Essentials of Scientific Russian

ESSENTIALS OF Scientific Russian by O . S T A R C H U K Head of Slavonic Division Department of Modem Languages Univers...

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ESSENTIALS OF

Scientific Russian by O . S T A R C H U K Head of Slavonic Division Department of Modem Languages University of Alberta and H. C H A N A L Former Assistant Professor of Russian University of Alberta

A

•T ADDISON-WISLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. READING,

MASS

• PALO

ALTO

• LONDON

Copyright © 1963 ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. Printed in the United States of America ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

THIS BOOK, OR PARTS THERE-

OF, MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS.

Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 62-11796

Preface A reader without training in Russian could, of course, attack The Brothers Karamazov armed only with a dictionary. In time, he would probably decipher many of the sentences, and be able to give a general account of some of the plot. Yet no one would seriously argue that this is an efficient way to read a work of literature. In terms of both speed and accuracy, time spent in learning the structure of the language would easily have paid for itself by the time he had finished the first 100 pages of the novel. These considerations are equally valid for readers of The Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. Scientific Russian is, first of all, Russian. The same structures and forms appear in both works. Relative pronouns continue to agree with their antecedents in number and gender; case endings continue to distinguish subject, object, and agent. What, then, makes scientific Russian "scientific," i.e., what defines this particular subcode of the Russian language? Primarily, a higher order of frequency of certain structures— of instrumental predicates (common in definitions), third person singular verbs, participial phrases. Secondarily—and much less important—a larger number of vocabulary items peculiar to the sciences. An adequate textbook of scientific Russian must meet two requirements. First, it must be an adequate textbook of Russian. It must not only contain the rules of grammar, but it must develop them in a logically and pedagogically sound order. In addition, it must present with particular emphasis and clarity those elements of Russian which are most common in the scientific style. If it fails in the first requirement, it will not prepare students to read scientific texts efficiently; if it fails in the second, it will not prepare them to read scientific texts at all. The present work is neither a compilation of grammatical tables nor a traditional grammar with some scientific vocabulary. Rather, it is a textbook which develops the scientific style within the framework of the language as a whole. Students using this textbook will find it to be an efficient and logically ordered tool for acquiring a reading knowledge of scientific texts. Alexander L. Lipson Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Foreword to the Student The manuscript of this book has been used in the classroom for several years and at various stages of its composition. Thus, the method of studying suggested here and the book itself are as much a product of classroom practice as they are designed to serve it. The introductory chapters should not confront you with any considerable problems. It is up to you to decide how much Russian phonetics you are prepared to learn. However, it is important that you be able to spell out Russian words quite accurately by the time you start studying the lessons proper. The one important thing in studying these lessons is to maintain the closest possible connection between translation practice and grammatical theory. The arrangement of the sentences in Section A generally reflects the order of the paragraphs in the corresponding grammatical section. Moreover, starting from Lesson II, you will find that all the words which exemplify these grammatical explanations are printed in bold type. These words in bold type can be considered as so many new grammatical problems, the answers to which are provided in the grammatical section that follows. Make sure that you account for any discrepancy between the ending of a word in a sentence and the ending of its basic lexical form. This holds for all words, whether they are printed in bold type or not. Your study of any lesson will very nearly be completed by the time you finish translating the sentences of its Section A. Bear in mind that grammar is by far the most important thing you have to study. You would soon find yourself helpless if you slipped into the slovenly habit of guessing the meaning of sentences instead of ascertaining it by means of rational, grammatical criteria. A Russian sentence can and should be analyzed in the same scientific spirit in which you would analyze a chemical compound or ascertain the nature of a physical phenomenon, i.e. using only the evidence available, but using it as fully as possible. Your word-for-word translations should be unambiguous, for that is a fairly reliable sign that they are correct. If some part of them does not readily make sense, consider that the fault is yours. Then is the time to lean over vii

backward in your demand for grammatical consistency. Do not guess, analyze! And do not hesitate to refer to relevant grammatical chapters as often as necessary. You should also be aware of the contents of the appendix by the time you reach Lesson VIII or so. Do not worry too much about building up your knowledge of vocabulary. The meaning of the most frequently used words will soon be familiar to you. In any case, you need not attempt to memorize the meaning of a word until you come across it for the second or third time. There is no sin in using a dictionary under any circumstances. Lessons VI to XVI are provided with extracts from Russian literature. You should not feel that you have to translate all of them. In fact, we would suggest that you limit yourself to those which seem relevant to your field of study. At any rate, the initial translations (Section A) of the lessons are much more important than these extracts. Once you have completed the sixteen lessons, you should be well prepared to translate the type of Russian literature in which you are interested. On the other hand, the extracts of Russian literature in Part III are designed mainly for use in the classroom where students of various specialties are assembled. But if you are working on your own, we would advise you to make your own choice of the literature you wish to translate. And you certainly need not shy away from any kind of publication in your field. While striving for clarity, we have not shrunk from any of the problems of Russian grammar with which you are likely to be confronted. Sooner or later, you will realize that a certain way of "making things easy" would just leave insoluble problems in store for you. We sincerely hope that you may find enjoyment and a sense of achievement in this study. Edmonton, October, 1962

O. S. H. Ch.

viii

Contents PART I—Introduction INTRODUCTION I .

.

3

INTRODUCTION II

7

INTRODUCTION III

.

.

10

INTRODUCTION IV

.

.

12

PART II—Grammar LESSON I

19

1. Hard and soft letters 2. The gender of nouns 3. The demonstrative pronoun , , and the numeral , , 4. Absence of article 5. First conjugation of verbs (infinitive and present tense) . 6. Impersonal use of the third person plural 7. Negative constructions 8. Present tense of . . . 9. Order of words LESSON II .

19 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 24

10. The plural of nouns (nominative) 11. Reflexive verbs 12. Verbs in /ix

25 26 26

LESSON III 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

28

Orthographic incompatibilities Plural of nouns affected by incompatibilities Introduction to adjectives Adjectives used as nouns Second conjugation (infinitive and present tense) . . .

30 30 31 33 33

LESSON IV

34

18. Formation of the past tense 19. Future tense of and future imperfective 20. Mobile vowels in masculine nouns 21. Short forms of adjectives 22. , , , 23. Adverbs formed from adjectives Word formation: the suffixes -( ) and LESSON V .

.

35 36 37 37 38 39 40

. . .

.

41

24. The notion of case; nominative and accusative cases . . . 25. Formation of the accusative case 26. Prepositions governing the accusative case 27. Accusative case of the personal pronouns , . . . Word formation: the suffix , LESSON VI .

.

.

47

28. The genitive case masculine and neuter singular . . . . 29. Genitive-accusative masculine singular 30. Genitive singular in connection with numerals 31. Genitive case in connection with a negation 32. Verbs governing the genitive case 33. Prepositions governing the genitive case 34. Genitive case with adverbs of quantity 35. The genitive case of the personal pronoun , . . . 35. bis. Other uses of the genitive case Word formation: the suffix (and ) Translation— LESSON VII

43 44 44 46 46

. .

49 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 53

. . . .

36. Prepositions governing the prepositional case 37. The prepositional case masculine and neuter singular . x

54 .

56 57

38. Idiomatic uses of the prepositional case 39. Present participle active Translation— LESSON VIII

58 59 61 62

40. The dative case masculine and neuter singular . . . 41. Prepositions governing the dative case 42. Verbs governing the dative case 43. Aspects of the verb 44. Characteristics of the perfective verb 45. How to identify the aspect of a verb Translation— LESSON IX

. 6 5 65 66 67 67 68 69 70

46. The instrumental case masculine and neuter singular . . . 47. Prepositions governing the instrumental case 48. Verbs governing the instrumental case 49. Predicate noun and/or adjective in the instrumental case . . 50. Other idiomatic uses of the instrumental case 51. Verbs in 52. Russian equivalent of "one another," "each other" . . . Translation— LESSON X

72 73 74 74 75 75 76 77 78

53. Permutation of consonants 54. Permutation of consonants in some verbs of the first conjugation in 55. Past participle passive . 56. The passive voice . . . . 57. Verbs with infinitive in Translation— . . . LESSON XI

81 81 82 84 84 85 87

58. Declension of feminine nouns in - - in the singular . 59. Feminine singular declension of adjectives . . . . 60. The present gerund . . 61. The past gerund 62. Peculiarities of the declension of pronouns in the singular . 63. The various uses of the pronoun , , Word formation—The suffix Translation— . xi

90 91 91 92 93 95 96 97

LESSON XII

99

64. Declension of feminine nouns in - in the singular . . 65. Declension of neuter nouns in in the singular . 66. The relative pronoun 67. The subjunctive mood 68. The conditional mood 69. The reflexive pronoun 70. The reflexive possessive , , etc Word formation—The suffix /Translation— . .

. .

. .

103 103 103 104 104 106 107 108

108

LESSON XIII .

.

.

.

109

71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

The genitive plural of nouns Mobile vowels in the genitive plural of nouns Genitive plural of adjectives Accusative plural of nouns and adjectives Nominative, accusative and genitive plural of pronouns with mixed declensions 76. Genitive plural in connection with numerals 77. Genitive plural in connection with adverbs of quantity . . 78. The imperative mood Translation— LESSON XIV

115 116 116 117 118 120

79. Declinable comparatives 80. Invariable comparatives 81. Construction of the comparative 82. The superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs . Word formation—The suffix Translation— LESSON XV

113 113 113 115

.

.

.

.

.

123 124 125 127 128 129 130

83. The prepositional, dative and instrumental plural of nouns, adjectives and pronouns 84. The present participle passive 85. The past participle active Word formation—The suffix /Translation— xii

134 135 136 138 138

139

LESSON XVI 86. Cardinal numerals 87. Ordinal numerals 88. Expressions of time involving numerals 89. Declension of "we" and "you" 90. Irregular verbs 91. Mobile vowel -o- in irregular verbs with prefixes . . . . Translation—

142 145 145 146 146 146 147

PART III—Readings

...

.

,

151 152 154

.

157

. . . . . . .

160 161 165 167 170 172

175

. . . . xiii

177 179 . . 181 . . 183

185 186

. . . .

.187

.

189

.

192

.

194

.

.

196

.

.

198

.

.

.

.

-

200 202

204

«

.

. .

(

-

») . xiv

206 207

210 . . 212

216 218 221 223

PART IV—Appendixes I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV.

Pronunciation Declension of nouns and adjectives Mixed declension of pronouns Declension of personal pronouns Nominal endings Declension of proper names Nouns used only in the plural The conjugation of verbs Possible alternations in regular verbs (Present tense or future perfective/infinitive) More about the conjugation of verbs Irregular verbs Verbal prefixes Verbs of motion How to find a word in the dictionary

PART V—GLOSSARY .

.

229 231 232 234 234 240 240 241 242 242 243 246 247 248 .251

RUSSIAN INDEX

.

297

ENGLISH INDEX

.

299

XV

PART I INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION I The Russian alphabet consists of 32 letters. Six letters are very similar to their English approximate counterparts: Russian letters: Transliteration:

k

t ye a m

Another seven letters have been adapted from the Greek alphabet: Russian letters: Transliteration:

g d 1

Sound Russian1 Russian\ Transletters literation '. cap. sm 0

T

aw

Examples

in more in sky / in star ye in yes

kah teh yeh

ye( y e) 3

ah em geh

a m g

deh el peh err (air) ef

d 1 P r

a in farm m in make g in gallows (not as in ginger) d in dust / in light p in spot Scottish trilled

f

/ in family

k t

£ kh

1

Trans- Meaning literation2

kom tok kot yem tyema

gaz

clod current tomcat I eat theme how poppy gas

dom lak pallet

house lacquer package cancer

faktor

factor

The order of the letters is not alphabetical. These transliterations are purely orthographic. They do not account for the different phonetic values of certain letters in certain positions. However, the student interested in acquiring a good pronunciation can consult Appendix I. p. 229. He will be helped by the italicized letters used in the transliteration of any letter to which a Russian speaker would give another than its basic phonetic value. Thus, what we transliterate as "gaz" actually sounds "gas." 3 A reduced form of is heard after consonants. We represent it by . 2

3

4

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Russian1 Russian Transname literation letters cap. am,

X

3

x

Sound

Examplet

khah

kh

yah

i ya( y a)

ch in Scottish loch in meet ya in yard

zeh

z

z in zero

Trans- Meaning literation

khdrda chord fizika yama « 1 zoioio

physics pit earth gold

Words consist of one or more syllables. In Russian (not in English), the number of syllables in a word is always equal to the number of vowels: - - - (4 syllables) ry£-li-gi-ya

re-li-gion (3 syllables)

In both Russian and English words consisting of several syllables, one syllable is always stressed or emphasized. In this book, the vowel of the stressed syllable will always be surmounted by an accent. Compare: and

mathematics

but

zo61ogy

ma-tye-m&-ti-ka zo-o-\6~gi-ya Proper stressing of words is as important in Russian pronunciation as it is in English pronunciation. In both Russian and English, the place of the stress is sometimes the only difference between two words spelled identically (English: record and to recdrd): (

)

(time, moment)

po-ra

po-ra

EXERCISE. Read and syllabify:1 Word

Transliteration

Meaning

A-zi-ya

Asia alkaloid arithmetic geographer geologist geophysics Germany

fll-ka-16-id

a-rif-mye-ti-ka gye-6-grof g>e-6-log gve-o-fi-zi-ka Gyer-mu-ni-ya

A Russian syllable should begin with a consonant whenever possible.

5

INTRODUCTION I

Word 1

Transliteration

Meaning

gi-gi- go-mye-o-pa4 gramm dye-lye-ga4 di-lyem-ma dog-ma dok-tri-mi Ye-gi-pvet zo-o-16-gi-ya i-dve-ya i-zo-myer I-rak ka-la-mit ka-mye-li-ya kol-li-zi-ya la-pQ-li l^em-ma mye-ta mi-kro-kor-r6-zi-ya mil-li-ard o-pul or-khi-dye-ya pa-pri-ka plaz-ma port rfl-di-a-tor ra-di-6-graf ryep-ti-li-ya iyem-pye-ia-tu-ra

hygiene homeopathist gram decree delegate dilemma dogma doctrine Egypt zoology idea isomer Iraq calamite camellia collision lapilli lemma methyl microcorrosion billion opal orchid paprika plasma port, harbor radiator radiograph reptile temperature termite trachoma factor figure, diagram physiology chemist hydrochloride chromium

ty^r-mit

tra-kho-ma fak-tor fi-gu-ra fi-zi-o-lo-gikhi-mik khlor-gi-drat khrom

Russian r often renders the "h" of the Latin alphabet

6

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

EXERCISE. Read aloud and sylls

INTRODUCTION II Here is another series of Russian letters: Russian Ruaaian letters name

6 H

beh veh en tseh ess

Examples i

Sound

Meaning

basis shaft canal center juice, sap here south people this swarm (of bees) method, way honey

eh short

e

e in edge in boy

yaw

yo

yo in York

priy6m

yoo

b V

n ts s u yu

Do not confuse

b in big v in vague n in not ts in cuts s in sit in Peru iew in view

Trans literation

baza val kanal tsentr1 sok tut yu* lyudi 6to roy

00

Ё

Trans literation

6

and and and and1 and

The letter is considered to be a consonant and always appears either after or (rarely) before a vowel, is just another form of the letter E.a It always bears the stress, consequently the conventional sign of stress can be omitted when a word contains . EXAMPLE:

amoeba.

(amoeba)

EXERCISE. Read and syllabify: Word

Transliteration

Meaning

-ri-ya by
bacterium benzyl betol block, pulley

i No glide is heard after . Therefore not "ta^entr." (Appendix lb.) The diaeresis (") is generally omitted in ordinary (unstressed) texts.

2

7

8 Word

ESSENTULS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Transliteration

Meaning

vi\6d-ka vul-kan nar-k6z nyey-tr6n nyek-tar nye-o-lit nyerv tse-ziy ts/'-a-nuf ts/kl (one syllable) ts/r-ku-lyar ts/s-tyer-na sis-to-la so-ya spaz-ma

wine vodka, brandy volcano narcosis neutron nectar neolite nerve cesium cyanide cycle circulator cistern systole soya spasm spore statics Uzbek usurper university unison jubilee yucca the Jura Mountains lawyer yourta (nomad tent) ebonite eucalyptus equivalent excess element entomology Yemen iodine Russian American of the Don (river) flax foehn loess

Sp6-rfl

sta-ti-ko uz-byek (oo) u-zur-pd-tor u-ni-vyer-si-tyet u-ni-s6n yu-bi-lyey yuk-ka Yu-ra yu-rist yur-tfl

e-bo-nit ev-ka-Upt e-kvi-va-lyent eks-tsess e-lye-myent en-to-mo-16-gi-ya Ye-myen yod russ-kiy a-mye-ri-kan-skiy don-sk6y lyon fyon lyoss

INTRODUCTION

EXERCISE. Read aloud and syllabify:

INTRODUCTION III The remaining letters are: Russian letter8

Russian name

Transliteration

Sound

Examples

Transliteration

Meaning

s in measure zhar heat ch in cheat chasto often sh in shoe shar globe shch pronouncedl shchuka pike quickly as in "fish-chowder" (see below) hard sign vyezd entrance — " " Akin to /' in dym smoke — till, but evoking German u or French u soft sign horse As y of soft vowels,1 or i in "onion" The hard sign has no sound of its own. It separates a hard consonant from a soft vowel; the latter is consequently pronounced with the full sound of (and not y ) as if it were at the beginning of a word. zheh cheh shah shchah

zh ch sh shch

EXAMPLE, Do not confuse

convention sytzd not s*ezd (tseh), (shah), and m (shchah).

EXERCISE. Read and syllabify: Word

Transliteration

zhar-gon zhe-lye2 zh/zny zhi-\a chyei-no-zy6m

Meaning

jargon jelly life vein chernozem, black earth

1 , , ( , , ve). The soft sign does not make up a syllable any more than does the i in "onion." 2 No glide is heard after and ui.

10

1

INTRODUCTION III

Word

Transliteration

Meaning

-li chas sha-fran shprot shunt(oo) Shot-l£n-di-ya Shvye-ts/-ya shchyo-lok shch?e-k£ shchy6t-kfl ye-shchyo shchye-nok syesty ot-yezd pod-y6m iz-y&n bu-tyl-ka syn byty Krym sy-ryyo P61y-sha kar-to-feiy krovy zhid-kosty staly

Chile hour saffron sprat shunt Scotland Sweden alkali cheek brush still puppy to eat up departure ascent volume flaw bottle son to be Crimea raw material Poland potato (es) blood liquid steel

EXERCISE. Read aloud and syllabify:

INTRODUCTION IV The Russian Alphabet Printed

Written

Name

A b

% %

4 2

E/ii•:• /

3

3

3 }

ii

X

ii

Transliteration

ah

a

beh

b

veh

V

geh

g

deh

d

yeh (yaw)

ye (yo), >e ( y o)

zheh

zh

zeh

z

ii

short

fC

kah

k

JL

el

1

J*L

em

m

H

en

n

aw II

5 71 9 f1 12

peh

P

err

r

ess

s

INTRODUCTION IV

Written

Printed

T

T

~

13

Name

Transliteration

teh

t U

§> X

ef

f

X

khah

kh

% %

tseh

ts

cheh

ch

shah

sh

shchah

shch

*

< % %

— —

hard sign "yerry"

—

4

S 70

W

soft sign eh

e

yoo

yu, yu

yah

ya, ya

EXAMPLES.

bacteriophage substance

" Jycurru

to retain

In handwriting, the letters , , must be set off from the preceding letter by a hook. They cannot be joined to an in the usual way. EXAMPLES.

. Ckuce^uu>

(not (not

cfhXAiusUCfL ( 1} > > -£

last name disease

14

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Certain correspondences can be traced between Russian letters or groups of letters and English letters or groups of letters, in words of Greek or Latin origin. Some of them are: English letters

Russian letters

Example

h

X

th th ch

KB

qu

T

X X

-

-tion oe au eu eu

Translation

hydrolysis center arithmetic thermometer character polypeptid equator export examination variation amoeba automobile Europe neutron

EXERCISE I. Re-read the lists of words contained in previous chapters and try to determine where these equivalents appear. EXERCISE II. Read aloud and syllabify the following list of words representing the vocabulary of Lesson I. Try to memorize the meaning of these words. Word

(f.) 1

, , , -

|

, 1

1 1

Transliteration

Meaning

bo-l^ezny vye-shch^-stvo voz-ni-katy

disease substance to emerge, appear, develop to increase to provoke, arouse, cause glycerin caterpillar pressure is charge to charge

voz-ras-ta4y vy-zy-vaty gli-tse-rin gu-sye-ni-tsa da-vlye-ni-ye vest* zaza-rva-zhsity

The prefixes of verbs and of nouns derived from verbs have been set off. The value of this device will eventually become apparent.

INTRODUCTION IV

Word

Transliteration

i-myety is-chye-z£ty

1

, -

1

, -

kva-drat

kis-k>-r6d

, 2

*, -

( ), (f) ( .), (f)

( ), ( .),

|

(f)

|

|

, -

|

, *, -

, |

, -

$

( ),

acid

we

( ),

n es-ti

to carry

never he, it, she

o-din, od-no, od-nu

one

o-kruzh-nosty 6-pyt

circumference, circle experiment, test to poison periodically to repeat, reiterate second to germinate, sprout rectangle straight, right angle to destroy to grow rhombus spore also to lose to use, utilize particle energy this

y

pye-ri-o-di-chyes-ki pov-to-ryaty vtopro-ras-taty pryfl-mo-u-g61y-nik pryfl-moy u-gol raz-ru-shaty ras-ti tomb spo-ra ta£-zhe tye-ryaty u-po-trye-blyaty chas-ti-tsa e-nyer-gi-ya -tot, -to, t-Ui

(f)

1 2

to begin

not

ni-kog-da nye on, o-no, o-na

o-tra-vl at

, -

(1) and; (2) also, too to have to disappear square (noun) oxygen

my na-chi-naty nye

y

, -

Meaning

kis-lo-ta

y

|

15

See Grammar 5, p. 21. The asterisk denotes an irregular verb.

PART II LESSONS

LESSON I . Translate into English: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16.

. . 360°. . . . . ^. . . . . . —

. ;

.

B. Vocabulary (see Introduction IV) C. Give the gender of the nouns in the above translation and state whether they are hard or soft. D. Grammar 1. Hard and soft letters (a) In Russian, a distinction is made between "hard" vowels and "soft" vowels. The correspondence between hard and soft vowels might be represented according to the following table: Hard:

a y

Soft: This system plays a very important part in Russian grammar. 19

20

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

(b) A similar distinction is made between "hard" and "soft" consonants. A consonant is "hard" when it appears as the last letter of a word, or when it is followed by a hard vowel. Conversely, a consonant is "soft" when followed by a soft sign, or when followed by a soft vowel. The letter is always soft. Consonants Groups of letters Hard: Soft:

-

-

-

etc. etc.

etc. etc.

The gender of nouns will provide some illustration of the system. 2. The gender of nouns There are three genders in Russian. Nouns designating persons are of the gender to which these persons belong. Nouns designating animals can, with somewhat less consistency, be masculine or feminine. Nouns designating things can be of any gender; any word, adjective or other, modifying or representing them, will have to be of the same gender. Thus, (acid), being feminine, will be represented by the feminine pronoun (she), or modified by the feminine numeral : one acid The last letter of the noun generally offers a clue to its gender. Furthermore, nouns of the same gender are classified as "hard" or "soft," according to whether they end in a hard or soft symbol (vowel or consonant). Here is a table of Russian genders: ENDINGS

Soft

Hard Masculine

-(hard consonant)

Neuter

-0

Feminine

-a

-

,

e, -

Soft -

<- ) -

1

EXAMPLES.

Masculine: Neuter: Feminine:

experiment body acid

control field bath

layer rifle part

i Unlike the other soft endings, this - has no hard counterpart in feminine nouns. That is why it appears in a separate column.

21

LESSON I

Some doubt concerning the gender of a noun may arise only if that noun ends in - . Remark. There also exists a small group of neuter nouns ending in -

EXAMPLE,

.

time. There are no feminine nouns ending in -

.

3. The demonstrative pronoun , , and the numeral , , The demonstrative pronoun corresponding to English this, is ( .), ( .), (f.). It may occasionally have to be translated by that. The numeral corresponding to English one also agrees in gender with the noun it modifies. Its forms are ( .), ( .), (f.). 4. Absence of article There is no article in Russian. The context generally gives a clue to whether "a," "the," or no article at all should appear in the English translation. 5. First conjugation of verbs (infinitive and present tense) The most frequent ending of Russian verbs in the infinitive is - . EXAMPLES.

to begin,

to repeat,

to have.

The other endings, encountered in irregular verbs, are -

and -

.

Present tense1 (he, she, it) (we) (they)

,

,

-

-

-

2

These verbs belong to the first conjugation. The characteristics of the conjugation are the endings - (sometimes - ) in the third person singular, and (sometimes - ) in the third person plural of the present tense. All the verbs in this textbook are quoted with the ending of the third person singular of their present tense, indicated as follows: ,1

,-

Of the six persons, only the third singular and plural and the first plural appear with any frequency in scientific literature. For the other persons, • Appendix X. a Transliteration: i-m>'e-yet (three syllables!).

22

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Remark I. Some verbs of the first conjugation drop the suffix -a- or - - of their infinitive in the present tense.

,

EXAMPLES.

,

,

from from

,

Remark II. Examples of irregular verbs: The verbs "to carry" and jugation in the present tense:

to suck to sow

and . "to grow" have the following con-

Their third person singular is indicated in the vocabulary. The presence of in the ending shows that they belong to the first conjugation. Any other person of their present tense can readily be identified by comparison with the third singular. The same is true of most other irregular verbs. A list of irregular verbs appears in Appendix XI. In the vocabularies, they are denoted by an asterisk. 6. Impersonal use of the third person plural The third person plural of a verb used without any expressed subject corresponds to the English impersonal construction with one as subject: .. - . , One uses an electroscope. . , : r r An electroscope is used. 7. Negative constructions The Russian negation corresponding to English "not" is auxiliary is required (English: do, does . . . ) : The spore

does not

. No

germinate.

The basic negation appears in negative statements, even when another negative word (never, nowhere, nobody, etc.) is forthcoming: . The pressure

never

8. Present tense of The present tense of the verb A dash often appears in its place: —

.

increases.

(to be) is generally not expressed. Chlorine is a gas.

23

LESSON I

1 However, the third person singular and the third person plural are sometimes used in formal definitions and emphatic statements: . Mercury is a metal.

Remark I. Whenever a sentence contains no verb in a personal mood, the present tense of can readily be assumed. Remark II. A dash does not always stand for the present tense of corresponds to an English comma.

. It often

9. Order of words The order of words is relatively free in a Russian sentence. Thus the subject frequently appears after the verb, or the object before it. . .

A disease develops One repeats the experiment or The experiment is repeated.

Note that in the second example, the noun in the singular, obviously not be subject of the verb in the third person plural.

, could

1 The form alone can mean "there is, there are" and be used even with a plural subject.

LESSON II A. Translate into English: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

1

. . . \ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-2

. . . . .

B. Give the singular form of all the nouns in the plural appearing in the above translation and state whether they are hard or soft. i The words in bold type illustrate the grammatical explanations in Section D of the lesson. 24

LESSON II

C. Vocabulary , * to activate bacterium bacillus quantity, size, value (f.) branch | 6 hydrogen | , to secrete gland | ,to measure measure sometimes | , to utilize utility, use 1 easily, (it) is easy lithium, Li membrane , to change envelope, covering , to form shape, form oxide | (m.) oxidizer | , to oxidize (f.) liver | , to develop

25

|

distance solution , -

6

tore-

generate secretion , -

to synthe-

size saliva , - 2 to unite, join, combine unit (f.) ability, aptitude (m.) stem | , to retain to hold , to accelerate, speed up swift fluorine, F blossoming, florescence (OK) blossom (f.) alkali epidemic

D. Grammar 10. The plural of nouns (nominative3) PLURAL ENDINGS

Hard

-

Soft

-

Hard

-a

Soft

-

1 Pronounce ex . See Appendix XII. See Grammar 25, p. 44.

2 3

SINGULAR ENDINGS

Masculine

Neuter

- ,

Feminine -a -

-0

-e,

-

26

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

EXAMPLES.

Masculine: Neuter: Feminine: The plural of

,

/

,

/

, /

,

is

,

for all three genders.

11. Reflexive verbs A great many Russian verbs can be made reflexive by means of the particle - attached to their forms. The particle - is reduced to - when preceded by a vowel.1 EXAMPLES. 2

,

, -

to feed (oneself): 2 2

Beside the reflexive construction (with the pronoun self expressed), there are two common ways of translating a Russian verb in the reflexive form: (a) by an intransitive verb (having no direct object): .

The experiment begins. The pressure does not change.

. (b) by a verb in the passive voice: .

The vitamin is destroyed. .

The distance is measured. One measures the distance.

Some Russian verbs appear only in the reflexive form: to endeavor 12. Verbs in -

(

does not exist)

/-

In the conjugation of the present tense of these verbs, the suffix (hard)/-eea (soft) is replaced by - -/- -. 1 Example - The final groups -

I feed (myself). , are always pronounced -

.

27

LESSON EXAMPLES.

,

to utilize: -

,

,

,

-

, -

to stamp: -

These verbs belong to the first conjugation (third person singular ending- ). The verbs in of the particle - / EXAMPLE.

/can to any of their f also be made reflexive by addition .

An acid forms.

LESSON HI A. Translate into English: 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. — . 5. . 6. — . 7. 8. HeSe — . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. . 16. . 17. . 18. 19. . 20. . 21. . 22. 23. . 24. . 25. . 26. . 27. . 28. , — . 29. . 2— 28

.

.

.

29

LESSON III

. (1). Give the singular form of all plural nouns in the above translation and state whether they are affected by incompatibilities. (2). Give the masculine singular form of all adjectives in the above translation and state whether they are hard or soft. C. Vocabulary ,-

big, great, consider-

able , to sec , outward, external, outer outside , inner, internal inside , -oe aerial, air (adj.) air 1 helium , to divide (f.) diagonal , other, another (adj. used as noun) animal fat, grease | ,to occupy | eclipse significance, importance , to signify, mean , to isolate , -oe inert, inactive cell body, frame, casing , -oe crystalline (f.) blood , volatile , to fly ray 1

, -oe metallic, metal (adj.) | - exposure badly, poorly | ,to absorb , to lower, drop, diminish , -oe low , -oe practical , to conduct , to lead | | , to happen, take place space , -oe equal , to contain to hold compound juice, sap corpuscle body , -oe dark , -oe typical current , ultraviolet phosphorus , alkaline, alkali (adj.) (f.) alkali electricity

Note the correspondence between Russian 1 See Appendix XII.

and English

-ium.

30

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

D. Grammar 13. Orthographic Incompatibilities Certain Russian consonants cannot be followed by certain vowels. As a result of these incompatibilities, a vowel may have to be replaced by its hard or soft counterpart (Grammar 1), whenever it would be expected to follow one of these consonants. There are three important rules in this respect: Incompatibility A: The consonants ,

, x (gutturals, , , uit (sibilants), andu.

}

must be followed by hard , instead of soft , .

Incompatibility The gutturals rals , , x ibilants , , and the sibilants

\ ,

must be followed by soft instead of hard .

Incompatibility C: The sibilant and must be followed by unstressed e (soft) instead of unstressed (hard). These incompatibilities are summarized by the following diagram: Gutturals

Sibilants

unstressed e (Incompatibility B)

(Incompatibility A)

(Incompatibility C)

14. Plural of nouns affected by incompatibilities Singular

Plural Incompatibility A

corpuscle monster

not not

31

LESSON III

Plural Incompatibility

Singular

III

not not not not not not not

juice cell circle fly skin ray cartilage

15. Introduction to adjectives Adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. They are divided into hard and soft types according to the nature of the first vowel of their endings. EXAMPLES. Masculine Hard: Soft:

Neuter

-

Feminine

-

Plural

-

-

-

When a hard adjective has its stress on the ending, its masculine form has the ending instead of : ,

,

,

.

Finally, incompatibilities may affect the endings of adjectives. All this can be summarized by the table on page 32. Remark I. All adjectives with masculine form ending in -

or -6 are hard.

Remark II. Adjectives with masculine form ending in - are soft, unless their stem ends in a guttural (Incompatibility ): , - . Remark III. An adjective can also be identified as hard or soft by the ending of its neuter form (-oe/-ee). The neuter ending of an adjective is always quoted in the vocabularies of this book: , - .1 Remark IV. Attributive adjectives normally precede the noun they modify: a simple experiment a simple substance. i The ending - in an otherwise hard adjective denotes a comparative degree (Grammar 80).

ADJECTIVAL ENDINGS

HA RD Stressed

ending

-6 , -

-

, -

SOFT

Stressed stem

-

, -oe, -

(straight)

, -

-

(equal)

, - , (external)

-

, - ,-

Incompatibility A (volatile)

-

, -

, -

, -

-

, -oe, -

Incompatibility (bad)

(smooth)

, -

, -

,-

33

LESSON in

16. Adjectives used as nouns Some adjectives are used as nouns. Their gender is indicated by the ending of their singular form. Their plural is formed like the plural of the equivalent adjective: Plural

(m.) ( .) (f.)

scientist animal (straight) line

17. Second conjugation (infinitive and present tense) The verbs of the second conjugation are characterized by the endings - in the third person singular, and - (- after sibilants) in the third person plural of the present tense. The infinitive of these verbs belonging to the second conjugation can end in , - , or . The suffix is by far the most common. The suffix appears only after sibilants. The suffix is limited to two verbs and their compounds. EXAMPLE,

,

,

-

to divide;

to see;

to hold;

to stand. -

(Inc. A)

-

Note that the vowel of the infinitive ending is not retained in the present tense as it generally happens in the first conjugation; it is purely and simply replaced by the endings of the present tense. Compare:

,

and

,

.

LESSON IV A. Translate into English: 1. 2. . 3. 4. . 5. Na-O. 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. 12. . 13. . 14. — . 15. . 16. . 17. . 18. . 19. . 20. 4.001. 21. . 22. . 23. . 24. . 25. . 26. . 27. 28. . 29. . 30. 31. .

. .

30.000.1

. .

1 The use of periods and commas in Russian numbers is exactly the reverse of what it is in English: 30.000 = thirty thousand; 4,00 = four. 34

35

LESSON IV

B. (1) Give the singular form of all nouns in the above translation. (2) Give the masculine long form of all adjectives in the short form. C. Vocabulary albumen , * white , -6 short form of and weight 1 only , bound to, due to, likely to, having to, must (m.) root extremely , ' magnetic , short form of and many (it is) possible, one can, may , ' outer, external, surface (adj.) (it is) necessary, one has to, must | , ' homogeneous, uniform stock, species, genus , to determine limit optically , basic, fundamental basis, base

, vert, deviate , * very

2

to deflect, dito lean, incline

, -oe positive , -£ to obtain concept , -< constant ,to manifest, display, exhibit , plain, evident differently, in different ways , - 2 to spread space reaction , *oe strong, intense, considerable , *oe complex, complicated *, to create, es tablish angle, corner number , ' chemical , toxic, poisonous

D. Grammar 18. Formation of the past tense Regular past tenses, including the past tense of replacing the ending - of the infinitive by the suffix Pronounce . See Appendix XII.

, are formed by ( .), ( .),

36

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

(f-), (pi.) depending on the gender and number of the subject. There are no distinctions between persons of the verb in the Russian past tense. EXAMPLES.

he it she we, they

Masculine:

Neuter: Feminine: Plural: —

, ,

,

,

had had had had

.

The past tense of reflexive verbs is formed in the same way with the particle - /attached to the suffix in the correct form: - - , - - .

"to subside"

-

-

Remark. Many irregular verbs have a masculine past tense ending in a consonant, and have no suffix - in that form. However, all verbs have the suffixes - , - , - of the neuter, feminine, and plural: , ,

, ,

, ,

/ /

Irregular past tenses are quoted in the vocabulary lists and in the list of irregular verbs (Appendix X).

and future imperfective1

19. Future tense of The future of the verb ,

, -

(to be) is: -

he will be we shall be they will be

The future tense of all other verbs mentioned so far is a compound tense consisting of the future of in the appropriate person and the infinitive of the main verb. EXAMPLE. Future tense of , ,

:

he will have we shall have they will have . These acids will destroy the vitamins.

1

This word will be explained in Grammar 43.

LESSON IV

37

20. Mobile vowels in masculine nouns Consider the following words: Singular

albumins roots boilers A so-called "mobile vowel" (o, e, or ) appears before the last consonant of the singular form of these nouns, which would otherwise end in a cluster of consonants. These mobile vowels may appear as pure and simple insertions, as in the above-mentioned words. In some cases, e and may also alternate with - or - . Singular EXAMPLES.

fingers bubbles brooks brooklets

The mobile vowels disappear (or alternate with , ) whenever the last consonant in the stem is followed by a vowel in the ending, whether in the plural or in another case (see subsequent lessons). EXAMPLE.

but

,

,

,

etc.

21. Short forms of adjectives Beside their more common "long" form, Russian adjectives have a "short" form with noun endings. EXAMPLES.

From:

Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural -

-6 -

-

(is, (is, (is, (is, (is, (is, (is, (is,

are) are) are) are) are) are) are) are)

toxic heavy wide straight bad dark blue volatile fresh

Remark. , - is used as the short form of big, and , - as the short form of small. The long forms great and small, lesser also exist.

38

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

The short forms of adjectives are used exclusively in predicative function, in connection with verb (expressed or understood). They agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb . EXAMPLES.

— ( (

,

) . ) .

,

This acid is (was, will be) toxic. These experiments are (were, will be) very simple.

Important. In the absence of an expressed form of or any other verb in a personal mood, the present tense of should be assumed as soon as the short form of an adjective—agreeing in gender and number with a subject—has been identified.

A mobile vowel may be inserted before the last consonant of the masculine short form of an adjective when that form would otherwise end in a cluster of consonants. but but but but but but but

,- , * ,- , ,- , , , ,, ' ,' , -« , - ,-

Remark. Generally speaking, the insertion or the elimination of a mobile vowel is very often the reason why a word would not to be listed in vocabularies or dictionaries. About another occurrence of mobile vowels, see Grammar 72.

22. , ,, This word can be considered as the short form of an adjective, although the long form (due, proper) is used far less frequently and with a slightly different meaning. (having to, bound to, likely to) is used with the verb , expressed or understood. It is conveniently rendered in English by: must, to have to. EXAMPLES.

. .

These substances must (are bound to or likely to) be oxydized. The chemists had to carry out various experiments.

39

LESSON IV

23. Adverbs formed from adjectives The neuter short form of adjectives is often used adverbially: heavily

simply

badly, poorly

few adverbs in -e are formed from soft adjectives. From:

extreme external Adjectives with the suffix ally form adverbs ending in -

extremely externally have no short form, but they gener( - !):

chemically

physically

Remark. In distinguishing between adverbs and neuter short forms of adjectives, it is important to remember that short forms may appear only in sentences containing the verb , expressed or understood, and that they must agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb , while adverbs may appear in practically any type of sentence.

Some neuter short forms of adjectives are used in impersonal constructions, in clauses containing the verb (expressed or understood) and another verb in the infinitive. EXAMPLES.

. .

It is easy to deflect these rays. It was difficult to determine the pressure.

Some of these words are used far more frequently in impersonal expressions than in the long adjectival form: it (is) necessary it (is) possible it (is) impossible

from . no longer corresponds to an adjective. is not derived from an adjective.

Consequently, some of these words may have three possible translations: (1) easy (neuter short form) (2) it (is) easy (3) easily The context should help to decide which translation is suitable.

40

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

.

Word formation The suffix -( ) , -oe is used to form adjectives which often correspond to English adjectives in -ic or -ical. EXAMPLES.

periodic metallic practical optic (al) human The suffix -

from

, -oe is also found: typical

man, human being

LESSON V A. Translate into English: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. . 9. 10. 11. 12. 5500 .1 13. . 14. 15. . 16. . 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 12 22. 23. . 24. 25. 26.

. . . . . . . . . . . . ,-

-

. . . . . . , . . , .

27.

. 1 2

= meters. Subordinate clauses are separated by commas. 41

42

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

B. Account for all the uses of sentences

accusative case in the above

C. Vocabulary

(+ | half | 6

activity aluminum .) (1) into; (2) in, at twice, double to diminish by , , -

adult ; ,

1

to

grow =

|

water air , -

2

to enter to step, tread horizon (+ .) (1) behind; (2) for noticeably , each, every chrysalis , to culminate larva (+ .) (1) onto, on; (2) by (a certain amount); (3) for; (4) into (to divide, etc.). insect , - to advance initial, elementary, primary beginning , [a] certain, some , (4.) to rest on . . . 1 The past tense of this irregular - See Appendix XII.

definition, determination limit ,-

to sink, sub-

side , to withdraw, recede, retreat , nutritious , (+ .) resembling . . . , to transform, convert, change object , to get, receive, accept ( + ace.) to take for . . . , (+ .) to pass, go through . . . or without preposition , to go, walk ] , ( + ace.) to decompose, dissociate into . . . | ,(+ .) to break up, decompose into . . . , * to fall , *oe solar, sun (adj.) sun glass , such [a], so , warm point

is quoted after the semicolon.

43

LESSON V

Vocabulary (cont.) | , to diminish , -« ferment, en1 zyme (adj.) fluorescence

2

, cold (+ .) through, across that (conjunction)

D. Grammar 24. The notion of case; nominative and accusative cases Compare the following sentences. . .

This complex structure is disrupted. This is a complex structure. This substance has a complex structure.

In the first sentence, is the subject. In the second sentence, the same two words form the predicate noun of the verb (understood). In the third sentence, is the object of the verb . In that function, the two words have a different ending. Let it be said, generally, that according to their functions in different sentences, Russian nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals can have different endings, no ending at all, or different forms altogether. (Compare: who and whom, we and us. They are said to be in different cases. One of these cases is called nominative. The subject of a verb and its attributive adjectives, if any, as well as the predicate noun and/or adjective of the verb , expressed or understood, are generally in the nominative case. In dictionaries, nouns are quoted in their nominative singular, adjectives in their nominative singular masculine form. EXAMPLES.

(nom. masc. sing.) (nom. fem. sing.) (nom. neut. sing.) (nom. masc. sing.) 1 Unlike English nouns, Russian nouns (e.g\, attributively. Attributives must have adjectival endings. -' Pronounced lino.

) cannot be used

44

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

An adjective usually agrees in case as well as in gender and number with the noun it modifies. Thus, in the first two sentences quoted above, is in the nominative case as well as . The object of a verb and any adjective modifying it are generally in the accusative case:

Remark. The function of a word is defined by its form and not, as in English, by its place in the sentence. This makes it possible to arrange the words of a sentence in different fashions, without basically altering the meaning of that sentence. The case of a declinable word should always be ascertained. EXAMPLE.

Literally: Structure, this substance has complex; i.e., Structurally, this substance is complex.

.

25. Formation of the accusative case The accusative forms of Russian nouns and adjectives are identical to their nominative forms (nominative-accusative), except for: (a) Feminine nouns in - / - and adjectives in - / - , which have the following accusative forms: Nouns Nom. Ace.

-

-a -y

Adjectives Nom. .

-

,

, ,

,

,

-

The accusative forms of and are and . (b) Two other types of accusative cases (Grammar 29 and 74). 26. Prepositions governing the accusative case Some prepositions govern the accusative case, i.e., demand that the word or group of words which follows them be in the accusative case.

LESSON V

EXAMPLES.

(

1

(

)

)

45

into, toa onto, on, etc. through, across through behind, beyond; for under about

to penetrate into the soil to pass through the envelope

Four of these prepositions, , , , , can govern cases other than the accusative (Grammar 36 and 47c) and thereby convey other meanings or shades of meanings. It should be noted that they normally govern the accusative case in complements describing a change of place or state: to fall on the ground to transform into sugar Remark. Another three prepositions may take the accusative case: ( ) (against); no (up to); (about, approximately). However, these three prepositions are used far more frequently with other cases and other meanings. Important: Do not forget that the meaning of any preposition and its adequate translation into English always depend to some extent on: (a) the case it governs, (b) the meaning of the verb or noun on which it depends, (c) the meaning of the word it governs. EXAMPLE,

to expose to (not onto) the sun at (not into) that time

Any such discrepancies are usually shown in vocabularies in connection with either verb or noun. Otherwise, whenever a difficulty in the translation seems due to a preposition having a special meaning in the context, it is advisable to proceed to ascertain the meaning of the other words before ascertaining that of the preposition. This is in fact a general principle in translation. 1

appear before certain clusters of consonants: into the second cell. Only the fundamental meanings of these prepositions are given here. For other possible meanings, see Vocabulary. 2

,

46

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

27. Accusative case of the personal pronouns , Both these pronouns have the accusative form .1 EXAMPLES.

-

The bacteriophage endures (i.e., can endure) a temperature of 190° , . but various acids can kill it. ; ( .) - This body is heavy; the earth . attracts it powerfully. The form is used instead of when the pronoun is governed by a preposition demanding the accusative case: -190° , ( .)

The liquid passes through it. . Other meanings of

,

are studied in Grammar 35.

. Word formation The suffix ,(sometimes , - ) is used to form adjectives from words of both Russian and non-Russian origin: inert active initial solar alkaline basic

1

Pronounce

.

from from from from

beginning sun alkali base, basis

LESSON VI A. Translate into English: 1. 2. 3,5 . 3. 9,013. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. . 9. . 10. 32 ( 11. 2,5 12. D 13. 14. , , . 15. 16. 17. . 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. — ; . 27. 28. . 29. 30. . 31. . 47

. . . . . )

. .

. 22

. . . . . . —

. .

. . . . . -

48

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

B. Account for the various uses translation.

the genitive case in the above

Vocabulary Becquerel (French physicist) inside | (-+- gen.) around, about circle | , ' to enter , ' to go, walk | , to fly out to fly | , to develop, generate to work , -oe destructive, fatal, lethal , to cause to die , -oe distant, far, remote length ( + gen.) for , ( + gen.) to reach, attain , living, alive (f.) life ( + gen.) out of 1 radiation, emission (of rays) , -« summer (adj.) summer much, plenty of numerous number milk tension, intensity, voltage (f.) tension, strain i See Appendix XII.

field intensity, field strength beginning ( + gen.) there is/are not..., no . . . ... . . . neither. . . nor . . . | 6 (, -oe) . . . no, not any , *oe new (m.) zero , to turn, rotate , general, common vegetable | oxidation , sour OT(+gen.) from | , - 1 to pass, go over , to strike, affect | | (adj. used as noun) derivative (chem.) ( + gen.) against, opposite | , -oe opposite | , to put, place | dimension measure ( + gen.) off, from salivation | ,to separate out, release | composition , * to set, place satellite

49

LESSON VI

Vocabulary (cont.) column side body , * (-}- gen.) demand, require | 6 triangle three

( + gen.) (1) beside, near; (2) at; (3) belonging to, pertaining to; (4) in fruit man, human being , human Jupiter

to

D. Grammar 28. The genitive case masculine and neuter singular The genitive case is basically the case of the possessor. Therefore, English words (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, or numerals) governed by the preposition of or followed by the possessive particle 's generally correspond to Russian words in the genitive case. EXAMPLES,

(nom.)

magnetic field the effect of the magnetic

(gen.)

field Einstein's theory

The genitive case of masculine and neuter nouns in the singular has the endings -a (hard) / - (soft): 1 , / (Incompatibility )

,

,

,

1

, but

The genitive case of masculine and neuter adjectives in the singular has the ending -oro (hard) /(soft).2

6

/-6 , /-6 , -

/- , /- , -

/' /-

, , -

Pronouns generally have "adjectival" endings. The genitive case of , is . The genitive case of , is . 1 Note that the genitive ease singular of neuter nouns is spelled in the same way as their nominative plural (Grammar 10). 2 Pronounced /.

50

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

29. Genitive-accusative masculine singular The accusative singular of masculine nouns designating animate beings is similar not to their nominative case, but to their genitive case (genitive-accusative). The same applies to adjectives modifying such nouns. EXAMPLE.

.

The little ascarid develops into an adult worm. 30. Genitive singular in connection with numerals (a) A noun is in the genitive case singular when modified by the nominative (or nominative-accusative) form of the numerals 2 ( ), ( ), and 4 ( ) or the seminumerals (both) and (one and a half). The same is true of a noun modified by a compound numeral having 2, 3, 4 as its last enunciated1 component, for instance 22 ( ), 34 ( ), 103 ( ). EXAMPLES,

,

,

2, 3, 4 methods

24 hours (b) The genitive singular invariably appears after decimals. This is quite logical in Russian since 2,34 m, for instance, actually reads "two units, thirty-four hundreths of a meter." EXAMPLE.

10,32

—10.32 cubic meters

31. Genitive case in connection with a negation (a) The object of a transitive verb in the negative form is generally in the genitive instead of the accusative case. Compare: .

The nucleus captures a neutron.

and: .

The nucleus does not capture any neutron.

i This does not apply to 12 ( ), 13 ( ), 14 ( ), or 112, 213, etc., in which 2, 3, 4 are not the last enunciated components.

51

LESSON VI

(b) The same is true of a noun (and its attributes, if any) governed by the expressions ... there is/are no . .. ...

(invariable!)

...

there will be no . . .

EXAMPLES.

There is no hydrogen. There was no fat.

.

He

there was/were n o . .

.

32. Verbs governing the genitive case Sonic verbs normally have their object in the genitive case, even in an affirmative construction. to aim at, to strive for to demand to touch, to concern to attain, to reach to desire to fear to want.

EXAMPLES,

This experiment demanded a high voltage.

.

33. Prepositions governing the genitive case (a) The most common ones are: (

)

(

)

(

)

without up to out of, from, made of beside, apart from from after

4PLE. .

(

)

against from, off near, beside, at inside, in around

The positrons appeared after exposure.

(b) Beside the verb , possession can also be stated by means of the preposition governing the name of the possessor. This construction

52

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

appears most frequently in sentences containing the verb or understood. Thus: 1

/ .

, expressed

Literally: Belonging to this element there are/were radioactive isotopes.

is equivalent to: /

This element has/had radioactive isotopes.

In a sentence containing a verb other than , the preposition may simply indicate that the whole statement concerns the person or object governed by the preposition y. EXAMPLE.

.

In (the case of) an insect, the color of the body plays a protective part.

34. Genitive case with adverbs of quantity Adverbs of quantity, for example: much, many a little little, few more have their complement in the gentitive case.

less how much? how many? so much, so many a few

EXAMPLE.

plenty of oxygen 35. The genitive case of the personal pronoun , It is identical with the accusative case (genitive-accusative). The forms with - appear after prepositions governing the genitive case: without him, without it Besides, (which actually means of him, of it) 2 is also widely used as an invariable possessive pronoun meaning "his, its." In that 1 Note that the past tense ing the possessed object. 2 EXAMPLE. amount of it is lost.

logically agrees with the noun represent. An insignificant

53

LESSON VI

function, it never appears in the form , even when following a preposition. (Indeed the preposition does not govern it in that case.) Compare:

. out of it

or out of its center.

35 bis. Other uses of the genitive case See Grammar 81(a) and 88, Footnote 1, p. 139 and Footnote 1, p. 145. .

Word formation

The suffix verbs.

(-

or -

) is used to form names of actions from

EXAMPLES.

pressure exposure blossoming oxidation rise, upheaval

from from from from from

* *

to press to expose to blossom to oxidize to raise

. .

.

-

. ;

.

-

, .

. 1

.

1

See Appendix XI.

LESSON VII A. Translate into English: 1. 2. — . 3. 4. PP. 5. 6. 7. 8. 2 9. 10. -

. . . . . . . 60°. , .

11. 12. 13.

. . —

,

-

. 14.

, .

15. . 16.

,

,

-

. 17.

, .

18.

.

19.

, ,

, ,

. 20. 21.

. . 54

55

LESSON VII

22.

.

23. 24.

. .

25. 26.

. .

27.

.

. Give the case and nominative singular form of the following words:1 2. 3. 4. 10. 18.

20.

-

22.

-

19. 27.

-

. Vocabulary (-f prep.) in Venus all (plural) , -oe any, every head motion, movement ,(-f-acc.) to act, have an effect on . . . action dielectric constant, inductivity unit if

. ..,

. . . if . . ., then . . . , -oe gastric stomach 2 disease, illness , to be sick , to know , there is, there are some

,

, any, some cocoon

-

" any -

2

1 The numbers refer to the sentences above. - See Appendix XII. :: The second element is invariable in both words. The first element is declined like the adjective , - .

56

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Vocabulary (cont.) ( + gen.)

beside, apart

| turb |

Mercury , to observe , to disrupt, dis-

to find , to find oneself, to be found deficiency, lack , -oe neutral ( ) , -oe (un)stable , ( + prep.) to need (something) / (-f- prep.) about , to disclose, detect , -oe external, outward food , -oe dense, solid, hard ,to allow, enable, make it possible | , (-(- ace.) to get into . . . D.

, -« (f.)

from

, -

to fall (-f

prep.) need for . . . practice (-f prep.) given, there being, in case of, etc. (Grammar 36) instrument presence ,equilateral side ' , -oe rarefied , -oe rare | discharge ! , -oe soluble | solution , -oe Roentgen (adj.) light strength, force state, condition spirits, alcohol comparatively , to compare , -oe equal

Grammar

36. Prepositions governing the prepositional case As its name indicates, the prepositional case occurs only after certain prepositions, namely: ( (

, )

) in on

about, (on the subject) of . . . when no change of place or state is implied (English "in, on" as opposed to "into, onto." Grammar 26).

Compare: .

Water gets into the soil.

.

In the soil is found water.

and:

57

LESSON VII

implies coincidence in time or space, and its basic literal translations could be: given. . . , there being. . . , in case of. . . . Hence, according to the context: -

given (i.e., in) a collision, a certain amount of movement is lost,

. .

given (i.e., by) this process free positrons are obtained.

.

Sodium acts on water only given (i.e., upon) heating. given this, (i.e., in this process, thereby, meanwhile). he being there, (i.e., in his presence) -

There is a laboratory at the institute,

. The coefficient of the unknown. The preposition often governs a name of action directly derived from a verb; it may then be convenient to translate the group: -f noun, etc. by a whole clause. given an increase of the magnetic field (i.e., when the magnetic field increases . . .)

...

The preposition no is used rather infrequently with the prepositional case, and is then to be translated by "after." 37. The prepositional case masculine and neuter singular (a) The prepositional case of masculine and neuter nouns in the singular has the ending -e for both hard and soft nouns: ,

,

,

,

,

.

Feminine nouns ending in -a or - also have the ending -e: , . Parallel to their "regular" prepositional form ending in -e, a few masculine nouns have a prepositional form ending in -y (hard)/-K> (soft),

58

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

governed by the prepositions

and

:

in the juice;

in the corner; on the edge. (b) Masculine nouns in and neuter nouns in - have the ending instead of - in the prepositional case: an article about helium in motion Feminine nouns ending in Neuter nouns ending in or

also have the ending . have either the ending about health

: or -

:

(c) The prepositional case masculine and neuter singular of adjectives has the endings: (hard)/-eM (soft): ,

,

,

/

,

(d) Most pronouns as well as the numeral have "adjectival" endings in the prepositional case masculine and neuter singular: , Prepositional case: , Prepositional case: The prepositional case of , is . There is no form without initial H- since the pronoun in this case is always governed by a preposition. 38. Idiomatic uses of the prepositional case (a) With verbs: to need water to doubt the value of a result (b) With nouns: ( + prep.) (-f- prep.)

need for . . . doubt about. . .

(c) The purport of an idea, notion, hypothesis, etc. is often introduced by the preposition o:

,

The hypothesis of the existence of the atomic nucleus (i.e., the hypothesis that there existed an atomic nucleus) was confirmed.

59

LESSON VII

39. Present participle active (a) The present participle active corresponds to the English present participle in "-ing." It is formed from the third person plural of the present tense, by substituting for the final consonant - the endings: ( .), ( .), (f.), (pi.), etc. EXAMPLES.

they accelerate

-

,,accelerating

,-

they contain

-

,* ,containing

, *

they carry

-

,,carrying

,-

The present participle active is declined like a "soft" adjective of the type. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies, i.e. the person or object performING the action expressed by participle. EXAMPLES.

an increasing friction ,

the gases forming (i.e., which form) the sun in case of increasing friction

Note that it will often be convenient to translate a Russian participle by a relative clause (which form . . . , etc.)

(b) The present participle active of reflexive verbs is formed in the same way. The particle - is added to the adjectival endings; it is never reduced to - . EXAMPLE.

,

compounds dissolving in water

Since many Russian reflexive verbs correspond to English verbs in the passive voice [Grammar 11(b)], their present participle active may have to be translated by an English passive participle.

60

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

EXAMPLES.

-

the alpha rays being deflected (i.e., the deflected alpha rays) the energy being required (i.e., the required energy)

(c) Place of the participle. A participle may either precede or follow the noun it modifies. When the participle follows the noun it modifies, it is separated from that noun by a comma (and possibly some dependent words). EXAMPLE.

,

.

In this substance is contained an albumen acting toxically (i.e., which has a toxic action) on the organism.

When the participle precedes the noun it modifies, it may also be separated from it by dependent words. EXAMPLE.

.

The entering the organism nutritious substance (i.e., the nutritious substances which enter the organism) are utilized.

Important. Because of this second possibility, the following procedure should be followed in translating participles. (1) As far as possible, ascertain the gender, number, and case of the participle (here: nominative or accusative plural, any gender). (2) Look for a noun having the same gender, number, and case ( ). (3) Translate that noun and the words modifying it, if any (here: ). (4) Translate the participle and its complements ( ). This principle applies to all participles (Grammar 65, 84, and 86). It also applies to adjectives in the long form separated by dependent words from the noun they modify:

.

One uses . . . an oxide soluble in water.

(d) A few present participles active are used as nouns.

61

LESSON VII EXAMPLES.

(m.) ( .) (f.)

manager, superintendent the following (what follows) the generator of the cylinder

. (

2

— ).

92

.

,

— .

— . ,

,

, . -

. 1

. , . .2 (Adapted from:

1 their. - of the eyes.

,

, «

»)

LESSON VIII A. Translate into English: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. . 7. 8. 0 t°. 9. 1 10. , , . . . 11. ,

,

. . . .

. . . , 70 10-°

12. 13.

,

. . -

,

.

14. 15.

,

—

. -

. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

. . . . . . ,

-

. 1 When a clause beginning with has its verb in the infinitive, that infinitive has an impersonal value and corresponds to an English present tense with one as subject: (If one . . .).

62

63

LESSON VIII

23. 24.

. .

25. 26.

. .

27. 28.

. .

. (1) Give the case and nominative singular form of the following words: 4. 6. 8.

23. 24.

25. 10. 11. 16. 22.

27. 28.

.

(2) Determine the aspect of the verbs in the vocabulary. C. Vocabulary (f.)

humidity, mois-

ture , -oe

moist, damp,

humid / , (-|dat.) to damage *, / * , , 1 , to give two (f.) if health (1) sign; (2) charge , important, considerable

| , to change | ,to measure

importance / | /

|

,,-

measuring, measurement ( ) ( + dat.) toward, to (action of) boiling 2 | / ,to boil, bring to a boil (transitive) , to boil (intransitive) Copernicus coulomb

1 The future tense of this verb is particularly irregular. The 3rd person singular, the 1st plural and the 3rd plural are quoted here. 1 See Appendix XII.

64

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Vocabulary (cont.) , -

any observation heating ,or / |, to heat direction explanation , - / , to explain , clear , - / , to determine definition ( + dat.) experiment in . . . *, / * | , to remain, to stay deflection OTj

-

, -

/

,

to deflect, divert, deviate *, /* | , . . . to transmit, transfer (f.) density no ( + dat.) according to, etc. (see Grammar 41) position, posture , - / | , to place, locate, put (4- gen.) after | / , * to put, place, set | / , to lose *, ; - , / , to acquire

| */ , * (1) to conduct; (2) to draw, to lead 1 • , ; , to lead | | *, / , to conduct, carry out, execute, make | ,- / | ,* (-f .) to decompose into . . . | multiplication, reproduction many, much Rutherford (English physicist) , resulting, resultant result , Russian , free , -6e power, force (adj.) strength, power, force trace *, / * | , 2 to create , component, constitutive | composition ,- / | ,to keep, retain . . (= ) i.e. (that is) , / , - 3 to diminish, decrease , lesser

1 T h e conjugation of a compound verb is generally similar in every respect to t h a t of the c o r r e s p o n d i n g simple verb. 2 Although the prefix of this verb is really -, it would be expedient to consider - as the prefix. 3 See Appendix XII.

LESSON VIII

Vocabulary (cont.) , / | , * to establish, determine | 6 ,( + dat.) resistant to . . .

65

, (-f dat.) sensitive, susceptible to . . . feeling, sensation, sense ball, globe, sphere phenomenon

D. Grammar 40. The dative case masculine and neuter singular The dative case is basically the case of the indirect object, i.e., the case of the person (or object) to or jor whom (or which) something is done. -

to transfer a charge to an electroscope -

to give calcium salts to an animal

The dative singular of masculine and neuter nouns has the endings -y (hard) / - (soft): 1 , patibility -

,

,

,

,

, but

(Incom-

)

The dative singular of masculine and neuter adjectives has the endings (hard)/-eMy (soft): ,

,

,

,

,

Other dative cases with "adjectival" endings: /

,

;

/

;

; ( )

/

,

41. Prepositions governing the dative case , no

toward, to according to in spite of, against, contrary to thanks to in conformity with

1 A few masculine nouns can also have a genitive form ending in -y/-io (Appendix V ) .

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN EXAMPLE.

according to Coulomb's law may require other translations. EXAMPLES.

to swim, sail along a canal to move in a straight line to move (about) in a magnetic field complex in execution, complex to execute identical in (regard to) charge data concerning the distribution of the air in comparison in relation to, with respect to density relative to nitrogen to recognize by the external appearance barometric observations temperatures recorded in Leningrad courses in soil science second in width, i.e., second widest each atom loses one neutron, or the atoms lose one neutron each the alpha particles annex two electrons each

1

...

2

42. Verbs governing the dative case Some Russian verbs have their object in the dative case. EXAMPLES.

, ,

to damage to contradict to equal to prevent, to hinder to help the charge of the atom equals zero.

1

Dative case feminine (Grammar 58 and 59). - In this function, no rules the nominative-accusative dative case of numerals other than one.

rather than the

67

LESSON VIII

43. Aspects of the verb Two Russian verbs are generally necessary to render all the forms and tenses of one English verb. These verbs usually have the same root and are translated by one and the same English verb: /

to decrease

One of these two verbs is said to be imperfective (ipf.), the other is said to be perfective (pf.). So far we have dealt with imperfective verbs only. Imperfective verbs describe:

Perfective verbs describe:

Either: An action which was, is, or will be in progress.

An action which was or will be completed on one occasion only.

EXAMPLES.

EXAMPLES.

,

-

, . the pressure was, is, will be decreasing.

, . The pressure decreased, will decrease immediately.

Or An action which has taken, takes or will take place on several occasions: -

,

,

. Every time the pressure decreased, decreases, will decrease.

,

.

This time the pressure decreased, will decrease.

44. Characteristics of the perfective verb (a) The perfective verb has no present tense: indeed, a present tense must describe either an action which is going on (e.g., it is raining, it rains), or an action which takes place on several occasions (e.g., it sometimes rains). (b) The perfective verb has no compound future tense. Its future tense is conjugated like the present tense of an imperfective verb: ;

, ,

to measure; he will measure, we shall measure, they will measure

68

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Russian infinitives are to be translated by English infinitives, regardless of whether they are imperfective or perfective. 45. How to identify the aspect of a verb It is not always easy to identify the aspect of an isolated verb. But given a couple of parallel verbs, it is almost always possible to tell which one is imperfective and which one perfective. We can thus oppose: PERFECTIVE

IMPERFECTIVE

(a) Simple verb (without prefix) to lose to photograph (b) "Longer"1 compound and derived verb |

to retain to transmit ( ) Verb in -

| |

,to diminish to modify to acquire to help

| (^ Compound verb (with prefix) | | Verb with other suffix | | Verb in -

(d) Verb in |

Compound verb (with prefix)

to find to draw

-

| |

In the vocabularies of the lessons, the two verbs of a couple are quoted in alphabetical order. In the glossary at the end of this book, the imperfective verb is always quoted first. A verb quoted alone is to be considered imperfective. 1 "Longer" than the corresponding perfective verb. - Or more generally compound of indeterminate verb of motion (ip*' as opposed to compound of determinate verb of motion (pf.) (Appendix XIID-

LESSON vm

69

. ( . & .

.1

2

8

* (

)

. .

4 5

).

—

. , .

2

. (Adapted from:

-

1 "by the moon." * See Grammar 91(b). with the coming, setting in." * See Appendix XI. Third person singular of the future tense of

, «

»)

.

LESSON IX A. Translate into English: 1. 2. . 3. 4. 5. — . 6. . 7. 8. ». 9. 13,5. 10. 11. 1 12. . 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. . 20. 90° 21. 22. 23. . 24. 25. .

. . . ;

«

»

. « -

. 1

.

+100° . . . . . . — . . . , .

70

71

LESSON

26. 27.

. , .

28. 29. 30.

-

. /

.

. 31. 32.

. -

, ,

.

33. 34.

. .

. (1) Give the case and nominative singular form of the following words: 5. 6.

17. 18. 20. 27. 31. 33.

8. 11. 15. 16.

(2) Determine the aspect of the verbs in the vocabulary. Vocabulary a

and, but axiom more boron (1) substance; (2) matter influence | , gaseous, gasiform / | , ; to perish , main, principal, chief 1

See Appendix XII.

1

... - one another, each other ( + instr.) behind, beyond , ( + gen.) to depend upon . . . , interesting when silicon circle summer (always placed after the first word or group of words in the clause) whether

72

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Vocabulary (cont.) moon methane heating | *, / | ,to call, name neutron shape, form, manner, way mainly, chiefly formation (1) experiment; (2) experience , - / | ,to weaken, grow weak , weak relation, relationship , negative ( + instr.) before, in front of absorption , ( + instr.) to use, utilize no | in two, in half - half-

, *oe transparent , * ( + dat. to contradict previously, formerly ( + instr.) with , weak | contact / ( + gen.) to touch, concern spectrum | , / | , to colide , to push, shove , " heavy | carbon, (m.) coal , to form , spheric, globular sphere, globe , / , to appear as, to be nucleus

D. Grammar 46. The instrumental case masculine and neuter singular As its name indicates, the instrumental case is basically the case of the instrument by means of which, or the agent by whom an action is performed. EXAMPLES.

The earth is attracted by the sun. . to fill a generator by means of (i.e., with) gas The instrumental case of masculine and neuter nouns in the singular has me endings (hard); - , (soft).

LESSON DC

EXAMPLES,

,

,

,

73

but

(Incompatibility

)

, (stressed ending)

,

The instrumental case masculine and neuter singular of adjectives has the endings - / distributed as follows: (Incompatibility

)

(Incompatibility

)

A complete table of the declension of masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives appears in Appendix II. Most pronouns have soft endings in the instrumental case, / The numeral

,

,

( )

/

,

has the instrumental case

.

47. Prepositions governing the instrumental case (a) (b)

( (

) between

before

(

)

above

) means "with" when it governs the instrumental case.1

EXAMPLE.

.

The direction of the electron coincided with the direction of the field.

(c) Two prepositions govern the accusative case when a change of place is implied (Grammar 26) and the instrumental case when no such change is implied. They are: (behind, beyond) and (under). Compare: -

The gas is kept under a glass vessel.

, (instr.) and , ( 1

.)

See Grammar 33 and 26.

The gas is introduced under a glass vessel.

74

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

48. Verbs governing the instrumental case Some verbs normally have their "object" in the instrumental instead of the accusative case. EXAMPLES.

/

-

to possess to make use of, to enjoy

/

-

to rule, to govern to neglect The electron possesses a negative charge.

.

49. Predicate noun and/or adjective in the instrumental case (a) The predicate complement of any expressed form of the verb (except ) can be in the instrumental instead of the nominative case. This predicate complement often precedes the verb and its subject. EXAMPLES.

The magnetic field will not be constant.

.1 -

The result of this transformation was the formation of a new element,

. (b) The predicate complement of any other verb is almost always in the instrumental case. EXAMPLES.

/ / / / /

to be, appear to be to become to seem to be considered to turn out to be, to prove to be called to remain

1 This is practically the only instance in which an adjective (or participle) in the long form does not agree in case with the noun it modifies. Compare Grammar 15 and 39(c).

75

LESSON DC EXAMPLES.

-

Beryllium is a divalent element,

. The transitive (nonreflexive) form of some of these verbs may have an object in the accusative case and a predicate objective in the instrumental case: .

They called this new radioactive element ( .) radium (instr.)

( ) A Russian instrumental case may render the English "as" meaning "in the capacity o f : to serve as a conductor to serve as an example, to provide an example. 50. Other idiomatic uses of the instrumental case (a) The noun (form, way, manner) modified by an adjective is often used in the instrumental case in adverbial expressions: ?

in what way? how? in such a way, thus in the proper way, properly

The instrumental case of other nouns describing shapes, manners, etc., is also used in a similar way: ,

to arrange in a layer, in a column

(b) Complements of dimension are often expressed by the instrumental case of the name of the dimension and the actual figure preceded by the preposition ( + ace.): 32 .3

a globe 3 kg in weight a cylinder of the volume of 2 m3

(c) Some complements of time are in the instrumental case: in the morning

in the evening, etc.

51. Verbs in The verbs with infinitives in belong to the first conjugation; their present (or future perfective) tense is conjugated as shown in the following example.

76

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

EXAMPLE,

topull(ipf).

,

The endings are - , ,

, - , etc., when the suffix is stressed: ,

from

(to bend).

Some of these verbs have a regular past tense: , Odiers lose their suffix masculine form: ,

,-

, -

, -

.

in the past tense and have no suffix - in the ,-

from

(to penetrate) (pf.).

52. Russian equivalent of "one another," "each other" "One another," "each other" are rendered in Russian by . . . -. The first is invariably in the nominative case. The second is always in another case, determined by its logical function in the sentence. Its accusative is always a genitive-accusative: . It is always declined like a masculine noun in the singular, regardless of the gender and number of the noun it stands for.

EXAMPLES.

. (genitive-accusative) , (dat.)

These substances destroy one another. These results contradict one another (i.e., are contradictory)

If a preposition is used, it will be placed between the two words and it will govern the second one. In solid sodium chloride the ions are strongly attracted to one another. .

77

LESSON DC

1

1

>

-

5/, 4

8

2

(

. I) 2

>

Az

.

, —

CD ;

1

A BCD. . I2 AzXlrf,

, 6

3

ABCD -

g.

=

—pgAz.

.1 (Adapted from: »)

1 2

3 4 ) G

Gen. case singular of .= .

,

.

Instr. case singular of . Gen. case singular of . being considered, under consideration. Gen. case singular of .

,

, «

-

LESSON X A. Translate into English: 1.

, .

2. 3. 4. 5.

0,2

30

.

. . , ,

. .

6. 7.

, ,

,

, ,

. 8. . 9.

,

,

-

. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

. . . . . . , .

17. . 18. 19. 20.

. .

, , .

21. 22. 23.

0,035-0,1 / . 1

, 1

. .

In spite of their unusual order, the first six words form only one clause. The emphatic could be translated by "even," "at all." See glossary for various possible translations of . 78

79

LESSON X

24. 25.

. .

26. 27. 28.

. . 1

, ,2

.

29. . 30.

, .

31. 32. 33. 34.

. . . .

3

35.

.

36.

,

-

. . (1) Give the case and nominative singular form of the following words: 1.

23. 24. 25. 26. 28. 29.

2. 6. 7.

31. 35.

8. 19. 20.

36. (2) Determine the aspect of the verbs in the vocabulary. 1

This literal equivalent of English "one another" appears less frequently . .. -. Longer "secondary" prepositions like precede the two instead of separating them. ;l Russian last names ending in - , - , - , have partly nominal, partly adjectival case-endings. See Appendix VI.

than

2

80

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Vocabulary bisectrix, bisector | ( + gen.) near, in the vicinity of, close to height , / to move dielectric, nonconductor law , - / ,to charge excess , - /* | ,;- , to extract, draw out to drag, draw , (1) to oscillate; (2) to vary, range condenser cone , (pi.) wing ( + instr.) between *, , ; , / | to be able, can | , - / | , (* dat.) to direct, set toward outside, outwards / , to electrify (m. and .), (f.) both , - / | , * to disclose, detect | , - / | , to isolate, set apart, differentiate

, special, particular , *oe identical one | , - / | , * to let down, lower, drop, immerse base , - /* | , to discover , ' to be absent absence plate, lamina | , | , ; | , | / | , - 1 to set fire to, light, kindle to burn soil | *, / | , - 2 (-f dat.) to press to... • to press | / , to filter (m.) path, way, means , isosceles thigh | ,- / | , to destroy, corrode, attack, disrupt , to collapse ! ,- / | , to calculate , to count plant * to grow | , / ] , to bind, fix, combine

1 The prefix has the form - when followed by one consonant, and when followed by two consonants (Grammar 91). About its meaning see Appendix XII. 2 See Appendix XII.

81

LESSON X

Vocabulary (cont.) to tie, knit middle ] , - /* | ,to collect, gather • to take | | , to coincide to fall , /* , to become , glass (adj.) glass

[

/ , to formulate theory | , - /* | , , ; - , to cut off, truncate * to cut, thrash filtrable virus cylinder

D. Grammar 53. Permutation of Consonants. Certain consonants (or groups of consonants) happen to "alternate" with certain other consonants (or groups of consonants) in closely connected words or even in different forms of one and the same word. This is particularly obvious in the conjugation of a large number of verbs. Consequently, a verbal form with stem ending in a sibilant (or - -) may have to be traced to an infinitive with stem ending in either a guttural, or a dental consonant, or a combination of both. Sibilants may alternate with:

Gutturals, or dentals, or groups , 3 X

,

Similarly, a verbal form with stem ending in a labial consonant -f may have to be traced to an infinitive with stem ending in the same labial without . In other words, the groups , , , , may alternate with the simple labials , , , , . 54. Permutation of consonants in some verbs of the first conjugation in Permutations affect all the persons of the present (or future perfective) tense as well as the present participle active of these verbs.

82

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

EXAMPLES.

<

—

.. .,

—

from <

—

<

—

to hide ...,

— to move

from ...,

—

from <

—

to write ...,

—

from <

to search, to seek

—

..., from

<

—

...,

— to oscillate — to strew

from 55. Past participle passive

The past participle passive roughly corresponds to the English past participle in -ed, (discovered, established, etc.) or "irregular" (seen, grown, brought, etc.). It is formed almost exclusively from perfective verbs. There are two main types of past participles passive: (a) with the suffix (b) with the suffix

-

, , , , etc. , , , , etc.

All past participles passive are declined like hard adjectives in The rules of formation of the past participle passive are rather complex. Let it be clear, however, that such a participle can almost always be related to either of the following two forms (which appear in the vocabularies and in the Table of Irregular Verbs (Appendix XI): (a) Infinitive. (i) Directly: EXAMPLES,

written down lost put forward taken

(ii) With replacement of tion in .

by e or

from from from from

in verbs of the second conjuga-

83

LESSON X

EXAMPLES,

secreted determined

from from

(iii) With permutation of consonants in verbs of the second conjugation with infinitive stem ending in a dental or a labial consonant. <

—

from struck, affected

>

—

to strike, affect from to turn

>

—

from

—

from

to place, locate >

to damage >

—

from to direct

Remark. When the infinitive stem ends in a group of consonants, there may occur a double alternation: from (to cause to die, kill).

(b) Third person singular of the future perfective tense EXAMPLES,

brought

from

saved

from

, ,

The principles mentioned in Grammar 39(c) equally apply to the past participle passive. EXAMPLES.

,

.

.

At the present time are used almost all the metals detected on the globe.

-

A paraffin candle . . . [which had been] lighted in the air, was plunged into a jar with (i.e., containing) chlorine.

84

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Some past participles passive are used as independent words with a seminominal value: ...

It follows from the said (i.e., what has been said) . . .

56. The passive voice The passive voice is formed by a combination of the verb (expressed or understood) and a past participle passive in the short form, agreeing in gender and number with the subject. EXAMPLES.

This element was discovered by a German scientist.

.

The oxygen was collected in a gasometer.

.

The short form of past participles passive in is formed in the same way as the short form of hard adjectives: , - , - , - / . Past participles passive in have only one " " in the suffix of their short forms. EXAMPLES.

, , -

, , -

, , -

from from

secreted placed

Remark. The past participle passive is sometimes sufficient to convey the past meaning, when no form of is expressed: .

Transuranium elements only recently are obtained (i.e., have only recently been obtained) by artificial means.

57. Verbs with infinitive in In these verbs, the letter - - of the infinitive widely alternates with - or -r-, and sometimes with - -. EXAMPLES.

( ) to drag Present tense

(b) to shear

85

LESSON X EXAMPLES (cont.)

(a) to drag

(b) to shear

Present participle active Past tense

,

,

,

,

,

Past participle passive

(

,

)

(

)

It follows that a verb of the first conjugation having , or element of its stem may have to be related to an infinitive in other satisfactory infinitive form be forthcoming.

as the last , should no

Greater irregularities are encountered in: ; ; ; (to burn) and ; ; ; ; (to lie down) (pf.).

;

1

. —

,

.

,

,

-

, . ,

-

. ,

.

,

,

, 3

1 2 3

Genitive plural. "as long as." their

.

,

,

86

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

,

, 1

, .

,

-

2

,

-

. (Adapted from:

1 2

See Grammar 88. "two or three minutes" (Gen. plural)

, «

»)

LESSON XI A. Translate into English: 1. 2. 3. . 4. 5. , 6.

. . . . , .

7.

,

-

. 8.

,

-

. 9.

,

.

10.

,

-

-

. 11. 12.

, 1

., -

13.

-

.

,

PN .

,

.

14. ,

, -

, .

15.

,

2

%

-

.

16. . 17. , . 1 The personal pronoun is understood. - A verbal form can be in the (neuter) singular when its subject consists of or includes a numeral.

87

88

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

18. 19. 20. 21.

.

? .

1846 .1 ;

.

22. ,

,

,

.

23.

. . ,

, 24. 25.

, .

—

26.

,

-

.

27.

.

28.

,

. 29. ,

,

-

. ,

,

30. .

31. . 32. 33. 34.

. . .

35.

.

36. 37.

.

.

38. . 39. 40.

. . 1

In 1846.

89

LESSON XI

41. 42. 43.

? . -

, -

. 44.

, .

. Give the case and nominative singular form of the following words: 3. 4. 5. 7. 10. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16.

-

, ,

17. 18. 26. 28. 29. 34. 39. 43.

,

,

,

. Vocabulary aspect , visible , to see together always, ever , high still, yet, more one more ( ) (or) even (f.) dependence to depend earth , earth, earthly, terrestrial (1) and; (2) also, too, . . . . . . both . . . and . . . transformation, change, variation or ... ( ) . . . either . . . or (even) . . .

,,

other, another sought for,

un-

known , to seek (1) as, like; (2) how? , linear , radiant radiating ray most, -est more , ; , / , to find , insignificant, negligible, trifling but , (-f instr.) to possess , ... (one and) the same ( + gen.) near, around, about

90

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Vocabulary (cont.) weakening weak (f.) axis segment , to cut , ' similar . . . in the same way as , Polish ( + gen.) apart from, beside , - / ,; (-f .) to get into..., enter . . . time path length, range, run , to run , - / , ; to penetrate passing, crossing , to pass , equiangular , -£ / , to irritate, stimulate , - / , to disperse, disseminate

to sow (f.) link, connection sulfur , mucous mucous membrane, mucosa , - ( + instr.) to serve as . . . case quite, completely , . . . not at all not quite content, quantity (contained) , - / , to concentrate , ' mean, average thus, so , . . . so that . . . , in such a way that . . . tube, small pipe characteristic chromium, Cr (1) what; (2) that

D. Grammar 58. Declension of feminine nouns in - / EXAMPLES. Nom.

Hard

Soft

-

Ace.

-

Gen.

-

in the singular

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

£ ](1 . )

Prep.

-

-

-

-

Dat.

-

-

-

-

Instr.

1

-6

[

](1 . ) |

-

-

(Stress)

-

LESSON XI

91

Remark I. The genitive singular of feminine nouns is spelled like their nominative plural. Remark II. The prepositional and dative cases are identical. Remark III. The endings of the instrumental case were originally These forms are now rarely used.

/-

,-

.

59. Feminine singular declension of adjectives EXAMPLES.

Nom.

Hard

1

Soft

-

-

-

Ace.

-

Gen.

-

-

-

Prep.

-

-

-

Dat.

-

-

-

Instr.

-

-

-

-

(Inc. A) (Inc. A)

Remark. All hard adjectives have the same endings in the feminine singular: , , (genitive singular).

60. The present gerund The present gerund is formed by substituting the ending - (-a in case of incompatibility) for the ending - , - , or - of the third person singular of the present tense of imperfect!ve verbs.

Remark. The verb

beginning repeating carrying utilizing guarding seeing holding

from from from from from from from

-

/

-

has the irregular present gerund

(being).

The present gerund of reflexive verbs is formed in the same way, with the particle - attached to the suffix - or -a.

92

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

EXAMPLES.

- needing from - - rotating from - The present gerund is an invariable form of the verb. It corresponds to an English present participle in -ing. In practice it differs from the Russian present participle active in that it cannot generally be rendered in English by means of a relative clause. EXAMPLE.

,

,

Passing through the preparation, the electrons kill the living cells.

There are other ways of rendering a Russian present gerund in English. EXAMPLE.

,

.

Entering the sphere of attraction of the earth, the meteorites are precipitated toward it (i.e., when meteorites enter the sphere of attraction of the earth, they are precipitated toward it).

Remark. A clause containing a gerund is separated from the main clause by a comma.

61. The past gerund There are two different ways of forming the past gerund of active perfective verbs: (a) By substituting the suffix - (rarely ) for the suffix - of the past tense masculine: - ( ) having dispersed from - ( ) having shifted from Reflexive verbs have the longer suffix : having moved from - having changed from - (b) By adding the suffix to a past tense masculine form without - in some verbs with infinitive suffix , - or - : having arisen from (inf. ) having brought from (inf. )

LESSON XI

93

Remark. A few verbs form their past gerund like a present gerund, i.e., by substituting the suffix - (or -a) for the ending - , - or of the third person singular of their future tense: -

having come out having brought along

-

from from

-

(inf. (inf.

) )

In other words, whatever seems to be a present gerund derived from a perfective verb is in fact a past gerund.

The past gerund corresponds to an English compound past participle active (having + past participle). Like the present gerund, it cannot be rendered in English by a relative clause. EXAMPLES.

, . , .

-

Having shed [its] old covering, the caterpillar appears clad with (i.e., in) a new one. One can increase the capacity of a conductor, having brought (i.e., by bringing) another conductor close to it.

62. Peculiarities of the declension of pronouns in the singular A number of pronouns have a mixed declension, i.e., they generally have "nominal endings" in the nominative and accusative cases and "adjectival endings" in the other cases (including genitive-accusative). This being borne in mind, almost any of their case forms can readily be identified. The main pronouns of this type are: ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

, ,

, ,

, ,

,

The more inemihu

our, ours he, it, she all what? who? himself, itself, etc. this that one (numeral-proi forms have been *el off in tables 1, 2 and 3.

94

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN TABLE 1

Masc.

Neut.

Fern.

Masc.

Neut.

Fern.

Nom. ( )

( )

( )

( )

Dat.

( )

( )

Instr.

( )

( ) or ( )

Ace.

= N or G

Gen. Prep.

Nom. PI. Masc. Nom.

Neui

Fern.

I

.

= N or G

Gen. Prep. Dat.

}j

Instr. Nom. PI. TABLE 2

Mai Nom. . Gen. Prep.

Neu

Fern.

Mas .

Neu/.

Fern

= N. or G.

Dat.

Instr. Nom. PI. (the ones, some)

95

LESSON XI TABLE 3

Masc. Nom. Ace. Gen. Prep. Dat. Instr.

: N. or G.

Neut.

Fern.

Neut.

Masc.

Fern.

= N. or G.

Nom. PL Remark I. All these pronouns have soft masculine and neuter singular instrumental ending in - or - . Remark II. Along with the pronoun , there exists a pronoun , declined exactly like an adjective. This pronoun has the same meaning as [except in superlatives; see Grammar 82(b)]. Remark III. The genitive case of , , is also used as an invariable possessive pronoun meaning "her, its" and implying a feminine possessor. In that function, it cannot have the form . Compare Grammar 36. Remark IV. Like and are declined respectively (somebody) and (something), , (anybody, somebody), and , (anything, something). The second element of these words is invariable. 63. The various uses of the pronoun

,

,

Beside its fundamental meaning of "that," this pronoun is used with special meanings in a large number of combinations. EXAMPLES. ...

, , (both declinable)

that or another . . . , both that and the other, together with that, by that itself, that very, that very itself, one and that very, in that case if, that, what,

i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e.

s o m e . . . or other both at the same time thereby the same that same one and the same if, provided that which, what

96

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

EXAMPLES.

TO (declinable), (indeclinable)

that that,

i.e.

the fact that

The resemblance of (i.e., between) the nature of Mars with (i.e., and) the earth's nature is completed by , the fact that it [Mars] is also sur. rounded by an atmosphere. the idea, notion, hypothesis, etc. , , (about that) that . . . [Compare . . , Grammar 38(c)] The pronoun may announce a clause containing an interrogative word ? ?

how? who?

? ?

when? where?

that is, a clause which, isolated, would be interrogative. Its translation is then dictated by the meaning of the interrogative word, or it may not require any translation at all. EXAMPLES.

This depends upon that, how (i.e., the way) the reaction will occur.

, . , . Two other uses of

,

This depends upon (that) whether the particle will pass through the metal.

are described in Grammar 66 and 67.

. Word formation The suffix is used to form nouns designating objects of a collective or somewhat abstract nature.

substance similarity electricity quantity space

from from

thing similar

from

country

LESSON XI

97

,

£

FaJr

(-£)•

_ FB

,

-

, . 2 1

, 1

.1

.2 -

(

q . 2),

3

Fa,

. : _ 9i/g2

F

1

, :

(

. 2):

=

±. \

:

'2

, (

) .

1 2 3

Compare Grammar 5 0 ( b ) . Genitive case. See G r a m m a r 7 7 ( b ) .

-

98

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

.

F, £

q,

,

: F—qE. . ,

, 4

. (Adapted from:

. .

,«

»)

LESSON XII A. Translate into English: 1. 2. . 3.

. .

4.

,

, , .

5. 6. 7.

. . .

8. 12-14°. 9.

-

,1

.

10.

,

-

, . 11.

, , 1

.

12.

, .

13.

,

35,45 . .2

14. ,

-

. 15.

, 760

0° 3

.

1 The pronoun "ones" will have to be used in the English translation. It has no Russian equivalent. - = "oxygen unit" (gen.). It need not be translated.

99

100

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

16.

, .

17. 18.

. .

19.

.

20. . 21.

.

22.

, . . ,

,

-

.

23.

.

24. 25. 26.

. . .

27. 28.

. .

29.

,

,

-

MN

. -

. 30. 31.

. q D

,

32. . 33. 34.

. , ,

.

35.

-

,

, ,

-

/ , (e/m)X(l/fi2). 36. 37. 38.

. . ,

.

,

. .

39.

, 3

(*/<-. ) .

101

LESSON

40.

(

)2

, . .

41. 42. 43.

. ,

, .

44.

, .

. Give the case and nominative singular form of the following words: 1. 3. 4.

16. 20. 21. 22. 28. 29. 31. 33. 34. 35.

7. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

37. 43.

15.

. Vocabulary (f.)

to include,

infinity contain

end , angles *,

vertical opposite

place (f.)

exterior, appear-

, , , -

external to rotate / | , -

ance , to drag

;

,

to have as a consequence, to provoke | , / | , to insert, put in

|

to enter even (f.)

viability

102

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Vocabulary (cont.) (f.) life , / , to complete , / , to consist significance, importance, value | £ , *oe emissive, radiating | , - / , to measure representation, picture form, shape, image calcium quantity magnesium place, locality, position, point altitude . . . there is not a single . . . , -oe insignificant, negligible | volume 6| (f.) (higher or -ic) oxide . . . (higher or -ic) hydroxide absence , - / | , to move, shift, displace transfer, movement, travel , * absorbing, absorbent | > , -£ / * | , to raise, lift | > / | to rise, ascend

| heaval | | time) •

rise, ascent, upnature , * / | , to attract to pull , - /* | , to live, spend (some

to live (f.) transparence work | development | , - / | , to divide various (f.) solubility ( .) seed how much, how many (f.) speed, velocity ,' / | ,to compose, constitute, amount to arrow (f.) (1) step, rung; (2) grade, degree resemblance, similarity thus, so . . . since, as course, flow ( + gen.) during, for thickness, width , * thick (f.) gravity, weight gravity | , / | , •< to indicate cotton (plant) (f.) aim

103

LESSON XII

Vocabulary (cont.) zinc (1) instrumental case of (2) than

(-f- infinitive) ;

in order to,

to tive)

( + past tense = subjuncthat, so that, in order that

D. Grammar 64. Declension of feminine nouns in - in the singular Nom. part . Gen. Prep. Dat. Instr. Nom. pi. Remark. The masculine noun has feminine endings in three cases: genitive, prepositional, and dative singular , but instrumental .

65. Declension of neuter nouns in Nom. Ace. Gen. Prep. Dat. Instr.

in the singular

Nom. pi. 66. The relative pronoun The relative pronoun corresponding to English "who, whom, whose, which, that" is , -oe, declined like a hard adjective. It agrees in gender and number with the noun it represents, but its case is determined by its function in the relative clause. This relative pronoun is frequently announced by the pronoun , , etc., (that, the) or by the adjective , (such a, such). EXAMPLES.

(fem. plur. nom.), (fem. plur. nom.), ,

-

.

Those (i.e., the) cells which reproduce rapidly, suffer very intensely from the action of radium irradiation.

104

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

(masc. sing, (masc. sing, gen.) .

.), -

(fern. sing, .), (fem. sing, prep.) -

A parallelogram is a quadrangle, the opposite sides of which are parallei (two by two.)

One calls polytropic (such) an atmosphere in which the temperature changes uniformly with altitude.

. 67. The subjunctive mood The subjunctive mood of verbs appears in clauses introduced by the conjunction (that, so that, in order that). The verbal form is indentical with a past tense, regardless of whether the action is assumed to take place in the past, present or future. EXAMPLE.

(

,

) 1

, -

pe ?

What fraction of a coulomb is it (was it, will it be) necessary to impart to a sphere 1 dm in diameter, in order that on every square centimeter of the surface of the sphere (there) would be found one electrostatic unit of charge?

Remark. I. is also used with the infinitive and it is then to be translated by "in order to": ...

in order to electrify a body

Remark. II. A clause beginning with may be preceded by the pronoun . The whole phrase is equivalent to an English gerund: , .

-

The problem boils down to this, that one determine1 (i.e., consists merely in determining) the weight of the molecule.

68. The conditional mood (a) The conditional mood is a compound tense consisting of the past tense of the verb and the particle , which can occupy various positions 1

Cp. p. 62, Footnote 1.

LESSON XII

105

in the clause. In conditional sentences the subordinate clause beginning with "if' also has its verbs in the conditional ( + past tense). As in the subjunctive mood, the verb has a "past tense" form even if the action is assumed to occur in the present or the future. - // the plane of the Moon's orbit coincided with the plane of the ec, - liptic, then every month eclipses of the sun and the moon would . The Russian conditional may have to be translated by an English past conditional. The context generally gives a clue to this. -

0°, .

If the temperature had been (equal to) 0°, (then) the barometer would have shown a lesser height of the mercury column.

(b) The subordinate clause beginning with may have its verb in the infinitive instead of the "past tense." An impersonal conditional with "one" as subject could then be used in the English translation.1

,

-

If one placed a conductor in a uniform electric field, (then) the intensity of the resultant field in the conductor would decrease.

. (c) An idiomatic use of the conditional2 mood is found in clauses containing the particle , roughly corresponding to English "no matter." The verb in the conditional can generally be rendered by a present tense. , - The area described by the radius - vector of a planet over equal intervals of time is (one and) the , , - same, no matter in what part of its - orbit the planet is found. . 1 Cp. p. 62, Footnote 1. - The verbal forms in these constructions could also be defined as subjunctive. However, for reasons of expediency, the formal opposition versus makes us classify them as conditional.

1U0

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Remark. In a similar construction, an impersonal meaning can be conveyed, in a. clause including , by a verb in the infinitive instead of the "past tense." -

1

, .

Two parallel straight lines do not intersect, matter how much one extends them.

(d)Another idiomatic use of the conditional mood is found in relative clauses when the statement they contain is denied in the main clause: , - There is no [such thing as an] organ - that does not depend upon the . work of the digestive system. Remark. The phrase

(as it were) is not conditional.

69. The reflexive pronoun This pronoun has no nominative form. It is declined as follows: . Gen. Prep. Dat. Instr.

(

)

This pronoun, of which the particle - /- is a contraction, corresponds to English "self, -selves." It differs from its English equivalent in that it does not in any way reflect the ge.ider or number of the subject to which it refers; when the subject is a pronoun it does not reflect the person of that pronoun either (English /i/'mself, f/iemselves, etc.). EXAMPLES.

.

.

The chlorine atom adjoins to itself (i.e., annexes) an additional electron. These atom chains are linked between themselves (i.e., to one another).

Remark. This reflexive pronoun is sometimes reinforced by the emphatic pronoun , , etc. (Grammar 63), which agrees in gender, number and case either with the reflexive pronoun or with the subject of the verb (nominative). The emphatic pronoun requires no special translation. 1

Accusative plural of

(Grammar 76).

107

LESSON XU EXAMPLE.

.

The plane moves [and remains] parallel to itself.

70. The reflexive possessive , , etc. Like most pronouns, this possessive has a "mixed" declension. Masc. Neut. Fern. Plur. Nom. Ace. Gen. Prep. Dat. Instr.

= N . or G

—N. or G.

The possessive

can be opposed to

,

,

1

in two respects:

(a) The possessor and the subject of the verb must be the same in a clause containing (hence the name "reflexive"); they must be different in a clause containing , or . (b) Unlike , , , the reflexive pronoun agrees in gender and number with the name of the possessed object and does not in any way reflect the gender, number, or person of the possessor; it may be translated by any of the English possessive pronouns (my, his, its, their, etc.) depending on the context. EXAMPLES.

-

A part of the radioactive emanation, under the action of a strong mag- netic field, was slightly deflected - from its original direction.

. . .

Bacteria are characterized by the simplicity of their external form. The range of the alpha particle depends on its energy.

represents a feminine possessor different from the subject, therefore . 1

= their (Grammar 75).

108

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

E. Word formation The suffix (soft: qualities from adjectives:

) is used mainly to form names of from from from from from

ability activity density velocity gravity

able active dense swift heavy

1

,

.

.

2

.

.

1

,

63

,

1

.

9.

,

13,5 -

, —

7)

( .

( Be ( .

12)

11), ( .

14). .

.

.

, , 13,5, . .

(7)

(11),

9.

, 9,013,

-

.

«

(Adapted from: »)

1 Genitive plural. - See Appendix V I ( a ) .

,

,

,

,

LESSON XIII A. Translate into English: 1. — 2. 3. 4. 5.

. . . . , .

6. 7.

. .

8.

.

9. 10.

. .

, 11. 12.

. .

13. 14.

. , .

15.

,

,

. 16. . 17. 18. 19. 20.

. . 60 (

)

. .

21. 22.

. .

23. 24.

. . 109

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

25. . 26. 27.

. .

28.

,

. 29. ,

1

-

,

83.

30.

,

-

. 31.

, ,

32.

2

.

,

,

? -

.

,

33.

,

-

.

34.

,

-

,

.

180°.

35. 36. .

37.

:

55°. 38.

.

39.

.

40.

, 11 (

)

3

. 1

Irregular nominative-accusative plural of . 2 appears instead of after longer "secondary" prepositions. Compare p. 79, footnote 2. 3 Genitive case of (eleven).

111

LESSON

41.

92 ( 0,05 . .

42.

) 1

—

,

-

. 43. ,

, . . .

44. . 45. ,

-

. 46. 47.

. . -

48. . 49. , 50.

. , ,

, .

. Give the case and nominative singular form of the following words: 3. 32. 6. 33. 8. 34. 12. 14. 18. 19. 20. 27. 31.

36. 42. 43. 44. 45. 48. 49. 1

§

need not be translated in this sentence.

112

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

C. Vocabulary butterfly majority more (1) aspect; (2) kind, sort ( + gen.) outside everywhere | , - / | , * (1) to secrete; (2) to liberate, give off year year in, year out season degree thickness, density , thick, dense , *oe vital, life (adj.) (f.) life potassium, (gen. pi. of ) minute sodium, Na " it is impossible, one cannot (gen. ' ) some, a certain number of, a few (nom. pi. ) number revolution , * / | , ' to limit (1) one; (2) sheer, only, nothing but, (-f- gen. pi.) one of some, the ones (f.) peculiarity , particular | ,/ | ,to break off, away to tear i See Appendix XII.

pair (f.) surface top, summit , * full , ordinal atomic number order | loss | / to lose | ,' / | , - 1 to represent to represent, to be to place, set | , - / | , ^ to do, perform, make , * to do, make ,simple spot | equilibrium, balance weight (f.) difference , * / , to consider (+ .) to look at . . . pig ( + ace.) above, over higher | change, shift to change , (-f gen.) to consist of , (-f prep.) to consist in | comparison (-f gen.) so much, so many

113

LESSON XIII

Vocabulary (cont.) ..., or ..., ( ) as much . . . as, as many . . . as structure to build sum

scheme, system , (-f instr.) similar, analogous to , characteristic (dimin. of ) particle

D. Grammar 71. The genitive plural of nouns The most frequent characteristics of the genitive plural of nouns are: (1) no ending at all; (2) the ending -

/-

,-

-;

(3) the ending -(e) . In the table on page 114, the genitive plural endings have been classified in regressive alphabetical order; i.e., starting from the last letter. The form is used as the genitive plural of (year). 72. Mobile vowels in the genitive plural of nouns A mobile vowel may be inserted between the last two consonants of a genitive plural form with no ending or with ending - when that form would otherwise end in a cluster of consonants. The principles are the same as those mentioned in Grammar 20 and 21. EXAMPLES.

Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen.

plur. plur. plur. plur. plur. plur.

of of of of of of

chrysalis spot drop sister droplet interlayer

73. Genitive plural of adjectives The genitive plural of adjectives of any gender has the endings (hard), (Incompatibility ) / (soft). Hence: , , but , (Incompatibility ) / , .

114

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

THE GENITIVE PLURAL OP NOUNS ENDINGS

Gen.

EXAMPLES

Plur./Nom. Sing. Masculine I

-

-

-

-

Neuter

Remarks

/ / /

-

I Feminine

-

When stem ends in a sibilant or

/ -

-

-

( )-

( )-

/

When ending stressed /

When ending unstressed (Inc. C.)

* /

-OB

-

/

-

After /

/

-

After sibilants /

-

After vowels

/

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

/ /

In these two words only / / /

115

LESSON

74. Accusative plural of nouns and adjectives Nouns designating inanimate beings have a nominative-accusative plural. So have the adjectives modifying these nouns: .

The blood contains various corpuscles.

On the other hand, nouns designating animate beings of any gender and the adjectives modifying these nouns have a genitive-accusative plural. EXAMPLES.

This question interested the chemists.

.

This disease affects young horses, . 75. Nominative, accusative and genitive plural of pronouns with mixed declensions There is no distinction between genders in the plural of pronouns. They have soft endings (including the vowels or e). Their genitive plural always ends in -x like the genitive plural of adjectives. EXAMPLES.

Norn, Ace. = N . or G. ( ) Gen. ( )

—N. or G.

Nom. . Gen.

= N . or G.

The genitive case of , , is used as nonreflexive invariable possessive pronoun with a plural possessor. Compare , , and , Grammar 35, 62 (Remark 3), and 70. ,

, .

Spirilla have no cleus, and the cell by nothing differs from the bacterial cells.

individualized structure of their (i.e., in no way) structure of other

116

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

76. Genitive plural in connection with numerals (a) A noun modified by a numeral with 2, 3, or 4 as its last enunciated component takes the genitive singular (Grammar 30). But an adjective modifying that noun in the genitive singular, takes either the genitive or the nominative plural. EXAMPLES.

( v(

) ) '

,

(twenty) three different layers

TPMHbJY

(one hundred and) four dark spots

(b) Nouns and adjectives modified by a numeral with the last enunciated component equal to or greater than 5 take the genitive plural. EXAMPLE.

13 (

)

13 (thirteen) chemical elements

(c) When a numeral is in a case other than the nominative-accusative, the nouns and adjectives it modifies take the same case (see also Grammar 86). EXAMPLE.

pa. . . is the genitive case of

The atomic numbers of two radioactive elements . . . ,

(Grammar 86).

Remark. The genitive plural is always used in connection with "zero," regardless of the case of that word.

(m.)

77. Genitive plural in connection with adverbs of quantity many, plenty of caterpillars a few chrysalides enough axioms. When the adverb of quantity is in a case other than the nominative or accusative, it may be declined like an adjective; the words depending on it will agree with it.

LESSON

117

1

EXAMPLES.

for many caterpillars apart from a few chrysalides There even exist forms like (many) and in connection with nouns in the nominative plural.

(few, a few) used

78. The imperative mood (a) The second person plural of the imperative is obtained by substituting the ending (after vowels), or (after consonants) for the ending - , - , - , or - of the third person plural of the present tense or future perfective. The aspect of the Russian verb can generally be disregarded in the English translation. EXAMPLES.

-

!/ ! / ! / (no)craB-j

(

) -

( )

[

!/

break away! set! place! be!

-

-

!/ ( )

spare!

-

The particle -

is added in reflexive verbs:

]

/ [

-

]

-

utilize!

(b) The first person plural of the future perfective (rarely the present tense), without the pronoun expressed, generally corresponds to an English imperative first person plural: EXAMPLE.

.

Let us place the conductor in an electric field.

However, a first personal plural without expressed subject may simply have to be translated by an English present or future tense: . . .

We shall obtain the following sult . . . .

re-

118

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

. 3

,

02, .

,

02.

du d2

02

1

U

\ —

d

\ -

' . - W - i + 'V 1 ' 2

02

d

?

,

2

.

02

. 3

, D, ,

D. 1 2 3

— -

Dative plural. Instrumental plural. Prepositional plural.

, ,

-

119

LESSON xra

.

.

(

. 3)

08, , D

, F.

02

CD, EF 02, 0 3 .

01, 0

0

02, 08. 02,

08,

, . PN

.

. 0102,

(Adapted from: »)

.

, «

LESSON XIV A. Translate into English: 1. 2. , 3. 4. , . 5. , . 6. , 7. 8.

,

. -

. . ,

, ,

-

. . , , . . .

1

9.

-

. 10. 11.

. ,

12.

-

. 4 . .( . . ),

,

,

+2, . . .

,

13.

.

14. 0 2 —

, . . .

15. 16.

. , ,

, .

17.

, . 1

See Grammar 37(a). 120

121

LESSON XIV

18. . 19. 20.

-

.

—

,

-

.

21.

4

1

—

.

22.

, .

23.

.

,

24.

-

. 25.

-

. 26.

—

, ,

.

27.

—

-

. 28.

, .

29.

.

30. 31.

.

, ,

-

.

32.

, .

33.

,

. 34.

,

-

. 35.

-

, -

.

36.

.

37.

, , 1

1

.

The presence of a predicative adjective ( ) agreeing in gender and number with the impersonal negative form of ( ) does not modify the relationship of that verbal form with the words it governs ( ). See Grammar 31(b).

122

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

38.

22

26

.

39. . 40.

, .

41. 42. 43.

109,1

.

-

-

,

.

.

44. 45.

,

.

, .

46.

, .

47. 48.

. ,

,

. B. Give the case and nominative singular form of the following words: 2. 3. 8.

29.

11.

35. 36. 42. 43. 44.

34.

13. 15. 18. 22. 24. 27.

45. 46.

C. Vocabulary nitrogen nitric anhydride, nitrogen pentoxide , (-f dat.) near, close to .. . nearer, closer

, -

(+

instr.)

rich

in . . . (1) larger; (2) more , bigger, larger, greater

LESSON XIV

Vocabulary (cont.) ,to be, happen to be, can be possible, possibly (-f comparative) as (-f adj.) as possible , ' higher, superior; highest, supreme higher, superior , geodetic gradient; (meteor.) lapse rate group , light; easy , lightest; easiest , - ; better , small , slow less (-f- instr.) above, over leveling, grading | , - / | , to surround circle (f.) tumor | ,- / | , to digest to boil -, - halfpole preparation approximately

123

simpler, more simply , simple (gen. pi. ) time 5 5 times larger , - / | to dispose, place, locate / to put, lay down , vegetal, vegetable plant | ,- / | , to split up, decompose, fissure (f.) degree, extent to a certain extent ..., . .. now . . . , now . . . ; at times . . . , at others . . . , -6e angular angle often more often most often, generally | ,spherical, spheroidal, globular sphere, globe aspect ,bright, clear, luminous

D. Grammar 79- Declinable comparatives Most Russian adjectives have a declinable comparative form and an indeclinable one. (a) The declinable comparativ< \ of adjectives is generally formed by means of the word (more) (less), preceding the adjective.

124

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

EXAMPLES.

a more toxic gas a less complex structure simpler experiments -

(b) A few adjectives have declinable comparatives ending in ,: Comparative , , , , ' , , ^ , * , -

Positive

bigger, larger lesser, smaller better worse higher, superior lower, inferior elder younger

big, large small good bad high low old young

All but the first two of these comparatives can also have a superlative meaning [Grammar 82(d)]. The positive adjective and its comparative have many forms spelled alike. However» any ending beginning with (, -6 , etc.) 1 1 belongs to the positive, any ending beginning with e (, - , etc.) belongs to the comparative. All the other endings are common to both; the context or even a plain stress (-) makes it possible to distinguish between them.

80. Invariable comparatives The invariable comparative of adjectives and adverbs has the ending - . 1 Comparative -

stronger, more strongly -

-

Positive -

slower, more slowly heavier, more heavily

, -

-

, ,

There is also a large number of "irregular" comparatives ending in -e often with permutation of consonants and/or loss of the adjective suffix. 1 Not to be confused with the nominative and accusative neuter ending of soft adjectives (Grammar 15).

LESSON XIV

Comparative lighter, more lightly richer, more richly simpler, more simply closer, more closely higher, more highly

-

125

Positive , , - -6 , - , - -6 - , -

Some of these comparatives are formed from other stems than the positive: Comparative

Positive

better worse smaller, less

, , ,

,

Irregular comparatives are generally quoted in dictionaries as separate words.

The invariable comparative of adjectives is used mostly in the predicative function. EXAMPLES.

ATOM

,

The helium atom is heavier than the hydrogen atom.

. , .

Gravity is smaller on the Moon than on the Earth.

When used as an attribute, the invariable comparative is placed after the noun it modifies: 20° -

At a temperature lower than 20°C, the development of the larva stops,

. The prefix no- is sometimes attached to an invariable comparative without appreciably altering its meaning: . Let us take a thinner plate. 81. Constructions with the comparative (a) The English "than" after a comparative is rendered either by or by the genitive case of the second term of the comparison.

126

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

EXAMPLE.

, or

,

Magnesium is more active than beryllium.

(b) The extent to which a quality is possessed more by one object than by another is expressed by means of the preposition , a number in the accusative case, and the word (time) in the appropriate genitive case. EXAMPLE.

,

,

40 ( ,

)

.

(c) A Russian or (as possible) will be or adv.) as possible"

Mercury is almost three times closer to the sun than the earth, but Pluto is 40 times farther from it than the earth.

comparative preceded by (possibly), (literally: according to possibility) or translated by the English construction "as (-fadj. or "the (-f superlative) possible."

EXAMPLE.

,

The experiment is conducted at the lowest possible temperature and repeated as often as possible.

(d) Functional relationships are expressed by tive) . . . , ( + comparative) . . . , or the reverse (

(-f-compara..., ...).

EXAMPLES.

The longer the path of the sun rays in the atmosphere, the larger the mass of air [through] which they must pass.

, , . , .

The atmospheres of the planets are denser as gravity on their surface is greater or: The greater the force of gravity on the surface of the planets, the denser their atmospheres.

The clause containing is considered as the variable, and the clause containing as the function. It is generally expedient to translate the variable clause first, regardless of its position in the Russian sentence.

LESSON XIV

127

(e) A Russian comparative followed by (genitive case of ) corresponds to an English superlative, possibly followed by the phrase "of all." EXAMPLE.

25-30°.

The seeds of cotton germinate fastest (of all) at a temperature of 25-30°.

The complement of the comparative may begin with when one person or object is being compared with all the others in the same category. EXAMPLE.

.

With water, lithium reacts more slowly than all alkali metals (i.e., than any other alkali metal).

82. The superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs (a) The superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs can be formed by means of the word "[the] most." EXAMPLES.

the most active metalloid .

Rubidium and cesium react most vigorously with water; i.e., the most vigorous reactions with water are those of rubidium and cesium.

(b) The superlative degree of adjectives can also be formed by means of the pronoun , (see also Grammar 62, Remark II), which agrees in gender, number and case with the following adjective and noun. EXAMPLES.

the smaller planet in the simplej-f compound (c) The superlative degree of adjectives can also be formed by means of the suffix , (, - after sibilants resulting from permutation of consonants).

128

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

EXAMPLES.

- - -

,, ' , , -

simplest most complex greatest lightest

from from from from

, - - - ,

, , *oe -

Irregular superlatives are generally quoted in dictionaries as separate words. This type of superlative can also have an absolute intensive value rendered in English by: very, most, extremely, etc. 1

.

In the content of the atmospheric air there are very fine (minute) solid and liquid particles.

(d) Six of the declinable comparatives quoted in Grammar 79(b) can also have superlative meaning: , - (better, best); , - (worse, worst); , - (higher, superior, highest, supreme); , (lower, lowest, inferior); , (elder, eldest); , - (younger, youngest). These superlatives are often preceded by the pronoun , which slightly reinforces their superlative meaning: (the [very] best). (e) The prefix - can be attached to superlatives consisting of one word only [(c) and (d) of this chapter], thus reinforcing their superlative meaning. , the very simplest -

, -

the very best

(f) All superlatives have their complement ruled by the preposition ( + gen.): —

,

Perchloric acid is the strongest of all known acids.

E. Word formation The suffix -

is used to form masculine names of agents: oxidizer carrier

Superlative of

from from , -

(fine, small).

to oxidize to carry

129

LESSON XIV

Adjectives can be derived from verbs by means of the suffix ' *oe: nutritious comparative radiating absorbing tangential

to to to to to

from from from from from

, feed compare radiate absorb touch

. .

«

» .1

56 ,

.

. .

, (

,

).

, 15

,

.

,

, ,

,

,

.

.

,

. ,

, , .

, ,

2 . ,

-

25°

, -

,

40°. ,

-

. (Adapted from:

1

=

.

,

, «

»)

LESSON XV A. Translate into English: 1. .

(

)

.

2. . 3.

;

, .

4.

— .

5.

,

-

,

.

6. 7.

. ,

-

. 8.

,

, ,

, -

, . 9. ,

, .

10. 11.

. -

.

12. . 13. 14.

.

15.

,

, . 1

,

-

. 1 The absence of a comma indicates that the participle does not modify the preceding noun [Grammar 39(c)].

130

131

LESSON XV

16.

, , .

17.

,

,

-

. 18.

, ,

. -

,

19.

, .

1

20. . 21. . 22. 23.

. -

, .

24. 25.

-

. ,

,

, 26. 27.

. .

,

, ,

, . ,

28. , . 29.

,

, .

30. ,

.

31. .

32. . 33.

, .

34. . 1

The reflexive possessive pronoun i.s understood.

132

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

35. . — .

36.

,

-

37.

,

-

. ,

38.

, , -

. 39.

,

,

90°,

. 40. 41.

. .

42.

.

43.

, .

. Give the case and nominative singular form of the following words: 2. 3. 4. 7. 8.

22. 23. 26. 27. 28.

9. 10. 12. 14. 15. 16. 18. 19. 20.

32. 33. 34. 37. 38.

LESSON XV

. Vocabulary (f.) valence (f.) possibility it is possible question, problem | | , - /* | |, to perceive / to accept, admit , / , -« to manufacture, produce to work fairly, rather (m.) rain proof, demonstration , / ,to demonstrate, prove long, a long time , final end leaf, sheet leaflet matter (f.) copper (m.) carrier , to carry simultaneously, at the same time time (f.) danger , special, particular | , - /* | , , ;- ,to cut off to cut, thrash * | , / I , to move away , to go , - / | , ; to fall 1

is pronounced like

.

133

| ,* to transfer, carry over, move | £ , - /* | ,- • ;- ,to intersect intersection | half-sum , -^ / | , * (+ .) to enter ,- / | ,* to apply , ' applicable | (it is) accepted, usual , different, various , sulfuric, sulfur sulfur | ,- / | ,to accomplish top, summit , strict being ,to exist , - 1 to consider , in the same way as , thermal, thermic, caloric heat trapezium (diminutive of , ) small pipe gravitation, attraction | ,/ | , to destroy, annihilate, abolish nothing condition numerically number specimen, sample

134

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

D. Grammar 83. The prepositional,, dative, and instrumental plural of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns All three genders have the same endings in the prepositional, dative, and instrumental plural. (a) Nouns have the following endings: - / for the prepositional, for the dative and, for the instrumental plural. Prep. 6 but And similarly: ,... / , ... / .

Dat. 6 ; ; but

lnstr.

Nom. sing. -

-

Dat.

Instr. -

-

And similarly: / , - ;

/-

,... / ,... /

, -

(Inc. -

, ... / ,... /

)

; ; ,

(b) Adjectives have the endings: Prep. but -

(Inc.

,... / ,... / ,

, -

; , - .

-

; ; (Inc. A) /

, -

, . . . (Inc.

(c) Pronouns with mixed declensions have the -x, - , preceded by either - - or -e-. Prep.

Dat. ( )

-

-

-

-

-

-

Instr. ( ) -

/-

.

Nom. sing. - , - , ) - , - , , - , )

endings

Nom. plur.

(m. and n.) (f.1)

This is the only word having special case forms for the feminine plural.

LESSON XV

135

Remark I. The genitive (genitive-accusative) and prepositional plural of adjectives and pronouns are identical (ending -x). Remark II. The dative plural of adjectives and pronouns is similar to their instrumental masculine and neuter singular.

Complete declension tables appear in Appendixes II and III. 84. The present participle passive (a) The present participle passive is formed by adding the adjectival endings - , -oe, etc. to the first person plural of the present tense of transitive imperfective verbs. EXAMPLES.

Pres. part, passive First pers. plur. Infinitive - , - , -oe - , The present participle passive is declined like an adjective. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies. It can occupy the same positions in a sentence as a present participle active or an adjective in the long form [Grammar 39(c)]. (b) The present participle passive expresses an action which is being performed in the present, happens to be performed, or can generally be performed at any time. As such, the present participle passive is frequently used in general statements which are always "present," being true at all times. This participle fundamentally corresponds to an English compound present participle passive (being+past participle); it is often sufficient to translate it by a past participle. EXAMPLES.

,

-

. ,

-

One measures the energy {being) liberated by the radium. Around the sun rotate a multitude of small planets called asteroids,

. (c) Since it also happens to express an action which can generally be performed, the present participle passive may have to be translated by an adjective with one of the suffixes -able, -ible, -uble expressing feasibility.

136

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

EXAMPLES.

-

One uses a compressible substance.

-

Visible and invisible bacteria

A present participle passive should be assumed to imply feasibility only if the other possible meanings of the participle appear unsuitable.

Participles expressing only feasibility are formed from a few perfective verbs, mostly of the second conjugation: A measurable quantity Compare: The quantity measured.

(which is)

being

(d) The present participle passive has a short form with the endings -M, -MO, - , - . In this short form it expresses mostly feasibility. .

The air is compressible. .

This substance is soluble.

85. The past participle active The past participle active can be formed from both perfective and imperfective verbs. There are two ways of forming it: (a) either by substituting the suffix for the - of the masculine past tense;1

, -

, -

, etc.

EXAMPLES.

Past p. active Past tense masc. Infinitive , , (b) by adding the suffix , , , etc. to a masculine past tense without - . EXAMPLES.

Past p. active -

Past tense masc.

Infinitive

Compare Grammar 61: Formation of the past gerund.

LESSON XV

A few irregular verbs with infinitive ending in third person singular of the present tense ending in irregular past participles active ending in or Past p. active

Past tense masc.

Third pers. sing.

, , -

137

or or :

and have

Infinitive to lead to blossom

The verb "to go" and its perfective compounds in have the past participle active , - related to the past tense masculine: Past p. active

Past tense masc,

, -

Infinitive to pass

The particle - is attached to the adjectival endings of the past participle active of reflexive verbs: Past p. active -

- , -

Past tense masc. -

- -

Infinitive - -

The past participle active is declined like an adjective. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies. It can occupy the same positions in a sentence as a present participle active or an adjective in the long form [Grammar 39(c)]. The past participle active has no simple English counterpart. A clause containing such a participle is equivalent to a relative clause1 with the verb in the past tense. EXAMPLES.

, (=

)

Some bacteria can form inside their cells separate corpuscles which have received the name of spores.

-

.

,

( )

-

The fall of meteorites was accompanied by different phenomena (which were) developing with considerable force.

. 1 As opposed to the past gerund, which cannot he rendered by means of a relative clause (Grammar 6 1 ) .

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

138

Remark. The statement in 39(b) also applies to the paat participles active of reflexive verbs. -

(

,

-

The alpha rays which were being defleeted (i.e. the deflected alpha rays)

)

. Word formation The suffix , -oe (or adjectives, mostly from nouns.

,-

) is used to form attributive

EXAMPLES.

circular ordinal angular caloric

from from from from

circle order angle heat

.

.

, (

)

,

-

. ,

,

.

,

.

, -

, .

(Adapted from:

, «

»)

LESSON XVI A. Translate into English: 1. «

»

-

. 2. 3.

. .

4

.

5. 6.

. .

7. 8.

. , , .

9. 10.

. 1

.

11. 2-

( .

)

,

4-

(

)

12.

, .

13. . 14. 15.

,

. , .

16.

, . 1

See p. 87, Footnote 1. 139

140

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

17.

, .

18. 19.

. , ,

15-

(

)

(

)

20.

1961 .

, .

21.

.

22.

-

, . 1

23. 24. 25.

H2S04. . Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, CI ,

.

26. . 27. . 28.

-

,

. 29.

, .

30. 31. 32. 33.

. . . ,

.

34. . 35.

, .

36. 37.

,

.

. 38.

. Partitive genitive = some (a certain amount of) solution.

141

LESSON XVI

39.

, 5,3 • 1017

40. 41. 42.

. . . ,

. . Give the case and nominative (singular) of the following words: 1. 20. 21. 3. 5.

22. 23. 25.

8. 10. 13. 15. 16. 17. - Vocabulary *, 0 £)/* , (pf.) to take excitement, stimulation to awaken , - /* | , ; , to increase, grow growth, increase farther, further farthest | *, ; , / ; , (-}- gen.) to reach , / , to block up, obstruct

26. 31. 34. 35. 36. 38. 41. star (m.) July contact, touch (adj. used as noun) tangent , / , ( + gen.) to touch 10 11 ten to eleven 10 . . . 10 . . . per gram | , / | , to recall, remind, resemble to remember | *, / , to begin, commence , invariable, constant

142

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Vocabulary (cont.) | to modify | a little, somewhat , - / , to turn , -oe singly charged (1) basis; (2) ground, reason , / , to realize, accomplish being , / , (-J- gen.) to differ difference, distinction ( + gen.) unlike ; , / | , to pour (some more), to add (a little liquid) * , to pour , -oe detailed in detail * , - ; ,to crawl, creep

order / ,( + gen.) to demand, require | | , -£ / | , to assume test tube (f.) span, palm | , /* | , (1) to take to pieces; (2) to discuss, analyze fish , fish (adj.) rank, row, series centimeter , following, next ( ) USSR ( + gen.) on the part of ,third decrease, diminution, reduction (m.) February hour , -oe fourth something, anything (m.) January

D. Grammar 86. Cardinal numerals (a)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

, ,

,

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

143

LESSON XVI

21

, .

,

. 22 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

, .

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

1000 2000 5000 1.000.000 1.000.000.000 ( ) 2, 3, and 4 have case endings recalling those of adjectives in the plural: Nom. Ace. Gen. Prep. Dat. Instr.

= N or G

=N or G

—N or G

( ) =G. sing, or G. plur. ( )1 ( )1 ( ) ( )1

( ) The numerals ending in - have the same case endings as singular feminine nouns ending in - . The two components of the numerals 50, 60, 70, 80 are both declined in this way, in spite of their nominative case having no final - . Nom. Ace. Gen. Prep. Dat. Instr. 1

] Grammar 76(c).

144

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

(d) The numerals (40), (90) and (100) have the ending -a in all cases except nominative and accusative. Nom./ Gen. Prep. Dat. Instr.

.

( ) The first part of the numerals 200, 300, etc., to 900 is declined like 2, 3, etc. The second part , - , is treated like a neuter noun modified by 2, 3, etc. Nom./A . Gen. Prep. Dat. Instr. (f)

is a feminine noun. Its instrumental case can be either or . It either agrees normally with the noun it modifies or is followed by a noun in the genitive plural regardless of its case. in a thousand places and are masculine nouns and treated accordingly. All the components of a number consisting of several words are declined separately: in 1358 places (g) The word (masc. and neut.), and a half) is declined as follows:

(fern.) (one

Nom./Acc. Gen. Prep. Dat. Instr.

, , , ,

It agrees with the following noun in the same way as 2, 3, 4, and .

,

145

LESSON XVI

87. Ordinal numerals 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , -

, -

11th 20th 21st 40th 50th 90th 100th 200th 1000th 2000th

, , , , , ' , , * , , -

2435th=-ABe

, - .

Ordinal numerals are declined like adjectives. However the numeral (third) has a special declension. Masc.

Nom. Ace. Gen. Prep. Dat. Instr.

Neut.

Fern.

= N . or G.

Plur.

= N . or G.

This numeral has nominal endings in the nominative and accusative (but not genitive-accusative) cases and adjectival endings in the other cases. Like

,-

are declined adjectives derived from names of animals: , -

cow's fox's bear's

, , -

from from from

, etc.

88. Expressions of time involving numerals The preposition "on" governing an ordinal numeral expressing a date is rendered in Russian by the genitive case (neuter) of the ordinal numeral: 10-ro ( ) on the 10th of January The phrase "in (a certain year)" is rendered as follows: 1961

. ( )

(Literally) in the thousand nine hundred sixty first year=in 1961.

146

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

89. Declension of Nom.

(we) and

(you)

Ace, gen.t and prep.

Dat.

lnstr.

For other personal pronouns, see Appendix IV. 90. Irregular verbs (a) A list of irregular verbs appears in Appendix XL It includes only simple verbs. (b) An example will illustrate the procedure to be followed in looking up a form of a compound verb. EXAMPLE. The form can be identified as the third person plural of a present tense or future perfective. However, it does not seem to correspond to any infinitive. In the table of irregular verbs, we do not find any suitable form beginning with -. This means that - is a prefix (Appendix XII). We now look up a form that would account for and we find from the infinitive . The verb we were looking up was therefore the perfective compound and is the third person plural of its future tense. We can now look up the meaning of this verb in the dictionary. 91. Mobile vowel - in irregular verbs with prefixes An -o- is often inserted between a verbal prefix normally ending in a consonant and a verbal stem beginning with two or more consonants. This -o- may be absent from another form of the same verb if the stem of it has only one initial consonant. Prefix alternations - / BoB3- /

- / - / - / - / - / - / - /

Examples /

(1) (2) (2) (2)

,

-

-

, , -

Meaning

/

-

(1) (1)

/

-

,

(2) (2) ,

, -

, ;

(2)

to to to to to to to to to

absorb soar crumple grate tear (a little) fleece prop up finish harvesting kindle

147

LESSON XVI

Prefix alternations - / - / - / -

Examples -

/

(1) (2) ;

, ,

Meaning

, ,

to disperse to unsew to burn up

(2)

As these examples show, this -o- may either occur in the infinitive, but not in the future tense (1); or it may be absent from the infinitive and occur in other forms of the verb (2). This phenomenon can also be the reason why a verb may seem not to be listed in glossaries and dictionaries. All these verbs are perfective, as indeed most compound irregular verbs are.

—

-

;

. .

; -

, — . , , , ,

. ,

— — , .

-

. .

PART HI READINGS

. (

,

) (

)

,

.

,

, ;

, .

,—

,

-

: %(

) —

.

,

. . .

, , %,

—

. ,

, -

. , , 4 %=45:5=9.

. ,

, ; . 4

. 3; 4%=9%.

%.

48

5.

9

,

,

, 9%, -

. ,

7 %; (

.

)

, .

,

7^ = 7 + ^ = 7 -|- 2f = 9f . (

,

) : (

: 1)

,

). ,

151

,

152

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

; 2) .

, . .

9$.

(1) 9 • 5 = 45; (2) 45 + 3 = 48; (3) . . .

=

, -

,

, .

1957,

73-74.

. , ,

.

(

ABCDE —

, -

). . , D . ., , , ,d

, ,

, . . ABCDE

ABCDE.

abcde, , , ,

. -

. ABCDE

,

1

-

ABCDE. , . .

,

,

-

, Q

,

, . , , 1

Q,

,

Sh .

153

READINGS

. 4

S,

,

Si = S cos a,

Q.

—

CD

»

: \ = a cos a,

—

.

-

).

(

. 4).

( ,

-

. \ . N

,

-

; 1

.

MN

at ,\ = a cos a,

MN

— 1

,

.

Mm

MN

.

,

Nn :

&

,

154

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN 1

.

,

2

,

:

. . . . 298-99.

, -

,

, .

1957,

. . .

ABCD

, ABCD ( . 5), ACEF, ABCD ( ACEF — ). 2 =2.

, ,

1 . , ,

.

: ,

-

,

. . ,

, ( . .

-

, ),

.

-

3

. (

) . / , . .

1 2 :<

The attributive adjective is sometimes placed after the noun it qualifies. The noun is not repeated. Attributive adjectives placed after the noun they modify.

READINGS

155

D

.5

-

/ ;

, , .

/2, /5, >

5 + \/7

+ V2, \ ,

,

.

».

«

-

18

.

,

,

, ;

-

,

45-

.

,

, .

, ,

; ; .

. ,

,

, -

.

. ,

—

. , , .

-

156

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

1929 . ... . , \/3^

. . 1929 . 1930 ., ^", — , — . . 1934 . . .

. . .

. /3 — 0

^, , (v^V 5

( 1,

/3

.

, *

. (

. . . 170-72.

"^2 ,

,

1, 10, 100, 1000

. .).

, -

,

1957,

, .

. , ,

.

,

, ,

,

-

. ,

. .

(

) .

, -

»).

-

, (

-

«

»

«

.

,

. . ,

-

. , . 1

.

,

,

(

5000°). , ,

,

.

,

,

,

, . ,

1

(-{-

.) indicating dimension. 167

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

158

. 1

,

-

. ,

>

. ,

,

, -

, , ,

.

,

.

, , , ,

, .

-

%

. —

80% 18%—

,

, . ,

,

. ,

.

1868 «

. »

, »).

«

(

-

, . -

30

. ,

. ,

, .

, ,

,

, ,

. —

, ,

1

See Appendix VI.

-

159

READINGS

.

, 4500°, —

,

-

(

,

.)—

.

, ,

.

,

-

. , .

. . . 100-103.

-

,

,

1959,

. , ,

, . . .

,

,

-

, . , .

,

, .

-

G, R. N.

/,, . 1 ,

Uh MN,

-

, : Uf=I1R,

. , /,

R— N,

,

U$=—IiR

;

. -

. . ,

,

,

. N

,

, ,

-

. , ? ,

R. Rx 160

N N

161

READINGS

: 1

Rx~

_ i-ui r + R'

J? Kx

Rr ~ R 4- r *

, Rx =

r

, ,

r/R,

:

1 + r/R ' ,

. .

, .

,

,

,

, (

). , , .

, . 76-77.

1959,

,

.

,

. , .

, ,

.

.

. ,

, , ,

-

t. , ,

-

(

-

( ), . (

)

162

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

),

,

, .

-

.

: s = — sin ) ft 1

0

\ = — sin (iat — ) ,

—

=1

.

,

, , , -

, , , , . , , . .

. .

, . . . -

,

-

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

. , . . ,

-

. .

,

, ,

.

ZY, =

.

163

READINGS

s = a sin ,

(t

\

, jt=const., . .

,

ZY,

.

,

-

: . , 1

.1

1

-

. .

, -

, *,

,

.

, .

, , -

, . 1

.

, .

(

).

,

,

-

(

-

). ,

. -

,

, ,

. .

-

. ,

, -

.

,

, ,

.

,

,

-

, . , , .

1

=

-

, , .

-

164

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN A

1 sB

\

B''

^D

•

. 6 .

, ;

,

,

°,

,

; ,

,

, ° (

-

). , ,

0,1

, ,

-

.

,

.

, ,

.

.

, . ,

. .

, .

-

,

,

.

.6

,

. .

-

165

READINGS

, .

&

, ,

,

, ,

( — ).

.

.

, 1957,

,

, . 39-42.

.

-

, (

. 7)

, —

Q.

,

Q

, .

: -

, . . .

(

). , -

, . Q

. 7 . ,

,

, -

.

, , ,

,

.

166

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

,

,

,

,

;. -

,

; , . :\". , ,

,

,

,

.

,

,

. . ,

.

G;

,

,

,

,

.

TI ,

, .

,

, -

, ( ' ,

);

, N.

,

, '

TV

,

G

,

N

. ?

N

,

.

N', G ;

G ,

G',

. .

,

, :

,

,

, 1

1

= one's.

,

.

, , -

167

READINGS

,

(

—

-

). ;

, ,

,

;

, ,

, ,

. , ,

,

,

. -

, , ,

.

,

( ).

,

-

,

,

.

,

-

, , .

, . —

. . ,

, -

.

.

—

.

.

, ,

1955,

. 51-53.

16. .

-

, ,

1,00777.

,

,

. -

, ,

168

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

«

» 1,00756.

16

,

—

;

$

,

-

. , . 16 .

,

, 1;

,

,

,

,

.

,

?

, ,

-

? ,

, .

,

. ,

1929 .

17

18.

, .

16 17

18. .

1,00777,

, , 16, 1,00799. , ,

,

, ,

, .

,

,

,

,

,

-

.

, , 1,

, ,

169

READINGS

.

,

(

-

( ) ,

0,2% .

, . . ,

,

), .

, ,

,

, ,

,

. ,

,

-

, .

».

« ,

D. -

, ( —

D 2 0.

)

. -

, , ,

.

,

-

.

-

, . , .

20,

. .

,

1,11. ,

3,8

.

18, .

-

170

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

100° ,

101,42° . 4° . , ,

.

11,6°. ,

.

,

. . ,

, ,

.

,

, ,

-

, . , «

»

.

.

,1 . .

, .

, .

.

, ,

, 1956,

, . . 107-110.

-

, .

,

,

;

, , ,

, .

,

, -

. 1 is treated like a direct object (in the gen. plural because of the negation), although it actually is the logical (real) subject of the verb , left in the neuter third person singular.

171

READINGS

, ,

. .

.

, . .

-

, . .

-

, . , . .

-

, , .

. .

, -

,

, .

. ,

,

. -

, . . .

, , .

,

,

, .

,

.

-

. .

172

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, . ,

,

.

,

,

. . , — (

-

, ,

,

.

,

),

,

-

-

, . , .

, -

. ,

, .

.

.

,

.

.

,

,

. . .- ., 1959,

, . 30-32.

-

,

-

,

,

, , . ,

-

, .

,

,

, . . .

173

READINGS

,

, ,

— ,

.

,

, . -

,

; , ,

.

-

.

,

,

. .

2, 3 , . . . , .

1, -

, , .

,

, ( ),

.

, . ,

,

-

, , ,

.

.

.

v = fi(x,

, ),

V =

, *)•

/2(2,

,

.

:

, v = V = Mr,

fi(x,ytz,T), , ,

>

).

,

174

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, .

. .

-

, . —

, ,—

,

.

,

. , ,

,

-

. ,

, ,

-

, .

. 3. ,

, , 1957,

, . 77-79.

.

-

, ,

. . ,

,

-

.

, ,

,

. ,

,

, ,

. , , . ,

.

, ,

,

, . . ,

. .

,

. , ,

. . ,

, . .),

,

,

, , (

, , ,

. -

1-1,5

.

. 175

176

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, , .

.

. . , 1956, . 139-40.

, . .

, . .

, ,

-

,

: N a +3H a —2NH, ,

. .

, .

, ,

. .

,

, . . , . ,

: 2NH 3 =N 2 +3H 2 , , , .

-

—

— ,

: N 2 + 3H2 «=* NH 3 , ,

-

. , —'

-

. , 177

178

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, ,

—

. , . , . . . .

-

, , . ,

-

,

. , . ,

, ,

. 0,1%.

500° 100 11%,

1000

.

. —58%. .

-

,

, ,

, -

. . , .

-

,

, ,

300

.

.

400° 500° —26,4%, ,

600° —

. ,

. ,

47%, 13,8%. -

.

179

READINGS

.

. ,

.

,

.

,

. , 1959,

,

. . . 142-43.

,

N-2

.

.

-

, , :N::N:

N==N. . .

—

196°,

,

, ,

, — -

.

.

, ,

,

.

,

-

, . .

,

. , .

, -

,

NO: N 2 + 0 2 = 2NO ,

, —

N0 2 " 2NO + 0 2 = 2N()2 ,

-

,

. ,

, :

, « —

»

.

,

180

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

,

. .

NH 3 : N2 +

3

= 2NH 3 , . .

.

. .—

-

, . 78% . . (

,

)

. .

.

, .

.

, ,

. .

100

, 15

. , .

,

,

. -

,

, . .

: ,

.

, -

, ,

181

READINGS

. , .

,

.

, . .—

. ,

. , ,

,

-

, .

.

.

,

,

.

.

,

, . . . 135-37.

1959,

,

.

.

-

—

,

, .

,

,

,

-

,

. .

.

.

: 1.

.

-

, . 2.

, ,

,

-

. 3. 4.

. . , .

,

,

, ,

,

-

182

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

,

-

. . -

. , ;

,

-

: ,

. . :

1.

— .

—

, .

2. .

—101

101 .

3.

,

,

. —«

».

,

, .

4.

. . .

,

,

, . , —

.

-

,

,

, ,

.

.

.

.

.

. ,

, ,

.

.

, ,

. . 1959,

. . 5-6.

.

183

READINGS

,

-

, ,

«

»

, . .

( « «

).

» »

,

,

-

,

, . (

,

),

, -

, .

, -

, ; . ,

.

»,

« ,

-

, . . ,

10"5

,

(

). ,

,

. «

» ,

».

« (

)

00

; .

,

,

; , (

)

60, -

( .

)

,

, ,

184

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

. 8. ,

,

, (

. 8)

. .

,

.8

, (

-

). .

,

0

0 , , . (

,

,

< >2 ), -

. , , , ...

,

-

, ,

(

) -

, (

, ,

, .

),

.

,

,

, (

. .

.

,

)

, . .

,

,

,

, -

. . ,

,

,

,

. .

-

. . , ,—

.

— -

28. . . , , ,

-

. .

-

. , . . ,

-

, . . .

(

,

),

-

1955,

.

. . .

, ,

,

, ,

,

.

. 124-25.

.

,

, 185

186

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

,

, . . ,

,

.

. , . . -

, ( )

. -

. . . . . . ,

.

.

. ,

, . . .- . 1957,

. . 51.

.

,

,

.

,

,

-

, ,

1

,

,

,

. .

,

,

*

,

-

,

-

. ,

, —

,

,

,

-

. . ,

-

2

. ,

-

,

. ,

,

,

. . , .

. ,

.

, ,

,

, ,

, .

1 2

understood. This dative case is equivalent to a genitive c 'ase complement of 187

-

.

188

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

. . ,

,

8 .

,

—

12

,

—

-

3

— .

,

,

, 5-7

8-9

,

—

.

.

,

,

. , ,

, . . ,

, .

, , . -

, ;

. ,

-

,

,

—

,

. 150-52.

.

.

,

,

1955,

.

, , .

.

( )

,

.

— ,

.

-

—

),

( ,

. —

),

(

-

);

(

-1

.

. 2

,

, .

), -

( —

; . ,

, -

. . :

«

. ,

» . 630

1 2

= . Here = then, in turn. 189

-

.

*, . . %

3

;

190

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

».

«

.

, (

) :

-

. ,

. — .

,

-

,

;

. .

,

, ,

):

( ,

, . —

—

.

, -

, —

).

(

,

,

-

, , ,

, . ,

, ,

,

, ,

, :

. -

.

— :

-

.

— —

. ,

,

. ,

, .

191

READINGS

— -

— , ,

, .

.

. , 1958,

, . 9-11.

,

,

, , ,

-

. .

.

> .

30

,

100 .

.1

1

-

, «

»

.

. . . .

,

-

. ,

-

,

.

.

,

-

.

100 ,

,

,

,

-

. . 1

=

. 192

-

193

READINGS

, . , . ,

.

,

, . ,

-

. , .

, Protozoa )

(

,

,

. . -

, , .

. .

.,

. 1955,

, . 92-94.

,

.

-

,

. . . ,

-

,

.

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.

(

100%) ,

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-

195

READINGS

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)

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, 0,001%

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. , 1957,

.

- . . . 157-58.

-

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. , . veraceae),

( (Leguminosae),

(Ranunculaceae), (Rosaceae) .

— ,

. ,

4000

.

;

.

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111.

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.

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, .

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106

,

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197

READINGS

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. , 1955,

, . 11-12.

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. .

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,

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201

READINGS

: 1. 2. 3.

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.) , . , -

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0,1

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202

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, ,

. -

. , ,

, .

—

;

. -

.

.

.

,

,

-

, 1959.

,

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,

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. . . .

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203

READINGS

( /

)

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.

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,

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, . 27-28.

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READINGS

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-2, . : .1 ,

,

-

, 1957,

.

3 ( 1-2

/

); .

.

.

, ,

,

54-55.

1 The logical subject ( ) is treated like the object of a verb in the negative form and is consequently in the genitive case. The past tense of the verb is left in the neuter form. This construction can be compared to the English: "There did not occur . . ."

—

,

-

, . ,

-

,

,

. . , .

. . . .

,

,

,

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( . .

, . .

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.

. 206

. -

207

READINGS

;

. -

. ,

. -

. ,

, 1958,

1,

. 94-95.

,

-

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. ,

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, (

208

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

-

). ,

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. . , ,

—

,

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.

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-

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, . , .

209

READINGS

.

, . ,

-

. . . . 3. 47-48.

,

, 1960, 8,

.

(

«

») ,

, -

— .

-

, ,

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.

« »

1955 .).

> 6

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,

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— ,

.

— .

, ,

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, . , -

,

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, . — —

, ?

210

,

-

211

READINGS

.

-

, , . Q,

,

v, , , z,. . ,

, ,

, . . ,

-

U,

: Q = f(x,y,zf . . . ,v); U = f(x,y,z,...). Q , . .

U

-

. . . . . -

. ,

. . , —

.

. : .

-

, ,

,

-

: R = v40""r2» ,

— , —

, . ,

-

212

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

. , . , 0,70, .

-

, 0,50.

2

,

, 1961, 5,

. 15-16.

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,

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213

READINGS

,

-

,

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, .

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214

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

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,

,

.),

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READINGS

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320

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216

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

. -

. . ,

. , 1960, 2,

.

.

,

. 38-43.

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. .

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READINGS

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,

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. .

-

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= "

max

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218

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, ,

.

. . , 1960, 11,

, . . 85-86.

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) . ,

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READINGS

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.

.

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, 1950;

.

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ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

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READINGS

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.

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222

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

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-

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). -

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3d- (

,

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5/-)

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READINGS

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.

,

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. 33-34.

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224

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

.

,

,

, ,

.

,

,

-

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. ,

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,

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,

. .

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READINGS

, .

, ,

:

,

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. ( .) .

-

, , .

. ,

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.

. , -

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),

, .

-

. .

.

.

. , 1960, 7,

, . . . 15-16.

,

-

PART IV APPENDIX

I. Pronunciation The most striking discrepancies between spelling and pronunciation can be classified as follows: (a) Reduction of unstressed vowels

Written letter

Pronunciation

Position

Examples and phonetic transcriptions (alkaloit) (apal)

As initial letter Unstressed ,

a

In the syllable preceding the stress

( = a in tuna)

In any other unstressed position

Unstressed

>, (—ya in Kenya)

At the end of a word

Unstressed ,

i or yi

In any (other) position

( >' ) (daktrins)

(gamiapat) (giograf) (6 1 ) (aziya) ( ^ ) (g/'obk) (y/'gip/t) (p/'tno)

(b) "Hardening" of "soft" vowels

Written Pronunciation letter e

Position

Examples and phonetic transcriptions (tseziy)

e (not >e)

(zhohyy)

After , ,

(ttynk)

(shesV) (sho\k) (z/»yzn>) (com.)

2

230

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

I. Pronunciation (cont.) (c) Unvoicing of voiced consonants Written Pronunciation letter 6(b)

P( y )

( )

f( y )

( )

t( y )

( )

sh s( y )

Position

Examples and phonetic transcriptions (dun)

(

) (opshchiy)

3

At the end of a word or before an unvoiced consonant

( > /)

(kro/-v) (p9//ar>at>)

(izdbk) (miliar/) (vo/ (nV'e/>') (nosh) (\6shkz) (gas) (sli5>) (bMskiy)

)

(d) Voicing of unvoiced consonants

Written letter ( ), , , ( ), , ( ),

Pronunciation b(>), v, g, d(>), zh, z(v),

Position

Examples and phonetic transcriptions

Before a voiced consonant

(avganistan) — (tagzhe) — (piJ-dis v at) — (zdycbV)

231

APPENDIX

II. Declension of nouns and adjectives

Neuter

Masculine Noun

Adjective Nom.

-

, -

/-

Adjective

/-b, -

=Nom. or Gen.

.

/-

- /- , -

-

-

/-

- /- , -

-

Gen.

-oro/-ero

- /-

-

Prep.

-

-e/-e, ( )-

-

Dat.

-

Instr.

-

/-

- /-

/-

/-

//-

-

-CM, -

Noun

-

/-

-

- /-

-

- /- , ( )-

-

- /-

/-

/-

-

, -

Feminine Adjective

Noun

Nom.

-

/-

- /-

-

Ace.

-

/-

- /-

-

Gen.

-

/-

-

Prep.

-

/-

- /- , ( )-

-

Dat.

-

/-

- /- , ( )-

-

Instr.

-off/-

-

/-

-

-

/-

/-

-

/-

, , -

-

Plural Noun

Adjective

Fern.

Masc. Nom. -

/

-

.

-

/-

/-

=Nominative or Genitive

Gen.

-

/-

Prep.

-

/-

-

/-

Dat.

•

/-

-

/-

Instr. -

-

-

/-

, - , -

|

-/- , -

/-

Neuter - /-

-

- /-

-

-/-, -

-

232

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

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234

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

IV. Declension of personal pronouns I, me

thou, thee

self

we, us

you

—

N A G P D I (-6 )

(-6 )

(-6 )

V. Nominal endings1 Ending

-

Case

Ending of the nominative singular

pi. pi. pi. pi.

-a

*.

Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen.

-a -a -a *-a **-

Gen. sing. Gen. sing. Nom.-acc. pi. Nom.-acc. pi. Nom.-acc. pi. Nom. pi. Nom. pi.

.

**-

Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen.

*.2

pi. pi. pi. pi. pi.

/ / / /

-0

-

-0 -0

-

(

-OHOK

-

. -

-e -

Example

.)

/ / / / / / / / / / / /

1 Classified in regressive alphabetical order. The endings listed here are not all strictly case endings, but rather any deviation from the nominative singular form of the nouns or groups of nouns concerned. - The more irregular endings are denoted by an asterisk.

235

APPENDIX

Ending •**-

Case

Ending of the nominative singular

Gen. pi. Gen. pi. Gen. pi.

-

-0

Gen. pi. Gen. pi.

.

*• • • **-

Prep. sing. Prep. sing. Dat. sing. Prep. sing. Prep. sing. Prep. sing. Prep. sing. Prep. sing. Prep. sing. Nom. pi. Prep. sing.

.

Nom.-acc. pi. Nom.-acc. PiPrep. sing. Prep. sing. Gen. sing. Prep. sing. Dat. sing. Nom.-acc. pi. Nom.-acc. pi. Gen. sing. Nom.-acc. pi. Prep. sing. Dat. sing. Nom. pi. Nom.-acc. pi.

.

Instr. pi. Instr. pi. Instr. pi.

.

-OB

'

• ( )( )**-

-0

-a -a -e -0

- ( .) -

-

-a -e -

-b(f.) -b(f.) -b(f.) -b(f.) -b(m.) -

-0

-a -e

Example / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

236 Ending

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Instr. Instr. Instr. Instr. Instr. Instr. [ Instr. [ Instr. Instr. Instr. Instr.

*••••••••-

Ending of the nominative singular

Case pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi.

Example

-

/ / / / / / / / / / /

-0 -b -OHOK

-

-

•••••-

Gen. sing. Prep. sing. Dat. sing. Gen. sing. Prep. sing. Dat. sing. Nom. sing. Nom.-acc. pi.

-

/ / / / / / / /

••-

Gen. pi. Gen. pi. Gen. pi. Instr. sing. Gen. pi. Gen. pi. Gen. pi. Gen. pi. Instr. sing. Instr. sing. Gen. pi. Gen. pi. Gen. pi. Gen. pi.

-

-

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / /

-

Gen. pi. Gen. pi.

-

/ i /

-

Instr. sing.

-

/

-

••*-

-

- ( .) •b(f.) -

-

237

APPENDIX

Ending of the nominative singular

Ending Case

.

/ / / / / /

• • *-

Dat. Dat. Dat. Dat. Dat. Dat.

**-

Dat. pi. Dat. pi.

-OHOK

Instr. Iostr. Instr. Instr. Instr. Instr.

sing. sing. sing. sing. sing. sing.

. -e - ( .) - ( .)

/ / / / / /

-

[ Instr. sing.

-

/

**-

Instr. sing. Instr. sing.

-

/

•

Instr. sing. Instr. sing.

. -0

/ /

-

pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi.

Example

•*-

Dat. Dat. Dat. Dat. Dat. Dat. Dat. Dat.

pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi.

***-

Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen.

pi. pi. pi. pi.

-a -e -0 -b -

-

-e

/ /

/

-

/ / / / / / / /

-

/ / / /

- ( .) -b(f.)

238

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Ending • •••

Case

Ending of the nominative singular

Gen. pi. Gen. pi.

-

Dat. sing. . sing. Dat. sing. Dat. sing. Gen. sing. Prep. sing.

***-

Prep. Prep. Prep. Prep. Prep. Prep. Prep. : Prep.

sing. sing. sing. sing. sing. sing. sing. sing.

****-

Prep. Prep. Prep. Prep. Prep. Prep. : Prep. Prep. Prep. Prep.

pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi. pi.

-OHOK

-a -e -0

-a -e -0 -b -OHOK

-e - ( .) -b(f.) -b

-0

-

Example / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

Nom.-acc. pi. Gen. sing. Nom.-acc. pi. Nom. pi.

. -

/ / / /

-

Gen. pi.

-

/

-

Dat. sing. Dat. sing.

-e -

/ /

*-

-a -a

APPENDIX

Ending Case •-

Dat. Gen. Dat. Ace.

Ending of the nominative singular

sing. sing. sing. sing.

239

Example

- ( .) -

/ / / /

-

-

Instr. sing. Instr. sing. Instr. sing,

-a

/ / /

**-

Instr. sing. Dat. sing. Instr. sing.

-b(f.)

-

/ / /

•

•*****-

Gen. sing. Nom.-acc. pi. Gen. sing. Nom.-acc. pi. Gen. sing. Gen. sing. Nom.-acc. pi. Nom.-acc. pi. Gen. sing. Nom.-acc. pi. Nom.-acc. pi. Nom. pi.

-e -e - ( .) - ( .) -

-0

- ( .)

/ / / / / / / / / / / /

240

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

VI. Declension of proper names (a) Family names ending in - , - , - , and have a "mixed" declension, although they have fewer adjectival endings than pronouns have. The adjectival endings are shown in bold type in the following table. Masc. N A G P D I

Fern.

PL

OB

(b) The same suffixes are also used to form possessive adjectives derived from names of persons. These possessive adjectives are declined in the same way as family names: -a -a -e -y

Cartesian coordinates Fraunhofer diffraction (c) Family names with adjectival endings - , - , , ) are declined like adjectives.

(

,

(d) Most other proper nouns are declined according to the pattern into which they fit most readily. A large number of names—mostly foreign—are not declined and their function may have to be derived from the context: the Curies' researches VII. Nouns used only in the plural EXAMPLES.

Gen. period of twenty-four hours glasses ink yeast people

VIII. The conjugation of verbs Substitutions 3rd pers. sing. - , - , 1st pers. pi. 3rd pers. Pi. - , - , - , -( ), Past tense

- , , -( )

Infinitive

-

Present tense

3rd pers. sing. - , - , -

1

Present tense 3rd pers. pi. Past tense

-

, -

-( ), -

, - , -

, -

; short form: - , ; short form: - , ( ); short form (- ), (possibly with permutation permutation of consonants)

Present gerund Present participle passive Present participle active Imperative (2d pers. pi.) Past participle active

Past participle passive

*- , -

Past gerund

,- ,-( ) - , , -

Imperative (2nd pers. pi.) Past participle active Past gerund

Compound tenses: Future imperfective = Future of + infinitive Subjunctive = + past tense Conditional = + past tense 1 The past participle passive of verbs of the 2nd conjugation in can be derived eihter from the infinitive or the future tense.

242

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

IX. Possible alternations in "regular" verbs (present tense or future perfective infinitive) (a)

FIRST CONJUGATION

Pres. t. or future pf. 3rd pers. sg. and pi. - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , -

(b)

Infinitive -

-

, -

-

-

, , -

-

Examples -

/ / / / / / / / / (with permutation of consonants) - / - (stem ending in labial) / / / -

SECOND CONJUGATION

-

, , , -

-

'

- , - , * - , - , * - , *

/ / / / /

-

X. More about the conjugation of verbs (a)

FIRST CONJUGATION (PRESENT TENSE AND FUTURE PERFECTIVE)

The 1st person singular has the ending The 2nd person singular has the ending The 2nd person plural has the ending I thou you

-

-

- , etc. -

243

APPENDIX

(b) 2ND CONJUGATION (PRESENT TENSE AND FUTURE PERFECTIVE)

The 1st person singular has the ending - or -y The 2nd person singular has the ending The 2nd person plural has the ending Verbs with stem ending in a dental [Grammar S3 and 55(c)] have a permutation of consonants in the 1st person singular, while verbs with stem ending in a labial add an to their stem in that same person. -

-

- -

-

Inf. ( ) IMPERATIVE. The 2nd person singular of the imperative mood is formed in the same way as the 2nd person plural [Grammar 78(a)] but it has no suffix - : , , , , , , etc. XI. Irregular verbs1 Present tense or future perfective

Past tense

Infinitive Other irregular

forms

,

,

, (Pres. P. Active)

, 2

-

-

, -

-

-

,

, , ,

, •

1

(Past P. Active) (Imperative) (Future) (Imperative) (Pres. Gerund) (Past. P. Active)

3

The regular forms of these verbs are not quoted. An initial hyphen indicates that the verb exists only in composition with a prefix. 3 The asterisk indicates a perfective verb form. 2

244

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Present future

tense or perfective

Past

tense

,

Infinitive

Other

irregular

forms

, (Past P. Active) , ,

,

1

,

(Imperative)

• •

,

(Imperative) (Imperative)

, See ,

,

-

,

(or -

-

, -

-

-

1

-

(Imperative)

)

(Past P. Active)

-

(Past .

, , . , ,

•

, The compounde of this verb a r e imperfective.

(Imperative) (Imperative)

(Past P. Acl

245

APPENDIX Present tense or future perfective Past tense

,

Other irregular forma

, -

-

Infinitive

,

-

-

, -

,

•

(or

(Past P. Active) )

, ,

,

,

(Past P. Active)

, , -

•

,

-

(Past.P. Passive)

• -

-

, -

(Imperative)

,

,

,

, -

1

-

-

i The compounds of this verb are iniperfective.

(Imperative)

246

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Present tense or future perfective

Post tenae

,

Infinitive

Other irregular forma

, ,

,

, See

,

, ,

, (Past P. Passive)

, , ,

, (Past P. Active)

, -

-

-

, ,

(Past P. Active)

, -

-

-

, -

(Imperative)

-

XII. Verbal prefixes1 ( )-, BO3(

)-,

-, BC-

in up, re-

-, BOC-

( )-, -

-,

out up to beginning behind, beyond - out on, etc.

to to to to to to to to to

go in emerge re-establish go out reach start boiling throw behind radiate advance

1 It should not be assumed that the prefixes always have one of the values indicated here. In many cases, their exact value cannot be ascertained.

247

APPENDIX

Present tense or future perfective

Paet tense

( )-, o-, ( )-, ( )-, -, ( )-,

-

( )-,

Infinitive

superficially down around, etc. off, away trans-, over in two pf. verb, etc. under addition

-

make an incision bring down expose to light cut off transform intersect drag kindle add some liquid to bring up to to raise - to foreshadow

hither ad-, a-, etc. through spending time

( )-, -)1 ( )-, -

to to to to

come apply pass spend (some time) to decompose

- de-, des-, di-, disco-, con-, comto away, off to diminution to Some of these prefixes are compounded in certain

(

-,

-

-

/

-

/ -

/

-

forms

to to to to to to to to to

up to up, etc. fore-, pre-, pro-

-

Other irregular

-

-

collect go away diminish verbs:

to perceive to prefer to reproduce

XIII. Verbs of motion There are two series of simple imperjective verbs expressing motion. Here are some of the more common ones: Determinate

1

Indeterminate

Meaning to run to convey to lead to chase

Only in the past tense and past participle passive of certain verba.

248

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

Determinate

Indeterminate

Meaning to ride, travel to go, walk to fly to carry to crawl

Determinate verbs express a single motion from one point to another. Indeterminate verbs of motion express any other form of motion (reiterated, without definite goal, back and forth, complex, etc.): ( ) (determinate). ( ) terminate).

-

(inde-

The student is (was) going to the university. The student goes (used to go) to the university every day.

The compounds of determinate verbs of motion are generally perfective and the compounds of indeterminate verbs of motion, imperfective: , -

(ipf.) / (pf.) /

, -

(pf.) to run away , , (ipf.) to expel

XIV. How to find a word in the dictionary Here are the main reasons why a word may seem not to be quoted in the dictionary. It may be: (a) an irregular verbal form (Appendix XI); (b) the present tense or future perfective of a 'regular" verb (Appendix IX); (c) a verbal form with permutation of consonants (Grammar 53 to 55); (d) a perfective verb with mobile vowel -0-. (Grammar 91); (e) the past tense masculine, past gerund, or past participle active of a verb in that drops the suffix - (Grammar 51); (f) a masculine noun which has dropped a mobile vowel (Grammar 20); (g) the short form masculine of an adjective (Grammar 21) or the genitive plural of a feminine or neuter noun (Grammar 72) with inserted mobile vowel; (h) an irregular form of a noun (Appendix V); (i) a superlative with the suffix and/or the prefix (Grammar 82).

PART V GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY A a and, but , -oe absolute abstraction avitaminosis , to

auto-

mate automation (m.) automobile, car , -oe automatic aggregate agricultural engineering adsorption nitrogen , -oe nitrate of . sodium nitrate , -oe nitric azotobacter , nitrogen-containing , nitrogen-fixing axiom , activation , to activate (f.) activity , -oe actual; present, modern; essential , -oe algebraic(al) , -oe Aleutian alkaloid , -oe alkaloidbearing albumose - alphaaluminum amino acid ammonia amplitude , -oe analogous anhydride 261

, -oe English anemia , -oe anisotropic anomaly apparatus argon , -oe arctic , -oe asbestos (adj.) assimilation asteroid Aston atmosphere , -oe atmospheric , -oe atom, atomic acetone

butterfly , -oe bakelite (adj.) , -oe bacterial bacteriophage bacterium jar bath house, bath , -oe baric , -oe barometric basin bacillus ( + gen.) without anyway, already , -oe indifferent, nonchalant , -oe nonemitting, nonemissive, nonradiating Becquerel Becquerel rays , -oe albuminous albumen berberine beryllium

252

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

(f.) infinity , infinite, indefinite , noncontact , indisputable concrete , concrete (adj.) , biological biology biotin bisectrix, bisector ( + dat.) thanks to, owing to , favorable , ( + dat.) to favor, foster closer, nearer closest , nearest, closest , near, close ( + dat.) near, close to vagus nerve , leguminous , ( + instr.) rich in Boyle , lateral, side (1) more; (2) ( + gen.) over (f.) disease swamp, marsh (1) larger, bigger; (2) more . . . no longer , bigger, larger, greater majority ,big, great, considerable boron struggle, fight, contest , botanical flaw, refuse, scrap, spoilage, rejected material , / , to take abdomen, hind body being (adj. used as noun) future letter literally , turbulent, vigorous , brown conditional particle (Gr. 68) as though, as it were, a kind of

, can be

to be, happen to be, quick (high speed)

action , quickacting, rapid-action, high-speed , quick, fast , , ; (fut.) to be

( + ace. or prep.) for, at, per

in, into, to, on,

3 times larger , important vacuum (f.) valence , to boil , to vary, to change, to diversity, to modify cotton wool, wadding ( + gen.) near, in the vicinity of, close to, around introduction up, upward ( + gen.) in view of, considering , - / , to introduce twice, double to diminish by half ( + gen.) along , thoughtful , vegetational everywhere century vector , vector, vectorial size, value, quantity Venus , true, correct or rather (f.) probability , probable, likely , vertical opposite angles

253

GLOSSARY top, upper part , - upper, top, uppermost summit (pi. ) weight spring , ; , to lead herald , , , all, whole very, quite , to branch out, ramify (f.) branch veterinary medicine , material (1) substance; (2) matter , reciprocal reciprocal influence interaction , to interact, react interconnection look in appearance , / , to fly up, take off , adult (See ) vibroactivation vibrating apparatus vibrating surface (1) aspect, form; (2) kind, sort, species in the form of to bear in mind , to see , visible , visible, to be seen , species , visual virus , to hang deposit, endowment, contribution, , / , to wedge in , / , to insert; to plug in, connect to include

insertion, connection inclusive taste (f.) humidity, moisture moist, damp, humid / , , ; , to drag . to have as a consequence, provoke, entail ( + ace.) influence upon to have an influence ,( + ace.) to influence, affect together . at the same time ( + gen.) instead of , / ,to put in, insert . to contain, include at first, initially ( + gen.) outside, without inculcation, implantation (See ) , outward, external (f.) exterior, appearance down, downward attention (-+.) to pay attention to to take into account again, anew , - / , - ; , to bring in, introduce , internal, inner ( + gen.) inside, in (See ) secondly completely, quite . not at all water , wateradsorbing , water, aqueous ,water-saturated (f.) water-permeability hydrogen , -

254

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, -

hydrogen, hydro-

genous (f.)alga , -

water-cement

(adj.) , -

water, aqueous , / ,to provoke, give rise to; to stimulate, to excite, to establish (magnetic field) excitement, stimulation; excitation (f.) height, elevation influence, action, effect air , air, aerial possible, possibly ( + comparative) as ( + adj. or adv.) as possible (f.) possibility . , the possibility t h a t . . . ( + inf.) to make it possible to . . . , possible disturbance, perturbation ,/ ,to emerge, appear, spring up, develop rise, emergence, formation age increase, growth , / , ; , to increase, grow (See ) ( + gen.) round, around, about wave , wave, undulatory fiber volt voltmeter generally (adv.) firstly, in the first place question, problem to raise a question (gen. ) eight

, / , to fill in, make up for (See ) , / , to perceive, receive, absorb , - / , . ; - , to reproduce , / , to reestablish; to reduce, deoxidize sunrise first, for the first time absorption, soaking in ( + gen.) up to, to . . . inclusive fully (adv.) afterward, subsequently doctor, surgeon, physician , to rotate , - ( + dat.) to damage , temporary ( .) time in recent times (-f- gen.) during season now and again , / , to absorb all (1) all (neuter) everything; (2) always still, nevertheless always only , only, all in all in all (adj. used as noun) universe , -Union wholly, entirely soon , / , to bring to light ( + gen.) owing to, as a result of , / , to come to the surface

GLOSSARY

,/ ,to remember, to recollect , auxiliary , / , to flare up , / , to meet, come across, find , contrary, counter , / , to enter everywhere , any, every , second three times (as much), threefold , - / , ; ,, to enter , / , to choose selection, excerpt , / , to throw out, eject, project , grown conclusion, deduction , - / , to take out, to bring out, to evolve, to grow, to raise , efferent, excretory ,(to project) to be projected squeezing out , / , squeeze out, eject ,/ ,to put forward, to introduce, to promote secretion, elimination , / , to secrete, liberate, give off, separate, isolate dent, recess , / , to provoke, arouse, cause (See ) , / , -in to disconnect, turn off ib, / , to fly out, escape eateh

255

( ) fishing ,/ ,;to fall, fall out , / , to carry out, accomplish, fulfill, satisfy , / , to release, put out, manufacture ,/ ,to develop, generate, manufacture, produce leveling, equalization , / , to express weak, faint, inconspicuous expression , / , to cut out , high , high-grade, high-quality, fine , highly coherent , high-frequency (adj.) height, altitude , highest , / , to expose protuberance , / , to dry, desiccate drying off, desiccation , higher, superior; highest, supreme , / , ; to flow out, to follow, result , / , to extend, stretch, spread , - / ,; , ( + gen.) (1) to come out of, issue from; (2) to exceed deduction computing machine , / , to calculate higher

256

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

( + gen.) above

higher than, over,

', foregoing, above-stated , / , to expose, reveal, detect clarification, explanation , / , to make clear, ascertain (f.) viscosity

. (

) year gas , gaseous, gasiform , pebble, shingle / , to be extinguished, go out where Gay-Lussac hectare helium generator generation , to generate , geodetic , geological , geometric geometry (f.) death, ruin, destruction / , to perish , gigantic , hygroscopic, moisture-absorbing , hydraulic hydrate (higher or -ic) hydroxide . . ferric hydroxide hydration , to hydrate , hydrodynamic , hydrostatic i hyperfunction hypotenuse

hypofunction hysteresis , main, principal, chief mainly , smooth (gen. pi. ) eye , clayey, argillaceous glycerin depth , deep glucose , to rot , - / , to speak, to say year season year in, year out (f.) suitability, fitness, availability, serviceability , yearly head tadpole , cephalic brain, encephalon mountain much burning, combustion horizon (f.) horizontal, contour line , horizontal hormone , city, civil, municipal , State, national , to prepare , ready , gravelly , gravitational gradient, lapse rate (in meteorology) / , to graduate graduating l degree i gram i limit, frontier , graphic, diagrammatic mushroom, fungus

GLOSSARY , huge (f.) chest, thorax weight, charge ground, soil , ground, soil (adj.) group , destructive, fatal, lethal , humoral humus caterpillar , thick, dense thickness, density

, / , , , to give (+ .) pressure on ... even further , distant, far, remote far not by far , further later on, subsequently ,distant, far off, remote, long farther, further farthest (adj. used as noun) data , given, in question, present pickup, feeler, data unit, transmitter (See ) (m. and .), (f.) two twenty duodenum twelve two hundred (m.) engine ,/ ,to move motion , double , dual, double

257

(dat. case of , ) (Instr. case of , ) (f.) dioxide (gen. and prep, case of , ) , diatomic (gen. case of ) nine hundred ( + ace.) action o n . . . actually, indeed , real, actual , (+ .) to act, to operate, to have an influence on deuterium, D / , to do, make / , to be made, to become division , to divide affair, business to have to do in fact , . .. the point is . . . plot of land, allotment ,to hold , decimal (series of) ten ten (f.) activity , active diagnostics (f.) diagonal diameter diapason, compass, range, pitch, (rad.) band , diatom (adj.) diaphragm dyne (unit of force) dynamics disc , to disperse, diffuse , dispersed diffraction diffusion , diffuse . dielectric, nonconductor , dielectric, nonconducting

258

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

dielectric constant, inductivity length , long (f.) length, duration , prolonged, protracted , to last (4- gen.) for , day, diurnal in the daytime bottom ( + gen.) as far as, up to, to; before, until , before before addition, admixture , / , to add , additional (f.) quality fairly, rather , rain (adj.) (m.) rain , / , to wait (for), to expect dose (See ) proof, demonstration , / , to demonstrate, prove long, (for) a long time cranefly , , , bound to, due to, having to, likely to, must, has to probably longer portion, part, fraction ( + dat.) in addition t o . . . , additional , / , to complete, supplement , / , to admit literally , / , to provide

enough, sufficiently this is enough , sufficient , / , (-f- gen.) to reach, attain achievement, attainment , - / , ; , ( + gen.) to reach, go as far as .— . and others, etc. drainage , to drain , to break up, split breaking up, division , fractional (f.) fraction ... one another, each other , other arc, bow , to think breathing opening, stigma, spiracle breathing, respiration , respiratory , to breathe

E , European food, meal, eating unit unity, oneness , single, one (1) ace. or gen. of ; (2) her, its every year every month (f.) capacity if—(-f- infinitive) = if one (-1- present tense) but if , natural natural science

259

GLOSSARY , natural sciences is, are (1) still, yet, also, more; (2) besides; (3) as far back as, already one more once more

(f.) life fat, grease , beetle

fatty

3

, branchial, gill gill, branchion , hot (expresses confirmation or contrast, sometimes needs no special translation) on the other hand, but, while, whereas, as for or even ( ) the same that very same gelatin / ,( + gen.) to wish, desire gland iron , to grow yellow , yellow stomach gastric , bile-flow stimulating, cholagog bile-formation , bile, bilious common bile duct gall bladder (f.) gall, bile , hard, rigid, sturdy , living, alive (adj. used as noun) animal , animal (adj.) , liquid (f.) liquid (f.) vital activity , life, vital (f.) viability

(1) ( + instr.) behind, beyond, after; (2) (belonging) to ( + ace.) (1) behind; (2) for ( + ace.) in, over (a certain amount of time) disease, illness , / , to complete ,( + gen.) to depend upon . . . (f.) ( + gen.) dependence o n . . . . . . depending upon, subject to . . . factory, plant , / , to block up, obstruct pollution, soiling , / , , - , to set, assign, give , / , to crush problem , / , to delay (f.) afterbreast, metathorax ,/ ,;, to light, kindle terminal clearance, space, gap, margin , / , - , to end, terminate pumping , / , to locate . , / !., to conclude ». to include, contain

260

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, ( + prep.) to consist in . . . conclusion to draw a conclusion law (f.) law of nature, mechanism , / , to fix , / , to shut, close, cover (f.) deposit ,/ , to pour over, flood, wet, drown (See ) , / , to slow down, retard, inhibit ,/ ,to replace freezing, congealing , / , to freeze, congeal noticeably , noticeable noticeably , / , to notice (See ) , closing , / , to close, to join , / , to occupy , Western reserve, supply odor, smell , / , to record, register (f.) recording, record, registration , / , to fill launching , dusty (adj. used as noun) comma charge

, / , to charge , / , to sow, to plant , / ,to populate, to live in , solidification then, subsequently eclipse on the other hand , / ,to touch upon (a subject), to affect ,/ ,to seize, capture, catch, take in sunset (adv.) often, frequently , defense, protective , / , to protect star (pi. ) link - (f.) sound recording here health ,green earth ,earthly, terrestrial, earth (adj.) grain, granule winter , winter (adj.) sign, symbol (m.) denominator knowledge, skill , to know importance, value considerably , important, considerable , to mean, signify hence, consequently , zodiacal zone zootechnics sight point of view

GLOSSARY

(1) and; (2) also, too, even; (3) (can be disregarded if none of preceding meanings is satisfactory) ... . . . both... a n d . . . . ., . . and so on, etc. for, because disregard / , to play idealization, abstraction , -oe ideal , ; , to go, go on, proceed ( + gen.) out of, from, of, among, made of surplus, excess more than sufficient , -oe excessive, surplus , -oe known , / , ; ,to draw out, extract curve manufacture, production article, ware, product ( + gen.) (1) from behind; (2) because of , / , to pour out excessively , excessive, superfluous , -oe emissive, radiating radiation, emission (of rays) transformation, change, variation (f.) variability , -oe variable, changeable , / , to change, alter measuring, measurement (m.) measuring instrument

261

, -oe measuring , / ,to measure wear, wear and tear, wearing away, abrasion , / , to represent representation, picture insulation, isolation , to isolate, insulate insulator isotope isotopy , -oe isotopic , -oe isotropic spending, consumption ,/ ,to study study investigation, research or ..., ( ) . . . either... or (even) there is precisely, namely , to have, to possess (See ) , present, to be found (instr. of ) , -oe imported ( .) name otherwise in other words , -oe individual , -oe inductive , -oe induced , -oe inert, inactive inertia , -oe engineering, engineer's sometimes , -oe other, another in other words , -oe foreign (f.) intensity , -oe interesting , to interest

262

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, -

infectious, con-

, , disappear

tagious , -

infrared

to

, / , to exhaust calculation, computation, estimation, enumeration thus sum, total, result in the end (1) ace. or gen. case of ; (2) their (m.) July

ion ionization , to ionize , ion, ionic , irrational , / , to exclude, bar exception ( + gen.) with the exception of . . . , exceptional, exclusive , sought for, unknown , mineral spark , artificial , Icelandic evaporation, vaporization (f.) evaporability , / , to evaporate, vaporize (m.) executor, performer utilization, use , to utilize, use correction, rectification , / , to correct, improve emission, emanation; emergence , / , to emit testing , (being) tested, investigated , / ,to experience, sustain research, study, investigation (m.) researcher, investigator outflow , true (See ) source , to proceed

original, initial / , -

,

( + dat.) toward, to , each, every as, like, how ..., . . . both . . . and . . . . . . as well as, like as soon as , what , any, some or other , any, some some, certain potassium calorimeter calcium (m.) stone cement brick canal, channel droplet capillary , capillary (adj.) drop capsule carotin core sampling by electrical means picture, setup contact (adj. used as noun) tangent , tangential

GLOSSARY

, / , , ( + gen.) to touch ( + gen.) as regards . . . , touching, tangent catalyser, catalyst , to roll , qualitative quality ( + gen.) in the capacity of, as, for quadrant square , square (adj.) , quantum (unit of energy) . . (— ) oxygen unit kilometer kinetics boiling, ebullition , to boil boiling Kirchhoff (German physicist) oxygen , oxygen, oxygenous acid , acid (adj.) intestine small intestine intestine rectum valve classification , classic, classical glue cell , cellular, cell climate , climatic book , book (adj.) , coagulating, coagulation (adj.) cobalt, Co when , coherent

263

code, cipher skin , cutaneous, skin, (adj.) cocoon oscillation, variation, vibration , (1) to oscillate; (2) to vary, range , quantitative quantity, amount, number collimator , collimator (adj.) , colloidal comet , room, room's (adj.) clod , compact, dense tight condenser condensation end of course , (1) final; (2) finite contacting , contact continent , to control (m.) control contour, outline cone , cone-shaped, conical concentration coordinate Copernicus bark, cortex cerebral cortex , radical (m.) root feeding crown, corona , short shorter body, frame, casing , correlated , indirect, oblique,

264

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

cross; circumstantial (evidence) , cosmic cotangent , who, which coefficient , edge, marginal contact angle edge, periphery extremely , extreme, outer at least color, dye , reddish silicon (adj. used as noun) curve , curved , cryogenic crystal crystallization , to crystallize , crystalline (f.) blood ( + gen.) besides, apart from besides, furthermore , tiny circle , circular ( + gen.) around , coarse-sand , large steepness , steep, abrupt (pi. ) wing hook cube , cubic chrysalis coulomb , to culminate culture, cultivation crops

lacquer , left , light, easy

(1) (it is) easy; (2) easily , lightest ice , to lie, to be situated , medicinal ribbon, stripe (pi. ) forest , wood, forest, lumber (Used as gen. pi. of ) , to fly , summer (adj.) summer , volatile , curative, therapeutic treatment, therapy (always placed after the first word or group of words in the clause) whether either, or , linear (pi. ) leaf leaflet leaflet lithium larva , / , - ( + gen.) to deprive of . . . , superfluous, additional more than two only logarithm , untrue, false, erroneous , broken moon , moon, lunar ray , radiant, radiating better best (of all) , better, best , ice-saturated , any luminescence luminiscent material (adj. used as noun) crowfoot family

GLOSSARY

magnesium , -oe magnetic magnetostriction , -oe May (adj.) , -oe poppy (adj.) , -oe maximum, greatest , -oe small, little ( + gen.) little, few this is insufficient , -oe small Mariotte marking, stamping Mapc Mars mass , -oe massive , -oe mass, bulk mass spectrograph scale mathematician , -oe mathematical material , -oe material, physical continent matter machine mechanical science , -oe computing millibar , -oe instantaneous median , -oe slow (f.) copper ( + instr.) between meanwhile with one another, to one another , -oe fine, small, minute , finest, smallest, minute, tiny membrane less nevertheless less, smaller , lesser, smaller , to change (|- gen.) .. . ( |

265

ace.) . . . to change from . . . to . . . measure ( + name of action in gen.) as . . . proceeds as the liquid flows out , -oe frozen Mercury measure, action (f.) locality, place , -oe local place, locality, position, point altitude to take place, happen, to be found, to obtain locus abode, habitant, place of living layer, bed, deposit month , -oe metallic, metal , -oe metalloid (adj.) metalworking . metal-working machine, metal-working lathe methane meteorite , -oe meteoritic , -oe meteoric method method, methods meter , -oe metric tap, screw tap; twist drill mechanism , -oe mechanical sack, sac , -oe microbe, microbic , -oe microwave micromillimeter, micron microorganism microscope microscopy millicurie, mc. millimeter mineral , -oe mineral (adj.) minimum

266

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

minus , bypass minute world

to pass, escape,

fauna many ( + gen.) much, plenty of, many repeatedly, over and over , repeated, reiterated , of several years' standing, perennial numerous multitude / , (+ .) to multiply by . . . , to mobilize it is possible mosaic (1) brain; (2) marrow molecule molecular young stock milk , monochromatic sea , frost, frosty / , ; to be able, can (f.) (1) might; (2) thickness, magnitude , powerful , to hurry, rush we

, , meat

mental muscular

H (4- prep.) on, at ( + ace.) (1) onto, on, to; (2) for; (3) by (a certain amount); (4) into (to divide, etc.)

10 11 ten to eleven 10 10 units per gram (m.) observer , to observe observation collection, assembly type case manure , obvious heating , heating , / , to heat, warm load, loading, charge; weight above, over (f.) reliability, security, dependability , safe, secure, reliable , / ,to inscribe, superscribe name, denomination to be called , ground (adj.) , / , to call, name , to be called - (superlative prefix) the most, -est most, -est , (the) greatest name, denomination , (the) smallest (See ) , / , to accumulate , / , to pump up inclination, declivity , inclined, sloping finally accumulation , / , to accumulate deposit, bloom, film, efflorescence presence .IM (dat. of )

GLOSSARY

(f.) magnetization , / , to have in view (instr. of ) much, far , - / , - ; - , to bring, deposit vice versa filling , / , to fill , / , (1) to recall, remind; (2) resemble pressure head direction , / , to direct, set , / , ( + dat.) to head for for example tension, intensity, voltage (f.) tension, strain field intensity, field strength cutting , national, public, popular outside, in the open , outer, external, surface outside, outward , / , to disrupt, disturb, upset breach, transgression, disturbance, perturbation ( + instr.) side by side with, alongside ( , gen., or prep, of ) (adj. used as noun) insect density , / , to populate, inhabit pump so

, -

present, real, true,

genuine , / advance, to occur

, -

to

267

onset saturation, impregnation , saturated flowing, reflux sodium , natural , / , to stretch, strain tension, pull ( + prep.) science of... research institution , scientific, scholarly , - / , ; , to find , / , to find oneself, be found beginning ( + dat.) to originate , initial, elementary, primary descriptive geometry , / , to begin, commence , / , to find (by feeling), to feel, to grope (See ) not , heavenly, celestial sky small (short form of adj.) small , invisible , impossible , unarmed naked eye recently week underestimation, inappreciation misunderstanding ( + gen.) or (4- prep.) deficiency, defect, lack of , incomplete, unfinished (pi.) womb, entrails, interior

268

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, -

tender, soft, delicate , independent , unfrozen (adv.) undeservedly , insignificant, negligible, trifling , unknown , invariable, constant , inexhaustible , neutral neutron , some, a certain it is impossible, one cannot (prep, of , ) no few, a good many (adv.) immediately, at once , German ( + gen.) a little, somewhat (f.) necessity , indispensable, necessary , unusual, singular, uncommon , nonidentical, different, varying (f.) heterogeneity , heterogeneous neon , irrefutable , - incomplete, partial , direct, immediate ,uninterrupted, continuous, constant , unceasing, ceaseless , impenetrable, impermeable Neptune , irregular, erratic , neuroglandular , nervous , not rare, rather frequent (f.) irregularity, unevenness

, (gen. , etc.) (1) some, a few, a certain number of; (2) somewhat , noncompensated, uncompensated , indelible , incommensurable (adv.) undoubtedly, certainly , ; , to carry (-f- gen.) there is no; no, not there is not a single . . . , not difficult, easy inability, unskilfulness ,indestructible , oil-bearing (f.) petroleum ... neither... nor . . ., n o t . . . either . . . , or. ( ) no matter... n o t . . . in any substance, in no substance leveling, grading lower ( + gen.) lower than, under, below , lower , low, inferior , lower, lowest , . . . no, n o t . . . any (m.) nickel never (dat. case of ) (instr. of ) , - / , ; , to descend, go down (f.) thread, filament ( , gen., and prep, of ) . . . nothing, n o t . . . anything (instr. of ) nothing but new formation, new organ • , -oe new

GLOSSARY (pi. -pa) number (f.) normal , normal (adj.) (m.) carrier , to carry ( + prep.) to need it is necessary, one has to , zero (adj.) (m.) zero Newton

,

, ( + prep.) about (m. and .), (f.) ( + gen.) both scanning (signal) device (dat. of ) (instr. of ) (gen. and prep, of ) , / , to secure, provide, warrant survey, summary, outline abundance ,abundant habitat (m.) dweller, inhabitant , ( + instr.) to possess cloud (f.) region, zone, field , cloudy, nebulous , / , to alleviate, lighten, facilitate fragment exposure exchange metabolism , exchangeable, interchangeable winding ,/ ,to disclose, detect, reveal , / , to enrich enriching, enrichment , / , to designate

269

designation, symbol (dat. of ) (instr. of ) (gen. and prep, of ) (See ) envelope, membrane olfaction fitting, equipment, outfitting; plant basing, substantiation , to substantiate, to prove , / ,to isolate, set apart, differentiate , / ,to work, cultivate, till treating, preparation, processing shape, form, manner, way, mode thus, in this way in what way? how ? mainly, chiefly sample formation , to form , reversible , opposite, reverse, inverse , / , to turn , to turn, rotate; to change reversing layer revolution ,/ ,to sketch, to outline , (impf. and pf.) to investigate circumstance , / ,to condition, cause (-fdative) instruction, training , / , ; , ( + instr.) to confine oneself to . . . , / , , , 6CJ

270

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

( + gen.) to do without... , extensive, vast , general, common, total in general, on the whole (f.) community, common character object, objective objective, unbiased, unprejudiced volume explanation , / , to explain , usual without fail, without exception , obligatory, compulsory , oval vegetable , / , to uncover, denude , / , to limit , huge ,/ ,to dress, clothe, cover , , one; sheer, only, nothing but some, the ones (one and) the same (one and) the same thing . . . ( + instr.) the same as ( + gen. pi.) one of . . . . . . not a single . . . , identical eleven however , monatomic , monovalent ( + instr.) simultaneously with, at the same time as singly charged ion (f.) homogeneity, uniformity , homogeneous, uniform , unilateral

, ( + gen.) to wait for, to expect , / ,to designate, to mean ozone , / , to have an influence , / , to prove (to be), turn out to be, find oneself , / , to end ocean oxide oxidation (m.) oxidizer, acidifier ,/ ,to oxidize (higher or -ic) oxide (higher or -ic) hydroxide carbon monoxide gluing , / , to glue (around) window (4- gen.) near, around, about, approximately mapping (boundaries of deposits) end finally, definitely color, coloration , / , to color, tint to color red , rounded , / , to surround (f.) circumference, circle , oxide ohm , ohmic , , , he, it, she, they (f.) danger operation ,(-f .) to rest on

GLOSSARY description , / describe , -

, -

to

bearing, supporting emptying definition, determina-

tion ,/ ,to determine optics , best, most favorable optically , / ,to let down, lower, immerse ,/ ,to sink, subside , / , to enmesh, envelop (f.) tumor, swelling experiment, test; experience ( + dat.) experiment on again orbit organ organism , organic orientation , to orient orthocenter instrument, tool sagging, settling precipitation, deposition, sedimentation , / , to illuminate liberation, release , to settle down, subside ,autumn and winter (f.) autumn, fall , / , to weaken, grow weak weakening , / , to weaken (transitive) , to complicate , / , to comprehend, to interpret

271

basis, foundation ( + gen.) to be the: basis of . . . basis, ground, reason, foundation , basic basically, primarily, on the whole ,/ ,to base, found (f.) peculiarity , particular , special, particular , / , to remain, to stay , / , to leave , remaining , / , to stop remainder, rest, residue ,/ ,to realize, accomplish (f.) axis ( + gen.) from, as a result of, due to 2% 2% of the weight selection, choice opening, aperture , / ,to answer, respond, correspond to, satisfy , / , to give away, yield branch, division separation, separating out , (1) particular, individual, single; (2) certain , / , to separate testimonial, reference; report, echo , / , ( + gen.) to renounce, to waive ,/ ,to put aside to make a reserve of deflection

272

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, / , to deflect, divert, deviate fattening , / , to discover, to open discovery, opening , open from where, from which , / , to distinguish ,/ ,to differ difference, distinction ( + gen.) unlike , different mark, indication, index ,/ ,to record, to note, to mark withering away, dying away , relative , - / , - ; - , to relate , ( + dat.) to be related to, to concern, to belong to relation, relationship ( + dat.) with respect to, as compared to ( + gen.) as regards, with regard to not at all, by no means (See ) (See ) (f.) branch poisoning , / , to poison ,/ ,to reflect segment , negative breaking away , / , to break off, break away , / , , - ; - , to cut off ,/ ,to rebound

, ( + gen.) to be distant from . . . , / , to withdraw, recede, retreat departure, deviation absence , to be absent hence melting, thawing , / , to repel hue, tinge from there, thence , - / ; , to move away; to originate partly, in part and from this , clear, distinct , / , to cool, chill, refrigerate cooling , / , to appraise, to estimate evaluation, determination , obvious very (f.) turn in its (their) turn error , erroneous, incorrect

, -

/

, -

; -

to

fall fall, decrease, falling (f.) memory nap vapor, fume pair parallelogram , parallel parameter , vaporous, steamy traveler, passenger , passive , pastoral, grazing

GLOSSARY

, -oe arable, tillable peptone apterygota , -oe original, initial , -oe first and foremost, immediate , -oe first , / , to digest transfer, shift; conversion, reduction overturn, revolution distillation <+ instr.) before, in front of, , / , , , to transmit, transfer, impart transmission, communication , / ,to move, shift movement (See ) pumping (from one vessel to another), transfer overflowing, pouring over transposition , -oe variable intermixing , / , to mix, blend , / , to move, shift, displace transfer, movement, travel , / , to multiply , - / , - ; - ,to transfer, carry over, move; to endure, bear , / ., to work over, to reprocess redistribution , / , , ; - , . to intersect intersection

273

, / ,to cease passage, transition , - / , ; , to pass, go over, move , -oe transitional, transition, transient, intermediate period periodically , -oe periodic(al) , -oe pearly, nacreous perpendicular , -oe perpendicular perspective, prospect, outlook sand sandstone, gritstone , -oe sandy particle of sand , -oe hepatic (f.) liver (f.) furnace, kiln , -oe nutritious, nutrient , to feed Pythagorus food digestion , -oe digestive , -oe alimentary, nutritive melting, fusion , -oe even plasma ( .) flame plan, draft, scheme, design planet , -oe planimetric planning layer, bed, stratum plate, lamina (f.) plasticization (See ) (f.) plasticity , -oe plastic, moldable, pliable die, cutter; chuck pellicle, film , -oe pellicular

274

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, -

flat, plane , -

plane-

polarized (f.) plane (f.) density, compactness, thickness ,dense, solid, hard, thick , bad, poor platform (f.) area, surface no (-f dat.) according to, etc. (see Grammar 41) , / , to win, triumph behavior substances which lower surface tension , surface, superficial (f.) surface apparently, probably (See ) , / , to turn , / , to repeat , / , to raise, increase rise, increase , / , to perish , - ; , absorbing, absorbent , / , to absorb absorption , annual, yearly in Greek (f.) defect, error , / , to dip, immerse ( + ace. or instr.) under , / , to suppress, overwhelm all the more supply selection, matching, assortment

, / , to submit , / , ( + dat.) to undergo , (See ) , mobile, loose, (unstable , - / , to bring, supply , / , to give in, yield , / , to support, to hold up, to maintain , / , , ; , to set fire to, light, kindle , underground, subterranean , subject, liable subject to substitution, replacement , / , to pour (some more), to add (a little) , / , to raise, lift , / , to rise rise, ascent, upheaval , similar, such (a) , . . . in the same way as underlattice, undergrate , detailed in detail additional illumination, source of additional illumination , underlying , / , to confirm confirmation , - / , < + dat.) to approach, come close to , appropriate, suitable train perhaps, very likely

GLOSSARY

conflagration (See ) , / , (+ dat.) to allow, enable, make it possible for late , perceptional, perceptive knowledge (pi.) search, research (See ) ( ) for the time being indication, reading, index (m.) indicator, index , / , to show , / , to abandon, leave covering , / , to cover -, - halffield , useful flight , to crawl , - ; to crawl, to creep polypeptide polishing, buffing, burnishing , polytropic entirely, fully not entirely fullness, completeness ,valuable, full value , full, complete , (gently) sloping, declivous position, posture, proposition situation, state of affairs , positive strip, band; streak; zone, belt (f.) cavity , ( + gen. sg.) one and a half semiconductor

of

275 half-disintegration half-life half-sum (gen., prep., dat., and instr. , ) half-chord , / , to

obtain obtaining, production benefit , ( + instr.) to use, utilize, take advantage of , Polish pole polarization , polar , / , to place, to locate, to put ( + gen.) apart from, beside (See ) ,/ , to help, to assist, to aid (f.) help with the help of, by means of , / , to lower , / , to lower, drop, diminish lowering, drop (-f prep.) concept of (adv.) it is clear , / , ; (+ .) to get into, enter in pairs alternately, in turn , transversal in two, in half completing, enrichment, addition correction pore time, it is time , . . . as long as , ... . . . until so far , / , to strike, to affect differently

276

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, ,-

porous, spongy pore (adj.) interstitial water (1) species; (2) mineral powder portion (m.) piston , piston (adj.) , ordinal , atomic number order a quantity of this order halfway (so far) as, since ( + gen.) after , after (conjunction) , last, the latter, this in succession, in series (f.) succession, sequence , successive , subsequent afterglow , indirect ( + gen.) by means of (See ) contractor, supplier, outfitter, maker putting, arrangement, setting, raising, erection , gradual , constant (adj. used as noun) constant construction (See ) , / , (+ .) to enter, to move inflow, intake, absorption , / , to send, emit potential no i i p potentiometer loss (See )

stream, current, flow ceiling therefore (,) because (m.) consumer, customer consumption, use, expenditure ( + prep.) need for (See ) ,(+ .) resembling soil , soil (adj.) why and that is why almost . . . hardly therefore appearance , / , to appear ,/ ,to explain, illustrate . ( ) others truth, true rule as a rule , regular, normal, correct , right practice , practical , - / , ; , to surpass, exceed , / , to transform, convert, change transformation , / ,to exceed, surpass , / , to foretell, portend limit, boundary range, scope to exceed the bounds , limit, threshold, maximum (adj.)

GLOSSARY , to propose

/

, -

proposal, suggestion object , / , to destine, to intend , destined, designed (for) ancestor , / , to predetermine , / , to assume , previous to building , / , to undertake enterprise, concern (m.) representative, specimen ( + prep.) idea, notion, representation of . . . , / , to represent to be, to represent , to appear preliminary condition ,previous, preceding ( + gen.) before first of all, primarily , previous (or ) to remain unchanged advantage in preference, preeminently , / , to interrupt, end, cease, discontinue interruption, end, ceasing, discontinuation refraction , / , , ; , to neglect , surmountable preparation , ( {- dat.) to prevent, impede, hinder

277

( + prep.) given, there being, in case of, etc. (see Grammar 86) , / ,to add , / , to have recourse (to), resort (to), apply (to) , / , to bring up, to bring close approximation , approximate approximately instrument, apparatus , - / , ; - , to bring, to lead, to reduce the abovementioned considerations preparation method, procedure; absorption, intake , reception, acceptance intra-vitam, in the living being , / , to press ,near the ground, surface (adj.) , / , to acknowledge symptom, indication, sign , ; , to come , applied , / , to connect up , / , to fasten , / , to apply ,adjacent, contiguous adherence application application, use ( + gen.) using... , applicable ,applicable; conformable, suitable

278

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, / , to apply, to use example approximately (f.) admixture sign, token, criterion , -oe maritime, seaside , to belong , / , to get, receive, accept, admit (+ .) to take for, as it is usual ,/ , (+ .) to begin, settle down to principle in principle , / , ; , to acquire ,/ ,to attribute , -oe close to the ground nature , -oe natural ,/ ,to give, award connection , / , to join, annex, connect up adaptation , / , to adapt ,/ ,to approach, to begin, to proceed presence , ( + dat.) proper to, characteristic of ,/ ,,; - , to flow in influx, inflow; tributary , / , to attract attraction , / , to adapt, train , / , ; , (1) ( f

.) to go to, to fall to; (2) to be necessary, 10.000 16 4 17 for every 10,000 atoms of oxygen 16 there are 4 atoms of oxygen 17 whereupon, and (at the same time), while cause, reason range, run test tube problem , -oe test, proof (adj.) drawing verification, checking (f.) conductivity, conduction , - / ,;- , to carry out, to conduct; to draw conductor wire (See ) , / , to do, perform, make , / , to continue , to go on, continue, to last , -oe longitudinal product production, output, manufacture / , to project, design projection, designing projection , / ,to live, to spend (some time) (f.) transparence , -oe transparent ( + gen.) (+ .) product of . . . by . . . , - / ,; , to produce, provoke; to conduct, carry out, execute, make (adj. used as noun) derivative

279

GLOSSARY

, manufacturing, production , arbitrary , / , ; to grow , - / , ; , ( + instr.) to take place, happen t o . . . calcination interval , intermediate freezing washing (f.) industry , industrial , / , to permeate , / , to penetrate penetration (f.) penetrability, permeability , penetrable, permeable , / , to impregnate, soak , proportional , / , to pass, let pass, cause to pass , / , ; to germinate, sprout (See ) (f.) sagging tendencies , sagging detection , / , ( + instr.) to follow, trace, detect layer, sheet, lamina , to stretch, spread , simple simple to execute simplicity , spatial, three-dimensional space, area

melting, thawing course / , , ;- ,to flow past, to proceed; take place, to flow ( + gen.) against, opposite counteraction, resistance, counterforce (f.) contrary (-f dat.) as opposed to , opposite contrarily, differently , contradictory contradiction , - ( + dat.) to contradict, be in contradiction with opposition , ( + dat.) resist, withstand duct, channel protoplasm prominence length, extent (f.) extension, length , extended (See ) , cool, chilly , - / , ; ,(+ .) or (+ .) to pass, to go through passing, crossing percentage process (f.) solidity, strength , solid, stable simpler, more simply manifestation, display , / , to manifest, display, exhibit , straight, direct, right rectangle , right-angled, rectangular (m.) bladder, bubble gall bladder point , dotted , -

280

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

desert l e t . . . (be), let us assume that... , to travel (gen., prep., and dat. sing. ) (m.) path, way, means bundle bee , dust dust particle (f.) dust, powder , / , to attempt, try, endeavor (f.) palm, span , fifteenth fifteen spot , fifth five five hundred

P work

, ( + instr.) to work on . . . , working, operating rotor, impeller equality as well as , isosceles equilibrium, balance , balanced, equiponderant , uniform , equilateral , equiangular , equal , radiation, radiational radiation radium radical , radical (f.) radioactivity , radioactive radio astronomy

, tional, radar (f.)

radio loca-

radio communication radio engineering

radius radius vector (gen. pi. ) time 2

twice

5 times larger precisely , / , to break up , / , to take apart, to discuss, analyze dispersion, incoherence spraying, splashing raising, cultivation branching, ramification , / , to develop development , / , to delimit separation, division (+ .) separation, division into . . . , / , (+ .) to divide into . . . , to divide by . . . , / , to irritate, stimulate , / , to blow up, inflate , / , (4.) to decompose i n t o . . . , / , to distinguish distinction, difference differently, in different ways , various, different decomposition (See ) dimension , / , to multiply, propagate multiplication, propagation, reproduction variety

GLOSSARY

(f.)

, different, various difference potential

difference different, various (See ) initial heating , / , to elaborate, work out elaboration, working out , rarefied , / , to destroy, corrode, attack, disrupt destruction, breakdown, shattering , destructive rupture, fracture, explosion discharge , / , to discharge research, search, investigation region cancer (pi.) limits within the bounds/limits (of) previously, formerly , incandescent opening decomposition, breakup , / , (+ .) to break up, decompose into flattening , / , to spread, flatten , / , to dispose, place, locate situation, location, position distribution , / ,to distribute propagation, diffusion, expansion, extension , widespread , / !», to spread

281

, / , to disperse, disseminate , / , to consider consideration, examination distance, spacing, interval ( + gen.) within (a distance of) . . . disturbance reasoning , / , to calculate solution cement mortar (f.) solubility , soluble ,/ , to dissolve plant plant-growing , ; to grow, increase , vegetable, vegetal flora , / ,to stretch, distend (f.) divergence , / , , ,to move apart, to disseminate discrepancy calculation broadening, amplification , / , to broaden, enlarge deciphering, interpretation (+ .) breaking up, decomposition into . . . , / , (+ .) to split up, fissure, decompose i n t o . . . , rational ( + ace.) reacting, reaction to . . . , (+ .) to react to reaction

282

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, -

, -

real ,to regenerate regulation, adjustment , to regulate rare , rare-earth

(metals) rarer, more rarely regime, system, condition cutting p. cutting instrument, cutter reserve Rutherford , abrupt, sharp, acrid resonator , resulting, resultant statuary, fretwork, engraving; thread (of screw) river relaxation relief roentgen , Roentgen (adj.) rheostat reflex , reflex (adj.) receptor (f.) speech ( + prep.) the matter under consideration is . . . this is out of question ,/ ,to decide, to solve the solution of a problem lattice , horned bovine animals, black cattle kind of this kind, this kind of , related, relative, allied, akin to (adj. used as noun) rose family

(f.) role, part rhomb, rhombus dew growth , mercury (adj.) ore rifle ,to direct, to conduct, to lead , Russian fish , fish (adj.) stirring up, mellowing , friable, loose, mellow Rayleigh rank, series, row, a certain number

(1) ( + gen.) from, off; (2) ( + instr.) with , , , , , etc. -self (himself, itself, etc.) self-excitation , spontaneous, involuntary , independent , -self, very (adj.), -most, -est this (very) same centimeter sugar ,/ ,to come close together (See ) yield, collection , / , throw off, shed drill, borer, boring bit , / , to curl up, roll up , / , to curdle, coagulate (-fgen.) besides from above light , to shine

GLOSSARY

, light (adj.) luminosity, brightness, radiance pig , free , / , , , ( + dat.) to amount to, boil down to, consist merely in , compound, composite, combined, collated , original, distinctive , , , his, its, their, etc. , proper property rolling up ( + gen.) above, over , / , to bind, fix, combine, to link, connect, relate (f.) link, connection, communication condensation ( ) [See ( )] (dat. case of ) himself, itself, themselves, etc. season

, seasonal now, nowadays secretin secretion sector second (f.) selectivity selectionist selenium , rural agriculture , agricultural family seven ( .) seed sulfur , cardiac, heart middle , sulfuric, sulfur

283

crescent , serious network, lattice (f.) network, circuit section compression, contraction , to liquefy liquefaction , / , to compress , signal, signaling strength, force, power ( + gen.) by virtue of, because of , power, force (adj.) , strong, intense, considerable, powerful , symmetrical , sympathetic , blue-green , (dark) blue synthesis , to synthesize system (See ) radiation, luminescence, halo , / , to be manifest, to tell slope rolling down ,/ ,to roll down slit, rift skeleton, frame gluing (together) phial, flask ( + adj. or adv.) as .. . as one likes , to slide ( + gen.) how much? how many ? . .. . . . or ( ) ... . . . as much . . . as, as many . . . as rather (f.) speed, velocity cattle , concealed, occult , scanty, meagre

284

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

, slightly magnetic, of low magnetic power , weak , / ,to compose slightly trace consequently , ( + dat.) or (+ instr.) (1) to follow; (2) to be appropriate ( + infinitive) one should, one must consequence , following, next ( .) the following , mucous mucous membrane, mucosa too (m.) dictionary word (See ) , complex, complicated layer electron shell , to serve; ( + instr.) to serve a s . . . , represent hearing case , . . . if, provided , . . . a case where . . . ,accidental, fortuitous saliva salivation . ( ) see ( ) centimeter wetting ,/ ,to wet change, shift freezing together (f.) mixture , / , to mix displacement, shift ,to look (See ) (See )

washing off, erosion , / , to close, lock meaning, sense at first , / ,to lower underneath, from underneath (See c) , / , to collect, gather ,to observe, maintain (instr. of ) (adv.) in fact, properly speaking , (its, etc.) own, proper , / , to accomplish absolutely , perfect / , to perfect , Soviet in common, jointly, together , / ,to superpose, cause to coincide (f.) combination, set , to coincide coincidence , contemporary completely, quite ..., ... not at all . . . not quite ( + dat.) according to, in accordance with content, quantity (contained) , to contain compound, combination , / , to unite, join, combine , / , , , to create, establish creation (See ) sap, juice reduction, contraction

285

GLOSSARY salts , sun (adj.), solar sun hydrochloric acid (See ) , / , to realize consideration construction, erection, structure conformity , to correspond correlation, ratio ,/ , to come in contact contact ,/ ,to accompany resistance (f.) resistance , ( + dat.) to resist , attended (by)

collaborator, contributor,

(pi.)

that will entail very great (considerable) difficulties variety, grade, quality, sort sorting, grading ,neighboring, adjoining, adjacent concentration , / , to concentrate composition, content , / , to compose, draw up, constitute, amount to component, constituent , component, constitutive state, condition . . . able, capable ,( + gen.), ( |prep.) to consist of, in vessel , vascular hundred

co-worker collaboration,

coop-

eration collision preservation , / , to keep, retain, preserve combination , / , ; to fall, to subside spectrum , spectral spectroscopy at first , special , - / , specific (f.) specificity spirit, alcohol alloy, fusion, sintering, float , continuous ,spontaneous spore means, method (f.) ability, aptitude ,( + dat.) capable of , to contribute (See ) ( + ace.) (can be placed after the complement it rules) after,... later satellite , right, correct comparison ( + instr.) in comparison with comparatively immediately environment, milieu ( + gen.) among (f.) mesothorax , middle (adj.), average, mean on the average means resemblance, similarity USSR

286

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

/ , to put, place, set stage , / , ( + instr.) to collide with, to run into , steel , / , ( + instr.) to become (-f inf.) to begin to , old statics , statistical, statistic article stem, trunk, truncus (m.) stem glass , glass (adj.), vitreous wall, partition (f.) degree, extent to a certain extent (f.) steppe (m.) rod, bar, pivot , to stimulate stability, sturdiness, steadiness, durability , to cost ( + inf.) . . . , . . . one has but to . . . , and . . . flow, running column collision (See ) ( ) ... . . . (just) as . . . as... ( + gen.) so much, so many ... ( ); ..., as much . . . as, as m a n y . . . as side c(o) . . . ( + gen.) on the part of on the one hand in a certain direction ( + gen.) toward

, to stand, to be located , to suffer country arrow , to tend planing, shaping , strict construction, structure ,construction, architectural building, construction / , to construct, build structure , structural stream, current , graded, stepped (f.) step, rung, grade, degree joint, butt, seam, junction, splice , to judge sum , summary; total, gross, ultimate , bleak, severe (plural) 24 hours, day , daily are (f.) substance, gist, essentials , dry dry land (adv.) essentially, substantially , essential being in essence; on the substance of; to the point existence , to exist (f.) essence , spheric, spherical sphincter (See ) grasping, hardening (of cement) scheme, system diagrammatically, schematically

GLOSSARY

, -oe diagrammatic , - / , ; , to get off, come off , -oe ( + instr.) analogous, similar to resemblance, similarity (f.) cementation (See ) link, adherence, coherence account, calculation ( + gen.) at the expense of , to consider (See ) , friable, free-flowing raw material

-

T thus, so , . . . as, in the way since , ( ) (in the same way) as ( ) also and also, as well as not either , -oe such , -oe such (a), so ..., ... a ... which... thus tangent (f.) hardness, rigidity , -oe solid, hard . . ( ) i.e. , flowing, current, present television telemetry, distance measurement remote signal system telescope body corpuscle (instr. of , ) , to darken, grow dark , -oe dark tempo, rate

287

temperature theorem , -oe theoretical theory now heat , -oe thermal, thermic, caloric heat exchanger (f.) heat conductivity , -oe warm term thermometer / , to lose (adv.) closely paste technique technologist , -oe technological course, flow ( + gen.) during, for, in , , ; , to flow type, kind , -oe typical titanium titanium oxide (f.) fabric, tissue that (neuter) , (both declinable) that which, what . . . , ( indeclinable) the fact that . . . . .., . . . if . . , (then) . . . ... . . . now . . . , n o w . . . ; at times . . . at others . . . ; either... or... then while, whereas , -oe identical, same, homologous current, flow / ,to interpret, construe thickness, stratum thicker thickness, width only as soon as

288

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

just thin , very fine thinner fuel thorium, Th peat , , , that, the one or another both thereby ( . . . ) the same (which, that, as) the (very) same sharpening, whetting, grinding; turning, working on a lathe , punctual point point of view (f.) exactness, precision, accuracy , precise, exact trajectory, path tract , -

transport ,transuranium (f.) transcendentalism ,

-

transcenden-

tal trapezium , tracheal tracheole trachea demand / , demand, to require / ,to be needed, necessary (instr. of )

to

( + ace.) friction against third triangle (gen. or prep, of ) , trivalent , three-dimensional three , tropic troposphere , -

tube, small pipe pipeline small pipe labor; difficulty (1) (it is) difficult; (2) with difficulty (f.) difficulty , turbulent extinguishing, putting out , careful thousand , thousandth dark, obscurity gravitation, attraction , heavy (f.) weight, gravity gravity

(-f gen.) (1) beside, near; (2) at; (3) belonging to, pertaining to; (4) in, in the case of , / , (+ prep.) to convince of . . . , / , to kill decrease , to diminish increase ,/ ,to increase (f.) moisture, dampness , / , , ; , to attract, carry away carbohydrate carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon , angular it pleases as little as one pleases anlge, corner at an angle (m.) coal

289

GLOSSARY

, threat ,

, -

to threaten

/ , , ( + infin.) he succeeds in . . . (without dat. case) ( + infinitive) one succeeds in, it is possible to removal, elimination , (short f. - , ) distant , / , to double , specific specific gravity , / ,to allot, to give (+ dat.) no proper consideration (attention) is given to ( + dat.) little attention is paid to , / , to retain , convenient fertilizer convenience , / , to satisfy; ( + dat.) to answer, to correspond to , / , to isolate already knot, node , narrow , / , to recognize, identify, learn about , / , (+ .) or (+ .) to indicate, to point to deviation, downgrade Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , / , to improve, ameliorate improvement, amelioration , ultrasonic, ultraphonic, supersonic

,-

/

ultraviolet ,to

diminish decrease, diminution, reduction , moderate ,/ , to insert, include multiplication , general-purpose, for general duty , / , to destroy, annihilate, abolish , - / , - ; - , to remove, take away , / , to mention, to refer to , - / to regulate, to put in good order , / , to use, utilize ( + instr.) regulation, steering, control of , resilient, flexible (f.) resilience vapor pressure , / , let escape, omit, overlook lose sight (of), overlook equation ,/ , to balance uranium , uranyl , level (adj.) (m.) level, plane, surface; standard harvest, crop (f.) yielding capacity, fruitfulness , fruitful, productive , / , to assimilate , / , , ; - , to cut off, truncate , intense, strenuous , / ,to intensify, to reinforce

290

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

erant

(from ) taken into account, considered damage, harm, loss

,/ ,to accelerate, to speed up condition ... u n d e r . . . conditions , . . . provided due to a conditioned reflex (See ) success, progress , successful , / ,to establish, determine, to get, install settled, steady contrivance, apparatus, plant, establishment establishment (f.) firmness, immunity, resistance (to) , ( + dat. stable, resistant to removal, elimination , removable , / , to remove, eliminate , / , to rush, precipitate device, apparatus, arrangement ,/ ,to assert morning , / , to make worse, aggravate participation to take part section, sector doctrine disciple scientist (See ) calculation, consideration ,/ , ; , to take into account

, industrial, manufacturing phase fact , actual; practical, virtual, active factor (m.) February phenolphtalein ferment, enzyme , ferment, enzyme (adj.) figure physicist physics , physiological , physical ,to fix, to secure; to register, to rate filter / , to filter filtrable virus flora , fluorescent fluorescence , fluorescent fluorite, fluorspar fluorochrom focus background fountain, geyser shape, configuration, mold, cast, form , to form formula / , to formulate phosphorus photographing photoluminescence

effort, strain (m.) accelerator, accel-

291

GLOSSARY ,photoelectronic photosynthesis Fraunhofer lines cutter, milling cutter milling, cutting, notching friction, frictional front fruit fructose fluorine function

X , chaotic character, kind , to characterize characteristic , ( + gen.) characteristic of . . . chemist chemically , chemical chemistry chitinization , chitinous bread cotton (plant) chlorine ferric chloride course, evolution economy , cold chord ,good well ( ) . . . although ( ) ..., . . . although . . . , however . . . even , be kept chromium, Cr chomosphere worse

, ; , to bloom, blossom color blossoming, florescence cesium , expedient, advisable, expedition wholly, entirely (adj. used as noun) (1) a whole; (2) whole number (f.) integrity, entirety , whole (f.) goal, aim, purpose Celsius degree centigrade , cementing / , to cement , cement , valuable center , to centralize , central , centrifugal (f.) chain, bond cyanogen, ethane dinitrile , cyclic (f.) cycle of operations cyclotron cylinder , cylindrical zinc zirconium figure, number

4 hour ,

particle partly, partially , partial (adj. used as noun) quotient (f.) particularity in particular

292

ESSENTIALS OF SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

often frequency , -oe frequent (f.) part partly more often most often, generally man, human being , -oe human (1) instr. of ; (2) than (+ .) . . . , (+ .) the ( + .) . . . , the ( + .) (dat. of ) (m.) worm (-f.) through, across; by means of; after, in black earth , -oe black trait; line in general outline diagram, drawing , -oe fourth (f.) quarter , -oe clear, distinct , -oe even four tetragon, quadrangle numerically (m.) numerator number , -oe numerical , -oe pure, clean cleaner, purer , -oe exceptional, extreme , -oe excessive (1) what, which (fact); (2) that (conj.) that, so that, in order that (4 past tense = subjunctive) (+- infinitive) in order to in order to, in order that something, anything , -oe sensitive, susceptible

ball, globe, sphere , -oe spherical, spheroidal, globular , -oe spherical, globular (f.) roughness sixteen six width, breadth , -oe wide, broad latitude scale school polishing, grinding, abrasion, burnishing

click beetle , -oe alkali, alkaline (f.) alkali little shield, scutellum

equator specimen, sample , -oe exothermic , -oe exotic ecliptic experiment , -oe experimental / , to electrify , -oe electric, electrical electricity electrolysis electrolyte electrometer electron , -oe electrothermic , -oe electron, electronic electro-transmission , -oe electrostatic

293

GLOSSARY

, ellipse

electrical engineering elementary Jupiter

endocrinology , endothermic energetics, power engineering , energetic , energetic, vigorous energy epidemic , standard, calibrating stage , , , this, that thereby, in this process ephedrine effect (f.) effectiveness, efficiency

phenomenon , / , to appear as, to be . . . , clear, distinct ,nuclear , toxic, poisonous nucleus language, tongue (m.) January , bright, clear, luminous (adv.) it is clear, clearly cell, compartment, mesh

INDEXES

RUSSIAN INDEX 46, 53 51 105

123 124 124 91 104, 105, 106 , 146

50 115 ,

. . . 94 ,

113

. . . 21, 94 . . . 94

65 50 144

50 ,

. . . 38

57 103

46, 52, 53, 107 95, 107 ( + infinitive) 62 105 23

,

51, 128 107, 115

103 . . . 95, 103 104

,

103

,

94 -

. . . 94 95, 127 , . . . 107 106 23

50

95 95

144

95

51, 52

113

50 94

123 87, 117, 146 , 22

104, 105 95 95 95

-

. . . 94 51 51, 121

, 297

. . . 21, 95

ENGLISH INDEX Accusative case 43, 44, 45, 46 Accusative plural 115 Adjectives nominative case 31 used as nouns 33 with complements 60 Adverbs formed from adjectives 39 of quantity 52; 116, 117 Animate beings 50, 115 Article (absence of) 21 Aspects of the verb 67, 68 Attributive adjective 31, 32; 154

Feminine nouns in - / - (singular declension) 90 nouns in - (singular declension) 103 singular declension of adjectives 91 First conjugation 21, 22 Future tense imperfective 36 perfective 67, 68

Case endings 234 Commas 41, 60, 92 Comparatives 123-127 Conditional mood 104, 105, 106 Conjugation of verbs 241, 242, 243 Dash 22, 23 Dative case 65, 66 verbs governing the dative 66 Dative plural 134 Decimals 34, 50 Declension of nouns and adjectives 231 of personal pronouns 234 of pronouns 232, 233 Dentals 81 Dimension (complements of) 75 "Each other" 76 Feasibility (participles expressing) 135, 136 2l>ii

Gender of nouns 20, 21 Genitive-accusative masculine singular 50 plural 115 Genitive case 49 verbs governing the genitive 4953; 125, 126; 51 Genitive plural 113-117 Gutturals 30, 81 Hard consonants 20 Hard nouns 20 Hard vowels 19 Imperative mood 117 Imperfective aspect 67 Impersonal use of third person plural 22 Inanimate beings 50, 115 Infinitive 21 Instrumental case 72-75 verbs governing the instrumental 74 Instrumental plural 134

Irregular verbs 146, 243 past tense 36, 243 present tense 21, 243 Mobile vowels in genitive plural of nouns 113 in irregular verbs with prefixes 146 in masculine nouns 37 in masculine short forms of adjectives 38 Motion (verbs of) 247, 248 Names of actions 57 Negative constructions 22 Negation ( + genitive case) 50, 51 Neuter nouns in 103 Nominative case 43 Nominative case 43 Nouns used only in the plural 240 Numerals agreement 116 cardinal 142 (-f genitive plural) 116 (-f genitive singular) 50 in expressions of time 145 ordinal 145 (-f verb in singular form) 87 "One another" 76 Order of words 23 Orthographic incompatibilities 30 Participles 59, 60; 82, 83; 135, 136, 137 Passive voice 84 Past gerund 92 Past participle passive 82 Past participle active 136 Past tense 35

Perfective aspect 67, 117 Permutation of consonants 81, 82 Plural of nouns (nominative) 25, 30 Predicate noun and/or adjective in the instrumental case 74 in the nominative case 43 Predicate objective in the instrumental case 74 Prefixes (verbal) 246 Prepositional case 56, 57, 58 Prepositional plural 134 Present gerund 91 Present participle active 59, 60 Present participle passive 135 Present tense 21, 33 Pronouns (singular declension) 93, 94, 95 Proper names 240 Reflexive verbs 26 Reflexive possessive pronoun 107 Reflexive pronoun 106 Relative pronoun 103 Second conjugation 33 Secondary prepositions 79, 110 -self, -selves 106 Short form of adjectives 37, 38, 39 Sibilants 30; 81, 82 Soft consonants 20 Soft nouns 20 Soft vowels 19 Stress 4 Subjunctive mood 104 Superlative 127, 128 Syllables 4 Verbs in 75 Verbs in /26 Verbs with infinitive in - 84

(' ) 6 876. )432