Instant Grammar Lessons: Photocopiable Lessons for Intermediate Classes (Instant Lessons Series)

INSTAilT GRAIIIIAR LESS0ilS PHOTOCOPIABLE LESSONS FOR INTERMEDIATECLASSES Alan Battersbv

STRAIGHTTORWARD, EASY-TO-USE ]'IATERIAL TOR BUSY TTACHERS

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Instant Gra,mma,r Lessons Alan Battersby

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Teaching Publications Language ll{a ChurchRoad,Hove,BN3 2EB, England ISBN r 89939640 3 @ LTP 1996 Reprinted1997,1998,2000

Copyright This book is fully protected by copvright. All rights reserved.No part of this publicatíon may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owner.

Permissionto Photocopy All of the students'material in this book is intended for photocopying. Permissionis hereby given to photocopy all such pagesfor use by individual teachersin their classes.No private or ¡

institutional copying which could be construed as re-publication is allowed without the permissionof the copyright owner.

The Author Alan Batrersby is a reacher at the Studio School in Cambridge where one of his responsibilities has been building up a resourcebank of teaching materials.Many of the ideas in this book originated from these materials. He has taught English in Italy and is a past chair of the CambridgeEnglish LanguageTeachers'Association.He is an oral examinerfor the Cambridge examinationsand is activelyinvolved with the Materials DevelopmentAssociation(MATSDA). r{

Acknowledgements The author wishesto thank the Studio School,Cambridge,for permissionto publish materials originally developedfor the Studio School Teachers'ResourceFile. Cover design by Anna Macleod Printed in England by Commercial Colour PressPlc, London E7.

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Contents lfeachers'Notes Introduction Lesson by Lesson Notes

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Section

1

Lesson1

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Lesson3

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Lesson4

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Section I-esson8

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Lesson9

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Lesson10

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Activities

Linking Phrases1 1.1 Narrative- Joe'sTrip to york 1.2 Narrative- Anna'sTrip to London 1.3 Follow-up LinkingPhrases 2 2.1 Essay- A Good Book v. Television 2.2 Essay- A HolidayAbroador at Home? 2.3 Follow-up ImportantExpressions 3.1 InformalLetter1 3.2 Informal Lener 2 3 .3 F o l l o w -u p AddingGrammar1 4.1 DearJulia 4.2 Follow-up AddingGrammar2 5 .I D e a rS a l l y 5.2 Follow-up AddingGrammar3 6.1 DearRobinand Sarah 6.2 Follow-up Adding Grammar4 7.1 DearMrs Harlock 7.2 Follow-up

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Sequencing

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lV[atching

Activities

Adiective+ Preposition 8.1 Sentence Cards1 8.2 Sentence Cards2 8.3 Follow-up \trb + Preposition 9. I Senrence Cards1 9.2 Senrence Cards2 9.3 Follow-up Noun + Preposition 10.I Sentcnce CardsI 10.2Sentence Cards2 1 0 .3F o l l o w -u p Noun Collocarions 1 11.1 S entence Cards 1 11.2 S entence Cards2 1 1.3 Follow-up

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Lesson12

Noun Collocations2 12.1Sentence CardsL 12.2 Sentence Cards2 12.3Follow-up Conditionals- Type 1 13.1 Sentence Cards 13.2Follow-up Conditionals- Type 2 14.1Sentence Cards 14.2Follow-up Conditionals- Type 3 15.1Sentence Cards 15.2Follow-up Conditionals- Mixed 16.1Sentence Cards 16.2Follow-up

Lesson13

Lesson14

Lesson15

Lesson16

Section Lesson1.7

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Lesson18

Lesson19

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Lesson20

Lesson21

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Lesson23

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Rephrasing

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Activities

Modal Verbs 1 17.1 Sentence Cards1 '1,7.2SentenceCards 2 17.3 Sentence Cards3 17.4Follow-up Modal Verbs2 L8.LSentence Cards1 18.2Sentence Cards2 18.3Sentence Cards3 18.4Follow-up ReportedSpeech 19.1Sentence Cards1 19.2 Sentence Cards2 19.3Follow-up ReportingVerbs 20.1Sentence Cards1 20.2 Sentence Cards2 20.3 Follow-up Transformations1 Sentence 21.1 Sentence CardsL 21.2 Sentence Cards2 2l .3 Follow-up tansformations 2 Sentence 22.1.Sentence Cards1 22.2 SentenceCards 2 22.3 Follow-up SentenceTransformations3 23.L Sentence Cards1 23.2 Sentence Cards2 23.3 Follow-uo

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Section

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Cornpletion

Activities

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Sentence Completion1 24.1 Sentence Cards 24.2 Follow-up SentenceCompletion 2 25.1 Sentence Cards 25.2 Follow-up Gerundor Infinitive 26.1 Sentence Cards1 26.2 Sentence Cards2 26.3 Sentence Card 3 26.4 Follow-up ClauseCompletion 27.1 Sentence Cards1 27.2 Sentence Cards2 27.3 Follow-up

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Dictation

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Make and Do 28.1 DictationSentences 28.2 AnswerSheet 28.3 Follow-up Give and Take 29.1 Dicta¡ionSentences 29.2 AnswerSheet 29.3 Follow-up Have and Get 30.1 DictationSentences 30.2 AnswerSheet 30.3 Follow-up PrepositionalPhrases 31.1 DictationSentences 31.2AnswerSheet 31.3 Follow-up PhrasalVerbs 32.1 Dictation Texts 32.2 AnswerSheet 32.3Follow-up

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Introduction

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1. A BasicInstantLesson

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This book is called Instant Grammar Lessonsand it can be used in exactly that way. Here is a very simple, straightforward way to create immediate lessons:

l. Copy a page of the book (1 copy per student).

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2. Give out the pages.

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3. Let the studentscompletethe exercise.

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4. Correctthe work in class. 5. If you wish, copy and distributefor homeworkor extra practicethe follow-up exercisewhich is availablefor eachunit.

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That's it - an instant grammar lesson.But lnstant Grammar Lessonshas been designedto be usedmuch more imaginativelythan the above absolutelyinstant lesson.Each unit has been carefully designedto provide classroompracticewhich is: interactive spontaneous lively learner-centred Used in this wa¡ it will be much more effectivein helping learnersuse,practiseand, most importantl¡ retain the target language.To get these additional benefits, teachersneed to spend a short time preparingthe worksheetsand explaining to the classthe basicinteractive methodologywhich will ensurelearnersget m¿lximumbenefit from their classtirne. This is developedin Section4 of thesenotes.

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2. The Contents IT

lnstant Grammar Lessonscontains:

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32 units of photocopiableclassroommaterialsto activateessentialgrammar Follow-up grammar homework for each lessonto consolidate rarget structures Full teachers'instructionsand answerkey

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The lessonsare grouped into five sections:

Section1: SequencingActivities Learners work together to reconstruct narratives, compositions and letters, using link words and phrasesto help them. In some casesthey also have to make choices of tense and grammaticalisethe sentencesbefore they put them in order.

Section2: MatchingActivities Learners read out sentenceheads and tails to each other and try to reach agreementon possibleand probable matches. Learnerspractisecombining words into word partnerships and clausesinto sentences.

Section3: RephrasingActivities Learners reformulate sentencesusing important grammar patterns such as modal and reporting verbs.

Section4: CompletionActivities Learners use both real-world knowledge and structural awarenessto complete sentences logically and grammatically. Acceptabilityof the completedsentences is negotiatedwithin the gr o up .

Section5: DictationActivities Learners listen to the teacher or a partner reading out sentenceswhich contain important word partnerships.They note down important partnerships.Areas coveredinclude common verbs such as do, haue, and take, phrasalverbs and prepositionalphrases.

3. A BroaderViewof Grammar Instant Grammar Lessonscovers all the essentialareas of grammar at an intermediate and post-intermediatelevel. This makes it the ideal supplement to a Cambridge First Certificate or similar course. Target structures include: past & present tenses future forms modal verbs con d iti onals reported speech th e p a ssive But not all the grammar an intermediate learner needsis about sentenceformation. \Word grammar,the ability to build natural phrasesand expressionsfrom known words, is also extremely important. So too is discoursegrammar, an awarenessof how sentencesare linked together into paragraphs and whole texts. \ülord and discoursegrammar focused on in Instant Grammar Lessonsinclude: : word partnerships or collocations: balanced diet, fatal accident common verbs used in many word partnerships: have and get, give and take contextualizedphrasal verbs: look forward to (an event),get over (a bad experience) reporting verbs and their grammar: agree that, d,oubt uhether, ask about prepositionalphrases: at first, in particular,on purpose sequencingand linking expressions: after a while, a few weeks before, on the whole

4. An lnteractiveLesson

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The materials in Instant Grammar Lessonsare designedto be used in class so that the grammar practiceis basedon livel¡ spontaneous,oral activities.In every case,this is then consolidated by extra written practice with new examples of the same grammar point. This extra practice providesinstant homework. It also ensuresthat learnershave a permanent record and clear idea of what they have learnedin each lesson.

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1. Make copiesof the photocopiablepageswith the target language.Most of these pagesare designedto be cut up into strips, cards etc. 2. Preparea suitablenumber of strips or cards for your class. 3. Put learnersinto small groups of 2-5 learners;sometimesthe number of groups (for exarnplean even number of groups) is important. The LessonNotes give detailed suggestions. 4. Explain that, in most cases,the learnersare given strips or cards which contain part of something-part of a letter,a sentence,and so on. Their task is to reconstruct, match or completea whole, using the languageon their strip or card and their knowledgeof grarnmar. 5. In most cases,individual learnersread out what is on their card and others respond Thesesuggestionsare basedon spont¿lneously orally by contributing suggestions. either their own card, or suggestionsfor appropriatelanguagebasedon their knowledge of grammar.The most important part of the practiceis the processof suggesting,guessing,and revisingthe suggestionsto take account of other suggestions. guesses(right and wrong), and revisionsof the suggestionsare Thesesuggestions, more valuableto the learnersthan the more obvious target of "getting the right answer". The teachermonitors the activit¡ without helping or correctingat this stage. 6. Learnersagreeon a "best suggestion"--the most likely order, the best completionsor whatever. These are reviewed as a whole class activity. 7. The teachergivesfeedbackand any extra information. 8. The follow-up worksheetcan be copied and distributed,one per student,,as written consolidation,a permanentrecord, or homework.

5. PracticalTips Workingin Groups Instant Grammar Lessonsworks best with learnerswho are used to working independently in groups. If yclur classis not used to working in this way, start by doing one of the activities '$lhen with a small group yourself in front of the rest of the class. they have got the idea, let them all try the sameactivity themselves. The more people there are in each group the more discussionthere will be. Three to five people per group is ideal. More than five in a group may make reaching a consensusdifficult.

Timing

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This dependson the ability and levelof the students.Settingup the activity,the activity itself and any follow-up shouldtake about 30-45 mins.The activity will be most effectiveif it is interactiveand lively- so try to maintaina briskpace. spontaneous,

Correction The Instant Lessonsactivities are designedto be learner-corrected. Some teachersmay want to intervenein group work if learnersare going badly astra¡ but, as a rule, correction and

reformulation of errors is best done as feedback after the activity. Put some of the incorrect languageyou heard when you were monitoring on the board. Can anyoneremembersaying it? Can they seewhat is wrong with it now? Can anyone else?

Revision Someof the activitiescan be used more than once so learnersgain confidenceand a real degreeof fluency with the grammar being practised. You may like to repeat an activity later in a course to give learners a chance to recycle the languagethey have had difficulty with. An activity repeated like this may only take a few minutes.

Variations TherearedetailedLessonby Lessonnoteswhichincludesuggestions for alternative proceduresand follow-up work.

Copies If you can photocopy the materialsonto card and laminate the cards or strips,this will significantly prolong the life of the materials.

Re-using strips When you collect the jumbled texts, give each group a paper clip to put round their set of strips so that you can use the strips again.

Lessonby LessonNotes

The basicidea of the interactivemethodologyis ro meke the practicesmore lively and involving by encouraging students to listen and respond .poni"n.ourly. Explain clearly that studentsshould nor "cheat" by putting strips or.".d, on the table and simply doing the -expl"in activity as if it was a written exercise. that if the activitiesare basedon listeningand responding, they will be more fun and more effectiv. i" r'r.ipirg^rr,r¿.r,t, really remember the grammar.

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Lesson 1 This lessonneedsan evennumberof smalrgroups of 2/5 peopre- 3 or 4 in eachgroup is probablybest'The groupsmay haveclifferentnumbers in-thü. Half the groupswork on 1.1, the otherson 1'2. The task is to put the texts.bact. rog.ri., b;-iir,.rrl.rg,particularlyfor linking words suchas arthoughir despite.Te[ them r"h",;i. il; numberedI is the beginningof the text. Eachmemberof eachgroup has 2/3 strips.Members read their stripsaloud one by one to the rest of dreir own group' As all the membersof the group rg..., itt.y put their stripson the tablein the correctorder.Seta time limit - p.rh"pr-s for this part ofthelesson. Checkthat groupshavereconstructed -rnur".tyou may wanr to highlight the text correctly. the words, and perhapsoffer extra explanarronor examples. lj:.kitg \whenall groupshavethe correcttext in front of rh.-, to wrire the linking words on a pieceof paperin the right order.Ask them ".tÉu;;;.". to turn over the stripsand as a group try to rememberthe original text - usingthe linking words to h.tp them. Iinec.rr"'.¡ Jh", .". turn overoneor morestrips. collect in the jumbledtexts.Make new groups,so that eachgroup containsone or two peoplewho workedon eachtext. Let them surnmarise their t.*t fo. thosewho workedon the other text. The follow-up, for usein classor as homework,provides extra practiceof the linking words and a gappedtexr similar to the onesin the activity. In a laterlesson,studentscan maketheir own lists of linking wordsand write a similarsrory or essay. Lesson 2 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson1.

Lesson3 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson1. Lesson 4 cop¡ cut up and distribute to groups of 2/5 students rhe strips on 4.1. The groups may have one or more different strips each. Explain that the task of tt.r. g.oup is ro reconsrrucra complete letter. The strip numbered 1 is the start of the text. First the group must completethe sentenceon each strip by finding the missingg¡ammar usually the verb form, but also prepositionsand ,,words. oth., i-ptrt"rrr-;;gr.--"tical Group members co-operate to get each sentencecorrect. The suggestionsand char-rges made thro.ugh this co-operatio.nare i-po.t"nt part of the actiuity. ""., Students read out the full sentences' and as a class,reconstruá the whole letter by paying particular attention to links such as despite, This means etc. Ask the classto read the whole compleied letter aloud. As an alternative, the group could appoint a secrerarywho writes d.wn the whole letter as tt" gror; dictaíe it,iip_[r_*f.

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Add comments, highlight important language,or make important corrections, then give out the follow-up sheet. In a later lessonyou could provide two other model letterswhich one student in a pair rewrites - cutting out all grammaticalwords such as articles,prepositions,and linking words, and changing all verbs to their base form. This is then exchangedand the partner then rries to restore the original. The texts you prepare will be most useful if they are similar to rhe type of text which students may have to write in an exam.

Lesson5 Follow the sameorocedureas Lesson4.

Lesson6 Follow the same procedure as Lesson4.

Lesson7 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson4.

Lesson 8 Copypage8.1.Cut thecopyin half,andtheninto strips,sorharyouhave10 beginníngs, and 10 endines. Divide the class into groups - 4 in each group is ideal, but 2, 3, or 5 works well too. Explain that they have to match the beginningsand endingsof 10 sentences. Make two sub-groupsrn each group; the subgroupswill have 1, 3, or ideally 2 students.Distribute the cards,so that the ten beginningsare sharedbetweenthe membersof one subgroup,and the endingsare sharedby the membersof the other subgroup. Studentswith beginnings read them out for the others to supply the endings. $7hen a match is made, the pair is put on the table. Go round and check.The activity can be competitive, group againstgroup, or againstthe clock. Collect the endings.Ask studentswith beginningsto read them out again.The others provide either the original endings or their own new ones. Repeat with the cards from 8.2. Draw students' attention to the important adjective + preposition combinations such as interestedin, worried about. Use the follow-up sheet,either in classor as homework. As a follow-up in a later lesson,you could use all 40 cards at the sametime.

Lesson 9 Follow the same procedure as Lesson 8, but the important languageis verb + preposition rvord partnerships such approue of, belieuela. Remind students how important it is to ^s learn words togetherwith the words with which they usually occur - this helpsthem to avoid m istake s.

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Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson8, but with noun + prepositionword partnerships such as differencebetween,connectionwith. Emphasisethe importanceof word partnershipswhen learningvocabulary.

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Follorr'the sameprocedureas Lesson8, but with the languagefocus on important adjective+ noun and verb + noun partnerships- a serious illness, to realisean ambition.

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Lesson12 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson8. The languagefocus is similar to Lesson11.

Lesson13 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson8. The languagefocus is Conditional Sentences, but not just examplesllke lf he comes,I'll ask him. Also included are natural examples with modal verbs in one of the clauses. In this lessonwhen you take back half the sentencesfor extra practice (seeLesson 8), you can ask students to use either the beginnings or the endings.

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Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson8. The languagefocus is similar to Lesson 13, but with Type 2 Conditionals, including examples with different modal verbs in one clause.

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Follow the same procedr.rreas Lesson 8. The language focus is Type 3 Conditionals, with some examples with different modal verbs in one clause.

Lesson16 Follow the same procedure as Lesson 8. The languagefocus is on different natural examples of conditional sentences. including a wider range than the traditional iirst, secondand third conditional presentedin many grammar books.

Lesson17 Prepare anddistributestripsin theusualway.Explainto students that theymustrephrase the sentenceon the strip using the word or words on the right printed in bold type. You may like to demonstrate one or two examples on the board. This exercisetype will be familiar to many studentsbecauseit is used in many examinations. In turn, studentsread out their sentences. The others call out suggestionsfor paraphrases. Intervene only if they cannot agree.Remember the importance of students responding quickly and spontaneousl¡ rather than pausing,thinking, revisingetc. IJse one, two or all three pagesin one lessondepending on the class and the time available. lfhen the class has completed all 30 examples in one or more lessons,give out the follow-up sheetfor classor homework use.

Lesson18 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson17. It also has a similar languagefocus.

Lesson19 Followthe sameprocedure asLesson17.Thelanguage focusis ReportedSpeech, but students are given the basic reporting construction verbs:said, told, asked erc. Rememberthe importanceof spontaneousreactionto ¿1sentencethe studentshear.This is a different kind of practice - and much more useful - than simply doing the same page as a written exercise.

Lesson 20 Followthesameprocedure asLesson17.Whenwe report,we moreoftenreportwholeevents than actualwords: Yes,that's fine. I'm quite bappy with that. > He agreedto what we suggested.

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The languagefocus is the grammar of the verbs used to report eventsin this way. Both the verb and the word that follows it are important:

agreedto admitted that apologisedfor Lesson 21 It is important to havean evennumberof groupsas the practiceis self-checking. One group hasthe cardsfrom 21,.1,, for example: We'uebeenliuing in Liuerpoolfor nuo years.>'We moued. . . . The othergroup hasthe cardsfrom2L.2, for example: Wemouedto Liuerpooltwo yearsago.> We'ue. . . . First a studentreadsa card to his/hergroup who rephrasein the usualway. After they have done all 20 sentences, swap card setsbetweengroupsand do the samesentences in reverse, thus reinforcingthe structures. The variedstructurespractisedin this lessonare thosewhich often occur in the Cambridge First Certificateor similar exams,so the materialis particularlyusefulas alternative,lively classrevisionof structureswith which studentsare alreadvfamiliar.

Lesson22 Follow the same procedure as Lesson 21.

Lesson23 Followthe sameprocedure asLesson21. Lesson24 Copy and distribute the cards. Explain that the studentsmust complete the sentencethey hear using the correct form of go to the cinema, for example: baue gone to the cinema going to the cinema. Remember the importance of the livel¡ spontaneoususe of the cut-up pages,which provide a different kind of practice from the same material used as a simple one-pagewritten exercise.

Lesson 25 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson24.

Lesson 26 Studentsprovide their own completion,using a gerund or infinitive. Give a couple of examples,then encouragethem to shout out severaldifferent possible responsesas each student reads a strip aloud, either to a group or the whole class depending on the size of your class. You can use one, two or three pagesin one lesson.Use the follow-up sheetafter the class have completedall 30 examplesin class.

Lesson 27 Studentstry to find two possiblecompletions, using the suggestedwords. Encourage several different suggestions,using the words printed in bold on the right, or if they prefer, their own original ideas. Use either 1 or 2 pagesin a particular lesson,then use the follow-up sheet after the class have completed all 20 sentencesin class.

Lesson28 Give each student a copy of the answer sheet.Explain that this is a different kind of dictation lesson:they do not write down everything you say - only examples of phrases with make and do. Remind students how important these verbs are in Enelish. It is best to learn them in

multi-wordphrases: I uas afraid of makinga mistake. I don't like doing notbing. Read each sentenceat natural speed.Pauseto give students time to completetheir sheets.You may prefer them to work in pairs. Read the sentencesagain' without pausing.Allow studentsto check their answersin small groups. Draw a large grid on the board, and ask studentsto come up in turns to completethe grid. rJ7itha good class,or in a later lessonas revisionyou could put studentsinto pairs - give sentences1-10 to one student, and 11-20 to the other. Let studentsdictate to each other and completethe grid.

Lesson29 Followthesameprocedure asLesson28. The language focusis Phrases usinggiueandtake. Lesson30 Follow the procedurefor Lesson28. The languagefocus is Phrasesrsinghat,e and get.

Lesson31 Followtheprocedure for Lesson28. Thelanguage focusis varioususefulPrepositional Phrases.Notice how the exercisedirectsstudents'attention to phrasesr¿rtherthan individual w or d s.

Lesson 32 Givestudents or pairs- a copyof theanswersheet, - individuals 32,2.Askstudents if they can guessthe story in advanceby looking at the phrasal verbs on the grid. Then, read the story once at normal speed,with studentsjust listening.Read it again, more slowly but with natural rh1'thm.Pauseso that they can write each phrasal verb oppositeits meaning.Use the second part in a similar way. You may like to read both parts one last time before checking answersand giving out the follow-up sheet.

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Se q u e n c i ng A c ti v i ti es

All the lessonsin this sectioninvolve the learnersin putting jumbled texts - stories, compositions,and letters- back into the right order. In lessons1 - 3 this is done by paying particular attention to the sequenceand discoursemarkers which are highlightedin the texts. In lessons4 - 7 thejumbled sentencesalso need to be grammaticalised- made fully grammatical- by putting verbs into the correct tenseand by adding the missing articles,prepositionr, "ná coniunctions.

Lessons1-32 Lessons4-7:

Linking words ano pnrases Use of articles.preposrtrons,ano conluncttons ll

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1.1

Narrative- Joe'sTripto York

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In groups,try to put the story back into the correctorder.Read the sentencesaloud untilall agree on the correclorder.Pay particularattentionto the words at the beginningof the sentences.

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This story all beganone weekendwhen Joe visited York. He had passedhis driving test only a few weeks before and had just boughta second-handFord. But, after a while, he managedto find a spacein a side streetjust outside the centre.

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In spite of his nervousnessabout driving, he was determinedto go on a long trip.

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After searchingthe next two streetshe found the car and, of course, felt very relieved but rather foolish.

In fact, everything went much better than he had expected,and a few hours later he was approaching the outskirts of York.

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Next, he set off to look round the cathedral and all the other historic buildings.

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To beginwith, he thoughtit had been stolen and immediatelyset off to call the policebut then he noticed that the adjoining streetslooked very similar. Even though it was late September,York was packed with tourists and, as a result, all the central car parks were full.

Finall¡ when Joe had got tired of sightseeing,he returned to where he had left his car. To his surprise,it was nowhere to be seen.

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Fortunatel¡ the traffic was not too heavy and and, even better, the weather was perfect. Soon he was nearing the city centre.

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L i n ki n g P hras es 1 Narrative - Anna'sTripto London

Try to put the story back into the correctorder.Read the sentencesaloud untilall agreeon the correctorder.The words at the beginningof the sentenceswill help you connectthe sentencesto each other.

This story all beganwhen Anna visitedLondon. Shehad only arrived 1

in Nottingham a few weeks previouslyand her English still wasn't very fluent.

Although it was late November,London was packed with tourists and consequentl¡ there was a long queueat the taxi rank. At first, she thought she might have missedthe last train and set off at once to find the information office, but then she noticed the station architecture was different.

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Then she set off to do some sightseeing.

Despiteher poor English,shewas determinedto go on a day rrip to London by traln.

Anna decided to take the Underground and some time later she was standing by the river on the Embankment.

Eventuall¡ when Anna had got tired of looking at historic buildings, she made her way back to the station. Much to her surprise,she couldn't see any trains going back to Nottingham.

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Actuall¡ it all went much better than she had expected, and after an hour or so the train was approachingthe outskirts of London. It was King's Cross station, not St. Pancras. Shehad taken the wrong exit out of the Underground. After she had searchedthe subwa¡ she found St. Pancrasand naturally felt very relieved but rather silly.

Luckil¡ her train arrived at St. Pancrasstation exactly on time, and better 10 still, it wasn't raining. It wasn't long before she was looking for a raxi into the centre.

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Follow-up

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Exercise1 Match eachlinking phrasewith another of similar meaning in the same set:

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4. a coupleof hourslaterd. although --¡(

5. fortunately

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Now completethe following story using the linking phrasesabove: This story all beganwhen John startedhis new office iob. He had only left school l. ........................ and wasstillveryunsureof himself.But,2. .....his inexperience, he was anxiousto makea success of his new ¡ob.

,l

3. ...........'....

everything went muchbetter than he had expectedand 4.

he was gaining confidence. 5. 6. ...............

, his colleagueswere all very helpful and,

the pay was ex c e lle n ft o r a s c h o o l-le a v e r.7 . , . . . . . . . . , .

he was being

g ive n someresponsihiliry.

one morninghis bossaskedhim ro do somephotocopying and sendoff a few faxes. 8. ........................ it was only 7.4Sam, the photocopying roomwasverybusyand 9. ........'............... therewasa longqueuefor the copier.10.............. of waiting,so he decidedhe shouldsendoff the faxesand 11.

Johngot tired .....do the copying.

12. .............

I ft

whenJohn had sentoff all the faxes,he returnedto the copierroom and startedcopying.To his surprise,the copierstoppedworking. 13. ............. he thought the machinehad brokendown and he 14. wasn'taround. 15. .............

.. setoff to find the technicianbut she

throughthe copiermanualhe locatedthe problem- it had run out of paper.John 16. ............. felt very relievedbut ratherfoolish.

ü rt

á

2.1

Essay- A GoodBookv. Television

= 1l

L in ki n g P hras es 2

In groups, try to put the essay back into the correct order. Read the senlences aloud until all agree on the correct order. Pay particularaüentionto the words at the beginningof the sentences.

<

On the whole, most people watch at least some television- the news and current affairs programmes,for example,or films and educational documentaries.

-¡-l

I

< -l

2

A further disadvantageis the fact that it might be difficult to get to a

well-stocked public library.

I

¿

But, unfortunatel¡ many regular viewers learn very little from TV except for the latestgoings-onin the soaps.

t¡

I

¡ ¡{ -

Finall¡ to gain the maximum benefit from books and television,be a little more curious and enjoy exploring new worlds of knowledge.

.{ -t

<

Books, however, can work out rather more expensive.Also, once you have bought a book you do not like. you cannot turn it off, as you can with a TV.

< I

Taking everythinginto consideration,therefore,televisionand books both have their good and bad points, and as I seeit, it is up to the individual to use each to the best advantage.Both, I think, can be positive exDeriences.

= J -l

= ¡

Although a TV licencemay soundexpensiveat over f,80, that is actually lessthan {1.50 a week.

= = <

Yet, despitethesedisadvantages, it is possibleto get real enjoymentfrom a book.

¡

< For thesepeople,of course,relaxation is a major attraction of TV, and another point in favour is its convenienceand economy.

=

e e 2 I 4

10

\ü/hat could be more pleasantthan a quiet evening in with a well-written novel or travel book?

rr.J

2.2

Essay- A HolidayAbroador at Home

AI

I rJ

L i n ki n g P hras es 2

In groups,try to put the essay back into the correctorder.Readthe sentencesaloud untilall agree on the correctorder.Pay particularattent¡onto the words at the beginningof the sentences.

Generallyspeaking,the majority of people in Britain go on pacKage holidays abroad to destinationslike the Algarve, rhe Costadel Sol or the BalearicIslands.,for instance. I

Pfo Dt--'

A holiday in Britain, on the other hand, can work out much more expensive. And, in addition, the weather can be atrociouswith all four seasonsin one day.

'What could be more lovelythan the Devoncoasrlinein spring?

Thr cb. r¡ste

For thesetourists, the hot sunny weather is obviously a major attraction and a further advantageis the cost.

h rd

In conclusion,to gain the maximum benefit from any holida¡ be a little more adventurousand enjoy meeting the unexpected.

hr¡ DOI

But sadl¡ most packageholidaymakersseevery little of the countries they visit apart from the beach,hotel and airport. hd Lert

7

In spite of these disadvantages, the languageis no problemand some parts of Britain are genuinelybeautiful.

In fact, a holiday in Portugalcan be fairly cheap,eventhough it is over L,500kilometresaway.

Another drawback is that public transport in the UK is often inadequate and pricey.

10

a-r-.:

t

All things considered,holidays abroad and in Britain both have their advantagesand disadvantages,but personallyspeaking,it is up to the individual to make the most of a holida¡ and I believeany holiday can be a positive experience,whatever the destination.

f =

2. 3

L i n ki n g Phras es 2

Follow-up

=

< -¡ < -¡ r
<

Exercise1 Match up theselinkingwordsand phraseswith similar meanings: tt

1 -r = = = = = = = = =

:z

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

on the whole for example unforrunately exceptfor of course anotherpoint in its favour although actually

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

sadly obviously a further advantage generallyspeaking even though apart from in fact for instance

however a lso a further disadvantage despite taking everythinginto consideration as I seeit I th in k to conclude

i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p.

another drawback all things considered in spite of in conclusion I believe on the other hand speakingpersonally in addition

= = = =

=a a

z I ¡ ¡ ¡

z t

a z a at

Exercise2 Now complete the following essayusing the linking words and phrases above: which is preferabre - rivingin a city or the countryside? 1' """"....... peoplein Britain tend to live in large cities like Sheffield,Manchesrer, L e e d so r L ive rpool, 2. ....,.......... 3. ............... t h e c u lt u ra l a n d le is u ref a c i l i t i e s of a city are a major attraction and 4. ..... is the cheap, regular public transport. Em p lo ym e n topportunitiescan 5. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. e. . b e t t e rin a c í t y 6. . . . . .t he r e are often economicproblems. 7. .............,city dwellersspendmost of their lives in a polluted envlronment, 8 .......... the occasionalholiday in the countryside.9. the cost of living in the countryside can work out to be much more expensive. 1 0. ............. housepricesmay b e h ig h e r. 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is t h e f a c t t h a t p u b l i c transport is infrequentand pricey. But 12. ..... thesedisadvantages, the environr¡ent is cleaner and there is lesscrime. rühat could be better for young children than gro\\'rngup in a peacefulvillage? 13. ............. , the city and the counrrysideboth have their advantagesand disadvantages but 14. ..... it is the individual,sresponsibility to make the most of any situation. 15. ............. eirher the city or the countryside. 76

it is possibleto lead a fulfilling life in

..... , te gain the maximum benefit from the rural or urban way of life, always look for the positive aspecrs.

3.1

i \¡

lmportant Expressions : lnformalLetter1

I

In groups,try to put this letterback into the correctorder.Read the senlencesaloud untilall agree on the correctorder.Pay particularattentionto the words at the beginningof the sentences.

-i

I'

DearJoe, I'd like to thank you for your lovelyletter. It was iust wonderfulto hear all your news.I'm very sorry about not writing soonerbut I've beena bit busvlatelv.

2

Naturall¡ I acceptedand I'm starting in a fortnight's time.

'$lrite

4

soon. Lots of love. Anna.

Visiting the city was a great experienceeven though it was raining hard.

Incidentall¡ before I start, I'm consideringdoing a bit of travelling around the country. So I might seeyou.

:1 d t

In fact, there wasn't really enough time to look at it all properly but all being well, I'll pay a return visit.

Great news! I've been given a full-time job, believeit or not.

.!

I'd like to tell you what I've been doing. Last weekendI was in London and I was fascinatedbv the National Gallery.

9

Do tell me if you'll be freethe weekendafter next. It's been such a long time sincewe had a good chat and I'm looking forward to it.

10

Do you remember the family in Nottingham I was an au-pair with? \íell, surprise,surprise,their next-door neighbourscontactedme and offered me the post of cook-housekeeper.

1

.J

t ¡a á

3.2

InformalLetter2

< 4 -

lmportant Expressions

|ngroupS,trytoputthiS|etterbackintolhecorrectoroér.neaotnu particular attention to thewordsat the beginning of the sentences.

Dear Anna,

<

t

< I-

Thank you s: much for your lovely letter. It was really greatto get all your news' I shouldapologisefor not writing earlierbui life haJbeen ratherhecticrecently.

{

2

seeingthe city was a wonderfulexperience despirethe heavyrain.

3

I'd like to know if you're free the weekendafter next. It's been agessince we had a good chat and I'm looking forward to it.

4

Actuall¡ I didn't have time to look round it properly but hopefully I,ll be atrle to pay a return visit.

5

Write soon. All my love,Joe.

< -l

= 1 ¡ = rl

r., -r =

= ¡

< -l

rro

^-

Let me tell you what I've been doing. The other weekendI was in

canrerburyand I was reallyinceresred in the cathedral.

-.-l

¡

¡

7

I accepted,of course,and I start in two weeks' time.

g

I've got some fantasticnews. You're not going to believethis but I've gor a p e r manentj ob.

g

By rhe,wa¡ before starting work, I'm thinking of doing some rravelling around Britain so perhapsI'll seeyou.

10

You remember Apex Software, the firm I had a temporary job with for six months? llell, quire unexpectedl¡ they got in touch witÁ me and offeredme a job right out of the blue.

¡

: ¡ ¡ ¡

z !r :t

I

I

F!

3_3

;

Io*{

Follow-up

Exercise1 Match up theseletter-writing phraseswith similar meanings:

I

¡::

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Th -: -

usc

hr mrl

J

I'd like to thank you for It wasjust wonderful I'm very sorryabout a bit busy I'd like to tell you lastweekend I was quite fascinatedby in fact

9. all beingwell 10. evenif 11. Greatnews! 12. Believeit or not L3. surprise,surprise 14. incidentally L5. I'm considering doing 16. it's beensucha longtime

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

I should apologise for the other weekend actually Thank you so much for I was really interestedin Let me tell you rather hectic It was really great

You're not going to believe this but by the way it's been ages even though . I ' m t h in k in g o f d o in g right out of the blue

hopefully I've got somefantasticnews.

Exercise2

rDol

II

I hd l.q

lmportant Expressions

Now complete this letter using the letter-writing words and phrasesabove:

Dear Rosie,, 1. ........................ for your lovelylong letter.2. ........................ ro catchup with all your news. 3. ........................ not writing any soonerbut it's been4. ... duringthe lastfew weeks. 5. ........................ what I've beendoing recently. 6. ............ I was in Lincoln and 7. ........................ the ancienrcastle. 8. ... I didn't have quite enoughtin.re to seeeverythingbut 9. ......,................. ,l'11 have the chanceto pay a return visit before long. It was a great experiencevisiting the city 10. ........................ the weather was absolutely dreadful.

- rl¡

11. ........................1! 12. ... I've got a permanentjob at last. I don't know if you rememberthe travel company that I worked for as a temporary tour guide last year? Well, 13. '.'.....'.'.... they got in touch with me and offered me a job. I accepted,of course,and I'm due to start in a monrh. 14. ............... beforeI srartwork, 15. ........................ visiting a few old friends around the country. So, could you tell me if you're free the weekend after next? 16. ........................ since we both had a good gossip and I'm looking forward ro it. 'Write soon. Very best wishes. Pat

t =

4.1

Completethe sentenceswith the verbsgivenand add preposit¡ons, articlesand conjunctionswherenecessary.Then put the letterback ¡ntothe correctorder.Pay specialattent¡onto the phraseswh¡chlink one sentencewilh the next.

=

Dea rJ u l i a , I . . . .. . . . . . . . p o s t po n e .... a p p o in tm e n t Monday Sth. (write)

<

<

F F F F F F F F F

for a drive Y ou s e e , . . . . T u e s d a y l c ou n t r y s i d e s o u t h . . . . Dublin.(go)

It... a p a rt....a

. . . n o t inj u r e d obviously. . . awful shock, ....lu ckilyl. few scratches.However, . . . .ca r ....b a d ly damaged.(be)

great time looking round Despite . . . . accident,I h a v e . . . . Du b l i n and v i s i ti ng. . . . museumsand art galleries.(have)

F F

I. .. ... .. .... Mond a y ls t a n d lwa s e x p e c t in g Liverpool . . . . Friday 5th. (arrive)

F F Fa

F F

I . . . .. . . . y o u w h e n l . .. . b a ck Bestwishes,Jack.(phone,be)

Fr

F

As you can see

F Fr

F trl

Th i s means [...

F

And w h i l e I . . . . . . . . (admire)

F F

Fr trr

1

DearJulia

=

F

Ad d i n g Grammar

10

the stamp,I

return

Liverpool.

still

. . . . t h e r e p a ir s

Ireland.(be)

. ( s t a ¡ c o m p l e te )

scenery,the car suddenlyran

q,h T':r':::'::'1r":'+3:;;-

the road.

a c c o r d in g . . . . plan, and now I . . . t h e e a r lie s t .(go, return)

4.2

Ad d in g G rammar Follow-up

1

Complete the following letter. Someof the spacesneed small words like prepositionsor conjunctions.Here is a list of the verbs you will need. Some are neededmore than once. You will also have to decidewhich tenseto use. be going to enfoy reach expect give

order be go can run over

t

Ad d in g G rammar

2

=

5.1

F EI

Completethe sentenceswith the verbsgiven and add prepositions,art¡clesand coniunctionswhere necessary.Then put the letterback into the correctorder.Pay specialattentionto the phraseswhich link one sentencewith another.

DearSally

a

Dear Sall¡ Sheffieldlast weekend I . . .. . . . . J o a n \ ü / o od . Hotel. (meet,have) dr i n k . . . . . . . . M i d l a n d

F

F E

we

a

year before. . . . . . . . to college, Ifyou . . . o f . . . ....fo r ... perhapsI can help you. (think, work, go)

Ikn ow .. . di ffi c ul ti t. . . (be) nowadays.

4

Ifyou

find work

boss

she knows o f ... B ir m in g h a m a r e a (. m in d )

. . . , I c o u l d a sk

va canc i es ....

s c h o o l- le a v e r s

She . . school and at the moment you . you . unemployed.(sa¡ leave,be)

An d Iw oul dn'tw ant. . . .

. . . . y o u r p o s it io n . ( b e )

Bu t . .

the future yet? (made)

. . . . p l an s

\7rite soon and tell me . . . . yo u . . Love, Auntie May. (decide)

.thatI

to do.

ju st..

b e h e lpful .

I

So Ihopey ou.. (understand,try)

10

Af te r a l l . . . . h a r d work . . . . your final exams,I expectyou want . . . a b r e a k . . . . work and study.(take)

5.2

Ad d in g G rammar 2 Follow-up

Completethe following letter.Someof the spacesneed grammatical words like prepositionsor conjunctions. Here is a list of the verbs you will need.You will alsohaveto decidewhich tenseto use. send happen need get

know find would see

work try interfere leave

fax think have

{ { I

Ad d i n g G rammar

6.1

DearRobinand Sarah

< =

Completethe sentenceswith the verbs given and add prepositions,articlesand conjunct¡ons where necessary.Then put the letterback into the correctorder.Pav specialattentionto the phraseswhich link one sentencewith another.

< -r =

3

Dear Robin and Sarah.

1'S le . . . . . . . . h o l i d ay. . .. Br ig h to nye t a g a in ., . . . th e we a t her hereis much hotter . . . . it usually. . . . for August.(be)

-< <

I wish we . . somewherelike this all . . . . time. haven't. . . . the money. (live, get)

< -l

we

=l =

It . . . view. (be)

=

. . the top floor and we have a large balcony . . . .

. . . . sea

= I

E¡

But finally we decided . . renting this lovely apartment,only five m in u t e s . . . . f o o t . . the town centre.

=

:l

:e

'We . .

=l

bef o r e

August 31st, but we would love to seeyou .home... possible.(come,be) if it....

= =

'We

in Holland. (get,be)

. . here three days ago while you

= = :¡

7

meet. Love, Carol and Mark. (arrange)

:¡ = :¡

When we last . . .you, we told you we . . . . (see,think) g o ing....

:¡

of

:¡ =¡

=1

9

We have been

care to protect

skin . .

the sun. (take)

a :l 2

a

10 At

time, we

feel

another holiday . . . : . . : . south coast.

6.2

'l

Adding

Grammar 3

Follow-up

-l

J l

:f

Completethe following letter.Someof the spacesneed grammaticalwords like prepositionsor coniunctions. Here is a list of the verbs you will need.You will alsohaveto decidewhich tenseto use, afford be offer

start get have

meet think arrive

Th. Dear Steveand Linda, 'We are. . . . holiday . . .. Madrid yet again,but. . . . weatheris much co l d e r.... us ual ....J ul y .

I n f a c t , we . .

o f b u y in g s o m e t hi ck pullovers . . . . keep warm! June was very hot, but just . . . . we losl

it...

'- .l

'When we last ;

toc hange. we said we were thinking . . . . trying somewhere

different . . . . summer.As . . . . matter. . . . fact, we were thinking . . . . S pai nhad. . . . a bi t m o r e e x p e n s iv e . . . d a y s .

,j l¡ o

But then a rich friend . . . . David's . . .

us his apartment right

. . . . the centre. . . . Madrid . . . . a very low rent. It's . . . . the fourth floor and we . . . . a wonderful view of . . . . Prado. If only we had . . . . money. . . . live somewhere. . . . this permanently!But you . . . . have to be a millionaire to

. . the rent!

. . give you . . . . ring . . . . moment we get home and tell you ....a b outourhol i day . Be stwi s hes , rl

J J,

Jan and Kevin

: ;

'

' -'

J r.-

I

Ad d i n g G rammar 4

7.1

DearMrs Harlock

-l I

-l

= r<

<

F¡ = =

F I F¡ I =

Completethe sentenceswith the verbsgivenand add prepositions, articlesand conjunctionswherenecessary.Then put the letterback into the correctorder.Pay spec¡alattentionto the phraseswhich link one sentencewith another.

Dear Mrs Harlock, I.. . . . . tothank ... . f o r . . . . enjoyabletwo weeksI conversationclasslast year. (write,spend)

I really appreciated....ad v ic e y o u w o r k ....B ri tai n. (give)

I hope to find somethingsuitable.

. in your

finding temporary

me

the next week or

=

T I

=r

I look forwardto . . . . . . . you when I . . . . next Yours sincerely Gunther Schaudi.(see,be)

Cambridge.

=

F tr

h o w.

speak

l n a n K yo u o n ce a g a l n . . . . giving me . . . . confidence . I t. | I,ng,rlsnwltnout about my mistakes.(worry)

speak

my countr¡ studentsare not really ....li s ten.(teac h)

=

:a =

FFI

= :¡ =

Now , I . . . . . . . . . . . a io b ... . I can usemy English,perhapsas (look) . . . . waiter. . . . shooassistant.

= :¡ =

Instead, teachersconcentrate.. . . grammar students. . . . makes i tdi ffi c u lt . . . .

. translation, communicate.

:¡ :¡ < -

I . . . . . a l r e a d y b e e n . . . .En g la n d .... sixwe e kswh e nI. . . . . . . . your class,but this was . . . . first opportunity . . . . speakEnglishproperly. /l

r

.

\

(nave, loln)

a :t 2 al

10 Then.if I can

it, I

like

stay

Christmas.(afford)

=

'¡

I

Ad d ¡ n g G rammar

7.2

4

Follow-up

-I

Completethe following letter.Someof the spacesneedsmall words like prepositionsor coniunctions. Here is a list of the verbsyou will need.You will alsohaveto decidewhich tenseto use.

I

E --1t :l

worry glve

make arrange

feel write

pick up bring up

phone apply

Dear Nancy

I . . . . .. .

....thankyou

wa s il l . ....y ouk now ,

th e ch ild r e n ....I

taking care

I wa s . . . .

bed....

t h r e e we e k s , . . . . n o w l

strong enough . . . . have the children back. I am afraid they

H

. . . to be . . . . quiet and well-behavedas your children.

D¡I

have not

h

Instead,they seemto concentrate. . . . making as much noise as

E

possible,which . . . . them difficult to look after. I'm v ery grateful ....

the a d v ic e y o u . .

a word-processingcourse. With any luck, I hd

meabout

. . fo r

. . be able to find a

suitable course . . . . the next few weeks. Then, if I have . . . . money,

fa

I . . . . . . . . like to do . . . . information technology course.

I

What I'll probably do is work . . . . home . . . . I completeboth courses. Thanks again . . . . giving me . . . . confidence . . . . continue . . . . education without I'll .. ....

i nafew day s to

children.

n

¡l

Lots of love,

't: Lucy

J

. . about my family. . . a t im e t o c o m e a n d . . . . . . .

th e

{ :¡

=t = :¡ ¡ =

Section 2 Matching Activities

:¡ :¡ :¡ = =¡ :¡ :¡

:t =t

The lessonsin this section focus on the combinatory nature of language,rhe way in which words commonly combine to form word partnershipr, .luur., combine to form sentences. Lessons8 - 10 deal with adjective+ "nd preposition, verb + preposition,and noun + prepositionphrasesand the gr"--á, of the sentencesin which they occur.Lessons11 and 12 introduce the central idea of word partnerships - a serious illness,a dreadful mess,a complete recouery. Lessons13 - 16 give lots of practice in the different conditionals.

:¡

=t =¡ :¡

:t ¡

:t ¡ ¡

Lesson8: Lesson9: Lesson10: Lesson11: Lesson12: Lesson13: Lesson14: Lesson15: Lesson16:

Adiective+ Preposition Verb + Preposition Noun + Preposition Word Partnerships 1 Word Partnerships2 Type 1 Conditionals Type2 Conditionals Type 3 Conditionals Mixed Conditionals

¡ ¡ ¡

:t t

¡ ¡ ¡

:l 1l

I T

8.1

'd

Adjective + Preposition SentenceCards1

J

Read out the beg¡nn¡ngof the sentenceand try to find how it ends.The secondhalf alwaysbeginsw¡tha preposition.Make a note,when you have finished,of all the adject¡ve+ prepositionphrases.Try to find othersimilarones.

They'reharmless.There'sno needto be afraid

a

with her exam results.

I mustn't be late - otherwise Mum and Dad will be really annoyed

b

of watchingAmericanfilms.

:i

-(

4

r¡ l ¡l

It's one o'clock in the morning. I was getting worried

of spiders.They don't bite.

Julia looks like her brother,but very different

at tennis, but I said I was hopeless.

Margaret was very disappointed

e

with me when I get home.

Andy askedme if I was any go

f

in goingon a walking holiday.

l

I

I

I

I

I

:a il

Let's not go to an Indian restaurant.I'm not keen

aboutyou. \7herehaveyou been?

What's on the other channels? I'm tired

trom ner younger slster.

My bosswas very impressed

on hot spicyfood.

fl

n iO

I

Too tiring! None of us are rnterested

with the work I had done for her.

{

a a :a

8.2

Adjective + Preposition SentenceCards2

Read out the beginningof the sentenceand try to f¡nd how it ends.The secondhalf alwaysbeginswith a preposition.Make a note,when you have f¡nished,of all the adjective+ prepositionphrases.Try to find other similarones.

¡

a

Thank you. That'sverykind

with the servicein the hotel.

No, it's just not me. I'm not h"ppy

of you. It's a lovely Presenr.

The waitershere are neverpolite

to all theselate nights.

Can you tell me who is responsible

with him. Anothermigraine?

None of the guestswere satisfied

for locking up the office after work?

All of us were deeplyshocked

of this region,so NO hamburgers!

It wasn't a cheapholiday.'S7e were surprised

with this new hairstyle.

Robert's not at work. Slhat's wrong

at how expensiveBritain is.

I want to eat food that's typical

by the news of the tragic accident.

¡ ¡ :¡

It

¡ ¡ ¡ :¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡

t ¡

¡l ¡

t ¡ ¡

I ¡

t -----b--

10 Janelooks tired. She'snot used

to their customers,but the food's excellent.

I

I

Adjective -F Preposition

8.3

{

Follow-up

I

I I

rl

below usingthe following adfective+ preposition Completethe sentences phrases:

polite to

keen on

tired of typical of

kind of

satisfiedwith

good at

annoyedwith interestedin

surprisedat

worried about

wrong with

disappointedwith different from

ll

ti

afuaidof

what it did 25 yearsago.

1. My home town looks very

2. I'd rathernot walk homealone. You see,I'm . . .

his new computer. It's the secondtime it's broken down.

3. Joe is very

ball games.

4. Don't askme to play squash.I'm no 5 . I ' m a b i t..

. . . the dark.

depr essedr ecently . .... S u san.She' sbeenlookingquite

6. 'WhenI told him that I'd scratchedhis car,I thought he was going to get really .....

. me .

7 . I w o u l d n 'tsa yth a tR o b e rti sjust.

.....

8. Haven'tyou got any otherrecords?I'm . . . 9. My driving instructorsaid sheisn't . .

football.I' dsayhewasfootbal l m ad. . . . listeningto this music.

. . . . my progressand that I'll haveto

havea lot more practicebeforeI take my test. 1 0 . R u t h i s....

school. .. a ca reer intour ism whensheleaves

11. Thank you. It was very

you to drive me all the way home.

1 2 . A s h o p a ssi sta natl w a ysh a sto be... rude to her.

... thecustom er s- even whenthey ar e

again?That'sabsolutely 13. SoJohn hasforgottenyour anniversary 14. \üíhat's

. . . . . . him!

the car this morning? \7hy won't it start?

15. It was only a cheaprestaurantbut we were

how good the food was.

.

..- ,- - .- - _ _ ._ .- - - -.-¡.4-

t a -a

9.1

SentenceCards1

¡<. -l

::1

Verb {- Preposition

Read out the beginningof the sentenceand try to find how it ends.The secondhalf alwaysbeginswith a preposition.Make a note,when you have finished,of all the verb + preposit¡onphrases.Try to f¡ndother sim¡larones.

¡<1 -l

=a =a =a :e

I can't introduce Joe to my mother. She never approves

of England,Scotland,\X/ales,and Northern Ireland.

I'd rather borrow the money

on paying for everyone's drinks.

It's too noisy. I can't concentrate

of any of my boyfriends.

Doctor, I'd like to apologise

in spendingmore than five pounds on dinner.

David is a bit mean. He doesn't believe

at me?'Sühat'sso funny about my new ear-rings?

Sarahmight be back at work tomorrow. It depends

on my exam revrslon.

The United Kingdom consists

on what the doctor says.

Put your money away. I insist

after someoneelse'shousewhile they are away.

'Why are you

from the bank, not from my parents.

.f

=

:a :a = :¡

i¡ =¡ :¡ :¡ =¡ = :¡

:t :¡ :¡ :¡ ¡

=l

=t :l

:t

all laughing

u =l :l

a

10

A 'house sitter' is someonewho looks

for missingmy last appointment.

'f

Verb + Preposition

9.2

SentenceCards2 Read out the beginningof the sentenceand try to find how it ends.The secondhalf alwaysbeginsw¡tha preposition.Make a note,when you have finished,of all the verb + prepositionphrases.Try to find other similarones.

rt

It's my turn to pay

a

from a seriousillnesslike this.

I

FF' .i

I ne securltyguaro preventedus

ft. .

4

bin

passinghis driving test.

That woman by the bar reminds me

for dinner. You paid lasttime.

I've been searchingeveryvrrhere

for you to arrive all morning.

I knew he wasn't angry when he smiled

from an awful migraine.

After six attempts,Tim succeeded

at me so sweetly.

Mary can't come to work. She's sulrenng

to me, I'd lend it to you with pleasure,but it doesn't.

rút ¡ l :

Jll

rl

The doctor saysit could take sometime for him to recover

h

from enteringthe building.

If it belonged

for my chequebook and I still can't find it.

And where have you been? I've beenwaiting

of someoneI knew at college.

I - 'j

!t

10

I =:l

Verb + Preposition

9.3

Follow-up

=

:t =

Completethe sentences below usingthe following verb + prepositionphrases:

:á

:t

dependon suffer from wait for smile at believein

= = =

consistof preYent somebody from approve of laugh at apologise for

remind somebodyof recoverfrom succeedin belongto concentrateon

:¡ =¡

:t

1 . O u r g r a n d mo th e rl o ve sth i ssong. It....

...her

.......

her

childhood.

=

:1 :l

2 . R o m e o an d Ju |i e ti sth e sto ryoftwoyoungiover swhosefam ilies

=t

3. A day at the seasideis a real possibilit¡ but it all

=

4. I'm confident about the listening and speaking exams but what I need to

them .

marrying. . rhe weather.

. is my grammar.

=l

:t

5. Margaret

:l

6. The reasonwhy I don't

:l

7. If I'm not there by the time the concert begins,don't.

. life after death. She thinks dying is a beginning, not an end.

me. I'll seeyou

at the interval.

:l =l

8. A p a r k isn'tprivateproperry. It . . . .

:l

9. I alwa ysneedlots of hand cream. I . . .

:¡

. . . e v e ry b o d y . .

. . . v e ry d ry s k in .

10. It will take the company years to

=l

11. The n e w driving test. . .

¡

. this latest financial disaster. ....

a writ t e n e x a m a n d a p ra c t ic a lt e s t .

12. Much to everyone'ssurprise, the local football team .

a a a

winning

promotion. 13. Why does everyone

. me?

1 4 . I kne wshe liked mewhenshe.. .

'tü7hy can't anyone take me seriously? ....

me a c ro s s t h e ro o m.

¡

15. Jane, I'd like to

a I !,

j-

--

. my behaviour last night. It was all my fault.

I

1 0.1

{

N o u n + P repos i ti on SentenceCards1

ü

Read out the beginningof the sentenceand try to find how ¡t ends.The secondhalf alwaysbeginswith a preposition.Make a note,when you have finished,of all the noun + prepositionphrases.Try to find other s¡m¡larones.

J -"!

a o

Il

My name'sMichaelJacksonbut no connection

with Sally? Shedoesn'tlook very happy.

Kate sentoff 50 applications

at music when he was only five yearsold.

This job might suityou. They want someone wlth experlence

of a camping holiday in the middle of January.

Sorrv. I reallv don't like the idea

on passingyour final exams.

'$7hat's the matter

with the Michael Jackson.

I'm having some trouble

in the numberof peopleout of work.

Clever girl! Congratulations

of looking afteryoungchildren.

Mozart showedgreat ability

for jobs before she evengot an interview

Can you tell me what the differenceis

with the word processor. Can you help me?

- -t

-:

l

10 Therehas beena big increase

I

I

,i .

between a tower block and skyscraper?

1 -l

1 o ^ . 2 No u n + P repos i ti on SentenceCards2

-=

Read out the beginningof the sentenceand try to find how it ends.The secondhalf alwaysbeginswith a preposition.Make a note,when you have f¡nished,of all the noun + prepositionphrases.Try to find othersimilarones.

= =

' ^

At, in or on? I alwayshave difficulty

at playing the guitar in just a few weeks.

My mother has had a gfeat influence

on any young children watching it.

The policeaskedme for proof

on the way I think and act.

You can't expect to developreal skill

with prepositions.They're confusing!

Sue'sfrom a musicalfamily but she'snevertakenany interest

for more facilities for young people.

It's getting late. There's no poin

to one of Joe'swild, all-night parties.

The violencein this film could have a bad effect

This town's dead at night.

There'sa real need

Plastic?I don't think there'sany alternative

10 Jennyhopesshe'llget invitation

g in

1..r .

learnlng a muslcal lnstrument.

to real leathershoes.

in doing any more work tonight.

of my identit¡ so I produced my driving licence.

.**-

10.3

No u n + P repos i ti on Follow-up

Completethe sentences below using the following noun + prepositionphrases:

no pornt ln

the matter with

lnterest rn

the trouble with

effect on

difficulty with

applicationfor

experienceof

differencebetween

skill at

invitation to

congratulationson

alternativeto

connectionwith

need for

going on holiday in four weeks,so hurry up and fill in that 1. 'Süe're a new passport.

2 . Margarine was developedas a cheap .

butter.

3 . Never leave a ground-floor window open. That's an open 4 . Don't bother. There's

burglars.

. explaining it to her. She'stoo young to

u n d e r stand.

5.

. your engagement! I know you'll both be very h"ppy together.

6 . Itto o k Lizyears ofpractice to de v e lo pre a l . . 7 . Smoking has a very harmful

.....

t e n n is .

. people's health.

8 . At first George was enthusiasticbut soon he lost all

. the idea of

touring Scotland. 9 . Ca lm down! There'sno...

....

s h o u t in g . L e t ' s s it d o wn a n d t a lk

about it. 10. Bob managedto cook a successful dinner all bv himself.but he had some his new microwave.

11. Helen didn't get the job at ChestnutComputers.They said shedidn't haveenough

72. rh",',. . . . . . . . . .:lji,",l"il.:,:,t

averyhighopinion ofhimself.

1 3 . C a n y o u te l l me i f th e re 'sa n y..

.....beautifulandgor geous?

14. Not again! \7hat could be. . .

. . . . this car? lflhy won't it srart?

1 5 . T h e p o l i ceh a ve a rre steadsu spectin.... bank robbery.

...lastweek' s attem pted

a

11.1

SentenceCards1

= =

N o u n C ol l oc ati ons 1

Read out the beginningof the sentenceand try to find how it ends. Eachsentenceends with a noun.When you havefinished the activ¡ty,try to find other nounsto completethe sentences.lt is almostimpossible!

=e =

F =I F F F F

I wish I could rememberpeople's names.I've got sucha bad

illness.

I felt awful last week, but I'm glad to sayI've madea complete

misunderstanding.

I really wanted our first date to be a success,, but it turned out to be a total

memory.

=

T I

Georgehad beenoff work for monthswith a serious

F Fr

F tt

d

beginner.

You've got a headache?Take some aspirin. It'll soonrelieve

her mind.

Julia can be very stubborn. You won't persuadeher to change

her ambition.

At last Anna had her own house in the country.Shehad realised

disaster.

:l

You must have natural talent. You're playingwell for a complete

opportunlty.

:l =f

Sorry I'm late. I thought you sai

:t = =

a :¡

:l

=t =

=l

9

four o'clock.It's iust an unfortunate

recovery.

a ¡ ¡

1

1O

G : , 9 n ' T a k ei t . I t ' s a i ob in a mr lh o n- a g o l d e n

the pain.

.f

11 .2

No u n C ol l oc ati ons 1 SentenceCards2

-l

J

Read out the beginningof the sentenceand try to find how il ends. Each sentenceends with a noun.When you have f¡nishedthe activ¡ty,try to find other nounsto completethe sentences.lt is almostimpossible!

¡

t

il

Th.

The fact that she'd had coaching from a professionalplayer gave her an unfair

control.

Not hamburgersagain! All protein, and no vitamins! \íhat you need is a more balanced

relationship.

I have some very bad news. There has been a fatal

diet.

rWehad expected a first class hotel, but in fact it was the exact

contusron.

Geoff,don't ask me to marry you. I don't want a permanent

advantage.

Holly had a greattime in Alaska. Shesaidit was an unforgettable

accident.

,a

k

il .'

h E

I

L00 metresin only 8 seconds! He must have broken

¡..r

g

experience.

i

'!7hen

j J

10

the fire alarm rang, evervbodvwas in a stateof total

agreement.

I want to turn on the TV but I don't know where I put the remote

opposlte.

After six hours of talks, workers and managementfinally reached

the record.

t .-.4

11 .3

N o u n C ol l oc ati ons 1

Follow-up

Fr = = Él

<

Match the statementsand questions in each short dialogue below with the most natural responses.Then underline the important word partnerships in the responses.

= = =

1,. Mum andDad alwaysaskmeto 2. 3.

!a

4.

F l¡

5.

E-

< =

6. 7.

¡-1, -!

h

8.

=

9.

Fa

F F

10. 11.

=

h

F F F EI ¡< -

F

F l-r

¡< =,

L2. 13. 14. 15.

programmethe video recorder. My sonJameswants to be a rock star when he grows up. Ouch! I've burnt myselfon the cooker. This is the secondtime this week! I wonder if Rosiewill reconsider her decision. Of coursethe otherteamwon. Someof them are ex-professionals. Sallyis impatientand noisy while her brother is patient,calm, and quiet. Philip and Liz got marriedat the age of 18 and got divorcedafter a year. Finall¡ our flight was calledfor Gate8. The boardhad saidGate18. You had a very short meetingwith the bank manager.Did it go OK? I think travellingby air is muchsafer than driving. Our youngestdaughterrefusesto eat any freshfruit or vegetables. I'm very sorry but I've alreadyforgotten your name. I'm glad to seeJohn lookingso fit and healthyagain. Angela,this work is awful. Can't you do any better? SorryI'm late.I thoughtyou said4.50, n o t 4 . 1 5.

a. At that age, people aren't ready for a permanent relationship. b. Yes, it's amazing after such a serious illness. c. True, but plane accidentsare usually fatal. d. Lots of boys want ro be, but hardly any re a lis et h e ir a mb it io n . e . T h a t ' s a ll rig h t . I t wa s ju s t a n unfortunate misunderstanding. f. So she'snot getting a balanceddiet. I'd have a word with her if I were you. g. In my experience,she never changes her mind. h. Put your hand in cold water. That will relieve the pain. i. That's OK. It's Andrew. You must have a very bad memory. j. Why can't parents use a simple remote control ? k. I'm sorr¡ Mrs Jones,but I'm a complete beginner on this machine. l. So it was all total confusion in the departurelounge. m. That would give them an unfair advantage. n. No problems.'Wesoon reachedan agreementabout the loan. o. They are obviously exacr opposites.

Now completetheseimportant adiective+ noun partnershipsfrom the exercise: 1 6 . remote 17. .... fru i t 1 8 . an uniortunate 1,9.a serious 20. a v e r y ....me mo ry

22.a . . . . . . . . . . d ie t 23. a complete 24. a n . . . .. advantage 2 5 . a permanent 2 6 . total

12.1

I

Noun Collocations 2

-I

SentenceCards1

¡

Read out the beginningof the sentenceand try to find how it ends. Each sentenceends with a noun.When you have linishedthe activity,try to find other nounsto complelethe sentences.lt is almost¡mpossible!

I think that the experience of living in a foreign country broadens

t I

!.

your own Duslness.

¡ t

I love your new hairstyle. Is that the latest

-I

fabric.

¡ f

I

It's high time you tidied your room. It's in a dreadful l The weatherwas warm for January.\il/e don't usually have mild

¡

place?

¡

f E fashion?

Don't ask who this letteris from. Justmind

your mind.

At first David wouldn't agree, but he changedhis mind after somegentle

drink.

It feels'just like silk. You'd never know it was an artificial

mess.

,I

!

E E E E E E E E F

F ¡

Champagne?Caviar? 5 star hotels?He must haveexpensive

wlnters.

E F L I

¡

I

I'm driving,so no alcoholfor me. I'll justhavea soft

persuasion.

l!

r _l

I'd like to go to the Cannesfilm 10 festivalthis year.When doesit take

-

tastes.

_ -l

t

)

No u n Col l oc ati ons 2

=

12.2

a

Read out the beginningof the sentenceand try to find how it ends. Each sentenceends w¡tha noun.When you have finishedthe activity,try to find other nounsto completethe sentences.lt ¡s almost¡mposs¡ble!

-

SentenceCards2

= =| =¡ = =

1

How do you think up such amazingstories?You must havea vivid

weapon.

Thanks for everything. You've given us lots of helpful

rmagrnatlon.

rX/ithoutBarbara'stechnical knowledge,we'd never have solved

relative.

= =

=l = =¡

a a =l =l =l ¡

:l

a a I f ¡ ¡

A sharpknife in the handsof a little child can be a lethal

decision.

I couldn't follow what he was saying. He had such a strong

welcome.

\7hen we arrived at our uncle's nouse,we weregrvena warm

friend.

The recentattempt to climb K2 endedin complete

advice.

She'snot a member of the family I know well. Just a distant

failure.

I've known Bob for years and we get alongwell. He's a very close

accént.

¡

=t ¡

I ¡ ¡

'We hadn't plannedto go aw^y 10 this weekend. It was a last-minute

the problem.

a :::

12.3

Noun Collocations 2

Follow-up

Match the statementsand questionsin eachshort dialoguebelow with the most natural responses.Then underlinethe important word partnerships. 1. Will therebe enoughsnow for skiing this year? 2. Look at the way that man'sdriving. That'sdangerous! 3. \ü/edon't really know whereto stayin Barcelona. 4. Look at thosehorrible bootsthat girl's wearing! 5. I'm sorry bur you haveto be 18 yearsold to buy alcohol in this bar. 6. IX/hydo we haveto do so much pronunciationwork in class? \X/hat 7. a surprise!You're going to Dublin for the weekend. 8. How well do you know Linda Smithat the office? 'Víhy 9. won't the word processorprint this document? 10. Could we havesomeinformationon the ReadingRock Festival? \When 11. I arrivedat Cathy'shouse,she treatedme like a total stranger. '1,2.Do you think she'sreally tellingthe whole ffuth? 'Who 13. was that handsomeyoung man I sawyou with lastnight? 14. Ilhat a night! The party was a disasrer. Only a handfulof gueststurnedup. 15. You'll neverseeKarenwearingcottonor wool. Sheinsistson silk and cashmere.

a. You've missedit. It took place last month. Better luck next year! b. Didn't you know? They are the latest fashion.

c. Let's look in the manualand seeif we can solvethe problem. d. So,shedidn't giveyou a very warm welcome. e. I'm not goingto tell you, so mind your own business! f. Therewill be, as long as we don't have anothermild winter. g. Go to the tourist office.Theygaveus somevery helpful advice. h. I'm not sure.I know she'sgot a very vividimagination. i. Becauseyou'veall got very strongaccents. That'swhy! j. \le only bookedit yesterday.It was a last-minutedecision. k. She must have very expensivetaste in

17. a close 18. the latest 1 9. a.

20. a soft

...winter

I

II

I

I

rt

L She'sa good colleague,but not a close friend.

m. In his hands, a car's a lethal weaDon. Just keep well clear! n. $lell, in rhat case,I'll just have a soft d rin k .

o. It wasn't a completedisaster.I had a great time.

21,. a v e ry ..... we lc o me 22. a . . . . d is a s t e r 2 3 . a , . . . . . . . . we a p o n 24. very helpful

I I I

I I

I

'I

t I

I

clothes.

Completetheseimportant noun collocationsfrom the exerciseabové: L6. very expensive

i

I I I I I I I

a

,t

I

g =

1 3.1

-l

Type 1

SentenceCards1

r<

-

Conditionals

Read out the first part of the conditionalsentenceand try to find the ending.When you have finished,underlinethe verbs in each half.Then try to fin¡shthe sentencesin other ways.

= =

If you heat water to 100oc,

the bosswill definitelyfire you.

If the weather's fine.

take the day off work.

= = = = =

If she doesn't get a good night's

she can try again next year.

sleep,

= = = =

It's easy. If you push this bufton,

all the plants are going to die.

If you take another week off wo r k ,

you're going to have an accident.

= = = = =

Careful! Unlessyou slow down,

f

she'salways tired in the mornings.

Unlessit rainssoon,

g

it boils.

=

= = = =

She'sclever,and provided she works hard.

we can go to the coast tomorrow.

If you still feel awful tomorroq

she'lldo well.

If shedoesn'tpassthe exam this yea\

the camerarewinds automatically.

= =

=r =

Fr =

-l

10

13.2

C o n d iti onal s

Ty pe 1

Follow-up

j

Exercise1 Match the first and second parts of the sentencesbelow:

lil

1. Give Mary my regards

a. if you want to stay in the first team.

2. If you keeppullingthe cat'stail,

b. you'll make yourself ill.

3. Of courseyou put on weight

c.

4. Unless the taxi arrivessoon,

d. it never b¡eaksdown.

5. You havero rrain regularly

e. if you seeher at the weekend.

6. If you promisero comehomeby 11,

f.

7. l'll pick up the shoppingon the way home

g. if you send it express.

8. Provideda car is serviced regularl¡

h. we're going to be late for the party.

9. The next-doorneighbours will complain

i.

if you eat chips all day.

10. If you go on earingthosechocolates,

j.

you can have an ice-cream.

1 l. It shouldarrivetomorrowmorning

k. if I finish work early.

12. lf you havero work late tonight,

l.

13. The bank will repossess the car

m. if you play that music so Ioudly.

14. Bel-rave yourself!If you'rea goodgirl,

n. phone to say when you'll be home.

15. If you'vedonethe work,

o. you can go to the disco.

'q

EÍ ' 't

cl

unlessI pay back the loan.

you'll passthe exam.

she'll scratchyou.

Exercise2 change the following sentences so that eachcontainsthe word unless: 1.

You won't get in if you don't have a ticket.

2 . The matchwill be off if the weatherdoesnt clearup.

3 . I won't get the job if I don't passmy driving test.

4,

If your Englishdoesn'rimprove,you'll fail the exam!

J =

Conditionals

14.1

Type 2

SentenceCards

1t

-

=

Read out the first part of the cond¡tionalsenlenceand try to f¡ndthe ending.When you have finished,underl¡nethe verbs in each half.Then try to finishthe sentencesin otherways.

=

her Englishwould really

Late again! If you didn't stay up so Iate.

=

lmprove.

= = =

If you were reallyill,

we could buy the house of our dreams.

If my Englishwas absolutely perfect,

you'd be able to get up in the mornings.

If his hair wasn't so long,

there wouldn't be so many accidents.

If peopledidn't drive so fast on this road,

we could sit outside in the g ar d e n .

=

F F F F F =

F F F¡

ts

6

IfI

7

If we won the lotter¡

I

I

r

|

|

l

I could get a job as an interpreter.

._t

nao my adoressDooKwltn me,

= =

trr

I'd be ableto phoneher.

= =

If Maria stayed in Britain for vear.

= =

h

I'd love to do more cooking.

u :¡

:t

9

If the weather wasn't so awful.

he'd look much smarter.

=

z z 1

10 If I had the time.

I'd be more sympathetic.

:l

14.2

{

Co n d iti onal s Follow-up

J

-t

Exercise1 below: Match the first and second Parts of the sentences 1. If we had some better players,

a . I wouldn't havea problembuyingshoes.

2. I could give you a lift home

b . if you didn't driveso fast.

3. If Robert did a little more practice,

c . shemight get a good pass.

4. I wouldn't feelso nervous

d . if my car wasn'tat the garage.

5. If we spokeperfectEnglish,

e . we'd havea chanceof winning the cup.

6. You would feelmuch healthier

f.

if you helpedmorearoundthe house.

7. If my feetweren'tso big,

D'

o

I'd try windsurfing

t' i

..:

-

!

8. You'd makefriends

h. if you took a little moreexercise.

9. lf I were you,

i. we wouldn't have to do theseexercises'

it 10. I'd reallyappreciate

j. if you were a little more sociable.

11. He could look muchsmarter

k. if you didn't talk about computersall the time.

work' 12. If Anna did the necessarY

l. he'd be an excellentguitarist.

13. Shewouldn't think you wereboring m . if I had more free time. 1,4. If I had the confidence,

n. I'd be very careful what you say to him'

L5. I'd decoratethe kitchen

o. if he took more interest in clothes.

Exercise2 Filt in the spacesin this text with suitableverbs: Don't you think peopleuserhe word IF too much?They are alwayssayingthingslike: IF we a betterjob, IF w e [Fyou in a bigger house, mo remo n e y,IF w e ...... IFonlywe......acar likethepeoplen ex tdoor ' afto rd to g o ro F l o ri d a onholiday, no waitinglistsfor hospitals,IR IR IF! If people better,IF there IF schools dream. we . . . . . .' needthe word IF!

J -a -,

1 5.1

Co n d itional s :Ty pe3 Sentence Cards

¡l

-

=

Readoutthefirstpartof the conditional sentence andtry to findtneending.wnen youhavef¡nished, underline tn"G6l in eachhalf.Thentry to f¡nishthesentences in otherwavs.

= =

If Janehadn't srayedout in the sun so long,

we'd never have met each other.

If my parentshad had more money,

they wouldn't have stayed together so long.

If Mike and Cathy had got married.

he wouldn't have got into trouble.

= = ¡rl

-

rd = =

5 I

Fr

If we hadn't goneto Jackie's party.'

ta I

d

you would have enjoyed yourself.

trl =

If we'd arrived just a few minutesearlier,

=|

F Ir

Stupid man! If he'd followed

=

our aovlce.

I

shewouldn't havegot sunburnt.

I'm sure he would have regretted it.

t.

F' {

J

If I hadn't spenrevery night at the disco'

:¡

g

they could have sent me to a better school.

=

:t :t :t :l :l

He's happynow, but if he'd acceptedthe job,

we might have caught the train.

If you had remembered to bring the road map,

I might have done better in my

lt was a gre^t party. If you'd gone,

we wouldn't have got lost.

exams.

:l :¡

:l 1l

t0

I

15.2

Type 3

Cond¡t¡onals Follow-up

Exercise1 below: Match the first and secondparts of the sentences 1. If Robert had beenwearing a crash helmet,

a. I'd have been in real trouble.

2. Barbara might have passedher exam interview b. if you hadn't eatenthose shellfish. 3. If the weather had been better last weekend,

c. he wouldn't have been killed.

4. I could have met you at the airport

d. if you hadn't taken our raincoats.

5. If I'd known this hotel was so awful,

e. we might have gone to the seaside.

6.

'!le

would have arrived at the party by now

f. if I'd known how much petrol it uses.

7. If you'd rememberedto lock the car door,

g. we wouldn't be lookingfor a room now!

8. She might have acceptedour offer

h. if you hadn't spent so long in the bath.

9. If the boss had discoveredI'd taken the day off, i. I'd never have booked the holiday.

!

10. You wouldn't have got food poisoning

j.

11 . Iwo u ld neverhaveboughtthisc a r

k . if y o u h a d n ' t b e e n s o imp a t ie n t .

12. lf you had listenedto me in the first place,

l. it wouldn't have beenstolen.

13. I wouldn't have gone to Paul's party

m. if she'd done more speaking practice.

14. We would have got soaked

n. if you'd paid me.

15. If you had booked in advance,

o. we wouldn't be in this messnow.

if I'd known yon were arriving today.

Exercise2 We sometimesuse similar conditionals in situations where we regret that somethinghas not happened.Can you match thesedisasterswith the condition? 1. If onlywe hadn'tgoneswimming!

5. If only we'd switchedoff thecooker!

2.

If only I'd seenthe red light!

6. If only I'd gone to the dentist!

3.

If only I'd called in the electrician!

7. lf only I hadn't eatenthat cake!

4.

If only we'd taken enough money!

8. If only we had set the alarm!

a. an accident e. food poisoning

b. electrocuted f. stung by jellyfish

c. a fire g. toothache

d. missedthe plane h. pay the hotel bili

=

1 6.1

Mi x ed

SentenceCards

á =

C o n d itional s

Read out the first part of the conditionalsentenceand try to find the ending.When you have finished,underlinethe verbs in each half.Then try to finishthe sentences¡n other ways.

=

Fr

b

If I hadn't stoppedto help her changea tyre,

we'd betterget a move on!

If you haven'taskedher out yet,

why don't you fax them?

If we're going to catch that train,

we'd better get a couple of bottles of wine.

If you werethinking of applying for that iob in accounts,

8

10

d

you neverwill.

If you won't tell me what's wrong,

It must be three ln the afternoon there.

If we're having them over for dinner.

we'd never have met in the first place.

If you knew you couldn't come on the 16th.

how do you expectme to help you?

If you're having no luck getting through on the phone,

try to do it quietly!

If it's nine o'clock in the morning here,

why didn't you say?

If you must practisethe trumpet in your room,

don't bother - it's gone.

16.2

Mi x ed

Co n d itional s Follow-up

Exercise1 Match the first and secondPartsof the sentencesbelow:

l.

a ,' f

I

1.. If we'd caught the earlier train,

a. she'dbelivingin theSouthof Francenow'

2. You wouldn't be feeling sick

b. if You get a taxí to the airPort'

3. If I'd known Y ou were in town,

c. we'd be in Edinburgh bY now'

4. I'd offer to helP

d. if you hadn't eaten so much chocolate'

5. If you had your keYswhen You left,

e. how do you exPectto succeed?

6. It might be quicker

f. if you've only got a fiver to spend?

7. If you won't make an effort,

g. you'd better pack some more clothes'

B. Don't ring

h . if it ' s g o in g t o ra in a g a in .

9. If you're stayingin Milan an extra week,

i. you'd be mad to spend{30,000 on a car!

10. Everythingshouldbe fine

j. u n le s sit ' s u rg e n t .

1 1 . l f y o u a skme ,

k. we could have gone out for a meal'

72. l'd bettertake an umbrella

l. providing we don't Panic.

13. If you knew shewas a vegetarian,

m. then where could you have lost them?

14. Why did you order the caviat

n. if I thought it would do anY good'

15. If Angelahad marriedPierre'

o. why did you give her roast chicken?

2 Exercise In the following examPlesdoes 'd meanutould or had? 1,. I'd never seenanYthinglike it'

7.

lü7hat'dyou do?

2. \We'djust gone out.

8.

S7hat'dyou done?

3. You'd love it.

9.

They'd iust about given uP hoPe'

4.

t

How'd they got there?

10. They'd love that!

5. It'd never crossedmY mind!

11. \¡(¡ho'dknow?

6. I think I'd ignore the letter.

L2. She'd believed him.

Section 3 Rephrasing Activities

The activities in this section require learnersto reformulate sentencesaccording to suggestedstructural patterns. Lessons17 and 18 ask learnersto transform nonmodal expressionsinto expressionsusing modal verbs. Lesson 18 includes a number of modal verbsfollowed by the perfect- must hauedone, might hauedone etc. Lesson19 practisesreported speechusing say,tell, and ask and Lesson20 the use of more complex reporting verbs - admit, refuse, and demand. Lessons21 23 revise many of the structural transformations typically tested in many examinations.

Lesson17: Lesson18: Lesson19: Lesson 20: Lesson21: Lesson22: Lesson23:

Modal Verbs 1 Modal Verbs 2 Reported Speech Reporting Verbs Sentencetansformations 1 SentenceTransformations2 Sentencetansformations 3

?

17.1

Modal Verbs 1 SentenceCards1

I

Say these sentencesin anotherway usingthe modalg¡ven. Can you make more sentencesof a similarpattern?

1

I

'!íhat

shall

about going to PizzaExpressthis evening?

must

2

I'm sure this is the restaurantwe ate at.

3

This definitely isn't the réstaurant we ate at.

4

Maybe this is the housewe're looking for.

5

I want to leave the room.

6

Pleasehelp me with my bags.

7

You are not allowed to smoke in this building.

I

for me to get up early. Saturdaytomorrow! It isn't necessary

have to

9

She is able to play the guitar really well.

.

10

['m sure we're going to have good weather tomorrow.

can

could

may

<{

.

T

I

tr--

would

must

can

will

la =t

17. 2

SentenceCards2

=l

FT

Modal Verbs 1

Say these sentencesin anotherway usingthe modalgiven. Can you make more sentencesof a similarpattern?

F =l

would

Pleasehave lunch with us on Sunday.

Fr

b

might

rnere ls someoneat the door. Perhaosit's Susan.

'\üü'e've finished. It isn't necessaryto do any more work.

need

9 times 9 makes 9L? I'm sure that's wrong.

must

Why don't we seea film this evening?

shall

Yes,it's OK for you to leaveearly.

can

should

Her advice to me was "Don't work too hard"

.8

Is it possiblefor you to lend me f,20?

It was necessaryfor me to work all day last Saturday.

10 {,35 for two hamburgers?I'm surethis bill isn't right.

could

'

have to

can

17.3

t

Modal Verbs 1

¡ ¡

SentenceCards3

I

Say these sentencesin anotherway usingthe modalgiven. Can you make more sentencesof a similarpattern?

T I

¡

1

Shewas able to play the guitar when shewas eight years old.

could

¡ I

¡

I

I was told to work late at the office yesterday.

have to

¡ -¡ I

¡

3

Thosebagslook heavy. Let me help you.

can

¡ L I I

¡

4

You worry too much. My advice to you is "Relax"

should

F

¡ ¡

T

5

It's not a good idea to eat so much chocolate.

I insist you say sorry to him.

should

must

7

It isn't possiblefor me to meet you this evening.

can

I

I'm going to give up smoking in the New Year.

will

9

There is a possibility of better weather tomorrow.

10

I've finishedmy exams. It isn't necessary for me to studyany more.

might

have to ¡I

-= =

17.4

Modal Verbs 1 Follow-up

= =

Rephrasethe following sentencesusing the modal verb given:

:t ¡{

1. Why don't we have a quiet eveningat home?

shall

2.l'm sure this isn't the streetwhere Kate lives.

can

= -

F l¡ F F F F F F

F F F =

2 :l

3. Maybe your glassesare in the bathroom.

could

4. Is it all right if I use the phone?

may

5. You are not allowed to buy cigarettesif you're under 18.

must

6. It isn't necessaryfor you to do any more work today. 7. She is an excellent guitarist but a terrible singer. 8. Do stay for dinner this evening. 9. Yes, of courseit's OK to use the phone. 10.It's a good idea for you to get more sleep.

have to can/ can

would can

should

2

a

11. Let me help you to push the car.

can

12. I'm never going to arrive late again.

will

=

=l

:t =l

13.I'm certainthis is the streetwhere Kate lives.

must

:l

t

a :l

-t

14. My adviceto you is "Don't be too optimistic" 15. ['m sure you're going to have a wonderful time.

should

will

<-

18.3

Modal Verbs 2 SentenceCards3

Say these sentencesin a differentway usingthe modalg¡ven.

i

I

7

Come round this eveningand have a drink with the family.

; 2

In the past, there wasn't so much tra.fficon this road.

would

usedto

must

I recommendthe exhibition at the British Museum.

il

In1

{+ .d'

I don't believethe car has run out of petrol. It was full yesterday.

Now don't worry. I'm sure to rememberour appointment.

can

wont

rt 'f

$

It wasn't necessaryfor me to work late last night.

have to

a

i

I l,

I don't like Anna's parties but it would be rude not to go.

ought to

I can't find my keys. PerhapsI droppedthem ih the strdet.

might

Dave knows how to play the piano but not how to read music.

can can

10 What do you think Anna is doing?Lying on a hot sunnybeach? might

f. n Fr fl 7

F E

1A.4

Modal Verbs 2

Follow-up

Rephrasethe following sentences usingthe modal verbsin bold type: 1. I refuseto go to Anna's party - and that's final!

won't

2. You haven'thad lunch? Then I'm sureyou'revery hungry.

must

3. Jenny hasn't turned up. I'm certain she hasn't forgotten our appointment.

can

4.My doctor insiststhat I avoid all fatty foods.

F F E h F F F F EI trft

have to

5. I'm sorry it wasn't possiblefor me to meet you at the airport.

could

6. I think it's a good idea for women to be paid more than men.

should

7. In the past,Joe smoked40 cigarettesa day.

usedto

8. I suggest we stop at abar for a drink.

could

9. I sent the letter last week so I'm sure Tohnhas receivedit.

must

10. What's that noise?> Maybe it's the childrenplayingupstairs.

might

11. Relax! I'm confident we're going to arrive in good time for the concert.

12. I don't recognisethis street.Maybe we took a wrong turning.

13.It's Saturdaynight.

What do you suggestwe do?

will

'

may

shall

z 2

z :r t'lt

14'I wish I hadn't eatenall thoseshellfish.

should

15'You can relax becausethere'sno oblieation to write any more.

have to

Reported Speech

1 9.1

SentenceCards1 Say these sentences¡n anotherway usingthe promptat the end of the line. Pay particularattentionto the verb tensesand oronouns.

2

I always eat lots of fresh fruit and salad.

Shesaid....

I won't have enough time to finish this job.

He said....

Could you help me with my luggage?

Are you going anywhereat the weekend?

Don't worry!

'!íe must leave soon.

ll

It s Deena long tlme slnce I had such a good meal.

\lhat time does the party start?

Do you know who the principalof the collegeis?

10 The weathermay get much worse tomorrow.

Sheaskedme ....

Thev askedus ....

Shetold him ....

They said....

Shesaid....

They askedus ....

He askedme ....

He told us ....

a

a

19.2

SentenceCards2

I ¡

Reported Speech

Say these sentencesin anotherway usingthe promptat the end of the line. Pay particularattentionto the verb tensesand pronouns.

I A

Shesaid....

I

I can get homeon my own.

2

'Wehaven'tbeento the art galleryfor ages.

3

'S7hen you leave did the housethis morning?

4

I'll think aboutit.

He said....

5

I think I shouldhavephonedmy mother.

Shesaid....

6

You shouldcut down on your smoking.

7

Do you understandthe rulesof reportedspeech?

I ¡

A

They said ....

a ;t I

He asked me ....

I ¡

I I

-

t

z I I

The doctor told him ....

¡

a z t

He asked me ....

a =l B

'S7'hen will I seeyou again?

t

Sheaskedhim ....

z ¡

t

9

'We'regoing on holiday tomorrow.

They said....

¡ ¡ ¡

a

10 \X/aithereuntil I get back.

.

She told him ....

19.3

Reported

Speéch

'

t-' ¡'=

Follow-up

Rephrasethe following sentences using the words in bold tvpe: 1. We were in Edinburgh last week. They told us . . . 2. Shecan't haveleft without sayinggoodbye. He said 3. Don't phone me at the office again. Shetold him . . 'S7ould you move your car, please? 4. He askedme . . . 5. I'm going to finish the decoratingtomorrow Hesaid '$7here 6. can I find information about museumsin Madrid? S h e a s ke d me ..

;....

7. Emma hasn't eaten anything all day. Emma's mother said . . 8. Why can't you come to my party? Sally asked me . . 9. I don't know mv wav round San Francisco. r

l.

JU|ra Saro

10. Are you leavingas soon as the coursefinishes? Anna askedme. . 11. \7e haven't watched any TV for ages. FFI

'I

r ney salo

12. How long will you stayin Baltimore? Sheaskedme . . 13. I can run 100 metresin 11 seconds. Robert told me 14. Be careful!

Jamestold his son . . 15. How fluentis your English? My bossaskedme . . .

.....:

a 7 =l 7

2ro^.1 Reporting Verbs SentenceCards1 Say these sentencesin anotherway usingthe words at the end of the line. Pay particularattentionto the verb tenses and pronouns.

¡

a

I know you can do it. Take the exam again.

He / encourage

ir ¡ =

. 2

The accidentwas all my fault.

She/ admit

t I

That's a veryelegantsuit you'rewearing,Sonia.

a

He / compliment

t ¡

z z

, 4

.Síell done! You've got great exam results.

She/congratulate/him

t

z a

I want to speak to the manager - NO\7!

He / demand

Shall we have a quiet eveningat home?

She / suggest

¡

z z ¡

t

-

7

There's no way I'm going on holiday with mum and dad.

He / refuse

7

z :t

Oh please! Let me go to Sharon'sparty, mum.

She/ beg

No, it wasn't me. I didn't eat the last chocolatebiscuit.

He /deny

¡

z a 7 ¡

I

t

10 Thosebagslook very heavy. Can I give you a hand?

She/ offer / him

!

zto-.2 Reporting Verbs SentenceCards2

Say these sentencesin anotherway usingthe words at the end of the line. eay particularattentionto the verb tenses

pronouns.

Could you tell me the way ro the city cenrre?

2

Now don't forget to lock all the doors and windows.

3

\7ould you like to come fór lunch on Sunday?

She/ want to know

He / r e m ind /h e r

S h e / in v i te /m e

No, put your money away. I'll pay for the drinks.

Don't crossthe road here. It's dangerous.

That's very kind of you. rVhat a lovely present!

If I were you, I'd be very careful what you say to her.

He / insist

S h e / wa r n /th e m

He lt h a nk/h e r

S h e / a d v is e/th e m

I'm very sorry I'm so late.

Dón't worry. I'll definitelybe thereat 8.00pm.

10

and

'v7hat about going for e meal to rhat new chineserestaurant?

He / apologise

She/ promise

He / suggest

a

2(J-.3

7

Reporting Verbs

Follow-up

¡

7 =¡

Rephrasethe following sentences usingthe words given:

a a

1. Excellent! That was a lovelv dinner. Robert.

She/ compliment

=¡

z a u z z z z z z z

2 Does anyone know who this car belongsto?

He / want to know

3. Don't forget to set your alarm clock for 6.00am.

S h e / r e m ind /h i m

4. Careful! Don't touch thoseplates. They'revery hot.

He/war n/them

She/ suggest

5. Shall we stop for a coffee break?

6. You haven't got the car today? I could give you a lift home.

7.

} { e/offe r /m e

'V7e're having a party on Sunday evening. Try to come along.

S h e / in vi te /u s

2

z z z z

He / promise

8. I'll definitely get my hair cut this week.

She/ admit

9. Yes. it was me. I ate the last chocolate biscuit.

He / apologise

10. I'm so sorry I forgot about our appointment.

=

u z

11. It's disgusting! I'm not going to eat any more.

il

12.l'm not to blame. I neverusedthe officephonefor personalcalls.

z z z a z a

13. If I were you, I'd spend yeaf abroad before university. ^

She/ refuse He / deny

Heladvise/her

14. !7e can't go yet. I want to seeevery picture in the gallery before leaving. I / insist

15. I'm tired. Why don't we wash the dishesin the morning?

t L,3 -

She / suggest

21 .1

SentenceTransformations1 SentenceCards1

Rephrasethese sentences us¡ng the prompts. Discuss which suggest¡onsare the closest in meaning to the or¡g¡nal sentences.Can you make other sentencesusingthe same patterns?

'We've been living in Liverpool for two years. > W e mo ve d . . ..

11

I put on the heating becausert was very cold. > I t w a sve ryco l d ....

we stop for lunch? 12 Shall >What....

Although shedidn't havethe qualifications,Donna got the job. > D e sp i te .... 'S7ecan't buy a new car becausewe don't have enough money. > I f we ....

'We couldn't find out what was wrong with the car. > We didnt succeed in . . . . He drove so fast that he frishtened

6

us, > He was

Becauseof the fog, the plane couldn'ttake off. > The fog prevented. . . .

13

I'd prefer you to wear a different tie. >I' dr ather ....

14

Bananascan't possiblybe grown in such a cold climate. >It' simpossible....

15

If Dad hadn't given Sally the money, she couldn't have gone into business. > W ithout. . ..

I'm sorry I didn't take my mother's 16 advice. > I wis h . . . .

7

He is believedto be an international criminal. > Pe op l e ....

I

The car needsservicingbefore we go on holiday. > I m usth a ve ....

18

9

It's difficult for olderpeopleto learna language. > Older peoplehave. . . .

Janehasn'tmademuch progressat 19 school. > Janehas only . . . .

10

Janeplaysthe guitar betterthan I do. >Ica n't....

If you

that again,I'll hit 17 > Do n tdo ....

you.

This is the most deliciousmeal I've everhad. >I' venever ....

Operating this computer isn't

20 difficult. > I t is n t . .

t =

Fr

F u Fa F

21 .2

SentenceCards2 Rephraselhese senlences using the prompts. Discuss wh¡ch suggestionsare the closest in meaning to the or¡ginal sentences.Can vou make other sentencesusinqthe same patterns?

We moved to Liverpool2 years ago. > W e 've ....

11

It was very cold so I put on the heating. > I p u t....

12

about stopping for lunch? >Shall ....

13

I'd rather you wore a different tie. > I' dpr efer ....

4

If we had enough money. we could buy a new car. > W e ca n t...

14

It's impossibleto grow bananasln such a cold climate. > Bananascant. . . .

5

'$7e didn't succeedin finding out what was wrong with the car. >We c oul dn't....

15

\flithout her Dad'smone¡ Sally couldn'thavegoneinto business. >If....

E:I

tr F F F

3

F:I

F F F F-

Despitenot having the qualificatio Donna got the job.

The fog prevented the plane from taking off. > Because....

'$fhat

>Although....

ts

F

Sentence Transformations 1

F F

He was such a fast driver that he frightenedus. > H ed ro ve ....

16

I wish I'd takenmy mother's advice. > I'm sorry... .

F F

Peoplebelievethat he is internationalcriminal. > H ei s....

17

Don't do that again or I'll hit you. > If....

I must have the car servicedbefore we go on holiday. > The car needs . . . -

18

I've never had such a delicious meal. > Thisis....

19

Jane has only made a little progress at school. > Janehasn' t....

Fe

7

F F¡

F F F F

I

Older peoplehavedifficulty learninga language. >It's ....

10

I can't play the guitaras well as Janedoes. >Janepl ay s ....

F

F Fr

20

It isn't difficult to operatethis computer. > Oper ating....

ü t^

Sentence Transformations 1

21 .3

Follow-up

-¡l

I .-u1¡

Rephrasethe following sentencesusing the words given:

F 1. Julia has been working for this company for six years. I1 I¿

Julia started. . . 2. Although Robert wasn't feelingwell, he went to work.

-

Despite

--

a

r

r-

I

I

I

|

|

I

.

|

|

' J. l can t unoerstano nrm Decausene speaKsso qulcKly.

ul :¡

I f h ed i d n 't....

4. It was such an awful meal that we complainedto the waiter.

The meal

It -

5. My dressneedsdry-cleaningbefore the party. I must have

-!t

MT'

6. I suggestwe have a coffee break. What 7. 'We arrived late, so we missed the beginning of the concert. If we hadn't 8. It was the most difficult exam I'd ever taken. fr

I

r o never fr I || | 'T 't y. lne sunwas verystrongso we put on plenty otf sun-Dlock.

We put L0. I'd rather you didn't smoke in the kitchen. I'd prefer 11. Hotel guestsmust vacatetheir bedroomsby 11.00am. Bedrooms 12.I regretnot staying on at collegeto take my finals. I wish

1,3.Margaretplaysmuch more skilfullythan Tony. Tony doesn't 14. We'll have to leavewithout him if he doesn't arrive soon.

Unless 15. Peoplesaythis restaurantis the best in town. This restaurant

t I-

22.1

SentenceCards1

=

F =r

SentenceTransformations2

Rephrasethese sentences using the prompts. Discuss which suggestionsare the closest in meaning to the original senlences.Can you make other sentencesusingthe same patterns?

Unlessyou do some revision,you won't passyour exam. > I f . . ..

r-

<

F F F F F F

11

I last wenr ro a footballmatch when I was at school. >Ihavent....

12

The police arrestedthe escaped prisoner Iast night. > The escapedprisoner . . . .

13

Nicola can swim faster than anyone eiseat the club. > Nobody....

14

Tracey thought the election result was very surprlslng. >Tr aceywas....

15

It takes an hour to fly from Brusselsto London. > Itis....

There was no need for you to work late last night. > Yo ud i d n t....

16

If you eat more, you get fatter. >Themor e...

It is years sinceJane visitedSpain. > J a n e h a sn t....

17

Canyou tellmehow longthepoolis? > Can you tell m e t h e . . . .

18

This is the first time I've beento an all-night party. > I' venever ....

The accidenthappenedbecausethe driver didn't seerhe red lieht. > I f . . ..

Is it all right if I leavethe room?

>M a y ..

F¡

F F F F F F trl

4

I'm sorry I can't come to the disco tonight. > I w i sh ....

It was sucha high shelfthat Ralph couldn't reach it. > The shelf was too

2

z z =e :z

John spoke to his girlfriendbefore taking the job.

=

J o h nd i d n t....

:¡

a a u a a

I

10

I'd rather you didn't put your dirty feet on the sofa. > Would you mind . . . .

tVhat is the meaning of anxious? > W h a td o e s....

'We

19

don't intend to live in this house permanently. >W ehave....

20

I regret not apologisingto her sooner. > Ishould....

! .¡

I t

22.2

I

Sentence Transformations2

SentenceCards2

"41

sentences.Can you make other sentencesusingthe same paflerns?

If you don't do somerevision,you won't passyour exam. >U n l e ss....

!l

2

If the driver had seenthe red light, the accidentwouldn'thavehappened. > The accident happened . . . .

May I leavethe room? >Isi t

I wish I could cometo the disco tonight. > I'm s orry . . . .

11

I haven't beento a football match sinceI was at school> Ilast....

12

The escapedprisoner was arrested by the police last night. >Thepolice....

13

Nobody at the club can swim as fast as Nicola. > Nicola can swim .

14

Traceywas very surprisedby the electionresult. >Traceythought....

The shelfwas too high for Ralph to reach. > It was such

6

You didn't needto work late last night. > There was . .

7

Janehasn'tvisitedSpain for years. > Iti s ....

John didn't take the fob until he had spokento his girlfriend. > J ohn s pok e....

9

10

NTouldyou mind not puttingyour dirty feeton rhe sofa? >I'drather....

What doesanxiousmean? >Whati s ....

It is a one-hourflight from Brussels

15

to London. > It takes .

The moreyou eat, the fatter you get.

16 > I f y o u . . . .

Can you tell me the length of the

17

ll

pooll

> Can you tell me how

18

I've never been to an all-night party before. > This is the

19

\le haveno intentionof living in this housepermanently. >Wedont....

20

I shouldhaveapologisedto her sooner. > I regretnot

a ¡

22.3

SentenceTransformations2 Follow-up

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Rephrase the following sentencesusing the words given:

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1. IvfayI usethe car tonight?

Is it all right

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2. Robert got here so late, he missed dinner.

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3. I'd love to have a little more money.

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I wish 4 . They are repairing the road outside the house.

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The road

5 . Barbara was very bored by the party. Barbara thought 6. Do you know how far it is from Seattleto Vancouver?

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Do you know the

7. I'm sorry I didn't phoneyou yesterday. -

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I should 8 . You won't get into the first team squad if you don'r train harder.

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Unless 9. Shewouldn't give an explanationfor her absence. Sherefused 10. The lessyou eat, the slimmer you get.

If 11.

'We

moved to this street six years ago.

We've

72.It was sucha big sofa we couldn't get it into the living room. The sofa was too ./ 1 3.'Vlewalked 10km beforesroppingfor a break. We didn't 14. I don't objectto peoplesmokingin restaurants. I've no 15. Nobody in the family could eat as much as Antony.

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23.1

SentenceTransformations3 SentenceCards1

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Rephrasethese sentencesusing the prompts. Discuss which suggestionsare the closest in meaning to the original sentences.Can you make othersentencesusingthe same patterns?

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\7e all thought Bill's story was very amusing. > We were all

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The reasonGrace didn't get the job was becauseshe was inexperienced. >If.... David, you had better take some vitamin pills with you. > S h ea d vi se d. . ..

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'We'venever seensuch beautiful scenerybefore. >T h i si sth e ....

It looks as if nobody's at home. > There doesn't seem . . . .

e

11

Darren left quickly so that he didn't haveto buy his friendsa drink. > Darren left quickly to . . . .

12

'S7e tried our hardest but couldn't completethe crossword. > However ....

13

Gail demandedto speakto the manager. > Gail insisted....

14

John borrowedthe money from the bank to buy a new apartment. >Thebank....

15

'S7ould you like to go to the cinema this evening? >Dovoufancv....

16

After three attempts we succeeded in starting the car. >W emanaged....

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They'regoing to install new traffic lightshere. > New traffic lights . . . . The day was so dreadful that we cancelledthe trip. >l tw a ssu ch ....

s

\7e had hoped the exhibition woul be more interesting. > The exhibition wasnt . . . .

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Mary was the only student absent from class. >A p a rt....

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Do you know the height of that skyscraper? >D o yo u kn o w h o w ....

10

'$7ith

17

a word processor,you could write that much faster. > If....

18

In comparison with Japan,the cost of living in the USA is low > If you compare . .

Your Englishseemsto be 19 improving. > It sounds as though . . . .

20

The last sentence. 'S7hata relief! > Iwas....

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23.2

Sentence Transformations3 SentenceCards2

Rephrase these sentences using the prompts. Discuss which suggestionsare the closest in meaning to the original sentences.Can you make other senlencesus¡ngthe same patterns?

'V7e were all very amused by Bill's story. > We all thought . . . .

11

Darren left quickly to avoid buying his friendsa drink. > Darren left quickly so . . . .

12

However hard we tried, we couldn't completethe crossword. > We tried our . .

13

Gail insistedon speakingto the manager. >Gaildem anded....

14

The bank lent John the money to buy a new apartment. >John....

15

Do you fancy going to the cinema this evening? > Would you like....

16

After three attempts we managed to start the car. >W esucceeded....

It was such a dreadful day that we cancelledthe trip. > T h ed " y....

17

If you had a word processor,you could write that much faster. >W ith....

The exhibition wasn't as interesting as we had hoped. > W e h a d h o p e d ....

18

If you comparethe USA with Japan, the cost of living in the USAis low. > In comparison . .

19

It soundsas though your English is improving. > Your English seemsto be . . . .

20

I was relievedit was the last sentence. > The last sentence!What . .

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If Grace had been experienced,she would have got the job. > The reason Grace didn't . . . .

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SheadvisedDavid to take some vitamin pills with him. > David. vou had . . . .

This is the most beautifulscenery we'veeverseen, > We'veneverseen. . . .

5

There doesn't seemto be anybody at home. > I t l o o ksa s....

New traffic lights are going to be installedhere. >Th e y 're....

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Apart from Mar¡ every student was presentin class. > M a ryw a sth e ....

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Do you know how high that skyscraper is? > Do you know the . .

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23.3 'rr Sentence Transformations 3 Follow-up

Rephrasethe following sentencesusing the words given: 1. Sheadvisedhim to listen carefully to her instructions. You'd 2. The weather seemsto be improving. It looks as '\üle'd 3. expectedthere to be more spectatorsat the match. There weren't

4. I left work early to avoid getting held up in the rush-hour traffic. I left work early so 5. This is the most disgustingcoffeeI've ever tasted. I've never 6. Mary was the only guest not wearing casualclothesat rhe party. Apart 7. Paul and Georgewere always arguing but they remainedgood friends. However much 8. I want to know the depth of the river at this point. I want to know how 9. I was surprisedto hear you're expecting triplets! tiplets! What 10. \X/ehaven'tgot a phone so we have to usethe public call box. Tf

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.

.

.

11. Ellen has got such a lot of money,shedoesn'tknow how to spendit. Ellen has got so 'lZ.They ought to havedone the repairsby now. ,.r_tl

rne repalrs . . . .

13. Why don't we speakto the shop manager? Francis suggested 14. Trains in Britain are very expensivecompared to Italy.

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In comparison .

15.If Lesliehadn'tbeendelayed in the traffic, she would be he¡e by now. The traffic preventedLeslie

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Completion Activities

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These lessons all require the learners to finish off incomplete sentencesusing grammar and vocabulary prompts to help them. The activities are, therefore, slightly more open-endedthan those in the previous secrionsof this book. 'With learnerswho are not used to working in independentgroups it may be better to start them off with a straightfot-"rd matching activity fiom Section 2 before using the more challengingactivities in this section. Lesson 24 - 26 all practise multi-verb sentences, complementation,and the -ing form v. the infinitive. Lesson 27 focuseson link words and time expr:essions.

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SentenceCompletion 1 SentenceCompletion 2 Gerund or Infinitive ClauseCompletion

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Sentence Completion

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SentenceCards

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Read out the sentenceon your card.You must completeit with the phraseGO TO THE CINEMA.This meansthat you will have to changethe grammarof this phraseto f¡t your sentence.

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It's so expensive.I wish I had the mo n e y. . . .

11 t h e y . . . .

He's a terrible director. There'sno p o i n t....

12

I'd love to come with you but I'm notsur eifl...

I don't want to go to the game. I' d p re fe r. . . .

t3

\7hat shall we do tonisht? > I suggestwe

shall we do tonight? > It would be great

14

Saturdayor Sunday? I can't decide when. .

We haven't made any definite plans for tonight,,but we . . . .

15 is too exoensive.

I'd love to come but I'm too busy. If I had the time, I....

16

Yes,why not? It's agessincewe Iast....

On Saturdaynights,we always. . . .

17

Are you doing anythingtonight?

There'snobodyat home. Perhaps

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Ruth isn't coming.Shethinks

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I'm tired of the disco. w e....

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'Why

don't

Last night we watched TV instead of

Geoffrey'swife doesn't allow

10 him ,i;ig¡:",

> No. but I'd reallv love

No-one answeredthe phonewhen

18 c a lle d .M a v b e t h e v . . . .

19

20

Jan would rather stay at home. She'sneverreally liked . . . .

'S7e usuallygo to the game on Fridaynights,but this Friday we . . . .

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24.2

F

Sentence Completion

1

Follow-up

E2 1

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Complete the following sentenceswith the correct form of GO TO THE CINEMA: 1. Thanks for the invitation. If I wasn'tbaby-sitting, I 2. Tonight's game has beencancelled,so why not . .

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3. Joe'snot surewhat he'sgoingto do tonight but he

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4. Let'sask grandmaif shewantsto come.It must be years since she last

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5. Last night we watched the game as well as . . .

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6. Joe and Anna usuallvstavat homeat the weekendsbut this Saturdavthev

7. There'salwayssucha lot to do. I wish I had the time . 8. It's no use inviting Tane. Shenever .

9.

'V7e all saw it yesterdayso there's no point

10. Have you madeany plansfor this evening? >'$7ell, it would be nice 11. Nobodyis answering they the phone. Perhaps 12. Come on! You can afford it. It doesn'tcost that much

13. I'm alwaysso busy. If I had the time,I'd love 14. I'm glad you've got tickets for the game becauseI really hate . .

15.'S7henwe called at Monica's house,she wasn't at home. Maybe she

25.1

Sentence Completion 2

SentenceCards

Readout t hes e n te n c e o n y o u r.c a rd ' Y o u m ust-mptetei t* i tnt have to changelhe grammarof this phraseto fit your sentence.

I'm not interestedin watching the g a me . C o u l d n 'tw e ....

l

Barbarahad alreadyseenir, so

11

we

2

No, not tonight. I'm much too

3

Iüe must for ages!

4

Comeon, hurry up! It's ti mew e....

14 I wishI

There'snobodyat home. They m lgnr. . . .

15

lt's over a yearsincewe last

What are you doing this weekend? > \7e're thinking of . . .

16

I've got to work latetonight,but

I adoreHumphrey Bogart,so I'm lookingforward

17 EverySaturdaynighr for the past

\7e had a great time last night but you weren'tthere.You should

18

My father said when he was a young man everybodyusedto

Sorr¡ I'm just too tired. I'd rather we ,...

19

Gerry prefersstayingin to

My grandmotherwas always fond of....

20

I don't know what to do tonight. >'$7ell,what about

7

I

10

tired

. . We haven't been

12

Sheknew all about the big game eventhough she. . . .

13

Not again! Can't we do something differ enr fr om...

., insteadof the game.

I'd rather

six yearsSally

25.2

Sentence Completion 2 Follow-up

Complete the following sentenceswith the correct form of GO TO THE CINEMA: 1. It startsin half an hour. Comeon! If's time we 2.

'$7e'll seeyou later. \7e're all looking forward to . . .

1 J.

I couldn't get tickets for the big game tonight. > In that casew e ...

4. \fe had a great time last night. > I know. I wish I 5. It must be over three months since we last

6. It's goingto be boringsittingat home. I'd ratherwe . . . 7. Would you like to havedinner with us on Saturdaynight? > I'm not sureif we can. We'rethinkineof . . . 8. Oh no! I missedTom Cruiselast nieht. I knew I should 9. I'm bored. Is there anything we can do tonight? > How about

10. Eachweekend,for the last six months,we 11.

'V7hen my motherwas a child, sheneverused

12. Vith a baby in the famil¡ it's difficult 13. If Jackdidn't go to the game,he might 14. Alison preferswatchingTV 15. No thanks. I've never beenkeen on

*-

2 6.1 Gerund or I nf i ni t i ve

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SentenceCards1

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Completethe sentenceusing a suitableending.You will discoverthat you must use e¡therthe -ing form of the verb or the infinitive - going or to go, getting ot to get.

Could you return that book I lent you? > Sure,when I've finished. . . .

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Anna tried to borrow money off her brother but he wasn't prepared

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I'm so sorry about your antique cut-glassvase. I didn't mean iü

It's been a greatholiday but now, after three weeks,I'm looking forw ardto....

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Sorry. I know I shouldbe mor e punctuat. I pr om lse

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rll üq I've got terrible hiccups.They won't go away. >'!íell, why don't you try . . . .

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I shouldwarn you. Chris has a very short memory,so remindhim

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Just a soft drink for me. My doctor says I have to cut down on

Have you heard the news? After being engagedfor six years,Steveand Mary have finally decided ^f

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10 Raymondis so boring! I wish he wouldn't keepon

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26.2

Ge r u n d or Infi ni ti v e SentenceCards2

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Completethe sentenceusinga suitableending.You will discoverthat you musl use eitherthe -rng form of the verb or the infinitive- going ot to go, getting ot to get.

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1

They told me at the g^rage that my old car wasn't worth . . . .

2

'We'd love to have a holiday this year but we can't afford . . . .

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rr. ,,áve you madeany plansfor the weekend? > Yes,we'vearranged. . . .

4

Oh no! It was mother'sbirthdayyesterdayand I forgot .'. . .

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5

$7ould you like to come to the concert tonight?

> Sorrybut I don't feellike . . . .

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6

I wouldn't be so angry with him if he had apologisedfor . . . .

7

At first Rosie refused,but after a while we persuadedher . . . .

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Thesesuitcases are so heavy.'Wouldyou mind . . . .

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\fhen we were little children, every night before going to sleep, m o th erus ed....

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10 Shespokevery quickly over the phoneso I had greatdifficulty . . . . l

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26. 3

Ge r u n d or Infi ni ti v e SentenceCards3

Completethe senlenceusinga suitableending.You will discoverthat you must use e¡therthe -rng torm.f tne verb or the infinitive- going or to go, getting ot to get.

Thank you. It's beena wonderfulevening.I reallyenjoyed.

2

\üe thoughr we were going to arrive very late but we managed . . . .

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3

What a horriblecough! If I wereyou I'd giveup . . . .

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4

That'senoughwork for one morning. Shallwe stop . . . .

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You know what Alan'slike. He'll neveragree.So it's no use. .

\X/henLucy hasfinishedher universitycourse,s he intends .

Life is difficult on onlv {,1,2.000 a year. That's why I'm interestedin

Not another grammar exercise! I really object to

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Mr Brown wasn't at all happy after visiting his doctor. Shehad a d vis edhi m....

10

What shallwe do tonight? Any suggestions? > It would be wonderful

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26 ^.4

Follow-up

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Ge r u n d or Infi ni ti v e

Completethe following sentences in any way you like using the infiniti ve or -ing form of an appropriateverb:

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1. $600 for a pair of shoes! '$7hoon earth can afford

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2. Mrs Jonescan't seeyou immediatelyso would you mind

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3. Once Dave has madea decisionhe neverchangeshis mind, so it's no use. .

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4. So your car won't start. -Why don't we try . . . 5. 'fhe best way to learn gerundsand infinitives is to keep on 6. You should have been here at 5.00. You'd better apologisefor . . 7.

'V7hen my grandmother was a little girl she used .

8. It's all my fault. I never intended . .

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9. \7e'll need another {800 for the repairs to the roof.

Any chance of persuading

the bank

-

10. Mv bank accountis almostin the red. I'll haveto cur down on . . .

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11. Cath¡ you'vesavedmy life! Thank you for remindingme . .

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72. Fred refusedto give up. After severalattemptshe succeededin . .

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13. That's typicalof you! I've beenwaiting herein the rain for over an hour and you promised

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14. \7hat did you like bestaboutyour holiday? > \7ell, what we enjoyedmost was 15. Only threemoredaysto go. 'We'rereallylookingforward to . . .

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27.1

Cl a u s e C ompl eti on SentenceCards1

Try to finisheach sentencein two differentways usingthe words in bold type.You may use the words in bracketsif you wish or find your own way of completlngthe sentences.You must, however,use one of the words or expressionsgiven.

Paul continued to play his records loudly (complain/ complaints/ neighbours)

tf'

despite eventhough

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I'll come and visit you this evening (time / late / work / have to)

I

if unless

if for

M a rg a re ta ske d me .... (enjoy / another I parry / drink)

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Tom is warm and sociable. Angela, (be reserved,shy)

I

on the other hand in contrast

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The football matchwas cancelled (weatherI rain lawful / hard)

E

I

because of AS

I,4

You shouldtake an umbrellawith you ( rai nl w et/get)

I

Ij u std o n 'tkn o w .... (operate/ computer/ buy)

:

Lesliewill be off work for six weeks (languagecourseI want / do)

1O

rn case so that

what how

in order because

John tried to move the box, but it was (weight / couldn't / heavy)

such

for her finals Penny,l.yjr:dintensively (pass/ fail / everyrhing)

As a result Unfortunately

SO

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27.2

C l a u se C ompl eti on SentenceCards2

Try to finisheach sentencein two ditferentways usingthe words in bold type.You may use the words in bracketsif you wish or find your own way of completingthe sentences.You must, however,use one of the words or expressionsgiven.

I

Hilary went to the office on Monday morning, (feel/ well)

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although in spiteof

a a)

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It was a long drive to Pauline'shouse.\7e didn't arrive (afterI midrright/ time / parry)

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until in

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Frank works a twelve-hour day at his office. (always/ tired I full /energy)

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Becauseof this Despite this

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Jamestried to follow Anna's instructionsbut they were (difficult / couldn't / follow)

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too s o'

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So we have some gueststonight? Can you tell me ( i n v i te /co o k/d i n n e r)

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I can't find my contact lensesanywhere. Do you know ( d o / l e a ve /th e m)

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who what

what where

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7

Ken's football team never did much training (lose/ win / championship)

Of course However

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Seeyou for lunch tomorrow. Phone and let us know (arrive / bring / friend)

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Bill had livedin Spainfor 6 years, (make/ mistakes/ fluent/ Spanish)

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10

I'm sick and tired of people phoning me (favourite / watch / TV programme)

when if

but SO

during while

I

Cl a u se C ompl eti on

27.3

Follow-up

J

and situationsusing one of the suggested Completethe following sentences words or phrases: L. Susanpractisedvery hard for her drivingtest. As a resuh/ Howeuer/ Unfortunately 2. On Sundaymorning we went out for a long walk, . despite / because/ euen thougb 3. Yes,mother, of courseI'll come and visit you . . ,ia

u h e n/i f/unl es s 4. I'd adviseyou to take plentyof warm clotheswith you in case/ as / so that 5. Richard had been away from work for two weeksso / in order / becawse 6. It took longer than we thought to drive to Detroit, and we didn't arrive

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I

u n ti l /i n/w hen 7. Sallytried her bestto understandthe foreignlanguagechannel,but it was to o /s w c h/s o

8. Harr¡ I'm comingto your party on Frida¡ but I don't know wh o /w hen/w hat | | | in my travelsin A^a¡n-c a , a n o a s K e o mc . . . 9. Debbiewas very inte¡ested

h o w/i f/w hen 1,0.Sonia'sgardenparty was on the hottestday of the year. . - , Despitethis / Becauseof this / Of course 11.'S7edecidedto wrire to the hotel well in advance jwst in case/ so that 1.2.I'veneverhad a holiday in India L..

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aesprte/ euentnougn hasreallygrown. 13. Davidt business Of course/ Becauseof this 14. l''d havelovedto acceptyour invitation. .

if L5. There'sa terrible shortageof good staff at the moment . . . . abhough / in s¡tite of

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2

Section 5 Dictation Activities

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The activities in this section are very different from those in the other sections. Learnerslisten to sentences- or in the caseof lesson32, a completestory - and fill in an answer sheet with a set of target word partnerships.Being able to recogniseimportant word partnershipsin a flow of discourseis a vital language learning skill and, when listeningto English,learnersneed to be as aware of form as content. [n lessons29 and 30 learners are asked to listen for words which collocate with key verbs like make and do, giue and take, or haue andget.Inlesson 31 they listen for prepositionalphrases,and in lesson32 for phrasal verbs.

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Lesson28: Lesson29: Lesson30: Lesson3L: Lesson32:

Make and Do Give and Take Have and Get Prepositional Phrases PhrasalVerbs

28.1

Í-

Make and Do Dictation Sentences

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1. Joe sold his old Ford and made a profit of $60. 2. Come on, Jane! \Ve've beenwaiting 20 minutes. Pleasemake a decision. 3. Alberto is always afraid of making mistakes when he speaksEnglish. 4. I wish this housewould clean itself. I hate doing the housework. 5. Next summe¡ we'd like to do an Italian coursein Perugia. 6. Don't worry about your driving test. Just get in the car and do your best. 7. In Britain, young men don't have to do military service. 8. Our company does most of its businesswirh EuropeanUnion countries. 9. Do you mind waiting five minutes? I have ro make a quick phone call. 10. Her idea of pleasureis sitting in front of the TV doing nothing.

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1 1 . If you'reinterested in buyingJan'sold car,why don't you makeher an offer? 1 2 . The only thing that man is interestedin is making money. 1 3 . Do be quiet! You're making a horrible noise. 1,4.A weekendin Dublin sounds great. I'll make some enquiriesat the travel agency. 1 5 . Fresh air and regular exercisealways doesyou good. 7 6 . Tony felt lonely when he first moved to Sydney but he soon made new friends. 1 7 . Can I make a suggestionabout lunch? rü7hydon't we phone for pizzas? 1 8 . Don't make excuses! If you were more organisedyou would never be late.

T I

1 9 . At first Carlos thought English was impossiblebut now he's making progress. 20. Geoffrey's not at home. He's at the sports cenrre doing his keep-fit exercises. ;4,::r:

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28.2

Make

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AnswerSheet -t

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Make a note of the expressions you hear containingMAKE and DO:

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2A.3

M a ke a nd D o Follow-up

Complete the following sentencesusing a word partnership with MAKE or DO' Tiy to do this without looking at the expressionsat the bottom of the page! 1. This houseis in an awful mess.It's time I 2.l'm sorry to hear you're not feelingwell. Drink this. It'll 3. You won't meet people sitting at home' Go out if you want to 4. Are you coming out or aren't you?

'S7e're waiting for you to . . .

5. BeforeClareleavesfor Madrid, she'sgoingto . . . 6. Shutup! I'm trying to work but it's impossiblewhen you're . . . . 7. lHow are we going to explain to the boss why we're so late? > Don't worry. I'll . . . 8. Albert's sellinghis video recorderbut wants {300 for it! >'Well, why don't you . . 9. Andrew hatesthe idea of life in the army but all 18-year-oldshave to . . . 10.

'$fihen speaking,concentrateon communicatingand don't worry about

11. It,s Saturdaytomorrow and no work to do.

'We

can just relax and

12. Pablo, how are you doing on your English course? > It was very difficult at first but now I'm . . 1 3 . J o b s a ti sfa cti o n me a n S mu chm or etom ethan. L4. You're putting on weight. If you want to burn it off you should

15. Don't go on! I know my drivingisn't perfectbut I'm

a decision/ a noise/ money/ progress/ friends/ mistakes/ some excuseI an offet

DO nothing / some housework / a Spanishcourse/ military service/ you good / some exerciseI my best !-E-

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29.1

Give and Take Dictation Sentences

1. Alwaysdrive safelyand nevertake unnecessary risks.

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2.lhaven't read it yet, but I did give it a quick glance. =

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3. Jonathanhas taken somewonderful photoswith his hew camera.

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4. Our neighboursare givinga partythis weekendand we're all invited.

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'We're in no hurry to get there,so you can slow down and rakeyour time.

6. Mrs Davis gave us an interestingtalk on her travels in Mexico.

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7. Helen took a quick look round the apartment and decidedshe had to buy it.

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8. I'm gettingtired. Shallwe take a break?

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9. Our host gaveus a warm welcome:'Sit down and makeyourselves at home.'

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10. If you want to give a good impression,you'd better wear your new suit.

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11. I needsomefreshair. Shallwe rakea shorrwalk? L2. For the new job, the companyneedssomeonewho can work on their own and take responsibility.

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13. The refereegave the centre-forwardafinal warning; 'Nexf time it'll be a red card.'

¡

14. Rosie,you don'r look well. Let me take your temperarure.

¡

15. Do turn that musicdown! It's givingme a headache.

I r

16. Steveis studyinghard. In six weeks'time he takeshis final exams.

-

I

'l'7.Díanathankedher friendsfor all the help they had givenher during her illness.

|

18. Mrs Greenegaveher son a big hug to welcomehim home.

I I

79. Barry took greatoffencewhen I told him that he was going bald.

I

20. Goodbye,and havea good trip. Takecareof yourselves.

t

29.2

Give and Take AnswerSheet

Make a note of the expressions you hear containingGIVE and TAKE:

I

a =

29.3

Give and Take

Follow-up

=1 r-

-

¡.4

-

.attl

.J

complete the following sentencesusing a word partnership with GIVE or TAKE. If you need them, the words ar rhe bottom of the page wil help you.

¡

L. I've had a

rJ -

2. Jim's bossgavehirn a

,J

a

. . at your testsand they look very encouraging. . . : ,Gerhereon rime or you,ll be fired.,

3. Traceysaidthat mountainclimbingwasn't dangerous as long as you didn,t take

lt

¿

4 . I think we'd better take a

¡J -l

a

5. Anne's new colleaguesgave her such a

. that she soon

felt at home.

aa-

-¡ ..2

6 . \7hich camera are you using now? you've taken some

=

7. Joe admimedchat he was in the wrong: ,I take

for what

happened.' ¿ ¡

r t T I t ¡

t I I ¡

I I I I I I

8 . Mr Yamamoto gave us a..

on cultural differencesbetween the

USA and Japan.

9 . Don't worry, Katie. \7e'll give you 10.Everybod¡'was very rflenoly. f

.

rr

. . we can.

Y

so I got a vety

of the school.

1 1.Thanks for phoning. It's beengreat to hear from you. Take of yourself. 12. I wish we didn't have to go out. Norma always gives such

13. If only we could openthesewindows.Air conditioninggives me . . 7 4 . Af t e r t a k in g a ....

... ar oundthe block,Jennyfeltmuch ber r er .

15. Jack, when you meet mother, always compliment her on her cooking, otherwise

shetakes

warm welcome

boring parties

quick glance

brisk walk

unnecessaryrisks

final warning

fascinatingtalk

full responsibility

great offence

quick break

beautifulphoros

good care

awful headaches

all the help

good impression

30.1

Have and Get Dictation Sentences

1. Greatnews! Holly hashad a babygirl - HelenMaria, weight3 kilos.

2. Forget the expense.This time we'll get a taxi to the airport. J.

I like your new outfit. Tell me, where did you ger rhoserrousers?

4. It's been a long day. I must have a rest before I do anything else. 5. So the computer won't print the document? Let me have a try. 6. The streetlayout is confusingin York but you'll soon get to know it. 7. Maureen and Scott'smarriagedidn't last long. They got divorcedafter threemonths. 8. Not again! That couple in the next apartment are always having arguments. 9. Did you enjoy yourselves? > Yes,we all had great fun. L0. Here's the bar. If you can find somewhereto sir, I'll get the drinks.

l t. Thanks for phoning. I'm glad to hear you're OK. I was beginningto get worried. 12. So you've been having problems with your washing machineagain. Don't you think it's time you bought a new one? 13. Let's try this restaurant. It got three stars in last year's Michelin Guide. 14. I always feel nervous whenever the boss says: 'Could I have a word with you?' 15. If yor-rwant to get fit, why don't you try swimming or cycling? 16.lf I have time after work, I'll do some shopping. 1'7. John and Helen were on their way to Florida. It was six yearssincethey had last had a holiday.

18. It was a venylong evening.Nancy didn't get hometill midnight. 19. Patrick and Pamela'schildren were delightedwith the presentsrhey got for

Christmas. 20. I've beenhavingsecondthoughts.I think white would be a much bettercolour for the bedroom.

á

3(J-.2

I

Have and G et AnswerSheet

=

a = 4

Make a note of the expressions you hear containingHAVE and GET

-l

a

I

3

i

a € ¡

a ¡

a a ¡

!

a I -.

t t

a a t

a t ¡

a I I I I I

t

t:

HAVE HAVE

GET GET

30.3

Have and Get Follow-up

In eachof the following sentences replacethe expressions lz italics with similar onesusingHAVE or GET. 1. Thankyou for a wonderfulevening.We'ueall reallyenjoyedit. 2. The president'swife hasgiuen birth to a baby girl. 3. \lhat elegantnew furniture!

'Where did you bwy it?

4. Now the children are old enough to talk, they're always arguing. 5. There won't be any busesat this time of night. 'We'dbetter call a taxi.

6. Kirsty didn't experienceany difficulry changing the car battery.

7. My son Phll achieueda distinction in his end-of-year test.

8. I'm so glad you'vearrivedsafely.I tuasbeginningto feel worried. 9. I didn't hearyou comein last night. What time did 1,ouarriuehome? 10. Chriswas surprisedto receiuea letterfrom an old schoolfriend. 11. At first I liked the idea of going camping for the weekendbut nou I'm not so sure.

12. Robert, just the person I want to see. Could I talk to you for a minute? '1,3.As I becamemore friendly uith him, I realised he was a sweet, gentle person. 14. I must have my best suit cleaned. It's John and Mary's wedding on Saturday.

15. What'sthe problem?The key won't turn in the lock? ShallI seeif I can do it?

l- i

*i

-*l

á

I

a

31 .1

Prepositional Phrases

Dictation Sentences

3 ¡-

a

1. At first I thoughtshewas unsociable, but thenI realisedshewas just shy.

*'

2. There were ar least20.,000specratorsat last night,s big game.

A

3. Did you do anything interestinglast weekend?

¡¡ a

a a

> No, nothing in particular. 4. Mrs Jonesis busy just now but she'll be able ro seeyou in a moment.

5. rüle'reon the phonenow and our number's369701.

A

6' Ralph doesn't want to come out with us this evening. He'd rarher be on his own.

A

7. Carelessdriving puts people'slives in danger.

a a

8. I don't believeshebrokethoseglasses accidentally.I think shedid it on purpose.

3 A

9 . R o w e n a a d vi se d me to g e ta ca ralar m becausecar theftisontheincr easer ou ndher e. 10. Mary allowedher son to go out to the discoon conditionhe camehome by midnight.

a tl

!

3.-,

a ?i f

J

11. Joeand Benwereoncebitter enemiesbut thar'sall in the pastnow. 12. You'rewearingpink! > Ihat's right. It's backin fashion. 13. Thank you so much for all your help and supporr. > Not at all. It was a pleasure.

E

14. Justslow down! NThyare you alwaysin a hurry?

E

15. If the taxi driverhadn't drivenat top speed,we would havemissedour flight.

3 E

16. I could seefrom the way they were smilingthat they were deeplyin love.

t

17. There'sa good busserviceto the city centre,and the busesusuallyrun on time.

I

18. Rosielost the rennismatch. Shewasn'rplayingat her best.

I

19. For a relationshipto succeedit's essentialfor the couple to'have a lot in common.

¡

¡

20. We'vesentthe packageexpressair and it should arrive in three days.

Pre p o s ¡ti onal phras es

31 . 2

AnswerSheet

Comp.letethe following expressions with the correctprepositionwhen you hear it read: 1..

first

ll"

2.

least

1,2. back. . ....

3. nothing

. particular

,

the past

13. Not . . ....

fashion all.

: ,

4.

a moment

14.

5.

the phone

15. drive . . ....topspeed

6.

his own

16. deeply. .....love

7.

danger

77.

time

8.

purpose

18.

her best

9.

rhe increase

19. a lot . . ....

10.

.. c ondi ti on

20.

a hurry

comm on

. three days

Now group the phrasesaccordingto the preposition:

AT

IN

ON

'i

,

I 3

31 .3

Prepositional Phrases Follow-up

¡

3 7 7 3 ? 7 7 7

replacethe words and phrasesin italics with In eachof the following sentences beginningwith AT: expressions easy' I. In the begi¡ning I thought prepositionswere impossiblebut now I think they're 2. Tickets for the musical 'Cats' cost a minimum of f'20' you can' 3. If we're going to be in time for the shoq you'|l have to drive as fast as 4. Ralph asked Emma for a date but she wasn't in tbe least interested' 5. Although John wasn'r playing as well as he could, he won the match.

-l -¡

3 3

ON: Replace the words and phrases in italics with expressions beginning with

-2

-¡

8 -r2.

-¡

E E at). id

7

6. SometimesI just like to sit quietly by myselfand read' 7. Violent crime is rising in this areaof the city' 8. I,m not sureit was an accident.I think that window was brokendeliberately. 9. You'd betterget to the stationsoon. The trains are alwayspunctual. 10. John'sparentsallowedhim to havea party as long as he did all the washing-up'

a ¡ J -2 ,O

d

-?

-

lE

t ¡ rF

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il

I

Replace the words and phrases in italics with expressionswith IN: replied: 11.'WhenI askedRobertwhat he'd doneon his weekendin New York, he iust 'NothingsPecial'. 12. The letter is in the post and should arrive the day after tomorrout' 13. If you insiston breakingthe speedlimit, you put other people'slivesat risk' 14. 'Víhata strangerelationship!John and Jackiehavenoneof tbe sameinterests' 15. Fastenyour seatbelts. The planewill be taking off uerysoonnoLu'

32.1

Phrasal Verbs DictationTexts

Here are the meaningsof 20 phrasal verbs. Can you guessthe verbs? List One

List Two

1. find somethingin a referencebook 2. read quickly 3. revise 4. begin a journey 5. say goodbye 6. stop working 7. relaxl 8. register 9. rise into the air 10. take care of

11. 12. 1.3. 14. 15. 16.

recover from be happy! think about the future with pleasure disappeargradually seewith difficulty improve (weather)

iI liI"""

1.9. find by chance 20. remember

Now listen to your teacher or a partner reading a story. Write down the phrasal verbs you hear next to their meaning on your answer sheet.You will hear them in the right order.

Joe and Ann's Long Weekendin Neu York Part One

Ann ¿lndher bovfriend Joe were planning to spend a long weekend in the USA.

'!íhy don't we go ro Manhartan?'suggested Ann. 'l've never beenthere.' 'Where'sManhattirn?'askedJoe. Ann looked up Nerv York in the atlas and shorvedhim. After going through some holiday brochures,Joe was convinced. 'I'll have to brush up my English before we go,' said Ann. On the day of their holida¡ they set off early to Amsterdam Schiphol airport. Joe's mum saw them off at the station and they were on their way. 'I hope the train doesn't break down,' said Joe. 'Calm down! (Jf course it rvon't,' replied Ann. Anywa¡ they reachedthe airport with no problems and checked in early for their flight. It was Joe's first time in an aircraft and he felt very anxious as they took off. 'There's¡ro need to feel nervous. I'm here to look after vou.' said Ann.

Part Ttao

'You'll soon get over your fear of fl,ving. Now cheer upl You're on holiday,' said Ann. After a

while, his nervousnesswore off and he began to enjol' the experience. 'I'm looking forward to our weekend now,' said Joe. Five hours later they could make out New York far below them through the clouds as the plane started to descend. 'Oh no! It's raining,' saiciJoe as they left the airport. But the weather soon began ¡o clear up. In their hotel, they were wondering what they could do that evenrng. 'Let's check the guide book and find out.'suggested Ann. The book informed them that the lower east side of the city was full of little Italian restaurantsand nightclubs. 'Let's go. I want to try out the local cooking,' said Joe. Soon they came acrossa delightful Italian restaurant where lots of young people were eating. It was the beginning of a magical weekend they always look back on with pleasure.

32.2

Phrasal Verbs AnswerSheet

Find the phrasal verbs with the following meanings:

Phrasal Verbs

32.3

Follow-up

Completethe following story using appropriate phrasal verbs. Try not to use the list at the bottom of the page! Barbara will always remember the day when she flew from Amsterdam to spendthe weekendin London with her friend Ralph. She 1.

for the airport

early one cold, wet Friday afternoon and arrived in plenty of time to 2. for her flight. Soon after the plane 3.

, she started to get a headache and feel sick. The flight attendantswere very kind and helpful.

'Don't worry abouta thing. 'We'rehereto 4. After a while. her headache 5. .

you,' they said. , and when she heard the captain's

announcement,she immediately6. ''$7ewill be arriving at London Heathrow in approximately 15 minutes. The temperatureis 20 degrees,and you'll be glad to hear that the weather has

7. Barbara was 8.

. . to staying in an English-speaking country. Shehad

sDentthe last month 9.

her English but still felt nervousabout using

it. However, she soon 10.

her nerves after she had asked for street

directions in the city centre. She could understand 90 per cent of what was said!

At Ralph's hotel in Victoria they made a plan for that evening. Ralph 11.

Time Out magazineto find out what shows were on and Barbara

1.2.

'ChineseRestaurants'in Eating Out in London. Her book

informed her that the Soho area was full of little Chineserestaurants. 'Let's eat before going to a show,' suggestedRalph. 'I'd love to 13. some real Chinesecooking.' In Soho they 1.4.

. . a lovely little restaurant where lots of Chinesepeople

were eating. It was the start of a magical weekend that they always 1 5 . on with pleasure.

clearup checkin wear off

take off look back try out

get over set off look after

cheerup brush up comeacross

go through look up look forward

Answer Key 1.1 1.3

1.2 1, 5, 8, 10,2,6,4,7,3,9 1, 3, 5, 1 0, 8,2 , 6, 9, 7, 4 10 i , 1 - 1 p ,1 2 n , 1 3 i , 1 4 1 ,1 5 k , 1 6 o Exercise1: 1e ,2h, 3a, 4f , 5b, 69, 7c , 8d, 9m , Exercise 2': L a few weeks before / previously 2. in spite of / despite 3. In fact / Actually 4. Soon / It was not long before 5. Fortunately/ Luckily 6. even better / better still 7. Soon / It was not long before 8. Even though / Although 11.then l2.Finally/Eventually/Afterawhile/Some 9 .asare su lt/co ns equent ly l0. Af t er awhile/ Ev e n t u a l l y time later 13. At first / To begin u'ith 14. immediately 15. After looking / After he had looked 16. naturally

2.1 1, 3, 9, 7, 5, 2, 8 ,1 0 ,6 ,4 2.3 Exercisel: 1.d,2h, 3a, 4f,

2,2

1, 4,8, 6,2,9,7,3, 10,5

5b, 6c, 7e, 8g, 9n, 10p, 71,i,lzk, 13i, 14o, 15m, 161 Exercise 2: 1. On the whole / Generally speaking 2. for example / for instance 3. Of course / Obviously 4. another point in its favour / a furtl.reradvantage 5. also 6. although / even though 7. Unfortunately / Sadly 8. except for / a pa rtfrom 9 . Inf ac t / Ac t ually 10. I naddit ion l l . A n o t h e r d r a w b a c k / A f u r t h e r d i s a d v a n t a g e l2.inspiteof / despite 13. Taking evervthinginto consideration/ All things considered 14. as I seeit / personallyspeaking 15. I think / I believe 16. In conclusion/ To conclude

3.1 1,,8, 6, 4, 7, 1,0,2, 5. 9, 3 J..)

4 .1

4.2

3.2

1,6,4,2,9, 10,7,9,3, 5

Exercisell 1d, 2h, 3a, 49, 5[, 6b, 7e, 8c, 9o, 101,11p, 12i, 13n, 14j, 15m, 16k Exercise 2..l.I'd lik et ot hank y ou/ Thank y ous om u c h 2. Itwasreallvgreat/ltwasjustwondelful 3 . I 'm v e r yso r r y about / I should apologisefor 4. rather hectic 5. I'd like to tell you / Let me tell you 6. Last weekend/ The other weekend 7. I was quite fascinated by / I was really interested in 8. In lact / Actually 9. hopefully / all being well 10. even though 11. Great nervs/ I've got some fantasticnews 12. Believeit or not / Yotr're not going to believethis but 13. surprise,surprise 14. Incidentally/ By the way 1-5.I'm considering/ I'm thinking of 16. It's been such a long time / It's been rrges 1. Dear Julia, I am writing to postponeour appointment on Monday 8th. 7. As you can seefrom the stamp, I am still in Ireland. 5. I arrived on Monday 1st and I was expecting to return to Liverpool on / by Friday 5th. 10. But, unfortunatel¡ things have not gone / did not go according to plan, and now I won't be returning until Tuesday 9th at the earliest. 2. You see,on TuesdayI went for a drive to seethe countrysidesouth o{ Dublin. 9. And while I was admiring the scener¡ the car suddenly ran off the road. 3. It was obviously an awful shock, but luckily I was not injured, apart from a few scratches.However, the car was badly damaged.8. This meansI'll be staying/ I'm staying until the repairs have beencompleted. 4. Despite the accident,I have had / I've been having a great time looking round Dublin and visiting the museumsand art galleries. 6. I'll phone you when I'm back in Liverpool. Best wishes,Jack. Dear Cath¡ I hope this letter reachesyou safely. As ,vou can see from this address,I am still in Paris. I am sorry but I'll have to / I have to cancel our dinner date for a week on Saturday. We were expecting / had expected to get

back to Manchester on the morning of Friday 9th. Unfortunatel¡ nothing has gone / went according to plan and now we won't be able to leave until next Friday. On Wednesdaywe were going to spend the day at the Louvre, but as / while I was crossingthe road in front of the hotel, a car ran over my foot. \7hat a dreadful shock! Except for my foot, I feel fine, but I can only walk with a stick. The doctor has ordered me to rest, so I can't leave here until I arn fit. In spite of the / this accident,we are enjoying our stav here and all the hotel staff have been very kind to us. I'll give you a call as soon as we get back to M¿rnchesternext Friday. 5 .1 : 1. Dear Sall¡ I met Joan Wood in Sheffield last weekend and we had a drink at the Midland Hotel. 5. She says / said you have left / had left school and at the moment are / were unemployed. 10. After all that / your hard r,r'ork for your final exams, I expect you want to take a break from r,r'orkand study. 7. But have you made any plans for the future yet? 2.If you are thinking of working for a year before going to college, perhaps I can help you. 4. If you don't mind, I could ask my boss if she knorvs of any vacanciesin the Birrningham area. 3. I know hou, difficult it is for sclroolleaversto find work nowadays. 6. And I wouldn't want to be in your position. 9. So I hope you will understandthat I am just trying to be helpful. 8. lírite soon ¿rndtell me what you have decided to do. Love, Auntie May. Dear Brian, I happenedto meet Mike Jamesin Newcastlethe other week and we had lunch together.He said you had left your job and accepted a new post in the North London area. I imagine you need / you'll need a complete break after working / having worked so hard at I for / rvith Braithwaite Engineering. But have you found somewhere to live in London yet? If you are thinking of renting temporary accornmodationwhile you are looking for r house,nra,vbeI can help you. If it's all right with you , I'll see if my boss knows of any flats to rent locally. It's almost impossible for newconers to get decentaccommodationnowadays.I wouldn't like to be in your shoes.Pleasedon't think I am interfering in your business. I'm just trying to help an old friend. \lhy not fax me as soon as possibleor you can send me a note by e-mail. All the best, lan.

6 .1 : 1. Dear Robin and Sarah,We are on holiday in Brighton yet again and / but / though the weather here is much hotter

6.2:

than it usually is for August. 9. '!7e have been taking care to protect our skin from the sun. 6. 'We got here three days ago while you were in Holland. 8. lfhen we last saw you, we told you we were thinking of going away. 10. At that time rve didn't feel like another holiday on the south coast. 4. But finaily we decidedon renting a / this lovely apartment, only five minutes on foot from the town centre. 3. It's on the top floor and we have a large balcony with a sea view. 2. I wish we lived somewhere like this all the time, but we haven't got the money. 5. $7eare coming / we come home on August 31st, but we would love to seeyou before then, if it is possible. 7. Give us a cail on Brighton 736344, and we'll arraÍge somewhere to meet. Love, Carol and Mark. Dear Steveand Linda, 'We are on holiday in Madrid yet again, but the weather is much colder than usual for July. In facr, we have been thinking / are thinking of buying some thick pullovers to keep rvarm! Jure \4'asvery hor, but iust as

-

7,7

7.2

8. 1 8. 3

/ when / before we arrived, it started to change. When we last met, we said we were thinking of trying somewhere different this summer.As a matter of fact, we were thinking that Spain had got a bit more expensivethesedays. But then a rich friend of David's offered us his apartment right in the centre of Madrid at a very low rent. It's on the fourth floor and we've got a wonderful view of the Prado. If only we had the money to live somewhere like this permanently! But you would have to be a millionaire to afford the rent! I'll give you a ring the moment we get home and tell you you all about our holiday. 1. Dear Mrs Harlock, I am writing to thank you for the enjoyable two weeks I spent in your conversation class last year. 9.1had already been in England for six weeks when I joined your class,but this was my first opportunity to speak English properly. 5. In my countrf students are not really taught how to speak and / or listen. 8. Instead, teachersconcentrate on grammar and translation, which makes it difficult for students to communicate. 2. I really appreciatedthe adviceyou gave me about / on finding temporary work in Britain. 7. Now, I'm looking for a job where I in which I can use my English, perhaps as a waiter or shop assistant. 3. I hope to find something suitable in / over the next week or two. 10. Then, if I can afford it, I would like to stay for / until Christmas. 6. Thank you once again for giving me the confidence to speak English without worrying about my mistakes. 4. I look forward to seeingyou when I am next in Cambridge. Yours sincerel¡ Gunther Scl.raudi. Dear Nanc¡ I am writing to thank you for taking care of the children while I was ill. As you know, I was in bed for three weeks, but now I feel strong enough to have the children back. I am afraid they have not been brought up to be as quiet and well-behavedas your children. Instead,they seemto concentrateon making as much noise as possible, which makes them difficult to look after. I'm very grateful for the advice you gave me about applying for a wordprocessingcourse.Slith any luck, I'll be able to find a suitablecoursein I over I during the next few weeks.Then, if I have the money, I'd like to do an information technology course. lfhat I'll probably do is work from home until I complete both courses.Thanks again for giving me the confidence to continue my education without worrying about my family. I'll phone in a few days to arrange a time to come and pick up the children. Lots of love, Lucy.

1c ,2e,3 9 ,4 h , 5 a , 6 d , 7 i , 8 b , 9 j , l } f

8.2

7b,29, 3i , 4e, 5a.,6i .,7h.,8d,9f, 10c

1. different from 2. afraid of 3. disappointedwith 4. good at 5. worried about 6. annoyed with 7. keen on g. s at is f iedwit hl0. int er es t ed i n 1 1 . k i n d o f 1 2 . p o l i t e t o 1 3 . t y p i c a l o f 1 4 . w r o n g w i t h 1 5 .su r p r i se d a t 8 .tired of

9.2 1c,2h, 3i , 4i , 5Í,6b,7e,8a,99, 10d Lc , 2i, 3 f, 4 i , 5 d ,6 g ,7 a , 8 b ,9 e ,1 0 h on 5. belicvesin 6. approveoí 7. wait for 8. belongs 1. reminds/ of 2. prevented / from 3. dependson 4. concentrate for in 13. laughat 14. smiledat 15. apologise of 12. succeeded to 9. sufferfrom 10. recoverfrom 11. consists 1.0.2l d,2c, 3i , 4a, 59,6i ,7b,8e, th, 10f 10. 1 le. 2h, 3 9 .4 c ,5 a .6 i . -d . 8 b . e i . l 0 f 10. 3 1. application for 2. alternative to 3. invitation to 4. no point in 5. Congratulations on 6. skill at 7. effect on

9. 1 9,3

8. interestin 9. need for 10. difficultv with 11. experienceof 12. the trouble with 13. differencebetween

14. the matterwith 15. connection with l l .2 1,e,2c,3f,4i ,5b,69,7i ,8d,9a,10h 11. 1 1c , 2i, 3 9 ,4 a ,5 i ,6 e ,7 f,8 d ,9 b ,1 0 h 19 illness ll. 3 1. i, 2d,3 h ,4 9 ,5 m 6 , o ,7 a ,8 1 ,9 n ,1 0 c ,1 tf,72i , 13b,14k, 15e, 16 control17 fresh18 mi sunderstanding 20 short 21 opposites22balanced23 beginner24 unfair 2-5relationship26 confusion 12.2 1b,29, 3j , 4a, 5i ,6e,7h,8c,9f, 10d l2. l le, 2d, 3 g ,4 h , 5 a , 6 i ,7 b , 8 j , 9 f, L 0 c I2h, I3e, 14o,15k;16.tastes17.fri end18.fashi on19.mi ld20. dr ink 12. 3 1. f , 2m ,3 9 ,4 b ,5 n ,6 i ,7 j ,8 1 ,9 c1, 0 a ,1 ' 1.d, 21. warm 22. complete23. lethal24. advice 13. 7 lg, 2h, 3 f, 4 i , 5 a ,6 e ,7 d ,8 i , 9 b , 1 0 c 13. 2 E x er c ise l :1 e ,2 1 ,3 i ,4 h ,5 a ,6 o ,7 k ,8 d ,9m,10b,l l g, 12n,13c,14j , 15f E xerci se2:1.Y ouw on' tgetinunlessyou havea ticket.2. The matchwill be off unlessthe weatherclearsup. 3. I won't get the job unlessI passmy driving test. 4. You'll fail the exam unlessyour Englishimproves. 14. l I c , 2j, 3 Í, 4 í,5 d , 6 9 , 7 b , 8 a ,9 e ,1 0 h 12c,13k,14g,15m Exercise 2: If we hadmoremone¡if welivedin a bigger 14.2 Exercise1: 1e,2d, 31,4b, 5i,6h,7a,8j, 9n, 10f,1,'1,o, house,if you hada betterjob,if wecouldaffordto go to Floridaon holida¡if onlywe hada carlikethepeoplenextdoor,if if, if, if! If peopledidn'tdream,wervouldn'tneedthewordif! schools werebetter, if therewereno waitinglistsfor hospitals, 15. 1 1e,29, 3 b ,4 a ,5 h , 6 c ,7 i , 8 f,9 j , 1 0 d 2': lf,2a,3b,4h, 5c, 69, 7e, 8d 15. 2 E x er c i s 1e : 1 c , 2 m, 3 e ,4 i , 5 i , 6 h ,7 1 ,8 k ,9a,10b,11f, l 2o,13n,14d, 159 Exercise 16. 1 lf , 2d, 3 a , 4 j , 5 9 , 6 c ,7 i , 8 b , 9 e ,1 0 h 1,2h, , 13o,l 4f, l 5a E xerci se 2: L.had 2. had 3. w ould4. had 16. 2 E x er c i s1e: 1 c ,2 d ,3 k ,4 n ,5 m , 6 b ,7 e ,8 j ,99, 101,1,' 1,i 1 0. w oul d 11. w oul d 12.had 5. had 6 . w o u l d 7 . w o u l d 8 . h a d 9 . h a d 17.7 l. Shall we go.. 2. This must be.. 3. This can't be.. 4. This could be.. 5. May I leave.. 6. \7ould you.. 7. You 9. Shecan play.. 10. \7e will have.. mustn't smoke.. 8. I don't have to get up. 17.2 1. Would you like to have.. 2. It might be.. 3.'{/e don't need to do.. 4. That must be wrong.. 5. Shall we see.. 6. You can leave.. 7, You shouldn't work.. 8. Could you lend me.. 9. I had to work.. 10. This bill can't be right. 77.3 l. She could play.. 2.I had to work.. 3. Can I help.. 4. You should relax.. 5. You shouldn't eat.. 6. You must say.. 1 0 . I d o n 't h a v e t o s t u d y . . 7.lcan 't m eet . . 8. I willgiv eups m ok ing.. 9 . T h e w e a t h e r m i g h t b e . . 17,4 1. Shall we have.. 2. This can't be the street.. 3. Your glassescould might be.. 4. May I use..5. You mustn't buy.. 6. You don't have to.. 7. She can play the guitar very well but she can't sing. 8. V/ould you like to stay.. 9. Yes, you can use.. 10. You should eet.. 11. Can I helo vou.. 12. I won't arrive.. 13. This must be.. 14. You shouldn't be.. 15. You'll have.. 18.1 1. Do you have to.. 2.That can't be.. 3. You ought to get.. 4. You could cycle.. 5. Everybody should eat.. 6. You won't have heard.. 7. I couldn't understand.. 8. Irish people don't have to take.. 9. Our family used to go.. 10. Tim must have gone home.. 18.2 L I should have followed.. 2. Roeer could swim.. 3. You can't have seen me.. 4. ..so she must be very rich. 5. Shall

we go.. 6. Could I leave.. 7. I won't eat.. 8. ..I should have sent.. 9. Can you make.. 10. Shall I help..

1 8 .3 l. Would you like to corne.. 2. There didn't use / never used to be.. 3. You must see.. 4. The car can't have run out.. '$7e 5. I won't forget.. 6. I didn't have to work.. 7. ought to go.. 8. I might have dropped.. 9. Dave can play the piano, but he can't read music. 10. She might be lving.. 18.4 1. I won't go.. 2. you must be.. 3. Shecan't have forgotten.. 4. My doctor saysI have to avoid.. 5. I'm sorry I couldn't meet.. 6. women should be paid.. 7. Joe used to sr.noke..8. We could stop.. 9. John must have received... 10. It might be the children playing upstairs. 11. Relax! lle'll arrive.. 12. \fe may have taken.. 13. \flhat shall rve do? 14. I shouldn't have eaten.. 15. You don't have to write. 19.1 1. she always ate lots of .. 2. he wouldn't have enough.. 3. if I whether I could help her with he¡ luggage. 4. if / whether we were going an1,where..5. not to worry. 6. they had to leave soon. 7. it had been a long time since she had had such a good meal. 8. what time the party started. f . if / rvhetherI knew who the principal of the college was. 10. the weather might get much worse tomorrow / the follorving d:ry / the next day. 19.2 1. she could Bet.. 2. they hadn't been..3. when I had left the house this / that morning. 4. he would think about it. 5. she should have phoned her. 6. he should cut down / to cur down.. 7. if I understoodthe rules.. 8. when she would seehim again. 9. they were going on holiday tomorrow / the following day. 10. to wait there until she got back. 19.3 1. they had been in Edinburgh last week / the week before / the previousweek. 2. she couldn't h¡ve left without saying goodlrye. 3. not to phone her at the office again. 4. to move / if I would move my car. 5. he wrs going to finish the decoratingtomorrow / the follou'ing day. 6. rvhereshe could find information about museumsin Madrid. 7. she hadn't eaten anything all day. 8. why I couldn't come / go to hel party. 9. she didn't knorv her rvay round San Francisco. 10. if I was leaving as soon as the coursefinished. 11. thev hadn't watched any TV for ages. 12. how long I would stay in Baltimore. 13. he could run 100 metres in 1l seconds. 14. to be careful. 15. how fluent my English was. 20.7 1. He encouraged me to take the exam again. 2. She admitted that the accident was all her fault. 3. He complimented Sonia on her elegantsuit. 4. She congratulatedhim on his great exam results. 5. He demandedto speak to the manager. 6. She suggestedhaving a quiet evening at home. 7. He refused to go on holiday with his mum and dad. 8. She beggedher mother to let her go to Sharon'sparty. 9. He denied eating the iast chocolatebiscuit. 10. She offered to help him with his bags. 20.2 1. She wanted to know the way to the city centre. 2. He reminded her to lock all the doors and windows. 3. She invited me for lunch on Sunday. 4. He insisted on paying for the drinks. 5. She warned them not to cross the road there. 6. He thanked her for the lovely present. 7. She advisedthem to be very careful what thev s:ridto her. 8. He apologisedfor being so late. 9. Shepromised to be there at 8.00pm. 10. He suggestedgoing for a meal to that new Chinese restaurant. 20.3 1. She complimented Robert on a lovely dinner. 2. He wanted to know who the car belonged to. 3. She reminded him to set his / the alarm clock for 6.00am. 4. He warned them not to touch those plates. 5. She suggestedstopping for a coffee break. 6. He offered me a lift home. 7. She invited us to her party on Sunday evening. 8. He promisecl to get his hair cut this / that week. 9. She admitted (to) eating the last chocolatebiscuit. 10. He apologisedfor forgetting about our appointment. 11. She refusedto eat any rnore. 12. He denied using the office phone for personalcalls. 13. He advisedher to spend a year abroad before going to university. 14. I insistedon seeingevery picture in rhe gallery before leaving. 15. She suggestedwashing the dishesin the morning. 21.1 Refer to the sentenceson 21.2. 21.2 Refer to the sentenceson 21.1, six years ago. 2. Despite not feeling well, Robert went to work. 2t,3 1. Julia started working / to work for this companv I If he spoke more so quickl¡ would be able to understandhim. 4. The meal was so awful 3. slowly / didn't speak (that) we complained to the waiter. 5. I must hrve m1' dressdrv-cleanedbefore the party. 6. \fhat about having a coffe eb rea k? T. I f wehadn' t ar r iv edlat e/ hadar r i v e d e a r l i e r , w e w o u l d n 't h a v e m i s s e d t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e c o n c e r t . '$le put on plenty of sun-block becausethe sun was very 8. I'd never taken such a difficult / a more difficult exam. 9. strong. 10. I'd prefer you not to smoke in the kitchen. 11. Bedroomsmust be vacatedby 11.00am. 12. I wish I'd stayedon at collegeto take my finals. 13. Tony doesn't plav as skilfully as Margaret. 14. Unlesshe arrives soon, we'll have to leavewithout him. 15. This restaurantis said to be the best in town. 22.7 Refer to the sentenceson 2).2. 22.2 ReÍer to the sentenceson 22.L. 22.3 1..Is it all right if I use the car tonight? 2. If Robert hadn't got here so late, he wouldn't have misseddinner. 3. I wish I had a little more money. 4. The ro¿rdoutside the house is being repaired. 5. Barbara thought the party was very boring. 6. Do you know the distance from Seatdeto Vancouver? 7. I should have phoned you yesterday. 8. Unless you train harder, yolr won't get into the first team squad. 9. She refused to give an explanation for her absence. 10. If you eat less,you get slimmer. I1. \ü/e'velived / been living in this streetfor six years. 12. The sofa was too big to get into the living room. 13. \7e didn't stop for a break until we had walked 10km. 14. I've no objection to people smoking in lestauranrs. 15. Antony cor¡ld eat more than anyone in the family. 23.2 Refer to the sentenceson 23.1. 23.1 Refer to the sentenceson23.2. 23.3 1. You'd better listen carefully to my instructions. 2. It looks as if / thougl-rthe weather is improving. 3. There weren't as manv spectatorsat the match as we'd expected. 4.Ileft work early so as to avoid getting held up in the rush-hour traffic. 5. I've never tastedsuch disgustingcoifee. 6. Apart from NIary, all the guestsat the party were wearing casual clothes. 7. However much they argued, Paul and George remained good friends. 8. I want to know how deep the river is at this point. 9. Triplets! \ühat a surprise! 10. If we had a phone, we wouldn't have to use the public call box. 11. Ellen has got so much money, she doesn't know how to spend it. 12. The repairs ought to have been done by now. 13. Francissuggestedspeakingto the shop manager. 14. In comparison with Itirl¡ trains in Britain are verv expensive. 15. The traffic prevented Leslie from getting here. 24.1 1. to go 2. (in) going 3. to go 4. to go 5. may / might /could go 6. would I 'cI go 7. go 8. go 9. going 10. to go 16.went lT.togo 18.went/havegone/had ll.ha ve /'ve go ne 12. c an go 13. go 1, 4.t ogo 1 5 . t o g o / g o i n g

___

rgone 19. going 20. are / 're going 4 . w e n t 5 . g o i n g 6 . a r e / 'r e g o i n g 7 . t o g o 8 . g o e s 9 .( i n ) g o i n g 2 4,2 l.wo uld/ ' dgo 2. go 3. m ay / nt ight / c o u l d g o 10 . to go ll. went / hav e gone 12. t o g o / g o i n g 1 3 . t o g o 1 4 . g o i n g 1 5 . w e n t / h a s g o n e / h a d g o n e 25 .1 I.go 2. t ogo 3. go 4. went 5. hav e g o n e 6 . g o i n g T . t o g o i n g 8 . h a v e g o n e 9 . d i d n 't g o 1 0 . g o i n g 1 1 .d i d n 'tg o 1 ,2.hadgone 13. going 14. ' dgone 1 5 . w e n t 1 6 . g o l T . h a s g o n e 1 8 . g o 1 9 . g o i n g 2 0 . g o i n g 25.2 l. went l. going 3. can / could go 4. had /'d gone 5. went 6. went 7. going 8. have /'ve gone 9. going 10. have / 've gone/ been 11. t ogo 12. t ogo/ g o i n g 13.havegone lgo 14. togoing 15.going 26.1 SuggestedAnswers: 1. ..readingit. 2. ..to lend her any. 3. ..to break it. 4. ..going home. 5. to be / arrive on time (in future). 6. ..holding your breath? 7. ..to meet us at 8.00. 8. ..drinking / alcohol. 9. to get married / split up. 1 0. . . t alk ing ahout r r ¿r ins . 26.2 SuggestedAnswers: 1. ..repairing. 2. ..to have one. 3. ..to go over to my mother's. 4. ..to send (her) a c rd. 5. ..going out. 6. ..beingso late. 7...to come outwith us. 8. ..helping (me) with them? 9. ..to read us a story. 10. ..(in) understandingher. 2 6.3 Su gg es t edAns wer s :l. . . goingt ot hec o n c e r t . 2 . . . t o g e t t h e r e i n / o n t i m e . 3 . . . s m o k i n g . 4 . . . t o h a v e l u n c h ? s rr<,,,ins/ tr-'ing to convince him. 6. ..to work / working in advertising. 7. ..gettinga better ¡ob. 8. ..doing this sort of work. 9. ..to stop drinking and smoking. 10. ..to go out for dinner. 26.4 SuggestedAnswers: 1. ..to buy them? 2. ..waiting? 3. ..discussingit / trying to persuadehim. 4. ..pushingit? 5. ..practisingthem. 6. ..beingso late. 7...to have long blonde hair. 8. ..to give you the wrong timetable. 9,..to lend us the money? 10. ..spending. 11. ..to send mother a birthday card. 12...starting the car. 13. ..to be here on time. 14. ..lying on the beach. 15. ..going on holiday. 27.7 7...despite his neighbours'complair.rts / even though his neighbourscomplained. 2. ..if I have time / unlessI have to work late. 3. ..if I was enjoying the party / for another drink. 4. ,.on the other hand, is reserved/ in contrast, is shy. 5. ..becauseof the awful weather / as it was raining hard. 6. ..in caseit rains / so that you don't get wet. 7. ..what computer to buy / how to operate the computer. 8. ..in order to do a language course / becauseshe wants to do a languagecourse. 9. ..sucha weight, he couldn't / so heavv he couldn't. 10 ..As a result, she passed everything / Unfortun¿rtel¡ she faited everything. 27.2 l...although she felt / was feeling unwell / in spite of not feeling well. 2. ..until after midnight / in time for the party. 3. Becauseof this, he's always tired / Despitethis, he's alwa,vsfull of energy. 4. ..too difficult to follow / so difficult (that) he couldn't follow them. 5. ..who you have invited to dinner? / whirt you are cooking for dinner? 6. ..what I did with them? / where I [efl thern? 7 . ..Ol course, they lost the championship / However, they won the championship. 8. ..when you're arrivir.rg/ going to arrive / if you're bringing / going to bring a friend. 9. ..but he made mistakes in his ' Spanish / so he spoke fluent Spanish. 10. ..during my favourite TV programme / while I'm watching my favourite TV programme. 27.3 SuggestedAnswers: 1. ..As a result, she passed/ However, she failed / Unfortunatel¡ she failed. 2. ..despite the heavy rain / becausewe wanted some exercise/ even though it was raining. 3. ..when I have a free weekend / if I have time next weekend/ unlessI have to work late. 4. ..in caseit gets cold / as it might get cold / so that don't get cold. 5. ..so he missedall the meetings/ in order to recoverfrom his operation / becausehis wife had been seriouslyill. 6. ..until midnight / in time ior clinner / when we had expected. 7. ..too fast for her to follow / such bad reception (that) she couldn't understand a word / so noisy outside that she couldn't hear a thing. 8. ..who I'm going ro bring / when I'm going to arrive / what I'm going to wear. 9. ..how many countries I had visited / if I'd had any problems / when I was planning to go back. 10. ..Despitethis, we all enjoyed ourselves/ Becauseof this, we had to go indoors to cool down / Of course,we all got sunburnt. 11. ..just in caseit got booked up / so that they could confirm our booking. 12. ..despite the fact that my grandmother lives there / even though my grandmother lives there. 13. ..Of course, this means he has had to take on more staff / Becauseof this, he has had to take on more staff. 14. ..if I'd been free. 15. ..althoughwe pay good rates/ in spite of the rise in unemployment. 28.3 l. did some housework. 2. do yor.rgood. 3. make friends. 4. make a decision. 5. do a Spanishcourse. 6. making a noise. 7. make some excuse. 8. make him an offer? 9. do military service. 10. making mistakes. 11. do nothing. 12. making progress. 13. making money. 14. do some exercise. 15. doing my best. 29.3 1. quick glance2. final rvarning 3. unnecessaryrisks 4. quick break 5. warm welcome 6. beautiful photos 7. full responsibility8. fascirratingtalk 9. all the help 10. good in.rpression11. good care 12. boring parties 13. awful headaches14. brisk w¿rlk 15. great offence 30.3 SuggestedAnswers: 1.'We've all had a great time. 2. has had a baby girl. 3. \lhere did you ger it? 4. they're always having arguments. 5. !le'd better get a taxi. 6. didn't have any difficulties 7. got a distinction 8. I was beginningto get worried. 9. \Whattime did you get in? 10. to get a letter L1. I'm having secondthoughts. 12. Could I have a word with you? 13. As I got know him 14. John and Mary are getting married 1.5.Shall I have a try? 3 1.2 1 .at 2. at 3. in 4. in 5. on 6. on 7 . i n 8 . o n 9 . o n 1 0 . o n 1 1 . i n 1 2 . i n 1 3 . a t 1 4 . i n 1 5 . a t L 6 .i n 1 7 .o n 18 . at 19. in 20. r n 31 .3 l.Atf ir s t 2. at leas t 3. at t ops peed 4 . a r a l l 5 . a t h i s b e s t 6 . o n m y o w n T . o n t h e i n c r e a s e S . o n p u r p o se 9 .o n time 10. on condition (that) 11. in particular 12. in two days 13. in danger 14. nothing in common 15. ina minute 32.2 l.look up 2. go through 3. brush up 4. set off 5. seesomeoneoff 6. break down 7. calm down 8. check in 9. take off 10. look after someone 11. get over 12. cheer up 13. wear off 14. look forward to 15. make out 16. clear up 17. find out 18. try out 19. come across 20. look back on 32.3 l. set off 2. check in 3. took off 4. look after 5. wore off' 6. cheered up 7. cleared up 8. looking forward t h . "c hino"n lo. got ov er ll. went th r o u g h 1 2 . l o o k e d u p 1 3 . t r y o u t 1 4 . c a m e a c r o s s 1 5 . l o o k b ack

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INSTANT GRAMMARLESSONS

Photocopiable

AlanBattersby

Instant Grammar Lessonsis a photocopiable resourcebook for teachers.It provides supplementanypracticefor intermediatestudentswho have alreadv met the main areasof English grammar. o o o . .

Instant individual practice or interactive group-work 32 ready-ro-uselessonswith follow-up homework Lessonby lessonnotesand answerkey For all intermediatestudents Ideal practicefor the CambridgeFCE

The different approach of Instant Grammar Lessons gives students the chanceto consolidatewhat they have aheadymet. Each lessonis ready to useand has a follow-up practice to provide homework or for later revis'ion. o . o o

Createsinterestinglessons The new approachhelps motivation Encouragesstudentsto talk to each other Activates Grammar

Instant Grammar Lessonscontains the kind of ready-madeextra practice materialswhich you would have written yourself if you'd had time! Instant Grammar Lessonsmakesexam preparationmore enioyable.... and more effective.

In the same series: Lessons with Laughter 1 89939G 35 7

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