providing the usual ^ funeral banquet for the populace on a sumptuous scale a Jewish custom which reduces many to poverty, such entertainment of the people being considered obligatory and its omission an act of impiety he changed into white raiment and went forth to the Temple, where the people received him with varied acclamations. Speaking from a golden throne on a raised platform he greeted the multitude. He thanked them for the zeal which they had displayed over his father's funeral and for the marks of homage shown to himself, as to a king whose claim to the throne was already confirmed. He would, however, he said, for the present abstain not only from the exercise of the authority, but even from the assumption of the titles, of royalty, until his right to the succession had been ratified by Caesar, to whose ruling everything had been submitted under the terms of the will. Even when, as he reminded them, the army at Jericho had desired to place the diadem on his head, he had declined it. He would, none the less, make an ample return alike to the soldiers and to the citizens for their devotion and
—
—
«§§ l-S
= A.
xvii.
200-203.
323
JOSEPHUS Sa)G€LV ras d/xot^a?, oirorav vtto tojv Kparovvrajv paGiXevs aTTobeLxdrj pe^auos' GTrovbdaeiv yap eV TTdGLV TTpos avTovs (f)avrjvaL rod rrarpo? djJLeLVCOV. 4 (2) 'E771 rovTOL? rjh6fjL€vov ro ttXtjOos evQitos OLTTeTTeipdro ttjs Stavolas avrov /xeyaAotS' aLTT]ixaaiv ol [j,€V yap i^oojv e7TLKOv(j)it,eiv rds etV(j)opdsy ol 8e dvaipelv rd reX-q, rive? 8e dnoXveiv TOV£ Secr/xcuras" irrevevGe 3' iroLfxajs diraGL Oepa7T€VU)V TO TrXrjdog. eVetra Ovaa? ev ei3co;)(ta fxera evda hrj rrepl SetAr^v ddpoiodcvres G row (jiiXojv Tjv ovK oXlyoL Twv veojrepileiv tt porjprjiiev ojv TJp^avro tSt'ou irevdovs, ore to koivov cttI rep jSacrtAet Trenauro, KaroXo(f)Vp6pL€Voi rovs KoXaodivras vtto 'HpcoSou 8ia rdv eKKO-nevra ;\;pu(7oOv derov rrjs ttvXtj? rod vaov. rjv 8e to ttIvOos ov^ ^'^.
.
r;
€oraXfjL€vov,
7
dXX
olpuxjyal
Kal dprjvos
hiarrpvaLoi
eyKeXevoros Koireroi re rrepi'qxovvres oXtjv rrjv TToXiv, d)S dv ctt' dvSpdoLV ovs €(f)aGKOv VTTep rcov 7Tarpio)V vofxojv /cat rov vaov [TTvplj^ TTapanoXeGdaL. rLfxcopelv 8' avrols dv€^6a>v €k tcDv v
Traveiv dpxtepea' TTpoG-qKCLV yap avroLS €VG€^€Gr€pov alpelGdai /cat Kadapojrepov. 8 (3) Ylpog d TTapoj^vvero p.€V Wpx^Xao?, eVet;\;e 8e rrjv dfivvav vtto rrj? Trepl rr)v e^oBov eVet^ecos', SeSoLKojs pL-qTTore ro ttXtjOos eKTroXepLcooag KaraGX^OeLT) ro) KLvrjfjLarL. 8to TTeiOol pidXXov r] /Sta
Karaoradevra
1
2
'
S24
om.
VC
:
LVRC xP'ni^o-'^'-
Lat. cf. i. 655. the rest with Lat. ;
^ Duties on sales, A. xvii. 205. Judas, Matthias and their followers, B. ' Joazar, A. xvii. 164.
i.
648-655.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
3-8 (=ant.
xvii.
203-208)
supreme authorities had him king for it would be his earnest and constant endeavour to treat them better than they had been treated by his father. goodwill, as soon as the definitely declared
;
Delighted at these professions, the multitude Demands ^ once proceeded to test his intentions by making ^ large demands. One party clamoured for a reduction of the taxes, another for the abolition of the duties," a third for the Hberation of the prisoners. To all these requests, in his desire to ingratiate himself with the people, he readily assented. Then, after offering a sacrifice, he regaled himself with his friends. Towards evening, however, a large number Thdr of those who were bent on revolution assembled on on'^ihe" (2)
at
spot, and, now that the public mourning king was ended, began a lamentation on their own account, bewailing the fate of those whom Herod •11/' II 11 had punished tor cuttmg down the golden eagle irom the gate of the Temple.^ This mourning was in no subdued tones there were piercing shrieks, a dirge directed by a conductor, and lamentations with beating of the breast which resounded throughout the all this in honour of the unfortunate men who, city they asserted, had in defence of their country's laws and the Temple perished on the pyre. These martyrs ought, they clamoured, to be avenged by the punishment of Herod's favourites, and the first step was the deposition of the high-priest whom he had appointed,^ as they had a right to select a man of greater piety and purer morals. (3) Archelaus, exasperated by these proceedings, but in haste to depart, wished to defer retahation, from fear that, if he provoked the hostility of the people, he would be detained by a general rising.
the
same
for the
-1
1
1
r-
:
;
325
occasion
obsequie °^^^^^
martyiec doctors
JOSEPHUS KaraarlXXeiv iTreiparo rovs v€coT€pLlovTa? Kal tov rovTov €tV TO lepov TTapeXdovra, irplv (j)diy^aGdai tl, XidoLS drrrjXavvov ol oraaiaaral Kal rovs fJLcr^ avrov ivl GaxfypovLCTfiaj Trpoaiovras, IvUi he ttoXXov? 6 Wpx^Xaos, Kal Travra TTpos opyrjv dneKpivavTOy hrjXol re rjoav ovk -qpein^Govres, el Kal Srj rrjs rwv d^vpucov evttX-^Oovs eTTiXd^oivro.
9 crrparrjyov VTTOTrefJupas Travaacrdai Trape/caAct.
10
ardcrqs ioprrjs,
TrdcrxoL
t]
Trapd 'louSatot? KaAetrat,
TToXv Tt Bvjidr ojv TrXrjOos eKhexop^evq, KareiOL fxev
eK 11
rrjs
x^P^^ Xaos
direipos
rr]v
eirl
BprjUKeiav,
he rovs GO(f)iards rrevdovvres ev rip lepco ovv-
OL
eior-qKeuav rpo^-qv 6 heioas
rfj
Wpx^Xaos,
hiahpapLelv
rrjv
vocrov,
Kal
^dXXovres XlOols
VTroTTepLTret
p.erd
OTreipas
^ia
rovs i^dpxovras rrjs rrpos ovs ro TrXrjdos drtav
Xi'Xiapxov TTpoord^as ordoreojs Karacrxelv.
TTapo^vverai
ardaei TTopilopievoL. irpos hi oXov rod rrX-qdovs
irplv
rovs
/xey
ttoXXovs rrjs OTrelpas 6 he ;!^tAiap;(os" Ik-
hUcjiBeipov,
rpavpiarias /LtoAt?. erreiO^ ol fiev ws [irjhevos heivov yeyovoros irpeTTOvro Trpos dvolav ov p,r]v
12 (j^evyei
'ApxeXdcp
hixcL
i(f)aLvero, rr]v he
rovs 13
pi^€v
LTTTTe'is
"
KadeKrov
Grpandv
en
ro
TrXrjOos
e7Ta^ir]Giv avrols oXrjv,
TTetovs hid rrjs TToXeoJS ddpoovs, rovs he
dvd ro Trehiov
Or perhaps
Acts
(f)6vov
the
61 Ovovaiv
" captain
eKdorois
of the
e^ai<j)vr]S
Temple " (Sagan),
iv. 1.
* Greek " sustenance." In the parallel A. xvil. 214 the writer (an assistant of Josephus), using the same source, appears to have taken the word Tpo<pri literall\- " they had no lack of food for the rebels, not being ashamed to beg for it." Apparently rounding the N.W. side of the city outside :
<^
S2t)
JEWISH WAR,
II.
8-13
(
= ant.
xvii. 209-217)
He, accordingly, endeavoured to appease the rebels by persuasion, without resort to force, and quietly sent his general to entreat them to desist. This officer on entering the Temple and before he had even opened his mouth, was driven off by the rioters with many others whom Archelaus a shower of stones sent in after him to call them to reason were similarly treated. To all remonstrances they replied with anger, and it was evident that, given any accession to their numbers, they had no intention of remaining And now the feast of unleavened bread, inactive. which the Jews call Passover, came round it is an occasion for the contribution of a multitude of sacrifices, and a vast crowd streamed in from the country The promoters of the mourning for the ceremony. for the doctors stood in a body in the temple, procuring recruits* for their faction. This alarmed Archelaus, who, wishing to prevent the contagion from spreading to the whole crowd, sent in a tribune in command of a cohort, with orders to restrain by force the ringleaders of the sedition. Indignant at the appearance of the troops, the whole crowd pelted them with stones most of the cohort were killed, while their commander was wounded and escaped with <*
;
;
;
Then, as if nothing serious had happened, the rioters returned to their sacrifices. Archelaus, however, now felt that it would be impossible to restrain the mob without bloodshed, and let loose upon them his entire army, the infantry advancing in close order through the city, the cavalry by way of the plain. The soldiers falling unexpectedly upon the difficulty.
^^
the walls, while the infantry struck straight across from the palace which lay on the S.W. of the city to the Temple on the N.E.
327
is
quelle
Jioo^g,^ April, 4
.
JOSEPHUS vpooneaov-re^ hiachOelpovGL TO 8e XoLTTOV 7tAi9(?o? ct?
eoKehaaav.
14
et-novro
rrepl
fxev
^ApxeXdou
be
Tpia^iAt'ou?, op-q
8(-
K-qpuKes
k€-
TrXrjGLOv
TO.
eV oXkov, koi eKaarov avaxtopelv Xevovreg rtdvres a)XOvro Tr]V ioprr^v aTroAtTTOvre?. (ii. 8€ fierd Trj<; pLrjrpog Kal tcuv 1) Auro? Kal ^LKoXdov YlorrXd YljoXei^aLov Kal (j)LXajv Karrjct
BdXaaaav KaraXiTTojv
Trpos
7COU ^aGiXeiajv
Kal
K-qhep-ova
irrLTpoTTov
rcJv
oLKeLcov
re
Ot'A-
ovve^rj€L d' a/xa rot? t€Kvol? ZaAcu/xry Kal
15 17T7TOV.
Tov
jSaCTtAeco?
fiev
SoK€LV
dSeA^tSot
re
GVvayojVLOViJievoL
Kat
yap.^pol,
irepl
rrjs
tco
hLaSo)(rjs
^Apx^Xdcp, TO 8' dX-qOes Karr]yop-qoovT€<; Ttepl Kara to lepov 7TapavopLrjdevTa>v 8' auTols Kara ttjv KaLodpetav (2) T,vvavTa
Tcov 16
T.a^luo?
6
TTjs
T.vpLas
iTTirpoTTo?
'HpcoSou
ets"
'IoL'8atai'
tovTov irreoxev TrpoaajTepoj p^copetv irreXddjv Ovapos, dvLd>v
irrl
ov Sid 1"
(f)vXaKfj tcov
xprjfjidTCDV.
riroAe/xatoi; ttoAAo, SerjOelg
^
Apx^Xao?
pter-
rdre fiev ovv "La^lvo? Ovdpo) ;^apt^6fieuo? ovT* €771 ra? aKpa? ecrTreuCTei^ oure ra Tapnela TCOV TTaTpcpcov XPVI^'^'^^'^ aTreKXeLoev Wpx^Xdcxj, eTTepuparo.
p.lXP'-
^^
18 v-eox^'i'o
8e
Ttui^
dTTrjpev, Ta;)(Oi;?
TCI
'^'7?
Kataapo?
Kal hUTpt^ev e/Lt77o8t^oi''Ttut'
*Apx^Xaog eVt
8e
hiayvojoecos
IttI
o etV
'lepoaoAu/xojy
ttj?
/xev
€tV
'Pcvpuqv opp-Tjoa^
jSacriAeta, /cat fieTaTrefjLTToiJievo?
rjpeii-qoeiv
KaLoapetag.
co?
Av'Tid;^etai'
dvrjxdr],
8ta
TrapaXap^^dvei
tov? t€
(f>poup-
* Called Ptollas in ^. xvii. -219. Malthace. Herod's chief friend and executor, B. i. 473, 667, ii. 21. Of Damascus, another friend of Herod, and the historian on whose work Josephus is here probably dependent.
° '
•*
328
JEWISH WAR,
II.
lS-18
(
= axt.
xvii.
218-223)
various parties busy with their sacrifices slew about three thousand of them and dispersed the renaainder among the neighbouring hills. The heralds of Archelaus followed and ordered everyone to return home ; so they all abandoned the festival and departed.
Archelaus himself with his mother'^ and his Archeiau; Poplas,* Ptolemy,^ and Nicolas,"* now de- departs °™^' scended to the coast, leaving Philip to take charge of °^ the palace* and to protect his private interests. Salome/ with her children, also accompanied him, and the nephews and sons-in-law of the late king, ostensibly to support the claims of Archelaus to the succession, but in reality to accuse him of the recent Uega) proceedings in the Temple. (2) At Caesarea the party were met by Sabinus, .Mercecar procurator of Syria," on his way up to Judaea to take designs charge of Herod's estate. He was prevented from p^ocumc continuing his journey by the arrival of Varus,'* whose presence Archelaus had. through Ptolemy, urgently solicited. Sabmus. in deference to Varus, abandoned for the moment his intention of rushing to the castles and excluding Archelaus from access to his father s treasuries, and. promising to take no action until Caesar had given his decision, remained But as soon as those who had obat Caesarea structed his designs had left. Varus for Antioch,* Archelaus for Rome, he sped to Jerusalem and took and then, summoning the possession of the palace (ii.
1)
friends,
>\
;
*
"
Or perhaps " the realm." More accurately described
^wi-^ooTTos
'•wv
eu
^
in
Zvpiq irpay>x6.Tu)Vf
Herod's
sister.
A. xvii. 221 as Kalaapo^ i.e. imperial finance officer
for the province. * *
left
Quintilius Varus, governor (legatus) of Syria {B. i. 617). Before returning to Antioch he visited Jerusalem and a legion there to keep order (§ 40).
VOL.
II
M
2
S29
JOSEPHUS Kal
apxov?
bioiKr]7ag
In^ipdro
hi^p^vvav
rCjv xprjiiaTOJV dvaXoyiOfiovg rds t€ ciKpas
rov<;
napa-
ov jxt-jv ol (j)iXaK€S tojv \\p)(€Xdou t^povpovvreg ep.€vov Se evToXwv, Kal rr)v (f)povpdv dvaTidevreg Katoapt
19 XayL^6.v€.iv.
KaTTjjjLeXovv
€Kaora fjLaXXov
20
Tj
*Ap)(€Xdip.
Kdv
(3)
TOVTCp
TT^? jSaatAeta?
7T€pl
dpL(j)LG^r)Ta)V TTaXlV *AvTL77aS dud^eiOLV d^Lojv ttjs imSLadrj-
KvpLOjrepau elvat rrjv StaOrjKrjv, eV fj ^aaiXevg ovXXrnlj€o9aL 8' avro) TrpoiJTTdo)(€TO ^aXajji-q Kal ttoXXol tow avv Wpx^Xdco TrXeourajv ovyyevow. irrriy^ro he r-qu iirjTepa Kal Tov dheXcfiov KiKoXdov YlroXefialov, poTrrjv eluai KTjs
avTos iyeypaTTTO.
21
hoKOvvra Std
'Wpojhr] ttlotlw yeyovei iKeiwov TLpnajraTOS' TrXeXarov pivTOi TTeTToldet hid SetvoTT^ra Xoyow Klprjvaloj toj priTopL, hid Kal Tous" vovOerovvTa? €'lk€lv Wpx^Xdco
yap
22
brj
t(2)v
rrju
Tiapd
(f)LXa>v
Kara to TTpeo^elou Kal rd? inLhiadrjKag hteKpovaaro. peOioraro 8e eV 'Pojprj 'ndvra>v vpos avrov Tj
GTTovhr] 70JV ovyyevojv,
Kal
Xaos,
t:
oh
po-qyov pivojs
hid piaovs rjv *Apx^eKaoTog avrovopLiag
iTTedvpei oTpar-qyo) 'PaJ/iat6o^ hiOLKovpevrj?, el he TOVTo^ hiapaprdvoi, ^aotXeveLU 'Ai^rtVai^ jjdeXev. 23 (-i) Hvv7'jpyeL 8* avrois els rovro Kal Ha^ii^os hi* emoroXdoVy Kar-qyoprjoa? p.ev ^Ap^eXdov rtapd 24 Kataapt, 8' TioXXd ^ Avriirav. ovveTraiveoag rd^avres he rd eyKXrjpara ol jrepl HaXojprju eve\eipioav Katcrapt, Kal perd tovtous Wpx^Xaos rd T€^ Ke^ctAata rwv eavrov hLKaia>u ypdipag Kal rov 1
*•
B.
330
i.
toJtou
6t6.
*
LVRC.
2+d\XaPAM.
Malthace who had sailed with her other son,
§ I-l.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
18-24
(
= ant.
xvii.
223-228)
governors of the forts and the controllers of the treasury, endeavoured to search into the accounts and to take possession of the castles. These officers, however, mindful of the injunctions of Archelaus, continued to guard their respective trusts, for which they professed to hold themselves responsible to Caesar, rather than to Archelaus. (3) Meanwhile another claimant to the throne had set out for Rome, namely, Antipas, who maintained that the will in which he had been named king had greater validity than the codicil." He had received previous promises of support from Salome and from many of his relations who had sailed with Archelaus. He had won over his mother^ and Ptolemy, brother of Nicolas, from whose influence much was expected, owing to the confidence reposed in him
Antipas,
claimant ^^^^
f°
by Herod, who had honoured him above all his But what Antipas mainly relied on was the
friends.
brilhant eloquence of his advocate Irenaeus on the strength of this he refused to listen to those who advised him to give way to Archelaus, in consideration of his rights of seniority and the terms of the codicil. At Rome, all the relations, who detested Archelaus, transferred their support to him the object that was uppermost in the minds of every one of these was autonomy under the administration of a Roman governor, but, in default of that, they preferred to have Antipas for king. (4) They were aided in this design by Sabinus, who, in dispatches to Caesar, accused Archelaus and highly commended Antipas. Salome and her friends now drew up their indictment and placed it in Caesar's hands Archelaus responded by drafting a summary statement of his rights and sending in his father's ;
;
;
331
Theriva^ ^^
^^^^
.
JOSEPHUS haKJv\:o'^ Tov Trarpo? Kal rovs Xoyou^^ ela-e^nei UroXeiJLaiov.
20 hioL
Trap'
diJLcf)OLU
7TpoaKeil)dijLevo<;
/car'
ibiav, ro
Ae/a? Kat to vXr)do<; dpidfiou
Kal
T^js
Kalaap ri
vpoaoBoVj Trpo? ofi" toi' npoavayvou^^ be Kal ^a^ivov TT^pl iovt'mu
Trj<;
'HpojSov
napd Ovdpov
rd
CTreCTraAjLteVa,
8e o
re fieyedog Tqs jSaj-,-
ouvebpiov
yeved?,
fxev
ddpolC^eL
tcov iv
reXcL
'PajfiaioiUy iv Jj Kal rou i^ WypLTTTra Kal 'looAi'a? TT^s"
dvyaTp6<; derov Tralha Vdiov TTpajrajs iKadiaev,
dTToSlBcuaL 6e \6you 26
(5)
"Kuda
TTarpos",
7)1^
auroU
KaracTTd?
d
raro? einelv, Karr^yopei d}jL(f)L(j^rjT€lv
epyoig 8e
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i^Gi^
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3e roiv ivavTiovfievoju (jydoKcov
*
utd?
\p\eXda)
toI<;
fiev
'Ai^rtSe'.i^d-
Adyoi?
dpTL /SacrtAet'a? 'Ap;^eAaoi', rot? 5* yeyovevai ^aaiXia, Karetpa)uev6adaL Kat'crapo? ciKodji^, 01/ htKaoTTjV ttj?
ou TTepLep-eivev, e'i ye fxerd r-qv 'HpcoSoy eyKaOerovg p^kv v-novep.ipa'^ rovg Trepid-qoovras avTco to bidbrjp.a, irpoKadioa^ 8' cVt TOV dpovov Kal ;(pT7/xaTtaa?''* ^aaiXevs, Ta^^L^ T€ Trj<; CTrparid? dp-eiipa^ Kal TTpoKOTrd? ;(aptcrd/Liei^Oi, 28 €TL he TO) hr]p.a) TtdvTa KaTavevaa'^ oocov cL? vapd paoiXecoq Tvx^li' -q^iovv, Kal Toug irrl p-eyidTatg atViat? Trapd tov Trarpd? SeSe/zeVof? Xvaag, vvv rjKei TTapd tov Sea-noTov GKidv aLTr]o6fjLevo<; paaiXeia?, rjg yjpTraoev iavTO) to ocjp^a, Kal ttoicou ov TcJijv TTpayp.dT(i}v dXXd tojv 6vop.dTa>v Kvpiov 8' 29 Kai'crapa. TTpoaajveihiiCev cu? Kat to irevdog 21 SLaSoxrjs
TeXeuTYju
^
rationes
administrationis
'Soyicixovu as in * »
SS-2
PAV*: +wi
A.
Lat.
(apparently
!').
Tooaavayvovs the rest (perhaps rightly).
MLVRC.
reading
JEWISH WAR,
II.
24-29
(
= ant.
xvii. 228-233)
ring and papers ^ by Ptolemy to the emperor. Caesar, after reflecting in private on the allegations of both parties, the extent of the kingdom, the amount of
the revenue,
well
as
as
the
number
of Herod's
and after perusing the letters on the subject which he had received from Varus and Sabinus, summoned a council of leading Romans, at which for the first time he gave a seat to Caius, the son of Agrippa and his daughter Julia, whom he had adopted himself he then called upon the parties to
children,
council
Augustus
;
speak. (5) Thereupon Antipater, son of Salome, the ablest orator among the opponents of Archelaus, rose as his accuser. Archelaus, he stated, although at the
Antipatei
laiome, ^^^^^g^j^u
moment
ostensibly suing for a crown, had in reality long since acted as king. He was now merely playing
upon the patient ears of Caesar, whose sentence upon the subject of the succession he had not awaited. For, after Herod's death, had he not suborned persons to place the diadem on his head, sat in state upon the throne and given audience as a king, made changes in the ranks of the army and conferred promotions, assented to all the favours which the people had claimed from him as sovereign, and liberated those whom his father had imprisoned for the gravest crimes ? And after all this he had now come to beg from his lord for the shadow of royalty, of which he had already appropriated the substance, thus making Caesar a dispenser not of realities, but of mere titles A further charge which Antipater brought against !
i
>|
I
" Or, with accounts."
the
other
reading
Xoyca/xovs,
" (public)
333
JOSEPHUS rod
KareLpajvevaaro
to
€.'T7La)(riiiaTit(jJV
Se
/xe^*
eV
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31
he
tois
daov ovh^
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.
aVTOV Kal TOV TTaTcpa
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tStat?
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oj
fi€V
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kol tov
vaKriqaeoJS eXeyev yeyovivai.
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iv
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rod TrX-qdovs
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narpos,
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yjhei
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htdhoxop,
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f]
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6v
Kal
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to
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€t
piivToi Kal KvpLOJTepav Tideivi tis ttjv tov Kdpivov-
Tos KpLGLV, drroKex^^poTOvrfGdai ^aGiXeias
Wpx^-
eavTov tols et? avTTjV TrapavopL'qdeLGLV' TTOTaTTOv yap dv yevcGdat Xa^ovTa T-qv dpx'qv TTapa Katcrapo? tov Trplv Xa^elv togovtovs dv-
Xaov
u'
-qprjKOTa; 33
(6)
TOV? icj)^
rioAAd TOiavTa hie^eXdojv WvTLTraTpog Kal TrXeiGTOVS
Twv 1
384
Gvyyevcov
TrapaGT-qGdpLevos
CKdGTa) TOW KaTTqyoprjpLevwv pidpTvpas /caraom. PA.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
29-33
(
= ant.
xvii. 233-240)
Archelaus was that even in his mourning for his father he had played the hypocrite, in the day-time assuming a pose of grief, at night drinking to riotous In this connexion, he added that the recent excess. outbreak of the populace was attributable to their indignation at such conduct. Proceeding to the main contention of his speech, he laid great stress on the multitude of Jews who had been massacred around the sanctuary, poor people who had come for a
had thembeen brutally immolated.*^ There had been, he said, such a pile of corpses in the temple as would never have been raised even by the ruthless inroad of a foreign foe. It was, indeed, because he foresaw this ferocity of Archelaus that his father had never deigned to hold out to him even a hope of ascending the throne, until the day when, more stricken in mind than in body, and incapable of sound reasoning, he did not even know whose name he was inscribing when, morein the codicil as that of his successor over, he had no fault to find with the heir named in the will which he had drafted while he possessed health of body and a mind quite unclouded by But, he continued, even if greater weight affliction. were attached by any to the decision of an invalid, Archelaus had pronounced his own deposition from the kingdom by his outrages upon it. What would he become, once invested with authority by Caesar, who before receiving it had massacred such multitudes (6) After dilating at length in this strain, and producing most of the relatives as witnesses to each item festival and, while offering their sacrifices,
selves
;
!
in his accusation, Antipater concluded his speech. « C/. the charge against Pilate of mingling the blood of Galilaeans with their sacrifices, Luke xiii. 1.
335
JOSEPHUS Xoyov.
tov
34 TraveL
aviorarai
NtKoAao?
8e
VTrep
Xp-X^eXdov y Koi tov fiev eV ro) Upo) (f)6vov dvayKOLOV d7T€(f)r]V€V TToXe/jLLOV? ydp yeyovevai tov? dv^
^aaiXelas fiouov dXXd Kal tov KaiGapo? tcov 8' aAAcov eyKX-qfJidTcov GVjjL^ovXovs dTTeSeiKwev avTovg tov? KaTrjyopovs yeyovevai. tyjv ye jjltjv emhiad-qK-qv rj^iov hid TOVTO /xaAiara elvai Kvpiav, otl ^e^aiojTrjV ev 36 avT-rj Kaloapa KadioTaTO tov htahoxov 6 ydp
ov
r]pr)fievovg
35
SiKa^ovTos
ttjs
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.
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i^OVGUa?
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ov
hriTTOV 8'
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kXi]POv6iXOV
TTepl
tov
Kal
fjpelTO
KpLGLV
Kad-
LGTafievov 6 yivojGKOJV tov KadiGTdvTa. 87
(7)
^le^eXdovTos 8e TrdvTa koi ^iKoXdov Trap-
eXdojv ^ApxeXaog TTpoTTiTrTei^ tcov
KdKelvos
avTov
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yovdTcxJv
dvavaTpcoa? 38 SiaSox^JS, ov fi-qv tl ^e^aiov drr e(f)-qv aT o htaXvGas 8e TOV? Gvvehpovs eKeivrjs ttjs -qjiepas Kad^ eavTOV V'^^Xl' GTrjGas
eve(f)r]vev
fxev
wg
fidXa d^Log
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elrj
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TTepl (JjV hLTjKOVGeV eOKeTTTeTO, etT€ XPI "^^^ ^^ rat? SiadrjKaig KaTaGTrJGal Tiva hkdhoxoVy etVe /cat Trao-Q TTj yevea Siavelfxai T-qv dpxrjv eboKet ydp eTTLKOvpias xpflC^^^ '^o TrX-qdog tojv TrpoGOj-najv.
39
(iii.
1)
Y\plv he opiGai tl rrepl tovtojv
TeXevTa piev Gaoa, TTapd
40
r)
WpxeXdov
Ovdpov
8'
pLi^Trjp
Kataapa
^laXdaK-rj voG-q-
eK Ttvpiag dTTOGTdGeoJS , ^v 77 po'ihopievos 6 OvapoSy dve^t) ydp /xera tov ^ ApxeXdov ttXovv els 'lepoGoXvfxa tov? TtapaKivovvTa? Kade^ojv, eTTeihr) TrpoSrjXov rjv to ttXtjOos ovk
emoToXal
nepl
ttjs
^
336
eKopLLGdrjGav
^Xovhaiixjv
TtpoaTTLTTTu
most
MSS.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
34-40
(
= ant.
xvii. 240-251)
Nicolas then rose in defence of Archelaus. He main- Nicolas c tained that the slaughter in the Temple had been for^he^^ rendered necessary, because the victims had shown defence. themselves enemies not only of the kingdom, but also of Caesar, the arbiter of the kingdom. As for the other charges made against Archelaus, he showed that his accusers themselves had advised him to act as he did. The vaUdity of the codicil, he claimed, was proved by this fact above all, that in it Caesar was constituted surety for the succession ; one who was sane enough to cede his authority to the master of the world was surely not mistaken in his selection of an heir. The sagacity shown in his choice of the donor was a guarantee of his sanity in the choice of the recipient. (7) Nicolas on his side having fully stated his case, Perpiexii Archelaus came forward and fell, in silence, at the ^^ngustu: knees of Caesar. The emperor very graciously raised him up, intimating that he thought him worthy to succeed his father, but pronouncing no final decision. After dismissing his council, he passed the day in reflection on what he had heard, considering whether he ought to appoint as successor one of those named in the wills or to divide the dominion among all the children for the numerous members of this family all seemed in need of support. any de- Further (iii. 1) But before Caesar had come to cision on these matters, Malthace, the mother of pg^^'Jg^Qg Archelaus, was taken ill and died, and dispatches provoked arrived from Varus in Syria concerning the revolt conduc uct lUS of the Jews. This outbreak had been foreseen by ^^'^'""^' Jerusalec Varus, who, after the sailing of Archelaus, had gone up to Jerusalem to repress its promoters, and, as it was evident that the people would not remain quiet, ;
1
S37
JOSEPHUS rip€iir]aov,
avro?
tojv
€V
dyojv
41 OTTep
jroXei
rfj
elg
V7T€GTpeiJj€v
fi€i'
ano V. ^upta? Tayiiarajv,
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6
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42 77]?
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KaXovaiv nua iopTrjv 'louSatot Trap' €7rra yivofievTju e^dopidhas Kal^ rov dpidpLOu tow rjpLepwv rrpoaiqyopLav exovoav ovx rj ovurjdrjg dprjOKeia avv'ivvriyayev rov hrjfxov, dXX' r) dyaudKr-qoig dhpafiev yovv nXrjSos dneLpov €K re rrjg FaAiAata?
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.
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44
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'PcU/XatOUS" €7ToXl6pKOVV. 45
(2)
'0 he 'La^Lvo?
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re
(f)povi]piara,
ro ttXtjOo? avrojv awex^^? p^^v dy-
yeXovs errepLvev rrpog Ovapov errapivveiv ev rdx^^ heofievos, tu? el ^pahvvoL KaraKorrrjoofievov tov 46 rdyfiarog- avros he irrl tou vip-qXorarov rov ^povpiov TTvpyou dva^ds, o? eKaXeiro Oaaar^Ao? err^ Agra Hudson (after LaL). «•
838
^
16.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
40-46
(
= ant.
xvii. 251-267)
had
left in the city one of the three legions from Syria which he had brought with him he himself then returned to Antioch. It was the arrival of Sabinus ° which gave the Jews an occasion for insurrection. For this officer endeavoured to force the guardians of the citadels to hand them over to him and instituted an exacting search for the royal treasures, relying for this task not only on the soldiers left by Varus, but on a crowd of his own slaves, all of whom he armed and employed as instruments of his avarice. So, on the arrival of Pentecost thus End of Mj ^'^' the Jews call a feast which occurs seven weeks after ^ JPassover),^ and takes its name from the number of intervening days it was not the customary ritual so much as indignation w^hich drew the people in crowds to the capital. A countless multitude flocked in from Galilee, from Idumaea, from Jericho, and from Peraea beyond the Jordan, but it was the native population of Judaea itself which, both in numbers and ardour, was pre-eminent. Distributing themselves into three divisions, they formed three camps, one 3n the north of the Temple, another on the south, adjoining the hippodrome," and the third near the Dalace, on the west. Thus investing the Romans on all sides, they held them under siege. (2) Sabinus, terrified at their numbers and deter- a fight in ;
—
—
messenger after messenger to begging for his prompt support and assuring him that, if he delayed, the legion would be cut to pieces. He himself mounted to the highest tower in Tiination, dispatched V^arus,
*
Such must be the meaning, but
this sense of
napd
is
unusual. "
its
Mentioned here only and in the parallel in J. xvii. 255 ; exact position is unknown. It was probably built by
Herod.
339
*^® ^^"^^
JOSEPHUS cLfVfiov
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47 TTapaTTeLodeuTe?
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Kara Kc^aArj? avTcov -qv,
rjcjyUoav
pLeveiv.
49
(3)
KaraTTOvoupLevoL
TTLpLTTpdoLv
rd? GTod<;
8e'
Trpos
/
TToAureAeias" eve/ccv'* ot 8'
1)770
T-qg
hie(j)6dpr]oau,
aM^OTcpctji'
eV
ai^rojt'
ttoXXol
8e
vtto
7€ixovs iKprjpLvil^ovTO, evLOL ^L(f)eoLU
tojv
voXepnajv
8'
ut:'
dpiqxo.vLag Tolg
fi^o-v
elg
rovg
€va€-ax^'i-P^O70i hid rrjV eKTrXrj^LV rjoau.
drroXujXoTujv,
odevTOJU,
ip-qpLOJ
tcjv rep
8*
rov
Poj^atou? Kal^
'
»
VxP'
LVRC
Lat.
rdji>
vvo rod heovg OKehaOeov
drjoavpo)
irpoo-
^J.(v PA, which Destinon retains, writing aiveTpl^ovro above and making the apodosis begin at KaTa^rol'ov^.tvQl..
S40
tttj-
Kara 7oO
TO 77vp eSdauoi^' oool 8e KadepTTv-
oavres drro rd)V reixdjv
pikv
i^ai
irepiax^Q^vjes ttoXXoI pLev iv avTJj
bdjvres elg avTovg, riveg 8' eig tovttlooj
50 18101?
vtto-
epya davp-dota fieyeOoug re
,
JEWISH WAR. the fortress
was
slain
II.
46-50
(
= ant.
xvii. 257-264)
— called Phasael, after Herod'sbrother,\vlio — and thence signalled
by the Parthians"
to the legionaries to attack the enemy, for he was in such a panic that he had not even the courage to descend to his own men. The soldiers, obedient to this poltroon, leapt into the Temple and engaged in a stubborn contest with the Jews. So long as they remained unassailed from above, their military experience gave them the advantage over the novices opposed to them but when a large body of Jews mounted the porticoes and poured their missiles down upon their heads, many fell, and the Romans found it no easy task either to defend themselves against those attacking them from above or to hold their ground against their other opponents in hand-to-hand fight. (3) Harassed by these two foes, the legionaries Burning set fire to the porticoes, which for massive grandeur porticoes were wonderful works of art. Of ^"^ '*'"** and magnificence ~ or the the Jews who occupied them, many, suddenly en- treasury. many leapt down veloped, perished in the flames ;
;
among
their enemies
and were
slain
by them
;
some
flung themselves over the precipitous wall in their rear others, in despair, threw themselves on their ;
own swords
avoid becoming victims of the any who successfully crept down from the wall and dashed at the Romans fell an easy prey, owing to their dazed condition. Then, their enemies either slain or dispersed in panic, the soldiers fell upon God's treasury, now reft of defenders, and plundered it to the amount of some flames
"
;
to
while
6/. ZJ.i. 27 If.,
and
for the tower of Phasael
i.
418,
v.
166.
341
.
JOSEPHUS 7T€o6uT€? OL orpaTLOjTaL TTepl T6Tpa/
doTTjoeu
'PajpLaiOLgy
Kal Trepioxovre? ra ^aoiXeta
TTOLvrag rj7T€iXovv Sia(t)d€Lp€LV, el
yap aheiav
VTno)(yovvro
rco
1-17]
ddrrov aTTLOiev
Za/StVco
^ovXopLevcp
TaypLaro? e^teVat. ovveXdpi^avou 8' avToT?^ ol nXeiovs roju ^aotXiKajv avropLoXrjGavreg T^e^aor-qvol TToXepLLKcoTarop ro pLei'TOL p.epos, TpLOX^XioL, 'Pov(f)6
rod
o2 fJ-era
hid
TToXXov
xpovov
54 avrovopLiav.
KopLLl,opLevoi
2a/StVoj
8'
irdrpiov
rr]v
dyaTT-qrov pikv
tju
vrre^-
eXdelVy rjTTLoreL he rat? VTtooxeoeoiv /cat to Trpdov
avrojv heXeap et? evehpav vTrajfrrevev dp.a he /cat r-qv aTTO Ovdpov ^OTjOetau eX7Til,<jji> hterpi^ev rrjv TToXiopKLav. 55
(iv.
1)
'Ei^
rovrcp Kal rd Kara rr)v
he '
2
ijv
TToX/MOf ponr)
ed. pr.
Naber
:
avTovi MS9.
:
Tj
iro\iiJ.Qv (jOTr-qv
x^P^^
niost MSS.
264 Sabinus secured 400 talents apart from the sums stolen by the soldiers. The writer oi A. is clearly imitating Thuc. vii. 85 ro (xku oZv adpoLodh tqZ <"
According
to
A.
xvii.
wo\u iy^vero, rb hh 5iaK\aTr(v ttoXv, be a faint reminiscence here. troops drafted in the region of Sebaste - Samaria.
aTf,aTtv/jLaTO': i% to KOifdf oC
a passage of which there *
342
i.e.
may
JEWISH WAR,
50-55
II.
(
= ant.
xvii. 264-
four hundred talents ; of this sum all that stolen by them was collected by Sabinus.*^
was not
(4) However, the effect of this loss of buildings and of lives was only to rally the Jews in far greater strength and efficiency against the Romans. Surrounding the palace, they threatened to kill them to a man unless they promptly withdrew if Sabinus were prepared to retire with his legion, they guaranteed him a safe conduct. The rebels now had with them the bulk of the royal troops which had deserted ;
to their side.
The most
efficient division,
however,
of those troops still adhered to the Romans, namely, three thousand Sebastenians,^ under Rufus and Gratus, the latter commanding the royal infantry, the former the cavalry ; a pair, either of whom, even without any force under him, was worth an army,^ owing to their bravery and acumen. So the Jews pressed the siege, making assaults on the fortress, while at the same time they loudly called on Sabinus and his followers to depart and not to stand in the way of men who after such a lapse of time were on the road to recovering their national independence. Sabinus would have been quite content to slink away, but he mistrusted their promises, and suspected that their mildness was a bait he was, moreover, hoping for succour to ensnare him from Varus and so let the siege drag on. (iv. 1) Meanwhile, the country also, in various
—
;
These cohorts of Sehasteni are often mentioned in inscriptions, and elsewhere in Josephus, e.g. B. ii. 58, 63, 74, 236. The aireipa 'Ze^aarrj mentioned in Acts xxvii. 1 as quartered at Caesarea was probably one of them, though le^aarri^ its full title was probably cohors Atiffusta, not Sebastenian Avgusta Sehastenorum (Schiirer). ;
*
Literally " sufficient to turn the scale of war."
343
Sabimis j^n^hf^^ palace.
JOSEPHUS voXXaxoOei' irapdaoero, Kacpo? dviireiBev. Kara 8tCT;)(tAiot
Toil'
/cat
fiev
ovxvovs ^aoiXeidv o ye r-qv 'ISou/xatW
VTTO 'Wpojhrj TrdAat arpaTevaafxevcov
ovoTavres evoTrXoi
8i€/xa;)(OVTO rot? ^aoiXiKol^,- ol?
'A;^ta/3o? OLveijjLO? ^aaiXdojs
oltto
tcov IpvyLVordrajv iv rol? TreStois"
XojpLcov eTToXefieL, V7T0(f)€vy(jJv rr]v
TaXiXatag 'louSa?, VLOS 'E^e/cta rov Kararpexovros rtore rrjv x^P^^ dpxi-XrjaTou koI ;(eipaj^eVTOS' v(f)* 'HpcuSou jSaatAecus", crvoT-qaas rrX-qdo? ovx dXiyov dvappiqyvvoLv TOL? /SaCTtAtKOL? OTrXodi^Kas Kal rov? rrepl avTov OTrXioag rol? r-qv hvvaoreiav t,r)XovoLV e7re;\;etp6t.
56 GVfiTrXoKrjv cv he T.e7Ta)peL rrj?
57
{"2)
Kara
8e tt^v
SouAtuv',
Ai/ca»i/
nepatav
rt? tcuv /Saat-
Zt/Ltcui'
ocufiaros
evp.op(^iq.
Kal
jxeyedeL
TTeTToidojs , TTepiTLdrjGLU fxev eavTO) SidSrjiJLa, Trepucuv
he fieS' (Lv ovvrjOpOLoev Xtjotow rd re ev 'l6pi;(0t ^aoiXeta KaraTTLfXTTprjOLU Kal rroXXas erepa? rcvv TToXvreXojv evTrpertTj
eV rov rrdaav OLKrjGLV Vpdrog 6 row ^aoiXt-
dprrayds
eTravXets,
Kav
58 TTvpo? avrco vopiL,6p.evos.
KaradiXe^as,
el
fjirj
Kcjv TTetojv Tjyepiujv rovs re
paStcu?
e(f)6r]
TpaxoJVLra<;^
ro^oras
Kal ro iiaxip^ojrarov rujv ^e^acrrrjvdjv dvaXa^dtv 59 vTTavridleL rov dvhpa. ra)U p.ev ovv Wepaiatv^ ovx^ol hLecf)ddpr]oaif ev rfj p-dxi], tov ^ijxojva 8* avrov dvachevyovra 5i* opdlov (f)dpayyo? 6 Vparo? V 77 or ejjLver at Kal ^evyovros eK TrXayiov rov au;(eVa KarecjiXeyr] he Kal rd TrX-qoiov vXi'i^a? drreppa^ev.'^ ^ Hudson from Lat. Tpaxanoras etc. mss. vaiuv, Traiduv or ire^'il'u .ms3. Destinon from A. :
*
ji
'
"
B.
i.e. i.
344
662
Herod, ;
whom
c/. n. 77.
:
aTr(pp7)^ev
he
PA.
had once saved from "
B.
i.
204.
suicide,
JEWISH WAR,
II.
55-59
(
= ant.
xvii. 269-277)
^
was a prey to disorder, and the opportunity Anarchy -4. Palestine. •J u r X -J. numbers or persons to aspire to sovereignty. induced In Idumaea, two thousand of Herod's veterans formed Revolt of up in arms and took the field against the royal troops, veterans They were opposed by Achiab, the king's" cousin, i^d^^^^^e^ who, avoiding an engagement in the plain, fell back on the strongest positions. At Sepphoris in Galilee and of Judas, son of Ezechias, the brigand-chief who in oaiiiee." former days infested the country and was subdued by King Herod,^ raised a considerable body of followers, broke open the royal arsenals, and, having armed his companions, attacked the other aspirants to power. (2) In Peraea Simon/ one of the royal slaves, proud The usuri mon in of his tall and handsome figure, assumed the diadem, pe^a ea. Perambulating the country with the brigands whom he had collected, he burnt down the royal palace at Jericho and many other stately mansions, such incendiarism providing him with an easy opportunity for plunder. Not a house of any respectability would have escaped the flames, had not Gratus, the commander of the royal infantry, with the archers of Trachonitis and the finest troops of the Sebastenians, gone out to encounter this rascal. In the ensuing engagement numbers of the Peraeans fell. Simon himself, endeavouring to escape up a steep ravine, was intercepted by Gratus, who struck the fugitive from the side a blow on the neck, which severed his head from his body. The palace at Betharamatha,'* districts, J
i
i
* . '^
^f
9 " post mortem Herodis inuaserat " (Reinach).
v.
Beth-haram of the Old Test. (Jos. xiii. 27), Beth-ramtha Talmud, rebuilt by Herod Antipas and renamed Julias
the
A. jf
Mentioned by Tacitus, Hist. Simo quidam regium nomen
xviii.
the
27) or Livias ; some six miles north of east of the Jordan.
ttie
tiead
Dead Sea and
345
JOSEPHUS ^lophdvov
jSaCTi'Aeta
Kara Br]dapdixada^ ovaravrajv
iripcjv rivu)V eV ttjs 60
Tore
(3)
Ocpatas".
7T0LfJ,-qv
rig
di'rLTTOLrjdrjvai,
/Saat-
WBpoyyalos
eVaAetro, rrpov$€V€L S* avroj r-qv eA7Tt8a ocopLaros loxv? Kal 4^vxrj davdrov Kara<^povov(ja, rrpos he rovrois dhe\(f)ol reaaapes ofJLOLOL. rovrcov iKdcrrco Xo^ov vrroL^ev^a? evoirXov ojoTrep orpanqyoZs expfj'i'o Kal oarpdnat? Aeta?
61
/cat
errl
62 rojv
iroXfi-qaev.
ra? Karahpopids, avros he Kaddrrep ^aoiXeu? rore p,ev oepLVorepojv -qTTrero Trpayfidrajv.
8' rrepLridrjGLV htdh-qp^a, hiefieivev eavroj ovv vorepov ovk oXlyov xpovop rrjv ^copav Kararpe^cov ovv rols dheX(f)ol9' Kal ro Kreivetv avrolg rrpoTjyovpLevov rju 'Pajfiaiovs re Kal rov? /SacriAtKou?, hiecfyevyev 8' ovSe ^lovhalcxjv el ri? eh X^^P*^^ eXdot 63 (j)epcov eroXfi-qaav he rrore 'Pajfiaiajv KephosXoxov ddpovv TTepLGx^t^ Ko.r Wp^fiaovvra' alra 8' ovroL Kal orrXa hieKoixit^ov roj rdyfiari. rov fiev ovv eKarovrdpxTiv avrojv "Apecov Kal reaaapdKovra
rovs yewaiordrovs Kar-qKovnaav, ol he XolttoI Kivhvvevovres ravro Tradelv, Tpdrov ovv rol? ttoAAo, eTTL^orjdrjoavros, e^e(l)vyov. 64 He^aoTTjvols roLavra rovs eTTixcoptovs Kal rovs dXXo(f)vXovs Trap' oXov rov rroXefMov epyaodp,evoL p.erd XP^'^^^ ol pLev
rpels
ex^tpcoOrjoav,
vtt^
^ApxeXdov
ptev
6
rrpeo^vraroSy ol 8' e^r)S hvo Tpdro) Kal FItoXepaioj TTepiTTeoovres' 6 he rerapros ^ApxeXdqj
Kara he^tdv. rovro pLev hrj to reXos vorepov avrovs i^ehex^To, rore he XrjorpiKov 7ToXep.ov rrjV ^lovhaiav rrdoav eveTTLpLTrXaoav.
65 7Tpooex^P'r]
Niese
^
A.
\K
346
:
Bridap6.ni.v
Br}dapafx
A.
evda or Bijdapafxddov Mss. xviii. 27.
:
iv 'Afifj-ddois
JEWISH WAR,
II.
59-65
(
= ant.
xvii. 277-285)
near the Jordan, was likewise burnt to the ground by another body of Peraean insurgents. (3) Now, too, a mere shepherd had the temerity to aspire to the throne. He was called Athrongaeus, and his sole recommendations, to raise such hopes, were vigour of body, a soul contemptuous of death, and four brothers resembHng himself. To each of these he entrusted an armed band and employed them as generals and satraps for his raids, while he himself, like a king, handled matters of graver moment. It was now that he donned the diadem, but his raiding expeditions throughout the country with his brothers continued long afterwards. Their principal object was to kill Romans and royalists, but no Jew, from whom they had anything to gain, escaped, if he fell into their hands. On one occasion they ventured to surround, near Emmaus," an entire Roman company,^ engaged in convoying corn and arms to the legion. Their centurion Arius and forty Df his bravest men w^ere shot down by the brigands the remainder, in danger of a hke fate, were rescued :hrough the intervention of Gratus with his Sebastenans. After perpetrating throughout the war many such outrages upon compatriot and foreigner alike, :hree of them were eventually captured, the eldest Dy Archelaus, the two next by Gratus and Ptolemy :he fourth made terms with Archelaus and sur•endered.*' Such was the end to which they ultinately came but at the period of which we are ipeaking, these men were making the whole of fudaea one scene of guerilla warfare. ;
;
;
" '
See § 71 note. There were five
*
in all (§ 60)
:
Centuria.
the fate of the fifth
is
un-
ecorded.
347
The usurpi ga^euTthe shepherd.
JOSEPHUS 66
(v.
Ovdpco
l)
he
ra Trapa Ha^Lvov
Se^a/xeVoj
re rrepl tov oXou TTapeorr) Kal GnevSen^ eVi tt^i' dvaXa^ojv drj rd XoLTrd hvo rdyfiara ^oTjOeLav. Kal rd? avv avTols T€OGapa
/cat
rdyiiaTOS
67
Kal TrevraKooLov? oirXlra?. i-nel to re dXXo ovfj-pLaxiKOv TrX-qOog avTO) rraprju Kal Kara to Trpog 'Hpojhrjv €xdo<; 'ApeVa? o "Apai/f ovk oXiyqv dyojv hvvaiJiLV
68 TTju ttoXlv 8'
iTTTTLKrjv enejJLTrei'
/xatSt
rovs ttoXlv
;)(tAtoL'?
IlToAe/xai'Sa
rrju
€iV
re Kal
Kal
FaAtAatai^ yeirvicooai^
Fatoi'^
rjyefJLOi^a
inraurLdoavras
re
eXdw
avrrjp
el?
.
rfj
aurov
evdecvs flroAe-
0tAa>i^,
Kal
o?
HeTT^ajpiv
rov?
efiTTLTrp-qoL,
fiev
avro? Ovapos
rojv
rpeTrerai
69 oiKOVura? dvh pair ohil,er ai lieoj?
orpand?
(.lepos rrjg
7re^t/<:rji/,
els rrju
8'
iv-
[lerd 8e 717? oXrjs Suva-
^afidpetav eXdoas
rrj? fieu
dTreox^ro, pir]hev ev rols rajv dXXa>v dopv^ois TTapaKeKLv-qKvlav evpojv, auAt^erat Se nepi riva KcjfjLr^u Wpovv KaXovfJLevrjv KrrjpLa 8e rjv TToXeoj?
nroXepLalov
70
rovro
kpd^a)V 'HpcuSou ^iXoiq. evdev els lLa-<^dj TrpoeiGLU, Kojp.'qv erepav epvpivi^v, Tjv opLOLOJS hi-qpTTaoav rds re Trpooopovs^ rtdaas hi-qpTrdadrj
Kal
8td
p.-qvi6vrajv
Kal
ooais eTTervyxo-vov TTvpds pojTO rrdvra Kal rrpos rds Yaiov] Galli
^
**
348
filio
rojv
8e
Kal
(f)6vou
dpnayds
Lat.
:
rci vl.^
rojv
A.
Destinon and Niese: trpocbbov^
Lat. alae^
i.e.
^
rols
.
2
vtto
^
rtevX-q'
Apd^ojv
||.
.mss.
regiments of auxiliary cavalry, usually
JEWISH WAR,
II.
66-70
(
= ant.
xvii. 286-290)
On
receiving the dispatches from Sabinus varus Varus was alarmed for the whole the^JeUef legion and resolved to hasten to its relief. Accord- of Sabinus ingly, mobilizing the two remaining legions with the fom* regiments" of horse which were attached to them, he marched for Ptolemais, having ordered the auxiliary troops furnished by the kings and chieftains to assemble at that place. On his way through Berytus,^ his army was further increased by 1500 armed recruits from that city. When the other contingent of allies had joined him at Ptolemais, as well as Aretas the Arab who, in memory of his hatred of Herod, brought a considerable body of cavalry and infantry, Varus at once sent a detachment of his His camarmy into the region of Galilee adjoining Ptolemais, GaHiee^an under the command of his friend Gains the latter Samaria. routed all who opposed him, captured and burnt the city of Sepphoris and reduced its inhabitants to slavery. Varus himself with the main body pursued his march into the country of Samaria he spared the city, finding that it had taken no part in the general tumult, and encamped near a village called Arous ^ this belonged to Ptolemy and for that reason was sacked by the Arabs, who were infuriated ven against the friends of Herod. Thence he adi^anced to Sappho,** another fortified village, which hey likewise sacked, as well as all the neighbouring (v.
and
1)
his officers,
;
;
;
which they encountered on their march. The whole district became a scene of fire and blood, md nothing was safe against the ravages of the
v'illages
500 horse, as distinct from the strictly " legion" squadrons of cavalry, consisting of only 120 horse, 5. iii. 120 (Reinach). ^ Beirut. * Position unknown. Unknown ; Sampho in A. xvii. 290.
:onsisting of iry
'^
S49
.
JOSEPHUS 71
ovSeu
he
KaT€(j>\iyq
OLVT€L)(€v.
Ovdpov
(f)vy6urajv rcbv olKTjropcov,
koI
^A/jLjAaovs
8t'
opyrjv tcjv
*'Apeiov dTTOG(f)ay€VTcov KeAeucrai/Tos-.
7T€pl
'Ev^eVSe^ et? 'lepoGoXvfxa TvpoeXdow 6(f)6€LS ttj? hwdfieoj? rd orparorreha tojikoI ol p.kv (ly^^ovro (f)V73 'louSatcov hieoKehaoev. 72
(2)
T€
fjLOVov fierd
x^P^^' he^dfievoi 8e avrov ol Karo dn€OK€vdi,ovTo ret? air tag rrjs dTTOordoeajs, avrol fjLev ovSkv TTapaKLi^rjoaL Xeyovres, 8ta 8e rrjv ioprrjv dvayKaioj? Se^a/xevot re
yovreg dvd
rrjv
TToXiv
rrju
TrXrjdos ovfXTToXiopK-qOrjvaL pidXXov 'Pco/xatot?
74 TToXefJirjoaL
avroj
rot?
dTTOoraGLv.
'I CO (77^ 770?
Gvv Tpdrcp orpaTO) Kal
[reY 6 dvei/jLOS ^Ap^eXdov Ka dyovre? dp,a roj ^aoiXiKu
rovs
'I.e^aGrrjvov?,
yap ovh^
Sa/Stro? fikv
ol
re
Ovapo? be
rovs
roi
ei?
vrro/xeiVa'
oiJjlv
^ttI
ddXaG en
[/cara]^ fxolpav rrjg GTparids
rod
alrlous
drro
rponov K€KOGfxr)
iXdelv Ovdpcp TTpoe^rjXdev rrjg TToXeoiS 75 oav.
ctu/x-
'Poi}(/»o?,
'Pojfia'LKov rdyiJLaTO<; tov Gwi^drj p.€voi'
rj
TTpovTTrjvrrjKeLoav S<
eTrepupev
KLV-qfiarog
nepl*
rrj
Xcopav, Kal ttoXXcou dyofxevajv rovs fxev rjrro dopv^cvbets (j)avevra
dveGravpcDoev rrepl hiGX^Xiovs (3) ^WyyeXdr] 8' avrco Kara evpojv
GVfjLjjLdxcov Tjdog
OX)
Grparevop.evovs Kal rrepa
xojpav
rrjv
KaKOVvras
dTTOTTepneraL, 1
P
:
Ivdfv 8( 3
"
S50
§ 63.
be
jierd
AM
:
?i'0(i'
LVRC. Emmaus
e^ovras, dAA' rrjs
"Apa^a
t8taj rrdde
eavrov TrpoaipeGeoj '^^
^X^^^
Trpos
^HpcoSr).
rwv ihiwv rayjidrojv en the rest.
om.
Ttie
^Xhovpiaiav er
rr]v
6 8e rovs fiev
GvufjieveLV fjLvpiovg OTrXlras.
^ *
intended
is
(ttI
q^^ p \m.
PAM.
doubtless the town S.E.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
71-76
(
= ant.
xvii. 291-297)
Arabs. Emmaus, the inhabitants of which had fled, was burnt to the ground by the orders of Varus, in revenge for the slaughter of Arius and his men.'^ He quells (2) Proceeding thence to Jerusalem, he had only to show himself at the head of his troops to dis- rection a perse the Jewish camps. Their occupants fled up Jernsaier country but the Jews in the city received him and disclaimed all responsibility for the revolt, asserting that they themselves had never stirred, that the festival had compelled them to admit the crowd, and that they had been rather besieged with the Romans than in league with the rebels. Prior to this, Varus had been met outside the city by Joseph, the cousin of Archelaus,^ with Rufus and Gratus, at the head of the royal army and the Sebastenians, and by the ;
Roman legionaries, in their customary equipment
;
for
Sabinus, not venturing to face Varus, had previously left the city for the coast. Varus now detached part of his army to scour the country in search of the authors of the insurrection, many of whom were brought in. Those who appeared to be the less turbulent individuals he imprisoned the most culpable, in number about two thousand, he crucified. (3) He was informed that in Idumaea ten thousand and in ^*^"™^''^still held together in arms. Finding that the Arabs were not properly conducting themselves as allies, but were rather making war to gratify their private resentment, and, from hatred of Herod, were doing more injury to the country than he had intended, he dismissed them, and with his own legions marched ;
of
Lydda
at the foot of the Judaean hills, mod. Amwas, at not the village much nearer to Jerusalem xxiv. 13. Herod's brother Joseph, who was killed
one time Nlcopolis, mentioned in Luke ^ Joseph, son of at Jericho {A. xviii.
134, B.
i.
323
f.).
351
JOSEPHUS 77
Tovs
d(j)€OT(2>Ta?
iXdelv
y^elpas
rjTreLyero.
Trplv
KOLKelvot.
avfJc^ovXevaavrog
'A;>^ta/SoL'
€i? G(f)d?
auTou? TrapeSocrav, Ovapo? 8e to) 7TXi]d€L piev rj(f)UL ras alriaSy rov? Se -qyepova? €^€Taodr]aop.evov? Kaloap Se rots" jLtep' aAAot? 78 €7T€pL7T€v €77t KatGapa. Gvveyvco, rit'o.? Se rcDi' rod jSaatAeco? cruyye^cDv,
yap iv avrol? eVtot TjpoGrjKovres 'Hpcx}Srj Kara yevos, KoAacrat rrpoGera^ev, on Kar* oIk€LOV ^aGiXews iGrparevGavro Ovapos pi€v ovv rovrov T^crav
79
.
rov rpoTTOV KaraGrrjGapevos Kal
to. /cat
iv
'lepoGoXvp^ot?
irporepov rdyp.a
els ^AuTLOx^i'OiV eTrdveLGLV.
go
(vi
'App^eAaoj
1)
GVVLGTarai
677 IT peipavros
CTTCtCTeoj?
XvdeGav
81
8*
TTepi
T'q
7T€vr-^Kovra
p-kv
avrolg rwv
iirl
xtAtou?.
eVt
ndXiv
dXXr)
Ovdpov
TTpeG^eis
e^eXrj-
rov 'idvovs avrovopLia?- -^oav 8e ol
Trapovres,
'Pcjpurjs
GvpLTrapLGravro
8e
^lovhalcov vnkp oKraKiG-
ddpOLGavros be Kat'crapo? Gvvihpiov rcjv
iv TcAet 'PojpLaiojv Kal rojv
YlaXdrtov
82
'PcojjLrjs
hiKr] Tipos 'louSatou?, ot Trpo rris diro-
WttoXXowos
(fjiXcov
l^pco,
eV rep
KrLGp,a
8'
Kara ro rju
t8^o^
avrou daupLaoLcp iroXvreXeia K€KOGp't]p.€uou, perd pikv rCov rt peG^evr ojv rd ^XovhalKOv rtXrjOo^ eGrrj Gvv 8e rot? (f)iXoLS dvriKpus Wpx^Xao?, rdjv 8e rovrov Gvyyevcov ol (j)iXoL nap ovherepoig, GupLnapiGraodai pikv WpxeXdco hid plGos Kal
83
oXkov TjaGi
S52
rol<;
iyyovoi?, KXrjpov
nvds
d^LcoOrjvai.
JEWISH WAR,
11.
77-83
(
= ant.
xvii. 297-303)
meet the rebels. They, before any action took place, on the advice of Achiab," surrendered Varus discharged the rank and file and sent the leaders to Caesar for trial. Caesar pardoned all with the exception of certain individuals of royal blood, for their number included some relatives of Herod these he ordered to be punished for taking up arms against a sovereign who was of their own family. Having thus restored order in Jerusalem, Varus left as garrison the legion previously quartered there and returned to Antioch. (vi. 1) Meanw^hile, Archelaus in Rome had to a Jewish defend himself in a new suit against certain Jewish ^^^)^{^g^^^ ^ deputies who, before the revolt, had set out with the asks for ^"^'^""""^ permission of Varus to plead for the autonomy of their nation. Fifty deputies appeared, but more than eight thousand of the Jews in Rome espoused their cause. Caesar assembled a council, composed Augustus of the Roman magistrates and his friends, in the freTh"°°^ temple of the Palatine Apollo, a building erected by council, himself with astonishingly rich ornamentation. The Jewish crowd took up a position with the deputies the Dpposite them was Archelaus with his friends friends of his relatives appeared neither on the one side nor on the other, scorning through hatred and snvy to join Archelaus, yet ashamed to let Caesar see them among his accusers. Another person present was Philip, brother of Archelaus, whom Varus, out Df friendliness, had sent off under escort with two Dbjects primarily to support Archelaus, but also to :ome in for a share of Herod's estate in case Caesar should distribute it among all his descendants. in haste to
;
;
;
;
:
" ^
VOL.
M II
:
TovToii Trapi]v
PA
§ :
55. iiri
X
tovtols TrapTJv the rest.
353
J05EPHUS 84
(2) *E7TLTpa7T€v Sc XdyeLU toi? KanqyopoL? ra? 'HpcuSou 7Tapavo}xias rrpajrov hie^-^eaau, ov jSacrtAea
Xeyovre?, dXXa rojv Trcvrrore TvpavvTjGOLVTajv (Lfio-
Tarov
rvpavvov TrXeldrajv yovv avr^py]avTOV roiavTa ireTTOvdevai rov^ Kara-
^vrjvo)(^evai VTT^
fievajv
XeMevra?, 85
yap ov jjlovov ra aoj/xara rcvv VTTorerayiJLevcov, dXXa /cat rd? TToXeig- rag /xev yap
86 Tolg
Kal
e^ojdev
to
be
Tcu
be
eTeaiv
ev-
KadoXov
'Hpwbov
'louSatous"
eV
ttjv
fxeTOL
rraAata?
rreTrX-qpajKev at,
eaxaT-qs
oXiyois
KexapiaOai
alfia rijs
VTTopLefievqKevaL rd? e^
y^povcp
erradou
8S
ev
'louSatas"
dvrl
Trarpiojv voficov irevlas to eOuog
tcop'
Tapavop.ias rrXeiovg
(f)opd?
tt^S"
drj/xot?.
baifMOVLa? Kal
Kal
rd? be rojv dXXo(j)vXojv kcko-
XeXaj^rjuOai,
Idta?
GfirjKevaL
87
fiaKaptLeoOaL rovg OLTroXojXorag'
(joot€
^e^aoavLKevai
ojv
Ba^vXojuo?
ev
avfj.-
TravTi
dva\o'jp-qGiv
Rep^ov ^aotXevovros drravatogovtov fxevTOi fieTpLorrjTos^ KaV
ol TrpoyovoL,
GTavTeg. eh Tov bvGTuxelv edov? TrpoeXOelv, ujGTe VTTOjJielvai T-qg TTLKpds bovXeiag Kal biabox^jv avdalpeTov
WpxeXaov yovv
tov
Tvpdvvov
ttiXlkovtov
/xerd Tr]v tov vaTpos TeXevTrjv /SaatAe'a eiTTelv
Kal
eToipLcog
Gvp-TTevdriG at
OdvaTov avTO) Kal GVvev^aGOai 89 TOV
8'
bc^eiev
(jjGTxep
dycoviaGavra,
'Rpcobov,
Tpio\iXitov
^
PAM *
33 +
pLXj
voOog
npooip^iaGaGOai
TToXiTajv (f)6vcp,
cGTaKevat dv/xaTa
(K
:
t7]v
biaboxyj? vlos
elvat
jSacrtAet'at
kgI TOGavTa p.ev Tap-
rrepl ttjs dpxTJg toj
Lat.
tov
rrepl Trjg
Tralba
vpoG'Hpoj8oi
t€
ra7r£tj/2TT)T3s
dew, togovtoi^
the rest.
Hudson, Bekker.
JEWISH WAR, (2)
The
II.
plaintiffs,
84-89
(
= ant.
xvii.
304-313)
being given permission to state
their case, began by enumerating Herod's enormities. " It was not a king," they said, " whom they had had
to tolerate, but the most cruel tyrant that ever existed. Numerous had been his victims, but the survivors had suffered so much that they envied the For he had tortured not only the fate of the dead. persons of his subjects, but also their cities and ;
while he crippled the towns in his own dominion, he embellished those of other nations, lavishing the lifeblood of Judaea on foreign communities. In place of their ancient prosperity and ancestral laws, he had sunk the nation to poverty and the last degree of iniquity. In short, the miseries which Herod in the course of a few years had inflicted on the Jews surpassed all that their forefathers had suffered during all the time since they left Babylon to return to their country in the reign of Xerxes." And yet so chastened and habituated to misfortune had they become, that they had consented to this bitter servitude being made hereditary and had actually chosen the This Archelaus, son of such a heir themselves tyrant, they had, on his father's decease, promptly acclaimed king they had joined in his mourning for Herod's death, in his prayers for the prosperity of his own reign. But he, anxious apparently not to be taken for a bastard son of Herod, had ushered in his reign with the massacre of three thousand citizens that was the grand total of the victims which he had offered to God on behalf of his throne, that was the number of corpses with which he had filled the !
;
;
" i.e. the return under Ezra, which Josephus (A. xi. 120) places in the reign of Xerxes, not as in the O.T. in that of Artaxerxes.
355
speeche Mie ^''^
Jewi '^*^^^'
deputies
JOSEPHUS 90 S'
TO Upov iv ioprfj. rovg roGOvrwv KaKUJV et/coTOj?
iii7T€7TXrjKevaL V€Kpols
[levroL T7€ptAet(/)^eWas- ck
TTore
i7TeGrpd(f)dai
7ToXep.ov he-)(^eodai,
Kara
he
iXeijaai
heloBai
'louSata? Xelifjava VTTopplipai Tot? oj/xtu?
be
rfj
Hvpla
ovfjL(f)opag
TrXrjya? iOeXeLU
rfj^ 91
ra?
rrpos
rj^r]^
vojJLcp TO,?
'^toixalajv
/cat
TrpooujTTOV
rd
re*
to TrepLGOOv avrrjg orrapdrrovoLV, ovvdipavras
/cat
pir]
auTcDi^ Stot/c€tv €77
rrjV ^cupat^
iStot?
-qyepLOOLW eTTihei^eoOaL ydp, co? ot vvv OTaoiivheLS
hta^aXXopLevoi
93
TToXepLtKol
/cat
(fyepeuv
olhaatv
pLe-
KarrjyopLa? KareXr^^av €tV roLavrrjv d^lajotv, dvaard? 8e Nt/cdAao? dTreAt'craTO^ /Ltev tcl? etV tou? fiaotXels alrias, KarrjyopeL de rod edvov? ro re hvoapKrov /cat to bvGTretde? (f)VG€L Trpos roijs ^aoiXelsovvSid^aXXe he /cat rovg Wpx^Xdou ovyyevels, oooL TTpo? rou9 Karriyopov? dcfjeiorrjKeoav. pLev ovv Katcrap aKovoas eKarepwv (3) ToTe hieXvae ro ovveSpiov, fierd 8' -qp-epag oXiyas ro p.ev ripLiov ri)? ^aGiXeias \pxeXdcx) hlhcoaiv
92 rpiovs
TiyepLovag.
'loL'Satot
/xei^
oui^
e/c
ttJ?
^
/cat jSaaiAea d^LOV eavrov rrapdoxoL,* ro he Xolttov rjp.LOU hieXojv elg hvo rerpap^ias Suatv erepoig TTaialv ^Hpcohou hlhwoLV, ri-jv pLev ^iXimraj, rrjv
idudp)(r]u TrpoaeLTTojv, vrroaxopLevog he
94 TTOLTjoeLV, el
he
^AvrLTTo.
roj
vpos
Wpx^Xaov
dpL
eyevero he vtto rovrcp pLev rj FaAiAata, rrpooohos hiaKOGiajv re riepata /cai raXduroju, Baravea he Kal Tpa;(ajp' Avpavlris re
95 77ept rrjg /SaatAeias".
'
•
7767?
TTOTe
LVRC.
Nieseand others from Lat. *
856
* :
trs. re
dTreOL'aaro >iss.
Niese: TrapdaxT?
-mss.
rd ed. pr. ;
cf.
B.
i.
453.
JEWISH WAR, Temple
at a festival
!
90-95
(
It was,
= ANT.
313-319)
xvii.
however, but natural disasters should
who had survived such
that those
now
II.
at length turn
and confront their calamities and
desire to face their blows, in accordance with the laws
of war. They implored the Romans to take pity on the relics of Judaea and not to fling what remained of it to those who were savagely rending it in pieces,
but to unite their country to Syria and to entrust the administration to governors from among themselves. The Jews would then show that, calumniated though they now were as factious and always at war, they
knew how
obey equitable rulers." With this Jews brought their accusation to a close.
to
petition the
Nicolas then rose and, after refuting the charges ^-^^^[^ brought against the occupants of the throne, retorted by an accusation of the national character, impatient of all authority and insubordinate towards their sovereigns. The relatives of Archelaus who had gone over to his accusers also came in for a share of his strictures. (3) Caesar, after hearing both parties, dismissed the assembly. His decision was announced a few days later he gave half the kingdom to Archelaus, with the title of ethnarch, promising, moreover, to :
make him king, should he
Augustui Herod's between^
^^/jfj^pi^"
the other
(as eth-
half he divided into two tetrarchies, which he pre-
Antipa's
prove his deserts
;
sented to two other sons of Herod, one to Philip, the other to Antipas, who had disputed the throne with Archelaus. Antipas had for his province Peraea and Galilee, with a revenue of two hundred talents. Batanaea, Trachonitis, Auranitis and certain portions
357
1
tetrarchs
JOSEPHUS Kal
fJieprj
tov Zrjuojvo? olkov
tlvol
Ylavidha,^
tol Trepl
TTpooohov exovra raXavrajv eKarov, vno ^lXltttto) 96 re-raKTO.
97
8'
^Apx^Xdov
rrjs
iBvapxias 'I8ou/xata
KOL 'louSata Trdoa Kal Sa^apetTt?
T£
fjLT]
TerdpTcp
tow dXXcov
ixerd
tjv,
k€kov-
rojv (f)6pow els TLpLrjv tov
/le'pet
dTTOOTrjvai.
TToXets
vtt-
S'
rjKOOV? TTapeXa^ev HTpdTOjvos rrvpyov Kal He^aGTrjv
Kal
*lo7r777]v
Kal ^lepoooXvp-a- rdj yap 'EAAr^yiSa?
TdBapa Kal
rdl,av Kal
"Ittttov
^aoiXeias TrpoaeOrjKev Hvpia.
aTTOTef-Loiieuos ttjs
rrpoaohos
[§']*
'TjV
Apx^Xdo) SodeldTjs X^P^^ TeTpaKocrtcov TaXdv9Stojv. ^aXojjjLrj Se rrpos ols 6 ^aaiXeu? iv ralg TTjS
^
Sta^T^/cat? KaTeXiTTev 'la^veta? re /cat
'A^corou
OaaaT^At'So?
;\;apt^erat
aTToheLKVvTai
Kataap
avTrj
CTUVT^yero 8'
/cat
e/c
ai)Tou
Xo.pit€Tai 100 ovvojKiaev
TOV
oIkov
Xei^Oeluav
WpX^XdoV
Tats
hiad-qKais
OvyaTpduL
Trapdlvots
iv
avTols
iTTihiiveipiev
'Hpcu8ou
Katoap
ttjv
hcjpedv,
^cto,
iavTO)
ovaav last -
8e
/caTa-
x^^^^^
189: a worthless
.-/.
c/.
/cat
xvii.
om. P.
Called in the parallel passage {A. xvii. 319) and else{e.g. B. i. 398J Zenodorus.
where
358
§
98.
e^codev
dpyvplov
TratoiV.
So Reinach after Graetz and Schiirer, the .Mss. have 'li'vavcj/Ivav or 'Id/jLueLay, the conjecture, conflicting with
Sval
iKopLL^ero.
pLvpidSag
TTevTTjKOVTa
avTas TOt? Oepcopa
v*
TOTTapx'iOLV
'HpaS8ou yeveds" e/caaro? to
*
"
S'
^aatAeta*
'Acr/caAcoyt
V7t6 TTjV
ttjs 8' aAAi]?
KaTo.XeL(f)dev 8'
iv
to,
/cat
TrdvTOJv i^rjKOVTa rrpoaohov raAavra*
TOV 8e OLKOV aVTTJS 99 era^ev.
SecTTOTig,
JEWISH WAR,
11.
95-100
(
= ant.
xvii.
319-323)
neighbourhood of hundred talents, were allotted to Philip. The ethnarchy of Archelaus comprised the whole of Idumaea and Judaea, besides the district of Samaria, which had a quarter of its tribute remitted in consideration of its having taken no part in the insurrection. The cities subjected to Archelaus were Strato's Tower, ^ Sebaste,'^ Joppa and Jerusalem the Greek towns of Gaza, Gadara, and Hippos were, on the other hand, detached from his principality and annexed to Syria. The territory given to Archelaus produced a revenue of four hundred* talents. Salome, besides the legacy which the king had left her in his will, was declared mistress of Jamnia, Azotus and Phasaelis Caesar also made her a present of the palace of Ascalon, her revenue from all sources amounting to sixty talents her estates, however, were placed under the jurisdiction^ of Archelaus. Each of the other members of Herod's of the domain of Zeno
"
in the
Panias,* producing a revenue of a
;
;
;
family received the legacy
named in
the
will.
To the
two unmarried daughters ^ Caesar presented, in addition, 500,000 (drachms) of silver and gave them in marriage to the sons of Pheroras. After this division of the estate, he further distributed among the family Herod's legacy to himself, amount-
king's
* The region to the south and east of Caesarea Philippi and referred to as " Ituraea " in Luke iii. 1 (" Philip, tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis "). "
Caesarea-on-sea.
^
Samaria. 600 according to A. Greek " toparchy."
"
^ «
Roxane and Salome
xvii.
(i.
320.
563).
S59
.
JOSEPHUS raXdvTcov
evreX-q
,
nva row
Ket/xr^Aicuv ei? rrjv
tov
KaroLXOfJLevov niJLrjv i^eXofxevog. (vii.
101
TO
Kdv
l)
yevo?,
veavias
rovrci) 8'
rpac^ei?
OLTTeXevOepoj,^
'PajfiaLOJu
ris
8t'
'louSato? Trapd
Hihajvi
iv
rep
oixoioT-qra
/xev
rd>v
i.Lop(f)Tjs
eavrov WXe^avhpov tov dvaipeOevra 'Hpc68ou, /car' iXTrlSa tov XrjO€LV rjKev et? V(f)^ ovvepyos S* 771^ Tts" OfiocfivXo? ainco 102 'PcjjpLTjv. TrdvTa TCL Kara ttjv ^aoiXeiav e77 lot dfievo?, v
avTovs yovu Tovs
eKKXeipeiav 103 TOVTOLS
arraTrjoas
Mt^Aov" ^oXrjU 104 €LS
owfMaTOJV.
'louSatou?
KprjTrj
iv
€^-
l^ohLaoBels hieriXevG€V €t? GVvayeLpa? ttoXXco rrXeov 8t' vnep-
/cat XafXTrpajs
€vBa
d^LOTTLGTLaS
'Pojfir]v
dv€77eLG€P
avTOj
ALKaidpx^Lav
€LS
vrro^oXfj
ojjlolojv
e/cet
'loL'Satojv
VTTO
TtJJV
KGL TOVS
ovveKTrXevoai.
hojpd
8e
a pLTiXr) 9 rj Trapd Tajv* Kal KadaTrep /SaatAeu?
t€
XapLJ^dvet
lSl0^€V0VS
KaTaxOels
77
TTpO' ^iXwV 7TpO€7TefJL(f)drj togovtov 7tlgt€ojs to ttjs iJLop(f)rjs wore tovs iojpaKOTag ^AXe^avSpou /cat eTTLGTapLevovs Sto/xvua^at tovtov etvat. to
TTaTpCpOJV
eXrjXvdeL 8' els ojioLov, 105 Ga(f)cos
ye
pLTjv
'Iou8at/c6v^
eV
ttj
'PcopLij
dirav
TTpos TTjv Siav avTov, /cat 7tXt]9os drreLpov
l^ex'^Q^) rju
Trepl
TOVS OT€VOJiTOVS 8t' (Lv eKopLiteTO- KOI ydp [hr)Y Trpo-fjXdop eh TOGOVTOV
'VuifjLa'iK^v a.ire\ev6ipiov 2
•
.S6O
1500
in
A.
xvii. 323.
om.
manv
MSS.
P.
As Reinach
points out, the figure
[la
JEWISH WAR, ing
to
trifling
100-105
II.
(
= ant
323-331)
xvii.
a thousand " talents, reserving only some works of art which he kept in honour of the
deceased, (vii. 1)
At
this
time
a
young man who, though by
birth a Jew, had been brought up at Sidon at the house of a Roman freedman, on the strength of a certain physical resemblance passed himself off as
whom Herod
had put to death.* the hope of imposing upon others. He had as his assistant a compatriot, perfectly acquainted with the affairs of the realm, acting upon whose instructions he gave out that the executioners sent to kill him and Aristobulus had, out of compassion, stolen them away, substituting in their stead the corpses of individuals who resembled them. With this tale he completely deceived the Jews of Crete, and, being handsomely furnished with supplies, sailed across to Melos, where, through the sxtreme plausibility of his story, he collected a much larger sum and even induced his hosts to embark with the prince Alexander,
and came
to
Rome
in
for Rome. Landing at Dicaearchia,'' he was oaded with presents by the Jewish colony there and A-as escorted on his way like a king by the friends of The resemblance was so conlis supposed father. zincing that those who had seen Alexander and <nown him well swore that this was he. At Rome i\] Jewry poured forth to see him. and vast crowds :hronged the narrow streets through which he was Dorne for the crazy Melians went so far as to carry
tiim
;
pven
in
B.
is
we are told in B. i, 646 (as in A.) that Herod left 1000 talents to
probably right
he parallel passage
in
;
\ \ugustus and 500 to his wife, children, and friends, Irachm was "the ordinary day wage of a labourer": a alent was 6000 drachms. *
i,
551.
VOL.
II
'
The Greek name N2
for Puteoli
(
Vita 16).
36l
The pseud
JOSEPHUS cocTTC
106
(2) Kalaap Be ywcLaKCDV [a/cpi^cD? J^ rou? 'AAe^dvSpov ^apaKT-qpas Karrjyoprjro yap U(/>' 'HpcuSou 770/3' avrto, uvveo'jpa fikv koI Trplv IheZv rov y
6.77 6.7 TjV , StSoU? TTjV OfJLOLOTTjTO? TTJg Kol [TTiGTeujsY' "Tou? IXapojTepai's eXTrioiv KeAaSdv Ttva TreixTrei tojv aa^ijjs eTTLGrafievajv ^AXe^avhpov, KeXevaas ayayelv airro) tov veavi107 oKov. 6 8e COS" elheVy ireKfjLrjparo (lev rax^ara /cat TO.? Sta
dvBpOJTTOV 8e
TL
TTVudavofMevoiS
KaKeivov
Trepl
eXeyev,
WpLGTo^ouXov a7ToXeXeL(f}daL
S'
crco^ecr^at
fjiev
ev
eTTLT-qhes
Ta? em^ovXas (j^vXaGGopLevov rjrrov yap
Kurrpo)
109 err LxetpeLGO at
ovv " Trapa KaLGapos frjv toi; p.rjvvGai rov avaTreiGavra ere TrAavctCT^at' T-qXiKav-ra." K6Kelvos avraj hrjXcjoeiv eLTTOjv errerai Trpos Kalaapa Kal rov ^lovhalov ivheiKwrai KaraxpyjGapievov avrov rfj opioioTrjri Trpos ipyaGtav roGavra yap elX-q^evai hojpa Kad^ eKaGT-qv ttoXlv oaa Ccov ^AXe^ai^hpos ovk* eXa^ev. 110 yeXaGas he Kataap eVt Tourot? top' jjiev ifjevhaXe^avhpov hi eve^iav Gcop^arog eyKarera^ev toIs epeTat?, TOV ava—eiGavTa he eKeXevGev avaLpeOrjvaf Mr^Atot? 5' TjpKeGev eTTLTipiiov Trjg avotag to di^a-
avTov Kar e^ets- TO
Ste^euy/xeVou?.
Ihiav " pllgOov,"
aTToXa^opievos
e(f)rj,
XcopLaTa. ^
om. 3
S62
PAM. wXdffacrdaL
2
op^^ Lat.,
LVRC.
perhaps rightly cf. A. * om. ouk PAM. ;
||.
JEWISH WAR, him
in a litter
and
II.
105-110
(
= ant.
xvii. 331-338)
to provide a royal retinue at their
own expense.
(2) Caesar, who had an exact recollection of The Alexander's features, as he had been arraigned by Scted Herod at his tribunal," divined, even before he had Augustus seen the fellow, that the affair was an imposture, based on resemblance however, to give a chance to a more favourable hope, he sent Celadus, one of those who knew Alexander best, with orders to bring the young man to him. Celadus had no sooner set eyes on him than he detected the points of difference in the face, and noting that his whole person had a coarser and servile appearance, penetrated the whole plot. The audacity of the fellow's statements quite exasperated him. For, when questioned about Aristobulus, he was in the habit of replying that he, too, was alive, but had been purposely left behind in Cyprus as a precaution against treachery, as they were less exposed to assault when separated. Celadus, therefore, took him aside and said, " Caesar will reward you by sparing your life, if you will inform him who induced you to play such a trick." Promising Celadus to give the required information, he accompanied him to Caesar and denounced the Jew who had thus traded upon his resemblance to Alexander for, as he said, he had in every town received more presents than Alexander ever received in his lifetime. Caesar laughed at these words and enrolled the pseudo-Alexander, as an able-bodied man, among, the oarsmen of his galleys his inspiring genius he ordered to execution. As for the Melians he considered them sufficiently punished for their folly by their lavish extravagance. ;
;
;
«
i.
452.
363
JOSEPHUS in
Y\apaXa^d)V
(S)
Kara
/cat
8e
r-qv
*Ap;^eAao?
iduapxiO-v
rojv TraAai
iivrjiJLrjv
hia(f)opa)v
ov fxovov
'lofSatoi? aAAa kol Sa/i,apeuCTt XPV^^H'^^^^ co/xa»?, Trpeo^evGafjLevojv eKarepajv Kar^ avrov 77/50? Kat-
oapa
avro? avrov
eret rrjs oLpXV^ ivdrcu (l)vyahev€raL fxev ttoXlu rrjg FaAAta?, rj ovoia 8'
BUvvaw
€LS
Kataapo?
eyKaTajdoaeraL. rrplv tov Kaiaapo? ovap Ihelv (paoLV roiovSe- ebo^ev opdv o-rdxvg evvea TrXrjpeig
112 Tot?
KAr)drjvai
Kal
8'
jieydXov;
haiojv
Tti'd?
TO yevo<^
utto
^oojv
vtto
pi€Ta7T€iJnljdfievo
113 d'AAojv 8'
Orjoavpols
auroi'
rovi
Be
€7TVvBdv€T0,
Kara^L^pojOKOfievovg. Kal rajv XaA-
/xai^ret?
Ti
orjfxaiveLU
hoKoleu.
dAActi? i^r]yovfi€va>v HipLOJv rt? 'Eacrato? e(f)r]
rovg
fxiv oTd\v<;
iviavrov? voiii^eLVf
jSda? 8e jjLera^oXrjv Trpaypidrojv hid
to
t')7P'
x^P^^
dporpLOjura? aXXdoaeLW, (Lore ^auiXevoeiv fiev avrov rov roju cjraxvwv dpidfjiov, ev TTOLKiXais he TTpayiidrojv fxera^oXal? yevoyievov reXevrrjoeiv.
ravra aKOVoas 'App^cAao?
fierd nevre rj/jLepa?
eTTi
r-qv Slktjv jxereKXridr]}
114
8e pLV-qpLrfS TjyrjadiJL-qu Kal rd rijs (4-) "A|toi/ yvvaLKOs avrov rXa(})vpas ovap, ^rrep rjv Ovydrrjp ApxeXdov rov \\a7T77ah6KOjv ^aoiXeojs yvvr) ixev 8' AXe^dvhpov yeyovvla rd Trpcorov, 6s rjv ddeX(f)d? ^ ApxeXdov TTepl ov hU^Lfjiev, vlds 8' 'Hpco8ou tou ,
^
1
eKX-qdv p.
From
this point until the outbreak of the war the narbecomes much more condensed. Probably the work of Nicolas of Damascus, the source hitherto followed, ended "
rative
here. " " The tenth " A. xvii. 34-2 : so Dio Cass. Iv. 27, and cf. the allusion to the 10th year of Archelaus in Vita 5 (Reinach).
S64
JEWISH WAR,
II.
111-114.
(
= ANT.
xvii. 339-349)
(3) Archelaus," on taking possession of his- ethnarchy, did not forget old feuds, but treated not only the Jews but even the Samaritans with great Both parties sent deputies to Caesar to brutality. denounce him, and in the ninth ^ year of his rule he was banished to Vienna,'' a town in Gaul, and his property confiscated to the imperial treasury. It is said that, before he received his summons from he thought he saw nine Caesar, he had this dream tall and full-grown ears of corn on which oxen were browsing. He sent for the soothsayers and some Chaldaeans and asked them their opinion of its meaning. Various interpretations being given, a certain Simon, of the sect^ of the Essenes, said that in his view the ears of corn denoted years and the oxen a revolution, because in ploughing they turn he would therefore reign for as many over the soil years as there were ears of corn and would die after a chequered experience of revolutionary changes.* Five days later Archelaus was summoned to his trial. (4) I think mention may also fitly be made of the dream of his wife Glaphyra. Daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, she had for her first husband Alexander,^ the brother of Archelaus, of whom we have been speaking, and son of King Herod, who -
'
'
-
:
Cruelty
at
deposition '^'P^'''^'^"
Archelaus
6 a.d.
His 5^°^,^/'^^^
;
A
city of the Allobroges in Gallia Narbonensis, on the bank of the Rhone, mod. Vienne. " Greek " race." ' Reinach suggests that the dream of Archelaus, modelled on Pharaoh's dream in Genesis, is a piece of Essene Haggadah "
east
which Josephus learnt during
his stay with the hermit historian claims to be an interpreter 352). i. 446. After Alexander's death Herod sent her back her father with her dowry but without her children
Bannus ( Vita 1). The ot dreams himself {B. iii. 1
'
to (i.
553).
365
History
oi
Qiapiiym.
JOSEPHUS €K yap TOiavTTjs vXrjg KareGKevaae rrjv (jK-qv-jv. S' ovSev iieTa(j)epo}Jievov kol GVixTrepivooTovvros 104 vaov Stec^epe. tovtujv ovv Kara GTTOvhrjv crvyKOfiLudei'TOji', eKOLGTov Kal irapa SvvafjLLV (faXoTLfxr]GaiJL€Vov, ap^LreKTovas rols epyoLs ichLGrrjGL Kar* ivToXrjv rod deov ovg Kal ro TrXrjdos dv eVeAe^aro 105 rrjs i^ovGia? eV avro) yevopL,€vr)g. ra Se ovofiara avrojVy KOL yap eV rat? UpaZs pi^XoLg avayeypaTTrai, raur' rjv Bacrar^Aos" jiev Ovpl Tralg r-fjg 'louSa 7}
VLOJVO?^ Be Maptaa^ry? rrjg dBeXcprj? rod GrparrjyoVy 'EAi^a^os" de 'Icra^a;(OU AartSo? (f)vXrjg. 106 ro Se TTXrjdos ovroj? vtto TTpodvpLias rol? iyx^t-povpLevoLS i—rjXdev, ojGre Mojuctt^? dvelp^ev avrovg v7TOKr)pv^dfjL€vos dpKelv rovs ovras' rovro yap at Sr]fiLovpyoL 7rpo€Lp-qK€Gav' i)(Ojpovv ovv eVt rrju rijs 107 GKTjvri? KaraGKevqVy Kal }>\ajVGrjg avrov? e/caara <j)vXri?
rrcpl rcov piirpojv Kara rrjv VTTodrjKTjv rod d^oO Kal rod fieyedovs ocra re Set GKevrj y^ujpelv avrrjv dvehiSaGKe Trpos rds dvGias VTT-qper-qGovra. e(f)iXoripLodvro he Kal yvvalKes nepl re GroXds lepanKas Kal TTepl ra dXXa ogojv exPDi^ ro epyov KOGpLov re Kal Xeirovpyias eveKa rod Oeod. 108 (2) Ildvrojv 8' ev erolpLOj yeyev-qpLevajv ;(;pi'CTtoL> re Kal dpyvpov ^ Kal )(aXKod Kal rcov v(j>avrojVy TrpoeL—ojv eoprrjv }>[covGrJ£ Kal dvGias Kara rrjV
eKaGrov SvvapLLV LGrr) rrjv aWpiov SLa/jLerpr)Gdfjievog ro ^
" ^
Bernard
:
father Hur, and
of Miriam '
S66
lios
codd.
Bibl. Bezalel. M?5. erroneously " son."
Bibl.
Hur according
GKTjvrjv,
Trpdjrov
^
:
Exodus mentions his grandto Josephus was the husband
(§ 54).
Oholiab (lxx
'EXid^),
pikv
evpos TrevriqKOvra j^s^ Lat. om. codd.
pLev
son of Ahisamach.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
114-118
(
= ANT
xvii. 349-xvii. 4)
put him to death, as we have ah-eady related. After his death she married Juba, king of Libya, on whose decease ^ she returned home and hved in widowhood with her father. There Archelaus, the ethnarch, saw her and fell so passionately in love with her that he instantly divorced his wife Mariamme ^ and married her. So she came back to Judaea, where, not long after her arrival, she imagined that Alex" Your Libyan ander stood beside her and said marriage might have sufficed you, but, not content with that, you now return to my hearth and home, having taken to yourself a third husband, and him, audacious woman, my own brother/^ But I will not brook this outrage and shall reclaim you whether After relating this dream she you will or no." survived barely two days (viii. 1) The territory of Archelaus was now re- Judaea, duced to a province, and Coponius. a Roman of the p°J!J'fnce '^
:
:
equestrian order, was sent out as procurator, entrusted by Augustus with full powers, including the Under his adminisinfliction of capital punishment tration, a Galilaean. named Judas.^ incited his
countrymen
to revolt, upbraiding
them
as
cowards
when it was obligatory, Deut. xxv. 5 (Mark xii. 19). Glaphyra had two children by Alexander; A, xvii. 341 em-
childless,
phasizes this fact. « Judas of Galilee (as he
is called here and in Gamaliel's Acts v. 37) or of Gamala in Gaulanitis {A. xviii. 4) was the founder of the Zealots, whose fanaticism and violence under Florus, the last of the procurators, hastened the war with Rome. Of the issue of the revolt we learn only from Acts loc. cit. Judas was killed and his followers dispersed. There is no sufficient reason tor identifying this fanatic doctor, as Schiirer does, with the brigand Judas, son of lizechias, who raised an insurrection in Galilee after the death
speech
in
:
of
Herod (B.
ii.
oQ).
367
under th
copoiuu^ '^
6-9 a.i
Rising
oi
Gaiuaeai
JOSEPHUS (f)6pov
rov
re 'Poj{iaLOLg reXelv VTrofievovoLV Kal fxeTo. rjv 8' olto? otcrovGL Ovtjtov'; heoTTorag.
Seoi'
ao(f)iorri
tSta?
aipeaew? ovSev rols
a'AAot?
Trpoa-
€OLKCO£.
(2) Tpla yap rrapa 'loDSatot? e'tbrj (j)L\ooo(^€iraiy Kal Tov jjiev alperiGTal Oaptaatot, tov be Za5houKaloi, rplrov 8e, o 817 kol 8ok€l oejivor-qra aoKelv, *EcrCTT]i^oi. /caAowrat, 'louSatot /Ltei' yeVo? 120 ot'Te?, ^lAaAAryAot 8e Kai tcui^ aAAcuv TzAeoi^. oltoi
119
TOL?
^tei^
7]8oi^a?
eyKpareiav
6U9
Kal
ro
KaKiav drrocrTpecbovTaL, tol^
firj
rtadeoiv
rrjv
8e
V7T07tl7tt€lv
Kal ydfiov fxev Trap' tov? 8' aAAoTpt'ou? 7Tat8a? eVAa/xjSai^oi^TC? drraAou? 6Tt Txpo? rd fxadi^^aTa avyyevet? i^yoOvTat Kal rol<; Tjde^nv avrcov €vtv7tovol, 121 701' fiev ydixov Kal rrjv e^ auTOV StaSox'Tji' ovk row yvvaiKUJv doeXyelas dvatpouvTeg, Tag 8e <^v\aTT6ii€voi Kal fJirjheiJLLav rripelu Trerretcr/xeVot rrji' TTpos €va viariv. 122 (3) Karac^pop'TjTat 8e ttAol'tou, Kal daufidaLov [77ap'j' avTolg ro koiuojulkov, ovbe 'ioriv evpelu Kr-qoeu rivd Trap* avroi<; V7Tep€\ovra' vofiog yap Tovs €LS rrju atpeaw eloiovra? br]ii€V€LV rw rdyfLart dperrjv
avrols
v7To)^a^.^dvovGiv
.
vvepoijjLa,
1
om.
P.
An exaggerated statement, corrected in A. xviii. 23 while they agree in all other respects with the Pharisees, they have an invincible passion for liberty and take God for their only leader and lord "). * A shorter sketch of the three sects is given in A. xviii. 11-2-2, where the author refers to the fuller statement in the "
('*
368
JEWISH WAR,
II.
118-122
{cf.
ant.
xviii. 4, 9, 11)
for consenting to pay tribute to the Romans and tolerating mortal masters, after having God for their This man was a sophist who founded a sect of lord. his
own, having nothing in
common
with the
others.**
Jewish philosophy, in
fact, takes three forms. The thre school are called Pharisees, ll^^^^^ of the second Sadducees, of the third Essenes.^ The Essenes have a reputation for cultivating (i.) The peculiar sanctity.'' Of Jewish birth, they show a ^fje-"^^' greater attachment to each other than do the other ascendsi They shun pleasures as a vice and regard a'lld^com sects. temperance and the control of the passions as a'"""ijyf Marriage they disdain, but they special virtue. adopt other men's children, w^iile yet pliable and docile, and regard them as their kin and mould them (2)
The
followers of the
first
own principles. They do on principle, condemn wedlock and the propagation thereby of the race, but they wish to protect themselves against women's wantonness, being persuaded that none of the sex keeps her plighted troth to one man. (3) Riches they despise, and their community of you will not find one goods is truly admirable among them distinguished by greater opulence than another. They have a law that new members on admission to the sect shall confiscate their property in
accordance with their
not, indeed,
;
present passage. He has first-hand knowledge, having " passed through the three courses " himself ( Vita 11). " solemnity." " Or The name Essene probably means " pious " (Aram, hasa) ; Philo connected it with the Greek TrapLouvfjioi. daioTriTos {Quod 07nnls probus KaXovurai fxev 'Eaaalot irapa. ttjv daLOT-qra /noi doKu) TTJs TTfjoariyopLas d^iudevTes {ap. Eus. Praep. Ev. viii. 11). Philo, Pliny {Nat. Hist. v. 17), and Josephus are our three authorities on the sect.
boLos'.
liber,
'KaaaiOL
§
12)
.
.
.
;
369
JOSEPHUS TT7i^
ovatav, cucrre eV aTTacriv
rrjra
€Kd(TTov 123
fJ^rjO^
KT-qfidrojv
dvaii€}JiiyyLh'ojv
Gojfia'
TO
yap
KOLvojv
127
twv
filav
8*
uj07T€p
.
KaXoj
TtdevraL,
;\;€tpoTOVT7Tot 8' ol tojv
Kal aiperoi} 7rpo9 aTrduTcuv €Cj eKaaroi. Mta 8' OL'/c earii^ auroji^ vrdAt?, dAA' €v (4.) eKdarrj fxeroiKovoLV ttoXXol. Kal rot? erepujdev rjKovcnv alp€.TLcrTa1<s rrdvr^ dvaTteTnaTai rd Trap' avToZs opLoiojs (JJOTTep Ihia, Kal Trpo? ou? ou Trporepoi' €lSov eloiaaiv cog avvr^BeoTdrovs' hid Kai 770Lovvrai rag aTToSrjfjLLag ovdeu fiev oXojg 67nK-qheKOfiilofievoL, 8td Se rovs Xrjordg eVoTrAot. fidjv 8' €v cKdarr] TzdAet tou rdyixaros i^aLperojg roji' ^evojv d77 oh €i.Kvvr at, rafjuevoju ioS-qra Kal rd e77iT7]8eta. KaraoroXr^ he Kal ax'^l^^-O- croj/LtaTO? op-OLOv Tols /Lterd (fyo^ov Traihayajyov Uvotg Traioiv. ovre he eoOrJTas ovre V7Tohi']p.aTa daei^ovoi Trplv hiappayrjvai rd rrpdrepov 7ravTd77a'JLv t) 8a77aVTjdrjvaL rep ;\;pdra>, ovhev 8' €v dXX-qXoLg out* dyopdiovGLV ovt€ ttcoXovolv, dXXd toj xPTiC^^'^^ hihovg eKaoTOS to. Trap' avrco to [Trap* eKCtVou]' XprjOLpLOv dvTLKopiLleTaL' Kal x^P'-^ ^^ '^V'^ duTihoaeojg dKojXvTOS rj pLerdXTjipig avTolg rrap*^ d)v dv
ra?
126
iv
auxf-telv
X^vx^'-P'Ovelv re SuaTTavros
125
TTCvlas raTretvo-
rrXovrov,
dheXSols dnauLV ovaiav elvai. KrjXlSa S' iTToXafi^dvovGL rovXaioVy ko.v dXeLcbdfj rt? aKcou, ofxrjx^'^^ TO
124
fi-qre
vrrepoxrjv
€77 LfjieXriTal
;^petas'
BeXojoiv. 128
(0) ^
'
ripos"
Bekker on om.
choose."
S70
Trap
ye
pLTjV
TO Belov evoeBelg
iStoj?"
* om. P. whatever they
ms. authority: ddiaipfrot the rest.
Bekker, Naber,
"
to
take
Trplv
JEWISH WAR,
II.
122-128
to the order, with the result that you will nowhere the see either abject poverty or inordinate wealth ;
individual'spossessions join the common stock and all, hke brothers, enjoy a single patrimony. Oil they consider defiling, and anyone who accidentally comes in contact with it scours his person
;
for
they
make
a point of keeping a dry skin and of always being dressed in white. They elect officers to attend to the interests of the community, the special services of each officer being determined by the whole body. (4) They occupy no one city, but settle in large
town. On the arrival of any of the sect from elsewhere, all the resources of the community are put at their disposal, just as if they were their own and they enter the houses of men whom they have never seen before as though they were their most intimate friends. Consequently, they carry nothing whatever with them on their journeys, except arms as a protection against brigands. In every city there is one of the order expressly appointed to attend to strangers, who provides them with raiment and other necessaries. In their dress and deportment they resemble children under rigorous disciphne. They do not change their garments or shoes until they are torn to shreds or worn threadbare with age. There is no buying or selling among themselves, but each gives what he has to any in need
numbers
in every
;
and receives from him
in exchange something useful they are, moreover, freely permitted to take anything from any of their brothers without making any return. (5) Their piety towards the Deity takes a peculiar
to himself;
371
Their ''^
^™®
JOSEPHUS yap
avaox^^v
tov
TTarpLOV?
^e^rj/^cov,
ovdev
tJXlou
Se
rtj^a?
^^eyyovrai rwv avrov €VXO-?,
€tV
Kat /xerd TauTa LK€TevovT€S avaT^lXai. a? eKauTOL re^va? laaGiv vtto rcbv €TnfxeX-qrcov hiac^ievTai, kol p^^XP^ 7r€/x 77x179 wpag ipyaodp.evoL ovvtovco? TrdXiv el? ev GVvadpoLC,ovTaL X<-opiov, i,coodpL€V0L re OKeTTdapLaoLV Atvot? ovtojs drroXovovrai to croj/xa i/jvxpol? vbaoLV, xat p.€TCL ravrrjv ttju dyveiav els Ihiov OLK-qp.a avviaoiVy
129 (jJOTTep
TTpog
evOa
piiqhevl
row erepoSo^ow
eTrtrerpaTTTat
Trap-
avroi re Kadapol Kaddirep els dyiov ri kol KaO130 repLevos rrapayivovrai ro heLTTvqriqpLOV iodvrojv /xe^' -qavx^O-S o p.ev gltottolos eV rd^ei TrapariBiqoi rovs dprovs, 6 Se pidyetpos €V dyyelov ^^os ebeopLaros eKdorco Traparidrjoiv. rrpo131 €^ Karevx^rai 3' o lepevs rijs rpo(f)rjs, Kal yevaaodal eXdelv,
.
Tti^a
8'
77 plv
rrjs ^^xt^S
enevx^TO.i'
TrdXiv
dOeparov
dpiGroTTOtrjoapievois^
dpxdp.evoi re
Kal 77av6pLevoL
yepalpovGL
eTreiO^ deov ojs X'^PVY^^ "^V^ ^f^^S". (Ls lepds KaradepLevoL rds eadijras TraAtv eV epya henrvovoi 8' rpeTTOvrai. he'iXrjs op.oicjJS 132 P'^XP^ ovyKadetop-evujv rojv ^ei^ojv, el V770GrpeiljavTes ovre he Kpavyq TTore rvxoLev avro'ts napovresrov oIkov ovre Sopv^os pLialveL, rds he XaXids ev Kal rols e^ojdev (Ls 133 rd^ei Trapax^Jpovotv aAAr^Aots". pLVorrjpLOV pLKr6v r] rojv evhov GLaj77rj Kara
n
^
Some
-Mss.
of
Porphyry:
dpiaTOTroir]<jd/jL(vos
mss.
of
Josephus, " Cf. § 148, " the rays of the God." How far the Essenes, with their affinities to Judaism, can be regarded as sunuorshippers is doubtful. But, un-Jewish as this custom
372
JEWISH WAR, form.
Before the sun
mundane matters, but
II.
128-1S3
up they utter no word on him certain prayers,
is
offer to
,
''
Their prayei P""^^'^""^ the sun,
which have been handed down from their forefathers, as though entreating him to rise." They are then
dismissed by their superiors to the various crafts in which they are severally proficient and are strenu- Their ^^"^"^'" ously employed until the fifth hour, when they again assemble in one place and, after girding their loins with linen cloths, bathe their bodies in cold water. After this purification, they assemble in a private apartment which none of the uninitiated is permitt ed _ to enter pure now themselves, they repair to the -^ refectory, as to some sacred shrine. When they have Their taken their seats in silence, the baker serves out th^^^—f^ loaves to them in order, and the cook sets before each one plate with a single course. Before meat the priest says a grace, and none may partake until after the prayer. When breakfast is ended, he pronounces a further grace thus at the beginning and at the close they do homage to God as the bountiful giver of life. Then laying aside their raiment, as holy vestments, they again betake themselves to their labours until the evening. On their return they sup in like manner, and any guests who may have arrived sit down with them. No clamour or disturbance ever pollutes their dwelling they speak in turn, each making way for his neighbour. To persons outside the silence of those within appears like some awful mystery it is in fact due to their invariable sobriety and to the limitation of their ,
;
;
;
;
seems, there was a time when even Jews at Jerusalem " turned their backs on the Temple and their faces towards the east and worshipped the sun towards the east " (Mishnah, Ezek. viii. 16). Sukkah, v. 2-4 ;
373
JOSEPHUS avrol? rpoSr^v Kal ttotov irap* Kopov. 134 (6) Tojv fji€v ovv dXXojv ovK eoTLv 6 tl firj tCjv iTTLfJLeXrjTcjv rrpoora^dvTOJV ivepyovoL, Svo 8e raura
TO
jJLcrpeiadai
fji€xpi'
auTots-
77ap'
^o'qOelv T€
iavrovs ra?
Kad^
iTTLKovpta
airre^ovoia,
yap tols
i(J)UraL
Kal
/cat
eAeoj*
OTTorav heojvTai, Kal
agio's,
rpo(j>d<;
aTropovfjLei'OLg
rovg ovyyevel? pLGTahooet? opyrj? 135 OVK €^€GTL TTOLelodaL bi^a Tojv eTTLTpoTrcxJU. rajiiai hiKaiOL, dvfJLOV KadeKriKol, 7TLOT€Cog TrpoKal rrdv fjLeu ro p-qSev crrdraL, elprivrj^ VTTOvpyoi. avrow laxvporepov opKov, to de opLvveLV VTT* [avTolgV TTepuoravroA x^Zpov Trjg imopKLas vttoXap.^dvovT€9' rjbrj yap KareyvajoBai (^acrtv tov Se
opeyetu.
el?
136 dr:LG70V}ievov Si^ct Beov.
rd
7T€pl
TTaXaidw
TOJV
UTTovhal^ovoL 8' eKTOTrajg
uvvrdyiiara, /xaAtara rd Kal acufiaros eKXeyovres'
ipv^^s avTols Trpos BepaTreiav TraBcov pijat t€ dXe^rjTripioi Kal XiBujv IhiOT-qres dvepevvcovTai. ('^) Tot? Se irjXovoLV r-qv atpeoLV avrcov ovk 137 evBvs rj Trdpohos, dXX IttI iviavrov e^co p^ivovn TTjV aVTTjV VTTOTLBeVTai StaLTaV, d^LvdpLOV T6 Kal Trpoi'
dxjilXeLav
€vBev
ro
TTpoetprj/jLevov
Kparelas ^
77ept^aj/Lta
eTretbdv he
13S Sov'Tes".
So),
rovrco
TrpooeiaLV
/cat
XevKrju
rw XP^^V
fji€v
eyyiov
rfj
ioBrjra
rreipav hiairr^
iyKal
cm. Dindorf with one ms. the incorrect reading irepi.has probably caused the insertion of the pronoun. :
iffTarai
*»
Or
"
when they ask an alms."
Herod himself excused them from taking the oath of allegiance (J. xv. 371). The "tremendous oaths" sworn on admission to the order (§ 139) form a curious exception. ' i.e. probably charms or amulets. Lightfoot, Colossiaiu *
S74
JEWISH WAR, allotted portions of
II.
133-138
meat and drink
to the
demands
of nature.
(6) In all other matters they do nothing without Their orders from their superiors ; two things only are left <^^^"ty to individual discretion, the rendering of assistance and compassion. Members may of their own motion help the deserving, when in need," and supply food to but presents to relatives are prothe destitute hibited, without leave from the managers. Holding righteous indignation in reserve, they are masters of their temper, champions of fidelity, very ministers of peace. Any word of theirs has more force than and an oath swearing they avoid, regarding it as worse ofoath" than perjury, for they say that one who is not believed without an appeal to God stands condemned already.^ They display an extraordinary interest in the writings Their ^*^'^^'®'' of the ancients, singling out in particular those which make for the welfare of soul and body with the help of these, and with a view to the treatment of diseases, they make investigations into medicinal roots and the properties of stones.^ (7) A candidate anxious to join their sect is not Admiss immediately admitted. For one year, during which l^j.^^^^ he remains outside the fraternity, they prescribe for "ovice's him their own rule of life, presenting him with a and oat small hatchet,^ the loin-cloth already mentioned,^ and white raiment. Having given proof of his temperance during this probationary period, he is brought into closer touch with the rule and is allowed ;
;
;
f. note, connectirig this passage with Anf. viii. (on Solomon's power over demons), regards the " writings " as Solomonian books and the Essenes as primarily dealers in charms, rather than physicians. The object of this is explained below (§ 148).
(ed. 8), pp. 89
44
ff.
<*
«
§
129.
375
JOSEPHUS KaBapojTcpojv
rujv
ayveiav
Trpo?
vharajv
/Ltera-
TrapaAa/xjSaierat be els tol? avfi^LajGetg
XafjL^dvei,
fiera yap rrjv ry^g Kapreplag eViSei^u' SvoLU dXXoig ereaiv to TjOos SoKLfidlerai Kal
Kara, yvcoiirjv ^XdipeLV tlvcl fjLrjre i^ IttlToy/xaTOS", fMLGrjoetv 8' del rovs dbcKovg Kal ovvfiriTe
140 ayojVLeloOaL Tots" SiKatot?" to ttlgtov del irdoLV irape^etv, fidXiGTa he TOt?
TTepiyeveoOai^ [jirjhe—oTe 7]
to
tlvI
e^v^pLGew
KparovGLV ov yap hi^^a deov dp\eLV' Kav auTos" dpxrj,
e^ovotav, pnqh^ eGdrJTL Tov? VTTOTeTayfjLevovg virepdXriBeiav dya—dv del Kal Tovg els ttjv
TLVL rrXeiovi KOGfico
141 XapLTTpvvelGdai^' ttjv
TTpo^dXXeGdat^-
ipevhojievovs
x^^P'^^
KXoTri]^
Kal
Kephovg KaBapdv (^vXd^eiv, Kal KpvipeLv tl tov£ alpeTiGTa? P-ijB^ eTepoi^ l^rjTe avTojv TL firjvvGeLv, Kav p^^xpi BavaTov tls ^id^-qTat. ^pvxTjV
142 Trpo?
dvoGLOv
TOiJTOL? ofjLi'UGLV pLrjhevl fiev fieTahovuaL tcov
tj c5? auTo? fieTeXaBev, d(f)e^eGBaL Kal GvvTrjprjGeiv ojjLOLOjg tcl Te rrjg aipeoews avTOJV ^ijiXia Kal to, tcov dyyeXojv 6v6/iara. TotouTOt? p-ev toj)? opKOLS TrpoGiovTas
hoyp.dTOJv eTepoJS
he
XfiGTeiag
e6aG(f)aXL^ovTaL. 143
(8)
Tovs
5'
eV
eK^dXXovGL Tov ^
S76
d^LOXP^OLS dp.apTrjp.aGU' dXovTag o S' eKKpuBels oIktLgtco
Tciy/xaTos".
Herwerden Porph.
:
:
LVR
Porj)h. virepXafnTpCvfcfai mss,
irepiyipeadai
• '
iX^yxeiv irpo^dWeedai Mss,
'
JEWISH WAR,
II.
138-143
to share the purer kind of holy water, but is not yet received into the meetings of the community. For after this exhibition of endurance, his character is tested for two years more, and only then, if found worthy, is he enrolled in the society. But, before he may touch the common food, he is made to swear tremendous oaths first that he will practise piety towards the Deity, next that he will observe justice towards men that he will wrong none whether of his own mind or under another's orders that he will for ever hate the unjust and fight the battle of the just ; that he will for ever keep faith with all men, especially with the powers that be, since no ruler attains his office save by the will of God " that, should he himself bear rule, he will never abuse his authority nor, either in dress or by other outward marks of superiority, outshine his subjects to be for ever a lover of truth and to expose liars to keep
\-j<^
:
:
;
;
;
;
hands from stealing and his soul pure from unholy to conceal nothing from the members of the sect and to report none of their secrets to others, even though tortured to death. He swears, moreover, to transmit their rules exactly as he himself to abstain from robbery received them and in like manner carefully to preserve the books of the Such are the sect and the names of the angels.^ oaths by which they secure their proselytes. (8) Those who are convicted of serious crimes they Expuisioi and the ejected individual oXt!^^^^ [pel from the order his
gain
;
;
;
;
"
hem
Reinach compares A. xv. 374, where the Essene Menasays to Herod
:
"
You
will reign, for
God
has deemed
you worthy." Cf. also Rom. xiii. 1. Reinach conjectures that the developed angelolog-y of Rabbinic Judaism was partly of Essene origin. Lightfoot **
finds in this esoteric doctrine a link with Zoroastrianism.
377
JOSEPHUS TToXXaKLS
jjLopcp
hLa(f)9€Lp€TaL' ToT?
yap opKois Koi
Tois eOeaiv efSeSe/xeVo? ouSe rrjs Trapa rols aAAot?
Svvarai /jLeraXafji^dveu' rro-qcjiayojv he TO Gojfia rrjKOjjievos hia^OeipeTai. hto
Tpo(f)rjs
144
\iji(jj
,
TToXXovs
eXerjoavres
dveXa^oVy
iKav-qv
eV
IttI
rats"
rols
ioxo-'^o.i?
/cat hrj
duaTTVoalg
d/xaprT^/xacrtP'
avrwv
davdrov ^dcravov -qyovfJievoL. 8e TCLS" KpLaetg aKpL^earaTOL Kal (9) n^pt hiKaioL, Kal hiKaCovGi fxh' ovk iXdrrov? twv EKarov GVveXOovres, ro 8' opLodkv v-n avrcov dKLvrjTov. oe^as Se /xeya Trap' avToZs pierd rdv deov TouVo/xa rod vop^oderou, Kav ^Xao(f)r]p,rjGr) rt? et? Tovrov KoXdterai Bavdrco. rots' Se rtpe-
TTjv fJiexpt'
145
146
,
o^vrepoLS
VTraKovELU Kal
rol?
TrXeloGLV
KaXoj
eV
TidevraL' SeVa yovu GvyKadeL,o fxevajv ovk dv XaXrj-
dKovrcov ra)V evvea. /cat to TXTUoat he T] TO Sc^toi^ p-epo? (j)vXdGGovr ai, Kal rat? e^hojidaiv epyojv e(f>d7TreGdaL hia<j)opojTara ^\ovhaia>v drrdyTajv ov p.6vov yap rpo(f>ds eavroZs Trpd fxids rjiiepag TrapaoKevaQovGiv , d>s purj nvp ivavoLev^ eKeivrjV rr^u rjpLepav, dAA' ovhe OKevos Tat? 148 Tt pLeraKLvqaaL BappovGLV ovhe dTTOTrarelv
147 G€L€V els
Tt?
pLeGovs
.
5'
d'AAat?
hialou VTr"
149
rfj
^odpov opvaaovres ^ddos ttoGKaXihi, tolovtov yap eonv to hihofievov
avrdw
rjpbepais
d^Lvlhtov rolg veoGvordroiS, Kal Trept-
KaXv^avres BoipLdrioVy^ cos (jlt) rds avyds v^ptloLeu rov deoVy BaKevovGiv els avrov. eTretra ttjv dvopvxBeloav yrjv e(j>eXKOVGiv els tov ^oBpov Kal ivatpdeUv
^
PA*:
^^'tt^^g
A (corrector)
LR.
o\ 2
l^xaTiou
PAM
:
doluariu} <»
378
Porph.
Moses.
:
ivaTrToui/ correctors
JEWISH WAR,
143-149
II.
often comes to a most miserable end. For, being bound by their oaths and usages, he is not at liberty to partake of other men's food, and so falls to eating grass and wastes away and dies of starvation. This has led them in compassion to receive many back in the last stage of exhaustion, deeming that torments which have brought them to the verge of death are a sufficient penalty for their misdoings. (9) They are just and scrupulously careful in their Their trial of cases, never passing sentence in a court of r^^'renJ less than a hundred members the decision thus for Mose reached is irrevocable. After God they hold most ianism a in awe the name of their lawsriver," any blasphemer °^\^^ -customs n -IT oi whom IS punished with death. It is a point or honour with them to obey their elders, and a majority; for instance, if ten sit together, one will not speak if the nine desire silence. They are careful not to spit into the midst of the company or to the right,^ and are stricter than all Jews in abstaining from work on the seventh day for not only do they prepare their food on the day before, to avoid kindling a fire on that one, but they do not venture to remove any vessel or even to go to stool. On other days they dig a trench a foot deep with a mattock such is the nature of the hatchet which they present to the ;
^
-iiiT-
.
•
;
—
—
neophytes^ and wrapping their mantle about them, that they may not offend the rays of the deity sit above it. They then replace the excavated soil in ,'^
* Reinach refers to a similar prohibition, applying only to prayer-time, in the Jerusalem Talmud {Berachoth, iii. 5). "
§ 137.
The
sun, c/. § 128. Schiirer contrasts the Testaments of the XII Patriarchs, Benj. 8 (the sun is not defiled by the sight of ordure, but purifies it). **
379
JOSEPHUS rOVrO TTOLOVGL TOVS
€p-qiJLOT€pOVS TOTTOVg €K\€y6p.€-
{ler^ avrrjV
eKKpioeojs OLTToXoveodai
KaOdrrep jiefjua-
edifiov.
OfJL€V0LS
150
rwv^ XvjxaTojv
8e^ (f)vaLKrj? ovorj^ rrjs
Kal-rrep
voL.
Kara xpovov
rr)? doK-qoeca? Kal togovtov ol /xerayeveaTepoL tow Trpoyeveurepojv iXarrovvTai cuar', ei ifjavaeiav avTwv, iKeivovs aTToXoveodai KaOdrrep
^Lrjprjin-ai
(lO)
151 dXXo(l)vXoj
8e
reaaapas,
fxoLpas
€15
Kal fiaKpo^LOL
ovfx
rovs TToXXovs
eKarov Trapareiveiv
VTrkp
fidv,
oj?
err],
8td
aTrXorrjTa rrj^ StatTTyS", efiotye 8oKetv, Kal rr)V exna^iaVy Karacjypoviqral Se rwv heivcjVy Kal rd? ^xkv dXyrjhovas i'Lkojut€S tols (^poviqpLaGLV, rov hk ddvaTOV, el fier* euxAeta? TrpoGLOL,^ voixil^ovres hirjXey^ev he avTow ev drra152 ddavaGia
Giv tolS
ijjv^ds
6
TTpos
'PajfxaLOVS TToXefios, ev
co
Kal XvyLCofjievoi, Kai6p,evoL t€ Kal KXcofxevoL Kal 8td Trdvrojv obevovre? rojv jSacrarov Iv" rj VLGT-qpiojv opydvojVy ^XaG({)'qfj,rjGcoGLV vopLoQenqv r) ^dycuGiv ri rcvv dGvvrjdojv, ovherepov VTTefjLeivav rtaOelv, dXX ovhe KoXaKevGai TTore tovs iieihLOJvres he ev rat? 153 aLKilofievovs rj haKpvGai. dXyrjhoGiV Kal Kareipajvevojievoi rojv rd? ^aGdvovs crpe^XovjjLevoL
7TpoG(f)ep6vTOJv
vdXiv
(f>6ap'7d
'^
(pvxds
rds"
Kat yap eppcorat p.ev ^
*
evdufJLOL
+
elvai
Most
a u/aaT IK Cjf
Mss.
Trap'
ocofJLara
ret 5rj
:
oiV
M
MLVRC.
As Reinach remarks,
380
ojs
:
avrols ^he r) 8o|a, Kal Trjv vXrjv ov om. PA. ^
Trpoaetai
PAM.
the whole procedure, except the
final ablution, follows the directions
14.
r](f}LeGav
KOiJuovfJievoL.
(11)
154
re
given
in
Deut.
xxiii. 12-
— JEWISH WAR,
II.
149-154
the trench. For this purpose they select the more retired spots. And though this discharge of the excrements is a natural function, they make it a rule to wash themselves after it, as if defiled.^ (10) Thev are divided, according to the duration of The four their discipline, into four grades ; ^ and so far are the l^s^senes. junior members inferior to the seniors, that a senior if but touched by a junior, must take a bath, as after contact with an alien. They live to a great age most of them to upwards of a century in consequence, I imagine, of the simplicity and regularity of They make light of danger, and their mode of life. death, if it triumph over pain by their resolute will come with honour, they consider better than immortality. The war with the Romans tried their souls through and through by every variety of test, Racked and twisted, burnt and broken, and made to pass through every instrument of torture, in order to induce them to blaspheme their lawgiver or to eat some forbidden thing, they refused to yield to either demand, nor ever once did they cringe to their persecutors or shed a tear. Smiling in their agonies and mildly deriding their tormentors, they cheerfully resigned their souls, confident that they would receive them back again. (11) For it is a fixed belief of theirs that the body is corruptible and its constituent matter impermanent,
—
;
Lightfoot {Col. p. 363, note) remarks that the passage must be read in connexion with the account of the admission to the order (§§ 137 f.). The three lowest grades are the novices in their first, second, and third years of pro" After passing through these three stages in three bation. successive years, [the Essene] enters upon the fourth and highest grade, thus becoming a perfect member." ''
381
Their end persecuti
Their bei
immortal of the so
J05EPHUS avra)V, ra? he i/fu^a? dOauaToug del 8iaKal oviiTrXeKeodai fiev e/c rou XeTTToraTCV (potTcuCTa? aidepo^ ojorrep elpKralg roc? ocufxaaiv
fiovifiov fieveiv,
155 Xvyyi tlvl
KaraG—cofxeia^, eTreiSav Se du'
Kara adpKa
Tcov
eOcoGL
ota
heafxajv,
drrriXXayfieva? , rore xalpecv
SouAetas"
Br]
fjbaKpdg
Kal jxereco-
koI rat? p^ev dyadalg, povs (^epeoBai. SpLOBo^ovure? Tratalv 'KXXrjVcov, dTTO^aivovrai tyju vrrep WKeavou Siatrai^ aTTOKeloBai /cat ^chpov ovre opL^poL? ovre VL(f)eTol^ ovre Kavp,aoL ^apvv6p,evoVy dAA' ov e^ ojKeavov Trpav? del l,e(f)vpo9 eTTLTTvecov avaijjvx^i'
Be (j)avXaLS
rats'
d^opiL^ovrai
BoKOVdL
156 rojv.
6e
)(^eip.epiov
dBiaXeiTT-
ripLOjpLoJv
Kara
pLot
Kal
l,o(f)cuBrj
yepLOvra
pivxov,
rrjv
avrrjv
evvoiav
"KXXrjueg rols re dvBpelot^ avrcow, ovs Tjpoja? Kal
KaXovoiv,
7)pLLdeovs
redeiKevaiy rat? he
rds
rcJju
pLaKapojv
TTOvrjpow
vvjoov?
ifjvx^^i?
dva-
Kad^ ahov
rov^ daeBoji^ Xojpov, evda Kal KoXaCopLevov; rtva? Stcju^ous-
^rat
TavraAou? ^l^iovdg
re Kal Tirvov?, rrpcorov
[.lev
dihiovs V(f)LardpievoL
pLvdoXoyovoLV,
157
rag ipv^dg, eTreira el? TrporpoTrrjv dperrjg Kal KaKLag drrorpoTT-qv. rovg re yap dyadovg yiveoBai
Kara rov ^iov dpLeluovg eXTTihi npirj? Kal /xera rrjv rwv re KaKojv ep,TiohiteaSai rag 6pp,dg
reXevr-qv, heet
7T
pier a 158
ravra
poohoKOJvr ojv,
rrjv
pLev
hidXvcnu
el
Kal
XdBoiev
dOdvarou
ovv ^KgotjuoI
rrepl
ev
rLpLOjpiav ipv^'^jg
ra>
Lrjv,
v<j)e^eiv.
deoXoyovotv,
d(j)VKrov heXeap rolg dira^ yevoap^evois rrjg aocblas avrcjjv
KaBievreg} ^
«
382
PAM
tQjv
(cf.
i.
PLV:
tov T^i'
M.
373): iyKaOi^uTis the rest.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
154-158
but that the soul is immortal and imperishable.** Emanating from the finest ether, these souls become entangled, as it were, in the prison-house of the body, to which they are dragged down by a sort of natural spell but when once they are released from the bonds of the flesh, then, as though liberated from a long servitude, they rejoice and are borne aloft. Sharing the belief of the sons of Greece, they maintain that for virtuous souls there is reserved an abode beyond the ocean, a place which is not oppressed by rain or snow or heat, but is refreshed by the ever gentle breath of the west wind coming in from ocean while they relegate base souls to a murky and tempestuous dungeon, big with never-ending punishments. The Greeks, I imagine, had the same conception when they set apart the isles of the blessed " for their brave men, whom they call heroes and demigods, and the region of the impious for the souls of the wicked down in Hades, where, as their mytho;
;
logists tell, persons
such as Sisyphus, Tantalus, Ixion,
and Tityus are undergoing punishment. Their aim was first to establish the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, and secondly to promote virtue and to deter from vice for the good are made better in their lifetime by the hope of a reward after death, and the passions of the wicked are restrained by the fear that, even though they escape detection while alive, they will undergo never-ending punishment after their decease. Such are the theological viewsof the Essenes concerning the soul, whereby they irresistibly attract all who have once tasted their philosophy. ;
"
Cf. A. xviii. 18.
First mentioned in Hesiod, Works and Days, 170 ff. they dwell with care-free hearts in the isles of the blessed beside the deep-eddying ocean, those happy heroes," etc. ''
383
JOSEPHUS 159
8'
Etatv
(12)
77 poyu'coGK€iV
SLa(f)6poLg
avTols
iv
ot
VTTLOxvovvraiy
Kal
ayvctat?
e^TratSoTpt^ou/xevof
7Tpo(f)rjra>v
OTrdviov
ra /xeAAovra
Kal
fti^XoL? 8'
et
kol
lepaZs
d7TO
rrore
iv
rat?
7Tpoayop€V(jeGLV daroxovaiv. 160
"RdTLv he Kal erepov ^Kgg-i-jvcov rdyiia, p^ev Kal eOrj Kal vopap^a rolg aAAot? 6[jlo-
(13)
hianav
yap
Kara ydpLOV
ho^r]- pi^eyicnov
dTTOKOTrreiv olovrai rod ^lov p,epog, rrjv hua-
SoxT^v, rov?
pLTj
yaiJLOVvra? , pidXXov Se, el Trdvres
ro avro (hpovrjuetav, eKXiTrelv dv rd yevos rdx^Gra. 161 hoKip^di^ovreg p^evrot
rpieria rds yapierds, eTreihdv
rplg KadapddJOLV els rrelpav rod BvvaadaL riKrecv,
ovrojg dyovrau.
raZs
ro
evSeLKVvp.evoL
Xpeiav yapLeiv.
(jltj
8'
eyKVjxoGLV ovx opLiXovGiv, 7]hovrjV dXXd reKvcov
8t'
Xovrpd he ralg yvvat^lv
dfjUTrexo-
Kaddrrep roZs dvhpduiv iv jrepiroiavra puev eOr] rovhe rod rdyp.aro£.
pLevais evSvpiara, iajpLari.
162
(14) /xer'
Awo
he
dKpi^eias
row
Ttporepojv
hoKOVvre?
^apiaaloi ra
i^qyeZodat
piev
ol
vopLLpua
Kal rrjv Trpojrrjv drrdyovres aZpeoiv elpLappievr} re 163
Kal Bed) rrpoodTrrovai Trdvra, Kal rd piev Tipdrreiv hcKata Kal pirj Kard rd rrXeZorov iirl roZs
rd
dvOpo'jTTOis KeZadaL, ^orjdeZv he elg
eKaorov Kal
rrjv
elpiappLevrjv ipuxr'jV re irdoav puev d(j)daprov, p.era-
" Josephus quotes three instances of Essene predictions which were fulfilled, those of Judas (B. i. 78), Simon (ii. 113) and Menahem (A. xv. 373 ff,). The}* taught their art to disciples {A. xiii. 311), This gift of fortune-telling was perhaps connected with magic or astrology; it is not treated
as inspired (Lightfoot, Col. p. 69, note
384
Ij.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
159-163
{cf.
ant.
13 f.)
xviii.
(12) There are some among them who profess to Their gif P'"°p'^^ foretell the future, being versed from their early °
years in holy books, various forms of purification and apophthegms of prophets and seldom, if ever, do ;
they err
in their predictions."
(13) There is yet another order of Essenes, which, Essene while at one with the rest in its mode of life, customs, wu"^™*^ and regulations, differs from them in its views on practise ™^"'*^® marriage. They think that those who decline to off chief function of marry cut the hfe, the propagation of the race, and, what is more, that, were all to adopt the same view, the whole race would very quickly die out. They give their wives, however, a three years' probation, and only marry them after they have by three ^ periods of purification given proof of fecundity. They have no intercourse with them during pregnancy, thus showing that their motive in marrying is not self-indulgence but the procreation of children. In the bath the women wear a dress, the men a loin-cloth. Such are the usages
of this order.
Of the two first-named ^ schools, the Pharisees, are considered the most accurate interpreters of the laws, and hold the position of the leading sect, attribute everything to Fate and to God they hold that to act rightly or otherwise rests, indeed, for the most part with men, but that in each action Fate (
1 4<)
who
;
co-operates.'^ ^
The
text
Every
they
soul,
can hardly be right
;
maintain,
is
im-
the Lat. has " constanti
purgatione." " more ancient," Reinach. ' Cf. the saying of R. Akiba " Everything is foreseen and freewill is given," Sayings of Jewish FatJiers, iii. 22 (24). Josephus, as Reinach remarks, substitutes " Fate " for *' Providence " for his Gentile readers. <*
:
VOL.
II
o
g85
(ii.)
The
^^^^^'^^^^
.
JOSEPHUS ^aiVctv he et? erepou ocofxa rrju rojv
1G4
ras Se toju Y^ah^ovKaloL
Tov Spdv
eV
S'
riOevrat.'
(jyaolv
opLOvoiav
Kal
rtpLag
re
(fjLXdXXrjXoi.
doKovvTe?,
d^'aipouoti'.
Kal
ttjv
"LahbovKaiojv
et?
to Kal
6e
dXXrjXov; to yjOo? dypLcuTepov, at re eVt/at^iat
TOU? OjlOLOVg
TTpO?
roiavTa
dTTTQUel?
CU9
7Tp6<;
dXXoTpLOU
lovdatOL^ (f)LXooo(f)OvuTcoi/
p-kv Trepl toju iu
CtTTCtr.
€1^01^
(ix.
j)
Trjg
7T€00vori<;
ei?
*Hpa>8T79 o
^Apx^Xdou Inapxiav ol
KXr)6el
'
8*
iOvapx'i-^'^
Xolttol,
fxera-
OiAitttto^
Kal
Ai^Ti—as", Slcokoup Td<; eaurcov
SaAoj/xr^ yap TeXeurojoa ^e^aoTov yvvaLKl Tqv t€ auTT^?
'louAta
TeTpapxias'
70V
fxkv
Beou
Te r-qv hiapiovriv Kal
4^v)(?i^
rip.ojpia';
Oaptcraiot pei^
KOivov
167
ahov^
KaB^
7Tp6<;
ri^v
rou
xaXov Kal to KaKov eKaorou rovroju yi'coiirju
Kara
Kal
iKarepov^ Trpooievai. 166 Kal
Kal
dvdpojTTtov eKAoyfj to re
TTpoKeloOau
Ta9
€(f)opdv
t)
ixovqVy
KoXal^eoOaL.
TOiyfxa,
dvaipovoLV
KaKOV
TL
ayaOwv
rLfiojpta
Sevrepou
to
be,
TravraTraoLV
elfJLapfj.ei'rjv
105 ^^co
dLdloj
<j>avX(x>v
rfj
roTrapx^iau
Kal ^Xdpveiav Kal tov^ eV ^aoar^Xihi. (fyoLviKoJuas IQS KareXiTTev. Ai'a?
VLOi'
AvyovoTov '
pLera^aGi^g Tr]<;
€ls
Tt/Se'ptoi^
r)y€fJLOi'La<;
d({)rjyqoapei^'ou
'\ou-
toi'
perd tojv
rrji/
rrpay-
Herwerdeii: tKartpw V: iftt^'
adov
C
•
tKaripu.- the rest. KadoKov the rest
Ttie doctrine of the reincarnation of the soul is expressed terms in B. iii. 371 (c/. Ap. ii. 2l&).
in rather similar
386
be
Pojixaiajv
TeXevT-qv,
'
"
'
JEWISH WAR,
II.
163-168
{cf.
ant.
xviii. 14,
27-33)
perishable, but the soul of the good alone passes into another body,'^ while the souls of the wicked suffer
eternal punishment. The Sadducees, the second of the orders, do away with Fate altogether, and remove God beyond, not merely the commission, but the very sight, of evil. They maintain that man has the free choice of good or evil, and that it rests with each man's will whether he follows the one or the other. As for the persistence of the soul after death, penalties in the underworld, and rewards, they will have none of them. The Pharisees are affectionate to each other and cultivate harmonious relations with the community. The Sadducees, on the contrary, are, even among themselves, rather boorish in their behaviour, and in their intercourse with their peers ^ are as rude as to Such is what I have to say on the Jewish aliens. philosophical schools.
(iii.)The ^^^''^^^'^s^
(ix. 1) When the ethnarchy of Archelaus was con- The verted into a province, the other princes, Philip and n'jjnp^an Herod surnamed Antipas, continued to govern their Herod '^^''' as for Salome, she at her " respective tetrarchies death*^ bequeathed her toparchy to Julia, the wife of Augustus, together with Jamnia and the palm-groves of Phasaelis. On the death of Augustus, who had directed the state for fifty-seven years six months ;
^
i.e.
with the other sects or generally with their com-
patriots. " Which took M. Ambivius {r.
place under the second of the procurators, J. xviii. 31. For her share in
9-1-2 a.d.)
:
Jamnia was in the the division of Herod's kingdom see § 98. lowlands of PhiHstia, PhasaeHs in the Jordan valley, as also was Archelais which is added to the list of Julia's legacies in
A.
loc. c'd.
387
JOSEPHUS liarojv eT€aLV
eVra Kal TrevTrjKovTa,
rrpo^ Se iitjolv
e^ Kal rjfiepaL? 6vo, Sia/ietVai^re? eV rat? rerpap;)((.'at?
o
TQts
Tou
76
'Hpaj5T7? Kal 6 OiAitttto?, 'lopSdi^ou
*louAtdSa,
'Hpcu^r^?
jSepidSa, eV be 169
8'
Trj
cV
Uepaia
rfj
neiJL(j)deU
(2)
Kav
\\aLaapeLaVy
KTt'^et
TTrjyalg
6e
Karoo
/xei^
aoAy/xa
(f)€pujvvpiOV
rd? tovto
KaXovvraL.
vtto
i7TLrpo7TO<;
ei? 'lepo-
eUovas
rip.epav
fxeO'
Ti-
MouAta?.
Kat'crapo?
TTapeLGKOiiil^eL
ttoAiv
TavXaviTLKfj
Tt^eplov OtAdTO? vvKTOjp K€KaXvixii€va^ 170 OTjiialaL
rrpos
fiev
raAiAat'a
717
^iovbalau
et?
c)
flayeaSt
ev
at
,
p.eylGTr]v
Tapaxr]V riyeipev 'lofdaiot?' ol re ydp eyyvg 77p6> TT]!'
di/>tP'
l^eTrXayrjoav
Tojv vofjLUjv, ovhkv Ki-jXou
Kara 171
riOeoBaiy rr]u
ttoXlu
ovveppevoev.
yap
Kal
rrpog
ddpov;
opix-qoavres
KaLodpeiav iKerevov
ayavaKrr,aiv
rrjv
eV
6
be
ev rfj TrdAet
rrj<;
vpo^
e^eveyKelv
i^
\cjpa<;
dpvovfJL€vou
rrepl
rrju
otKLau
Setrojv
Aad?
HtAdTOi^
els
'lepoooXvfjLojv
rds orjiiaiag Kal rripelv avroU rd Trdrpia. 8'
avrois
TrerraTrniivajv
cu?
ol^lovglv
niXdroo Kara-
TrprjveU
" This figure, repeated in A. xviii. 32. is about a month From the death of Caesar (15 March 44 b.c.) to too long. the death of Augustus (19 Aug. a.d. 14, Suet. Jug. 100) is 57 The four days may be reduced years 5 months and 4 days. to two by reckoning from the opening of Caesar's will (17 quoted by Reinach the Gardthausen, March) as proposed by latter accounts for the error in the number of months by a confusion of the figures for 5 {(') and 6 (f). By her former husband, Tiberius Claudius Nero. ' Caesarea Philippi of the N.T., mod. Danias. * Bethsaida Julias {el-Tetl) east of the Jordan a little to ;
''
388
JEWISH WAR,
II.
168-171
(
= ant.
32-36, 55-57)
xviii.
and two days,^ the empire of the Romans passed to Tiberius, son of Juha." On his accession, Herod (Antipas) and Phihp continued to hold their tetPhilip built rarchies and respectively founded cities Caesarea near the sources of the Jordan, in the :
'^
district of
Herod
took the (2)
Paneas, and Julias'^
built Tiberias in Galilee
name
in
lower Gaulanitis
and a
of Juha, in Peraea.^ by Tiberius
Pilate, being sent
;
city
which also
as
procurator
Accessior
n^fo'.^^ Foundati^ ^^j^^,^'^^^^''
Tiberias,' ^^^'
pilate
Judaea, introduced into Jerusalem by night and excites^ti under cover the effigies of Caesar which are called p^^^^^ standards/ This proceeding, when day broke, affair of aroused immense excitement among the Jews those staadard: on the spot were in consternation, considering their laws to have been trampled under foot, as those laws permit no image to be erected in the city while the indignation of the townspeople stirred the countryfolk, who flocked together in crowds. Hastening after Pilate to Caesarea, the Jews implored him to remove the standards from Jerusalem and to uphold to
t
;
;
the laws of their ancestors. When Pilate refused, they fell prostrate around his house and for five head of the Sea of Galilee. It was called daughter of Augustus, A. xviii. 28 as she was banished in 2 b.c, Schurer infers that the refoundation of the town by Philip must have been earlier than that date. * The Peraean Julias (formerly Betharamatha, B. ii. 59 note) opposite Jericho was called after the Empress Julian the north of the after Julia,
Livia {A. xviii. 27) rather than Julias,
:
;
other writers call it Livias and that, was probably the name given by the
founder. correctly described in A. xviii. 55, " The busts (or of Caesar which were attached to the standards." Tacitus {Hist. iv. 6-2) records how these imperatorum imagines were torn down by Civilis and his victorious ^
More
"medallions")
Gauls.
389
J05EPHUS Kal vvKra? toas eVt rrevre rjiiepa? bieKaprepouv. 172 (3) Tfj 8' e^T^? o ritAdTO? KaBioas eVt ^rjfxaros 6V Toi iieyaXuj orahico kol rrpooKaXeadiievo? ro aTTOKp'ivaaBai hrfiev avrolg BeXojv, rrX-qdo? cu? hlhojGLV Tol? GrparLcoTais oi-jfj-elov €k ovvTayixaros 077 Aoi?. ev ^lovhaiov? rols KVKXcLcjaoBaL rous" 173 7TepLGr(ior)
174
crTpartajTai?
TOt?
|<.'
KaQd-ep €K
evcucrei'.
8e
ot
'louSatot
GVvBrjfjLarog dBpooi KaraTreoovre? Kal
TrapaKXivavres i-roLpLOV? duaipelv^ p.dXXov t) tov vopbov Tjapa^rfvai. VTTepBavpidaas he 6 YXtXaros to t^s" SetatSai/xoi^ia?
rov9
avx^i^'o.s
o4>d<;
e^ouw
O-Kparov
p.ev
€KKOfjLLaaL
avTLKa
Ta?
cr7yp,aia?
*IepoCToAJ/xajv KcAeuet. 175
MeroL 5e rravra Tapaxriv irepav cVtVet toi/ Brjoavpou, KaXelraL he Kop^owds,^ el? Karayojyrju vhdrwv e^avaXiOKOJV' KaTrjyev he avro (4r)
tepop'
TeT paKO a iijjv^ dyavdKTTjais
orahlow. rrpog tovto rov ttXtjBovs Kal rov fltAaToy napovro? et? Kare^oojv. ro rrepLGrdvres ^rif.La
rjv,
'IfpoCToAuz-ta
176 o be, Trporjdei
yap avrojv
rrjv rapay^^i'jVy roj
TrXrjBet
roug Grpanajras evorrXovs [^v \^ eoOriGiv IhiojrLKaZs KeKaXvfjLpLevov? eyKarajil^as Kal ^i(f>ei pieu XPV' oaoBai KojXvGag, fuAot? he Traieiu rovg KeKpayoras eyKeXevodpievog, GvvBrip.a hihojoiv d-rro rod ^1]^
*
390
P
PA
:
£!S
r.nd correctors of
duaip'-oiv
A
the rest.
and L:
Kou{ioiva%
the rest.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
171-176
(
= ant.
xviii.
whole days and nights remained motionless
57-61) in that
position. (3) On the ensuing day Pilate took his seat on his tribunal in the great stadium and summoning the multitude, with the apparent intention of answering them, gave the arranged signal to his armed soldiers Finding themselves in a ring to surround the Jews. of troops, three deep, the Jews were struck dumb at this unexpected sight. Pilate, after threatening to cut them down, if they refused to admit Caesar's images, signalled to the soldiers to draw their swords. Thereupon the Jews, as by concerted action, flung themselves in a body on the ground, extended their necks, and exclaimed that they were ready rather to die than to transgress the law. Overcome with astonishment at such intense religious zeal, Pilate gave orders for the immediate removal of the
standards from Jerusalem. (4) On a later occasion he provoked a fresh uproar by expending upon the construction of an aqueduct the sacred treasure known as Corhonas the water was brought from a distance of 400 furlongs. Indignant at this proceeding, the populace formed a ring round the tribunal of Pilate, then on a visit to Jerusalem, and besieged him with angry clamour. He, foreseeing the tumult, had interspersed among the crowd a troop of his soldiers, armed but disguised in civilian dress, with orders not to use their swords, but to beat any rioters with cudgels. He now from <*
;
" Cf. Matt, xxvii. 6, tov Kop^avav {v.l. KopjSwi/di') = " the sacred treasury," the only parallel for this use of the word. Corhan =" devoted," " taboo " {cf. Ap. \. 167).
*
PAM
:
om. the
rest.
391
(n.) the
^^^'^^^
,
JOSEPHUS 177 fJLaro?.
TVTTTOixevoi he ol *lovhaLOi ttoXXol
fJLev
Tcbu rrX-qyojv, ttoAAoi 8e vtto ocjxZv avrojv iv ttj
KaTaTTarrjOevres d~ajXovro. 1"8
irpos §e ttjv oviK^opav
KaravXaykv to
Tojv dvr]pr]ii€vojv
vtto
(jivyfj
ttXtjOo? iaiajTrrjaev.
TOVTU) Kariqyopos 'HpcuSou rod reTpap\ovvros 'AyptVTra? fio? 'AptarojSouAou, ov 6 Ttarrip 'WpojhrjS dulKreivev , Trapayiverai rrpos Tov he jxr) Trpoode^afieuov r-qv KarTt/Septov. -qyopiav fievcov eVt 'Pcofirj? rov? re dXXov? tujv yvcvpifxcDV idepdrrevev Kal fjidXcGra tow TepiJ,avLKOv Kal hrj ttotc Tdiov, IhLcorrjv ert oura. 179 TTalha eGTLojv avrov rd re dXXa ttolklXojs e(j)iXo<j)pov€.lro Kal reXevralov rag xelpas dvareivag (j>avepa)S Kai^
(5)
rjv^aro ddrrov avrov dedaaadai rcov oXojv hecTTTOrovro ns rcov OLKerojv
180 rr]v drrodavovros Ti^epiov.
avrov htayyeXXei elpyvvGLV
rov
avrov
fjirjvas
€Ttl
^
toj Tc^epLco, Kal o?
XypiTTTrav
Kal
e^ iv heapiojr-qpia)
dyavaKriquas acKLas
fxer^ ,
^(-X^^
iiexpis avros
ireXevr-qaev -qyefjiovevGas errj hvo rrpos rot? e'lKOui Kal rpeZs rjfjLepas errl {jltjuIv e^. 181 (6) WTToheixOels he Tdios Kalaap dvL-qacv re rcov
heo/JLOJV
rov
^AypLTrrrav
rerpapxi-O-S, OvrjGKei^
Kal
TrapayevofjLevos he els rrjV dpxrjv ^
"
i.
P
:
rrjg
^lXlttttou
yap ovros, Kadiurr^Gi ^aacXea. ^
\yp Itttt as
(fidovo)
TeduTjKd the rest.
551.
The whole story is told in much greater detail in .7. xviii. (? from some Roman source), where, however, there is no mention of this object of his visit. The visit was made ''
"
year before Tiberius died " {A. xviii. 126). Eutychus, his freedman and charioteer, A. xviii. 168 ; according to the account there given the words were spoken during a drive, not at dinner. in the '
392
WAR,
J.
II.
177-181
(c/.
ANT. xviii
62, 126, 166
flF
,
237)
Large numbers his tribunal gave the agreed signal. of the Jews perished, some from the blows which they received, others trodden to death by their companions Cowed by the fate of the in the ensuing flight. victims, the multitude
At
was reduced
to silence.
time Agrippa, son of the Aristobulus Herod who was put to death by his father Herod,* came to ^ome^^ Tiberius to accuse Herod the tetrarch.^ The em- 36 a. d. peror having declined to countenance the charge, Agrippa remained in Rome, paying court to various notabilities and in particular to Gaius, son of Germani(5)
this
who was still a private citizen. On one occasion when he was entertaining him at dinner, Agrippa,
cus,
paying him all kinds of compliments, finally raised his hands to heaven and openly prayed that he might soon see Gaius master of the world, through the decease of Tiberius. This was reported by one of Agrippa's domestics to Tiberius ; whereupon the emperor, in indignation, threw Agrippa into prison, after
is
im-
^[be^i'ua
'^
where he kept him under rigorous treatment for six months until his own death, which closed a reign of ^i^^^^J twenty-two years, six months and three days.'* (6) Gaius, on being proclaimed emperor, liberated Accessic Agrippa and gave him, with the title of king, the fc^Auaui tetrarchy
of
Philip,
now
deceased.^
arrival to take possession of his
kingdom
Agrippa's ^ aroused
,^°"pp*^
and mad king.
22 years 5 months and 3 days according to A. xviii. 224 But neither (c/. § 168 for confusion of the numbers 5 and 6). the statement quite agrees with our secular authorities reign lasted from 19 Aug. 14 (death of Augustus) to 16 March (Tac. or 26 March, Dion), i.e. 22 years 6 months and 28 days (or 22 years 7 months 7 days). * He had died in the twentieth year of the reign of Tiberius {A. xviii. 106), i.e. in a.d. 33-4.. f A.D. 38-39. VOL. II o2 393 <*
:
;
JOSEPHUS ra? *V\pcoSou rov t€7 pdp\ov hi-qy^ipev InidvpLias. be fiaXLOTa tovtov et's" eArrtSa jSaaiAet'a? 'HpajSta? r] yvvrj, KaroveihiCovaa rrjv apyiav koL (jyafievri rrapa to [irj ^ovXeaOai ttXclv Ittl Kai'aopa OT€pLGK€odaL fieiCouo? dpxT]?' 07T0V yap WypinTtav i^ lSlcotou ^aoiXia TreTToiriKev, rjTrov y dv €K€Li'ou SioTOLoeLev €.K r€Tpdpxov; TOUTOt? dvaTTeiodel? 'HptuSv]? rjK€i' Trpog Vdiov, vcj)^ ov rrjs
182 ivrjye
183
TrXeove^ia^
It: lt Lp.d7 ai
(f)vyfj
et?
^Traviau^-
Xovdrjoev yap ainco Kar-qyopos *Aypt777ras",
rerpapxiau
Ik€lvov Kal 'HpojSrjg pL€v iv ^Travia Kal rrj
rrjv
ttjv
rjKO-
Kal Fdiog. cru[jL(i)vyovGr]^ avrco o)
TrpoaedriKeu
(x. 1) rdLO<^ Se Kataap errl roaovrov i^v^ptoev ft? TT^v fu-)(riv, cjore deou iavrov Kal hoKelv^ ^ovXeodai Kal KaXelodai, rcov re evyeveordrajv dvhpujv aKpoTopLTjoai rr^v TTarplba, eKTelvat he rrfv 185 doe^eiav Kal errl ^Xovhaiav. Werpojviov fxev ovv fierd or par Lag errl 'XepoooXvpLtov errepL^ev eyKadihpvoovra rcZi vaoj rovs dvhptdvras avrov, TTpoord^ag, el pirj he^OLvro *IouSatoi, rods re KojXvovra? dveXeli^ Kal rrdu rd Xolttov eOvos 186 e^avhpartohioaoOai. deep S' dpa row rrpoaraypidrojv epieXev. Kal WerpojVLOS p.ei' ovu rpiol rdypiaoL Kal ttoXXoIs €k rijg Hvpla? ovjiiLdxaLS els 187 rrjv ^\ovhaLav rjXavvev €k r'Pjs 'AvrioYeia?, loi>OaLOJV be ot p.ev rjTTiorovv errl rals rod noXepiOV
1S4
^ TaWta;' Niese and TaWia So (or "IcTrai'iai') all MSS. below, to conform to A. xviii. 25?. ^ Kal doKeif Niese: Kal Sokuu Kal the 5oKui' Kal PA.M Exc. :
:
rest. *
894-
According
to
A.
xviii. -252 to
Lyons
in
Gaul.
j
JEWISH WAR,
181-187
II.
{cf.
ant. xviii
240-262)
the envy and ambition of Herod the tetrarch. But it was above all his wife Herodias who instigated the she reproached him tetrarch to aspire to a throne for his indolence and told him that it was only his reluctance to set sail and wait upon Caesar which kept him out of promotion. " Now that he has made a king of Agrippa, a mere commoner, '* she said, ** surely he could not hesitate to confer the same title
The end ot
Herod
Aniipas.
;
on
a
tetrarch."
Yielding *to
these
solicitations,
Herod presented himself to Gains, who punished him for his cupidity by banishing him to Spain." For an accuser had followed him in the person of Agrippa,^ to whose kingdom Gains annexed his rival's tetrarchy. Herod died in Spain, whither his wife had accompanied him into exile. emperor (x. 1) The insolence with which the Gains defied fortune surpassed all bounds he wished to be considered a god and to be hailed as such, he cut off the flower of the nobility of his country, and :
Gains on of his
su
^gjj'^ig
impiety extended even to Judaea. In fact, he sent Petronius with an army to Jerusalem to instal in the sanctuary statues of himself in the event of the Jews refusing to admit them, his orders were to put the recalcitrants to death and to reduce the whole nation to slavery. But these orders, as the sequel showed, v^ere under God's care. Petronius, accord- :^''^'^'''^l 1 1 r Petromu ingly, with three legions ^ and a large contingent ot ptok leniai Syrian auxiliaries, left Antioch on the march for JjJ^f oj^^J Judaea. Among the Jews, some put no belief in the 40 a. d. his
;
.
,
,
.
IT
<^
.
In A. xviii. 247 Agrippa sends his freedman Fortunatus accuse Antlpas. Two only, according: to A. xviii. 262 (and so Philo, Leg. ad Caium 31, § 207 " half his army " ; there were four legions in Syria at this time). *•
to
"
395
JOSEPHUS (j}rjiJLai?,
158
01
8c TnoTevoureg rjoav eV
Ta\v
5'
dfJLr])(dvco
npog
8ia TravTcov to
Seo
Tr]u
dfj-vvav
rjbr)
TTapovGTj^^ €tV flroAejaatSa rrj? crrpartdb.
(2)
rioAt?
5'
Kara, to
Xio^;
cxcop^i'
eoTTti/
m^V^
a?rn7
TreStoi^
FaAiAaia? Trapd-
ttJ?
iKnafievr],
Trepiex^raL
be opeoLV iK fiev rod Ttpos dvaroXrjV KXifxaro? 07ahi<jL>v
159
i^TjKOVTa
roj
rrj?
VaXiXala?,
dno
drro
be
Tov ixeurjiJi^pLUoO toj Kap/xr/Aoj Stexouri OTaSiov^ Ikotov €lko(7l, TO) 8' vipr^XoTara) xa-r' dpKrou, o KaXovcTLv /
a)
to
iariv exov iyyu? aurov rorrov Oav/jLaro? d^LOV KVKXorepy)^ fikv
Me'/xuoi^os" iivqfxelov
190 iKarovraTT-qxf]
ydp ioTLv Kal
191
dvabiSojGLi' 8e
koIXo<;,
r-qu
veXivqv
oTav eKKevojarj ttoAAo, rrXola -npoao^ovra,^ TrdXiv dvr lttXt] pour at to x^P^^^t KaraovpovTOJv iikv ojOTTep iTTLTTjSe? Tore tcuu dvefiajv ei's" auTo Trjv e^codev dpy-qv ^a/LA/xov, tov he pLerdXXov Trdaav evOecos pLeTa^dXXovrog elg veXov. 6auliaoLOJTepov 8ej' tovtov p.0L hoKel to rrfv vrrepX^deloav veXov eV tou tottou rrdXtv ibdixpiov yiveoOaL eLKaiav. to p.ev ovv ;(ajptov tovto TotavTrjV ipdfifxou,
Tjv
elX-qx^v (f)VGLV. 192
he pLeTo, yvvaiKtov koI reKvcov (3) 'loudatot dBpoioBevTeg el? to Trebiov to Trpos [iToXepLatdL KadiKerevov tov [\eTpujVLOV vrrep toii' rraTpiajv vopLOjv TrpujTov, e-€LTa vnep avTcou. 6 be rrpog Te TO TrXijdog Kal tol? berjoet? evbov? tov? piev ^
*
396
Dindorf:
Dindorf
:
-,ap o'7/?y MS3.
Trpoax^*"'* ^'3.
^
om. most
m33.
JEWISH WAR. rumours defence the
II
187-192 (c/ ant
of war, others believed, but
xviii
262 f)
saw no means of
alarm, however, soon became universal,
;
army having already reached Ptolemais.
Ptolemais is a maritmie town in Galilee, built entrance to the Great Plam, and encompassed To the east, at a distance of 60 with mountains to the south, 120 furlongs, is the Galilaean range to the north is the highest furlongs off, lies Carmel (2)
at the
Digresi
ptoierr
vurec: ^^^^•
;
;
chain of
all,
called by the natives the "
Tyrians," 100 furlongs away.
At
a
Ladder of the
distance of about
two furlongs from the town runs the diminutive river Beleus** on its bank stands the tomb of Memnon, and close to it is a very remarkable region, a hundred cubits in extent. It consists of a circular basin which produces vitreous sand. Numerous boats put in to this spot and empty the basin of its sand, whereupon it is filled up again by the action of the winds, which, as if by design, drift into it the common sand outside, the latter being all promptly converted by But the phenomenon this mine into vitreous matter. which, to my mind, is even more remarkable, is that the excess particles of glass which overflow from the Such are the cavity become ordinary sand as before. ;
curious properties of this spot.
The Jews assembled with
their wives and Ptolemais and implored Petronius to have regard first for the laws of their Yielding so far to fathers, and next for themselves. this vast multitude and their entreaties, he left the (3)
children
"
Belus
in
in
the
plain
Tac. Hist.
of
v. 7
and Pliny. N.H. xxxv).
i90,
modern Nahr Na'man.
397
Petrcn
Jewisn ^^
"^'°
JOSEPHUS duSpLavrag Kal ra? arpa~La<;^ iv YlroXeiiatSi AetVet, Se ei? tyju VaXiXatav Kal ouyKaXeoa? ro T€ TrXrjOo'; Kal tous" yvajplpLov? TrdvTag et? TtjSeptaSa ri'-ju re 'Pajfiaicov 8te^r]6t hvvapLLV Kal
193 TrpoeXdojv^
Kaioapog
Toi?
194 i(j)aLvev p.€vojv
aTreiAds-,
dyfajfiova' idvayv
Kara
eVt
7rdvTa)V ttoXlv
he
rr]v
yap
d^lcooLv
tojv
drr-
vTToreray-
ovyKaOiSpuKorcDV rots
dAAot? deoLS Kal ra? Kaioapog elKovas, ro fjLOvovg €K€Lwoug dvTirdoueoBaL Ttpos rovro ox^hov d-q' rovfiov (f)vXaKr€Os vofiog," yap avrdv Kal (^eiod^evos vjjlojv Trapa^ds TToXeiirjoeL 8' i3^a? d Treijupag Kal OVK eya'j- Kal ydp avros, worrep Vfieis, 196 inLrdcrGopLaL." rrpog ravra ro ttXtjOos Trdur* rov vopiov Trdoxeiv iroipLw? ^X^^^' e/Sda 77p6
dTToXovfjiai hiKaiajs.
IJ.€
]9~
KaraareiXas 8' " TToXepLTjoere ," Satot
198
pL€u
TTtpt
'Pa>p.aLojv
6lg
avrwv
6
Uerpcuvios
rrjv
^ot'^v,
eiTrev, "
dpa Kaioapt;" Kal 'louKaloapos Kal rov h-qp-ou row
rr^s
rjp.epa';
dveiv
€
€t
he
^ovXerat rd? eLKOvas eyKaOihpveLv, nporepov avrdv he'iv dvav rd ^Xovhaiujv edvos -npoBvoaaOai' TrapexeLv he o(j)ds avrov? eroipLovg els rr]v a
So
PAM
:
rrji-
*
S98
uff ffTpariay Kal roij
JEWISH WAR,
192-198 {cf ant.
II.
xviii.
269-271)
statues and his troops at Ptolemais and advanced into Galilee, where he summoned the people, with all persons of distinction, to Tiberias. There he dwelt upon the power of the Romans and the emperor's menaces, and, moreover, pointed out the recklessness all the subject nations, he urged, of their request had erected in each of their cities statues of Caesar, along with those of their other gods, and that they alone should oppose this practice amounted almost to ;
aggravated by insult. the Jews appealed to their law and the custom of their ancestors, and pleaded that they were forbidden to place an image of God, much more of a man, not only in their sanctuary but even in any unconsecrated spot throughout the country, Petronius replied, " But I too must obey the law of my master if I transgress it and spare you, J shall be put to death, with justice. War will be made on you by him who sent me, not by me for I too, like you, am under orders." At this the multitude cried out that they were ready to endure everything for the law. Will Petronius, having checked their clamour, said, you then go to war with Caesar ? " The Jews replied that they offered sacrifice twice daily for Caesar" and the Roman people, but that if he wished to set up these statues, he must first sacrifice the and that they presented thementire Jewish nation selves, their wives and their children, ready for the slaughter. These words filled Petronius with astonishment and pity at the spectacle of the incomparable rebellion, (4)
When
;
;
'
;
"
may
Ap. ii. 77 with note. From the present infer that the daily sacrifice for the Emperor
Cf.
passage we
was offered
partly at the morning, partly at the evening service.
^99
JOSEPHUS 77apaaTiqiJ.aT0^
€TOLfiou
199
3'
Taii
(5)
rod Tore
koI
avhpchv
lujv
OpriOKela^
Kal
.
Odvarou
vp6<; jiev
aTrpaKToi
cfr)? ddp6ov<; re toi)? SLit^arou?
kqt'
IdLav Kai 70 TrXrjdo^ iv koluo) ouAAeycui^' TTore piev
TiapeKaXei, vo-rk be ovve^o-vXevev
,
to ttMov ptevroL
htrj-eiXei, r-qv re 'Ptu/xatcuv eTTavareLVOpLevos loxvv
Kai TOi)? Vatou 200 di'dyKTqv. a»?
eojpa
Kal
pr]heplav
Be
Trelpav
Kara yap wpau oTTopov dpyd TTpoohierpL^ev avrtp rd
TTevrrjKoura -qpiepag
pLecuaL,
201
evhihovTOiv,
KLvhvvevovaav donopov
^copau
ttjv
Ihiav Trpo? toutoi?
ttju re
6ufj.ov<;
7Tp6<;
TrXrjdrj, reXevralov avrous Kal " TrapaKLvSvueureov ipLol pid\/\ou," elnoWy " rj yap rod 6eov ovvepyovuro?
ddpoLoas
Tretaas" t}
Kaiaapa
ped^
GcoOrjOOfxat
vapo^vvdevros virep rooovrojv ipLavrov
r-qv
hiac^rjKev
ijjux'i'i^,
vpLcov
eroLfx<jj<;
rd
rjBeoj?,
evihojooj
7TXrj6o
ttoAAo,
Kar€V\6peuou^ avjoj, Kal TrapaXa^oju rrju orparidu Ik rr)^ IlroXepatSog vneorpeihev €t? rrju ^Avtlo' 202 ^eiai^.
eudeu
evOeuJS
ifx^oX-rju r-qv
els
rov
on
edvovs,
eTreoieXXev
'lovSatai^ 7e,
el
Kai'aapi
r-qv
re
eavrov Kal rds LKeaias p.r) ^ovXerat vpd<; rol^
dvbpdoii' Kal r-qv x^jpav dTToXeoai, deoL c^vXdrreiv re avroLS^ TOf vopLov Kal rtapievai rd TrpdoraypLa.
ov 0(i>6hpa pLerpiajs qptBdvarov, on rdjv vpcGraypidroju avrou ^padv? VTTrjperr)? eyldXXd rov? pev rovroju ypaix^aro(f)dpov<; vero} oive^q )(eiiJ.aodr,uaL rpeU pTjUas ev rfj ^aAdacjTy,
203 ravraLS
Tat?
eTricroXals
eypaijjev d Vdios, QTreiAoJi/ Werpojvlo)
'
•
(7l/\^f7<^TL;^
/noTd-xcM^nuf *
400
PA, whence
PA*
PA
' :
t')i\>iTo
Destinon. Niese: avrous m33.
ai\\i',f.v
the lest.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
198-203
{cf.
ant.
272-305)
xviii.
devotion of this people to their rehgion and their unflinching resignation to death. So for the time he dismissed them, nothing being decided. (5) During the ensuing days he held crowded private conferences " with the aristocracy, and public meetings with the people at these he had recourse alternatively to entreaty, to advice, most often, however, to threats, holding over their heads the might of the Romans, the fury of Gains, and the necessity which circumstances imposed upon himself. As, however, none of these efforts would induce them to yield, and as he saw that the country was in danger of remaining unsown for it was seed-time and the people had spent fifty ^ days idly waiting upon him "It is he finally called them together and said better that I should take the risk. Either, God aiding me, I shall prevail with Caesar and have the satisfaction of saving myself as well as you, or, if his indignation is roused, I am ready on behalf of the lives of so many to surrender my own." With that he dismissed the multitude, who rained blessings on his head, and collecting his troops left Ptolemais and returned to Antioch. From that city he hastened to report to Caesar his expedition into Judaea and the entreaties of the nation, adding that, unless he wished to destroy the country as well as its inhabitants, he ought to respect their law and revoke the order. To this dispatch Gains replied in no measured terms, threatening to put Petronius to death for his tardiness in executing his orders. However, it so happened that the bearers of this message were weather-bound for three months at sea, while others, who brought ;
—
—
:
"
269
These ff,
later conferences ^
were held at Tiberias, A. xviii. 40 according to A. xviii. 272.
401
.
JOSEPHUS rov uios r)
204
e(f)dr]
eTTioroXas Kad^ eavrov.
AajStui'
ras" xi.
lirfvas
205
ddvarov aAAot KarayyeAAoi^re? yovv rag rrepl rovrojv Werpuj-
Vatov
8e
^vttXoovv.
€77ra
kol
e'lKoaiv
Vatov 8e r]y€yiov€VoavTO<;
(1)
KOL
OKTOJ
OT paTeVpi6.T(jjV
KXavSiog
ovyKXr]ro?,
Tj
,
he
err] rpla dpTra^erat
SoXo(l)Ovrj6€vrog
VTTO TCOV iv 'PcOIJiTj
T]/M€pat?
Kal ijl€V
^€LS TTjU dpX'Tj^Y rcju e^qyov/JLevcov
VTrdrajv Hevriov Haropvivov Kal YlofiTTajvLOv SeKovvSov, Tpialv rat? au/xjuevoucrai? aTretpats" €7nrpeipaaa (f)vXdTTeLV rrjv ttoXlv els to ViaTreTcoXiov rjOpoLadr), Kal 8td rrjV wpLor-qra ttjv Vatou KAauSt'oj TToXefj-elv etprjcfyiCeTo- KaTaar-qoeodai yap hi dpiUTOKparia?, d'jo—ep ovv rrdXaL hiajKelro, rrju dpxqv Tj Kpivelv 4'v4'V "^^^ d^LOV rrjs -qyep^ovias 206 (^) ^vvep-q [heY rrjVLKavra npos i-TTchrjpLoOvra Tov AypLTnTav ri'-jv re ovyKXrjrov KaXovaau €i? GupL^ovXlau TTefxipat Kal KXavhiov eV rrjg 7rape/xjSoArys", OTTO)? 77p6? d heoL xPV^^^I^os avrols yevoiro. [KdKelvosY ovvLhojv TOV rjhr] rfj hwdfJieL Kaioapa 6 8' avTOV Trpea^evT-qv 207 TTpo? KXavhiOv aTTeiaiu.
npos Tr]v oijyKXrjTOV dvaTrepLTrei hrjXovvTa Tr)v eauTOV TTpoaipecnu, on Trpojrov p.ev aKOJV vtto twv orpaTLojTojv 1
dprrayeiTj,
om.
P.
Kal
ouTe 2
ttjv
eKeivwv
om. PA.
" Tn the account of this affair of Petronius A. xviji. apain enters much more into detail than B. ii. outstanding additions are the pro%'identiaI rainfall and the intercession of Agrippa with Gaius at Rome on behalf of the Jews. ' So A. xix. 201 ; in reality just o%er 3 years and 10 months (16 March 37 to 24 January 41 a.h.) ' The story of the assassination is told at icngth from some :
402
J.
WAR, II. 203-207 {cf. ANT. xviii.
308, xix. 201, 236
ff.)
the news of the death of Gaius, had a fortunate The temp passage. So Petronius received this last information ihedpatii twenty-seven days earher than the letter conveying J^^^^'j^^ his own death-warrant." Accession (xi. 1)/ When Gaius, after a reign of three years and V, ® CLAUDIUS, o Home* eight months, ° was assassmated,^ the troops carried off Claudius by force to make him emperor. But the senate, on the motion of the consuls, Sentius Saturninus and Pomponius Secundus, after entrusting the protection of the city to the three ^ cohorts that remained loyal to them, assembled in the Capitol and, on the ground of the savagery of Gaius, decreed war on Claudius they were determined either to revert to their former constitution as an aristocracy, or to elect by suffrage a leader worthy of the empire. (2) Agrippa was at the time in Rome, and, as Tmportan chance would have it, he received a summons alike by'^Agdpp from the senate, calling him into consultation, and as mediat from Claudius in the camp /; both parties solicited ciandms Agrippa, ^"^^l^J^ his services in this pressing emergency. " reflecting that Claudius was already virtually emhim. repaired back, to his peror with the power at Claudius, thereupon, sent him off as his envoy to inform the senate of his sentiments. He Mas to state, in the first place, that it was against his will at the that he had been carried off by the soldiers same time he considered it both unjust to betray '
,
,
.
,
m .
rf
;
;
first-hand authority in A. xix., where it fills more than half In the accession of Claudius, Agrippa plays a the book. larger part in B. than in A. " The praetorian guard. * Four according to A. xix. 188. ' Ttie praetorian camp established by Sejanus in a.d. 23 on the N.E. of Rome, outside the ancient city, but afterwards included within the AureUan walls; the site is used to-day tor barracks for the Italian army.
403
.
,
JOSEPHUS eyKaraXivelv BiKaiov ovr€ aa^aAe? Kpivoi' koI yap to tv^^Iv
GTrovhrju
iavrou
'7V)(^-qv
bioiKYjaet^
T-qu
ineid^
iTTLKLuBvvov elvai-
KArjaeoj?
208 rjy€iJ,ovLKrj<;
dpx'^^
rr)v Tri<;
on
wunep dyado^ vpoGTarr)^
apKelodat yap rfj rLfifj rrjg e<^' eKaGTU) rojv vpayjidrtov ^ovXr]u TTaGiv dnohajGeiv' kgl yap et firj
ovx
77
^5"
Tvpavvo?'
poG-qyopias, Tr)V 8'
209
(3)
TaOr'
aTTTJyyetAei' 'AyptTTTra?.
he ^ovXr)
tj
Grparcp kgl yvcvfiats dyadal^ Tenoidvla hovXeiav Ikovgiov ovx VTrofievelv. /cat d7T€Kpivaro
Kai
KAai'Sto?
(!)<; rJKOVGeu to. Trapd rrj^ ^ovXrjg, TrdXiv rov * AypLTTTTau aTTayyeXovi'Ta avTOi^ on TTpohovvai p-kv rov? el? avrou opLOuorjGavra?^ ov^ VTTOpLeVOL, TToXeiJLrjGeLV S' aKCOU VpO? OV? TjKlGTa 210 ^ovXoLTo. Selv jievroL 7Tpoa7ToheL\0rjvai toj ttoXefxcp xcxjpiov e^oj ttj? voXecj?' ov yap oglov hid TTju avTojv KaKO^ovXiav 6pL0({)vXa) (f)6i>cp pLLaiveodai TQ repLevrj ttj? Trarpiho?. 6 p-kv ovv ct/<:ouaas ravra rot? ^ovXevral? dTTViyyeiXev fi) Mera^ti he rcou /ierd rrjg GvyKXrjTOV GTpa211 nojTcov ns GTraodpLevo? to ^i^o? " dvhpe?,'
€-€fjnlj€v
" GVorpanajTai,
e^orjGev,
TraOoure?
Tt
KTOvelv ^ouX6p.e6a Kai Kara
rcoi^
dheX(j)0-
\\Xavhioi
p-erd
p.ev avroKpdropa p.rjhei rooavra he rd StVaia 77p6«
ouyyevojv 6pp.dv, e^ovre? p.€p.(f)6rji>aL
pierd rcov
212 ous" ^
°
hvidfievou,
bLOLK-qaoL
There
is
L\
67tXcoi>
p.eXXop.ev
xojpelv
R.
no verb
^
in
the
Greek
;
oatcavTCi
;
"
ravrc
L\ RC.
Reinach suspects
thi
text. *
404
Or, with the other reading, "
had sworn
fidelity to him.'
JEWISH WAR,
II.
207-212
(cf.
ant. xix. 246-254
ff.)
such devoted supporters and unsafe (to abandon) ^ the fortune which had befallen him, for the mere fact of having received the imperial title entailed risks. Agrippa was further to state that he would govern the empire as a virtuous ruler and not as a tyrant he would be content with the honour of the title, and on all public affairs would consult the whole people indeed, were he not by nature inclined to moderation, the fate of Gaius would serve as a sufficient warning to him to act with discretion. (3) To this message, delivered by Agrippa, the senate replied that, relying on the army and the wisdom of their own resolutions, they would not submit to voluntary servitude. When Claudius heard this answer of the senate, he again sent Agrippa to tell them that he would not consent to betray those who had unanimously elected him,^ and must therefore reluctantly fight those who were the last persons in the world he wished to have as his enemies. It would, however, he said, be necessary to select for the conflict some spot outside the city, as it would be monstrous that their obstinate perversity should cause the sacred precincts of their country to be polluted with her children's blood. Agrippa noted and delivered this message to the ;
;
senators.
In the midst of these negotiations one of the who had adhered to the senate, drawing his " Comrades in arms, what has sword, cried out possessed us that we should wish to murder our brothers and to rush upon our kinsmen in the ranks of Claudius, when we have an emperor with whom no fault can be found and are united by such close ties with those against whom we propose to take the (4)
soldiers
:
405
JOSEPHUS 8td
elTTOjv
piev
TrapaxpTifJ^OL
Kare(f)aLV€TO , rrjv
KoXaKevovreg
rrjv
TTpodyovras
rovs
Tols
et
(o)
ptevog
^
tow
TTdGTj,
77
hoBeiGas Xojpl<;
elg
tt}?
hojpedv
Kareox^^
to GTpaTOTrehov Kal
^^v
;)(aptCTTrJpta.
TraTpojq.
ttj
8e TOVTOjv .
Kal
iSrjXov,
iyxoipd^avTag
Tpa\ojvlTiv eVepar--
toj
jxkv
tols
deXroL';
dvadelpai.
utt'
h-qp-to
dpxovoLV ^(aAKar?
TTjV
tco
deep
Kal
tov
^aaiAeia
kvpavlTtv,
ttjv
Xvoaviov
biaTdypiaTL
T-qv
rrpoGCTa^ev
8e
ttju
bojpelraL
rag
AvyovGrov
Kal
jSacriAetav
T€
(f)LXo(f)poviiGd-
Ovgow
aurtVa
avTolg
-qyep-OPtag
'Hpoj8r)
217 KaTreTojXtov
to
ou?
8t'
7TpOGhe\€TaL
poGTLdelg e^ojSev Kal Ta?
216 KaXovfxevTiv
inl Tovq
tcou
opji-qv
drroXeGa?
,
AypLTTTiav evdeoj? idojpelTO
406
oppirjw
rrjv
Trpoobpafxdw WypLTT-
KAau8tos-
dxrouVas-
^ili^i-
Trept
ttjv
GT par LOJT LKOV ,
TOV
GvyKXrjTOV
ra
€t pLTj
rrepLOTrrov iprjixiag €golto /SacriAeu?.
Taur'
Opjxds
215
yvojvai
Trplv
XeXvGGr^Korojv
eon
Kparelv -i
rod
Trpo
O(j>ohp6repov
OL
Kau ouue^rj KLvhvvevaat
Tuxr/i^'
Kardoxot
pLTj
evTTaTpidas
21
avrol?
^L(I)€GLV
ov
-qTreiyovro
avTOj TO KLvbvvevpLa r-qg rrpd^eoj? iSriXajoeu, re
OTi
8'
VTTrjVTOJv
GTpaTLCJTOJV KXavdLOV, 77a?
77ept8eoj?
ocor-qpLo?
tow orparLcurow ohov
yvpLVol?
TELXOus
drroXenpLv
tyju
d—oorpo
oj?
KAai;8toy.
213 TTpos
ol 8' evnarplSaL
€(f)eXK6fX€i'og.
rrpog
8'
avdtg
ea^ov,
Trdvra?
^ovXijs
rij?
(Lpfjurjaev
fiearjs
rovs GVGrpaTLcora?
Sogiv 8'
clg
avTOV
to
Kai
JEWISH WAR,
II.
212-217
{cf.
ant. xix. 263-277)
field ? " With those words he rushed through the midst of the senate, with all his fellow-soldiers at his
At
were momentdismay then, perceiving no other refuge to which to turn, they followed the soldiers and hastened to Claudius. Outside the walls they found themselves faced by the more hot-headed courtiers of fortune, with bared swords, and the lives of the leaders of the party would have been imperilled before Claudius even knew of the fury of the soldiers, had not Agrippa run to him and told him of the perilous situation and that unless he checked the impetuosity of the troops, who were mad against the patricians, he would lose the very men who lent lustre to his sovereignty and be left monarch heels.
this desertion the patricians
arily struck with
;
of a v/ilderness. (5) On receiving this message, Claudius repressed the fury of the soldiers, admitted the senators to his camp, and, after warmly greeting them, went off with them without delay to sacrifice thank-offerings to God on his accession to the empire. Upon Agrippa he forthwith conferred the whole of his grandfather's kingdom, annexing to it from over the border not only the districts of Trachonitis and Auranitis of which Augustus had made a present to Herod," but a further principality known as the kingdom of Lysanias.'' This donation he announced to the people by an edict, and ordered the magistrates to have it engraved on brazen tablets to be deposited He, moreover, presented Herod, in the Capitol. "
B.
i.
398.
Abila (north-west of Damascus) and parts of Lebanon {A. xix. 275). Caligula had alreadj^ given Agrippa " the tetrarchy of Lysanias " (^. xviii. 237); Claudius merely con''
i.e.
firms this gift.
407
Agrippa ot^j^i^jae"
JOSEPHUS rov a8eA<;66v rjv
218
6
S'
auTO?
yap
avrog
Kal
yafifipog
ctV
ou/<:
Kal
tol?
ap;(7)?,
\p-qixaaiv
Karey^priaaro' T-qXiKOvrov
piaKpau^
Tols 'lepoGoXvpLOL? Trepi^aXelv Tjp^aro r€LXO?,
TjXiKOu TT]!^
ovveppei,
'Aypt7777a
TrAoiiTo?
219
'Hpcvbiqv,
BepuLKT) ovvotKOJi', jSacTiAeta rfj XaAK'tot. av eV TOcrauTr;? oj? S', (6) Tax€cu?
ai^
dvrjVVTOv
reAea^ei'
TToXiopKtau.
dAA'
e<^^7^
'Pcu^aatotb
e7TOL7]a€v
vipojaai
to epyov
Trptp-
reXevr-qoa? ev Kaiaapeta, /^c/SacrtAeuKco? /xei^ err] rpta, TTporepou 8e tcui^ T^-rpapxicLv rpiolv eTepot? KaraXeiTreL Se rpet? /ixei/ 220 ereoLU ac^riy-qGapLevo? duyarepas €k KvTrpov yeyevvrjjjLevag, BepvLK-qv Kal Mapta/x/x77i' Kat Apouat'AAai^, uioi' Sc eV rr^s" avTrjg ^AypLTTTTav. ov TTauraTTaoLV oi^to? utjttlov ttolXlv TQ? paaiXeLag KAat-dio? eVap^^tav 770trjaa9 eVtrpOTTOU 7TefJi7T€L KoVOTTLOl' ^ddov, e7T€LTa Tl^€pLOV ^AXe^aubpou, OL fJiiqSev TrapaKtvovvreg rcov im.
221 ;(CL>pttut' iOcov €v elpTjvri
to edvo? Stec^vAa^ap'. /Lxerd rrjs XaA/
ravra Kal 6 ^aotXevwu TeAeuTOL, VLKr]<;
/caraAtTTOji^
6k
/u.ep'
ri^g
dSeA^tS?^?
Bep-
hvo 77ar8a?
Bepi^tKiap'Oi'
T€ /cat 'Tp/cav'dt', cV
TTpoTepas
Maptd/z/xT]?
'Apiard^ouAot'.
Sc T7]? ^
pttKpi
Hudson
re-
from Lat. "in rebus exiguis."
Bernice was Herod's second wife he had previously married Mariamme, grand-daughter of Herod the Great {A. xviii. 134). On the north of the city, to enclose the suburb Bezetha or " new city " (B. v. 151 ff^ J. xix. 326). "
;
''
The work was stopped, before Agrippa's death, by Marsus, the governor of Svria, under orders from Claudius {B. V. 152, A. xix. 326 f.) A more precise statement is given in A. xix. 351. He reigned four years in all under Gaius (37-41 and three under Claudius (41-44); for the first three years under Gaius he •^
<*
)
408
J.WAR,II.217-221(c/A.xix.
277,326,343ff.,xx.l00fF.)
who was at once the ^tu er and, by his marriage with Bernice, the son-in-law of Agrippa,'^ with the kingdom ofChalcis. (6) From so extensive a realm wealth soon flowed
and his ^Trod^^k ol Cha'lci
Reign
an(
Agrippa, nor w^as he long in expending his^^j^rmja] For he began to surround Jerusalem with riches. a wall^ on such a scale as, had it been completed, would have rendered ineffectual all the efforts of the Romans in the subsequent siege. But before the work had reached the projected height, he died'' at a.d. 44. Caesarea, after a reign of three years, to which must be added his previous three years' tenure of his He left issue by his wife Cypros,^ tetrarchies.^ three daughters Bernice, Mariamme, and Drusilla and one son, Agrippa. As the last was a minor/ Judaea Claudius again reduced the kingdoms to a province uf^ier'^'^^ and sent as procurators, first Cuspius Fadus,^ and procurau then Tiberius Alexander,'^ who by abstaining from all interference with the customs of the country kept the nation at peace. Subsequently Herod, king of Death of Chalcis, died he left by his marriage with his niece of chaicii Bernice, two sons, Bernicianus and Hyrcanus, and*-''-^^* by his previous wife, Mariamme, a third, Aristobulus. in to
—
—
;
held the tetrarchies of Philip and Lysanias, for the fourth he His " reign " in the held that of Herod Antipas as well. present passage is limited to his tenure of the whole kingdom of Herod the Great. * Daughter of Phasael, the nephew, and of Salampsio, the daughter of Herod the Great {A. xviii. 130 f.) He was seventeen years old {A. xix. 354). » c. A.D. 44-45. A.D. 46-48. c. Of a distinguished Jewish family of Alexandria, son of the Alabarch Alexander and nephew of Philo; renounced Judaism to tal<e service under the Romans, as procurator of Judaea, as prefect of Egypt (ii. 309), and as chief of the general staff of Titus at the siege of Jerusalem (vi. 237). '^
''
409
JOSEPHUS 6vqK€L
auTOj Kal erepo?
S'
KaraXtTTcov
222 IdLioTTj^
Hev ovv rjoav,
^Wpwhov
TrpoelTTOv,
cu?
TratSe?,
eV
ai'S/jo?
(xii.
2:3
r)PX^
tj
^
Apioro^ovkos
dvyarepa.
ovroi
WpLGro^ovXou tov
'AptcrTo^ouAo?
Mapta/x/xT7S'
ou? o TTarrjp dvelXev lJi€ydXrj^
aj^eX
^lojra.Trrji'
8e
koX
'AAef-
'HpcoST^ yeydp'eto-ai^ he
utet?,
WXc^dvSpov yeved
rrj?
^ApfjLeviag ijSaoLXeuoey.
1) '^^S"
MeTCL
8e
rrju
XaAKt'So?,
'YipwSov
reXeur-qv,
KXavStos
Kadior-qGLV
o? els
^aoiXelav rov deiov rov ^AyptTTTrav vldv AypiTTTTa' rrjg 8' dXXrjs eTrapx^'O.? StaSexerai rrjv
rrjv ^
AXe^dvhpOV KoU/XaVOS", €(/)' OU (1770 dopv^OL re rjp^avro Kal (f)dopd rrdXiV ^lovhalcov ouveX-qXvdoros ydp rod TrXrjOovg inl 224 iyevero. rrjv eoprrjv tojp' dCvfjLcov els ^lepoaoXvfJLO Kal rrjs" ^
€77 LT pOTTT^V
'Poj/xai'/crj?
OTreipa?
virep
i(f)€Gra)Gr]?, evorrXoL 8'
TOVGLV,
ojs
GiievoVy elg
jjL-q
-rt?
TL
T-qv
Upov
tov
crrodv
del rds eoprds 7Tapa(j}vXdr-
veojrepil,OL
ro
ttXtjOos
rjOpoL-
tojv Grpariajrwu dvaGvpdfxevos r-qv
eGdrjra Kal KaraKvipa? dGX'qP'dvoJS TrpoGaireGrpeipev TOt? 'louSatot? ttjv ehpav Kal to) gx'^'^P^o.tl
o/xoiW e7Te(f)dey^aTo. Trpog tovto aTrav TO TiXrjBos TjyavdKTrjGev, Kal Kare^ocov tov Kovfjiavov KoXdleLV tov gt paT lajT-qv ol he tjttov vq^ovTes Twv vecjjv Kal to (f>vGei GTaGLwhes eK TOV eduov? exojpovv errl p.dx'qVy XiOovs re dpTrd 226 oavTes enl tovs GTpaTicoTag e^aXXov. Kal Kov225
(f)a)i''qv
fiev
,
" *•
i.e. of A^'rippa. Called after her mother, a princess of
Emesa
{A.
xviii.
135).
Agrippa, Herod of Chalcis, Aristobulus. Alexander II and Tigranes. Tigranes was made king of Armenia by Augustus, but was soon deposed; anothei *
<*
410
JEWISH WAR,
II.
221-^26
(
= ant.
xx. 104-109)
Another brother,'^ Aristobulus, died in private station, leaving a daughter Jotape.*' These three,'' as I have previously stated, were the children of Aristobulus, son of Herod Aristobulus and Alexander were the issue of Herod's marriage with Mariamme and were put to death by their father. The posterity of Alexander became kings of Greater Armenia.*^ (xii. 1) After the death of Herod, sovereign of Agnppa ;
i
°^ kingdom to his)!,'"", Chalcis. A . nephew Agnppa, son or Agnppa. As or cnmanus procurator the rest of the province (Tiberius) Alexander was procuratc 48-5
Chalcis,
1
presented
Claudius
A
I
1
f
•
A
his
•
II-
/-I
.
1
•
A.D.
•
succeeded by Lumanus * under his admmistration disturbances broke out, resulting in another ^ large loss of Jewish lives. The usual crowd had assembled sedition at Jerusalem for the feast of unleavened bread, and Jerusaien ^'^ Passov r. the Koman cohort had taken up its position on the caused bj roof of the portico of the temple for a body of men oVa^Rom in arms invariably mounts guard at the feasts, to soldier. prevent disorders arising from such a concourse of people. Thereupon one of the soldiers, raising his robe, stooped in an indecent attitude, so as to turn his backside to the Jews, and made a noise in keeping with his posture.^ Enraged at this insult, the whole multitude with loud cries called upon Cumanus to punish the soldier some of the more hot-headed young men and seditious persons in the crowd started a fight, and, picking up stones, hurled them at the Tigranes, son of Alexander IF, was given the same kingdom by Nero {A. xviii. 139 f., cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 3). * Ventidius Cumanus (Tac. Ann. xii. 54). 1
;
;
I
I
I
I
•
I
•
1
;
'^
;
Cf. B. ii. 51. " cannot infer from the present tense, as Reinach does, the use of a source anterior to a.d. 70 ; cf. the similar use of this tense in Ap. ii. 193 (note). '* Reinach appositely quotes Horace, Sat. i. 9. 69 "hodie tricesima sabbata : vin tu curtis ludaeis oppedere ?" '
We
|
411
JOSEPHUS /xavo?
8et<7a9,
opfMrj
yevoLTO,
tov
ji-q
X
TrAet'ou?
OTrAtVa?
fieranefJi^TTeTaL.
Se rat? aroat? i-nixeoyLevajv ^o^os ifiTTLTTTei kol rpaTreure? eV TOLS 'louSat'ots- o.KardGX€ro<; 227 rod Upov hi€(j)€vyov ei? tt^i^ ttoXlv. rooavrr] he rajv
,
i^ohous
TTepl
ras"
ware
TTarrjdevra?
VTTep
7pia}j.vpiov<;^
ioprr]v nevdo^ ixkv
^lol
ovvojdoujjievajv
iyevero,
aXXriXaw kol owTpi^evra'; aTToBaveiv, yevlodai 8e j-qv oXcp ro) eOvei, Bprjvov he KaO'
vtt'
iKaarr^v OLKiav. 228
(2)
MereAa/LtjSap'ei'
he
ravrrjv
rrjv
ov(j.<^opav
Kara yap ttjv Bat[aAAo?i^ XrjGrpLK6
PAM Lfit. (Ens.): M Lat.
*
om.
«
rot-s m'
,'^1'" J
^
the rest duo u-vpLddes A. p^^ L^t. 656*' the rest. :
"
20,000 according to J. xx. 112.
''
The two Bethhorons (Upper and Lower), some
ten anc
twelve miles respectively north-west of Jerusalem, on
412
\\.
:
th«
1.
|:
JEWISH WAR,
IF.
226-231
(
= ant.
xx. 110-117)
Cumanus, fearing a general attack upon These troops sent for reinforcements. pouring into the porticoes, the Jews were seized with irresistible panic and turned to fly from the temple But such and make their escape into the town violence was used as they pressed round the exits that they were trodden under foot and crushed to death by one another upwards of thirty thousand perished, and the feast was turned into mourning for the whole nation and for every household into troops.
himself,
**
;
lamentation. (2) This calamity was followed by other disorders, The affair originating with brigands On the public road lead- "/,o?an-,tii ing up to Bethhoron ° some brigands attacked one ofScnptu Stephen, a slave of Caesar, and robbed him of his baggage. Cumanus, thereupon, sent troops round the neighbouring villages, with orders to bring up the inhabitants'' to
him
in chains,
reprimanding them
for
not having pursued and arrested the robbers. On this occasion a soldier, finding in one village a copy of the sacred law, tore the book in pieces and flung it into the fire.'* At that the Jews were roused as
though it were their whole country which had been consumed in the flames and, their religion acting like some instrument^ to draw them together, all on the first announcement of the news hurried in a body to Cumanus at Caesarea, and implored him not to leave unpunished the author of such an outrage on God ;
and on their law. The procurator, seeing that the multitude would not be pacified unless they obtained main road to Joppa, famous in history : the defile was the scene of the defeat of Cestius described below {B. ii. 546 ff.). " A. XX. 114, *' the notables." " The burnina: of the book is not mentioned in A. *^ Or, as we should say, a magnet.
413
JOSEPHUS yLvBiaSy
Sia
T€
ri$LOV
tojv
fieocnu
Trpoayeiv
rov
Koi
orpariujr-qv
OLTra^driv at
aiTLOJixivajv
rrjv
IttI
davdro) KeXevei. 232
Kal 'louSatot fiev dvexojpovv. Au^i? Se VaXiXaiojv Kal T^afiapdoju ytVerat
(3)
Kara yap
ovf.i^oXrj.
tw
rjTLg eV
TToXXcov
di'a^aLUOUTcov
KaXovjieviqv
KcopLr^v,
^lovSaicou
enl
rrju
ioprrjv
FaXiXalog^ Trpog tovto TrXeloroL jxeu €K rrjg TaAtAata? Gvvihpapiov ojs TToXefx-qoovres Tols ^anapevoLV, ol yvcopLfioi 8' avrojv iXdovre? TTpos Kovptauov rjVTL^oXovv, TTplu dvTjKeGrov TrdOov^ VaXiXaiav hia^dvra nfiajprjaaoOaL rovg €LS T-qv aLTLOv^ rod <j>6vov' f^LOvujs yap dv ovrojg bLaXvdrjvaL irpo TToXefjLOu ro TTXrjdoS' Kou/^at'O? pikv ovv iv SevTepoj ra? €K€lvojv LKeoias rcou iu y^epoi^ Trpaypdrojv dip-evo^ dnpaKTov^ d-neTrepupev rov? iK^rag. IKyyeXdkv 8e et? 'iepocroAu/xa to TrdOo? rov (!•)
233 diatpeLTai
234
VT^fiau
fieydXoj TreSttu KeiTai rrjg HafiapeiTthog, Tt?
^
7T€(f)OU€ViJ.€uov TO. nX-qdr)
d(l)€p€VOL -npos Tr)U
GVi'€Tdpa^€u Kal ttJ? loprrf^
'Lap.dpeiav e^wpfioiv dorparrj
yrjTOL Kal p-Tj^evl rcou dp\6vTa)v Kari^ovri 7T€l66
Tov XrjGrpLKOU 8' auroiv /cat GraGLOjhovg AeivaLOV Ttb uio? 'EAea^apo? Kal 'AAe^av8pos" (i^TjpXov, ol TOt? ofMopoL? Trjs ^ AKpa^aTiqvrj? ronapxi-o.5 7tpog7T€g6vt€S avrovs re dvrjpovv p,r)hep.Lds 'qXiKias (peiboj 7T0L0vp.€V0L Kal rds koj/j-q? ii'eTTip,-
235 fievoL.
vpaoav. ^
Tiif 2
For ttoWCjv .
,
.
Xfipi
.
.
dfaipoCi/Tat
.
dvaip.
T(s
FaXiXatoj
(accommodation
PAM
have
ttoXXo.
to yl. xx. WX'r).
PAM.
Tacitus, A7in. xii. 54-, irives a different account of tht events recorded in (3)-(7) (Keinach). According to hiir Cumanus was governor of Galilee and Felix of Samaria. " Ginae {A xx. US), Ginaea {B. iii. 48), where it is namec *
.
414-
JEWISFI WAR,
II.
231-235
(
= ant.
xx. 117-121)
thought fit to call out the soldier and ordered him to be led to execution through the ranks of his accusers. On this the Jews withdrew. (3) Next came a conflict between the Galilaeans Battle between and the Samaritans.** At a village called Gema,^ Jews and /^ p o situate in the great plain of Samaria, a Galilaean, one Samaritan of a large company of Jews on their way up to the Jf mu?d°er festival, was murdered.'' Thereupon, a considerable of a crowd assembled in haste from Galilee with the inmeantention of making war on the Samaritans while, the notables of the country went off to Cumanus, and entreated him, ere any irreparable mischief was done, to repair to Galilee and punish the perpetrators of the murder, as that was the only means of dispersing the crowd before they came to blows. Cumanus, however, treating their request as less important than other affairs on his hands,^ dismissed the petitioners without any satisfaction. (4) When the news of the murder reached Jerusalem, the masses were profoundly stirred, and, abandoning the festival, they dashed off to Samaria, without generals and without listening to any of the magistrates who sought to hold them back. The brigands and rioters among the party had as their eaders Eleazar, son of Deinaeus, and Alexander,* jvvho, falling upon the borderers of the toparchy of \crabatene,-^ massacred the inhabitants without jlistinction of age and burnt the villages. satisfaction,
1
1
;
I
j
I
I
the northern frontier of Samaria, En-gannim of the Old at the head of the Testament (Jos. xix. 21), mod. Jenin reat Plain of Esdraelon. With the incident cf. Luke ix. 52 f. * According to A. xx. 1 18 several pilgrims were murdered. A. says " bribed by the Samaritans." • Alexander is not mentioned in A, f South-east of Shechem.
IS
;
<*
415
JOSEPHUS 236
Kou/xai'O? 5e dvaXa^cou
(5)
iX-qv
fitau
(itto rrj<;
KaXovfievrjv
LTTTTeojv
Kataapeta?
He^aorrji'coif
i^e-
^OTjdeL rots 7TopdovfJL€voL
lapov TToAAou? TOt?
T.afiap€VOiv
'\€pocroXvijLa)v
Kal
ovvlXa^ev TrXeLorov? 8' dnto Xolttov ttXtjOo? tcov TToXefJielv ol dpxovTeg rcoi' copfirjjjLevoju
fjL€V
Trpo? 8e
237 eKT€LV€v.
T€
dvaxcopeli^,
,
iKhpajiovreg
TOW Kal
KccpaXcov
8td ttjv
jxtj
oaKKOvg d/x7re;(o/L/,ep'ot Karax^ovre? LKerevov et? Sa^apet? djivvav
€771
'lepoCToAu/xa *Pa)p,aLovs Trapo^vvew, iXerjoai re
Trjv
TTarpiha Kal rov vaov, reKva re Kal yvvalKa?
a TTavra Kivhvvev^iv
Ihta?,
23^ Aatou
77
a paTToXio 9 at.
bL^XvOrjaav.
St* ivos eKhiKiav FaAttovtols TretoOei'Tes 'louSaiot
erpdnovro he 77oAAot
Kara Trdaav
77pos'
Xr)OT€Lav
xcopav dprrayai 239 T£ Tjoav Kal rcbv 6paovTepa>v eTravaoTaoeis. Kal rcuv Hafiapeajv ol hvvarol Trpog Ou^tjuiStof Kova hpdrov, OS rjv r^yepLOJV Trjg ^vpiag, et? Tvpov TrapayevojjLeuoL hiK-qv Tivd Trapd tojv TTopdrjodvrcov ttji 240 y^ajpav Tj^iovv Xa^eiv. Trapovreg he Kal ol yvcopijioi Ttov ^\ovhaLa>v Kal 6 dpxt^pevg 'lojya^ry? vlos ^Avdvov Kardp^at fiev eXeyov rrj? TapaxqHafiapeag hid rov (f)6i'OV, atrLOV he rcJjv dTTO^e^-q KGTOjv Kof/xavoi^ yeyovivai, prj OeX-qcravra rod*: avdevra? rov o<^ayev7os eTte^eXBeZv. 241 (6) \\ovahpdTO? he Tore fiev eKarepovg VTrep TiOeraL (f)rjoag, erteihav els tovs tottovs Trapa yevTiTai, hiepevvrjoeLV eKaura, avdis he TrapeXOoj hid TTju aSetav, Kal
°
Lat. ala.
^
See
ii.
52 (note)
:
rrjV
J. adds " and four companies
fxara, ? cohorts) of infantry." '
416
Later the
first
victim of the slcarli,
§
256.
(rd-)
JEWISH WAR, (5)
II.
236-241
(
= ant.
xx. 122-129)
Cumanus, taking with him from Gaesarea a
of cavalry known as " Sebastenians," * now assistance of the victims of these ravages he made prisoners of many of Eleazar's companions and killed a yet larger number. As for the rest of the party who had rushed to war with the Samaritans, the magistrates of Jerusalem hastened after them, clad in sackcloth and with ashes strewn upon their heads, and implored them to return home and not, by their desire for reprisals on the Samaritans, to bring down the wrath of the Romans on Jerusalem, but to take pity on their country and sanctuary, on their own wives and children all these were threatened with destruction merely for the object of avenging the blood of a single Galilaean. Yielding to these remonstrances the Jews dispersed. Many of them, however, emboldened by impunity, had recourse to robbery, and raids and insurrections, fostered by the more reckless, broke out all over the country. The leading Samaritans, accordingly, went off to Tyre to see Ummidius Quadratus, the governor of Syria, and urged him to punish the authors of these depredations. The Jewish notables, including the high-priest Jonathan,^ son of Ananus, also presented themselves, and maintained that it was the Samaritans, by the murder in question, who had originated the disturbance, but that the responsibility for all that ensued lay with Cumanus for refusing to take proceedings against the assassins. (6) Quadratus, at the moment, deferred giving a interven reply to either party, telling them that when he Quadrate visited the district he would investigate the parti- governor
troop
°
set off to the ;
;
culars
;
subsequently he proceeded to Caesarea,'* «*
VOL.
II
"
To Samaria
" {A. xx. 129).
P
417
"
^"
'
JOSEPHUS KatadpeLav
et?
eKelOev
Travras.
Sli]kovg€v
ttolXlu
y€v6fJL€vo<;
pLeT€a\r]K€.vaL
i7T€7Tvoro
AuSSa
els
irapa-
kol
Sa/xapetov',
rujv
OKrajKaideKa tojv ^lovhaLotv, ovs
fieraTTepufjoLfievog
8uo
243 ex^i-pLoaro.
Kovixavov i,ajyprjddvTa?
vtto
tov<;
242 dvearavpcxjaev
8'
ttjs
fidx'T)?,
TreXeKei
8t-
irepovg rojv hwaTajraroju Kal
Tovs dpxL€pel<; ^YojvdOriv Kal ^Avaviav, rov re Tovrov TTalha "Avavov Kal nvag aAAous" ^lovbaiajv yvcopLjiovs
dve7T€fjnJj€v
€7tI
Kalaapa,
244 /cat T^a/jLapecvv rovs eir i<j)av ear dr ovs
Kovfiavco Kal KeXepu
Kal
be €771
245
el?
dyov
(7)
Kara
d^vp-cov
tujv
r-qv
he
rrjv
'PcofirjV
Kovfxavov Kal ^afiapeajv eKdvfioj?
TrAett'
eoprrjv
ddopiJ^aj<;
eTrav^eL.
'AyTto;^eiai'
els
;^tAiap;(a>
KAauStoj \6yov vrrep toju ravra hiaTTpa^dfievo? drro Xvhhcov 'lepoaoXufia, Kal KaraXa^ojv ro
yeyevrjfievcxjv.
7TXi]6o?
§€
hujoovra?
'P(jofir)<;
dve^aivev
tw
6fxoLOj<;
TraprjyyeLXev
.
,
Kalaap
Traprjv he Kal
V7TepayowLl,6fjLevo<;
^lovhaloju,
dKovoa<;
WypirTTras eTreLhrj
Kal
row hvvarwv Trapioravro, Za/xa-
K.ovjj.ai'a)
TToXXol
peojv
Karayvov<; rpels dveXelv Trpoaera^ev rov?
fJLev
246 hvvarojrdrovg
he
heGficoriqv
hoOrivai
,
Kovfiavov he e(f)vyddevoev. dvaTre/jnljag
'lofSatot?
TTeptovpeura
r-qv
rrpo?
ttoXlv
el?
alKiav
ovrco
KeXepa irapa-
'lepoooXvfJLa
rrju
eKeXevoev Ke(f)aXrjv
Kal
dwo-
KOTTrjvai.
247
Mera ravra 'louSata? iJ-ei' ertirpoTTOv OryAt/ca WdXXavro? dheX(j>6v eK-ep-rrei rrfs re 2a/xa-
(8)
rov pela?
41 S
Kal
VaXiXaia?
Kal
[lepala?,
eK
he
rrj?
JEWISH WAR,
II.
241-247
(
= ant.
xx. 129-137)
where he
crucified all the prisoners taken by Cumanus. there he went on to Lydda, where he gave another hearing to the Samaritans. He then sent for eighteen" Jews, who, as he was informed, had taken part in the combat, and had them beheaded. He sent up to Caesar, along with two other persons of the highest eminence, the high-priests Jonathan and Ananias, Ananus,^ the son of the latter, and some other Jewish notables, together with the most distinguished of the Samaritans. He also directed Cumanus and Celer, the tribune, to take ship for Rome and to render an account of their conduct to Olaudius. Having taken these measures, he left Lydda and went up to Jerusalem and, finding the 3eople peaceably celebrating the feast of unleavened Dread, ^ he returned to Antioch. Claudius (7) At Rome Caesar gave his hearing to Cumanus md the Samaritans in the presence of Agrippa, who ment for^^ nade a spirited defence on behalf of the Jews, while Jews and ^
From
;
-,
1
.
.
T
,
.
was supported by many eminent )ersons. The emperor condemned the Samaritans, )rdered three of their most prominent men to be executed, and banished Cumanus. Celer he sent )ack in chains to Jerusalem, with orders that he was after being o be delivered over to Jewish outrage Iragged round the city, he was then to be beheaded.
^umanus on
his side
T
banishes
Cumanus.
:
(8)
After this Claudius sent out Felix, the brother Judaea, Samaria, Galilee,
Pallas, as procurator of
)f
<»
"
A
certain Doetus with four others (A. xx. 130). " Ananus the captain " (? of the temple) in A. xx. 131, Jonathan's name is omitted.
si'here
" A national feast " (unspecified), ^. xx. 133. According B. the disturbances described in this chapter must have xtended over a whole year from one Passover (§ 224) to the "
lext.
4>19
Feiijc,
r!^^f 52-60!^
JOSEPHUS XaAK"i8os" ^AypLTTTrav els iieil^ova jSacrtAfiav /LteraTidrjGLV,
Sous'
avro)
r-qv
re
^lXLttttov
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/cat
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^PX^^ £LO£7Toirjoaro
,
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yvqaiov Bperrav't/cov e/c MeacraAtVi]? tt^' 7Tporepa<; yvvaiKos Kal ^OKraoulav dvyarepa rrj. avTOV ^evx^elaav Nepcop'f yeyoret 8' aurc VTT* Kal iK n€TtyT79 ^Avrcouia. (xiii. l) "Ooa fxev ovv Nepcui^ 8t' VTrep^oXrj 250 evhaipiovias re /cat 77Aoi;tou Trapa^povrjaa? c^ v^ptaev els ttjv rv)(T]v, "^ rtVa rpoTTov rov re dSe^ (f)6v Kal rr)v yuvat/ca /cat ri^i^ fi-qrepa hie^rjXdei d(j)* (Lv CTTt rovs evyeveordrovs [xerrjveyKev rrj 251 (hpLor-qra, Kal ws reXevralov vtto ^pevo^Xa^eia e^ojKeiXev el? GKr]vrju Kal Oearpou, eTreiSr] 8 oxXov TTaoiv eorw, TrapaXeLipco, rpeipopLai he €7 TO. 'louSatots- /car' avrov yevofieva. App-eviav SlSojoi Tr^v jxev ovv yuKpav ('2) 252 ^aoiXeveiv Wpiarof^ovXa) rco 'Wpojhov, rfj AypirtTTa ^aoiXeia reooapa? TToXei? TrpoartOrja ovv rats roTrapxlaig, "A/SeAa jjiev Kal 'IouAta8 e)(ow
^
>
^
" Antonius Felix (Tac. Hi.^f. v. 9 the reading KXat'Si ^qXiKa in A. XX. 137 is doubtful) was probably, like h influential brother Pallas, a freedman of Antonia. mother Claudius. According to Tacitus (here probably untrus worthy) he had already been procurator of Samaria (§ 2.' ;
.
note).
4:20
:
JEWISH WAR,
II.
247-252
(c/.
ant. xx. 138, 148-159)
and Peraea.<* Agrippa he transferred from Chalcis Agrippaii to a larger kingdom, assigning to him Philip's former Trachoniti province, namely Trachonitis, Batanaea, and Gaul- ®tc., a.d.
.5
he added the kingdom of Lysanias and the old tetrarchy of Varus. ^ After governing the empire for thirteen years eight months and twenty days," Claudius died, leaving Nero as his Death of successor. Yielding to the artifices of his wife J ^^s^*^^' Agrippina, he had adopted this prince as heir to the throne, although he had by his former wife, Messalina, I legitimate son, Britannicus, besides a daughter, 3ctavia, whom he had given in marriage to Nero le had also, by Petina, another daughter, Antonia. (xiii. 1) All the outrageous acts in defiance of Accession 'ortune of which Nero was guilty, when excess of character c jrosperity and riches drove him mad how he nero. uccessively made away with his brother, wife, and nother how his cruelty then found fresh victims in he highest of the nobility how his infatuation inally landed him on the stage and the boards of the heatre all these subjects, being so hackneyed, I )ropose to pass over and to turn to the events of ewish history under his reign. lesser Agrippa's (2) He presented the kingdom of the Armenia to Aristobulus, son of Herod ^ he annexed euiffg^ed. o Agrippa's kingdom four cities with their districts,* anitis
to this
;
;
;
;
;
—
;
*
Varus
is
identified
by
Schiirer with the minister of
mentioned in Vita 48 ff., where he is described s a descendant of Soemus who had been a tetrarch in the .ebanon district (ib. 52) it is assumed that he inherited Lgrippa
11,
:
a time a part of this tetrarchy. * The calculation, repeated in A. xx. 148, is here correct Claudius reigned from 24th January 41 to 13th October 34. " Of Chalcis, grandson of Herod the Great. * Greek " toparchies." )r
421
JOSEPHUS Kara
rrjv flepatav, Tapixc^a? he Kal TijSepiaSa TaXiXala?, et? Se rrjv Xoltttji' ^lovhalav ^rjXiKa 253 KarioTTjuev eTrirpoTTOv. ovtos rov re dpxi-XrjaTrjV ^KXedCapov ereatv cIkogi ttjv ^ajpav Xr^adfJievov Kal TToXXovs TLov Gvv auToj t,ojypr)oas dveTrefiipev els 'PcoiJLTjV TCi)V 8' dvaGTavpa)devTCDV vtt^ avrov Ti^?
Xrjorcov /cat riov
irrl
Koivujvia (j^copaOevrajv b-qpio-
ovg iKoXaoeVy aTreipov ri rrXrjdos tjv. he rijs X^P^^ erepov efSo? (3) KaOapdeLGTjs Xrjorcov ev 'lepoaoXvpbOLS enec^vero, ol KaXovpievoi oiKapiOLy pLed^ rjpLepav Kal ev p-earj rfj rroXei p^dXiara he^ ev rals (f)OvevovTes dvdpcoTTOvg. eopraZs paoyopLevoL r<2) TrX-qdei Kal rals eodrjatv VTTOKpVTTTOVreS piiKpd ^L(l)ihia, TOVrOL? eVVTTOV Tov? hia<^6povs, eneira rreGovrcov piepos eyivovro tCjv iTTayavaKTovvTcov ol 7Te(f)ovevK6T€s, hio Kal TTavrdTTaoiv vtto dvevperoi d^iOTnorias rioav TTpwTos p-ev ovv utt' avTOJv *Icova^T7? o dpxi-epeus d7TOG(f)dTTeTai, pLera 8' atnov Kad^ rjpLepav dv TjpodvTO TToXXoL' Kal Tcov Gvp.^op6jv 6 (f)6^os rjv XOiXe77(x)repo?, eKdGTou KaBdrrep ev TToXepLOj Kad wpav rov ddvarov rrpoohexop^evov TrpoeGKorrovvrc he TToppatdev Tovg hia^opovs, Kal ovhe rol? (fiiXoLs TTpoGLOVGLv^ 7TLGTIS Tjv , iv /xcCTats" he Tals VTTOVoiaLS Kal Tat? (j)vXaKaL? dvrjpovvro' togovtov tcov IttI' ^ovXevovrcov to Tdxos rjv Kal tov XaOelv -q Texvrj ^vveGTT] he vpos tovtois otI(J)os eTepov (4-) 7Tov)]pa)v, X^'-P^ H-^^ KadapojTepov, Tat? yvcopLaLS rcoi',
254
255
'Zb^
257
258
kl iz
"'
.
1
"
om.
PALV:
422
2
+ In LVRC.
not mentioned in A. xx. 159 : there were severa' name and the exact position of this one is doubt For JuUas = Livias sec § IbS (note).
Abila
is
places of the tul.
yap Eus.
\^
JEWISH WAR,
II.
252-258
(c/.
ant. xx. 159-167)
namely, Abila and Julias in Peraea," and Tarichaeae and Tiberias in Galilee he appointed ^ Felix to be procurator of the rest of Judaea. Felix took prisoner Eleazar,'' the brigand chief, who for twenty years had ravaged the country, with many of his associates, and sent them for trial to Rome. Of the brigands whom he crucified, and of the common people who were convicted of complicity with them and punished by him, the number was incalculable. (3) But while the country was thus cleared of these pests, a new species of banditti was springing up in Jerusalem, the so-called sicarii,'^ who committed murders in broad daylight in the heart of the city. rhe festivals were their special seasons, when they A'ould mingle with the crowd, carrying short daggers concealed under their clothing, with which they stabbed their enemies. Then, when they fell, the ;
^eiix quel
brfgands.
Rise of th( ^^*^"' '
murderers joined in the cries of indignation and, ;hrough this plausible behaviour, were never discovered.
The
first
to
be assassinated by them was
fonathan the high-priest after his death there were lumerous daily murders. The panic created was nore alarming than the calamity itself; every one, LS on the battlefield, hourly expecting death. Men ;
watch at a distance on their enemies and would even their friends when they approached, fet, even while their suspicions were aroused and hey were on their guard, they fell so swift were he conspirators and so crafty in eluding detection. (4) Besides these there arose another body of and of false P"""?'^^^^illains, with purer hands but more impious intentions,
:ept
lot trust
;
confirmed his previous appointment (§ 24.7). Son of Deinaeus, § 235. " Assassins," from Lat. sica, a curved dagger.
i.e.
"*
'^-
^
423
.
JOSEPHUS 8e aGe^earepov, orrep ovhkv rjrrov rojv a(f)ayecov evhaip-oviav rrj? TToXecos eXvpn'^varo. TrXdvoL
259 rrjv
yap
Kal OLTrarewvcg [vttoY TrpocrxrjP'O.TL Kal npayfiera^oXd? SaLfiovdv ro ttXtjOo? eTretdov^ Kal fxar€v6fJL€V0L, TTporjyov el? rrjV iprjfiLav, a>? eVet rov deov hel^ovros IttI tovtols Or^At^, 260 avTols orjjJLela iXevdeplas. ehoKei yap aTTOGrdaeajs elvai KarapoX-q, Trepupas LTTTrels Kal Tre^ovs OTrXiras ttoXv ttXtjOos hti^deip^v [roirrou]^ ^louhatous 8e 261 (5) Metjovt '^^V/fi eKaKCOGev 6 KlyvTmos ipevhoTT po<^rjT-qs rrapayevofievos yap els rrjv )(^OL)pav dvOpojiros yorjg Kal TTpot^Tjrov TTLGnv emOels eavrco Trepl rpLGpLvpiovg 262 fxev dBpoLl,€i ra)V r)77arrj[i€Vcov, rrepiayaycbv 8e dvdpojTTOL
deiacrixov
,
veojrepKJfxovs
-
ainovs eK rrj? ep-q}xia
^Ldl,€Gdai (f)povpds
els 'IepocroAu/xa TrapeXOelv
KparrjGas
[KaV/ rov
to eXaLwv KaXovfievov
els
rrjs
[jeY Tvpawelv,
h-qfiov
263 ToZs GVveiGTTeGOVGiv hopvc^opois.
'Pojfia'CKrjs
(f)Bdvei
;\;pcu/xevo9
8'
avrov
rr)V opfJLrjv Ot^Ai^ VTravrj^Gas^ fjuerd tojv 'PcofiaiKcov
ottXltcov, Kal rrds d Srjfxos GVve(f)rjifjaro rrjs djjbvvrjsj
cjore
GVjjL^oXrjs
^vyelv
TrXeLGTovs
di]vai
TrXrjdos
rov
yevofievi-js
oAtycuy,
jLter'
rojv
GKedaodev
fiev
SLacf)daprjvaL
errl
Se
ovv
avrw,
rrjv
eavrujv
AlyvTrriov Kal l^a>yp-q-
ro 8e Xolttov eKaorov 8ta
Xadelv. »
om. VRC. ^ om. Lat. * om. P.\.M. ^
«»
424
Cf.
PA
2 :
toutu)v
Eus.
Matt. xxiv. 24
Eus.
:
' :
I'TrafTido-as
ff.
" There
VRC. VRC.
aueirddov
ravr-qs
ora. Lat.
the rest.
shall
arise
.
.
.
fals«f
"i
JEWISH WAR,
II.
258-263
(
= ant.
xx. 167-172)
who no
less than the assassins ruined the peace of the Deceivers and impostors, under the pretence of divine inspiration fostering revolutionary changes, they persuaded the multitude to act like madmen, and led them out into the desert under the belief that God would there give them tokens of deliverance.'* Against them Felix, regarding this as but the preliminary to insurrection, sent a body of cavalry and heavy-armed infantry, and put a large number to the sAvord. (5) A still worse blow was dealt at the Jews by The the Egyptian false prophet. A charlatan, who had ^pJstor. gained for himself the reputation of a prophet, this man appeared in the country, collected a following of about thirty thousand ^ dupes, and led them by a circuitous route from the desert to the mount called the mount of Olives. From there he proposed to force an entrance into Jerusalem and, after overpowering the Roman garrison, to set himself up as tyrant of the people, employing those who poured in with him as his bodyguard. His city.
attack was anticipated by Felix, who went to meet him with the Roman heavy infantry, the whole population joining him in the defence. The outcome of the ensuing engagement was that the Egyptian escaped with a few of his followers most of his force were killed or taken prisoners the remainder dispersed and stealthily escaped to their ;
;
several homes. prophets and shall show great signs they shall say unto you, Behold he is in the wilderness." Theudas was an earlier impostor of this type, and met with a similar fate, A. XX. 97. .
"
4000 according to Acts
For this
VOL.
xxi.
.
.
38; S. Paul was mistaken
impostor. II
p 2
4-25
JOSEPHUS (6) KaT€OTaXfjL€vajv 8e Kal tovtojv ojonep ev vooovvTL ocofiari ttolXlv erepov fiepos e(f)X€yiJLaLV€V, OL yap y6r]T€£ Kal XrjcrrpLKol avvaxOevreg ttoXXou^ €LS OLTTOGraaLV ivrjyov /cat Trpog IXevBepiav irapeKpoTovVy BdvaTOV iTTLTLfiwures Tot? TTeiSapxovGLV 'Pcufiaiajv -qyepiovia. Kal rrpos jStav d(/>atprjrfj oeodaL Xeyovres rovs iKovoiojs hovXeveiv Trpoaipov205 p^evovs. pL€pL^6pL€VOL 8' €1? TTjV ;(a»pav Kara Xoxou? Si-qprrai^ov re ra? rcov Svvarcov OLKias Kal aurou? dvfjpovv Kal Tag Ktopa? €V€vipi7Tpaoav, ajore rrjg drrovoLas avrcov rrrdoav rrju 'louSatav dvaTrip,TrXaodai. Kal ovros p-kv 6 rroXepo? Kad^ rjpiepav
2G4
dveppiTTL^eTo. 266
rrepl
Kataa-
'Ioi;8atajv Trpos
Toug iv
'Erepa 8e rapaxrj ovvioTarai
(7)
peiav
Twv dvapLeptypevcov
ol p-ev yap rj^iovv Svpous" oraaLaadvTojv o4>er€pav elvai, rrjv ttoXlv 'loySatov yeyoveVat rov
avrfj
.
KTLGTrjv avrrjS Xeyovres'
erepoL
be
ol
'louSatov,
rov
tjv
he 'Wpajh-qs 6 jSaatAeu?
OLKtarrjv
p.ev
TTpoaajfioXoyovv
ye tt]v ttoXlv 'KXXrjuatv e4>aoav ov yap dv dvSpidvras Kal vaovg iyKad267 ihpvoai ^lovhaiois avr-qv dvaridevra. 8ia ravra hLrjpL(f)L(j^rjrouv'^ eKdrepoL, TTpo-ijeL 8' avrol? to (J)lX6 veiKov els dirXa Kal KaB^ rjpepav ol Bpaovrepo Trap'
avTT]v
dp.(f)OLV
p.evroL
Trpoe—iqhojv
IttI
p.dx'riv'
ovre'^
yap
yepatol rovs Iblovs oraotaards Kar ex^^v oloL re rjoav Kal rols "KXXt]glv aloxos eboKei 268 loubatajv eXarrovoBat. Trpoelxov 8* ol p,ev TrXovrw Kal oojpidrojv dXKrj, rd he 'KXXtjvlkov rfj rrapd 'IoL'8attL»v ol
^
Destinon: '^
426
Where
oe r)^x(pLa ^tjtoi v yiss.
S. Paul then
*
oide
PAML.
probably lay a prisoner.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
264-268
(c/.
ant. xx. 172-176)
(6) No sooner were these disorders reduced than the inflammation, as in a sick man's body, broke out again in another quarter. The impostors and brigands, banding together, incited numbers to revolt, exhorting them to assert their independence, and threatening to kill any who submitted to Roman domination and forcibly to suppress those who voluntarily accepted servitude. Distributing themselves in companies throughout the country, they looted the houses of the wealthy, murdered their owners, and set the villages on fire. The effects of their frenzy were thus felt throughout all Judaea, and every day saw this war being fanned into fiercer
Further
brigandage
flame. (7) Another disturbance occurred at Gaesarea," where the Jewish portion of the population rose against the Syrian inhabitants. They claimed that ;he city was theirs on the ground that its founder, King Herod, was a Jew. Their opponents admitted :he Jewish origin of its second founder, but main:ained that the city itself belonged to the Greeks, dnce Herod would never have erected the statues md temples which he placed there had he destined t for Jews.^ Such were the points at issue between :he two parties, and the quarrel eventually led to an ippeal to arms. Every day the more venturesome n either camp w^ould rush into combat for the older nembers of the Jewish community were incapable )f restraining their turbulent partisans, and the jreeks considered it humiliating to give way to the lews. The latter had the advantage of superior vealth and physical strength, the Greeks that of the ;
t
^
In J. XX. 173 their argument is that the older Tower, had not a single Jewish inhabitant.
city,
Jtrato's
427
Disorders 5e\vn\^'^^ Syrians, ^-
•
•
""
.
JOSEPH us CTparicorcov djiuvrf to yap rr^iov 'PojixaLOig Sui^a/xecu? eV Sfpta? '^v KaretXeyixeuov /cat Kaddnep ovyyeuels rjaav rrpog rag ^o-qdeias 269 eroLfjLOL. rolg ye iirjv irrdpxoLS (jipovrls rfv dvaoreXXeiv rrju rapaxrjv Kal tous" pLaxipLiorepovs del T(x)V
eVet
rrjg
ovXXapi^dvovTes eKoXatov fidari^L Kal IJLTjv
TO,
Trddrj
Secr/Ltot?.
ov
rcov ovXAafi^auofievcov iueTToiet rols
KaraXeLTrofxevoLS dvaKorr-qv
rj
Seog, dAA' ert fxaXXov
270 Trapoj^vvovro Trpos ttjv ordcnv.
VLKajvras Se nore Tovg '\ovSaLOV£ TrpoeXddjv^ els Tr)V dyopdv 6 ^rjXi^ dTTeiXrjs eKeXevoev dva-)(Ojp€.Zv tcou he firj fier Tieidoixevajv eTTLTTepupas tovs crrpaTLwra? dvaipe'i avx^'ous, ojv bLapTTayrjuai ovve^rj Kal rds ovaias fieuovar)? be rrjs o-rdoeojs eViAefa? eKarepojOei' Tov? yvixjpipLOVs errefxipev TTpeo^eig enl ^epcova SLaXe^ofjLei'ov? vepl raju hiKaicov. (xiv. 271 \La6e^dfj.evos be irapd rovrov rrjv 1) e-niTpoTTTiv 6 Or^cTTO? TO [idXiara Xvp,atv6fievov rrji' XojpQ-v €776|rjef Tijjv yovv Xr^or ojv avveXaf3ev re 272 TrXeLGTOvs Kal hie(jideLpev ovk oXlyous. aAA' ovx 6 fxerd ^rJGTOV AX^tuog rou avrov rponou e^ rjyqoaro rcov rrpayixdrcov, ovk eonv he -qurtwa Ka ov [jlouov yovu ev rol^ 273 Kovpyias Iheav TrapeXemeu. TToXirLKOLS TTpdy/xaoLV eKXe-nrev Kal hi-qpTra^eu rd^ eKaorcov ovaias, ovhe ro rtdv eduos e^dpei rai^ elo(jiopalsy dXXd Kal rods €.7tI XrjGreia hehe/jLevov'^ vno rijs irap* eKdorois ^ovXrjs tj ru)V vporepojv eTTLrponcov dTreXvrpou rols ovyyeveaiVy Kal fiovos .
'^<
^
1
PM
:
napeXOwy (di' C) the
rest.
Festus died in office (A. xx. 200). A more favourable estimate of tiis successor (l.ucceius) Albinus is given in J. xx, than in the War. There he begins by putting "
4Vh
l^jrcius
p. 5..'
li
J.
WAR,
II.
268 273
{cf.
ant. xx. 176-188, 197, 215)
support of the military for the troops stationed here were mainly levied by the Romans from Syria, and were consequently always ready to lend aid to their compatriots. The magistrates, indeed, were at pains to repress these disorders, and constantly arrested the more pugnacious offenders and punished them with the scourge and imprisonment but the sufferings of those arrested, so far from checking or intimidating the remainder, only served as a stimulus On one occasion when the Jews had to sedition. 3een victorious, Felix came forward into the marketplace and ordered them in menacing tones to retire ; )n their refusing to obey, he set his troops upon them, »vhen many were killed, their property being subsequently plundered. The quarrel, nevertheless, coninuing, Felix selected the notables of the two parties md sent them to Nero as deputies to discuss before ;
;
lim their respective rights. (xiv 1) Festus, who succeeded Felix as procurator, The last )roceeded to attack the principal plague of the p'Jocurator 'ountry he captured lar^e numbers of the brigands Festus, ^'^' 60-62. J V, mdJ put not a ^tew to death. The administration of Albinus," who followed Aibinus, ^•^^"'^^' there was no form of "estus, was of another order illainy which he omitted to practise. Not only did le, in his official capacity, steal and plunder private )roperty and burden the whole nation with extraordinary taxes, but he accepted ransoms from their elatives on behalf of those who had been imprisoned or robbery by the local councils or by former rocurators and the only persons left in gaol as :
4.
4-
4-
4-
;
;
own
the sicarii, though he ends, on hearing of his superby opening the prisons and thus filling the country
ession,
ith brigands.
429
JOSEPHUS Sou? Toi? beGfJLOjrrjpiOLS cLs Trovrjpo? iyKarrrjviKavra /cat roji^ veajrepit^eiv ^ovXoIJL€va>v eV 'lepoGoXvfjiOLg idapG-qaav at roAjitat, /cat Xprjp-CLcrLV jiev ol hwarol tov WX^lvov TTpoaeXdfi^avov ur€ rov OTaoLal^eiv avrois Trapi^eiv aSetav, TOV hrjixoTLKOV 8e TO fJiT] )(^aZpov -qavxta TTpog rovg 21.i 'AA^iVof KOLVojvov? OTre'/cAti^ei'. e/caaro? 8e tojv' Xhiov TTOVTjpojv V7Tel,(jjopi€vos avTOs /xev otI<J)os ojOTTep apx^X-Qorris rj Tvpavvo<; Tipoavelxev €k tov Xoxov, ToZs hopv^opovGL hk TTpog apTtayas roiv crvve^awev 8e tov? fiev d(f)216 fjLeTpLOJV Karexp'TJ'^o o
fLT)
274 eXeiTTero.
.
rip-qp.ivovs
vrrep
tSv
ayava/cTeti^
^XPW
OLUjTtdv,
Tovs drrXriyas he, Seet rov fx-q rd avrd 77a^ety, Kal KoXaK€V€Lv rov d^Lov KoXdaecog. KadoXov 8e 8' fjL€V TTapprjoia Trdvrojv TrepiKeKorrTO, rvpavvl? 77 qv 8ta TrXetoi'ajv, Kal rd ortepixara rrjg jjieXXova-qg dXtoo€cos €KTore rfj TToAet Kare^aAAcTo. 277 (2) ToLOvrov 8* ovra rov WX^lvov dTreSet^ev 6 fier^ avTOv iXBojv Feooiog OAoipo? dyadwrarov Hard ovyKpLGLv. 6 fiev y€ Xddpa rd 77oAAa xrat VTTOGToXrj? €KaKovpyr]G€v, VeGGLog 8e rasji^B^ €t? TO eBvo<; T7apavop.ias €7r6fX7T€VG€v, Kal wGrrep KaraKpiTOJV 7T€p.(j}dels Btjijllo? ovre €77t TLjjiOjpia 278 dpTTayrj'^ nva rpoTTov ovre atVta? TTapeXiTrev. rjv be
ev
fiev
rols
e'Aeeti^ot?
ojfxoraros,
eV
8e
rot?
aloxpoL? dvaibeGraros' ovre 8e TrXeito ris dTTLGriav dXr]deias Karex^ev ovre ev rep navovpyelv rri<;
boXiwrepas 6bov
Literally
"unbelief":
smothering the truth "
430
(Traill).
"was
more
successful
in
i
JEWISH WAR, II.273-278(r/'.ANT. XX. 214
f.,
252-256)
malefactors were those who failed to pay the price. Now, too, the audacity of the revolutionary party in Jerusalem was stimulated the influential men among their number secured from Albinus, by means of bribes, immunity for their seditious practices while of the populace all who were dissatisfied with peace joined hands with the governor's accomplices. Each ruffian, with his own band of followers grouped around him, towered above his company like a brigand chief or tyrant, employing his bodyguard to plunder peaceable citizens. The result was that the victims of robbery kept their grievances, of which they had every reason to complain, to themselves, while those who escaped injury cringed to wretches deserving of punishment, through fear of suffering the same fate. In short, none could now speak his mind, with tyrants on every side and from this date were sown in the city the seeds of its impending ;
;
;
fall.
Such was the character of Albinus, but his made him appear by comparison a paragon of virtue. The crimes of Albinus were, for the most part, perpetrated in secret and with dissimulation Gessius, on the contrary, ostentatiously paraded his outrages upon the nation, and, as though he had been sent as hangman of condemned criminals, abstained from no form of robbery Dr violence. Was there a call for compassion, he was the most cruel of men for shame, none more shameless than he. No man ever poured greater none invented more crafty :;ontempt " on truth methods of crime. To make gain out of individuals he stripped whole cities, seemed beneath him ruined entire populations, and almost went the (2)
successor, Gessius Florus,
;
;
;
:
431
^"^pjQryg hisexcessi
a^^- 6^-66.
JOSEPHUS ovK eKrjpv^ev dva
fjLOVOU
Xrj(jT€V€LV,
e'
Sta
279 pcxjv.
(f)vXovs
280
282
283
284
e^eZvai
eKeivov
TrXeove^iav
Trdaa?
rds TToXei?^ Kal ttoXXovs ra>v i^avaaravras ^vyelv etV rds dXXo-
ovi'e^r]
TjOcou^
pi^v
ovv
eV
Hvpia Kecrrtos
FaAAo?
ovSe TTpea^evoaadai rt? TTpog avrov eroXpLTjueu Kara rod ^Xd)pov irapayev6pL€vov he els 'lepoooXvpia ttjs twv dl^vpLOJV eopr-q? ivearajGif]? Trepiordg 6 Srj[io?, ovk iXdrrovs rpLaKOGLOJV pLvpidhojv, Ik€.t€VOV iXe-qaat ras" rod edi'ovs ovpi(f)opd? Kal rov Xup^ecoua r-qg ;)(ojpa? ^XdJpov cKeKpdyeaav o 8e rrapojv Koi roj Keoricp TTapeoroJS hiexXe-6al,ev rds po? e^airarajv Kal TToXepLov rjht] ro) edvei GKOTTOvpievos, dj piovcp GvyKpvipeiv rds eavrov TTapavopilas vireXapL^avev elp-qvqs pi'^v ydp ovgtjs Kar-qyopovs e^eiv IttI Kaioapos ^lovhauovs nrpooehoKa, TTpaypLarevGapLevos 8e aTTOGraGuv avrow tco fjieLlovL KaKO) TTepiGrraGeLV rov eXeyxov dird rcbv pierpLajrepojv. 6 ptev ovv, (Ls dv aTToppayety] rd cdvos, Kad^ -qpuepav ertereivev avrols rds Gvpi
281
ttclolv
•)(^(jjpav
eTTapxiCLS.
^lexpi
(3)
ttjv
rrjv
auTos" X-qifjerai rcbv Xa(f)V-
fJLepos
yovv
iprjiicodrjvaL
TTarpLow
cb
hi€7TOJV rr]v
eTrapx^civ,
^
'
432
Towapxi-as
Destinon from A. xx.
LVRC -256
Exc.
and Lat.
:
edQv mss.
*
JEWISH WAR,
II.
278-284 (c/ ant. xx. 256
f.)
length of proclaiming throughout the country that all were at liberty to practise brigandage, on condition that he received his share of the spoils. Certainly his avarice brought desolation upon all the cities, and caused many to desert their ancestral haunts and seek refuge in foreign provinces.** (3) So long as Cestius Gallus remained in Syria The Jev discharging his provincial duties, none dared even to c?™ani send a deputation to him to complain of Florus ; but governc ^"*' when he visited Jerusalem on the occasion of the Passove feast of unleavened bread, the people pressed round ^ '^^' him, and a crowd of not less than three millions ^ ^ implored him to have compassion on the calamities of the nation, and loudly denounced Florus as the ruin of the country. Florus, who was present at Cestius's side, scoffed at their outcry.
Cestius, for his part,
having quieted the excitement of the crowd, pledged himself to secure for them greater moderation on the part of Florus in future, and so returned to Antioch. Florus escorted him as far as Caesarea, playing upon his credulity, and already contemplating the prospect of war with the nation his only hope of covering up his own enormities. For, if the peace were kept, he expected to have the Jews accusing him before Caesar whereas, could he bring about their revolt, he hoped that this larger crime would divert inquiry
—
;
into less serious offences.
In order, therefore, to
produce an outbreak of the nation, he daily added to their sufferings.
Meanwhile the Greeks of Caesarea had won and obtained from him the government of that city they brought back (4)
their case at Caesar's tribunal,"
;
"
Here the
"An
parallel narrative in the Antiquities ceases. * See § 270. impossible figure.
433
Arising
leads tc "^'^^ ^^^
Rome.
JOSEPHUS Kpioecog
TT^S"
€T€L
iKOjJLLGav
rrjv
eXdfJi^avev
^epcovo? 'qyeyiovias
rrjs
Kal
ypd/JLiiara,
TToAe/xo?
o
dpx'')^
rrpoo-
ScuSeKaTOj
jjLev
iTrraKaS^KaTw he
,
285 Trjs ^AypLTTTTa jSaatAeia?, WprefjiLGLOU fi-qvos.
Trp6<^
hk TO fieyeOo'i ru)V i^ avrov GvpL(f)opa)u ovk d^iav
€o\ev
yap
ol
7Tp6(f)aaiv.
iv
Katcrapeto,
'louSatot,
ov beoTTorrjs rjv Tt? "EAAt^i^ Kacaapevs rroXXaKLg piev KTrjoaadai roi' roTTOv ioTTOvSaoav TipL-qv TJoXXaTrXaoiova rrj'; ovvayojyrjv
e;!(oi'T€?
Trapa
)(<jL)piov,
,
286 a^i'a? bihovre?' tu? 8' VTrepopojv tol? Serjcret? 7rp6?
en
Koi TTapojKohop.ei'^ to y^iop^^^ eVeti^o? re Kal CTTevrjV TTavTarraoLv ^laiav irdpohov drreXeLTTev avTolg, to eTT-qpeiav
ipyaGTrjpLa
KaTaoKevaf^ofjLevo?
fxev TTpojTov ol depfJLOTepoL
287 oLKohopLelv
eKojXuov.
Twv 8c
to?
,
vecov 7Tpo7T7]hcovTe<;
tovtov?
elpyev
Trjg
twv hvvaTol OAcupo?, ol dp.ri\avovvTe<; ^Xovhaiojv ovv oU ^Itodvvris 6 TeXcovr]?, -neiOovoi Tov ^Xujpov dpyvpiou TaXduTOLS oktuj SLaKcoXvaaL 6 be rrpos pioi'ov to Xa^elv VTTooxofievog 288 TO epyov. /Sta?
,
TrdvTa GVfJLTTpd^eLV, ^e^aoTiji'
€t?
Kal
Xa^dw
e^odoLov y woTTep dheiav 289
jidx^oOaL. (5) Trjs 8'
e^eioiv ttJ? Kaiaapeta?
KaTaXeiTrei
eTTLOva-rjg
ttiv
TrerrpaKojs"
r]p.epa^
OTdotv louSaiots'
aurtou
e^hop.dho£ ovorjSy
avvadpoLodevGTaoLaoTi^s TLS KaLoapev? ydoTpav KaraQTpeipas^ Kal vapd ttjv e'ioohov avTojv Bep.evos
Tojv ^Xovhaiojv
els
Tr}u
ovvayojyr^v
Tojv,
np0(7U'K060lJ.il VFiC. Niese ingeniously conjectures Karaarf^pas "wreathed like an altar"; c/. B. i. 37H where the words are confused, but here no correction seems necessary. ^
2
"
434.
Xero's
decision
must have been given some years
JEWISH WAR,
II.
284-289
with them the text of the decision, and it was now that the war opened, in the twelfth year of the principate of Nero, and the seventeenth of the reign c. May of Agrippa, in the month of Artemisius." The *'^- ^^' ostensible pretext for war was out of proportion to the magnitude of the disasters to which it led. The Jews in Caesarea had a synagogue adjoining a plot The affa of ground owned by a Greek of that city this site gyna^os they had frequently endeavoured to purchase, offer- atCaasf ing a price far exceeding its true value. The proprietor, disdaining their solicitations, by way of insult further proceeded to build upon the site and erect workshops, leaving the Jews only a narrow and extremely awkward passage. Thereupon, some of the hot-headed youths proceeded to set upon the builders and attempted to interrupt operations. Florus having put a stop to their violence, the Jewish notables, with John the tax-collector, having no other expedient, offered Florus eight talents of silver to procure the cessation of the work. Florus, with his eye only on the money, promised them every assistance, but, having secured his pay, at once quitted Caesarea for Sebaste,^ leaving a free field to sedition, as though he had sold the Jews a licence to fight the matter out. (5) On the following day, which was a sabbath, when the Jews assembled at the synagogue, they found that one of the Caesarean mischief-makers had placed beside the entrance a pot, turned bottom ;
the decisive part in the matter was played by But Pallas {A. XX. 182). who died in 62 (Tac. Ann. xiv. 65). the decision led to increased trouble at Caesarea and ultimately to war {A. xx. 181). Artemisius is a month in spring or early summer in the Macedonian calendar which is " Samaria. followed throughout the War. earlier, since
435
JOSEPHUS €7T€6u€V OpveiS.
TOVTO TOV? ^lovhaLOU?
Tiapoj^vvev
v^piofxlvajv
29^ vofjiojv,
ojg
be rod x^P^^^-
iJL€iJLLaafJL€i'ov
evoradeg Kal rrpaov IttI tovs wero xprjvai, ro oraaLcohes ^Aey/Liairoi-
voL 8'
'^^
eTTtdvaoi'Ta
Se
Kal
Iv^
ovu
I'eoTrjTL
OTaaLaaral, €K ovvrdy-
7rpo—€7T6iJb(f)eGav
TrpooeXOujv
he ^Yo-UKovvhos 6 StaKojAuetv reraypievo? TTji'
tojv
TrapeaKevaajjce-
pLO-XTji'.
Kal Ta^eoj? eyevero avfi^oX-q.
291 /xaros",
fiev
rjyefJLOvas dvatfyevyeiu
elorrjKeGav ol tujv Kataapcojv
yap
rov
e^eKatero rrpo?
dvT^K'eCTTCO?
avrol?
{jlcuY
LTTTrdpx'rjS
re ydarpav alpei Kal KaraTraveLV eTreiparo rrjv rjTTWfievou 5' avrov rrjs tojv Katcrapecoi^
ordaiv.
^ias 'lofSatot tovs v6p.ovs dprrdoavres dvexojprjoav els Nap^ara* X^P^ '^'•S" olvtow ovtoj KaXelrai 292 GTahiovs e^-qKOvra hiexovaa ttj? Katcrapeta?* ol 8e Trepl rov ^lojduvrjv Bvvarol hojheKa irpos (t>Xa)pov iXdovres els ^e^aorrji' drrajSvpovro Trepl tojv neTTpayjjievojv
Kal ^orj6eu> iKeTevov, alS-qfiovcos vtto TaXdvTOJV 6 he Kal ov\-
pLifivrjGKoi'Tes Tcbv OKTuj
.
Xa^ojv ehrjoev rovs dvhpas, alricopLevos VTrep rov TOVS vopLovs e^eveyKeZv ttjs Kaioapelas. 293
Ylpos TOVTO
(6)
KTTjOis
rjVf
en
TOJV
ev
']epoooXvpLOLS
dyavd-
fievTOL tovs dvfiovs KaTeZxov.
6 he
OAcupos" aioTTep r]pyoXa^rjK<jJS eKpnTil,eiv tov ttoAcTTemljas
ixov,
irrl
rov
lepov
heKae-nrd TaXavra, OKrupdpLevos ^
"
An
C: om. the
^Is '
e^aipel
rds Kalaapos
om.
^f
Niese.
insinuation as acutely suggested by Reiand. that the lepers, for whom, under the Law, birds were to
Jews were 4.S6
rest.
d-qaavpov
JEWISH WAR,
289-293
II.
upwards, upon which he was sacrificing birds."
This
spectacle of what they considered an outrage upon their laws and a desecration of the spot enraged
the Jews beyond endurance. The steady-going and peaceable members of the congregation were in favour of immediate recourse to the authorities but the factious folk and the passionate youth were burning for a fight. The Caesarean party, on their side, stood prepared for action, for they had, by a concerted plan, sent the man on to the mock sacrifice and so they soon came to blows. Jucundus, the cavalry commander commissioned to intervene, came up, removed the pot and endeavoured to quell the riot, but was unable to cope with the violence of the Caesareans. The Jews, thereupon, snatched up their The Jew copy of the Law and withdrew to Narbata, a Jewish Jaesarei district sixty furlongs distant from Caesarea.** Their and vaii leading men, twelve in number, with John at their piJrus, head, waited upon Florus at Sebaste, bitterly complained of these proceedings and besought his assistance, delicately reminding him of the matter of the eight talents.^ Florus actually had them arrested and put in irons on the charge of having carried off the copy of the Law from Caesarea. (6) This news roused indignation at Jerusalem, Florus though the citizens still restrained their feelings. Tempfe But Florus, as if he had contracted to fan the flames ferment of war, sent to the temple treasury and extracted seventeen talents, making the requirements of the ;
;
be killed that
in
f.). The charge he led out of Egypt the Contra Apionem {e.g.
an earthen vessel (Lev.
Moses and the
Israelites
xiv. 4
whom
were lepers occurs constantly in i. 279 if.). * The " toparchy " of Narbata « §287.
is
mentioned
later, § 509.
437
.T05EPHUS ^'
€v6eoj? ef^^^ '^ov hijjJLOv, Kat to lepov ^oals hiaTTpvoioLS to Kato-apos- aveKaXovv ovojjia kol rij? OAcupou rvpav€vlol 8c rail' 295 vtSo? iXevdepovv o(j)ds lk€T€VOV. oraotaoTcJv Xoihopias alox^crrovs etV toi^ OAcopov €K€Kp6.y€OaV KOL KaVOVV 7T€pL(f)epOl>T€? iTTrjTOVV^ avro) Kepfiara KadaTrep aKXrjpcp /cat raXaLTTcopcu. ToijroLg ovK dveTpaTn] rrjv /cat pnoOov eXa^€v, 6 8e /xcto. GTpaTLOL? Ittttlkt]? t€ Kal 7T€l,LKrjg €771 lepoooAi^jLtcov cr^Vx'^<^^^
204 XP^^^^-
ovvdpafi6vr€S
et?
'
wpfjLYjGev,
Tot?
Lva
ipyda-qraL^
ottXols
'Poj/xatojp'
Tat? d77etAat? neptSvafj rrjv ttoXlv. TTpoSvooj-rjaat Trjv 6pi.Lr)v hrjfjLog
/cat to; 8eet /cat
'0
(~)
297
8e
avTOV ^ovXopLevog VTravra Tot? OTpaTLcvTatg /li6T* €V(f)r)pLias /cat toi^ OAwpoi' depaTTevriKwg e/c8e;\;6/cd/ceti/o? 77po77e/x(/fa? ctui^ tV298 a^at rrapeoKevdoaTo .
KaTTLTcova eKaTOVTdpxTju duaeKeXevoev, /cat /x-)) 77p6? op" outojs iXoiSoprioav aia;(pais" elpcoueveaOaL to? i^uv (f)LXo' 299 (j)povqoeLS' helv yap avrovg, etVep yevvaloi eloLU TievoLV
7T€VTrjKOUTa
Xojpelv avTovs
TTapprjGLaoTaL,
/cat
okco7tt€lv
TTapovra, <j)aiveGdaL be 3(Xi
ctAAd
Tots"
/cdi'
/caTaTrAayev'
to
fir)
077Aot? TrXijOog,
iv
/cat
^
*
and
438
doTrdaaodai tov ^Xojpov
dnTjToiv
tcDv'
l^.
.
TOirroi9
77€pt
Ka-
buGKeSdadrj
Tot? GTpaTLcoTats
PA.M.
-i-ro ^ov\6fjL€i'oi>
for t6
rj
/cat
tol? Xoyoi?,
(l)LX€X€vd€povg
d/xa
TTLTOJva l777T€a>v €1? fxeGOV (fyepofJLevojv , TTplv
ainov
jj,ev
fiovov
A.
C:
r/.
x\\. 390.
"ad quod
uolebat uteretur " Lat.
JEWISH WAR.
IT
29^-300
imperial service his pretext." Instantly fired by this outrage, the people rushed in a body to the temple and with piercing cries invoked the name of Caesar, imploring him to liberate them from the tyranny of Florus. Some of the malcontents railed on the procurator in the most opprobrious terms and carrying round a basket begged coppers for him as for an unfortunate destitute. These proceedings, however, far from checking his avarice, only provoked him to further peculation. Accordingly, instead of betaking himself, as he should have done, to Caesarea, to extinguish the flames of war, there already breaking out, and to root out the cause of these disorders a task for which he had been paid he marched with an army ^ of cavalry and infantry upon Jerusalem, in order to attain his object with the aid of the Roman arms, and by means of intimidation and menaces to fleece the city. (7) The citizens, anxious to forestall and make him Fioru.s a ashamed of his intention, went to meet the troops ^6'^"*^''^ with acclamations, and prepared to give Florus an obsequious reception. He, however, sent on ahead a centurion, Capito, with fifty horsemen, and ordered the Jews to retire and not to mock with this show of if cordiality one whom they had so grossly abused they were courageous and outspoken persons (so ran his words) they ought to jeer at him in his very presence and to show their love of liberty not only
—
—
;
words but with arms in hand. Dismayed by this message and by Capito's cavalrymen charging into their ranks, the crowd dispersed, before they had a chance of saluting Florus or giving the soldiers proof in
"
Perhaps because their payment of tribute was
§ -1-03 *
in arrear,
(Reinach).
Apparently he had only a single cohort
(§
332).
439
JOSEPHUS 8e
etV
TO
TTOiTjoai
OLKLas
TOLS"
avaxajprjoavre^ heovs Kal raTretvoTr^ro?
TTeidrjVLOV.
fJL€ra
ivvKTepevaav.^ 301
OAoJpo?
Tore fiev eV tol? ^acrtAetot? varepaia PrjP'OL rrpo avrojv dcjjLevo? Ka6ei,€TaL, Kal TrpooeXdovres ol re o.p\Lepel? Kal hvuarol to re yva)pip,ojTarov rrjg TToAeo)?^ (8)
avAiJcrat,
8e
8'
ttJ
302 TTapioTTjoav
rep
tovtols 6 OAajpo?
^rjiiaTL.
vo?
aTToXa-uaeLV
a-UTovg
el
jjltj
irpo-
ol 8e rov fiev SrjpLOv d7T€(f}r]vav^
dyoiev rovg alrLov?. (f)povovvTa,
elp-qvLKa.
dpLVvrjs,
rrjs
€/<€-
eVSowat, ^a/x€-
AeuCTev Tovs Xoihopi^aavr as ainov
he
roZs
303 fjTovvro avyyvcop.riv ev
Trapacfydey^apevois
yap rouovr oj
TrXrjdei
dav-
pLaoTov pev ovhev eivai rii^a? Opaavrepoug Kal riXiKLav
dpLrj^ai^ov
d(f>pova?,
8t*
8e tcuv rjpLaprrjKorajv
hidKpiOLv eKaorov pLerauoovvTog Kal Seei* d Setv pevroi ye eKelvov, el behpaKeu dpvovpepov. TTpovoeZ rrjg Kara to edvos elp-qvrjs Kal ^ovXerai *Pa»/Ltatot? 7TepLO<jjt,eLV rrjv ttoXlv, pidXXov 8td tou? TToAAou? dKaraLTLdrovs <Jvyyva>vaL Kal rot? oAiyot? rrXrjpLpLeX-qoaoLU r) St' oXlyovg TTOvqpovg rapd^ai Srjpou dyaOoi^ rooovrov. TTjv
304
305
(9)
Hpo? ravra pdXXop
OTpaTttuTat?
Trapo^uvOels ipL^oa TOt?
rrjv dvcjj KaXovpevT^v rovs evrvyxdvovras. ol 8' e-nidvpia Kephovs TrpooXa^ovres r^yepoviK-qv TrapaKeXevatw ov pLOUOv e* ov e7Tep(j)6-qoav tottov
dyopdu
Kal
7Jp7Ta(,ov, *
*
hiapTTdleiu
Kteiveiv
dAA'
els
biivvKT€f>ii.aav
+
irav
ip.TTiq'bCjvres
(the usual
VRC.
word '
*
440
Trdoas
VRC
Destinon
:
5*'
in
rds olKias
Josephus).
aTTicpcxLi^ov
mss.
VRC,
JEWISH WAR,
II.
300-305
of their obedience. They retired to their homes and passed the night in terror and dejection. (8) Florus lodged at the palace, and on the following day had a tribunal placed in front of the building and took his seat the chief priests, the nobles, and the most eminent citizens then presented themselves before the tribunal. Florus ordered them to hand over the men who had insulted him, declaring that ;
they themselves would feel his vengeance if they produce the culprits. The leaders, in reply, declared that the people were peaceably disposed and implored pardon for the individuals who had spoken disrespectfully. It was not surprising, they said, that in so great a crowd there should be some but to pick out reckless spirits and foolish youths the delinquents was impossible, as everyone w^as now penitent and would, from fear of the consequences, deny what he had done. If, then, Florus cared for the peace of the nation and wished to preserve the city for the Romans, he ought to pardon the few offenders for the sake of the many innocent, rather than, because of a few rascals, to bring trouble upon such a host of good citizens. He deiiv( (9) This speech merely increased the exasperation of Florus, who now shouted to the soldiers to sack h^s sofdil and to for piunc the agora known as the " upper market," The troops, whose massacre kill any whom they encountered. lust for booty was thus backed by their general's order, not only plundered the quarter which they were sent to attack, but plunged into every house and failed to
;
<*
" The upper city or upper agora, viz. the south-west quarter of the town. See B. v. 137 f. for the citv hills : (1) upper city [S.W.], (2) lower city or Akra [S.E.], (3) a third which had disappeared in the time of Josephus [probably N.E.] with G. A. Smith, Jerusalem^ ii. 448 note. ;
441
,
JOSEPHUS 8' rjv Ik tcui^ tou? OLKTjTopa?. Xojpov dvrjyov ov? fidari^iv 77 poaiKLodpLevo? dvearav6 de^ CTt'/XTra? TtDv' eKeivqs d7ToXop,€vwv 307 pojoev. TTJg Tjiiepas dpidpios avv yvvai^lv Kal reKVois, ovSe yap vrjTTLOJV dTreaxovro, rrepl TpLG^^iXiovs^ Kal i^a^apvrepav re IttoUl ttjv ovp.308 Kooiovs ovvrj-)(dri.
306 ea(hatov
orevojTTOjv
7T€7TOp€VpL€VOS,
crevpLevoj 310 (f)d€vrL
OTTOJ?
rrjv
WXe^dvbpO) OVVqadeir]
Ar/VTrrov
hieTTeiv.
rrjv
Slpujvos
vtto
dSeAc^i^v
776771-
Kal
77e/x-
avrov ^epvLKrjv
§e
rrapovaav iv 'lepoGoXvpLoig Kal rr]v Trapavopilav orpariancov deojpLevrjv heivov elarjeL irddos, Kal TToX^dKL? rovg re LTTTrdp^ovs eavrrjg Kal
rojv
cra)/xaTo
rov
311 TTavaaadai,
TrXrjdo?
TrepLTTOvua
Kal
Trpos
6
rojv dvaipovpLevajv ovre
OXoJpov ovre
p.ev
els
rrjV
ebelro els
rd
evyeveiav,
TTapaKaXovcrqs , dXX els pLovov rd XvaureXes eK rojv dpTraywv dTTO^Xerrcuv Ttap-qKOvaev. rj d' dppLTj rojv orparLOjrujv eXvaarjoev Kal Kara rrjs /SaatAtdos" ov pidvov yovv ev opLpLaaLv avrrjs flKt^ovro rovs dXtoKopLevovs Kal dLe(f)deLpov, ciAAd rrjs
312 TO
1
6 701'^ '
442
VRC.
ML:
'loroatajj/
2 VRC: TpidKovra or 'loioatoi the rest.
PAM.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
306-312
slaughtered the inmates. There ensued a stampede through the narrow alleys, massacre of all who were many of the peacecaught, every variety of pillage able citizens were arrested and brought before Florus, •who had them first scourged and then crucified. The total number of that day's victims, including women and children, for even infancy received no quarter, amounted to about three thousand six hundred. The calamity was aggravated by the unprecedented character of the Romans' cruelty. For Florus ventured that day to do what none had ever done before, namely, to scourge before his tribunal and nail to the cross men of equestrian rank, men who, if Jews by birth, were at least invested with that ;
Roman
dignity.
King Agrippa, at this moment, was absent, ineffectu; having gone to Alexandria to offer his congratulations 0^^^^ °* to Alexander," recently sent to take over the govern- Bemice t ment of Egypt, with which he had been entrusted by Nero. Agrippa's sister Bernice, however, who was at Jerusalem, witnessed with the liveliest emotion the outrages of the soldiers, and constantly sent her cavalry-commanders and life-guards to Florus to implore him to put a stop to the carnage. But he, regarding neither the number of the slain nor the exalted rank of his suppliant, but only the profit accruing from the plunder, turned a deaf ear to her prayers. The mad rage of the soldiers even vented itself upon the queen. Not only did they torture and put their captives to death under her eyes, but (xv. 1)
<•
(§
Tiberius Alexander, previously procurator of Judaea note), and brother-in-law of Bernice {A. xix. 276 f.).
220
443
.
JOSEPHUS aveiXov,
avTXjV
Kciv
^aoiXLKy]v avXrjv
hehoLKula
(f)vXaKrj'i
Toi)?
Oeoj-
*
yap
aAAats"
Kovra
-qfxepojv rjs
Kara^vyelv
etV
rr]V
rojv
arpaTLajrayv
€(l)ohov.
lepoGoXvfjLOLg €vxr]u EKTeXovcra tj
avayKais
TLOLv
fir]
KOLKel htevvKTepevaev /xera
rrjv
313 €77€bi]iJL€L 8' iv Toi?
TO)
el
€(f)9r),
vogco edo<;
KaraTTovovp,ivovs rj -npo rpid-
eu;(€cr^at
dnoScooeLV fxeXXoLev 6vGia<; oivov kol ^vprjaeadaL^ rds K6yLa<;. d 817 Kal Tore TeXovua BepvLKrj yufivoTTOvg re rrpo rov ^rjfjLaros lk€T€V€ rov Xa)pov, Kal Trpos ro) p,r) TVX€LV alhovs avrrf rov nepl rov 1,-qv klvSuvov
314 re
dcjil^eoOai
eveipaaev. 315
{"2)
fxiOLOV
Tavra
fX€V
ovv e^KaLheKarrj
GUvrjvexOrj,
rfj
8*
V7T€p7Tad7]Gav 61? rrjv dvoj jSoat?
rwv
i^acGLOLg rrepl
ro rrXiov 8e -qGav
els
fx-qvo?
imovGrj ro
fxev
'AprettXtjOo?
Gweppevoev dyopdv kol drroXcoXorajv dvcohvpero'
rov ^Xojpov
i7TL(f)dovoi (f>ojvai.
316 TTpos o heiGavres ol hvvarol ovv rolg dpxt^peuGLV
iodrjra? Trepiepp-q^avro, Kal TTpoGTriiTrovres eKaoroLS^ eSeovro TravGaodai Kal pLrj rrpog ois TTeTTOvdaoLv els dvrjKeGrov ri rov OAcupov epeBit,eiv. 317 eTTeiodr) he ro ttXtjOos ra\eojs alhoZ re row vapaKaXo-6vra>v Kal Kar^ eXTtiha rov fjLrjhev en rov
rds
^Xcjpov 318
(3)
ndXiv
avrrjv
e
444
A
rijs
rapax^S rJxOero Kal
Trpayfiarevofjievos
yvajpijiois
reKpL-qpiov
rovs
re
iier aire pur erai
Kal
en
rov
eGeodai rod
pLTjhev
Dindorf ^vprjrraadai (-icraadai) MS9. 2 Destinon: avrrif mss. :
3
"
dvdi/jau
Gvv roLS
dpxi^pels pLOVov
avrovs TrapavofxriGeiv
els
'0 8€ GpeGdeLGrjs
VRC
Nazirite vow,
(Lat. c/.
?):
Acts
cKaaTos the rest. xxi. 2S-26.
Thirty days was
JEWISH WAR,
II.
312-318
they would have killed her also, had she not hastened to seek refuge in the palace, where she passed the night surrounded by guards, dreading an attack of the troops. She was visiting Jerusalem to discharge a vow to God for it is customary for those suffering from illness or other affliction to make a vow to abstain from wine and to shave their heads during the thirty days preceding that on which they must offer sacrifices." These rites Bernice was then undergoing, and she would come barefoot before the tribunal and make supplication to Florus, without any respect being shown to her, and even at the peril of her life. of^June^ (2) These events took place on the sixteenth ;
the month Artemisius. On the following day the Mou'rnin multitude, overcome with distress, flocked to the^^®*^®^^ upper agora, uttering terrific lamentations for the dead, but the shouts of imprecation upon Florus preponderated. Alarmed at this outburst, the leading men and the chief priests rent their clothes and, falling at the feet of one after another of the mob, implored them to desist, and not to provoke Florus, after all they had endured, to some new and irreparable outrage. The multitude promptly complied, alike out of respect for their petitioners, and in the hope that Florus would spare them further enormities. Fiprus (3) The procurator was vexed at the extinction of the tumult, and, with the object of relighting the cohorts flames, sent for the chief priests and leading citizens [Ja^satea and told them that the people had but one way of proving that they intended to refrain from any the period of purification prescribed by the school of Shammai for Nazirites completing a vow in Palestine ; the school of Hillel was apparently more severe (Mishna, Nasir, iii. 6,
quoted by Schiirer). " According to Niese's calculation.
445
JOSEPHUS hrjfjLov
veaiTepia€iv ,
el
TrpoeXOovre^
vnavT'qoovGLu
Tot? 0770 KaiCTapeta? olulovglv crrpaTtdjrat?- Trapeytbe bvo UTTelpai. rcov 8' ert uvyKaXovvrajv TO TrXrjdo? TTpoTTefiipas btebrjXou rolg rcov GTteipojv
319 vovTo
eKO.TOVTOLpxoL?,
OTTOj?
TTapayyeiXcjjGiv
rots
v<j>*
avTaoTTaaaoBaL rovs ^\ovhaiovs, kolv tl Kar^ avTov
321
P-'T}'!'^
Sr] Ttds p-ev lepevg nd? 8' VTr-qpeTiq? (4.) "Kvda rod deov rd dyta OKevrf TrpoKopiLaavTe? /cat rov KoopLOv, eV d) XeLTovpyelv edos tjv avTols, dva-
Xa^ovTes, KidapLGTai re /cat vpLVOjbol /xera tcl)V opydvojv TTpoGeTn-TTTOv Kal KaTrjVTi^oXovif aXri<; kovlv,^ yvpivovs 8e to, GTepva rwv iod-qTajv bLeppriyp.evojv ^ 6vop.aGTL 8' eKaorov rcov yvojpip.ojv Kal Kowfj to ttAtJ^o? iKerevov pLrj 8t* eXax^GT-qg 323 rot?
TrXripLp-eXeiag
emdupLOVGLU
Trpohovvai
TTopOr^GaL-
riva
ttjv
yap
TTarpiba rj
rotS"
GTpaTLojTacs (f)epeLV aj(f)eXeLau rou otto ^lovbalcov doTTaGpLOV r) hLOpdcOGlV aVTolg TCOU GVpi^e^rjKOTOJV 324 TO pLTj vvi' TrpoeXBeZv ; el be brj be^tojoaLVTo tou? ^
LVKC
(cf. § ^
446
601):
Tr,v K((pa\riv AOfft
wepitppTjyfj.ii'Uv
LVRC.
PAM.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
318-S24
further revolutionary proceedings, namely to go out and meet the troops coming up from Caesarea two cohorts being at the time on their way. Then, while and sends the leaders were still convening the people for the pjf^te purpose, Florus sent word to the centurions of the instruccohorts to instruct their men not to return the salute of the Jews, and if they uttered a word in disparagement of himself, to make use of their arms. The chief priests, meanwhile, having assembled the multitude in the temple, exhorted them to meet the The priest advancing Romans and to prevent any irremediable Je?\^s\*Jf disaster by giving a courteous reception to the submit. cohorts. To this advice the factious party refused to listen, and the crowd, influenced by their memory of the fallen, inclined to the bolder policy. (4) Then it was that every priest and every minister of God, bearing in procession the holy vessels and wearing the robes in which they were wont to perform their priestly offices, the harpers also and the choristers with their instruments, fell on their knees and earnestly implored the people to preserve for them these sacred ornaments, and not to provoke the Romans to pillage the treasures of the house of God. Even the chief priests might then have been seen heaping dust upon their heads, their breasts bared,
—
vestments rent. They appealed by name to each of the notables individually and to the people as a whole not, by offending in so trifling a matter, to deliver up their country to those who were eager " After all," they asked, " what would to sack it. the troops profit by receiving a salute from the Jews ? What reparation for past events would they themselves obtain by now refusing to go out ? If, on the contrary, they welcomed these new-comers
their
447
J05EPHUS TTpoaiovTas TTju T-)]!^
re
I^o?,
cl»?
rov
OAojpoj yikv aTTOKOTT-qaeadai
KepS-qoetv S* aurou? TTarpiha kol to fn]dev Tza^etv ttXIov. aAAco? Kat to TreiB^odai Graaiat^ovaiv oAr/ot?, Seov d(f)opfMrjv
TroAe/xov,
avTovs
Sijfiov ovra? roaovrov ovvavayKat^eiv kolK^ivovs ovvevyvojpioveiv ,^ heivrjs aKpaoias elvai. Toirrots' pueiXioooiievoi to ttXtjOo? a/xa /cat (•^) 325 Tcui' aTaCTtacrrtuv ovs fiev aTretAat?, ous" Se atSot
KareoreiXav re
.
erreira
i^-qyoviievoi
rot?
arpaTLcoraig
kog/jlov
/cat
ttXtjoIov
yevopbdvovs
OLTTOKpLvapievajv
326 7"oi^'
youy
ovvdr^pia
ot
orpartwrat /cat
CTUveTrarouy.
/cat
heiurj'
8e
/cat
jjLrjhev
€vyovTas eTTLTrrov
avrovs
TTepiaxovTe? ol
he
77oAAot
ttXclous
S'
eTraiou
/caraStoi/coi^re?
tTZTret?
/xei'
utt'
utto
'Pa>-
dAArjAajv /3ta-
Se Trept ra? TruAa? (L6 capos r]v, eKaGTov GTrevSovros ^pahvripa pikv r^
Setvo?
(f)ddv€LU
rcov
aOrcDv ScSo/xeVoi^* aurt/ca
/car'
rvTTTopLevoL,
327 C6pL€VOL.
vtttjvtcov
GTaaiauTal OAoSpou Kare^oojv.
ol
'^i'
$vXoLs, pLalajv
rjaTrdaavro'
rjcvx^o.?
/i,e^'
ttclglv
iyivero, rcou
7TVLy6pL€voL
yap
8e
/cat
G
/cAco/xei^ot
TrAi^^et
rcDi
koI ovhe Trpog ra(f)rii gvi^€lgl6lols KareXeLTrero. 328 ''"'S" yvojpLpos rols eTTLTTTov^ 8e /cat GrpaTLOjraL Traiovres dv4hr]v rou< eTTL^aivovrojv
rj(i>avil,ovTO,
KaraXapL^avopevous /cat 8ta rrj? Be^e^a KaAou dvecoOouv to TrXrjdos, ^ta^o/Ltevot TrapeXdet) /cat KparrjGai tov re UpoO /cat rr^? 'A^'ra>lHa?
pLevrjs
^
2
au'eiSai/xo^e?;'
PAL.
Bekker: awein.vTov mss.
" Or " New city," the northernmost suburb, include within the unfinished wall of Agrippa I {B. v. 151 fF.).
448
JEWISH WAR,
II.
324-328
with their customary courtesy, they would cut away from Florus all ground for hostihties and gain for themselves their country and freedom from further molestation. And then, above all, what utter feebleness it showed to be guided by a handful of rebels, when they ought instead with their numerous body to coerce even these malcontents to join in their ,
j
i
I
!
j
own
rational policy
"
!
(5) By these remonstrances they succeeded in soothing the multitude, while they quelled the rebels partly by menaces, partly by appealing to their feelings of respect. Then, taking the lead, they advanced in quiet and orderly fashion to meet the troops, and on the approach of the latter saluted them. The cohorts making no response, the rebels started clamouring against Florus. This was the given signal for falling upon the Jews. In an instant the troops were round them, striking out with their clubs, and on their taking flight the cavalry pursued
and trampled them under their horses' feet. Many fell beneath the blows of the Romans, a still larger number under the pressure of their own companions. Around the gates the crush was terrible as each strove to pass in first, the flight of all was retarded, and dreadful was the fate of any who stumbled suffocated and mangled by the crowds that trod them down, they were obliterated and their bodies so dis;
;
j
1
figured that their relatives could not recognize them them burial. The troops pushed in with the fugitives, mercilessly striking anyone who fell into their hands, and so thrust the crowd back through the quarter called Bezetha," trying to force their way to give
through and occupy the temple and the castle of VOL.
II
Q
449
Receptioi
cihirts: a fresh
^°
JOSEPHUS wv
OAajpo?
Koi
i(f)L6iJL€vo?
i^'TJye
rrjg
^aoL^iKrj^
avXi)? TOi)? Gvv avTO) kol Trpog ro (fypovpLov IXBelv Siyj/xapreV ye p.riv rrj? em^oXr)?'^ 329 riyojvitero. 6 yap brjfjio? avTLKpu? e77tCTTpa^et? etpyev rrjv
Kal hLaardvres irTL rcjv reycov rovg 'Poje^aXXov. KaTaTTOvovfJLevoc 8e rot? virepdev ^eXeoLv Kal hiaKOipai to rov? orevojTTOV? €p,(f)pd^av TrXrjdo? daOevrjaavres dvexcopovv els ro rtpos tol^ /SacrtAetot? orparoTreBov. he Graoiaaral heioavreg p.rj ttolXlv 330 (6) Oi eTTeXdoju 6 (t>X(jjpo? KpaT-qcTj rov Upov Sid rrj? ^Avrajviag, dva^dure? evOeco? rd? crvvex^^? (JTod<; tout' 331 Tov Upov 77po? T-qv 'Ai^TOJt'tav' 8te/<:oi/fav. eipv^ev TTju ^Xujpov TrXeove^tav rojv yap rou deov drjoavpcov e<j>iep,€vo<; Kal 8ta rovro TrapeXdelv iTTidvpLcov et? rrjP 'AvTOJvtai^, w? aTTeppdyrjaau at oroal, r-qv opfi-qv dverpdnr], Kal fjLeraTTefMifjdiJLevo? TOV? T€ apx^epel^ Kal rrju ^ovXr]v avrog pikv opfjLTju,^
fjLaiovg
,
e'^teVat rrjs TToXeojs
^'r],
(f>povpdv 8' iyKaraXelipeiM
dv d^LOjacouLV. ra)v 8e Trdvra rrepl do(f>aXeia? Kal tov fx-qhkv vewreplaeLv VTroaxofie' vwv, el fjLLav ainols KaraXeirroL OTrelpav, (jlt) p-ev-
332 avTOL?
oorjv
TOL Trfv p.axeGap,evriv 8t'
a
TTeTTOvdev
OTTelpav,
tus"
Trpo?
,
'^^
^X^'-^
Tj^LOVv,
p-erd
ydp ravrrju drrexOd)? dXXd^a? rrjv
TrXrjdo?, rrjg
Xonrrjg
hvvdp.eoj(^
Katoapetav. 333 (xvi, 1) 'Krepav Se eTTi^oXrjv^ rcjp rroXepLO) 7Topi.l,6pLevos eTTecrreXXev KeaTtoj ^\ovhaia>v drroVTreorpeifjev
^
L
Lat. '
"
i.e.
the city 4,50
:
et?
iTri^oi\r/s
iwi^ovXvu
* t??? 6p/j.ri<; P: om. Lat. and second hand of L.
the rest.
PAM
the cohort which Florus himself had brought into (§ -296) and which had sacked the Upper Market.
JEWISH WAR,
828-3S3
II.
Antonia. Florus, with the same object in view, led men out from the court of the palace and struggled to reach the fortress. But he was foiled in this purpose for he found himself faced by the people, w^ho turned upon him and checked his advance, while others, posting themselves along the roofs, kept the Romans under continuous fire. Overwhelmed by the missiles from above and incapable of cutting their way through the crowds that blocked the narrow alleys, the soldiers beat a retreat to their camp adjoining the palace. (6) Fearing, however, that Florus might return to the attack and capture the temple by way of the fortress Antonia, the Jewish revolutionaries instantly mounted the porticoes which connect the two buildings and cut the communication. This manoeuvre for it was God's cooled the cupidity of Florus treasures that he coveted and that had made him so eager to reach Antonia, and now that the porticoes were broken down, his ardour was checked he sent for the chief priests and the council, and told them that he intended to quit the city, but would leave them whatever garrison they desired. In reply, they undertook to maintain perfect order and to prevent any revolution, provided that he left them a single cohort, but not the one which had fought," as the people bore it a grudge on account of what they had suffered from it. He, accordingly, changed the cohort, as they requested, and with the remainder of his forces returned to Caesarea. (xvi. 1) With a view to providing further ground for hostilities, Florus now sent a report to Cestius, his
;
The Jews porticoes
^^^°^^i"^
;
;
Florus
jerasaiem
Cestius
eaSissary investigat
Florus leaves one of the two cohorts wiiich had just arrived thepositi from Caesarea.
451
JOSEPHUS oraaiv Kara^euSd/xevo?, ov
TTeTTOvSeaav.
r€ dpxv^ ^'^'^ f^^^XV^ Xdyojv eVetvous" a
rrjv
Spdoai
Kal
avrol?,
Trepidelg
ovb"
yLTjV
'lepocroAu^cov
rcov
ol
apxovTes eoiyrjoav, dAA' avrol re Kal Bepvt/07 Toj KeoTLcu TTepl d)V OAaJpo? €t? Tr]v ttoXlv irap-qvo334 fiTjoev
6 be ra
iypacpov. Tcou
fjL€Ta
avrou^ idoKeu Ke'artov rj
fievovrag,
OLTTooTaaLV,
KaraoTrjaoura
^e^aioTepou?
ovv
p.€U
dva^alveiv yeyovev,
el
Kal
'loLiSat'ous"
tj
ovfi-
be
335 rojv 'louSat'cov Trtcrrdj?
rcjv
rolg
TTpoTTejjufjaL' row eralpcov tou ra rrpdypiara Kal ra (f)povi^fjiara
avTuj
KaraoKeipoiJLevov
riva
avayvov<;
api(j>olv
orparid?
pterd
rrjv
TLp.(jjprio6p.evov
rrap"
i^ovXevero.
riyefioucjv
x'-^'-dpX^^
dvayyeXovvra.
SearroXiravov,*
817^
rrefirrei
o?
drTO
rrjs
*AXe^avhpeLa? v7T0Grpe
Kara
roj ^aoiXel
^IdfiueLav rov re
Ka\
Trejjufjavra
ra? atVta? edrjXojaev. 336
Kal
"Ei^^a
(2)
^lovbaicov
hvvarol^ Kal
Tots
^aaiXea. 337 bie^rjeaav
re
eh
eKelvov depaireiav
rrpd?
crrparrjyLKO)?
be
rjv'
rrjv
Xofievog
ra
(fypovqfiara Kal rep
r-qv
d-rr-
^Xojpoi
-qyavaKrei
opyqv
(jlyj
eh
<^e\
ov'
LC
boKelv dbiKO)' ol p,ev ovv, co
avTwu the rest: ora. Lat. TLva the rest. P: ^ Cardwell: 5e or ovv dq ms3. Seoiro\iTav6v here and below VRC (as in Vita '
:
'
45^
d/xo
'lovbaiovg pLere(j>epev, raireivovv avrcjv ^ov
338 Tt TTadelv rij? dfivvqs drrorpe-rrajv.
•
dpx^epel?
eavrcov au/xc^opd? Kal
oj/xdrr^ra.
'Aypt7777a?,
ol
^ovXr] rraprjv he^LOvixeviq roi
fierd be r-qv
ojbvpovro rd?
rjXeet
r)
-f-
1:21).
JEWISH WAR,
II.
333-338
Jews of revolt, representing them and charging them with crimes of which in fact they were the sufferers. However, the magistrates of Jerusalem,
falsely accusing the
as the aggressors in the recent fighting,
on their side, did not remain silent they, too, wrote to Cestius, as did also Bernice, on the subject of the iniquities perpetrated upon the city by Florus. Cestius, having read the dispatches from both parties, took counsel with his officers. They were of opinion that Cestius should go up in person to Jerusalem with an army, either to punish the authors of the revolt, if it was a fact, or to confirm the Jews in their allegiance, if they still remained loyal to Rome. The governor, however, decided first to send one of his :?olleagues to investigate the position of affairs and to present a faithful report to him of the temper of the Jews. He accordingly dispatched the tribune Neapolitanus, who fell in at Jamnia*^ with king Agrippa, .\grippa as he was returning from Alexandria, and Jerusalem nformed him who it was that had sent him on this :
and what was its object. To Jamnia also came the
Tiission
chief priests of the Jews, the leading citizens and the council, to welcome the king. After paying homage to him, they proceded to deplore the calamities which had befallen them and to recount the brutalities of Florus. A.grippa was indignant at their narrative, but diplomatically turned his resentment upon the Jews whom it heart he pitied, wishing to humiliate their pride ind, by appearing to disbelieve that they had 3een at all ill-treated, to divert them from revenge. (2)
"
Jamnia (Yehnah)
in Philistia not being on the direct Jerusalem from Caesarea (or Antioch), it is supposed Neapolitanus went out of his way to meet Agrippa.
•oute to :hat
453
inquiry or torufs'aL
Jerusalem
JOSEPHUS eKKpiroi
koI 8td to.? iavrcov Kr-qa^is Gvvieoav evvoLKTjv rrjv inlttXti^lv tov ^aoiXecog- 6 he SrjfJLog Ik tojv 'lepoooXvfjLOJV iiTL i^TjKovra TrpoeXdojv crrahlov^ ede^touro €kojkvou 339 Toy 'AyptTTTrav Kal tov y^eaTToXiTavov 8e Kal Tojv d7T€a
av
ovreg
€7ndviJL0vvT€
elprjvr]?
,
.
340 7Te7TopdrjjJL€va?
OLKLas.
to.?
eTreira
WypLTrna
St'
yeaTToXlTaVOV OVV €vl depOLTTOUTL TTepieXdelv p-e^^pi tov SiAcud T-qv ttoXlv Iva yvo) aTraaiv ^lovbaiovg tol? jJLev aAAoi? 'Pco/xat'ots TOV
TTetdoVGL
,
etKOVTas,
8'
fiovcp
VTTep^oXrjV
TTjS
dn-exdavofievovs
avrovs
ei's"
(Lijlottjtos
^^Xcopcp
8t'
8'
oj?
6
.
LKavrjv eXa^ev ttj? vpaoTrjTO? TO Upov dva^aLV€L. evda uvyKaXioas TO TrXrjdos, Kal ttoAAol /Ltev et? ttlgtlv avTovg ttjv rrpos 'Pcu/xatoDS" eTraivioas ttoAAo, 8e els to TrjpeZv T7]v elpT]V7]v TTpoTpexpap-evos Kal tov deov irpoa-
htoSevaas
341 avToJv,
Trelpav
€t?
,
KVVTjGas odev e^rjv 342
6
(3)
^aoiXea
Kal
tovs
eavTols
VTTovoLav
The pool
dyia, irpos Keartop' eTravrjei. tcov ^lovhatojv eVt re tov
dp)(LepeLS
TTpio^eis
atcoTTcovTas
/XT/
to.
TrXrjdos
OAcL»pou
KaTOL
"
be
enl
TpaTTOjievov
rj^iov
togovto.)
dTroGTaaeajs'
Trpos (I)6vcp
TrepLTreiv
Sepojva Kal KaTaXnreZv
ho^etv
yap avTol
of Siloam at the south-east extremity of the
city. *
i.e.
without passing the stone balustrade or parapet which separated the outer from the inner
{8pi'(paKTo$, soreg),
454
JEWISH WAR,
II.
338-342
They indeed, being men
of position, and as owners of property desirous of peace, understood the benevolent intention of the king's reprimand. But the people of Jerusalem also came out to a distance of sixty furlongs from the city to welcome Agrippa and Neapolitanus ; the widows of the slain ran on in advance uttering piercing cries, and to their shrieks the people responded with lamentations, entreating Agrippa to succour them, and loudly declaiming to Neapolitanus all that they had suffered from Florus. When they entered the city the Jews showed them the agora a scene of desolation, and the houses 'plundered. Then, through the agency of Agrippa, they induced Neapolitanus to make the tour of the city as far as Siloam," with a single attendant, in order to assure himself that the Jews were duly subordinate to all the Roman officials, Florus alone excepted, whom they hated for the excessive cruelty with which he had treated them. Having traversed the city and satisfied himself as to the amenable temper of the inhabitants, Neapolitanus went up to the Temple. Here he called the multitude together, highly commended them for their loyalty to the Romans and earnestly exhorted them to keep the peace then, after paying his devotions to the sanctuary of God from the permitted area,* he ;
returned to Cestius. citiz (3) The Jewish populace now turning to the king The and the chief priests pressed them to send an embassy embassy to Nero to denounce Florus, and not to remain silent ^^i^^after so frightful a massacre, thereby leaving the Jews under the suspicion of revolt as they would be ;
court, entry to the latter being forbidden to Gentiles pain of death (B. V. 193 f.).
under
^55
,
JOSEPHUS Karap^ai tcuv ottAcov, €t yur] <j)BaoavTes ivhel^aLvro Kardp$avra. (f)av€pOL S' rjuav ovk -qpefirjaovres,
343 Tov
r-qv
€1
TTpeo^eiav rig
'AyptTTTTO,
OLTroKcoXvoi.^
8e
TO fiev y^etpoTovelv ^Xwpov Kar-qyopovs i7TL(f)dovov, ro TrepitSetv 8e 'louSat'ou? ft? TrdAe/xoi' eKpiTti344 oSivTas oyhk"^ avTo) XvcnreXe? Kare^aivero. TrpoaKaX^adpievo? he els rov ^varoi' to ttXtjOos Kal TTapaurrjadiievos VLKr]v
€771
rrjs
ev
TrepiOTrrw
'Aaa/xcovatcov
rrjv
Bepyap -qv
dheX(f)r]v
otxrtas",
avrr]
rod ^votov Trpos to nepav rrfs d-voj TToXems Kal yecfivpa toj ^vgto) to lepov avvrJTTTev, 'AyptV770? eXe^ev roidhe. " Et piev ecopcuv Trdvras t'/xd? 7ToXep.elv 345 (4) *PcxjpLaLOLg Kal pirj rov hrjiiov ro djpfjLr]pievovg Kadapajrarov Kal elXiKpiveGrarov elprjvrjv dyeiv TTpOTjprjfjLevovs, ovr^ dv TTaprjXdov els vp.ds ovre errdvaj
GvpL^ovXeveLv eddpp-qaa- Trepiaods yap VTrep rod rd heovra TTOielv Trds Xoyos, drav fj rojv aKovovrajv 346 Trdvrojv
Trpos
ro x^^P^^
opLOVOia.
fiev -qXiKia rcov ev TToXepLco
he
eX-rrls ^
"
eirel
he
rivds
KaKCJV aTrelparos, rtvds
dXoyLoros eXevdeplas, eviovs he TrXeove^ia
dTTOKuXuei
PAM.
The meaning of
irpos
2
to
irepav
Q ttjs
.
0^-;,-^
t^g rest.
duu TroXewy
is
un-
certain ; Reinach renders " et sa facade regardait les terrains qui font vis-a-vis a la ville haute." The Xystus, perhaps the gymnasium originally built by Jason {2 Niacc. iv. 9), was a place of exercise, apparently mainly open to the air, with " polished " flag-stones from which it took its name. Its exact position is uncertain : it seems to have lain on the lower slopes of the western hill (the upper city) above the Tyropoeon valley, which separated the west and the east hills, or (G. A. Smith) in the valley itself. The palace of the Hasmonaeans was to the west of it, higher up the western hill ; in this palace Agrippa I had *•
456
jj^
— JEWISH WAR,
II.
342-346
regarded as having commenced
hostilities,
unless
prompt measures were taken to denounce the real aggressor. It was clear that they did not intend to submit quietly to any opposition to the proposed embassy. Agrippa saw how odious would be the task of electing a body to accuse Florus, but reaHzed even to himself, of letting the flames in Jewish breasts break out into war. He, accordingly, summoned the people to the Xystus and placed his sister Bernice in a commanding position on the roof of the palace of the Hasmonaeans, which stood above the Xystus on the opposite side of the upper town the Xystus was connected with the Temple by a bridge.'' Agrippa then delivered the following speech ^ " Had I found you all bent on war with the Speech of (4) Romans, instead of seeing that the most honest and difsiSd^e t also the danger,
now smouldering
'^
;
:
single-minded members of the community are deter- Jews [iiined to preserve the peace, I should not have presented myself before you, nor ventured to offer idvice for any speech in support of the right policy s thrown away when the audience unanimously 'avours the worse. But seeing that the stimulus to vvar is for some of you mere youthfulness which lacks experience of its horrors, for others an unreflecting lope of regaining independence, for yet others ;
constructed an apartment which commanded a view of the nterior of the Temple {A. xx. 189 f.). ^ On the accuracy of the information given in the following >peech, and apparently derived from some official source, nonographs have been written by Friedlander, De fonte quo losephus, B.J. ii. 16. 4, ustis sit (Konigsberg, 1873), and Joinaszewski, "Die Dislokation des romischen Heeres im fahre 66 n. Chr." {Rheinisches Museum, 1892, pp. 207-218). owe these references to Drs. Th. Reinach and E. Schiirer.
VOL.
II
Q 2
457
from
JOSEPHUS 7Tapo^vv€L Kal TO TTapoL Toju dadei>€(jr€pojv , iau
Tts"
ra TTpdyfiara
KaKopouXias Setv 347
a
dyadol
ol
ovyL<j)ep€iv
fjLrj
K€orojs
TO, i^TL
p,€rd r-qv
aTTOGraaiv
7rjv
€p.r)v
rrapaiveGLV
ojrjdrjv
,
ovvayayojv elnelv
vp.ds
8e
jjlol
dvrj-
€V€ori Kal
(Lpp^-qpiivois
ravrd
fJLrjSeiS,
yap
TjSovqv aKOvrj- TOtS" p-^v
77p6s"
ivicov
rrjs
firj
TrapaTToXavGOjaiv
dopv^rjarj
.
avrol t€
ottcos
Kal
fJLera^dXajvrai
inl TO avro Trdvras
vofJiCi^oj
idu
KepSos,
avyxvdfj,
0(jj(j>poviGdevT€S
(^povelv, ip,ol 8e
StaTTtWet Kal Trpo? rovs dKoveiv ideXovras 6 Xoyo?, 348 idv
fjLrj
Trapd
ovv
on
TToXXol Tas €K rcov ImrpoTTOJV
rd
TTJs
he
TTplv
TToXefieZv,
349
i^crd^cLv
rives
TTpcorov
riaiv
rrjv
eXevOepiav ;
el
d(f)6prjT0v -qyelode, Tre ptaar) Trpos pep,ipLS-
Kal
yap
eKeivnov
350 opioiujs TO hovXeveiv.
OTov Tovrcov
cog
351
eTTix^ipeZre
ovp.7rXoKrjV
tcDv
hovXeveLV rj
alo^pdv
OKonelTe he Kal Kad* eKa-
rd
ovk
he to
rovs -qyepiovas
p^erpLa^ovrojv
ecmv puKpd rod
deoLg, Kal TTpcord ye
Beparreveiv ydp,
iyoj
yap dp^vveode rovs dhiKOVvrag,
el p.ev
oepLvvvere rrjV
v^pea Kal
rpaytphovoiv,
ovres
SLat,ev^a)
ol6a pkv
yevrjraL.
rjavxta
eyKojpua
iXevdeplas
77 poi^daeajv.
ri
Trdvrojv
7roXep,elv
rj
vtto-
r
epeOit^eLV
XPV
''"^^
e^ovoias'
OTay Se tcjv puKpujv dpLaprrj p,dr ojv rovg e^ovetSta/xoi)? 4.58
TTOirjade
fieydXovg,
KaO^
eavTojv
rovg
JEWISH WAR, perliaps avarice
II.
Si6-C>51
and the prospect of enriching them-
selves at the expense of the weak in the event of a general convulsion, I, in order to bring these mis-
guided persons to reason and a better frame of mind, and to prevent virtuous citizens from reaping the consequences of the errors of a few, have thought it my duty to call you all together and to tell you what I conceive to be to your interest. If my remarks are not to the liking of any of my audience, pray let him not create a disturbance. For those who have irrevocably determined to rebel will still be at liberty, after my exhortation, to retain their sentiments but my words will be lost even upon those who are anxious to hear them, unless you all give me a quiet ;
hearing, " Now, I know that there are many who wax eloquent on the insolence of the procurators and pronounce pompous panegyrics on liberty but, for my part, before examining who you are and who are this people whom you are undertaking to fight, I would first consider apart two distinct pretexts for hostilities which have been confused. For, if your abject is to have your revenge for injustice, what good is it to extol liberty ? If, on the other hand, it is servitude which you find intolerable, to complain af your rulers is superfluous were they the most ;onsiderate of men, servitude would be equally
Your warfare mixed.
;
;
disgraceful.
"Consider then these arguments apart and how (i) Your weak, on either ground, are your reasons for going to agaS^"' war and first the charges against the procurators, individua The powers that be should be conciliated by flattery, curators^ lot irritated when you indulge in exaggerated JJ,^^"!^\Yj^^' •eproaches for minor errors, you only injure your- Rome. ;
;
459
JOSEPHUS oueibilofxei'ovg aTreAey^^ere, /cat TzapeVre? to
Xddpa
Kal fjLer^ atSou? vfid? ^XaTrretv TtopOovai (f)av€pa)g. ovd€v 8e ovTOjg TQ? TiAryya? tus" to ^epetv' dvaaTe'AAei, /cat to tcuv ddLKOvfJLevcou rjovxi-ov rot's 352 dSt/couCTt yiverai hiarpoTrr]. etVat tou? S' (f)€pe TTavre?
ovg
Trpo?
IvroXrjs
dv-qKearuj?
VTTTjperag
PojfjLaLow PojfjLaLoi
dSt/coucrtv
rou
atpeode^ rtg
7Jk€l
)(aX€7T0V?'
vfidg
TToXejiov
TTOvrjpog
^Keivcov,
cxtt'
ovttco
Kataap, ydp i^ ovhi ye
ovSe ouSe
Tovs V7t6 TTjv dvaroX-qv ol dv ovre ^aard^eiv dXXd firjv TO ye vvv eXevBepias eTTidupLelu dcopov, heov vrrep .
rod rj
356
firjhe
ydp
jJirjh^
dTTO^aXelv avrrjv dyajviL^euOai Trporepov.
TTeipa
hovXeias \aXe7T-q, Kal
rrjs
erreira
X^i-pojdeis,
ov
iariv, Trdvd^
VTikp
Tjixerepoi^
TOV
avddh-qs hovXos t6t€ roiyapovv exP'^^ he^aodai 'PcofJiaiovs Troieiv
fir]
Cobet (cf. cm. PAL.
+TT]v dpx"^" "
460
tov
drra^
d
npoyovoi
^
2
S'
(f)iXeXev6epog.
357 ore* eTre^aivev ttjs ;)(ojpa?
*
rrepl
dp^aodai Tavrrjs d dydjv hiKaios' 6
Or
Kal
e.g. '
MVRC. **
B.
YlofiTrrjios.
ol ii.
^aoiXels
638)
dAA' oi
p.ev
avTuJv,
kqi
alpuade mss.
:
» *
MfVei
vfx^repoi
turns the wrongdoer aside.
PAL.
AL
Lat.
;
JEWISH WAR,
II.
351-357
by your denunciation of those whom you incriminate instead of maltreating you, as before, in secret and with a sense of shame, they will now despoil you openl}^ There is nothing to check blows like submission, and the resignation of the wronged victim puts the wrongdoer to confusion." Granted that the Roman ministers are intolerably harsh, it does not follow that all the Romans are unjust to you any more than Caesar yet it is against them, against him, that you are going to war. It is not by their orders that an oppressive governor comes from them to us, and they cannot see in the west their officers in the east it is not easy even promptly to hear yonder the news from these parts. How absurd it were, because of one man to make war on a whole people, for trifling grievances to take arms against so mighty a power, which does not even know the nature of our complaints The wrongs which we lay to their charge may be speedily rectified for the same procurator will not remain for ever, and it is probable that the successors of this one will show greater moderation on taking office. But war once set on foot cannot be lightly either broken off or carried through without risk of disaster. " Passing to your present passion for liberty, I say oi) Your that it comes too late. The time is past when you Pf(fe'°°(5 ought to have striven never to lose it. For servitude ence is ^^^^*^^*^' is a painful experience and a struggle to avoid it once for all is just but the man who having once accepted the yoke then tries to cast it off is a contumacious slave, not a lover of liberty. There was, to be sure, a time when you should have strained every nerve to keep out the Romans that was when Pompey invaded this country. But our forefathers and their selves
;
;
;
!
;
;
461
;
JOSEPHUS koX oojyiaoLV kol ilsv\als a^eivov
y^pr]iiaoLV
TToXXo)
hiaKelyievoL, Trpo? [jLolpav oXcyrju
fiaiojv Suvdfieoj?
ovk avrioxov
tt^s"
VfJLcjv
*Pa>-
8c ol to
Vfjcels
/xei'
V7TaKov€LV €K hiaboxTJ? 7Tap€LXrj(f)6r€S rolg rrpdyixaaiv be rcvv Trpojrojv VTraKovaavrcov Toaovrov ,
iXarrovficvoL, Trpog 6Xr]v avdioraoOe r-qv 'Pajfialcov koI ^AOr^vatoi fia ol rrepl rfjg TUiv
358 -qyeiioviav ;
iXevdepia? Trapahovres TTore Kal irvpl ol tov V'nepr](j)avov 'E.ep^rjv 8ia yif^s" TrXe-voavra kol 8ta daXdaor)? oheijaavTa Kal pLj) Xojpovfievov fiev rols TreXdyeoLV, TrXarvrepav 8e rijs EupcuTTT^? rr]V cnpaTidv dyovra, ola hpaTrirrjv hiw^avrc^, Trepl 8e ri] afiLKpa €77L fiids veojs SaAa/xtvt TT^y rooavrrjv 'ActiW /cAaaavre? vvv SovXevovGLV 'Poj/Ltaiot?, Kal rrjv -qyeixovtSa rrjs 'EAAaSos" TToXiv 8toiK-et ra oltto rfjs 'iTaAia? irpooAa/ceSat/xdrtot 8e fierd Bep/uoTruAa? 359 ray/xara. M:ai nAaratas" kol top ipevvrjoavra T-qv ^Aolav 360 WyqatXaov dya7ra)GLV rovs auTous" heoTToras, Kal MaK:e8dve? eVt (fyavra^ojJLevoi ^lXlttttov Kal rrjv ovv 'AAe^av8pa> TrapaGTreipovoav^ axnols rrjV rrjg 'EAATyyojP'
ttoXlv,
rrjv
olKoviievTjs rjyejjiOVLav opcovreg, ^epovoiv rr]v rrjv fieTa^oXrju
3G1
TTpoGKVvovow.
[lovra Trpd? iXevdeplav Trapprjola? €lk€l. I'/xet? ^
(jlovol
8*
dho^elre hovXevecv ols vnoreraKrai rd rrdvra;
Dindorfs
the noun
conjecture
Tvxni>
inserted, as °
rooav-
Kal Trpos ov? fjcera^e^-qKev r) TV)(r) dXXa re edvr] /xupta TrXelouos ye-
it is
TrapaaTralpoiaav
is
unnecessary not be
must be understood, but need by Destinon.
Alluding to the canal of Athos and the bridge across the
Hellespont. *
462
His campaigns
in
Asia against Tissaphernes and Phar-
JEWISH WAR,
357-361
II.
kings, though in wealth and in vigour of body and soul far your superiors, yet failed to withstand a small fraction of the Roman army and will you, to whom thraldom is hereditary, you who in resources fall so far short of those who first tendered their submission, will you, I say, defy the whole Roman ;
empire "
?
at the Athenians, the men who, to maintain Many gn the liberty of Greece, once consigned their city to submltte the men before whose pursuit the Rome: the flames haughty Xerxes, who navigated the land and trod ^^^ ^^^^ the sea," Xerxes for whom the deep was too narrow and whose army overflowed Europe, fled like a fugitive slave on a single galley the men who, off the coast of little Salamis, broke the immense might of Asia. Those men today are the servants of the Romans and the city that was queen of Greece is governed by orders from Italy. Look at the Lace- (?) SpaH daemonians after Thermopylae and Plataea, after Agesilaus the explorer of Asia,* they are content to serve the same masters. Look at the Macedonians, (c)Mace( who still cherish Philip in their imagination, still have before their eyes the vision of her who with Alexander scattered broadcast for them the seeds of the empire of the world yet they submit to endure such a reversal of fate and bow before those to whom Fortune has transferred her favours. Myriads of other nations, swelling with greater pride in the assertion of their liberty, have yielded. And will you alone disdain to serve those to whom the universe is subject ?
Look
;
;
:
'^
;
nabazus at home. *
in
396-394
b.c.
were cut short by his
recall to
war
The goddess Fortune.
463
JOSEPHUS orrpaTia,
TTOia
7T€rroL66r€^
ttolol?
fiev 6 CTToAo? Vfilv hLaXr]ip6fi€Pog
Kivelv
'Pojfiaiojv
dodevELav idvojv
ol
tov iroXeyiOV
-qyefjiouLav
ov ra
;
rjTTTjBr]
VTTO
ipevvTjdelaa
ionepav,
dAA'
Kal pL^xpL
365
Kara
re
'Poj/i,ataji^
TTavrojv
rrpovxovres
fiofievoL
\ojpav e|
rl
;
evyeveta" 'Vojiiaicov
eXevdeplas
366 6
rrjv
vfids
Trpoi'XoiTes Trf)Ovx(i-v
Kal
roGavrrjv
ve-
V77€lkovglv pa^Sot?, ol biKaiorepov rl
vpLcov 6'
at
Niese, Destinon oXos mss. Lat. (vyiuda P Trpovxa-f fCyefeia coKOvuTe^ Kai fibres evyfptia (or €17. 7rpoi/X-) SoKoOvrex the rest.
vfi^repa
'
»
Kara
ro hovXeveiu,
dvrLTTOLelGdaL.
MLC
'
464
ra)V
vp.els
;
VepjjLavwv,
ro Trertoidos
;)(aAe776v
;
TOGavraL? be Kal MaKeSop'e?
A
ovv
rl
LGX^porepoi ttAciolis"
eVatpei
77po?
il,rjTr]Gav
TTOGco fjLdXXov "KXXrjGLV, ol rojv u^' rjXia)
ipel Ti?.
:
irepav
dvLGTop-qrajv rrporepov
Tojv
Trdvrwv
npoa-
y-^XP^ "^^^
FaSeipa
Kal
ra orrXa.
YaXarojv,
eark
rwv
ovde
fjLeurjfi^pLV^
Xi^vrj
GVverwrepoL,
'EAAt^vcov
OLKOvpLevqv
^'^
lox^"^
fxdXXov be Kal ravr-qg
,*
ojKeavov
VTrep
36i Bperravdjv btrjveyKav
TtXovGiujrepoL
TTpoaoLKcov
€K€Lvajv
duaroArjv, 17
doLKiqTOjv
OLKOVfJL€vr)v
8e
ov yap i^rjpK€G€V avTols opog^
.
rrjv
apKTLOJv 6 "larpos,
rj
ttju
iavrwv
rrjv
twv
Kal
fxkv -qfjierepa^
ttoXXolkls,
€^rp-rjodv ti TrXiov Ei)(/>paTi7?
ov TrepLOKeipeoOe
;
ov fMerpiqaere
;
OLKOvpievqs dvLKrjTOS
363 TTJs
i^apK€G0VT€
cVtjSoAat?
rats"
ttov
irpos \lyv7Triovs 6.pa Kal rrpos "Apa/Sa?
362 drjGavpoi;
oteode
8'
nov
Xauuas;
ottAoi?;
ras 'Pojiiaioju da-
The Danube.
*
:
:
'
Greek "Gadeira"; Cadiz.
.
JEWISH WAR, "
What
II.
what
361-366
the armour, on Contrast the ?°smirces Roman seas ? the ^ '^;'i^^^f cost of your campaigns ? Do you really suppose that Roman you are going to war with Egyptians or Arabs ? Will ^™P'^^you shut your eyes to the might of the Roman empire and refuse to take the measure of your own weakness ? Have not our forces been constantly defeated even by the neighbouring nations, while theirs have never met with a reverse throughout the whole known world ? Nay, even that world has not sufficed for their ambition. For, not content with having for their frontiers on the east the Euphrates, on the north the Ister," on the south Libya explored into desert regions, on the west Gades,^ they have sought a new world beyond the ocean and carried their arms as far as the Britons, previously unknown to history. I ask you, then, are you wealthier than the Gauls, stronger than the Germans, more intelligent than the Greeks, more numerous than all the peoples of the world ? What is it which inspires you with confidence to defy the Romans ? are the troops,
which you rely
is
Where is your fleet to sweep Where is your treasury to meet ?
hard to serve,' you will tell me. How for Greeks who, though noblest of all races under the sun and occupants of so vast a territory, are yet subservient to six rods or a Roman magistrate ^ A like number suffices to curb the Macedonians,^ who with better right than you might claim their liberty. And then the five hundred cities "
'
It
is
much harder
!
The
Achaea, since 27 b.c. (except under was an imperial province, and for a short period under Nero, when Greece was proclaimed free) was a senatorial province governed by a proconsul of praetorian rank, who was attended by six lictors. Another senatorial province. '
Tiberius,
lictor's fasces.
when
it
'^
465
other besides ^J^^'^®
^°
have bowi *°
^°™^'
;
JOSEPHUS TTevTaKOGLai rrj? 'Aai'a? ttoAci?
TrpoGKVVovaiv
era
;
Kal
r)y€fi6i'a
ov blxa (f>povpd<; rag VTranKa?
'HvLoxovg re Kal KoXxovg BooTTopavovg re Kal ra TTepioLKa rod Tlovrov Kal rfjg MatojrtSo? edui]
pdpSovs
;
Kal ro
Twv Tavpojv
367 Trap'
ri
of?
rrplv
heaTTorrjs,
oerai,
Aeyett'
xp'rj
vvi^
vXov,
p,kv
8e
oi)8'
reooapaKOvra
Kal
oiKelog
vrrorao-
jiaKpal rr^v
vrj€?
OdXaoaav
308 arrXojrov Kal aypiav elp-qvevovGL
Bidwla
iyiyvcooKero
orrXiraig
rpiGX^-Xioig
.
Trplv
TToaa
Kal KaTTTTahoKLa Kal ro Y[apL(f)vXLov edvos
\vKLoi re
Kal
KtAi/<:e?
elrrelv ;(Ojpt? ottXojv
VTrep
eXevdepta?
<j)opoXoyovvr at
;
ri Sal
;
exovreg
&paKeg
TTevre fiev evpog, errrd he firJKog -qfiepcov x^'^P^^
OL
rpaxvrepav re Kal
hLeLXr](f)6res,
ttoXXo) rrjs vfierepag
oxvpojrepav Kal Padel KpvpLO) rovg eTnarparevGovras^ dvaKOTTrovGav ovxl 8icr;(tAtots- 'PcofJLatcjv 369 VTTaKovovGLV 4>povpois ; ol 8' oltto rovrojv 'lAAuptot TTjv p-expi- SaXfiariag aTrorejJLi'OfJLeurjV "iGrpuj Kar,
OLKOVi'reg, jjLed^
Jjv
ov SugIv pLovotg
avrol
rag
Aa/caji'
rdypLaGLv VTreiKOVGiv,
dvaKOTrrovGLV op/xa?
;
roGavrdKis rrpos eXevdepiav dvaxo-LriGavres AaXfidrai Kal Trpos pLOvov del ;^etpt(j JeVrc? ro
370 at Se
^
"
PL
:
iiri'jTpaTfvovTa^ or -ei'ffavra^ the rest.
The number agrees with
(Lives of Sophists,
ii.
that
named by
Philostratus
1.4): the geographer Ptolemy reckons Asia was senatorial with a governor of
only 140 (Pceinach). consular rank. " 1 he Colchians, of whom the Heniochi were a tribe, were settled on the east and south-east of the Black Sea. * Inhabiting the Tauric Chersonese, the modern Crimea. The sea of Azov. •*
466
JEWISH WAR,
II.
366-370
of Asia**: do they not, without a garrison, bow before a single governor and the consular fasces ? Need I speak of the Heniochi, the Colchians,* the race of the Taurians,'' the people of the Bosphorus, the nations bordering on the Euxine and These peoples, who formerly Lake Maeotis'*?
(d) Asia,
recognized no master, not even one from their own are now in subjection to three thousand soldiers, while forty battle-ships bring peace to that once unnavigated and savage sea.* What strong claims to liberty might be advanced by Bithynia, Cappadocia, the Pamphylian nation, Lycians and Cihcians ? Yet they pay their tribute without resort to arms/ Then, what of the Thracians, who are (e) Thrac spread over a country five days' march in breadth and seven in length, a country more rugged and far stronger than your own, the rigour of whose icy climate repels an invader do they not obey the orders of two thousand Roman guards ? ^ The Illyrians, their neighbours, who inhabit the region (/) inyri extending from Dalmatia to the frontier of the Ister, are they not kept in check by no more than two legions,'' with whom they themselves unite to repel the incursions of the Dacians ? The Dalmatians, (f/)Daimai too, who have so often reared their heads * for liberty, ranks,
:
* The numbers of troops and ships here mentioned cannot be checked the military occupation of these districts appears to date from the annexation of the kingdom of Pontus on the deposition of Polemon lie. a.d. 63. Or perhaps " without constraint of arms " (Reinach). ;
''
"
Detached from the two legions stationed
in
Moesia
;
Thrace, after several risings, was finally converted into a Roman province in 46 a.d. * The two legions of Moesia (not Illyria) are intended: viz. VIII Augusta and VII Claudia (Tac. Hist. ii. 85). * Greek " manes."
467
o
,
JOSEPHUS ovXXeiduevoi,^ rrjv Icrxvv TraXiv aTTOorrjvai, vvv ovx 371
V(f)'
ill
jjLrjv
€L
rdyiiarL 'PajfJiaLcov r]GVxio-v dyovoLV ; dXXa ye nva? el? dTTOoraaiv a)(f>eLXov d(f)op}ji.al
fieydXat Trapo^vveLv, fidXiGra
ovTw? fiev
TaXdrag ixPW>
'^ov
VTTO TTj^ (hvaeojs rereLXi-Ofievovs, ef draroAr)?
rat?
"
AXneGLV, rrpo? dpKToj he
IJ-earipL^pLvolg
Se rols
'Pr^voj TTorapiCo,
opeuiv, ojKeavo)
Ylvp-qvaloLS
r-qXiKavra pLev Kal rpiaKOoioLS vXriBvovres edveaiv, rds he TTTjyds, cu? dV Tt? etVot, r-fjg euSat/xovia? eTTLXojpiovg exovres /cat rols dyaBols ox^hov 6Xr]v eTTLKXvCovTe? rr)V olKOvpLevrjv, dvexovrai 'PcopiaLa>v Trpooohos ovre? Kal rapLievoKal 373 p-evoL rrap^ avrojv rrjv oiKeiav evhatpLOviau. Tovd* VTTopLevovGiv ov hid
77
epKY)
^
p6^
hvafxcov.^
Trepi^eBXripievoi,
ctAAd
Kairoi
Trevre
Text emended by Xiese
:
he
rpos to
fj.6vov
del
x^'P-
'''o''"'
(TlXXf|. MSS. '
bvatxah
MVRC.
Apparently XI Claudia (c/. Tac. Hist. iii. 50). 400 according to Appian, Celt. \. 2, 300 according Plutarch, Ca(s. 15: the " nations" intended are the jsa^r/ " "
t(
" cantons."' a subdivision of the civltates (Reinach). ' From the campaign of M. Fulvius Flaccus (125 b.c.) which led to the foundation of the Provincia Narbonensis
468
JEWISH WAR,
II.
370-374
v/hose constant defeats have only led them to muster their forces for a fresh revolt, do they not now live in peace under a single Roman legion " ?
" But if there is one people above all others which (/<) Gaiu should be tempted by its grand opportunities to raise the standard of revolt, it is surely the Gauls with their magnificent natural ramparts, on the east the Alps, on the north the river Rhine, on the south the chain of the Pyrenees, on the west the ocean. But, though encompassed by such formidable barriers, though swarming with a population of three hundred and five nations,^ possessing, so to say, in their native soil the springs of prosperity and irrigating well-nigh the whole world with the overflow of their products, the Gauls are yet content to be treated as a source of revenue to the Romans and to have their own prosperous fortune meted out to them at their hands. And this they tolerate, not from any lack of spirit or because they are an ignoble race, they who for full eighty years ^ fought for their independence, but because they are overawed at once by the power of Rome and by her fortune, which brings her more triumphs even than her arms. That is why they submit to the orders of twelve hundred soldiers,** they who have cities enough almost to outmatch that number.^ Then the Iberians neither the gold (i) Spain which their soil produces, nor the vast extent of land and sea which separates them from the Romans, nor
—
up to the end of Caesar's campaigns was a period of about seventy-five years. Two cohorfes urhanae established at Lyons, one of which (the eighteenth) is mentioned in Tac. Hist. i. 64, and the other (the seventeenth) in an inscription, Mommsen, Hermes, xvi. 645 (Reinach). • " More than 800 cities "(App. Celt. i. 2; Plut. Caes. 15),
I
**
469
JOSEPHUS ^uAa re AovaLrava)v Kal Kavrd^pcov
dpetfidvia,
ovSe
eTTixcoptoLS
d)Keav6s
yeircjjv
/cat
rots'
375 dpnTOJTLV indycov, aAA' vrrep to.? 'HpaKrAetou? gt^-
Xas eKreivavres to. orrXa Kal 8ta vecfxZu oSevaavreg rd Yivp-qvala^ opr), Kal rovrov^ iSouXd)aavro 'Pto/xatof (j)poupd 5' ripKeoev rojv our cos hvopid-x^cxiv Kal TOOOVTov dTTcoKLGfJbevcov €V rdyfia. V€pp.av(JL)V 376 rls VfJLow ovK dKofj TrapelX-qcjiev to oAkt^i^
TrXrjOos
;
ctSere
hiqTTOv
377 rov?
yap
p-ev
TToXXdKLs,
TOVTOJV
Kal
alxp-O-Xajrovs
pieyedr)
oojixdrojv
Travra^ov *Pa»/xatot
irrel
dAA'
exovGLV.
ovtol
yrjv pL€V aTTeipov ve/td/xei'ot, /^et^co Se rojv Gcop^drcov
rd (f)povqfJLaTa Kal ttjv ptev ipvxrjv davdrov Kara^povovGav rovs Se dvpLOVs rojv dypLOjrdrojv €xpvre<s
y
Oripinjv
G
e^ovGLV
Kal
pL€voi
*Prjuou
okto)
'Pojp,aLajv
SovXevovGLv
378 edvos
rrjs
dAovTe?, TO
pLCv
oppbij^
rdypiaGiv 8'
OKeipaGde
opov
Sap,at,6-
oAov avrcjv
Kal to 4^'uyfl ^perravajv re^xos ol rolg 'lepoGoXvpaov relxeGLV Stacroj^eTai.
yap
Kal
TTeTTOiOoTes'
eKeivovs
he
7TepL^e^Xrjp,ei>ovg
ixJKeavop Kal rrjS Kad^ rjp^dg OLKOvp.evrjs
oova
vrJGOv
reGGapa
^PajfiaLOL,
379 vrjGOV
OLKOVvras
(f)vXdGGeL.
VI
Tciy/xara
be
ovk eXdG-
ehovXajGavro rrji'
roGavrrjv
Kal ri 8et TroAAd Xeyeiv, ^
"
irXevGavres
Uvp-ni>iit}u
Victrix, the legion
ottov
PAM.
which proclaimed Galba emperor
16; Suet. Galba, 10). in Upper, four in Lower
(Tac. Hist.
V.
" Four Germany. In a.d. 69 (when the upper army numbered only three) the seven
legions were IV,
470
XXI,XXII
;
1,
V,
XV, XVI.
The eighth
^
JEWISH WAR,
II.
S74-S79
the tribes of the Lusitanians and Gantabrians with their fever for war, nor the neighbouring ocean, the ebb and flow of whose tides terrifies the very in-
habitants, none of these sufficed in their struggle for independence no, the Romans carrying their arms beyond the Pillars of Hercules, traversing through clouds the mountains of the Pyrenees, have reduced even them to servitude to guard this nation of fighters, so stubborn, so remote, a single legion now suffices." W^hich of you has not heard tell of the horde of Germans ? Nay, you have surely often seen o)Qerma their stalwart and burly figures, for the Romans have captives from that nation everywhere. This people occupies an immense country, their hearts are even greater than their stature, their souls disdainful of death, their rage fiercer than that of the most savage of beasts yet the Rhine sets a bound to their im;
;
;
petuosity and, tamed by eight Roman legions,^ the captured are reduced to slavery, while the rest of the nation has found safety in flight. Again, consider what a wall of defence had the Britons, you who put your trust in the walls of Jerusalem the ocean surrounds them, they inhabit an island no less in extent than the part of the world in which we live ^ yet the Romans crossed the sea and enslaved them, and four legions now secure that vast island. But :
;
<^
in A.D. 66 Provinces,
is
thought
to
have been
X
Gemina.
Mommsen,
i. 1 18 f., 132, Domaszewski, op. cit. (§ 344 note). Palestine. Or possibly ' the whole of our inhabited continent ; for before Agricola's campaign of a.d. 84 the Romans had a very imperfect conception of the size of Britain (Merivale, Romans under Empire, vii. 90).
*
i.e.
'
^ II Augusta, (recalled in 68), cf,
Mommsen,
IX Hispana, XIV Gemina Martia
XX
Victrix
Valeria Victrix. Domaszewski, op. Provinces, i. 174, note 4.
cit.,
471
^) Britai
JOSEPHUS Kal
YldpdoL, TO TToXeiJ-LKcorarov (f)vXov, rooovrcov iOvcov /cat rrjXLKavT-qv TrepL^e^XrjiievoL
apxovres SvvaiJLLV,
OfJLTjpOV?
7T€pi7T0VGLV
TTjS
'IraAta?
Iheiv
€77t
ev
'
PcO/XatOl?, Kol €(7TLV
elprjvrjg
7Tpo(f)dGeL
Sou-
380 Xevovaav rrjv Atto rrj? dvaroXrj? evyeveiav. rrdvrojv St] gx^Sov tojv vcf)^ -qXico rd 'PcjOfiaioju orrXa
TTpOOKVVOVVTCOV Vfiel? fjiOVOL TToX^pHqOeTe jJLTjSe TO KapxrjSovLOJV reXo? OKOTTOVvres ol rov pLeyau avxovureg Wvvl^av Kal ttjV d-TTo ^olvlkojv ev381 yevetau vtto T-qv 'LKLnlajvog Septal' €tt€Gov ; ovre 8e Kupr^yatot, to AaKwvojv yevos, ovre Map/xaptSat, TO p^^xpi TTJ? 8t?/;aSo9 €KT€rap.ivov <j)vXov, ovB^ at (f)0^€paL Kal roLS dKovovaiv HvpTeig, Naaapicoves re Kal Maupot /cat to No/xaScov' direipov TrXrjdo^ 382 Ta? 'Pojpialojv dveKoipav dperdg. r-qv he rpirrjV rrjs OLKOvpLevTj? pLolpav, rj^ ouSe e^apiOpi'qoaodai rd eOvYj pdhiov, opitoiilvrjif ArXavriKO) re rreXdyei Kal orrjXaL? 'Hpa/cActot? Kal /xe^P'' '^V'^ 'Kpudpd? daXdaarj? rovs dTreipovs vepuovaav AWloTra? ex^^383 pcoaavro pLev oXrjv, x^P*-^ ^^ '^^^ errioiojv KapTTOJU, ot pLTjolv o/CTcu TO /coTO, rrju *P(x)pLr]v TrXrjOo? rpe
,
^
rds vpiels
eLO(f)opdg,
v^pLv
ovbeu
384 auTot? TTapapievovro? TTjU
row
rjyovpevoL,
*PcupaLojv
.
emraypidrajv cjoTrep evo? rdypiarog
KatTrep
Kal ri Set rroppajdev vplv Svvapiv, Trapdv e^
VTTobeiKvvvaL 1
ora.
PAL.
" Reinach instances Tiridates I (king of Armenia and brother of the king of Parthia), who in a.d. 63 did homage to Nero and left his daughter in Rome as a hostage (Tac. Ann. XV. 29 f.).
47:2
^
JEWISH WAR,
II.
379-384
why enlarge, when the Parthians themselves, that race of finest warriors, lords of so many nations, provided with so vast an army, send hostages to the Romans, and the nobility of the east may be seen in Italy, under the pretext of peace, bending to the yoke
?
(0 Parth
°
when almost every nation under the sun (»i) does homage to the Roman arms, are you alone to ^^J^^^^s^defy them, regardless of the fate of the Carthaginians, and the who, for all their pride in the great Hannibal and in Amc^^^^ the nobility of their Phoenician descent, fell beneath Neither Cyrenians, of Spartan the hand of Scipio ? breed, nor Marmaridae, that race that stretches to the regions of drought, nor Syrtes, whose very name strikes terror, Nasamons, Maurians, Numidians in their countless hosts, none have checked the valour This third part of the inhabited world, 3f Rome. the mere enumeration of whose nations is no easy ;ask, bounded by the Atlantic ocean and the pillars )f Hercules, and supporting right up to the Red Sea Ethiopians innumerable, they have subdued it all ind these peoples, besides their annual produce, vhich feeds for eight months of the year the populace f Rome, over and above this pay tribute of all kinds md ungrudgingly devote their contributions ^ to the ervice of the empire, far from seeing, as do you, an )utrage in the orders which they receive, although mt one legion^ is quartered among them. " But why seek so far afield for proofs of the power (n) Egyp •f Rome, when I can find them at your very door, in audrial'^'' " Thus,
;
^
Africa,
*
6t(T0opd in Attic
•*
III
Greek
is
Augusta, stationed
•ortion of the
a sort of super-tax. in
the
senatorial
or
western
province of Africa.
473
JOSEPHUS 385 Alyvrrrov rrjs yetrvtajarys", tJtls €KT€LVOfi€vr) ixl^p^S
AWlottcov
Kal
T€ ovaa rrjs
Kooiais
'ApajSta?,
euSat/xovo?
rrjs
'IvSikitJ?,
opfJLog^
TTevTTjKOVTa TTpog rat? inra-
€)(ovGa
WXe^di'bpeiav Kad^ eKaar-qi^
ixvpidhas avBpo'jTTcov hi-)(a KaroLKOvvTCJV, cu? eveanv €K
Ke(f>'i\riv elo(^op3.s^
rwv rrjs
reKfi-qpaad at, r-qv
-qyefiovLav ovk dSo^el, Kairoi TT-qXiKOV aTTOGrdaeajs Kevrpov e^ovoa ttju *AAcfai^Spetay TrX-qdovg re dvSpcov eVexa Kal TrXovrov, vpos Se
'PajfiaLajv
SSC)
rpidKovra arahicov, OVK eXarrov SeKa, rod 8e Iviavaiaiov vjjLOJV ^opov Kad^ eva pirjva TrXiov 'Pco^LtatotS"
fjieyedovs' fjL-qKO? fiev ye avrrjs
evpos Trap"
8'
TTapex^t
Kal
rcjov
;)(;/)7]/xaTa>v
e^ojBev
rfj
'Pt6/X7^
reaodpajv rereiXLorai 8e rrdvrodev hvo^drois Ip-qplais r) daXduaais dXifxlvoLS
airov r^
i^irjvcov
"J]
387 TTorafjLol?
t)
dAA*
eXeuLV.
ovSev
rovrcov
lax^po-
'PojfJbaiojv rvxr)S, 8uo S' iyKaOrdyfxara rrjv ^aOelav AtyvTrrov 388 a^a rfj ^laKehovajv evyevela ;^aAtvor. rivas om inl rov rroXefiov eK rrjs doLK-qrov TrapaX-qipeude avfjLfjbdxovs ; ol fiev yap inl rrjs oLKOvfievrjs vdvres
repov evpeOrj r)IX€va
rfj
rrjs
rroXei
elolv 'PajfialoL, el pnq rts vrrep Kv(f)pdr-qv eKreivei
rds eXTTihas Kal rovs eK
rijs ^ASia^-qvrjs 6jxo<^vXovs ol 8' oirre hi air lav dXoyov
389 olerai TrpoGapLVvelv} ^
ofxopos ^
*
VC
Lat.
Niese from Lat.
:
2 (Tvvf icr<popds P. wf^oaauvvdv or ina/xvvdv mss.
Diodorus Siculus, writing some seventy years earlier
the population of Egypt as seven millions (i. 31 Reinach), that of Alexandria as 300,000 (xvii. 52). * Or, perhaps, " a centre for revolt." " Seven or eight," Strabo xvii. 1. 9 (Reinach); Strabc ' agrees with Josephus as to the length. gives
474
JEWISH WAR,
II.
385-389
Egypt ? This country, which extends as far as Ethiopia and Arabia Felix, which is the port for India, which has a population of seven million five hundred thousand souls," exclusive of the inhabitants of Alexandria, as may be estimated from the polltax returns, this country, I say, does not disdain to submit to Roman domination and yet what an incentive to revolt ^ she has in Alexandria, so popuTlie length of that city lous, so wealthy, so vast is thirty furlongs, its breadth not less than ten ; the tribute which she yields to Rome in one month surpasses that which you pay in a year besides money she sends corn to feed Rome for four months ;** she is protected on all sides by trackless deserts, by seas without ports, by rivers or lagoons. Yet none of these assets proved a match for the fortune of Rome, and two legions ^ stationed in the city curb this far-reaching Egypt and the proud nobility of ;
!
'^
;
Macedon. "
What
allies
then do you expect for this war
?
You cann
Will you recruit them from the uninhabited wilds ? f^m^Jew For in the habitable world all are Romans unless, Wondth maybe, the hopes of some of you soar beyond the Euphrates and you count on obtaining aid from your kinsmen in Adiabene.-^ But they will not, for any
—
The corn for the capital for the other eight months of the year being furnished bv Africa (§ 383). ' These in a.d. 69 were III and XXII (Tac. Hist, v. I); under Augustus there had been a third legion, Mommsen, Provinces, ii. 273. " Proselytes " would / Cf. B. i. 5 for these expectations. have been a more correct term than " kinsmen " the **
;
dynasty of Adiabene, a region east of the Tigris on the Parthian frontier, had under Claudius been converted to Judaism {A. xx. 17 ff.). Some members of the royal family fought on the side of the Jews {B.
ii.
520,
vi.
356).
475
;
JOSEPHUS rrjXLKOvr oj
ovre Yidpdog iTTLTpeipec rrpo-
avvefiTrXe^ovaiv eairrou?,
7roAe/Lta»
^ovX€vaaiievoLS KaKco? 6
yap avrw ttjs rrpog *Pco/xatou? iKexeipias, Kal 7Tapa^aLi'€LV olrjueraL ra? aTTorSas", av tls riov
voia
39<:'
391
utt' avrov cttl 'PajpLatov? tr). Xolttou ovv iirl Tqv rod Oeov GvpipLa)(iav Kara(i)€VKreoi'. dXXa /cat rovTO Trapd 'PajpLalots r era Krai' hlxo. yap deov Gvurrjvai r-qXiKavr-qv -qyepLOviav dhvvarov. gk€ipaade S' w? vpilv ro rrjg dp-qaKeta? aKparov, ei
Kal
TTpog
Kal
8t'
Tairr'
evx^i-pcj^Tov?
a pLaXXov rov dvayKaLopLevoi
392 T7]povvTeg
ye
pLrjv
TToXeiioLrjre,
Beov
-rrapa^aiveLV
rd tcov
SvahiOLK-qTOV,
iX-iCere
avfifiaxov,
aTTOGrpeipere.
cjSSo/xdScov
/cat
€^17
TTpos fJLrjbepiLav rrpd^iv KLVovfJcevoL pabiajs oAojcreauc,
KaSdrrep
rd?
ol
Trpoyovoi
YlopLTrrjLOj,
rairrag
fidXcGra
ivepyovs 7TOLr]Gapi€va) Tqs rroXiopKLas 393 ev als rjpyovv ol TToXiopKovpLevoi- Trapa^aivovres 8 rjpLepag
€V' TO) —oXefioj rov Trdrpiov vofiov ovk olh vrrep orov XoLTTOu TTon^Geode rov dycova' (jTrovhrj yap 394 vfjLLV /xia ro pLT) rcjv Trarpiojv ri KaraXvuai rrojs .
5'
erriKaXeoeoOt
ro
Oelov
77/30?
rrjv
dfivvav
01
eKovGLw? rrjv els avro depairelav ertavaipovvrai he eKaaroL TToXep.ov 7) dela TTCTTOtdores Tj dvdpajTrlvr) ^orjdelq.- orav he rrjV Trap* dp.(^olv ro elKOS aTTOKOTrrrj, <^avepdv dXojGiv 01 395 TToXefxovvre? alpovvrai. ri hrj KcoXvet Tat? eavrwi X^polv hiaxprjoaGdai reKva Kal yvvatKas Kal rrji TTapa^dvre?
TreptKaXXeordrrjv Trarplha ravrrjv Kara(j)Xe^ai;
•
476
Cf.B.u 146;
.-l.xiv. 63ff.
/x-a
JEWISH WAR,
389-395
II.
frivolous pretext, let themselves be embroiled in so
serious a war, and, if they did contemplate such folly, for he is careful the Parthian would not permit it to maintain the truce with the Romans, and would regard it as a violation of the treaty if any of his tributaries were to march against them. " The only refuge, then, left to you is divine assistance. But even this is ranged on the side of the ooV'^who Romans, for, without God's aid, so vast an empire on the sic could never have been built up. Consider, too, the ° °" difficulty of preserving your religious rules from contamination, even were you engaging a less formidable Jg°"Jjon foe and how, if compelled to transgress the very wiifham] principles on which you chiefly build your hopes of^^*^'"" God's assistance, you will alienate Him from you. If you observe your sabbath customs and refuse to take any action on that day, you will undoubtedly be easily defeated, as were your forefathers by Pompey, who pressed the siege most vigorously on the days when the besieged remained inactive " if, on the contrary, you transgress the law of your ancestors, I fail to see what further object you will have for hostilities, since your one aim is to preserve inviolate all the institutions of your fathers. How could you invoke the aid of the Deity, after deliberately omitting to pay Him the service which you owe Him ? " All who embark on war do so in reliance on the support either of God or man but when, in all you have probability, no assistance from either quarter is allies; bf forthcoming, then the aggressor goes with his eyes t'lme. open to certain ruin. What is there, then, to prevent you from dispatching with your own hands your children and wives and from consigning this surpassingly beautiful home of yours to the flames ? ;
"
;
;
;
477
JOSEPHUS v€vr€9 yap ovrcos to ye r-qg "qrTrjg 6v€lSo? KepKaXov, to (fyiXot, KaXov, eco? en iv opjjLCi)
396 SrjG€T€.
TO OKd(f)og, TTpoGKeTTTeGdai^ rov piiXXovra X€.ip,a)va €tV /xcCTa? rag dv€/\Xag a.TToXovixevovs'^ ava^Brj-
p-Tjb'
vaf TOi? TO
p-ev
yovv
397 aTTajXeiav /Lti^
Tt?
yap i^
IXeeZoOai
dSrjXcov
TrepUarLV,
ep^TreGOVoiv^ Setvot? 8'
6
els
Trpoh-qXov
Kal 7TpoGOveihil,eTai. ttXtjv et V7ToXap,^dv€L Kard GvvOriKag TToXepLTjGeLv 6pp.rjGag
Kal 'PcopaLOv? KparrjGavrag vp,(jov p^erpidGeiv, aAA' ovK 61? UTToSety/xa rcjv aXXcov idvojv KaTa(j)Xe^€iv p.€v rrjv Updv ttoXlv, dvaiprjGeiv Se Trdv vp.u)v ro (f>vXov ovhk yap TreptXcK^Oevre? (fyvyrj? evp-qGere TOTTOV, aTTdvTOJv iyourajv 'Pojp,aLOV? SeGrrora? rj d Se KivSvvog ov rojv ivddSc 398 SehoLKorcou ox^tvpiovov, dXXd Kal rcov Kara rag aAAa? KaroiKOTjvrojv TToAet?- ov yap eGriv iirl rrjg oiKOvp.evr]s hrjpLO? 6 399 p-rj pLotpav rjperepav exojv. ovg dvavra? TroXepir]odvrojv vpdjv KaraG(f)d^ovGiv ol hidcjyopoL, Kal 8t' oXiyuiv dvhpcjv KaKO^ovXlav iraGa TTXrjGdrjGerai^ Kal GvyyvcopLT] pkv rols
'lofSat/coO (f)6vov.
ttoXls
rovro TTpd^aGLV dv he ovruj
TTpds
r;
pLTj
TrpaxOi],
orrXa
XoyLGaaOe kluelu
ttcos
dvoGLOV.
8' oiKros vptdg el Kal pLrj reKvcov /cat yvvaiKiov , dXXd rrjg ye pLr^rpoTroXeat? ravriqs Kal rcuv lepoju Trepi^oXajv eiGaG6e rod lepov Kal rov vaov eavrols perd rdJv dyiojv rrjp-qGare' dcf) e^ovrai ydp ovKen 'Pajpaloc rovrcov Kpdrrjaavres
40U eLGeXOeroj
.
^
TrepiGKiTTTecrdai. P,
*
PA
:
dTroWviJ.€vovs
L
:
Xiuivos
ciTro
MVRC
(perhap!
rightly). '
478
^I
:
fTTfTrecroi/crtJ'
the rest.
*
P:
TrXT^pw^^aerai the rest
6ia
!
JEWISH WAR,
395 400
II.
3y such an act of madness you would at least spare It were well, ^ourselves the ignominy of defeat. ny friends, it were well, while the vessel is still in )ort, to foresee the coming storm, and not to put )ut into the midst of the hurricane to meet your loom." For to the victims of unforeseen disaster there but he who rushes s left at least the meed of pity ;o manifest destruction incurs opprobrium to boot. " There may be some who imagine that the war will Do not loo 3e fought under special terms, and that the Romans, hJve^p^ty vhen victorious, will treat you with consideration your race, the contrary, to make you an example to the rest and'your )f the nations, they will burn the holy city to the Temple. ;
;
m
ground and exterminate your race. Even the survivors will find no place of refuge, since all the peoples jf the earth either have, or dread the thought of laving, the Romans for their masters. The peril, noreover, threatens not only us Jews here, but also .11 who inhabit foreign cities ; for there is not a •eople in the world which does not contain a portion f our race.* All these, if you go to war, will be •utchered by your adversaries, and through the folly f a handful of men every city will be drenched with ewish blood. Such massacre would be excusable but, hould it not take place, think what a crime it were take up arms against such humane opponents 'ake pity, then, if not on your children and your dves, at least on your mother city and its sacred recincts. Spare the temple and preserve for yourslves the sanctuary with its holy places ^ ; for the lomans, once masters of these, will refrain their ;
"
»e "
Or, with the other reading, " put out from harbour into midst of the hurricane." C/.
Ap,
ii.
282.
«
Or
" treasures." 4.79
JOSEPHUS 401
(f)eLGdiJL€voL
(jjv
fiat
8e
iyd)
TTporepov rj^apior-qvrai.
fiaprvpo
rd ayia koI tov? Upov';
vpiwv
fikv
dyyeXovg rod deov Kal rrarpiha
rrjv
kolvtjv,
ovbev Tujv ocorrfpitov vplv Ka6v(f)rjKdiir)v, ^ovXevodfievoL fjLev rd beovra KOLvrjv ovv €$er€, TTpoaxOdi^re? 8e rot?
elp-qv-qu
402
(5)
Toaavra
elrrajv
irreSdKpvaev
u/Ltet? ifjLol
dv(JLOL<;
re
w 8e rr)
X^P^-
\ierd
tt]-
roh Sa/cpuot?. dve^oojv Se ov *Pcc>/xatot?, dAAd OAojpo rrpog touto ^aoiXev 403 OL d TTeTTOvdaaLV TToXefxeLU. AypiTTTTas " dXXd rd epya, e^i], " 'Poj/Ltatot TJbr) TToXefiovvTajv iortu- ovre yap KaLoapt SeSco Kare rov (j)6pov Kal rd? orod? dTTeKOipare rrjsl 404 AvTojvia'i. aTTOGKevdaaLGde' 3' dv rr]V atrta TTj? d7TOGTda€Oj<; Gvvdipere 7rdAt| el ravrag re Kal TeXeGere rrjv €LG(l)opdv ov yap Stj ye OAojpo TO (f)povpL6v eGTLV Tj ^Xojpcp TG y^pi^piaTa hojGere. ddeXchrjg Kal ttoXv rrjg opixrjg avrcov erravaev
'
,
405
(xvii.
Lepov
d hrijio? eTreiSe'ro, Kal fxer re IBepviK-qg dva^dvre? els r
Toirroi?
1)
Tov ^aGLXea>g
rrj?
Karrjp^avro
be rd? Kco/jLag ol
rrjs
pcGdevres rovs (^opov?
reGGapdKovra
Grocov SojjLi^Geo)?, e Kal ^ovXevral /x< GVveXeyov ra^^ajs Se r
rcov
re dp^ovre?
rdXavra,
roGovrov
ydp
eXeiire
Kal rod fj.ev TToXepLOV rore ovroj ri dTteiXr)v Karel\ev ^ XypLTTTras, avQis Se eTTeipdi veideiv ro ttXtjOos VTraKoveiv OAcopoj, /xe'xpt? dv
406 r)9poLGdr].
avrov
KatGap
TTepupei^
o^vvdevres e^XaG(f)i]p,ovu *
-
rds
PAL
Dindorf
:
3
480
^idSoxov Trpos o rtaf rov ^aGiXea Kal ri
els
(t/. Lat. Antonianas). a-maKtvdaaaBe or the like ms3. trifx-lrj the rest.
M
:
JEWISH WAR,
II
401-406
hands no more, seeing that their forbearance in the met only with ingratitude. As for me, I call your sanctuary and God's holy angels and our common country to witness, that 1 have kept back nothing which could conduce to your preservation as for you, if you decide aright, you will enjoy with past
;
me
the blessings of peace, but, if you let yourselves be carried away by your passion, you will face, without me, this tremendous peril." (5) Having spoken thus, he burst into tears, as
Agrippa'i
did also his sister ; and his emotion much restrained ^.^pay^yo the passion of his hearers. Still they began to tribute a restore ,^L^.i ^.1cry out that they were not takmg up arms against porticoes the Romans, but against Florus, because of all the wrong that he had done them. To this king Agrippa replied " But your actions are already acts of war against Rome : you have not paid your tribute to Caesar, and you have cut down the porticoes communicating with Antonia If you wish to clear yourselves of the charge of insurrection, re-establish the porticoes and pay the tax ; for assuredly the fortress does not belong to Florus, and it is not Florus to whom your money will go." (xvii. 1) Acting on this advice, the people went up to the temple, with the king and Bernice, and began the reconstruction of the porticoes, while the magistrates and the members of the council dispersed to the various villages and levied the tribute. The arrears, amounting to forty talents, were rapidly collected. Thus for the moment Agrippa dispelled the menace of war. Subsequently, he endeavoured to induce the people to submit to the orders of Florus until a successor was sent by Caesar to replace him. But
•.
:
this
exasperated the Jews,
who heaped abuse upon
R
481
VOL,
II
I'.
.
JOSEPHUS TrdAecu?
avrou l^eK-qpvauov, eToXfiajv 8e rti/e? rcju Kal Xidov? eV avrou ^dXXeiv. 6 hk
407 orauiacrrcov
jSaatAeu? Ihtov r-qv opfx-qv
ridrj
tojv v€.ojT€pil,6vTUJV
aKa-do\^rov Kal x^^^'^V^^^ ^4>' ^^^ -poTTerr-qXaKLoro,^ Tovg p.kv dpxovra^ avTojv djia tol? hvvae—€ii-€ 77p6? €K€Luo^ avTojv e^
Toli
OAc2»pov
avro^
6^
Kaiadpeiav, lu* rovg rrjv ^ojpav
€1?
OLTroSei^r]
ai^'€;(aipv]crev
elg
ttju
^aoiXeiav 408
\\dv
(2)
Tov Tt
rovTco rive? ovveXdouTCS
-oXepLOV
KaXovpievov Waudhav,
Xddpa TOV?
TtDi^
iidXtara Kivovvrojv Inl (f)povpi6v KaraXa^6vre
(Lpp-rjcrav /cat
'PojpLaLOJV
(l)povpovs d7T€0(f)a^av, 409 eVepou? 5' eyKarear-qoav Idlov?. dp.a dk /cat Kara. p-kv
TO Upov 'EAea^apo? vlo? 'Ai^avta rov dp)(L€peoj£, vean'a? dpaavraro?, orparr]yojv rore rovg Kara rrjV Xarpeiav Xeirovpyovvr as dvarreidei p.-qhev6s dXXorpiov dojpov r) dvaiav TrpoGdexeadaL. rovro S' TjU rov -po? Poj/Ltatou? rroXepLov Kara^oX-qrrjv yap VTrkp rovra>v dvoiav /cat^ Katcrapo? dir410 kppupav. Kal rroAAa rcJov re dpxi-€peojv Kal rcjv yvLopipLUJV 7TapaKaXovvra>v p.rj TrapaXtTrelv ro virkp rcov -qyepLovow edog ovk eveSocrav, rroXv p.kv Kal T(2) ocjyerepoj rrX-qdei Trerroidores, Kal yap ro aKpLaiorarov rojv vecorepLL^ovroiV avv-qpyet, p.d'
*
TrfjOimrriXAKi.'jTdL
PA.
^
om.
Kal
VRC.
" As opposed to the tribute already collected from Jerusalem and the environs (i 405). * Close to the Dead Sea, more than half-way down the west coast, modern Sebhefi. * t.^. "captain of the Temple" (Acts iv. 1, etc.), or .?a/7an,
482
i
;p
JEWISH WAR,
406-410
ir
the king and formally proclaimed his banishment Aarippa some of the insurgents even ventured from the city to throw stones at him. The king, seeing that the ^'^ypassions of the revolutionaries were now beyond control, and mdignant at the insults which he had received, sent the magistrates and principal citizens to Florus at Caesarea, in order that he might appoint some of their number to collect the tribute in the he then withdrew to his own dominions. country ° (2) And now some of the most ardent promoters Capture of of hostihfies banded together and made an assault Jg^^^'jj^ ^^ and having gained insurgents on a fortress called Masada * possession of it by stratagem, they slew the Roman a. d. 66.' guards and put a garrison of their own in their place. Another incident occurred at the same time in the CessaiioiK Temple. Eleazar, son of Ananias the high-priest, a Ro,"e.'^^^ ^ery daring youth, then holding the position of ?aptain,^ persuaded those who officiated in the Temple services to accept no gift or sacrifice from a foreigner. This action laid the foundation of the war with the Romans for the sacrifices offered on behalf of that lation and the emperor were in consequence re;
fr^JJi*, t'^ile
;
;
;
ected.^ The chief priests and the notables earnestly Desought them not to abandon the customary offering 'or their rulers, but the priests remained obdurate. Their numbers gave them great confidence, supported IS they were by the stalwarts of the revolutionary
m
official
who
in the hierarchy
ranked next to the high
)riest.
These
daily {B. ii. 197), were nstituted by Augustus and consisted of two lambs and a )u]l (Philo, Lfifj. ad Calum, 157, 317 Cohn). The expense, iccording to Philo, was borne by the Emperor (eV tQu iSiwv rpoaoouji'), according to Josephus {Ap. ii. 77) by the Jewish **
sacrifices, offered twice
lation.
483
JOSEPHUS 8'
XiOTa
d(j)Opa)PT€?
6t?
^KXed^apov
t6i>
orpa-
TT]yovvTa. ol hvvarol roU d.pxtojv Kal toI^ Oapiaai'oji' €77* -qbi^ yvajpLpiOL? dvrjKeoTOis COS" ovix(f)opalg e^ovXevovro TTCpl tlov oXcdv Kal ho^av drroTreLpadrjuai Tcbu oTaoLaorcou Xoyoig, rrpo rrjs xaXKrj^ 7TvXr]<; ddpoilovGL Tov hijixov, rjTLs riv rod evhov 412 Upou rrpo^ dvaToXd<; r)Xiov. Kal rerpapnievq TTpwTOV avrcjv ttoXXol Tipog ttju ToXfiav rrjg drroorduewg xaXeTTrjvavre'; Kal to T-qXiKovrov Ittl411
T.vveXdoureg
(3)
lepevGLV
oeUiv
TTarpihi
rfj
dXoyov
(f)do€a)<;
yovu'^
Tavro
et?
iroXefiov,
erreL-ra
SiT^Aey;^©!^,
to
npo-
rrjg
toi)?
4>diJL€V0L
fjL€u
Tjpoyovovs avTwv KeKoufxrjKevaL rou vaou Ik tcov dXXo(f}vXajv TO TrXeov, del TTpoGBexofJ-evov? rds drrc 413 Tojv e^ojOev iSvojv Scopca?, Kal ov fiovov ov 8ta KeKOjXvKevai dvoias rtvow, rovro yap doe^eorarov dXXd Kal rd ^Xerrop-eva Kal^ Trapapiivoina [r6v\ Tooovrov xpovov dvadi]p.ara rrepl ro) Upco KaO 414 ihpvKevai. avrovs he vvv epeOi^ovra? rd 'Pw p.ai(jjv oTrXa Kal pLvrjOTevopievovg rou citt' eKeivan TToXepiOV KaivoTop,eZv dprjOKeiav ^evrfv, Kal fierc
rod
KLvSvvou
Ge^eiaVy 41 o
el
KaraipricfyiGaadat
napd
p,6v'0i^
dXXorpios ovre TrpoGKUvqaeL. Kav p.ev evos rovrov elocfyeprj rov i'6p.oi',
IttI
ns
6pLLop,ei'-qg
ojs
41 G 'Pco/Liatot 1
"
484-
oiv
dTravOpcoTTLag,
The gate
2
+^i
,,,5.
Ihio'jrox
dyavaKrel
TTepiopdv
Kal 6 \\alGap eKG7TOvdo<; yiverai.
VRC.
d
TroXecos
ttjs
'louSaiot? ovre dvoei tl
3
om.
8'
dr^
8€8ot
PAML
of Corinthian bronze (B. v. ^Qi), probably
o
JEWISH WAR,
II
410-416
but they relied above all on the authority of party the captain Eleazar (3) Thereupon the principal citizens assembled Evpostuia with the chief priests and the most notable Pharisees it^wish^^" to deliberate on the position of affairs, now that they ruiers. were faced with what seemed irreparable disaster. Deciding to try the effect of an appeal to the revolutionaries, they called the people together before the bronze gate that of the inner Temple facing eastward ." They began by expressing the keenest indignation at the audacity of this revolt and at their country being thus threatened with so serious a war. They then proceeded to expose the absurdity of the alleged pretext. Their forefathers, they said, had adorned the sanctuary mainly at the expense of aliens and had always accepted the gifts of foreign nations not only had they never taken the sacrilegious step of forbidding anyone to offer sacrifice, but they had set up around the Temple the dedicatory offerings which were still to be seen and had remained there for so long a time. But now here were these men, who w^ere provoking the arms of the Romans and courting a war with them, introducing a strange innovation into their religion, and, besides endangering the city, laying it open to the charge of impiety, if Jews henceforth were to be the only people to allow no alien the right of sacrifice or worship. Should such a law be introduced in the case of any private individual, they would be indignant at so inhumane yet they made light of putting the Romans a decree and Caesar outside the pale. It was to be feared, ;
—
;
;
the east of the women's court and identical with " the Beautiful gate " of Acts iii. 2 and " Nicanor's gate " of the
Mishna.
485
JOSEPHUS KeWt jjLevTOL yLTj ra? v-nkp eKeivajv dTToppiipavreg dvaias KcoXvdojGL dvetv Kal ra? vnep iavrwv, yevqrai re iKorrovdog rrjs rj-yepLOviag -q ttoXl?, el
"A^a ravra Xeyovres
(4-)
ovg
vj^piKaoLV rrjy
S LopOo) GOVT ai rrjv v^ptv.
^TjpLiqv
417
ras
(iTTohwoovGLU
aco(f)povrjaavTe? rax^oj? Ovoias, Koi TTpXv e^eXdeZv €'
fir]
Tojv
TTeipovs
TTarpiujv
ra?
Txpoyovoi
TTavres
ol
dvoiag
a7Tehe)(ovTO.
a^r^you/xeVou?
Trapa
Trpoaelxev
aXX
veajrepit^ovrajVy
ovhe
rous
Traprjyou
tepet?,
rajv
8e
e/x-
ort
a.?^oyeva)V rcjv
ovhels
Trpoarjeaav^
Aet-
ol
Tovpyol^ rrjv rod TToXefiov Kara^oX-qv evoK€vai,6avvihovTeg ovv ol Svuarol r-qv re oraoLV 418 fieuoL. Tjhri hvoKaBaiperov vri* avrojv ovaav koi rov oltto klvSuvop IttX Trpojrovs avrovs o.(j>'PwfJLaiajv L^ofievov, d7TeaKevdl,ouro rds alrtas, Kal Trplo^eis
OVg *
•qoav
^XwpoV
TipOS
jJLeV
AvavLOV
TiipLCDV,
eniorjijioi
ov
eTTeflTTOU, d>v "^PX^^ ^^^^ Se rrpog ^AypLTnrav, ev ots
HavXog
re
WvriTTag
Kal
Kal
KoCTTOjSapo? rrpoG-qKovreg roj ^aoiXeZ Kara yevog. 419 eheovro elg
he
dp.(j)orepojv
ttoXlv
rrjv
Kal
nplv
dva^qvai pierd hvudpeojs yeveodai hvGKadaiperoi
r-qv Grdotv. ^Xcopco p,ev ovv hetvov' evayyeXiOV -qu, Kal TTporjp-qpieuo? e^dnreiv rov TJoXepiOv ovhev drreKpivaro rol<^ irpeG^evrais' Aypirr-
420 eTTLKoipai
421
he
TTQb
K-qhopievog
eTTLGiqg
rd)u
re
d(f>LGrapi.ev(j)v
Kal -pog ovs d TToAe/xo? -qyeipero, ^ovXopevos re '
M LC
«
XriarpiKoi
PAM*:
'
TO dfiyov
C
Seii^bf
486
:
MVR.
irporrlfaaf
the rest.
+ sal PAL; the text is doubtful. " the dire iiewb was u godsend toOtc '
:
JEWISH WAR,
II
416-421
however, that, once they rejected the sacrifices for the Romans, they might not be allowed to offer sacrifice even for themselves, and that their city would be placed outside the pale of the empire, unless, with a speedy return to discretion, they restored the sacrifices and made amends for the insult before the report reached the ears of those whom they had insulted. (4) In the course of these remonstrances they produced priestly experts on the traditions, who declared that all their ancestors had accepted the But not one of the revolusacrifices of aliens tionary party would listen to them even the Temple ministers failed to come to their support and were thus instrumental in bringing about the Thereupon, the leading citizens, perceiving war. that it was now beyond their power to suppress the insurrection and that they would be the first victims of the vengeance of Rome, took steps to exonerate themselves from blame, and dispatched two deputations, one to Florus, headed by Simon, son of Ananias, and another to Agrippa, including some eminent persons, Saul, Antipas and Costobar," all members of the royal family. They besought them both to come up to the city with troops and to crush ;
the revolt before it became insuperable. To Florus determined as the news was a wonderful godsend he was to kindle the war, he gave the emissaries no Agrippa, on the other hand, equally solicitous reply. for the rebels and for the nation against which they were rising in arms, anxious that the Romans should ;
Saul and Costobar were brothers who, after the defeat made a timely exit from .Terusalem Antipas, who remained, was slain by the insurgents {B. ii. 556 f., iv. "
of Cestius,
;
140).
487
They ob
ment^'^fr
Agnppa,
,
JOSEPHUS '
Ptu/Liatot?
TO
rrju
Kat
re
Aapet'oj
V7TO
dW
rco
Siyxco
errefXTreu
biGxi^Xiovg
Baravat'oi;?
p.eu
iavTO)
ou6'
iTTiardixevo^,
'Tapa')('qv
eTTafiviovuTas^
AvpauLTag
*IouSatot9 he
aa)l,€crdaL,
1X7)7 po—oXiv,
TTjU
XvoLTeX-qaeLV
Tou?
'louSat'ou?
iJLev
Kat
iepou
kolI
LTTnelg,
paxojvLTa<;
\
orpaniyco
L7T~dp-)(]j,
hk
rco
laKLfxov ^lXlttttco. 422
TouTOt?
(5)
qyaTTa
BapGr]GavTe<;
KOi
dpxt€p€VGLV
rov
423 xepp-dGLv fxeu ovv Kal rolg €Xpo->vro,
Kal
eKarepoji'
row KXifxdrojv
Xdxovs
GVvex^LS
ttoXlv
€Krpdxovr€<;
oraGiaGral
OL
424 ^aGiXiKoi.
Kal
GVGrdSrji^
rovrotg
Kparfjoac ixdXtora
Kat Trepl
oraZs
77 pd<;
Se
ois
€gxov Kal
ovu
-qixepatq
fxeu
Kat
e/x7reipta
rov
dydjv
p.iaivoi'ra'i
fxeu
Se
ol
tepov
rou uaov
'EAea^apof oraGta-
rou
rrjv duo) ttoXlv
TrpoGXa^clu.
Gvx^d^ dp.(j>orepojv eyu'ero, Kal ovberepuL rod KaraXijcfyOivro'^
C77-a
e^
Kara
roA/xat?
eixdxouro,
rju
tous"
d(f)eG€L<;
ore
6
rrpoexoure?,
e^eXdoai,
toIv
fieXow
€gtlu
tt)?
lepov.
dhiaXeinrwf;
eKfjfioXoLf;
rjoau
rots
elprji^rjv
yap rd GraGidCou eKpdreL Kal rod
ndroj
fxev
n\r]dov
KaraXaix^dvouraL
dvoj
ttjv
hwarol guv
ol
daov
-ndv
(f)6i'o^
ix4pov<;
eiKov. 42.")
(5)
\
rj
ovGTjg, iv <^€p€LV,
6' ^$'>'i^ fj
drrcjb
ixrjTTorti *
"
48H
rrj<;
TrdoLV idog
L
:
row rju
^vXocfiopLon'
vXtjv rqj jSto/xoj
rpocl)rj
roj
rrvpl
€oprri<;
rrpoGXeiTTOi,
in-LiJvvofTixs tlic rest.
The subsequent ydventures
of
I'tiilip,
" lieutenant
JEWISH
WAR
II.
421-425
not lose the Jews nor the Jews their Temple and city, conscious, moreover, that he had nothing to gain from this disorder, dispatched to the aid of the citizens two thousand liorse from Auranitis, Batanaea, and Trachonitis, under Darius, as cavalry commander, and Philip,* son of Jacimus, as general. (5) Encouraged bv these reinforcements, the lead- struggle ing men, the chief priests and all the people who pro-Romi were in favour of peace occupied the upper city for ^"*^ ^'^^ the lower city and the Temple were in the hands of the insurgents. Stones and slings were incessantly in action from one quarter and from the other there was a continuous hail of missiles sometimes companies even sallied out and there was a hand-to-hand engagement, the insurgents having the superiority in daring, the king's soldiers in skill. The objective of the royal troops was to capture the Temple and to expel those who were polluting the sanctuary ; Eleazar and the rebels strove to gain the upper city in addition to the ground which they held already. So for seven days there was great slaughter on both sides, neither of the combatants surrendering the portion of the town which he occupied. (6) The eighth day was the feast of wood-carrying, The rebel when it was customary for all to brina: wood for the |';>i"^*? ^^'^^ sicar. ni altar, order that there might be an unfailing supply
mother
;
,
;
;
1
11
m .
1.11
^'i*
Agrippa II, are narrated at length in the Life His father Jacimus had held a high position (according to one text as " tetrarch ") under Agrippa (probably I) his grandfather Zamaris had been placed by Herod the Great in charge of a colony of Babylonian Jews in Batanaea {A. xvii. 23-29). Waddington's supposed discovery of the name Darius on an inscription in Trachonitis referring to Agrippa has been shown to be erroneous (Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscr. Sel. i. 422 (eirapxas) of
(46, etc.).
;
Reinach). yoL.
II
R 2
489
JOSEPHUS yap ao^earov
hia^opov; dadevel Aaoi ovuetapveura? ttoAAous" tcou OLKaptojv, our oj? yap €k6.Xovv Tovg Xrjords exovra^ vtto rot? k6\ttoi<; ^i
dprjaKeia?
rrjg
dei,
e^eVAetaai/,
rovg
rco
fiev
8'
dpxela e(f)€pov dcpauiaai OTrevdoureg rd uvfi^oXaLa heSaueLKoratu Kal tol? €LG—pd^eL els Toug VTTOVofMOvg KaTahvvres 429 bteXdvdai'OU, oi 8e guv tols /SacrtAtKOt? etV ttji avcuTepo) KaTa^ivyovTes avXrjv rajj^e'cu? aTreVAetCTai' Tas" dvpas, GUV ot? 'Ai^ai'tas' o dp^iepevs 'E^eKtas re o d86A<^6? auTou /cat ot -peo^evGavTes irpos WyptTTTTav TjGav. tot^ fiev ovv Trj vLkt] /cat rots eixrrprjGdeLGLV dpKeodivTes dveTravGavTO. Tuju
1-2 f. According to the Mishna, Taanith. was carried by respective families on nine separate days in the year, but the principal day was the loth of Ab (July-AujETust). Josephus, however (see § 430),
"
iv.
Cf. Lev. vi. the wood
5,
appears to place the feast on the preceding day, 14th Ab. " Probably additions of Agrippa II to the old palace the Hasmonaeans (c/. A. xx. 189 f.).
490
of
JEWISH WAR,
II.
425-429
of fuel for the flames, which are kept always burning.'* .lews in the Temple excluded their opponents from this ceremony, but along with some feebler folk numbers of the sicarii so they called the brigands who carried a dagger in their bosom forced their way in these they enlisted in their service and pressed their attacks more boldly than before. The royalists, now outmatched in numbers and audacity, were forced to evacuate the upper city. The victors burst in and set fire to the house of Ananias the highpriest and to the palaces of Agrippa and Bernice ^ they next carried their combustibles to the public archives,'' eager to destroy the money-lenders' bonds and to prevent the recovery of debts, in order to win over a host of grateful debtors and to cause a rising The of the poor against the rich, sure of impunity. keepers of the Record Office having fled, they set light to the building. After consuming the sinews of the city in the flames, they advanced against their foes whereupon the notables and chief priests made their escape, some hiding in the underground passages,^ while others fled with the royal troops to the palace situated higher up,^ and instantly shut the gates among the latter were Ananias the highpriest, his brother Ezechias and the members of the deputation which had been sent to Agrippa. Satisfied with their victory and incendiary proceedings, the insurgents paused for that day.
The
—
—
;
;
;
;
finally burnt down by the there spoken of as adjoining the Akra (or citadel, thought to be the old city of David) and the council-chamber (of the Sanhedrin). Or " sewers." * The palace of Herod the Great on the highest terrace of the upper city, described in B. v. 176 ff. •^
The Archives building was
Romans
{B.
vi.
354)
;
it
is
<*
491
capture
an(?^Du"r'r
tiiearcm ^.d.
66.''
JOSEPHUS 430
Tfj 8' ^i^S> TTeureKaibeKarr] 8' rjv Acoov ojpjxrjuav cttI ttju ^ Ai^rwulav Kal rov? eV
(?)
ynqvos,
4>povpov^
avrfj
hucilv
rjfjiepais
TroXLopKrjcravre?
avTovs T€ elXou Kal Kar€a(f)a^av Kal to 431 ev€77 pii']aav
.
fJ)povpLOv
eTTetra {.lere^aLvov et? r-qv auXrjv,
et?
ol ^aoiXiKol KaT€(f)vyov, Kal hiaveifiavTes o(f)d^
T]u
avTovs
€Lg
reaorapa
Tcjjv
8'
Slol
to
ttXtiOos
€.7tI
to.
dcopoLKLa
€1^801^
TTpoGLOvra?,
p-eprj
rcou
eKhpojxrjV
Trpos"
rcjv
7ei)(u)v jxev
l<j>€GT(x>ra>v,
eTretpojvro.
ouSeiS"
iddppei
Sttorra/xev'ot
Se
Kal Tou^ TTvpyov? 'i^aWov TOl)?
Kal
uux^ol tcov Xijgtcjv V7t6 roZ<; ovre 8e vvkto? ovre rj/xepa? SUXenTev -q aviJujioXi], tojv p.ev oraoiaoTOJV olttayopevaeiv rovg euSou olopLevojv eV8eta rpo(f)rj?, tcov 8' €vhoOev Kajj-drcu rou? TToXLopKouura?. 433 (8) Kdv rovTcp Mamry/xo? rt?, fto? 'louSa rov KaXovfJLevov FaAtAatou, oo(f)LGTr]g^ 8etvdraTos', o Kal CTTt Kvpi-jULOV TTore ^lovhalovg ot'ctStcra? on 'Paj/xatot? VTre-rdoaovro jxerd rov deou, dvaXa^ojv 434 Tous" yvajpipLovg dv€)(ojpria€V els Maaa8av', eV^a T-)7i^ ^HpcoSov rod /SuotAeoj? 077Ao^i7k:t7V dvapprj^a? Kal Trpos roZs hi]ix6rais Irlpovs Xrjord^ KadOTtXiaas, rovroLS re XP^H-^^^^ Sopu(f)6poL?, ola Srj ^aGiXeug endveiGLV els '[epoGoXufia Kal yevopi^evos r]ye}ji<jjv rfjg ordGecos hieraGGev rrjv TToXiopKiav. 435 dnopia 8' r]v opyduojw, Kal (f>avep<ji)s VTTopvrreiv ro reL)(o? ov^ olou re rjv dvtodev ^aXXofievovs' vnovopiov br] n6ppa>dev €(/>' eva rojv nvpyajv vrropv^avres dveKprnxviGav avr6v,e-eLra rrjV dvexovGav 432 Teiyj.aiv
^
OS
rjif
emTrroi'.
aocpiarrjs
VRC
:
Destinon suggests is a gloss.
that the whole clause (to Uto^)
492
oocpicrTrjs <^i'>
or
JEWISH WAR, (7)
On
430-435
II.
the next day, being the fifteenth of the They
month Lous,^ they attacked Antonia, and,
after af,jrt"Antt siege of two days, captured the garrison, put them to and besif the sword and set fire to the fortress. They then ana loyai repaired to the palace, in which the king's followers h^i^Js' had taken refuge, and forming themselves into four palace. sections made repeated assaults on the walls. None of the blockaded party ventured on a sally because
of the large number of their assailants but, posted along the breastworks and towers, they showered missiles upon all who approached, and numbers of the brigands fell beneath the walls. The combat continued incessantly day and night, the insurgents ;
hoping to exhaust the besieged through failure of wear down the besiegers
supplies, the defenders to by fatigue. (8)
At
Menahem,
period a certain
this
son of Menahen
—
Judas surnamed the Galilaean that redoubtable doctor who in old days, under Quirinius, had up-
1-111 braided the
T
'•
.
•
1
-r>
recogmzmg the Komans masters when they already had God ^ took Jews
ror
—
coimnaiK ^'^^
^'''^*^'
-i
and
dire(
as
the siege
his
intimate friends off with him to Masada,*^ where he broke into king Herod's armoury and provided arms both for his fellow-townsmen and for other brigands then, with these men for his bodyguard, he returned like a veritable king to Jerusalem, became the leader of the revolution, and directed the siege of the palace. The besiegers, however, lacked engines, and, exposed as they were to missiles from the wall, found it impossible to undermine it under the enemy's eyes ; they accordingly started digging a mine at a distance, continued it as far as one of the towers, which they Roughly the equivalent in the Macedonian calendar of the Hebrew Ab and of our August. " See§ 118. « § 408. ;
<*
493
,,.
JOSEPHUS orr^piyfidrajv 6 T€t;^o?
8'
e
TTjv
f-ikv
erepov
yap
77vpyo<;
evSoBev
It: LfiovX-qv"^
l^aicjyviqs
KaTaoeUrai,
duTajKoSofirjuduov*
Si-
avroiv TrpoaLaBofjievoL,
v~ujpvTTeTO c/J9 devrepov iavrols epuixa KareoKevaaav. np6<; o tCjv dboKr]r(jj<; IhovTOjv kol Kparelv rjbr] 7T€7TeL(jpi€vojv KaTd7TXrj^L<; rju. oi 8e evhoBev rrpog re tou Maydrifjiov kqi touc i^dp^ovra'; ri^s o~da€Oj^ e-^purov n^LOVvr€<; i^eXBelv VTTOUTTOvhoL. kol hoBkv iiovois Ta;(a kol tov rrvpyov KLv-qBevro^:
437
rot? ^aoLXiKol^; kol tol<;
i7TL-)((jjpLOL<;
ol fiev e^rjeoav.
438 dBufiia Se rovs 'Pajfiaiovs Kara\ei<j)BevTa<; fi6vou<;
i'S9
4 10
VTTeXa^eu- ovre yap jStaaacr^ai rooovrov ttXtjBos eSvvavTo Kat to Sefta? atreti' oi^etSo? VTTeXdjJL^auov, 77po? TO) firihe TTLGrevetu. el biholro. KaraXl7t6vt€<; br) ro arparoTredou cjg evdXojrov irtl TOi)? ^aaiXiKOvs dvl<^vyov m'pyovg, tov t€ 'Itt7TLKOU KaXovfievov Kal ^aadr^Xou Kal WapidfJifir^v ol §e TTepl TOV yiavdrjfjiov €lg7T€g6vt€S oBev ol OTpaTiojTaL htechvyov oaovg re avToJv KareXdfx^avov fiT] (hddaavTas iKhpafielv SLeB€Lpav, Kal ra? aTTOGKevd? hiapTrdoavTeg ivenprjaav to OTpaToirehov raura ^kv ovv eKTrj TopTnaLOV .
li-qvo'^
4^1
(9)
irrpdxBrj.
Kara
5e
Tr]v
eiriovoav
o
re
dpxupevs
tov ttjs ^aoLXiK-rj^ avXrj<; evpnrov biaXavBdvcov dXioKeTai Kal Trpog tojv XrjGTCjv dvatpeLTai ovv 'E^ext'o. to) dbeX(f)oj, Kal tov<; TTvpyov? TT^piaxovTes^ ol OTaaiaoTal 7Tape(f)vXaTTOV Avavia';
^
'
494
Trepl
duoiKodofxTjixfuop
Naber
after Lat.
PA.
*
"circumsidentes
fTTj/SoXTjf '":
Niese.
^Tri
JEWISH WAR,
II.
436-441
shored up, and then, after setting light to the supports retired. When the props were consumed, the tower suddenly collapsed, but only to reveal another wall constructed in its rear for the besieged, foreseeing their stratagem, perhaps warned by the tower shaking during the mining operations, had provided themselves with a second rampart. This unexpected sight dismayed the assailants who believed that victory was already theirs. However, the garrison now sent to Menahem and the leaders of the insurrection a request for permission to quit the fortress under treaty. This was granted, but only to the king's troops and natives of the country, who came out ;
Evacuat ^^\''l
The Romans, left alone, were now despondent they despaired of forcing their way through such a multitude and were ashamed to sue for terms besides, even were they granted, they could put no faith in them. They, accordingly, abandoned their camp, as untenable, and retired to the royal towers, known as Hippicus, Phasael and accordingly.
;
;
Mariamme/' Menahem's followers, rushing into the quarters just deserted by the soldiers, killed all the stragglers whom they could lay hands on. rifled the baggage and set fire to the camp. These events took place on the sixth of the month Gorpiaeus.'' (9) On the following day the high-priest Ananias Murders was caught near the canal in the palace grounds, '^^^"^'^^^^ where he was hiding, and. with his brother Ezechias, was killed by the brigands while the rebels invested and kept strict watch on the towers, to prevent any '^
;
"
These towers, built by Herod the Great and described ff.. were on the old city wail (173) on the north
in B. V. 161
side of the palace enclosure ( 1 76). * =Hebrew Elul (August-September). * For the canals in the palace gardens see B. v. 181.
495
JOSEPHUS 442^17
Kat o
GTpn.riojTf7)u
TOfi^
'''I?
j^ary/xou
t€
t)
vopLil^cov
443 TrpdypLaGLU dvrLTraXou d(f)6pr)To<;
avLor avrai
8e
ol
Xoyou dXXrjXoi^ drroordvTas St* ravTYju OLK€Lw
tju
Ma-
tou o€
.'
KcnafjTpofj)-})
\vavLov Odvaro<;
Kal fiiqheva
copLor-qra,
€19
^
ap)(i€peoj^
Toi;
8ta(/)j;yot
d;^jjpo>t'
rtot'
^o>pta>p eTV(j)fjL>o€V
€)(eLU
€7TL
Tvpavuo
rot? €7t
.
•
rou ^KXedlapoi^ avrco, Kal Ptt)/u,oit^i' houreq ov XP'^ d)^ rrepl
'
.
iXevdepias hripLLo/ KOI
rroOov
KaranpoinBai
beoTTor-qv
(fidpeiu,
ei
Kat piiqhkv TTpdrroL f^Laiou, aAA' ovu iavrcbv ra7T€iv6r€pov el yap Kal Scot ni'd tcou oXa)v d(f)7]y€LodaL,
ovvriOevraL 444
TTauTL
/xdAAop'
npoaiqKeLV,
ckciVoj
t)
Kara ro Upou inex^ipovv avTOj-
Kal
oo^apos yap duafSe^rjKei TrpocrKwrjaow
eodrJTL
re
ev^r^AojTOi? Kal Tou? ^aoiXiKfi K€KOGiJLr)pLeuo? 445 077A0U? ec^eXKop-evos ojs S' ol nepl rou 'EAea^apoi^ .
€77'
avrou
opydsY OLopievoL
ojppL-qaav,
o t€
Xoirrog
hrjpLO<;
ra?
[eVt
Xldovs dpTrdGavr€<; rou Go<j)iGTr]v 'i^aXXov,
Kar aXvB evr o<;
TOVTOV
hiaTpdipeiu
6Xt]U
GrdGLU, npos oXiyov'*' ol Trepl tov Wavdr\p.ov duriGxdvT€? ojs elhov irdv eV aurou? to TTXrjdo? oppLrjGav, ^
446 Tr]u
ra)v
T)v
KaraXrj(f)66UTa>i^,
447 Kpv7TTOpL€Pa>u.
epevva
hk
rwv
qtto-
Kal bL€Gco6r)Gav oXiyoL Xddpa 8ia-
hpdvT€s et? Waadhav, gvv olg 'EAea^apo? uto? Maetpou, TTpoGrjKcou tw MavarjpLOj Kara yevoSy 448 o? VGrepov ervpdvvqaev ri]<; MaoaSa?. avrou t€ TOV }^\audr]pLOv €tV rov KaXovpiCvov ^0
Naber: ota0i.'7T, 3 om. L Lat.
mss.
"
496
Greek "
zealots."
Destinon
^
*
'
^
:
d tj /jlu)
C: +5f the
uss.
rest.
1 ext and meaning doubtful.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
442-448
from escaping. But the reduction of the and the murder of the high-priest Ananias inflated and brutalized Menahem to such an extent that he believed himself without a rival in the conduct of affairs and became an insufferable tyrant. The partisans of Eleazar now rose against him they remarked to each other that, after revolting from the Romans for love of liberty, they ought not to sacrifice this liberty to a Jewish hangman and to put up with a master who, even were he to abstain from violence, was anyhow far below themselves and that if they must have a leader, anyone would be better than Menahem. So they laid their plans to attack him in the Temple, whither he had gone up in state to pay his devotions, arrayed in royal robes and attended by his suite of armed fanatics.'^ When Eleazar and his companions rushed upon him, and the rest of the people to gratify their rage ^ took up stones and began pelting the arrogant doctor, imagining that his downfall would crush the whole revolt, Menahem and his followers offered a momentary then, seeing themselves assailed by the resistance whole multitude, they fled whithersoever they could all who w^ere caught were massacred, and a hunt was made for any in hiding. A few succeeded in escaping by stealth to Masada, among others Eleazar, son of Jairus and a relative of Menahem, and subsequently despot of Masada/ Menahem himself, who had taken refuge in the place called Ophlas and there ignominiously concealed himself, was " B. vii. 275 ff. The siege of Masada ended the war in soldier
strongholds
;
;
;
;
'^
Palestine. "^
The 'Ophel
(
city, " either the
or
some
part of
it
=" protuberance "), a region in the lower whole of the east hill south of the Temple " (G. A. Smith. Jerusalem, i. 154). 497
.
JOSEPHUS aavre^
to
ei?
e^eiXKvaav
(f)au€p6v
alKLadfX€voL ^aadvoL? dvciXou,
avTov
V7T
440
'0
(10)
8*
ol
CTTevBovrei,
dXX
450 di'r]prjKeGau.
§6
Tcov
TOV
T-fjs
SrjfjL0<;,
tlvcl
cL?
oracreco?
oXr]^
KaTaXvaai
ov
TavTa
ci?
€(f)rjv,
Trjg
tov
TToXefJbov
dSeecrrepov TToXep-elv, Mavar^/xoy
OTpaTrapaKaXovvTog,
ol
TToXiopKiav
ttjv
TTpooeKeiVTO
'Pojfiaiojv
TTcpl
eTnarjfioTaTov
dfieXei ttoXXo. tov SrjpLou Tot?
dv€LvaL
avT€\ovTe<;
t€
TroAAai?
8e Kal toi)?
AifjdXojiJLOU
iXTrilajv
hLopdojGiv
OL
^
ovv
jJiev
CTVvrjpyriGev
TioSrat?
top
Tj-yefiovag
Tvpai'VLBo<; V7Trjp€T-qu
kol
o/Ltotco?
Trepl
;)(aAe77ajT€pov,
tov
Mert'Atoi^,
€7Tapxo<^,
^KXediapov
P-^XP^ ovto<;
hLaTrefJLTTOVTai
l^aiTOVixevoi
pnqKlri
yap
tjv
Trpo? TOU
fiovag
tol?
Kal ttjv Xoltttjv 451 KTrJGLv 7TapaSajG€LV XeyovTc?. ol 8e Kal T-qv LK€GLav dpTrdGavT€<; dverTefJiipav Trpo? aurous" Fojpiovd Te ^LKOjjLTjSov^' VLOv Kal ^Avaviav SaSouVt Kal ^lovhav ^lowddov Se^tav^ re Kal opKous hojGOVTas. (hv yevopLevofV KaTTjyev tov^ GTpa-LcoTag 6 ipvxd?
VTTOGTTovBovg, TOL
452 Me-rt'Aio?.
ol he
fJ-^xpi
S'
ovrXa
fJ-€v
-qaav
iv
rot? nrrXoi?,
GraGiaGTow avToZ^ out* ivecjiatvev eTTL^ovXrjV co? 8e Kara tol? GVv6T]Ka
irrex^lp^i'
453 llTjhkv
avTOV?
CTL
'^t?
'ToJv
V7T07TT€VOVTe? dv^X^jpOVV , OjpiirjGaV
tov
€77*
'EAeaCapov" Krai, TreptaxovTe? dvfjpouv ovTe dfivvofievovg ovTe iKeTevovTas fiovas he Tct? ovvdrjKas Kal tovs 6pKov<; dva^owvTa?. 454 ol fj.ev oi'v ovtoj? cu/xoj? d—ea
Trepl
,
1
498
Nicodemi Lat.
*
5^^^^;
LVRC.
JEWISH WAR.
II.
448-454
caught, dragged into the open, and after being subHis jected to all kinds of torture, put to death. Heutenants, along with Absalom, his most eminent supporter in his tyranny, met with a similar fate. (10) The people, as I said," co-operated in this Capitniaplot in the hope of its producing some radical massacre cure for the revolt; but the conspirators, in l^i^l" j/^Jj^n ing Menahem, had no desire to end the war, but garrison. only to prosecute it at greater liberty. In fact, though the civilians urgently entreated the soldiers to abandon the siege, they, on the contrary, only pressed it more vigorously until Metilius, the commander of the Roman garrison, unable to prolong his resistance, sent envoys to Eleazar, asking, under terms of capitulation, for no more than their lives, and offering to surrender their arms and all their belongings. The besiegers, grasping at this petition, sent up to them Gorion son of Nicomedes, Ananias son of Sadok, and Judas son of Jonathan, to give a pledge of security and to take the necessary oaths. That done, Metilius marched his men down. So long as the soldiers retained their arms, none of the rebels molested them or gave any indication of treachery but when, in accordance with the covenant, they had all laid down their bucklers and swords and, with no suspicion remaining, were taking their departure, Eleazar's party fell upon them, surrounded and massacred them the Romans neither resisting nor suing for mercy, but merely appealing with loud cries to " the covenant " and " the oaths." Thus, brutally butchered, perished all save Metilius ; he alone saved his life by entreaties and promises To the to turn Jew, and even to be circumcised. ;
;
;
,
" §
445.
499
.
JOSEPHUS 'Pcu/xatots" ^te^^ 'qv Kov(f)OV, €k yap aTrXerov SvvdfjLecos OLTravaXcuOrjaav oXlyoi, 'louSatot?^ 455 §e TTpooijiLOV dXajoeco? edo^eu. /cat /cartSoi'Te?
TO 8e TTados
di'r]K€GT0V5 T-qv
he OX)
Kol
fjLTj
hrjixoGia,
TL
jjl€V
TToXejiov,
7T€
TTpoahoKav eiKog
'Pcoixaioji'
TrX-qp-qs
rod
/xtacr/Ltart
fi'qi'LjjLa
€K
TTjV
Koi
alrlas
r-qXiKOvrco
haipLOVLOV
€.B
el
rds
rjdrj
fJLeu
TToXiv
dfivvav,
KarT](heias
"qv
rji^,
irrevdovv rj
ttoXl?,
eKaoTOS 8e rcjv pLerpicov cos avro? VTrep rcou 456 GTaoLaGTOJu StVa? Scoocov rerdpaKTO. /cat yap dr] aa^^dro) ovve^-q TTpa-xOrjvaL tov ^ovov, eV a) hid Trjv dprjGKelai^ iKe\€ipiav (xviii. 1)
457
Tr]?
toju oglcou
/cat
S'
aurrjg
epyojv ey^ovoLV
-qjiepas
/cat
cupa?,
€K haip-oviov TTpovoias, dvfipovv Kataapet? Tovs Trap" iainol? ^lovhatov?, ojg vrro iJilav wpau dT70G
loioaluju '
PAL
Hudson:
Lat.
Zfdo.'i'tVii'
L:
rf3(f)a;n'Tti'
the rest.
The day of the month was perhaps 1 7th Elul (Gorpiaeus), we may identify the massacre as the event referred to in the old Jewish calendar MepiUalh Taanith: "On the 17th of Elul the Romans evacuatid Judah and Jerusalem " (vi. (b) <•
if
in Zeitlin's edition, Philadelphia, 192-2);
500
Zeitlin's identifica-
JEWISH WAR,
II.
454-458
—
Romans this injury the loss of a handful of men out of a boundless army was slight but to the Jews it looked like the prelude to their ruin. Seeing the grounds for war to be now beyond remedy, and the city polluted by such a stain of guilt as could not but arouse a dread of some visitation from heaven, if not of the vengeance of Rome, they gave themselves up to public mourning the whole city was a scene of dejection, and among the moderates there was not one who was not racked with the thought that he would personally have to suffer for the rebels' crime. For, to add to its heinousness, the massacre took place on the sabbath," a day on which from religious scruples Jews abstain even from the most innocent
—
;
;
acts.
(xviii. 1) The same day and at the same hour, as Massacn were by the hand of Providence, the inhabitants of Caesarea massacred the Jews who resided in their the Syri city within one hour more than twenty thousand were slaughtered, and Caesarea was completely emptied of Jews, for the fugitives were arrested by orders of Florus and conducted, in chains, to the dockyards. The news of the disaster at Caesarea Jewish infuriated the whole nation and parties of Jews ""^p^^*^^ sacked the Syrian villages and the neighbouring cities,^ Philadelphia, Heshbon and its district, Gerasa, it
^'^^^gl^'j.g^
;
;
tion of that event as the capitulation mentioned in § 437 is open to the double objection that no terms were then made with the Itomans and that Josephus dates that incident on the 6th of the month. The Romans held out, it seems, for
eleven days more. * The enumeration following begins in the south of Decapolis, proceeds northwards, rounds Galilee, and then generally follows the coast line from north to south. Separate parties probably started from Peraea, Galilee, and Judaea.
501
J0SEPHU5 459 ^kvOottoXlu.
CTretra
TavXai'LTLbi
Tahdpoig
7TpoGTr€o6wres
"Ittttco
/cat
tol^
/xew
kol
rfj
KaraoTpeijjd-
ra' 8' imoTrprjoauTe'; exo^povv enl KaSaaa /cat Tvplcuu /cat ra^ai^' re JlToAf/xaiSa He^aorrj rats 4Gu Kataapetai'. avTcox^i' S' olStc opfxalg avTcuv ovre WokolXcou, aAA' irrl Tavrats TTvprroXrideLoaig ^AvOrjboi'a /cat Tdiav KareoKajrfievoL, T-qv
TToXXal 8e Trepl^ eKaorrjv tovtcuv tojv TToXdOjv
rou.
dvrjpTTdtovTO Tjv
(l)6i'og
4G1
Oi)
(;2)
K(x>p.aL,
kol tlov dXtaKOfieucov dvhpow
aTTeipos.
ol
fJLy]v
rat?
TToXeoLV XapL^avofjievovg aTriuc^arTov ov ptovov
Kara
/xiaob, CO? TTpo-repoVy dAA' rjh-q /cat
462 /ciVSuvov
Bdvov7€S'
€7T€lx€v rapaxri,
4G"J
eXarrov
HvpoL roju ^lovbalcuv dXXd /cat aurot rov?
ev
di^Tjpovv,
7TX-qdo<;
/cat
heivi)
8e
to^
€(^'
tt]^
oAryi^
Traaa TroAt?
et?
8uo
eairrot?
Y,vpiav hifipr^ro
arparoTTeha, ocjTrjpta de tols e-ripois rji> to toi)? erepov^ (f)6doaL. Kal rag fiev -qptepa? ev at/xart
rag he vvKrag heet ;YaAe77C(jT6pa? /cat yap drteoKevdodai rovg ^lovdaiovg SoKOVure? e/caarot rovg lovSatL,oura<; el^ov ev VTroipia, /cat ro Trap'' eKdoroLs dp.(j)i^oXov ovre dveXelv rt? 7Tpo\eipa)S VTrefievev, Kal p.ep.Lyp.evov cog ^e^aiojg dXXoc^vXov 464 ev elg rovg olKovg p.ere(f)€pou, euho^og re rjv 6 ocfjerepovg hiriyov
^
•
,
Many ^
502
mss. read rd?.
A
:
om. P (reading
2
^d/SaXa^
(KdcTr, for
PAM.
-t?^).
JEWISH WAR,
11.
459-464
Next they fell upon Gadara, Pella, and Scythopolis. Hippos, and Gaulanitis, destroying or setting fire to all in their path, and advanced to Kedasa," a Tyrian Neither village, Ptolemais, Gaba,^ and Caesarea. these Sebaste nor Ascalon withstood their fury they burnt to the ground and then razed Anthedon and Gaza. In the vicinity of each of these cities **
'^
;
many villages were pillaged and immense numbers of the inhabitants captured and slaughtered. (2) The Syrians on their side killed no less a number of Jews they, too, slaughtered those whom they caught in the towns, not merely now, as before, ;
to forestall the peril which menaced themselves. The whole of Syria was a scene of every city was divided into two frightful disorder camps, and the safety of one party lay in their anticipating the other They passed their days in blood, their nights, yet more dreadful, in terror. For, though believing that they had rid themselves of the Jews, still each city had its Judaizers, who aroused suspicion and while they shrunk from kiUing offhand this equivocal element in their midst, they feared these neutrals as much as pronounced aliens. Even those who had long been reputed the very mildest of men were instigated by avarice to murder their adversaries for they would then with impunity plunder the property of their victims and
from hatred, but
;
;
;
transfer to their own homes, as from a battle-field, the spoils of the slain, and he who gained the most <»
at
Kedesh-Naphtali, north-west of Lake Merom, " always
war with Galilee " (iv. 105). A pro-Ptoman town in Galilee,
**
tor his veteran cavalry {B. "
Samaria.
*
Or
iii.
built by Herod the 15). 36, Vita
Great
I
rather the surrounding villages (Reinach).
503
Syria a ^na"fa"r^
JOSEPHUS Kephavas
465 TrAetCTTa
KaTio^vaas
cLs
rtXeiovojv.
rjv
he ISelv rag 77oAet? /Ltcard? drd(f)cxju G<x>ixdrojv Kal
V€Kpov?
yepovra? lppLp.yi€vovs
a/Lta v-qTriois
,
yvvaid
re f-LTjBe rrj^ eV* alSoV OKeTrrjS fji€r€LXri(f)6ra, Kal TTaoav ttjv dSLrjyqrojv e7Tap-)(iav fjiev fjieorrjv fxelCova he
oviJL(f}op(jiji^,
twv eKdarore
roXfJLoJiJiivcov
dvdTaoiv.' 466 (3) y\e\pi fi€P hi) rovrcov 'louSaiot? Trpog to dXX6(f)vXoi' rjoav Trpoo^oXai, KaraTpexovreg he elg HkvOottoXlu tov? Trap'' eVeiVot? 'louSatous" erteiparrjv Ittl toI<^ aTrctAou/xeVot?
oav
Ta^dfxevoi yap fierd tcov ^kvOoeaurwu docjiaXeias ev hevrepco
TToXefJLLOvg'
Kal
ttoXltojv dep-evoL
Ti-jv
tt}?
ovyyeveiav,
6p,6ae
rols
6p,o(j)vXois
VTTOJTTTevOq 8* airrCjv Kal to Xiav TrpodvpLOV ol yovv ^KvdoTToXlraL heioavres fir^ vuKTOjp e77i\eip'qa(x>oi rfj TToXet Kal pierd pieydXrj? avrajv
467 ex<-opovi'.
GvpL(f)opd?
OLKeioL?
Tols
dTToXoyi^oajvrai
Trepl
rrjs
eKeXevov avrov'^, el ^ovXovraL rrjv opLouotav j8ej8ata»CTat Kal ro Trpo? rovg dXXoeduelg TTLGTOV imhel^aGdaL, pLeTa^aivetv dp.a Tat? yeveals rwv he TTOL-qadvTojv to 7TpoGTa\6ev €19 TO aAoo?. Xojpl? VTroi/jLa?, hvo p,eu rjp.epag -qpepLrjoav ol ^KvdoTToXlraL r-qv ttlgtiu avrdju heXedi^ovreg, rfj dTTOGTdoeojg ,
iC8
he TptTT]
i'vktI
7Taparr]p-qoavTes
rov<;
p,eu
d(f)vXd-
KTovg, ou? he Koip.a>pLeuovs, aTTavras drTeaSa^av oiras rou dpi6p.6u vrrep pivpiovs Kal rpcGXi-Xiovg, Tcib
iC9
06
(i)
KTi^aetg hirjpTraGau drrdurajv. "A^Loi'
8'
d(f)r]yi^GaGdaL ^
^
"
504
EiJS.
:
Kal
to
Hip-ojuos
L at'jw the rest. dfaoTaSLf (luiTda'ra'jii') MSS. :
The Bibhcal Bethshan, modern Beisan,
the one town of
i^
^
ot
JEWISH WAR,
II.
465-469
covered himself with glory as the most successful murderer. One saw cities choked with unburied
dead bodies of old men and infants exposed by side, poor women stripped of the last covering of modesty, the whole province full of indescribable horrors and even worse than the tale of atrocities committed was the suspense caused by the menace corpses, side
;
of evils in store. (3) Thus far the Jews had been faced with aliens only, but when they invaded Scythopolis " they found their own nation in arms against them for the Jews in this district ranged themselves on the side of the Scythopolitans, and, regarding their own security as more important than the ties of blood, met their own countrymen in battle. However, this excess of ardour brought them under suspicion the people of Scythopolis feared that the Jews might attack the city by night and inflict upon them some grave disaster, in order to make amends to their brethren They, therefore, ordered them for their defection. if they wished to confirm their allegiance and demonjtrate their fidelity to their foreign allies, to betake themselves and their families to the adjoining grove. The Jews obeyed these orders, suspecting nothing. For two days the Scythopolitans made no move, in 3rder to lull them into security, but on the third tiight, watching their opportunity when some were Dff their guard, and others asleep, they slaughtered them all to the number of upward of thirteenthousand and pillaged all their possessions.^ (4) Mention may here be made of the tragic fate ;
:
he ten cities of Decapolis which lay west of the Jordan, between it and Mt. Gilboa. ' This incident is referred to again in the Life^ § 26.
505
Perfidy of
poiiuns*^t iheir Jewi ""'^''*
J05EPHUS Tjv ZgoJAou tiros' tojv ovk ocj^aros kol toAut/ Sia(j)€pcxjv Itti KaKO) Tojv OfjLo^vXcov aiJ.<j)orlpoLS KaTexprjGaTO' 470 TrpoLow yovv oarjfjiepaL rroXXovg pukv dvrjpeL tojv Trpos rfi YKvdoTToXec *]ovhaiow, rp€-6fievos he TToXXcLKL? aVTOUg O-TTaVTaS p.6vOS r)U pOTTYJ TTjS 71 Trapard^eoj?. TrepUp^eTaL 8* avrov d^la ttolvt] rod GvyyevLKOv (f)6wov' enei yap TreptaxovTes ol ^KvOoTToXlraL KarrjKomil^ov avrov? dvd to dXaos, GTraudfievos to ^i4>os eV ovheva p,ev wppnqoev tcjv TToXepiicov , Kal yap lojpa to TrX-qOo? dvrjvvTOV, 472 di-a^orjGas Se jxdXa CKTraOcos " d^td ye (Lu ehpaoa
vd6o<;,
OS
vlos
pctj/xry
GLG-qfJiajv,
fiev
be
'1
Kad^ vpiibv^,^ 61^ toctoutoj Gvyyevcjv ttjv Tzpog airrovs^ evvoiav IrnGTOJodfieda} Toiyapovv ols dmGTov fiev evXoycos evprjrai TO d?^6(i)vXou, -qGe^-qrai 3e et? ggxolto. to olk€lov, dvrjGKUjpLev evayels ;)(cpatr IhiaL?' ov yap (hs 473 TrpeTTOV iv" rats' tcov rroXefJiiajv. to avro S' dv e'lrj Kal rroLvr] tov jjudGfJuarog d^'ia Kal rrpog fjLOL Trdoxoi, Y^KvOoTToXlraL
(f)6voj
di'bpeiav erraivos, Iva
i-i-qSel?
tow i^dpow
ttjv Ip^r^v "
GcjiayrfV
avx'TjGrj
474 rauT*
elrrdjv
paOLV
77
P'TjK
er^aXaL^ovevoiqTai
77eCTOVTt.
iXeovGtv dp-a Kal Ted viiojp.lv ols o/x-
€pLGK€7TTeTaL
TTjV
laVTOV
yCVcdv
TjU
8'
avToj Kal yvuT) Kal TeKva Kal y-qpatol yovelg. 475 o 8e 7Tpd)T0V l/xet'j® tou Trarepa Trjs TToXids €7tlGTraodpievos hteXavvei toj ^L(f}€L, ped'' dv ovk aKOvoav ttjv pLTjTepa, Kdnl tovtols ttjv re yvvalKa Kal rd T€Kva, povov ovx vrraTravTowTos CKdoTov TOJ
^iS^L Kal G7T€v6oWTOS 6dGaL TOVS TToXepious-
'
om. Lat.
'
uos Lat.: uobis Heg. -
506
T]v
Heir.: -ap' iulJu
Bekker.
Hudson.
PAL:
*
'
P
*
b-^t
MLV'RC.
i-rric-rwcan-nv
Lat.
:
om. the
the rest.
rest.
JEWISH WAR,
ir.
469-475
of Simon, whose father, Saul, was a man of some Endowed with exceptional physical distinction. strength and audacity, he abused both gifts to the detriment of his countrymen. Day by day he had marched out and slain large numbers of the Jews who were attacking Scythopolis often had he put their whole force to flight, his single arm turning the scale But now this slaughter of his kin in the engagement. metwithits due penalty. Forwhen theScythopolitans had surrounded the grove and were shooting down its occupants with their javelins, he drew his sword, and then, instead of rushing upon one of the enemy, whose numbers he saw were endless, he exclaimed in " Justly am I punished for a tone of deep emotion my crimes, men of Scythopolis, I and all who by such a slaughter of our kinsmen have sealed our loyalty Ah well, let us who have but naturally to you. experienced the perfidy of foreigners, us who have been guilty of the last degree of impiety towards our own people, let us, 1 say, die, as cursed wretches, by for we are not meet to die at the our own hands hands of the enemy. This, God grant, shall be at once the fit retribution for my foul crime and the testimony to my courage, that none of my foes shall be able to boast of having slain me or glory over my With these words he cast a glance prostrate body." he had of mingled pity and rage over his family First seizing his wife, children, and aged parents. father by his hoary hair, he ran his sword through ;
:
!
;
:
body after him he killed his mother, who offered no resistance, and then his wife and children, each victim almost rushing upon the blade, in haste to anticipate the enemy. After slaying every member
his
•
;
507
Heroic
8haon*ti "^^^^jj*^,
,
JOSEPHUS 476 o
hieWow Traoav
8e
yeveau
Kal
vepLOTrro?
oXov etV rrjv iavrov a(f)ayr]v d^tog jiev iXeovg [o]^ veaviag olXk-tju ocojJiaTOS Kal 4'^Xl'^ TTapdorrjfjLa, rrjg vpog dXXoSvXovs TTLGreoJS ereKCV aKoXo-udois
cog
XaOelv,
ixriheva
i^aTTTLoev to 8t'
he
770.6 eoi
477
ttju
(5)
^(.(pos,
;)(p7]aa/xei^o?.
Se
ripob
Trjv
^KvdoTToXeL (f)dopdv at Kad^ iavrrjv 'louTrevraKooiovs fikv IttI hiaiv
Xotrral TJoXeig irravLGTavro Tolg
hatOLS
Kal
eKaorrj,
XlX'lols
^
AoKaXanlraiy edrjodv
478 dvelXov,
ovxvoijg
fji€u
t'
W-roXei^iaelg
ovk
8e
8te;(etptaai/TO,
8ta;(tAtou?
Kal
oXr/ovg. TrXelovg'
8'
Tvpioi avrojv
iSpovpovp, 'Itttttivol re Kal ra8ap€ts' Tovg fxev dpaovripovs drTeGKevdaavTo
8e(7/xcL>Ta?
ojioiojs
TOV5 he (po^epovs hid eLoavTO tojv pieToiKovvTOJV Kal ovTe dveXelv Tivag ^\ovhaiojv VTrefxeivav
0(f>eTepov
ovre
hrjoai,
TrX-fjOog
rdxo-
p-^v
Kal
hid
to
avTwv rrpog rd hoKelv^ olktw rrpog
VTrepopowreg
to rrXeop 8' ep-oiye ovdev eajpow veojTepii^ovTas Vepao-qvoi, t€ ovre elg rovg epipeivavrag e.TrXripp.eX'qoav Kal rovg e^eXBelv eOeXrjGaurag irpoeTrepipav p-expi- tojv dpujv. HvveGrrj he Kal Kard rrjv WypLTTTra /Sacrt{(^) 481 Aei'ai' eTTL^ovXr) Kard ^lovhalajv. avrog ydp erreTTOpevro Trpog KeoTLOV VdXXou elg Witlox^'-Olv, KaraKarjiJLara,
480 ovs
.
'
*
om. L.ai.
the rest.
50«
L. (plures)
:
rXetaroi^s •
PAML
to 7r\('oi^ ot to vXilaTov Niese-. 5oku ass. .-
JEWISH WAR,
ir.
476-481
of his family, be stood conspicuous on the corpses, and with right hand uphfted to attract all eyes, plunged the sword up to the hilt into his own throat. So perished a youth who, in virtue of his strength of body and fortitude of soul, deserves commiseration, but who by reason of his trust in aliens met the
consequent
fate.
As a sequel
to the holocaust at Scythopolis, General the other cities rose against the Jews in their ^'f^°s^ respective territories. The inhabitants of Ascalon Jews slew 2500, those of Ptolemais 2000, besides putting sy^a.^^' multitudes in irons. The Tyrians dispatched a considerable number, but imprisoned the majority in similarly the people of Hippos and Gadara chains made away with the more daring of their enemies and kept the timid folk in custody and so with the remaining cities of Syria, the action of each being governed by their feelings of hatred or fear of their Jewish neighbours. Only Antioch, Sidon and Apamea*^ spared the residents and refused either to perhaps, with their kill or to imprison a single Jew own vast populations, these cities disdained the possibility of Jewish risings, but what mainly influenced them, in my opinion, was their pity for men who showed no revolutionary intentions. The people of Gerasa ^ not only abstained from maltreating the Jews who remained with them, but escorted to the frontiers any who chose to emigrate. (6) Even within Agrippa's dominion a plot was formed against certain Jews. The king himself had gone to visit Cestius Gallus at Antioch, leaving in (5)
j.
;
;
;
'
° On the Orontes. south of Antioch. In the south-east of Decapolis, north of the river Jabbok.
509
,
JOSEPHUS 8c hiOLKeXv ret Trpay/xara rovrov rwv eralpajv rt? rovvofxa Noapo?, HoaLfJLCp tco jSaatAet
XeXcLTTTO
Kara yevos. tjkov 8' Ik rrjs Baravalas i^doixiiKovra rov apidjiov avhp€s, ol Kara yevog /cat avveoLV rcvv rroXircov hoKifiajraroiy orpariav alrovvres Iv* , et rt yevoiro Kiv-qjia /cat
482 TTpoGrjKOJV
,
7T€pl
483 rovg
o<j>d<^,
exo(-€v
inavLGrafjievovs
d^Loxp^ojv .
KOjXveLV
(fyvXaKTjv
rovrovs 6 Noapo?
€K7T6fi-
vvKrojp rojv ^aoiXiKaJv rtva? onXiraiV drravrag dvaLpel, roXfjL-qaas /xev rovpyov hi^a rrjg 'AyptTTTra 8ia 8e (^iXapyvpiav djjierpov els rovg yvcofiT]?, iXo/jLevo? dae^elv rrjv ^aGiXeiav 8t6iJLO(f)vXov^ €(f)deLp€V StereAet re co/xojs" ei? ro edvo? irapavop^ajv pLexpi Trvdojievos WyptTTTrag dveXelv jikv avrov fjSeodrj Std HoaLjiov, erravaev Se rrjg emrpoTTrjs. ol Se oraotaGral KaraXa^ofievol (fipovpuov, o KaXeirai /xey KwTrpos", Kad-ujrepdev 8' 7)y 'leptrd 8' ;\;owTos-, Tou? ^ey (jipovpovs direGcjia^av ijjas
4^8-i
n
,
485 epvfjiara T^jjilpas
Kareppufjav els y^]^- Kara Se rd? avrds /cat rcjv eV Ma;\;atpouvTt 'louSatojr to
e7T€idev rovs (^povpovvras 'Poj/xatou? e'/cto
486 AetVetv
" Called \'arus in the parallel account in V'da^ 48 fF. and possibly in B. ii. 247. King of Emesa {Horns, in N. Syria), mentioned in B. ii. 501 as furnishing a contingent to the Romans, and elsewhere. In Vita 52 Varus is called a descendant (? grandson) of another Soemus, who had been "a tetrarch in the ''
510
\j,
L^
JEWISH WAR,
II.
481-486
;harge of the government one of his friends named Massacre of sfoarus," a relativeof KingSoaemus.* At this juncture Agrrppa's here arrived from Batanaea a deputation of seventy viceroy. )ersons, pre-eminent among their fellow-citizens by )irth and ability, to ask for a body of troops in order, n the event of trouble arising in their district, to be n a position to repress the insurgents. Noarus sent •ut by night some of the king's heavy infantry and
massacred the whole deputation. TJjis outrageous untction he took without consulting Agrippa )ounded avarice led him thus deliberately and mpiously to murder his countrymen, to the great ^jury of the kingdom. He continued this brutal laltreatment of the nation until Agrippa, being iformed of his conduct, but withheld by respect for oaemus from putting him to death, deposed him from is regency.'' It was now that the insurgents took Capture of he fortress called Cypros,^ which dominated Jericho, cypros^and lassacred the garrison and levelled the defences. Machaerus .bout the same time the Jewish population ofre^ieis? lachaerus * succeeded in inducing the Roman arrison to evacuate that fortress and to hand it over them. The Romans, fearing that it would be ;
by assault, agreed to retire under treaty, and aving received the necessary pledges surrendered le fort, which the people of Machaerus thereupon )cupied and garrisoned.
irried
district," and is probably identical with the " king Ituraea " mentioned in Tac. ^4nn. xii. 38 (died a.d. 49). * The story of Varus's aspirations to supplant Agrippa, s further massacres of Jews, and his supersession is told in •tail in Vita 52-61. ^ Built by Herod the Great and named after his mother
ibanon
f.
'
i.
417).
Above
the east coast of the
Dead
Sea.
511
J05EPHUS 487
Kara
(?)
be rrjv
^
We^ax-hpeiav ae\
fjiev rjv crTCLcrt?
7rp6? TO 'louSatKrov tois" eTri^^ojptot? d^' fiei'os
77
poOvfiOTdrotg Kara
)(prjGd-
ol'
AlyvTTTLwv 'lou-
t<jjv
SaioLs WXe^ai'Spog yepas rrj'; (jvpLyLa\ia<; eScoKeu TO iJ.€roLK€LU KaTOL TTju ttoXlu €^ laopiOLpia^^ Ttpoi 4SS rovs "EAAryva?. hieixeivev 8' aurot^ r] Tifirj Koi TTapd rojv hiah6)(^u}V 61 koI tottov Ihiov avrol? dcjicopLoau, OTTOjg Kadapojrepav exotev r-qv hlairav, ,
rJTTOV
€.77
tcov
LpLLoyoiievajv
dXXoc})uX(jDV
fiariCeLv eTrerpeipav Ma/ceSoi^as"
KareKT-qaauTO rrjv ovre tujv 'AAe^di-3/3ou d—'
7Tpa)Tog
489 ovji^oXal
8'
T^CTat*
avrov tls
XP^l'
Kalaap
ovre
AlyvTrrov, /xer'
/cat
,
8e 'Pco/xaiot
eTret
6
rd^ iXarTcoGai.
VTrijjieivev
Ttjuo-b
^Xovbaiojv
auroji'
dStdAetTrrot
Trpo?
tov<;
Koi rcvi' -qyeixouwi' ttoAAol's OGrjjjiepa Trap* dfjLcboLU KoXaiovroju tj ordan ixdXXov Trap Tore 8' cu? /'^ vapd rols dAAot* 490 6u^W6TO. "EAAr^ras",
irerdpaKTO, /cat
ejieXXox'
rjs
Trpeo^eLa<;
eKTrepLTTeLu
GvveppvTjoai^ 491 ''EAA>]ati^'
rd rrap^ cVetVot? €^i](f)dr) WXe^avhpeujv iKKX-qoLalovrajv rrep
fjcaXXou
Tojv
h-q
p.ev
ovx^'ol
els
to
'louSatoji^,
OL hid4>opoi TTapaxp'rjiJ'Ci
^epcoua
iirl
d/Lta
dfjLcfyLdearpou
K-aTt8di^Te?
rot'
avrou'
be
due^oojv -noXepiiov
[/^ei^]''
KaraoKOTTOvs Xeyovres' err e era dvaTnqhr'ioavTe eTre^aXXoi' rag ;)(etpa9 aurot?. ot p.ev ovv Xoltto (j)evyovTes hieorrdpriaav,^ rpels 8e di'dpas ovX 492 Aa^di^Te? eavpou ojs (,<jJVTas Kara(j>Xe^ovres rjpO /cat
.
'
Destmon 2
ins. *
"
r
t'^
troiuoipas (sic)
Destinon. Naber with Lat.
PA '
:
:
(^ ifforiMtas
A
:
om. the
the rest. rest.
hiicpBdp-qaav mss.
Josephus elsewhere states that this quarter was ^ive The privilege ii. 35 with note).
them by Alexander {Ap. 512
JEWISH WAR,
II.
487-492
(7) At Alexandria there had been incessant strife between the native inhabitants and the Jewish
settlers since the time when Alexander, having received from the Jews very active support against the Egyptians, granted them, as a reward for their assistance, permission to reside in the city on terms of equality with the Greeks. This privilege was confirmed by his successors, who, moreover, assigned them a quarter of their own," in order that, through mixing less with aliens, they might be free to observe their rules more strictly and they were also permitted to take the title of Macedonians. Again, when the Romans took possession of Egypt, neither the first Caesar nor any of his successors would consent to any diminution of the honours conferred on the Jews since the time of Alexander. They were, however, continually coming into collision with the Greeks, and the numerous punishments daily inflicted on the rioters of both parties by the authorities only served to embitter the quarrel. But now that disorder had become universal, the riots at Alexandria broke out more furiously than ever. On one occasion, when the Alexandrians were holding a public meeting on the subject of an embassy which they proposed to send to Nero, a large number of Jews flocked into their the amphitheatre along with the Greeks adversaries, the instant they caught sight of them, raised shouts of " enemies " and " spies," and then rushed forward to lay hands on them. The majority of the Jews took flight and scattered, but three of them were caught by the Alexandrians and dragged Thereupon the whole Jewish off to be burnt alive. ;
;
bestowed on the Alexandrian Jews by the Ptolemies and the
Romans VOL
are stated II
more
fully in s
Ap.
ii.
42-64.
513
Riots at
oieeksl;? Jews.
JOSEPHUS 8e 77av TO ^lovhatKov
to fieu e^aXXou, au^t? Se vrpo? apTraadfJievoL ro d(JL(f)L6eaTpou XafJLTTahag (ZpfjiTjoav, dTTeiXovvres eV avrco KaTacf}X€^€LV tou kolu €<j>6rioav touto hpdaaprc?, Srjfiov avravSpov. €L rovs OvfJLOvs avTcov dveKoipev Tt/Septo? iJLTj 6 rrj^ Tro'Aetu? ov pL-qv -qyeixcov. 493 WXe^ai'Bpog ovros y€ drro tcjv ottXojv rjp^aro 0(xJ(j)poviL;€LVy dXX vrroTTepiliag rovs yvcopipLovs avrol? navoaoOai TTapeKdXec /cat /xt) /ca^' iaurcov epedit^iv to 'PojpLaiajv GTpdrevp,a. KaraxXevdCoureg 8e rrjg napaKX-qoeojs OL crTacrtc68et? e^Xao4>rip.ovv rov Tt/Septov. 494
(8)
IttI
rrjv ajjivvav, /cat
TOU£ "KXXr]va?
XidoL?
TTpojrou
Kd/ceti^os"
Gvvihojv ojs X^P'-'^ p.€ydXrjg
ovp,-
ovK dv TravoaivTO veajrepiiovre?, €7Ta(f)LT]GLV avTols rd Kara rrjv ttoXlv 'Pajpalcov hvo rdyfiara
<j>opds
/cat GVP avroL£ hiGXi^Xiovg^ crrpaTLcora? Kara rv^y]^ TTapovras etV rou ^lovSaiajv oXeOpov €K Xi^v-qs iTTeTpeijjev 8' ov pLovou dvaLpelu, dXXd /cat tcis KT-qo€L5 auToip' 8tap77a^€tP' Kat -rdg ot/cta? Kara-
495 (j^Xeyeiv.
8'
ol
Ae'Ara, ovvcoKioro
rag ivroXds, ov
oppriaavre? elg ro KaXov/ievoi yap CKel ro 'Iou8ai/cov', ireXovi
p.rjv
dvaipicari'
ovorpa(j)evres ydf
at 'Iou8atot /cat rovs dp.€Lvov ojTrAta/xeVous" iavroji 77
pora^dpL€voL p-^XP^ TrAetarou piev dvreaxov, aTrai
496 8*
ey/cAtVavTes""
dveSrjv
hiecfideLpouro.
/cat
Trai'
avrcjv oXedpog, rcju piev eV rep Trehiq KaraXapi^avopiivojv, rojv 8* elg rag ot/cta? ovvwdov pivojv. vt: €77 ipLTTpaoav he Kat TauTas" ot 'Poj/xato Totos"
rju
^
2
•^
And
see B.
514-
ii.
TTfj'raAftcrjftXtoi'S
Bekker:
5f
LVRC
Lat.
€KK\ivapres or 6f AfXtVairej mss.
prelect (viceroy) of the whole province of note and iv. 616.
-220
Egypt
JEWISH WAR,
II.
492-496
first they hurled stones colony rose to the rescue at the Greeks, and then snatching up torches rushed to the amphitheatre, threatening to consume the assembled citizens in the flames to the last man. And this they would actually have done, had not Tiberius Alexander, the governor of the city," curbed ;
their fury.
them
He
first,
however, attempted to recall
to reason without recourse to arms, quietly
sending the principal citizens to them and entreating them to desist and not to provoke the Roman army But the rioters only ridiculed this to take action. exhortation and used abusive language of Tiberius. (8) Understanding then that nothing but the infliction of a severe lesson would quell the rebel-^, he let loose upon them the two Roman legions stationed in the city,** together with two thousand soldiers, who by chance had just arrived from Libya permission was to complete the ruin of the Jews given them not merely to kill the rioters but to plunder their property and burn down their houses. The troops, thereupon, rushed to the quarter of the where the Jews were concity called " Delta," centrated, and executed their orders, but not without for the Jews closing bloodshed on their own side their ranks and putting the best armed among their number in the front offered a prolonged resistance, but when once they gave way, wholesale carnage ensued. Death in every form was theirs some were caught in the plain, others driven into their houses, to which the Romans set fire after stripping ;
'^
;
;
^
Cf.
The
§
387 note.
quarters of Alexandria were called after the of the alphabet, two being occupied by Jews (Philo, In Flaccum, § 55 Cohn ; quoted by Reinach). **
five
first five letters
515
The Romi fp^tjoo'se
"po" the jews!"
JOSEPHUS TTpoStapTra^ovTC? ra evSov,
avTOV?
ovre
alSoj?
ovr€
/cat
elarjeL
eXeog
vrjTrLcov
dXXa
yepovrcov,
Std
497 Trdorjs rjXLKiag Ix^J^povv kt€lvovt€s, ojs iTTLKXvod-qvat fiev
rravra rov y^ojpov, Trevre he /xuptaSe?
atfJLari
8'
77 epieXelSdrj
ioojpevdrioav v€Kpujv,
dv ouSe to
Karavrovg 'AAe^ai'Spo^ dvaxcopelv rovg ol fiev ovv i^ edov? to 498 'Pcu/xatou? eKeXevoev 7T€l6t]vlov exovTe? djia vevjiaTt tov (f)Oi'eveLv e-navoavTO, TO h-qfjLOTLKOv he TOW WXe^avSpecov 8t' VTTep^oXrjV fiioovs SvoaudKXrjTOV rju Kal jjloXl? XoLTTOv,
el
OLKTeipag
erpdrrovTO.
LKeTTjpias
TTpos
firj
5'
.
direoTTdTO tcov oajfidTajv.
499
(9)
Tiddo?
ToLOVTOv
KaTa
to
iiev
KeoTLco
ovvTjvexOrj-
WXe^dvhpeiav
ttjv
ovKeTi
he
rjpefJLelv
idoKet vavTa^ov tcov *Iou8aia>i^ €K77e77oAe/xcD/x6Va>v. 500 dvaXa^ojv
KOTOV
8e
0770
Tdyp.a
Teoaapa? tAa? LTiTTels
'Aypt7777a
Trelovg 8e
Trpo?
tow e^-
af?
'AvTtd;(ou
rretov^
p.ev
/xev
502 TzAetCTTOt he
To^oTai,
tovs
KdK twv
iTTTrels
TTporjXdev
dvo
OTrelpa?
Ka>
rd? Trapd /xei^
to);
8tc7;^tAtou5
lgov?
iTTTreZ?
iXaTTOv?, elrreTO he Kal Hoai/xo?
TiXeov
8co8e-
Xolttojv
To^ora? TrdvTas
TpioxiXiov;,
TeTpaKLGX^Xiojv , ojv rjoav
TO
be
Tretwv re
tTTTreajv,
cru/x/Lia;(ia?,
Kal
501 8icr;(tAtojt'
arro
eTTLXeKTou^,
Sta)(tAiOL'?
^aoiXeojv
'AvTio^eta? to
ttJc
rrXrjpe^;,
t]
8<
/L^erc
TpiTiq jio'ipa /ca
el?
FlToAe^atSa
TToXeujv eTTiKOvpoL ovveXey-q
Governor of Syria, ii. -2S0, etc. There were four legions in Syria, as there had been sine the time of Augustus ( Tac. Ann. iv. 5, quoted by Keinach) " ^
516
JEWISH WAR, them of their contents
II.
496-502
there was no pity for infancy, all ages fell before their no respect for years murderous career, until the whole district was deluged with blood and the heaps of corpses numbered even the remnant would not have fifty thousand escaped, had they not sued for quarter. Alexander, now moved to compassion, ordered the Romans to retire. They, broken to obedience, ceased massacring at the first signal but the Alexandrian populace in the intensity of their hate were not so easily called off and were with difficulty torn from ;
:
;
;
the corpses, (9) Such was the catastrophe which befell the Jews of Alexandria. Cestius," now that on all sides war was being made upon the Jews, decided
remain inactive no longer. He accordingly left Antioch, taking with him the twelfth legion in full strength, two thousand picked men from each of the other legions,^ and in addition six cohorts of infantry and four squadrons of cavalry besides these he had the auxihary contingents furnished by the kings, of hich Antiochus ^ supplied two thousand horse and three thousand foot, all archers, Agrippa an equal number of foot and rather less than two thousand horse, Soaemus^ following with four thousand, of which one-third were cavalry and the majority archers. With these troops he advanced upon Ptolemais. Further auxiliaries in very large numbers were to
;
VI Ferrata, X Fretensis, XII Fulminata; Provinces, ii. 63 note. Antiochus IV, king of Commagene (in N. Syria) from A.D. 38 to 72, when he was deprived of his kingdom on the charge of conspiracy {B. vii. 319 ff.). King of Emesa, § 481 note. viz.
Ill Gallica,
Mommsen, •^
<*
517
Cestius
^h^e'tieuu''
JOSEPHUS uav, ifJLTTeLpia ixkv Tat? 8e TTpodufxlatg
TO
XelTTOv
rraprju^
he
tcov
rjTTcoiJLevoL /cat
Kara
tco
ev rat? eTrtaTT^^atS" Kal avro? WypLTTTrag
crrpaTtajTCJV,
^lovhalajv fxiaeL avriTrXripovvT^s
KearLOj
503 odov
rrjg
-
re
Kal Tojv Gvii(j)ep6vrojv e^Tqyovfxevos duaXa^ujv he fJLepog rrj? hwdpieoj? Keario? ajpfi-qaev 6771 ttoXlv Kaprepdv rrjs TaXtXalag, \a^ovXow' KaAetrat', hiopiLei he cztto tov edvovs ttjv YlroXeixatha. 504 Kal KaraXa^ojv avrrju ep-qpiou piev dvhpcjv, dva7Te(f)evyeL yap to 7TXi]6o? ei? to. 0^17, TrXrjpr] he TTavToiojv KT-qpLarcov, rd /xey i(f)rjKev Tot? orpariojTat? Stap77a^eiv, to he darv Kairoi davpiduas tov KaXXovs, exow rag olKias opotajg Tat? ev Tvpco Kal ^thowL Kal Jjr]pvTOj hehopLrjpLeuag, eveTrp-qoev. 505 erreiTa Tr]u ^(cjopav Karahpapoju Kal hiap-daa'^ pLeu TTav ro 77 poottZtttov Kara^Xe^a? he rd? Trepi^ .
506 Kajp^as VTreorpeipev etV rrjv
Tat? apyrayat? eTt
YlToXepLatha.
rwv Xvpcjv
Tipog he
outcou Kal ro irXeov
"BrjpvrLcou dvadapa-qoaureg ol 'louSatot, Kal yap aTTOKexojprjKora ovvUoau Keanoi', Tot? dnoXeL(f)deLGLu dhoKrjTOj? eTreTreaov Kal rrepl 8ta;!(tAtoL»? avrojv hLe4>6eipav.
507
'0
(10)
Ae/xatdo?
he
Ke'dTto?
awTO?
he rrfs rrpoord^aSy el voXlv, (f)poupeLv,
piolpav
ai'a^et'la?
aTTO
Trj?
el
he
rrpoaioOoivro rrju
e(f)ohov,
508 rrepipeveiv airrov re Kal rr]v dXXriv hvvapuv. 6'
ot
pLev
Hto-
pev els \\aLodpeiav dcjuKveZrai, orpartds rrpoenepipev €t? ^loTTTrrjU, p.ev KaraXa^eadai hvvqdelev rrjv
Kard BdXaaaav
ol
MVRC.
he
Kard
yrjv
rcov ertei-
* Niese (r/. iii. 38): Za^ovXC^v mss. aucpC^u has probably come ^ (or ^) /caXeFrai avopCjv siss. in from the next sentence (Niese). *
^
518
avixirap^v
:
JEWISH WAR,
II.
502-508
collected from the towns ; these, though lacking the experience of the regulars, made good their deficiency in technical training by their ardour and their detestation of the Jews. Agrippa personally accompanied Cestius, to guide and to provide for the interests of the army. With a detachment of these troops, Cestius marched against a fortified city of Galilee, called Chabulon,'^ on the frontier of Ptolemais Capture
and Jewish
He
found
o
^habuion
deserted by its inhabitants, who had all fled up into the hills, but stocked with goods of all kinds, which he allowed his soldiers to pillage the town itself, although he admired its beauty, with its houses built in the style of those at Tyre, Sidon, and Berytus, he set on fire. He next overran the district, sacking everything in his path and burning the surrounding villages, and then returned to Ptolemais. But while the Syrians and in particular those of Berytus were still occupied in pillage, the Jews, understanding that Cestius had departed, recoveredcourage, and, fallingunexpectedly on the troops which he had left behind, killed about two thousand of them. (10) Leaving Ptolemais and resuming his march, and Cestius himself proceeded to Caesarea, but sent forward a detachment of his force to Joppa, with orders to garrison the town, if they succeeded in taking it by surprise, but if the inhabitants obtained previous intelligence of their approach, to await his arrival with the main body. These troops advancing rapidly in two parties, by sea and land, easily carried territory.
it
;
"
Called Chabolo in the Life, 213, etc., modern Kabul it its name to the district presented by Solomon ;
probably gave to
Hiram
(1
Kings
ix. 13).
519
Joppa
.
.
JOSEPHUS ')(BlvT€<;
ajK^OTipajB^v
alpovoiv 7r)v ttoXlu pabicug'
tojv OLKT^Topojv ov\ 7TapaoK€vdoaodaL rrpos fjidx'r]^, €fi7T€G6vT€S d7ravTa
Kal
fjL-qbe
(f)vyeLv
(f)daodi"Tojv
,
OTTOjg
509 StapTrdoavres iveTrp-qoav 6 Se dpiSfxa? tu)V (fiovevdivTojv rerpaKOGLOL Trpos OKraKLOXi-XioLS Ojuoiws" .
Se Kal €t? T-qv 6p.opov Trjs Kaioapeia^ yap^arrju-qu TOTTapx'-o.v
7€
yiji'
e77€/u,0ei^
erep-ov
Kal
rds t€ Kwp.as Kari
CTTixajpiajv,
510
Et?
(11)
8e
T-qv
GVxyov<^ ttoXv
tojv
KTTjGen
rrjv
Sie^ideipav
rdju
Kal
rdi
SirjpTTaGav
FaAtAatai^
ol
l-nTTeujv,
vXtjOos
arreGTdLXev
Kai-
G€vviov VdXXov riyep.6va tov SajSeKarov rdyp-aTos TTapaSoi)? 6vvap.LV ogtjv dpKeoeiv rrpos to edvcg
TOVTOv 77 KapTepcjrdTr) r-qs PaAiV7T€Xdp.^av€v Xaias ttoXls ZeV^ajpt? /^er' evc^-qpLias Se'^^erat, Kal TavT-qq Trpos T-qv ^v^ovXiav al Xoi-al ttoAci? TO he aracrttuSe? Kal XrjGTpLKOv ndv qp€p.ovv. (divyev eiV to /Lteaatraroi^ ttjs VaXiXaias opos, 6 KeWaL p-kv dvTLKpu ttjs ^€TT(f)cop€CJS, KaAciTat 8e WoapLcvv. TovTOis 6 FaAAo? eTj-qye T-qv hvvap.iv. 512 01 S' €ajs p.€v rjoav VTrepSe^tOL, pabicos tovs *Pa»pialovg -qpivvavTO TrpoGiovTas Kal Trpos SiaKOGLOvg axndjv dvelXov, TrepieXOovTajv Se Kal y€vopLev<jjv €v TOis viprjXoTepoLs rjTrcovTO rax^cog, Kal ovre yvp.vqT€S OTrXtTas GVGTdSrjv ecjiepou ovTe iv Trj TpoTrfj TOVS iTTTreis €^€(l)€vyov, ojGT€ oXlyovs p.€v iv Tais hvGXOjplaLS hiaXaSelu, dvatp^drjuac be vnep hta51
J
.
XiXiovg. 513
(xix.
1)
Kara
Tr]v
fieTa
TTJs
520
FaAAos pi€v ovv d>s ovdev €tl eu)pa VaXiXaiav v€ojT€pii6p.€vov, v7TeGTp€(f)€v GTpaTids €is Kaiodpetav Kccttios 8c
JEWISH WAR,
II.
508-513
the town by an attack on both elements the inhabitants had no time to fly, much less to prepare for defence, and the Romans, bursting in, slew them all with their families, and sacked and burnt the town the victims numbered eight thousand four hundred. Cestius likewise dispatched a strong force of cavalry into the toparchy of Narbatene," which borders on Caesarea these ravaged the country, killed a large number of the inhabitants, pillaged their property and burnt their villages. (11) To Galilee he sent Caesennius Gallus, comuna red Hi mander of the twelfth legion, with such forces as he tion of ^^'''^®' considered sufficient for the reduction of that province, Sepphoris, the strongest city in Galilee, received Gallus with open arms, and, following the sage advice of this city, the rest remained quiet. All the rebels and brigands in the district fled to the mountain in the heart of Galilee, which faces Sepphoris and is called Asamon ^ against these Gallus led his troops. So long as the enemy held the superior position, they easily beat off the attacks of the Romans and killed some two hundred of them, but when the Romans turned their flank and gained the higher ground, they were quickly defeated ; being lightly armed, they could not sustain the charge of the heavy-armed legionaries, nor when consequently a routed outdistance the cavalry few only succeeded in concealing themselves in broken ground, while more than two thousand perished. (xix. 1) Gallus, seeing no further signs of revolt in jjarch of Gahlee, returned with his troops to Caesarea where- Cestiusu ;
;
;
,
^
'
;
;
'^
;
«
Cf. ii.291. '
V
VOL.
II
Or perhaps
» '"
Unidentified.
escaping over."
s2
521
,
.
JOSEPHUS fxera Trdoiqs ttj? hvvdfiecos dval,€V^as eve^aXev els ^ AvrLTTarpiha, ev rivi Trvpyoj Koi TTvOofxevo? *A(f)€KOV KaXovfievci) avvrjOpoludai ^lovSatoju Svva-
ovK
fjLLU
oXlyrjv,
rovg
TrpovTrefjufje
GVjx^aXovvras
514 ol he TTplv els X^^P^^ eXBelv heei rovs 'louSatof? SLeuKeBaGav, erreXOovres Se eprjixou to orparoirehov OlTto TO.? Trept^ 8e tt^s KwjjLas eveTrprjoav. ^AvrtTTarplhos \\eoTios els AvSSa TTpoeXBojv Kevrjv dvSpcou TTjv ttoXlv KaraXafjL^di^ef 8td yap rrjv rrjs
515 /cat
GK-qvoTT-qyias eoprrjv dva^e^-qKeu Trav
516 'lepoGoXufjLa.
Trevr-qKovra
hia(f)9eipas koI to aoTi;
he
to
ttXyjOos els
rcou
Trapa(f)aveuTa)V
KaraKavGas
e^ajpeL TrpoGOJ,
Kol hid BaiOajpcov dva^ds gt paronehever ai Kard TLva y^ujpov Ta^aoj KaXovfieuov, dnexovra rcjv *\epoGoXvp.(jjv TTevTrjKOvra Grahiovs517 (2) Ot he ^lovhaloL Karihovres "qhrj rrXriGidt,ovra rfj
jjirjrpoTroXei toi^
TToXef^ov, d(f)eiJLevoL rrjv eoprrjv
exojpovv eTTL rd dirXa, /cat fieya rco TrXrjOei dappovvres draKTOL [/cat]^ pierd KpavyrjS e^errrjhow enl TTjv pidx'qVy pnqhe rrjs dpyrjs e^hopidhos evvoiav Xa^ovres' r]V yap hrj to pidXtGra Trap* avroZs 518 OprjGKevopievov Gd^^arov. 6 S' eKGeiGas avrovs
evGe^eias
rrjs
Kara
'Poj/Ltaiots"
519 avrojv piTj
0vp.6s
ttjv pidxT^i''
TO)
enoLrjGev
TrXeoveKrrJGai
/cat
p-erd TOGavrr]s yovv oppLrjs Tots
TTpoGeTTeGOv,
(jjs
hiapprj^ai rds
8ta pLf.GOJV x^P^^^ dvaipovvras ;!(aAaa^eVTt rrjs
/cat
1
rd^eis .
el
he
tTTTretc
om. PAL.
In the plain of Sharon, north-ea'>t of Joppa. Or perhaps " called after Aphek." Several places o the name are mentioned in the O.T. this may be the Aphel"
''
:
522
JEWISH WAR,
II.
513-519
upon Cestius resumed his march with his entire army and entered Antipatris.*^ Learning that a considerable body of Jews had assembled in a towercalled Apheku,* he sent on a detachment to attack them. Fear, however, dispersed the Jews before any engagement took place and the Romans, on invading their camp, found it evacuated, and burnt it and the neighbour;
From Antipatris Cestius advanced to Lydda ^ and found the city deserted, for the whole
ing villages.
population had gone up to Jerusalem for the Feast «• Octobe of Tabernacles. Fifty persons who showed them- xishri). selves he put to the sword, and after burning down the town resumed his march and, ascending through Beth-horon, pitched his camp at a place called Gabao,^ fifty furlongs distant from Jerusalem. (2) The Jews, seeing the war now approaching the a success capital, abandoned the feast and rushed to arms ciiarge and, with great confidence in their numbers, sprang Jg^yg^akn in disorder and with loud cries into the fray, with no thought for the seventh day of rest, for it was the very sabbath which they regarded with special reverence.* But the same passion which shook them out of their piety brought them victory in the battle for with such fury did they fall upon the Romans that they broke and penetrated their ranks, slaughtering the enemy. Had not the cavalry, with a body of infantry which was not so hard pressed as in Sharon (Jos. xii. 18, some LXX mss.), doubtfully identified ;
;
;
with
el
Mejdel, south-east of Caesarea.
Ludd, south of Antipatris, at the point where the road from the north joins the route from Joppa via Beth-horon to *
Jerusalem. The O.T. Gibeon, modern el Jib, five or six miles northwest of Jerusalem the distance given in A. vii. 283 is only 4U furlongs (stadia). For Beth-horon see § 547 note. * Falling within the week of the Feast of Tabernacles. '^
;
523
,
JOSEPHUS Kal rov Trefou to {jltj Kau €KLpSvu€va€v oXrj rfj Swdfiei
CKTrepLeXdovre?
in-qfjivvav
KOLfivov,
o
OLTTedavov TrevraKOOLOL KdoTLOS. be 'Pajfiaicov SeKaTTeWc" roinojv -quav ot rerpaKOGLOL Trel^oi, to 8e XoLTTOV 1777761? Ttov §6 ^lovhaiojv Suo TTpo^ rol<; yevvaLOTaroi S' avr(jov eho^av ol Moi^o520€t«:oo't. ^dl,ov rov TTjg WSLa^rjvrj? jSaCTtAeoj? crvyyevelg MordjSa^d? T6 Kal KeveSato?, fxed^ ou? d OeparTr}? Niyep Kal StAa? d Ba/SL'At6i'to? avrojjLoXrjoag et? Toi)? lofSat'ou? qtt' 'Aypt777ra toG jSaatAeoj?* 521 earpaTevero yap Trap' avroj. Kara irpooojiTov 'louSatot 7rpdb TrfV ttoXlv ixkv ovv dvaKOTTevre^ •
V7T€OTp€(f)OP,
KarOTTLU
he
TOt?
'
PaJ/U,atOt?
€771
TYjU
Bedcvpap^ dvLOVGLu TrpoGTreoajv 6 rov Tiwpa ^ifjoov TToXv rrjs ovpayiag eairdpa^ev Kal avx^d tojv GKevo(f)6pajv 622 fjievovro? rjfiepatg
be ol
OLTTOGTraGag
-rjyayev
rrju
ttoXlv.
y^ojpav
TpiGLV
el?
KeGTtov Kara ^lovbalot rd jj-ereajpa rod
KaTeiXrjchoreg
erreTripovv tci? Trapobovs, brjXol re rjoap
ovk
-qpe-
pLi^GOvrei dp^afievojv rcov 'Pwfj.aLOjv obeveiv. 523
(3)
"KvOa
opr)
baiojv
fjLrf
Adyots"
r]
t)
tq 'Poj-
rroXepiiujv
rd
yap Travrag veiaeiu KaradeodaL
ovp.<^povovv.
(t>OL^ov,
rrapd
eTrepuipev
King-
ovv
tojv
irap'
eavrco
eVetVot?, PtopKiov re Kal
Sc^ta? re rrapd \\eGriov Kal Gvyyva)fj.rjv
'Pajfialot? ^
"
aTTelpou
toju evavnajdevrajv dvoGTrjGeLV to
Tov<; fxdXcGTa yvojpipiovs
524
^AypLTTTra'? ovbe
vXrjOov?
nepLOXovros, eKpivev aTTOTTeLpadrjvai rwv 'lou-
rov TToXepLOv 524
Kartbdw
brj
aKLvbuva,
fialwv
dcr^aAy^
PAL:
Monobazus,
Tzepl
rojv
rjiJLapr7]fj,evojv
Bai^wpii/ the rest.
like his brother Izates,
whom
he had
JEWISH WAR,
II.
519-524
the rest, wheeled round to the reHef of the broken Hne, Cestius and his whole army would have been in jeopardy. The Roman killed were five hundred and fifteen, of whom four hundred were infantry and the rest cavalry the Jews lost but two and twenty. In the Jewish ranks the most distinguished for valour were Monobazus and Cenedaeus, kinsmen of Monobazus,*^ king of Adiabene next to them came Niger of Peraea and Silas the Babylonian,'' a deserter to the Jews from the army of King Agrippa. The Jews, when their frontal attack was checked, retired to the city but from the back of their lines Simon, son of Gioras, fell upon the Romans as they were mounting towards Beth-horon, cut up a large part of their rearguard, and carried off many of the baggage mules, While which he brought with him into the city Cestius for three days remained in his former quarters, the Jews occupied the heights and kept guard on the defiles, clearly not intending to remain inactive, should the Romans begin to move. (3) At this juncture, Agrippa, perceiving that, with the enemy in such countless numbers in possession of the surrounding mountains, even a Roman army was in a perilous position, decided to try the effect of parley with the Jews he hoped either to ;
;
;
;
prevail on
all
to
abandon
hostilities, or at least to
detach from their opponents those who did not share the views of the war party. He accordingly sent his two friends, whom the Jews knew best, Borcius and Phoebus, with an offer of a treaty on the part of Cestius and of sure pardon for their misdoings on the recently succeeded, and his mother Helena, was a convert to Judaism cf. § 388 note. * Probably one of the colony of Babylonian Jews settled in Batanaea ( Vita 54 note). ;
525
Agrippa
a^tJ^^ptg a parley
Jews.
.
JOSEPHUS V7nGxvovfj.€vos, €i TOL oTrXa pLipaure?
npos ainous
Setaavre? 8' ol oraoiaoTal^ {jltj 525 /xerajSaAotP'TO. TTav TO TrXrjdog aSeta? eA77tSt vrpos" tov ^ hypivnav
rovg
fieTa^dXTj-TaL,
527
528
oltt^
avrou Trpeo^euovTa?
c5p-
top fikv ^OL^ov hU(j)deipav, 6 he Bopxrto? rpcodeU €(f)dri 6La(f)vyeiU' rod St^pLOU 8e toi)? ayavaKr-qaavras XldoLS Kal fuAots" Traiovres etV to aoTV ovvriXaaav (4) KecTTto? 8e tt)^ 77po? dAAr]Aoi;9 auroji' rapaxrjv evKaipov Ihcov et? errideaiv, a-uaaav iTrrjyev T-qv hvvapLiv Kal rpaTrevrag p-^XP'- '^^poooXvpLcuv KaTebioj^ev. OTpaTonehevoapievos he eVt tov KaXovp-evov Y.K07TOV, htex^i 8' ovto? eTrra rrj? noXeajg araStoUi, rptat /xet' rjpLepaLS ovk eiTex^^p^i- Trj irapa rcov euhov evhodrjoeodat TToXeL, TO-XOL 77 poohoKow, et? he rag Trept^ KcopLa? ecf)^ apTrayrjv OL70U TToXAovs hLa(l)r}Kev tG)V orparLioroju- rfj tjv rjris TpiaKas 'Ynep^eperaLOU Terdprr] he, Siard^a? ttju orpaTidv eLarjyev els ttjv p.rju6s, ttoXlu. 6 p.ev ovv hrjpLog vtto toIs oraoLaoTals ep.(f}povpos rjv, ol he oraoiaoral rrjv evra^iav tcov 'PcopLaLcxJV KaraTrXayevres rwv p.ev e^co tt^s" TToXecjs p.epa>v eLKou, els he r-qu evhoTepco /cat to tepoi^ \\eoTios he napeXdojv vno-uipLTrprjaiv dvexojpovv rrju re Beleddv TrpoaayopevopLevqv ttjv /cat^ Kati^dttoXlu /cat TO KaAou/xevov Sokcov dyopdv, eTreira VpOS TTjV dvCO TJoXlV eXdcoV dvTLKpV TTjS ^aaiXiKT^s kolv eiTrep rfieXiqaev Kar* auA^^i eorparoTTehevero.
526 p-'Tjoav
ave}<elv.
/cat
Trplv
r)
(fidey^aoOat
n
529
530
631
.
^
<*
5'z6
A
hill
rrji/
Kai
Reland:
to the north-west
Kal Tr,v mss.
and commanding a "view"
JEWISH WAR,
II.
524-531
part of the Romans, if they ^vould lay down their arms and return to their allegiance. But the insurgents, fearing that the prospect of an amnesty would induce the whole multitude to go over to Agrippa, made a
murderous assault upon his emissaries. Phoebus Borcius was slain before he had uttered a syllable was wounded but succeeded in escaping. Any ;
citizens who raised indignant protests w^ere assailed with stones and clubs and driven into the town. (4) Cestius, seeing that these internal dissensions Cestius offered a favourable opportunity for attack, brought suburb^ up his whole force, routed the enemy, and pursued Bezetha, them to Jerusalem. Having pitched his camp in the region called Scopus," distant seven furlongs from the city, for three days he suspended all attack upon it, expecting perhaps that the defenders would show but he sent out to the surroundsigns of surrender ing villages numerous foraging parties to collect corn. On the fourth day, the thirtieth of the month Hyper- Novemb ^'^' ^" beretaeus, he deployed his forces and led them into For the people were at the mercy of the the city rebels, and the latter, overawed by the orderly discipline of the Romans, abandoned the suburbs and retired upon the inner city and the Temple/ Cestius, on entering, set fire to the district known as Bezetha or " New City " and the so-called Timber Market he then proceeded to the upper city and encamped opposite the royal palace. Had he. at that particular ;
;
(whence
its
name) of the
city {A. xi. 329,
where
it
is
called
Saphein).
November 17, according to Niese's reckoning. « They abandoned the unfinished third wall (that of Agrippa 1, see § 318) as untenable Cestius advanced to the second wall, enclosing the upper city : for the northern suburb Bezetha between the two walls cf. § 328. *
:
527
JOSEPHUS row t€lx^cov ^tdaaodai, TTapavTLKa rrjv ttoXlv ea^ev Kal tov TToXefiov
avT7]v eKelvrjv rr^u ojpav ivrog
KaraXeXvadaL^' dAAd yap o re crrparoTvpdvuLos YlploKog Kal rwv t777rdp;(ajv ol TrXelaTOL )(pi'jpLaGLV vtto OAoSpou heKaodevre?^ Kal irapa 532 aTTeGrpeifjav avrou rrj? imx^Lprjaeoj?. T-qv alriav ravrrjv 6 re ttoAc/xo? inl roaovrov avve^Tj
TTehapxr)?
fjLTjKog TTpov^T)
Kal dur)K€GTOJV ^lovSatovg
oviJL(f)opoJv
di'a—Xrjadrjvai Gvuerreaeu. 533
'Ep'
(5)
8e rovrqj
ttoXXoI tcov yvojpijxojv
SrjfjLO-
Avdvcp TO) ^IcovdOov TratSt TreLodevre?, €KdXovv rov KfCTTtoi^ (jj<; dvoi^ovres avrw rd? TTvXas.
Toji',
634 6
hk
^
Kal TTpog
opyrjv
VTrepihujv Kal
crreucra? dieixeXXiqaev, eoj? ol
firj
Trdvv
ttl-
GTauLaaral ttjv Trporrepl tou "Avavov aTTO
hoGiav aiGdofJievoL rovg fiev TOV reixpvg Karl^aXov Kal XiBois Tralovres gwTjXaGav etV rag OLKLag, aurot 8e StacrTcivTe? diro^ tCjv TTvpyojv Toug d-nOTTeipoJiiivovg rod relxovg TreVre fiev ovv rjpbepaLg X^LpovGLV rolg 'Poj/^atot? dfJirjX'^^og
535 l^aAAoi^,
Trdvrodev rjv
tj
eVt-
TrpoG^oX-q,
8' eTTLOVGY) dvaXa^ojv 6 KeGnog rcov re cVtXeKrojv Gux^oug Kal roug ro^orag Kara ro rrpoG'louSatot 8c 536 dpKriov irrex^LpeL KXlfia roj Upoj. rrjg (1770 orodg €ipyov, Kal TToXXaKig fikv dn€KpovGavro roug rep reix^i TrpooeXdovrag, reXog rfj
be ro) rrXy^Oei rcov ^eXcou dvaKorrevreg dvexcop'^jGau. 537 rcou be 'Poj/xatajv' ol Trpcoroi roug dupeovg e^epei-
Gavreg elg ro relxog Kal Kara rovrcov ol Karoniv dXXovg ol re e^rjg opLolojg rrju KaXovpLevrjV Trap avrolg x^^^^^W (.(^pd^avro, Kad^ rjg rd ^kXr) KaraXueadai
PA ML. •
528
^iri
* L; ^eXeao-^fVres the Bekker. Naber.
rest.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
531-537
to force his way through the walls, he would have captured the city forthwith, and the war would have been over; but his camp-prefect Tyrannius Priscus, with most of the cavalry commanders, bribed by Florus, diverted him from the attempt. Hence it came about that the war was so long protracted and the Jews drained the cup of
moment, decided
<*
irretrievable disaster.
(5) Many of the leading citizens, at the instance and attac of Ananus, son of Jonathan,'' now sent an invitation oay'and"^ to Gestius, promising to open the gates to him. Temple. These overtures, however, partly from anger and disdain, partly because he did not wholly credit them, he hesitated to accept, until the insurgents, discovering the treason, pulled down Ananus and his confederates from the wall and drove them, with then, posting showers of stones, into their houses themselves on the towers, they kept up a fire on the enemy who were attempting to scale the wall. For five days the Romans pressed their attack on all on the sixth Cestius led a sides without success large force of picked men with the archers to an The Jews assault on the north side of the Temple from the roof of the portico resisted the attack and time after time repulsed those who had reached the wall, but at length, overpowered by the hail of missiles, gave way. The front rank of the Romans then planted their bucklers against the wall, those behind them placed theirs upon the first row of ;
;
shields,
and the
which they " "
call
rest did likewise, *'
the tortoise,"
'^
forming a screen from which the
Quartermaster-general. Jonathan, probably the hiarh-prieat and
first
victim of the
iicarii (§ 256). •
festudo.
529
.
JOSEPHUS
TrepLoaXiGdavev arrpaKra, pLTjhev 8* ol urpa-
to relx^? vireavpov /cat rov lepov rrjv ttvXtjv VTroTTLfiTTpdvai TrapedKevdCovro KaKOV/j,€voL
riajrai 538
(6)
AetvT]
eXa^eVy
-qSr]
TToXecos
a*?
inl
Se
araGiaards
rovg
ainiKa.
dXcoGOfjLevqs
TOvroLS
Gvve^atuev
dappeZv,
Kar-
eKTrX-q^cs
SteStSpacr/cov
rroXXol
re^
rov xrat
rrj^
(itto
Se
Kado
hrjfJLov
-rrap-
aurot rds TTvXag dvoL^ovT€S Kal he^ojievoi rdv Kecrrtov co? evepyeeiKOiev 539 rr]v.
ol
os
TTOv-qpoL,
et
^po-X^
Trpoor^eGav
'^fj
'^oXiopKLo. rrpoGeXLTTdprjGev,
Kav evOecos rrjv ttoXlv rrapeXa^ev dXX ol/jLaL 8ta rovs TTOvqpovs aTTeGrpapnievos 6 Beds rj^rj /cat rd dyia, reXos Xa^elv eV eKeivqs rrjs -qjiipas e/ccoXvG€V TOV TToXeflOV. (t) '0 yovu Keartos", ovre rr)v tcDv TroXiopKov540 jxevcov aTToyvajGLV ovre rov hrjixov rd Sp6vqp,a Gvvihojv, i^aL(f)vrj? di^e/caAeaev roug orparLojra? /cat Karayvovs ctt* ovbepLta rrX-qyfj rcjv iXiridajv rrpos 541 TTapaXoycorara drrd rrjs -ndXecjs dvet,ev^€v. 8e rrjv dSoKrjrov avrov rpoTrrjv dvadapG-qGavres ol XrjGral Kard rcov vordrcov iTTe^eSpa/JLOv /cat 542 Gvxvovs rujv l7T77€cov /cat 7T€l,djv SieSdeLpav. rore fjLev ovv iv ro) Kard rov ^kottov auAt'^erat orparoTTebo) KeWtos", rfj 8' errLOVGrj TrpoGcorepoj X^P^' Kal i,6fX€vos /LtdAAov e^e/caAeVaro rov? TToXepiiovs Tovs vordrovs avrcov TrpoGKeLfievoL hie^Oeipov Kal /ca^' (Karepov rrj£ oSou Trepuovre? rjKovrLl^ov et? ovre 8e eTTLGrpacfyrjvaL rrpos rovs /car543 TrXayiovg. 077 Lv rirpo'jGKOvras iddppovv ol reXevraloi, aVetpov Tt rrXrjOos olofxevoL 8toj/cetv, /cat rov? Kard vXevpov iyK€L[jLevovs dvaGreXAetv ovx VTrlfievov y
^
530
Destinon
:
be
:^ISS.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
537-543
missiles, as they fell, glanced off harmlessly, while the soldiers with immunity undermined the wall and prepared to set fire to the gate of the Temple. (6) A terrible panic now seized the insurgents, many of whom were already slinking out of the city The in the belief that it was on the verge of capture. people thereupon took heart again, and the more the miscreants gave ground, the nearer did these advance to the gates, to open them and welcome Cestius as a benefactor. Had he but persisted for a while with the siege, he would have forthwith taken the city ; but God, I suppose, because of those miscreants, had already turned away even from His sanctuary and ordained that that day should not see the end of the war. (7) At any rate, Cestius, realizing neither the ^°^®^^®°* despair of the besieged nor the true temper of the disastrom people, suddenly recalled his troops, renounced his cSus.^^ hopes, without having suffered any reverse, and, contrary to all calculation, retired from the city. On this unexpected retreat, the brigands, plucking up courage, sallied out upon his rear and killed a conCestius siderable number of cavalry and infantry. passed that night in his camp at Scopus. The following day, by continuing his retreat, he invited further hanging upon his heels opposition from the enemy they cut up his rear, and enclosing the troops on either side of the route poured their missiles on the flanks of the column. The rear ranks did not dare to round upon those who were wounding them from behind, supposing that they were pursued by an innumerable host nor did the rest venture to beat Dff those who were pressing their flanks, being heavily '^
;
;
**
i.e.
the moderates.
5S1
JOSEPHUS avTol fiev 6vT€? jSapet? Kal SedotKores" ttj^ tol^lv hLaovdv, rovg 8e 'louSat'ou? opwvres KOV(f)OVS Kai vpos ras eTTtSpo/xd? €vk6Xovs' wore ovvd^aivev avTols 77oAAd KaKovadat fjiiqhev OLvri^XdnrovGLV 77ap' oXrjv he ttjv ohov Traio/xevot 544 Tovg ixdpovs. KOL rrjs (fxiXayyo? €KO€i6yi€voi KareTrnrTov, /^€;)(pt TToXXojv hiacjyOapevriov , iv ot? rjv YlplaKOS /xev orparapx'^S rdyfiaros eKrov, Aoyylvos Se X^^^' apxos, €7Tapxo? he lXt]s AlfxiXiog ^IovkovvSos ovofia, (jloXl? Ta^aoj^ Kar-qvriqoav inl to rrporepov €tV orparoTTehov, rd —oXXd Kal rwv OKevGiV diro^a545 XovTeS'
ev9a hvo 6 tl
dfxrjxcLi'aju,
p,ej/
xPV
rjfxepa? eVe/xeivev o "^OLelu,
rfj
TpLTr)
he
Keonos ttoXXo)
TrXelovg rovg TToXefiLous Oeaadfjievo? Kal Ttdvra
ra
kvkXco fxeord ^lovhaicxju, eyvco KaB^ eavrov re ^pahvvas Kav en pLelvrj TrXeioaiv xP'^^'^opievos exOpols. 54G (8) "\va hr)^ ovvrovajTepa^ ;)(pr]CTaiTO 4'vyi], ra TTjV orparidv dvdeXKOvra TrepLKOTTreiv Trpooera^ev. hiacfidapevTajv he tCjv tc opeujv Kal rcov ouojv en he Kal rojp VTTo^vylojv, ttXtjv oaa ^eXiq rrapeKopntev Kal pnqxo-vdsi tovtojv yap hid rrjv ;(petW rrepueixovro Kal fidXicrra hehoLKores /x?) ^lovhaiois Kar avTcov dXo), TTporjye rr)v huvafitv Kara* Saidiopajv. 54" OL he ^lovhaloi Kard p.ev Ta? evpvxojpias r)rrov erreKeiVTOy ovveLXrjBevTcov S' els rd arevd Kal Tr]V Kard^aaiv ol fieu (fiddoaures elpyov avrovs ttjs 1
^
°
PA
2 L Lat. (itaque): ot the rest. {rf. § 516). * iirl \'RC. I)indorf: awroixurfpa mss.
Va^aiL'p
Perhaps identical with Jucundus, the cavalry commandei
at Caesarea, ''
§
iyi.
From Upper Beth-horon (1730
feet)
to
Lower Beth-
famous pass has been the scene oi numerous defeats (G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of tht horon (1240
532
feet
I
:
this
JEWISH WAR,
543-547
II.
armed themselves and afraid of opening out their ranks, while the Jews, as they saw, were hght-armed and prepared to dash in among them. The result was that they suffered heavily, without any retahaAll along the route men were tion upon their foes. continually being struck, torn from the ranks, and dropping on the ground. At length, after numerous casualties, including Priscus, the commander of the sixth legion, Longinus, a tribune, and Aemilius Jucundus," commander of a troop of horse, with difficulty the army reached their former camp at Gabao, having further abandoned the greater part of their baggage. Here Cestius halted for two days, uncertain what course to pursue but, on the third, seeing the enemy's strength greatly increased and ;
the surrounding country swarming with Jews, he decided that the delay had been detrimental to him and, if further prolonged, would but increase the all
number of his foes. (8) To accelerate the
retreat, he gave orders to retrench all impedimenta. So the mules, asses, and all the beasts of burthen were killed, excepting those these they that carried missiles and engines of war clung to for their own use, and, still more, from fear of their falling into Jewish hands and being employed against themselves. Cestius then led his army on down the road to Beth-horon. On the open ground their movements were less harassed by the Jews, but, once the Romans became involved in the defiles and had begun the descent,^ one party of the enemy went ahead of them and barred their egress, another Holy Land, 210 f.). It was down this same road from Gibeon on the plateau (2300 feet), through the two Beth-horons, to the maritime plain that Joshua pursued the tive Canaanite ;
kings (Jos.
X.
10
f.).
523
Scene in
^g^holoi
JOSEPHUS €^0801;, dXXoL he TOV£ voTOLTOvs KareojOovv el? rrjv
(f)dpayya' to he rrdv TrXrjdog irapeKradev virep rov avxeva rrj? oSov KareKdXvTrre rrju (f)dXayya rot?
evda
648 ^eXeoLV.
koL
tcjv
7Tel,a)V
diJ,rj)(^avovvTa)v
TTpooayLVveiv eavrols eTTLGchaXearepo? rot? LTTrrevatv
6 KLvSvvo? rjw ovre yap ev rd^eu /caret rrjg oSou ^ahi^etu ehvvavro ^aXXofxevoL, Kal to TrpoaavTeg 549 eTTL TOV? TToXe/JLLOVg LTr—dGLfJLOV OVK rjV TO he eTTL SdTepa KprjpLvol Kal (jidpayyes, els ovs d7TOG(f)a-
XevTes KaTe<^deipovTo. Kai ovTe (f>vyrj? ri? tottov ovTe dfjLVVTj? ^'f-X^^ e7TLV0(,au, dAA' utt' di.Lrj)(^avLag €77* olfjLojyrjv eTpdrrovTO Kal Toug ev aTToyvojoeoLV ohvpfjiovg' dvTrjx^t- 8' avTols to Trapd ^Xovhaicov iyKeXevofia Kal Kpavyrj )(aLp6vTcov dfia Kal TedvoXlyov he helv Trdoav dv rip-naoav TrjV 5o0 fJiOj[j.evojv dfia Kearioj hvvafjLLV, el ixi) vv^ erreXa^ev, ev fj .
*Pa>jjLaLOL
yiev
el? T-qv
haloL he TrdvTa
Bedcopav KaTe(j)vyov,
ra kvkXco 7TepLa\6vTe?
'Iol»-
e(f)povpovv
avTUJv TTju e^ohov.
Kecmo? tt^i^ (fiauepdu ohov aTToe^ovXeveTO, Kal hiaKpiuas tou? evijjvxoTdTovs GTpa-LcoTa? ojael TeTpaKoaiov? erreoTTjaeu tlov hcofj-drcov, TrpooTd^a? dva^odu ra Grjiiela tcjv ev Tolg OTpaTOTrehoi? <j)vXdKa>v, ottoj? [o// 'loudatoi rrdaav olwvTai T-qv hvva}iiv /card Xojpav fieveiv avTO? he tov? Xolvov? dvaXa^ojv TTpoeiGiv crrahiovs eojdev he 552 rjovxrj TpidKovTa 'Ioi;8atoi KaTihovTes eprjfiov ttjv erravXiV avTcov €771 Tov? e^aTTaTTjoavTa? TeTpaKoolovg ehpapiov, KdKeivov? p-ev Taxeco? KaT-qKOVTioav, ehiojKov he 6 he tyj? Te vvktos ovk oXlyov 553 Tov KeoTLOv. 651
(9)
yvov?
""EvOa
8r)
hpaofioi'
.
1
5S4
om.
P.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
54>7~553
drove the rearguard down into the ravine, while the main body hned the heights above the narrowest part of the route and covered the legions with showers of arrows. Here, while even the infantry were hard put to it to defend themselves, the cavalry were in still greater jeopardy to advance in order down the road under the hail of darts was impossible, to charge up the slopes was impracticable for horse on either side were precipices and ravines, down which they slipped and were hurled to destruction there was no room for flight, no conceivable means of defence in their utter helplessness the troops were reduced to groans and the wailings of despair, which were answered by the war-whoop of the Jews, with mingled shouts of exultation and fury. Cestius and his entire army were, indeed, within an ace of being captured only the intervention of night enabled the Romans to find refuge in Beth-horon." The Jews occupied all the surrounding points and kept a lookout for their departure. (9) Cestius, now despairing of openly pursuing his Flight of march, laid plans for secret flight. Selecting about Cestms. four hundred of his bravest men, he posted them upon the roofs, with orders to shout out the watchwords of the camp-sentinels, that the Jews might think that the whole army was still on the spot he himself with the remainder then stealthily advanced another thirty furlongs. At daybreak the Jews, discovering that the enemy's quarters were deserted, rushed upon the four hundred who had deluded them, rapidly dispatched them with their javelins, and then hastened in pursuit of Cestius. He had gained much ;
;
;
;
;
;
<*
The lower Beth-horon
at the foot of the pass.
535
,
JOSEPHUS 7TpoeLXrj(l)€L
ware tov^
Kal ovvTovoj-repov e(f)evy€v /j,€^' rjfiepau, GrpaTLcora<; vtt^ iKTrXrj^eojg Kal h€ov<;
TQ? T€ eAcTToAet? Kal Tou?
o^L'/SeAets'
Kal ra ttoXXol
aXXiov opyavcjjv KaraXiTrelv, a Tore MouSatot Xa^ovreg avdig ixpt'/oavro Kara rujv a(j)lvrtov. 554 77 porjXOov be rovg 'Poj/LxatoUb hiajKoure? p.e\pLS TCijv
Wi^'TLTrarpiSos. (jrpe(f>ovreg
ecrvXojVy
enetd^ cog ov KareXap.^avov , vtto-
rag re
rrjV
re
fxrj)(avag fjpov
a7:oXeL
Kal rovg veKpovg
Xeiav ovvrj-yov Kal
fiera Tiaidvojv elg rrju ixrjrpoTioXLU erraXahpopiOVv 555 avrol p.ev oXiyovg drro^e^Xrip.euoL Travrdrtaoiv, rojv
be 'Poi/Lcai'tut' Kal row oviJLiJ.dxojv rrel^ovg fiev Kal 7TevraKLO\iXiovg rptaKOoiovg dvrjp-qKoreg, 6e oyboriKOvra Kal rerpaKOoiovg.^ LTtTrelg rdbe
ovv eTTpaxdr] At'ou pLTjUog oyhorj, dwbeKdrcp yepojvog rjyep.oviag erei.
fxev
556
(XX.
l)
Mera
he rriv
\\eoriov oviKJiopdv 77oAAot
lovhaiayv
rujv
e7Ti(l)ai'cov
veujs
d77evri\ovro
rrjg
rrjg
worrep
TToXeojg.
/SaTTTi^o/xeVr^?
Kooro^apog yovv
Kal SdouAo? ddeX(f)ol ovv ^lXlttttu) ro) 'laKt/xou, orparoTTehdpxrjg 5' tju ovrog WypLTTTra rov /3aoiXeojg, biaSpdireg €k r-qg TToXeojg a)XOvro irpog 557 KcCTTtop* o he ovv rovroLg Kara rrjv ^aoiXiKrjv avXrjv
77 oXiopKTiB elg
au^t?
d>g
558 oofxev.
^AvrL77ag V77epLh(l>v rrjv
rojv
dvenefjupev elg 'A;>^atai^ 77p6g ^
PL:
TpioKOfftois
Sepwva
the rest and Heg.
November 536
(f)vyr}v
araotaorcvv hcecfiddpr] h-qXujKtCriog he rovg 77e pi ^dovXov d^Lwoavr ag 1)770
:
25 (Nie5e).
rrjV re
avrcjv
nongentis Lat.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
553-558
upon them during the night, and, when day came, quickened his flight to such a pace that the men in consternation and terror abandoned the batteringrams, catapults, and most of the other machines, which the Jews then captured and afterwards employed against those who had relinquished them. The Jews continued the pursuit as far as Antipatris, and then, failing to overtake the Romans, turned and carried off the machines, plundered the corpses, collected the booty which had been left on the route, and, with songs of triumph, retraced their steps to the capital. Their own losses had been quite inconsiderable of the Romans and their allies they had slain five thousand three hundred infantry and four hundred and eighty of the cavalry. This action took place on the eighth of the month Dius in the iNovembet twelfth ^ year of Nero's principate. ^ ^^' ;
'*
(xx. 1) After this catastrophe of Cestius many Eminent distinguished Jews abandoned the city as swimmers Jerusalem desert a sinking ship. Thus the brothers Costobar and Saul'' with Philip,'^ son of Jacimus, prefect of king Agrippa's army, fled from Jerusalem and joined Cestius. shall tell later* how Antipas, who had been besieged with them in the royal palace and disdained to fly, was killed by the rebels. Cestius Cestius '^ dispatched Saul and his companions, at their request, yeZ!'^ to Nero in Achaia, to inform him of the straits to
We
* As the date of the accession of Nero was 13 October 34, appears probable that Josephus is slightly in error, and that he battle of Beth-horon took place early in his thirteenth
t
' S 418. Philip had escaped from Jerusalem after the siege of the Dalace ( Vita 46 ff.), and we are not told that he had returned. • iv. 140.
|?ear. "*
537
.
JOSEPHUS 57]Aoj(70VTa? dvdyKrjv xrat ra? atVta?
Tpei/jovra? elg
^Awpov
rod
rroXefJiov
yap eV €KeZvov opyrju
rrjv
TOU? iaVTOU KLvSvVOVg tJXtTLGCU Tovru) ^aiLaoK-qvol ttjv tcjv 'Pcu/zatojv SBopdv 7Tvd6}ji€voi Tou? TTap" lavTols 'louSatou? 560 dveXelv ioTrovSaaav. Kal KaOo pikv etxov aOroi)? iv TO) yvp-vaoLU) avvrjOpoLGfjiei-ov? rrdXai, 8td to,? VTTOipia? TOVTO TTpayp-aTevadfJievoL, pdor-qv ttju iTTLX^Lp-quLV ihoKovv, ihehoiK€ioav he rds iavra)u yvvaiKa? d77acra? 7tAt7i^ oXiyojv VTriqyyilvas rij KOV(f)LG€LV Kal
559
(2)
.
Kdv
6pr]aK€La' Sto pieyiGro=; avrols dydjv eyevero XaOelv eVetVas", rou? Se 'louSatou? cu? du €v Grevo) x^P^<^> "^^v dptdfiov fivpiov; Kal TrevraKOGLOV?, Trdurag dvoTrXoui irreXdoure^ vtto fxlau
561 ^lovSaLKT]
wpav 562
(3)
ddeoj? drreG(i)a^av
Ot
he
eGTpeipav els
hLco^aure?
rou
'lepoCToAu/xa, rovi
KeGnov fxev
^ia
co?
tCjv
vtt-
en
rovg he rreiOoL irpoG-qyovTo, Kal GVvadpoLGdevre? et? to lepov Grpar-qyovs drrehei563 KvvGai- rod ttoXIjiov irXelovas Jip^dr] he 'lajGrjiros re uto? rojplovog Kal 6 dpx^^P^^S ^ \vavos row re Kara rrjv ttoXlv dirdvrojv avroKpdrope? Kal fid564 Xiora rd relx^] rrji TToXecog dveyetpeiv rdv yap Tov ILipbOJVOs Vidv 'EAed^apoi/, KaiTiep v(f)^ eavrcZ TTeTTOLTipievov rvjv 'PcofJiaiajv Xeiav Kal rd dpnayeura pojfxaLLovrojv
.
KeGriou
;j(pr//LtaTa,
dr]Gavpu)Vy
oficog
rrpog
ovk
olg
77oAAd
eTreGrrjGau
rwv rat?
hrjfjLOGLOji ;^petat5-.
ex-high priest. Ananus. son of Ananus (the fathei seems to be the Annas of the N.T.), a Sadducee, was appointed high priest by Agrippa II and deposed after three *
i.e.
months on account of his action in punishing James th( brother of" Jesus called Christ " {A. xx. 197 ff.). The harsh character there given of him forms a strange contrast to tht
538
JEWISH WAR.
II.
558-564
which they were reduced, and to lay upon Florus the war for he hoped, by exciting Nero's resentment against Florus, to diminish the
responsibility for the
;
risk to himself.
(2) Meanwhile, the people of Damascus, learning Massacre of the disaster which had befallen the Romans, were Damas'cu fired with a determination to kill the Jews who As they had for a long time resided among them. past kept them shut up in the gymnasium a precaution prompted by suspicion they considered that the execution of their plan would present no diffitheir only fear was of their own culty whatever wives who, with few exceptions, had all become converts to the Jewish religion, and so their efforts were mainly directed to keeping the secret from them. In the end, they fell upon the Jews, cooped up as they were and unarmed, and within one hour slaughtered them all with impunity, to the number of ten thousand five hundred. (3) The Jews who had pursued Cestius, on their Selection return to Jerusalem, partly by force, partly by per- geJTerais suasion, brought over to their side such pro-Romans fof the wi and, assembling in the Temple, as still remained appointed additional generals to conduct the war. Joseph, son of Gorion, and Ananus the high priest were elected to the supreme control of affairs in the city, with a special charge to raise the height of the walls. As for Eleazar, son of Simon, notwithstanding that he had in his hands the Roman spoils, the money taken from Cestius, and a great part of the public treasure, they did not entrust him with office,
—
—
;
;
'^
drawn of him in the War. Here he is a leader of the moderate party, opposes the Zealots, and on being murdered bv the mob receives an encomium worthy of a Pericles (B. Iv. 319 fif.).
picture
539
JOSEPHUS avTOV T€ rvpavvLKOv opcuvres Kai rov?
1
vrr
^
avroj
Kar' oXiyov 565 IrjXcoTas hopv<j)6p<jjv eBeoL xpojp.€uov? ye iJir]v rj re XP^^^ '^^^ ;\;pr//xdTtoi^ Kal yo-qrevojv .
'EAea^apo?
iKrrepLrjXOe
tov
hr\\xov
tuare
awroj
TTeidapx^iv TTept rojv oXojv.
Irepov^ eTreXd^avro 2a77^d' Tajt' apxt-^peoji^ eva Kal ^KXedl^apov dpxi-^p^oj^ vlou Seov^ tco 8' dpxovTi rore rris ^Ihovfiaias ?Siyept, yeuos 8' 771^ CK TT)'; U77ep' ^Xophdvqv Hepata?, 8t6 xat Oepafrr^? cVaAeiTO, Trpooera^av VTroTaooeodaL rots arpa-qpieXovv he ovhk rrjs dXXrjg ;(ojpa?, dAA' 567 Trjyolg. 666
EtV Se
(4-)
(jrpariqyovg
TT]!^
etV fJLev ^lepLxovv
Depatay
'ISou/^atai'
^Irjoovu
vlov
^Icogtjtto? 6 ^lijlojvos
et?
,
Se
t77P'
0a/xvd 8e roTrapxiag ^Icodwrj? 6 'Ecjaaro? OTpanqyqaojv €7T€[i(f)6ri' 7TpooKeKXr]pojro 568 8' aura) A!j8Sa kqi '1o7777T7 Kat 'A^/Ltaou?. tt)? Se To(j)viTLKris Kal WKpa^GTTTjvqs 6 WvavLOU '\ajduuri^ r]yep.ujv dTroheiKwrai Kal rrjg FaAtAata? eKarepa? ^lardiov TTpoocopioro 8e rfj tovtou ^\ojar]7Tos Grpar-qyla Kal TdfiaXa tojv ravTrj TroXea)^ oxvMai^aaaT^S",
pcoTCtTry.
560
(5)
Tojv
orevfieva '
fieu
ovv dXXcov OTparrjycou eKaorog cu? rj ovveoeojs hiajKet rd 776771-
7TpodvyLLa
elx^^
Niese:
^IwarjTTOS
8e
eh
ttju
Zavcp^ or ZaTr^di' MS?.:
FaAiAaiai^ iXSdju
Hudson
Zan(pia
(r/.
§ 599). 2
'Apafiov
Hudson.
*
Niese: inpi mss.
" No hi^h priest of this name is known if we read Ananias with Hudson. Eleazar will be the son of Anania; alreadv mentioned as niainlv responsible for the war (j 409) :
* '
540
§
520.
i.e.
his province
was the north and west
of
Judaea
JEWISH WAR,
II
564^-569
because they observed his despotic nature, and that admirers conducted themselves Uke his bodyguard. Gradually, however, financial needs and the intrigues of Eleazar had such influence with the people that they ended by yielding the supreme command to him. (4) Other generals were selected for Idumaea, namely, Jesus son of Sapphas, one of the chief priests, and Eleazar, son of the high-priest Neus ^ and the existing governor of Idumaea, Niger, called the Peraean ^ because he was a native of Peraea beyond Jordan, received instructions to act under the orders of these officers. Nor were the other districts neglected Joseph, son of Simon, was sent to take command at Jericho, Manasseh to Peraea, John the Essene to the province of Thamna, with Lydda, Joppa and Emmaus also under his charge.'' John, son of Ananias, was appointed commanding officer of the provinces of Gophna and Acrabetta'^ Josephus, son of Matthias * was given the two Galilees, with the addition of Gamala,^ the strongest city in that his subservient
;
;
;
region. (5)
Each of these generals executed his commission As for Josephus,
to the best of his zeal or ability.
on
his arrival in Galilee,
Thamna
is
in the region of
he
made
his first care to
it
Mt. Ephraim
;
for
Emmaus
see
§71 note. of the N.E. of Judaea. « The historian. In his Life § 29, he tells us that his commission was of a purely pacific nature to disarm the disaffected. There is a noticeable change in the character and style of the narrative where the historian turns to his personal history and seems to take the pen into his own hand ; the marks of the skilled assistant whose services he has hitherto employed {Ap. i. 50) are less conspicuous. ^ In Gaulanitis, east of the sea of Galilee. "
i.e.
—
541
Josepbua
[',',e^d"efeE
of Gaiiie(
JOSEPHUS rrpwrov
€(i)p6vTLa€v
i7TL)(^copi(jjVy
570
etdcus"
iavrov
€ig
rrjg
on
Kav rdXXa Siafiapravr]. gvvlSojv §' hvvaTovs OLK€iojG€raL p^eradiSoijg airrol?,
ro be
cvvoiag
tojv
ort raijrrj rrXeloTa Karopdwoet,
ttolv
ttXtjOo?,
el
rov<;
p-kv
i^ovoiag eTTLxcopLcov Kal
8t'
ttjs
GVvrjOojv ra rroXXa Trpooraaaoi, rujv pev y-qpatcov
571
€^dop,i]Kovra rov? oaj
evreXearepajv hiacjiopojv' Kal rag (f)OVLKdg StVas" 572
yap
€(/>'
TrpdypLara
/xet^co
iavTOV
dvarrep^TTeiV
€KeX€VG€v Kal rovg i^SopLT]Kovra. rrpog hk to. (6) KaraarrjGdp.evog vo/xi/xa
573
to.
Tcov
aa^aAetav
Kara
ttoXlv
irrl
Kal
ixojpei.
dXXrjXou?
avrchv
e^coOev
rrjv
'Pco^atou?
yLvojOKOJV
poepL^aXovvras el? Trjv FaAtAatav TaTrtri^Seta tojv ^ojpLwv irelxiC^Vi 'IcorciTrara pev Kal ^-qpoa^e Kal HeXdp-qv, en he KacftapeKxo-) Kal "\a
^lycLxf)
TO
re
'
Ira/S upiov
opog
KaXovpievov
TapLxala? Kal Tt/ScptaSa, Trpog he tovtol?
Tewqadp
tyjv
KaXovpLevqv
VaXiXaias 574 TTeTpav
XipLvqv
oTn^Xaia
VaXiXalav T-qv
Kara
eTeixiaaTo,
re Trpooayopevopevrjv
tyjv
ri]?
Kal
to. Trept
he
Karto dvoj
WKxa^dpajv
Kal Hencf) Kal ^]apLueld Kal Myjpco.
Kara
he rrjv TavXavLTLKTjV HeXevKeidv re Kal ^coyavatav
Kal
Fdp.aXav (jj\vp(jjoev pLovoL? he Se77(/)a;ptVats Kad^ eavTov? TeZ^o? dvaheip.aodai, XPV
icf>rJK€^
pdTwv '
not
542
re
Bekker
evTTopovs
:
?<pri
PAL:
opojv
d<pr)Ke
d(pi4pai, in this sense).
6vTa<;
Kal
rrpodvpLOVs
the rest (Josephus uses f ^teVat,
JEWISH WAR,
II.
569-574
win the affection of the inhabitants, knowing that would be of the greatest advantage to him, however he might otherwise fail. He reahzed that he would conciliate the leaders by associating them with him in his authority, and the people at large, if his orders were in the main given through the medium of their local acquaintances. He, therefore, selected from the nation seventy persons " of mature years and the greatest discretion and appointed them magistrates of the whole of Galilee, and seven individuals in each city to adjudicate upon petty disputes, with instructions to refer more important matters and capital cases to himself and the this
seventy. (6) Having established these principles for the He fortifi ^^"^^ internal regulation of the various towns, he proceeded ^'^® to take measures for their security from external attack. Foreseeing that Galilee w^ould bear the
brunt of the Romans' opening assault, he fortified the most suitable places, namely, Jotapata, Bersabe,^ Selame, Caphareccho, Japha,. Sigoph^ the mount called Itabyrion,'' Tarichaeae, and Tiberias he further provided with walls the caves in Lower Galilee in the neighbourhood of the lake of Gennesareth^ and in Upper Galilee the rock known as :
;
Acchabaron,'Seph,,Jamnith,*.and Mero. In Gaulanitis fortified Seleucia, Soganaea and Gamala.^ The inhabitants of Sepphoris alone were authorized by him to erect walls on their own account, because he saw that they were in affluent circumstances and,
he
« "
^ Mt. Tabor. Cf. Vita 79. This enumeration of fortified places is repeated, with
some
variations, in Vita 187 f. ; the "caves" are there identified as those of Arbela (see B. i. 304 f.).
543
JOSEPHUS Tov rroXefJiov St^a 77 poor ay ixar os 6}ioi<jj^ Se rta;^aAa ^Xojavvrjs 6 i\r]iov Kad^ iavrov irel5' aAAoi? ipvX'-^^^ 'Icocrr^Trou KeXevaavrog' Tolg fiaGLV a—auLV auro? avyLTTOVchv a/Lta Kal rrpoGKareXe^ev Se Kal Swaijuv Ik Trj<; oTb rdoGUJV TTaprjv. PaAtAata? vrrep SeVa /LtuptaSas" vewv dv8pa)V, ou? 575 inl
.
/cat
CK^
Trdi'Tai
ayXXeyofidvajv
T(jL)U
TraXatcov
ottXcxjv
€yKara(jK€val,6ijL€vog corrXL^ev. (7) "Erretra gvvlSojv drjTT-qrov ttjv 'Pco/Ltat'cui^ loxvu y^yevripLev-qv euTrei^cta ixaXiara Kal fxeXerrj TTjV Tcou o77Xa>u, SiBaGKaXiav dneyvoj rfj fxev ;^peta hiOJKOixevqv, ro 8' euTret^e? opojv TTepiywofxevov Ik tov ttXyjOov? twu -qyepiovojv pcvixa'CKcoTepov erep^vev ttjV arpandv Kal ttX^lov? Kadioraro bis ra^idpxovs. arparLajrcov re yap d—eheiKwev 8ta(f)opdsy Kal rovTou? fJL€v VTreraocrev deKa^dp^aus Kal eKarovrdpxais y erretra xtXtdp^oi?, Kdrrl tovTot9 dhporepcov rayfiaTcov -qyefiovas d(f)rjyoviSiSaGKev Se orjpieiojv TrapahoGeis Kai 579 p.€voug. odXTTLyyo? TrpoKXrioeis re Kal dvaKXiqaeis irpoa/SoAas r€ Kepdrcov Kal rrepLayojyd?, Kal ttcu? Se Trpog p.kv to Kdpivov e7no'rpl(^€iv eV rov nepLOurog 58(J iv Se TO) TTOVovvTL GVfjLTTadelu. 00a re etV Trapd oraoLV ^vx'TJ? rj Kaprepiav avverdXec oojfiaTO'
577
,
d(f)y]yelTO'
TToXepLOV
fidXiara
hiTiyovpievo^y ol
Kal tu?
dXKYju
St'
S'
eKaara
Trap*
C
:
-qoKet
most
Kal Mss.
Trpog
'Pcoftatojv
TToXefx-qoovGiv
oojpiaTos '
avrovg ttjv
^pvx'f]^
add
irpos
dvhpag k
TrapdaTT^pn
re.
This conflicts with the account in the Li/e (§§ 30, which represents Sepphoris as consistently pro-Roman B. ii. 51 (the welcome given to the Romans). "
roi
evra^ta.
etc. ;
cj
1
544-
V
JEWISH WAR,
II.
575-580
even without orders, eager for hostilities." Similarly, John, son of Levi, fortified Gischala at his own expense, on the instruction of Josephus.^ The other fortresses were all built under the personal superintendence of Josephus, who both assisted in and directed the operations. He, moreover, levied in Galilee an army of upwards of a hundred thousand young men, all of whom he equipped with old arms collected for the purpose. He understood that (7) Another task remained. the Romans owed their invincible strength above all to discipline and military training; if he despaired of providing similar instruction, to be acquired only by long use, he observed that their discipline was due to the number of their officers, and he therefore divided his army on Roman lines and increased the his company commanders. He instituted various ranks of soldiers and set over them decurions and centurions, above whom were tribunes, and over these generals in command of more extensive
number of
He taught them the the trumpet-calls for the retreat, attacks by the wings and oeuvres, how relief should be sent portion to those who were hard divisions. signals,
transmission of charge and the enveloping manby the victorious pressed and aid
extended to any in distress. He expounded all that conduces to fortitude of soul or bodily endurance but above all he trained them for war by continually iwelhng upon the good order maintained by the Romans and telling them that they would have to fight against men who by their vigour and intrepidity ;
"
3f
On
the contrar}' the Life states that
Josephus and
fortified
John was the enemy
Gischala without consulting him
;§§45, 189).
VOL
II
T
545
and
traina
an army o iines.
JOSEPHUS oXiyou
581 TTCtar]?
OLKOVixevq? KparovGLV.
Seli^ rrjg
be Trelpav avrojw )^rjipeodaL rfjs
Kara rov
Kal rrpo Ttapard^eujs,
TTetdapx^GL'i
el
€
TToXefxov
rojv ovvrjdajv
anoaxoivTo, kXottti^ re /cat XrjOTeia? Kal apTTayrj?, rod re e^aTrarav to 6iJL6(f)vXov, rov T€^ K€pbog OLKeiov Tiyelodai ttjv ^Xd^-qu rcov avvSiotKeta^at yap KaAAtara rovg tto582 ridecrrdrojv. XefjLOvg vap* of? au dyaOou to avveSos ey^ujoiv [ridvres'Y ol oTparevofxevoL, rovg 8e otKoBev <^avXovs ov pLOvov 7ols iniovaiv eyOpoZs dXXd /cat ro) ahiK-qixaroiV
deo) "x^prioOai TroXepLLOj. 683
rioAAd roiavra Trapaiuaju SiereAet. /cat to €t9 napdra^Lv avrco avv€K€Kp6r7)TO
(8)
eroLpLOU
p.€v
TTelcjv pi€v 1^ pLVpidSes, LTTTrels Se rrei'TTJ/covTa /cat €.7Te7ToiBei ot? 8e TOUTCOt', XOjpl?
TpiaKOOLOL,^ p-dXiora,
p,La6o(j)6poL
584
l^aKooiovs ttXtju
tibv
Tcup'
TOL'9 77/xtact? inl ttju
Aot770U?
c5?
epyaoiav
Tous"
hifiprjodaL,
ocopLaros.
TTjv
€rp€(f}OV
Se
p.€u /cat
clAAt^p'
aUTOt?
OVpLTTOpLOpLOU
€77t
KaTelx^^',
Se
OTpaTidv at yap KaraXeyevrcav iKaarrj orpareLav* €K7T€p.7TOvaa tol»s"
piLo6o({)6pu)U
paSi'cu?'
TToAets"
reTpaKLG\iXiovs Kal avrov ^^X^^ TTepl
rrepi
IniXeKTOVS (f>vXaKa? rov
77€UTaKOOLOVs'
els
TcJoU
€7TLrr]h€ia>V
rovs he els otTa TrepLTTOVOLV
OTrXa,
TOt? to,
avrLxop-qyelo 6 at irapd rcov ottXltoju ttju do(f)dXeLau. 585
Atoi/couvTt 8* ovrojs to) ^laiorjncp rd FaAiAatav rrapavioTa'Tai Tt? eni^ovXos dvYjp and TioxdXwu, vlog Arjtov, *la)dvvr]s oi'opLa, (xxi.
Kara
1)
rrjv
vavovpyoTaros ^
Tod re
*
cm.
Dindorf
VRC
Lat.
perhaps a gloss.
546
piev /cat 8oAtto7aTOS" rujv eTnoT^pLOJV :
to, tov
or t6 re the best mss.
and placed ^
after arparevofxivoL
ciaKoaiOi Kai invTriKOPTa
by
AM
VRC
:
Lat.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
581-585
had become masters of well-nigh the whole world. He told them that he should test their military discipline, even before they went into action, by noting whether they abstained from their habitual malpractices, theft, robbery and rapine, and ceased to defraud their countrymen and to regard as personal profit an injury sustained by their most intimate For, he added, the armies that are most friends. successful in war are those in which every combatant has a clear conscience whereas those who were depraved at heart would have to contend not only with their adversaries but also with God. (8) Such was the tenor of his unceasing exhortations. He had now mustered an army, ready for action, of sixty thousand " infantry and three hundred and fifty cavalry, besides some four thousand five hundred mercenaries, in whom he placed most confidence he had also a bodyguard of six hundred picked men about his person. These troops, the mercenaries excepted, were maintained without each town sent out on service difficulty by the towns only one half of its levy and kept back the remainder thus one party was to provide them wn'th supplies told off for mihtary, and the other for fatigue duty, and in return for the corn which their comrades sent ^hem the men under arms assured them protection, (xxi. 1) While Josephus was thus directing affairs n Galilee, there appeared upon the scene an intriguer, 1 native of Gischala, named John, son of Levi, the T>ost unscrupulous and crafty of all who have ever ;
;
:
;
»
Contrast not yet
A-ere
§ '*
576, " over 100,000 " ready for action."
*
Destinon
:
;
presumably the
rest
arpaTiau mss.
547
intrigues
q? jo^^jf ^j Gischaia.
.
JOSEPHUS TOLohe Tot? TTOvqpevfJLacrLV
iv
TtpcjTa
TO,
/cat
aTravrcov,
neu-qg
noXXov KcoXv^ia o^ajv
fJi^xpt'
Se rrjs
586 KaKias rrjv aTToplav, eroi/xos" /xev ipevoaodai, heivos iTTidelvac ttlgtlv tols iifjevafievoLS, dperrji' rjyov-
S'
fjL€vos
Kara
dTrdrrjV Kal ravrrj
rrjv
tcjv (^tArartov
587 xP^l^^^os, VTTOKpLT-qs
Se ra? eA/ztSa? eV tojv Taireivajv KaKOvp-
Tpe(f)ajp
Xt^gttjs
yrilidTojv'
Gvvohiav evpev 8*
588 TTpoKOTTTOJV
yap
-iqv
del
Kal
ro
TrXeiova.
ifjvx'q?
epLTTeLpla 6La(^epovTas
errena Kal
fiev Trpcjrov oXiy-qVy 8'
(j)povrls
-qv
avro)
evaXcorov, dXXd rov? eve^ia
(ji-qSeva TrpoorXapL^dueiv
oojiiaros
fjLovoTpoTTog,
rrjs roXfir)?,
Trapaar-qpiari
i^eXeyero,
Kal TToXepmjv Kal rerpa-
p-€.xpL
Kooiojv dvhpojv OTL(f)og ovveKponqoev, 61 to irXeov Ik ri]s Tvptcov ;^c6pas' Kal row iv avrfj Kcofiajv 589 ^uyaSes" rjoav 8t' wv ndaav eXrj^ero r-qv FaAt-
Xaiav Kal /jberecvpovs ovr as inl rep jxeXXoi'TL ttoXepLcp Tovs TToXXovs eoTTapaGoev 590 (2) "1187] 8' avrov orpaTqyiujvra Kal iieit^ovcji eV8eta
i(f)LefjLevov
Tov
^IcoarjTTOv
roj
hpaGriqpia),
GrevGai ev
591
d)
eneira
KareZx^v.
eirel
8f
avrov
Tieidei
[G(f)6SpaY xaipovrc avro) ttlrrpajrov p.ev
ro
reZ^os dvoLKohoixrjGai rrj? rrarpiSog TToXXd napd rojv vXovGLa>v eKephavev ovvdel? OKi^vqv Travovpyordr-qv , co? ape
M:
optDf
ora.
PM
^
xP'^P'drojv
opcorj^
(without construction, reading
H
as
N
?)
th<
rest. *
Lat.
This portrait of John (blacker than any drawn of hin " animu; in the Life) recalls Sallust's description of Catiline audax, subdolus, varius, cuius rei lubet slmulatur ac dls simulator agitabatu. nimis alta semper cupiebat . "
:
.
548
.
.
.
.
JEWISH WAR,
585-591
11.
gained notoriety by such infamous means. Poor at the opening of his career, his penury had for long a ready Har and thwarted his mahcious designs clever in obtaining credit for his lies, he made a merit of deceit and practised it upon his most intimate while affecting humanity, the prospect of friends lucre made him the most sanguinary of men always full of high ambitions, his hopes were fed on the basest of knaveries.'^ For he was a brigand, who at the outset practised his trade alone, but afterwards found for his daring deeds accomplices, whose numbers, small at first, grew with his success. He was, moreover, careful never to take into partnerhip anyone likely to fall an easy prey to an assailant, but selected good, strapping fellows, with stout ;
;
;
and military experience. He ended by nustering a band of four hundred men, for the most Dart fugitives from the region of Tyre and the villages n that neighbourhood. With their help he plundered :he whole of Galilee and harried the masses, whose ninds were already distracted by the impending war. (2) He was already aspiring to the command and His lad yet higher ambitions, but was checked by im- to ?o^3ephi Perceiving that Josephus was delighted )ecuniosity. it his energy, John first induced him to entrust him vith the rebuilding of the walls of his native town, m undertaking in which he made a large profit at he expense of the wealthy citizens.* He next conwith the avowed rived to play a very crafty trick
bearts
;
"
nagis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris De Cat. coni. 5). ^ According to Vita 71 ff., John obtained permission from osephus's colleagues to sell the imperial corn stored in jpper Galilee, and to devote ttie proceeds to ttie repair of the vails of Gischala.
549
JOSEPHUS Kara
4>v)^a7TOLVTO Travres ot
Hvpiav 'louSatot
ttjv
iXaLco
XPV^^'^^ I^V ^''' ofjLocjjvXajv eyKexetpta/xeVo), 592 7Tejj.—€LV avTOLS eVt rr^v fieOopiav e^rj-rjoaro. ovvcovovfievo? 8e rod Tuplov vojJLLOiJLarog, o reaaapag
*ArrLKas BvvaraL, reaaapas €7TL7Tpv.<7K€V
afJi^opei?,
TjiiiaixcfyopLOV
rLjjLrjS
FaAtAaia? iXaLO(f)6pov pLaXtara
.
rrjs
avrrjs
he
ovor]s
rrjs
rore ev(f)opr)orrai'L^ourag ela-epLTTow ttoXv Kal piovos
KvlaSy et? arretpoi' ri
oh
ovvijyev y^prjpidrwi',
rrXfjOos
Kara rod
/cat
evdeojs
epyaalaw^ Trapaaxovros. Ka\ VTToXa^ojv, el KaraXvaeiev rov ^Icoorjirov, avros -qy-qaeodaL rrjs TaXiXalas, rots /xev v(f)^ iavroi Xr]oraLS rrpouera^ev evrovojrepov eyxeipelv rats
593 i)(prjro
rrjv
aprrayals, ottojs rroXXojv veajrept^opievajv rrov
694 StajSctAAot TTpos rovs €7TLXcopiovs
TToppojdev jjLaloLs
dpa
COS"
^]co(Tr]7ros,
Kara
rrji
rov
arparr^yov eV rrepiopcovra rovs Xrjorat
Xcopav rj hiaxp^CFO-Lro ^o-qdovvra Xox'Tjoas rj
.
erreLra Ste^rj/Ltt^ei
ra vpdyp^ara 'Pcj Kal rroXXd roiavra rrpos Kara TipoSiSotT]'
XvoLV rdvhpos irr paypuar ever o. 695 ov Kaipov dno L^a^apiOBcov KOjp.r) (3) Ka^' veavLGKOi rives rwv ev rip pLeydXco vehico Kad etopievojv (jivXaKcov, evehpevaavres YlroXepialov ro AypiTTTTa Kal eTTirponov, J^epviKTjs dcfyeiXourt ^
Acts ^
ivipyealav xvi.
PAM
Lat.
:
the
text
finds
a
parallel
i;
Ifi.
Dindorf
:
TTpoQibi^r)
mss.
"In the account in Vita (74 f.) there are again sligh differences. The persons to be protected from the forbidde use of foreign oil are there not " all the Jews of Syria," bu only those Philippi.
550
who had been In the Life
confined by order in Caesare profit of 10 1 (buyinj
John makes a
:
JEWISH WAR,
591-595
II.
object of protecting all the Jews of Syria from the use of oil not supplied by their own countrymen, he sought and obtained permission to deliver it to them at the frontier. He then bought up that commodity, paying Tyrian coin of the value of four Attic drachms for four amphorae and proceeded to sell half an amphora at the same price." As Galilee is a special home of the olive and the crop had been plentiful, John, enjoying a monopoly, by sending large quantities to districts in want of it, amassed an immense sum of money, which he forthwith employed against the man who had brought him Supposing that, if he could get rid of his gains. Josephus, he would himself become governor of Galilee, he directed his band of brigands to push their raids more vigorously than ever in the anarchy thus produced throughout the district, either the governor would go to the rescue, in which case he would find means of laying an ambush and making away with him, or if Josephus neglected to take measures against the brigands, he would calumniate him to his countrymen. Lastly, he had long since been spreading a report that Josephus intended to betray the country to the Romans, and in numerous ;
ways he was scheming to ruin his chief. About this time some young men of the village
similar (3)
The
affai
of Dabarittha,^ units of the guard posted in the great fn^^"" plain, laid an ambush for Ptolemy,^ the overseer ^ Agrippa'i of Agrippa and Bernice, and robbed him of all the goods! 80 sextarii for 4 drachms and selling 2 sextarii for 1 drachm), here of 8:1. * O.T. Daberath, modern Dehurieh, under the western slopes of Mt. Tabor the *' great plain " is that of Esdraelon. C/. the parallel account in Vita 126 IF. ' Ptolemy's wife. Vita 126. Or " finance officer." ;
**
55]
JOSEPHUS TTaaav oarjv -qyev OLTTOGKevrjU, iv fj TroAureAet? re ovK oAtyat Kal ttXtjOo? eKTrcJixdrcov ioOrJTes
697
re
xpvGol
596 dpyvpoji'
SiaOeodai^
fJievoL
Se
77/305"
^lajorjTTOV
l^aKoaioi.
rjoav
rravra
eKopiaav.
TapL)(aLa?
els
Svvd-
firj
dpTrayrjV
rrjv
Kpv(f)a
6
8e
avrwv to 77^6$" rovs /SacriAtKous' ^laLov ridrjoiv rd KopbLoOevra Trapd rw hvvarajrdrcp tojv Tapixcuarajv Wwaiu), nep^ipat Kara fjLejJUpdpevo?
Katpov rolg SecrTTorat? Trpoaipovpievos' o 817 fieyuarov klvSwov im^yayev ol yap dprcdaavres dp.a jjLev eVt ro) jjir^SepLLa? rvx^^i^ /xeptSo? eK rcbv KeKopLLGfievcov dyavaKrovvres, dfia 8e Kal rrpo-
598 avroj
.
rod
OK€iljdp,€voi
Stdvouav,
rrjv
'lojcrrJTroL'
TTOvov
roi'
fjieXXoL
on
^aaiXevaiv X^P^' Kal Kajjias hUhpapiov
avrcov
rolg
vvKrojp els rds iveSeLKVVvro rdv ^Icoar^Troi' cos rrpohor-qv iveTrX-qaav Se Kal rds TrXrjOiov noXeiS rapaxrjS, ^eodai,
TTaaiv
wore 599
VTTO
avrdv
rrjv
Kara Tapixatas rrpds
rdv
d
SeKa
(JLVpcdhas
rd
Kal
LTTTToSpofjia)
fieu
Kal
en*
ev
rw
avurjdpoiafievov noXXd
eKeKpdyeoav
^Xajdw-qs
OTrXtrajp
rrXrjdos
dve^oa Kal^ KaraXeveiv
opy-qv
TTpoSorrjv
TToXXovs 600 vlds
eco
ovvhpap.e'iv.
Se
ol
Trapoj^vvev
uvv
avrto
Kaieiv
he
^Xiqaovs
rovs
jv
rus
ft
rdre dpxcov rrjs Tt^eptaSo?. ol fxei Kal oojpiaro<j)vXaKes rod ^Xajo-qirov, Kara-
Y.a7T(l)La,
ovi' (jiiXoi
rrXayevres rrjv dpfjLrjv rov ttXtjOovs, e(f)vyov ttXtji reoadpojv rrdvres, avrds he KoificofMevos yjhr] rrpoa601 (jyepo^ievov rod TTVpds hiavlcTraraL, Kal Trapatvovvrojv (f)evyeLV rcov reoodpojv, 61 Trapep^eivav, ovn irpds rrjV Kad* eavrdv eprjfxlav ovre npos re 1
552
5ie\€ceai
PAML.
*
+0I
fxiv
Hudson
(after Lat.)
JEWISH WAR,
595-601
II.
baggage which he was convoying, including a large
number
of rich vestments, a quantity of silver goblets pieces ^ of gold. Being unable to dispose secretly of such booty, they brought the whole to Josephus, then at Tarichaeae. He censured them for this act of violence to servants of the king, and committed the goods to the keeping of Annaeus,*' the most important citizen of Tarichaeae, intending to return them to their legitimate owners when an opportunity presented itself. This action brought him into the greatest peril. For the plunderers, indignant at receiving no portion of the 5poil, and divining the intention of Josephus to present the king and queen with the fruits of their labours, ran round the villages by night, denouncing
and
six
hundred
**
they also created a Josephus, with the result as a :hat at daybreak a hundred thousand men in arms ^^^^?^°^ ^* lad collected against him. The multitude, assembled n the hippodrome at Tarichaeae, made loud and some clamoured for the mgry demonstrations itoning of the traitor, others to have him burnt alive he mob was instigated by John,*^ who was seconded )y Jesus, son of Sapphias, then chief magistrate of Tiberias. The friends and bodyguard of Josephus, errified at the assault of the crowd, all fled, with the he himself was asleep and awoke exception of four ^ )nly at the moment when his enemies were about to His four faithful companions et fire to the house. irged him to fly ^ but he, undaunted by the general
Josephus to all as a traitor ferment in the neighbouring
;
cities,
;
;
;
;
" staters " (Reinach). * Unspecified Dassion and Jannaeus, friends of Agrippa, according to Vita 131. John is not mentioned in Vita. « One (Simon), Vita 137. ^ Simon advises Josephus to kill himself, Vita ib. «
500, Vita 127.
:
"
**
VOL.
II
T 2
553
JOSEPHUS rchv
ttXtjOo?
KaraTrXayelg TrpoTTrjha, KaTaTtaadpievo^^
€(f)earojTojv
7T€pLpprj^dfi€vog
TTjV
jjieu
ioQ-qra,
he rrj? Ke(/)aAr]? kovlv, dTroaTpeifja? Se ottlgoj tol? 60?
TO
KOL
X(:Xpa<;
vpos ravra
Ihiov
rci}v p,ev
eTTiSrjaa?
^L
ro)
revovTL.
OLKeiivs Ixovtojv koI /xaAtcrra
Toji^
Tapt;^aiaTaji^ oIkto?
Kal
Ttov
tjv,
ol 8' drro
rrj'i
^(copag
OGOis ihoKei (^opriKOS i^Xavpo(f)€peLW Tf TO, KoiuoL ;^p7]/xaTa ddrjov Kal rag TrpoSoTLKa.? cruvO-qKas e^opLoXottXtjolov
o(f)T]pLovu,
ineXeuov
7Tpo€LXrj(f)€aau^ yap Ik tov cr;)(7]/xaT0? ovhev avTOv dpvqoeadai tojv VTTOVoriBevTOJv, dXX
603 yeicOaL-
ovyyvcjopLTj^
eTTL
TOV
604 Trpos
TTapaoKevr]
5'
toj
rju
ot paT'qyrip.aTos
dyavaKTOVvTa^ aidoai,
Tidvra
TiopiopLO)
eXeov.
/ca^'
TTeTTOi-qKevai
TaneLvojOL?
tj
Kal
,
avrov
Te;>(ytTeua»i^
dXXriXojv
/car'
rd
Trpotoi)?
crra-
oU
(hpyllovTO TrdvO' opLoXoyqocou,^ avTco Xeyeiv, " iyoj raura," ^(f>'r), " TO, -x^p-qpiara ovt€ dvarrep.'neiv WypLTTva TrporjpovpLT^v ovT€ K€phaiv€Lv QUTos" p-T] ydp rjyrjcraLpLTjV TTOTe
Tj
606 (f)€pov
i(f)^
SoOeu
605 eTTCLTa
TOV
(f>iXov
TO)
KOLVO)
vplv hid(l)opov ^Xd^Tjv opcov .
rj
he,
Kepho? to TaptcS
XataTaL, p-dXioTa ttjv vpL€T€pav ttoXlv acr
Tag dXXa? TToXei? e(^ehpevo-6oas tols -qpTraypLevoL?, KOTaox^^v TjovxT] TO. ;(/D7]^aTa TTpoetXopirjv, Iv 607 v^lv
TQ
TTepL^dXojpiai Telxo?.
KeKop.iGp.eva ^
KUTaiJirjadufPos
^
Bekker
^
6/jio\oyr]aeii>
lacuna.
554
:
L
Kal
el
vapexoj
pLT]
hoKel, TTpocjyepco
htapTrdl^eLv,
el
he
Suid.
^rpoc7etX7J0€(7a^
was.
iiriCxnUo C: Destinon and Niese suspect a
_ •
|b
;
JEWISH WAR,
IT.
601-607
desertion or by the number of his assailants, rushed out with raiment rent and ashes sprinkled on his head, his hands behind his back and his sword suspended from his neck. At this spectacle his
were and those
familiar friends, the Tarichaeans in particular,
moved
to compassion, but the country-folk
who regarded him as a nuisance, him and bade him instantly produce the public money and confess his treasonable compact for they concluded from his demeanour that he would deny none of the crimes of which they suspected him, and had only made all this pitiable exhibition of of the neighbourhood railed at
himself in order to procure their pardon. But, in reality, this pose of humiliation was merely part of a stratagem with the design of producing dissension among his indignant opponents he promised to make a full confession on the subject which had roused their ire, and on obtaining permission to speak, " About this money thus addressed them I had no intention of either sending it to Agrippa or approfar be it from me ever to reckon priating it myself as a friend one who is your foe, or as personal gain anything involving loss to the community. But as I saw, citizens of Tarichaeae, that your city above all needed to be put in a state of defence and that it was n lack of funds to construct ramparts as, moreover, I feared that the people of Tiberias and of the other iities had their eyes on these spoils, I decided quietly ;o keep this money in order to encompass you with If this does not meet your approval, I am I wall. prepared to produce what was brought to me and if, on the contrary, I have eave you to plunder it ;
—
:
;
;
;
555
q»eiis the ruse.'
JOSEPHUS KaXojg vij.iv evepyerrju." 608
(^)
'E77t
dvevchrjfJLOvv ,
iBovXevodiJi-qv,
TOVTOtg 8'
ol
ol
diio
KoXdl^je^
<^ri>
aVTOV ovu rolg KaraXtTTovTe? 8'
TapLXOLLOLTaL rrjs
rov
fjLev
TijSeptaSo?
aAAot? eKO-Kitov kol Sn-jrr^tXow /Ctt" eKOLTepOL TOV ^IcOGYjTTOU dXXl^XoLS hL€(f)€pOVrO Kelvos Bappcov rjSrj rot? coKeLOjjjLevoLS, rjoav 8e et? T€T paKLOjJivpL0V£ TapLxo.i-d.TaL, TTavrl to) TrX-^OeL Kal TToXXd r-qv Trpo609 TTapp-qaLaoTLKCjrepov (LfilXeL. TTereiav avrojv KaroveLhlaag Ik fieu rdJv Trapovrcov .
TapLXO-ias e(l>rj T€LXicr€Li>, do(j)aXL€LodaL 8e opLOLcog Kal rds dXXag 7t6X€L£- ov yap drtop-qo^LV XP'")' lav opLOVodJGLv i(f>^ ovg Set TToplCeLv Kal lidrcxji', pLTj Trapo^vvojvraL Kara rod TTopltovTos. 610 (5) "^vda hi] TO p.€v dXXo vXrjdos rwv "qTrar-q8* fjL€va>v dvex^Jop^L KalroL hLwpyLOfJLevov, SloxlXlol
ainov wpjJLi^oav €vo7tXol, Kal
;
"
Or, perhaps, " unite with him in opposing the enemy to provide it " (from whom they should extract
who ought it.
viz. the
556
Romans).
'
600, Vita 145.
— JEWISH WAR,
11.
607-612
consulted your best interests, do not punish your benefactor." (4) At these words the people of Tarichaeae applauded, but those from Tiberias and elsewhere vilified and threatened him and the two parties let Josephus alone and fell to quarrelling with each other. He, now relying on the supporters he had won the ;
—
Tarichaeans numbered as many as forty thousand proceeded to address the whole multitude more freely. He severely censured them for their precipitance, promised to fortify Tarichaeae with the funds at his disposal, and undertook to provide similar protection for the other cities as well money, he added, would be forthcoming, would they but agree who was the enemy against whom its provision was necessary,'^ instead of furiously attacking the man who provided it. (5) Thereupon the majority of the deluded crowd withdrew, though still highly excited but two thousand ^ men in arms made a rush upon him. He was too quick for them and succeeded in regaining his lodging, which they beset with menacing cries. Josephus now had recourse to a second ruse. He ^Hq^^Iq mounted to the roof, quelled their clamour with a Josephus^ motion of his hand and said that he had no idea what tratedby they wanted, as their confused shouts prevented him stratagem from hearing them he would, however, comply with all their demands, if they would send in a deputation to confer quietly with him. On hearing that, the leaders of the party, with the magistrates, entered the house." He then haled them to the most ;
;
;
In Vita 147 only one delegate is sent in ; he, besides Deing scourged, has one of his hands severed and suspended :o his neck. '
557
JOSEPHUS €ts"
'!'o
yivxairarov
rrjg
otVta?
Kal
rrjv
atiAeiov
ra 8e reco? ro oTrXayxya yvfJLVcocrai' ttXtjOos SLKaioXoyetadaL (jLaKporepa rov? eloeXdov6 be rag dvpag i^a7TLvr}<; dvoi^ag 613 TQ? ol6fJL€vov. fifiayfjievovs i^a(f)rjK€v tou? dVSpa? Koi roaavTqv d77etAoL'CTii^ eveLpydaaro KaTdTrX-q^Lv, c5are TOtS" piijjavTas rd 077 Aa
ifiaoTLycooev,
P-^XP^ 7T€pi€LGrrjK€L
Trdvrojv
avro) )(prjaao6aL rot? iv Ti/3eptdSt depfiolg vbaotv. yap vrrojrrrevev tov Ittl^ovXov, ypd(f)€L
615 d be, ovTTOj TOis"
Acard r-qv ttoXlv VTrdp^ois ^eviav re
TTirrjbeLa ^Xojdvvrj 7TapaG)(€LV
bvo pikv
rjfjiepa?
6<^'
o
Traprjv
dndraig rovg be
.
bieTrpd-rreTO,
p^pi^/Ltao-t
Kai rd-
aw drroXavaas
fieTOi
}k
Kai tovs
er
Sia^^eipcDV dveTreiQev
yvov? ravra SiAa? d (l)vXdooeLv rrjv TrdAa- utto 'IcuarJTroi; KadearapLeuos ypd(f)eL rd Trepl^ rrjv em^ovX-qv avroj Kara rd^os. 6 be ^\coarj7Tos ojs eXa^ev rrjv eTnoroXriv, vvKros 6bevoa<; ovvrovcjs icvdivos Traprju Trpos r-qv TijSeKal ro fxeu dXXo TrXi^dos avro) vrr-qvra^ 617 ptdba. ^\(jjdvvq<; be, Kairoi r-qv rrapovoiav VTrorrrevoas €77 avrov, opcos Trepupas Tiv'd rcou yvojplpcjv v-eKpivaro r-qv dadevetav Kal KXiu-qp-qg tov vare616 aTTooTrjvai
*\a)OT]7Tov.
1
Kal
Kara
MVRC.
" Or " envy." The incidents at Tiberias in this and the following chapter (^§ 614-623) are placed be/ore the Tarichaeae affair (§§ 595-613) in the parallel narrative ( Vila 84103). In the Li/e the " envy " (((pdoprjae 85) of John is
558
w
*i:
JEWISH WAR,
II.
612-617
secluded portion of the building, closed the outer door, and had them scourged till he had flayed them all to the bone. The mob, meanwhile, remained standing round the house, supposing tlieir delegates to be engaged in a prolonged parley. Suddenly Josephus had the doors thrown open and the men dismissed, all covered with blood, a spectacle which struck such terror into his menacing foes that they
dropped their arms and fled. (6) These proceedings intensified John's malice and he devised a second plot against Josephus. Feigning sickness, he wrote to Josephus to request
<^
take the hot baths at Tiberias for the good of his health. Thereupon Josephus, whose suspicions of the conspirator were not yet aroused, wrote to his heutenants in the town to give John hospitality and to provide for his needs. He, after enjoying these benefits for two days, proceeded to carry into effect the object of his visit by deception or bribery he corrupted the citizens and endeavoured Hearing of to induce them to revolt from Josephus. this, Silas, whom Josephus had appointed to guard the town, hastened to inform his chief of the conJosephus, on receipt of his letter,^ set off piracy. and, after a rapid night march, reached Tiberias at daybreak. The whole population came out to meet he, though suspecting that this lim except John isit boded ill for himself, sent one of his acquaintances with a message, pretending to be indisposed ind bedridden, and so prevented from paying his his permission to
:
;
xplained by the popularity of Josephus : here the context upplies no such link. This suggests that the Life has )reserved the true connexion of events and lends support c Laqueur's theory that it is the older work. He was then at Cana ( Vita 86).
559
John of promotes
opposition at
merial
}
JOSEPHUS 0]S prjaai
depaTr^tag ^X^yeu.
Trjs
he
to?
to ord-
elg
Siou Tovg Ti^€pi€7? ddpoLoa
hiaXiyeodai
rcov
rrepl
77 pooira^ev
619 o-Xtrag
eVccTTaApteVcoi-',
avrov
UTroTre'/xi/ias"
rovrovs
.
to.
yvpLVovvTa<; 6 brjpLog Trpo'Chajv die^o-qaev rrpos
^I'^Ty
be rrjv Kpavyrfv 6 ^Xwarjiros fJL€VOS CTTt rrjg o(f)ayi]<;
eh Toy alyiaXov I'ov
dveXelv
TLVo?
eLOTrjKeL be brjpLTjyopuw inl
to
e^a--q')(^ovs
vipog'
ovv
OKd(f)ovg
eTTLTTrjhrjaas
kol deaad-
e77taTpa(/>eis"
tov oihr]pov dveTri^h-qoev
-rjbr]
Kal
hvalv
^ov-
TrapopjJLOVvros ocofjLaTO(f)vXa^Lv
€t? jjidarju rrjv XipLvrjV dve<j)evyev
620
Ot orparLwraL 8' avrov rax^oJS dpTrdoavre? Kara rwv eni^ovXajv e\(Jjpovv. evda
(7)
rd
OTrXa
heioas
6
(jivXiov
hi
TrepLTTei
rrj?
021 jutJt'
*lcuorj-o<;,
rols
dyyeXov
oj)eTepois
eavrdjv
do<j)aXeiaSy
d7TeXey)(^eiv
TrapayyeXfiaTL
rcov
TreioOevreg
nepi^ \ojpav irvBopievoi
ovoKevdoavra
ol
ol
rjpepirjGav, r-qv t'
ovvrjOpoil^ovTO
Kal
TToXXal
o(j)d£
eirl
tw
8'
dvd
eni^ovX^r^v /cat
Kara ^Icodvvov
^Icoarjrrov ol
fj-vpidhes
FaAtAatot Kara
OTrXircov
yevofievai
rdv ^Xojdvvrjv rdv kolvov eVt-
^ovXov e^oojv ovyKara
560
rivd
p.ev
eKelvog el? YLG)(aXa
ovveppeov he Trpog rou TTapetuaL
KTeivetv
koi
aWiajv.
rov
TToAeti,
e/x-
Trpovoelv
pLovqs he
P-'^l'^^
rrjv
KLvqdevTos
7ToXep.ov
/xv)
oXiyojv fhdovov TrapavaXcoorj rrjV ttoXlv,
rrju
rrji'
6 he dTTohe^eodaL fiev avrojv
evuoiav,
dvelpyev
he
rrjv
oppn^v,
JEWISH WAR,
II.
618-623
But when Josephus had assembled the Tiberians in the stadium and was endeavouring to address them on the subject of the news which he had received, John secretly sent out some soldiers with orders to kill him. The people, seeing these men drawing their swords, raised a shout at their cries Josephus turned round, beheld the blade actually at his throat, leapt down to the beach he had been standing, to harangue the people, on a hillock six cubits high and jumping with two of his guards ^ into a boat that was moored hard by, escaped to the middle of the lake. (7) His soldiers, however, hastily seized their arms and advanced against the conspirators. Thereupon Josephus, fearing that the outbreak of civil war might bring ruin upon the city, all for the misdeeds of a few envious individuals, sent instructions to his men to restrict themselves to providing for their own safety, to kill nobody and to call none of the culprits to account.^ In accordance with these orders they took no further action but the inhabitants of the district, on learning of the plot and the contriver of it, mustered in force to attack John, who hastily made The Galihis escape to Gischala, his native place. laeans from one town after another flocked to myriads of men in arms came and proJosephus tested that they were there to punish John, the public enemy, and that they would burn him alive with the city that harboured him. Josephus thanked them for their goodwill, but checked their imrespects."
;
—
—
;
;
" In Vita 91 John comes in person to meet Josephus, but hastily retires. James, his bodyguard, and Herod, a citizen of Tiberias, are his two companions in Vita 96. " This sentence and the preceding have no parallel in Vita. *"
561
Josephus
johns^*'^
foUowers
,
JOSEPHUS X^LpcoGaaOai avveaeL rovs ixOpovg fxdXXov e/cAa/Scui' Se tovs Trpoaipov^evos
624 KTelvai
TToXecos
€Ka.crT7]g
ovofJiay
TTpodviJLCO?
-qfiepas
*lcodvvr] Gvva(^€GT(x)ras /car' Se iveheLKvvvro rovg Gcfyerepovg
Kal
Sta
77 e/x 77x17?
tojv
SrjpLoraL,
OL
r)
d(/>'
-
K-qpvKcov firj
d7T€iXi]Gag^ ivros KaraXiTTOvrajv ^lojdwrjv
rds re ovaias hiapTrdoeiv kol rd?
otVtas" d/xa rat?
625 ycveai? KaTa(f)X€$€LV, rpiGx^Xiovs fX€V evdeojs, ot TTapayevofievoL rd oirXa TTOGLV eppufjav avrov,
gvv Se
d7r€GTT^Gev
napd
rols
KaraXeK^delGiv 8' oGov els hiGX^Xiovs ^vpcov (f)vydbeSy TjGav di'eareAAev^ ^Icodvvrjv^ TrdXiv €7tI rd? Xadpaiovs 626 eTTL^ovXas €k twv (f)avepajrep(jjv. yovv Kpv(f)a e7T€fi7T€V dyydXovg ct? 'lepocroAu/xa Sta^dXXcov rov ^IcoGTjTTOv eTTt TO) jieylBei rij? hwdfieco?, (f)dGKcov OGOV ovheTTOj rvpawov iXevGeodai rrj? fx-qrpo627 TToXeoj?, €L jJLTj TTpoKaraX-qcfid €17], ravd* 6 fikv SrjfjLOS 7Tpo€ihdjs ov 7TpoG€tx^y> OL SvvaTol 8e Kara
*
A
(margin)
:
(-avros
'
Niese
TToXenTjautaiv
L) the :
rest.
'lioduyrjs
MSS.
PAM.
" 4000," Vita 371. " 20 days," Vita 370. should probably read " Tyrian " as in Vita 372 (c/. 588 above). This episode (§§ 624: f.) is placed, probably correctly « •=
§
dTreLXrja-dvTitiv
dvecTetXev L. *
rots'
**
562
'>
We
^
JEWISH WAR,
II.
623-628
petuosity, preferring to overcome his enemies by diplomacy rather than by slaughter. Instead, he obtained from each city a list of names of those who had joined in John's revolt, this information being readily given by their fellow-citizens, and then issued a public proclamation that all who within five days had not abandoned John would have their property seized and their houses burnt to the ground, along with their families. This threat immediately produced the desertion of three ^ thousand of his followers, who came to Josephus and threw down their arms at his feet with the remainder, some two thousand Syrian " fugitives, John, abandoning open hostilities, was again driven to resort to clandestine "^
;
plots.
He
accordingly
now
sent
secret
emissaries
to and
denounce Josephus as growing too great, declaring that he might at any moment appear at the capital as its tyrant, unless he were checked
Jerusalem
^
defei
to
The people, who foresaw these calumnies, attached no importance to them but their leaders, with some of the magistrates, from motives of envy, secretly supplied John with money to enable him to collect mercenaries and make war on Josephus. They further took it upon themselves to pass a decree As, however, they recalling him from his command. did not regard this decree as sufficient, they sent out a force of two thousand five hundred men ^ with four men of mark, namely, Joesdrus,^ son of Nomicus,
in time.
;
much
later in the other narrative, after the confiiet with the deputies from Jerusalem ( Vita 368-372). * The story of the attempt to supersede Josephus is narrated at much greater length in Vita 189-332. f Only 600 soldiers and 300 citizens in Vita 200. ' Called Joazar or Jozar in Vita.
563
Jj,\y*^^^f
him.
JOSEPHUS ^Avaulav T.ahovKL Kal ^Ificova
'lojecrdpor Kal
'lovSr]v ^IcovdOou, Trdvra? elrrelv
ovroi
Kav
ifjojGLi',
ear
fjL€v
avrov,
C29 ^^pT/CT^at.
rov
Trpos
rr)v
irreGrdXKeaav ol Kal
(f)LXoL,
XdOpa
Br)
/xeVetr,
8'
rrjv
tojv
vttoux^^^'
ch?
voXeiJLLOj
alriav ov Trpoehrj-
exBpojv jSe^ouAeu/xeVcui'.
reooape?
7Tpo(^vXa^ap,evov
fiYj
tv*
he Trapayiveodai fiev urparidv
'Icycrr^TTOj
Xovv, are 8t6
^tdCoLTo
,
dTroarpe-
Ikwv TTapaylvqrai, \6yov 8e
el
evvouav
^[oj(jr]7Tov
/cat
Swarcordrov?
rroXeis
evdecos Trpos tou? Suacfiopov? aTrearriuav eXdovrag,
^eTrScopi? re 630 /Septa?,
/cat
rax^ojg 8e
Td^apa^ /cat FtVp^aAa /cat Tt/cat ravrag npocrqydyero 8t;(a
TOJV ottXojv /cat xetpojadf^Levos arpar'qyrifxaGiv rovs
631
reacrapas -qyei^ovag tojv re OTrXirajv rovg hvvaTOjrdTovg dverreijupev elg 'lepoGoXvfLa. Trpos ov? 6 Sijiiog ov iierpiojs rjyavdKTTjcrev Kal avv avrol? (Zpi-fqaev
Tovs 77 poTre/Jiipavr as ayeAetv, ehpaoav. 632
(8)
'lajdw-qv
he
et
evros
Xolttov
(fyddaavres dir-
firj
rov
TcGxdXojv
reLXovs o TTapd ^lojG-qrrov (jjo^os e(f)povpei. fier^ oXiyas r^jiepas TrdXiv dvecrrr] TijSeptas" KaXeaajjievojv 633 /cat rov puev
npodea/JLLav,
eKelvqv r-qv
rojv firj
roj^
8'
oAtyo;;^
ovvreraKro
lttttIojv
Trapa(^avevrojv , rov
rjjjLepav
8'
drroGraGLS evdeojs, 1
WypLTTTrav rov ^aoiXea.
/caravrrJcravTOS" 6(^' t]v
'Poj/Ltat/caJy
634 e^eKijpvGGOv. r)
evhov
Kal CTrt-
rjyyeXr]
fiev
eKTTeTTopicfxjtJS
Destinon with Lat. and Vita
-203:
els
/car*
^Xojgtj'ttov
Taptp^ata?
he rrdvras rovs Vdoapa or Td/xa\a
MSS. 2
R
(corrector)
in this clause.
564
:
rwt'
the rest.
\
KC
preserve the true text
JEWISH WAR,
II.
628-6S4
Ananias, son of Sadok, Simon and Judas,* sons of Jonathan, all very able speakers, with the object of undermining the popularity of Josephus if he were prepared to leave without demur, they were to allow him an opportunity of rendering an account of himself, if he insisted on remaining, they were to treat him as a public enemy. Friends of Josephus had, meanwhile, sent him word that troops were on their way to Galilee, but gave no hint of the reason, as his adversaries had planned their scheme in secret conclave. Consequently he had taken no precautions and four cities went over to his opponents as soon as they appeared, namely, Sepphoris, Gabara, Gischala, and Tiberias. These, ^ however, he soon reclaimed without recourse to arms, and then by stratagem got the four leaders into his power with the best of their troops and sent them back to Jerusalem. The citizens were highly indignant at these individuals, and would have killed them, as well as their employers, had they not promptly taken flight. (8) John from this time forth was confined by fear Revolt o '^^^'^"^^ of Josephus within the walls of Gischala. A few days later Tiberias again revolted, the inhabitants having appealed to King Agrippa for aid. He did not arrive on the agreed date, but on that same day a small body of Roman cavalry happening to appear, the Tiberians issued a proclamation excluding Josephus from the city. Their defection was immediately reported to him at Tarichaeae. He had ;
"
For Judas, son
ot *
Jonathan, Vita 197 Gischala excepted.
etc.
has Jonathan.
565
v
JOSEPHUS IttI oltou avXXoyrjv ovre fiovos e^rovs aTJOOTOLUTas ovre iievetu VTrefxevev,
orpaTLCjorag op[j.dv
IttI
SeSoLKojs
635
fJLT]
avrov
^pahvvavTos
(f^ddocootv
ol
^aoiKiKol TTapeXdeiv els tyju ttoXlv ouSc yap ttjv €7TLOvaav Tjfxepav Ivepyov e^eiv e/xeAAev irrexovTos ca^^drov. BoXcp brj^ TrepteXdelu inevoei rovg olttoordvras. kol rds p.ev TTvXas twv Tapixo-tajv olttoKXelaai KeXevaas, cos" p^r) Trpoe^ayyeiXeii ri? to rd S' eVt ttjs XipLvr]? CT/ce/x/ua rots' €77 c^^ l po ijl€v o l? rpidKovra 8' evpeTrdvra ovvadpjicja^; OKdcfiTj Orjoav KOI hiaKOGLa,' koi vavrat reaodpcov ov ttXelovs rjoav ev eKdoroj, 8ta rd^ov? eXavvet Trpos kol togovtov d-noaxdjv rrjg ttoAcco? TT)v Tt/SeptdSa. i^ OGOV GvuiSelv ov pdhtov tjv, K€vds to.? dXidSag pi€Teo'jpovs GaXev€Lv eKeXevGev, avrog Se pLovov? inrd roju GOjp.aro(j>vXdK(jjv ivoTrXov?^ e^cov eyyiov 6eaGdpL€voi S' avrov citto tcjv 6(f)drjvai Trpocrrjet. T€Lxdjv en ^XaG(f)r)pLOVVT€S ol hLd(f}opoL Kal 8ta Tr)v eKTrXrj^LV Trdvra rd GKd^-q yepLetv ottXltcjv vopLioavres eppiipav rd OTrAa Kat Karaaeiovres LK€~rjpLas iSeovro ^etaaa^at rrj? TToXeco?. (9) '0 Se 'XojGTjTTOS TToXXd SLaTTetXrjGdpiei'og avTot? Kal KaToveihiGas, el Trpcorov pLev apdpLevoL rov Trpos 'Pojp.aLOVs noXepLOV els Grdoeis ep,(f)vXLOVS npoavaXlGKOvoLV r-qv Igxvv Kal rd evKraiorara SpojGLv TOLS exOpOLS, e77€tTa TOP KT^bepLOi'a rrjs dG(f)aXeias avTcov dvaprtdGai GirevhovGLV Kal KXeUuv ,
,
636
637
638
^
^
L: 5e the Destinon
*
rest.
and
others
(a
Tpiaxoaia
correction
PA.
required
by the
sequel, g bi2): dt'OTrXots mss.
°
566
"
I
had dismissed
my
soldiers to their
homes because,
JEWISH WAR,
II.
634-638
all his soldiers on a foraging excursion ;« he could neither go out alone to face the rebels nor afford to remain idle, for fear that the king's troops, profiting by his delay, might forestall him in occupyon the following day, moreover, he ing the town could take no action owing to the restrictions of the sabbath. In this dilemma the idea occurred to him of circumventing the rebels by a ruse. After order- checked ing the gates of Tarichaeae to be closed, in order that Ih^mil no hint of his project might reach the city which was the objective of his attack, he collected all the boats which he could find on the lake there were two hundred and thirty, with no more than four and with this fleet sailed at sailors on board each
just sent
;
—
—
full
speed
for Tiberias.
Keeping
far
enough from
the town to prevent the inhabitants from detecting that his ships were unmanned, he let them ride in the offing, while he, with no more than seven of his armed guards, advanced within view of all. On perceiving him from the walls, where they were still heaping invectives upon him, his adversaries, imagining that all the boats were filled with troops, were terrified, threw down their arms and, waving suppliants' olive-branches, implored him to spare the city.
Josephus severely threatened and reproached first for their folly, after taking up arms against Rome, in wasting their strength beforehand upon (9)
them, civil
strife
and so
fulfilling
their enemies' fondest
next for their eagerness to make away with their guardian and protector, and their shamelessness wishes
;
day being the sabbath, I desired to spare the Tarichaeans annoyance from the presence of the military " [Vita 159),
the next
567
JOSEPHUS ovK alhovvrai ttjv ttoXlv avrw roj ret^^taavrt, Trpoahe^eoOai rovs aTToXoyrjoo^evovs €(f)aGK€v Kal St' 639 cLv ^e^aicvGeraL^ rrjv ttoXlv. Kare^atvov §' evdeoj? SeVa TOW Tt/9eptecuv ol SwarcoraroL- /cat rovg fiev dvaXa^ajv /Ltta rcov dXidhajv dvijyayev TTOppcorepoj, TTevTT^KOvra
8'
erlpovs
rrj?
^ovXrjg rovs /LtaAtcrra
yvojpipLOVs KeXevei TrpoeXdelv, d>s Kal Trap* eKeivojv
eVetra Kaivoripas CTTt GVV(1>S 641 BriKais TrpovKaXelro. rols he Kv^epvrjrais eKeXevaev Toil'' rrXrjpovpLevojv 8ta rdxavs els TapL^aiag dvaTrXelv Kal ovyKXeUiv rovs dvSpag et? to SeajjLOjrrjpiov, fJ-expi- TTaoav pikv rrjv ^ovXrjv ovoav l^aKooiojv, TTepl be SiGXiXlovg tojv diro rod hrjp.ov GvXXa^dtv dvTjyayev GKd(f)eGiv els TapLxaias. 642 (10) Boojurajv he rcov Xolttojv atnov ehau fxdXiGTa rrjs drroGTaGeajs KAetroi^ rtva /cat napaKaXovvrcov els eKelvov dTTepeiheGdat rrjv opyrji^, 6 *\ojG7]770S dveXelu p.ev ovheva TrpofjpiqTO, Aevlv he TLva ra)V eavrov (f^vXaKcou eKeXevGev e^eXdelv, 643 tva dTTOKoipT] rds x^^P^^ "^^^ KAetVou. Set'aa? he 640 7TLGTLV Ttya ^ovXofjLevos Xa^elv.
OKrupeL?
dXXoVS
€7TLVO(JJV
€77*
CtAAot?
eKeu'os els exOpwv GTl(f)Os dTro^T^GeGdat fjLovos ovk e<j)-q. GxerXtdl^ovTa he rov ^Icogtjttov eirl rod OKd
np^ajpiav cKerevev d-no rrjs dKri^s KdKeivov /cara-
644 rrjv erepav tcov x^i-pdJ^ /caraAtTreiv.
vevGavTos e6p0LS eTTrd rov hijfiov alxp-aXajriodpievos TrdXtv ^
568
Destiuon
:
.Se/iatwtrTyT-at
or -waatro
3d33.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
638-645
in closing their city to him, who had built its walls he declared himself ready, notwithstanding, to receive deputies who would offer an apology and assist him to secure the town. At once ten citizens, the principal men of Tiberias, came down these he took on board one of the vessels and conveyed some distance from the land. Next he required fifty more, the most eminent members of the council, to come
;
;
forward, ostensibly to give him their word as well. And so, always inventing some new pretext, he called up one party after another, presumably to ratify the agreement. As the boats were successively filled, he gave orders to the skippers to sail with all speed to Tarichaeae and to shut the men up in prison. Thus, in the end, he arrested the whole council of six hundred members and some two thousand other citizens, and shipped them off to Tarichaeae. (10) Those who were left indicated, with loud cries, a certain Cleitus as the prime mover of the revolt, and urged the governor to vent his wrath upon him. Josephus, being determined to put no one to death, ordered one of his guards, named Levi, to go ashore and cut off Cleitus's hands. The soldier, afraid to venture alone into the midst of a host of enemies, refused to go. Cleitus, thereupon, seeing Josephus on the boat fuming with anger and prepared to leap out himself to chastise him, implored him from the beach to leave him one of his hands. The governor consenting to this, on condition that he cut off the other himself, Cleitus drew his sword with his right hand and severed the left from his body such was his terror of Josephus. Thus, with empty ships and seven guards, he captured, on that occasion, an ;
'^
+ cKatpwv Bekker
(after Lat.).
569
JOSEPHUS Tt/3epia8a
fiera 8' rjiJLepag oXiya? ovvaTTOordaav €vp(hv^ iTrerpeipe p.€v
TTpoorj-ydyero,
XeTr^ojptrat? 646 hiapTTaoai
TTavra
roi?
vovOerrjoaL
yap
8ia
eKeivovg
dpTrayrjs
tt^?
d7ro8dae6 rcuv XPVI^^'^^^ tto-Xlv TjyayeTO. (xxii.
647
7Tp6?
TO,?
eTTL
he toIs
Twv
Kal
TO
iiev
rfj
8'
evvoiav Tjpoa-
irpaTTovTO
'Poj/jLaiovg
'lepoaoXvjJLOLS
Svi^arcov ogoi
"
pLrj
opydvojv.
649 pnorTjpiojv
exdXKevero
TToXeoj?
rjOeXrjaeu, els
ovv Kara TaXiXaiav eVeVauTo TTapaoKevas,
Avauos re 6 dp)(Lepevg rd 'Pajfialajv e^ypovovv
relxos erreuKevaCov
re
Sc'tt-
;(;etpa»aa/Mei'o$
Kal rcnv eixchuXicov -navodyievoL Sopv^ojv
KLi'TjpLaTa,
64S ev
Td
l)
fxevroL
Kara
ebojKev, rots re
Kal
ofjiOLcog'
(fxjjpLU
ovvayayojv
arpartc/jTat?,
Sr^/xorat?
rots'
Kal
TToXXd
rujv
Kal
Sid
Trdu-qs
^eXrj
Kal
nauoTrXia,
-noXe-
jiev
r-qs
npos
drdKroLS^ 8e yvpLvaoLais rd rcov vea)V TrXrjdos
rjv,
Kal iJLeard rrdvra dopv^ov, heLvr) 8e Karri(j)eia rojv pierplajv,
650 GVfji(f)opd? vr]v
rds iieXXovoas vpoopujpLevoi
rroXXol
aTTwXocbvpovro.
detaaiJLOL
re rois
^Iprj-
dyaTTcooLV hvo(br)[ioL, rot? Se rdv rroXefiow i^-
dipaaiv OTTjjjia
651 olov
Kal
eux^SidL,ovro rrjs
dTToXovpLevrjS
.
r)bovqv,
irpds
TrdXeoJS
rrplv
e-eXdelv
*Avdv(i)
ye
Kal
ro
Kara-
'Pwiiaiovg
rjv
(f)povrls
-qu
iir)v
Kard (jLLKpdv dd>Larafieva) rvjv els rdv rrdXefJiov rrapaoKevow Kafjuhat rrpds rd GviJL(f)epou rovs re uraoiaords Kal rrju rchv KXrj6evra>v l^riXojrCjv '
'
570
PA
iussis Lat.,
:
f
Xwi'
i.e.
the rest.
Ta^Tats " regular."
JEWISH WAR,
II.
645-651
and once more reduced Tiberias
Rednctioi
But a few days later, discovering that to submission. the city had revolted again along with Sepphoris, he delivered it over to his soldiers to plunder it. How-
o? m'eda
entire population,
^^
^
^.^
ever, he collected all the spoil and restored it to the townsfolk. He followed the same procedure at Sepphoris for that town also was subdued by him, and he wished to give the inhabitants a lesson by pillaging it, and then by restoring their property to regain their affection. ;
The disturbances in Galilee were thus Preparaand, their civil strife now ended, the Jews jenisaierr turned to preparations for the struggle with the ^^^^^er of Romans. In Jerusalem Ananus the high-priest and a.d. 66-67 all the leading men who were not pro-Romans busied themselves with the repair of the walls and the accumulation of engines of war. In every quarter of the city missiles and suits of armour were being forged masses of young men were undergoing a desultory training and the whole was one scene of tumult. On the other side, the dejection of the moderates was profound and many, foreseeing the impending disasters, made open lamentation. Then, too, there were omens,^ which to the friends of peace boded ill, although those who had kindled the war readily invented favourable interpretations for them. In short, the city before the coming of the Romans wore the appearance of a place doomed to destrucAnanus, nevertheless, cherished the thought tion. of gradually abandoning these warlike preparations and bending the malcontents and the infatuated sobut he called zealots to a more salutary policy (xxii. 1)
quelled
;
;
;
;
;
"
A
description of these
is
given
later, vi.
288-315.
571
.
JOSEPHUS dcl)poovi'r]V,
rjTTrjdr]
be
rrj?
jStas-,
Kai^
toi?
e^rjg
olov reXov? ervx^v hrjXcjGOfMev 652 (2) Kara, 8e rrjv WKpa^ar-qvrjV^
70T{ap\iav 6 ovOT-qodiievo? €(/>' dpTrayd? iTpdnero Kal ov fJLOvov ra? OLKias eoTrdpaaaeu^ rojv ttXouglcov, dXXd Kal rd ooj^ara KarrjKLi,€TO, hrjXos re rjif rjbr] noppcjoBev 653 dpxoyievos Tvpavvelv. eV avrdv 7Teii(f)d€iar]s 8'
Tiwpa
ttoXXovs
Hifiajv
veajTepiCovrojv
tcov
vtt'' Wvdvov Kal tcjv dpxdvrcjv or par ids, npos rovs cV MacraSoL Ar^crra? /x€^' wv etxev Karecjyvyev, KaKel p^^xpi' rrjs * Avduov Kal rrjs tujv dXXojv
ixOpwu dvaipeGeo)? 654 naiav,
ojore
tov?
r<jL)v
orparidv ^x^LV.
iv TOvroLS
(fyovevofjievajv
rji'. ^
*
572
ovveXri^ero rrju 'ISourod edvov? Std rd
Kal rd? crui'e^^ets" dpdSpoioavras cficfypovpov? rds Kal rd ptev Kard rrjv *\bovpLalav
vXrjdos
TJayds KiOfia?
fievoju
dpxovras
'AKpa^iTLVrjU
(rdpaaaev
PA.
PA ML
Lat.
JEWISH WAR,
II.
651-654
succumbed to their violence, and the sequel of our narrative will show the fate which befell him.'* (2) In the toparchy of Acrabatene Simon, son of Raids of Gioras, mustering a large band of revolutionaries, Simon, so not content with ran- samana a devoted himself to rapine sacking the houses of the wealthy, he further mal- ^^lumaea. treated their persons, and plainly showed, even at that early date, that he was entering on a career of tyranny.^ When Ananus and the magistrates sent an army against him, he fled with his band to the brigands at Masada,^ and there he remained until ;
Ananus and
his other
opponents were
while, with his brigand friends, he
killed.
Mean-
worked such havoc
Idumaea, that the local magistrates, in consequence of the number of the slain and the continuous raids, raised an army and garrisoned the villages. Such was the condition of affairs in Idumaea.
in
" ''
B.
iv.
315
if.
;
for
Ananus
see the note on § 563 above. the siege of Jerusalem. §§ 408, 433, 447.
He becomes a prominent figure in "
573
BIBAIOX r 1
(i. l) Xepcoyt 8' tu? rjyyeXrj ra Kara rrjv *lou Satav Trratcr^ara, XeXrjdvla /xcv co? ct/cos" eKTrXrj-
^t? ifl7TL7Tr€L Kal Seo?, (f)aP€pcO£ 8' V7T€prj(f)dv€L Kal
orpar-qycov^
2 Trpoaojpyil^ero, 7]
paorujvrj
fiev
fidXXov
rals ra)v TroXepiitov dperalg yeyovevat rd avpL
jSavra Xeycov, TrperreLv 8' rjyovpLevo? iavro) 8td toi'
oyKov
rrj?
3
^^XW
Karaao^apeveadai rcov okv
-qyepLOvla?
Kal
dpcoTTOJV
BoKelv
beuvov
dopv^og
rravros
ye
8tr^Aey;)(ero
^X^^^VTTO Tcov (fypovTiScDV
7TLGT€V(J€L
KLVOvpL€vqv
aerat
tt^^
/^tev
KaTaXruperaL A (Jvvi^oGovuTa.
toji^
8'
'Iou8atcov
aurot?
p.ovov
(2)
rjbr]
\ovv
c)
dvaroX-qv
TTjv
^
eTrduoj
,
o?
Tt/xajpi)-
eTTavdaraaiv,
Kal
rd
vept^
TrpoeOurj
evpioKei Oveoiraaiavdv
XP^^^'-'^ dvaXoyovvra Kal nqXcKOvrov TToXepLOV piyedog dvahe^aodai Svvdp,€vov, dvhpa rats' dird veorriros orpareiaLg iyyeyiipaKora Kal Trpoeipr) vevaaura fxev TrdXai 'Pcu/xatot9 rriv loTrepav vtto Veppavajv rapaaoropLevqi^ TTpoaKTrjadfjievov 8e tols OTrXoig BpeTTauiau retog XavBdvovoav, odev avrov
raZs
,
c
rr]v
rfjg
^vx^js GKeTTTopLevov^ rivL
^171^
^
PA
:
ffTparTjyov ^
*
574
MA
the rest (perhaps rightly).
(JKeTTTOUfVOS 5i C.
(corrector) Lat.
:
om. the
rest,
BOOK
iir
The news of the reverses sustained in Judaea Nero, as was natural, with secret consternation md alarm, but in public he affected an air of disdain md indignation. " These unfortunate incidents," " were due to remiss generalship rather than le said, o the valour of the enemy " and the majesty if empire made him think it became him to treat •lack tidings with lofty contempt and to appear to lossess a soul superior to all accidents. His inward erturbation, however, was betrayed by his anxious (i.
1)
illed
Nero's
orS'e
u°e"vs
of events '^"^*^^-
m
;
eflection. (2) He was deliberating into whose hands he should He appoint ntrust the East in its present commotion, with the J'o^take*" ouble task of punishing the Jewish rebels, and of command. Drestalling a revolt of the neighbouring nations, hich were already catching the contagion. He Duld find none but Vespasian a match for the mergency and capable of undertaking a campaign Vespasian was one who had been n so vast a scale. soldier from his youth and grown grey in the irvice he had already earlier in his career pacified nd restored to Roman rule the West when conhe had by his military iilsed by the Germans snius added to the Empire Britain, till then almost iiknown, and thus afforded Claudius, Nero's father,** ;
;
"
Step-father
;
he adopted Nero
(c/.
B.
ii.
249).
575
JOSEPHUS napia\e xojpi? IhpojTOS
KAauSto)
TTarpl
TO)
/cat
lSlou dpiajJL^ov Karayayelv. 6
TauTCL re
(3)
pav
pLer'
aurou
TTiareco?
aK/xd?
TOJi^
Tl
7 fjLOupLevou,
T^Sr^
Kal orade/xeya'
opujv,
rd?
Kal
opLrjpov
avueoeco?,
TTaTpcpa?
''"^^
§€
rou
rdxa
ToO ^eOU TTpOOLKOVO
dvBpa XrjipopLevov rrjv rj-ye Hvpia? ot par ev p.a.r ojv ttoXXo
rdi'
TTC/xTret
Twv
pioviav
uiou?
oAtUl^
TOtV'
-qXiKiau
tt^i^
toi)?
X^^P^
77ept
Kttt
npoKXr]hovLl,6iievo<;
817
e'/LtTretptas"
IttI
,
TTpos TO €.TT€lyov ola KeXcvovoLv at dvdy/cat /xetAt
TrpodepaTrevaa?
Kal
re
8 ^dfjLeuo?
W^atas, evda
Ttrov aTTeoreiXev in^ hcKarou^
Kal
pdoa? Hvptav
8'
duaarrjGoura
rou
d(l)LKveLrai,
dno
rrji
pLev
vloi
ro
nepLTTTOi
rdypLa,
'KXX-qoTTOvrov
Trends-
ne el
KdKel rds re 'Poj/xatVcd? Suva
napd
ovvriyaye Kal ovx^ovs
pLeLS
rov
'AAe^ai^Speta?
eKeldev
aurd?
8'
6
.
Kepujvi,
ro)
ovurjv
rcjv yeLrvicovro)
paoiXdajv orvpLpLaxov?. 9
(ii.
*Iou8atot
1)
rals
evTippievoL
rjoau
Kal
oppLYJ'i
8e
pLerd
(Lonep
rrjv
Keartou
evrrpayiai^
dhoKrjroL<;
eKpLTTil^opievoL
TrXrjyrj
aKparel rfj
rvx
77poocorepa> row rroXepiOV e^rjyov Trdv yovv evdecu
600V 10 pii]aav
r^v
pLaxi-p-corarou
eV WoKdXojva. eiKoai
*\epoooXvpL(jjv ^
Destinon
:
/u<7-d
avrol? rtoXi^
He was
sent
rcj
TrepraKoaloL^
dn
bo (and Tacit. Hist.
v. 1]
mss.
Kal biKarov Niese, etc., cf. B. Koi TO biKarov MS3. "
d>p
dpxo.ia
rrpos rols
*
576
ddpoiodeure? eorlv
by Claudius
to
iii.
Germany and
subsequent)]
j^
JEWISH WAR,
III.
5-10
the honours of a triumph which cost him no personal exertion." (3) Regarding, therefore, this record as of happy augury, seeing in V^espasian a man with the steadiness resulting from years ^ and experience, with sons who would be a sure hostage for his fidelity, and whose ripe manhood would act as the arm of their
moved, may be, also by God, who was already shaping the destinies of empire, Nero sent this general to take command of the armies in Syria, lavishing upon him, at this urgent crisis, such soothing and flattering compliments as are called for by emergencies of this kind. From Achaia, where he was in attendance on Nero, V^espasian dispatched his son Titus to Alexandria to call up the fifteenth legion from that city he himself, after crossing the Hellespont, proceeded by land to Syria, where he concentrated the Roman forces and numerous auxiliary contingents furnished by the kings of the
father's brain,
;
neighbouring
districts.
The Jews,
after the defeat of Cestius, elated by their unexpected success, could not restrain their ardour, and, as though stirred into activity by this gust of fortune, thought only of carrying the war further afield. Without a moment's delay their most effective combatants mustered and marched upon Ascaion. This is an ancient city, five hundred and twenty furlongs from Jerusalem,^ but the hatred (ii.
1)
-I
111
1
A.D. 43 (aet. 34), to Britain, where his career of victory, which included the reduction of the Isle of Wight, was " the beginning of his fortune" (Tac. Agric. 13; Suet. Vesp. 4). " Vespasian, born in a.d. 9, was now 57. * About fifty-nine miles (the stade being rather longer than 3ur " furlong ") ; the distance as the crow flies is just over in
forty miles.
VOL.
II
u
577
unsuccess Jewish
^''li
attack on Ascaion.
JOSEPHUS urahlovs, del 5td {jllgov? 'louSatot? yeye hio Kol Tore rats' rrpajrais opixals iyyiujv eho^ev. i^-qyovvro 8e ttJ? KaTahpofjLrj<; rpels avhpes dA/crJv t€ Kopv(f)aloi /cat ouv€G€l,^ ISiyep re o /
€xov(ja.
vqjievT], 11
12 ^lojdvvrjg 6 fjLev
'Ecrcrato?.
Kaprepo)?,
yap
i(f)povpelTO /xtas"
13
(2)
Ot ^ey
re
vtto
LTTTTeajv,
tA.T]?
t]
^^ 'Acr/cdAcuv irereix^oro 8e
^o-qdeias
rretojv
utto
/cat
€7T-qpxev 'Avrctjvto?.^
-^s"
rat? opfialg^ ovvrovajrepov
TToAi)
oi5i^
ep-qpLog
CT^eSoi^
tJv
uTrelpag
dSeuCTavre? cu? iyyvdev d)ppLr]pLevoL /cat St) Traprjcav 14 d 8e 'Avrttjvtos', ou yap -qyvoec pLeXXovaav ert rT^i €obov avrojv, Trpoe^i^yaye rovs iTTTret?, /cat ouSeioiJre 77^6? rd TrXrido? ovre rrju roXpLav VTToSeicras Tcov
/cat
rot? he Trpds ep^ireipovs 7ToXepLa>v aTretpotc
15 eVrctAev'. /cat
Kaprepoj? rds irpwras oppids dv rov? eirl to ret;)(OS" wppL-qp^evovs dv
TToXepiiojv
ehe^aro
TTt^Ot?
TjvcjjpLevovs
TTpog /cat
LTTTTels,
dcTVVrdKTOLS
OTrXiras
rrpos
arpar-qyovpLevoL? Trpog evTreideZs
TTpOS
/cat
el-
^ovXi vevpLart vdvrc
Kaiorepov ajTrXiopLevoi?, dvpLco re TrXeov 16
T€
e^rjpTvpi,evovs rj
TTpdrrovras dvrLTaoo6p.evoLS ttovo? -qv paSio?-* cos yap avrwv dira^ -qhq ovverapdxQ'qfJO-v at Trpotra. vtto
rrjg
axnojv
evl
dXayyes ,
KaroTTLV ^
PA
:
lttttov
ro
TpeTTovraL,
relxo9
/cat
/Sta^o/LteVoib-
roit Trepu-
avfeaiv the rest.
P) PAM. (corn): dpvats the rest with Lat. (perhaps rightly). (Lat.j: foi I retain with hesitation the text of TTovos Tjv pgioios the rest have irovovaLv paSius, beginning the sentence with ol 5f and replacing the subsequent datives by nominatives. «
^
*
578
+Try€u.ioi' (6 Try.
PAL
PAM
JEWISH WAR,
III.
10-16
with which the Jews had always regarded it " made the distance of this, the first objective selected for attack, seem less. The expedition was led by three men of first-rate prowess and ability, Niger of Peraea, Silas the Babylonian,* and John the Essene.*' Ascalon had solid walls, but was almost destitute of defenders, its garrison consisting of but one cohort of infantry and one squadron of cavalry under the command of Antonius. (2) The ardour of the Jews so accelerated their pace that they reached the spot as though they had just issued from a neighbouring base. But Antonius was ready for them informed of their intended attack he led out his cavalry and, undaunted either by the numbers or the audacity of the enemy, firmly sustained their first charge and repulsed those who were rushing forward to the ramparts. It was a case of novices against veterans, infantry against cavalry, ragged order against serried ranks, men casually armed against fully equipped regulars, on the one side men whose actions were directed by passion rather than policy, on the other disciplined troops acting upon the least signal from their commander. Thus outmatched, the Jews were soon in difl^culties. For, once their front ranks were broken by the cavalry, a rout ensued, and, the fugitives falling foul of those in their rear who were pressing forward to the wall, ^^
;
ad Gaium, 205 (Cohn), mentions this irrethe Jews had recently devastated the town {B. ii. 460). It had since 104 b.c. been independent. ^ Both these distinguished themselves in the first engagement with Cestius, ii. 520 ; Niger was the governor, or exgovernor, of Idumaea, ii. 566. Recently appointed general for N.W. Judaea, ii. 567. ala^ a body of auxiliary cavalry. "
Philo, Legal,
concilaV)le feud
;
'^
**
579
JOSEPHUS dXXrjXojv
TTLTTTOvreg
rat?
rjcrav
TToXefJUOi,
e/x/SoAat? et^avre?
L7T7T€cuv
T(jL)v
dvd ndv ro Trehiov to Se 17
o
TrdoLfiou.
Kal
hrj
rjv
ttoXv
'Pco/xatot?
rot?
Travreg
fJ-^xpL
ioKehdod-qaau Kal ttoLv lttavvepyrjaav
TrXeloTov elpydaaro rcov ^Xovhaiojv (f)6vov Tovg re
yap
avroju
(f)€vyovTa'^
(f)ddi'ovr€g
eTreorpe^ov
Kal
rod Bpofiou ovveiXovfievajv SieKTraiovre? d7T€Lpovg dvTjpovu, aAAot Se dXXov? ott-q rpeTTOLvro
rcov
V7t6
Kal 7T€pL€XaVVOVT€<; KaTr]K6vTLl,0V pO.Kal Tot? fiev 'louSaiot? to lSlov TrXrjdos iprjiila TTapd Tag dpi-qxavias KaT€(f)aLV€TO, 'Pa»fialoL 8* iv rat? evvpayiais, Kaiirep ovTeg oXiyoi, Twv TToXefxicjv^ Kal TrepioaeveLv o(f)ds avTOV? vttKal tcov fikv Trpoo(f)LXov€LKOVVTajv Tolg eXdpL^avov 7TTaiap.aoiv aldol re 4>vyqs Ta;(€ta? Kal /xeraKVKXoVfJL€VOL
18 Sioj?.
19
.
iXTTiSi,
^oX-rjg
T(2)V
TV\ovv, 7Tap€T€LV€v [leu
fipeO-qoau
dihpeg 20 SiAa?*
Kal
ixvptoi,
tojv
oXtyoi
22
(3)
Tri<;
Ov
of?
6U-
ecu?
dv-
€v
SetXrjs
,
^Xovhaiojv tov
qy€p.6vUJV
/uaia? et? TtoXi\vriV Tivd,
TTJoSe
p-^xpt
dpidfiov
^lojdwq? re Kal Se rpau/xariai to TrAe'ci^ ovv rw
TO)V
77€pLX€L7TOfJL€Va)
21 €(f)vyou.
kottlcjovtojv
p.T)
p.d\r]
hvo tojv rjyep.6vojv,
XoLTTol
OL
8e Tj
Se'
Tti^es"
^Sly^pL
TTjS
'ISoU"
XaaAAi?^ KaXeiTai, ovvKal
tcov
'PojpLaiojv
inl
vapaTa^eoj? €Tpcodr)aav. ol
fxr^v
'louSatoi
T-qXiKavTr)
GVfjL(f)opa
avTCJV KaT€OTdXr)oav Ta
»
Conj. Niese: ru woXi.uuj ms9. Lat. (Chailis): 2d\\.$ the rest.
PAM*
*
580
Tp07€feffT^p0lJ
PAM.
o
JEWISH WAR,
III.
16-23
they became their own enemies, until at length the whole body, succumbing to the cavalry charges, were dispersed throughout the plain. This was extensive and wholly adapted to cavalry manoeuvres, a circumstance which materially assisted the Romans and caused great carnage among the Jews. For the cavalry headed off and turned the fugitives, broke through the crowds huddled together in flight, slaughtering them in masses, and, in whatever direction parties of them fled, the Romans closed them in and, galloping round them, found them an easy mark for their javelins. The Jews, notwithstanding their multitude, felt themselves isolated in their distress while the Romans, few as they were, imagined, in their unbroken success, that they even outnumbered their enemies. However, the former continued to struggle on under their reverses, ashamed of being so quickly routed, and in hopes of a return of fortune, while the latter were indefatigable in pushing their success so that the combat was prolonged till evening, when ten thousand of the Jewish rank and file, with two of the generals, John and Silas, lay dead upon the field. The remainder, most of them wounded, took refuge with Niger, the one surviving general, in a country town of Idumaea, called Ghaallis." The Romans, on their side, had but a few wounded in this engagement. (3) Far, how-ever, from the spirit of the Jews being Second crushed by such a calamity, their discomfiture only attad? redoubled their audacity and, disregarding the Ascaion ^^ dead bodies at their feet, they were lured by the ^^^^ memory of former triumphs to a second disaster. ;
;
;
«
Unidentified.
581
JOSEPHUS oaov
yovv oud'
TTaaav
hvv(i\iiv
laoaoBai
rpau/xara Kat opyiXajrepov
to.
€7TiGvX\e^avr€S
TToXXoj TrXelov? eVaAii'Spd/xoui' irrl ttjv 8'
24 TTapeLTTero
Ttov
a?^ow
25 TV^y]'
avroi?
fierd
tc
r-q'^
yap
^
Xvrujviov
ras"
Kal
WoKaXajva.
aTreipias
TTpo? TToXepLOV IXaouoJiiarujv
Tov
T-qv
rj
Kai
irpoTepa
TrapoSou?
Trpo-
Xo)(^ioav7os dhoK-qTOL rat? ivehpais ipLTTeoovres Kai V7t6
LTTTTcajv
Toji^
KVKXojdevreg,
ttolXlv
TTpLU
6t?
ttLtttovgl
P'^X'^v Gwrd^auQai p-kv vrrip oKraKia-
ol XoLTTol Se TTavre? ecjivyov, crvv ols Kal Siyep, ttoAAo. Kara rrjv (f)vyqv euroA/xta? €7tlheL^dpevos epya, avveXavvovrai Kre >^ 7TpoGK€Lp,€vajv
XiXtovs,
TOW
o^vpov KcopLT]? BeAtov Wvtojvlov, ojg pi']^^ Tpif^oivTO TTepl TOV TTvpyov oi'Ta SvGdXa>Tov pLTjTe L,on'Ta tov rjyepiova Kal yevvatoTaTov TOJV TToXepiLOJV TTepLL^OLeV, VnO-mpTTpaGL TO T€LXO?. 27 (fyXeyopevov he tov TTvpyov 'PajpaloL p,€V dvaXOjpovGL yeyrjdoTes ojs hiej)dapiievov Kal Xtyepo?, o 8e eiV TO pLuxa^TaTOV tov (f)povpLOV GTr-qXatov KaTaTTTihrjGas eK tov Ttvpyov' SiaCTOJ^erat, /cat rjpiepa? p,€d^ Tpels toIs P-^t^ oXoc^vppov Trpos 28 KTjheLav avTov epevvojGLV V7To4>6eyy€TaL. TrpoeXdow he x^pci? dveX-TTiGTov ndvTas eTrX-qpojoev 'louSatou? oj? TTpovoia deov oujOels avTols GTpaT-qyo? €t? ra peXXovTa. 29 OveGTraGiavos he ra? hwdpLeu^ dvaXa^ojv (4) €K T-qS WvTLOX^loL^, ^ pLTqTpOTToXls eGTL TYJS Supta?, pLeyedovs Te eveKa Kal ttjs dXX-q? evhaipbovias TToXepLLOJV €1? TLua TTvpyov
26 LedeK
KaXovpevq<^.
^
ins. '
582
ol
Se
Trepi
Destinon (after Lat.) om. mss. Destinon and Xiese.
TTvpbi conj.
:
JEWISH WAR, Without even leaving time reassembled
all
III.
for
23-29
wounds to heal, they more furious and
their forces and,
far greater strength, returned to the assault on Ascalon. But, with the same inexperience and the same military disqualifications, the same fortune attended them as before. Antonius had placed into these traps they ambuscades in the passes inconsiderately fell, and before they could form up in battle order they were surrounded by the cavalry and again lost upwards of eight thousand men. All including Niger, who distinthe remainder fled guished himself in the retreat by numerous feats of and, hard pressed by the enemy, were driven ^'alour into a strong tower in a village called Belzedek.* The troops of Antonius, unwilling either to expend their strength upon a tower that was almost imoregnable, or to allow the enemy's general and bravest hero to escape alive, set fire to the walls. 3n seeing the tower in flames, the Romans retired exultant, in the belief that Niger had perished with t but he had leapt from the tower and found •efuge in a cave in the recesses of the fortress, and ;hree days later his lamenting friends, while searchng for his corpse for burial, overheard his voice
in
;
—
—
;
Deneath them. His reappearance filled all Jewish with unlooked-for joy they thought that jrod's providence had preserved him to be their general in conflicts to come.^ (4) Vespasian had now set in motion his forces issembled at Antioch, the capital of Syria, and a city vhich, for extent and opulence, unquestionably ranks learts
;
"
Unidentified.
^
He was murdered by
ferusalem {B.
iv.
the Zealots during the siege of
359).
583
Vespasian frJliT^^^
Antioch
tc
JOSEPHUS rpLTOv IxevTj^
30
31
32
33
3i
inl
ah-qpLTO)<;
€xovaa
tottov,
ttj^
vtto
euda
fJLera
'Pco/Ltatot?
TTdGrjg
olkov-
rrjg
tbla'
laxvo? eKbexofievov avrov rrjv a(f)L^LV Kal 'AypirrTTav Tov ^aoiXea KareiXirjcheL, eVt IlToAe/xatdo^ rj7TeLy€To. Kal Kara ravTr]v VTravrojcnv avroj tt/i ttoXlv ol TTJg TaXiXalag H,€Tr
ttjv
TaXiXaias
oiievTjV
;>(oj/)taj
Y,€7T(j>ojpLV ,
ttoXlv,
fieyLOT-qu
ipvfxvoTdTcp
S'
fiev
ovaa
e7rtT€T6i;(t
Kal (f>povpdv oXov tov edvovs €go
p.ivqv.
35
(iii.
l)
Aug
5'
ovoag
Tag
FaAtAatas",
tt]u
t
KdTOj 77 pooayopevopLevT)v , Trepuox^ fiev rj (t>OLVLKrj t€ Kal ILvpia, hiopit^^L S' ciTro /xe hvo€aj? TjXiov riToAe/xats' Tolg rr)? ;)(a»pa? Tepfxao Kal KdppLTjXog , TO TrdXai fiev FaAtAatwi^, vvv 5 36 Tvplojv opos' CO TrpoGLOX^f- Fa/Sa/ ttoXls Imreajv ovToj TTpoGayopevofievT] 8ta to tovs vcf)^ 'HpcuSo dvoj
1
5S4-
Kal
So Lat.
TTjv
(rf.
A.
XV.
294-,
Vila 11.5): Ta/Saa, Fd/SaXa etc
JEWISH WAR,
III.
29-36
third ^ among the cities of the Roman world. Here he had found, among others, king Agrippa awaiting his arrival with all his own troops. From Antioch Vespasian pushed on to Ptolemais. At this city he was met by the inhabitants of Sepphoris in Galilee, the only people of that province who displayed pacific sentiments. For, with an eye to their own security and a sense of the power of Rome, they had already, before the coming of Vespasian, given pledges to Gaesennius Gallus, received his assurance of protection, and admitted a Roman garrison ^ now they offered a cordial welcome to the commander-in-chief, and promised him their active support against their countrymen. At their request, the general provisionally assigned them for their protection as large a force of cavalry and infantry as he considered sufficient to repel invasions in the event of the Jews causing trouble indeed, it appeared to him that the loss of Sepphoris would be a hazard gravely affecting the impending campaign, as it was the largest city of Galilee, a fortress in an exceptionally strong position n the enemy's territory, and adapted to keep guard 3ver the entire province.
-'^^•^•.^''
Submissic IhotR'.
;
;
(iii.
1)
Galilee,
Upper and Lower
with
two
its
Galilee,
is
divisions
known
as Descriptk
enveloped by Phoenicia
ind Syria. Its western frontiers are the outlying territory of Ptolemais and Garmel, a mountain once Delonging to Galilee, and now to Tyre adjacent to 3armel is Gaba, the " city of cavalry," so called from :he cavalry who, on their discharge by King Herod ;
<»
After
Rome and
Alexandria.
Cf. ii. 510 (Gaesennius was commander of the 12th egion) with Vita 394 (Sepphoris asks for and obtains a garrison from Cestius Callus). ^
VOL.
II
u2
^^^
of ^ahiee.
JOSEPHUS jSacTiAeco?
be
37 (1770
aTToXvofxevovg iTTTreh eV avrfj KarotKelv 'LafiapelrL? re Kal T^Kvdo
fjLea-qiil^pLa?
^lopbdvov vap-aTcov. irpo'S eo Kal FaSapoti OLTTorepiveTaL Kal tt TavXavLTibi^' ravrrj Kal rrjg WypLTTTra ^aaiXeia SSopoi. TO. 77 poodpKTia d' avTTJg Tvpoj re /cat ri Kal Trj
lJie)(pi
*]7T7Trjvfj
Tujv
re
TrXarvveTau
ro pLrJKOs eKreiverai.
39 yeircoVy
5'
d77<
TTJg ev TO) pLeydXcp Trehio) Keip.evqs Kcop^-qg, :LaX(jjd
Kal rrjg dvoj FaAt rj evpos dpxrj p^^XP^ Ba/ca KwpL-qg' aim pLrjKVveraL 8e t^^^XP 40 he rrjv Tvplojv yrjv opiCet. yirjpdjd aTTO 0eAAd Kcop^r]? ^lopbduov yeirovo?. 41 (2) TrjXiKavTai 8' ouaat to pLeyedos Kal rooov roL? eOveoLV dXXo
Aata?
els
heiXia TTore rov? dvhpas ovre XiTravSpia rr^v
Kareaxev, eVeiS?) hevbpeoL
x^P^
re rrdaa Kal ev^oros Ka Kara^UTO?, ojs vtto r-qg ev
77ta>v
TravToiois
Trereias TrpoKaXeaaoBai Kal rov -^KLara yrj? (jaXo 43 7701^0^.
TTaoa,
yovv vtto tcov OLKi^ropoj dpyov ovBev, dXXd Ka
TTpooTjOKridq
Kal
avTrjg
p.epos
TToXeLS TTVKval Kal TO Tujv KOJiLOJV TrXrjdos TravTaxo\
TToXvdvd pcxJTTOV hid TTjV evdrjvcav, Vav\u}i'iTi5i
^
'E^aXwty
•
75.
586
PAL
:
ojs"
PA.
ZaXcI;^ the rest, rf.
Cf. A. XV. 294; called
rrjv eXaxLCPTr^i
Geba by
Vita
2-27.
Plinv, Nat. Hist.
v.
19
JEWISH WAR, settled in this town.'^
On
III. ,S6-4S
the south the country
is
bounded by Samaria and the territory of ScythopoHs on the east by the up to the waters of Jordan territory of Hippos, Gadara, and Gaulanitis, the frontier-Hne of Agrippa's kingdom on the north Tyre and its dependent district mark its hmits. Lower Gahlee extends in length from Tiberias to ;
;
Chabulon, which is not far from Ptolemais on the in breadth, from a village in the Great Plain coast called Xaloth ^ to Bersabe. At this point begins Upper Galilee, which extends in breadth to the village of Baca, the frontier of Tyrian territory in length, it reaches from the village of Thella, near the Jordan, to Meroth. (2) With this limited area, and although surrounded by such powerful foreign nations, the two Galilees have always resisted any hostile invasion, for the inhabitants are from infancy inured to war, and have at all times been numerous never did the men lack courage nor the country men. For the land is everywhere so rich in soil and pasturage and produces such variety of trees, that even the most indolent are tempted by these facilities to devote themselves to agriculture. In fact, every inch of the there is soil has been cultivated by the inhabitants not a parcel of waste land. The towns, too, are thickly distributed, and even the villages, thanks to the fertihty of the soil, are all so densely populated ;
;
;
;
Mentioned as on the southern frontier in Vita 227, " I ought to have gone to Xaloth or beyond " (to meet a deputalying on the tion coming from Jerusalem to Galilee) " flanks " of Mt. Tabor, it is the O.T. Chisloth-tabor, Jos. " xix. 12, modern Iksal. length " here means Josephus by the measurement from east to west, by " breadth " that from south to north. ''
;
587
.
JOSEPHUS vnep
npog
rrevraKio-x^iXiov?
rolg
fMvpioig
^X^'-^
OLK-qropa^; '*4
Ka^oAou h\
(3)
koX to* pLeyeBei
el
ng
eAarTcu-
G€L€ TTJg riepata? ttjv TaXtXaiav, TTpoeXotro 8* av rfj bvvdpL€L- 7] p-kv yap ivepyog oXtj Kal avvex^?^
€GTLv Kap7Tocf)6po?,
Ylepala Se ttoXv p.ev p.€iCojv,
Tj
Se Kal rpax^ia ro ttXIov, rrpog re Kapncvv av^TjOLu dypicvrepa {to ye p.7jv piaXdaKou
€pr]pLo
45 -qpLcpcoi'
Kal rd rrehia SeVSpecrt ttolto TrXeloTOw re iXaiav '^Te]^ Kal
avrfj? Kal 7TdpL(f)opov,
klXols Kard(f)VTa
Kal
dp,7T€Xou
re
X^tp-dppoig
aAt?,
devvdoL<; i6 p.rJKog
47
rot? €t
\ovuY
p,€u
-qoKrjTai)
(f)OLVLK(jjvag
opcov
tCjv
drro
eKeivoi
ttot'
aurr)?
dTTO
htapSofievr)
Kal
GetpLcp
rrriyals
}*]axo.LpovuTog p-^XP'-
Kal HcAAt] /xeV, dpKTOv opt^erat, irpos
^lopSdurj'
vov.
G-qpL^pLVOV
S'
7Tpo€LprjKap.€v,
tjv
ioTrepav
avTTJ? rrepag
dvaToXr]v 'Apa/Sta re
/cat
rj
Se
McoayStrtS",
'Ecre/ScuytrtSi,*
elg
'lopSa-
VleXXav, evpo? S' drro OtAaSeA^etag-
to.
Trpog /xe-
Kal rrpds 7rp6?
8e
^iXaheXi^qvfj Kal Fepacrot?^ diTOTepLveTai. 48 'H 8e T.ap.ap€LTLS X^P^ pieGrj pieu tt}? FaAt(4-) Aata? CCTTt /cat tt^? 'louSata?" dpxop-evT] yap citto TT7? cV TO* [/zeyaAojJ^ Trehicu KeipLeu-qs Fivata?' ^
*
3 *
r/. Lat. assidue awexv^ mss. Aami' (om. T() PAM ets ^Xa/ai/ re the rest. om. PAL. ZtXwi'tTtSt or 2c\Reinach alter Schiirer (Z^/Swh'tiSi)
De.stinon,
:
:
:
^uiv'nibi MSS.
K
^
\
'
C:
B.
ii.
*
588
:
Fepapots the rest. om. PAL. or TTj^f'tts the rest: the place is called V-nixaif) n^Q// s; A. xx. 118. *
Y-nviC^%
-23-2,
We may
suspect exaggeration.
There were 204 towns
JEWISH WAR, that the smallest of
III.
43-48
them contains above
fifteen
thousand inhabitants." (3) In short, if Galilee, in superficial area, must be Peraea. reckoned inferior to Peraea, it must be given the preference for its abundant resources for it is entn-ely under cultivation and produces crops from one end to the other, whereas Peraea, though far more extensive, is for the most part desert and rugged and too wild to bring tender fruits to maturity.^ However, there, too, there are tracts of finer soil which are productive of every species of crop and the plains are covered with a variety of trees, olive, vine, and palm being those principally cultivated. The country is watered by torrents descending from the mountains and by springs which never dry up and provide sufficient moisture when the torrents dwindle in the dog-days. Peraea extends in length from Machaerus to Pella,^ in breadth from Philadelphia " The northern frontier is Pella, which to the Jordan. we have just mentioned, the western frontier is the Jordan on the south it is bounded by the land of Moab, on the east by Arabia, Heshbonitis, Philadelphia, and Gerasa. (4) The province of Samaria lies between Galilee Samaria ^"^' and Judaea beginning at the village of Ginaea ^ " situate in the Great Plain, it terminates at the ;
;
;
'
;
and
villages in Ga]\\ee {Vita 235); the largest village was {ib. 230), the largest town Sepphoris {ib. 232). Including Machaerus, but excluding Pella (mod. Fahil)
Japha "
which was in Decapolis: Peraea is the Jewish province, not comprising the northern trans-Jordanic region (Decapolis). " The O.T. Rabbah of Ammon, called Philadelphia after Ptolemy II Philadelphus, modern Amman it was in Decapolis, but a neighbouring village was the scene of a bloody boundary dispute between its citizens and the Peraean Jews ^ CJ\ B. ii. 232 (Gema). {A. XX. 2). ;
589
.
JOSEPHUS ovofia
eTTiArjyct
Kco(jLr]<;
apx^os'
he
4>VGLi'
49 (f)opo?.
r-q?
diJi(f)6r€paL
T77?
WKpap€rr]va)V
'louSata?
/car'
yap opewal Kal
tott-
ovSeu
8ta-
TrehidSe?,
et?
T€ yecjjpyiav jxaXdaKal Kal rroXvcjiopoi, Kardhevhpoi re Kal OTTcopa? opetvrjg Kal -qfiepov fiearai, Trap* ooov ovhafjiou
51
aAAot? yaXaKTO(f>6pa. iieyiorov ye pirjv reKpn^piov dperrjs Kal evdrjVLa? rd TrXrjdveiv dvhpojv eKarepav. avrojv r) Wvovddov Bdp/catos" (5) ^leBopios 8' TTpoGayopevofJievrj
rd
TTpds
IJLerpovpLevr)<;
dpoLS
KOjp.rj,
^lovhaloL. 52 pLexpi-?
Ka)f.Lrj-
Trepas avrrj rrj? 'louSatas"
rd voria 8' avrrjs eTrl iJirJKog opileL TrpooKvpovaa rolg ^Apdpojv KaXovGi 8' avrrjv 'Iap8ai^^ ol rfjhe
^opeav,
evpds ye
^loTTTTi-js
pLrjv
(itto
dvaTTeTTTarai.
*\opSdvov noTajiov pLeoaiTdrr) 8' avrrjs
rd '\epoo6Xvp.a
Kel-r at, rrap^ o Kal rive? ovk rd dorv tt^c -^wpag eKaXeoav 53 dcji-fip-qraL 8* ovSe rwv Ik BaXduo-qs repTTVojv rj 'louSaia roLS TrapaXioLS KarareLVOvaa f^ie)(pL YlroXe54 p^atdos. /xept^erat 8' el? evheKa KXiipov\las cjv
ttoXls
doKOTTOJS
ojJLcfyaXdv
,
C
*
:
'lopodi/
the rest.
South-east of Shechem. The Lat. has " Anunath which is also called Borceas"; Borcaeus is the modern Berkit, nine miles due south of Or, perhaps, " at its greatest length."' Shechem. Or larda perhaps the modern Tdl Arad, sixteen mile nearly due south of Hebron. * Strictly, rather to the north-east of the centre of Judaea. The usual Rabbinic tradition, however, was that (like Delphi to the Greek) Jerusalem was the navel (tabur) of the whole world, a position assigned to it in some mediaeval maps. See the Book 0/ Jubilees ^ viii. 19," Mount Zion, the centre of "
"
"^
•*
590
:
JEWISH WAR,
48-54
III.
toparchy of Acrabatene." Its character differs in no wise from that of Judaea. Both regions consist of hills and plains, yield a light and fertile soil for agriculture, are well wooded, and abound in fruits, both wild and cultivated both owe their productiveness to the entire absence of dry deserts and to a ;
most part abundant. All the running water has a singularly sweet taste and owing to the abundance of excellent grass the cattle yield more milk than in other districts. But the surest testimony to the virtues and thriving condition of the two countries is that both have a dense population. (5) On the frontier separating them hes the village called AnuathBorcaeus, ''the northern limit of Judaea; its southern boundary, if one measures the country lengthwise, is marked by a village on the Arabian frontier, which the local Jews call lardan.*^ In breadth it stretches from the river Jordan to Joppa. The city of Jerusalem lies at its very centre,* for which reason the town has sometimes, not inaptly, been called the " navel " of the country. Judaea is, moreover, not cut off from the amenities of the sea, because it slopes down towards the coast on a ridge extending as far as Ptolemais.^ It is divided into rainfall for the
;
'^
the navel of the earth," Talm. Bab. Sanhedrin, 37 a, with other passages cited by Charles (on Jub. viii. 12) ; the idea was based, inter alia^ on Ezek. xxxviii. 12. f difficult clause. Not " having a coast extending as far as Ptolemais," for the maritime plain was not in Jewish possession; and Ptolemais, in Phoenician territory, was far
A
The reference, north, not only of Judaea, but of Samaria. to the central mountain chain, which, sloping it seems, is westwards to the Mediterranean and extending northwards rhrough the Judaean plateau and Mt. Ephraim, terminates perhaps also to in Mt. Carmel, a little south of Ptolemais the view obtainable therefrom. ;
551
Judaea.
.
JOSEPHUS apx^i
ftev
^aoiXeiov
TTeptOLKOv
rrjg
to.
Trdarig
'lepoaoAu/xa -npoanoxovGa
cjOTrep
tj
K€(f)aX-q
aco/xaros"
at Aot77at 8e /ner' avrrfv hirjprjVTaL^ ra? roTrapXi'O.?,
hevrepa
55 Fo^i'a
Kal
/xera
'A/cpa^era,
ravrr^i/
xat Au88a, 'A/x/Aaous" '
77po?
Kal
XiTLKr]
rai/rat?
FauAai'tTt^
at Kat rrjs
vtTts",
57 dpxofJLevT] he aTTO 7Tr]ya)v
rj
X^P^
Barai^ata re
Tpap^w
Kal
WypinTTa ^auiXeias etcrt /xotpat. At^dvov opovs Kal rwv \opoavov
I^^XP^ '^V^
npos Tt/Septa8t'
Xlfivrj^
evpvveraL, diro 8e Kcofjur]? KaAou/xevry? 'Ap^as" 'louAtaSo? eKTeiverai to fxrJKO?. olkovctl fjLexpi-? 58 8' avrrjv /xtya8e? 'Iou8atot re Kat "LvpOL. rd fxev 'louSattoi^ re Kal Trepi^ X^'V^^ ^5" Br] TTepl rrjs ei'-T^i'
fidXiara GvvrofjLws aTrrjyyeXKajJLev
(iv.
59
1)
'H
8'
v7t6
OveoTTaoLavov
TrejiSdeloa
e^aKioFIAaKtSof ;)(tAtap;(OUVTO? avrcju, arparoTTehevadfievoL 8irrehioj iv ro) p,eydXcp aipovvrai, Kal rd jiev rret,dv iv rfj TToXet rtpds (f)vXaKr)v avrrjs, ro 8' lttttlkov inl rrjs TrapepL^oXrjs Y^eTT^ajpirais
xiXioi
*
he
^or]6eia,
;)(tAtot
piev
LTnrels
TTeLoL,
1 Kara has possibly dropped out. wpbs Ti/3epid5i Niese: npos Ti^epidoa or Tt/3eptd5os the rest.
Or " allotments."
\'iewed from the Jewish standpoint B. v. 160 r? 'E^paiuv KXrjpovxia and often in A. of the allotments of the tribes in Canaan), from the Roman standpoint, for administrative and revenuePliny, Hint. yat. v. 14. 70. coilectinfT purposes, roTrapxta'. mentions the division of Judaea into ten toparchies he omits Idumaea and Engaddi, inserts Joppa (incorrectly), and sub"
they are
K\rjpovxta.i (cf.
;
592
JEWISH WAR,
III.
54-59
among which Jerusalem as the supreme, dominating all the neighbourhood as the head towers above the body in the case of the other minor districts the divisions coincide with the toparchies. Gophna is the second, then come Acrabeta, Thamna, Lydda, Emmaus, Pella,^ Idumaea, Engaddi, Herodion, and Jericho. To these must be added ^ Jamnia and Joppa, which have jurisdiction over the surrounding localities, and lastly the territories of Gamala, Gaulanitis, Batanaea, and Trachonitis, which form, moreover, part of Agrippa's kingdom. That kingdom, beginning at Mount Libanus and the sources of the Jordan, extends in breadth^ to the lake of Tiberias, and in length'' from a village called Arpha^ to Julias^; it contains a mixed population of Jews and Syrians. Such, in eleven
districts,'^
capital
is
;
briefest possible outline,
is
my
Kingdom ^^'"^^^
description of the
country of the Jews and of their neighbours.
(iv. 1) The supports sent by Vespasian to the people The Roms of Sepphoris ^ consisted of a thousand cavalry and lepphods six thousand infantry under the command of the ravages tribune Placidus the troops at first camped in the Great Plain and then divided, the infantry taking up quarters in the town for its protection, the cavalry ;
;titutes(correct]v)for Fella
Betholethephene(= Bethleptepha,
8. iv. 445). "
See previous note. Josephus here appends
to the four main provinces of Jewish territory (1) the onlj^ two maritime towns whose )opulation was predominantly Jewish, (2) Agrippa's kinglorn in the north, also containing a large Jewish element. * From north to south. From east to w'est. ' Unidentified (east of Trachonitis). " Bethsaida Julias at the head of the Sea of Galilee. * Resuming the narrative of §§ 33 f. "
**
593
JOSEPHUS 60 avXiLerai.
Tov
776/31
Try?
^IcucjrjTTOV
TTplv
TT)V
€771
Kararpexovre? /xeyaAa
iKfiKovv, drpefJLOUVTOL'i
Xr]l6(i€V0L
TToXlV
elvai-
ye
iXTTLGa?,
*I(j6-
fA,r]v
aVTOS
T^V
kol
cu?
erelxi-CFev,
Kal rrj?
Sio
Kara orrore
€A77t8o?
rov re ^idteodai /cat rov fieTaneideiv do6ev€Gr€po^ evpedelg. -napw^vvev
dcfy-qfiaprev,
5e lidXXov Tov TToXejJiov
vvKTOjp ovre
/X€^'
hieXiTTOi'
rd
5tap77a^ovT€S'
Kreivovres
ajp/JL-qae
-
ko.1 rot'S"
re
TrpoOlovras
alprja€LV
SvcfolXojtoi'
62 Z€77<^copiTa?
'PcofxaloL
Kal
TaXiXalcoi'
OLTTOcrTrjuai
'PcDfiaLOig
Se eKarepajdev uvvexoJ?
dvaKOTTTOvres
dapp-qoeiav Gl)7TOS
)(ojpa<;
e^codev
TToAet?^ 61
T7po'i6vT€<;
rrepi^
TO.
/xei'
to
rfjs
r-qv
x^P*^^'* rrjg
opyfj
hrjovpre? irrl
act
irrl
rjf.L€pav
ovt€
'<^''
€7TL^oXrj<;^
avrtov rd TreSta
ol /cat
x^'^P^^ KT-t^fiara, Kal di'8pa77o8i^d/xei'ot
/i,d;(i/xoi^,
77upi he tj FaAiAata Kal ai/LtaTt ndua, TrdOovs re ovhevos r) GVfji(f)opds d776ipaTO? 171' /xta yap KaTa(f)vyrj hiajKOfJievoLS ai
Tou? dcr^erei?.
63 8e
TTeTrXrjpojTo
rov
VTTO
64
^IcoGTjTTov TeiXiadelaaL
TToXets rJGav.
'0 Se TtTO? TTepaLOjdels d-TTO rrjs 'A;(atas ei? rr^v WXe^avSpeuav cLKvrepov rj Kara ;\;£t/xtoi'OS wpav, rtapaXajJL^dvei jiev i^ rjv eGraXro SvvajJLLV. (2)
Gvvrovco
he
65 riToAe/Lia^Sa
vopeia
;^p6up.€ros"
dcbiKvelrai.
/cd/cet
rdxovs els KaraXa^cjv rdi
hid
rrarepa hvGl rols dfia avrco rdy/JLaGLV,
emGTjiiorara rd 66 rd
dxOev *
utt'
auTOU Destinon
77ei'Te/
:
rju
he rd
Kal rd heKarov, levyvuGi
text Niese: drpfMoC^ra rds re TroXetj *
594.
rreyirrrov
most MSS.
(Tri^ovMjs mss.
TOUTOts
JEWISH WAR,
III.
60-66
jmaining in camp. Both divisions made constant lilies and overran the surrounding country, causing mous trouble to Josephus and his men if the latter miained stationary in their cities, the Romans whenever they ivaged the surrounding district entured out, the Romans beat them back. Josephus id, in fact, attempt an assault on the city in hopes f capturing it, although he had himself, before it bandoned the Gahlaean cause, so strongly fortified as to render it practically impregnable even to the omans consequently his hopes were foiled and he :
;
Josephus J-Siy*^^^^^
attacks
;
»und it beyond his power either to compel or to 3rsuade Sepphoris to surrender." Indeed he drew
nvn fiercer hostilities upon the country for the omans, enraged at his enterprise, never ceased, ght or day, to devastate the plains and to pillage e property of the country-folk, invariably killing capable of bearing arms and reducing the inScient to servitude. Galilee from end to end came a scene of fire and blood from no misery, calamity was it exempt the one refuge for hunted inhabitants was in the cities fortified Josephus. (2) Meanwhile Titus,^ after a swifter passage from haia to Alexandria than is usual in the winter ason, had taken command of the forces which he d been sent to fetch, and by a forced march soon iched Ptolemais. There he found his father with two legions, the most distinguished of all, the :h and the tenth, and now united to them the These :eenth which he had brought himself. ;
I
;
;
;
A similar, though apparently distinct, attack of Josephus Sepphoris {before the arrival of Vespasian) is recorded in " § 8. ta 395 ff. 595
Titus joins
^^^P^^^^^^
i^otai
°^ jf^'^^^s*^^
forces.
JOSEPHUS oKTOJKaiheKa OTTelpaL' Ttpoaeyevovro 8KaLoapetas rtevre kol LTTTrecov lXtj (Ma 67 77 e'l-re 8' erepac tow oltto ^vpla? iTTTTeujv. rcov 8 GTTeLpojv at 8eVa puev etxov dva ^(tAtous" Tre^ous at 8e AotTrat SeKarpel? dua l^aKooiovs ^t€v Tre^ous 68 LTT—eU 8e eVarov etVoatt'. crL';(;i^ov' 8e /cat Trap €L7Tovro
Kot
aiTO
Toji'
^aatXeojv
ouvrj)^drj aviiiJiaxi-Kov,
AypLTTTTa
/cat
8to-;)(tAtou?
^oaip^ov
/cat
TreCous" ro^oras- /cat
"Apa^os y\dX)(ou
be
TTjv
Tidoav
^aaiXiKOJV /i.upta8a?
/LteAeTats"
GVyKLvSvV€VOVT€S p.rjT^
70
(v.
/xa;)^t/xoL',
toji'
to
l7T7T€'l?
eV
to.
tte^ovs et? €^ ddpoit^eadt ol
GVvdGKTjGLV
8e
dTTOTdoGOLVTO Tov Tals
/cat
av
TO TtXcOV TjOaV TO^OTa
deparroi'TOJV,
8t;)(a
8td
etT7oi'ro,
t€
[jlc
LTnTel?,
avve^apLdjjLovfievojv
SvvajjiLv
LTTTreas
;;(iAi'ous'
)(iXlov? TTefjuhavTO?
77-€^Ot? TTeVTaKLGXi-XiOLS y djV
69 (L?
Wvtloxov
TrapaGxofjieuojv
Tra/xTrAr^^et?
TToXepiiKrjV
/x«
ovk
c
/cara /xev elprjvr^v
SeGTTOTcbv
det
*
oTpecj^ofievo
8' cV TToXe/JLOLg, OJS p-rp"^ €p,7T€Lpt
dXKTJ TLV09 TtXt^V TOjy ScGTTOTCOV IXaTTOvodo
l)
\\dv
TOVTO)
^€u
ovi'
davp^doat
rt?
(
'PojpLaiojv TO 7TpopLi]des, KaTaGK€vat,opi€va>v iavTo
71
TO OLK€TLk6v OV pLOl'OV €iS TO.? TOV ^LOV hiaKOvU dAAd /cat Trpos Tovg TToXep^ovs xp-qGipiOV el he t avTOJV /cat els ttjv dXXrjv ovvTa^tv ttjs GTparu .
° The cohort was the tenth part of a numbering about 600 men. *
Antiochus
IV^,
king of Commagene
Eme.sa(R ii. 500f.). ' The items supplied work figure.
596
An
;
legion, norma]
vSoemus, king
out at not far short of tl exact computation is impossible owing to u
JEWISH WAR,
III.
66-71
egions were accompanied by eighteen cohorts " ; ive more cohorts with one squadron of cavalry came :o join them from Gaesarea, and five squadrons of 3avalry from Syria. Of the twenty-three cohorts, :en numbered each a thousand infantry, the remainng thirteen had each a strength of six hundred nfantry and a hundred and twenty cavalry. urther considerable force of auxiliaries had been nustered by the kings Antiochus, Agrippa, and 5oaemus,'' each of whom furnished two thousand mmounted bowmen and a thousand cavalry the Vrab Malchus sent a thousand cavalry and five housand infantry, mainly bowmen. Thus the total trength of the forces, horse and foot, including the ontingentsof the kings, amounted to sixty thousand,'' iithout counting the servants who followed in vast umbers and may properly be included in the cateory of combatants, whose military training they hared for, taking part in peace time in all their lasters' manoeuvres and in war time in their dangers, hey yielded to none but them in skill and prowess.
A
;
;
(v. 1)
One cannot but admire
tiown in this particular
the
forethought
by the Romans,
in
making
Digression
r" maii
servant class useful to them not only for the a™y. n'nistrations of ordinary life but also for war. If ne goes on to study the organization of their army
iieir
'^
squadrons (alae) of cavalry, he legion= about G120 men. If the alae are reckoned at 30 men each, the total is 55,720; if at 1000 men, it amounts
irtainty as to the strength of the
)
58,7i0.
This remarkable ctiapter, a first-rate authority on the in the first century, should be compared with )e passage which probably suggested it the more detailed igression of Polybius (vi. 19-42) on the army of three ^
Oman army
—
^nturies earlier.
597
JOSEPHUS yi'o'joerai
OLTrihoL,
72 dperrjg
aVTols
'^^^
OLPXV
jjLovag
TO.?
OTtXojV
to*
;)^p6tas'
dAA'
TTpoTjpyrjKOTe?,
TToXeiJLO?,
j
klvovolv
X^^P^
ojoTrep
oudev
ai^Tors"
KaOdrrep
TTpcOvfMLa
TOt
at fJLeXerc
evrovia
dXrjdeLav
GrparLcorr^
TToXe/jLco
yvpuvdi^eTa
fjieXerag
Kal ovk dv dfidproL Tt? aincov
76 7Tapard^€L£
i^
8e
Tj
alp.aros
;\;c(jpts"
alfxaros
jied^
evdXcoroL
eTTL^pofi-qg
ijjL^dXajGLU 77 iid)(rjs
ev edeC gvi
Kpareiv del Kara raju ovx ofioia
Se TO
€7T€TaL
rrjs
citto
OVT€ hiog i^LGTTjGLV, OVT€ haTTaVO. TTOVO
15 /Se/Satov.
ixOpoju
eiV
re
yc
TToXepLLOLS'
T€LXLGaL GrparoTredou.
dAA'
8iaAa/3di^T€?,
Xdjpo?,
ov
Tryi^
Kat TO *
Poly bi US,
(
dvcu/xaAo?
Se
t}
aTa/CTO
wv
rvX'
TTap€p,fio}
hopLiqGLV epyaXelcop.^
euSov
/Ltei'
rd Tf
vi. 4:2,
8'
dnrovri
Kal reKTOvcov TrXrjdog erren
avrol?.
ribv re 77po?
oirrj
Trplv
to Se ovk eiKau
Sta/xeTpetTat
e^ofxaXiLeraL-
78 Terpdyajuo?
(2)
pikv
ei
fi*
ovbe
fjLeXerag.
yrji^,
ra?
eLTTOJU
Trapard^eis,
ovhk dv<jjp.aXov iyeipovGLV, ovde rrdvres
"
elp'qv
oary/xepat
iv
dra^la hiaGKthviqGiv ainovs TGL^eCU?,
598
€77
iv
Kov(f)6Tara rds fidxci? hta^epovGiv ovre yd
74 8t6
79
ya
Ou8*
cjTJ/LtTre^uaroTes'
Kara.
tt]?
dXX eKaGros
dTTohiovGLV,
ov
rv-^^rjs-
ovSe dvafievovGiv rovg Kaipov?.
73 x^tptai^
TTaGT}
[6
avrov
rjy€yiOViav
aGKYjoecos XapL^dvovGcv €Ke
ottXols ovheTTore ttj?
§'
roGrjvbe
ttjv
e^ovras, ov bojpov
Kri^fxa
.
.
.
€t?
^pya\ela
GKrjvd<^
StaAa/zjSc
M\Ke'.
contrasts the practice of Greeks an
(.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
71-79
be seen that this vast empire of to them as the prize of valour, and not as a gift of fortune. as a whole, theirs has
it will
come
For their nation does not wait for the outbreak of Their war to give men their first lesson in arms they do not Sce"tfmf sit with folded hands in peace time only to put them in motion in the hour of need. On the contrary, as though they had been born with weapons in hand, they never have a truce from training, never wait for emergencies to arise. Moreover, their peace manoeuvres are no less strenuous than veritable warfare each soldier daily throws all his energy into his drill, as though he were in action. Hence that perfect ease with which they sustain the shock of no confusion breaks their customary formabattle tion, no panic paralyses, no fatigue exhausts them and as their opponents cannot match these qualities, victory is the invariable and certain consequence. Indeed, it would not be wrong to describe their manoeuvres as bloodless combats and their combats ;
;
:
;
sanguinary manoeuvres.
as
The Romans never
'
lay themselves open to a sur- The camp attack for, whatever hostile territory they co^nstrucmay invade, they engage in no battle until they have ^ioQfortified their camp. This camp is not erected at random or unevenly they do not all work at once jr in disorderly parties ; if the ground is uneven, it " a site for the camp is then measured is first levelled For this purpose the ut in the form of a square. y is accompanied by a multitude of workmen and
prise
;
;
;
:)f
tools for building. (2)
The
Romans af the
interior of the
in constructing
a
camp
camp
;
is
divided into rows
the former follow the
lie
ground and spare themselves the trouble of entrenching.
599
JOSEPHUS 8' o kvkXo? rei^ovs o^iv e7Te';\;et, loov hLaoTriiiaro<; KeKOGfi-qfJievog. IttI 80 he rojv fxeraTTvpyiOju rovs t€ o^u/SeAet? /cat KaraTTeXrag /cat Xido^oXa /cat 77ai' dcherrjpLOv opyavov
e^ajdeu
vovGLU,
e^
TT-u'pyots"
Travra
81 TideaoLVy
Se
ras ^oAa? eroL/xa. nvXaL reoaapes /ca^' eKaorov rod
Tipos
et'ot/coSo/zoOvrat
TrepijSoAou KXijjLa, rrpos re elaoSovs tcjv V7Tol,vyicjjv €U/Ltapet?
/cat
ra? lKhpoiia<^ avrcov, el KarpvpLoroixovac 8' evhiaOeTOJs etaa)
77/30?
82 eTTelyoL, nXarelai.
TO orparoTTeSou,
/cat fJLeoa^ jxev
ras rojv rjyejjLovoju to orpar-q
OKTji'as ridevraiy {JLeoatrarov be rovrcuu
83 ytov- i^aoj TrapaTrXrjOLOv
dyopd
/cat
•X^ojpiov,
dojKOL
84 St/cci^otei^,
Tjepi^oXos TrXrjdeL
Kol
Kal
/cat to.
/cat
ai^ro)
;\;etpoTe;(i^at?
Ta^idp\OL<;, TeL\Lt,eTai
otttj
he
6
Trdvra daTTOv eTTLVoias
tcou ttovovvtojv el S' erreiyoi
e^coOev
evpo^
/cat
/cat
htacfyepoLi^TO.
ei'
errLarrjfjLr^
Td(f)pog
TTTjxv?
Xoxayol?
Te Tti^e?
€t
cjorrep he ev oxehloj ttoAi?
drroheLKVUTaL
rt?
Ttept^dXXeraL,
^ddo?
Terpd-
lor].
8' auAtijOP'Tat /cara cuvra^ets (3) ^pa^dfievoL eKOGTOL fjLed^ TjGvx^Oi? Te /cat KoopLOu. TxdvTa 8 auTOt? Kat rdAAa /xer' eurafia? dvveraL Kal dG(f)aAeta?, ^vXeta Te kol eviOLTiop,6s el heoivTo, /ca. 86 vhpela /cara ovvrd^eis e/caaTOt?. oi)8e ya/3 8et77i^oi •^ dpLGTOv, OTTOTe deXrjGeiau, aine^ovGiov e/cacTTOJ Trdati' 8' ofjLov, tov^ re vttvov^ avTols /cat rds Kat Ta? i^eyepoei'^ aaA77tyye? tt/jo (^uAa/cdi
85
,
"
o^i'/SfXets
and
/caraTrArat, species of c«^(7/)?///af,
mechanica
contrivances for discharging arrows by means of a wind \i6o3o\a, ballistae, for discharging stones with higl lass angle tire. * The praetorium, :
600
:
JEWISH WAR,
79-86
III.
of tents. The exterior circuit presents the appearance of a wall and is furnished with towers at regular and on the spaces between the towers are intervals placed " quick-firers," catapults, " stone-throwers," " and every variety of artillery engines, all ready for In this surrounding wall are set four gates, one use. on each side, spacious enough for beasts of burden to enter without difficulty and wide enough for sallies of troops in emergencies. The camp is intersected by streets symmetrically laid out in the middle are the tents of the officers, and precisely in the centre the headquarters of the commander-in-chief,^ resembling a small temple. Thus, as it were, an improvised city springs up,*^ with its market-place, its artisan quarter, its seats of judgement, where adjudicate upon any differcaptains and colonels ences which may arise. The outer wall and all the buildings within are completed quicker than thought, 50 numerous and skilled are the workmen. In case 3f need, the camp is further surrounded by a fosse, four cubits deep and of equal breadth. (3) Once entrenched, the soldiers take up their ][uarters in their tents by companies, quietly and in yood order. All their fatigue duties are performed .vith the same discipline, the same regard for security ;he procuring of wood, food-supphes, and water, as •equired each party has its allotted task. The lour for supper and breakfast is not left to individual all take their meals together. liscretion The hours ;
;
'^
—
:
or sleep, sentinel-duty, " (^
Cf. Polyb. vi. 31 Tf
Taf.LLii(p
.
.
.
6 fxev
and
rising, are
ds dyopav
announced
yiueTai. roiros 6 5' 'irepos
TToXet Trapair^rjalav ('^ft
ttjv biadecnv.
centurions (Xoxos = a century ii. 63) and ribunes (Reinach). But Ta^iapxoi appear to be distin•uished from x'^^ctpxo' in § 87 and in A. vii. 26. **
Perhaps
601
Daily
fff"^/" ^ani
JOSEPHUS ovd^
GrjfjLaLVovGLV,
87 ayyeA/xaro?.
€G7LV 6
yu'CTat
Tt
Trap-
SiX*^
to crTpartajTiKov
vtto he rrjv eoj
/xev
eKaTovTap\a<; eKaoTot, Trpos Se tou? XiXidp-)(ovs ovroi avviaoLV doTraaoiievoL, /.te^' dw -npos Tov Tj-yeiJLOi'a tujv oXojv ol ra^lapxoL TrdvTes Toi)?
€771
88 o
auTot? TO
8'
T€
TTapayyeXfxara V7TOT€TayfjL€vov?
Tovre?
8
.
€77 LOT p€(f)ovT
TQ?
7rp6?
eOovg
€^
hiacjyepeiv
T€
at
tous
etV
Trpdr
7Tapard^€(jj?
KaTTL
Srj
Kal rdXXa
GrjfjLelov
StaStScoati^'
Tax^oj?
€(f)66ov9 avroL?^ Kal rrpos
Scot,
Iva^
,
tq?
/cat
dvaMrArJcreis
VTTOXOjpOVOLV ddpOOL. 80
'E^teVat
(4)
Gr]jjLaLV€L
Se
fiev
uTparoTreSov
tol!
odXTTiy^,
rj
8'
r]pep,el
heov
vtto-
ou8ei?,
ciAA
d/xa vevfjiaTL Tct? /xev OKiqvds dvaipovrnv , irdvra 8 90
i^aprvovTai crdA/Tiyye? eV
Td;(€t
iTndlvres
npo'^
Tot?
Te
T-qv
aTTOGKevrjv
TTCiAti'
TeLxiaaoBai,
91 TToXepiLOL?
8t'
drroXeLcpdeirj
'
>
aiTLav
8'
re
oi5u;<Tiv
v
:
pi-
6 T€ Krjpv^ dffio
the rest. a' the rest.
ms.
a
inLGTrep
where": +
Havercamp with one ins.
d/xotcos'"
^pahvvavTa?, w?
Tti'd
PAM: '*
8'
e^ohov,
rrjv
rjhi
e/cei
eKelvo Trore roZ
rplrov
rd^eoj?.
RC =
'
602
^^'^
Irrjs j^
Text doubtful. 5 om. Destinon •
yevono
8
€(^'
ojoTT^p
ov pdhiov
ptev
TjpoarjpiaivovGiv
XovGai TOV?
«
pLrj
ol
vnotvyioi^
tol?
loTaoLV
avrol?
XPV^^H'^^-
adATTtyye?
Tts"
Kal
a
TrdXiv
TrapeuKevdadaL.
dpeucra'
TTapepL^oXrjV, oj?
rrjv
Kal
€^ohoi'.
i^opfidu eroLpLOL, VTro—LpLTrpdaiv
vavXriyo<;
92
rrjv
VTTocr-qfiaivovatv
6fxu)%
Bekker with one
the rest.
ms.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
86-92
nothing is done without y the sound of the trumpet word of command. At daybreak the rank and file eport themselves to their respective centurions, the enturions go to salute the tribunes," the tribunes 7ith all the officers ^ then wait on the commanderi-chief, and he gives them, according to custom, the •atchword and other orders to be communicated to he lower ranks. The same precision is maintained the troops wheel smartly round n the battle-field 1 the requisite direction, and, whether advancing to he attack or retreating, all move as a unit at the ord of command. (4^) When the camp is to be broken up, the trumpet Breaking Dunds a first call ^ at that none remain idle army on the istantly, at this signal, they strike the tents and march. lake all ready for departure. The trumpets sound at once they second call to prepare for the march ile their baggage on the mules and other beasts of arden and stand ready to start, hke runners breastig the cord on the race-course. They then set fire encampment, both because they can easily j) the )nstruct another [on the spot], and to prevent the lemy from ever making use of it. A third time the umpets give a similar signal for departure, to hasten le movements of stragglers, whatever the reason r their delay, and to ensure that none is out of his ace in the ranks. Then the herald, standing on ;
:
:
;
:
" Cf. Polyb. vi. 36. 6 (at daybreak the inspectors of nightntries report to the tribunes). *
7-a^tapxoi
rions
= either
"officers" generally, including cen-
and tribunes (Reinach), or perhaps " legates,"
mmanders
i.e,
of the legions, for which, however, ^irapxos
is
ed in § 310. Polybius, vi. 40, similarly describes three trumpet-calls fore the march (1) lower tents and collect baggage, (2) d beasts of burden, (3) march. :
603
josp:phus rco
Trapaards
TToXeyiapxLO
eroLfjLOL,
rfj
,
Trpo?
€t
yXtvaar}
Trarpico
Tpt9
TToXepiov
€lgl
dvaTTvuddveTai
KOLKelvoL TOoavroLKLS di'TL^ocooiv ixeya tl /cat Trpo dufiov,
Xeyovre? eluai,
eroL/jLOi
Kat
errepajTcovTa,
tlvo?
(f)6dvovoii^
apr]LOV
be
TTvevpLaros
to vtto
ovve^aipovoiv rds he^ids. rjcrvxfj Kal /xct KOGfJLOv Trdi'res, warrep iv TToXefico rr]v ISiav rd^i €KaoTos (^vXdoGUJV OL i^iev 77e^ot dcopa^lv [re 7r€(f)payfJL€voL Kal Kpdveoiv Kal p-a^a ipo(f)opovvr(i 8' ainoji' ro Xauc 94 dp,4>oT4poj6€v. p^aKporepov ^i(f>o^ TToXXuj' ro yap Kara ^toJ^ Se^tou (J7ndap.r^ (fyepovuL S' ol p,€V 776/ 95 ov TrXeov e;\;et to p.rjKog. Toi' crrparrjyov cVtAe/CTOt ttc^oI Xoyxrjv Kal dcTTTtSi T) 3e XoLTrrj (f)dXay^ $V(jt6v re Kal Ovpeov eTTLfjL-qKt TTpos ols rrpiova Kal ko^lvov, dpuqv re Kal ireXeKV TTpos Se Lf-idi'Ta Kal hperravov Kal dXvoiv, r)p.€pa re TpLcou £<^6hLov' cu? oXiyov dTToheZv rcov d^Bi rot? Se Imreva 9g (f)opovvTa)v dplwv rov tt^i^ov. pidxo-Lpa pi€v €K Se^Lwv /xa/cpa Krai kovtos in p,T^Ki]? eV X^^P^> dvpeo? Se rrapd TrXevpou lttttc TrXdyiog, Kal Kara ycopvrov Trapr^pri^vrai rpils TrXelovs aKOvres, rrXarelg piev alxpids, ovk dm heovre'i 8e hopdrojv pieyedo^' Kpdvr) 8e Kal dujpaK TTLiiTrXdfxevoL
93
(5)
rfi
^ofj
"ETTetra TTpo'Covre? obevovaw
,
97 opiOLOJS
rots
hiaXXdrrovoLV roji'
€v
TQi?
pidrcov del ro
TTitols
ol
aTTaaiv.
ovhevl
rov
orpanqyov
rrepl
tAat?
LTmeojv.
Xa^ov ^
KXrjpo)
8e
8e
ottXl
eKKpir rCjv
ra
r^yelrai.
P: om. the
rest.
" About 9 inches. On the monuments this order reversed, the poniard {pugio) being on the left ; similai
(504
JEWISH WAR,
III.
92-97
he right of the war-lord, inquires three times in their lative tongue whether they are ready for war. Three imes they loudly and lustily shout in reply, " We re ready," some even anticipating the question and, rarked up to a kind of martial frenzy, they along viih the shout raise their right arms in the air. (5) Then they advance, all marching in silence and 1 good order, each man keeping his place in the anks. as if in face of the enemy. The infantry are armed with cuirass and helmet and Arms and arry a sword on either side that on the left is far of 'in?£uitry le longer of the two, the dagger on the right being longer than a span.** The picked infantry, forming le general's guard, carry a lance * and round shield,'' le regiments of the line a javehn and oblong uckler " the equipment of the latter further icludes a saw, a basket, a pick and an axe, not to ention a strap, a bill-hook, a chain and three days' tions, so that an infantry man is almost as heavily den as a pack-mule. The cavalry carry a large sword on their right side, and of long pike in the hand, a buckler resting obliquely ^^^^ ^^' the horse's flank, and in a quiver slung beside em three or more darts with broad points and as ng as spears their helmets and cuirasses are the me as those worn by all the infantry. The select valry, forming the general's escort, are armed in ecisely the same manner as the ordinary troopers, le legion which is to lead the column is always ;
;
'^
;
!
;
lected lybius, •rn '
by lot.^ who omits
on the right
Hasta.
According itemed
by a
(vi. "
to
the poniard, states that the sword
is
23. 6).
Parma. Polyb.
vi.
**
P'dum.
*
40. 9 the order of
Scutum.
march was
daily rotation.
605
J0SEPHU5 98
Totaurat jjLev ovv at 'Pcofj-aiajv TTopeZai 7 KaraXvaei?, Trpos 8e ottXcjjv Sia(/)opat, ouSe 8e anpo^ovXevTov iv rat? jidxo.i'b ovhk avrc ux^^^ov dAAa yvcofjiri [JLev det Tzav-ro? epyov Trpodye rot? BoxOeiGL 8' eTzerat rd epya* 77ap' o k:( o(f)dXXovTaL jjL€v TjKLGra, Kav TTraioojcji hi, pahia dvaXap^^dvovGi rd o? tou /xet' auT( fjidrov KaXov heXedlovro? el? dTrpofirjOetav, ri OK€lp€CO? Sc, Kav dTVXT]crj) TTori, TTpOS TO p ai)^i? KaXrjV ixovarj? pLeXer-qv Kal rcov p-kv avn pidrcov dyadojv ov rov Xa^ovra oltlov etvat, re 8e TTapd yvcopLTjv TrpoaTreaovrcov GKvdpwTTOJV irapt pLvdlav TO ye TTpoorjKOUTOj^ ^e^ovXevodai. (7) YlapaGK€vdl,ovGL p-kv ovv iv rats' pLeXkra Tcov ottXcov ov rd GcvpiaTa pLovov dXXd Kal t> ifiv^ds dXKLpLovs, TipoGaGKOvvTai 8e /cat rdi 6^t ot re ydp vopLOL Trap* avTols ov XiTTOTa^iov pLov dXXd Kal paGTcovTjs oXLyrjs davaTLKOi, ol GTpaTYjyol Ta)V v6p,ojv o^6pa)T€pOL- rat? yap 7Tp Tovg dyadovg rt/xat? pvovTai to' 8oKCti^ d)p TTpo? Tou? KoXat,opukvovs TOGOVTOV 8' auToip' (6)
Koi
,
99
100
101
102
103
104
.
Toijs
Tzpos"
rjyepiova^
TreLdrjVLOv,
cLs
€v
Te
eiprj
Kal inl TrapaTd^eco^ eu ocopia t k GTpaTidv. ovtojs ainujv Gvva(f)€l^' pikv
KOGpLov 105 oXtjv
ehai,
Ta^ei?, €VGTpo(f)OL 8* cIgIu at rrepLayojyai, d^ci 8' d/coat p.kv 7rapayykXp.aGiv oipetg 8e G7]pLeL0 ,
106 kpyoL?
8e
d^ei'
;)^etpe?.
^pahvraToi 8e Tradelv ^
2
606
L,
cf,
hpaGai
eiGLV, ovhi*
p-kv
del
rax^
eoTLV ottov gt
Tov Dindorf. da^aXeTj or dcpeXds the rest.
Lat. eopulati
:
JEWISH WAR,
III.
98-106
the routine of the Roman army on the camp, such are the various arms which In battle nothing is done unadvisedly or ;hey bear. consideration invariably precedes eft to chance iction, and action conforms to the decision reached. Consequently the Romans rarely err, and, if they do
Such
is
narch and
in
(6)
Tactics.
:
error. They consider, noreover, that a well-concerted plan, even if it ends n failure, is preferable to a happy stroke of fortune, )ecause accidental success is a temptation to im)rovidence, whereas deliberation, though occasionally bllowed by misfortunes, teaches the useful lesson low to avoid their recurrence. They further reflect hat one who profits by a happy accident can take no redit for it, while disasters which occur contrary to 11 calculations leave one at least the consolation that 10 proper precautions were neglected. Discipline. (7) By their military exercises the Romans instil ito their soldiers fortitude not only of body but also f soul fear, too, plays its part in their training, 'or they have laws which punish with death not lerely desertion of the ranks, but even a slight eglect of duty and their generals are held in even reater awe than the laws. For the high honours ^ith which they reward the brave prevent the ffenders whom they punish from regarding themelves as treated cruelly. This perfect discipline makes the army an orna- Rome owea lent of peace-time and in war welds the whole into Jo^jfs"^*'^'^ single body so compact are their ranks, so alert efficient leir movements in wheeling to right or left, so uick their ears for orders, their eyes for signals, their ands to act upon them. Prompt as they conseuently ever are in action, none are slower than they
nake a sHp, easily repair their
;
;
;
607
1
JOSEPHUS devTe?^
TrXrjdou?
ri
rjoarjdriaav
t)
dAA' ovhk rvxrj?' Kparelu jSe/Saiorepop'.
hvGX(x>pia<; ,
Tj
arpaTrjyqiJidTCOl
Kal
yap ravrr)
ovu ^ovXr ^e^ovXevpiivois orparos ovtoj Spaor-qpLO?, ri davpLaarov pL€v ^v^pdr-qs t el TrpOi eoj oJKeavos Se rrpo ioTTepav, pLea-qpL^ptuov 8e AtjSur)? to Tnorarov Kal rrpos dpKrov "lorpo? re /cat ^Prjuo? rrj Tj-yepLovia? opoi; Seoi^roj? yap dv ri^ €L7tol r KrfjpLa rwv KT-qGapievcou eXaaoov. Tavra p,€v ovv dLe^rjXdou ou 'PajpLatov 108 (8) eVatveVat Trpoaipovpi^evos roaoOrou, ooov €t9 t TTapapLvdiav rajv Kex^LpojpLeuojv Kal et? aTTorpoTTr] 109 rwv veajTepit^ovrajv €117 8* dv rols dyvoovoiv Ta (^lAo/caAouvTcov' Kal npog epLTreipLa? 77 dyojyrj rr 'PojpiaLOju oTpand?. iTrdveLpn 8' odev irrl rav-
l(i7
auTot?
p-eu
110
TO
(vi.
1)
OvecTTTaaiavog
hiarpL^a>v Tea*? eV o
Sfi^a/xet?, KTtdOb
crreTat
TTpd^eoj?,^
o.p\€.i
er7€t
Se
rfj
pueu
1
Xatojv
Kal
dpua
fl to Ae/^tat8t
toI?
rw
FaAtAatai^ KaTaTpe\a>v
Tryt^
Tat?
'
PAL: 2
*
M
Tir
WXc
to doOeuearcpov VaX
rjv
(f>vyaL?^
eva7TOKdp.vov,
avpL(f)€vyou del to pLd)(Lp.ov et? tol? utto
^
Traihl
oui^eTao'O'ev' tc
TToXv p-ev rrX-qdog durjprjK€L rdJv kotl
Xap.^avopievtov , rovro 8' 1
8e
of?
(margin)
TT :
opcjv
too
«
Ia»cn
aiaTCLfTci the rest.
a pa rdl^ecj J
PAL.
(pvXaKai^ or
The motive here admitted
is
\pvx°-'-''
the rest.
significant.
As has be
said elsewhere (vol. i. Introd. p. xi), the Jewish War,'^ penn in \"espasian's former palace by his pensioner, was probab of the nature of a manifesto inspired by his imperial patro
608
:
JEWISH WAR,
III.
106-111
n succumbing to suffering, and never have they been
mown
any predicament to be beaten by numbers, difficulties of ground, or even by fortune or they have more assurance of victory than Where counsel thus precedes active )f fortune. )perations, where the leaders' plan of campaign s followed up by so efficient an army, no wonder hat the Empire has extended its boundaries )n the east to the Euphrates, on the west to the (cean, on the south to the most fertile tracts of Jbya, on the north to the Ister and the Rhine. One aight say without exaggeration that, great as are in
)y ruse,
by
;
the people that
heir possessions,
reater (8)
won them
are
still.
If I
have dwelt at some length on
ly intention
was not
so
much
this topic,
to extol the
Romans
to console those whom they have vanquished and D deter others who may be tempted to revolt.** 'erhaps, too, any cultured readers ^ who are uncquainted with the subject may profit by an account
s
the organization of the Roman army. my narrative at the point where
f
isume
1 will I
now
digressed.
Vespasian was detained for some time with son Titus at Ptolemais, consolidating his forces. leanwhile Placidus ^ was scouring Galilee and had ;gun by killing large numbers of those who fell into is hands, these being weak civilians who were exafterwards, observing that the lusted by flight )mbatants always took refuge in the cities which (vi. 1)
is
:
intended as a warning to the East of the futility of further •position." The danger of a rising of the Parthians or of e Jews of Babylon (ii. 388 f.) was a constant menace. rcDf (f)i\oKa\ovi'Twi' i cf. Polybius vi. 26. 12 rij ^dp oiircjs " § 39. TI.V aTTfOtK'ws irpQS TO. Ka\a kt\.
id
VOL.
U
X
609
Unsuccess-
piacSj^j^ a Jotapata.
JOSEPHUS 7T0V TeLxi-odeLGas TToAetj ajpfi-qaeu errl rr]v 6-)(ypo)
avrcjv ^IwraTrdrau, olofxevo? i^ i(f)6Sov fj^e 8e AcAe'os" avroj Trapa rot iiyepooLV KaK€LVOLS ocpeAog ei? Ta AoLTra Trap
TOLTrju
alpTiaeLV paStoj?, jxlya
e^eiv TTpoGxcoprjGeLu yap Se'ei rag aAAa? 77oAet Ka pT ep CUT drrjg olxopilvrig } ttoXv ye iirji> Si Yjixaprei' rrjg iX-idog' einovTa yap ainov ol 'Itora rrpo rrjg rroXecug Ik TrpoaLodofJievoL 7Tarr]voL hexovTat, Kal rolg 'Poj/xatot? Gvppayevreg d^oK-qTOi TToAAot Kal TTpog fidxf]V eTOLfiOL, TTpodufioi re d> dv VTTep KLvSvuevovor)g TrarpiSos Kal yvvaiKCJV kg TpeTTOVTaL rax^cos. Kal TToXXoug fie 113 reVytoi^, TiTpujGKOVGi tCjv 'Pojp.aLcou, CTTTa 8e dvaipouGi bid TO /x7JTe draKTOv avTOJV tt^v VTTOXojprjGi yeveGdat Kal rd? TrXrjydg eTTLTToXaiovg 7re(f)pay fjLeuojv rtdvTodev tujv GOjpidTojv, tovs re *\ovSaLOi rroppojBev ^dXXeiv TrXeoi' 7) GV/JL—XeKeGdai dappe\ eireoov he Kal tcoi> 'lofSata 114 yvfxvriTag OTxAtTat?. YlXdKiSog /X( rpelg duhpeg Kal eTpojdriGav oXiyot. ovu TTJg €771 rrju 77oAti' opfiqg dTovojTepog evpeOe
iriTr^s"
cf)evyei.
115
lie
OveG-aGtavog be
ajpiiripuevos avTog ipcf^aXe FaXiXalav e^eXavi^eu Trjg IlToAe/xatSc Siara^a? ttju GTpaTidv odeveiv Kadd *Pa)/xato Tovg /xeV ye ipiXoug twv eTTiKovpojv ki 6^0?. (~)
els
To^-oras"
rchv
epevvcuev rds
TioXepiiajv
VTTOTrTOv?
Kal
eVtSpo/xa?
/cat
8
Xoxdodai bwafieuc
Kal 'PajpLaloju oTrXtTLKrj pLoTpt IIT neioi T€ Kal LTirrelg. TOvroLg d(f)^ eKaGTiqg eKaTov, vXag,
j.
TTpodyeiv eKeXevaeu, co? duaKOTTTOLev tc
e^aTTLvaiovs
etTTeTO
OL9
1
610
,
TYju
MVRC,
cf. iv. 1-28:
ix^tiiu-qs
PAL.
-,
JEWISH WAR,
III.
111-117
Josephus had fortified, he proceeded to attack the most formidable of them, Jotapata. He expected to have no difficulty in capturing it by a sudden assault, and thus to procure for himself a high reputation with his chiefs and for them a considerable advantage for the future campaign for, once the strongest town had fallen, terror would induce the In this hope, however, he was 'est to surrender. Forewarned of his approach, the greatly deceived. Deople of Jotapata awaited his coming outside the own and burst unexpectedly upon the Romans. Being a large body, well prepared for battle, and :indled by the thought of the danger threatening heir native city, their wives and their children, they [uickly routed their opponents and wounded a large lumber of them. They killed no more than seven, •ecause the Romans retired in good order and, their odies being completely protected, received only uperficial wounds, while their Jewish assailants, ghtly equipped and opposed to heavy - armed 3gulars, kept their distance and did not venture to 3me to close quarters with them. The Jews on leir side had three killed and a few wounded, lacidus, thus finding himself too feeble for an assault n the town, beat a retreat. (2) But Vespasian, impatient to invade Galilee him- Vespasian If, now set out from Ptolemais, after drawing up his fnto^oa^inee 'my for the march in the customary Roman order. Order of his army on th; u -T V ^ J ^ J \ auxiliary light-armed troops and archers were march. he ;nt in advance, to repel any sudden incursions of le enemy and to explore suspected woodland suited r the concealment of ambuscades. Next came a ;
1
intingent of heavy-armed Roman soldiers, infantry id cavalry. They were followed by a detachment
611
JOSEPHUS rjKo)iOidouv
apxlas
ScK'a
lavrCou
re
n^i^
OKCvrju
Kal ^er
118 Kai TO. /xerpa tt^? Trape/ijSoAr^S"
aVTOVS ohoTTGlOL TCL TC CTKoAia TT^b Xe(jJ
119 pair o
Tojv TQi 76 Ibiag Kal ras
KaTortLU he rov-
vri*
Tcjji'
era^ev d-ooKeua<; Kal ov)(i>ov£ 120 doc^dXeiav tojv
rov? re
p.eO^
LTTrreoji'.
eTTiXeKTOvg
rujv
avTov
r\yep.6v(x>i
tovtol^ irpo
IttI
ots avTog c^-qXavvei Kal
TreCojv
Ka
iTTTTeajv
Tou? Xoyxo(f)6povg e^ojv. elnero S' avrcp ro 'idioi rov rdyiJLaro? ltj-lkov Ihioi yap eKaorov rdy/jiaro 121
elKOGL
eKarou
rolg
TTpog
rjKoXovdovv ol TQS" 122
rd
XoLTid
G(j)d£
Kal 124
rov
rdypLaros
,
diXKLpLcorarog
reKpL-qptov
derov,
d'w
avrolg Kal
ol oaXr^LyKrai, els
Ka
rovrov?
)(^LXidp)(^OL£,
TravTog
o?
^aoiXevs
rod KparijoeLV hoKel.
(TrL(f)0?
S
6 pel?
-qyepove eTTiXeKTOo
orpajLcora? e)(ovres' evrei-a at
TTepuGXOVoai pacoLg
rovrois
(j>epovre£
p.erd
ixrj)(avrjpaTa.
re Kal orreipojv e~ap)(^oi ovv 123 TTepl
IrtTreU.
eXeTToXeig
o
re
rots
oiojucov
Kal
Sr/
KXrjhu'jv,
he
e(/)'
ovs dv
lepols rj
*Paj
aTrduroj -qyepLOvia
rfi
Kal KaroTTiv avrojv
ff TrXarvvaoa.
orjixaio
dp)^ei
tcoatj
rjKoXovOoi
rovrotg Trapeirrero r
eKar6vrap-)(Os l^ e6ov£ rrjv rd^LV eTTLOKOTTOVpievo 125
ro
8*
TTe^otS" €771
6"12
OLKerLKOv eLTTero,
rot?
eKdorov
rag
opevoiv
rdyparos
dTTOGKevd? Kal
rolg
rcov
arrav
orparLwru.
VTTo^vyloLg
luj
ro'w^
dyovre:
JEWISH WAR,
III.
117-125
composed of ten men from each century, carrying their own kit and the necessary instruments for after these came the marking out the camp pioneers to straighten sinuosities on the route, to level the rough places and to cut down obstructing woods, in order to spare the army the fatigues of a toilsome march. Behind these Vespasian posted his personal equipage and that of his lieutenants with a ;
mounted escort to protect them. He himself rode behind with the pick of the infantry and cavalry and his guard of lancers. Then came the cavalry
strong
for to each legion are attached hundred and twenty horse. These were followed by the mules carrying the siege towers " and the other
units of the legions
;
a
machines. Then came the legates, the prefects of the cohorts and the tribunes, with an escort of picked troops. Next the ensigns surrounding the eagle, which in the Roman army precedes every legion, Decause it is the king and the bravest of all the birds t is regarded by them as the symbol of empire, and, A'hoever may be their adversaries, an omen of victory. These sacred emblems were followed by :he trumpeters, and behind them came the solid column, marching six abreast. A centurion, accordng to custom, accompanied them ^ to superintend he order of the ranks. Behind the infantry the ervants attached to each legion followed in a body, otjducting the mules and other beasts of burden vhich carried the soldiers' kit. At the end of the :
<•
For carrying battering-rams: in iii. 230 the word seems to mean the battering-ram itself. Reinach thinks that a centurion for each legion must be
XtTToXis
ntended.
613
JOSEPHUS 126 KaroTTLV §e Trdvrajv tujv Tayfxa-ojv 6 ^iadios 6)(Xos,
ovpayol rrpos
of?
Kal OTiXlraL 127
tov?
els
OveoTtauiavos
opovs
TToXepLov
GTparLojTag
Tous"
/^era
rrjs
FaAt-
rrj?
d(j)LKvelTai
euSa KaTauTparoTTehevadpievos
Xaias, et?
lttttIojv av)(yoi.
oh^vaas
OvTOJS
(3)
hwdfiews
rjKoXovdovv Tre^ot re
aCT(/)aAetav
tow
/cat
ojppLrjpLevovs
Karel\ev,
eTTt-
heLKvvp.ev6s re r7]v oTparidv etV KaraTrX-q^LV rots
Kal
TToXepiiois
Kaipov
i^Leravoias
Sthovg,
el
Trpc
lidxrjs p.era^dXoivTo- dp.a he Kal rrpos TToXiopKiai
\2Htojv epvpLarow ^^rjprvero.
drroGrdoeojs 129
ydaaro, Kard—Xrj^Lv
fLerdvoLav [lev ovv
oTpar-qyos
6
6(f)6eL<;
ndaLV
he
ttoXXols
ol
yap
p,ev
rrjs
eveip Trep
Tov ^\ojGr)7Tov iarparoTTehevKores ovk aTrcodev He7T(f)cupeajs
rrj'.
[77apa ttoXlv Taplv KaXovpLevrjv \,^ eVe
TrXrjGLdlovTa rov TroXefJLOV rJKOVGav ogov re ovtto
TOV?
dXXd
fidx'TjS,
1^0 htaGKLhvavraL TTOc
GvpLpLL^ovra?
'Paj/xatou?
TTpo
/xer'
Tovs
Kal
Kanhdw
Kal
dpKerrjv
TToXepiiOVS
nrojKOi rd (^povr]p,aTa ar,
et
mGTevoLvro,
131 ehehiei
8'
d>s
[lev
PAL
Lat.
;
o
^Iojgtj
ovre he^eGda
hvvapLLV
^\ovhaia>v
Kal
Txe
acr/xei^ot
t
ol rrXelovs IttI GTTovhds
rravros
tov
TToXejjLov,
ror
perhaps a ploss from Vita 395, +12. 2
•
5'
p,6vo
exdpov
TToppojTdTco ;)(Oj/)tCea^at rojy KLvhvvcov eKpi
om.
614
cos
exoi^
twv
;;(Ojpot€i^
irepl
rjhrj
rovs
KaraXeiTrerai
Svyfj.
dXlyojv,
ov
G(^Iglv,
Ihelv
rrplv
Apparently the
?x^L
P.M.
rest of the auxiliary cohorts, of
I):
whom
b
JEWISH WAR,
III.
126-131
column came the crowd of mercenaries,** and last of ill for security a rearguard composed of light and leavy infantry and a considerable body of cavalry. (3) Proceeding with his army in this order Ves- ip^^^^T? pasian reached the frontiers of Galilee. Here he his troops, established his camp and restrained the ardour of ^^j^g^?^^^° [lis soldiers, who were burning for the fray, being content to parade his forces before the enemy, with 1 view to intimidating them and giving time for reconsideration, if they wished, before an engagement, to iesert their friends^ At the same time he made ^reparations
for
besieging
the
strongholds.
The
appearance on the scene in fact aroused in nany regret for their revolt, and in all alarm. The roops under the command of Josephus, who were tamping beside a town called Garis, not far from jepphoris,*' discovering that the war was upon them, nd that they might at any moment be attacked by he Romans, dispersed and fled, not only before any ngagement, but before they had even seen their DCS. Josephus was left with a few companions e saw that he had not sufficient forces to await the nemy, that the Jews were crestfallen, and that the lajority of them, if they could gain the enemy's onfidence, would gladly capitulate. Already he for the ad fears for the ultimate issue of the war loment he decided to remove as far as possible from
general's
;
;
Similarly, in 3rtion only has been mentioned in § 116. olyb. vi. 40. 6-8, " the left wing of the auxiliaries " bring up le rear;* if an enemy attack in the rear is expected the picked auxiliaries " are transferred to that quarter from
van. Or, perhaps, " come to a better frame of mind." Twenty furlongs from Sepphoris ( Vila 395, where Garis called a village).
le "
615
.
JOSEPHUS V€v, avaXa^ojv re^ tov? GvufjieLuaura? etV
TiBepLaSa
KaTa(l)€vyeL. 132
(vii,
OveoTraoLauo?
1)
pojv^ eTTeXOoju alpel re
ttXtjOov?
133 fxaxip-ou
eXdojv
'PcopLacajv
TTpOS TO
rjfSrjbou
eXeou
rfXiKias
€^1^0?
KOI
134 avTCJU TTapavopnas
rrj
TroAct
Trap-
dvaLpel /xr^Se^ttd^
TTOiovpievojv
P-l^T^pLJ]
TTJ?
/xtcret
KaTOL TOV
€fx7TLpL7TprjOLU
.
ra^d-
rcou
TrpajT-qv e(j)ohov av~i^v
KaraXa^ow, Kal
ep-qpLOV
Tiavras
etdcxj
he
Kara
rcoi
[rep
KcCTTtOI
o ou pLovou avrrj}
dXXd Kal Ta? Trept^ KcopLa? Trdaas re Ka a? /xei^ TTavTeXojg eKXeXeippiivas, eon 8' as avro? i^aubpaTTohiLopLevog '0 8' 'Jojary770? r)i^ 77po? da^aAeiav' elXer 135 (2) ttoXlv avTog iverrX-qoev heovg Kara(f)vyajv' ol yap aTTO TTJs TijSeptaSos- ovk di', el pi.r) Trpos to tto. dTTeyvcoKei top TroXep-ou, rpaTTrjvai rrore avro Kal Kara rovro ye ov SLrjp.dprauov avro ]3r> ojovTO. rrjv ttoXlv,
TToXix^'a?,
T7J? yvajpnqs' eojpa p-ev
yap
reXovs, Kal fnau avrwv
ttol peipei
fjoei
rd ^\ovhaiuj
owrrjpLau,
et
p-era
avrog 6e Kaiirep ovyyvaiod-qaeodai Trap 'PojpLaLOLg TrpoodoKOJV, dpctos reBvdvai p.dXXo elXero noXXaKis r] Kararrpohovs tt^v TrarptSa kc TTjv avroj orpari^yiav v^ptaa ifiTTLGrevOetGav
137 (jdXoLUTo.
138 evTvxelu
Trap*
ols
TToXepn'iocov
errep-^Or).
ypd(f)ei
ovv roLS ev reXei row '\epoGoXvp.ojv hieyvoj fxe cVt p^l^c dKpifjelas rd Trpdypiara, cvs /^''Jt' e^dpas rr]V rcjv 7roXep.ia)v loxvv avOiS elg hetXio KaKiCoiro, p.rjre evheeorepov dnayyeiXas Kav pLera Niesc after Lai.: Of -mss. 6rj Bekker. Gtroerer: raodpuv or Tadapeui' wss. Gadara was Decapolis and pro-Roman (B. iv. 413); Gabara was principal city of Galilee, due east of Ptolemais ( Vila 123). '
:
*
^
6j6
From
Lat.
:
6e mss.
i
JEWISH WAR,
III.
131-138
Accordingly, with the remnant he took refuge in Tiberias. (vii. 1) Vespasian's first objective was the city of Vespasian jabara, which he carried at the first assault, finding aod'^"'^''^ t deprived of effective combatants. Entering the ^q.^^I°^1^ ity he slew all males who were of age, the Romans howing no mercy to old or young, so bitter was their latred of the nation and their memory of the affront vhich had been done to Gestius. Not content with etting fire to the city, Vespasian burnt all the illages and country towns in the neighbourhood ome he found completely deserted, in the others he educed the inhabitants to slavery. (2) The arrival of Josephus filled with alarm the Josephns ity which he had chosen as his refuge, for the people Jerusaituu f Tiberias felt that he would never have fled, had ^'^^^ instruce not abandoned all hope of success in the contest. tioQs. n this they correctly interpreted his opinion for e foresaw the final catastrophe for which the )rtunes of the Jews were heading, and recognized lat their only hope of salvation lay in submission. s for himself, although he might look for pardon om the Romans, he would have preferred to suffer thousand deaths rather than betray his country id disgracefully abandon the command which had ?en entrusted to him, in order to seek his fortune nong those whom he had been commissioned to He decided therefore to write to the authoht. ties at Jerusalem an exact statement of the position affairs, neither exaggerating the strength of the lemy, which might subsequently lead to his being unted with cowardice, nor underrating it, for fear
he if
risk of a conflict.
his troops,
;
1
;
VOL.
II
x2
617
JOSEPHUS 139 vorjoavrag
Bpaavveiev,^
toojg
atpovfievoL
re
Iva
CTTTOvSaf
tj
dvTr/panJjajGLV,
rax^oJb
TToXeiieh
i)
lyvojKores rrpog 'Pot/xatous" d^iOfiaxov aino) vip. J
40
dta
6 pikv ovv Tttur' eTxtcTTetAas" Trepne
SvvapLLV.
ifjojGL
rdxovs
']€poooXvp,cov rovs
cttI
ypdppiari
tol
Kopliovras. 141
Ov€G—aGiau6s
(S)
'lajTaTrdrav, T<jL)i'
Se
pLOv LGXvpov ovGau avrojv,
rov?
1777761?
77
'^- LTTTTevGLV
8'
TrerpcoSrj,
dp,ri\avov
qpepatg
i^eipydGavro
Grpana
Xeoj(f)6pov
8*
avrr)
tjv
ol
.
rf]
elg
opp^rjTrj
oSov
rrjv
hvG^arov he Kal
Kal
p,ev
pqvos
pia
r
^Iwgtjtto*
Kal
^XcoraTrdrav
rrju
776^01*
-^voL^av o
S'
opeivrj
reGGapGi
ovv
TiXarelav
Trep-nrrj
Wprep^LGtov
TTapeXdojv
(l)ddveL
Kal aAAo)?
e^ Tret Trelov? re kc
77
poe^opLaXLOvvrag
v—dpxovGav Kal
rrj
TrXeLGTOV
airrrjv
el?
Gvp7r€(f)evy6vaL
TToXefiLcov
l^aipelv
d>pprip€vo£
yap
TrerrvGro
eiKa'
eV
ri
TijSepia8o? Kal TrertrcoKora rolg 'Iou8atoi? eyeip
OveGTraGLavco 8e rig evayyeXil^eri
'^•^ra (j>povqpLara.
TjTieiyev
errl
rrjv
TraGav *Iou8atai', 144
8'
c5
avropoXo?
rod dvhpo?
pLerd^aGLV
rrji'
dpTrdGag
Kal
Kan
ttoXlv cvg pier* eKeivi]s alprjGOvi el
Xd^OL rof
ojoTrep
^\ojgt)7tov v-noyeipio
p.eyiGrov
evrvxr]pLa
dyyeXtav Kal Trpovoia deov rov Gvvercorarov elui hoKovura rcoi' TToXepimv olopLevo? elg elpKri avdaiperov TrapeXBelv, evdecos pev gvv ;)(iAto '
«
618
The
LC
distance from
:
dpaavvoiev the rest.
Gabara
to
Jotapata seems to
id
ri p
\
JEWISH WAR,
HI. 139-144
encouraging them to hold out when possibly into repent. If the magistrates intended to negotiate, they were asked to reply to that effect without delay if they decided to continue the war, they should send him a force capable of coping with 3f
clined
;
Romans. Having written a letter to this effect, it by express messengers to Jerusalem. (3) Vespasian was impatient to make an end of Josephus lotapata, having heard that it was the refuge to jotapata A'hich most of the enemy had retired, and that it was, Vespa:siaii
the
be sent
s it.
he accordingly sent a noreover, their strong base )ody of infantry and cavalry in advance to level the oad leading to it, a stony mountain track, difficult or infantry and quite impracticable for mounted roops." In four days their task was completed and broad highway opened for the army. On the ifth, which was the twenty-first ^ of the month May-June ^'" Artemisius, Josephus hurriedly left Tiberias and ^ °" ntered Jotapata, his arrival raising the dejected pirits of the Jews. A deserter brought to Vespasian he welcome intelligence of the general's movement, nd urged him to hasten to attack the city, because s fall, could he but secure Josephus, would amount Vespasian caught at D the capture of all Judaea. bis information as a godsend, regarding it as by lod's providential ordering that the man who was puted to be the most sagacious of his enemies had lus deliberately entered a prison he instantly ;
I
;
ightly underestimated in Vita 234 as " about 40 stades " is six miles due south. *
There
is
some doubt about
this figure,
which
it is
;
difficult
reconcile with the statement that Jotapata was taken on e first of Panemus (§ 339) after a siege of forty-seven days 316). The 2 1 st of Artemisius, according to Niese's calculaDn, was the 8th of June, a.d. 67.
619
JOSEPHUS LTmevoLU
UXolklSou
7T€iJ.7T€L
Kal
145
140
Tr]u
oSevoag
Kareox^v,
o)'
dvaXa^oji ^^^Xrj-
P-^XP'-
dc^LKvelTai.
dva
to TrpoodpKriov avrrj arpaTOTTeSeve-at Sieyov'T elg
rov reixov<; roXp-rjoaL
p^rjdeua
cLs
KVKXovvrat
TTepuordoLV
rrju
ttoXlv
T-qv
ret?
yap dvdyKTjs p.€i'
TOUTOt?
pieu
to
Tpeilfev
he
p.e6^
^lovhaloL
Trpo'?
Trpoo^oXrj?
rjpepau Ka~6.
;\;oSpai'
7
p^evovn
T(jL)i>
'
Ikti^oXoji'
TrXfjdo?
eTTLor-qoas
^dXXeiv, aurd? he p,erd rcov ^
ocorr^
roXp-aw ovht
tcjv Pcopalwu eorparovehei rov Telxo^"^' (-'^^ 8e OveoTraoLavc Toug ro^orag Kal ocjievhovqras K(
dvTLKpi)
Tipo
d7TO(f)pdoGOur€
dnoyucooeL
ev TToXepujp p.axt-P-o^repov.
TTpcoToi'
Kores^
ttolV
.
T€vop.ev7]s
dvTelxov,
Kal rpLTiiv e^ujOe
Trdoa^
Ittttov,
e^ohovg rov-^ ev pia^ Trapoj^vve rov? 'louSaiou? avroL?
(5)
Trpo
ev6u^ pkv dncoKprjoau vpoa oXrjg coheuKorei rjp.€pa^, hiTrXfj he t
hi
(f)dXayyL
151
X6(f)co
ttoXli',
'Poj/xaiot 8'
jSaAeu',
150
orparidv
rtuL
rjp.epau
Kal
'^^
X^^P^-'-
orablov? €7Trd rrj? TToXeco^, Tretpcop.evo'i a>9 p.a Xiora TOtb TToXep-ioL? cuaui^'OTrro? eluat rrpos ^k ttXti^w t) Kal Trapaxp'TJp.a Tooavrrj rou<; lovoaLOV
14S eXdeli^.
149
fiiau
el-ero
^lioTaTrdrav
tyju
Ti)v
eV
IJL€po
/xerd
SvvafjLLU
rrpo^
Xa^ojv he
147
Se
AuTOS"
(4)
TTaaav
At
heKaSdpx'qi^
avbpa tclii^ Ittloi^ixojv Kara ovveoLu, 77 epLKaraaxeZv KeXevaas tyjv jjLTj XddoL StaSpa? 6 'Itocrr^TTO?.
^ouTLOi',
The
Lat".
77el,<jJv
eTn
eU
t
translates ^aTpaToirfdfVKOTu}!^.
Aebutius, in the service of .\f:rippa, had at an earl stage of the war been entrusted with the oversight of th "
620
*"'
JEWISH WAR,
III.
144-151
dispatched Placidus and the decurion Aebutius," a man of marked energy and abihty, with a thousand horse, with orders to invest the town and prevent Josephus from escaping secretly. (4) Vespasian followed them the next day with all his army and, marching until evening, arrived before Jotapata. Leading his troops up to the north side of the city he encamped on a hill seven furlongs distant from it, seeking a position as conspicuous as possible to the enemy in order to intimidate them. In fact the spectacle had such an instantaneous effect on the Jews that none ventured outside the walls. The Romans, after their full day's march, were not prepared to make an immediate attack, but they surrounded the city with a double cordon of infantry, and posted outside these a third line of cavalry, blocking all means of exit. This manoeuvre, cutting off hope of escape, stimulated the Jews to deeds of gallantry for nothing in war so rouses the martial ;
spirit as
necessity.
Next day an attack was made. At first those First the Jews who were encamped opposite the Romans 5Supata^* Dutside the walls ^ merely held their ground against (5)
3f
the
enemy
;
but when Vespasian brought up
archers, slingers, i"orce
/vhile
and
all
his other
marksmen
his
in full
and gave orders to shoot down these opponents, he himself M'ith the infantry pushed up the
jreat Plain and had an encounter with Josephus ( Vifa 14 ff.) : his previous acquaintance with Josephus doubtless iccounts for his selection on this occasion. * The Jews may well have had a camp extra muros in the ;arly days of the siege ; this must have been rapidly driven n as we hear no more of it. The Latin has, " the Jews nerely held their ground opposite the Romans who were ncamped outside the walls."
621
JOSEPHUS 7Tp6aavT€g aveojOeL^ /ca^' o to relx'^^ '^^ €vaX(jjrov beioas 6 ^lcoar]7TOs Trept rfj voXei TrpoTrrjha Kal 152 Gvv avro) ttClv to rciyv ^Yovhaicov TrXrjOog. crv^ rreoovres 8e Tot? 'Pco/Aaiot? dOpoot rod fieu relxovs dveGT€LXau avrov?, TroAAa 8' eTreheLKVvvTo x^Lpajv epya kol roXpi-qq. ovk iXdooco^ ye pLrjv oju ehpujv 153
avT€7TaGXov a77oyvcoa't?,
oaou yap a'urovs 7] rrj<; GOjrrjpLag togovto tov? 'Poj/xatou? alSw? Trap
€Kp6r€i, Kal Touq pikv 8e dpdGO<; o)7TXiL,€ 154 TTapara^djievoi he
St'
dXKrjg, rovs Grpar-qyovpievovq T^/xepa? vvktl 8ta-
epLTTeipia pLer^
rw
dvpLco
oA)7?
rpcoGavreq pev TrXetGrouf; 'Pa>pLaLCxji^ SeKarpel? 8' dveXovres' avroju 8' eireGov p.ei heKaenrd, rpavpLariai 8' iyevovro e^aKOGLOc. [r)piepa\ TraAti' 155 TrpoG^dX(6) Tfj 8' VGrepaia XovGL Toi? 'Pco/xatot? eTTc^eA^op'Te? /cat 77oAu /caprepojTepov dvTLTraperd^avro, dappaXecorepoL p^ev in Auoi^rat,
rod TTapd Aoyop' dvriGX^^v Xpojp^voi
yap
he
Kal
Tols
"Tfj
Trporepa^ yeyevrjpievoi
'Pco/xatot?
/xa;^t/LtajTepot9
e^eKaiovro, to /x? 157 rax^cos vlkolv -qTrav -qyovpevoi. Kal pexpt- TrepTrrrj^ Tjpepa? TrpoG^oXal piev eyivovro rwi' 'Ptu/xat'cuj dSiaAetTTTOt, eKhpopial he Tchv ^YojraTrariqvcjjv ku Tet;^o/xa;(tat Kaprepwrepai, Kal ovre 'lou8atot T171 TcLv TToXepiiwu LGXVv KaTa)pp(jjhovv ovre 'Pa>palo 77pog TO rrjs TrdAeco? SuoaAtuToi' drreKapvov. 8' 158 ^lajraTTara ttXtju oXiyov Trdoc (7) "Ecttii^ 156 VTTO
^
alhovs
els
opyrjv
conj. with Naber: avwdei (sir) mss. : avwOfi NIese. ^ TTpoTepaia Niese. 2 fXacTTOf PL.
" The phrase dpdaos oirXii^eiv conies from Soph. EL 995 f. a plav of which there are other reminiscences in Josephus cf. v^i-x^s d
622
1
JEWISH WAR,
III.
151-158
where the wall offered little diffialarmed for the fate of the town, made a sally with the whole multitude of the Jews. Falling in a body upon the Romans they drove them from the ramparts and performed many signal feats of prowess and daring. However, they suffered as much loss as they inflicted, for if the Jews were emboldened by despair, the Romans were no less on the one side were skilled roused by shame slope at the point
culty, Josephus,
;
experience and strength, the other had recklessness for its armour," and passion for its leader. The battle lasted all day, and night alone parted the combatants. Of the Romans very many were wounded and thirteen The Jewish casualties were seventeen killed killed.
and
six
hundred wounded.
On
the following day, when the Romans returned to the attack, the Jews made a fresh sally and offered a much more stubborn resistance, from the confidence inspired by their unexpectedly successful resistance on the previous day. But the Romans on their side proved more resolute opponents, being enflamed to fury by shame and regarding a lack of instant victory as tantamount to defeat. So for five days the Romans incessantly renewed their assaults, and the garrison of Jotapata their sallies and their yet more stubborn defence from the ramparts, the Jews undaunted by their enemy's strength, the Romans undeterred by the difficulties which their objective presented. (7) The town of Jotapata * is almost entirely built (6)
Site of
Jotapata.
Modern Jefat, Talmudic Jodaphath (according to the Mishna it was an old town, walled since the time of Joshua) in the hills to the north of the plain of Asochis, midway between Gabara (N.) and Sepphoris (S.). 623 *
:
i
JOSEPHUS eV
OLTTeLpoL?
TTeipojfievow ra?
6op€OV
(27:6
159 TO*
he
TTpooiTTj
aKaTdXriTrrou
eiVat
et;(€
dXXois
S'
ti?
ets"
ouv'
/iei'
ttoXlu,
rrju
o ojs
avTrjs
v-nkp
rrjv
TToXefxiocs
XrjyovTL
o
kol rovro 8
Teiy^itajv
eloa^yLKOiTo
r)i^.
KaTiheTv
TOJP'
Kad^
fioi^ou ,
poo kt lot ai.^
kvkXoO^v
nplv
doparos
77
Travrodev
(lepcvv CO?
7Tpo€^aaBeva.v rov ^ddovg,
€fX7:€pi€LXrj(f)€L
160 aKpcopetav. fJi€ur],
aXXoji'
CLTroToiJLO? ,
oifjec?
6p€L TrXayiajs^
'Iojar]77o?
rwu
^kv
Kpriiivos,
(j)dpay^LV
opeoLV
KaXvnro-
avrriv,
TTavjeXojs
ovrujg
oxvporrjros
^IcoraTrdTr). 161
OOcCTTTaataFO?
(8) /<:ai
rat?
ToA/j-ats-
Se
rfj
re
4>vo€l
'JouSat'tov
roJi^
tou
;)^a»ptoi;
dyTK^tAovetK-on.
eyi^o) KapT€pojT€pou aTT-euBai rijg TroXiopKias, /ca« TTpoGKaXeodfievo? tov<; vtt" avrdv rjyefJLova? i^ov162 Aeuero rrept Trj<^ Trpoa^oXrj?. bo^au 8e -x^cooai re
TTpoGLTOv
roO
€TrL GvyKOf-iihrjv vXrjs T€Lxou? TO GT pdr€V[.La Kal KOTTeUTOW TCOl 7T€pL rr]v noXw dpow, GwaXiodeiG-qs re a/xa rots 163 ^L'Aot? dTTeipov x^ppidhos, ol pikv rrpos dXeojpdx 7a)V VTTepdev d(f)i€fjL€ua>u f^eXow yeppa hiareivavres vrrep xapaKOJiidrow ^xovv vri' avrolsy ovheu r
iK7T€fl7T€L
,
TTOlV
,
p.LKpd ^Xarrrofxevoi rals dhiaXeirrroj^ 165
apyo?
rju
kol
7TpoG€.(j)€pov,
ouSetg.
ol
rov T€t;(OU? jSoAatS". dvaGTiowres yrjv avroZs
drro
164 ol 6e Toi)? TrX-qGLOV 6\Bov<;
8e
rptxrj
^lovhaloL
bLrjprjiJLevcoi
rrdrpag
t€
fieydXas drro tcou t€ixojv toi? GKerrdGfiaGLU avrcov i7Trji€Gau /cat rrdu etSog ^eXojw -qu 8e Kal pi^rj huKiovixevojv TToXvg 6 xjjo^os Kal <j>ojiepds ipnTohiov rol? epya^o/xeVot?. ^
2
624
ML: TrXa7('(j the rest. P*ALM for text r/.
Trpo-fKruferai
:
B.
V.
H8.
JEWISH WAR.
Ill
158-165
cliffs, being surrounded on three sides by ravines so deep that sight tails in the attempt to fathom the abyss. On the north side alone, where the town has straggled sideways up a descending spur of the mountains, is it accessible. But this quarter, too, Josephus, when he fortified the city, had enclosed within his wall, in order to prevent the enemy from occupying the ridge which commanded it. Concealed by other mountains surrounding it, the town was quite invisible until one came right up to it. Such was the strong position of Jotapata.
on precipitous
(8) Vespasian, pitting his strength against the The siege ^^"°' nature of the ground and the determination of the Jews, resolved to press the siege more vigorously ; he accordingly summoned his principal ofHcers to It was deliberate with him on the plan of attack. decided to erect earthworks against the accessible portion of the wall, whereupon the whole army was sent out to procure the necessary materials. The mountain forests surrounding the town were stripped, and, besides timber, enormous masses of stones were collected. Then one party of soldiers spread screens of hurdles over palisades, as a cover from missiles from above, and thus protected constructed the earthworks, suffering little or no injury from their assailants on the ramparts while others pulled to pieces the adjacent mounds and kept their comrades constantly supplied with earth. With this triple division of labour not a man was idle. The Jews, meanwhile, launched from the walls great boulders upon the enemy's shelters with all sorts of projectiles, the crash of which, even when they failed to penetrate, was so loud« and terrific as to impede the workers. ;
"
Or
" continuous."
625
.
JOSEPHUS 166
(9)
OveoTTaoLavog Se eV kvkXco
Kovra
ra Travra
iTTLGTrjaag,
fxrjxo.i'OLS
opyava,
167 r€L)(ov
ojJLOU
^aXXeiv S'
8'
tol?
d(f)€Tr]pLOV^
eKarov rovg errl
rjv
eKeXevaev OL re KaraTreXrat
Tct?
e^iq-
rod
Xoyxo.'S
dveppoilovv /cat raAai^rtatot At'^ot f^Uyedos Ik rcov V€Tpo^6Xojv e^dXXovTOy TTvp re koi TrXrjdos dOpocov oloTOJV, drrep ov piovov ro t€lxo<; dve-i^arov rols €.7TOLrjG€v loL'Satots' aAAd KOi rrjv ivrog ocrrys ]5S i(f>iKV€iro x<jjpas' kol yap Kal to row ^Apd^cov ro^OTiov ttXtjOos dKovTLorai re kox G(f)€i^SovrjraL 169 rrdvres dpia rols fJL-qxavrjpiacnv e^aXXov ov p.r)v €ipy6pL€VOL rrjs KaOvTrepdev dpivvqs r]pepLOVv eKrpe,
.
)(Ovr€
yap XrjGrpLKcorepou Kara Xoxov; TTepLeanajv
re rcov epya^opi.€vojv rag oKeTra^ Kal revs yvjjLvoverraLOv,
/LteVou?
Kal
Kad'
TrapeiKOiev
o
eKelvoi
OLeppLTTrouv re ro ^tDjiia Kal ra ;^apaKc6^aTa avu 170 rots' yeppois OLav6<; jSActjSr;?,
^oXrjs
eveTripL-paoai', li^XP^ ovvels
OveoTra-
hiaipeotv rojv epyojv alriav elvai rijs ra yap 8Laor-qpLara rols 'louSat'oi? rrpoo-
rrju
TTapelx^v rorrov,
evol rd
OKeTrdapiara,
Kal
ovva(f)6eiorjs a/xa avrolg rrjs Svi'dpieojs dveLpxO^]oav
rwv
at 171
^\ovhaLOJV Trapahvoeis 'Eyetpo/xeVou he rov ;)(a)/u,aTOS" 'qSrj Kal rals eTidX^eoiv doov ovnoj rrXr^oidtovros, heivdv 6 (10)
^Icoorjrros
vop^loas
el .pLr^hev
dfrLpLi-jxo.v'qoaLro
rfj
reKrovas Kal rd relxos dSvvarou etvat <^a/j.eVtup
TToXei oojr-qpiov y ovvadpoiteL 172
eKeXevoev vipovv.
rcbu 8'
OLKoSopLelv roaovrois f^eXeai ^aXXopievovs, oKeiT-qv 173
avrols
emvoel
roidvhe'
hpv4>dKrovs
TTTj^aodai
\'egetius ii. 25 reckons 55 catapults to a Jegion in his time (end of 4th century): this would give 165 of these engines to Vespasian';> armv of 3 legions (Keinachj. '^
626
JEWISH WAR,
III.
166-173
—
Vespasian now had his artillery engines in all one hundred and sixty" brought into position round the spot and gave orders to fire upon the defenders on the wall. In one tremendous volley the catapults sent lances hurtling through the air, the stone-projectors discharged blocks of the weight of a talent,^ fire-brands flew, and there was a hail of arrows, with the effect not only of driving the Jews from the ramparts, but of rendering untenable all the space behind them which came within range of the missiles. For the artillery fire was reinforced by a simultaneous volley from a host of Arab archers, javelin-men, and slingers. Though checked in their defence of the ramparts, the Jews did not remain inactive. Parties of them sallied out in guerilla (9)
—
numbering
enemy's shelters and assailed and, wherever the latter fell back, they demolished the earthworks and set fire to the palisades and hurdles. At length Vespasian, on tracing the cause of this injury to the separation of the earthworks (as the intervals afforded the Jews a loophole for attack) united the various shelters and simultaneously closed up his troops, with the result that further Jewish incursions were repressed. (10) The embankment was now rising and almost on a level with the battlements, when Josephus, thinking & it shameful if he could not devise some fashion, stripped off the
the
workmen
thus exposed
;
the town, summoned masons and directed them to increase the height of the wall. On their protesting that building was impossible under such a hail of missiles, he invented the following protection for them. Palisades were, by his
counter-measures
''
About
to
save
three quarters of a hundredweight, is followed.
if
the Attic
commercial standard
627
Counter-
josephui
|'eighten
the walls
JOSEPHUS ^vpaag v€oS6pov? ^oojv, tov? diTO rojv Trerpo^oXajv Mdou<; KoXTTOVfieuai, nepioXioddvoL 8' citt' aurcDi' [/
/ceAeJaas" a>?
dvah€)(OLVTo
174 eipyoLTo,
re
jikv
TrpoavLarr^uLV
t€Kt6vcov.
tujv
v(f)*
ois
Kal vvktos TO TeL)(os rfyetpav €iV elKoai 7T-q-)(^eis to vijjog, Kai ovxvoug pL€V TTvpyovs evojKohopb-qoav avroj, Kap175 repdv 8e erraX^LV i(f)r)piJL6Gavro. rovro rols PcorjSrj €vt6? olop^evoLS etVat rrjs ttoXccos fjialoLg 77oAAt7i^ inoLrjaev ddvpLLav, Kal Trpos re ttjv eTTLVotav rod ^lojGrjTTOV Kal to Trapdor-qpia tojv IttI rrjs TToXeojs KareTrXdyrjoav. 176 (ll) OveGTracrtavos Se Kal rrpos to iravovpyov rod OTparrjyrjpLarog Kal Trpos tcl? ToA/Ltas" Trap177 a>^vvero tcov ^lojraTraTiqvwv -ndXiv yap dvadaparjdo(f)aXojs
ipyal^ofievoi
-qfiepas
8t'
re
oavres errl roj TeLXtopLO) toi? 'Poj/xatot? irre^eOeov, Kal KaO^ Tjpiepav lyivovro ovfiTrXoKal Kara Ao;(Of? eTTLVOid re XrjarpLKrj
Trdaa Kal rojv TrpoGrvxovroiV Kal rdjv dXXa)V epyojv TTvpTToXrjoei?, eco? OveGTraGLavos dvaTravGag r-qv orparidv pi'O.XV^
178 dprrayal
hteyvco 179 alpelv
7rpoGKadel,6fievo? rrjv
ttoXlv
rj
OTrdveu
yap
drroplaLS iKerevGetv avrop
rwv
eTTLrrjSeLOJV
dvayKa^ofievovs
rj
p-e^pi'
rals
Travrog aTravda-
180 hiGafievovs hLacfyBap-qGeoO at Xip^qj- ttoXv re pdoGiv
avrols rj^LOV XPV^^^^^^ Kara r-qv fidx'qi^, et 8taavdig eKrerpvxojp'^vois eTTirreGOi. (fypovpelv drj Trdoas avrwi^ eKeXevGev rag e^ohovg. (12) Tot? 8e oiVou jjiev ttXyjOos rji' evhov Kal rwv
XL7Td>v
181
" lieinach quotes \'egetius of defence was known to the
628
iv.
15,
showing that
Romans.
this
method
JEWISH WAR,
III.
173-181
orders, fixed to the wall, and over these were spread hides of oxen that had just been flayed, to catch in
by the engines, while the other projectiles would glance off their surface and their moisture would extinguish the flaming brands." Under this screen the builders, working in security day and night, raised the wall to a height of their folds the stones hurled
twenty cubits, erected numerous towers and crowned the whole with a stout parapet At this spectacle the Romans, who imagined themselves already masters of the town, were greatly disheartened the ingenuity of Josephus and the perseverance of the inhabitants astounded them. (11) Vespasian was no less provoked both at the cleverness of this stratagem and at the audacity of the people of Jotapata for, emboldened by their new ;
;
fortification,
they recommenced their
sallies
against
Romans
Every day parties of them came into conflict with the besiegers, employing all the ruses of guerilla warfare, pillaging whatever fell in their way and setting fire to the rest ^ of the Roman works. the
This continued until Vespasian, ordering his troops The sieg to cease fighting, resolved to resort to a blockade and fnJi^a'^^^ the defenders, he biockatU to starve the city into surrender reckoned, would either be reduced by their privations to sue for mercy or, if they remained obdurate to the Moreover, if it came to last, would perish of hunger a battle, he counted on obtaining a far easier victory, if, after an interval, he renewed his attack upon He accordingly gave orders to exhausted opponents keep a strict guard on all the exits from the city. (12) The besieged had abundance of corn and of :
' I.e. apparently other than the embankments which had been protected by the method described in § 170 (Keinach).
620
JOSEPHUS dXos airavrajv, eVSeia 8' vha-ros to? av ovk ovorj<; Kara rrjv TroAiv, rco o rrriyqs oyL^pio) hiapKoviiivixjv rcvv iv avrfj' ovdviov 5* et Kal Kara ravrTji' 182 TTore to KXifia^ depovs uerat. aAAojv
ttAtov fJ-CV
wpav
rr]v
183
TroAtopKOU/xeVtov dOvpiia Seivrj irpos ttju
hiifjov?
'Tf)V
KaBd-nav
eTTLVOLav
doxaXXovTOjv uSaro?* o yap
rjSr)
r]V,
cTnAeAoiTTOTO?
co?
'IcuCTr^TTo?
Tr)v Te 77oAti' opcbv Tcbv dXXiXiV eTTLT-qheLLOV €V770pOU
Kal
TO. (f)povriiJLara
yevvala tujv avhpow, ^ouXofievog
Te Trap' iXTriba rol? 'Pcu/xatot? eKTctvat Kiav, fX€Tpoj TO 77ot6i^ airfoi?
Stei^eip,ei^
ti]!^
-noXiop-
[evoeo)?].
TO TaiJueveodat xaXeTTUjrepov evheias vrreXap.^avov, Kal ro /lit) avre^ovotov avroju ttXIov eKU'ei T-qv 6p€^Lv, Kal KaBd-n^p etV eoxo-rov rjSrj Siipov?
1S4 ot Se
SiaKeLfievoL 8' outco? ovk 'Ptu^atou?* 0776 yap tov KaTdvrov<; ccupojv auTOi)? U77ep to Tet;)(Os €(/>' €va Gvppdovra^ TOTTOv Kal jierpovyLevoVi to vhoop, €v KevcjBevTcov 7JX7TlI,€v vtto tt^;? dvayK-qs 187 auTO) TTapaboBrjoeoBai ttju ttoXlv 6 he 'IctSar^Troc KAaoat rrjV eArrt'Sa ravrrju avro) 7TpoaLpovp,€vos
TjpoTjKOVTes d-niKa\xvov.
185
iXdvdavov
tous'
ip-^pe^at
KeAeuet TrXeiorov?
Kpep-doaL 188 Tzdv
-epl
i^aTTLvrjg
tol //xaTta xrai Karatq? errdX^ei?, ojore -nepippeloBai rrpo? rovr^ dBvpLca tujv to T6r;^'Ob .
KaTdnXr^^LS r}v Beaoap.€vcov €i? p^AeuT^i^ Tooovrov vapavaXioKovra<; uSaTO? ou? ouSe TTOToy e\€iv VTTeXdpL^avov ojore Kal tov orparr^yov ajroyvovra rrju 61* ivSeiag dXojGLV rpeireoBai TrdXiv 'Pojp.aLa>u
Kal
,
'
*
630
+TOVT0 Hudson with one
bUveinev
€vdiij)%
PA:
ms. (Lat. illo tractu). bUvefxtv ivdius L: 5i^»'e^te»' the rest.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
181-188
all other necessaries, salt excepted, but they lacked Lack of water, because, there being no springs within the ration* *^ town, the inhabitants were dependent on rain-water ; system, but in this region rain rarely, if ever, falls in summer, which was precisely the season at which they were besieged. The mere idea of thirst filled them with dire despondency, and already they were chafing, as though water had entirely failed. For Josephus, seeing the abundance of the city's other supplies and the courageous spirit of its defenders, and desirous to prolong the siege beyond the expectation of the Romans, had from the first put them on water This control system appeared to them rations. harder than actual want ; the constraint of their liberty only increased their craving and they became as hmp as though they had already reached the last extremity of thirst. The Romans were not ignorant from the slopes above they could of their plight see over the wall the Jews flocking to one place and having their water doled out to them, and, directing their catapults ° upon the spot, killed numbers of :
them. (13) Vespasian expected that the water in the cisterns would ere long be exhausted and the city reduced to capitulate. To crush this hope, Josephus
had a number of dripping garments hung round the battlements, with the result that the whole wall was suddenly seen streaming with water. The Romans were filled with dismay and consternation at the spectacle of all this water being wasted as a jest by those who they supposed had not even enough to drink. The general himself, despairing of reducing the place by famine, reverted to armed measures and •
Greek "
quick-firers " (§ 80).
631
JOSEPHUS oTrAa
1S9 77po?
iTnOvfjLLa^
kqI
rjv
6
jSiap
KQt
TToAti^ 77po At/xou
roi?
619
(iTTeyi-ojKore? diiprji
Toi'Saioi?
5i*
yap €avrov<; Kal r-qu TOi' iv TToXejxco ddiarou
JjpOVUTO.
'0 fievTOL ye 'lojcrr^-o? Tzpo? rajbe toj (14-) OTpariqyqfiarL Kal erepov inevoiqoev els TrepLOvaiau 191 awToi* 8ia tip-o? )(apdSpa<^ Svo^drov Kal Std rovd^ VTTO Tijjv (^vXaKtov dixeXovfiivq^ Kara rd Trpos hvoLV 190
IJieprj
rij?
c^dpayyo^
eKTrepirrajv rii'd? ypdiJ-fxard re
7Tp6? ovg Tj^ovAeTo Tcuu e^oj
[ovSaLaju SieTTc'/x^aro
Kal -ap^ avrcoi^ iXdpi^auev, vavro^ re eTrn-qheiov
did TT]i^ TToXii^ eTnXeXoLTToruju einroprjaeu, rd noXXd -apd Td? ^uAaxd? KeAcuaa? rots e^LOUGLV Kal -rd voj-a KaXv-reiv vdKeaiv, cu? el Kal KarldoL rt? avTou<; i^vKrajp, (f)avraolav nap-
Toji'
192 epneLi'
e.\OLev
193
Kvvojv,
fJ-expt-
ovvaiodop-euGi
rriv
enlvoiav
(^povpol TrepiLOXouoLi^ rrjv xapddpai^.
ot
(15)
Kat t68^ 6
'loSaryTTO?
(j.ei'
j-qv
ttoXlv
ovk
p.aKpdv opojv avde^eiv, ev aTToptp 6e tyju eauroG' Ga>Tr]plav el p.evoL, hpaop.dv dfxa Tol
,
TTTibdv ojGTtep \ei.pLaL,oiJi€.v7)i vetdi
196 vapi)X6ev
eTn^aTTTLoeiv ^
'
632
Text unceridiii
:
ydp
^avrC..
.
el^ r]v ev yaXrii/rj
avTol-;
Tr]i
tioXlu,
HA.
Herwerden read^
(\7ri.ia 7rapc.M^^o^Ta.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
189-196
That was just what the Jews desired ; for, having given up all hope for themselves and the city, they preferred death in battle to perishing of hunger
force.
and
thirst.
(14) After this stratagem, Josephus devised yet a neglect another to procure himself supplies in abundance. ?" obtain There was, leading down to the ravine on the west suppliers side, a gully so difficult to traverse that
it
had been
neglected by the enemy's outposts by this route Josephus succeeded in sending letters, by some of his men, to Jews outside the city with whom he wished to communicate, and receiving replies from them by the same means he stocked the town with all ;
;
necessaries when its supplies began to fail. The messengers sent out had general orders to creep past the sentries on all fours and to wear fleeces on their backs, in order that, if they were seen at night, they might be taken for dogs. However, the guards eventually detected the ruse and blocked the gully. (15) Josephus, now recognizing that the city could Josephns not long hold out and that his own life would be f^cntemendangered if he remained there, took counsel with mgnt. the principal citizens about the means of flight. The people discovered his intention and crowded round hmi, imploring him not to abandon them, as they depended on him alone. if he remained, they urged, he would be their one hope of the town bemg saved, as everyone, because he was with them, would put his heart into the struggle were capture in store for them, even then he would be their one consolation. Moreover, it would be unworthy of him to fly from his foes, to desert his friends, to leap in the storm from the vessel on which he had embarked in a calm. For his departure would wreck ;
633
JOSEPHUS IJir]hev6? €TL Tots" TToXefXLOLS To\}x<jjVTOS
ou av Oapaolev olxofievov. (16) '0 he ^IcoarjTTOS ro Kad^
dvOiGTacrdai,
8t'
1^~
VTTOcrreXXofJLeuos
e^ohov
198 rr]v
TL
199
fJLeya
avrcov
inrep
jievojv ^ikv
oojlojjievovg,
avrov
€(f)aGK€v
da^aXes TTOielodai
yap e'loco ovr' dv d>(f)eXr}aaL Kav dXioKOJvrai, ovvairo-
XeZoOai TTepirrojs, eVSi)? 8e rrjs TToXiopKias e^codev auTovg djcfyeX-qaecv p.iyiOTa' rov? re yap e/c rrjg )(^ujpas TaXiXaiovs ovvadpoioeiv fj rd^os Kal 'PcojLiatous" eVepoj TToXepicp rrjs ttoAccc*? avrcov dvTi-
200 TTepLOTTaoeiv.
avroZs
opdv
ov)(
;)(p77crt/xo?
^
/xatou? TTapo^vvLov fxaXXov TTepl
ri
he, elr]
vvv,
TrapaKaOe^ofievog ttAt^i^
IttI tyjv
TrXeioTov TTOLeXadaL Xa^elu
'Poj-
€t fxr]
TToXiopKiav
avrov
el
8*
,
ou? eV-
hpdvra Trvdoivro, rroXv tt^? errl r-qv ttoXlu opixrjs ovk eTretdeu he tovtol?,' dXXd /xaAAop' e^eKavcrev to ttXtjOos avrov 7Tepie)(eodai' 7rat8ta yovv Kal yepovres Kal yvvaia jjierd vrjiriajv ohvpo-
201 dv-qoeiv.
fxeva TTpoaeTTLTtrov
avrw Kal
rol? ttogIv ejirrXeKO-
202 fievoL Trdvre? e'l^ovro, Kal fierd Ka>Kvrci>v kolvcovov o<j)Lai ri]? rvx'^? fxeveiv LKerevov, ov (f)d6vcp rrjs eKeivov ocorrjpla?, ej^OLye hoKeli^, aAA' eXTTihi rrjs iavrojv' ovhev yap tj^lovv TreioeoSaL 8611^01^ 'lo;-
GrjTTOv pilvovroS'
203
(17)
'0
vofUGaSy ^
ins.
he
TTeiBojjLevo}
^la^o/xeVoj
Xiese.
^
L
fxev
Spovpdv,
he
Lat.
:
LKer-qpiav
ttoXv
8'
ravra avrov
toutovs or aurovs the rest.
/cat /xera KivKVTiCP a reminiscence of Horn. II. 408 (the mourning over Hector) d/x(pi 8e Xaol kcokvt(2 t etxovTo Kal ol/xuyy Kara &(ttv. There is a similar scene in Vita 210 ff. "
xxii.
634
eixovTo
:
JEWISH WAR,
III.
196-203
the town, as none would have the heart to resist the enemy any longer, when he whose presence would have given them courage was gone. (16) Josephus, suppressing any allusion to his own safety, assured them that it was in their own interests that he had contemplated departure for his presence in the town could not materially assist them if they were saved, and if they were taken what end would be served by his perishing with them ? Were he, on the contrary, once clear of the siege, he could from outside render them the greatest service, for he would promptly muster the Galilaeans from the country and, by creating a diversion elsewhere, draw off the Romans from their city. He failed to see how his presence at their side could assist them in present circumstances, or have any other effect except to spur the Romans to press the siege more vigorously than ever, as they attached so much importance to his capture whereas, if they heard that he had fled, they would considerably relax the ferocity of their attack. Unmoved, however, by these words, the multitude only clung to him more ardently children, old men, women with infants in their arms, all threw themselves weeping before him they embraced and held him by his feet, they implored him with All this they sobs " to stay and share their fortune. did, I cannot but think, not because they grudged him his chance of safety, but because they thought of their own for, with Josephus on the spot, they were convinced that no disaster could befall them. (17) Josephus suspected that this insistence would ;
;
:
;
;
beyond supplication if he yielded, but meant watch would be kept upon him if he opposed their wishes. Moreover, his determination to leave
not go til
at
635
His
prevented
JOSEPHUS Trj<;
204
€tV
op^rjs Kal 6
OLTroXenjjLV
T-171^
eKXaaev
oIkto<;, fieueiv
TToAeoj?
aTToyvwaiv
€i7Tcoi>y
onXiod^evos
" dpx^oOriL
GOJTr)pLa<;'
twv
tc eyuco, Kat ,
oSupojueVcov
ttju koiutjv
" vvv
Trj<;
Katpos,
or* cATTt^ ovk eon ixd^iqs KaXou evKXetau duTLKaTaXXa^dpievov rod ,
^Lov Kal hpdoat^rd tl yevvalou
ei? pvi'jp.iqu oi/jLyevcov
Kat npoeXdojv pLerd 205 TTeoelv," iu^ ^PV^ TpeVerat. Toyv paxiptoTdroji' hieoKLdva re tou^ (f)povpov<; Kal
Tov orparoTTeSov rcbv ' Pco/xaicuv Karerpex^^, Kal rd? pev inl tCjv ^oj/xarcuP' h^ppeL<;, ai? vtteoKTjvovv, hUo-a, roZ<; 8e €pyoL
n
del Spdwres dve^evyov els rrjv pev onXiraLS rds oppds avrujv IkKXiveiv eKeXevoev Kal prj ovpvXeKeodai davartooii ovSev ydp dXKipwrepov eiuai rfji 209 dvOpcjTTOL'^ d-noyvojoeojs, rrepLO^evvvoBaL he avrojv rd<; oppds vpoo210 OKorrd)V aTTopovpeuas uionep vXrjs ro TTvp r^Ketv ye pL-qv Kal 'PcupaioL^ per^ do(f)aXeia? Ka ro VLKau, d>? du ovk e^ dvdyKTjq TToXepovotu, dXXc ro'i<; he rchv ^Apd^cjv ro^orai^. 2\\ rrpooKrojpevois TTpiv
208 TToXiVy
rraOelv
rols
,
•
Kal Tot? drrd ri]<; Xupt'as o(f)evhovqraLg Kal XiOo /SoAoi? TCI 77oAAa rov£ ^\ovhaLovg dueoreXXev rjpepei 8' ovhe rwv d(f)err]pLCjou opydvoju ro vXijdo^ 212 OL he rovroLS pev e^Kov KaKovpeuoL, rojv he voppa *
+
rt
M3S.
:
om. Lat.
JEWISH WAR,
III
203-212
them was greatly shaken by compassion
for their
He
therefore decided to remain, and, making the universal despair of the city into a weapon for himself," " Now is the time," he exclaimed, " to begin the combat, when all hope of deliverance is past. Fine is it to sacrifice life for renown and by some glorious " exploit to ensure in falling the memory of posterity Suiting his action to his words, he sallied out with Jewish his bravest warriors, dispersed the guards, and penetrating to the Romans' camp, tore up the tents of skin under which they were sheltered on the embankment, and set fire to the works. This he repeated the next day, and the day after that, and for a series of days and nights indefatigably continued the fight. (18) The Romans suffered from these salhes, for they were ashamed to f^y before Jews, and when they put the latter to flight the weight of their arms impeded them in the pursuit, while the Jews always did some mischief before the enemy could retahate, and then took refuge in the town. In view of this, Vespasian ordered his legionaries to shun these attacks and not to be drawn into an engagement with men who were bent on death. " Nothing," he said, " is more redoubtable than despair, and their impetuosity, deprived of an objective, will be extinguished, like fire for lack of fuel. Besides, it becomes even Romans to think of safety as well as victory, since they make war not from necessity, but to increase their empire." Thenceforth he relied mainly on his Arab archers and the Syrian slingers and stone-throwers to repel the Jewish assaults ; tlie greater part of his artillery was also constantly in action. Severely handled by the engines, the Jews
distress.
!
'^
« Cf. §
153 note.
637
.
JOSEPHUS evborepco yti'o/xerot TrpooeKeivro rots
^aXXofJidvojv
xo-'i' ^^XV'^ '^^^ oojjjiaros d(f)€LifiaxouTO, Ik 8taSo_)(7]? iKarepoi to k€KfirjKO? iavrojv avaXaji^dvovres 213 (19) OveG7TaGLav6<^ he -qyovjievos roj iii]k€l tov Xpouov Kal rats' eV'S/DO/xats" avrLTToXiopKelaOai, rcov
*PcjojjiaLOL9
x^t'^e'^o''
hovvT€
XCJLffidTcvi'
laro)
TOt? T€LX€OL TTeXaCouTcov TTpoodyeiv 6 5' €orlv VTTepjJLeyeOrj? Soko?
jjSr)
rov
214 eyvoi
Kptov.
TrapaTrX'qaios'
veto?
ioropLajrai
Se
Tra^ei
kqt' aKpov els Kpiov TTpOTOfirjv, dcf)^ oC KaraLOjpelraL 8e ko.215 Kal KaXetraL, rervTrajfievoj. XoLS fxeoos cjOTTep oltto TrXdoriyyos irepas ookov, oravpoLS eKarepajdei' ebpaloig V7T€Grripiypi€vqs. 216 dv<jjdovpi€vos hk vtto ttXtjOovs dvhpcbv els ro KaroOihi^pcp
7TLV, Tcjv aincbv ddpocos TrdXiu els rovfJLTrpoaOev e77t^pLodvTiov rvTTTei rd Tet-x''] '^d> TTpoavexovri GLh-qpcp 217 Kal ovhels ovtws Kaprepos nvpyos r) Trepl^oXos, TrXarvs, 09 Kav rag Trpcoras TrXrjyds evlyKif Kar-
21s Loxvoeu^ rrjs eTTLiiourjs.
GTparrjyos ttoXlv
219
tcuj^
eXelv
^Xa^epdv
rjv
€.ttI
ravrrjv r-qv Trelpav
'PcopLaLcoi^
orrevhajv,
ujs
^lovhaiujv
ovk
pLere^atvev
to
/3ta
c
rrji
7TpooKade[,eodai ol
rjpefiovvrcov.
fiei
ovp rovs re KaraTreXras Kal rd XoiTrd rcov d(f)ekojr-qplcxju, (1)S e^LKvolro rcov errl rod reixovs Xveiv 7T€Lpojfi€vojv, eyyiov irpooayayovres e^aXXov ofioLOJS Se avvi^yyit^ov ol ro^orai Kal (j(f)evhovrjraL. 220 8ta
8e
ravra
ToXpicbvTOSi hi-qveKeoi
re ^
TTepi^oXojv
eTTi^rjvai
yeppois Kal KadvirepQev 7Te(f)payp,evov heppei erepoL
Niese: evtyKelv or iveyKai
• Cf.
6S8
tojv
fxrjhevos
TTpoG-rjyov
Soph. El. 980 ^vxm
rov
yiss.
dipeiSTjaafTe
Kpidv
^
KaTurxiVet
with note on
VRC.
§ 153.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
212-220
gave way, but once past the reach of their adversaries' long-range projectiles they flung themselves furiously on the Romans and fought desperately, prodigal of life and limb," one party after another relieving their exhausted comrades. (19) The length of the siege and the sallies of the enemy made Vespasian feel that the position was reversed and himself the besieged so, now that the earthworks were approaching the ramparts, he decided to bring up the " ram." This is an immense ;
beam,
like the mast of a ship, reinforced at its extremity with a mass of iron in the form of a ram's head, whence the machine takes its name. It is suspended at its middle point by ropes, like the beam of a balance, to another beam which is supported at either end by posts fixed in the ground. A large body of men first draw the ram backward and then, all pushing together with all their weight, heave it forward so that it batters the wall with the projecting iron. And there is no tower so strong, no wall so thick, as, even though it sustain the initial impact, to withstand the repeated assaults of this engine. Such was the expedient to which the Roman general had recourse, being impatient to carry the city by storm, as the long blockade, coupled with the The (activity of the Jews, was proving injurious. Romans now brought forward the catapults and the jrest of their artillery within range of the Jews on the ramparts who were endeavouring to beat them off', and put these engines into action the archers and slingers >iiniultaneously advanced. While the fire of these :r(i ops would not permit any to venture on the ramjarts, another party brought up the ram, protected jy a long line of hurdles, over which was a covering I
;
639
The
['am appu*.
J05EPHUS avroju nal rou
7€
7rp6<;
221 Kal
Kara
Trjv
Kaddnep iaAwKorcov
bieoeLodrj
napa
Tdlxo?, Kpauyrj Se fieyiaTri 222
a.O(f)dX€Lai^,
iJ.r]\ai^rjfiaTO<;
TrX-qyrju
-rrpojriqv
ixkv
rjSr].
rioAAa/ct? be etV toi^ avrou 7iaiovro<;^
[-20)
to
Tchv evhov rjpdrj
tottov
ooov ov—oj KaTappKJydi^aoixevov ro T€t;^os", GO(f}Ll,€TaL 7Tp6<;^ oXtyov rr]v ^iav rov 223 /Lt7];\^at'r)jLtaro9. oaKKOvg dxvpcov 7TXrjpa)(TauTa<; eVeXevaev KaOifidv KaO^ o (fjepofievov del rou Kpiov 6
opcoev, 224
opojv
'lotcn^TTOb
cu?
TrXd^OLTO
t€
rag TrXrjyds €kk€1'ol€v biarpL^rjV
orrfv
efx^oXrj
rj
rfj
^j^aui^drr^rt.
77apecr;^ev rot?
Kal Sexop-evoL rovro nXei-
'Pa>/xatot?,
Kad
o
dvTLTrapayovTtov tous odKKOvg Toji^ VTTepOev, vTTO^aXXoi^Tcov re^ rai? ip,^oXalg, COS" p-T^Sev Kar' dvTLrvrrLav ^XdrrreoOaL to fJLeu
TpdrroLeu
ttjv
fj.TjxcLi'-qv
fWb dureTni^orjcraureg kovtovs
225 relxog'
ol
'Pco/xatot
rovg ivepyov 8e ovrco rijg iXeTToXeojg yei'opidvrjg Kal rov relxovg, veonayeg yap i^u, evBihovTOs yj^'Tj, TO XoLTTOu ettI rrjv eV rrvpog 227 dpLVvav ol Trepl tov ^Icoa-q-rrov a)ppLr)oai'. dipdpLeuoL Se OGOV av-i]g el\ov vXiqg rpixddev IveKdiovoLV, Kai ra re in^xavi]p.aTa Kal rd yeppa Kal rd
22tj
p.aKpovs
Kal
odKKOVs
d—e-rep.vov.
228 X^/^^'''^
"^^'^
hpeTTava
'
hi^aavres
'
r
re rrjg
Niese: nalofTts, waiofTa
VA.
aKpojv
ol
vTrerripiTrpaaav.
Poi/xatcui^
KaKcog eTTe^o-qdovv, npog Kara-errXriyore? Kal vtto
Itt*
i)
(fiXoyog or
Traioi'rai 2
he
avroju
r6Xp.av
r-qv
rag dp.vua^ MSS.
Niese:
oi
mss.
Sacks of rags (centones) were used by the Romans ^ Or " continually." (Wget. iv. 23, quoted by Heinach). ' Ttie f\^7ro.\ts, here used for the ram, was originally the <»
640
JEWISH WAR,
III.
220-228
'skin for the greater security of themselves and of leir engine At the first blow the wall was shaken id a piercing cry arose from the interior of the town though it had already been taken. (20) Josephus, seeing that under the repeated Counterows constantly directed upon the same spot the of the^ ^"^°'^? all was on the verge of collapsing, devised a method I [*f paralysing for a while the force of the machine, to the e directed that sacks filled with chaff « should be fn°gTnTs. t down by ropes at the place which the ram was seen om time to time to be battering, with the object 'deflecting the head and deadening the force of the ow by the soft cushion which received it. This ;
'
'^
riously retarded the
Romans,
for,
wherever they
n*ned their engine, those above retorted by opposing leir sacks beneath the strokes, and so the wall iffered no injury from the impact until the Romans vented a counter-device of long poles to the ends which were attached scythes, with which they it the cords supporting the sacks. The engine ^ iving thus recovered its efficacy, and the newly jilt wall already showing signs of giving way, ;
Dsephus and his comrades, as a last resort, had fire. Snatching up ^ all the dry wood hich they could find, they rushed out from three jarters of the town and set fire to the engines, icker shelters, and props of the enemy's earthorks. The Romans did little to save them, stupefied their opponents' audacity and outstripped by the ;course to
y^
to a movable tower, invented by Demetrius, with vera! stories for the carriage of artillery and troops (c/. § 121).
ime given
^ a-^ydpievot apd/nevoi irup TrdAif, § 234. c/. The meaning kindle " (so Reinach) is usually expressed by the active 'T€Lv, though the middle is used for " set fire to " (a build:
g),
B.
VOL.
V. II
287
Tuiu epytof j^TTTeTo to
Y
nvp. 64<1
JOSEPHUS (f)6av6iJ,€voL'
Kal
T€
(TTivoias
yap
^rjpd?
rrLGcrrjS,
TO-XLOV,
(21) "Et'^a
Xoyov Kal
8e
do(f)dXro
8e
deiov,
SiLTrraro
Koi
TO.
77oAAa>
KayLaro)
irrl
pLLa^
p.€va rolg 'PajjU.atot? 229
Trpo?
vXr]?,
en
Kal
pLv-qpL-qs
to
ttv
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copag cie/xero.
dvrjp
ti?
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^afiaiov^ ZajSa" 8e
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i^ecfxivr)
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/xei^
7)1
Trarplg avn 'EAea^apos" 5' iKaXelro, 230 TTJ? FaAtAata?- ovro? vnepixeyeOrf Trerpav dpo jxevog d^Lr]OLV (itto tou Tet'xou? eVt tt^p' eAcTToAt
/xerd
70V
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,
ojore drropprj^aL ttjv K€
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aiperai rcov noXeyi'LOJV Kal iierd ttoXXt]? aoeic 231 €77t TO Teixo'; €(f)€pev. okotto^ be TrdoLV ro €)(^poLg yeiofievog Kal yvpLvo) tco ocofJiarL tc TXr]yds be^dfjLevog nevre fxev hiaTreiperaL ^eXeai 232 77p6s ovhev be tovtojv err lot panels , ore to Telx'die^r] Kal TrepioTTTOS Trdaiv ttj? evToXpila? eoT
TOTe iXvGTTwpLevos V7T0 Twv TpavjJLaTOJV fieTa tc Kaie-eoev. dpLoroi ^leT avTOV e(l)dvqoc dbeX(f)ol hvo NeTetpa? Kal ^lXlttttos, dno 'Pou/x(
233 Kpcov
KcopLfjs,
[ol \* 7Tpo7Tr]ba)Oi
FaAiAatofc Kal avToi,
p.
Tovs 0770 Toi3 SeKdTOV TdypLaTog, tooovtco poito) Kal (Sia toi? 'Poj/xaioi? ovveTreaov, cus 3 appfj^aL Te to? To^et? Kal TpeijjaoBai KaO' ov? ec els
<
opprjoetav aTravTas. 23i
Merd
(22) /iOTtt
Kal
rov t€ *
tovtovs
vXrjdos
Ao(77di^
rds"
6
dpdfjLevoL
642
'IcoorjTTO?
TrdXtv
to
Kal
1
p.rixo.v\ r
VTTohvoeis dfia tols epyoig vcpTJipc Kal tov heKdTov Tpa-nevTOS to^
rrepLTTTOv
la^JLiov
PAL.
So or la^aa or laa^ the known town of Galilee. *
Te TTvp
Mss.
:
Niese suggests rd,Sa,
JEWISH WAR,
III.
228-23t
lames in their efforts to rescue them for fed by dry inder, with the addition of bitumen, pitch, and ulphur, the fire flew in all directions quicker than bought, and works which had cost the Romans such evere labour were consumed in a single hour. (21) On this occasion one Jew who made his mark leserves record and remembrance his name was •Lleazar, son of Sameas, a native of Saba in Galilee, lifting an enormous stone, he hurled it from the wall t the ram with such force that he broke off its head hen, leaping down, he carried off this trophy from he midst of the enemy and bore it with perfect omposure to the foot of the ramparts. Now become ;
;
;
target for all his foes, and receiving their hits in his efenceless body, he was pierced by five arrows, lut, without a thought for these, he scaled the wall nd there stood conspicuous to all the admirers of his ravery then, writhing under his wounds, he fell ;
eadlong with the ram's head in his hands. Next him those who most distinguished themselves 3 ere
two brothers, Netiras and
Philip,
Ruma
from the village of
also
Gali-
dashing out gainst the lines of the tenth legion, they charged le Romans with such impetuosity and force that ley broke their ranks and put to flight all whom ley encountered. (22) Following in the wake of these men, Josephus nd the rest of the people, with fire-brands in their ands, again sallied out and set fire to the machines, lelters and earthworks of the fifth legion and of leans,
" "
Modern
"
:
from Jotapata on the south
RionaJi, a few miles
the Plain of Asochis. ^
euros oTrepjJLeyedr]
le rest.
M
(Lat.)
:
VTrep/xcyedr}
* ins.
M
Lat.
:
8e or virepfxeyedr)
om. the
rest.
643
Jewish ^^^'^'^^'^•
JOSEPHUS Kal ra opyava koa Kare^ojoav. rrepl 8e BeiXrjv ttciXu duaGTT]GaVT€? TTpOGrjyOU rOV KpiOV fj 7Tp07T€7TOVl]K€l evda rt? rajv dpLVVofjie236 rvrrro/j-evov to relxo?. vcov diT^ avrov ^dXXet rou OveoTraaLavov jSe'Aei Kara tov rapoov rod ttoSo? Kal TLrpa)GK€L /xei OL XoLTTol be cfiddoavre^
/Liaro?,
235 TTauav
vXrjv
fieycGTOv
OTrjiJLaTO?,
TrXr]GiOV
af/xa
Sta Tzavro?
(firifJ-rj
TtoXiopKLa^
TTJg
8e
yap to
Trpo?
237 *Pc(j/xaiot9"
to ^Xiqdkv rod dopv^ou iveTTOtr^Geu
TTpoeKXvGauro^
e77t7roAataj?,
tov GTpaTOV, Ka
dt^ijxevoi
/xer'
iKTrXrj
23S ^eco? Kal heovg €7tI tov GTpaTiqyov ovvedeov.
he
TrdvTOJi'
(jjs
TO
Kal
Trj
fjLevTOi
239 Tidv
Tlto? Setcra? Kal
TrXrjOo'i
avTOv
to)
iraTpl
Traprjv
Ttpos tov -qyovfjLevov evvou
Trj
tov Bopv^ov
yev6iievo<^
rcuv'
yap dXyrjhovoj
Kal TraGiv rot? enTor^fievoLS
Si
GTTOvhdGag 'x^aXe'ncjJTepov 'louSat'ot CTT-qyeLpe^ tov TToXefXOV eKaGTog yap ajs" TLjjLOjpo TOV GTpaTrjyov TrpoKLvSwevecv rjOeXev, Kal /3o TTapaKpoTOVvTes aXX-i]Xovg errl to Telxos ojpjJiOJV.
240
(~3)
6(f)drjvaL
Ot
dXXy]Xoig Tojv
Trepl
tov
TTiTTTOvTe?
vtto
he
TTeTpo^oXcov,
Ka'tTtep
ez
KaTaTTeXTCKcov
kc
direTpeTTOVTO
to
^Iojgtjttov,
tojv
ofjico?
ovk
Telxovg, dXXd TTvpl Kal Gthripoj Kal TreTpon tov VTTO^
ra yeppa tov Kptov eTTL^piOovTag e^aXXoi 1
eir-Tjpey 2
PA
for text rf. B. v. 9S.
;
Destinon, Holwerda °
644
§
233.
:
^tti
mss.
^.
Ttpt {
TOV TTacSog dyojvia GvyxvdrjvaL. paGTt TOV Te VLOV 6 TTaTTjp SeStdra Kal ttjv GTpa
€7TavGev
irrdviD
Trepl
rot^
Tapay(devTojv tcoi
eTTrjeL
TrXelou?
OL
8ta-
JEWISH WAR, the
tenth
III.
234-240
which had been routed
"
the
;
other
legions hastily buried their machinery and all combustible materials. Towards evening the Romans re-erected the ram and brought it up to the spot where the wall had been weakened by its previous blows. At this moment, one of the defenders of Vespasian the ramparts hit Vespasian with an arrow in the sole ^o'^"^^*^-
The wound was slight, the distance foot. having broken the force of the missile, but the incident created a vast commotion among the Romans : [he sight of blood alarmed those immediately surrounding Vespasian, the news at once spread through :he whole army, and most of the soldiers, abandoning he siege, came running towards their general in consternation and terror. The first on the spot was Titus, with grave fears for his father, so that the Toops were doubly agitated, both by their affection or their chief and by the sight of his son's anguish, however, Vespasian found little difficulty in allaying )oth the fears of his son and the tumult of the army. Vlastering his pain, he hastened to show himself to ill who had trembled for his life, and so roused them o fight the Jews more fiercely than ever. Each vished to be the first to brave danger in avenging lis general, and, with shouts of mutual encouragenent, they rushed for the ramparts. of the
(23)
Josephus and
his
men, though
falling
one
Fierce nigh
ipon another under the hail of missiles from the thrRoman catapults and stone-projectors, still were not driven rom the battlements, but with fire, iron,^ and stones continued to assail the soldiers who, under cover of ,heir wicker shelters, were propelling the ram. How'
here probably Usually= " sword-blade " meant (Horn. II. iv. 123). :
iron arrow-
leads are
645
JOSEPHUS 241
Kal
Tivvov
avroL
242 [levof
XafjLTrofievoL
worrep
rrjg
iv
roig
TToXep.ioi'S
row opydvcvv
Kal
0VG(l)vXaKTOV o^v^eXojv Kal
tcov
yovi'^
T)
Trept-
o
rjaav
rj/jbepa,
^XeTTOfJievcov
ii-q
^aXX6fjL€vov.
vtto
okotto?
a8ta-
Kadopcfj-
jSAcTTO/LteVcUV
flYJ
yap
re
8*
avrol
fjLLKpov,
rj
VTTO
(f)Xoy6g
evGvvoTTTOs, TToppcoOev 24.'>
ovbev
fLei>
eTTL—TOV
XeLTTTOJ?
to
rjv
Kara-
TToXXovg afia hi-qXavvev, Kal ra>v vttc polLo^ eVaA^ets aTTeovpev Kal yojvias arreBpvTrre TTvpyojv
TTeXrajv
jSi'a
ri]g fMriXOLi^fj? a^Lep.evajv rrerpajv 6
re
yap ^ ovrwg LGX^pov
244 avdpujv fiev
iaxdrri? orpcovwrai Kal fjbeyedei rod XiBov. fiddoL
o
/xt)'
245 Te
fjLexpib
crrl^os
(^6Xayyo<;
/Stc
8'
tt^i
dv rt?
row Irrl rrjohe rrj<: ydp ng qtt' auroi rdjv TTepl roi^ ^IcocrqTTOV iarajrajv dvd ro rei-)(0 aTTapdaaeraL rrjv K€
y€VopL€Vcov
ro TTjV e'd)'
247
aTTO
yaurepa,
TrpofjeL
ciAAryAot
rwv
* ^,v
Kal
at/JLari
SeLVT) }ikv
8*
8'
tjv
tjv
rj
ro
(f)o^€pcorepos
6
ip6(f)OS.
eV
Kara rod reixov
evhodev Kpavyrj yvvaLKco e^ojOev
olpLOjyal
(f)OV€vo
ippelro rrds 6 Txpo rrjg
Niese re ovv MSS. Niese: om. PA*L: A- has
P'dx'Ti
:
before or after »
§ 80.
*
?.«.
6\6
roaavrr)
/SaAAo/xeVcuv
avvqxovv
rjyeLpero,
TrXrjyeLarj
8e veov i^ otVta?, i^eaetae ^peo?*
8c eKTVTTOVV ol veKpol
pL7Tr6fJL€VOLy
249^eVct>v.
iyKvp,ovog
rwv ovv opydvojv
8e
orahiojv
€0(f)€vhovrjdrj
rjfJLepav
ro
rjfjLLardhiov
245 polLog,
rpicov
pieO^
Xido^oXov ^la.
^
TrXrjyels
KpavLOV re
246 yuvai/co?
€k
dXKrjV
iJi7])(^avrifJLarog
vvKro'i
oi'dei'i,
the otherMss.
i
ins. oi
oIto:s.
the XlOo^oXov,
'Ldit.
hall ist a,
%%Q\ Reinach
identifi*
JEWISH WAR,
III.
241-249
:ver, their efforts had httle or no effect, and they vere incessantly falHng, because the enemy saw them for, with the glare of their own vithout being seen ights all round them, they formed as conspicuous a nark for the enemy as in broad daylight, while they bund difficulty in avoiding the projectiles from the engines which they could not see in the distance. Thus the missiles from the ." quick-firers " " and catapults came with such force as to strike down vhole files, and the whizzing stones hurled by the mgine * carried away the battlements and broke off he angles of the towers. Indeed, there is no body )f troops, however strong, which the force and mass )f these stones cannot lay low to the last rank. Some ncidents of that night will give an idea of the power Examples One of the men standing on the wall the Roman )f this engine. )eside Josephus had his head carried away by a stone, engines. md his skull was shot, as from a sling, to a distance a woman with child was struck on )f three furlongs he belly just as she was leaving her house at day)reak, and the babe in her womb was flung half a urlong away.'' So mighty was the force of these More alarming even than the tone-projectors. engines was their whirring drone, more frightful than he missiles the crash.'^ Then there was the thud of ;
(
;
he dead falling one after another from the wall, from the women within the town ningled with the moans of the dying victims with)ut. The whole surrounding area in front of the fight"earful shrieks
he " engine " as the onager, another form of stone-projector, apparently not invented till later. " Josephus is prone to exaggeration. It seenns unnecessary to correct 0o/3fpu)7fpo9 to (po^epbs " Terrible aussi »r 0o/3epu)Taroj with Reinach, who renders tait le sifflement des machines et le fracas de leur ravage."
)ut **
647
JOSEPHLS Trpoo^arov
Kal
TTepifjoXog,
ra
7T€pLrj)(ovvra
vvKTos oure TTOLT-qs
TrXeloroi fiiv ye rcov
lyivovro rpavfj-ai Lat, Kal
ol
8e
to
ro
r€L)(0'
(fypa^dfievoL
rol
dvr
KaTappi(f)d€u
wxvpojcrau, rrplv ^X-qOrjvaL rds eTTL^arrjpLOv? vtto toj 'PcjopLatoju pi-qyavas-
253
(94)
8e
'T776
KardX-rjijiLV
Tr]v
tou
oXiyov a770 254 ^ovX6pi€vo
8'
ovaaai rovs
eoj
OveuTraoLavos avurjyev
TroXeojs
Trj<;
vvKrepivov dTTO
eipyovrag,
rrovov
toi)?
Tojv i7T7T€cov ciTTO^r^aa? [Tibv
Kara ra
IttI
Trepi
yevvaiordrov
p.€u ]
tTTTTtuP'
tt)
arpaTidv SiavaTravaas
tt^v
KaTappL^Bevrwv
Tcou
'
rpi'xfj
8teTa^e
TTeTrrajKora rod TeL)(ovs, Trdurodev 7T€(j)pay
p,euovs TOLS OTrAoi? ^at tou? koutous 7Tpoto\ovTa o-nore rds err L^arrj pious ^dXXoiev pLTj-^avd KardpxoLvro rrjs elooSov Karomv hk avr cjp era^e rov TTelov ro dKp-aiorarov, ro he Xoittov lttttlko OJS
255
dvriTTape^ireivev rep retx^t- Kara Trdoav rrjv opeivrj rwu ai/a^euyourcof €k rijs dXcooecjo
rrpos ro piTjdeva
Karo-w
TTepUonqaev rov ra ^eXrj npo dcfyeaiv, opiOLws 8e Kal G(p€vSovrjras Kal rovs ctj 257 rcou p-qxaurjiJLdrcov, irepovs Se KXiptaKas dpap.evov 250 biaXaOeu^.
ro^or as
e;(eti^
vpoo(f)€pe.iv ^
648
8e
rovroju
KeXevaas
lirdvoj
rois
erotpia
dKepaiots reixeotu,
om, as gloss Destinon;
rf.
iii,
4-+9.
,,
iojdcvr)
Trju
fjir))(ai^y]fJLaGL
ottXol?
tol<;
'Icora
rrjs
l-nl
Trepl
jjloXl?
ivhlSojOL TOt? (fyvXaK-qv 252 dbtaXeLTTTO)? rvTrrop-evov
Kal
tc
yevvaioj^; €7T€OOu, TrXelaroi 8
dy(jji'il6iJL€U0L
ocofiaai
TTTOjjJLaTOJU
Kal ovSev irr^ eVetVr^s" Trj<^ ovre els oipeoj^ KaroLTrXrj^u
opr),
€19 dKorjs
251 OLTreXeLTTero.
vtto
(fjo^cpcoTepau 8' Ittolovv rrju ^orji
250 Ter;(09 iyiuero.
Iv^
c
;,
JEWISH WAR,
III.
249-257
line ran with blood, and the piles of corpses formed path to the summit of the wall. The echo from he mountains around added to the horrible din in hort nothing that can terrify ear or eye was wanting m that dreadful night. Multitudes of the defenders 'f Jotapata fell in valiant fight, multitudes were mounded and not till towards the hour of the riorning watch did the wall, after incessant battering, a breach uccumb to the machines The besieged, however, ^^® ^*^'" lucking the breach with their persons and their capons, threw up a makeshift defence before the a)inans could lay the gangways for the escalade. (24) Vespasian, having allowed his troops a brief Preparaespite after the fatigues of the night, reassembled escalade, hem soon after daybreak for the final assault. His bject was to draw off the defenders from the breach. Vith this intention, he ordered the bravest of his avalry to dismount and marshalled them in three ivisions " opposite the ruined portions of the wall rotected by armour from head to foot and with mces couched, they were to be the first to enter the Dwn the moment the gangways were laid behind nese he placed the flower of the infantry. (The rest f the cavalry were deployed all along the mountain de facing the ramparts, to prevent the escape of a ngle fugitive when the town was taken.'') Further the rear he posted the archers in a semicircle, 'ith directions to have their arrows ready to shoot, long with the slingers and the artillery, under similar rders. Other parties were then told off to bring up idders and plant them against the wall where it was
ng
I
;
-,
;
;
1
Or
*"
" three deep."
As Reinach suggests,
"
tid
§
256 follows,
in the
§ 255 appears to be a parenthesis. order of battle, immediately after
254.
VOL.
II
Y 2
649
JOSEPHUS fiei'
Tovrou? KcoXvetv
irrl
Totb
V7t'
ddpoojv
TreLpcofxevoL
KarappL(f)deiGLV
^iatopbevoi
KaraXiiroiev ttjv
(f)vXaKi]v,
^eXcov
rcJov
8*
XolttoI
ol
et^ojGLV
rrj?
€Lo6Sov. 258
Se avvtel^^ r-qv
^lcuGr]7T0S
{'25)
iTrivoiav
IttI
fiev
rod pLevoPTOS reixovg gvv tol? KCKpLrjKoaiv tarrjoi Tovg y-qpatov? cus" pirjheu Tavrrj ^Xa^rjoopievovs, €1? Se ra Trapeppcoyora^ rod reixov? rov? SvvaTcurdrov? Kal Trpo Travrcov dvd e^ dvbpas, pied' d)P Kal avrog et's" to TTpoKLvSwevetv eKXrjpcooaTO 259 eVeAeucreV re Trpo^ p^kv tov dXaXaypiOV rcop raypidrcov d7T0(f)pd^aL rd? dKodg, to? dv pirj KaraTrXayelev npo? Se TO rrXijdos rdv ^eXwu GVVOKXdaavrai KaXvipaoOai KaBvTrepBev rot? dvpeols, U77o;\;copr^CTa re 77 pog dXcyov,^ ecu? rds (jiaperpas KevcoGOJGiv o 260 ro^orai- ^aXXovrojv 8e ra? eTn^ar-qpiov? p.-qyavd' avrovs TTpoTT-qhav Kal Sta rcju lSloju opydvco diTavrdv roZs TroXepLtoL?, dyajviteGdai re eKaGro 261
ovx <jo9 vrrep GCx)6r]Gop.evr]s , dXX cos" virep dn oXwXvias rjSrj rrjg TrarptSo? dpLVvopievou, Xapi^dveL re
TTpo
reKva
ocjidaXpicbv
Kal
yepovra^;
GcfyayrjGopLevovs
yvvaiKa?
dvaiped-qGopbevas^
vtto
ko ro)
exOpojv OGOP ovbeTTco, Kal rov enl rat? pieXXovGai GvpL(l)opalg OvpLOv rrpoaXiGavras eva^elvai roig Spo
GOVGiv avrds. 262
"Y.ra^ev
(26)
dpydv
pcev
ovp
ovrcos
dird rrjs iroXeajs TrXrjdoSi
1
avveU
^
7rp6?
MVRC.
6Xt70f J
/car'
2
oXLyov " little
eKdrepov rd yvvata Kal vratSe
\
^:arippoiy6Ta
by
little
"
riphtly). *
650
(vptdTjao/j.ii'Ovs {-fx^vas)
P(AL): capi
Lat.
L
PAML.
Lat. (perhaj
JEWISH WAR, intact, in order that
still
III.
257-262
some of the besieged,
in the
attempt to repel them, might be induced to abandon the defence of the breach, and the remainder, overwhelmed by a hail of missiles, be forced to give way. (25) Josephus, penetrating this design, entrusted
Josephus'
the protection of the intact portions of the wall to
ol'^hS^"^'"
and older men, expecting that there troops, [hey would come to no harm but he placed at the breach the most vigorous of his men, and at the head )f each group six men,'* drawn by lot, among whom he limself drew for his place ^ to bear the brunt of the jattle. He instructed his men, when the legions •aised their war-cry, to stop their ears, so as not to 3e frightened when the volley of missiles came, to rouch down and cover their bodies with their bucklers, and to fall back for a while, until the nchers had emptied their quivers but, the instant he gangways were laid, to spring on to them them-eU es and confront the enemy by means of his own nstruments.^ " Let each man fight," he continued, not as the saviour of his native place, but as its Let him ivenger, as though it were lost already. picture to himself the butchery of the old men, the ate of the children and women at the hands of the Let the anticipation be, momentarily impending. )f these threatened calamities arouse his concen.rated fury, and let him vent it upon the would-be
the fatigued
;
;
;
'
3erpetrators." (26)
<•
Such was the disposition of his two divisions. of non-combatant townsfolk,
when the crowd
3ut
Meaning a
little
doubtful.
These leaders are
the
mentioned in § 270. e'Xaxf''). Cf. § 263
pofxaxoL "
(f;.
'
u.
"
The engineer
hoist with his
own
petard " {Hamlet,
iv.).
651
JOSEPHUS idedaavro
ois"
rpLTtXfj
ovhkv yap
ILojoixivriv,
(jiaXayyi
fjiev
ttoXlv
tt]v
els rrju fia.xT\v jieTaKeKLvriTO
rwv vdXai
(f}vXaK(jjv, Trpog be toi? ^€^Xrjfj.euoL<^ reix^GLV rovg TroAe/xtou? ^L(f)rjp€LS kol rrp KadVTTepdev opeivrjv XapLTTOfjLevrjv ottXols, to. t€ ^eXrj roiS"
To^orats' VTrepavexovra^ rcbu ^Apd^oju, vora-
Tov
TLua
KOJKvrov
en
OLTTeiXovfJieicov
rds
263 o 8e ^YojoiqTTOS
dXojoeojs
avvri)(r]oav,
KaKow dXX
rcbv
yvvatKas,
p-ev
cl>s
cos
ovk
Trapovrajv.
-qhrj p-rj
dT^Xyvotev
0LK70J rds oppids rcov a
KeXevaas' avros eXa^^v Traprjet. rots p.kv ovv Kcid* erepa 7TpoG
264 Se
205
CTTL
(27)
p.€T^
'Opov
dTrdvrojv
or par id, 266 rdjv pLTji'
aTreLXrjs
rjovxd[,€LU
IpeK^devrcjv
T<jjv
8'
Kal
TrdvroBev
rd rov
^eXtov rojv
oaXmKral
ol re
ovvrixijoav /cat
(f)(x)s
fj
rd)V raypdrcxjv
bewdv
i7TrjXdXo.^ei^
d(f)LepL€vajv aTTO
vrrerepivero.
'Icoctt^ttou
rj
ouuOrjpLaros
/x£/xv7]/zeVot
7Tpoorayp,drojp
ol
ye ovv
avro) rds Te aKods rrpds rrjv ^orjv Kal rd ocvpara rds d(f)eG€LS i
269 dvbpilopei'coi'2/0 T^^y ^^ojpa'iojv 5'
oi
wGre Ttplv
ov r)
Trporepov TreGelv
rj
aTreppriyvvvro
hiacfyOelpai.
peu eKapvov hirjveKojs dpvvopevoi oonj.
:
'j!
''
cl»s
Kal rouSfff"
(Trafixoi'Ta MSS-
tei
•
§
148.
i
JEWISH WAR, women and
III.
262 270
children, beheld the city encircled by a cordon of troops for the Romans had not shifted for the battle any of the guards which they had posted at the outset," when they saw, moreover, at the foot of the ruined walls the enemy sword in hand, and above them the mountain-side gleaming with arms and higher still the arrows of the Arab archers pointed at the town, they shrieked aloud, a last shriek, as it were, at their capture, as though the catastrophe were no longer imminent but already upon them. Josephus, fearing that the wailing of the women might unman the combatants, had them shut up in their houses, ordering them with threats to hold their peace. He then took up his allotted triple
— —
position at the breach, and, regardless of the ladders
which were being brought up elsewhere, breathlessly awaited the hail of arrows. (27) And now the trumpeters of all the legions Hand-tosimultaneously sounded, the troops raised a terrific onlhe^ shout, and at a given signal arrows poured from gangways all quarters, intercepting the light. Mindful of the injunctions of Josephus, his comrades screened their ears from the shout and their bodies from the volleys and, as the planks were laid, they dashed out across them, before those who had laid them could set foot on them In the ensuing hand-tohand fight with their mounting enemy, they displayed all manner of feats of strength and gallantry, endeavouring in the depth of calamity to prove themselves not inferior to men who, without the same interests at stake, were so courageous. None relaxed his struggle with a Roman until he had killed him or perished. But whereas the Jews, now becoming exhausted by the incessant combat, had none ;
653
.
J05EPHUS vpofjidxovs diielBeLW ovk exovreg, to KeKfJLTjKO? Twv 'PojfiaLOJV dKpai(f)vel? bieSexovro Kal he Tax^o^? o-vtI TO)!/ dTTO^LaoOevTOJV eTTe^aivov erepoL,
re
TrapaKeXevodiJLevol
dXXrjXotg
Kal
TrXevpdv
fiev
dvpeolg KaOvrrepdev (j)pa^dfievoi 071(^0? dpp-qKTOV eyevovTO, Kal KaOdrrep evl oajfiaTL TrdoT) ttj (f^dXayyi tou? 'lovSatou? dvojBovvTeg rjhrj tov Telxov? eTre^aivov. evojoavTe^,
271
(28)
toi?
'0 he
he
^]coor]7TO?
ev
Tat? dji-qxcLVtaLg
ovfA,-
^ovXov Xa^d>v rrjv dvdyKTjV, rj S' iorlv heivT) Trpos e—Lvoiav, orav avrrjv dTroyvcooLS epeOll^r], l,eov 272 eXaiov eKeXevoev Karaxelu tcjv ovvrjUTTLKorcov. ol h\ cu? TrapeoKevaojievov exovres, fierd, rdxovs TToXXol Kal TToXv TrdvTodev Tojv 'PcjfiaLOJV Karex^ov avveTraSievre? Kal tq dyyeTa ^paaoofieva rij deppLj]. 273 rovTo KaLop.ev(x>v tlov 'Pajfialajv hieoKehaoev rrjv rd^LVy Kal fierd heivow dXyrjhovojv dTTeKvXivhovvTO 274
-roij
To?
paora
fjiev yap to eXaLOV drro Kopv(j)rj^ ra? TzavoTrAta? hieppei tov acu/iaKal T-qv odpKa (fiXoyos ovhev eXaooov
Tei-xovg'
fj-expi-
77oha)V VTTO
oXov,
e-TTe^oGKeTO, depiiaLVopievov Te
Kal he Ocijpa^LV Kal Tols KpdveoLV evhehepLevoiv drtaXXayr] TTj^ Kavoeojs OVK r,v, TTTihuiVTes he Kal ovveiXcvfievoL Tals dXyrjhooLV drro tojv yec^vpujpidTcov eTTiTTTOv OL he Tparrevres els tovs ocfjerepovs TTpoocj ^latopievovs evxeipojToi toIs KaTOTTiv TiTpojoKovaiv
275 4^vxdiJ.evov
hid
^pahecxjs
ttju
(jyvoei
Ta;!(€a)?
TTLorrjTa.
toZs
r^aav 276
8' oxne 'PajfiaLovs ev Tals (29) 'ErreAeiTzev'^ KaKOTT pay Lais lox^S ovre tov? ^lovdaiov? ovveoLS, fVAtrei' PA. ^
°
654,
See
§
256.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
270-276
to replace their foremost champions," in the
ranks the exhausted
Roman
men were
relieved by fresh troops, and when one party was driven back another instantly took its place the assailants cheered each other on, and, side linked to side, with their bucklers protecting them above, they formed an invulnerable ;
column,^ which with its united mass, like one solid body, pushed the Jews before them and was even now mounting the ramparts. (28) In this critical situation, Josephus, taking counsel from necessity, ready as she is in invention when stimulated by despair, ordered boiling oil to be poured upon this roof of close-locked shields. His men had it ready, and at once from all quarters deluged the Romans with large quantities, flinging after it the vessels, still scalding hot. This broke their formation the Romans, burning and in excruciating agony, rolled headlong from the ramparts. For the oil instantaneously penetrated beneath their armour from head to foot, spreading over the whole surface of their bodies and devouring the flesh with the fierce-
—
—
:
ness of a flame, this liquid being, from its nature, quick in absorbing heat and, from its fatty properties, slow in cooling. Encumbered with their cuirasses and their helmets, the victims had no escape from the scalding fluid leaping and writhing in anguish, they dropped from the scaling-bridges. Those who turned to fly were blocked by their comrades pressing forward to the assault and became an easy mark for Jewish assailants in their rear. (29) But, in the midst of these trials, the Romans showed no lack of fortitude, nor yet the Jews of :
*
The
testudo formation
(c/.
B.
ii.
537),
Q55
Scalding
i
Jhe'Soma
.
JOSEPHUS dAA'
ol
oiKTpa
KaLTTep
fxev
TOUi
Karax^devTa'i i(f)epouTo, Tou Tipo
7racr;^ovTa?
tou?
et?
opLOJS
opcjures
Kara-)(€Ovras
auTov KaKilow eKaarog ws ovra rrjg pvjj.rj';^' ol he Mou8atot 8dAa» d€VT6pcp ra? TrpoG^daeis^ avroju e77eo4>aXXov rrjXiv
277 efjLTToSiOv
rals oavioiv,
ic^drjv V7TO)(€.ovres^
278 VTieovpovro.
poo^aLVOvrojv^ tls 6pd6
77
avrwv
V7TrLal,6fj.€voL
ovverraTovuro
tujv
iTnf^aTrjpitou ;;(aj/xa
'lovdaiojv
ix-qx^L^oj^
KareTnTrrov. 7T€o6vr€9'
ol
ovroi, rrjs
'Poi/xat'cov
IXevdepojdivres,
avfXTrXoKrjs
;)(etpa
281
toju
vtto
yap
eocfyaXpiivcov
toju
ttoXXoI S' eVt to
,
5'
279 irraiovTO
280
€7;oXLodavovT€?
rj'g*
tcju rpeTTopLevojv ovre rcov
oirre
/cat
€i?
Kara
ras jSoAd?
€VGr6xovv } 77oAAd hk KaKovfxdvovg iu rfj rtpoa^oXfj TOU5 crrpaTLcuras 6 arpar-qyos rrepl SeiAr^i^ dveKaXei. eTTeoov hk tovtow fxev ovk oXiyoL Kal TrXelovg €TpojdrjGav, TOJU S' e^
p.kv
dvhpe?,
282 dveKopiiodrjoav
rrapdra^LS 283
OLTTO
^
etKadt
.
lajraTTOLrT]?
8'
p.kv
dniSavov
rpLaKoalovg \aLaiov fxrjvos r] vrrkp
"qv
Oi}eG7TaoLav6<; hk
(30)
TT^?
-rpau/xartat
tols avjjilSe^rjKOOL ttjv
€7tl
orpaTidu 7TapapLvdovp.evos tu? Ovixoviikwous kojpa 284 Kal ov TrporpoTT-qg dXX epyojv beofxeuovg, Tipoop.kv rd xcofxara, Trvpyovg hk rpels, vifjojaat TTevT-qKOV-ra nohwv to uipos €KaoTou, KaTaoKevdoai KeAeuaa? ndurodeu oih-qpci) K€KaXvpipi€vovs ojs ibpaloi T€ €Lev vtto ^pidovs Kal hvadXojTOL irvpi, \ujyidTU)v eTreoT-qoev. 285 TLi)v Gvv^m^-qoas aurot? ,
,
'
Destinon
(rf.
A.
vii. *
' *
•
656
f(
ah
239
(pepofxeifo^ fxi-a.
Trpo3da€i%
fTTixf'oj'Tes
Hudson with one
MVRC.
TxoXofj'
•'
had
ptV^s)
*
leisure to
:
puinqi mss.
PA ML. ms.
npo^a^i'iji'Tui' take good aim "
PAL.
LVRC.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
276-285
resourcefulness. The former, though they saw their comrades in tortures from the drenching oil, none the less rushed on against those who poured it, each cursing the man in front of him for impeding the charge. The Jews, on their side, invented a second Another
ruse to trip their assailants, by pouring over the gangway-planks boiled fenugreek", on which the Romans slipped and stumbled backward. Whether attempting to retreat or to advance, not a man could remain erect some collapsed on their backs on the gangways and were crushed under foot, many fell off on to the earthworks, where they were pierced by for, in consequence of this the arrows of the Jews prostration of the Romans, the defenders, relieved from hand-to-hand fighting, showed good marksman-
ruse'.^
:
;
After severe losses sustained in this assault The assau the troops, towards evening, were called off by the general. The Romans had many dead and more wounded. The defenders of Jotapata lost only six dead, but upwards of three hundred wounded were brought back to the town. This combat took place June-July ''°' ^^' on the twentieth of the month Daesius. (30) Vespasian at first sought to console his troops Vespasian But when he found forufieTh for their recent experiences. them in sullen mood and calling, not for encourage- 1^"^^^^'^ ment, but for action, he ordered them to raise the height of the embankments and to construct three towers, each fifty feet high, entirely covered with sheet-iron, both to ensure their stability by their weight and to render them fire-proof. He then had these erected on the earth-works and mounted upon ship.
Foenum Graecum ; Reinach remarks that this plant ivould be in flower precisely at this season (June-July). 8 July (Niese's reckoning). '
'
657
JOSEPHUS T€ Kal To^oras koI tcov a^^rripioiv opydvcov TCL K0V(f)6repa, Trpo? he rov£ pco/xa286 Aecorarou? 0(j)ev8ovr)Tas- ol fir) KaOopcofJbevoL 8td TO vijjog Kal TO, dajpaKia ra)u TTvpycov elg KadaKOvrLGTOL?
287 opoJiJLei'ou? rov'^ inl
Kara KopGTjS
fiT^re
rov reixov^ e^aWov.
(j)epoixevojv ra)V fteXujv
ol
Be
eKKXiveiv
SwdfievoL pLrjre rovg d(f)aveLS dfivveaOaL, Kal TO fiev i'i//o? rojv TTvpyojv hvue^LKrov opcovreg eK x^^P^? iSeAet, TTvpl Se rov rrepl avrolg aiSripov did\coTov, e^evyov diro rod relxoug Kal Trpoo288 ^dXXeiv TretpcujLteVot? eTre^eOeov. Kal ol fiev inl pahi(x><;
rrjg
ttoXAoI
TjfjLepau
TToXe/jLLOug,
2S9
dvrelxov ovroj?, dvaLpov/JLevoC re Kal pnqhev dvnKaKovv rov?
'IcuTaTrarrjs"
Kad^ (31)
fi-q
fxerd klvSvvcov dvelpyeiv exoureg,
8e rag avrdg -qp^epas
KaXelrai,
vea>repil,ovGav
rrapd
Tpa'iavou
ovra
eKTrepLTTet
Trapahovs
Se
Kal
row
'Icora-
F'
Bo^au dvrexdvrcov eTraipop.eurjW, rod heKdrov rdypiarog -qyepLOua...
Trarrjvoju
290 neljOVS
OveGTraoiavos
ra)v rrj? ^IcaraTrdr-qs dcrrvyeiroucov ttoXlv,
677t Tti^a
"la(f)a
on
Kara
hiax^Xlovs
avro) .
6
;(tAtoi;?
piev
IrrTrels,
he rrjv puev ttoXlv Svg-
dXojrov KaraXa^ojv rrpos yap r<2) (f>vGeL Kaprepc rvyxdvetv ovGa Kal hiTrXco TrepL^oXcp rerelxi'CTTO, rrpoa7Trjvrr)K6rag he rovs e^ avrrjg irolpLovs eh l^o-XV^ Lhd)V oXiyov GVfi^dXXei Kal rrpos dvrLGXOvra\ 291 ihicoKev. gv picfivyovr ojv he el? ro Trpcjrov relxo^. ol 'PcopcaloL Kara rrohag 'npoGKeip.evoi GVveiG 292 erreGOV. oppLTjGavras he rrdXiv els ro hevrepoi
I
,
The father of the future emperor of that name. * Japhia of the O.T. (Joshua xix. ]-2), modern Va/a, som ten miles south of Jotapata and two miles south-west o
roti
M
"
658
2-1'
tr;e;
Bdni
JEWISH WAR, them, besides the hghter
III.
285-292
artillery,
the javelin-men,
and the most robust of the slingers. These troops, being screened from view by the height of the towers and their breastworks, opened fire on the besieged who were plainly visible to them on the wall. The Jews, finding no means of avoiding the archers,
heads or of avenging themselves on an invisible foe, seeing these lofty towers inaccessible to missiles thrown by hand and protected against fire by their iron casing, abandoned the wall and made sallies against any who attempted to renew the escalade. Thus did Jotapata continue to hold out day by day many of its defenders fell powerless to retaliate on the enemy, they could only hold them at bay at peril of their projectiles directed at their
;
;
lives.
(31) In the course of these days Vespasian dispatched Trajan,*^ the commander of the tenth legion, with a thousand horse and two thousand foot, against a town in the vicinity of Jotapata, called Japha,^ which had revolted, encouraged by the surprising resistance of their neighbours at Jotapata. Trajan found a city presenting formidable difficulties, for in
addition to its naturally strong situation, it was protected by a double ring of walls. However, its inhabitants ventured to advance to meet him, prepared, as he saw, for action he charged them and, ifter a brief resistance, routed them and started in Dursuit. They burst into the first enclosure, whither ;he Romans, following hard on their heels, penetrated mih them. But when the fugitives rushed on to the ;
Niazareth, here called a " city," but elsewhere described as the largest village in Galilee," Vita 230 ; at one time the '
leadquarters of Josephus
{ib.
270).
659
Capture Traja?/an( Titus.
JOSEPHUS reixo? aTTOKXeiovaiv rrjg TioAecu? ol o
293 aafre? rji^
apa 6
'Pcu/^at'ot?
FaAtAata;!^ rrdOrj
to.
jX€Vos, OS KOI Tore rov rrfs TToXeojs
)(^apit,6-
Xaov avravSpov,
X^porlv oiKeiais eKKXeiudivra, TTpos
aTTcLXeiav
exr-
hoTov (f)ovcocnv exBpois Trapeurrjcrev e/x77t77TovTe? yap ddpooL rat? TTvXais Kal noXXd rovs ctt' aureus oi^ofiadTL KaXovvres eV /u,eaat? d7T€G
.
296 G(l)€TepoL- jJLeaoL 8e toIu bvolu KaTeuXovfievoL Trepi-
^oXojv ^vCpqVj^ TToXXol }ikv rot? dXXrjXoiV, noXXol he Tois IhloL? TTepieTTeipovTo H4>eaiv, aTreipoi he VTTO 'PcxjpLalcov eTTLTTTov ovhk OGOV 61? dpivvav dvadappovvTes' Trpos yap toj KaTarreTTXrj^O at tovs TToXepLLOvs Ta? ijjvxds avrcou eKXaaev tj tojv OLKeloji rrepas edurjcjKOv ov 'PcjofMaioLS dAAa rots 297 TTpohouia. IhiOLS^ KarapcopLevoL, p-e^pi TrdvTes diTcoXovTO pLvpLOi
29S Kal hiGX^XiOL Tov dpiQpiov ovTes.
Aoyi^o/xevos" Ko/i TLves
etvac
evhov elev,
Kevrjv he
/xa;(t/xcL»i
TpaXavog, el ht olopLevos fi-qhev avTovs roXpi-q-
ttju
6
ttoXlv
oetv VTTO heovs, dveTiOei toj CTpaT-qyco tt^u dXojGLV
Kal GTeiXas dyyeXovs Trpos OveorraGiavov fjTelrc tov vlov avTov^ TtVov eTTiBriGOVTa rfj vlki 6 he GvpL^aXdw VTToXeiTreGdai riva ttovoi 299 TeXos. /xera GTpaTids rov vlov eTTLTrepLTTet TTevraKOGLon iTTTrecov, ;)(tAtajv he Tre^oiP'. o he Trpos ttji 3(j(j /xev ttoXlv eXdojv hid rdxovs Kal hiard^as ttjv GTpaTidi Trepujjai
om. PL: the word recurs
'
*
' ^
660
C
:
favToi'
VR, suum
Lat.
Joab
David
Cf. the njessage of
in B. vi. 326.
OlKdoiS P.
to
:
ai-Tw the rest.
at the siege of
KabbaJ
JEWISH WAR,
III.
292-300
second wall, their own fellow-citizens shut them out, enemy forcing their way in at the same time. God, and no other, it was who made a present to the Romans of the wretched Galilaeans ; it was He who now caused the population of the town to be excluded by the hands of their own people and delivered them to their murderous foes, to be exterminated to a man. Vainly did the swarming crowds batter the gates and implore the sentinels by for fear of the
their
names
to let
them
in
:
while their supplications
were on their lips they were butchered. The first wall was closed to them by the enemy, the second by Cooped up and huddled together their friends. between the two ramparts, they fell, many impaled on their comrades' swords, many on their own, while prodigious numbers were slain by the Romans, withfor out even having the heart to defend themselves to their terror of the enemy was added the perfidy of their friends, and that broke their spirit. Cursing, in their dying moments, not the Romans but their own people, in the end they all perished, to the number of twelve thousand. Trajan, judging that the city was bereft of combatants or that any who still remained within would be paralysed by fear, ;
decided to reserve for his chief the credit of capturing the place. He accordingly dispatched a message to Vespasian, requesting him to send his son Titus to complete the victory." The general, conjecturing that some work still remained to be done, sent with his son reinforcements consisting of five hundred cavalry and a thousand infantry. Titus rapidly marched to the city, drew up his troops for battle, of Amnion, 2 Sam. Jews and Romans.
xii.
26
ff.
;
this courtesy
was common to
661
JOSEPHUS fieu Tov Xaiov Kepoj? rov T palavov lanqoiv, avTos 6e TO be^LOv €\ojv i^riyelro rrp6<; rrju ttoXlopKtav. r(2)v he OTpanojrojv KXijiaKas TrdvroOeu €7rt
301
TO) Teix^i- 'Trpoo4>ep6vTojv Trpog oXiyou ol raAiAalot
KadvTTepdeu dfiwdpievoL^ Xeiirovoiv tov Trepi^oXov, 8'
302 €7TL7n)'6r]GavTe<;
ol
€.Kpdrr]oav
TToXecog
rov
irepl
Ta\eaj^
avrolg ovorpac^evra^ Kaprepd 303 Kal
yap
TtVoi^
Se
Trpos
,
p-O-xr)
ri)?
p-ev
rovg euSov avpprjyvvr ac
eV rolg orevoj-ols ol hvvarol TrpooeTTLTTrou
Kal aTTO Tcju oIklcov at yuvat/ces" e^aXXov rrdu to 304
7T
pocrrvxov avrals.
Kal
p-^xpi- P-^-v
haTravqdivrojv
p.axdp.€VOL,
hk
e^ ojpcjjv dvrelxov
rd)v
piaxlpLajv
to
Kara rag
XoLTTov ttXtjOo'; ev T€ Tot? VTTaiOpoLS Kal
OLKLag d7T6G(f)drTOVTOy V€OL T€ OpLOV Kal yipovT€S'
ovhkv yap dppev
dvd
aipedevrajv
rrapard^ecos KLoxiXloL?
TO.
(32)
8'
p.vpL0i
hiox^Xia
rovro avve^rj ro Trado?
I
eKarov
aXtXatOLg
p.r)u6<;.
ddpoLodevres yap
eirl
to Tapitelv KaXov-
p,eu epbevou, TToXepuov 8' ^i-X^^ aTreLXrji/
avrow Kal rd
(^povr]pLara.
KaKol? eocoSpovitovrOy ev-payiag ev dXoyioroj
FA
:
Kal ovhe
TTpds rrfv
8c
Kard
Kara x^P^^ 17
re gijuoSo?
rol<;
yetrvLojai
TCt?
*Pa>/Ltatcoi^
o(f)dg
aodeueiaut
^ Destinon afxvu6ti€i>oi. mss. rg KUTa a(pai dadfyeiq. the rest; text doubtful. :
662
dv
Ttevra-
rols
Trpos
pLevov opog, OTrep avroT? eoriv dytov,
*
ovv
p.kv
"KpieLvau 8e ovde ^aptapelg drrelparou uvp,-
(f>opd)v
308
a p^erd
vtjttlcjov,
row
ai'v^aAcuTa
Kal eLKdSi AatCTtou
TTepLTTTT)
St'xct .
re rrjv ttoXlv Karri rrjg Trporepaq
dpiOfxdg
Tjv,
306 Kal rpiaKOvra.
307
v7T€XeL(f)9rj
e^rjvhpa-ohioavro
305 yvvaiKOJV
JEWISH WAR,
III.
300-308
posting Trajan on the left wing, and himself taking of the right, and led them to the assault. As the soldiers were bringing up ladders to every portion of the wall, the Galilaeans, after a brief defence from that quarter, abandoned it the troops of Titus thereupon scaled the ramparts and were instantly masters of the town. But within the walls, where the inhabitants had rallied to meet them, a desperate struggle ensued the able-bodied fell
command
;
:
upon the Romans the houses the
came
in the
women
narrow
pelted
from
alleys, while
them with whatever
For six hours the contest the more efficient combatants were at length exterminated, and the rest of the population was then massacred in the open or in their houses, young and old alike. For no males were spared, except infants these, along with the women, the Romans sold as slaves. The slain, whether in the city or in the previous action, amounted in all to fifteen thousand the captives numbered two thousand one hundred and thirty. This disaster befell the Galilaeans on the twenty-fifth of the
missiles
to hand.
was maintained
;
;
;
month
Daesius.'^
The Samaritans, too, did not escape their share Massac of calamity. Assembling on their sacred mountain gailadi called Garizim, they did not move from the spot, but o" ^^^• GenziiT 1 this mustermg or the clan and their determined atti- Cereaiii tude contained a menace of war. They had learnt nothing from their neighbours' calamities the successes of the Romans only made them ridiculously conceited of their own feebleness, and they were (32)
^,,
11-1
;
"
13 July, A.D. 67 (according to Niese's reckoning).
663
JOSEPHUS Kal
wSovi^
Trp6<;
iJL€TeajpoL
rapax^v
vnrjpxov.
309 iboKec Se OveoTraoiavco (f)9daaL ro Kivqiia Kal oppLci^
avTojv VTTorepLveodaf Kal yap
el^
rag
(^povpai<;
SLeiXrjTTTO, to ye^ ttXtjOos toju ovvra^tg rjv ^o^epd. KepeaAtoi^ ovv errapxov ovra rov 7T€[jL7Trov TayfJLarog p.e^' e^aKooiiov Irnrecov Kal Trelcov rpiox^-Xitov 7re/x7ret. 311 TOVTO) 7Tpoc^aiV€Lv fxkv TO opos Kal ovvdiTTeiv p.dxriv ovK aa(/>aAe9 cbo^ev ttoXXojv Kadvjrepdeu T)
Sa/xapetTts"
oXtj
310 iXrjXvdorcoi' Kal
TciiV TToXepLLUJV
rj
OVTOJV, KVKXa)odfJL€VOg 8e rfj hvvdpi€L
Tiaoav TTjv VTTopeLOV 312
313
avve^rj
TjiJLepa';.
8t'
8e
^ayiapeujv
iK(f)X€yfjvaL
ojpa 6'
depovs Kal
"qv
oXrjg
vBaro? rore
avrovs
i(f)povpeL rrj?
dvopovfxevojv rcou Kal Kavfia heLuov
iTnrrjheiojv to ttXtjOo';
tcoi^
aTTapdoKevov a>? Tti^a?^ fiev av0rip,ep6v vtto* Tov diifjov? aTTodavelv, voXXovg Se rrjg T0Lavr7)s to bovXeveLV 77poaLpouiJ.ei-oug 'Poj/xatot? i^ d)V avvelg 6 KepeaAio? Kal tovs
a77ajAetab
314 7Tpoa4>vyelv. €TL
ovpLfieuovTa?
VTTO
h€Ludji>
Toii^
KaTeayoTas
Kal ttjv hvvapnv iv kvkXco TTepicmrjGa? Tolg TToXefiioL? to {xeu TrpcjTov ertl Se^td? TTpovKaXeiTo Kal ocoLeaOaL Trape/cdAet, 8ta315 jSe/3atoi^'/xei^o9 aa^aAetai' to OTrXa pLipadLU. d)g 8' OVK eTTeideu, TrpooTreoujv duiKTCLvev TrduTag, ;)(tAtOL'? eTTava^aivet tuj
opei,
i^aKoaiov? IttI p.vpiois ouTas' ^^hofirj Kal elKdhi Aatatof yL-qvo^ eTrpdxOrj. Kal TOtauVat? pcev au/x(^cpati Sa/xapeiTat ixp-qoavTO. 316 (33) TcZii' 8' did tol 'lojTaTrara KapTepovuroju 1
M *
^
664
To-x P.
(Lat. etsi): om. PA: dei the rest. n the rest. (Lat. tamen)
M
:
*
Bekker:
cLtto
ms3.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
308-316
eagerly contemplating the prospect of revolt.'* Vespasian accordingly decided to anticipate the movement and to curb their ardour for, although the whole district of Samaria was already occupied by garrisons, this large assemblage and their confederacy gave ground for alarm. He therefore dispatched to the spot Cerealius,'' commander of the fifth legion, with a force of six hundred cavalry and three thousand infantry. This officer, considering it hazardous to ascend the mountain and engage in battle, as the enemy were in such strength on the summit, confined himself to surrounding the entire base of Garizim with his troops and kept strict guard during the whole day. The Samaritans happened to be short of water just at the period of a terrific heat-wave it was the height of summer and the multitude had not laid in provisions. The result was that several died of thirst that very day, while many others, preferring slavery to such a fate, deserted to Cerealius, concluding therefrom that the Romans. the rest, who still held together, were broken down by their sufferings, now ascended the mountain and, having disposed his troops in a circle round the enemy, began by inviting them to treat, exhorting them to save their lives and assuring them of security down their arms. These overtures if they laid proving ineffectual, he attacked and slew them to a man, eleven thousand six hundred in all this was on the twenty-seventh of the month Daesius ^ Such was the catastrophe which overtook the Samaritans. (33) Meanwhile the defenders of Jotapata were ;
;
;
The
laii o
Jotapata. " The historian's animus against the Samaritans appears elsewhere, notably in A. ix. 290 f. * Sextus Cerealis Vettulenus. ' 15 July, a.d. 67 (Niese).
665
JOSEPHUS Kal
Trap
iXTTiSa
aapaKocrrfj
jiev
Kal
reu'
avTexovTOJv
Seti^oi?
TOts" rjlJLepa
e^hojxr]
ra
;)(ctj/>taTa
317 rci)V 'PcjfiaLOJV VTTeprjpdrj to relxo?, avTopioXel 8e Tts"
Trpo? Tov OveoTTaoLavov rrj? avrrjg ruiipas rrjv
re oXiyoT-qTa tCjv
audlveiav,
318 rr]v
eTrl rrjs
Kal
iTTaXXrjXoi?
fjidxo-i'?
TToXeojg i^ayyeXXojv /cat
aypvTTvia
hi-qveKel
Kal
hehaTravrjpievoi
hvvarol
fxev
d>?
€tev ouSe ^LaCojjLevoug ert (f)€p€LU, Kal SoXco 8*
319 aXolei^,
et
Tt?
eTTidoZro'
irepl
yap
rrjv
dv
i.G\drr]V
KaO' tjv dveoiv re ra)u hetvoji' IdoKovv KOI KaOoLTTreTai pidXiora K€K07T0Jfjievcov ea>-
(jivXaK-qv, e-)(eiv
Blvos vttvos, Karahapddvetv ecfyauKeu rovg cfyvXaKa?, ovve^ovXevev re Kara ravrrji' rrjV ojpav eTreXdelv. 320 ro)
S'
irpos
TjV
Trpos
321 rrjv
fiev
ciAAt^Aou?
rrporepov
rag
VTTOVoias
St'
6
avrofioXog,
ro re
elhon rcou 'louSat'coi^ Kal KoXdaeis VTrepoifjlau, eTreihr] Kal
TTiurov
Xr](f>deis
n?
rcou
oltto
rrjs
'IcuTaTTCLTT]?
Trdoau aiVtat' ^aadvcxjv dvreax^v Kal inqhev 8ta TTvpos e^epevvojoL rols TToXejiiois Trepl rcou evhou elTToju duearavpcoOi'j rod daudrov Kara322 jieihiojv rd ye [jltju eiKora Trior 6u eTTOiei rou TTpodoriqu, Kal rd^a jjieu dXrjOeveLU eKeluou, jjLrjSev Trpos"
8'
avros e^ eveSpas TTeioeodai fieya TrpoohoKCxyVy eTrl he rrju KardjjLev (f)vXdaGeLU eKeXevaeu Xiqxjjiu rrj? TToXecos napeoKevaL^e rr^u orparidu. 323 (31-) Kara he r-qu pnqwdeZoau ojpav -fjeaav rjGvxrj Kal Trpujros eTTL^aivei Tiros gvv 324 Trpos ro re^xo?. rou
,
evl
roju
rov
TTe/jLTTrov
x'-^'-^PX^^^
AofJierLOj
Haf^iuco,
rcou
drro
Kal heKarov rdyfiaro? oXiyov? dycjv
" The writer possihly has a more famous siege in mind that of Troy; cf. " tempiis erat quo prima quies mortalibus aegris incipit," Mrg. Aen. ii. 268, and just before " inuadunt
666
it^ ,iij
JEWISH WAR,
III.
316-324
holding out and beyond all expectation bearing up under their miseries, when on the forty-seventh day of the siege the earthworks of the Romans overtopped the wall. That same day a deserter reported to Vespasian the reduced numbers and strength of the defence, and that, worn out with perpetual watching and continuous fighting, they would be unable longer to resist a vigorous assault and might be taken by stratagem, if the attempt were made. He stated that about the last watch of the night an hour when they expected some respite from their sufferings and when jaded men easily succumb to morning slumber the sentinels used to drop asleep and that was the still
—
'^
—
;
hour when he advised the Romans to attack. Vespasian, knowing the Jews' loyalty to each other and their indifference to chastisement, regarded the deserter with suspicion. For on a former occasion a man of Jotapata who had been taken prisoner had held out under every variety of torture, and, without betraying to the enemy a word about the state of the town, even under the ordeal of fire, was finally crucified, meeting death with a smile. However, the probability of his account lent credit to the traitor and so, thinking that the man might be speaking the truth, and that, even if his story were a trap, no serious risk would be run by acting upon it, Vespasian ordered him into custody and made ready his army for the capture of the city. (34) At the hour named they advanced in silence to the walls. The first to mount them was Titus, with one of the tribunes, Domitius Sabinus, followed by a few men of the fifteenth legion. They cut down urbem somno uinoque sepultam; caeduntur uigiles " 265 f. ;
with
and
§ 32.5 (a.Troacpd^avTe'; de
§
327
(l/ttj/i^
tous (pvXaKas eifflaaiu
els Tr]v
noXci')
5ia\4\vuTo).
667
JOSEPHUS he Tovg (f)vXaKa<; eloiaotv els Ty)v OU9 Y.e^TO<; tl? KaXovdptos X'-^'-^PXV'^
325 d770CT^a|ap'T6? ttoXlv
fxed^
.
Kal HAaKtSo? rovs vtto 326 KaretXriixiievris
ev fieaoj 327 odrfOLS
TTjS
oipetg
Kal
/cat
TToXefiioju
rjixepag
ovar]s,
Kpa70vp.evoLS atol 77oAAot Kal vttvo)
TOLS
yap
hiavcoraiievcov
ttoXXt]
TTepixvOelaa,
he
TJhrj
re
row
aTTTjiJi^Xvvev
328 noXei
aKpas kol rojv
aXojGeojs
Kapidroj
-qv
htaXeXvvro,
reray/jLevovs ela-qyov.
G
rrjs
G'7pe
ovTTOj
op.ojs
he
Kara
rare
rag rfj
crrpaTtd?
rrj?
77Ciai7?
P-^XP'-
ojjLLxXr]
TV\riv
eloTTeoovarjs rrpos p.6vriv rrjv tcjv KaKcov alodrjoii'
Kal rr)v
i^avearrjaau 329 fjievoi.
'Pcu/Ltatou?
TToXiopKLas
aAA'
eXeos, 330
he
aXcvoiv
Kara
eTTadov ovre elq
eTTiorevov pLvrip,rjv
0et5cu?
to Karavreg^
p-dx^odai
hvvap.evovs
r]
eV
rrjg
aKpas tov
r-qs
evda Kal
hvox^jpia
dvaipov
tlvos out'
elafjeL
d-TTO
Xedw Gwcodovvreg e4)6vevov.
oji^
r-qv
rovs
en
dfJLVvai>
OXtBopLevoL yap ev rots orevojTTols Kal Kara rod rrpavovs vrroXioOdvovres peovri Kar aKpas eKaXv-rovro rw 77oXep.cn. rovro ttoXXovs Kal row rrepl rov ^\d>or]7Tov emXeKrajv eV avro Xeipiav Trapco^vvev Karihovres yap d)S ovhevo d4>eiXeT0'
331
'Pojpaicov dveXelv hvvavrai, to ye rreaeh avTovs^ VTTO 'Pcjpalwv rrpoeXa^ov Kal avvadpoiodevres errl rd KaraX-qyovra r-qs TroXeojs o4>d>, avrovs dvelXou. 332 (35) ''OaoL ye p-qv vtto rrpajr-qv rijs KaraArj^ecDsfif alodrjGiu rojv (^vXdKOjv Siac^uyetv e^Oaaav dva^dvres els rwa rwv 7TpooapKrLa)V TTvpycov pexp pev rivos dvTipvvavro, TrepLOX^Q^vres he TrX-qSe roju
'
4Trl »
668
Niese: the interior mss. have
+d7ra»'Tes
PAML.
irfpi (ttji/ »
TroXtop^jaf ).
Xext doubtful.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
325-332
the sentries and entered the city.
Behind them
came Sextus
Calvarius, a tribune, and Placidus with the troops under their command. The citadel had actually been taken, the enemy was ranging through the heart of the town, and it was now broad dayHght, before the vanquished inhabitants were aware of the capture. Most of them were worn out with fatigue and asleep, and if any awoke, a thick mist, which happened at the time to envelop the city, obscured their vision. At length, when the whole army had poured in, they started up, but only to realize their
calamity the blade at their throat brought home to them that Jotapata was taken. The Romans, remembering what they had borne during the siege, showed no quarter or pity for any, but thrust the people down the steep slope from the citadel in a general massacre. Even those still able to fight here found themselves deprived of the means crushed of defence by the difficulties of the ground in the narrow alleys and slipping down the declivity, they were engulfed in the wave of carnage that streamed from the citadel. The situation even drove many of Josephus's picked men to suicide seeing themselves powerless to kill a single Roman, they could at least forestall death at Roman hands, and, retiring in a body to the outskirts of the town, they there put an end to themselves. (35) Those soldiers of the guard who, the moment it was known that the town was taken, had succeeded in escaping, took refuge in one of the northern ^ towers, where for some time they held their own ; but, being surrounded by large numbers of the ;
:
;
'
The Romans had entered from
the north (§§ 158, 162).
669
JOSEPHUS Tojv TToXefjLLOJu
7Tap€Loav
oipe
ttjv
333 i(f)€(jra)GLV
8e^6a? KoX rot?
TOLi
rrapeaxov
evBvyioi
o
dval-
.
jjLaKTOu 8' dv Tjv ai)-)(fiuai 'Poj/xatots" ro reXo?
TToXiopKLag, TLS'
el
Kara,
fiTj
eKarovrdpxT]?
334 ivedpa?.
rju
^
yap
7<jjv
dXcoGLV
ttjv
AvrojvLog,
tq
els
OvqaKei
OTn^Xatd
Trj
eTreaev
ei?
S
eg
ti? gvjjl-
7Te
Tou
ope^ai
^AvrcovLov
Koi
335 oojrrjpia?
6
6
re
d-
(jiddoa?
avrou
hopan
[o6)
Kar'
<j)avep6v
hiepydi^erai.
eKeivqv
VTTOi^ofJLOL?
hid
TrdGrj^
337 yvvaiKcov.
Kal rd?
jxev
to 8
ttXt^v
alxp^dXajra
veKpol
pid^o.?
he
vrjTTtcjv
;)(tAta
/card
/cat /cat
Trpog rpts"
dXojGiv
ri^v
GW-qpiOpLrjO-qGav
rerpa-
OveG'TTaGLavo? he tyjv re ttoXlv Kara-
avT Tj s
rpiGKaiheKdro)
rd
/cat .
(f)povpLa
r-qg
Trdvra
TrpoGefM-
ovv ovrojs edXoj yepojvog -qyepovta? erec Oave-
'IcoraTrara
pi.ev
vovpL-qvla.
(viii. T€S"
rati
rds Karaduaeig rov? ev
r^XiKias
Gvvrj)(9r},
KeXeveL
GKdipau 339 TTLTTp-qGLV
fjLov
rd
TTporepov
338 KLGpLvpLOL.
-qpLepav
Kal rolg Grr-qXaioi? eVe^rjeaav
e)(^cx>povv
/cat
hiaKOGioi?
rrjv
'Ptu/xatot,
ol
dvepevvcjjJievoL
roLS
ovv
[lev
dvelXov
TrXrjdog
CTTtouCTat?
kol
)(elpa,
rrjv
d'jpeye
/cat TTapaxprjP'CL
340
ttlgtlv
duoSov
vrpo?
eKeluo? vvrret Kdrwdev vtto^ tov ^ov^coi^a
<j)vXdKTa>s
336
ainoj,
8e^tai^
^OTjde tav
l)
Kard
he rov
'Pto/xatot
re
opyrjv
^Iojgtittov
G(j>erepav
Kal
dval,rjrovvGcj^ohpa
rod
Grparrjyov (f)LXorLp,ovpLevov, fieyLGrrj yap rjv fjiolpa rov TToXejjLov Xrj(l)deL?, rovs re veKpovg hi-qpevvojv 1
670
iiri
PAL.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
332-340
enemy, they at length surrendered and cheerfully extended their throats to their assailants. The Romans might have boasted that this last phase of the siege had cost them no loss of life, had not one of them, the centurion Antonius, fallen when the town w^as captured. He was killed by treachery. One of the many fugitives who had taken refuge in the caverns besought Antonius to extend his hand to him, as a pledge of protection and to assist him to rise
;
the centurion incautiously complied, where-
upon the Jew from below instantly stabbed him with his spear beneath the groin, and killed him on the spot. {36) On that day the Romans massacred all who showed themselves on the ensuing days they searched the hiding-places and wreaked their vengeance on those who had sought refuge in subterranean vaults and caverns, sparing none, whatever The prisoners their age, save infants and women. the total thus collected were twelve hundred number of the dead, whether killed in the final assault or in the previous combats, was computed at forty thousand. Vespasian ordered the city to be razed and had all its forts burnt to the ground. Thus was Jotapata taken in the thirteenth year of the principate of Nero, on the new moon of Panemus." (viii. 1) A search for Josephus was then instituted by the Romans, to satisfy both their own resentment and the keen desire of their general, who considered that the issue of the war depended largely on his capture. So the bodies of the slain and the men in ;
;
»
20 July, A.D. 67 (Niese).
671
josephus ^" ^"'^'""
cave,
JOSEPHUS 341
rou^
Kal
d7TOKpv(j)ov?.^
GKOfievT]?,
[xeoov fiev
6
de^
Trj?
TrdAeoj?
dAi-
ovvcpyia )(pr)GdiJ,€vo?, eavrov iKKXlnreL tojv iroXep.iojv KadTLVL
SaifjiovLOj
,
dXXerai 8e eig nva ^advv Xolkkov, (L TrXarv aTT-qXaLOif 342 hteCeuKTO Kara. nXevpav rol? dvojQev doparov €vSa reaaapdKovra p-kv roji' 1-LGrip.ojv diSpag xaranapaaKevrjv 8' €.7nrr]heicov Xafjif^dveL Xauddvovrag .
,
343
ovK
oXiyaig
biapKelv Svuapieuiqv. pLed^ qpLcpav p-kv ovv VTreoriXXero tow TToXepLiojv rrdvra rjpLepaLg
8* i'vkto? dvLwv il-qret hpaGpLOU SidbvGLV Kal ra? (f)vXaKd? KareGKeTrreTo. (f^povpovp.evci)v 8e —dvTodev TrdvTOJV 8t' avTov, cog XaOelv 344 OVK Tjv, avOtg ets" to GTTrjXaLov KarfjeL. Svo p.kv ovv rjpLepaig ^LaXavddveL, rfj 8e 'pL'f) yvvaiKog dXovGrjS ra)V a/j.a avrolg /xryruerat, Kal OveoTraGLauog avTLKa fierd GTTOvhfjg TrepLTrei Svo ^(tAtapXovg, navXlwov Kal FaXXuKauov, be^td? re tuj *\coGrj7Ta) Sovvat KeXevGag Kal TTporpeifjupLevovg hL€LXrj(f)6rajv,
dveXdelv.
WdnKopLevoL
yovv rrapeKdXovu ovroi toi^ Kal 7TLGT€is TTepl GojT-qpiag ebiBoGav, ov 346 p.7]v €7Teidov Ik yap (Lv CLKog -qv rooavra Spdoaura rradeu', ovk Ik tov (f)VG€L row napaKaXovvToju TjpLepov rag VTTOipiag GVveXeyev, iSeSieL re cu? €7tI rtpLOjpLav TtpoKaXovp^evovg €Ojg OveGTraGiavog rpirov i-L-ep.7Tei xtXiap^ov XtKai'opa, yvo'jpip.ov 345
(2)
dvhpa
y
'
+
city."
Tr)%
Tr6\(LL}^
nvxoC'S
M\'R.C. " the secret recesses of the 2 +dpTt MVRC.
' Probably, as Reinach suggests, a relative of M. Valerius Paulinus, a friend of Vespasian, and in a.d. 69 governor of
Galha Narbonensis(Tac. Hist.
672
iii.
43).
h
JEWISH WAR,
III.
341-346
hiding were closely examined. But Josephus, when the city was on the point of being taken, aided by some divine providence, had succeeded in stealing away from the midst of the enemy and plunged into a deep pit, giving access on one side to a broad cavern, invisible to those above. There he found forty persons of distinction in hiding, with a supply of provisions sufficient to last for a considerable time. During the day he lay hid, as the enemy were in occupation of every quarter of the town, but at night he would come up and look for some loophole for escape and reconnoitre the sentries but, finding every spot guarded on his account and no means of eluding detection, he descended again into the cave. he continued in hiding". So for two days On the isdiscove ^ *= by the third, his secret was betrayed by a woman of the aJ)ma^, Romans invited t( t party, who was captured whereupon Vespasian at '"^ited ., 1. T-» T surrendji once eagerly sent two tribunes, raulmus ^ and GaUicanus, with orders to offer Josephus security and to urge him to come up. (2) On reaching the spot they pressed him to do His parie ;
:
;
1
and pledged themselves for his safety, but failed persuade him. His suspicions were based not on the humane character of the envoys, but on the consciousness of all he had done and the feeling that !he must suffer proportionately. The presentiment that he was being summoned to punishment persisted, until Vespasian sent a third messenger, the tribune Nicanor,^ an old acquaintance and friend of so
\
to
I
i
'
'
" A friend of Titus, who was afterwards wounded while endeavouring, in company with Josephus, to parley with the Jews of Jerusalem, by whom he was known, B. v. 261. It has been suggested that he may have served under Agrippa and so become acquaintpH with Josephus (Kohout).
VOL.
II
z
673
Ro^a'?^ officers.
JOSEPHUS 347 TO)
Kal
^lojorjTTO}
ovTOS TO re
xpiqarov
'Pojfiaicov
oTraf eAcuat Stefijet, Kal tu?
ai^
Oavjidi^OLTO fJLaXXov
TrapeXdwu
TrdXat.
avvrjdr)
(j^voei
rrpos
8* ol)?
aper-qv avros
8i'
pLioolro rrpos rcov -qyeiiouoju,
rj
re tou arparrjyov ovk iirl 7t/xtuptai avrov, ivelvai yap TavTr]v Kal rrapd rrpoLOvros Xa^elv, dXXd oojaai vpoaipovpLevoi fiT] TTpoGeTiOei 8' co? out' dv Ove349 dvSpa yevvalov. tol Lva ivehpevoju (f)LXov e7T€iJL7T€u, GTTaoiavos KaKLorov TTpdyfjLaros tt pooTrjoriT ai to KdXXiorov dmoTLas (jyiXlav, ovh^ dv avros dnaT-qoajv dvhpo 348 OTTOvSdl^eLi'
dvayayelv
UTTrjKovoev iXdelv.
4>iXov
tou 'Icoot^ttou Kal rrpoi oTpariajriKov utt* opyrj^. CKKaUiv TO OTTTiXaiov wpjJL'qro, Karelxev 8' auToi)< k o TToXefiapxo? l^coyprjoai rov dvSpa (J)iXotliiovijl€vo<; 351 cus" 8' o Te KiKdvcop TrpoolKeiTO XiTrapaJv Kal Tct! aTretAd? tou rroXefilov nXrjdovs 6 'IdJor^Tro? ep-aOev h dvdfjLvqaLS avrdv rcov 8td t^u/CTo? ovelpcov €.la€p\€.rai hi (x)V 6 Oeog rd? re fieXXovaas avrco ovpLcfiOpd 7Tpo€GT](JLav€v ^louhalcov Kal rd ir^pl rov<; Pcu/xatco
350
(3)
TOP
^Evhoidi^ovTO?
Nt/cai^opa,
8e
TO
352 /SaotAet? iaopLeva.
rju
ovp.^aXelv
tol
LKai'6^
XeyofjLeva'
rd?
twu ye
eyyovos. Kal yevoixevos oveipcxjv OTrdaas
^oA XeXi-]9vlav evxr^v "
" Roniane, Cf.
he Kal Trepl KpiGeis oveipo)
avros
enl
rrjs
re
Kal "
eireihr)
memento
.
Aen. vi. 851 " Did he claim kinship with
.
.
ojv
deio-
rjyvoe
lepeus
Ka
rore
ojpas evdov
rwv
7rpoa
(jiavrdoyiara ,
rod
^l^Xojv ovk
lepojv
dv
d>v
rd
vtto
d/x(/)tj3oAaj?
pLrjv
co?
7Tpo(f)rjTeLa<£
353 lepeojv
iec
ixev
rd)
dec
'louSat'coi^,"
e(j>ri
7Tpoa4>epei
rd
parcere subiectis," Virg
flF.
674
his
namesake, the
patriarcl
J^
fa;
w
JEWISH WAR,
III.
347-354
He, on his arrival, dwelt on the innate generosity of the Romans to those whom they had Dnce subdued,"" assuring him that his valour made him an object rather of admiration, than of hatred, to the commanding officers, and that the general was anxious to bring him up from his retreat, not for punishment that he could inflict though he refused but from a desire to save a brave to come forth 3ian. He added that Vespasian, had he intended to entrap him, would never have sent him one of his ^riends, thus using the fairest of virtues, friendship, nor iS a cloak for the foulest of crimes, perfidy ^ould he himself have consented to come in order to ieceive a friend Josephus
—
—
;
(3)
While Josephus was
still
hesitating, even after
the soldiers in their rage attempted to set fire to the cave, but were restrained Dy their commander, who was anxious to take the lewish general alive. But as Nicanor was urgently Dressing his proposals and Josephus overheard the ;hreats of the hostile crowd, suddenly there came Dack into his mind those nightly dreams, in which 3od had foretold to him the impending fate of the lews and the destinies of the Roman sovereigns. fie was an interpreter of dreams and skilled in livining the meaning of ambiguous utterances of the Deity a priest himself and of priestly descent, he ^as not ignorant of the prophecies in the sacred Dooks. At that hour he was inspired to read their Meaning, and, recalling the dreadful images of his •ecent dreams, he offered up a silent prayer to God. Since it pleases thee," so it ran, " who didst create ^^icanor's
assurances,
''
;
'
loseph .ells
P
For
his interest in
us of another
dream
dreams
cf-
at a crisis in his
B.
ii.
life.
112-116 Vita 208
he
:
ff.
675
JOSEPHUS **
'PojfxaLOvg
rd? ;^€tpas
'Poj/xat'ot?
rco
KTLoauTL,
eiTrelv,
koi
Ikojv
/xeTc'jSi
Kal r-qv
Trdoa,
Tvxrj
-q
rd yiiXXovra
e77eAe^cu
ilivxqv
hoKel ool
KXaoai^
<j)v^ov
he TTpos
1,0),
efirji
hihajyn
/xci
[xaprvpofjia
§6 ojs OX) TTpohor-qs ciAAd oos ciTTet/^t StaKOP-o? y^LKavopt. eveblSov to) Ka Tai3r' elrroju (4-) ,
355
lovhalcvv ol (jvyKaTa(f)vy6vr€
7T0V
davdrov Karacl)povovoas ^ojs UTTO/xeVet*; dpd eTreXdOov aavrov ttooov
'louSat'ot? 6 KTLcra? ipvxds
357 (f)LXoLoj€Ls ,^
3i)S
Kal
^IcjoGTjTre,
SouAo?; o)? Tax€a>? VTTep iXevdepias drioOvqaKeiv eVetaa? ifjevhrj p.€ dpa ho^au dvSpeta?, ipevh-q Se Kal <jvv€0€oj<; ^^X^'^ ye GCJTr)piav /xev ^x^^-v
(L
€7ToXipL-r)oas
359 jSe'^atov,
dAA'
deXet?
ei
vir^
Kal
oU
Trap'
eXrrii^eLS
8'
oajt^eaOai
,
eKelvcov.
aol
X-qdrju
ovra>
Kav oeavTO
'PajpLaLwv rvx^j, rrpovo-qreov -qpuv ro ;)(p7](70/xeV ctoi Se^tdi/ Kal ^L(f)o<. Tra-rpiov KXeoug ov S' dv fi€v eKOJV dvqoKjjS, ^Yovhaicov arpar-qyoi Kar^x^^^'
T]
.
8'
3G0 d^
aKOJV,
XeyouTes
rrpoBorr]?
eTravereivavTO
ravO'
reOvri^fj."
rd
Kal
^i<j>ri
dvaLpiqG€LV avrov, el rot? 'Poj/xatoi? evhiboirj 3tJl
(5)
Aet'cra?
booiav fjLdrojv,
302 TTpog •
8e ttju €(f)oSov 6 etuai
rcjv
poaTToOdvoi
rrjg
Tjyovp.evog el
77
avTOV<;
A Leyden
cf)LXooo(pe'LU
ms.
quoted
enl
'
Kai KaT7)
M\'RC:
*
Kal Trpo deov Trpoaray 8tayy£Ata?, yjpx^T " t rijg dvay/cr^S"" 'lojcrT^TTO?
rod
by Naber
:
6K\daai the rest (followed by Niese and should sink into the dust."
676
dp.
Si-qTreiXov
ovs KO.Ti
KoXdaai
PA ML
Xaber), "that the rest.
JEWISH WAR,
III
354.-362
the Jewish nation, to break thy work, since fortune has wholly passed to the Romans, and since thou hast
made
hat are
to
my
choice of
come,
spirit to
announce the things
willingly surrender to the
I
md
Romans
His
consent to live but 1 take thee to witness that sur?endTr^' go, not as a traitor, but as thy minister." (4) With these words he was about to surrender is opposed But when the Jews who shared his companion! ,o Nicanor. etreat understood that Josephus was yieldinff to ^^o thrpatpn ;ntreaty, they came round him in a body, crying out, tokiiihim Ah well might the laws of our fathers groan aloud ind God Himself hide His face for grief God who mplanted in Jewish breasts souls that scorn death s life so dear to you, Josephus, that you can endure How soon have you o see the light in slavery ? How many have you persuaded orgotten yourself False, then, vt'as that reputation o die for hberty or bravery, false that fame for sagacity, if you can lope for pardon from those whom you have fought bitterly, or, supposing that they grant it, can deign accept your life at their hands. Nay, if the fortune f the Romans has cast over you some strange forgetjlness of yourself, the care of our country's honour ;
[
'
!
—
!
!
!
We will lend you a right hand and evolves on us. sword. If you meet death willingly, you will ave died as general of the Jews if unwillingly, as With these words they pointed their traitor." ;
words at him and threatened to kill him if he urrendered to the Romans. (5) Josephus, fearing an assault, and holding that would be a betrayal of God's commands, should he ie before delivering his message, proceeded, in this mergency, to reason philosophically with them. +
uj
P.
*
ivbiboirf
Dindorf:
ivbibwi) aiss.
677
Josephus
tbem o^*^ tiiecnme
JOSEPHUS yap
roaoOrov,"
4)0vw}X€v; 363 KOI
dXXa KparovvTow.
6.770 or pi(j}opiaL
Koi x^ipos
epxerai
hpdv
o(i>ds
BvqoKeiv Tujv
TTJg
ovv rov
p,ev
8'
^l
c'/xt^s"
avTov?,
(f)rjpil
yap
Kal
eloeXOoi; -nepl
KaXov yap
'Pto/xatcui
eKelvovs eta
Sv
v-rrkp
-qXidLOV
T^/xai
ravrc
eK€Lvovs
vrpos
iXevdepla?
r-qs
8i citto
fJLevroi, Kal \)7T> vvv 8' ovr^ els y-d^T)
Kdyo), fiaxopievovs avrrjv.
d(jiaipovpiiv(x)v
avridCovaLV
TToXefJiov
TToXefiiov, ttocjco hiKaiorepov dv
avTOiV
365 tordpLeda.
(l)iqoiv.
[Kal]
ye.
et
ctoj/xc
aX\ KaXov a voyao, tovt€otu
ifie
oihiqpov, d^LOS dXridcns €t/it TOVjioi
^i(^ovs
r)[idjv
rt?
rovro
durjaKELv,
tcov
^Tolpoi
avrcoPy
G(}>a)V
(^tArara StacrraCTia^OjLtev,
'PojfJialoL
TToXefjicx)
"
€(l)rj,
to.
rjXXd-)(daL^
ipvx'qv ;
olhaoiv 364 V7t6
ri
7)
ovr^
rjplv
Se opioiojs d re
pL-q
dvaLpovGLu
7]/xds"
8eiAo
^ouXoptevos dv-qoKeiv orav
366 Kal 6 ^ovXopievos, orav prj Ber].
tl 8e
T€S TTpos 'PajpLaiovs ovK dvLpev;
hi-
Kal hehoLKO
dp' ovx'l Odvarov
367 e?^' ov SeBoLKapLev Ik rujv i^OpaJv VTroTrrevopevoi
eavTOLS
eTnoTrjoopev ;
jSe'ySaiov
yovv vvv
e'cr/xev
valov ydp dveXelv iaurov,
(j}rjG€L
368 ipel
Tis".
Trdvv
dXXd
BovXeiai
eXevOepoL. Tig.
ov
pL€v
yev oui
dXX' dyeveararov, d>s eyojye Kal Kv^epvrjrrjv -qyov /xat
heiXorarov,
369 dvdXXrjs
dans X^^P-^^^ 8e8otK:a;? irpo rrj eKwv to OKd(j)OS. dXXd pr]v
i^dTrrioev
avTox^Lpia Kal rijs KOLvrjs aTjdvTOJV Icpojv (l)vo€a) dXXoTpiov Kal rrpds tov KTLoavTa deov rjpds icrri rojv pev ye Icpojv ovhev eanv o dvquKt^ 370 daejSeta. perd TTpovoias r) 8t' avTOV- (jivoeojs ydp vopo •
678
6ir}\\dxeai
PAML
JEWISH WAR,
III.
362-370
" Why, comrades," said he, " this thirst for our own blood ? Why set asunder such fond companions as soul and body ? One says that I am changed well, the Romans know the truth about that. Another :
It is honourable to die in war yes, but according to the law of war, that is to say by the hand of the conqueror. Were I now flinching from the sword of the Romans, I should assuredly deserve to perish by my own sword and my own hand but if they are moved to spare an enemy, how much stronger reason have we to spare ourselves It would surely be folly to inflict on ourselves treatment which we seek to avoid by our quarrel with them. It is honourable to die for liberty,' says another : 1 concur, but on condition that one dies fighting, by the hands of those who would rob us of it. But now they are neither coming to fight us nor to take our lives. It is equally cowardly not to wish to die when one ought to do so, and to wish to die when one ought not. What is it we fear that prevents us from surrendering to the Romans ? Is it not death ? And shall we then inflict upon ourselves certain death, to avoid an uncertain death, which we fear, at the hands of our foes ? No, it is slavery we fear,' I shall be told. Much liberty we enjoy at present It is noble to destroy oneself,' another will say. Not so, I retort, but most ignoble in my opinion there could be no more arrant coward than the pilot who, for fear of a tempest, dehberately sinks his ship before the storm. " No suicide is alike repugnant to that nature which all creatures share, and an act of impiety towards God who created us. Among the animals there is not one that deliberately seeks death or kills itself so firmly rooted in all is nature's law the
says,
*
'
:
;
'?
'
'
'
!
;
;
;
—
679
JOSEPHUS ioxvpos eV arraoLV to Tcv?
i^aveptZs
tovtov ttoAc-
T^/xa?
Tjyovfxeda Kal rovg i^ eVedpa? riiiajpovix^Ba.
fjLLOV? •^71
idiXeLW 8td rovro Kal
^rju
ac^atpof/LteVoi;?
Tov hk deov ovK oUode dyavaKrelv, orav avdpojTTo? Kal yap
avTOv TO datpov v^piCr);
etAT7(/)a/xev
CKeivov TO elvaL Kal to fxr)K€TL etvat 372 dLdojfxev.^
ye attj/xara dvqTO, Trdaiv Kal gk
ixiv
to.
SehrjfjLLOvpyqTaL,
(Pdaprrjg vXrjg
Se dOdvaTO';
tjjvx'r}
Kal deov (lolpa tol? aojy^aaiv eVotHrt^erat
del
Trap'
eVetVoj
tto-Xlv
cTt'
€d^ p.kv dcpavLGT^ tls dvOpojTTOV TrapaKaTad-qKrjv ^ biaOrJTaL KaKcJs, novrjpog elvau hoKel Kal aTnaTO?, €('
5e
TLS
TOV
G(j)€T€p0V
tov
7TapaKaTa6riK-qv
Kal
373 dbiKOVfxevov ;
biKaiOv
XeLTTOJGL
heuTTOTas
T-qg
deXr/,
Kadapal be Kal
to
Kal
doe^elv;
boKOVfxev
TOV ^iov KaTa Trapd
XrjcjiQev
tov
alujvojv
TTepLTpoTTTJs
375 iovTat
;(6tpei,
tovtojv
'
Niese:
,
dyvol^ Kad^
oaoig be
ocjfiaoLV
CKOTeLVOTepos
eTT-qKOOL p.evovGiv at ipv^aL,
Xaxovoai rov dytcoTaTov, evdev
ovpdvLOv^
Xojpov
6
aSr/g
be
fxev
tovtwv
di56afjL(p, oido/xep *
680
KaXXiUTov beoTroTrjw
ov
xpeos eKTLVvvTOjv, oTav 6 hovs KoiiioaaBai KXeo? p.ev alwvLov, olkol Be Kal yeveal ^e-
jSatot,
ai
tov
tov? dirohpavTas
ixkv e^LOVTOJV
vo/jlov
(iiJcretus
Tr)l/
boKel
Kav novqpovs xara-
he
deov
OVK loTe, OTL tujv
deov
€K
avTol
tov
dTrohtdpaoKovTes TOV
(lev
vevop^ioTai, i
€K^dXXei
XeX-qdevai
KoXdl^eiv
oiKETas
374 dp^
CTOJ/XaTOS"
Beov,
P
:
oiipavov
or
dvTeVOLKL-
TrdXiv
eavTcov efiavqaav
SexeTai TraT-qp
rd?
Oeog
oi'Sw/uef isic)
the rest.
i^vxa? els
M33.
ey
JEWISH WAR,
370-375
III
That is why we account as enemies who would openly take our lives and punish as assassins those who clandestinely attempt to do so. And God think you not that He is indignant when will
to live.
those
—
man
treats His gift w^th scorn
For
?
it is
from
Him
that we have received our being, and it is to Him that we should leave the decision to take it away. All of us, it is true, have mortal bodies, composed of perishable matter, but the soul lives for ever, im-
mortal
a portion of the Deity housed in our then, one who makes away with or misapplies a deposit entrusted to him by a fellow-man is reckoned a perjured villain, how can he who casts out from his own body the deposit which God has placed there, hope to elude Him whom he has thus wronged ? It is considered right to punish a fugitive slave, even though the master he leaves be a scoundrel and shall we fly from the best of masters, from God Himself, and not be deemed impious ? Know you not that they who depart this life in accordance with the law of nature and repay the loan which they received from God, when He who lent is pleased to reclaim it, win eternal renown that their houses and families are secure that their souls, remaining spotless and obedient, are allotted the most holy place in heaven, whence, in the revolution of the ages, they return to find in chaste bodies a new habitation ? But as for those who have laid mad hands upon themselves, the darker regions of the nether world receive their souls, and God, their :
bodies.
it is
If,
;
;
;
'^
<* With this passage c/.Ap. ii.218" . . to those who observe the laws and, if they must needs die for them, willingly meet death, God has granted a renewed existence and in the revolution (of the ages) the gift of a better life."
VOL.
II
z2
681
JOSEPHUS yovovg TLiiajpelrai IfTovs tcjju Trarepojv u/3ptCTTa?t/ rovro iJi€fJLiGr]TaL irapa Oeu) tovto nal napa 8(,a 377 Toi KoAa^erat voixoderr]' tovs yovv oocfxjjTaro) dvaipovvTag iavrov? rrapa {xev T'lP-lv jiexpig -qXiov SvGeojs drd(f)OV? eVpiVretv eKptvav, Kairoi kol 378 TToXep-iov? dd-rrreiv Beparov rjyovp.evoL, Trap* irepoi? he Kal rd? he^cds tujv tolovtojv v€Kpojv drroKOTTTetv eKeXevaau, at? iarparevaavro Kad* iavTUJv, rjyovpievoL, KaOdrrep to atu/xa tt]s ^^XV'^ aXXorpiov, 379 ouTco? Kal ttjv X^^P^ '^^^ CTcujuaros". KaXov ovv, iralpoL, StKata (^povelv Kal jjltj rai? dvOpcoTrivais avp.opals TTpoodelvai rrjv els tov Krioavra -qpids el oco(,eodaL SoKel, oajl^ajp,eda' Kal 380 BvoGe^eiav. yap ovK dBo^og -q crcoT-qpia irap* olg 8td rocrovrcvv epyojv eTTeScL^dpLeda rds dperdg- el Tedvdvat, KaXov 381 VTTO rwv eXovTOJV. ov pLeja^rjaopLai S' eycj elg rrjv 376
Toiv TroXepLLOJV rd^LV,
/xar rrpos p.ev
yap dv
Kal roi)? eirl
iv'
e'irjv
ifiavrov TTpohorrjg yevcorcov auro/xoAouvrcop
ttoXv
eKelvoK -qXidLcorepo^, e'l y tovto TrpdTTOvoiv, eyoj S' eV*
TToXefxiov?
aujriqpia
Kal ye Trj epiavTOV. evehpav evxopiaL- pLeTa aipovpLevog vn' avTcZv evdvpLOS
382 d-najXela, p^alojv
tCjv xpevoap-evajv
dmoTiav
ttjv
pievTOL
'Poj-
Seftdv'
dv
Tedvri^op.ai,
ttji
yap
uiKTjS pLelt^ova d7T0<^epLiJi
vapapivdiav." '
Text corrupt
may have margin
1 suggest rd? rCju iraTipuiv v^peii the text arisen out of an erroneous rovs corrected in the :
;
to Td$.
Josephus apparently refers to some Rabbinical tradition the Pentateuch is silent on the subject of suicide. For the burial at sunset of the hanged criminal see Deut. xxi. 22 f.,P^' and of the slain enemy, Joshua viii. -29, x. 27. * Such was the Athenian custom, as appears from Aeschines, '
682
;
JEWISH WAR,
III.
375-382
upon their posterity the outrageous acts That is why this crime, so hateful to God, is punished also by the sagest of legislators. With us it is ordained that the body of a suicide should be exposed unburied until sunset, although it is thought right to bury even our enemies slain in father, visits
of the parents.
law requires that a which he made war on himself, should be cut off, holding that, as the body was unnaturally severed from the soul, so the hand should be severed from the body.^ " We shall do well then, comrades, to listen to reason and not to add to our human calamities the 2rime of impiety towards our creator. If our hves are offered us, let us live there is nothing dishonourable in accepting this offer from those who have had if they think fit to >o many proofs of our valour <\\] us, death at the hands of our conquerors is
war.'*
In
other
nations
the
suicide's right hand, with
:
;
lonourable. But, for my part, I shall never pass over :o the enemy's ranks, to prove a traitor to myself; [ should indeed then be far more senseless than deserters who go over to the enemy for safety, vvhereas I should be going to destruction my own iestruction.^' I pray, however, that the Romans if, after pledging their word, nay prove faithless hey put me to death, I shall die content, for I shall arry with me the consolation, better than a victory, hat their triumph has been sullied by perjury,"
—
;
by Reinach) idu ri$ avrdv tovto rrpd^aaai' X'^P'5 tov cw/acitov ^dTTTo/xep. For this piece of erudition, comparable to other nstances in the Contra Apionem, Josephus is doubtless ndebted to his Greek assistants {Ap. i. 50). '• The consciousness of such treachery would be my ruin-' eems to be the meaning. ?one.
Ctesiph.
haxP'H'^V'o.i,
Trjp
24.4
x^'^P^
(quoted '''^^
683
JOSEPHLS 383
(G)
iJi€U
384 dTTOTpOTTr]v
ttoAAq
Mt6aT7770?
ovi'
avrox^ipio-S eXeyev
TTrjs
TOLavra ol 8e
npos
7T€(f)pay
fxevas OLTToyucvoet rd? d/cod? e^ovTes, ojs
o.v ndXai KaBoGicjuavTes eavrovg rco Oaudrco, Ttapco^vvovTC Kal 7rpoarp€\(x>u d'AAo? d'AAo^et avrou, 7Tp6? €Kaoroi 385 avTLKa ttXj'i^ujv hrjXos TfV. d Se rov p.€V ovofJLaoT KaAwv, TO) Se orpaT-qyLKcjrepou iyi^Xivujv, rod S< Spaooofievos ttjs be^ids, ov Se Serjoei Svgojttcou Kal TTOLKiXoLq Statpou/uevo? vdOeoiv iirl rrj-^ dudy Kr/s (ipyeu dno Trj^; 0(f)ayr]S rrdurwu tou oioi']pov (7)(j7r€p rd KVKXojBevra tcou d-qpiatv del npo? roi
rojv 8e /cat rrapc
386 KaUaTTTOfxei^ov dvrLorpe<j)6iJi€vos
rd? €G-xdra<; aviJLcf)opd<; ere rou orparriyov alSov pLevojv TjapeXvovTO fxei' at Se^Lai, TrepicoXioOave. hk -rd ^L(f)7j, Kal noX^ol rds poa^atar €TrL(f)€pou7€ avroiJ.drco'; napeloau.^ 387
(7)
O
6*
eV
dXXd
€7TLVoia<;,
388 (jojrrjpiau Our'jOKeLU,"
rat?
TTapa^dXXeraL, ecfj-q,
irtLrpiipujpiev ,
6
ovk
djjLrjxai'iaL^
Tnorevwu
toj
Kal
rjTToprjoe
K-qSefioi^L
" €7Tel
deo)
Se'doKrat
" 0e'pe kXtJpcu rds dXXqXojv Xa')(^<jjv
3'
tou
l'tto
/Lter
77]
t
c^ayd avro
Kal StoSeuaet rrdvrojV' ovra>s 7] tv)(7^ /LtryS' 67Tt T^? tSt'a? Keiodoj Se^ids €Kaaro<; dBiKO yap olxofxevwi^ nud 7(jjv dXXujv p,eTai^o?)aap'ToojBrjvai." moros jS'] e6o^€v ravra etTTcuv k-q
389 TTLTTrerco,
390 ovv€KXr)povro Treiaag avTOi'
7Tap€LX€u
rTju
.
iroifxrji^ 8'
o(f)ayrju,
d Aa;(d»p toj p.€6
tu?
avriKa
391 fxerd
*
684
7eBvr)
Kal 70V nrparriyov- ^atijg ydp rjbiaj to ^\atoir]7Tov Bdvarov -qyovvro 70V Kara
^Ojjiivov
irapiiOrjaai'
" were paralysed "
MVRC.
[j^
JEWISH WAR,
III
383-391
(6) By these and many similar arguments Josephus Josephus, sought to deter his companions from suicide. But ml] ° desperation stopped their ears, for they had long since devoted themselves to death they were, therefore, infuriated at him, and ran at him from this side and that, sword in hand, upbraiding him as a coward, each one seeming on the point of striking him. But he, addressing one by name, fixing his general's eye of command upon another, clasping the hand of a third, shaming a fourth by entreaty, and torn by all manner of emotions at this critical moment, succeeded in warding off from his throat the blades of all, turning like a wild beast surrounded by the hunters to face his successive assailants. Even in his extremity, they still held their general in their hands were powerless, their swords reverence glanced aside, and many, in the act of thrusting at him, spontaneously dropped their weapons.
^'
;
;
(7) But, in his straits, his resource did not forsake him. Trusting to God's protection, he put his life " Since we are resolved to to the hazard, and said die, come, let us leave the lot to decide the order in which we are to kill ourselves let him who draws the first lot fall by the hand of him who comes next fortune will thus take her course through the whole number, and we shall be spared from taking our lives with our own hands. For it would be unjust that, when the rest were gone, any should repent and escape." This proposal inspired confidence his advice was taken, and he drew lots with the rest, Each man thus selected presented his throat to his neighbour, in the assurance that his general was forthwith to share his fate for sweeter to them than life was the thought of death with Josephus. He, :
;
;
;
;
685
His
knTeaci°^ other and
^^
^'^^^^^^
JOSEPHUS AetVerat 5' ovro?, €lt€ vtto rvxrj? XP^ Aeyel^^ che^ gvv erdpcp, Kal a77ov6dC,ajv u7t6 deov 77 povoias vvo Tov kXtjpov KaraSiKaGdrjvai iirjTe, ei firjd' ,
392
'0
(8)
rriv
kolkclvov eVi ttlgt^l
TTetdei
he^iav
6fjLo4)vXco
i,rjw
ovv ovTOjg rov re 'Pojfiaicov Kat rov TrdAe/iiOP ctti OveoTraaLai'ov
/xev
OLKelov^
pudvat
AeiVoiro,
TeAefTatos" 6va)
SLacfyvyoju
rod Nt/cdi'opo? ol he 'Pcu/^atot Trai^Te? avrov cruvirpe\ov, Kal rov TrX-qdov; GwOXt^opLivov rrepl roj Grparrjyoj dopv^og tjv
393 riyero vrro
eVi
^e'ai/
volklXos, 8'
Tujv
394 ixivojv
rojv
yeyrjdorojv
p.kv
OLTTe lXovvt cj i^
§'
tojv
,
eVi
rcu
iyyudei^
Xr](j)6evTi,
Ihelv
/Sta^o-
Kal ol p.iv TTopptoQev KoXdCeiu i^ooju rov
.
TToXepiiov
Tou?* hk TrX-qGLOU dvdiJLvrjGL? avrov ra)V
,
395 epyojv elureL Kal Trpos rv/V pLera^oXrjv Bdfi^og, rujv
re qyep.ovoji' ovSel?
rjv
o?,
et
Kal Trporepov ojpyi-
ivihwKev avrov. Tirov i^aiperajg* ro re KaprepLKOv ovfKhopal? fjP^^ 'ou 'IcuCTr^Trof Kal Trpos
rore
Lero,
rrpos
rr]v
SiJjlv
ovk
396 ixdXtura Be rov
rals
ev
rVfV -qXiKLav eXeo<;
,
dvap.L^,vr]OKOU.ev(jo re rov^ TtdXai
p.ax6(xevov Kal rov ev )(epulv e\dpcov
opcoun cL?
Traprjv
o^ela
fJLev
Qe^aiov
39" 0L'8ev
[8ej^ voelv TToXeixov
,
dpn
Keifxeuov
oaov hvvarai rv^'Q, Kal
porrri,
tujv
8'
dvdpajnivcjv
rore uvvhieOriKev /xev rrXeiorovs eavrcu Kal Trpo? OLKrov tov 'laxrrjTTOv, vXeiarf) 8' aura) Kal napd rep narpi uolpa 7Tapc
Kal
aw
tire v-rd rOxrii
L:
MC
the rest.
:
rQi>
4-01^
TiXa; *
=
'•
^u'f OiKfiwv
(ire om. PAL. most M?5. r^i/ ;
r^^i,
oiKiiwv
SaDer.
m the margin of FA. mistaking the use. frequent id Josephus, of " formerly," recently."
^^ dpfTTJj
6S6
XPn ^eyeiP,
rov oiKelov
L\'RC and
VRC,
om. Lat.
«
JEWISH WAR,
III.
391-397
however (should one say by fortune or by the providence of God ?), was left alone with one other and. anxious neither to be condemned by the lot nor, should he be left to the last, to stain his hand with the blood of a fellow-countryman, he persuaded this man also, under a pledge, to remain alive. (8) Having thus survived both the war with the Josephus Romans and that with his own friends, Josephus was vespasiai brought by Nicanor into Vespasian's presence. The Romans all flocked to see him, and from the multitude crowding around the general arose a hubbub of ;
discordant voices some exulting at his capture, some threatening, some pushing forward to obtain more distant spectators a nearer view. The clamoured for the punishment of their enemy, but those close beside him recalled his exploits and :
marvelled at such a reversal of fortune. Of the officers there was not one who, whatever his past resentment, did not then relent at the sight of him. Titus in particular was specially touched by the fortitude of Josephus under misfortunes and by pity for his youth.'' As he recalled the combatant of yesterday and saw him now a prisoner in his enemy's hands, he was led to reflect on the power of fortune, the quick vicissitudes of war, and the general instability of human affairs. So he brought over many Romans at the time to share his compassion for Josephus, and his pleading with his father was the " Tiie historian's veracity in ttiis narrative is not above his inconsistency in other autobiographical suspicion ; passages, doubly reported, does not inspire confidence. That his companions would have tolerated the rhetorical speech on suicide is incredible. * Josephus, born in a.d. 37 ( Vita 5), was now thirty years
old.
687
JOSEPHUS 395 TTipias
avrov
iyivero. piera
dva7Te}nl)(jJV
399
docjyaXeias
ainiKa
Ne'pojyt.
Tovro OLKOvaas
(9)
OveaTTacnavos (iipovpeiu Trpoairarrev cos
(livroL
6
Trdar)?
6
pLovco
'IcoarjTTO?
ri
6ta-
8* XexOrjvai deXetv eXeyev airro). (jLeraGrrjuapLevov iK€LVOV ttXtjv rod TratSo? TtVou Kal Svolv (jiiXcjjv 400 'o us dXXovs d-TTavra? " oi) txev," €L7T€v, " Oveorraoiave, vop-iteis alx^xaXajTov avro fiovov eiXr]-
0eVat
Tov
'\coa-q7Tov,
yap
iyoj
ayyeAos
S'
rJKco
aoi
Oeov rrpoTTeix-oiJLevos fjheiv TOV '\ovha.iwv vo^iov, KOi rrcug crrpaT-qyolg olttoSepojvi fjbe Trep-rreLg ; riyap; • *' AQ\ Bv-qoKeiv TTperreL. av oi fieTOL l^epojva P-^XP^ ^^^ 8taSo;)(Oi p.evovaLi>; Kalaap, OvearraGLave, Kal avroKparajp, av Kal 8ecTfj.€i be /xe vvv dcjchaXeaTepov 402 TTals 6 (Tos ovTo? heoTTor-qs p.€v yap ov p.6vov Kal rrjpei ueavTco epiov C7U, Kalaapj dXXd Kal yqs Kal SaXdrr-qg Ka /xet^oVcov
fXT)
vtto
.
TTavTOS
dvOpo'jTTUJV
beopLai
(j)povpd£
403 Oeov."
oiavos 404
TavT^
eiTTOvros
be
eyeipovros
Ta
els
be
rrepl
8t'
tov
^
A
2
KaTaaxedidau:
8'
i-l
Kal
Tip^wpiav
KaraGX^btdl^aj^
tov
pikv
els
VTrrjyeTO, T-qv
'IcoarjTTov
eTepojv
crqpLeiojv
'\coo-q7rov
tov
qyep.oviav Kal
vt:
Kara
Beov
bi
rjbr)
Ka
TrpobeiKvvvTos iv
KaT
aAAotS"
mention of Nero's impending death seems dropped out.
PAML
Ka
Oveona
aajT-qpias rravovpyelv,
TTLOTLV
avTov
axTJTTTpa
405 aTpeK-Tj
eyuj el
7Tapaxpi]p,a
iSoKei
aTTLOTelv
eXdp^avev TavTa fiLKpoi
yivovSy
p^eil^ovog,
to
have
Suid.
For the sending of prisoners of importance to be tried by the Emperor cf. B. ii. 243 f. ^Cumanus the procurator and the leading rebels). Vita 408 f. (Philip ben Jacimus), and in '
N.T 688 the
the case of S. Paul (at his
own
appeal).
JEWISH WAR,
111
398 405
main influence in saving the prisoner's life Vespasian, however, ordered hino to be guarded with every precaution, intending shortly to send him to Nero.** (9) On hearing this, Josephus expressed a desire He pred Vespasiau s for a private interview with him Vespasian having accessioQ a: ordered all to withdraw except his son Titus and two Emperor of his friends, the prisoner thus addressed him " You imagine, Vespasian, that in the person of Josephus you have taken a mere captive but 1 come to you as a messenger of greater destinies. Had I not been sent on this errand by God, 1 knew the law of the Jews and how it becomes a general to die. To Nero do you send me ? Why then ? Think you that [Nero and] those who before your iccession succeed him will continue ? You will be 3aesar, Vespasian, you will be emperor, you and /our son here. Bind me then yet more securely in hains and keep me for yourself; for you, Caesar. ire master not of me only, but of land and sea and he whole human race. For myself, 1 ask to be )unished by stricter custody, if I have dared to rifle with the words of God." To this speech
ict..«
:
;
^espasian. at the
moment, seemed
to attach little
supposing it to be a trick of Josephus to save is life Gradually, however, he was led to believe for God was already rousing in him thoughts of :, mpire and by other tokens foreshadowing the ^rone " He found, moreover, that Josephus had
redit,
These omens and oracles are mentioned by Tacitus, i. 10 (" ostentis ac responsis destinatum Vespasiano (" praesaga responsa "), Derisque eius imperium "), ii. I'he widespread id in other passages cited by Reinach. ?Mef that " persons proceeding from Judaea were to become asters of the world," is reported in almost identical terms Tacitus {Hist. v. 13) and Suetonius Vesp. 4). "
'ist.
1
,'
(
689
JOSEPHUS eXdii^avev rcov yap rot? anopprirois naparvxovTCOV [o] ercpog davp.at,eiv
(j)i\ojv
Tojv
^lajraTTOiTcov
fjLaPT€VGaLTO alxfJiaXajGLav, €t
eV
406 8iaKpovoijL€vov rag
407 OTL 77/00?
vapa
Xrjpo?
6 8e
etr]
'Icocrr^-
fierd TeaaapaKOcrrrjv TrpoeiTreZv
e(f)rj,
Kal
ravra
t^coyprjOrjueraL.
rcov alxp-aXojrujv Krar' Ihiav 6 OveaTraaiavos
408 77ept
rojv
€vpLOK€V
CO?
dX-qOrj,
ovK
dviei
tov
ovrco jnoreveiv^X)
^povpds
avrov ^pKTO.
/car'
SeGfjLow
/xev
ouvl'.
ehojpelrc
'Iclxtt^ttoi^,
iadrJTL Kal to?? aAAotS" KeLfJLrjXiois, (jyiXo^povov-
S*
T€ Kal TTepLeTTwv hiereXei rd 77oAAa Ttroi
fjLevos
TL/JLTJ
rfj
409
avros
'Pco/JLaLOJU
eKTTvdofjLevo?
Kal
on
dXujoovrai
r^p.epav
ravra
fir]
avrou opyds-
770? KOL Tols ^\cora7TarrjVols
l^hoixrjv
ovre rolg inl
rro)?
e(j)r^
aXujoeaj? ovd^ iavro) rrpo-
irepl
(ix.
els
1)
ovu€pyovvros.
TcrapTT]
UroXefjiatSa
iKvelrai
Y^aiodpeiav
Kal
ttoXlv
he
ro
Ylavefiov
KaKeWev ,
rrXeov"^
fieyLor-qv !;(/)'
dval^ev^a'
pnqvos ri^v
elg
TiapdXiov
rrj?
\
d(j)
'louSata
re
OLKOvjJLevqv
'¥.XXr]vojv
410 ehexovro he Kal rrjv orparidv Kal rov orparrjyo
fierd
Trdarjs 1
*•
The
+
ev^'qp.ias
Kal
Kal Niese.
fact of this prediction of
(f)LXo
Tr\u(rTov
Josephus
ol
em
PAML. to
Vespasian
Vesp. 5 " unus ex nobilibus captiu losepus, cum coiceretur in uincula, constantissime asseu< rauit fore ut ab eodem breui solueretur, uerum iam imperf
confirmed by Suet.
''''
690
JEWISH WAR,
III.
405-410
proved a veracious prophet in other matters. For one of the two friends in attendance at the private " If these words are not a interview remarked :
nonsensical invention of the prisoner to avert the storm which he has raised, I am surprised that Josephus neither predicted the fall of Jotapata to nor his own captivity." To this its inhabitants Josephus rephed that he had foretold to the people of Jotapata that their city would be captured after forty-seven days and that he himself would be taken Vespasian, having privately and is alive by the Romans. questioned the prisoners on these statements and ateTy trea found them true, then began to credit those con- as a p"®°°®^' cerning himself. While he did not release Josephus from his custody or chains, he presented him with raiment and other precious gifts, and continued to treat him with kindness and solicitude, being warmly supported by Titus in these courtesies."
(ix. 1) On the fourth of the month of Panemus,*' Vespasiar Vespasian led off his troops to Ptolemais and from Jil^Jroop there to Caesarea-on-sea, one of the largest cities in Caesar of Judaea with a population consisting chiefly of scythopo Greeks.'' The inhabitants received the army and its general with blessings and congratulations of
tore," and by Dlo Cassius (epitome, Ixvi, 1) who instead of breui ('* shortly ") writes more precisely fxer' (Viavrou. Reinach, wtio quotes these passages, refers also to the curious Rabbinic attribution of this prophecy to Johanan ben Zakkai, on the occasion of his escape from the siege of
Jerusalem. * 23 July A.D. 67 (Niese's reckoning). " Notwithstanding its predominant Greek population the city from the time of its refoundation by Herod the Great "always continued united with Judaea " (Schiirer).
691
.
_
JOSEPHUS ywpLOL. Kal Kar' evvoLau
fxev ri)v 7Tp6<^ *PojfLaLOV<;,
TO §€ ttMou €xOeL Tcbv KaT€orpafj,fX€vaju 6l6 Kal TQv '\cx)ar]7Tov ddpooL Kara^o6jvT€^ tj^lovv KoAdl^eLU. 411 ()veo7raaLav6<; 8e r-qu 7T€pl tovtov Sdr]aLU [fJ'€v] e^iXvoev rrArjOovs V7T^ CO? OLKpirov yivofjievrju 4[2 -qavxia- rcov 5e rayfjidrajv rd p-kv hvo x^'-t^^' pioovra eKdOioev ctti rrjs Katoapeias imT-qheLov ,
4 13
opwv
rrjv
d)pa,
Kad^ ooov TTViycoh-qs depov; vno Kavp.drojv
to heKarov Se Kal nep.Trrov €t? yiiKvdoiroXiv^ d>S p-r) dXif^ot naurl roj orparuj ttju 8' KdK^ivq x^'-l^davo? Katadpetai'. -qv dX^eLvi) rtoXiv
,
ovoa Kal TrapdXLog 'Ev he TOiJTcp ovvadpoLodevres oT t€ Kara ordoLV (KTTLTTrovre^ rwv TroXeojv^ Kal oi 8ta-
TT^hids 4 14
(2)
(f)vy6vT€S
oXiyou, 4 15
[a
€tV
OKd(f)r]
Kal 411 re
rov
ddXaooav.
rr]v
ouk
7rXrjOo<;
Tipo-repov,
o(f)LGU',
Kal
T-q<;
dveipyopLevoL fieral^aLveLU TTrj^dpLevol
-nXeloTa rov re
^vpias Kal
re
rreipa-
Ooti/t/cT7?
Alyvrrrou rropov eXfjorevov, drrXatrd rd TfjSe veXdyq. OveorraGLavog
€Tr^
rrdoLV irtoiovv
be
cos
re
Kal Irmels
eyvoj
4\^ (f)vXaKrov
70U
fxev
p,ev
rrjv
rrjv
\'
:
ttoXlv
rreCou^;
.
oi
8'
eu
(jj<;
d-
avrfj
Kal
Kara6eioavre<^
'PajpLaiovg
dverpenovro,
eio^oXrjv
rov?
elpyetv
rrepLneL
^lomrr^v, ol vvKra>p
rr)v
drrl
'
"
ovvra^LV avrdJu,
rrjV
elaepxovrai
77pofjoi)ovro
692
Kcgtlov
vtto
,
opp^rjrrjpLoi'
'{otttttiv
€K7T€TroX€pLa>p.€vr}
€y I'O) a au TLKa
KaTeorpap-p-ivajv
roju
€pr]p.a>d€Loau Xojpa<;
A
€K
dvaKTil^ovaLiy
TToXfM'wf the rest.
Vht oth ai)d lOtli (§ 65). Bethshan. thirty-five miles due east of Caesarea.
JEWISH WAR.
Ill
410-418
every description, prompted partly by goodwill towards the Romans, but mainly by hatred of the vanquished. This feeling showed itself in a loud and universal demand for the punishment of Josephus; but Vespasian by his silence quashed this petition emanating from an incompetent crowd. Of his three legions he established two ° in winter quarters at Gaesarea, finding the city suitable for the the fifteenth legion he sent to Scythopurpose polis," in order not to burden Gaesarea with his whole army. The climate of the last-named city is. like Scythopolis,'' as genial in winter as it is suffocatingly hot in summer, from its situation in the plain and on the coast. ;
Meanwhile, the Jews who had been driven by from the towns and the refugees, whose homes had been destroyed, had united their not (2)
sedition
inconsiderable forces, and, to provide themselves with a base, rebuilt Joppa, recently devastated by Gestius ^ and then, finding themselves cut off from the country, which had passed into the enemy's hands, they resolved to take to the sea. They accordingly built themselves a fleet of piratical ships and made raids on the traffic along the coast of Syria and Phoenicia and the route to Egypt, rendering navigation in those seas quite impossible. Vespasian, on learning of this gang, dispatched to Joppa a body of infantry and cavalry, who entered the city by night, finding it unguarded. The inhabitants had received news of the coming attack, but in their alarm made no attempt to ;
« KCiKeipv Reinach, referring the pronoun to Scythopolis, reduced to correcting TrapdXios to 7rapa7rora/xtos. " B. ii. 507 f. :
S
693
The
pira
pnrsTe'd ^'^^
^^^
JOSEPHUS el?
S'
(TVfJL(j)vy6uT€?
rds"
vav?
^eXov?
i^corepoj
hievvKTepevoav. 419
(3)
'AAifteVou
8'
ovGTj?
(f)VG€L
r-fjs
^Iottttt]?,
al-
rpax^l Kal to fxev dXXo rrav opdico, ^po-X^ ^^ ovvv€VOVTL KaTOL TCI? K€paia? 420 iKarepojdev at 8e etcrtv' KpripLvol ^adelg Kal rrpovXovoaL CTTTtAaSes" et? to TreXayos, evda Kal tojv 'Ay8po/xe8a? 8ecr/i.coP' €Tt 8et/
€77tA7]yet
8e;(0/xeVai?
Trerpais
vifjVjXov
u7t6 tt^v
423 UTTO /xev'
TcZ)i'
ecu
771'evpLa
TavTT)
dAAr)Aai?
^latov
ti^?
'loTTTrrj?
fieXapL^opLOu
KaXeiTai-
avToBi cruvqpa^ev
I'etDv'
KVfia
aTrepydl^eTai'
iTTLTTLTTTeL'
7rXoLL,opLeva>v
tcIIv
to
dvaKOTTTcoi^^
o6aXepcoTepop epr]/xta? tov oppLou 422 MraTci tovtov oaXe-vovoLV toi? d770
Kal tq? rd? Se
,
77-p6? Tat? 7T€TpaLS, TToAAct? 8e TTpO? dvTLOV KVfJia ^laCopLevag et? to TreAayo?, toV tc ydp atyiaAdi^ Kal tou? cV auTOu TToXepLiovg oi'Ta 7T€Tpio8r} ehehoiKeaav, /LteTCcupo? VTrepapdel? 6 kXvSojv i^d8' outc
ajdovpiivoLs, 'PojpiaLa>v 8e tt^? TToAeco?.
/cat
ttoXXtj
ovpprjyvvpLevwv iyiveTO tcov GKa(f)wu, Kal tov rrXridov? 425 TToXvg 8' dyvvpLevojv 6 ip6(f)og ol fieu V7t6 TUJV KVp.dTOJV KaXvTTTOfieVOL bl€(f>d€lp.kv
olpLcoyq
.
'
d^a7^eV7^c«;f
P*A*L.
The localization of this legend at Joppa is widely Reinach quotes Pliny, Xat. Hist. v. 69 (marks of attested. the chains shown on a projecting rock), Strabo xvi. -2. -23 {ivTavda fxidevoiffi TLua r'qv KvOftOfiibav iKTedi)va.L tu KrjT(L), Pausanias iv. 35. 9 (a blood-red spring where Perseus washed himself after slaying the monsterj, Jerome, In Jon. i. "
[t te (/
'
69^
[I:
y-.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
418-425
oppose the Romans and sought refuge in their ships, where they passed the night out of bowshot. (3) Nature has not provided Joppa with a port, It terminates in a rugged shore, which runs for nearly its whole length in a straight line, but is slightly curved at its two extremities in crescent fashion these horns consist of steep cliffs and reefs jutting far out into the deep here are still shown the impressions of Andromeda's chains, to attest ;
;
the antiquity of that legend.'^ The north wind, beating full upon the coast, dashes the waves high against the face of the rocks and renders this roadstead more perilous to sailors than the watery It was here that the people of Joppa were waste. tossing, when, towards dawn, a furious blast burst upon them, the wind called by navigators in those parts the " Black Norther." Some of the ships were dashed to pieces against each other on the pot, others were shattered upon the rocks. Many from dread of this rock-strewn coast and the enemy that occupied it, strove to gain the open sea in the teeth of the gale, and foundered among the towering There was neither means of flight, nor hope billows. Df safety if they remained where they were the fury of the wind repelled them from the sea, that 3f the Romans from the town. Piercing were the hrieks as the vessels collided, terrific the crash as hey broke up. Of the crews who perished, some rvere engulfed in the waves, many crushed by the **
:
the holes through which had passed the rings of the chains vere still shown in his day). Cf. G. A. Smith, Hist. Geog. ,f
Holy Land, 163 *
Traill's
he
f.
Literally " than a desert "
;
happy paraphrase, and
1
see
adopt the
no reason
late Dr.
R.
to suspect
text.
Q95
and by^a'^storr
^^ ^^a.
.
.
JOSEPHUS povro. TToAAot 8e TOi<; vavayloL? efj-nXeKo^evoL' Ttve? 8' o)? KOv4>or4poj rrju OdXnrrau €(f)Oavoi> tco 426 oiSrjpcp
f^aivero
dvaLpovvre'^
auroi)?
o(l)a.
TrXeiarov
Kvp-drajv
tcou
vtto
rat? aTToppco^iv
nXe'iGTOV TO TriXayos,
Kal
TiapdXiov 427
api^^o9
TOLS
77po?
Xaf^oures
diJ.ax'rjrl
428
'1 0777777 fjLev
(4)
tov<;
ol
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8iaK:oCTtot9
eK-
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'Pajfj-aioL
rjv.
KaraoKdrrrovaLU ovu ev oXlycp xpovto hevrepov rrju
be
ttoXlu
OveonaoLavos
edXoj.
T6
eVt
ol
firji^
rrepi-
rcov eK^paoOeurujv owfjidraju rerpa
[he]
kloxlXlol
429 'PcD/zatotS"
430
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(fipovpcooL
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432
'Qs
(5)
CLTiaoai'.
be
McuTaTraTT^v"
GTOvv Kal fidTT)^
Ta
'UpoooAu/ta
to
p.rjbeva.
bLeoiodr]
bLeKrjpvoaev
TO p-eyedos
tcou
KaTO,
TjpuiTOv tyjs
Xeyofieuoju
yap ovbe dyyeXos
,
T-qi rjTTi
ovp.(f)opd>
avTOTTT-qi
dXX avro
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to
to fxev
rjyyeXrj,
OL 77oAAot Kal 8ta
8td
433 Trapeh'aL
434
els
ndOos
.
ttju dXojoiv,
KaT'
id'
>(
avTOfxaTi
696
PA.
^.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
425-434
wreckage from which they could not extricate themothers, regarding the sword as a lighter evil than the sea, anticipated drowning by suicide. The majority, however, were swept to shore by the waves and their bodies hurled and mangled against A wide area of sea was red with their the cliff's. blood, and the coast was covered with corpses for he Romans, lining the beach, massacred those who The number of bodies washed up *vere cast up. imounted to four thousand two hundred. The Romans took the town vinthout opposition and razed
selves
;
;
t to
Joppa
is
Ihe^gro°and
the ground.
Thus was Joppa, after a brief interval, for the econd time" captured by the Romans. Vespasian, n order to prevent the pirates from congregating here again, established a camp on the acropolis and (4)
the cavalry with a small body of infantry, were to remain on the spot and guard the amp, the cavalry to ravage the neighbourhood and estroy the villages and small towns around Joppa; n obedience to these orders, they daily scoured the ountry, pillaging and reducing it to an utter desert. Reception (5) When the news of the fate of Jotapata reached erusalem, it was received at first with general saiem of icreduHty, both because of the magnitude of the ^^^ ?aTo f° alamity and because no eyewitness had come to Jotapata. In fact, not a man had escaped 3nfirm the report. rumour, with its natural propensity D tell the tale ) black tidings,** spontaneously spread the news of Little by little, however, the truth le city's fall. lade its way from place to place, and was soon
eft in it
^he latter
;
«
ii.
507
f.
Cf. the description of " Fama " in Virg. Aen. iv. 173 ff., pecially 190, "facta atque infecta canebat," with "facts ''
nbroidered by fiction " in Josephus.
697
JOSEPHUS ^e^aiorepou' TTpoaeax^SLa^CTo ye kol to. fir) yevofieva, reSveoj? yap inl rrj? aXwaeoj? Kal 6 ^IcvcqTTO? rovTO jieyLorov ra 'lepoaoAu/xa TreVrjyyeXXero dov? InXrjpojuev Kara p.iv ye oIkovs Kal Kara avyyev€La? ot? Trpoa-qKcov €Kauro<; tjv rcov aTToXatXorojv idprjveiTO, to 8' irrl toj crTpar-qyo) Trdvdos eSr]fX€v9rj, Kal ol fxev ^eVou?, ol 8e avyyevel?, oi Se (filXovg [ol 8e dbeXcfiovsy idprjvovVy tov 'IcuarjTTOV 5e TTcivTes' cos errl TpiaKOOT-qv p.ev rjiJLepai pLTj SiaXiTTelu ra? 6Xo(^-upGei
/SoAta?
435
436
437
438
rjSrj
"^v
rot?
fjirju
7Te7TpayyL€vois
.
TVXTIV
doov
7T€pL€7T€odaL,
evvoia?
irrl
TOOOVTOV redvdvai
Opyfj?
£7tI
hoKovvros
t^iOVTO
vpoTepo
Kal Trap* ols /uev els dvavhplai Trpohooiav eKaKiLeTO, TrXripris 7 dyavaKTTjoeoJS rjv Kal rcuv kqt' avTov ^Xaa(f)rjp.i(Z TTapoj^vvovTO he Tals TtX-qyals Kal rrpoo 440 Tj TToXis e^eKaiovTo Tals KaKOTrpayiais' to ye jxriv Trrateti o ylverai tols ev (f)povovaLV dacfjaXelas Kal ra. OjJioiixjv (f)vXaKr)S alriov, eKeivois Kevrpov erepa. eyivero ovpLcjyopdjv, Kal ro reXos del rcov KaKu. 439 dveXap-^avov. Trap''
oh
8'
els
.
'
" *
698
om. PA.
Or " guest-friend." The period, as Reinach remarks,
of the
mourning
fc
JEWISH WAR,
III.
434-440
regarded by all as established beyond doubt. But the facts were embroidered by fiction thus Josephus himself was reported to have fallen when the city was taken. This intelligence filled Jerusalem with the profoundest grief; whereas in each household and family there was mourning of the relatives for their own lost ones, the lamentation for the commander was national. While some mourned for a ;
host," others for a relative, for a brother, all alike
some
wept
for a friend, others
for Josephus.
Thus
for
the lamentations never ceased in the city, and many of the mourners hired flute-players " to accompany their funeral dirges. (6) But when time revealed the truth and all that Outcry had really happened at Jotapata, when the death S'phi of Josephus was found to be a fiction, and it became known that he was alive and in Roman hands and being treated by the commanding officers with a respect beyond the common lot of a prisoner, the demonstrations of wrath at his being still alive were as loud as the former expressions of affection when he was believed to be dead. Some abused him as a coward, others as a traitor, and throughout the city there was general indignation, and curses were heaped upon his devoted head. The citizens were, moreover, exasperated by their reverses, and their misfortunes only added fuel to the flames. A defeat, which with the wise induces precaution and care to provide against similar misadventures, only goaded and the end of one them to further disasters calamity was always the beginning of the next. thirty days
*
;
men such as Moses (Deut. xxxiv. 8) and Aaron (Numb. xx. The norma] period was seven days (Ecclus. xxii. 12). 29). « Such funeral flute-players are mentioned in Matt. ix. 23. 699
JOSEPHUS 4-11
av9i<;
apxTl'
ptat'ou?
yovv
iJ-dXXov
Kal
o)?
442 rov<;
ovv irri fiev dopv^oL Kareixov.
443
lopiian'
eV
^{(vorjTTou
evrjycv
yap
Laropiav
'Pct>-
a/xup'ou/xew'oi.
tolovtol
'XepoooXvfJLtov
rcxju
OuecTTraonai^o? 5e kq^'
(7)
rovs
ctti
avTolg
'Aypt77-
rrjs
aurdt'/
a/xa KQt he^LojoaoOai rov -qyefj-ova ovv rfj arpaTta Toj Kara rou olkou oXf^co tt poatpo'vpL^vo'; Kal 77a
/SacrtAeta?.
jSacrtAei)?
[5e]
avTcou ra vooouuTa rrjs dpxrj'i, TTapdXov KaLoapelag et? r-qv OtAKaXovpievqv fiera^aiveL Kaiadpeiav ei'Oa P-^v r]p,6pd)V eLKOGL rr]V orparidv htavaTTavajv
KaraoTelXaL ripas
OiTTO
444 LTTTTou P-expi-
Kal
81'
TTJ?
.
avr6(;
445 ;ca ptcTTTypta
iu
rju, aTToSiSovg KarojpdcopLevwv (ij<;
Tapt^j^atat, pLolpa 8e
€o9aL
tt^S"
SieyvajKO)?
440 dpLOL^rjV 817
r-qv St'
ettI ^
orpareiav
tovtou?^
\ypi7r7Tav, (Lg
aincp rd<^
ouj<^povio(jL)V
Tov VLOv Tirov
WypLTrna ^aoiXeias -qaav ^lovhaiovg Karaorpe-
rov?
rrdvrodev
evKaipov -qyelro Kal
deep
8'
aura) -qyyeXXouTo
.
TijSepta? ptev vecorepl^eLV, dc})€GrdvaL 8' dpL(j)6repai,
rep
eucu^^^t'ats"
tCjv
et's
iroXei?
.
^eviag Tre'/XTTCt
eh KaLodpetav pcerd^ovra
rr)v
8' HkvOottoXlv eorlu 77 pLeyioTT] T-qg ^eKaTToXeojg Kal yeircou rfjs TijSeev'da Kal avrog TrapayevopLevos eK^exerai 4 47 ptdbog Tov VLOV, Kal pLerd rpiLov raypidriov TrpoeXdoju G-rpaTOTTeSeveraL p-ev diro rpiaKovra rijg Ti^epta809 GTaSlwv Kara riva GradpLOv evGuvonrou rot? 448 veojrepitovGiv 'Levva^pls ovopLdi^eraL. TTepLTrei 8e'
eKeWev
orparidv
'
N'lese:
*
"
700
Or
TovToi'
elg
PA or
:
ai'Tos
the rest.
tovtoi<; mss.
rather a part of them
(§
^
446).
8n "
ii.
PAL. 168.
lii:
JEWISH WAR,
III
441-448
They were now animated with greater fury against the Romans by the thought that, in having their
revenge on them, they would also be avenged on Josephus Such was the state of agitation prevaiHng in Jerusalem (7) Vespasian, however, had gone to visit Agrippa's Vespasian kingdom, to which the king had invited him with the ^ifestat"* double object of entertaining the general and his caesarea PhiliDDi troops'* with all the wealth of his royal household and of quelling, by their aid, the disorders within his realm. Leaving Gaesarea-on-sea, Vespasian, accordingly repaired to the other Gaesarea called Gaesarea Philippi." There for twenty days he rested his troops, while he was being feted himself and rendering thankoffe rings to God for the successes which he had obtained But when he learnt that Tiberias was disaffected and Tarichaeae already in Tibenas, revolt both cities formed part of Agrippa's realm revSio" he thought that now was the time to march against these rebels, in pursuance of his fixed intention of crushing the Jews wherever they rose, and also to oblige Agrippa and to repay his hospitality by
—
—
recalling these cities of his to their allegiance.
He
accordingly sent his son Titus to Gaesarea to fetch the troops quartered there and march them to Scythopolis, the largest city of Decapolis and in the Thither he proceeded neighbourhood of Tiberias. himself to receive his son, and then, advancing with three legions, encamped thirty furlongs from Tiberias at a station, well within view of the rebels, called Sennabris.<* From there he sent the decurion '^
•
"
is some twenty miles south of Tiberias. Modern Sinn en-Nabrah, on the south-west side of
Scythopolis
the
-ake of Gennesareth, near Tarichaeae.
701
JOSEPHUS OvaXepiavov
S€KaSdp)(r]v
Kovra
hiaXexOy^oofJLevov
ttoXlv
Kal
yap,
8'
CTracria^otro
449 TTpooeXduas
S*
rot?
tlvojv
6
OvaXepiavo?
dKr]K6eL
irrel
Kara-
SrjfJLog,
TToXepielv
rrjv
/caret
7tlgt€l?'
elprjvrjg
fiev
vrro
Trevrrj-
l7T7T€VGLV
eVt
77 porpeiJjojjLevou
ETndvjxoi-q
o)?
ovv
^Ip-qvLKa
^Lal^ofievojv.
rrX-qaiov
-qv
toC
T€LXOVS, avTOS T€ Kara^atvei kol tov? ovv avrcZ rcov LTTTTiojv dTri^rjoeVy ojs jjlt) SoKolev aKpo^oXi
avrco
TTOLS
Trplv
Taju
i^rjyelro 8* avrcou ^lr]0ovs Tt<
450 raTot iied' ottXojv. ovofia,
Xoyov? iXdeli els oraaLaorojv ol Si't'aTtu-
Kal
TTapelvai.
t,6pLevoL
eTreKdeovGLv
Sa^arou/ rod
Xr^orpiKov OTi(})0VS
OvaXepiavo?
451 Kopv
ovre
he
Trapd
c
ra^
eVToAa? rod orparriyov ovpL^aXelv do
452 re
eTepoL T€
Kal
eroipiov?,
Trpos
dSoKTjTou
Tojv
roA/xav,
tovs
OfJLOiCJS TTevre
eKTrXayelg
dXXojs
'louSatcDV
<^euyet
ttj)
Tre^d?
Ittttovs dneXLTTOv,
ov
ol TTepl Tov ^lr]oovv dn-qyayov el? ttjv ttoXlv yeyrj
Bores 453
(S)
CO? P'dxj]
X-q^devras, ovk evehpa.
Tovro Karaheioavres
tov Sv^^o
ol yrjpaiol
Kal TTpovx^'-^ hoKovvres (f)evyovoL fxev els to tcj 454 PajfiaLOJU orparoTrehov, eTrayofxevoi he rov ^aoiXe* TTpooTTLTTTOVOiv TTepLiheTv
455 -qy-qaaoOai hrjfjLOv
aiTLOVs
avTol
MC
rrjs
OveG—aotavcp,
LKerai
heofjLevoL,
pLYjhe
rroXecos
*PcjpaLOLs
TLfjiOjp-qaaodaL (jipovprjdrjvai
rr]v
rrjs
0(f)d
10,
dTTovota
he to Kal rov hi dTTOordoecos, v^^ cS ^''^ vvv, errl he^tds 677
oXrjs,
(^eioaodai
(f)povovvTos
P'^XP^
(jlt)
oXiyojv
^ j(j
1 (c/. il. 599, Vita 66, 134, where he 2ax0ia9): most M93. have loixpa..
del,
is
called son c
702
!
JEWISH WAR,
III.
448-455
with fifty horsemen to make peaceful proposals to the townsfolk and to urge them to treat ; for he had heard that the people in general desired peace, but were overruled and being driven Vao hostilities by some seditious individuals. erianus advanced on horseback and; on approaching he wall, dismounted and directed his troop to do e same, to prevent any suspicion that they had ome to skirmish. But before any parley had taken )lace, the principal promoters of the rising dashed ut in arms to meet him, headed by a certain Jesus," on of Saphat, the ringleader of this band of brigands, ^alerianus thought it both imprudent to fight them n defiance of his general's orders, however certain f victory, and, moreover, dangerous with a small nd unprepared force to face a large army equipped In short, he was taken aback by the Dr battle. nexpected daring of the Jews, and fled on foot, ve of his companions likewise abandoning their orses. The troops of Jesus brought back these teeds in triumph to the town, as jubilant as if they ad taken them in battle and not by a surprise
V^alerianus
ttack. (8)
Dreading the consequences of this incident, and the more respected of the citizens
16 elders
1
ed to the Roman camp and, after obtaining the ing's support, threw themselves as suppliants at espasian's feet, entreating him not to disregard lem nor to impute to the whole city the madness a few let him spare a people who had always lown themselves friendly to the Romans and punish le authors of the revolt, under whose power they lemselves had been kept to this day, long as they i"
;
<»
Chief magistrate of Tiberias, B.
ii.
599.
703
is
reduced
^° f"^' mission,
JOSEPHUS 456 €Ly6[i€VOL TrdXat.
i^
cVeStSou rat? LKeoiaL^
Tairrats-
KairoL
Grparriyog,
Sia
ttji^
dpTrayr^u
avrrjs
Tovrojv
tov
^
Aypimrav Se^td?
c
Ivttcoi
Kal yap dyojvidjurc
oXrju ojpyLOjJLlvos tyjv ttoAlv
457 7T€pl
rcov
\aji6v70JV
icopa.
8<
tov ^\rioov. oukc't' da^aXks 'qyoufxevoL [leveLv inl rr}? Ti^e Kal p-eO 458 pid8o9 et's TapLXO-iag aTTobLSpdoKovoiu rjpLepav OveoTraocauo'; avu iTmevoLV TTpoTrejjLTre TTpos TTjv dKpojpeiav T palavov d7T07T€Lpa8TJuaL to TO)
brjp.cp^
ol
Trepl
.
459 7T\r)6ovs,
€t
elprjULKa
Trdures
(fypovoleu
eyvco TOP hrjp.ov 6p.o(jipovovvra rols
\a^d>v
.
t
(h<;
tKeVat?, dva
ol he to dpoiyouoLw auTcp Kal /Lter* ev(j)-qp.L(Ji VTrrjVTojv awTrjpa Kal evepydrrjv dvaKaXovvT€' 460 TTjg he arparid? TpLfjop.evrj<; Trepl ttjv tCjv elooha aTevoTTjTa Trapapprj^aL tov Kara iJ.eor]p,^pLav re Xovs Oveonaotavos KeXevoag rrXaTvveL ttjv elo^oXi 461 avrols dprtayrjs /xeVroi Kal v^pecos dnexeoOaL Tray
T€
rr)v hvvap.Lv rjei Trpd? rrjv ttoXlu.
TTuAu?
T^yyetAcp",
toj f^aaiXel xapLl,6p.evo<;
,
tujv re ret^^o
TOVTov
€0€taaTO, ovpLpLevelv Trp6<; to Xol7T< eyyva)p,evov tov^ ev aurot?, Kal TroXXd KeKaKOjp. VTjv TTjU ttoXlv €k tt)? OTdoeojs dveXdp.^av€i'. (x TjpoeXBojv aurrjs re /xera^j) k 4G2 1) 'EneLTa liapi-xaiajv OTpaToveSeveTOL, Tet;(t^et re T-qv na ep.^oXi)v oxvpajTepav, V(f)opujp.evos eKei TToXepn hLa
VR
Lat.
:
TOV
drjfxoi
the rest.
" The meaning must surely be " to proceed along t ridge " (shown in Smith and Bartholomew's Map of Galil on the west of the lake) and to enter the town. " Ordinarily identified with the modern Kerak at I oouth-west corner of the lake Ic/ Pliiiy. Uiat. Nac. v. 71 '
704
'-'
JEWISH WAR,
III
456-462
lad been anxious to sue for terms. The general, hough indignant at the whole city on account of he capture ot the horses, none the less yielded o these entreaties, because he saw that Agrippa vas seriously concerned for the town. The delegates hus secured terms on behalf of their fellow-citizens, thereupon Jesus and his party, thinking themselves 10 longer safe at Tiberias, fled to Tarichaeae. The ext day Vespasian sent forward Trajan to " the idge of the hill to discover whether the whole lultitude were peaceably disposed. Having assured mself that the people were of one mind with he petitioners, he then advanced with his army The population opened their gates to 3 the city. im and went out to meet him with acclamations, ailing him as saviour and benefactor. As the troops ere incommoded by the narrowness of the entrances, 'espasian ordered part of the south wall to be thrown own and so opened a broad passage for his soldiers, [owever, as a compliment to the king, he strictly and spared )rbade any pillage or violence, and for the same Agrippa's ?ason spared the walls, after receiving from Agrippa sake. guarantee for the future fidelity of the inhabitants, [e thus brought new life to a city which had sorely affered from the effects of sedition. (x.
1)
Vespasian,
then
itched his
camp between
it )rtifvinff J
with more
'=>
Tarichea "
continuing
his
march,
Tiberias and Tarichaeae,^ than ordinary care, in anticipat-^
Reinach, however, with others, argues om the word -wpoCKdvjv, and the previous line of march om south to north, that Tarichaeae lay to the north of iberias. The ordinary identification is supported by the ct that Vespasian's camp was at Ammathus ("warm iths." B. iv. 11), undoubtedly the modern Hammam south eridie
).
Tiberias.
VOL.
11
2A
705
Vespasian upon"'^^^ I'arichaeae tYie
centre
revolution,
JOSEPHUS 463 rpL^rjV
yevrjGoaeurjv
avTO)
ovveppci yap els
to.
TapLxo-iOL? Trdv to vetorepltov, rrj re rrjs 77oAea>
oxvporrjTL /cat ri] Xifivrj rreTTOidorc?, 464 Tevvrjuap Trpog rcov enixojpiojv. rj fiev ojGTTep Xl/jlvt]
yap ttoXh Ti^eptds" Vnojpeios ovoa, Kada firj r
rj
77
KaXelro
t]
pog€kXv^€to 'udvToOev VTiO rov ^loJG-qTTO Kaprepojs, eXaaaov [levroL rrjs Tipe
rer€Lxi-(JTO
465ptd3o?* rov
fikv
OLTTOGTaGecos
yap €Kel Trepi^oXov
haxjjiXeia
eKpaTVParo, TapLxalac 466
S'
pLcreXa^ov.
(j>iXoriii'ias
rrjg
;\^p7]/xdTC(Jv
467 vavfiaxelv
8'
i^rjprvfjieva.
Xeiijjava
tjV
TToXXd
yrjs rjTTOJjJLeuov?,
kov
rr^
aOrot? €7 Trpos re t 8eot Sto
el
TrepL^aXXopievojv
TO GrpaTorrehov ol irepl Trpos to ttXtjOos ovTe Trpds
"PcDjJLalojv
ovre
avrov rd
GKd(f>r]
TrapeGKevaGfieua
Xipuvqs
GVfji(l)€vy€iv e77t
ev dpxfj ti' Suvd/xeo.
/cat
rov ttjv
he
tcI
^IrjGoi
evra^lc
468 rcDv TToXejJLLOJv VTroheioavTes TrpodeovGiv, /cat rrpc
eSohov Tojv TeixoTTOiojv GKehaoBevTa dXiya ttjs Sopirjoeajs orrapd^avTes, OJS eojpojv roi OnXiTas ddpoitojxevovs, TTpiv tl TTaOelv els toi
TTjV TTp'JjTTjv
dve^evyov evihioj^avTes he 'Pcofxau
o(f)eTepovs
469 ovveXavvovoLV
avrovs els to. OKdcbr]. Kal ol /x< oaov e^LKvelodai tcjv 'PajpLaia jSdAAovres" SwatvTO rds re dyKvpas e^aXXov k( TrvKvojoavres ojoirep ^dXayya rds vavs eTTaXXrjXoi dvaxOevTes
470 rots
eTTL
els
yrjs
TToXepiLOLS
hieuavpLdxovi'.
Oveonc
GLavos he TO TToXv TiXrjdos auTcui^ rjdpoLGpievc aKOvojv eu rqj rrpo ri]s TToXecvs Trehioj TrepLTrei tc Vldv GVV LTTTTeVOLV e^aKOGlOLS eTTiXeKTOLS. " This flatly contradicts Vita ]56, where it is said that tl people of Tiberias pressed Josephus to build walls for the city '' having heard that Tarichaeae had already been fortified.
706
](
JEWISH WAR, tion of
prolonged
III.
hostilities.
463-470
For the whole body
revolutionaries was flocking into Tarichaeae, relying upon the strength of the place and its proximity to the lake, which the native inhabitants
of
all
Gennesar.
The
city, built like Tiberias at
had
the
been completely sur'ounded by Josephus, except on the side washed 3y the lake, with solid ramparts, though not so
foot of
the
hills,
in
fact
>trong as those at Tiberias ; for the fortifications ;here had been built by him at the outbreak of the •evolt in the plenitude of his resources and his
)ower, whereas Tarichaeae only obtained the eavings of his bounty."" The inhabitants, moreover, lad ready on the lake a considerable fleet, to serve a refuge if they were defeated on land, and IS equipped for naval combat, if required for that While the Romans were intrenching their )urpose.
amp. Jesus and his companions, undeterred by the trength and orderly discipline of the enemy, made sally, and at the first onset dispersed the workmen nd pulled down a portion of the structure. Howver, when they saw the legionaries mustering, they lastily fell back upon their own party, before sustainthe Romans pursued and drove them ag any loss Putting out into the lake just far o their ships. nough to leave the Romans within bowshot, they hen cast anchor and, closing up their vessels one gainst another like an army in line of battle, they ept up as it were a sea-fight with their enemy on However, Vespasian, hearing that the main hore. ody of the Jews was assembled in the plain outside he town, sent thither his son with six hundred icked cavalry. ;
tk
VOL.
II
2A2
707
JOSEPHUS 471
'0
(2)
7rA7]dvv
8*
vnepoyKov evpcov
TTpos
avroj
hvvdpieios
rcov
TrXeLovs
Tov
fJLeu
Selv
lttttIcov
acpLKeaOat ^orjdeLav,
Xlywv,
TToXejiicov
TrXeiovos
rre/xTret,
auro?
rovs
Se
6pa>u
cLppLrjfjLei'ous
eanv
rcov
Tr]v
TTarepa
jJLev
Trplv
/cat
8'
ovs tjgvxt] Trpos to In-qKom [eXe^ev cuSej^' " avhpes,'' €(f)r], " 'FcofialoL,
TrXrjSos Tcoi^ 'louSatcov KaTaTTeTrXrjyora? , eV
472 OTCLS
KaXov yap yevovs
eV
OLpxfj lv^
vfjidg,
473 piax€oBai [leXXofjLev.
ovbev
rovro
els
'^^^
rds"
ra>v
Xoycov
ov
vvv
KOTiiwoLv
;)(erpas
8ta-
oiKovfMeurjs
rrjs
7Te
rlvas
Trpos
ye rjixerepag
[jl€v
errl
roi
VTTOixvrjoai
ovre?^
rives
elb-fjre,
Kal vvep avrcjv Kal
rjTrcxjfJLevoL.
heivov
eKeivcDV earcoTajv iu rals KaKOTrpayiais, "qpids rots 474
eyKapiveiv
evTVX'i^P'O.cf'-v
(f)auep6u
he
vp-ds
tu)V
rivi
pb-q
x^^P^
p^ev
^XeTTOJv,
els
tc
hehoi^KO
ro ttXtjOos KaraTrXri^u Xoyiododio Srj TraAtv otos
TToXepLLOJV
475 XeX-qdvlav evepydo-qrai. Trpos
rrpodvpiias
.
ev exovras
olovs Trapard^erai,
Stdrt
/cat
'loL'Satot /xeV
davdrov
KaradovvraKToi re Kal TToXepLCDi aTTeipoL Kal oxXos av dXXcos, ov orparLO, Xeyoiuro rd Se rrjs rjpLeTepas ep-Tieipias Kal rd^eojs ri Sei evl touto p-evroi ye p-ovoi Kal /car /cat Xeyeiv ; tu^ €V noXep^a. elp-qvrjV doKOvp.eda rot? ottXols, €.TTei 476 p-T) Tipos TO avrlrraXov dpLdptcopLev eavrovs. o(f}6Spa
/cat
et
(f)povovvre£,
Kal
ToXp.r]Tal
dXX^
ris ovTiGLS rrjs SirjveKoOs OTpajelas, dv lgol Trpos 477
he
on
Kal In-els Tjpos
ttc-
dGrpareuTous dvriTaoo copied a; Kal ^
708
Trpos
PA
:
yvpLvrJTas
om. the
rest.
OTrXlTau '^
XoyLt,eGBe
+^al mss.
:
oai.
Bekker.
JEWISH WAR,
471-477
III.
(2) Titus, finding the enemy in prodigious strength, sent word to his father that he required more troops. For his own part, observing that, although most of his cavalry were burning for action without waiting for the arrival of the reinforcements, there were others who betrayed secret dismay at this immense number of Jews, he took up a position where he was audible to all and spoke as follows " Romans it is well at the outset of my address Titus befc to remind you of the name of your race, that you may addresses bear in mind who you are and whom we have to fight, his troops Our hands to this hour no nation in the habitable world has succeeded in escaping though the Jews, to give them their due, so far staunchly refuse to accept defeat. If they in their disasters still stand fast, would it not be disgraceful for our courage to flag in the full tide of success ? I rejoice to see in your faces such admirable ardour but I fear that the multitude of our enemies may have inspired some of you with a lurking alarm. Let such an one reflect once more who he is and against whom he is going Let him remember that the Jews, into battle. however dauntless and reckless of life they may be, are yet undisciplined and unskilled in war and deserve to be called a mere rabble, rather than an army. Of our experience and our discipline is there any need to speak ? If, alone of all nations, we exercise ourselves in arms in peace-time, it is for this very object, that in war-time we need not contrast our numbers with those of our opponents. What would be the use of this perpetual training, if we must be equal in numbers to an untrained foe before we face them ? Consider again that you will contend in full armour against men that have scarcely :
—
;
;
709
JOSEPHUS ^ovs Kal 07 paTTjyoviievoL Trpog do7 parrjyrjTovs 8taycovi^eode, /cat cos u/xa? pi€v TaOra TToWanXaaLovs 7T0L€L
478
ttoXv 8e
77 XeoveKTiqfjLar a,
TO.
dpidfjLOV Trapatpetrat
fJiiaju
to.
70V rcov iroXeKa7-
iXa77copLa7a.
opdoL he 70V£ TToXeijLOVS ov TrXriSog duOpojTTOJv, kolv fj
Kav ev oXiyois' ol
fid^Lfioi',^ di'Speia he,
p.iv ye*
Koi 7d^ao6aL^ pdhioL /cat TtpooayiVveLV eaurot?, at 5' VTTepoyKOL hvidfjLeLS u* €av7a)V ^Xd7T70U7ai ^lovhatwu fiev ow roA/xa 4 79 TrXeov ^ rwv TroXefj-iuju. /cat dpdoos rjyeL7aL /cat dTTovoia,* rag evrrpaylas ev7owa, oBeuvvijLeva
odidXpiaoLV
rjpLojv
5'
dpe7rj
/cat
Trddrj /cara fxev 5' eV eXa\io7(jis
evTieiOeta
76
/cat
yevvaZov, o Kdv 7ols [dXXois \^ ev7V)(p]p.aaiv dKfjLa^ei
ndv 701? 480 /cat /cat
reAou? ov o^dXXe7ai.
777aLOfj.aaLV pLe)(pL
[leLLoucov
i377e/3
yap
el
Trepl
he
'Ioi;8atot
rj
eXevdepia?
/cat
Stayoji^teta^e
7Ta7pLhajv e/cetVots
rt pLeLi,ov -qpuv evho^ias hoKelv iie7d 7r]V 7rjg OLKOVfievrj<^ rfye451 fiovlav ev dv7L7:dXaj 76. ^lovhaicov 7Ldeodat; OKe777eov S* ort /cat Tradelu fieu ovhev dvqKeo7ov -qpLU
o
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Kal 70V
/ctySuv'eueTat,
jJLrj
770XX0I
6^og'
yap
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OL
Kal
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dpndoai he
7T]v vlktjv
rov rra7p6s
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LV^
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452 vout^o)
8*
eycoye
fj
hwdpLeda, Kal
xpr) roi)? vnc
to Ka76p6ajiJLa Kal
eTrl
7rjo6e
77)?
ojpa?
{lellfOV
Kat
7:a7epa 76v ep.6v Kpiveodai Kdp,e Kal vfidg, fiev
7TpoKa7ojpd(jjp.eviiJv
d^LO<;
eKeiuog,
toi
el tcoi
eyd>
8
eKeivov Trat?, a7/3a7ia>7at 8' vfielg €jjlov- Kal ydf eKeivo) to viKav eOog, /cdyw tt/dos" au7oi' vtto^ duTjxcti'OJ' Destinon, " however huge," but this sense unparalleled in Josephus.
*
710
ueif
yap
ML.
'
TrapaTo^acfdaL
M\ RC.
is
JEWISH WAR,
III.
477-482
any, that you are cavalry against infantry, that you have generals and they have none these advantages greatly multiply your effective strength, as the enemy's disadvantages greatly detract from his. Wars are not won by numbers, however efficient the soldiers, but by courage, however few the men : small forces are easily manoeuvred and brought up to each other's support, whereas unwieldy armies do themselves more injury than they receive from the enemy. The Jews are led on by audacity, temerity and despair, emotions which are bracing in the flush of success but are damped by the slightest check ; we, by valour, discipline, and a heroism which, though doubtless seen to perfection when favoured by fortune, in adversity also holds on to the last. Again, you will contend for a higher cause than the Jews for, though they face war for liberty and country in jeopardy, what higher motive could there be for us than glory and the determination, after having dominated the world, not to let the Jews be regarded as a match for ourselves ? Nor should you forget that we have no irretrievable disaster to fear. Our supports are numerous and at hand yet we can snatch a victory, and we ought to anticipate the arrival of the reinforcements now on their way from ;
;
;
my
Our triumph will be more glorious if For myself, I beheve that in this hour my father and I and you are all on our trial it will be seen whether he is really worthy of his past successes, whether I am worthy to be his son, and you Victory to him is habitual to be my soldiers. how father.
unshared.
;
;
*
rest.
a.Tr6i'0La]-\-
Kai
PA:
aTTouoiai »
(omitting preceding
om.
/cat)
the
LVR. 711
JOSEPHUS ovK au VTrofieLvaifii Xeit^OeU. Vfielg he OVK av aioxv^oioOe TrpoKii'BuvevouTO'; rjy€[io-
483 OTpi<j)eiv 7rd>?
r)TTwpL€voL
I'OS"
4§,4
;
TTpoKLibvievooj yap, €V LGre, Kai
TrpcDro? et? 70i)? 7ToXep.LOV£ 8*
t'liels
KporeloOaL oa(j)ojg,
epL^aXo).
ifiov 7T€7TeLafi€V0L rrjv
07t
Beu) Trj<;
oviifidx^w, efco
p-O-X^i^
p.rj
Kal
ttMou
AetTrecr^e
opfirjv Trapa-
€.p.T)v
vpoyivojoKeTe ti KaropBoj-
oop.€v." 4S5
(3)
Tavra rov Tltov
Ste^toi^ros'
pLOVLOs €pL7TL—T€L Tot? QP'dpaatv', KQi TTplv
GvpL^aXelv
TpaiayoO
/Ltera
Trpodvp-ia 77
8ai-
pouyevoptevov
TeTpaKOoiwv
ltt-
avTols eTrepupei' de 0v€O7raGLav6<^ Kai 486 8ia rr]v KOLVojviav. Y.i\(x>va ovv 6iC7;!^tAtoiS' ro^orai?, /ceAeu^ AvTOJVLOv ca? KaraXa^ovras to dmiKpv rrjg TToAeco? opo? TTeajv
7J0X0.XX01'
(jjs
pLeiovpLeurjs
vIktis
rrj
Tovs irrl rov Teixovs dveipyeLv. Kal ol jiiv, cvs 7Tpoo€TeraKTO, rovs ravrrj Treipaj/xeVows" eK^orjOe'LV 7TepLio\ov, 6 he Tltos npajTOS tov Ittttov rjXavvev els Tovs TToXepLLOvg Kal ovv Kpavyfj pier avrov ol XoLTTol TrapeKreivavres eavrovs els ooov eTielxov ol TToXepLLOL ro vehiov, Trapo Kal ttoXv TrXeiovs 488 Iho^av. ol he 'lovSaioi, Katroi ttjv re oppLTjv Kai TTjv evTa^iav avrujv KaTanXayevres Trpos oXiyov
487
,
pLev
dvreoxov rals epL^oXals, vvoaopLevoi he roZs
KOVTols Kal Toj polloj Toju iTTTTeojv dvarpeTTopLevoi TToAAcoy he Travraxpv <j)ovevo}xevojv hiaoKihvavraL Kal Trpos ttju ttoXlv ojs eKaoros 490 ei^^v ro-xovs ecjyevyov. Tiros he rovs p-ev KaroTTiv TTpooKelpievos dvifipeL, tujv he hieKTralajv ddpoojv,
489 ovveTTaTovvro.
ovs
he
(^Sdvojv "
712
Or
Kara oropta "
if
ht-^Xavvev,
you abandoned me."
ttoXXovs
JEWISH WAR,
III.
483-490
could I dare return to him if defeated ^ ? And you, surely you would be ashamed to be surpassed when your chief leads the way to danger. For lead I will, be sure of it, and will charge the enemy at your head.
Do you on
my
then not fail me, have confidence that God is and supports my ardour, and be assured
side
beyond mere victory in this battle outside we shall achieve some further success." (3) As Titus thus harangued them a supernatural Defeat of frenzy took possession of his men, and when, before a^y^"''' the engagement, Trajan joined them with four outside th hundred cavalry, they chafed as though these partners had come to detract from their own credit for the victory. Vespasian at the same time sent Antonius Silo with two thousand archers to occupy the hill opposite the town and beat off the enemy on the ramparts these troops, in accordance with their instructions, prevented any attempts from that quarter to assist the Jewish army outside. Titus that,
the walls,
;
now led the charge, spurring his horse against the enemy behind him, with loud shouts, came his men, ;
deploying across the plain so as to cover the whole of the enemy's front, thereby materially increasing their apparent strength. The Jews, though dismayed by the impetuosity and good order of this attack, for a while sustained the Roman charges but pierced by the lances and overthrown by the rush of cavalry they fell and were trampled under When the plain on all sides was covered with foot. corpses, they dispersed and fled to the city, as fast is each man's legs could carry him. Titus, hotly pursuing, now cut down the laggards in the rear, now made lanes through their bunched masses here rode ahead of them and charged them in front, there ;
;
713
JOSEPHUS uvvrjXoia
he 491
nepl
TreaoVra? ifJLTTTjhcou, TO relxo?
a}<)^rjXoiS
vacLu §€
TO-S-
Koi
TO Trehiov av€GTpi(f>ev, eco? to)
TTpog
77^0?
piaodfxepoL Kal
SieKTrcoovres^
et?
r-qu
TrX-qdei
ttoXlu
avv-
€(f)€vyov.
492
(4)
'E/<:8e;(67ai
Tols
XaXeTTT).
avToug
8e
jJ-ev
yap
ttolXlv
e-nixajpioLs
etoo)
crracns
hid
re
rd?
KOI TTju ttoXlu ovk ehoKec TToXefietv an 493 dpxT]S, Kal Tore Slol t')7P' rjTrav TrXeov 6 8' cttt^Au? TToXug a)U TrXelou c^ia^ero, Kal hiajpyiopLevcov en dXXrjXoLS KpavyT] re rjv Kal dopv^o? tu? ooov ovtto) KaraKovoag 8e tt^? rapaxrjs 494
ov yap rju aTTOjdev rod relxous, " ovros Kaipos," eV/Soa, /cat " rl, ovurpariajrai, 8eyieXXoiiev eKhihovros r]puv Tovhaiovs 9eov ; Tiros, 6
r)v
vlktjv. ovk OLKovere ^oijs; araaidrds x^^P^'^ tj/jlcju 8ta<^uyoVT€9.' exofiev rrjv ttoXlv, edv raxvvajpLev hel 8e ttovov npog ro) rdx^i- Kal Xrjiiaros' ovhkv yap rcbv fieydXojv (fiddvetu 8' ov 496 (/jtAet Slxol Kivhvvov KaropdovoBai. ''"'7^ "^^^ opLovoiav, ovg TToXepLLajv fjLouoi' XPh avdyKYj 8taAAa|et rax^oj?, dXXd Kal rrjv rcov Tjpierepojv ^orjOecaw, Iva rrpos raj VLKijoai roaovrov TrXrjBos oXiyoi Kal ttjv ttoXlv eXcofiev fiouoi."
495
^aode
rrjv
t,ovaLV
ol
^
PA:
Sie^Tratcraj'Tfs
L
(improbable
of
repetition
verb
already used). 2
5i(K
P
(for text rf. § 473).
" Probably, as suggested bv Reinach. the incident re" Taricorded in Suet. Tit. 4 took place on this occasion cheas et Gamalam (the latter was really taken by Vespasian* iv. 4 flF.) . in potestatem redegit, equo quadam acie sub feminibus amisso alteroque inscenso, cuius rector circa se dimicans occubuerat." :
.
7U
.
JEWISH WAR,
III.
490-496
dashed into groups which had fallen foul of each other and trampled them to pieces. For all, in short, he sought to intercept retreat to the walls and to head them off" into the plain, until at length, by superior numbers, they succeeded in forcing a way through and flinging themselves into the town." (4) But there a new and terrible contention awaited Capture them. The indigenous population, intent on their bJ'^Titus! property and their city, had from the first disapproved of the war, and after this defeat were now more opposed to it than ever. But the crowd from outside, a numerous body, were only the more determined to hold them to it. There were mutual angry recriminations, shouts and uproar the two parties seemed on the point of coming to blows. From his position not far from the wall, Titus overheard this " why commotion. " Now is the time," he cried tarry, comrades, when God himself delivers the Jews into our hands ? Hail the victory that is given you. Do you not hear that clamour ? They are at strife with each other those men who have just slipped through our hands. The town is ours if we are quick. But besides haste we need eff'ort and resolution great successes never come without risks.* We must not wait till concord is re-established among our enemies necessity will reconcile them all too soon. But neither let us wait for assistance from our friends
(
;
;
—
;
:
:
after defeating such a multitude with our small force,
us have the further
let
honour of taking the city
unaided."
A
reminiscence of Soph. Electra 945 6pa irbvov tql x^P'-'^ similarly paraphrased elsewhere (B. v. 501 5(X'a TTovov KUTopdovv Ti rCjv fxeydXcoi' ovdii^i paSiou, cf. A. ill. 58 -uj TToveli' TtavTa XrjTrrd). We have already had other phrases drawn from the same context {B. iil. 153, 212). ^
ivbh
ti^TL'xff",
.
VOL.
II
.
2a3
715
J0SEPHU5 497
Tai}^'
(5)
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8'
tt^i^
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501
502 /cat ol ixev els rrjv XlpLvrjv Kara(f)vy6vres €77et TToAtv elSov iaXcoKvlav,
dvqxdf^oau.
pLLOjv
503 504
(6)
ri^i'
d>s rroppcordroj rcov rroXe-
Titos'
ayyeXiter ai
8'
eKnep-ipas
rw
rrarpl rd epyow.
rtva
rcov
Irrrteojv
6 8',
ev-
cu? ct/cds",
virep-qodels rfj re rov 77ai8os" dperfj Kal rep Karopdcofiart, pLeyiar-q ydp eSo/cet KaSrjprjoOaL pLolpa
rov
rore pev eXdoju rrepLGxdi'ras rr)v eKeXevaev, cog pLrj SiaXddoL rts ^i 505 avri]?, Kal Kreiveiv rrpooera^ev*** rfj 8' varepala TToXepLOVj
ttoXlv (jypovpelv
,
^
Destinon from Lat. natando assequi
irpoairlvTen'
^e^ovXrjadai
*
P:
716
:
irpoufxheii'
most M3S.
2
iK^Xevj'.f
R
^
Hudson from Lat.:
the rest; there
is
Trofou mss.
apparently a lacuna.
L:
JEWISH WAR,
III.
497-505
(5) As he spoke he leapt on his horse, led his troops to the lake, rode through the water ^ and was the first to enter the town, followed by his men. Terror-struck at his audacity, none of the defenders on the ramparts ventured to fight or to resist him all abandoned their posts and fled, the partisans of Jesus across country, the others down to the lake. The latter ran into the arms of the enemy advancing some were killed while boarding their to meet them boats, others endeavouring to swim out to their companions, who had previously gained the open water.^ In the town itself there was great slaughter, without discrimination between the strangers who had not succeeded in escaping and now made some resistance, and the residents who offered none, their hope of pardon and their consciousness of having discountenanced the war leading them to lay down their arms. At length, Titus, after the real culprits had been slain, took pity on the natives of the place and stopped the massacre. Those who had taken refuge on the lake, seeing the city taken, sailed off and kept as far as possible out of range of the ;
;
enemy.
(6) Titus dispatched a trooper to convey the Vespasi gratifying news of this achievement to his father. fa7trto Vespasian, as was to be expected, was highly de- pursue ^^^' '^^ lighted at his son's valour and at the success of his enterprise, which seemed like the termination of a Repairing instantly to serious portion of the war. the spot he gave orders to keep a strict guard round the city, to prevent any from escaping, and to kill . The next day he **
The town was unwalled on ^
§
the side facing the lake (§ i64,).
469.
717
;
JOSEPHUS irpog
TT^v
Xliivyju
/cara/^a?
eKeXevoev
CT;\;e5t'a?
inl rovs /caraTrcc^euyoras at 5' iyivovro rax^ojs a.(f)dovia re vXrjg Kal TrXrjdei re^^t'tTaji^. Se Xtfiurj Teuurjuap [jl€u oltto rrj? vpoa506 (7) 'H €)(ovs \<x>pa? KaXelraL, uTahicov 8' evpos ovaa TTrjoaeiv^
•
reaaapdiKOUTa Kal Trpo? rovroi'^ irepcuv eKarov TO fj.rjKO?, yXvKeld re ofioj? iarl Kal ttoti/xcutciti]' 507 Kal yap rrjs eXcoSovs TraxvTrjTO? €\€l to vdp.a KaOapa. r' iarli^ Trdvrodev alyiaXol^ Kal iljdiJLfjLa), TTpos 3e €VKparog dpv 7Torap.ov p.ev rj Kprjvrji 77 poarjueGTepa
Xerrrorepoi^,
iTTiXriyovoa
508
509
olC
5)1
oaodaty ipvxpoTepa Be r) Kara Xtfjiur]^ BLdxvGLi^ del ixevovaa TO p.ev ye vSojp ovk drrdBeL ^^tdi^os e^aidpiaoOev OTTep depov? vvKTOs rroielv eOog Tot? enix^jpLOig yevTj 5' Ix^vojv eV avrfj hid(f>opa TTpog rov? dX Xaxov yevoLW re Kal ISeau. near) 6' vno rov *\opSduov refj-uerai. *\cphdi^ou Kal boKei iJiev TT-qyrj to Yldueiou, (f)eperai 8* vtto yr\v eU rcvro ea-rli^ KpvTTTaJs eK T7]i KaXovjjLevqs ^idXrjs- tj 8 dvLOvrojv els ttju T paxcoi^'irLi' dno arahlajv eKarov e'tKOGL KaioapeiaSt r-qs obou Kara to Se^tot^ fxepos OVK drrojdeu. en pev ovv rrjs 7repL(f>epeias ervp,ajs^ ^idXrj KaXe'traL rpoxoeLbrjs ovoa Xip-vrj, pevei 8* ^
4
J.S
P.
2
Hudson
after Lat.
:
tTol^-^i >i;?.
" i.e. about 16 miles long' by 4^ broad; the Greek stade, rendered " furlong "", = 606| English feet. The real measurements on a modern map are about ]-2^ miles by 7 miles (at it5 broadest part). Josephus possibly intends to give the average breadth (the breadth at Tiberias is about 5 miles) but the length is. anyhow, overstated, and there is noauthority for regarding (with Reinach) the words 7rp6j tovtols fTf'pwc as interpolated, thus reducing it to 100 stades (= about 11^
miles).
718
;
JEWISH WAR,
111.
505-511
descended to the lake and gave directions
for the
construction of rafts for the pursuit of the fugitives. With an abundance of wood and of workmen, the flotilla was soon ready. (7) The lake of Gennesar takes its name from the Descrip adjacent territory. It is forty furlongs broad andoJoen-
a hundred and forty long.'^ Notwithstanding its nesaretl extent, its water is sweet to the taste and excellent clearer than marsh water with its thick to drink sediment, it is perfectly pure, the lake everywhere ending in pebbly or sandy beaches. Moreover, when drawn it has an agreeable temperature, more pleasant than that of river or spring water, yet invariably cooler than the great expanse of the lake would lead one to expect. It becomes as cold as snow when one has exposed it to the air, as the people of the country are in the habit of doing during the summer nights. The lake contains species of fish different, both in taste and appearance, from those found elsewhere. The Jordan runs through The Jor the middle of the lake. This river has its apparent source^ in reality it rises in the pool source at Panion ^ called Phiale from which it passes by an unseen subterranean channel to Panion. Phiale will be found at a distance of a hundred and twenty furlongs from Caesarea (Philippi), on the right of and not far from the road ascending to Trachonitis the pool derives its name Phiale ^ from its circular form :
;
;
;
" Pan's grotto " (c/. B. i. 404 if.), in the neighbourhood of which PhiHp the Tetrarch built Paneas (Caesarea Philippi, Banlas), B. ii. 168. " Meaning " saucer." The pool is probably the modern Birket Ram, some four miles south-east of Caesarea Philippi but the possibility of any connexion between this pool and Panion is denied by modern geographers (Reinach). ^
719
JOSEPHUS €~t 512
act to
hda>p ixiqB^ vttovootovu ayvoovfxevos Se Teco? o 'lop-
avTi]£
)(€lXov?
VTTepx^ojievov.
firjd'
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6dur)<;
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et?
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8e (^avepov pevpLaTos 6
615 dpxdjJL^vo?
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^acnXiKT]? Trpooe^rjGKrjTai
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^lopSdur]? drro TCL
fieu
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AtctSa Ste/cTTatet ttju dvaii€Tpov[jL€PO
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516
pLeaiqv,
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AG(f)aXTLTLV
XlfjLvrjU.
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(8)
eprjixiav
Se
Tevvqadp
ttju
6p.ajvvixos
T€ Kal KctAAos" ovT€ yap avT-q Tt (^VTov apveiTai §ta T-qv TTLOTTjTa, Kal irdv OL TOV S' depos TO 77e(f)UTevKaGLV V€fJL6pL€U0L, 517 evKpaTov dppo^ei Kal rol? hiacftopoL?. Kapvai /xeV ye, (f}VTU)V TO ;\;et/X€ptC!JTa70i^, d-etpoL Ted-qXaoiVy dav/jLaGT-q
X^J^pcLy
euda Kal 518 drjp
(fiOiVLKe?,
iXa'iaL
ot
xrau/xart
ttXtjolou
ovKal Se fiaXOaKcoTepos
rpe^oi^rat,
tovtojv,
at?
(LtXoTLjJLLav dv tl? eiVot ttJ? ^LaGajievqs €t? ei^ auyayayetv to, pdx<-i^o.y Kal TOW (jjpdjv dyadrjv epiv, iKaGTiqs (Lanep dvTi-
aTToSeSet/crat.
(fiVG€OJ?
^
Bekker:
t6c (or
iC-i')
siss.
el
HuUh
with subsequent t\ovtoi'
in
most.
"
Modern Baheiret
Merom 720
" of Josh.
xi. 5).
(perhaps the " waters of
JEWISH WAR,
511-518
III.
the water always fills the basin to the brim without ever subsiding or overflowing. It was for long unknown that this was the true source of the Jordan, but the fact was proved by Philip, tetrarch of Trachonitis he had chaff thrown into the pool of Phiale and found it cast up at Panion, where the ancients believed that the stream had its origin. The natural beauties of Panion have been enhanced by royal munificence, the place having been embellished by Agrippa at great expense. After issuing from this grotto the Jordan, whose course is now visible, intersects the marshes and lagoons of Lake Semechonitis," then traverses another hundred and twenty furlongs, and below the town of Julias ^ cuts across the Lake of Gennesar, from which, after meandering through a long desert region, it ends by falling into the Lake Asphaltitis.^ The fer (8) Skirting the lake of Gennesar, and also bearing that name, lies a region whose natural properties cennes and beauty are very remarkable.^ There is not a '^^^^• plant which its fertile soil refuses to produce, and its cultivators in fact grow every species the air is so well-tempered that it suits the most opposite varieties. The walnut, a tree which delights in the most wintry climate, here grows luxuriantly, beside palm-trees, which thrive on heat, and figs and olives, which require a milder atmosphere. One might say that nature had taken pride in thus assembling, by a tour de force, the most discordant species in a single spot, and that, by a happy rivalry, each of the seasons wished to claim this region for her own. :
;
"
B.W. 168.
^
The
«
plain of Gennesaret
of the lake between
{el
The Dead
Sea.
Ghuweir) on the north-west
Capernaum and Magdala. 721
JOSEPHUS 'noLOVji€vq<;
vapa
rov
ho^av
619 Sta^uAaacret.
to.
OKOura? eavroL^^' 620 avTTjv
yap
7rp6<;
edo^au,
TLve?
AXe^avSpeojv
;\;opr]yet,
rwv aepojv evKpaoia
rfj
\ijjLvqv
Ka(f)apuaoup.
yovifjLOJTdrr],
TavTTjv (f)Xe^a rov
KaXovGiu.
ol CTTLxajpLOL
Net'Aou 621
Kal
OTa
d6taAet77TCt>9
p.-qali'
htapderai
Ti-qyfi
aAAa
oTrajpa?,
ye /SaatAtxrc/j-ara,
jjiev
Kapirov^ hC erov^ oXov Treptyrjpd-
TOV<; Be Aoi770u?
Kal
Kal yap ov /lovov rpeSet
hi.a(i)6pov<;
SeVa
ovkov,
Kal
re
)(CjjpLov
tq?
yevva
Inel
tw Kara
KopaKLVoj TTapaTrXrjoLov.
r-qv firj-
Kos Se rov xcoplov Trapareluet Kara rou alyiaXov rrjs
ojjLOjvviiou
Xip.vri'^
ravra
Kal evpo<; eiKooi. 522
(9)
OvecTTTaoLavos
o\ehiai,
Kara be
rrjg
rrjv
8*,
iirl
oraStov;
ixeu
\_ovv^
rpiaKOvra
ovrcxj?
TrapeoKevdadrjaav at
errel
wero
Swdfieoj? Ini^rjoas oaov
avrapKeaeiv
XifJLvrjv
ovveXavvopLevoLs
ovr^
(/)Jaeaj?
inaw-qyero.
yrjv
errl
Stac^eoyetv
vdvrwv ovr^ e^ luov rd re yap OKd(f)rj fiiKpa ovra
eKTTeTroXefJLOJfJiewojv
623 vavfiaxeLV
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Trpos
oxedia';
tols"
eKaarov
epivXeovre<;
eartjjras
roijs
rjv
oXiyoi
'Paj/xatou?
524 o^a>9 §' ovv eKTrepirrXeovres 07701;
doOevrj,
Trpos
iyyi^etv
tq?
kol
ecb-
ebeSoLKeiaav.
CT;(eSta?,
eoriv
8*
Kal 7TXr}cndCoure
^
•
rjv
8ia-
Kal KaO'
dOpoovs
e^aXXov XidoLS Kal vapa^vovres eyyvOev
722
toi? rot?
L: om. Lat.
:
ai^rojs
the rest
Capernaum (Kepbar-Nahum,
:
eTraiov.
text doubtful.
village
of
Nahum)
has
JEWISH WAR,
III.
518-524
For not only has the country this surprising merit of producing such diverse fruits, but it also preserves them for ten months without intermission it supplies those kings of fruits, the grape and the fig the rest mature on the trees the whole year round. Besides being favoured by its genial air, the country is watered by a highly fertilizing spring, called by the inhabitants Capharnaum some have imagined this to be a branch of the Nile, from its producing a fish resembling the coracin found in the lake of Alexandria.* This region extends along the border of the lake which bears its name for a length of thirty furlongs and inland to a depth of twenty. Such is the nature of this district. put onNavaib (9) Vespasian, when his rafts were ready, •'^' :
;
'^
;
^ ^ ontheli u J I u .J J board as many troops as he considered necessary tojestruct launchedo^ ^^^, cope with the fugitives on the lake and ^ ^^m j6WlSll his flotilla. The Jews, thus rounded up, could neither escape to land, where all were in arms against them, nor sustain a naval combat on equal terms. For their skiffs, being small and built for piracy, were no match for the rafts, and each was manned by no more than a handful of men who were afraid to close with the dense ranks of their Roman assailants. However, they hovered round the rafts, occasionally even approaching them, now flinging stones from a distance at the Romans, now scraping alongside and attacking them at close
,
I
Khan Minyeh (more probable) or with Tell Hum, farther north. The latter is a waterless site above the former rises a copious spring which (G. A Smith) communicates by a canal with the plain. * The Lake Mareotis. The coracin, so called from its
been identified either with ;
.
aven-black Martial,
xiii.
colour, 85, calls
seems it
to
have
resembled
an
eel;
" princeps Niliaci macelli."
723
JOSEPHL'S avrol TrXiov xrar' d/x<^OTepa' rat? Te ovhkv hpojvres on fir] ktvttou indXXrjXou, etV yap Trecfipayfiewov? e^aXXou, e<j)iKToi rois ^PajpLaioju eyivovro ^eXeuLV, kol 7rXr]cndl,€iv
525 eKaKoui'To S'
yap
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avTolg e^aTnit^ovTO rol? (JKdj)€GLV. tcjv he SieKTTaUiv TTeipcofieucov rroXXovg fiev icfyuKvovfievoL KovroLS 8L€77€tpou, ovs §£ ^L(f)-i]p€L£ imTTrjScouTes €ti TO. OKd<j)r], TLvds 8e ovvrpexovoais rat? ox^St'at? ii'a7ToXrj(f)6evras rat? elXou^ d/xa fjLeaov? rcuu 6e ^aTmodevTcov rovs dvavevovras -oy dXidaLv. Tj] /SeAo? €
52(3
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aTTeKOTTTOu
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/cat
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eyep-ov otopdrcov, e/c/cato/xep'ot he /cat pvhCJvres ol ve/cpot rov de'pa hie(j)deipov, d>s prj
povov OLKrpov
louSaiot? yeveGOai ro rtddos, dXXd /cat Std piaovs hpdoaGLV eXdelv. rovro pev eKeivrjs tt}? -gj rot? vavpaxLOi? ro re'Ao?, dniSavov he gvv rols irrl 1
*
7^4
MVRC
PAL
Lat.
Lat. (c/.
:
B.
J^X^oi/ vii.
PA:
('7iu)rj\6uv
Destinon.
69, 101): tKKXtioixei^cL the rest.
JEWISH WAR,
525-531
III.
range. But in both these manoeuvres they sustained their stones produced greater injury themselves nothing but a continuous rattle in striking men well protected by armour, while they were themselves exposed to the arrows of the Romans on the other hand, when they ventured to approach, before they :
;
had time to do anything they instantly came to grief and were sent to the bottom with their skiffs. If they tried to break through the line, the Romans could reach them with their lances and transfixed numbers of them, or leaping upon the barks passed their swords through their bodies sometimes the rafts closed in and caught their enemies between them, capturing men and vessels. When any who had been sunk rose to the surface, an arrow quickly if in their despair reached or a raft overtook them they sought to board the enemy's fleet, the Romans cut off their heads or their hands. Thus perished these wretches on all sides in countless numbers and countless manners, until the survivors were routed and forced to the shore, their vessels surrounded by the enemy. As they streamed forth from them many were speared in the water many sprang on land, where they were slain by the Romans. One could see the whole lake red with blood and covered with corpses, for not a man escaped. During the ;
;
;
following days the district reeked with a dreadful stench and presented a spectacle equally horrible. The beaches were strewn with wrecks and swollen these corpses, scorched and clammy in carcases decay, so polluted the atmosphere that the catastrophe which plunged the Jews in mourning inspired even Such was the issue of this its authors with disgust. naval engagement. The dead, including those who :
725
J0SEPHU5
632
vponpov
TToXeco?
rrjs"
(lO)
OveaTTaaiaiog Se /ierd
€7TL
lJi€P
vtaovoLi' c^aK:ia;(tAtot irrra-
fJLd)(r]v
7171^
KaOlCeL
^Tifiarog eV Tapijj^ai'ai?, hiaKpivajv 6' aTro
€nLXOJpLOJV rov e-TiXuv Xeojv, Kardp^at yap ovTo? idoKeL TroXepLou, /xera toji' -qyepLOuoju et xpij 533 Kal rovTov? ocoLeiv ioKeTrreTo. <j)ap.€vajv 8e tovTujv pXa^epdv eoeadau rrju d(f>eGLV avTd)v, ov yap -qpepLTjOeLV arroXvdevTas dvdpcoTTOvs iareprjpLevov? pi€u 7(jov TTaTpibajVy ^idieodaL he Kal 77p6? ovg Ov€(j7Ta634 at' KarachvyajaLv TroAcfxetv hwap-evov^; aiavog cus" p.€v ovt^ 0.^^01 oojrrjpLag eiev Kal^ SLa(i)€V^our at Kara tujv d(f)evr<jjv^ iyivtooKev, lov ToJP'
,
53.3
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rpoTTov
yap
avTujv rrjs
dvaipeaeoj? bievoelro.
nal
airrodi Kretvan' eKTroXep-OJoeiv vcfyewpdro rovs
iTTLXOjpLOV^, ov yap dve^eadat (f>ov€Vop.€va>v iKerajv TooovTCJv Trap" avTol^y Kal pierd TTLareL? iTTideadai
630 TrpoeXdovoLv
ovx
Kara
VTrepievev
i^evLKOJV
.
5*
ol
(j}iXoL
Xeyovre? Kal XpTivai TO GvpL(^€pov alpeloBai vpo tov ttp^ttovtos, Karaievoag ovu avrols 537 drav fi pLrj bvvarov a/i(/)tu. aSetay dpi^ii^oXov i-erpeipeu e^teVat hid pL6urj<; 638 TT/S 6771 1 L^epidSa t^epovorjg oSov. tojv he 7a\eajs prjSev
^lovhaiajv
doe^eg
eti^at
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eu
tojv ^
\p-qp.dTUJV
PA Heg. * K KCLv :
:
'
+ bir\iUo6ai M.
fjTrep
eveTpaTTT)
x^'
-TivraKocoL the re;t. or Aoi f/ the rest. *
ins.
Destinon, Niese.
This naval engagement was, it seems, commemorated the triumphal procession at Rome by the " numerous ships" which accompanied it {B. vii. 147). Reinach refers "
in
726
JEWISH WAR,
III.
531-538
the previous defence of the town, numbered thousand seven hundred." (10) After the battle Vespasian took his seat on his tribunal at Tarichaeae, and separating the native population from the crowd of immigrants who had evidently given the signal for hostilities, consulted with his Heutenants whether the lives of the latter All unanimously declared also should be spared. that their hberation would be pernicious once let loose, these expatriated men would never keep quiet, and would, moreover, be capable of forcing into sought refuge. revolt those with whom they Vespasian recognized that they were undeserving of pardon and that they would only abuse their hberty to the detriment of their liberators, but he asked himself how he could make away with them if he killed them on the spot, he suspected that he would bitterly alienate the residents, who would not tolerate the massacre in their city of all these on the other refugees who had sued for mercy hand, he could not bring himself to let them go, and then, after pledging his word, to fall upon them. However, in the end his friends overcame his scruples by telling him that against Jews there could be no question of impiety, and that he ought to prefer expediency to propriety when the two were incompatible. Vespasian accordingly granted these aliens an amnesty in equivocal terms, but permitted them to quit the city by only one route, that leading Prompt to believe what they earnestly to Tiberias. desired, the w'retches set out in complete confidence, carrying their effects without any disguise, in the fell in
six
;
:
;
to bronzes of Vespasian and his sons bearing the legend VICTORIA NAVALIS.
727
Fate of
^on^^rV at ^""^
^'
JOSEPHUS povvTcov,
SiaXafji^dvovaLu
'Pco/xatot
ol
fieu
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ng
539 GvyKXeiOVOL 8' avrous ctV rrju ttoXlu.
cnavos
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imXe^as rov? laxvpordrov? l^aKioxiXiovs
kirefx-
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TTJs eifirjuris] iv eipy)vr)
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PAML.
of Corinth, to be employed on the work of the canal,
JEWISH WAR,
III.
538-542
prescribed direction. The Romans, meanwhile, hned the whole road to Tiberias, to prevent any deviation from it, and on their arrival shut them into that town. Vespasian followed in due course and had them all removed to the stadium. He then gave orders for the execution of the old and unserviceable, to the number of twelve hundred from the youths he selected six thousand of the most robust and sent them to Nero at the isthmus.<* The rest of the multitude, numbering thirty thousand four hundred, he sold, excepting those of whom he made a present to Agrippa, namely the former these Vespasian permitted subjects of his realm him to deal with at his discretion, and the king in his turn sold them. The remainder of this mob consisted, for the most part, of people from Trachonitis, Gaulanitis, Hippos, and Gadara, a crowd of seditious individuals and fugitives, to whom their infamous careers in peace-time gave war its attractions. Their capture took place on the eighth of the month Gorpiaeus.^ ;
;
which Nero himself had recently dug the first sod (Suet. Nero, 19). 26 September a.d. 67 (Niese's reckoning).
for
*»
729
Printed
in
Great Britain by R.
&
R.
Clark, Limited, Edinburgh
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a.d. 34 (15)
GALILEE & SURROUNDING DISTRICT
Gaulanitis, Batanaea. etc
'Kingdom of AgrippaU Decapol's independent
(50-70 A.D.)
The rest under Roman Procurators.
CENIRAL AND SOUTHERN PALESTINE
Been Sheba.
(50-70 A.D.)
JERUSALEM ——1~\- — K'^/stint/
H-er/Zs
''Approximate Une of
Supposed ":
3EZETHA
)
Pool
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AUerruttive supposed lines of third L-lffrippa'sjwaU.
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ancient- streets
of ancient
Remains recent^
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>//'t
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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED LATIN AUTHORS
Ammianus Marcellinus.
J. C. Rolfe.
3 Vols.
(2nd Imp.
revised.)
Apuleius
:
The Golden Ass (Metamorphoses). W.
Revised by S. Gaselee. (7th Imp.) ton (1566). St. Augustine, Confessions of. W. Watts (1631). (Vol. I 7th Imp., Vol. II 6th Imp.)
Adling2 Vols.
Augustine Select Letters. J.H.Baxter. (2nd Imp.) AusoNius. H. G. Evelyn White. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Bede. J. E. King. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Tracts and De Consolatione Philosophiae. BoETHius Rev. H. F. Stewart and E. K. Rand. (6th Imp.) Caesar Alexandrian, African and Spanish Wars. A. G. St.
:
:
:
Way. Caesar: Civil Wars. A. G. Peskett. (5th Imp.) Caesar: Gallic War. H. J. Edwards. (10^^ Imp.) De Re Rustica. H. B. Ash and W. D. Cato and Varro Hooper. (Srd Imp.) :
F. W. Cornish Tibullus. J. B. Postgate and Pervigilium Veneris. J. W. Mackail. (ISth Imp.) De Medicina. W. G. Spencer. 3 Vols. (Vol. I ^ELsus Srd Imp. revised, Vols. H and III 2nd Imp.) Brutus and Orator. G. L. Hendrickson and >cero H. M. Hubbell. (Srd Imp.) De Fato Paradoxa Stoicorum De Parti]iCERO TiONE Oratoria. H. Rackham. (With De Oratore, Vol. (2nd Imp.) II.) De Finibus. H. Rackham. (4ith Imp. revised.) iCERO
!3atullus.
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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Cicero Cicero ham. Cicero Cicero
De Inventione, etc. H. M. Hubbell. De N'atlra Deohum axd Academica.
:
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De Officiis. De Oratore.
:
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Walter Miller. (7th Imp.) E. W. Sutton and H. Rackham.
{2nd Imp.)
2 Vols.
Cicero
H. Rack-
{2nd Imp.)
De Republica and De
:
Legibus.
Clinton
W. Keyes.
{Afh Imp.)
De Senectute, De Amicitia. De Divinatione. Cicero W. A. Falconer. (6M Imp.) ly Catilikam, Pro Muhexa, Pro Sulla, Pro Cicero Flacco. Louis E. Lord, {ord Imp. revised.) Letters to Atticus. E. O. ^^'instedt. 3 Vols. Cicero (Vol. I ^th Imp., \oh. II and III Wi Imp.) Letters to his Friends. W. Glynn Williams. Cicero (Vols. I and II 3r(/ Imp., Vol. Ill 2nd Imp. 3 Vols. :
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and enlarged.)
revised
Cicero Philippics. W. C. A. Ker. (3rd Imp.) Pro Archia, Post Reditum, De Domo, De HarlsCicero picuM Respoxsis, Pro Plancio. N. H. Watts, {lird Imp.) Pro Caecixa, Pro Lege Maxilia, Pro Cluextio, Cicero Pro Rabirio. H. Grose Hodge. (3ro? hnp.) Pro Miloxe, Ix Pisoxem, Pro Scauro, Pro Cicero FoxTEio, Pro Rabirio Postumo, Pro Marcello, Pro LiGARio, Pro Rege Deiotaro. N. H. \\'atts. {2nd Imp.) Pro Qlixctio. Pro Roscio Amerixo, Pro Iioscio Cicero CoMOEDO, Coxtba PtULLUM. J. H. Frccse. {3rd Imp.) Rhetorica ad Herexxium. H. Caplan. fCicFRo] Cicero Tusculax Disputatioxs. J. E. King, {-ith Imp.) Cicero \'errixe Oratioxs. L. H. G. Greenwood. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp.. \ ol. II 2nd by\p.) Claudiax. M. Platnauer. 2 Vols. {2nd Imp.) Columella: De Re Rustica De Arboribus. H. B. Ash. :
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(Vol. I 2nd Imp.) History of Alexaxdeh. J. C. Rolfe. 2 Vols. CuRTius, Q. (2nd Imp.) Florus. E. S. Forster and Corxelius Xepos. J. C. Rolfe. {2nd Imp.) Stratagems axd Aqueducts. C. E. Bennett I'boxtinus and M. B. McElwain. {2nd Imp.) Correspoxdexce. I ROXTO C. R. Haines. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp. \'o\. II 2nd Imp.)
E. S. Forster, E. Heffner. :
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3 Vols.
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Gellius.
and
J. C. Rolfe.
III
3 Vols.
(Vol.
I
3rd Imp., Vols.
II
2nd Imp.)
Horace: Odes and Epodes
C. E. Bennett.
(lUh Imp.
re vised.)
Horace Satires, Epistles, Ars Poetica. H. R. Faircloug-h. :
Imp. revised.) Jerome Select Letters. F. A. Wright, {^nd Imp.) Juvenal and Pehsius. G. G. Ramsay. {1th Imp.) LivY. B. O. Foster, F. G. IMoore, Evan T. Sage and A. C. (9th
:
Schlesinger. 14 Vols. \'oIs. I-XIII. (Vol. I Uh Imp., Vols. II, III, \' and IX 3rd Imp., Vols. IV, VI-VIII,
X-XII 2nd Imp. LucAN.
J.
Lucretius.
Martial.
revised.)
(3rd Imp.)
D. Duff.
W. H. D. Rouse. {1th Imp. revised.) W. C. A. Ker. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 5<^ /mp..
Vol. II
Mh
Imp. revised.) Minor Latin Poets
from Publilius Syhus to Rutilius Namatianus, including Grattius, Calpurnius Sict lus, Nemesianus, Avianus, with " Aetna," " Phoenix " and other poems. J. Wight Duff and Arnold M. Duff. (3rd :
Imp.)
Ovid
The Art of Love and other Poems.
:
(3rd Imp.) Ovid Fasti.
J.
H. Mozley.
James G. Frazer. {2nd Imp.) Ovid: Heroides AND Amores. Grant Showerman. {5th Imp.) Ovid: Metamorphoses. F. J. Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I :
Sir
Imp., Vol. II Sth Imp.) Tristia and Ex Ponto. A. L. Wheeler. {Srd Imp.) Seneca M. Heseltine Petronius. Apocolocyntosis. W. H. D. Rouse. {9th Imp. revised.) Plautus. Paul Nixon. 5 Vols. (Vol. I 6th Imp., Vol. II 5th Imp., Vol. Ill 3rd Imp., ^'ols. IV and V 2nd Imp.) Melmoth's translation revised by Letters. Pliny W. M. L. Hutchinson. 2 Vols. {6th hup.) History. Natural 10 Vols. Vols. I-V and IX. : Pliny H. Rackham. Vols. VI and VII. W. H. S. Jones. (Vols. I-III 3rd Imp., Vol. IV 2nd Imp.) Propertius. H. E. Butler. {6th Imp.) Prudentius. H. J. Thomson. 2 Vols. QuiNTiLiAN. H. E. Butler. 4 Vols. (3rd Imp.) Remains of Old Latin. E. H. Warmington. 4 Vols. Vol. II (Livius, Naevius, Vol. I (Ennius and Caecilius). 10^/i
Ovid
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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Vol. Ill (Lucilius, Pacuvius, Accius). \'ol. 1\ (Archaic Inscriptions).
Laws of
the
XII
(2nd Imp.)
Tables).
Sallust. J. C. Rolfe. (4^/i Imp. revised.) ScRiPTORES HrsTOHiAE AuGusTAE. D. Magie. 3 Vols. (Vol. I Srd Imp., Vols. II and III 2nd Imp. revised.) Seneca : Apocolocyntosis. C/. Pethoxius. Sexeca : Epistulae Morales. R. M. Gummere. 3 Vols. (Vol. I Arth Imp., Vols. II and III Srd Imp. revised.) Moral Essays. J. W. Basore. 3 Vols. (Vol. II Sekeca Srd Imp. revised. Vols. I and III 2nd Imp. revised.) Tragedies. F. J. Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 4:th Seneca Imp., Vol. II 3rd Imp. revised.) Poems akd Letters. W. B. Anderson. 2 Vols. SiDOKius (Vol. I 2nd Imp.) (Vol. I 2nd Imp., SiLius Italicus. J. D. Duff. 2 Vols. Vol. II Srd Imp.) Statius. J. H. Mozley. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) SuETOKius. J. C. Rolfe. 2 Vols. (Vol II th Imp., Vol II 6th Imp.) Dialogus. Sir Wra. Peterson and Agricola Tacitus AKD Germania. Maurice Hutton. {6th Imp.) Histories akd Aknals. C. H. Moore and J. Tacitus Jackson. 4 \'ols. (Vols. I and II 4^/* Imp., \'ols. Ill and I\' 2nd Imp.) Terevce. John Sargeaunt. 2 \'ols. {Ith Imp.) Tertulliax: Apologia akd De Spectaculis. T. R. Glover; MiNUCius Felix. G. H. Kendall. {2nd Imp.) Valerius Flaccus. J. H. Mozley. {2nd Imp. revised.) Varho De Lixgua Latina. K. G. Kent. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp. revised.) Velleius Paterculus and Res Gestae Divi Augusti. F.W.Shipley. i2nd Imp.) Virgil. H. R. Fairclough. 2 Vols. (Vol. I \mh Imp., Vol. II Wth Imp. revised.) ViTHuvius: De Architectuha. F. Granger. 2 Vols. (Vol.1 Srd Imp., Vol. II 2nd Imp.) :
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GREEK AUTHORS Achilles Tatius.
S. Gaselee.
{2nd Imp.)
Aeneas Tacticus, Asclepiodotus and Onasandeb. (2nd Imp.) Illinois Greek Club.
The
J
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Aeschines. Aeschylus.
C. D.
Adams.
(2nd Imp.)
H. Weir Smyth.
2 Vols.
(Vol.
I
6th Imp.,
Vol. II oth Imp.)
Alciphron, Aelian and Philostratus Letters. A. R. Banner and F. H. Fobes. Sir James Apollodorus. G. Frazer. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd :
Imp., Yo].
II ':2nd
Imp.)
Apollonius Rhodius. R. C. Seaton. (5th Imp.) The Apostolic Fathers. Kirsopp Lake. 2 Vols. (Vol.
I
Sth Imp., Vol. II 6th Imp.)
Appian's Roman History. Horace White. 4 Vols. (Vol. 4th Imp., Vols. II and IV Srd Imp., Vol. Ill 2nd Imp.)
I
Aratus. Cf. Callimachus. Aristophanes. Benjamin Bickley Rogers.
3 Vols. (5th Imp.) Verse trans. Aristotle: Art of Rhetoric. J. H. Freese. (3rd Imp.) Aristotle: Athenian Constitution, Eudemian Ethics, Virtues and Vices. H. Rackham. (3rd Imp.) Aristotle: Generation OF Animals. A. L. Peck. (2nd Imp.) Aristotle: Metaphysics. H.Tredennick. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.) Aristotle: Meteorologica. H. D. P. Lee.
Aristotle Minor Works. W. S. Hett. " On Colours," " On Things Heard," " Physiognomies," " On Plants," " On Marvellous Things Heard," " Mechanical Problems," " On Indivisible Lines," " Situations and Names of Winds," " On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias." (2nd :
Imp.)
Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics. H. Rackham. (6th Imp. revised.) Oeconomica and Magna Mohalia. G. C. Aristotle Armstrong. (With Metaphysics, Vol. II.) (Srd Imp.) Aristotle: On the Heavens. W. K. C. Guthrie. (3rd Imp.) Aristotle On the Soul, Parva Naturalia, On Breath. W. S. Hett. (2nd Imp. revised.) Aristotle Organon The Categories On Interpretation. H. P. Cooke Prior Analytics. H. Treddenick. :
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Aristotle: Organon Sophistical Refutations. Comingto-be AND Passing-away. E. S. Forstcr. On the Cosmos. D. J. Furley.
Aristotle: Parts of Animals. A. L. Peck Motion and Progression of Animals. E. S. Forster. (3rd Imp.) ;
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Physics. Rev. P. Wicksteed and F. M. Corn: (\'oI. I 2nd Imp., \'ol. II 3rd Imp.) 2 Vols.
Aristotle ford.
Aristotle Poetics and Longinus. W. Hamilton Fyfe Demetrius OK Style. W. Rhys Pioberts. {5th Imp. revised.) Aristotle: Politics. H. Piackham. (41 h Imp.) Aristotle: Problems. W. S. Hett. 2 Vols. {2nd Imp. re:
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vised.)
Rhetorica ad Alexandrum. H. Rackham. Aristotle (With Problems, Vol. II.) History of Alexander akd Ikdica. Rev. E. Arrian 2 Vols. (\'ol. I 3rd Imp., Vol. II ind Imp.) Iliflfe Robson. :
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Athenaeus (Vols. I, St. Basil :
Deipnosophistae.
:
C.
B.
Gulick.
7
Vols.
IV-\II 2nd Imp.)
Letters. R. J. Deferrari. 4 Vols. {2nd Imp.) Hymns and Epigrams, and Lycophrojj. Callimachl'S A. W. Mair; Aratus. G. R. Mair. {2nd Imp.) Clement OF Alexandria. Rev. G. W. Butterworth. {3rd Imp.) COLLUTHUS. Cf. OpPIAN. Daphnis and Chloe. Cf. Longus. Olynthiacs, Philippics and Minor Demosthenes I I-XVII and XX. J. H. Vince. (2nd Imp.) Orations De Corona and De Falsa Legatione. Demosthenes II {3rd Imp. revised.) C. A. Vince and J. H. Vince. Meidias, Androtion, Aristocrates, Demosthenes III Timocrates, Artstogeiton. J. H. \'ince. {2nd Imp.) :
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Private Orations and In Neaeram. 2nd Imp.) Fl'neral Speech, Erotic Essay, Demosthenes VII Exordia and Letters. N. W. and N. J. DeWitt. Roman History. E. Gary. 9 Vols. (Vols. Dio Cassius 2nd Imp.) I and II 3rd Imp., Vols. II Dio Chrysostom. 5 Vols. \'ols. I and II. J. W. Cohoon. Vol. III. J. W. Cohoon and H. Lamar Crosby. Vols. IV and V. H. Lamar Crosby. (Vols. I-I\' 2nd Imp.) DioDORus SicuLus. 12 Vols. Vols. I-VI. C. H. Oldfather. Vols. IX and X. Russel M. C. L. Sherman. Vol. VII. Geer. (Vols. I-IV 2nd Imp.) Diogenes Laertius. R. D. Hicks. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 4-th Imp., Vol. II 3rd Imp.) RoMAN ANTIQUITIES. SpclDiONYSIUS OF HaLICARNASSUS man's translation revised by E. Gary. 7 Vols. (Vols. I-V 2nd Imp.)
Demosthenes
I\'-\'I
A. T. Murray.
:
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)
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Epictetus. W. a. Oldfather. 2 Vols. (Vol. I Srd Imp., Vol. II 2nd Imp.) Euripides. A. S. Way. 4 Vols. (Vols. I and II Tth Imp., Vols. Ill and IV 6th Imp.) Verse trans. EusEBius : Ecclesiastical History. Kirsopp Lake and J.E. L.Oulton. 2 Vols. (Voll Srd Imp., Volll 4^(k Imp.) Galen: On the Natural Faculties. A. J. Brock, {-it h Imp.) The Greek Anthology. W. R. Paton. 5 Vols. (Vols. I and II 5th Imp., ^ ol. Ill 4,th Imp., Vols. IV and V Srd Imp.) The Greek Bucolic Poets (Theocritus, Bion, Moschus). {7th Imp. revised.) J. M. Edmonds. Greek Elegy and Iambus with the Anacreontea. J. M. Edmonds. 2 Vols. (Vol. I Srd Imp., Vol. II 2nd Imp.) Greek Mathematical Works. Ivor Thomas. 2 Vols.
(2nd Imp.)
Herodes. Cy. Theophrastus Char\cters. Herodotus. A. D. Godley. 4 Vols. (Vols. I-III :
4ith
Imp.,
IV Srd Imp.) Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns. Vol.
H. G. Evelyn White. Imp. revised and enlarged.) Hippocrates and the Fragments of Heracleitus. W. H. S. Jones and E. T. Withington. 4 Vols. {Srd Imp.) Homer Iliad. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 7th Imp., {7th
:
Vol. II 6th Imp.)
Homer
Odyssey. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. {Sth Imp.) : IsAEUs. E. S. Forster. {3rd Imp.) IsocRATEs. George Norlin and LaRue Van Hook. 3 Vols. {2nd Imp.)
John Damascene Barlaam and Ioasaph. Woodward and Harold Mattingly. {Srd Imp.
ISt.
:
JosEPHus.
H.
Vols. I-VII.
St. J.
(Vol.
Rev. G. R, revised.)
Thackeray and Ralph Marcus. 9 Vols. V Srd Imp., Vols. I-I V, VI and VII 2nd
Imp. Julian. Wilmer Cave Wright. Imp., Vol. Ill 2nd Imp.)
3 Vols.
(Vols.
I
and
II
Srd
Daphnis and Chloe. Thornley's translation revised by J. M. Edmonds and Parthenius. S. Gaselee.
LoNGus
:
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{Uh Imp.) A. M. Harmon. 8 Vols. Vols. I-V. (Vols. I and Srd Imp., Vols. IV and V 2nd Imp.) Lycophron. C/. Callimachus.
LuciAN.
II 'ith Imp., Vol. Ill
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY J. M. Edmonds. 3 Vols. (Vol. I ^th Imp.^ Vols. II (recif>(d and enlarged) and III 3rd Imp.) Lysias. W. R. M. Lamb. (Srti Imp.) Maxetho. W. G. Waddell Ptolemy Tethabiblos. F. E.
Lyha Gbaeca.
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Robbins. (S/t/ Imp.) Mabcus Aubelius. C. R. Haines. {Ath Imp. revised,) Mekandeb. F. G. Allinson. (Srd Imp. revised.) MixoB Attic Obatobs. 2 Vols. K. J. Maidment and (Vol. I '2nd Imp.) J. O. Burtt. N0KK03 DioKYsiACA. W. H. D. Rouse. 3 Vols. {2nd Imp.) Colluthus, Tbyphiodobus. a. W. Mair. {^nd Imp.) Oppian, Papybi. Nok-Litebaby Selections. A. S. Hunt and C. C. {'2nd Imp.) Litebaby SELEcrroxs. Edgar. 2 Vols. D. L. Page. (3rd hnp.) (Poetry). :
Pabthesius. Cf. LOXGUS. Descbiptios of Gbeece. W. H. S. Jones. 5 Pausanias Vols, and Companion Vol. arranged by R. E. Wycherley. (Vols. I and III '3rd Imp., \ols. II. IV and V 2nd Imp.) Philo. 10 Vols. Vols. I-V. F. H. Colson and Rev. G. H. Whitaker; Vols. VI-IX. F. H. Colson. (Vols. I-III. V-IX 2nd Imp., Vol. IV 3rd Imp.) Two Supplementary \'ols. Translation only from an Armenian Text. Ralph Marcus. Philostbatus The Life of Apollokius of Tyana. F. C. Conybeare. 2 Vols. (\'ol. I Ath Imp., Vol. II 3rd Imp.) Descbiptions. Imagikes Callistbatus Philostbatus A. Fairbanks. {2nd Imp.) Lives of the Sophists. Philostbatus akd Eukapius Wilmer Cave Wright. {2nd Imp.) PiNDAB. Sir J. E. Sandys. {1th Imp. revised.) Plato I Euthyphbo, Apology, Cbito, Phaedo, Phaedbus. nth Imp.) H. N. Fowler. Plato II: Theaetetus akd Sophist. H. N. Fowler. {4th :
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Imp.)
Statesman, Philebus.
Plato III:
W.
H. N. Fowler;
Ion.
M. Lamb. {Ath Imp.) Plato IV: Laches, Pbotagobas, Meno, Euthydemus. (3rd Imp. revised.) \V. R. M. Lamb. W. R. M. Lamb. Lysis, Symposium, Gobgias. Plato V R.
'
:
{bth Imp. revised.)
Cbatylus, Pabmemdes, Gbeateb Hippias, VI Lesseb Hippias. H. N. Fowler, {-ith Imp.)
Plato
:
8
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Plato VII
Timaeus, Chitias, Clitopho, Menexenus, EpiRev. R. G. Bury. {Srd Imp.) Plato VIII: CHAnniDES, Alcibiades, Hippahchus, The Lovers, Theages, Minos and Epinomis. W. R. M. Lamb. (2nd Imp.) Plato Laws. Rev. R. G. Bury. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.) Plato Republic. Paul Shorey. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 5th Imp., Vol. II Ath Imp.) Plutabch MoRALiA. 14 Vols. Vols. I-V. F.C. Babbitt; Vol. VI. W. C. Helmbold Vol. X. H. N. Fowler. (Vols. I-VI, X 2nd Imp.) :
STULAE.
: :
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Plutahch
:
The Parallel
Lives.
B.
Perrin.
11
Vols.
VI, VII and XI 3rd Imp., Vols. III-V and VIII-X 2nd Imp.) PoLYBius. W. R. Paton. 6 Vols. {2nd Imp.) Pbocopius History of the Wars. H. B. Dewing. 7 Vols. (Vol. I Srd Imp., Vols. Il-Vll 2«rf Imp.) Ptolemy: Tetrabiblos. Cf. Manetho. QuixTus Smyrnaeus. a. S. Way. (Srd Imp.) Verse trans. Sextus Empiricus. Rev. R. G. Bury. 4 Vols. (Vol. I Srd Imp., Vols. II and III 2nd Imp.) Sophocles. F. Storr. 2 Vols. (Vol. I lOth Imp., Vol. II 6th Imp.) Verse trans. (Vols.
I, II,
:
Strabo Geography. Horace L. Jones. 8 Vols. (Vols. I, \^ and VIII Srd Imp., Vols. II-IV, VI and VII 2nd Imp.) Theophrastus Characters. J. M. Edmonds Herodes, etc. A. D. Knox. (Srd Imp.) Enquiry into Plants. Sir Arthur Hort. Theophrastus :
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{2nd Imp.) 2 Vols. Thucydides. C. F. Smith. 4 Vols. (Vol. I 5th Imp., Vols. II-IV Srd Imp.) Tryphiodobus. Cf. Oppian. Xenophon Cyropaedia. Walter Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 4-th Imp., Vol. II Srd Imp.) Xenophon Hellenica, Anabasis, Apology, and Symposium. C. L. Brownson and O. J. Todd. 3 Vols. (Vols. I and III Srd Imp., Vol. II Uh Imp.) Xenophon Memorabilia and Oeconomicus. E. C. Mar:
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chant.
{Srd Imp.)
Xenophon: Schipta Minora. E.
C. Marchant.
{For Volumes in Preparation
9
{Srd Imp.)
see next page.)
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY VOLUMES
IN PREPARATION
GREEK AUTHORS Aeliak Ox THE Nature of Animals. A. F. Scholfield. Aesop axd other F"abli.i-ts. B. E. Perry. Aristotle: History of Akimals. A. L. Peck. Callimachus Fragments. C A. Trypanis. Plotikus. a. H. Armstrong. :
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LATIN AUTHORS St. Augusttxe
Cicero
:
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Citt of God.
Pro Sestio,
Pro Gaelic, De Pho-
In X'atinium,
nxcns CoNsuLAHiBus, Pro Balbo.
J.
H. Freese and R.
Gardner,
Phaedhus and other Fabulists.
B. E. Perry.
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