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JOHANNIS FLETCHER PER DUO ET VIGINTI ANNOS LINGUAE LaTINAE IN COLLEGIO Universitatis Professoris: qui mense Julio a.d. mdccccxvii mortuus est: li bros quos ille penitus amaverat uxor et filii ejus collegio amato

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Hblr^hNTIALS

OF LATIN

FOR BEGINNERS

BY

HENRY CARR PEARSON,

A.B.,

Harvard

HORACE MANN SCHOOL, TEACHERS COLLEGE, NEW YORK

o>Hc

NEW

YORK-:- CINCINNATI

•:-

CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

Copyright, 1905, nv

EDWARD

P.

MORRIS AND MORRIS

H.

MORGAN.

Enteked at Stationers' Hall, London,

pearson.

essentials of latin.

PREFACE This book

is

designed to prepare pupils

fashion to read Caesar's Gallic War. lessons,

including ten

that

are

devoted

before he

is

minimum

of

first

what a pupil should know

The supplementary

intel-

lessons deal

some teachers

largely with certain principles of syntax that

not wish to present to their pupils during the

year's work.

They

to

seventy

ready to read Latin with any degree of

ligence and satisfaction.

may

thorough

exclusively

The

reading, and six supplementary lessons. lessons contain the

in a

contains seventy

It

first

are independent of one another and

and may, therefore, be taken up in any order that the teacher wishes, or any number of them of the rest of the book,

may be It is

omitted.

hoped that the following features

themselves 1.

to teachers of first

Carefully

selected

year Latin

vocabularies,

will

commend

:

containing with a

very few exceptions only those words that occur with the greatest frequency in Caesar's Gallic War.

About

five

hundred words are presented in the first seventy lessons. The constant comparison of English and Latin usage. 2. Not much knowledge of English grammar on the part of the pupil is taken for granted. The more difficult constructions are first considered from the English point of view.

A more logical and consecutive treatment of topics. 3. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs are not treated in 5

PREFACE

6

a piecemeal fashion, but four or five consecutive lessons are devoted to a topic before passing on to another. ficient 4.

change, however,

A

is

brief preparatory course.

for reviews, the

first

Suf-

introduced to avoid monotony.

Allowing ample time

seventy lessons should be thoroughly

mastered in about twenty-five weeks. The Review Exercises under each lesson. 5.

These employ the vocabulary and constructions of the preceding lessons, and afford additional practice for those who wish

They may be

it.

omitted,

however,

if

desired, as the

regular Exercises also review preceding constructions. 6.

Carefully graded material for reading.

selections from

Vh'i

Romae and

of Caesar's Gallic War,

Book

the

first

There are twenty chapters

II, in simplified

form.

This

should prepare a pupil to begin to read the regular text of Caesar at the beginning of the second year.

wish

my

acknowledgments to the who have read the manuscript of this book, and have rendered valuable assistance by their suggestions and criticisms Mr. H. F. Towle, Boys' High School, Brooklyn Mr. A. L. Hodges, Wadleigh High School, New York City; Mr. A. J. Inglis, Horace Mann High School, New York City Mr. Herbert T. Rich, Boston Latin School. This book has had the benefit of the criticism of Professor M. H. Morgan of Harvard University, one of the editors of the series, who has carefully read both the manuscript and the proof. I

to

express

grateful

following well-known teachers of Latin

:

;

;

HENRY CARR PEARSON. New York

City,

January, 1905.

1

CONTENTS PAGE

LESSON

II

Introduction I.

Feminine Nouns (continued). Feminine Adjectives

First

Declension or Stems in

First

Declension or Stems in -a-

First

Declension or Stems in -a- (continued).

-a-.

...... .......

Second Declension or Stems culine of Adjectives

.

in

Second Declension (continued).

7.

Declension of Adjectives in

8.

9.

Masculine Nouns in

-o.

6.

direct Object

Direct Object

Present Indicative.

Neuters

in

20

-«w.

22

.

-us.

Appositive.

Mas 25

In

28

^ .

•

.

.

.

.

.

•

•

Agreement Second Declension (continued). Masculines in -er and -ir Second Declension (continued). Masculines in -?'/« and www. Ad

30

-z<5, -(7, -«<;«.

33

.

jectives in

-ei-,

.....

-{e)ra, -(e)ruiii

36

Order of Words. Review Formation and Conjugation of

ID.

Imperfect and Future Indicative of Sum.

11.

First Conjugation.

Principal Parts.

the Imperfect and Future Indicative Active

.

.

.

.

........... ........ Perfect Indicative Active.

Conjugation (continued).

First

13.

First

14.

Second Conjugation.

15.

Third Declension.

16.

Third Declension (continued). Consonant Stems. Ablative of Cause

17.

Third Declension (continued).

18.

Review of Third Declension.

Means

Conjugation

Pluperfect

(continued).

Characteristics.

Consonant Stems

48 51

54 57

60

in -i-

Rules of Gender.

Ablative of

Time

When

63

Adaptation of ("haptcr

Book

Gallic

War.

19.

Reading Lesson.

20.

Present Indicative Passive of the First and Second Conjugations.

Hints

45

Formation and Conjugation

of the Indicative Active

Stems

42

and Future Perfect

Review

Indicative Active.

40

Ablative

12.

of

18

Limiting Genitive

Present Indicative of Sinn First Conjugation.

16

for

T,

I,

65

Translation

68

Ablative of Agent 7

CONTENTS

..... ...... ......

21.

Imperfect and Future Passive of the First and Second Conjugations

22.

Perfect, Pluperfect,

Ablative of

Manner

and Future Perfect Passive of the

Second Conjugations 23.

24.

Adjectives of the Third Declension (continued).

25.

Reading Lesson.

26.

Perfect, Pluperfect, First

Adaptation of Chapter II

Present, Imperfect, and

Verbs

28.

Third Conjugation (completed).

29.

Present Infinitive, Active and Passive.

30.

Reading Lesson.

31.

/s.

32. 33.

The Relative Pronoun Hie and Ille. Adjectives used

34.

Ipse, Iste.

35.

Fourth Conjugation.

36.

Reading Lesson.

37.

Fourth Declension

38.

Irregular

Idem

On.

.

Sta/i.

Review

......... ......... .......

Third Conjugation.

English

Two and

....

and Future Perfect of

and Second Conjugations

Passive

Abla-

Dative with Adjectives

Terminations.

27.

Three Terminations

Adjectives of the Third Declension. tive of Specification

First an

the

and

in io

The

Adaptation of Chajitcr III

Infinitive used

.

as Substantives

Irregular Adjectives.

The

I'ulure, Active

f

Ablative of Separation

Interrogative Quis

........

Adaptation of Chapter IV

.

39.

Verb Ed. Place Where, Whence, Whither Review of the Four Conjugations. Dative of Possessor

40.

Numerals.

41.

Fifth Declension.

42.

Reading Lesson.

43.

44.

Comparison of Adjectives, Ablative of Comparison Comparison of Adjectives (continued). Ablative of the Measure

45.

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives.

Accusative of Extent of

of Difference

.

Time and Space

Partitive Genitive

....

Adaptation of Chapter

V

.

....... .......

48.

Possum Review of Comparison of Adjectives. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter VI Personal and Reflexive Pronouns

49.

Possessive Adjectives.

50.

Indefinite Pronouns.

51.

Participles.

52.

Participles (continued).

46.

47.

.... .

Dative of Service Descriptive Ablative and Genitive

Forms, Declension, and Meanings Ablative Absolute

.

CONTENTS

9 PAGE

LESSON

54.

Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter VII Formation and Meanings Infinitives.

55.

Indirect Discourse.

56.

60.

Deponent Verbs. Ablative with Utor, Fruor, etc. Fero &nd Flo. Dative with Intransitives Reading Lesson, Adaptation of Chapter VIII The Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Clauses of Purpose The Subjunctive (continued). Imperfect Tense. Result Qauscs

61.

Void, Nolo,

62.

Indirect Questions.

63.

Substantive Clauses

64.

Reading Lesson,

65.

Object Clauses with Verbs* of Fearing.

66.

Compounds of Sum. Dative with Compound Verbs The Imperative. Commands and Exhortations

53.

57.

58. 59.

Sequence of Tenses .

68. 69. 70.

.

.

.

Adaptation of Chapter

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

X

165

166

.

169

.172 .174 .178

.

.

.

,

.182 .185 .187 .190

.

.

.

.

.

194

,

.

,

.

196

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

163

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

,,..... .

161

Temporal, Causal,

.

.

157

181

Cum

Gerund and Gerundive Complete Review of Verb Forms Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter .

-154

IX

.

.

.

.... ....

Relative Clause of Purpose

Mdlo.

.

155

Simple Statements

and Concessive 67.

.

193

SUPPLEMENTARY LESSONS Present and Past

71.

Conditional Sentences.

72.

Conditional Sentences (continued).

73.

Wishes

74.

Indirect Discourse.

75.

Impersonal Use of Verbs.

76.

Periphrastic Conjugations

Time

Future Time

198

200

Purpose

202

Complex Sentences

........... ....... ..... Supine.

Different

Ways

of p\pres?ing

204

206

Selections for Reading: Selections from

Caesar.

Appendix,

Gallic

Roman

History

War, Book

II,

Chapters 1-20

Tables of Inflections, Conjugation, etc

209 218 231

Latin-English Vocabulary

267

English-Latin Vocabulary

299

Index

315

do)

ITALY AND GAUL SCALE OF MILES 100

200

300

400

500

INTRODUCTION 1.

These introductory sections should be read by the Pupils learn pronunciation

pupils and used for reference.

quickly by imitation.

It

suggested that the teacher

is

pronounce slowly the words in sections 9 and Reference may be made

the pupils repeat.

and that

21,

to the rules

as mistakes are made.

Alphabet 2.

The

alphabet

Latin

except that

it

j

has no

and as a consonant. 3. The vowels are

a,

or

e,

i,

same

the

is

I

%v.

is

0, u.

EngHsh,

the

as

used both as a vowel

The

other letters are

consonants.

Diphthongs are combinations of two vowels that are pronounced as one. They are 4.

ae

oe

au

eu

ui

Roman Method of Pronunciation The long vowels

5.

a like a in e

like e

fatJier.

The Hke

:

like i in niac/iine. in note.

like CO in root.

short vowels are pronounced as follows

a like the e

i

6 like

in frey.

u 6.

are pronounced as follows

first

a in aha.

i

like like

e in step.

u

like

u II

in /////.

/

:

in pit.

in or.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

12

Most of the consonants are pronounced as 7. But note the following points c

i

and g are hard, as in come and go. consonant is like j m.yes. hard, as in

t is

V

never like ch

tin.

is like zv in wijte.

,

The diphthongs

8.

s is a hissing

sound, as in sin; z,

like

ph

is

like /// in alphabet.

qu

is

almost like kw.

cJi

are pronounced as follows

au

oe like oi in

eu (rare) like

is

toil.

almost like

as in ease.

in cJiorus.

is

ae like ai in aisle.

ui

in English.

like

on in

Jionse. ^Ji-oo.

ei (rare) like ci in eight.

ive.

EXERCISE

9.

hi

vis

haec

genus

vir

ad

quis

me

coepit

mensae

ita

tot

quia

regn5

cui

iam

sic

causa

-que

aeger

Syllables

A

10.

vowel or diphthong either Therefore a word has vowels or diphthongs

syllable consists of a

alone or with one or more consonants.

has as

many

ae-di-fi-co,

/

syllables as

:

build.

A single

11.

it

consonant between two vowels belongs with

the following vowel

:

a-mi-cus, friend.

two or more consonants between two vowels, as many are joined with the following vowel as can be pronounced with it ho-spes, guest ; co-gno-sco, / If there are

12.

:

recognize.

Compound words

13.

parts

:

are divided into their

ad-est (ad, near ; est,

lie is), Jie is

component

present.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 14. 15.

1

Doubled consonants are separated pu-el-la, girl. last syllable of a word is called the ultima ; the :

The

next to the

last,

\.\\q

penult ; the one before the penult, the

antepenult.

Quantity Vowels are long (-) or short (^). The long vowels are marked in this book unmarked vowels (except in diphthongs) must be considered short. 17. The following are a few general rules for determin16.

;

ing the quantity of vowels 1.

A

vowel

:

short before another vowel or h:

is

c6-pi-a,

abundance. 2.

3.

4.

Vowels resulting from contraction are long co-go (coago), / collect. Vowels are long before nf, ns, net, ncs infero, / bring in; insanus, mad. Diphthongs are long causa, cause. :

:

:

18.

A

syllable containing a long

long by nature 19.

or

A

:

leges, lan's

;

syllable containing a short

more consonants, or by x

short vowel, however, tJiey call ;

vowel or a diphthong

is

is

aedes, temple.

or

still

z,

is

vowel followed by two long by position.

pronounced short

:

The

vocant,

dux, leader.

Accent 20.

of a 1.

2.

The

following principles

word receives the

determine what syllable

stress of the voice

The ultima, or last syllable, is never accented. Words of two syllables accent the first, or templum, temple.

penult

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

14 3.

Words of more than two syllables accent the penult when it is long, otherwise the antepenult amare, :

love

to 4.

;

to send.

mittere,

Certain words like -ne, the sign of a question, and -que, a7td,

enclitics,

called

preceding word that amatne, does

are

so

closely joined to the

love ? hominesque,

lie

an accent

syllable has

its last

mid

the men.

EXERCISE Divide into syllables, accent, and pronounce the

21.

following words inlquus

vincam

aedificium

gladi5

gratiae

fllius

coeperunt

cuius

huic

Idem

flliusque

monere

vero

facere

aegritudd

mensarum pugnabo

quae faciebam laudabimus

I NFLECTION

22.

Parts of Speech.

— These

as in English, except that there

are the is

no

same

Latin

in

article in

Latin

:

namely, noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, and the particles. 23.

to

tence. is

—

This is the change that words undergo grammatical relations to the rest of the senThe inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns

Inflection.

show

their

called declension 24.

Declension.

;

of verbs, eonjugation.

— Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives

have

the following cases 1.

2.

Nominative, which Genitive.

It

may

possessive, or

is

the case of the subject.

generally be rendered by the English

by the objective with

of.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 3.

Corresponds to the English objective with the

Dative.

prepositions 4. 5.

6.

to

or for.

Acaisative, the case of the direct object. Vocative, the case of direct address.

Ablative.

ing to

This expresses various relations correspondthe English objective with the prepositions

fro7)i, luit/i,

25. 1.

1

ifi,

finite

tive

;

and

— Verbs

(Conjugation.

Three

by, at,

in

on.

Latin have

moods, Indicative, Subjunctive, Impera-

also Infinitives, Participles, Supines, Gerunds,

and Gerundives. 2.

Six tenses, Present, Imperfect, Future, perfect,

Perfect,

Plu-

Future Perfect.

3.

Two

4.

Three persons,

5.

Two

voices, as in English, Active

and Passive.

as in Itnglish, First, Second, Third.

numbers, as

in English,

Singular and Plural.

Gender 26.

There are three genders. Masculine, Feminine, and

Neuter.

The gender meaning 27. 1.

is

determined partly, as

of the noun, but

English, by the

in

more often by the ending.

General Rules of Gender.

Nouns denoting

names

males, and

and months are masculine t//e

Tiber;

Caesar,

:

Caesar;

of

nauta,

rivers,

sai/or ;

aquilo,

Jiorth

winds, Tiberis, i^'ind

lanuarius, January. 2.

Nouns denoting and

females, and

trees are feminine

Athenae, Athens 3.

;

:

pirus,

names

of countries, towns,

filia,

daughter;

pear

tree.

Indeclinable nouns are neuter

:

Italia, Italy

nihil, nothing.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

l6

LESSON

I

FIRST DECLENSION OR STEMS

i

IN

-a-

Feminine Nouns 28.

Nouns

Latin are divided into

in

five declensions,

or classes, which are distinguished from one another

the ending of the genitive singular.

Nouns

by

of the First

Declension are feminine, unless they denote males, and are declined like the following example Terminations 2

Singular

NoM.

Stella,

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

stellae,

a star (as subject) of a

star, or

^loWSit, to ox for

stars

a star

-ae -ae

stellam, star, or a star (as object) Stella, _//v;//, zvitJi,

-a

by a star

-am -a

Plural

NoM.

stellae, stars (as subject)

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

stellarum, of stars, or stars' %\.q)\\^, to

ox for stars

-arum -is

Stellas, stars (as object) stellis,

-ae

from, with, by stars

-as -is

Note carefully 1.

That the genitive and dative singular and nominative

2.

That the dative and ablative

plural are alike.

^

The stem

is

that part of a

word

to

plural are alike.

which the case endings are attached

in inflection. ^

The terminations

vowel of the stem.

are a combination of the case endings with the final

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

17

That the -a of the ablative singular is long. That the base, or that part of the noun which remains unchanged in inflection, is obtained by dropping the

3.

4.

termination -ae of the genitive singular base, 29.

vocative case

is

like the nominative,

There

may mean

no

is

Latin.

in

article

a

star, the star, or

except

{O) star. Consequently Stella

in certain nouns of the second declension 2.

stellae,

i.e.

stell-.

The

I.

;

stella,

:

star.

VOCABULARY 30.

Learn thoroughly the meanings of the following

words, and decline each noun Hke stella

:

Nouxs puella, ae,

f.,

gii-l.

rosa, ae,

regina, ae,

f.,

queen.

via, ae,

Stella, ae,

f.,

filia,^ ae, f.,

silva, ae,

star.

daughter.

luna, ae,

porta, ae,

f.,

rose.

f., f.,

road, tvay, street.

f., f.,

forest. vioo7i.

gate.

EXERCISES

31.

(Pronounce, give case and number, and translate)

L 5.

Puellarum.

I.

Silvam.

10.

6.

II.

Stellas.

Portls.

2.

FlUabus.

7.

Viarum.

3.

Reglnae. 12.

Luna. 8. Vils.

Filia reglnae.

Rosls.

4.

Portae.

9.

13.

Filias

reglnarum.

n.

The

4.

To

I.

the queen.

2.

rose of the queen.

the stars.

7.

For the

girls.

By a rose. 3. The forests. From the streets. 6. Of 5. 8. By the gates. 9. Of the

daughters. 1

Filia, daughter,

and dea, goddess, have the ending -abus, not

dative and ablative plural.

ESSEN. UK LATIN

2

-is, in

the

ESSENTIALS OF LATliN

1

LESSON

2

FIRST DECLENSION OR STEM IN

-a-

(Continued)

Feminine Adjectives 32.

Feminine adjectives of the First Declension are

declined like the nouns. rosa pulchra, pretty rose

Stem

rosa- pulchra-

Base

ros- pulchr-

SlNGULAR

NoM. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

rosa pulchra, a pretty rose rosae pulchrae, of a pretty rose rdsae pulchrae, to ox for a pretty rose

rosam pulchram, a pretty

rose

rosa pulchra, //v;//,

by a pretty rose

ivitJi,

Plural

NoM. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

rosae pulchrae, pretty roses

rosarum pulchrarum, of pretty

roses

rosis pulchris, to ox for pretty roses

rosas pulchras, pretty roses rosis pulchris,

/r*^;;/, zvitJi,

by pretty roses

Observe that the adjective and noun are case.

Notice the position of the

reference to

its

noun.

noun, as in English.

words

(82).

in

the

same

Latin adjective with

does not always precede the See the remarks on the order of It

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Decline together the

via lata, the wide road ; puella parva,

:

little girl.

33.

Examine the following 1.

2.

Note a.

19

Rosa est pulchra, the Rosae sunt pulchrae,

in these

rose is pretty. tJie

roses

pretty.

2^x0.

sentences

That the subjects rosa and rosae are

in the

nominative

case. b.

c.

That the verb is singular, when the subject is singular; and plural, when the subject is plural. That the predicate adjectives pulchra and pulchrae agree with the subject in case. 34. 1.

Rules of Syntax.

The subject of a

finite verb is

akvays

in the

nomina-

tive case. 2.

A

predicate adjective or noun agrees in case zuith the

subject of the verb.

VOCABULARY

35.

Nouns fabula, ae,

f.,

sagitta, ae,

insula, ae, terra, ae,

f.,

f.,

f.,

Adjectives

bona, good.

story.

arrow.

lata, broad,

lajid,

wide.

longa, long.

island.

country.

magna,

large, great.

pulchra, beautiful, pretty.

Adverbs

Verbs est, {he, she, it) is.

ubi, where,

sunt, {they) are.

non, not.

Conjunction et,

and.

when.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

20

EXERCISES

36. I.

I.

Fabulae sunt longae.

Ubi est pulchra Insula

3.

sagittae sunt longae.

sunt Insulae. pulchrae.

est lata.

Luna

9.

11.

Bonae

5.

Magnae

7.

et stellae

sunt

Ubi sunt Insulae magnae?

Sagittarum longarum.

12.

n.

I.

island.

beautiful is

Via

est lata et pulchra.

est pulchra.

est pulchra.

Latis terrls.

8.

10.

Non

6.

Terra

2.

Luna

4.

?

The good queen is beautiful. 2. It ^ is a large Where are the long arrows ? 4. They are 3. 6. A long storygirls. 5. The land is not wide.

not good.

LESSON

3

FIRST DECLENSION OR STEMS IN -a- (Continued). GENITIVE CASE. PRESENT INDICATIVE OF sum 37.

Examine the following

Rosa puellae

1.

est alba,

:

t/ic

rose of the girl is

zv/iite,

or

the girl's rose is zvhitc.

Rosae puellarum sunt albae, the roses of the girls are

2.

white, or the girls' roses are tvhite.

Observe that puellae but only the

rum

girl's

limits rosae,

rose

limits rosa is

because

defines

—

The genitive 38. Rule. meaning of a noim. 39.

is

not every rose

In the same

white. it

:

is

way

white,

puella-

whose roses are meant.

used

or define the

to litnit

Present Tense, Indicative Mood, of the Verb sum Singular

Plural

1ST Per.

sum, I ant

2D 3D

Per.

es,

Per.

est, {lie, she, it) is

yon are

sumus, {thoit art)

1

1(

estis,

zve are

yon are

sunt, they are is,

est.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Examine the following

40.

21

:

Statement

Questions

Feminaestpulchra,//^^zc6';//^«

Estne femina pulchra? the

is beautiful.

is

zuoman beautiful?

Ubi est sagitta?

zvherc is

the arroiu ?

Observe

That

1.

-ne

That

2.

is

the sign of a question and

is

attached to the

word.

first

-ne

is

not used

if

the question already begins with

a question word.

VOCABULARY

41.

Nouns pecunia, ae, vita, ae,

nova, new.

money.

parva, small.

life.

f.,

copia, ae,

f.,

Adjectives

abundance

f.,

(pi.,

femina, ae, patria,

zvonian.

f.,

ae,

mea, my, mine. tua, your, yours.

troops, forces).

Adverb

f.,

native land,

semper, always, ever.

f.,

Greece.

-ne,

country.

Graecia, ae,

Europa,

ae,

Gallia, ae,

f.,

f.,

enclitic,

sign

of

a

question, but not sepa-

Europe.

rately translated.

Gaul.

EXERCISES

42.

Estne Gallia tua Non sunt parvae feminae. 4. Estne copia patria.^ 3. pecuniae? Non longa est vita feminae. 6. Est pul5. 8. Suntne chra. 7. Copiae reglnae non sunt magnae. I.

I.

Gallia est terra

parvae puellae 10.

Copiae

.-'

9.

patriae

Europae.

2.

Reglna tuae patriae est pulchra. non semper sunt parvae.

meae

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

22

12, Suntne novae Reglnarum r5sae sunt pulchrae. ? 13. Ubi sunt reglnarum copiae ? 14. Feminae Graeciae sunt pulchrae. II. I. We are; you (sing.) are; you(plur.)are. 2. Where are we 4. My country's 3. Of the beautiful women. forces are small. 5. There is not always an abundance of money. 6. Are queens' daughters always beautiful 7. It II.

lunae semper pulchrae

.''

.''

is

a pretty country.

By my

8.

Ancient

daughters.

Roman

LESSON

Coins

4

FIRST CONJUGATION, PRESENT INDICATIVE, DIRECT

OBJECT 43.

Present Indicative of the Verb amo Personal Endings 1

Singular

1ST Per. amo, I love,

am

loving, do love

-0

(or -m),

/

2D Per. amas, j'^^w loir, are loving, do love 3D Per. am at, Jie loves, is loving, does love

-s,yoii (or tJioii)

Plural

Personal Endings

-t, Jie,

she, it

1ST Per. amamus, tve love, are loving, do love

-mus, zve

2D Per. amatis, yon 3D Per. amant, tJiey ^

you

love,

are loving, do love

-tis,

love,

are loving, do love

-nt, tJiey

These are the personal endings of

all tenses, excejit

the perfect indicative.

ESSENTIALS OF LATLN

23

Observe 1.

That the personal endings are added to the stem ama-, in the first the final vowel of which is lost before person singular.

2.

That the person and number of a Latin verb are indicated by the ending, and not by the use of a pronoun, as in English. 44.

Like amo, conjugate the present indicative of pugno, I figJit voco,

45. 1.

2. 3.

4.

laudo,

eall

Carefully examine the following

:

Nautam laudant, they pj'aise the sailor. Nautam laudamus, ive praise the sailor. these sentences you will see

That the

direct object of the verb,

action of the verb affects, 2.

/ blame I praise

Regina nautam laudat, tJie queen praises the sailor. Reginae nautam laudant, the queens praise the sailor.

From 1.

/

culpo,

That when a noun

is

is

i.e.

that which the

in the accusative case.

the subject, the verb

is

third

person. 3.

That when a noun is not the subject, the subject is not expressed by a separate word. Why must the pronouns be expressed in English That the verb is in the same nu)>iber and person as the 'i

4.

subject. 46. 1.

2.

Rules

A

of

Syntax.

verb agrees zvith

The direct

tive case.

object

its

subject in

number anel person.

of a transitive verb

is in the

accusa-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

24

VOCABULARY

47-

agricola, ae, m.,^ farmer.

amo, /

nauta, ae, m.,^ sailor.

pugno, I fight.

Italia, ae,

f.,

Italy.

Roma,

f.,

Rojfic.

ae,

inopia, ae, i\^di,

f.,

love,

I like.

I call. / blame. laudo, I praise. voco,

culpo,

lack, 7vant.

faithful.

cur, adv.,

superba, proud, haughty.

in,

why?

prep, with abl.,

/;/,

on.

Roman Plow

Ancient

REVIEW EXERCISES

48.

2. Pecunia mea. I, Graeciae Tnsulae sunt parvae. Suntne copiac patriae tuae magnae 4. Feminae flliae 6. Pulnon semper sunt bonae. 5. Est copia pecuniae. chrae sunt Europae viae. 7. Estne fabula nova } II. 2. Are the queen's I. Where are you (plur.).'' daughters beautiful ? She is small. 4. (O) queen, 3. where is your daughter.'' 5. We are; you are (sing.). I.

3.

.''

EXERCISES

49.

pugnamus. Vocas vo2. Cur agricolas culpamus } 4. In Itaha inopia est pecuniae. Laudantne nautas 5. 6. Superbas feminas non amamus. Reglnae nautas 7. non laudamus. 8. Superbae in Gallia sunt puellae. I.

Pugnatis

I.

cantne

.?

vocatisne

pugnat

;

}

;

;

3.

.''

1

A

masculine noun of the

first

declension.

Why

?

See 27,

i.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Ubi sunt agricolarum II. R5sae magnae

9.

flliae

Cur nautam

10.

?

25

et pulchrae sunt in

pat?

mea

cul-

patria.

Agricolae inopiam pecuniae non amant. I. We blame; she praises; you (plur.) are calling. II.

12.

2.

They

are fighting

you

;

(sing.) call

are pretty roses in Italy. 5.

The woman

is

4.

Why

;

we

fight.

3.

There ^

do you blame the sailor

calling the sailor's daughters.

6.

Italy

?

is

a country of Europe.

LESSON

5

SECOND DECLENSION OR STEMS IN -0-. MASCULINE NOUNS IN -us. MASCULINE ADJECTIVES hortus, m.,

50.

garden

Stem

horto-

Base

hort-

Terminations

Singular

NoM.

hortus

-us

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

horti

-i

horto

-0

hortum

-um

horto

-0

Plural

1

there

NoM.

horti

-i

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

hortorum

-orum

hortis

-is

hortos

-OS

hortis

-is

There are, sunt; also

and

it

used in

this

it is,

way.

est.

There are no special words

in

Latin for

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

26

The masculine

51.

nouns

like the

of adjectives ending in -us

of this declension

hortus parvus,

tJie

ending

is

declined

in -us.

small garden Plural

Singular

NOM.

hortus parvus

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

horti parvi

hortorum parvorum

horto parvo

hortis parvis

52.

alike

hortum parvum

hortos parvos

horto parvo

hortis parvis

What

I.

Which

?

minations

case terminations of this declension are are the

same

as the

29,

to

-e

:

domine, {O) master.

which the terminations are added

obtained by dropping the

base

ter-

I.

The base

3.

declension

vocative singular of nouns in -us of the second

declension has a special form in

See

first

?

The

2.

horti parvi

-i

of the genitive singular

:

is

horti,

hort-.

4.

Conjugate the present indicative of the verbs given vocabulary below.

in the

VOCABULARY

53.

amicus, cibus,

i,

dominus, equus,

m., friend.

va.,food.

i,

i,

i,

m., master, lord,

m., horse.

garden.

hortus,

i,

vc\.,

servus,

i,

m., slave, servant,

sed, conj., but.

magnus, great,

"bonus, good.

malus, bad,

superbus, prond, haughty. tidius,

faithful.

delecto,

servo, large.

evil.

parvus, small.

save.

/ delight, I please. / keep, I preserve I ^

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

27

REVIEW EXERCISES

54-

I. Reglnae nautas laudas. 2. Amatisne Romam ? Nautae in via pugnant. Ubi nautae pugnant ? 4. Flliam reglnae non amant. 6. Agricolas non semper

I.

3. 5.

laudant. I. Is there a lack of money in your native country The queen's daughter blames the woman. 3. Where is the sailor's money

II.

?

2.

.''

EXERCISES

55I.

DominS

I.

;

amicorum

equl.

;

Amlcls

2.

;

domini

Servus est amicus agricolae. sunt boni non magnl. Equl sed 5. Reglna fidum servum 4. 6. Superbum dominum non amant. laudat. 7. Reglnae superbl

;

equis magnls.

3.

malum servum culpat. 8. Cibum domino serv^ant. 10. Agricolae Amice, culpasne dominum servorum parvos equos non laudant. 11. Cibus est in horto. 12. Cur fidl equl dominds delectant

filia

.''

9.

.''

II. 2.

I.

To

The food

the masters; of the horse; of the slaves

in the garden.

garden

is

the slaves.

4.

He

is

not good.

blames

his

^

large, but not beautiful. 7.

Slave,

where 1

is

for the slaves.

The master is 5. The pleases Good food 3.

faithful horse. 6.

the sailor's friend

Omit.

Coin of Caesar

.''

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

28

LESSON SECOND DECLENSION

(Continued).

APPOSITIVE. 56.

NEUTERS

IN -um.

INDIRECT OBJECT

donum gratum,

donum, gift

Stem

6

dono-

Base don-

acceptable gift

Stem

dono-, grato-

Base

don-, grat-

Singular

SlNGULAR

NOM.

donum

NOM.

donum gratum

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

doni

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

doni grati

dono

donum dono

dono grato donum gratum dono grato Plural

Pl.URAL

NOM.

dona

NOM.

d5na grata

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

donorum

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

donorum gratorum

don is

dona donis

d5nis gratis

dona grata ddnis gratis

Observe that the nominative and accusative of neuter nouns are aUke, and that the nominative plural ends in -a. This is true of all neuter nouns of all declensions. 57. 1

.

Examine the following

Marcus agricola

f iliae

:

equum

dat,

Marcus, the fanner,

gives {his^ daughter a horse, or gives a horse

to {his)

daugJiter. 2.

Marco amico cibum do, / give Marcus {ijiy) friend food, OR I give food to Marcus, viy friend.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Observe 1.

2.

29

in these sentences

That agricola denotes the same person as Marcus, and that it tells something about him, and is in the same Such a word is called an appositive. Amico case. Compare with 33, c, has the same relation to Marco. and note the difference. That equum and cibum, being directly affected by the action of their respective verbs, are in the accusative,

but that

f iliae

and Marco are

in the dative case,

because

they are indirectly affected by the verb.

Rules of Syntax.

58.

An

1.

appositive agrees in case

zvitJi

the

noun

zuhich

it

limits.

The

2.

indirect object of a verb is in the dative case.

VOCABULARY

59.

bellum,

i,

n., %var.

Marcus,

donum,

i,

n,, gift.

incola, ae,

oppidum,

i,

n.,

town.

prep,

with

against ; with

Romanus,

ace,

gratus, into,

abl., in, on,

over.

I.

horto.

inhab-

m.,

i,

um,

a,

Roman. acceptable,

pleasing. do,

T give. / carry.

Malum servum .-'

3.

2. Laudantne domini EquT domini sunt in magno horto.

culpamus.

cibum dominorum servant 5. Agricolae equos non semper laudant. 6. Est cibus in domini

Ubi

fidos

f.,

REVIEW EXERCISES

superbl servos fidos 4.

m. and

ports,

60. I.

m., Marcus.

itant.

frumentum, i, n., grain. vinum, i, n., wine. in,

i,

servl

7.

Femina amici

.-'

filiam vocat.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

30 II.

She praises

I.

my

friend's garden.

pleases your daughter.

3.

but blames the servants. Greece.

Why

5.

I.

A good horse friend,

does the garden please the farmer

are in ?

EXERCISES

61.

3.

2.

The master praises the 4. The sailors' friends

OppidTs; bella; vino. 2. Marcus nauta est fidus. vinum damns. 4. Bellum est R5manls gratum.

I.

Incolls

Marcus agricolarum oppidum frumentum 8. Filiae reglnae in horto sunt. portant. 9. Vinum Marc5 grata. incolls oppidi sunt 11. Cur 10. Dona nautae dant. 1 2. Portantne nautae cibum et vinum vinum servTs datis ?

Cibum

5.

amicus

in

Galliam II.

oppidum portamus. Romanus. 7. Incolae

in

est

I.

?

To Marcus,

Are you giving

2.

6.

in

the farmer;

for

the

the horses good grain

?

good wine.

Wars

3.

de-

proud Romans. 4. The farmer gives the horse 5. The queen gives wine to Marcus, the sailor.

light the

food. 6.

They carry roses into the garden. Roman's daughters.

7,

The

gifts please

the

LESSON

7

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. AGREEMENT and second declension are As has been seen in 51 and 56, the endings of the masculine and neuter of adjectives are the same as the endings of the nouns of the second declension, and the feminine endings are the same as those of nouns of the first declension (32). The complete declension of bonus, ^ood, is as follows 62.

Adjectives of the

first

declined like nouns of those declensions.

:

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

31

Singular Feminine

Neuter

bonum

bono

bona bonae bonae

Ace.

bonum

bonam

bonum

Abl.

bono

bona

bono

Masculine

NOM.

bonus

Gen. DAT.

boni

boni

bono

Plural

NOM.

boni

bonae

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

bonorum

bonarum

bona bonorum

bonis

bonis

bonis

bonos

bonas

bona

bonis

bonis

bonis

1.

What

2.

DecHne

is

the vocative singular of bonus?

faithful friend ;

magnum, 63. 1

.

2.

puella parva,

little

girl ;

oppidum

Examine the following

Amicus

est fidus,

tJie

friend

is

faithful.

Agricolae sunt validi, the farmers are sturdy.

3.

Puellae sunt parvae, the

Nautas superbos non amamus,

Compare

glials

are small. %ve

do not like proud sailor's.

carefully the endings of the

tives in these sentences,

b.

52, 2.

large town.

4.

a.

See

together, adding the vocative case, amicus fidus,

nouns and adjec-

and notice

That the adjectives are in the same number, gender, and case as the nouns they modify. That the endings of the nouns and adjectives are not always the same, for adjectives modifying mascuUne nouns of the first declension must have the masculine endings, which are second declension endings.

Which

of the above sentences illustrate this

.''

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

32

Decline

64.

nauta

together

poculum magnum,

bonus,

cup;

large

tJic

tJie

good

agricola

sailor;

validus,

the

strong fanner.

Rule

65.

of

Syntax.

in gender, nuinber,

— Adjectives agree

malus,

um,

a,

bad,

um, wide, broad. um, neiv. fidus, a, um, faithful, loyal. superbus, um, proiid, a, latus, a,

evil,

wicked.

novus,

um, great, large, um, small. tuus, a, um, your, yours. gratus, a, um, acceptable, magnus,

parvus,

a,

a,

a,

haughty. validus,

pleasing.

un, white. um, dear. peritus, a, um, skillful. longus, a, um, long.

um, strong, sturdy. / call together, I

a,

convoco,

suun/ion.

albus, a, carus, a,

hodie, adv., to-day.

nunc, adv.,

nozi>.

REVIEW EXERCISES

67. I.

Flliae equTs

cibum dant.

agricolae non est grata. 4.

their nouns

VOCABULARY

66.

I.

ivitJi

and case.

2.

Inopia pecuniae Marco

Vocatisne incolas Galliae

3.

.''

Ubi RomanI pugnant.'* 5. Nautae reglnae dona grata 6. Nauta Marco agricolae bonurn vinum dat.

dant.

I. The sailor gives acceptable gifts to his daughter. The daughter of Marcus, the farmer, saves the town. They give the women money. 4. He is carrying

II. 2. 3.

grain into the town.

EXERCISES

68. I.

I.

EquI

est hodie 4.

albi

frumentum

nauta pcrltus

D5na mels

amicis

}

sunt

3.

in

oppidum

portant.

2.

Ubi

In oppido nunc est nauta.

semper

grata.

5.

Equum

ESSENTIALS OF LATLN valid5

agricolae

dant.

femiiiae

peritos agricolas

non culpamus.

colas fidos delectant.

Reglna siiperba

6.

magnum oppidum serv5s convocat. 8, Mea filia non est fidos vocat.

33

7.

Dominus

in horto.

Dona

10.

Est nova luna.

11.

in

servos

Hodie

9.

reglnae

in-

Cur

12.

in

hortum agricolas validos convocas ? II. I. A sailor is not always faithful.

now praising the skillful farmers. mons the wicked inhabitants into the praising your faithful friend to-day.

inhabitants in the towns.

6.

2. They are The queen sum-

3.

towns. 5.

The queen

We

4.

are

There are many is

giving Marcus,

the farmer, a slave.

LESSON

8

SECON]D DECLENSION (Continued). -er

AND

MASCULINES

IN

-ir

Paradigms

69.

puer. boy

ager, field

.

Stem

Stem

puero-

agro-

Base agr-

Base puer;

vir,

man

Stem

viro-

Base

vir-

SlNGULAR

NOM.

puer

ager

vir

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

pueri

agri

viri

puero

agro

viro

puerum

agrum

virum

puero

agro

viro

NOM.

pueri

agri

viri

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

puerorum

agrorum

virorum

Plural

pueris

agris

viris

pueros

agros

viros

agris

viris

pueris ESSEN.

OK LATIN

—3

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

34 1.

Are the terminations the same

2.

Is the

as in 50?

way

base obtained in the same

as in previous

nouns? 3.

4.

The vocative is like the nominative. See 29, i, and 52, 2. Compare carefully puer and ager, and note that the base of ager has no e before

r.

Like puer, decline

70.

gener, generi, m., son-in-law socer, soceri, xn., fat/ici'-in-lazu liberi,

liberorum, m. (plur.), children

These and a few other nouns are the only ones that are Most nouns of this declension are declined like puer. declined like ager.

VOCABULARY

71. liber, libri, m., book.

ager, agri, m., field.

gener, generi, m., son-in-lazv.

Gallus,

m., fatlwr-in-

soceri,

socer,

m., a Gaul.

puer, pueri, m., boy.

laxi'.

liberi,

i,

vir, viri, m., i>iau.

liberorum, m. (plur.),

multus,

children.

magister,

discipulus,

m.,

magistri,

(plur.),

i,

\w.,

pupil.

um, m., mauy.

a,

viucJi

teacher, master.

REVIEW EXERCISES

72. I.

I.

Inopia frumenti est in Gallia.

2.

IncolTs oppidi

Servus dona agricolae in oppidum portat. 4. Estne nunc pecuniae copia 5. Agricolarum vita Gallos non delectat. 6. Cur in pulchram Insulam

magni equos

dant.

3.

.''

frumentum portamus II.

many

I.

The

?

inhabitants like a good story.

sturdy farmers in

my

country.

3.

2.

There are

The Romans

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN are

summoning many

troops into the towns.

farmers in the forest, and

many

sailors

on the

4.

There are

island.

EXERCISES

73. I.

35

I.

Mult!

librT

sunt in oppid5.

2.

Virlpuellas et pueros

oppidum portamus. 4. Liber meo genero est gratus. 5. Regina llberos in oppidum convocat. 6. Discipuli magistri amicum laudant. 7. Agricolae multl nunc sunt in agro. 8. Mens socer llberos magistri laudat. 10. Magister discipul5s non 9. Incolarum agri sunt latL 11. Ubi nunc sunt flliae meae libri.^ semper culpat. 12. EquI multos viros in silvam portant. laudant.

3.

Cibum

in

A Roman

School

II. I. 2. My The boys are my children's friends. farmdaughter loves her father-in-law. The sturdy 3.

ers

are

calling

teacher gives the sailors in the

pupils.

the

servants

man

town.

a book. 6.

The

into 5.

the

fields.

4.

The

There are not many

teacher praises his faithful

ESSENTIALS OF LATJN

36

LESSON SECOND DECLENSION

AND

-ius

9

(Coxtinued).

ADJECTIVES IN

-ium.

MASCULINES IN -er,

(-e)ra, (-e)ruin

Paradigms

74filius,

son

Stem

filio-

Stem

proelio-

Base

fili-

Base

proeli-

proelium, battle

Singular

NOM.

fllius

proelium

Gen. DAT. Acc. Abl.

fill (fllii)

proeli (proelii)

filio

proclio

fT]ium

proelium

fIlio

proclio

NOM.

fllii

proelia

Gen. DAT. Acc. Abl.

filiorum

proeliorum

flliis

proeliis

fllios

proelia

filiis

proeliis

Plural

The

genitive singular of nouns in -ius and -ium generally

ends

in a single

-i,

and the accent remains on the same

syllable as in the nominative

:

consilium,

//c/;/ ;

singular

ends

(gen.)

consili. 2.

nouns

In

fili,

in

((9)

-ius,

son;

the

vocative

in

-i

:

Mercurius, (voc.) Mercuri, (6>) Mer-

cury. 3-

Do

these nouns in other respects differ from those in

Lesson

5

}

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN free

liber,

75-

37

Stem

libero-

Base

liber-

SlNGULAR Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

NOM.

liber

libera

llberum

Gen. DAT.

liberi

llberae

liberi

llbero

liberae

libero

etc.

niger, black

Stem

nigro-

Base

nigr-

SlNGULAR

NOM.

niger

nigra

nigrum

Gen. DAT.

nigri

nigrae

nigri

nigrae

nigro

nigro

etc.

1.

2.

Complete the declension of these adjectives. It has been noticed that adjectives in -us, -a, -um are declined in the masculine like hortus(50).

Likewise

-er, -era, -erum are declined in the mascupuer (69), and those in -er, -ra, -rum like ager

adjectives in line like

(69).

The feminine and neuter of donum (56).

these adjectives

follow Stella (28) and 3.

Learn the adjectives

in the

vocabulary that have e be-

Most other adjectives and second declension are declined like nigra, nigrum. See 70.

fore the final r of the base. of the niger,

first

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

38 76.

Distinguish carefully liber, libera, liberi,

llherum, free.

liberorum, m. (plur.), cJiildren.

liber, libri, m., book.

Roman Books

Summary of Nouns of First and Second Declensions

77.

First Declension

Nom.

Gender

Sing. Terminations

Feminine

-a

(Except names of males, 26, 27)

Second Declension -us -ius

Masculine -er -ir

-um -ium

1

Neuter I

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1.

How

2.

In what nouns

3.

In what nouns

is

the base of a noun obtained

nominative of

is

?

is

there an irregularity in the formation

the genitive singular

plural

?

the vocative singular not like the

?

the dative and ablative

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Enumerate the nouns and adjectives

4.

39

have

in -er that

e

before the r of the base.

VOCABULARY

78.

proelium, proeli,

filius, fill, m., son.

nuntius, gladius,

i, i,

m., messenger.

asper, aspera, asperum, ;w/^/r,

beantiful, pretty.

fierce.

tenerum,

tenera,

ten-

n.,

i,

building.

I.

I.

Puerds fidos vocatis.

convocant II.

4.

6.

delectat.

are carrying friend

Liber,

2. 3.

Agricolae

Lataenc sunt viae

Ciir nuntii llberos in

praise the sons of free men.

the inhabitants in the towns of Greece.

much

Italiae?

oppidum

3.

grain into the towns.

Many are The Romans I am giving 2.

4.

Marcus a large book. E.XERCISES

80. I.

4.

sloiv,

?

They

I.

puerum

magistri,

magnos amant.

multl equos

sunt

pigrum,

lazy.

In agro Marcl amici multl sunt equl.

d5num pulchrum

my

nigrum, black.

pigra,

REVIEW EXERCISES

79.

5.

niger, nigra, piger,

dcr.

aedificium,

miserum,

wretched, poor.

m., sivord.

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum,

tener,

n., battle.

misera,

miser,

I.

Aedificia in Graecia sunt pulchra.

librl

tul

?

3.

Nuntiorum

Viri gladios multos in

multae

et

tenerae sunt

in

aspera

miser! pigros equos non amant. delectant. grata.

9.

8.

2.

Fill,

ubi

n5n sunt longae. aedificium portant. Rosae 5.

Dona mei

sagittae

7.

generl

silva.

6.

Agricolae

Proelia nautas asperos fllils

et

fTliabus

sunt

Cur dominus superbus servos pigros culpat

.''

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

40 Nunti

lo.

libr5s

filio

mult5s

Galliae liberos delectant.

multae sagittae II.

do.

12.

In

pretty.

is

great buildings please the fierce inhabitants. ger, are

you carrying

my

sword

pleasing to the Romans.

black horse.

pulchrae

aedificio sunt

et multl gladil.

The messenger's daughter

I.

Viae

ii.

magno

6.

4.

?

2.

The

Messen-

3.

Fierce battles are

You are giving my son a many women and men in the

5.

There are

beautiful building:.

Gladius

LESSON

10

IMPERFECT AND FUTURE OF sum. REVIEW 81.

sum

Review

39.

The imperfect and

future tenses of

are conjugated as follows:

Future

Imperfect Singular I.

eram, / zuas

1.

ero,

/ shall be

2.

era.s,you zvere

2.

eris,

you

3-

erat,

3-

erit,

he will be

I.

eramus,

I.

erimus,

2.

eratis,

zvere

2.

eritis,

3-

erant, tJiey lucre

3-

erunt, they will be

he zvas

ivill

be

Plural

I.

we were

you

we

shall be

you will be

Are the personal endings of these tenses regular Are these endings the same as those of See 43 the present of sum .''

.-*

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 82.

Order of Words.

of the words tively

few

is

— In an English sentence the order

very important, because of the compara-

inflectional endings.

may change

41

entirely the

A

meaning

change a

of

in

the order

sentence.

For

example Caesar praises the loyal farmers.

The loyal farmers praise Caesar. In Latin, a change in the order of the words does not

change the meaning of the sentence, but merely shows the emphasis which the writer wishes to give to a particular word or phrase. For example :

1.

Caesar agricolas fidos laudat, Caesar praises the loyal

2.

Caesar fidos agricolas laudat, Caesar praises the loyal

3.

Agricolas fidos laudat Caesar, Caesar praises the loyal

farmers. farme}-s.

farmers.

The first sentence shows the normal order, and implies no special emphasis on any word, but this order is often changed to express the emphasis the writer wishes to show. In the second sentence fidos is more emphatic than it was in the first.

In the third agricolas fidos

is

emphatic.

83.

Review List of Nouns of the First and Second Declensions 1.

Review of

2.

and declension

carefully the meaning, gender,

each noun.

Recall any English equivalents that the Latin words suggest,

viz.,

vita,

vital ;

nauta,

naritical.

watch for relationship between Latin words, ager,

field ;

agricola,

farmer.

Do

words of succeeding vocabularies.

this

for

Also viz.,

new

ESSEiNTIALS OF LATIN

42 incola

gladius

agricola

luna

aedificium

discipulus

vir

patria

porta

vlnum

ager

copia

fabula

frumentum oppidum

sagitta

femina gener

vita

insula

proelium

pecunia

bellum

donura

.

puer

hortus

terra

amicus dominus

via

silva

reglna

servus

liber

rosa

inopia

Stella

equus

socer

cibus

nauta

filia

fllius

EXERCISES

84I.

Erimus

I.

Erant; es;

3.

erant

eramus

;

eris.

parvl.

;

nuntl

Filia

6.

erant pigrl.

magno

9.

sumus.

2.

Eras; erunt;

4.

Reglnae copiae erunt

7.

Eratis; eritis

eris.

crat

in

in tua patria.

;

estis.

Filii

agricolae

Insula

pulchra.

5.

8.

Nautae non

Ubi gladius mel amid erat?

10.

In

aedificio erat.

II.

I.

We

were;

we

are;

we

shall be.

be; you (plur.) will be; she was.

he

magister

will

be

not lazy.

;

you 5.

(sing.) will be.

The

sailor's

3.

4.

My

You

2.

They

(sing.)

friend's horse

sons were small.

6.

The

will

were;

was

fierce

inhabitants will be slaves of the queen.

LESSON FIRST CONJUGATION.

II

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

FORMATION

AND CONJUGATION OF THE IMPERFECT AND FUTURE 85.

Review 25 and

43.

classes or conjugations.

Latin verbs are divided into four

These conjugations are

guished by the vowel before the active.

Thus

distin-

-re of the present infinitive

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

43

Present Active Infinitive

Conjugation

amare,

I.

monere,

II.

^'^^Vo\vei"''^^

a

to love

to

advise

e

III.

regere, to rule

e

IV.

audire, to /war

I

86.

The

principal parts of the verb are (i)the present

indicative active, (2) the present infinitive active, (3) the perfect indicative active, (4) the perfect passive participle.

These four forms of a verb must be known, because from them are obtained the stems necessary to the formation of These stems are called (i) present all forms of the verb. stem, (2) perfect stem, (3) participial stem, and are obtained from the principal parts as follows Pres. Ind.

amo

Pres. Inf.

Perf. Ind.

ama|re

amavli

I

Perf. Part.

amatus

I

present stem

I

perfect stem

participial

stem

Paradigm

87.

Imperfect Indicative Active Singular

2.

amabam, / zvas loving, I loved, I did love am abas, jou were loving, loved, did love

3.

amabat, he zvas loving, loved, did love

1.

amabamus,

2.

amabatis,

3.

amabant, they zvere loving, loved,

1.

Plural zve zvere loving, loved,

yo?i,

zvere loving, loved,

did love did love did love

Future Indicative Active Plural

Singular I.

2iX\\?s\Am.ViS,

2.

I shall love aniabis, yon zvill love

2.

amabitis,

3.

amabit, he

3.

amabunt, they

1.

TxxVi'^Od^,

zvill love

zve shall loz^e

yon

zvill love

zvill lozfe

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

44

Observe 1.

That the

first

person of the imperfect

is

ing -bam to the present stem, and the

found by addperson of

first

Thus:

the future by adding -bo to the present stem.

amo amo 2.

pres. stem

imper.,

pres.

fut.,

amastem ama-

ama-bam

ama-bo

That the personal endings are the same See 43.

present tense.

Learn the principal

88.

as used in the

parts,

and form and conjugate

the imperfect and future active of the following verbs

pugno,

figJit,

:

pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatus

laudo, praise, laudare, laudavi, laudatus culpo, blame, culpare, culpavi, culpatus

convoco, snunnon, convocare, convocavi, convocatus

VOCABULARY

89. locus,

m.

i,

(plur.), loci, m.,

and loca, -n., place. praemium, i, n., reivard. pilum,

saxum, telum,

i,

i, i,

x\.,

um,

fit, suitable.

pare, provide. contra, prep. with ace. ,rt'^^??V-'i"A

weapon.

REVIEW EXERCISES

90. I.

a,

comparo, are, avi, atus, pre-

javelin.

n., rock.

n.,

castra, orum, n. (plur.), r^w/.

idoneus,

I.

Galll flliabus agricolarum

generum

laudat.

3.

Erant

in

cibum non dant.

2.

Socer

Graecia aedificia pulchra.

In nigram silvam nuntios convocat.

5. Virl inopiam cibi non amant. 6. Mult! gladil sunt semper in oppido. II. I. Son, where is my sword 2. They are carrying the grain into the large building. 3. You give my daughter many roses. 4. Why does the island please the boys

4.

et vini

.-^

.-*

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

45

EXERCISES

91.

laudabant; convocabis. 2. Pugnabamus I. I. Culpabat comparabas; dabunt. 3. Portabimus; culpabitis laudabit. 5. Praemia idonea 4. Bellum contra Gallos comparabant. 6. Galli in castra cibum et tela portant. vir5s delectabunt. 8. Ubi est locus castrls 7. Id5neane praemia comparabitis ? idoneus ? 9. Fill praemium erit pulchrum pllum. 10. Id511. Multae sagittae et pila sunt in nea pTla viris dabimus. castrls. 12. Galll bellum contra Romanes comparabunt. they gave she was giving. II. I. You (plur.) will give 2. We praised he will blame we are summoning. 3. They will carry we shall give you (sing.) were praising. 4. We were preparing a place suitable for a camp. 5. He will 6. The Romans prepared give his daughter a reward. war against the Gauls. 7. The weapons of the Gauls ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

were rocks and arrows.

LESSON

12

FIRST CONJUGATION (Continued).

PERFECT.

ABLATIVE

OF MEANS Paradigm

92.

Perfect Indicative Active of amo, / CTvir^TTT A biNGULAR T,

1.

amavi, I Jiave loved, I loved, I

you have

loved, etc.

2.

amavisti,

3.

amavit, he has loved, etc.

love

Personal Endings with Connecting Vowel did love -i -isti -it

Plural 1.

2.

3.

amavimus,

have loved, etc. amavistis, you have loved, etc. amaverunt, or amavere, they have loved,

-imus

zue

-istis

etc.

-erunt (-ere)

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

46

endings of the perfect tense are the same in Notice that these endings differ

TJic personal

1.

all the conjugations.

from those of the present, imperfect, and future tenses. Compare the second and third translations of the perThere is this fect with those of the imperfect {2>7). difference in the use of the two tenses the perfect denotes a completed act, the imperfect an act goi/ig

2.

:

on, repeated, or continued.

Conjugate the perfect of the verbs

3.

Examine

93.

the following

:

Hastis et sagittis pugnabant,

1.

and

tJiey

means 'f

means

action

is

we

shall bring grain by

sagittis, equis, c.\i)rcss

Rule

accomplished.

of

— The

Syntax.

means or instrument of an

expressed by the ablative witJiout a preposition.

is

VOCABULARY

95.

legatus,

i,

m.,

ambassador,

orum,

Graeci,

m.

(plur.),

supero,

are,

avi,

atus,

avi,

atus,

equip.

n. (plur.), ai^ms,

weapons.

few, a few. sur-

pass, conquer, overcome. are,

besiege.

arma, orum,

Greeks. pauci, ae, a,

do, dare, dedi,^ datus, give.

oppugno, are, avi, atus, at tacky

lieutenant.

armo,

spears

or instrument, the things with which the action

of the verb 94.

xvitJi

horses.

Notice that the ablatives hastis, the

fought

arrows.

Equis frumentum portabimus,

2.

in ZZ.

arm,

hiberna, orum, n.( plur.),

Helvetii,

orum,

Plelvetians. ^

tc//^-

ter qitarters.

Note the irregular

perfect.

m.

(plur.),

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

47

REVIEW EXERCISES

96.

2. Naiitae fldi Socer mens dona filiabus dabit. Tela idonea in castra Romanes pugnabant. 3. 5. Seni portabunt. 4. Copia magna tel5rum est in loco. aedificia non portabant. in frumentum pigri multum Locus magno proelio non erit idoneus. 6. The camp of the Romans was large. 2. Why I. II. I.

I.

contra

did he give the inhabitants

many

weapons?

3.

spears and arrows into the town.

We

shall carry

He was

4.

prais-

ing the queen's forces.

EXERCISES

97. I.

I.

Pugnavisti;

dedistlne

.'*

laudavimus.

oppidi multa arma comparaverunt.

3.

Incolae

2.

Helvetil

oppidum

oppugnabant. 4. Equls in aedificium cibum Arma pauca virls dedimus. 6. Cur Roman! portavit. 5. Graecds superaverunt ? 7. Legatus multum frumentum in hiberna portavit. 8. Roman! Helvetiorum oppida sagitt!s 9. Incolas !nsulae tel!s armabimus. et p!l!s oppugnabant. saxis et armis

10.

In h!bern!s sunt pauca tela et multus cibus.

hast!s et sagittis superavit.

12.

Locus

11.

Gallos

est hibernis idoneus.

have given; did he blame? 2. We have equipped they were conquering she gave. 3. The 4. The Romans Gauls fought with spears and arrows. II.

I.

You

(plur.)

;

;

have attacked the camp of the Greeks. rewards he summoned the Helvetians.

Filuin

5.

By means

of

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

48

LESSON

13

FIRST CONJUGATION (Continued). PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT. REVIEW 98.

Review

AND

81.

Pluperfect Indicative Active of amo, /

love

Singular

I Iiad loved

1.

?iVci2MtX2im.,

2.

amaveras, yoji had loved

3.

amaverat,

/ic

had loved

Plural 1.

amaveramus, we had loved

2.

amaveratis, yoii

3.

amaverant, they had loved

had loved

Future Perfect Indicative Active Singular 1.

amavero, I shall have loved

2.

amaveris, you will have loved

3.

amaverit, he

1.

amaverimus,

2.

amaveritis,

3.

amaverint, they

ivill

have loved

Plural

I.

The

ive shall

j'
have loved

will have- loved luill

have loved

pluperfect is formed by the perfect stem amavand eram the future perfect by the same stem and There is an exception in one form of the future ero. ;

perfect.

Which

.-'

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Review

99.

49

Observe that

carefully 43, 85, 86, 87, 92.

the present stem is used in the formation of the present, imperfect, and future tenses, and the perfect stem in the

formation of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses.

Table for the Formation of the Indicative Active Present Tense,

First one of the principal parts.

Imperfect Tense,

Present stem

Future Tense,

Present stem

Perfect Tense,

Third one of the principal parts.

Pluperfect Tense,

Perfect stem

+ bam. + bo. + +

Future Perfect Tense, Perfect stem 100.

eram. ero.

Give the principal parts, and form the first person all tenses of the indicative, adding the EngHsh

singular of

meanings, of the following verbs that have occurred in the previous vocabularies

pugno d5

laud5

culpo

voco convocd

•

supero

oppugno

porto

delects

armo compar5

servo

Give the complete conjugation of

I.

all

tenses of the

indicative of at least three verbs in this

vocabulary

lOI.

maturo, are, avi, atus,

Jiasten.

expugno, are, avi, atus, capture, take

ad,

list.

prep,

by storm. with

ace,

towards, near. ESSEN. OF LATIN

to,

mox,

um, loild, barbarous, impedimentum, i, n., Jiindrance ; vicus,

—4

adv., soon.

ferus, a,

i,

(plur.),

baggage.

m., village.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

50

REVIEW EXERCISES

102.

Gladils

I.

I.

et

incolas

sagittis

oppidi superaverimt.

Contra Romanos bellum Galll comparabunt. In 3. oppido Helvetiorum erit cibi inopia. 4. Legatus agrico2.

las

armavit.

pills

Gladium piilchrum Marco nautae

5.

perlto dederunt.

In castra puellas et pueros convo-

6.

cabant. II.

There

I.

friend's

fields.

pleased

the

weapons. horse.

5.

parare

^

3.

a

He

will

grain of

in

not

my

queen,

the

fight

with

a beautiful

EXERCISES ;

maturavit.

expugnaverant. 2. Pordederamus. Arma com3. Parvum Helvetiorum oppidum

laudaveris

delectaveratis

;

of

gift

They have given the woman Has he armed many slaves.''

Maturaveras

I.

arrows,

messenger.

•

taveritis

abundance

an

The

4.

103. I.

was 2.

;

4.

;

Impedimenta multa in vTcum portaverimus. 6. Dona ad rcglnam portabant. 7. RegTnae copiae crant ferae. 8. Ad ^oppidum erat frumenti copia. 10. Gladils 9. V^icos multos Gallorum mox oppugnaverit. ad^ impedimenta pugnaverant. 11. Multam pecuniam incolls non dedimus. 12. Mox in agrls latis Gallorum erit frumentum. expugnaverant.

II.

I.

He

will

5.

hasten

;

he

will

have hastened.

2.

They

had given we have given you will have j^raised. 3. He had carried much baggage into the town. 4. They will soon have taken by storm many towns. Why did he 5. not hasten to provide grain ? 6. Near the beautiful village were broad fields. ;

^

;

Present infinitive,

to

provide.

See 85.

^ jjgar.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

5

14

SECOND CONJUGATION. CHARACTERISTICS. FORMATION AND CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE INDICATIVE 104. All verbs whose present stem ends in e are classed The various tenses of under the Second Conjugation. these verbs are formed from the principal parts precisely like those of the First

Conjugation.

Review

86, 87, 98, 99.

moneo, / advise or ivarn Prin. Parts

moneo, monere, monui, monitus

:

monui

Pres.

moneo

Perf.

Imperf.

monebam

Plup.

monueram

FUT.

monebo

FuT. Perf.

monuero

105-

Conjugation of Present Indicative Active of moneo Singular

am

1.

moneo, I advise,

2.

mones, yoii advise,

etc.

3.

monet, he advises,

etc.

advising, do advise

Plural

2.

monemus, we advise, etc. monetis, you advise, etc.

3.

monent,

1.

1.

Observe that the amo, first

2.

tJiey

What

is

-e-

advise, etc.

of the present stem, unlike the

retained before the personal ending

-0

-a-

of

of the

person singular. is

the characteristic vowel before the personal

endings of moneo

?

of

amo

.-*

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

52 io6.

Conjugation of the Perfect Indicative Active of moneo Singular

2.

monui, / Jiave advised, I advised, I did advise monui'sti, j'w/ have advised, etc.

3.

moniiit, he has advised, etc.

1.

Plural 1.

2. 3.

I.

monuimus, zve have advised, etc. monuistis, you have advised, etc. monuerunt or moiiuere, they have advised,

Note carefully the accent

of the

etc.

above forms, and ob-

serve that the personal endings are like those of the perfect of amo.

does not end 107.

The

Note that the perfect stem monuamo, perfect stem amav-.

in v, as in

various tenses of verbs of the Second Conju-

gation are conjugated like those of the First Conjugation,

with the exception noted in 105,

i

and

Form and

2.

con-

jugate the tenses of the indicative active of the following

verbs habeo, habere, habui, habitus, I have, hold video, videre, vidi, visus,

/ see

VOCABULARY

108.

moneo, monere, monui, monitus, advise, u>arn.

habeo, habere, habui, habitus,

have, hold.

moveo, movere, movi, motus, move. dimico, are, avi, atus, Jight, contend.

video, videre, vidi, visus, see.

praeda, ae,

terreo,

periculum,

terrere,

terrui,

tus, frighten, scare.

terri-

f., i,

booty, spoil. n.,

cum, prep, with

danger. abl., with.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN REVIEW EXERCISES

109. I.

2. 3.

53

armis

SaxTs

I.

cum

Galli

Romanis

Magnum bellum contra R5man6s Ad portam liberos portaverunt. 4.

amlc5 meo

dedl.

paucos

Libros

In hiberna multa arma

5.

pugnabant.

comparaverant.

Roman!

porta-

meas fabulae delectaverunt ? 6. bunt. They armed the fierce inhabitants with javelins. I. II. We do not 3. 2. Near the camp were a few buildings. always take the towns by storm. 4. Have you given my Cur

book

friend a

fllias

?

EXERCISES

no.

Movebat; vidit; terruerat. terruerunt habebis. 3. Moverant I.

;

cum

Helvetils dTmicabant.

Galll

perlculum

manl

5.

;

Vlderimus; movisti;

moverint.

PerTculum

4.

RomanI

magnum

oppidi

Praedam in vicis multam viderunt. 8. Vldistlne tuum copias ad oppidum moverant.

incolas terruerat. 7.

2.

I,

.''

9.

6.

Pueri praemia multa habebunt.

gladiis et pills

frumenti habuerit.

agricolas terruerunt. 12.

11.

Praeda pigros nautas

10.

R5-

Mox copiam delectabit.

She had seen; he has frightened; he will have you (plur.) have seen they have had. 2. We had moved fought. The Gauls moved much spoil into camp. 3. 5. The messenger 4. They had contended with the men. frightened the lieutenant by the story. 6. There is great II.

I.

;

danger

in wine.

;

ESSENTIALS OF LATUM

54

LESSON

15

THIRD DECLENSION. CONSONANT STEMS The stem

III.

a consonant or

of

nouns of the third declension ends

in

-i-.

Consonant Stems

112.

Paradigms

dux, m., leader,

Stem and Base

general

miles, m.,

virtiis,

caput,

f.

n.,

soldier

virtue

head

milit-

virtut-

capit-

1

due-

^

J

Terminations OK Consonant Stems M. and F. N.

SlNGUI.AR

NoM. dux

miles

virtus

caput

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

ducis

mllitis

virtu tis

capitis

duci

niTliti

virtuti

ducem

mlHtem

virtutem

duce

milite

virtute

capite

-e

-is

-IS

capiti

-i

-i

caput

-em

Plural

NoM. duces ducum

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. I.

mlHtes

virtu tes

capita

-es

-a

mlHtum

virtu turn

capitum

-um

-um

ducibus mllitibus virtutibus capitibus

-ibus

-ibus

duces

capita

-es

-a

capitibus

-ibus

-ibus

mlHtes

virtu tes

ducibus mllitibus virtutibus

Note that the stem and base are consonant

stems (but

see

alike in

122,

obtained by dropping the ending singular.

2). -is

nouns with

The base

is

of the genitive

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 2.

To

noun,

a

decline

therefore,

55

one must

gender, the nominative, and the genitive. to

know Be

learn these facts about all the nouns given

the sitre

/;/

the

vocabidaries. 3.

4.

5.

Observe that the nominative singular is not always Various changes are made in its like the stem. formation from the stem. No rule can be given. Learn thoroughly the terminations, observing which are ahke. See 56. Decline rex bonus, the good king.

VOCABULARY

113.

&}xyi,&Vicis,va.,lcader,gene}-al.

rex, regis, m., king.

miles, militis, m., soldier.

fuga, ae,

virtus, virtutis,

f.,

jnanlijiess,

n.,

flight. do,

dare,

dedi,

datus, //// to flight.

bravery, virtue. caput, capitis,

i.,

fugam

in

augeo, auger e, auxi, auctus,

head.

eques, equitis, m., horseman',

increase.

(plur.) cavalry.

REVIEW EXERCISES

114.

Ad

portam generum vidit. 2. Cur cum incolTs 4. Pcrlculum 3. Periculum fill videt. multam in Praedam agricolas perltos non terrebit. 5. 6. Dabitne pecuniam mox flliae ? castris viderant. II. I. We have not seen much grain in winter quarters. inhabitants have overcome the farmers. 2. The fierce 4. They will 3. The war had not frightened the queen. I,

ferls

I.

dimicabant?

besiege the town. '

EXERCISES

115. I.

I.

dabat.

Capitibus 3.

;

Milites

virtutl;

capita.

impedimenta

2.

in

Eques equum castra

lau-

portaverant.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

56 4.

Equites Gallorum in fugam dant.

virtutem augebit. 7.

6.

Virtus militum

est militum dux.

Proelium militum

Capita multorum equitum vidimus.

ducem 9.

5.

delectavit.

8.

Rex n5n semper

Copias dux non auxerat.

10.

Gladiis

fugam dederunt. 11. Mllitibus incolas feros dux terrebat. 12. Frumentum multum equites in oppida equites in

portabunt. II.

leader

I.

For the

soldier

summoned

will put the

;

horsemen

to flight.

^

of grain.

6.

camp. 4.

3.

The king gave

the

The general increased the There were many soldiers in winter

leader a beautiful sword.

supply

2. The The Gauls

the heads of the horses.

his soldiers into

5.

quarters. ^

copia.

EqUiS

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

57

i6

THIRD DECLENSION (Continued). CONSONANT STEMS. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE Consonant Stems

ii6.

Paradigms consul, m.,

consul

Stem and

homo, m..

pater, m.,

corpus, n.,

man

father

body

homin-

patr-

corpor-

^

consul-

Base SlNGULAR

NOM. Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

consul

homo

pater

corpus

consulis

hominis

patris

corporis

cdnsuli

homini

patri

corpori

consulem

hominem

patrem

corpus

consule

homine

patre

corpora

Plural

NOM.

consules

homines

patres

corpora

Gen. DAT. Ace.

consulum

hominum

patrum

corporum

consulibus

hominibus

patribus

corporibus

consules

homines hominibus

patres

corpora

patribus

corporibus

the terminations of these nouns Hke those of the

1.

Are

2.

previous lesson 1 Decline together pater bonus, corpus magnum. ^The name

of a

Roman

civil officer.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

58 117. 1.

Dux

Examine the following

:

victoria laetus est, the general is

glad because of

the victory. 2.

Homines

inopia laborabant, the

cibi

men

suffered

from

{on account of) lack of food.

Observe {a) that the ablatives

victoria, inopia, express

the cause or reason; {b) the various ways of translating

these ablatives, because

Review 118. tive,

on account of from.

of,

93, 94.

Rule

of

Syntax.

— Cause

is

expressed by the abla-

usually ivithout a preposition.

VOCABULARY

119.

consul, consuiis, m., consul.

tempus,

homo, hominis, m., man.

temporis,

n.,

time,

season.

pater, patris, m., father.

vulnus, vulneris,

corpus, corporis, n., body.

vulnero, are, avi, atus,

flumen, fluminis,

laboro, are, avi, atus, zvork,

n., river.

pes, pedis, vc\.,foot.

pedes,

peditis,

m.,

trans, prep, with ace., across, over.

REVIEW EXERCISES

120. I.

tw/z/zc/.

suffer.

foot-

soldier ; plur., infantry.

I.

n., ivoutid.

Virtus equitum

Gallos

superabat.

2.

Virtute

fugam dedimus. Mllites peritl in castra 3. arma portaverunt. Due! fido pecuniam multam 4. RomanI dederant. FrumcntT magna copia erit mox 5. in vlc5. 6. Cur ad portas oppidi tela portavit } II, I. Near the village we saw many soldiers. 2. The king increased the men's courage by the story. They 3. had had much grain in winter quarters. 4. My son's stories were good. 5. He gave the horseman a black horse. mllites in

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

59

EXERCISES

121.

I. I. Peditem gladio me5 vulnerabam. 2. Vulnera multa sunt in corporibus mllitum. Tempus est proelio 3.

idoneum.

Homines pecuniae inopia lab5rabunt.

4.

pedes regis erant miserl incolae oppidl. laboraverat. 8.

7.

5.

Ad

Miles vulnere

6.

Pedites consul trans flumen convocavit.

Pedites incolas multos pills vulneraverunt.

Mllites

9.

Hom5

dux culpabat. 10. Me5 vulnere sum miser. 11. fllios in hortum convocabit. 12. Pedes multos

mllites

trans flumen vidit. II.

river.

They put

I.

2.

inhabitants 4.

The

We

are suffering from

were

soldier

the foot-soldiers to flight across the

wretched

wounded the

consul will not blame

my

many wounds.

because

of

sailor with'

father.

foot-soldier a beautiful sword.

Pedes

6.

lack

an arrow.

The

3.

of

The food.

5.

The

consul gave the

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

6o

LESSON

17

THIIId declension (Continued). Stems

122.

in

STEMS

IN

-i-

-i-

Paradigms

m

f.,

mons, m.,

hill

slangJiter

inoniitaiti

Stem

coUi-

caedi-

monti-

animali-

Base

coll-

caed-

mont-

animal-

collis,

.,

caedes,

animal,

Terminations OF -i- Stems

SlNGULAR

M. and F.

NOM.

collis

Gen. collis DAT. colli Ace. collem Abl. colle

n.,

animal

N.

caedes

mons

caedis

montis

animalis

-is

-is

caedi

monti

animali

-i

-i

caedem

montem

animal

-em

caede

monte

animali

-e

animal

(-S)

-i

Plural

NoM.

colles

Gen. collium Dat. collibus Ace. collis, es Abl. collibus 1.

caedis, es

montis, es animalia

caedibus montibus

-is,-es -ia

animalibus -ibus -ibus

Compare very carefully these terminations with those of 112. In what two cases of masculine and feminine nouns

is

neuters 2.

caedes montes animfdia -es -ia caedium montium animalium -ium -ium caedibus montibus animalibus -ibus -ibus

there a difference

}

In what four cases of

?

Observe that the base and stem

differ.

See

112,

i.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 3.

The

6

following sometimes have the ablative singular in ship; ignis, fire; zvfis, citizen; turns, All neuter -i- stems finis, end; avis, bird.

-iand-e: tozver ;

ndivis,

have the ablative singular in -i. A few nouns someturris, times have the accusative singular in -im :

turrim, tower. 4.

Decline together: urbs pulchra, beautiful

magnum, 123.

animal

city ;

large animal.

Since nouns with

-i-

stems are declined differently

from those with consonant stems, one must know what nouns of the third declension have -i- stems. The following classes have -i- stems, and they must be thoroughly learned 1.

Nouns

in -is a7id

2. 3.

4.

Neuters in

Nouns Nouns 124.

-es,

Jiaving no

-e,

in -ns

and

-rs.

pars, partis,

city.

and

m.

hostis,

f.,

n.,

name.

part.

pons, pontis, m., bridge.

miles, militis, m., soldier. hostis,

:

nomen, nominis,

n., sea.

f.,

or -x following a consonajit.

-s

Decline the following

urbs, urbis,

syllables in the

-ar.

-al,

of one syllable in

mare, maris,

more

than in the nominative.

srenitive

f.,

sedile, sedilis, n., seat.

enemy.

VOCABULARY

125.

(Make collis, collis,

m.,

caedes, caedis,

mons,

a

list

of ihe nouns with

montis,

slaugJiter.

m.,

inoun-

tain.

occupo,

are,

possession

avi,

atus,

of, seize,

stems.)

animal, animalis,

Jiill.

f.,

-i

take

occupy.

navis, navis, per, prep,

animal.

with ace. through,

by means

of.

prep,

with

de,

n.,

ship.

f.,

from, from,

abl.,

down

coiicerning.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

62

REVIEW EXERCISES

126.

I. Mel patris amicus vulnere laboravit. 2. Longa pigrum peditem non delectabit. 3. Galll equitum peiitorum inopia laborabant. 4. Vulnera multa in corporibus mllitum vidistl. 5. Pedites trans flumen latum in fugam dederunt. 6. Tempus equitum virtutem augebit.

I.

via

II.

is

The

3.

At the king's feet there are many slaves. 2. The summoning the men across the river into camp.

I.

general

soldiers

leader.

have suffered from the lack of a

They had wounded my son with

4.

EXERCISES

127. I.

skillful

a javelin.

monte

Mllites de

I.

in

vicum impedimenta portabant.

In navibus crant nautae multl et validL

2.

mllitcs

partem urbis expugnabit.

caede mllitum valid5rum. occupavit.

6.

10.

9.

Dux de

II.

I.

A

Dux cum

5.

8.

Consul mllitibus

collibus Gallos in

sailors

et

navibus hostcs superaverat.

is

beautiful.

4.

= " many

and

lazy."

2.

There

3. The horsemen The Romans are glad the enemy. 5. They

on the ships.

on account of the slaughter of hastened from the hill into the broad lazy

Virtus

urbem convocabat.

took possession of the bridge.

Many

7.

In monte erant animalia fera

large part of the city

were many^ lazy

^

peditibus collem

In marl sunt naves pulchrae.

hostium equitcs terrebat. et multa.

4.

3. Per perltos Miser erat consul

fields.

See 127,

I, 2, 8.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

63

18

REVIEW OF THIRD DECLENSION. GENDER. ABLATIVE OF TIME Gender.

128.

nouns

— The

WHEN

for gender in 27 apply to and take precedence over the

rules

of all declensions,

special rules for each declension.

The

general rules for gender for the third declension are

these, but there are

many

Masculine. — Nouns

in the genitive -OS,

and

-er.

Feminine.

exceptions

in -es or -es

having more syllables

than in the nominative, and those in

— Nouns

in -es not

having more syllables

the genitive than the nominative, and those in -X, -s

in

-as, -is, -aus,

preceded by a consonant.

Neuter. I.

-0, -or,

What

— Nouns

-ar, -ur, -us, -us.

-c, -1, -e, -a, -n, -i, -t,

are the rules of gender for the

declensions

129.

in

first

and second

?

Review Table of Nouxs of Third Declension

Give for each noun (i) gender, (2) meaning, (3) geninominative plural,

tive singular, (4) ablative singular, (5)

(6) genitive plural.

Review carefully

122, 123.

animal

dux

mare

pater

rex

caedes

eques

mons

pes

tempus

caput

flu

miles

pedes

urbs

consul

men homo

navis

pons

vulnus

colHs

hostis

nomen

pars

virtus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

64

Examine the following

130.

:

1.

Hieme laboramus,

2.

Decern mensibus multas urbes vidit,

he 3.

saw many

Prima put

ivijiter lue

i)i

ivitJiiii

ten montJis

cities.

luce hostes in

the

work.

enemy

fugam dederunt, at daybreak

they

to Jliglit.

Observe that the ablatives hieme, decem mensibus, prima luce, tell ivJien or zvithiu zvhat

time the action of the verb

took place, and that no preposition

Rule

131.

Syntax.

of

— Ti7ne

used in Latin.

is

whe?i or zvitJiin which

is

expressed by the ablative.

VOCABULARY

132.

nox,

noctis,

(gen.

f.

plur.

hiems, hiemis,

f.,

aestas, aestatis,

lux, lucis,

f ., light,

summer. daylight,

I.

m., year.

a, um., Jirst. teti.

quattuor, indecl.,

multa

/c^/zr.

nocte, late at night.

EXERCISES

133. I.

I,

decem, indecl.,

winter.

f.,

dinnus,

primus,

noctium), night.

Aestate

agri

piilchrl

incolas

urbis

delectant.

montes multos vidimus. 3. Hostes tells annis oppida multa equites vulnerabant. 4. Quattuor hostium dux expugnaverat. Cibi inopia Galll hieme 5. laborabant. 6. Multa nocte pedites in castra consul convocabit. 7. Multas urbes decem annis dux Helvetiorum occupaverat. 8. Primd ann5 belli multa oppida expugnaverat. 9. Prima luce hostes in castrls erant. II. I. He captured the city by means of his cavalry. 2. At night the enemy hastened toward the Romans' camp. 2.

Prima

lijce^

^

Prima

luce, at daybreak.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

6$

Within four years you will see many beautiful things.^ 5. At daybreak we 4. Night frightens the poor children. 6. Ten years is a long carried our weapons into the camp. time. 7. In ten years there are ten summers. 3.

LESSON

19

READING LESSOxN Julius Caesar

134.

Juhus Caesar

He was

is

Roman

the greatest character in

history.

merely as a general, but also as an orator and statesman. He was born on the 12th of July, 100 B.C. He belonged to an old, aristocratic family, but at

great, not

an early age

allied himself

After

many minor

filling

forty-one he

with rate."

became

consul,

with the party of the people.

political offices, at the

and formed a

age of

political alliance

Pompey and Crassus, known as the " First TriumviThe next year the government of Gaul was assigned

to him,

and

it

is

the subjugation of this country that he

describes in his Commentaries.

These

Gallic

Commen-

have been read in schools for hundreds of years, and they establish conclusively his ability as a writer. After spending eight years in Gaul, he was ordered by the Senate through the jealousy of Pompey to disband his army. Caesar refused, and, crossing the Rubicon, set out taries

with his the civil

army to make himself the master of Rome In war that followed, Pompey at the head of the sena-

torial forces w^as defeated.

the government at life

he instituted 1

Rome.

This

As

The neuter

plural

—

5

Caesar the master of

Dictator and Imperator for

many reforms

ESSEN. OF LATIN

left

that

show

his insight as

pulchra means beauliful things.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

66

There were many Romans, however, who disliked Caesar's power. A conspiracy was formed, and Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 b.c. a statesman.

Head of Julius (From a

The Helvetian War

135.

The almost

Cccsar

silver coin, 38-36 B.C.)

Hclvetii were people of Celtic origin all

that region

now known

who

inhabited

as Switzerland.

In the year 58 b.c, incited by ambitious leaders, they

decided to leave their homes and seize the more lands to the southwest, lying nearer the in Gaul.

It is to this

devotes the

first

Roman

fertile

province

uprising of the Helvetii that Caesar

thirty chapters of his first

book of

Gallic

Commentaries. After two battles the Helvetii, being completely subdued by Caesar, were forced to return to their former territories. The reading lessons that follow are adapted from the first ten chapters of Caesar's account of this Helvetian war. 136. I.

Hints for Translation

Read the passage through several times much of its meaning as possible.

gather as

in Latin,

and

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

^j

2. Try to associate unfamiliar words with some related word that you already know. Do not look up the meaning of a new word in the 3. vocabulary until you have used every other means to get its meaning. After you have looked up its meaning, take time to fix it in your memory.

4.

In trying to get the thought of a passage, follow

strictly the

Latin order, noticing particularly the endings

of the words. 5.

Translate into clear and idiomatic English.

CHAPTER

I

READING LESSON Description of Gaul (The student should consult the general vocabulary for words been given in the special vocabularies.)

Belgae

137.

Roman!

^

et

that

have not

AquTtanI et Celtae GaUiam incolunt.^

Celtas Gallos appellant.

Belgae sunt fortissimi

cum Germanis saepe pugnant. Helvetil sunt Celtarum fortissimi, quod {because) cum Germanis continenter pugnant. Aqultania a Garumna flumine ad {tJie

bravest) et

Pyrenae5s montes {whicJi) est

Note.

et

ad earn {that) partem Ocean! quae

ad Hispaniam pertinet.

— Learn the principal parts of

conjugations.

Decline

name and

all

all

verbs of the

1

For

2

Third person plural, present indicative, of incolo.

this

meaning from incola

?

first

and second

nouns and adjectives.

other proper names, see the map, page 10.

Can you not

infer its

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

68

LESSON

20

PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS. ABLATIVE OF AGENT 138. it

Review

25,

A

3.

plows

is in

passive): the field

is

{i.e.

when

the Active Voice

the field ; in the Passive Voice

the subject as acted upon is

verb

represents the subject as acting or being

when

:

it

tJic

fanner

represents

the subject does nothing, and

plowed by

the farmer.

Paradigms

139.

AcTH'E Voice

FIRST CONJUGATION Singular

Personal Endings

amo, / love, am loving, do love amas, yo?i love, etc.

-s

amat, he

-t

loves, etc.

-0

Plural 1.

amamus,

2.

amatis,j'^/^ love, etc.

-tis

3.

amant, they

-nt

-mus

zue love, etc.

love, etc.

Passive Voice Slngular

am

1.

amor, I ajn loved,

2.

amaris, amare, you are loved, etc.

-ris, -re

3.

amatur,

-tur

1.

amamur, we are

Jie is

being loved

loved, etc.

-r

Plural

2. 3.

loved, etc.

amamini, yon are loved, amantur, tJiey are loved,

-mur

etc.

-mini

etc.

-ntur

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

69

Active Voice

SECOND CONJUGATION Singular

Personal Endings

2.

moneo, / advise, am advising, do advise mones, yoit advise, etc.

3.

monet, he advises,

1

-0

etc.

Plural

monemus, tve advise, etc. monetis, yon advise, etc.

-mus

2.

3.

monent, they advise,

-nt

1.

-tis

etc.

Passive Voice Singular

I

am

advised,

am

being advised

1.

rnoneor,

2.

moneris, raonGXQ, you are advised,

3.

monetur,

lie is

-r -ris, -re

etc.

advised, etc.

-tur

Plural 1.

monemur,

3.

monemini, yoit arc advised, monentur, they are advised,

I

Compare very

2.

active 2.

etc.

-mini

etc.

-ntur

carefully the English translations of the

and passive forms.

Review the

active personal endings,

oughly the passive endings.

3.

-mur

zue are advised, etc.

They

and learn thorsame for

are the

the present, imperfect, and future tenses. Observe that these passive endings are added directly to the present stems ama- and mone-, except in the first

140.

person singular.

Conjugate the present active and passive, giving

English translations, of the following laudo, video,

I praise I see

voco,

I call IfrigJiteti

terreo,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

70

Examine the following

141. 1

:

Coniurati Caesarem necant, the conspirators kill Caesar.

.

Caesar a coniuratis necatur, Caesar

2.

is

killed by the con-

spirators.

Caesar gladio necatur, Caesar

3.

Observe the changes

1.

in

is

killed by

a sivord.

iivitJi)

turning the active into the

passive

The

a.

object of the active verb

becomes the subject

of

the passive

The

b.

subject,

i.e.

the agent or doer, in the active

pressed in the passive by the ablative with

Review

2.

93, 94.

that a preposition of the verb

is

Rule

142. is

Compare when

used

of

i.e.

3, and note which does the action

that

is

used when

it is

not a

not a person.

—

Syntax.

TJie

personal agent

a passive

zvitJi

expressed by the ablative zvith a or ab.

VOCABULARY

143.

(Review the meanings of verbs

Caesar, aris, m., legio, onis,

f.,

Caesar.

by.

avi, atus, incite,

encourage, arouse, rouse. ex,2 prep,

e,

with ace, on account

speed, qnick-

ness. incito, are,

prep, with ^hX., from,

ob, prep,

in loo, io8.)

Q,Q\QxiidiS,Sit\s,i.,

legion}

neco, are, avi, atus, kill. a, ab,^

ex-

carefully 2 and

a person, while none

voluntary agent,

verb

is

is

a.

of,

with

abl.,

out

from.

of for. 1

The Roman

-

Before a word beginning with a vowel or

a consonant.

legion consisted of al^out 5000 soldiers. h,

use

ab or exj use a

or e before

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN REVIEW EXERCISES

144. I.

R5manl hieme

I.

bant.

Tells

2.

et

hostes

aestate

R5manl

cum

hostibus pugna-

fugam

in

dederunt.

OuattLior annls multas navis in marl viderant.

3.

castra multa nocte consul convocavit.

pias in in

71

1

flumine erat.

6.

4. 5,

Co-

Pons

Caede llberorum miser5rum sum us

miserl, II.

In winter the nights are long.

I.

2.

alry took possession of the hill at daybreak.

many

ships on the sea.

The Romans

4.

Caesar's cav3.

There are

did not suffer

from a lack of leaders. EXERCISES

145.

Laudat, laudatur videtis, videminL 2. Incitant, incitantur vocamus, vocamur. 3. Caesar mllites convocat. Dux legidnem ob 5. 4. Mllites a Caesare convocantur. I.

I.

;

;

Legi5 a duce ob virtutem laudatur. 6. Magna cibi 8. Hostes celeritate equitum terrentur. copia ab mllitibus in castra portatur. 9. Virtiite mllitum

virtutem laudat. 7.

incolae

oppidi

incitantur.

10.

mllitibus in hiberna portatur.

Ex 11.

agrls frumentum ab Multa nocte a pedite

gladio vulneratur. I. We are summoned; he is calling; he is called. You (plur.) blame; you (plur.) are blamed. 3. The quickness of the Romans frightens the Gauls. 4. The Gauls

II.

2.

are frightened by the quickness of the

encourages his

soldiers.

by Caesar.

They

to the city.

7.

are

Romans.

5.

Caesar

The soldiers are encouraged summoned from the mountains

6.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

72

LESSON

21

IMPERFECT AND FUTURE PASSIVE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS. ABLATIVE OF MANNER Paradigms

146.

Imperfect Indicative Passive Singular

Singular 1.

[was

amabar,

2.

amabaris,

i.

amabare, you

2.

monebaris, monebdiXQ, you

3.

monebatur,

weir advised,

ivere loved, etc. -3.

monebar, / was advised, was being advised

was

loved,

being loved

amabatur, he zvas loved,

etc.

ad-

ivas

vised, etc.

etc.

Plural

Plural 1.

amabamur,

2.

amabamini,

7c'^

wr;r

A?7r<^,

i.

monebamur,

%vere

2.

monebamini,

ivc

were ad-

vised, etc.

ctc.

you

amabantur,

j't?//

wr;r«^-

vised, etc.

loved, etc. 3.

he

they

ivere

3.

monebantur,

they

zvere

advised, etc.

loved, etc.

Future Indicative Passive Singular

Singular

I shall be loved amabere, you

1.

2imdJoor,

2.

amaberis,

will be loved 3.

amabitur, he

ivill be

i.

monebor, / shall be ad-

2.

moneberis, monebere, you

3.

monebitur, he

vised

ivill be

loved

vised

advised zuill be

ad-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Plural 1.

amabimur,

zve

Plural shall

be

i.

amabimini, you

ivill

be

2.

luc shall be

monebimini, you

zvill be

advised

loved 3.

monebimur, advised

loved 2.

73

amabuntur, they

zvill

be

3.

loved

monebuntur, they will be advised

Observe 1.

That the personal endings are the same

as those of the

2.

present passive (139). That the vowel before these endings

a

is

in the

imper-

and that the vowel changes in the future. What is the characteristic vowel of the future ? That the imperfect and future passive are formed on the present stems ama- and mone- by adding -bar and Review 86, S7. -bor respectively. fect,

3.

147. 1.

Examine the following

Agricola

cum cura

arat,

:

the

fanner

ploivs

xvith

eare

{carefully). 2. 3.

magna cum cura arat ///r fanner plows witJi S great care {veiy carefully). Agricola magna cura arat Agricola

I

Observe 1.

That the Latin expressions cum cura, magna cum cura, magna cura, express the manner of the action of the verb.

2.

3.

That magna cum ciira and magna ciira are translated in the same way. That these Latin expressions may be translated by adverbs in English.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

74

— Manner

148. Rule of Syntax.

is

expressed by the abla-

cum, but cum

tive zvith the preposition

may

be omitted if

an

adjeetive is used zvith the ablative.

VOCABULARY

149.

studium,

i,

cura, ae,

f.,

n., zeal,

eagerness,

imperator, oris, m., general,

commander

eare.

obses, obsidis,

m. and

f.,

host-

age, pledge.

multitudo,

station.

multitudinis,

compleo, complere, complevi,

f.,

multitude, croivd.

imperium,

in chief.

conloco, are, avi, atus, place,

n.,

i,

com^\Qivis,f II up, complete.

command,

adv.,

diu,

pozver.

long,

for a long

time.

REVIEW EXERCISES

150.

EquitLim celeritate Roman! terrentur. 2. Caesar equum pulchrum dat. 3. Legato a Caesare equus pulcher datiir. 4. Hieme frumenti inopia hostes lab5rabant. 6. Mllitcs 5. Magna urbis pars a Gallls occupatur. I.

I.

legato

a rege in hiberna convocantur. II.

I.

We

many wounds.

suffered from

the consul took possession of the mountain.

2. 3.

At night The lazy

boys are not praised by my father. 4. The Gauls are frightened by the speed and bravery of the soldiers. EXERCISES

151.

I. Laudabat, laudabatur videbunt, videbuntur. Portabamus, portabamur superabis, superaberis. 3. In

I.

2.

;

;

agrls lab5rabunt

magno cum

cum cum hostibus Oppidum ab imperatore magno studio 8. Urbem 7. Caesar! imperium dabitur.

cura legi5 conlocabitur. dimicabant.

oppugnabatur.

6.

5.

studio.

In

equitum multitudine complevit. Caesar! Gall! dederant.

10.

colle

9.

4.

In castris

diu

L!ber5s mult5s obsides

Equitesne a duce laudabuntur

.-'

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN II.

I.

You

will

be held. 2, Are we They were wounded by At daybreak the Romans

you

hold,

will

praising? he will be blamed. the infantry with swords.

fought bravely.

5.

A

75

3.

4.

large part of the arms was carried

very carefully into camp.

6.

Many

soldiers

were seen

near the bridge.

LESSON

22

PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS 152.

Review

39,

81,

86.

future perfect passive of

forms.

They employ

all

The

perfect, pluperfect,

and

Latin verbs have compound

the perfect passive participle and

the present, imperfect, and future tenses respectively of

The participle is like an adjective form and syntax, and its endings change to agree with the gender and number of the subject of the verb.

the auxiliary verb sum. in

Paradigms

Perfect

PAssrv^E

of amo Plural

Singular 1.

amatus sum, / loved,

2. 3.

amatus amatus

I

Jiave been

amati sumus

zvas loved

es

amati

est

amati sunt

estis

Pluperfect Passive 1.

amatus eram, / Iiad been

amati eramus

loved 2. 3.

amatus eras amatus erat

amati eratis

amati erant

\

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

76

Future Perfect Passive Plural

Singular

amatus

1.

/

ero,

sJiall

have

amati erimus

been loved eris

amati

erit

amati erunt

3.

amatus amatus

1.

In the same way, form and conjugate these same tenses

2.

eritis

of moneo, video, porto, giving English meanings.

Note carefully that the participle is declined like bonus, and that its endings conform to the gender and num-

2.

ber of the subject

;

for example,

have been loved, amata sum ive (girls) have been loved, amatae sumus the toivn had been seen, oppidum visum erat the girl has been loved, puella amata est

/ (a

girl)

For the difference

3.

in

meaning between the perfect and

the imperfect passive see 92,

2.

VOCABULARY

153. amicitia,

ae,

f.,

friendship,

a Ilia nee. pax, pads,

civis, civis,

m. and

f., citi.'yen.

ci vitas, atis, f., state, i.,

mensis, mensis, m., month. iter, itineris, n.,

citizen-

ship.

peace.

confirmo,

march, road,

are,

atus,

avi,

strengtJioi, establish.

contineo, continere, continui,

joiirncy (476). itinere, on the march.

ex

contentus,

Jiold

together,

7'estrain.

EXERCISES

154. I.

2.

I.

Vulneratl

Laudatane

est

?

eratis

;

videbamus;

laudatl erant

;

incitatae

culpatae erunt.

sunt. 3.

Pax

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

cum

77

4. Cives ob amicimontibus fluminibus contineet tiam laudavimus. 5. Galli bantur. 6. Oppida multa decern mensibiis erant occupata. 7. 8.

9.

a

multls civitatibus est confirmata.

Magna Helvetiorum urbs ex itinera est expugnata. Frumentum multum ex agris in hiberna portatum erat. 10. Homines multl Caesar mllites in castrls tenebat. Rdmanis erant necatl. ii. Multos clvis in Italia vidi12. Urbs ab imperatore magno cum studio oppugnata

mus. est.

She was restrained you (plur.) liad been blamed. plur.) shall have been pleased they have been summoned. 3. Peace and friendship have been established with the Gauls. 4. The citizens had been aroused by their leaders. 5. The girl was carefully carried into the 6. The soldiers were praised by the general for their city. bravery. 7. Caesar attacked a town of the Helvetians on 8. The cavalry had been wounded by the the march. weapons of the enemy. II.

2.

I.

We (fem.

;

;

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

78

LESSON

23

ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. THREE TERMINATIONS. ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION Adjectives of the third declension are divided into

155.

three classes according as they have in the nominative singular either one, two, or three terminations. acer, sharp, keen,

Stem Base

eager

acri-

acr-

Singular Masculine

Femhiine

Neuter

NOM.

acer

acris

acre

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

acris

acris

acris

acri

acri

acri

acrem

acrem

acre

acri

acri

acri

PiJL'RAI,

I.

NOM.

acres

acres

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

acrium

acrium

acrium

acribus

acribus

acribus

acris, es

acris, es

acria

acribus

acribus

acribus

Note that adjectives of this declension have -i- stems, and that the ablative singular ends in -i. Review 122. 156.

I.

acria

Examine the following

Helvetii

Gallos virtute

the Gauls in valor.

:

superant,

tJie

Helvetii surpass

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 2.

79

Vir nomine sed non factis amicus erat,

man was

tJie

a

friend in name but not in deeds.

Observe that the ablatives virtute, nomine, factis, tell in meaning of the verb or noun is true the first sentence tells that the Helvetii surpass the Gauls in respect to valor, not in size, speed, or in any other respect. wJiat respect the

157.

Rule

;

in ivJiat respect the

meaning of a

VOCABULARY

158.

um,

angustus,

a,

higJi, deep.

um,

narrozv,

noster, nostra, nostrum, our,

a,

adjoining

(plur.)

um, neighboring, finitimi,

;

orum,

quod, conj., because. -que, and,

eager.

equester, equestris, equestre,

of the

cavalry;

cavalry

an enchtic, always

attached to a word. m.3igni\.VidiO,ims,i., greatness, sice.

(adj.).

REVIEW EXERCISES

159. I.

end ;

boundary, territory.

m., neighbors.

ours. acer, acris, acre, kecji, sharp,

I.

finis, finis, m.,

finitimus,

contracted.

tuor

specificatio7i tells

verb, noun, or adjective

N^o preposition is used.

applies.

aitus, a,

— The ablative of

Syntax.

of

Dux

filium ob virtutem laudaverat.

mensibus

a

Caesare

cum

multls

2.

Pax quat-

civitatibus

erat

Multa nocte c5piae ex agris in castra convocabantur. 4. Mllites hieme in hiberna sunt convocatl. Mult! incolae gladiis equitum vulnerati erant. 5. II. I. Why were the Helvetii aroused 2. The town was captured on the march. 3. At daybreak the general gave his soldiers food. 4. The consul suffered from lack conflrmata.

3.

.-*

of cavalry.

ESSENTIALS OF LATEN

8o

EXERCISES

i6o. I.

2.

Helveti5rum flnibus erant.

Castra Caesaris in

I.

Iter

per fines

angustum

nostrds

erat.

3.

Roman!

virtute sed non magnitudine corporis Gallos superabant.

Equestres c5piae hostium magna cum virtute pugnaverant 5. Flumina Galliae erant angustaaltaque.^ 6. Equites

4.

a Caesare sunt laudatl, quod hostes celeritate superaverunt. 7.

Acres perltaeque

erant copiae consulis.

^

Caesaris proelio erant acres. sunt incitati

Quod

?

altls

9.

8.

Pedites

Cur Helveti! a ducibus

montibus

et fluminibus latls con-

Hostes equestrl proelio erant superatT. 2. Have I. The battle with our cavalry was keen. II. you seen many deep rivers 3. We surpass our neighbors in cavalry forces. 4. There is a narrow road through our

tinebantur.

10.

.-'

neighbors' foot.

6.

i"erritory.

The

5.

Helvetii

The general was wounded in his seized many towns because they

fought with great bravery. 1

Note

to

which word -que

Galli

is

added.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

24

ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. TWO AND ONE TERMINATIONS. DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

Many

161.

adjectives of the third declension have only

two separate forms feminine being lowing:

in the

nominative, the masculine and

They

alike.

are

all

declined like the

fol-

:

facilis,

Stem Base

easy facili-

facil-

Singular Masculine a?!d Feminine

Neuter

NOM.

facilis

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

facilis

facilis

facili

facili

facilem

facile

facili

facili

facile

Plural

NOM.

faciles

facilia

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

facilium

facilium

facilibus

facilibus

facilis (es)

facilia

facilibus

facilibus

Other adjectives of the nominative in

all

this declension

genders.

followins: ESSEN. OF LATIN

They

have one form for are declined like the

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Z2

ferax, fertile

Stem

feraci-

Base

ferac-

Singular Vfasculiii,e

and Feminine

Neuter

NOM.

ferax

ferax

Gen. DAT.

feracis

feracis

feraci

feraci

Ace. Abl.

feracem

ferax

feraci (e)

feraci (e)

NoM.

feraces

feracia

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

feracium

feracium

Plural

feracibus

.

feracibus

feracis (es)

feracia

feracibus

feracibus

Observe 1.

2.

That all adjectives of the third declension have one form for all genders in all cases except the nominative and accusative. That adjectives of the third declension ending in -er have three terminations, those in -is two, and all others, except comparatives, one.

3.

That they have

-i-

stems, and that those of two and three

terminations have only 162.

-i

Examine the following

1.

Filius patri similis erat,

2.

Locus castris idoneus

camp.

tJie

in the ablative singular.

:

son

was

like his father.

erat, the place ivas suitable

for a

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Observe that the datives patri and the adjectives similis and idoneus. dative

similar to

is

83

castris are related to

This use

of

the

the English idiom, and presents few

difficulties.

—

TJie dative is used witJi adjeetives Rule of Syntax. Nearness, and tJie like, and Fitness, denoting Resemblance,

163.

also with their opposites.

VOCABULARY

164. f ortis, e,

similis,

omnis,

brave, strong.

e, like,

dissimilis,

e,

similar.

e, all,

brevis,

dissiinilar, nji-

e,

brief, short.

par, paris,

equal

facilis, e, easy.

gens, gentis,

difficilis, e, difficnlt.

populus,

f.,

race, nation.

m., people.

continebantur.

altls

2.

Ad

Cur nostri fmitimi terrenQuod cum R5manis pacem et amicitiam conflrmaangustum.

iter erat

vimus. 5.

fluminibus

Helvetil

I.

flumen ?

i,

REVIEW EXERCISES

165.

tur

{to).

vetus,^ veteris, old, aneient.

like.

I.

every, the ivhole.

4.

3.

Caesar equestibus proelils Gall5s superavit.

Pedites nostri

altls

fluminibus terrebantur.

6.

Gallos

celeritate in fugam dederunt. There are many beautiful ships on the sea. 2. Our cavalry were skillful in battle. 3. Why were they frightBecause they saw many deep rivers and lofty ened } mountains. 4. The bridges have been taken possession of by the enemy.

magna cum II.

I.

EXERCISES

166.

et fortes erant in Gallia gentes.

2.

Caesar

veteres mllites amabat, quod bello fortes erant.

3.

Mllites

I.

I.

Multae

^

This

is

not an

i

stem.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

84

oppidum occupaverant.

ad montem facile hostium partem necaverant. 5. 6. Helvetil multitudine hominum populo Romano non erant pares. 8. Omnes 7. Fortis puer a mllite est vulneratus. fortes

BrevI tempore

est.

Iter

4.

magnam

incolae ex oppido ad collem convocantur.

imperatoribus erat dissimilis.

9,

Caesar multls

FinitimI nostri

10.

omnes

gentes virtute siiperant. II. I. In every town we shall see many children. 2. The boy was like the girl in size. 3. We carried the grain into the town by an easy road. 4. All the tribes were brave and ^ faithful. 5. In winter the field near the river will not be fit for a camp. 6. The Roman people were not conquered by the brave Helvctii.

LESSON

25

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

II

The Ambitious Designs of the Helvetii under the Leadership of Orgetorix 167.

Orgetorix, qui^ princeps erat Helvetiorum, coniura-

tionem n5bilitatis

pacem

et

fecit

{formed^

amicitiam conflrmavit.

et

cum

flnitimls civitatibus

Helvetil undique natura

una ex parte ^ flumine Rheno, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit,* altera ex parte monte lura, tertia ex parte flumine Rhodano, qui prdvinciam nostram ab Helvetils dividit. Qua de causa ^ fines Helveti5rum loci

continentur

angusti erant

;

pr5

^

multitudine hominum,

et

emigrare

'^

cupiebant.^ 1

one ^

Use -que. side.

*

^

in proportion

to.

^ una ex parte, on that. Qua de causa, y^r this reason.

the relative pronoun who, ivhich,

third person singular of divido. '

to e/iiigrate.

^

^

third person plural imperfect of cupio.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

85

26

PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF sum. REVIEW OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS Review

168.

81.

Prin.

Parts

:

sum,

esse, fui

Future Perfect

Pluperfect

Perfect

Singular

I have been,

iw^XdiVOL,

I.

i\\\,

2.

fuisti

fueras

3-

fuit

fuerat

/

I had been

iwtro,

I shall have

beat

zvas

fueris fuerit

Plural I.

fuimus

fueramus

fuerimus

2.

fuistis

fueratis

fueritis

3-

fuerunt, fuere

fuerant

fuerint

1.

2.

Observe that the perfect stem is fu-, and that the pluperfect and future perfect are formed regularly from this stem by adding -eram and -ero.

Are the personal endings regular 169.

The following verbs

?

of the first

and second con-

jugations have been introduced in the preceding lessons.

Review carefully their meanings and principal must one know the principal parts of a verb

parts.

Why

.''

pugno expugn5 oppugno voco

convocS

I.

What

is

conloc5

vide5

laudo

supera

mature

confirms

teneo

culpo

arma

incita

compare augeo habeo

contineo

servo

occupa

labara

compleo

delect5

vulnero

neca

moveo moneS

da

dlmica

terrea

porta

the force of con (com) in a

compound verb?

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

86 170.

Review

With the

carefully 99, 104, 105, 106.

out-

line given below as a suggestion, complete the synopsis of In a similar way, write out a synopsis of habeo in incite. the second person and augeo in the third person.

Synopsis of the Indicative, Third Person

Prin.

Parts

urge on

incite, are, avi, atus, arouse,

:

Active

Passive

Si'/ij^.

incitat

incitatur

/-*////-.

incitant

incitantur

Pres. Present

Stem

Si/iiT. incitilbat

incitabatur

P/ur. inciteibant

incitabantur

Imp.

incita-

FUT. Perf.

Plnr. f

Si7i}

I

Plur.

Perfect

Stem

Plup.

FuT.

j

Sing.

Perf.

[

Plur.

incitat-

vocabulary

171. vasto,

Stem

Plnr.

\

incitav-

Participial

Sing. I

are,

atus,

avi,

lay

reliquus, a,

libertas, atis,

i.,

abl., before, in

behalf of for. ,

exercises

172.

Fueratis

;

ab equitibus erant diu

of,

fill.

with

pro, prep,

I.

the rest

potens, potentis, able, powcr-

liberty, free-

doni.

I.

um,

remaining.

waste, ravage.

pugnaverant.

fuerimus vastatT. 4.

;

fuistis.

3.

Belgae

2.

Gallorum fines

ReliquI hostes pro llbertate

navibus

erant

potentes.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN annls

finitimds

8/

5.

Paucis

6.

Pro feminis

7.

Reliquae in Gallia gentes a nostris finitimis incitatae

sunt.

rum

8.

bello

llberisqiie

Helvetil

magn5 cum

superaverant.

studi5 pugnabant.

Caesar cum quattuor legionibus fines Helvetio-

vastare

maturabit.

^

9.

Legiones

popull

Roman!

10. Servus magnitudine corporis Gallorum terrebantur. virtute erat similis. 11. Angustis montibus et

domin5 altis

2.

oppidum continetur. They saw a few horsemen near the

fluminibus

II.

I.

Because of the war, the

laid waste.

brave and

3.

The

7.

Roman

people were

The foot-soldiers were equal to The citizens will fight for the They put the rest of the enemy to flight.

skillful.

6.

bridge.

the Gauls have been

legions of the 4.

the cavalry in speed. general.

fields of

5.

There were many powerful

LESSON

tribes in Gaul.

27

THIRD CONJUGATION. PRESENT, LMPERFECT, AND FUTURE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE Third Con'Jugation duco, / lead

173.

Prin.

Parts

:

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus

Learn the present, imperfect, and future, active and passive, of duco (493). 1.

2.

Observe that the personal endings are the same as those used in the first and second conjugations (43, 139). Compare the present of duco with the present of moneo and amo in respect to the vowel that precedes the personal ending. ^

pres. inf., to lay waste.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

88 3.

Are the imperfect tenses

of the

first,

second, and third

conjugations formed and conjugated in the same

4.

way ? Compare the

5.

and notice the difference in formation. Observe that the present stems of this conjugation end sJiort

-e-,

future of duco with the future of moneo,

those of the second conjugation in long

in

-t-.

Like duco conjugate the present, imperfect, and future

6.

tenses, active

and

passive, of mitto, scud,

and

vinco,

congiter.

VOCABULARY

174.

duco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead,

gero,

gerere,

cany

mitto, ere, misi, missus, scud.

on,

gessi,

gestus,

7vagc.

incolo, ere, incolui, incultus,

vinco, ere, vici, victus, con-

inhabit.

giicr.

neque

relinquo, ere, reliqui, relictus,

leave behind, leave.

.

.

.

neque, neither

.

.

.

nor.

saepe, adv., often, frequently

contendo, ere, contend!, contentus, struggle, strive, hasten, Jinrry,

march.

REVIEW EXERCISES

175. I.

est. 3.

I.

2.

Dux

castra movebit,

quod inopia frijmentl Gallorum sunt

Equites nostrl fabuhs

Belgae

virtiite

Helvetiis

similes

erant.

4.

in agris

incitatL

Multae

Gallorum gentes multitudine hominum erant potentes. 6. Omnes pro PaucI vicl ab hostibus vastati erant. 5. llbertate magno studio pugnabimus. II. I. The rest of the Gauls were powerful in arms. 2. Is a son always like his father.^ 3. In a short time the general praised the The village will be like a camp. 4. old soldiers for their bravery.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN EXERCISES

176. I.

Duciint; ducent; ducebat.

I.

bantur

mittebar.

;

Belgae bellum longum

5.

Helvetil saepe

cum

centur.

cibus.

10.

II.

I.

We

shall

are being led.

you

11.

2.

proeli5 a Caesare vin-

Naves

in Tnsulae incolas mit-

Romanes

The

He

of Gaul.

Many women and

4.

will neither

children were

The Roman people were waging war

7.

Four legions

will

177. first

Many

left in

camp.

with the Helvetii.

be sent by the consul into Gaul.

LESSON

the

send nor carry

Helvetii inhabit the mountains

6.

-io.

superabant.

;

3.

city.

IN

Belgas multas

quattuor legionibus in

food into the

VERBS

in

cum

conquer; they are sending; you (plur.) We are left behind they will be sent

(sing.) will be led.

5.

Hostium

7.

Galll equestribus copiis

12.

gerebant.

magno

Caesar

Galliam contendebat. tentur,

6.

In castris erant neque

Imperator per fines Gallorum

9.

legi5nes mittit:

ducebatis.

;

finitimis contendebant.

Helvetil

8.

vinces

cum populo Romano

copiae trans flumen relinquuntur.

neque

Mittimus; mitte-

2.

Vincemur;

3.

4.

tela

89

28

THIRD CONJUGATION COMPLETED

verbs of the third conjugation end in

io in

person singular of the present indicative active. capio, take

Prin.

Parts

:

capio, capere, cepi, captus

Learn the present, imperfect, and

future,

active

and

passive, of capio (495). I.

Observe that the conjugation of capio of

diico

What

is

in

the present tense

the difference

.'

from that two forms.

differs

only in

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

90 2.

In what respect do the imperfect and future of capio

3.

differ from duco ? Like capio conjugate these tenses of

fugio, flee,

and

iacio, Jiurl.

Review

178.

92, 98,

106,

1.

Learn the conjugation

The

152.

and future perfect, active and are formed and cojijugated in

perfect, pluperfect,

passive, of all Latin verbs the

same

zuay.

of the perfect, pkiperfect,

and

future perfect, active and passive, of duco and capio (493, 495)2.

Write a synopsis (170) of

iacio, hurl, in

the third person

of the indicative.

VOCABULARY

179. iacio,

iacere,

tliroiu,

capio,

ieci,

iactus,

cepi,

captus,

hurl.

capere,

interfectus, kill.

take, seice, capture,

fugio, fugere,

run

interficio,interficere,interfeci,

fugi,

form.

—

,

flee,

traduco (trans traduxi,

make.

traductus,

ere,

lead

over, transport.

consilium,

azuaj'.

facio, facere, feci, factus, do,

+ duco),

i,

n.,

advice, pru-

dence, plan.

moenia, moenium,

n. (plur.),

walls, fortifications.

REVIEW EXERCISES

180.

L

I. Equites pedites non rehnquent. 2. Neque pedineque equitibus sed navibus contendunt. 3. Estne iter ad oppidum facile ? Roman! in hostium fines legi4. ones multas mittebant. 5. Decem mensibus gentes multae

tibus

a consule vincentur.

IL

I.

neighbors.

The 2.

Helvetii often carried on

At daybreak

the

soldiers

war with their had been led

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

91

The Gauls were conquered by Caesar. 3. Did you send the messenger to the general ?

into the city. 4.

EXERCISES

181. I.

Capiuntur;

I.

interficieris

;

fugiemus.

2.

Traduci-

Helveti5rum mur capimur; fugiebatis. 3. ^ fines iter faciet. 4. Romani ex hostibus copiam frumenti Equites magna cum celeritate in montes capiebant. 5. Caesar

;

in

Multa nocte pauci pedites erant interfectl. 8. Imperator moenia nostra iecerunt. Galll legatos ad ob consilium proell legatum laudavit. 9. 10. Consul trans flumen Caesarem de pace miserunt. fugiebant.

6.

Hostes

7.

latum

tela in

legiones

traducet.

11.

Multl

equites

a

copifs

nostrls interficientur.

We

they were killed; it had been were throwing; she has been seized. 3. All the inhabitants fled from the city into the forests. 4. The general's plan was a good one.^ will march ^ out of their territory. Helvetii The 5. 6. In the winter Caesar used * to form his plans. II.

I.

taken.

1

2.

iter facio,

march.

*

used

shall flee;

You

(plur.)

march. to

form

2 -f,^5 :

(f

gQQd

Q,ig

~ 2vas

good.

use the imperfect of facio.

Caricature of Soldier (Pompeii)

^

march

=

make a

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

92

LESSON

29

PRESENT INFINITIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. THE INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH Infinitive

182.

Passive

Active First Con'jugation

am are,

Present

amari,

to love

to

be loved

Second Conjugation

Present

monere,

to

moneri,

advise

to

be advised

Third Conjugation

Present Present

ducere, to lead

duci, to be led

capere, to take

capi, to be taken

Fourth Conjugation

1.

audiri, to be

audire, to hear

Present

The present as the

infinitive active of all

heard

verbs has appeared

second one of the principal parts of each verb

given (86). 2.

Observe that the present passive is formed from the present active by changing final -e to -i, except in the third conjugation, which changes final -ere to -i. 183.

Examine the following

:

1.

Maturat milites convocare, he hastens

2.

Laudari est gratum,

3.

Incolas

4.

Omnes primi

5.

Debet

6.

Fortis esse dicitur,

to

summon

the

soldiers. to

armari iubet,

be praised is pleasant. Jie

orders the inhabitants to be

armed. esse cupimus, zve all zvish to be first.

interfici, Jie

ought Jie is

to

be killed.

said

to

be brave.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN a.

These examples show that the often used as

b.

In

2,

the infinitive

infinitive

and c.

In

3, is

in

is

it

is

93

infinitive

in

Latin

is

English.

subject of

In 1,4,

est.

5, 6,

the

completes the meaning of the main verb,

called the coinplementaiy infijiitivc.

is

observe that incolas, the subject of the In

accusative.

4,

infinitive,

note that the predicate adjective

primi agrees with the subject of the main verb, cupi-

mus, and Rules

184.

Syntax.

of

TJie subject

1.

2.

A

therefore nominative.

is

of the infinitive

predicate adjective

agrees ivith the siibject of

xvitJt

tJie

main

dico, dicere, dixi, dictus, say,

speak,

constituo,

iubere,

iussi,

con-

place,

station, determine, appoint.

iussus,

paro, are, avi, atus, prepare,

debeo, debere, debui, debitus, oivc, ought.

provide. appello, are, avi,

cupio, cupere, cupivi

(ii),

pitus, wish, desire, be

eager

atus, call,

name.

cu-

auxilium,

numerus,

for.

i, i,

n., aid, help.

m., number.

EXERCISES

186. I.

Vir perTtus esse debet.

esse cupit.

3.

2.

Pater fllium fortem

Helvetil legates de pace ad

tere parati sunt. 5.

constituere,

constitutus,

stitui,

tell.

order, bid.

I.

verb.

VOCABULARY

185.

iubeo,

is in the accusative.

a complementary infinitive

4.

Difficile est

Caesarem mit-

gentes potentes superare.

Helvetil, inopia cibi permoti {infiueiiced),

cupiebant.

6.

constituerunt.

Magnum navium numerum 7.

pacem facere parare

Gall!

Caesar legatum auxilium mittere

iussit.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

94 8.

Tuus amicus

appellarl dicitur.

cum

Imperator oppidum Caesar constituit

9.

ex itinere oppugnare constituerat.

10.

Helvetiis, incolls Galliae, bellum gerere.

11. Copiae Consul nuntium Galliam contendere iubebit.

hostium magnae esse dicebantur.

cum

decern equitibus in

II.

It

I.

was easy

to

12.

capture the town.

2.

The enemy

baggage in camp. 3. The girl Do you wish to give your father a

did not wish to leave their

ought book ? 6.

to

be 5.

The

skillful.

4.

Caesar ordered the legion to storm the town. be high. 7. We ought to Caesar desires the soldiers to be

fortifications are said to

be brave and good.

8.

praised for their bravery.

9.

The Gauls

are said to be

powerful in ships.

LESSON

30

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

III

Preparation of Orgetorlx and the Helvetii Ilelvetil auctdritate Orgetorlgis

187.

rum

et

carrorum

magnum numerum

comparare constituerunt. in

provinciam

mas

R5manam

In^ tertium

permotl^ iumento-

et

copiam frumenti

annum profecti5nem

lege confirmaverunt, et ad

flniti-

Orgetorigem

legatum mlserunt. Casticus Sequanus, cuius {zuhosc) pater a populo Romano amicus appellatus erat, et DumnorIx Haeduus, principes in suls clvitates

(//^^/r)clvitatibus,

flliam in

auxilium dederunt.

matrimonium

dedit.

Dumnorigl Orgetorlx

Itaque hi {these) tres princi-

pes potentium civitatum inter se^ iusiurandum dederunt, et 1

GaUiae imperium obtinere cupiebant. See 186

I, 5.

'^

for.

^

inter se, each other (literally,

among

themselves).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

95

31

THE DEMONSTRATIVE

idem

is.

Is, ea, id

i88.

As adjective, tJiis, that ; plur., t/icse, those. As pronoun, this, that, he, she, it ; plur., these,

Plural

Singular Mas.

Mas.

Keiit.

Fern.

NOM.

is

ea

id

ei, ii

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

eius

eius

eius

ei

ei

ei

eum

earn

CO

ea

I.

In what cases

bonus

(62).'

Keut.

Fern.

eae

ea

eorum

earum

eorum

eis, iis

eis, iis

eis, iis

id

eos

eas

ea

eo

eis, iis

eis, iis

eis, iis

do the endings

The stem

idem

189.

those, they

(is

+

is

-e-

differ

or

from those of

-i-.

dem), the same

Singular Masculine

NOM. Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

Feminine

idem eiusdem eidem

eadem

eundem eodem

eandem eadem

eiusdem eidem

Neuter

idem eiusdem eidem idem eodem

Plural Alasculim

NOM."

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

eidem (idem) eorundem eisdem (isdem) eosdem eisdem (isdem)

Feminine

eaedem earundem

Neuter

eadem eorundem

eisdem (isdem)

eisdem (isdem)

easdem

eadem

eisdem (isdem)

eisdem (isdem)

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

96 1.

Observe that idem that

2.

The

dem

is is

is

compound

a

of is

and dem, and

uninflected.

is

declined regularly except for a few consonant

changes before dem.

Examine the following

190. 1

.

:

Is miles laudatur, tJiat soldier is praised.

2.

Eum

3.

Amicum

4.

friend of him). Amicum eorum laudamus,

laudant,

tJiey

him

praise

{i.e. tliat

{many).

eius laudamus, roc praise Ids friend

(i.e.

the

zue praise their friend {i.q. the

friend of them). a.

In

I,

is

is

used in agreement with a noun, and

demonstrative adjective.

manner b.

In

2,

3,

ivJiat

4, is is

man

It tells

in

is

a

an unemphatic

praised.

is

used without a noun, and

is

a

demon-

strative pronoun. c.

their, referring to

means d. e.

Jiis, hers, its ; eorum means mascuHne and neuter nouns earum

Observe that eius means

;

theij; referring to

feminine nouns.

See table

below for the various meanings of is. Decline together ea femina, id nomen, is miles. When the pronoun of the third person is expressed, :

is

191.

regularly

it

is.

Table of Meanings for Reference ea,

is,

id

Singular

NoM.

this, that

;

he, she,

it.

Gen. of this, of that; of him, his; of her, her; of it, its. Dat. to or for this or that to or for him, her, it. Ace. this, that him, her, it. Abl, from, with, by this tr that from, with, by him, her, it. ;

;

;

ESSExXTIALS OF LATIN

9/

Plural

NoM.

these, those

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

of these, of those

they.

;

of them, their.

;

to or for these or those

these, those

i,

Lahiaius

m.,

(one of Caesar's lieuten-

fortuna, ae,

cohors, cohortis, f.,^^/^^/'/(one of the subdivisions of the

defendere,

pono,

good

m., ivall.

i,

ponere, posui, positus,

place, pitch (a camp).

defend!,

defensus, defend^ protect. both

et,

.

fortu7ie,

princeps, principis, m., leader,

legion).

defends,

f.,

fortimc.

murus,

ants).

.

from, with, by them.

;

VOCABULARY

Labienus,

.

them.

to or for

from, with, by these or those

192.

et

;

them.

;

.

.

.

chief.

pugna,

ae,

f.,

post, prep,

and.

battle.

with ace, after,

behind.

REVIEW EXERCISES

193. I.

I.

cupiunt.

cum

Auxilium parare debemuSo 3.

virtute

esse dicitur.

Mllites fortes esse

2,

Caesari obsides dare constituerunt.

pugnare 6.

iubebit.

R5manl

5.

4.

Mllites

Numerus navium decem

e5s Gallos appellare cupiebant.

Caesar orders the states to send hostages. 2. The commander did not wish to fight. 3. A number of soldiers II.

I.

said to be led to the conquer the Gauls.

city.

is

4.

The Romans ought

to

EXERCISES

194.

I. I. Eius earum el agricolae. eaedem cohortes in eadem urbe. Romanus, earn urbem expugnaverat. ;

ESSEN. OF

2.

;

;

LATIN — 7

3.

4.

Eiusdem

Caesar,

virl;

princeps

Eius mllites post

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

98

pugnam eum ob fortunam

earn

tempore Caesar

cum

laudaverunt.

5.

Eodem

quod muros magna Id facere est non semper

incolls llbertatem dedit,

virtute defenderant.

6.

Labienus easdem cohortes in Helvetios duxit et mox eos vicit. 8. In eorum vico Labienus castra posuit, et panels mensibus pugnas multas pugnavit. 9. Helvetii

facile.

muros

7.

eius oppidi

Eosdem

10.

mllites

et

cum

virtute et fortuna defendent.

ad oppida eius gentis

mittit.

In the same winby the same man. 3. He orders them to pitch the camp in the same place. 4. His good fortune was not always the same. 5. They had given both money and food. 6. These soldiers will defend their walls. II.

ter

;

I.

His; their(fem.); to them.

of the

same

2.

chiefs;

LESSON

32

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN qui, 7v/io,

195.

zvJiicJi, tJiat,

ivJiat

Plural

Singular Mas.

Man.

Fern.

Neut.

Fern

Neut.

NOM. qu!

quae

quod

qui

quae

quae

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

cuius

cuius

cuius

quorum

quarum

quorum

cui

cui

cui

quibus

quibus

quibus

quem

quam

quos

quas

quae

quo

qua

quod qu5

quibus

quibus

quibus

Table of Meanings for Reference NoM. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

who, which, that, what. of whom, whose, of which, of what. to or for whom, which, or what. whom, which, that, what. from, with, by whom, which, or what.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Examine

196. 1.

the following

99

:

Feminae quas videmus pulchrae

sunt,

luoincn zvhom

tJie

tve see are beautiful. 2.

Viros qui in castris sunt laudat,

Jic

praises the vicu that

are iu the camp. 3.

equum habebat agricola had zuas a farmer.

Vir cuius

the

fuit,

man

zvhose

horse he 4.

5.

6.

est, the girl to ivhom he gave the book is faithful. Pilum quo vulneratus sum longum fuit, tJic javelin by li'/iic/i I zcas luounded zvas a long one. Is qui est fortis laudatur, he {one, a man) zvho is brave

Puella cui librum dedit fida

is praised.

a.

The

pronoun refers

relative

which

to

it

refers

antecedent of quas

to

some word, and the word

called

is

in

is

i

antecedent

its

i.e.

;

the

Point out the

feminae.

antecedents in the other sentences. b.

Observe that the ber as

its

The

the same. its

relative has the

antecedent, but that

I,

case

case of the relative

relation to the

ample, in

same gender and num-

its

quas

object of videmus

words

its

determined by

own

clause

accusative because

is ;

of

not necessarily

is is

in

5,

quo

is

it is

:

for ex-

the direct

ablative to express the

instrument of the verb vulneratus sum.

Explain the

cases of the other relatives. c.

In

6,

is

does not refer to any particular person, but

means a

matt, one.

Is is thus

commonly used

as

the antecedent of the relative. 197. its

Rule

ajiteecdent in

mined by

its

—-A

relative pronoun agrees with gender and number, but its case is deterrelation to some word of its oivn clause. of

Syntax.

ESSENTIALS

lOO

LATIN

OP'

VOCABULARY

198.

causa, ae,

f.,

vinculum,

i,

nuntio,

cause, case.

causam dico, ere, dixi, plead (one's) ease.

are,

avi,

coepi,

coepisse,

perfect,

punishment.

tense), began.

f.,

sum

and future perfect

in chains.

poena, ae,

coniuratio, onis,

coeptus

(only in the perfect, plu-

n., eJiaiii.

ex vinculis, i.,

an-

atus,

noiincc, report.

dictus,

conspiracy.

Orgetorix, igis, m., Orgetorix.

REVIEW EXERCISES

199.

eodem loco pugnabant. 2. Eldem Eae cohortes moenia cum virtute defendent. 4. Et Helvetil et R5mani fortes erant. 5. Eius 6. Post proelium milites castra in eadem urbe ponuntur. I.

I.

Eoruni

niTlites in

principl praemia dat.

in

3.

hiberna contendent.

Those brave

soldiers were praised for their good Both the cohorts and their leaders had fought bravely in that battle. 3. Caesar at the same time defends the walls of that city. 4. After that war they pitched the II.

I.

fortune.

2.

camp near

the mountains.

EXERCISES

200. I.

I.

R5manl

Helvetil earn

nuntiant

fecerunt.

2.

gentem mittuntur.

causam

3.

quam

coniurationis

quos in Gallia habent

Milites

ti5nem fecerat, ex vinculis causam dicere coepit. Caesarl nuntiata

coniuratio 5.

Ob eam

est

ab

qui

els

permoti sunt.

6.

Causam ex

dicere poena est eius qui coniurationem

8.

fuit

Cum

4.

Eius

missi erant.

coniurationem Helvetil, quorum legatl a Caesare

convocati erant,

belli

in

OrgetorLx, qui earn coniura-

caedes

eis,

R6man5rum

quorum principes

qui in

fecit.

ea

id fecerant,

vinculis 7.

Causa

urbe fuerunt.

pugnare coepe-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

lOI

runt 9. Is cui bellum gratum est asper est. 10. Gladius qu5 pugnabat longus est. II. I. The boy that is faithful is praised. 2. The soldier whom the general sees is brave. 3. Those are the weapons with which he fought. 4. He who fights bravely is

not often conquered.

5.

Orgetorix, wdiose punishment 6. The man to whom They began to fight with the

has been announced, will be killed. I

gave

this is

my

friend.

7.

Romans.

LESSON THE DEMONSTRATIVES

hic

AND

33 ille.

ADJECTIVES USED

AS SUBSTANTIVES 201.

hie, haec, hoc, this, plur, these

Singular Mas.

NOM.

hic

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

Fern.

Plural Mas.

Neut.

Fern.

Neut.

haec

hoc

hi

hae

haec

huius

huius

huius

horum

harum

horum

huic

huic

huic

his

his

his

hunc

banc hac

hoc

hos

has

haec

hoc

his

his

his

hoc

202.

ille, ilia, illud, tJiat,

plur. tJiose

Singular Mas.

Fern.

Plural Mas.

Neut.

Neut.

Fern.

NoM.

ille

ilia

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

illlus

illlus

illlus

illorum

illarum

illorum

illl

illl

illl

illis

illls

illls

ilium

illam

illud

illos

illas

ilia

illo

ilia

illo

illls

illls

illls

I.

Compare

illud

the endings of

illl

ille

illae

with those of

ilia

is

(188).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

102

Examine the following

203. 1

.

Hie puer omnia,

ilia

:

puella pauca vidit,

tJiis

boy sazv every-

thing, tJiat girl a fciv tilings. 2.

Caesar et Pompeius erant

and Pompey the

Romanorum

zvcre the leading vien

former fongJit

principes

;

ille

hie in Italia remanebat, Caesar

in Gallia pugnabat,

in

Gaiil, the

of the

latter

Romans

remained

ifi

Italy. 3.

Nostri in castris erant, onr

a.

Hie and

are

ille

a contrast

means

is

tJic

men were

more emphatic than

expressed, as in

former.

2,

Ille also

hie

in camp.

is

(190,

means

When

a\

the

latter., ille

sometimes means that

well-known, that famous, and with this meaning

commonly placed

after

b.

Decline together haee urbs, hoe flumen.

c.

In

I

and

2,

is

noun.

its

observe that the adjectives omnia, pauea,

used alone, as if they were nouns. The noun to be supplied in English is generally indicated by the gender of the adjective. The neuter implies the noun tiling in English i.e. multa (neuter plural) means many things.

nostri, are

;

VOCABULARY

204.

m., brother.

f rater, fratris,

mors, mortis, eliens,

f.,

elientis,

death. m.,

vassal,

oratio, onis,

f., f.,

lect,

eripio,

compel, force. ere,

eripui,

ereptus,

snatch azvay, save.

dependent. natio, onis,

eogo, ere, eoegi, eoactus, col-

nation. speech.

eognoseo, ere, cognovi, eognitus, learn of, recognize.

sub, prep, with ace, to the

foot of ; with at the foot of

abl.,

under,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN REVIEW EXERCISES

205. I.

Caesarem

coniurationem

qui

Helvetil

I.

mittunt.

permati erant.

quam

Causa

Caesar ea

dixit

poenae erat coniuratio

eius

Orgetorix, cuius consiiia nuntiata sunt,

4.

Magna cum

5.

ad

fecerunt legates

LegatI quibus

2.

3.

fecerat.

interficietur.

ad castra erant.

tes

103

quod hosPugna quam cum Gallls pugnavc-

6.

virtute pugnabant,

rant longa erat. II.

I.

The

chief

you see

that

Orgetorix,

is

The

2.

mountain on which they fought is in Gaul. 3. Those to whom he gives money are his friends. 4. The man whose conspiracy was reported began to speak. EXERCISES

206. I.

2.

Huius

I.

Hic

orationis

ill5rum

;

cliens fratrem eius eripiet.

clientium 3.

huic amlco.

;

Nostrl hac oratione

perm5tl {aroused) hostes in fugam dederunt.

4.

Hae

clvi-

quas dLximus,i legates ad ilium ducem mittent. 5. Et pedites et equites ad Caesarem contendunt, illl ex urbe, hi

tates,

ex agrls. est. 8.

7.

6.

Orgetorix, princeps

Mors huius

principis

ille

Helvetiorum, necatus

Helvetils

nil quos convocavisti clientes

nes cognoscere amicos cupiunt.

non grata

mel

fratri sunt.

10.

Sub

illo

colle

est.

Om-

9.

Caesar

hostes castra ponere coegit. II.

I.

For

mander.

2.

this

At

man

force Caesar to fight.

within that winter.

many place. latter

;

of those

towns

;

that

famous com-

the foot of this mountain the 3.

4.

enemy

It is difficult to

compel him

to

5. Our men collected the baggage into The Romans fought with the Helvetians

do

that

things. 6.

will

All these tribes Caesar conquered

;

the

were brave, but they were conquered by the former. 1

mention.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

I04

LESSON Ipse.

34

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION

Iste.

207

ipse,

self

Singular

Plural Mas.

Neut.

Alas.

Fern.

NOM.

ipse

ipsa

ipsum

ipsi

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

ipslus

ipsius

ipslus

ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum

ipsi

ipsi

ipsi

ipsis

ipsis

ipsos

ipsas

ipsa

ipsis

ipsis

ipsis

1.

ipsum ipsam ipsum ipso

ipsa

ipso

Fein,

Neut.

ipsae

ipsa

ipsis

Observe chat ipse is declined like bonus, except in the genitive and dative singular, where we have the endings -ius and -i. What other words have had these genitive and dative endings Ipse is a pronoun that gives emphasis to the word with which it agrees, and its translations vary for ex.''

2.

:

ample, vir

ipse,

tJic

man

zvoman herself ; proelium ipsum, urbes ipsae,

tJie cities

femina

Jiiuiscif ;

the

themselves ; etc.

ipsa, the

battle It

itself

sometimes

by even or very. It an adjective with some noun or pronoun

best translated in English

is

agrees like

expressed or understood. 208. I.

Like

ille

(202) decline

Iste points out

may be

iste, that,

that of yours.

an object near a second person, and

translated fully tJiat of yours.

It is, therefore,

called the demonstrative of the second person. is

its

called the demonstrative of the third person,

complete meaning

is

tJiat

{of his or Jiers\

Ille

and Hie

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN is

the demonstrative of the

tJiis

2.

{of

first

105

person and

signifies

ini)ie).

Mention the pronouns that have -ius in the genitive singular and -i in the dative singular.

The

209.

singular and

following adjectives end in -ius in the genitive -i

genders (except

in the dative singular of all

that the genitive of alter ends in -ius).

they are declined Hke

In

adjectives of the

other cases

all

and second

first

declension. alius, alia, aliud (480), other, another. alter, altera,

uter, utra,

alterum,

utrum,

other {of

tJie

ivhich {of tzuo)

tivo).

?

uterque, utraque, utrumque, eaeh {of tzvo), both. neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither {of ullus, ulla,

tzvo').

uUum, any.

nuUus, nulla, nullum,

no, none, no one.

solus, sola, solum, alone, sole, only. totus, tota, totum, xvJiole, all.

unus, 210. 1.

iina,

unum,

one.

Examine the following

:

Nostris finibus eos prohibebat, he kept them

from onr

territories. 2.

Cibo caruerat, he Iiad laeked food.

3.

Ex

ea parte vici discessit,

Jie

withdreiu from that part of

the village. a.

Observe

that

the

ablatives

finibus,

denote the thing from which there removal, or the thing which

is

cibo, is

and parte

privation or

lacking.

—

IVoj'ds denoting Privation, Re211. Rule of Syntax. moval, or Separation are followed by the ablative of the

iking, with or ivithont the prepositions a (ab), de, e (ex).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

I06

VOCABULARY

212. careo, ere, carui, lacky be

ill

cariturus.i

need of, be

zvitJi-

ripa, ae,

f.,

alter

.

out.

alius

sum, depart, ivithdraw. libero,

are,

from,

(of river).

one

.

.

.

avi,

atus, free

f.,

one

alius,

.

.

.

.

alii

.

.

some

alii,

.

.

.

others.

,

aliam in partem, some in one direction, some in

alii

hibitus, keep axvay

provincia, ae,

.

.

another.

liberate.

prohibeo, ere, prohibui,

pro-

from.

another.

province.

REVIEW EXERCISES

213. I.

hank

alter, the

the other (of two),

discedo, ere, discessi, disces-

in

.

.

I.

Clientes hos mllites pugnare cogunt.

castrTs e perlculo sunt ereptl.

illls

inincipis illTus

eum

cognoscent.

nationes castra posuerunt. sagittas dederant.

6.

5.

4.

Huic

Helvetil

2.

Fratres Orgetorlgis

3.

Sub

monte hae arma pllum et

illo

mlliti

Rex harum nationum, quae

coniurationem fecerant, necatus

illam

est.

That famous chief was forced to plead his case in chains. 2. Those tribes collected the soldiers at the foot of the hill (ace). 3. That man, whose daughter has been II.

I.

saved, will praise the soldier for

his courage.

^

4.

We

do

not like to be compelled.

EXERCISES

214. I.

I.

HTc

liber est

meus;

ille

gladius est mllitis^; ubi est

Caesar ipse cum mllitibus ex ilia urbe discedit. LegatI quos Helvetil miserunt armlscarent. 3. 5. IpsI 4. Hostes utrisque rlpls fluminis prohibebimus. istud

^

part

pTlum

?

2.

Future active participle.

when

soldier's.

This

is

sometimes given

the perfect passive participle

is

lacking.

as the fourth principal ^

q^^

^'\\.\\

ace.

^ the

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN oppidum a

militibus* liberavistis.

flumine ipso pugnabant. vincia prohibet. 9.

Caesar

10.

et

Alii in ripis

alii

in

incolae

Orgetorix principes fuerunt

alter ob vict5riam laudatus

(est),

6.

Caesar solus Helvetios pro-

Tota provincia ab hostibus liberata est. discedent. alii aliam in partem

8.

Ex hac urbe

7.

107

alter necatus

;

est.

banks of the 2. Caesar was the very that daughter of yours. river man who was keeping the enemy from the province. 3. Some depart from the town in one direction, some in another. 4. Those soldiers of yours lack bravery and will II.

Of the queen

I.

herself; on the very

;

withdraw from the 6.

I

battle.

5.

Some

like war, others peace.

myself shall free the inhabitants of the whole province

from danger.

LESSON

35

INTERROGATIVE

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

quis

audio, Jicar

215.

Prin. Parts

Learn

all

:

audio, audire, audivi, auditus

tenses of the indicative, active and passive, of

audio (494).

vowel of the present stem is What are the corresponding vowels of the -i-. How can one second, and third conjugations

Observe that the

1.

Io)ig first,

tell to

Compare

2.

final

.-'

what conjugation a verb

belongs.-'

sive of audio with the corresponding (495). ^

A

and pasforms of capio

carefully the present indicative active

preposition

In what forms is

tive denotes a person.

is

there a difference

regularly used with verbs of separation

.-"

when

Note the abla-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

io8

particularly the quantity of the vowel

tense of audio,

The

and how

i

in the present

this affects the pronunciation.

other five tenses of audio are formed and conjugated

exactly like those of capio.

The Interrogative Pronoun

216.

quis, ivJio ?

ivJiat ?

zvJiicJi ?

Singular Neuter

Masculine

Feminine

NOM.

quis (qui)

quae

quid (quod)

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

cuius

cuius

cuius

cui

cui

cui

quern

quam

quid (quod)

quo

qua

quo

Plural

I.

Neuter

Masculine

Feminine

NOM.

qui

quae

quae

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

quorum

quarum

quorum quibus

quibus

quibus

quos

quas

quae

quibus

quibus

quibus

Compare these forms with those

of the relative (195)-

Examine the following:

217. 1.

Quis hoc fecit

2.

Quid

3.

Qui (quis) vir hoc

4.

man did this ? Quam urbem vides 7-

fecisti

.?

do you sec

.^

did

zvJio

this ?

zvhat did yoji fecit.-*

.-'

zvhat city

!

'

? .-*

gift does the boy like ?

Used five

as an interroga-

pronoun.

ivhat'

.9

Quod donum amat puer

1

do?)

zuhat

Used 4.;

as an interroga„j;^^4-;,,^

tive adjective.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

109

when used

as an adjective, the interrogQuis is forms as the relative. ative has the same sometimes used for qui. When used as a pronoun, quis and quid are used in place As a pronoun it has no feminine of qui and quod.

Observe

a.

b.

that,

forms in the singular.

VOCABULARY

218. audio,

consuetudo, inis,

auditus,

audivi,

ire,

ire,

clamor, oris, m., sho?it, cry.

munivi, munitus,

labor, oris, m., work, labor.

fortify.

iudicium,

venio, ire,veni,ventum,i c^w^.

punio,

i,

n.,

trial, jiidg-

mcnt.

piinitus,

piinivi,

ire,

undique, adv.,

punisJi.

from

all sides.

REVIEW EXERCISES

219. I.

custom,

habit.

hear.

munio,

f.,

I,

Caesar ipse urbem perlculo

miles, cuius virtutem

omnes

videtis,

llberabit.

Rdmanus

2.

est.

Iste 3.

In

4. Helvetii e tota hoc ipso oppido coniuratio est facta. provincia discesserunt. 5. Hostes alii aliam in partem in fugam dabuntur. 6. Alter legatus hostes moenibus prohi-

bere, alter incolas convocare coepit. II.

I.

Some

be punished. city.

3.

be freed from chains, but others will The enemy will be kept away from the

will 2.

They fought

of the river.

4.

I

I.

punlvisti 1

on the very banks

myself shall depart from the

city.

EXERCISES

220. I.

for a long time

The

Audlris ;

;

audietur

punltae eratis.

;

3.

veneratis.

2.

Qui venient

in

neuter singular of the perfect passive participle.

participle are not used.

Muniebatur; banc urbem } Other forms of the

no

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Quorum clamores

4.

misimus audiuntur. nocte munlre.

5.

Quis

6.

? Clamores ipsorum quos Consuetudo est Romanorum castra

audiuntur

tells

vulneratus est

imperator castra non munlvit.

urbe audlmus coegit.

9.

bant audit!

sub monte II.

heard

?

orix

illo

cupimus.

you (plur.) will hear; we had They 2. have been punished; you (sing.) are being the camp has been fortified. 3. What did he do are heard;

.-*

;

himself was the one^

Whose weapons

6.

hac

8.

Who formed a conspiracy of

4.

in

Et clientes et servos ad iudicium undique Clam5res e5rum qui cum impedimentis veniesunt. 10. Quid facere cupitis ? Castra p5nere

We

I.

come.

Miles cuius

?

Qu5s clamores

7.

are these

will fortify the city that^

the Helvetians

who formed .-'

LESSON

5.

Orget-

With great labor they

7.

we have

?

the conspiracy.

taken.

36

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

IV

The Death of Orgetorix after

being summoned to Trial by the Helvetian Officials on a Charge OF Conspiracy

221.

Ea

consilia sunt Helvetils per nuntios nuntiata, et

Orgetorlgem ex vinculls causam dicere coegerunt. Coniurationis accusatus est et ignl cremarl^ eius poena fuit.

Quam *

ob rem Orgetorix ad iudicium

omnem suam {/its) magnum

familiam et omnes clientes obaeratosque, qu5rum

numerum ^

*

See 196,

quam ob

habebat, undique coegit. 6.

rem,

^ Is

this a relative or a

therefore, wherefore.

Per eos se {Jiimsclf^

demonstrative

?

^

See 183,

2,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Magistratus

e perlculo eripuit.

III

ob eius fugam sunt

^

incitati

multitudinemque hominum c5gere ex agrls coeperunt. Interea Orgetorix mortuus^ est, et de eius morte fuerunt mult! rumores apud Helvetios.

LESSON

Z7

FOURTH DECLENSION The Stem ends

222.

cornu,

casus, m., cJiaiice, ))iisfortu7ie

Jiorn,

in -u-

n.,

iving

Stem

casu-

Stem

cornu-

Base

cas-

Base

corn-

SlNGULAR

Terminations Singular

SlNGULAR

Masculine

Neuter

NOM.

casus

cornu

-us

-u

Gen. DAT.

casus

cornus

-US

-lis

casui (u)

cornu

-ui (u)

-u

Ace. Abl.

casum

cornu

-um

-u

casu

cornu

-u

-ii

NOM.

casus

cornua

-US

-ua

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

casuum

cornuum

-uum

-uum

casibus

cornibus

-ibus

-ibus

casus

cornua

-US

-ua

casibus

cornibus

-ibus

-ibus

Plural

1.

2.

Plural

Plural

A

few words of this declension have -ubus in the dative and ablative plural. Domus, f., house, home, is partly of the second and partly of the fourth declension. ^ officers,

(See 476.)

magistrates, noni. plur.

^

mortuus

est, died.

I

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

12

—

223. Rule of Syntax.

m -us are Diascnline I.

;

A^oi/ns of the fourth declension

those in -u are nenter.

Domus, honse, Idus (plur.), the Ides, manus, hand, and a few other nouns 2iX.Q feminine. Decline together exercitus

224.

brave

fortis,

army ; tua

manus, yo7ir hand ; cornu dextrum, right wing.

VOCABULARY

225. casus,

m.,

us,

a falling,

chance, misfortnne.

domus,

us,

zuing.

honse, home.

f.,

exercitus, us, m., army.

mdiuus,

men), portus, us,

a sinistro cornu, on the convenio,

ire,

ventus,

m

,

harbor.

cornii, us, n., Jiorn,

conveni,

come

assemble.

wing

(of

deus,

i,

m., god.

army).

Interior of a

left

wing.

hand, band {oi

XiS, i.,

a dextro cornu, on the right

Roman House

(Restoration)

con-

together,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

1

13

REVIEW EXERCISES

226.

Quis clamores mllitum audlvit ? 2. Hostes alii 3. Undiqiie equites ex silvis ad flumen veniebant. 4. Principis est consuetude punire eos qui coniurationem faciunt. 5. Quam urbem munient et I.

I.

aliam in partem fugient.

qui

cam defendent?

cur

illl

II.

punltl sunt

Who

I.

pitched city.

?

3.

6.

Quorum clamdres

audiuntur atque

?

the camp that^ Caesar has keep those foot-soldiers from the Whose shouts did you hear at daybreak at the 2.

will

We

foot of the hill

.-'

fortify

shall

4.

In

many

countries lazy

men

are pun-

ished by labor.

EXERCISES

227. I.

I.

Portubus; exercitui;

ad exercitum venerant.

3.

2. Manus equitum hunc portum naves hostium

manuum.

Ad

Qui mllites a dextro cornu exercitus sunt ? 5. Roman! consiho de5rum magnam Helvetiorum partem necaverunt. 6. N until qui ad Caesarem venerant el casum missae sunt.

4.

exercitus nuntiaverunt. ebant.

8.

7.

PaucI ad portas urbis conveni-

Roman! magna cum caede domos

agros

et

Gallorum vastaverant. 9. Nostri a sinistro cornu superat! 10. Domus sunt quod non cum virtute dimicaverant. cuius portas Gallorum ab equitibus vastabantur. 11. Urbs defendimus magnum portum habet. II. I. For the gods; on the left wing; the doors of the houses. 2. In the harbor are many ships in which ^ the army of the Romans came from the city to Gaul. 3. The misfortune of the army was reported to Caesar.

4.

Orget-

whose bands had assembled, was not saved from danger. The houses of the city will be defended by the army.

orix, 5. ^

Is this

the relative or the demonstrative pronoun

by the ablative of means. ESSEN. OF LATIN

—8

?

-

in ivhuh

:

express

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

114

LESSON IRREGULAR VERB

38

PLACE WHERE, WHENCE, AND

eo.

WHITHER Irregular Verb

228.

Prin. Parts

Learn 1.

2.

eo,

eo, ire,

:

go

ii,

itum ^

tenses of the indicative of eo (500).

all

Notice that the

-i-,

the present stem of

eo,

changes

to -e-

In what forms of the present indicabefore a vowel. tive does this change occur ? Observe that the future indicative ibo is formed like the future of verbs of the first and second conjugaAre all tions, although the present infinitive is ire. other tenses of the indicative formed and conjugated regularly 229.

Names

?

of towns

and a few other words have a which expresses the idea

special case called the Locative, of at or in, I.

The

and answers the question

r'lrst

T^

of

:

Singular ,

names

following are the locative endings for

towns T^.

zvJicre.

,

Declension

-ae

cJ T>. Second Declension 1

Plural -

.

-

•

-1

-is

-

-is

f

Romae,

j

/;/

Rome.

.

i

Athenis,

[

Corinthi, at or in Corinth.

i I

jji

AtJicns.

m

r^

•

Delphis, at or

fCarthagini, at or

Third Declension

-i(e)

-ibus

\

[

1

,

•

DelpJii. ///

Car-

tJiagc.

Trallibus, at or in Trallcs.

See note on venio (218).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Domi, at hovic ; humi, on the ground ;

II5

ruri, in tJic country,

are also locative forms.

To

express the same idea for other words than the

names tive tJiey

230.

i.e.

;

towns use the preposition

of

in urbe est,

Jie is

abla-

in Italia sunt,

;

are in Italy.

Examine the following

:

ad pontem,

to tJie bridge.

in italiam, to or

Venit, he comes

1.

and the

in

in the city

\

[

i7ito Italy.

Romam, to Rome. domum, home. rus, to or into the country.

(ab) (de) ex oppido, fro})i the town. (ab) (de) ex Italia, Exit, he goes

2.

\

Athenis,

from

Italy.

from Athens.

domo, from home. I

a.

rure,

from

the country.

Observe that to answer the questions zuJiitJier or zvJience^ no preposition is used with names of towns and domus and rus, while a preposition (in, ad, ab, de, ex) is used with other words. 231.

Rule

of

Syntax.

With names of tozvns and domus and 1.

Place zvhere

2.

Place whitJicr

is

rus.

expressed by the locative. is

expressed by the accusative without

is

expressed by the ablative

a preposition. Place whence

3.

ivitJiout

a

preposition.

A

preposition

ideas.

is

used with other words

to

express these

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Il6

VOCABULARY

232.

arum

Athenae,

(plur.),

f.,

Carthago, Corinthus,

eo, ire,

inis, i,

f.,

f.

CartJiage.

(27,

Cor-

2),

itum, go.

ii,

exeo (ex

Athens.

+ eo),

itiirus,^

transeo

go

(trans

orum

Delphi,

(plur.),

f.,

Del-

over,

exii, ex-

+

eo),

transitiirus,

transii,

i}itJi.

ire,

out.

go

ire, ^

go

across, cross.

impetus, us, m., attack.

pJii.

equitatus (eques), us, m., cavairy.

impetum facio in (with ace), viake an attack upon.

REVIEW EXERCISES

233.

I. Donius incolarum ab equitatu Caesaris defendentur. Legiones popull Roman! in hiberna venerant. 3. Casus

I.

2.

navium

mllitibus, qui in hibernis erant, nuntiatus est.

sinistro

cornu exercitus sunt manus multae fortium mllitum.

4.

In

Casu nostrorum hostes erant laetl. II. I. The Gauls were being conquered on the right wing. 2. The bands of the enemy that you see are assembling from all sides. 3. They were hastening to the harbor from which the ships of our (men) were seen. 4. They were killed by the cavalry with swords. 5.

EXERCISES

234. I.

I.

4.

lerat

Tbunt

;

eunt.

;

2.

Transierunt

;

;

iimus.

sul exercitum

3.

;

Roma Athenas

traduxit.

6.

Caesar legates

quos habebat in Graeciam transire iussit. 7. manorum urbem muniet atque incolas ab hostibus ^

exibatis

Ex urbe ex urbe Roma^; Roma; domo. In oppido; Romae; CarthaginI; Athenis; doml, 5. Con-

Tmus

See note on careo (212).

2

of Rome.

Roma

is

Dux

Ro-

llberabit.

in apposition with urbe.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Equitatum Corinthiim

117

Athenis bellum geret. 9. Helvetil e finibus exire parant, et exercitum trans flumen traducunt. 10. Caesar Roma contendit et 8.

mittet, sed ipse

equitatum in Helvetios impetum facere iubet. II.

From Greece;

I,

Athens

;

to the city

;

out of Corinth; from home.

into the country

;

2.

To

into the province.

In Rome in Italy at home at Delphi. 4. We ought send the cavalry to Athens. 5. The enemy had made a brave attack on our men, but had been conquered. 6. The 3.

;

;

;

to

cavalry wished to cross the river, but were kept

away from

the banks by the enemy.

LESSON

39

REVIEW OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

DATIVE OF

POSSESSOR 235.

Review of the Four

Review the

list

of verbs in 169,

Co.n-jugatioxs

and review thoroughly

the meanings and principal parts of the following verbs that have been introduced since Lesson 27

:

duco

capio

incolo

traduc5

prohibeo

iacio

nuntio

eo

audio

fugi5

eripio

coepI

transeo

paro

facio

exe5

pono

interficio

cogo cognosce

venid

careo

dlco

disced©

convenio

vinco

iube5

llbero

mitto

relinquo

appello

punio

debeo

contends

constitu5

munio

cupio

gero

defends

ESSEiNTIALS OF LATIN

Il8 1.

Notice

the

particularly ex,

trans,

as

con,

significance

appear

they

of

in

the

the

prefixes

compound

verbs. 2.

How

3.

How

does the formation of the future of the first and second conjugations differ from that of the third and

fourth conjugations

can you

tell

?

whether cupio belongs

or the third conjugation 236.

I.

?

Following the form suggested

synopsis of iubeo in the

first

to the fourth

in

170, write a

person, interficio in the second

person, munio in the third person.

Review

Conjugate the perfect active of do, Observe that the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active and passive of all conjugations are formed from the principal parts and conjugated in the same way. 2.

92,

i.

iubeo, eo, cognosco, venio.

237. 1.

Examine the following Miles gladium habet, -_.,.^.

2.

,

,.

1 \

Militi est gladius,

:

,

,

,.

,

the soldier has a sivord.

J

Observe the two ways in Latin of expressing the same English idea. The first sentence corresponds word for word with the English translation. The second sen-

bad English, is "for the soldier is a sword," the possessor being dative and the thing possessed being subject of est. Never translate literally a Latin sentence thus, as there is in good English no similar contence, translated into

struction.

238. sunt,

Rule

etc., to

the subject.

of

Syntax.

—

TJie

dative

is

used with

est,

denote the possessor, the thing possessed being

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

II9

REVIEW EXERCISES

239.

(Give tense, voice, person, and number, and translate.) I.

Facient; convocabamur

I.

puniris

;

nistis.

capies 7.

caperis. 4.

;

3.

Missum

sunt; habueras

monentur.

10.

;

;

cogeminL

Discesserit

;

miserat

;

erat

appellabitis.

Rellqueratis

;

;

;

dictum

contendebatis.

Augebat

prohibuerant coepistl.

Vincentur

6.

relinquent

;

Audiebaris;

2.

punietur

;

erat.

;

iubetur.

Liberatae

8.

Eripieris

9.

conve-

;

Pdnetis;

5.

traducetur;

;

pugnabunt; defensa erat

exit;

;

exilt.

they wished; you (plur.) have II. I. We have said; been compelled. 2. We shall take you will leave they you (fern, plur.) have will blame. 3. It has been said; been defended. 4. It was heard we are being defended you (sing.) are fortifying. 5. We shall cross; they have gone you were going out. 6. It had been sent you (plur.) ;

;

;

;

;

;

have

sent.

EXERCISES

240. I.

I.

domus.

Mens amicus domum 3.

impetum mox 5.

Caesar

qu5rum

Helvetil, facient.

magnum

4.

habet.

2.

Exercitus

magnus

exercitum habuit.

mentl copiam habent.

7.

Me5 amlc5

castra videtis, in

Els est

6.

est

Caesarem

fuit Caesarl.

Magnam

magna f rumen tl

fru-

copia.

Hostes paucas naves habent. 9. Hostibus sunt paucae naves. 10. MllitI pulchrum scutum dedit. 8.

The farmer has ^ a horse. 2. They have ^ friends. The soldiers have come to Rome. 4. He had ^ a book. Who will go to the city ? 6. The city that the Romans

II. 3.

5.

I.

fortified

was large and 1

beautiful.

Express this idea in two ways in Latin.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

I20

LESSON

EXTENT OF TIME AND SPACE

NUMERALS. 241. (485),

40

Learn thoroughly the cardinals as far as twenty and study the formation of the numbers beyond. Declension of Numerals

242.

Paradigms Neut.

Mas. and Fern.

Neut.

Onus, one

una

unum

tres, three

tria

Mas.

NOM. Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

Fern.

(

Linius

unius

unius

trium

trium

uni

uni

uni

tribus

tribus

unum

unam

unum

tres, tris

tria

uno

una

uno

tribus

tribus

I\fas.

duo

NOM.

duo, txvo

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

duorum

duarum

duorum

duobus duos, duo duobus

duabus duas duabus

duobus duo duabus

NOM.

mille, tJioiisand

mil]lia

(milia)

mllle

mil] ium

(milium)

mille

mlllibus (mllibus)

Plural

Singular

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl. 243.

Neut.

Fern.

duae

I.

(mIlia)

mille

mil]iia

mille

mlllibus (mllibus)

The

cardinals from quattuor to centum inclusive

are indeclinable

:

quattuor puellae,/6'//r ^/r/j-/ septem pue-

rorum, of seven boys. Compare the declension of iinus with that of 2.

ille

(202).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 3.

Mille in the singular

used as an adjective In the plural

it

is

:

is

indeclinable,

121

and

is

generally

mille milites, a tJionsand soldiers.

a noun only

:

septem millia militum,

seven tJioHsand (of) soldiers.

Examine the following

244. 1.

2.

:

Hannibal multos annos in Italia manebat, Hannibal mained {for) many years in Italy.

Hoc flumen altum quinque pedes

est, tJiis

river

is

re-

Jive

feet deep. a.

Observe that the accusative multos annos denotes duration or extent of time ; quinque pedes, extent of space. Rule

245.

of

— Extent of time or space

Syntax.

is ex-

pressed by the accnsative.

VOCABULARY

246.

mercator,

altitude, altitudinis,f.,/^t7>///,

a

f.,

a breaking

socius,

sally.

set fire

to,

ere,

mille passuum, a thousand

mansi, mansurus,

paces, a hora, ae,

(Roman)

f.,

mile.

Jiour.

EXERCISES

247. I.

companion,

passus, us, ra.,pace.

burn.

stay, remain.

I.

m.,

i,

ally.

incendo, ere,incendi,incensus,

maneo,

merchant,

trader.

depth. eruptio, onis, out,

oris, m.,

Centum

vlgintl

mercatorum

;

mille trecentls sex

Trium exercituum duabus legionibus quattuor equorum. 3. Murus quern vides altus est sex pedes. 4. Du5s menses eruptionem facere parabant. 6. Equi5. Caesar novem annos in Gallia manebat. tes duas horas magna cum virtute pugnabant. 7. Socii et quadraginta militibus. ;

2.

;

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

122

Helvetiorum decern

nam

iter fecerunt.

passimm per provinciam RomaLegatus cum tribus cohortibus vicos

mlllia 8.

duodecim incendit

et agros vastavit. 9. Tria mlllia militum ad flumen ab hostibus interfecti erant. 10. Id flumen centum pedes latum et duodevlginti altum fuit. 11. Hlc collis septuaginta quinque pedes est in altitudine. 12. Equitatus

Athenis Delphos

exilt.

I. Thirty-seven villages; five thousand soldiers; a II. 2. For two months the soldiers of thousand horsemen. the Roman people besieged that town. 3. The wall, which was twelve feet in height, was defended by Caesar's forces. 4. He remained eight months in that country, and then

hastened to Rome. nineteen feet deep.

5.

6.

but the consid came to

The river that they The soldiers remained Rome.

LESSON

crossed was in

Carthage,

41

PARTITIVE GENITIVE

FIFTH DECLENSION.

Fifth Declension

248.

The stem ends day

dies, m.,

in -eres,

f. ,

thing

Stem

die-

Stem

re-

Base

di-

Base

r-

Terminations Sing.

Plur.

NOM.

dies

dies

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

diei

dierum

diei

diebus

diem

dies

die

diebus

Sing.

res

Plur.

Sing.

Plur.

res

-es

-es

rei

rerum

-ei

-erum

rei

rebus

-ei

-ebus

rem

res

-em

-es

re

rebus

-e

-ebus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN I.

1

23

Dies and res are the only nouns of this declension that

have all the forms of the plural. A few other nouns have the nominative and accusative plural. 249.

Rule

Syntax.

of

— All nouns of the

are feminine except dies, which

singular 250.

and ahvays

is

fiftJi

declension

usually masculine in the

so in the plural.

Examine the following

we have

:

1.

Satis cibi habemus,

2.

Nihil novi

3.

tJnus ex militibus vulneratus est, one of the soldiers

4.

Quidam de

est, their is

enougJi (oi)food.

nothing (of) nezv.

was

ivounded.

a.

b.

nostris ceciderunt,

some of our moi fell.

Observe that the genitives cibi, novi, denote the whole Note that in of which a part (satis, nihil) is taken. I and 2 the preposition of is not used in English. Observe the construction following unus and quidam After the cardinal numerals regularly, in 3 and 4. and after a few other words occasionally, an ablative with de or ex 251.

Rule

used

is

Syntax.

of

in place of the genitive.

— The partitive genitive

denote a whole of zvhich a part

f.,

line of battle.

rei,

f.,

thing,

circuni-

to

accomplish,

publicus, a,

um,

public.

finish,

f.,

the state, the republic. nihil (indecl. noun), nothing.

stance, affair. conficio, ere,confeci,confectus,

out.

used

res publica, rei publicae,

dies, ei, m., day. res,

is

taken.

VOCABULARY

252. acies, ei,

is

wear

satis (indecl. noun), enough.

nihil reliqui, notJiing

left.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

124

REVIEW EXERCISES

253. I.

Exercitus decern menses

I.

vTginti mlllia

passuum

c5nsules fuerunt

;

in Galliam venit.

domum

Ire

ille

Athenis Corinthum II.

I.

The

2.

3.

Pompeius

et

Via

Romae manebat, hic cum exercitu cum omnibus impedlmentis

sunt.

5.

Equitatus

quindecim horls

ift.

The

allies

city was on a hill a hundred feet high. marched^ seven miles in two hours. 3. Late

at night the general set fire to all the buildings.

hind the

2.

Caesar

Helvetil

4.

coacti

Romae manebat.

est longa.

camp was

4.

Be-

a river four feet deep.

EXERCISES

254.

Caesar exercitum flumen uno die traduxerat. res multos hostes terruit, atque pars eorum domum ilt. 3. Tres dies equitatus cum Helvetils, qui flumen translbant, pugnabat. 4. Vicds et aedificia incendPrima luce pauci erant, et nihil reliqui domi habebant. 5. I.

I.

Haec

2.

de eorum mllitibus iter non confecerant. 6. Finitimi els satis frumenti et cibi dederunt. 7. Res publica tribus diebus magno pericul5 llberata est. 8. Quattuor e legatls e5 die eandem rem Caesarl nuntiaverunt.

RomanI Helvetios, Primam aciem iacere

rebus 10.

qui

domd

9.

Omnibus

exierant, superabant.

tela iussit.

For twenty days the legions defended the camp from the enemy. 2. The Gauls have enough soldiers, but II.

I.

they lack courage.

and

will

men

will

3.

The

Helvetians have^ nothing

left,

soon go out of their territories. 4. Few of our remain in Rome. 5. In a few days we shall have

enough weapons. 1

iter facio.

habent.

^

Express this idea in some other way than by using

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

125

42

READING LESSON (Those who prefer reading lessons based on Caesar's Gallic War, Book may use the lessons beginning at 451.)

II,

CHAPTER V The Helvetii nevertheless complete their Preparations 255. suls

^

Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii e finibus

exire constituerunt.

oppida sua^ omnia ad reliqua

privata

^

Ubi iam ad cam rem

parati sunt,

duodecim, vicos ad^ quadringent5s,

aedificia

incendunt.^

Itaque et

domum

spem sustulerunt* et ad bellum parati sunt. Frumentum et multa alia quemque domo efferre iubent.^

reditionis

RauracI

et

TulingI et Latobrlgl flnitiml idem facere et

e finibus exIre constituunt.^

coluerant et in

Rhenum

Boil, qui trans

agrum Noricum

oppugnaverant, Helvetiorum amici

LESSON

in-

Noreiamque

transierant

et socil erant.

43

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON 256.

The degrees

of comparison are

:

positive, compara-

tive, superlative.

The

I.

positive

is

the simple form of the adjective

:

carus,

dear. 1

their.

2

about (with numerals).

^The

present tense

is

sometimes used

instead of a past tense to express the thought with greater vividness. called the historical present.

^

From

tollo.

It is

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

126

The comparative

is

formed by adding to the base of the mascuHne and feminine, and -ius

positive, -ior for the

for the neuter: carus (base car-), dear, carior, carius, dearer.

The

formed by adding to the base of the -issimum carus (base car-), dear, carissimus, a, um, dearest. superlative

is

positive, -issimus, -issima,

Comparative

Positive

M. and latus (lat-),

Superlative

N.

F.

latior,

wide

latissimus, a,

latius,

wider

fortis (fort-),

fortissimus,

braver

velox (veloc-),

velocissimus,

swifter

The

superlative

comparative

is

is

a,

um,

bravest

velocior, velocius,

szvift

um,

widest fortius,

fortior,

brave

257.

:

um,

a,

szviftest

declined like bonus (62).

The

declined as follows

Singular M. and F. N.

Plural M. and F.

N.

NOM.

latior

latius

latiores

latiora

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

latioris

latioris

latiorum

latiorum

latiori

latiori

lati5ribus

latioribus

latiorem

latius

latiores (is) latidra

I.

latiore (i^ latiore (i)

lati5ribus

1

latioribus

In what forms does the declension of the comparative differ

from that of regular third declension adjectives

(155, 161)? 258.

Compare

powerful ; brevis of one of them.

altus

(alt-),

high, deep

(brev-), sJiort.

;

potens (potent-),

DecHne the comparative

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

12^

Examine the following:

259. 1.

Hie mons altior est

quam

2.

Hie mons altior est

illo,

Observe that

in

English meaning

The

quam

i

quam

while in 2

is is

mountain

ille, | tJiis J

is

used and

omitted and

when

is

used, the

is

the

nominative,

The

ablative.

same case follows

first

When

nominative or the accusative.

in the

ille is

illo

the same in both sentences.

ablative can be used only

is

is JiigJier

tJian that.

as precedes

substantive

quam,

thaji,

it.

—

Comparison is expressed by using 260. Rule of Syntax. quam, than, or by the ablative zvithoiit quam.

VOCABULARY

261.

latitudo,

velox, velocis, siuift. tutus,

a,

turpis,

um,

tigly,

e,

pervenio,

disgraceful,

infamoHS.

Rhodanus,

quam,

i,

ventus,

adv., than.

zvidth,

ire,

perveni,

cojiie

up,

per-

arrive,

obsideo, ere, obsedi, obsessus, besiege.

REVIEW EXERCISES

262. I.

f.,

reach.

m., the RJione.

latus,^ lateris, n., side, flank.

2.

inis,

breadth.

safe.

I.

Oppidum multos

dies a Caesare erat

oppugnatum.

Faucis mensibus cibi inopia hostes laborabunt.

colas ob eruptionem ex oppido imperator laudat.

clamdribus Gallorum terrentur

non erat id5neum.

6.

Ille

5.

.''

mons

Tempus

3.

4.

In-

Qui

anni bell5

in altitudine est mllle

pedes. II.

I.

On

that day Caesar left

the end of the war. 1

Do

3.

He

left

Rome.

2.

That day was

the city and hastened into

not confuse w ith the adjective latus, a,

um.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

128 Gaul.

In that battle a few of our

4.

men were wounded

in

the head.

EXERCISES

263. I.

Helvetil flnitimls fortiores erant.

I.

quod

videtis altius est

quam Rhodanus.

rebus potenti5res erant

quam

illls

sociorum vastare.

6.

Hoc

multls

4. Equds velociores Turpissimum est agros

5.

latus castr5rum tutius erat

quod hostes discesserant.

Caesar

7.

ad fines Helvetiorum pervenit. latum quingentos pedes.

3.

Hoc flumen

RomanI

gentibus.

omnes vidimus.

ill5s

2.

8.

R5ma

Flumen Rhodanus

Vel5ci6res equites

9.

illo,

contendit et

quam

est

tuos

non vidL 10. Urbs, quam RomanI obsidebant, latitudine erat magna. n." I. The Celts are the bravest of all the Gauls. 2. Have you seen a more disgraceful flight.'' 3. That side of the fortifications that you see has been besieged for

many

rivers.

month

days.

5.

is

4.

What

The

road

sea is

is

deeper than the deepest 6. This than that.-*

shorter

shorter than that.

LESSON

44

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (Continued). OF MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE 264.

Adjectives ending in

-er

form the superlative by

adding -rimus, to the iioniinative singular comparative is formed regularly (256, 2). Comparative

Positive

pulcher

(pulchr-),

acer

(acr-),

eazer

pulchrior, pulchrius

bemitiful kcoi,

acrior, acrius

ABLATIVE

The

inasciiline.

Superlative

pulcherrimus,

a,

um acerrimus,

a,

um

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

The

265.

following six adjectives ending in

their superlative

comparative

129

is

by adding

-limus, a,

um

form

-lis

The

to the base.

regular.

Comparative

Positive

Superlative

e

(simil-),

similior, ius

simillimus,

dissimilis,

e (dissi-

dissimilior, ius

dissimillimus,

similis,

a,

um

like

mil-), facilis,

e

a,

um

imlike

facillimus,

facilior, ius

(facil-),

a,

um

easy difficillimus, a,

um

gracilior, ius

gracillimus, a,

um

humilior, ius

humillimus,

um

difficilior,

dif!icilis,e(difficil-),

ius

hard gracilis, e (gracil-),

slejider

humilis, e (humil-),

a,

lozv

266. 1.

Examine the following

Hie mons centum pedibus altior est

a Jinndred feet Jnuidrcd feet) than that. taiii

2.

:

Hoc

is

iter

multo facilius est

(literally, easier

quam

ille, t/iis inoini-

JiigJier (literally,

illo,

this

road

is

higher by a micch easier

by innch) than that.

Observe that the ablatives centum pedibus and multo express the measure of difference between the objects compared. 267. Rule of Syntax.

pressed by the ablative

— The measure of

zuitJiout

difference is ex-

a prepositiott.

Sometimes the comparative and superlative are used without making a comparison between two objects. Then the comparative means too or rather, and the super268.

lative very or exceedingly. ESSEN. OF latin

9

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

I30 1.

Hie mons altissimus

mountain

est, this

.

is

very {ox exceed-

ingly) high. 2.

Hie mons altior

est, this

mountain

adventus,

animus,

m., approach,

iis,

arrival.

i,

m., mind, courage,

spirit, disposition.

smooth, gentle.

lenis, e,

exspecto,

are,

inter,

in

adv.,

that

prep,

with

ace,

be-

among, during, certiorem eum f acio, / inform

atus,

avi,

tivccn,

await, wait for, expect. place,

Jiim (literally,

/ make him

more certain\

there.

REVIEW EXERCISES

270.

Caesarl in Gallia erant multae legiones.

I.

I.

high.

VOCABULARY

269.

ibi,

is ratJicr (or too^

tutius consilium est

sunt

missi,

hoc

?

velocissimae.

annos flnibus prohibuerant.

3.

2.

Quod

Naves, quibus mllites erant Helvetii

4. 5.

flnitimos

Turpissimum

multos

est e proelio

discedere.

enough horsemen in Rome. gone from Rome to Gaul. Caesar's army was compelled to fight for two days. 3. Late at night the general ordered the soldiers to 4. pitch camp. II.

There

I.

Many

2.

I.

I.

erat.

De

quod 8.

Impetum hostium exspectare

est

difficillimum.

Legatus multo Pons inter duo oppida factus est meo fratre. 4. 5. Omnium urbis viarum haec est multo brevissima. adventu navium eum certiorem fecerunt. 7. Iter

Rlpae. huius fluminis sunt leniores.

fortior

6.

not

have

EXERCISES

271.

2.

are

soldiers

montes erat angustum et difificillimum erat. qu5 RomanI castra posuerant centum pedibus De casu exercitus illo qui ad vTcum est. 9.

inter

Collis in

est altior

3.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN legates certiores fecit.

adventu fecerunt 11.

I.

There

10.

Qui eos

131

certiores de Caesaris

?

was there an exceedingly

^

fierce battle.

The Rhone is five feet deeper than that river. city in many respects^ is rather like^ Rome. 2.

spirits were roused by the bravery of our men. informed them about the difficult road,

LESSON

This

3.

4.

Their 5.

We

45

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Possum 272.

Several

pared.

Which

common

Comparative

Positive

um, good malus, a, um, bad magnus, a, um,

bonus,

adjectives are irregularly com-

of these are irregular in English

a,

.''

Superlative

melior, melius

optimus,

peior, peius

pessimus,

maior, maius

maximus,

um um um a,

minor, minus

minimus,

a,

um

plurimus,

a,

um

a,

a,

great a,

um,

a,

um,

multi, ae, a,

many

parvus,

small multus,

plus

vmcJi plures, plijra

plurimi, ae, a

vetus, veteris, old

vetustior,vetustius

veterrimus,

senis, old

senior (maiornatu)

maximus natu

iunior(minornatu)

minimus natu supremus, summus,

senex,

\WMQx\\s, Q,

young

superus,

a,

um,

superior, superius,

um,

Inferior,

above inferus,

higher a,

below

See note on 49, IL

um

highest Tnfimus, Imus,

inferius,

lower 1

a,

est 3.

2 j-gg,

3

ggg jg^

lozv-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

132 273.

not declined like other comparatives

Plus, more,

is

Wherein

the difference

(257).

is

?

Plural

Singular Neut.

Mas. and

NOM.

plus

piures

plura

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

pluris

plurium

plurium

Mas. and Fern

274.

Possum

.

pluribus

pluribus

plus

piures, is

plura

plure

pluribus

pluribus

(pot(is)

Prin. Parts

Learn

Neut.

Fe/n.

•

+ sum),

/ am

/ can.

able,

possum, posse, potui,

tenses of the indicative (497).

all

Observe 1.

That the

t of

pot

becomes

s

before

s,

and that the f of is dropped

the tenses formed from the perfect stem after the t of pot. 2.

That in other respects this compound and conjugated like sum (496).

f.,

potestas,

trust, cojifidcnce.

atis,

f.

(possum),

is

formed

a,

well knozvn, noble.

um,

large, exten-

surus,

access!,

ere,

go or

acces-

co7ne near,

hue, adv., to this place, hither.

quam maximus.

the greatest

possible, as large as pos-

sive, ample.

permitto, ere,

accedo,

approach.

poiver, authority. nobilis, e,

amplus,

sum

VOCABULARY

275fides, ei,

of

permisi,

per-

sible

(with

missus, give np, intrust,

quam has

permit.

possible

").

superlatives

the force " as

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN REVIEW EXERCISES

276. I,

t33

E5s

i.

facere coegit.

difficilius iter

Sed hostes

2.

Galli de eius eo die impetum in eos non fecerunt. 3. consilils certiores facti sunt. 4. Panel de nostris ad

flumen latissimum pervenerant.

Urbs, euius moenia

5.

obsessimus, latior mlUe passuum est II.

I.

2.

We

3.

The

The house

many

is

than the wall.

feet higher

have been waiting for the attack for five days. spirits of the cavalry were aroused by Caesar's

speech.

We

4.

inform him of your misfortune.

shall

EXERCISES

277. I.

oppido.

illo

Poterat

I.

potuerat

;

potestis

;

poterit.

;

2.

quam maximis

itineribus in Galliam contendit.

dere vicum, qui

summo

Omnia

4.

in

^

fidem et

nationes permlserunt.

in

potestatem 5.

certiores fact! sunt, legat5s

mittunt.

6.

monte positus

Aestate plura

Ubi de

est,

popull

Caesar

3.

Acce-

non possunt.

RomanI

illae

eius adventu Helvetil

eum nobiUissimos cTvitatis proelia quam hieme pugnantur. ad

Legionem munire summum collem iubet. 8. Helvetii ob flumina maxima transire in provinciam nostram non poterant. 9. Pompeius sex annis minor natu erat quam 7.

Caesar. II.

I.

On

the top of the hill

The general was

2.

ant.

3.

Very

old

ten

years

rather extensive.

older than

people cannot

Very many have come

4.

was a very small house.

5.

We

the lieuten-

make long

journeys.

hither because the fields are all

ought

to

do as much as

possible. 1

on

the Jiighest

part

bottom of; medius, a,

of,

um,

on the top the

middle

of. of.

Also imus, the lowest part

of,

the

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

134

LESSON

46

REVIEW. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS Compare the following

278. lish

Eng-

adjectives, giving the

meanings

turpis*

pessimus*

acrior

minimus

asper

tutior

Imus

superus

amplus*

velox*

similis

plures*

n5bilis*

vetustior

maior*

senior

279. I.

Adverbs are formed from

Adjectives of the

first

adverb by adding

adjectives.

and second declension form the

-e to

the base. ADVERB

Base

Adjective

cams, dear

car-

pulcher, beajitiful

pulchr-

pulchre, beautifully

miser, wretched

miser-

misere, ivrctchedly

2.

Adjectives of the third declension form the adverb by

adding

-ter to

the stem.

brave

fortis,

Stems ending

prudens, wise

in -nt

drop

-t.

Adverb

Stem

Adjective

3.

care, dearly

bravely

forti-

fortiter,

prudent-

prudenter, wisely

In some adjectives the ablative singular serves as an adverb, in others the neuter accusative singular:

primus, first multus, facilis,

280.

much easy

The comparative

primo, at first

multum,

inucJi

facile, easily

of the adverb

is

the

same

as the

neuter singular of the comparative of the adjective; and

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN the superlative

It

is

by changing

tive

formed from the superlative of the adjecone exception below).

final -us to -e (note

comparison of the

therefore, necessary to knoiv the

is,

135

adjective in order to compare the adverb.

Comparative

Adverb

Adjective

Superlative

carus

care, dearly

carius

carissime

pulcher

pulchre, beautifully

pulchrius

pulcherrime

bonus

bene, well

melius

optime

facilis

facile, easily

facilius

facillime

acer

acriter, eagerly

acrius

acerrime

multus

multum, uiuch

plus

plurimum

I.

Form and compare

the adverbs of the starred adjectives

in 278.

VOCABULARY

281.

ago, agere, egi, actus, drive,

instruo, ere, instruxi, instruc-

draw

tus,

agmen,

agminis,

n.

(ago),

army (on the march),

lead, do.

up,

form, ar-

col-

umn ; novissimum agmen, the rear ;

primum agmen,

the van.

range.

administro,

manage,

are,

avi,

atus,

direct, administer.

plurimum possum, / am very poiueiful, have most influ-

proximus,

a,

um,

nearest,

next (163).

apud, prep, with ace, among, with.

ence.

EXERCISES

282. I.

2.

I.

Apud

Helvetios

OrgetorLv

plurimum

Res ab imperatore optime administrabantur.

poterat. 3.

Hel-

multo acrius quam flnitiml cum hostibus contendebant. Caesar aciem summ5 in colle instruxit et impetum 4. exspectavit. 5. Vicus ad quem primum agmen pervenerat

vetil

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

136

6. Omnia quae legatus Ubi^ Caesar ad novissiagmen pervenit, acerrime cum hostibus equites pugna-

proximus erat finibus Gallorum. iusserat mllites bene egerunt.

mum bant. 9.

8.

Summus

7.

peditibus nostrls occupatus

collis a

In eo proeli5 Orgetorlgis flliam et

ceperunt, et multos interfecerunt.

10.

unum

e

Nostrl

est.

fllils

nostrl

quam

fortis-

sime pugnaverunt, sed expugnare oppidum non potuerunt. II. Nostrl socil apud finitimos ob amicitiam populi RomanI

plurimum possunt. II.

I.

He

hastened into the territories of the Helvetii

and arrived there on the fourth day. powerful

among

enemy attacked this affair well

.-'

the alHes of the

the rear very fiercely. 5.

6.

the line of battle very carefully.^

The 7.

people.

allies to

general

The

when.

"

magnus.

Agmen

^

The

ggg i^y^

will

make

as

draw up

best citizens are

not always the bravest soldiers. 1

3.

Who can manage

4.

Caesar ordered the

long 2 marches as possible.

Caesar was very

2.

Roman

^,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

47

CHAPTER

VI

137

The Two Routes by which the Helvetii could LEAVE their CoUNTRY

domo^ exire potuerunt luram et flumen Rhodamontem Unum per Sequan5s altissimus immons num angustum et difficile erat, quod Duobus

283.

itineribus Helvetii inter

Alterum iter per pr5vinciam nostram multo facilius est, quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque ^ vado transltur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum proximumque Helvetiorum Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertiflnibus est Genava. ab Helvetils sunt comparata profectionem ad Omnia net.

pendebat.

et

ad ripam Rhodani convenerunt.

LESSON

48

PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Learn the forms of the personal and reflexive pronouns with their meanings (486) ego, /; tu, jou ; sui, 0/ 284.

:

himself, Jicrself,

Use of the Personal Pronouns

285. I.

The pronoun person it

to a.

itself.

Te

{igo,

tu,

of the

yon

e).

show emphasis

voco,

Pin

Ego 1

te voco,

Why

is

is

ego, /; of the is,

second

ea, id, Ju\ s//e,

are used in Latin as subjects only or to avoid ambiguity.

callingis

person

of the third person

They

therefore ego b.

;

first

you.

("

I

"

is

unemphatic, and

not used.)

/(emphatic)

there no preposition

?

am

calling you.

See 231.

^ /.^,

(Such emphasis the river Rhone.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

138

might be expressed

who am Ego eum laudo is me " It is I

c.

culpat,

;

It will

English by the translation,

in

calling you.")

be recalled that

I praise him ; he blames me.

in the exercises of the

lessons the subjects of the verbs,

Why

not expressed.

pronouns as subjects

A

impossible to omit the personal English as often as in Latin

is it

in

.'

Use of the Reflexive Pronouns

286. 1.

preceding

when pronouns, were

pronoun

reflexive

is

one that refers

to the subject of

the verb. Singular I

1.

You

2. f

He

2.

You

praise yourself

praises ^

3.1 I

Plural

We

praise myself

/'/;//i'^//

1

licrsclf

J

'

She praises

t^,

praise ourselves

praise yourselves

They

\

In Latin the pronouns of the

^,

.

,

praise themselves

iirst

and second person,

ego and tu, are used both as personal and reflexive

There

pronouns.

as in English. is

is

no special form for the reflexive

In the third person, however, there

a special form for the reflexive,

sui,

of himself,

herself, itself.

Plural

Singular 1.

me

laudo,

I praise my-

nos laudamus,

2.

te laudas,

you praise your-

vos laudatis, you praise your-

him-

se laudant, they praise tJiem-

selves

self 3.

se laudat, he praises

self 3.

Review

7£/^ /r^'Zi-^ ^//r-

selves

sclf

selves

^

190.

Do

not confuse

is

with

se.

The latter alv/ays

refers to the subject of the verb; the former never does.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN a.

Vir se videt, the

b.

Vir

4.

Review

eum

videt,

207,

man sees

tJie

himself.

him (some one

vian sees

Do

2.

139

not confuse ipse with

else).

Ipse

se.

is

not a reflexive, but merely emphasizes the noun to which it belongs. Vir ipse

a.

eum

vidit, the

man

Jiimself sazv him, or the

man

sazu Jdm himself.

man

b.

Vir se vidit,

c.

Virum ipsum vidimus, we saw 287.

and of

The te

buscum, 288. 1.

;

sazu himself.

pronouns

is

man

the

cum with

preposition

reflexive

cum

tJie

himself.

the ablative of personal

appended

to

them

;

tecum, instead

cum nobis. cum quibus.

So

nobiscum, instead of

ivitJi

zvJiom, instead of

Examine the following

Ego, qui haec facio,

also qui-

:

sum tuus

pater,

/,

who do

this,

am

your father. Vos, qui haec facitis, estis mei amici, yon, zuho do this,

2.

are

my friends.

Review

197.

Observe that the verb of the

relative clause

agrees in person with the antecedent of the relative.

VOCABULARY

289.

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus,

give np, surrender. committo,

ere,

missus,

proelium

supplies.

commisi, com-

intrust,

commeatus,us,m.,/;^'^'/.y/^;/.y,

commit;

committo,

begin

battle.

recipio, ere, recepi, receptus,

take back, receive ; se reci'PQXQ,ret}-eat,be take one's self.

spes, ei,

f.,

sine, prep,

ante,

adv.

Jiope.

with

abl., W//^
and prep, with

ace, before. postea, adv., afterzvards.

autem, conj. (never the word), but, hozvever.

first

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

I40

Singular

Plural

1.

me

2.

te recipis, yoii, retreat

vos recipitis, you retreat

3.

se recipit,

retreats

se recipiunt, they retreat

recipio,

I retreat

Jie

REVIEW EXERCISES

290. I.

est.

nos recipimus, zve retreat

I.

Omnis

2.

BrevI tempore quattuor e principibiis

rel

publicae spes in mllitum virtute posita^

Romam

mit-

3. Caesarl plus potestatis erat quam Pompeio. Haec res hostibus nuntiata est, quorum equitatus a nostrls sum mo in colle videbatur. II. I. Caesar was very powerful among the Romans on 2. There our men fought very account of his bravery. fiercely. 3. The line of battle that he had drawn up was next to the river. 4. It is very difficult to manage this.

tentur.

4.

EXERCISES

291. I.

Sine vobls erimus miserriml.

I.

tu es nauta.

hostes

3.

domum

N5bis

se receperunt.

provinciam nos recipiemus.

eum

laudo.

dediderunt. 9.

7.

8.

Ubi

2.

est satis cibl.

Galll ad

5.

6.

4.

Ego sum

miles,

Post id proelium

Magna cum

celeritate in

Vir se culpat, ego autem

e5rum

fines pervenerunt, sese

Caesar legiones ad

^

se convocarl iubet.

Paucis ante diebus legatum ipsum fugere coegerunt.

11. Quis Vos qui haec fecistis culpare vos debetis. tecum Athenas Ibit II. I. The enemy with whom you were fighting have retreated. 2. I shall compel the chief himself to come

10.

.-•

to

me.

him. 5.

We

3.

4.

Caesar praised the plans that were reported

You wish

shall always

to retreat, but I

wish to begin

defend ourselves bravely. 6. The 7. He will do this himself.

herself will defend him. ^

depends.

^ before.

to

battle. girl

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

The

49

DATIVE OF SERVICE

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES. 292.

tuus,

Plural

um,

a,

my,

noster,

suus, a,

um,

vester, vestra, vestrum,

your,

your, yours

um,

its

(own)

a,

um, their (own),

their

Use of the Possessive Adjectives

293.

They agree xvJiich

refer. a.

suus,

his (own),

heripwn),

1.

nostra, nostrum,

our, ours

a,

yours

3D Per.

are

and second declension.

Singular

meus/ mine

2D Per.

They

possessive adjectives are as follows.

all declined like adjectives of the first

1ST Per.

I4I

gender, number, and case with the noun

in

Suum patrem

puella vidit,

tJie

the

girl sazv her father.

c.

Vestrum amicum vidimus, xve saw yonr (p\m.) friend. Tuas filias vidit, he saiv your {sxxig.) daughters.

2.

Suus,

b.

a,

verb.

um,

is reflexive,

When

and refers

eorum, their; earum,

suum equum

a.

Agricola

b.

Agricola eius

one

own)

to the subject of the

"his," "her," "its," "their," does not refer

to the subject, use the genitive of

his

to

noun to ivJiich they they belong, and not They are not used except for emphasis or contrast. zvitJi

///r/r

is,

eius, his, Jier, its ;

(referring to feminine).

laudat, the

farmer praises

his

{i.e.

horse.

else's,

equum

laudat, the

farmer praises

///j-(some

not the farmer's) horse.

c.

Agricola eorum equos laudat, thefar^nerpraises their horses.

d.

Agricolae suos equos laudant,

own)

tJic

farmers praise

horses. ^

The

vocative singular

is

mi,

///^/r (their

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

142

Examine the following

294. 1

.

Magno

USUI nostris

(literally, 2.

fuit, it

:

was a great

help to our tnen

zvas for a great help to our men).

/'/

Tertiam aciem nostris subsidio misit, he seut the third line as a relief to our men (literally, for a relief to our men).

Observe that the datives magno usui and subsidio denote the end or purpose, that for which a thing serves. Therefore this use of the dative

Rule

295.

of

Syntax.

a few other verbs

to

is

called the dative of sei"vice.

— The dative

is

used

ivith

sum and

denote that for ivhich a thing serves.

Summary

296.

Personal Pronouns

Reflexive

Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives

meus,

First ego

Person

mei

1

um, my, mine

a,

noster,

nostrum,

nostra,

our, ours

um, your, yours

tuus, a,

Second Person

(sing.)

tu

tuii vaster,

vestrum,

vestra,

your, yours (plur.) suus,

a,

her,

Third Person

ovon, is,

ea, id

sui^

um, Jier

his, his

own,

their,

their

not reflexive, use

the genitive of

Why

is

its

own

(reflexive)

When

1

own,

its,

is,

there no nominative form for reflexive pronouns

?

ea, id.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN VOCABULARY

297.

redeo, redire, redii, reditum,

go

send

ojf,

opus, operis,

n.,

work, labor.

propter, prep, with ace, on

back, return.

dimitto, ere, dimisi, dimissus,

account

tamen,

dismiss, let go.

reddo, ere, reddidi, redditus,

give back, return, render.

of.

adv.,

yet,

however,

nevertheless. ita.(iue,con'].,and so, there/ore.

sus-

inde, adv., thence, thereupon.

tentus, Jiold up, witJistand,

usus, us, m., use, advantage,

sustineo,

ere,

sustinui,

sustain.

benefit.

REVIEW EXERCISES

298. I.

I.

Hoc

mihi, illud tibi est

Caesar eos

sibi

difficile.

2.

Postea in

Nos de proelio certiores 3. arma dedere cogit. 5. Milites se

silvas sese receperunt. 4.

I43

faciet.

lauda-

Nobis Romae est satis cibL I. II. Some retreated in one direction, some in another. The Gauls themselv^es had been frightened by Caesar's 2. soldiers. He himself is praising himself. 4. Will you 3. They ought themselves to go with me to Corinth.? 5. bant sed eos culpabant.

6.

fight.

EXERCISES

299.

2. TuT Caesar equitatum auxilio suls mlsit. Labienus unum mei mihi sunt carissiml. 3. latus castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat. 4. Opera nostris I.

I.

amid

tibi,

erant

magn5

usul.

5.

Sustinere

impetum non poterant

6. Hostes Caesarl se suaque omnia dediderunt. 7. Propter operis magnitudinem flumen transire Helvetil n5n potuerunt. 8. Caesar eius milites dimlsit, suos autem in castrls tenuit. 9. Consul in fines Helvetiorum contendere quam maximis itineribus con-

itaque in suos fines redierunt.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

144 10.

stituit.

Caesar Helvetios adventum suum exspectare

iussit.

II.

Caesar compelled the Gauls to return all his 2. They will return everything to

I.

possessions^ to him.

him.

The

3.

general sent three cohorts as a help to his

Thereupon the Gauls attacked the rear. 5. They arrived at daybreak and began to fortify their camp. men.

4.

LESSON

50

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. DESCRIPTIVE ABLATIVE GENITIVE 300.

Review

195, 216.

Indefinite

indicate that sovic person or thing

indicating just zvJiat one.

pronouns are used

is

referred

They vary

Learn the declension

niteness.

AND

in

to

without

to,

degree of

indefi-

of the following indefinite

pronouns, carefully distinguishing the meanings

:

Indefinite Pronouns

Neuter

Masculine

Feminine

quis

qua

quid (quod), somebody, anybody

aliquis

aliqua

aliquid (aliquod),

quisquam quidam

some one

quicquam, any one (at

all)

(no plur.)

quaedam

quoddam, quiddam, a certain one

quisque

quaeque

quidque, quodque, each one, every one

qui vis

quaevis

quodvis, quidvis, any one (you please)

1.

2.

The meanings of the neuter would be some tiling, etc. Quisquam and quisque are declined like quis quivis ;

like qui. 3.

In the neuter the quid-forms are used as pronouns, the

quod-forms as adjectives. ^

Express by the neuter plural of the possessive adjective.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Uses of the Indefinite Pronouns

301. 1

.

145

Quis,

some one, any one,

It is

is

never the

generally used only after

first

word

si, nisi,

in its clause.

ne,

num.

Si quid his accidit, if anything Jiappens to these. 2.

Quisque, each, should be distinguished from omnis,

larly follows the 3.

used in the plural, and regu-

It is not often

every.

Quisquam

word

all,

to

which

belongs.

it

used chiefly in negative and conditional

is

sentences. 302.

Examine the following

.

Vir

summae

2.

Vir

summa

3.

Vir fortis fuit, he

1

virtutis fuit,

virtute fuit,

|

:

lie

man

zvas a

of very great

courage.

J

was a man of courage

(a brave man).

Observe that the genitive phrase summae

and noun vir and that an adjective modifies the nouns virtutis and virWhen a noun that describes or modifies another is tute. not modified by an adjective, an adjective in agreement with the noun is used instead of a descriptive ablative or the ablative phrase

genitive, as in

summa

virtutis,

virtute, describe the

;

3.

—

Rule of Syntax. The ablative or the genitive of a noun, with a limiting adjective, may be nsed to describe an 303.

object.

VOCABULARY

304. diligentia,

ae,

f.,

diligence,

alienus,

gratia, ae,

i.,

favor, influence,

um,

another's,

reperio, ire, repperi, repertus,

kindness. plebs, plebis,

a,

strange, unfavorable.

carefulness, industry.

find, discover, ascertain. f.,

the

common

si,

conj.,

nisi, conj

people. ESSEN. OF LATIN

— lO

if. , .

ifnot, unless, except.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

146

REVIEW EXERCISES

305.

Legati sua omnia Caesarldedereiubentur. 2. Auxquod a Labieno missum erat, equitatui fuit usui magno. 3. Legion! non erat satis cibi, itaque domum se recepit. 4. Galll se suaque omnia Romanis dediderunt, quod magnitudine e5rum operis terrebantur. 5. Hostes in nostram aciem impetum fecerant. I.

I.

ilium,

II.

him.

We

3.

The general ordered

I.

the hostages to come before^ he returned to Rome, he saw his father.

When

2.

all

you yours.

love

our country.

He

5.

We

4.

praised his

own

like

our friends,

children, but

blamed

his.

EXERCISES

306. I.

Quemque domo exire

I.

laudat, laetus est.

3.

Caesarem contenderunt.

magna

gratia.

repperit

6.

.-*

iubent.

QuTdam ex 4.

Slquis eiusflliam

2.

Gallis

multa nocte ad

Orgetorix apud Helveti5s erat

Quis de hostium casu aliquid novl^ Liberi quTque^ pugnare n5n poterant in 5.

iinum locum convocati erant.

magnae

potestatis

apud

toto die

quisquam

discessit.

committent, vincentur.

suos.

7. 8.

9.

10.

Princeps diligentia

Neque

fuit

{^and not) e proelid

Si in alieno loco proelium

FinitimI nostrl bono anim5*

esse in nos dicuntur.

Every one ought to love his country. 2. She is wretched, unless some one says something good^ about her. 3. A certain one of the merchants informed Caesar of this. 4. Caesar was a man of great influence among the common people. 5. Some fled in one direction, some in II.

I.

another. 1

ad.

2

See 250,

well disposed.

2.

^

quique

= qui

(relative)

+

que.

''

bono animo,

ESSENTIALS OF LAT^IN

LESSON PARTICIPLES.

FORMS.

147

51

DECLENSION.

The following outline shows how participles may be formed from the stems 307.

MEANINGS

the tenses of the that are obtained

from the principal parts (86) Passive Voice

Active Voice

Tense

Present

pres.

Future

participial

stem

+

ns

wanting

^

stem

+ tirus

Gerundive.

stem

Perfect

+

Pres.

ndus

^

the last one of the

wanting

principal parts

meanings, of the model

1.

Learn the

2.

Participles ending in -ns are declined

participles, with their

verbs (491-495). of the third declension (479)

;

those in

Hke adjectives -us, Hke bonus

(62).

As a verb, it 308. The participle is a verbal adjective. may govern a case as an adjective, it agrees with a substantive. The tenses of the participle denote time, not ;

absolutely, as in the indicative

mood, but with reference to which it stands. The

the time of the verb of the clause in

following examples will show

how

the time of the participle

depends upon that of the main verb. 1

io verbs

endus.

have

a.

connecting vowel e before the ending;

i.e.

audiens, audi-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

148 1

eum

Video

id agentem,

doing

///;;/

/ see him as he does

// (literally,

it).

2.

Videbam eum

3.

Videbo

id agentem, I saw him as he was doing it. eum id agentem, I shall see him as he w'lW be doing //.

Tenses of the Participle

309. 1.

Present: representing an action as in progress at the

2.

Pcifcct: representing an action

time indicated by the tense of the verb. 2,^

completed 2X the time

by the tense of the verb. expressing an action that is subsequent

indicated 3.

Futtire

:

to the

time of the verb. 310.

Form

the participles, giving the English meanfacio,

make, do ; munio, for-

311. Participles are used in Latin

more extensively than

ings, of

:

do,

give ; video, see ;

tify ; eo,£-o.

in

all

(500.)

In Latin the participle

English.

ideas that are often expressed in

is

used to express

English by a relative

by clauses beginning with "when," "after," "since," etc. Study carefully the following examples which show the various relations that the clause,

"although," "while," "if,"

participle expresses 1.

Milites missos non culpavit, he

who had

did not blame the

soldiers

been sent (literally, the Jiaving been sent

soldiers). 2.

Videbam zvere

3.

eos id agentes,

doing

Caesar consul he

had

been

f actus in

made

(or ivhen) they

Galliam contendit, Caesar, after

eonsnl, hastened into

Caesar having been 4.

/ saiv them while

this.

made

Gaul (literally,

consul, etc.).

Gain his rebus permoti obsides miserunt, the Ganls, since

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

I49

alarmed by these things, sent hosGauls having been alarmed, etc.).

(or because) they ivcre

tages (literally, the 5.

damnatus

Orgetorix

demned, 6.

lie

is

con-

Orgetorix having

ivill be killed).

Vulneratus diu pugnabat, although he had been wounded, he fought for a long time (literally, having been zvounded,

7.

if Orgetorix

be killed (literally,

zvill

condemned

been

interficietur,

lie fought).

Multos vicos captos incendit, villages (literally,

lie

captured and burned many

he burned many captured

villages).

VOCABULARY

312.

permoveo,

aditus, us, m., approach.

vallum,

n.,

i,

rampart,

educo,

works. posterus, a,

um,

ere,

permovi, per-

motus, influence, arouse.

eartJi-

lead

next, folloiv-

ere,

eduxi,

eductus,

out.

lacesso, ere, lacessivi, lacessi-

ing.

with

prep,

circum,

tus, attack, harass.

ace,

Sequani, orum, m. plur., the

around. circumvenio,

circum-

ire,

vS^^?/<7;«'

(a tribe of Gauls).

circumventus, come

veni,

around, surround.

REVIEW EXERCISES

313. I.

Hlc

I.

gratia

Sequanos plurimum poterat. Romanis non erat gratum. Caesar! semper nuntiatur. 4. Suam

apud

2.

Els aliquid consill erat quod

3.

Si quid reperltur,

quisque melius esse

summa

quam alienam patriam

amat.

5.

Homines

virtute dicuntur.

Caesar has been informed of his arrival. 2. The day that Caesar had appointed ^ with the ambassadors has come. 3. He ordered the hostages to come to him. 4. He II.

I.

carried

all his

possessions with him. ^

constituo.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

150

EXERCISES

314-

I. His rebus permoti Roma exire maturant. 2. In I. legatum copias e castrls educentem Galll impetum fecerunt. 3. Postero die nostros aditus oppidi munientes hostes laces-

sent.

4.

Roman! banc urbem

obsidere constituerunt. lacessltus sustinere

eductas Instruxit. 8.

5.

impetus poterat.

7.

quam

moenibus munltam

6.

Legiones

e castrls

Suum amicum Athenis exeuntem videt.

Principes Gallorum victi

coniuratione

valid et

Caesar duos dies a dextro cornu

Romam

mittentur.

9.

Caesar de

Galli fecerant certior factus est.

10.

Le-

gatus Gallos qui castra circumveniebant sese dedere coegit. II.

I.

When

Caesar had been informed of

this,

he hur-

2. The general captured ^ their town and ried to Rome. fortified it. 3. The enemy harassed us as we were crossing

the river.

4.

If

you are defeated, you will

Who will

retreat into Italy.

go with me into that city that you see ? 6. Although we have been surrounded, we will fight bravely. 5.

1

Do

not use the indicative.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON THE PARTICIPLE 315.

52

ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

(Continued).

Ablative Absolute.

—A

151

noun

pronoun in the may be used to This con311.

or a

ablative, with a participle agreeing with

it,

express any of the ideas mentioned in struction will be understood best by a careful study of the following examples afte7' the

Germans had

been conquered,

when he had conquered the

Caesar, victis,

Germanis in

hi-

after

Germans, conquering

the

Germans, having conquered the

berna venit,

Caesar went into ivinter

quarters.

Germans,

Germans had been cojiquered, the Germans having

nozv that the

been conquered, if the tozvn is captured,

by capturing the town,

Oppido expugnato,

sijice the

hostes Vincent,

town has been

captured, the

town having been

they will con-

quer

the

enemy.

captured,

Nobis castra mu-

wJiile

nientibus, Galli

as pervenerunt,

we were fortify-'

ing the camp,

we were the camp,

fortifying

the

Gauls

rived.

ar-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

152

Observe that the ablative absolutes, Germanis

victis,

oppido expugnato, nobis munientibus, are translated in a variety of ways.

In translating an ablative absolute, one

must use judgment in selecting a translation that sistent with the meaning of the main verb. Notice that the ablative absolute construction

when

only

main tive

as

is

con-

used

the participle does not agree with a noun of the

clause.

The word "absolute" means

phrase stands by

"When

is

itself.

that the abla-

For example, such a sentence

the Gauls had been conquered, they returned

home" would be

domum

rendered, Galli victi

redierunt,

and the ablative absolute construction could not be used, because victi agrees with Galli, which is the subject of redierunt.

316.

The

stantives,

sometimes omitted, and two subor a substantive and an adjective, are used in the participle

is

ablative absolute construction

under the

leadership

of Caesar, if Caesar was

Duce Caesare Romani semper vincebant,

the

their

Romans

ahvays used

leader,

when Caesar was

to conquer.

their

leader.

317.

passive,

Remember

the

that

Latin

perfect participle

there being no perfect active

ablative absolute

is

;

for example, the sentence " Caesar

this returned to

literally in Latin.

The

often used to supply this lack of a per-

fect active participle

having done

participle.

is

It

Rome "

must be changed

cannot be expressed to the passive form,

This having been done, Caesar returned to Rome," and then it may be rendered hoc facto, Caesar Romam rediit. "

:

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

53

VOCABULARY

318. mulier, mulieris,

signum,

woman.

f.,

possess, obtain, retain.

converto,

ere,

convert!,

con-

versus, tiini abont, change.

signa converto,/«r^ abo2it (lit-

possible.

lift up, raise,

remove, take

away.

standards

erally, turn the

sublatus,

sustuli,

ere,

obtineo, ere, obtinui, obtentus,

ensign,

sign,

n.,

i,

standard (of the legion). quam primum, as soon as toUo,

1

about). occido, ere, occidi, occisus, cut

reduce, ere, reduxi, reductus,

doivn, kill, slay.

lead back.

REVIEW EXERCISES

319. I.

Legionem

I.

auxilio

nostrls

diu

lacessltls

misit.

Caesar hostium clamoribus perm5tus munire aditus castrdrum coepit. 3. Consul legatum secum redire Romam 2.

iubebit.

4.

Equitatus Gall5s nostra castra circumvenientes

lacessebat. II.

5.

Legatus

nihil novl repperit.

After the Helvetii had been defeated, they were

I.

compelled

home.

to return

2.

He

led his forces out of

camp and drew them up. 3. Although many of our men had been wounded they fought bravely. 4. The

the

Gauls could not fortify the mountain themselves.

EXERCISES

320. I.

I.

Te

imperatore, nos non dedemus.

facto, suos in

hiberna reduxit.

quam primum Roma

exilt.

4.

3.

difficile."

^

Caesar 6.

dixit "

proelid

nurtiatis,

5.

Suls

^

ab Gallls

Impetum hostium exspectare

Novissimum agmen, 1

Hoc

Pedites in castra reductos

hostes moenibus prohibere dux iubet.

permotis

2.

His Caesar!

est

signis conversis, laces-

Is this ablative absolute ?

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

154

sere Helvetios imperator iubet

7.

redire

Hostes, multls

8.

9. Omni cum mulieribus liberisque Commeatus quos Galli obtinebant

nostrum impetum sustinebant.

fortiter

occisls,

Romam

Caesar!

coact5 hoc proelium erat nuntiatum.

spe victoriae sublata, Helvetii

domum

redierunt.

10.

ab Romanis incensi erant.

Having fought this battle, Caesar led his forces 2. If you are brave, the repubhc will be preserved. When the hostages had been freed, they 3. returned to their people. 4. When their leader had been II.

I.

across the river.

killed, the

Gauls surrendered to Caesar.

5.

faced about and bravely attacked the enemy.

The Romans 6.

After the

had been fortified, we awaited the enemy. 7. When the Romans had fortified the hill, they returned to their camp. 8. If you burn our villages, we shall kill your leader. top of the

hill

LESSON

53

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

VII

Caesar attempts to check the March of the Helvetii. They send Ambassadors to Him 321.

atque

His rebus Caesar!

quam maximis

maturat Roma exlre ad Genavam contendit.

nuntiatis,

itineribus

Qua ^ re proquam maximum mllitum numerum ad Genavam rescind! iubet. Ubi de

Erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una.^

vinciam totam praebere et

pontem qu! 1

erat

but (only) one,

^

Qua

re, therefore.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

155

ad eum

eius adventu Helvetil certiores facti sunt, legates

mittunt nobilissimos

Romanam

Qui

civitatis.

legatl iter per pro-

^

Sed temporibus Cassium occTderant exercitumque eius sub iugum miserant. Qua re Caesar hominibus inimico animo ^ iter per provinciam n5n dedit. Tamen diem convinciam

a Caesare postulant.

antlquTs Helvetil consulem

loquio

cum

legatls constituit.

LESSON INFINITIVES.

54

FORMATION AND MEANINGS

The following outline 322. Review 182, 183, 184, 307. shows how the tenses of the infinitive may be obtained from the principal parts

:

Infinitives

Tense

Active Voice

Present Second one

of the

principal parts.

Passive Voice

Change

final e of

infinitive to

i,

present

except in

third conjugation, which

changes

Future

Future active ciple

and

parti-

esse.

final ere to

i.

in -um (which is same form as accu-

Supine the

sative

singular

neuter

of perfect passive par-

and

ticiple),

Perfect Perfect stem

+ isse.

Perfect passive participle

and ^

'1

he relative

at

iri.

esse.

the beginning of a sentence often has the force of a

demonstrative, hence Qui legati, these ambassadors.

^

See 303.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

156

Learn the infinitives, with English meanings, of the model verbs (491-495).

I.

Form

323. lish

all

participles

and

giving the Eng-

infinitives,

meanings, of vincio, bind.

iacio, t/irozv.

iubeo, order.

appello,

relinquo, leave.

vinco, conquer.

sum, /

am

call.

go (500).

eo,

(496).

name,

VOCABULARY

324.

auctoritas, atis, f ., reputation, influence, authority. littera, ae,

letter

f.,

phabet; (plur.),

scribo,

of the

letter,

cottidianus, a,

al-

docu-

ment.

ere,

um,

daily.

scrips!,

scriptus,

write.

cado, ere, cecidi, casurus, fall,

perish, die.

res frumentaria, rei frumentariae,

supplies of grain,

at, conj., but.

numquam,

adv., never.

provisions.

REVIEW EXERCISES

325, I.

2.

Galli

I.

RomanI,

naverunt. faciebant.

bant.

5.

consulem

copias

signis conversls, 3.

Caesare

instruentem

oppidum ex

consule

Helvetil

lacessivit.

itinere

oppug-

coniuratidnem

German! victi finitimos virtute siiperaNostrl autem multas mulieres captas domum 4.

miserunt. II. 2.

I.

If I

am

The women

your leader,

will

you attack the enemy } 3. After a few back to camp. 4. And

could do this themselves.

had been slain, the army was led so hope was taken away from the Gauls.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

ScrlbT

I.

;

sustulisse

casurus esse,

;

hibuisse; missosesse; prohiberl. dedidisse.

4.

Missuram esse

3.

misisse

;

cupimus.

Galli ab

7.

reducL

5.

Paiicae

Numquam

culpari

dicebatur. 10.

Caesar multas

8.

lit-

9.

Res frumentariae

At

decern e nostrls cecidisse

portari

hoc proelio dicuntur, II.

2.

pro-

;

finitimls cottldianis proelils lacessitl

navibus non poterant. in

;

6.

ex suis finibus discedere coeperunt. scrlpsisse

InstruT

2.

Capl; cepi; reddidisse;

de flliabus occlsae esse dicuntur.

teras

57

EXERCISES

326. I.

1

He

I.

is

said to

Those women

man

be a

great reputation,

of

are said to have been sent

to

Rome.

3. This place cannot be taken by storm by the enemy on account of its very large ramparts. 4. You were compelled 5. Caesar ordered the ships to retreat into the province,

be sent away. advantage to them.

6.

to

This

said to have been a great

is

LESSON

SIMPLE STATEMENTS

INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 327.

The words

55

or thoughts of a person

A

either directly or indirectly.

may be quoted

direct quotation

{i.e.

direct

one which gives the exact words or thoughts An indirect quotation of the original speaker or writer. {i.e. indirect discourse) is one in which the original words or thoughts are stated in the words of another, and conform to the construction of the sentence in which discourse)

is

they stand.

The English directly,

is

sentence, "

stated

quoted indirectly,

:

it

"

He

am

I

said,

assumes

'

this

I

present,"

am form

when quoted

present.' " :

"

He

When

said that he

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

158

was present," or, after a saying, " He says that he ment, then,

is

present."

An

indirect state-

generally introduced in English by the word

"that," although this

he

present tense of the verb of is

may be

omitted, as,

"He

says (that)

coming."

is

Examine

328.

carefully the following

Direct Discourse

:

Indirect Discourse

tu venis, yoii are coming.

dicit te venire, Jie

says

tJiat

you are coming, or he says you are coming. Note 1.

That the English expresses the indirect statement by a clause introduced by "that" (expressed or understood).

2.

no word in Latin to correspond to the EngHsh. That the Latin changes the verb of the direct statement to the same tense of the infinitive, and changes the

That there

is

" that " in

3.

case of the subject to the accusative.

Rule

329.

of

Syntax.

indirectly after verbs

— Simple statements, when quoted

of saying, knozving, thinking, and per-

ceiving, are expressed by the infinitive with subject accusative.

Review

330.

308.

follow the tense

of

The

tenses of the infinitive do not

the

introductory verb.

Like

the

tenses of the participle, they merely denote time relative to

that

of

the

main verb.

The

present infinitive

scribes an action as going on at the time of the

verb

;

begun.

the

perfect as

completed;

the

future

de-

main

as not yet

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

The

following examples will

show

to

159

what tenses of the changed

infinitive the various tenses of the indicative are

Tense

Direct Discourse

Indirect Discourse Present

videt

me

that I

Present

venio,

venire,

sees

Jie

am coming

I am coming

Past

vidit

me

that

venire, he

saw

I was coming Present

Imperfect

/

veniebam,

audit zvas

coming

me

venisse,

Ju-

hears that I came, or

have come Past

/ have come, audivit me venisse, heard that I came, I came Pluperfect veneram, / had had come

Perfect

veni,

hi-

or

come Present

sperat

me

venturum

(esse), Jic hopes that

Future

veniam,

/

sJiall

I shall come

come

Past

speravit

me ventarum

he hoped that I should come

(esse),

Caution.

— The

be omitted in Latin.

subject of the infinitive should never

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

l6o

VOCABULARY

331.

existimo, are, avi, atus, tJiink,

trado, ere, tradidi, traditus,

give

believe, suppose.

demonstro,

are,

point out,

avi,

conspectus,

sJioxv, mentio?i.

de-

us,

m.,

sight,

viezv.

spero, are, avi, atus, Iiope.

respondeo, ere, respondi, re-

complures,

a

(ia),

a great

many, very many.

sponsus, ansiver, reply. scio, scire, scivi, scitus,

surrender,

up,

liver.

atus,

knoiu,

knoiv how.

EXERCISES

332. I.

Gall! se

I.

domum

recipiunt.

Caesar Gallos se

2.

recipere dixit. 3. Nostra arma numquam trademus. Respondemus nostra arma numquam nos tradituros

domum 4.

(esse).

Hoc

5.

tem

Galli venerant.

traditis, in

conspectu

in

miles existimavit.

6.

Armis 7.

imperatoris

sul^

traditis, in

egisse

Caesaris potesta-

Caesar nuntiavit Gallos, armIs venisse. 8. Omnes speramus

suam potestatem

banc rem a legato bene administratum iri. 9. Caesar suis dixit " Quis scit bunc pontem facere " 10. Imperatori nuntiatum est complures alios aliam in partem fugere. II. Legati responderunt "Nos a finitimis nostris diu lacessiti sumus." II. I. Tbe gods will give us belp 2. Tbey tbought tbat tbe gods would give tbem belp. 3. We bave sbown tbat tbe Gauls were men of tbe greatest^ courage. 4. I bope many bave not fallen. 5. We can do tbis ourselves. .''

Tbey

6.

said tbey could

replied, " I 1

The

bope tbat tbey

reflexive

do

tbis tbemselves.

Do

not use

pronouns and adjectives

maximus.

Caesar

will retreat." in

an indirect statement refer to

the subject of the main verb of "saying," "thinking," 2

7.

etc.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

l6l

56

DEPONENT VERBS. ABLATIVE WITH

utor, fruor,

Etc.

Deponent verbs have passive forms with active These passive forms are regular in their formaand inflection, and are classified in four conjugations,

333.

meanings. tion

The

like regular verbs.

principal parts are as follows

Present

Present

Perfect

IND. Pass.

Inf. Pass.

Ind. Pass.

I nrge, encourage I fear secutus sum, Ifollozv potitus sum, I get possession of

1ST CoNj. hortor

hortari

\iox\.2XVi?,^Mva.,

2D 3D

CoNj. vereor

vereri

veritus sum,

CoNj. sequor

sequi

4TH CoNj. I.

Learn

potior all

potiri

forms of the indicative,

model

ple of these four 334.

infinitive,

verbs.

and

partici-

(503.)

Deponent verbs have future active infinitive instead and they have the participles of both and passive voices. 2i

of a future passive, active

335.

Review

deponent verb

The

317. is

perfect passive participle of a

active in meaning.

Cohortatus milites proelium commisit, after encouraging (literally,

Jiaving encouraged) his soldiers, he began the

battle.

336.

Examine the following

:

1

Equis iituntur, they use horses.

2.

Vita fruitur,

Jie

enjoys

life.

Observe that equis and vita are ablatives of instrument, although the corresponding words in English are the direct objects of their verbs. essen. of latin

—

II

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

l62

337. Rule of Syntax.

with

tlie

—

is

used

deponent verbs utor, fruor, fungor, potior,

and

TJie

instrumental ablative

vescor, atid their compounds.

VOCABULARY

338. utor,

sum,

usus

uti,

use,

proficiscor,

sequor, sequi,

secutus sum,

arbitror, ari, atus

folUnv.

atus sum, en-

sum, think,

pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, ex-

courage, exhort. potiri,

pel, drive azvay, rout.

potitus

get possession

sum,

praesidium,

i,

n.,

defense,

guard, garrison.

of.

fossa, ae,

f.,

ditch, trench.

REVIEW EXERCISES

339. I.

profec-

suppose.

cohortor, ari,

potior,

proficisci,

tus sum, set out, march, go.

employ.

Caesar complures secum

I.

sciebat. sunt.

2.

Hoc

LegatI demonstrant

3.

in Ttaliam

ituros (esse)

proelio facto, hostes se recipere coacti

esse

sibi

multos equites.

responderunt sese res frumentarias dedisse. Legatus se expugnare oppidum posse sperat. II. I. The Gauls thought Caesar would not fight with 2. All those arms that you see have been given them. up. 3. Caesar saw that the enemy were being drawn up on top of the hill. 4. The ambassadors replied that many were leaving their homes. Incolae

4. 5.

EXERCISES

340. I.

2.

sar

I.

Arbitraris

Pepuleramus se

cum

;

Consul

5.

GermanI

usi

utimini

arbitrari

tribus

R5ma

4.

;

;

proficTscetur

arbitrare

;

;

proficlscitur.

usurus esse.

3.

Cae-

secuturum (esse) dLxit. fines Helvetiorum contendit.

legionibus

profectus in esse

;

parvis

equls

dicuntur.

6.

Consul,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN exercitu pulso, a civibus culpabitur.

dum

Commeatus, quo

7.

multa nocte incensus

nostrl utebantur,

163

est.

vallo fossaque munlri arbitrabantur.

8.

Galll oppi-

Hostes

9.

potlrl

10. Quattuor cohortes praenon posse dux vidit. sidium castrls Labienus rellquit. II. I. After encouraging his men, Caesar began the 2. For many days the horsemen who^ were folbattle.

castrls

lowing harassed the rear. a garrison.

He

will use these legions as

Caesar set^ out from the

4.

wage war with

to

3.

the Helvetii.

It

5.

city, is

and began

reported that

Labienus has routed the brave Gauls.

LESSON Fero

AND

fio.

57

DATIVE WITH INTRANSITIVES

Learn the principal parts and all forms of the indicainfinitive, and participle of fero (502) and fio (501).

341. tive,

Review the conjugation

I.

that fio

is

of facio (177-179),

used as the passive of

Examine the following

342. 1

.

2.

:

Nobis persuadent, they persuade Imperatori paret,

Jie

and note

facio.

us.

obeys the commander.

Observe that nobis and imperatori are

datives, while the

corresponding English words are the objects of their verbs.

Rule

343.

of

Syntax.

help, please, trust, S2(ade,

command,

and spare, ^

who

%ve7-e

indicative.

and

— Most verbs signifying

their contraries

;

to

favor,

also to believe, per-

obey, serve, resist, ejivy, threaten,

pardon,

take the dative. following ; do not use a relative clause.

^

Do

not use the

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

l64

VOCABULARY

344. fero, ferre, tuli, latus,

beat-,

fio, fieri,

confero,

conferre,

contuli,

bring

together,

conlatus,

persuadeo, ere, persuasi, persuasus, persuade.

gather.

pareo, ere, parui,

nemo, dat. nemini (no gen. ari,

harm,

atus sum, delay,

credo,

hinder.

,

credidi,

creditus,

trust.

resist, oppose,

REVIEW EXERCISES

345. I.

—

obey.

,

injure.

ere,

believe, resisto, ere, restiti,

—

ere, nocui, nociturus,

noceo,

or abl.), no one, nobody.

moror,

factus sum, become,

be made.

carry.

Nostrl equitatum Gallorum

I.

tria mlllia

passuum

se-

Caesar certior factus est Gallos ex vico profect5s (esse). 3. Labienus urbe vallo et fossa munlta potltur. 4. Principes Helvetiorum suos cohortati nostrum CLitl

pepulerunt.

impetum

2.

fortissime sustinebant.

5.

Caesar su5s ex

castrls

eductos Instrul iubet. I. They informed us that the enemy were preparing make an attack. 2. On leaving^ the camp, our men

II.

to

crossed a river that was twenty feet wide.

fying the camp, the said they

ought

to

come

I.

2.

forti-

He

4.

unum locum

persuadere

els

dicenti credit. leaving

Translate: of

=

this.

conlatis, nostrl

aciem

Parere suo imperatoriquisque debet.

3.

Ad

domum

4.

Id^

castra mult5s dies morati Galli

On

After

to him.

Irapedlmentis in

Instruxerunt.

^

3.

their attack.

EXERCISES

346. I.

Romans awaited

numquam 6.

poterimus.

se receperunt. 5.

Nemo

Oppidum expugnarl non

after leaving.

2

J^

is

el

haec

poterat,

quod

the direct object

of persuadere.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

165

BonI librl nemini 7. Labieni certior fiebat omnes

incolae nostrls fortiter resistebant.

nocent.

Caesar

8.

litterls

Belgas(/>V/^m;/^) contra facere.

9.

stituit.

10.

Quare

populum R5manum coniurationem

{tJicrefore)

Caesar ad cos

proficlsci con-

Itaque re frumentaria comparata, castra movet,

diebusque qulndecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit. II. 2.

I.

They

They inform Caesar

one could persuade him. elders.^

;

is informed by them. was being formed. 3. No Children ought to obey their

Caesar

said that a conspiracy

I

5.

fortifying the

4.

believe that they will resist us.

camp, Caesar encouraged

LESSON

his

6.

After

men.

58

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

VIII

Caesar erects Fortifications. The Helvetii attempt TO CROSS the Rhone, but are Repelled 347.

Interea ea legione

quam secum habebat

mllitibus-

que qui ex pr5vincia convenerant murum pedes sedecim altum et fossam a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum Infiuit, ad montem luram, qui fines Sequan5rum ab Helvetils dividit,

perducit.

Eo

opere perfects et castellls munltis,

facile eos prohibere potest.

cum

legatls venit, et legatl

posse

bus

iter ulll

ad

dies

eum

per provinciam dare. ratibusque

iunctis

Ubi ea

compluribus

conatl^ operis munitione* et mllitum ^

See 272.

From Conor, verb munio ?

8

2

quam

constituerat

redierunt, negat^ se

Helvetii autem, navifactis, tells

perrumpere

repulsl sunt.

negat se posse, says he cannot (literally, denies that he can^. * Can you not infer its meaning from the

a deponent verb.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

l66

LESSON

59

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 348.

Learn the present

tense, active

and passive, of the

subjunctive of the model verbs of the four conjugations

(491-495); of

sum

(496); of possum (497); of eo (500);

of fero (502); of fio (501).

No meanings

for the subjunctive are given,

because the

These

translations vary according to the construction used.

meanings

will

be understood as the various uses of the

subjunctive are taken up in the succeeding lessons. 1.

Compare

carefully the forms of the present subjunctive

of the third

and fourth conjugations with those of the

future indicative. 2.

Notice that the personal endings are the same as

in the

indicative. 3.

The

following table will assist in fixing in mind the forms

of the first person singular

:

Present Subjunctive Conjugation

I

II

11

iv

Active

-em

-eam

-am, -iam

-iam

Passive

-er

-ear

-ar, -iar

-iar

349.

A

sentence consisting of a main (or independent)

clause and one or

more dependent (or subordinate) clauses complex sentence. In the following examples the dependent verbs are italicized is

called a

:

When he arrived it was late. He was so tired that he went to He came that he might see me.

sleep.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

The common will

167

uses of the subjunctive in dependent clauses in this lesson

be considered

and those following.

The

uses of the subjunctive in independent clauses are treated in

Lessons 350.

1.

71, 72, 73.

6^],

Examine the following

Romam

venit ut

may

that he

:

suum amicum

Rome may see

videat, he conies to

sec his friend, in order that he

his friend, in order to see his friend, to see his friend,

for the purpose of seeing his friend. 2.

Vir in urbem f ugit ne interficiatur, the

he

city that

killed, in a.

may

order not

to be killed, lest

he be

killed.

Observe that the verbs of the dependent clauses ut suum amicum videat and ne interficiatur are subjunctive, and that they express the purpose of the action of the main clauses, ut (that) introducing affirmative and ne {that not) negative clauses. Notice that the purpose clauses may be translated in a variety of ways. Purpose clauses may be translated by the English infinitive, but never nse the Latin .

b.

man flees itito the may not be

not be killed, so that he

.

.

infinitive to express purpose.

351.

Rule

junctive 352.

of

zvitJi

Syntax.

— Puipose

is

expressed by the sub-

ut or ne.

Review the principal parts and meanings of the

folio wins:

verbs

:

dedo reddo

accedo

proficiscor

fero

committo

potior

utor

converts

redeo

sequor

cad5

persuadeo noce5

cohortor

reduc5

sci5

tolls

scrlbo

ago

reperio

trado

obsideo

arbitror

credo

lacesso

pello

Instrud

flo

c5nficio

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

l68

REVIEW EXERCISES

353. I.

I.

Mulieribus

liberlsque

in

unum locum

convoca-

impetum nostrorum exspectare constituunt. Ubi Roman! ad e5rum fines pervenerunt, Galll eis 2. restiterunt. Legatus suum cibum quemque portare 3. iubet. Orgetorlgis filia a Romanis capta certior 4. fiebat neminem sibi nociturum (esse). Quis uti illo 5. Galll

tls,

equo potuit II.

I.

?

We

the Gauls.

are informed that Labienus has persuaded

2.

On

the next day the

session of their camp. 4.

He

Romans

will get pos-

did not believe his father.

did not believe his father would return.

EXERCISES

354. I.

He

3.

I.

agmen

Caesar ad primum

cohortetur.

2.

Nostrl,

coeperunt.

3.

Legatum

sTgnIs

proficlscitur

conversis,

ut

su5s

Gallos

pellere

Galliam proficlsci iubet ne

in

4. Ibi rex pauc5s moratur ut oppidum obsideat. 5. Redlmus domum ne ab hostibus occidamur. 6. Galll magnas copias unum in locum convocant ut bellum gerant. 7. Manesne domi ut litteras paucas scribas ? Legati in castra redeunt 8.

ex his nationibus auxilia convocentur. dies

ut

Caesarl

reperiatis.

persuadeant. 10.

Nos sequiminT

9.

aliquid

ut

Arbitror Gallos accedere ut obsides red-

dant. II.

I.

praised.

They 2.

are

coming

in

order

that

with the Gauls.

3.

They

are surrendering

sessions to Caesar so as not to be killed.

many

letters to

persuade our friends.

they would not believe him. that

they

Caesar hurries into the province

6.

you may not be conquered.

You

5.

to

all

4.

He

may be wage war

their pos-

We

write

knetf that

are waiting in

Rome

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON SUBJUNCTIVE

355.

junctive

-m

I.

1

69

60

IMPERFECT. CLAUSES

(Continued).

RESULT

The first person singular of the imperfect submay be found by adding the personal endings

(active), -r (passive), to the present active infinitive.

Present Active Infinitive

Imperfect Subjunctive

amare munire monere

munirer

amarem monerem

Learn the imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, the four model verbs (491-495); of sum (496); possum (497); of eo (500); of fero (502).

of

of

Notice carefully the difference between a purpose result clause expresses the result and a result clause. Observe the or outcome of the action of the main verb. 356.

A

shown

difference as

They shouted They shouted

He was

in these

examples

so that he

might hear.

(Result.)

so tired that he could not go.

(Result.)

Some word

or phrase like so, sucJi, in such a way, etc.,

show

is

that a result clause

be expected to follow.

357. I.

(Purpose.)

so that he heard.

often used in the main clause to

may

:

Examine the following

Flumen

tarn

latum

:

est ut Galli transire

river is so zvide that the

Gauls cannot

non possint, the cross.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

170

Flumen tam latum fuit ut the nvcr was so ividc

2.

non possent, Gauls could not

Galli transire

that

the

cross.

Nostri

3.

fortiter

ita

pugnabant ut hostes

se reciperent,

our men fought so bravely that the enemy retreated. Ita graviter vulnerati erant ut

4.

they

had

pugnare non possent,

been so severely zvounded that they could not

fight.

Observe that the above clauses beginning with ut express the result, and that the verbs are subjunc-

a.

tive.

Observe that when the main verb is present tense the dependent subjunctive is present tense, and that when the main verb is either imperfect, perfect, ox pluperfect {i.e. any tense expressing past time), the dependent

b.

subjunctive

is

imperfect.

Observe that the tense of the subjunctive is not necessarily the same as that of the main verb.

c.

358.

Rule

of

Syntax.

— Result

is

expressed by the sub-

junctive with ut or ut non.

VOCABULARY

359.

consequor, consequi, consecutus sum, pursue, overtake, progredior,

progredi,

pro-

gressus sum, advance, pro-

^

sum, dare,

accipio, ere, accepi, acceptus,

i,

x\.,fort, redoubt.

deditio, onis,

f.,

calamitas, atis,

surrender. f.,

disaster,

defeat.

tantus,

ceed.

audeo, ere, ausus

castellum,

a,

tam, adv., ita,

um,

so great, such.

so.

adv., thus, so.

receive. 1

A

semi-deponent verb;

stem passive.

i.e.

the present stem

is

active,

and the perfect

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN REVIEW EXERCISES

360. I.

I.

German!

vastent.

in

Vlcis

2.

Galliam

multls

et

urbem pulcherrimam obsidebat. castrls potiri posse.

USUI

171

fuit.

4.

transeunt parvis

ut

eorum

Arbitramur n5s eorum

3.

Equitatus sociorum Caesari

Caesar ex castrls profectus in

5.

doing

are following us to harass the rear. this

for the sake of

harming me.

4.

of the

We

tells

are

are in-

of the top

EXERCISES

I.

Equitatus progressus erat ut Gallos fugientis conse-

queretur.

non

The

hill.

361. I.

2.

You

3.

formed that the enemy have taken possession

magno

Helvetios

flumen transeuntes impetum faciet. n. I. Each soldier ought to obey his general.

enemy

fines

Labienus

incensis,

2.

possit.

et

Oppidum ita a Omnes qui

3.

sagittis

orum timor

ut

mllitibus munitur ut expugnari

transire

se

Rhodanum

ausl sunt

Tantus erat HelvetiCaesar suaque omnia dederent. 5.

vulnerabantur.

4.

Gall! 6. movet ne hostes inter se et flumen sint. ita operis magnitudine permovebantur ut arma legato traHaec urbs castellls munlta est ne a Romanis derent. 7. caperetur. 8. Haec urbs castellls ita munlta est ut a Romanis non caperetur. 9. Labienus in eorum fines decem

castra

dies

progressus

multas civitates

in

deditionem

accepit.

10. Tantus hostium erat numerus ut sinistrum cornu circumvenlre possent. II. I. We shall never dare to do it on account of 2. The road is so narrow that the the width of the river.

enemy cannot advance. place that the road

3.

was very

carry the children back to

Such was the nature of the 4. We were sent to Rome. 5. The river was so difficult.

wide and deep that they used ships.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

172

LESSON

RELATIVE CLAUSE OF PURPOSE

Malo.

Nolo.

Volo.

61

Learn the principal parts and all forms of the inand imperfect subjunctive, infinitive, and Observe that nolo is a participle of volo, nolo, malo (499). compound of non and volo, and malo a compound of magis, more (shortened to ma), and volo. Note the irregularities in the present tense of the indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive. 362.

dicative, present

Examine the following

363.

:

the .

Princeps legatos misit ut pacem peterent

2.

Princeps misit legatos qui pacem peterent

1

chief sent

ambassadors to ask for peace.

The English

translation of these sentences

is

the same,

and the verbs of the purpose clauses are subjunctive. In 2, however, qui is used instead of ut to emphasize the ambassadors as the persons who have the purpose to perform. Rule

364.

of

— Purpose

Syntax.

relative pronoun

and

be expressed by a

VOCABULARY

365. peto, ere, petivi

petitus,

(ii),

aiin at, ask for,

go

to get.

— be — be unmalui, — be

volo, velle, volui,

zvill-

,

ing, wish, will. nolo, nolle, nolui,

,

willing, ivill not.

malo,

may

the subjunctive.

malle,

more impedio,

,

willijig, prefer. ire,

impedivi, impe-

ditus, entangle, impede.

praemitto, ere, praemisi, prae-

missus,

send ahead,

dis-

patch. celeriter,

adv. (celer, sivift),

siviftly, quickly.

senatus, us, m., senate.

de tertia vigilia, about the third watch (a watch

was

equal to one fourth of the night).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN REVIEW EXERCISES

366. I.

173

Rhodanum

Flumen

I.

caperentur.

equitibus

ut Helvetil

hostes in

ne a Caesaris pugnabant

transierant

tam

Nostrl

2.

acriter

aliam in partem fugerent.

alii

fugam datos consequi non audebat.

de Gallorum deditione certior factus legiones reduxit.

Equitatus

3.

4.

in

Caesar hiberna

Labienus se non posse Gallls credere arbitra-

5.

batur.

That they might sustain our attack for a long had gathered a great abundance of grain. Such was the speed of our cavalry that the enemy

II.

I.

time, the Gauls 2.

could not escape. resist

us.

4.

3.

Are

warn your friends

are

will

?

EXERCISES Noluisse

I.

mavultis

;

3.

rent.

Galli victi petere

4.

;

nolumus.

Mavis; noles

2.

Imperator mllites praemlsit qui castra pone-

malunt.

cum Caesare quam Romam legates mittunt ut iter per

pacem

nolunt.

5.

redire malebant.

Sequanorum

Caesar equites qui Gallos

7.

informed that they

you (plur.) returning to the city to

367. I.

We

in

Multl esse 6.

Helvetil

fines facere possint.

fiumine impedltos lacesse-

GermanI legates miserunt qui dlxepetere pacem velle. 9. Caesar his rebus ita

rent praemlserat.

runt^ se

8.

permovebatur ut quam celerrime ad suos contenderet. 10. De tertia vigilia Labienus eos qui hostes consequerentur praemlsit. II.

I.

We

are unwilling to obey him.

ahead horsemen ing to 1

Rome

Notice

how

to

burn the villages. persuade the senate.

to

2. 3.

Caesar sends

We 4.

are return-

The

Helvetil

the translation of the indicative, dixerunt, differs from that

of the subjunctive, dicerent.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

174

preferred to seek peace rather than to be killed by the

Romans. 6.

Why

5.

Although

home

are you unwilling to remain at

?

a great defeat had been received, the Gauls

^

did not wish to surrender their arms.

LESSON

62

SEQUENCE OF TENSES. INDIRECT QUESTIONS Learn the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the model verbs (491-495); of sum (496); of eo (500); of fero (502); of possum (497); of fio (501); of volo, nolo, malo (499). Observe that the first person of the perfect active subjunctive of all verbs may be found by adding erim to the perfect stem that the pluperfect active subjunctive may be found by adding the personal endings to the perfect that the perfect and pluperfect passive active infinitive subjunctive are compound forms, like the same tenses of 368.

;

;

the indicative. 369.

Examine the following

:

Indirect Question

Direct Question

Ubi sunt

wJierc are they ?

.*

Quid f acit

.''

ivJiat is

Scio ubi sint,

he doing ?

/ hioiv where

they air.

Vidimus quid zvJiat

faceret,

we saiv

he ivas doing.

Observe that when a direct question is asked indirectly, depending upon some introductory verb, the verb of the original direct question becomes subjunctive in the indirect. 1

See 311, 6

;

315.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Caution.

1

75

— Do not confuse an indirect question with an

indirect statement (327).

Indirect questions

some

nized by the fact that

maybe

recog-

word follows the

interrogative

main or introductory verb. Indirect Statement

Indirect Question

Scio quis veniat,

/ knoiv

370. is

who

is

Scio

I knozv

coming.

Rule of Syntax.

eum

venire,

(that) he is comitig.

— The verb of an

indirect question

in the subjunctive.

It

371.

has been noticed in the three preceding

les-

sons that the tense of a dependent subjunctive depends

upon the tense

of the verb of the

of the tenses follows a principle

Tenses, a principle that

is

main

clause.

This use

called the Sequence of

famiUar from English usage.

Compare

He conies that I may see him. He came that I might see him. The change from may of the

to might accompanies the change main verb from comes to came. This change of

tenses, therefore,

372.

All

is

tenses

not peculiar to Latin.

are

divided

into

two

classes,

as

follows

Present Indicative,

Primary

or

principal

tenses,

denoting present or future time.

j

Future Indicative, Future Perfect Indicative, Present Subjunctive, Perfect Subjunctive.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

1/6

Imperfect Indicative,

Secondary or

Perfect Indicative, historical tenses,

Pluperfect Indicative,

denoting past time.

Imperfect Subjunctive, Pluperfect Subjunctive.

373. [

{

Examine the following

Videt,

Jic sees,

:

1

quid Videbit,

/le

will

see,

zvhal

faciam,

I am

\

doing. {

Viderit, he will

f

Videt, he sees,

seen,

J

|

Videbit, he will see,

2.

have

Viderit, he will \

Videbat, he Vidit,

Jie

Viderat, [

4-

have

\

[

was

done (or did). seen,

seeing,

J

1

quid facerem, what I zvas

sazv, lie

quid fecerim, zvhat I have

\

\

do iJig.

had seen,

J

Videbat, he zvas seeing,

quid fecissem, tvhat

Vidit, he saw,

Viderat, he

I had

done (or did).

had seen.

Observe what tenses of the subjunctive follow primarytenses of the indicative, and what tenses follow secondary. 374.

junctive

Rule

for

Sequence

of Tenses.

— Whenever the sub-

used in a dependent or subordinate clause, the

is

tense that should be used

is

determined by the following

rule

A mary

primary tense

in the

main

clause is followed by a pri-

tense in the dependent siibjnnctive clause

a secondary

;

tense is folloived by a secondary tense. I.

Sometimes the perfect has,

.

.

.,

is

indicative,

when

it

means

followed by a primary tense.

have,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

procedo, ere, process!,

—

go

,

forward, advance. Conor, ari, atus sum,

explorator, oris, m., scout. in reliquum tempus,

inter

togetJier,

flumine

in

exchange,

to

other.

pontem

facio,

build a bridge across the

confer.

animo habeo,

mihi

se dare,

give each

conloqui, conlocu-

sum, speak

for the

future.

try,

attempt. conloquor,

in

77

VOCABULARY

375.

tus

1

]

in

est

animo,

\

J

/ have

in

mind,

in-

river.

rogo,

avi,

are,

atus,

ask,

beg.

tend.

REVIEW EXERCISES

376.

Quis Caesare imperatore e proeli5 discedere audeCur Roma exire vultis ? 3. Labienus cohortes ex castrls eductas Instrul iussit. 4. Caesarl est nuntiatum summum montem a Labieno tenerl. 5. Ubi^ire mecum mavis ? I.

bit

I.

2.

?

II,

I.

He

as possible.

men to fortify the hill as quickly The enemy hastened to attack our men

sent forward 2.

while impeded in the river.

your leader

}

4.

3.

Are you

After encouraging his

willing to obey

men

there Caesar

hastens to the river.

EXERCISES

377. I.

I.

Helvetils est in

animo

iter

per pr5vinciam facere.

Caesar rogavit cur inter se obsides darent. 3. Principes conloquantur convenient. 4. Imperator multos dies sclverat quae Galli facere conati essent. 5. Caesar praemittet eos qui in flumine pontem faciant. 2.

ut de deditione

LegatI Gallorum Caesarl dixerunt quae sibi in anim5 in reliquum tempus essent. 7. GermanI a Caesare rogaverunt

6.

1

ESSKN. OF LATIN

— 12

When.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

178 "

Cur

in nostr5s fines processisti

?

"

8.

GermanI a Caesare

rogaverunt cur in suos fines processisset. 9. Summus collis castellls multls munitus erat ne hostes impetum facerent.

In animo

10.

II.

We

I.

habemus obsides

know who

"Who

going

is

to

inter nos dare.

the

city.

2.

The

going to Rome.''" 3. I know Caesar asked what that they have returned home. 4. towns they had captured. 5. We can see why they have Heutenant

said,

is

6. Caesar is informed through scouts that the enemy fled. have advanced. 7. When the battle had been fought, the general saw who had been wounded.

mMM^ A<:

l^r*Ji^M

^--^>?^^?^^rii/

LESSON

63

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES

A

one that is used as a noun. In Its use as subject or object of a verb is most common. the following English examples the substantive clauses are 378.

italicized

:

substantive clause

is

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

know what he has done. know {that) he has come.

I I

happened that

It

lie

(As (As (As

179

object.)

object.)

subject, or in appo-

2vas present. sition

He

persuaded us

We

feared that he might die.

do not doubt

I

He

ordered us

It will

tJiat

to

(As (As (As (As

to leave the city.

he will go.

leave the city.

with subject)

object.)

object.) object.) object.)

be observed from these examples that substantive

Enghsh

clauses are expressed in

in several

ways.

substantive clauses are usually expressed either

In Latin

by the

in-

by the subjunctive. This use of the infinitive in discourse and as complementary infinitive, and of the

finitive or

indirect

subjunctive in indirect questions, 379.

we have already considered.

Subjunctive clauses introduced by ut or ne are very

often used in Latin as the object of verbs signifying to ask,

command, advise, resolve, nrge, persuade, permit, strive, decree.

As an

infinitive

phrase

used

is

English as the object of

in

such verbs, while ut or ne and the subjunctive Latin, this difference in usage

is

used in

must be carefully noted.

Examples 1

.

Helvetiis persuasit ut exirent, he persuaded the Helvetii to leave.

2.

Suis imperat ne id faciant, he orders his

men

not

to

do

this. 3.

Milites cohortatur ut

impetum

sustineant, he urges the

soldiers to sustain the attack. 4.

Te rogo ut mihi credas, / ask you 380.

The

following are the most

classes mentioned in 379.

to

believe me.

common

verbs of the

Their meanings and principal

parts should be carefully learned

:

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

l8o

persuadeo, ere, persuasi, persuasus, persuade. impero, are, avi, atus, order, conwiaiid.

mando,

are, avi, atus, order,

command.

rogo, are, avi, atus, ask, beg.

demand,

postulo, are, avi, atus,

moneo,

ere,

ask.

monui, monitus, advise, zvarn.

peto, ere, petivi

(ii),

petitus, ask, request.

quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, inquire, ask. cohortor (and hortor), ari, atus sum, ejieonragc, tirge. permitto, ere, permisi, permissus, permit, allozv. concedo, ere, concessi, concessus, permit, allow. 1.

The

following are exceptions to the above, and are

lowed by the

infinitive,

as in English

fol-

:

iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus, order, comtnand. veto, are, vetui, vetitus, forbid. 2.

The

following are followed either by (i) the infinitive,

and the subjunctive. more common.

or (2) ut or ne tive

is

patior, pati,

Yet the

infini-

passus sum, suffer, allow.

constituo, ere, constitui, constitutus, determine. cupio, ere, cupivi, cupitus, desire.

volo (also nolo

I.

Sci5 quid

conlocuti

domum

tibi sit in

redierunt.

proelio discessissent.

3.

4.

4.

animo. 3.

LegatI diu inter se Caesar rogavit cur ex

2.

Ab els

Helvetil responderunt sese exire

non c6natur5s. 5. Cur hostes se receperunt } II. I.I know whom you called together on that night. If our arms are surrendered, we cannot defend ourselves. They tried to keep the Germans away from their fields. They thought we could not build a bridge over that river.

e flnibus

2.

velle, volui, zvish.

REVIEW EXERCISES

381. I.

and malo),

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN EXERCISES

382, I.

l8l

Caesar suls imperavit ut castra munlrent 2. Imcohortatus est ne clamoribus Gallorum

I.

perator equites

permoverentur.

Caesar,

3.

cum Germanis

gerere

bellum Dumnorix Sequanis

Helvetils

constituit.

4.

superatis,

persuadet ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant.

5.

Helvetil e

finitimis quaesiverunt ut obsides inter se darent. in flumine

Rhodan5 pontem

facere legatus

iussit.

6. 7.

Suos

Caesar

Gallos monuit ne coniurati5nem in reliquum tempus facerent.

Galll ut

8.

Ubi Caesar

9.

agros vetuit.

numerum

in 10.

quisquam vln5 utatur non permittunt. Gallorum fines pervenit, su5s vastare Nostri magnum Galldrum fugientium

occlderunt.

We

urge you to be brave. 2. The Helvetii persuaded their neighbors to attack the Romans. 3. The II.

I.

commands^

us to do this as quickly as possible. him what he was doing. 5. He was informed that the enemy were crossing the river. 6. Now ^ that the Germans have been conquered, Caesar will allow us to return to Rome. 7. They were sent to build a bridge.

general

We

4.

asked

^

LESSON

64

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

IX

Dumnorix persuades the Sequani to allow the Helvetii to march through their Territory 383. invltis ^

abs.

Relinquebatur una per Sequanos

impero. *

via,

since,

-

qua Sequanis

Cum ^

propter angustias Ire non poterant.

his sua

^

3 j\jo-m Use rogo ab and ablative. conquered, use abl. ^ sua sponte, by their own mea7ts, on their own account.

when.

.

.

.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

lS2

sponte persuadere non possent, legates ad

Dumnorlgem

Haeduum mittunt, ut eo^ deprecatore a Sequanls impetrarent.^ Dumnonx gratia et larglti5ne apud Sequanos pluri-

mum

poterat et Helvetils erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate

Orgetorlgis flliam in matrimonium duxerat.

Itaque rem

suscipit et a Sequanls impetrat ut per fines su5s Helveti5s Ire patiantur,

ne

itinere

obsidesque ut inter sese dent perficit

:

SequanI,

Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetil, ut sine iniuria

transeant.

LESSON

65

OBJECT CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF FEARING. TEMPORAL, CAUSAL, AND CONCESSIVE Examine the following

384.

Cum

:

Timeo ne hoc faciat, Ifear that he will do this (or I fear that he is doing this). Timebam ut hoc f aceret, Ifeared that he would not do this.

1.

2.

Observe

That the clauses ne hoc faciat and ut hoc f aceret are the object of the main verb. That ne is affirmative and means that, and that ut is negative and means that not.

a.

b.

385.

Rule

of

Syntax.

ut, that not, is jised

—

TJie subjunctive zvith ne, that, or

as the object of

vej^bs

or expressions of

fearing. 386.

Examine the following

:

Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, zvhen Caesar came into Gaul. Cum Caesar in Gallia esset, when Caesar was in Gaul.

1

2. ^

eo deprecatore, by his tnediation

ablative absolute).

'^

Do

(literally,

he {being) an intercessor

not confuse this verb with impero.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 3.

Cum Cum

had

ivhen this

Caesari id nuntiatum esset,

reported 4.

183 been

Caesar.

to

his persuadere non possent, legates miserunt, since

they could not persuade them, they sent ambassadors. 5.

Cum primi

ordines concidissent, reliqui

tamen

although the first ranks had fallen,

resistebant,

still the others

resisted.

Cum, meaning zvhen (sentences temporal, and the verb

used

is

i,

2,

3),

called

is

usually subjunctive

cum

the tense

if

imperfect or pluperfect, otherwise the indicative

Cum, meaning

used.

is

and the verb although,

is

subjunctive (sentence

is

called

is

since or as,

tive (sentence 5).

called 4).

cum

is

causal,

Cum, meaning

cum concessive, and the verb The student will be able to

is

subjunc-

infer

from

the meaning of the whole sentence which of the three

cum should have mean with the indicative ?

translations it

387. 1.

Rules

In a

clause expressing time, the verb

subjunctive if the tense used otherivise, 2.

verb

In a is

the indicative is

cum

is

usually

imperfect or pluperfect

is

7ised..

clause expressing cause or concession, the

subjunctive.

VOCABULARY

388.

vereor, eri, veritus sum, fear,

signa infero, charge (literally, bear the standards aga inst ).

respect.

timeo, ere, timui,

— fear, be ,

intellego,

ere,

in

fidem venire,

to

put ones

self under the protection.

afraid of intellexi,

in-

tellectus, learn, knoiv, perceive.

What must

Syntax.

of

cum

in a given case.

postquam,

conj., after.

polliceor, eri, pollicitus

promise.

sum.

1

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

84

REVIEW EXERCISES

389. I.

Caesar quibusdam e suTs imperavit ut in flumine 2. Imperator Helvetils ne iter per pro-

I.

pontem

facerent.

vinciam faciant mandat.

3.

German! a Caesare quaesive-

runt cur in Galliam venisset. certior

summum montem

fit

Caesar per expl6rat5res

4.

a Labieno

Helvetil flnitimls persuadebant

5.

secum

ut,

occupatum

esse.

incensfs,

aedificils

exTrent.

He warns us not to leave the camp. 2. The Gauls urged each man to resist the Romans bravely. II.

I.

We

3.

Caesar ordered

4.

^

following.

are

the Gauls to give up their arms.

EXERCISES

390. I.

enemy who

the

attack

shall

Postquam Caesar ad exercitum

I.

castra munlre coeperunt.

2.

Cum

pervenit, milites

hoc fecerlmus, tanien a

non culpabimur. 3. Imperator verebatur ne hostes nostros in flumine impedltos lacesserent. 4. Cum nostrls amicis

nostrl fortiter resisterent, Galll se recipere constituerunt. 5.

Helvetil

6.

Caesar,

superati

cum

Caesaris

in

laborare

suos

fidem venire volebant. intellegeret,

aciem processit, et milites cohortatus

Romam

fecissent,

runt.

9.

redierunt.

versa Inferre

aid.

I.

2.

facto,

in

We

10.

primam

Cum hoc 7. Romam redie-

Gall! polHcitl sunt se sociorum popull

agros non vastaturos esse.

II.

Hoc

8.

est.

RomanI

Caesar suos signa con-

iussit.

feared that the general would not send us

Although

^

enemy

the

resisted bravely, our

men

were able to take the town. 3. When Caesar was informed of their arrival, he drew up the line of battle. 1

Use iubeo.

315. 3S6. 5.

"^Although

.

.

.

resisted.

Express in two ways.

See 311.

6,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 4. 6.

fear that he

is

I

know who

coming.

is

I know that he is coming. The man that I saw in Rome

coming.

I

185

5.

7.

has arrived.

LESSON COMPOUNDS OF

66

DATIVE AFTER COMPOUND VERBS

SUm.

The verb sum is comReview possum (274). prepositions ab, ad, de, in, inter, ob, prae, the pounded with meanings of these preposiReview the pro (prod), super. In the compound tions from the general vocabulary. Learn prosum, / benefit, prod, not pro, is found before e. the conjugation of prosum (498). 392. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds of sum 391.

absum, abesse,

adsum, desum, deesse,

— be away, be absent. — be present,

afui,

,

adesse, adfui, defui,

insum, inesse, infui,

aid.

,

—

—

,

be lacking, fail.

intersum, interesse, interfui,

obsum, obesse, obfui,

—

,

prosum, prodesse, profui,

—

,

be among, be present.

be against, injure.

praesum, praeesse, praefui,

—

—

,

,

be at the

be of use

supersum, superesse, superfui, 393.

among.

be in, be

,

—

,

head

of,

command.

benefit.

to,

be over, survive.

Examine the following

1

Legatus oppido praef uit, the lieutenant zvas in charge of

2.

Amicis prosumus,

3.

Exercitus hostibus appropinquabat (ad

the town.

army 4.

ive benefit

our friends. -f

propinquo), the

tvas approaching the enemy.

Pecuniae pudorem anteponit, he put honor before money.

1

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

86

Observe that these compound verbs govern the dative If a verb is transitive, as in 4, it may take both an accusative and a dative. case.

Rule

394.

of

Syntax.

— Many verbs compounded with

ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub,

and super

ad,

often

govern the dative.

VOCABULARY

395.

appropinquo, are, avi, atus, approach,

bellum

draw

vis (no gen. or dat. sing.),

vim,

near.

infero, inferre, intuli,

inlatus,

and

(476) f., plur., ium, ibus, strength,

vi,

vires,

power ;

dative, zvage

(plur.), strength,

iterum, adv., again, a second

zvar upon.

time.

REVIEW EXERCISES

396.

popull

Veremur ut impetum sustineant. Roman! fidem ventures polHcentur.

Caesar

in

I.

I.

Gall! se in

2. 3.

Postquam

Galliam venit, gentes obsides inter se dare

intel-

Quae cum ita sint, in hostium finibus morabimur, The Gauls feared that the Romans would advance. The Gauls thought that the Romans were advancing. The camp that had been fortified was a mile wide. They persuaded the Sequani to exchange hostages.

lexit.

II. 2. 3. 4.

^

4.

I.

EXERCISES

397. I.

I.

Caesar cum finibus Gallorum approplnquaret,

magna cum cura poterant, 1

quod

these things.

A

by a demonstrative.

processit.

2.

Pedites diu pugnare non

sibi vires deerant. relative at the

3.

German! dixerunt

beginning of a sentence

is

often translated

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Romanes

bellum

sibi

intulisse.

4.

187

Virl qui suTs amicis

obsunt non sunt fIdL 5. Galli mulieres liberosque unum 6. Caesar in locum convocabant ne tells interficerentur.

Labienum

qui

armis

oppidl,

castris

praeesset

tamen

traditis,

reliquit.

Romanis

Incolae

7.

resistere

iterum

Cum legatus a hostium finibus non 8. duobus millibus passuum abesset, castra posuit. Omnes qui pugnae superfuerant a Caesare pacem 9. 10. Cum oppidl incolae pauci essent, expugpetebant. conati

sunt.

amplius

narl

^

n5n

II.

I.

potuit.

We

wish to benefit our friends.

all

2.

Labienus

commanded two legions. 3. Caesar said he intended to wage war on the Germans. 4. We persuaded them to leave Rome with us. 5. Although we are drawing near the enemy, we ought not to fear, if^ Caesar is general. 6.

Caesar called

all

the soldiers together.

LESSON

67

THE IMPERATIVE. COMMANDS AND EXHORTATIONS 398.

Forms of the Imperative Mood

Second Person

Second Person

IMPERATIVE ACTIVE

IMPERATIVE PASSIVE

Singular

Singular

Plural

Plural

ama, love mone, advise mitte, scud

am ate

am are,

monete

monere, be advised

amamini monemini

mittite

mittere, be sent

mittimini

cape, take

capite

capere, be taken

capimini

audi, hear

audite

audire, be Jieard

audimini

^ //"

.

.

.

be loved

general : see 316.

1

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

88

Observe that the present active imperative has the same form as the present stem (86), and that the present passive imperative, singular and plural, have the same forms as -re and tJic second person plural of the pjrsent indicative passive. The present active imperatives of dico, duco, facio, and

the second person singular in

fero are die, due, fae, fer.

Give the imperative forms of gero, video,

dico,

munio,

capio, sequor, laudo.

The

399. in

imperative

is

used to

the second person, while the

exhort or urge in the first

ample

and

command

subjunctive

or exhort is

used to

For

third persons.

ex-

:

Negative

A.FFIRMATIVE

1ST Per.

laudem,

me

let

ne laudem,

let

me

not praise

praise

2D Per. 3D Per.

laud a, praise laudet,

let

him

noli laudare,

do not p7'aise

ne laudet,

him

let

not praise

praise 1ST Per.

laudemus,

let

us

praise

2D 3D

ne

laudemus,

let

ns

not

praise

Per.

laudate, praise

Per.

laudent, let

them

praise

nolite laudare,

ne

laudent,

do not praise let

them

not

praise

Observe that the negative used with the subjunctive is but that ne is not used with the imperative, but instead noli or nolite (pres. imperative of nolo, be umvilling) and

ne,

the infinitive.

Do

not use ne or non with the imperative to

express a negative command.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

189

VOCABULARY

400. praeficio, ere,

fectus,

charge

set

praefeci, prae-

put

over,

in

back; referre

carry

tus,

pedem,

to retreat.

ad multam noctem,

till late

at night.

—

(ani-

mus + ad + vert6), mind to, notice, punish.

///;;/ //'£'

adversus,

opposite,

urn,

a,

hostile

adverse

;

colle, ;// the hill.

off.

reverto, ere, reverti,

animad-

ere,

animadversus

verti,

f'^d^igy

longe, ?idw.,far,far

re-

turn.

animadverto,

of.

referre, rettuli, rela-

refero,

sum, dep., turn back,

,

and

reverter, reverti, reversus

Ariovistus,

i,

m., Ariovistus,

chief of the

Germans.

REVIEW EXERCISES

401.

oppidum non longe a prdvincia abest. I. I Hud Hostium copiae conatae sunt castellum, cui praeerat legatus, expugnare. 3. Ariovistus dixit non sese Gallls sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse. 4. Labienus, unus ex I.

2.

Caesaris legatls, oppido appropinquare contendit.

nox Caesarem venerunt.

proell finem

II.

I.

fecisset, viri

The

1

;

is

very great."

Gain responderunt, " N5llte Romanis bellum Tn3. Fortiter 2. Die mihi quid in animo vobis sit.

pugnemus

^

ne sub potestate Caesaris veniamus.

Notice that the subjunctive of exhortation

See 349.

Cum

EXERCISES

402.

ferre."

5.

apud suos ad

2.

man did this the Roman people

I.

gratia

had two daughters one was killed, the I fear that he will injure me. 3. The himself. 4. The chief said, "The power of chief

other captured.

I.

summa

is

4.

Caesar

the main verb of the sentence.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

I90

cum

Gall5s iterum coniurationem facere animadvertisset,

legates ad se reverti iussit.

pedem

hostes referre colle

ad hostium

praefecit.

castra.

Cum

8.

7.

nostrl ad

in acie II.

Caesar

relictis,

vires sibi deessent,

Signa Inferte adverse

Ariovistus Caesarl

9.

Hoc

10.

facto,

dixit,

duabus

legi-

reliquas sex legiones pro castrls

constituit.

Let us wage war.

I.

6.

Labienum urbl captae Caesar multam noctem contendissent,

nemo ab hostibus occlsus est. "Cur in meos fines venis ? " onibus in castrls

Cum

5.

coeperunt.

sue the enemy,

if

you wish.

Do

2.

4.

not do

Let them do

this.

this.

Pur-

3. 5.

Labi-

enus,^ lead the forces out of camp.

6. Friends, do not remain in Rome. 7. We were afraid that our men would not be able to seize the top of the mountain.

persuade

me

to

LESSON

68

GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 403.

Carefully

distinguish

the

difference

in

English

between a verbal noun and a verbal adjective. They both end in -ing, the verbal noun being used like a noun in any of the cases, and the verbal adjective, or participle, like an adjective, always in agreement with some word. Both have the force of a verb, and may therefore take an object. Compare these examples :

I

found

my

friends

zvaiting for me.

(Participle,

or

verbal adjective.)

Waiting

We

\^

(Verbal noun, subject of "is.")

tedious.

learn to do by doing.

404. In Latin, the

gernnd

the genitive, dative,

(Verbal noun.) is

a verbal nonn.

accusative, 1

Review

29,

i.

and ablative 52, 2.

It

has only

cases,

the

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

191

Its supplied by the infinitive. verbal adjective (see is a gerundive The gender is neuter. 308), and is passive in its meaning. Learn tiie gerunds and gerundives of the model 405.

nominative case being

Note that they are formed from the

verbs (491-495). present stem. 406.

NOM.

Examine the following

Videre est credere, seeing

f

.-

\

is

bclicvinsr (infinitive

,.

as subject).

[

Ars Vivendi (gerund), the art of living. Venit amicorum videndorum causa (gerundive), Jie came to see his friends {for the sake of seeing

f

I

Gen.

:

{

his friends).

[

fVix his rebus

administrandis

tempus dabatur

(gerundive), time ivas hardly given for manag-

Dat.^ I

insr these things.

Venit ad

pugnandum (gerund), he came

to

fight

{for fighting, or for tJie purpose offighting). Venit ad amicos videndos (gerundive), Jie came

Ace.

see his friends

to

{for the purpose of seeing his

friends). '

Abl.

Mens

discendo

alitur

(gerund),

the

mind

is

strengthened by learning. -1

Conlocuti sunt de consiliis faciendis (gerundive), tJiey

conferred about forming plans.

Observe

That when the gerundive is used the noun is put the proper case, and the gerundive agrees with it gender, number, and case.

I.

^

The

use of the dative of the gerund or gerundive

ad and the accusative

is

more common.

is

not very

in

in

common

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

192 2.

3.

That the gerundive is generally used instead of the gerund when there is an object. That purpose may be expressed by ad and the accusative of the gerund or gerundive, and by causa followWhat ing the genitive of the gerund or gerundive. other ways are there of expressing purpose ?

VOCABULARY

407.

conicio, ere, conieci, coniectus,

throw, hurl. deligo, ere,

abl.,

delegi,

delectus,

i,

n.,

space,

time,

cause, reason;

the sake (after a

for a,

um, desirous

?i.^v.,

finally, at last.

iam, adv., now, already,

sooti.

REVIEW EXERCISES

408. I.

of,

eager for (with genitive). denique,

opportunity.

f.,

genitive).

cupidus,

select, choose.

spatium,

causa, ae,

Animadvertite quae f ecerit.

I.

2.

Noll, hostibus appro-

plnquantibus, castrls legatum praeficere.

3.

Omnibus

Gallls

4. Ubi turrim mover! approplnquare moenibus viderunt, legates ad Caesarem

superatls, in provinciam revertamur. et

de pace miserunt. II.

Do

I.

Romans. tHem up.

5.

Die nobis quos

Romae

vlderls.

not persuade them to

2.

wage war on the Lead your troops out of camp and draw

3.

Let us always obey the general.

4.

I

fear

the Gauls will be defeated.

EXERCISES

409.

L

I.

quendl

Discimus agere agendo. fecit.

3.

Milites

2.

Legatus finem

lo-

erant cupidl potiendl oppidL

Bellum gerere hieme est difficillimum. 5. Hostes tam celeriter accesserunt ut spatium telorum coniciendorum n5n daretur. 6. Caesar locum omnibus rebus idoneum castrls delegit. 8. Com7. LegatI ad pacem petendam venerunt.

4.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN plures prlncipes ad runt.

Ad

9.

II.

Galli

10.

faciebant.

silia

Caesarem pacis petendae causa vene-

eas res conficiendas

arbitrabantur.

11.

193

Ne

annum

satis esse Helvetil

de bello Romanis Inferendo con-

n5s e proelio discedamus.

Fighting; by fighting; of fighting.

I.

2.

purpose of defending; for the sake of choosing.

was not given

men men

for

^

defending the

to^ fortify the camp.

while crossing the river.

accomplish difficult.

all

8.

these things.

Do

not leave the

city.

4.

The enemy

5.

6.

He

For the 3.

Time

Caesar sent attacked our

chose a lieutenant to

Choosing good friends

7.

is

city.

LESSON

69

COMPLETE REVIEW OF VERB FORMS Note to the Teacher.

— As much time should be

of verb forms as the needs of the class require. revievjf

It

given to this review

is

suggested that this

be made by synopsis, and by quick recognition of miscellaneous verb

forms both orally and in writing.

Review 235 and 352. Review the principal parts meanings of the following verbs and 410.

:

timed

procedo

conicio

impero

approplnquo

peto

deligo

pareo

intellego

permitto

animadvert©

quaero

polliceor

vols

reverto

c5nsequor

conloquor

n5lo

moror

audeo

vereor

malo respondeo

obtine5

progrodior

Conor 411.

praefici5

Following the form suggested below, write the syn-

opsis of (i) tollo in the

first

person singular, and of (2)

Conor in the third person plural. ^

for defending : genitive case. ESSEN. OF latin

—

1

^ to fortify

:

express in four ways.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

194

FORMi FOR SYNOPSIS Principal Parts

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative

Tense

Pres.

Infinitive

Participle

\^''-

[Pass.

[Act.

J

'"P^Mpass. Fut.

Plup.

^

\^''' {

Pass.

1

Pass.

if

^•

(Pass.

Fut.

jAct.

Perf.

1

Pass.

LESSON

70

READING LESSON

CHAPTER X Caesar prepares to defeat the Plans of the Helvetii 412.

Caesari renuntiatur

agrum Sequanorum 1

This form

is

et

HelvetiTs

Haeduorum

merely suggested as a model

animo per Santonum fines

esse in

iter in

for writing the synopsis of a verb.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN facere, qui

195

non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae Caesar nolebat homines bellicosos,

civitas est in pr5vincia.

populi

R5manl

inimlcds, pr5vinciae esse finitimos.

res ei muniti5ni fecit, et ibi

quam

ipse in Italiam

fecerat T.

magnis

Ob

Labienum legatum

itineribus contendit

eas

prae-

duasque

legiones c5nscrlbit et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hie-

mabant/ ex

hibernls educit et

cum

his

quinque legionibus

Ire in

ulteriorem Galliam contendit.

locis

superioribus occupatis, itinere exercitum

Ibi nonnullae nationes,

prohibere

His compluribus proehls^ pulsis, ab Ocelo, quod est citerioris pr5vinciae extremum, in fines Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die^ septimo pervenit inde in Alloconantur.

;

brogum ducit. 1

ab Allobrogibus

fines,

Hi sunt Can you not

in

Segusiavos exercitum

extra provinciam trans

infer

v;**-^

its

meaning from hiems

?

Rhodanum Why

l\

^mmm. Roman Harbor and

Ships (Restoration)

priml.

ablative

SUPPLEMENTARY LESSONS Note to the Teacher.

— These

lessons are designed to

meet the needs

of those classes that wish a more extensive treatment of syntax than has been in the previous lessons. They are so arranged that they may be taken up in connection with the previous lessons, or in any order that the

attempted

teacher wishes.

LESSON

71

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. PRESENT AND PAST TIME 413.

Conditional sentences are complex sentences.

They

two clauses, the condition (or protasis) introduced by " if," "if not," "unless," and the conclusion (or apodosis). For example consist of

:

rains, I shall not go.

If

it

If

he had not seen me,

You

will not

I

should have gone.

do this unless

I

command

Observe that a condition may be expressed

you. in

English

without using "if," "if not," "unless," by merely placing the subject after the verb in the condition.

Had he 414.

not seen me,

I

For example

should have gone.

Various classifications of conditional sentences are

possible, but for convenience they will be considered as

follows I.

:

Conditions referring to prcsettt or past time. 1.

Simple.

2.

Contrary to Fact. 196

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Conditions referring to future time.

II.

1.

Vivid Future.

2.

Less Vivid Future. Simple Condition

415.

Examine the following 1.

2.

197

:

Si hoc faciunt, bene est, if tJicy are doing this,

Si hoc fecerunt, bene fuit,

if they did

it is zvell.

this, it %vas well.

Observe a.

That the condition the statement

imply whether whether " they did

(or protasis) does not

is

true or not,

i.e.

this " or not it merely makes a supposition. That the present or past tenses of the indicative are used in both condition and conclusion. ;

b.

Contrary-to-fact Conditions

416.

Examine the following 1.

Si hoc facerent, bene esset, if tJiey 2vere{now) it

2.

:

would

doing

this,

be well.

Si hoc fecissent, bene fuisset, if they

zvould have been

had done

this, it

ivell.

Observe a.

That the condition that

case

is ;

i.e.

the

now doing

.

(or protasis)

makes a supposition

obviously contrary to the actual facts of the first

this,

sentence implies that they are not

and the second sentence, that they

had not done this. That the imperfect subjunctive is used in both condition and conclusion, when the time is present, and the '

b.

pluperfect subjunctive,

when

the time

is

past.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

198

EXERCISES

417.

(In these and the succeeding exercises, the student should use the general vocabularies whenever

I.

Si

I.

it is

necessary.)

meus amicus Romae est, laetus sum. Romanis restitissent, non victi essent.

Helvetii acrius adesset, exire si

Roma

parati essemus.

quis llberos laudavit.

5.

Caesar,

tratus esset, aciem instruxisset.

essent, esses,

'si

Laetus

4. si

6.

I.

they had been at home,

am

Si

fuit pater,

Plures Gallorum occlsl

nostrl celerius consecuti essent.

If

Si

3.

accedere hostes arbi-

daresne proell committendl signum

II.

2.

I

7.

Si imperator

.''

should have been

they are at home.

3. If anything happened, it was reported to the general. 4. That soldier would leave the battle, if he were not a brave man. 5. Who would not have done the same thing, had he been present }

glad.

6.

2.

I

glad,

if

commands, the soldiers obey him. Rome, should you wish to be a soldier ?

If the general

you were

in

LESSON CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 418.

7.

If

72

(Continued).

FUTURE TIME

Vivid Future Conditions

Examine the following Si hoc facient, bene

erit,

:

(f tJicy do this

(i.e. zvill

do

this), it

tui/l be well.

Observe a.

That the condition

(or protasis) states a future sup'posi-

tion vividly or strongly b.

That the future indicative conclusion.

{i.e.

is

by using

" will ").

used in both condition and

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN c.

That the present tense future time will

do

"

{i.e.

if

in

English

199

may

they do this

"

often refer to

means

"

if

they

this ").

Less Vivid Future Conditions

419.

Examine the following Si hoc faciant, bene

sit,

:

tlicy

if

should do

this, it ivoitld

be

well.

Observe a.

That the condition

(or protasis) here states a future

supposition in a less distinct and vivid fashion

b.

by using "should" or "would"). That the present subjunctive is used and conclusion.

in

{i.e.

both condition

Summary of Conditions

420. I.

.

Present or Past Time.

Present or past tenses of the

Simple.

indicative in both parts. ,

Contrary

to Fact.

a.

Present time

^-

P^st time

tive in

Classes of

Conditional

-'

in

Sentences II. 1.

— imperfect

subjunc-

both parts.

— pluperfect

subjunctive

both parts.

Future Time.

Vivid Future

— Future indicative

both

in

parts. 2.

Less Vivid Future in

421.

It

— Present subjunctive

both parts.

has been explained in 311, 5, 315, 2, and 316 may be expressed by the

that the condition (or protasis)

participle without the use of si or nisi.

For example

:

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

200

Principes Gallorum victi

Romam

mittentur, the chiefs of the

Gauls, if they are conquered (literally, having been

conquered^ will be sent

EXERCISES

422. I.

Rome.

to

I.

Si equites consequentur,

magnum

hostium

numerum

magnum hostium numerum occldant. 3. Caesare imperatore, numquam terrebimur. 4. Helvetii flumen Rhodanum transiissent, nisi Caesar in Galliam contendisset. 5. Obsides llberati domum

Occident.

2.

redeant,

armis

Incolae,

6.

poterunt.

Si equites c5nsequantur,

7.

traditis,

sese defendere n5n

Si hostes flumen transeant, nostri

non con-

sequantur. II.

I.

we should go

If

beautiful buildings.

many

2.

Athens,

to

If

beautiful buildings.

we go 3.

to

Had

we

should see

many

Athens, we shall see the Helvetii tried to

cross the river, Caesar would have prohibited them.

4.

If

Labicnus hurries, he will be able to seize the top of the hill. 5. If Caesar should attack that town, the inhabitants would not be able to defend it. 6. If you were in the town, you would be alarmed at Caesar's approach. 7. Who will be afraid, if the town has been well fortified ?

LESSON

73

WISHES 423. I.

for

Wishes may be divided

Those that

into

two classes

and express a desire For example

refer to the future,

something that

\s>

May my

possible.

friend

Would

that

O

my

that

my

come

:

!

friend

would come

friend would

come

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

20I

Observe that the above expressions are different ways of expressing the II.

same

desire.

and that impHed) is not or was not They are, therefore, sometimes called hopeless For example refer to present or past time,

Those that

wish for something which attained.

wishes. that

:

my'

friend were here

,

r

Would that

that

424. 1.

,

^

referring to present

.1

.•

j and imply•

time,

ing that he

my friend had been here my friend had been here

Examine the following

Utinam meus amicus

is

not

here.

friend had been here

that

i

'

!

referring

my

wish (that)

1

Would

.

]

,

my friend were here my friend were here

wish (that)

1

(it is

to

past

and implying that he was

time, !

!

not here.

:

veniat,

maj my friciid come !

(pos-

sible). 2.

Utinam meus amicus here

!

adesset,

would

that

my friend

were

(hopeless in present time, implying that he

is

not here). 3.

been

Jiere !

was not

O

my friend had that he implying (hopeless in past time,

Utinam meus amicus

adfuisset,

that

here).

Observe a. b.

That the subjunctive is used to express a wish. That the present subjunctive expresses a wish that is possible, and that the imperfect subjunctive expresses a wish that is hopeless in present time, and the pluperfect in past time.

e.

That hopeless wishes employ the same mood and tenses as contrary-to-fact conditions (416).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

202

Utinam negative

often omitted with the present tense, but

is

is

The

used with the imperfect or pluperfect.

regularly

ne.

is

425. Rule of Syntax.

— Wishes are expressed by

the sub-

junctive, zuith or without utinam.

EXERCISES

426. I.

Utinam ne

I.

Galli coniurationem fecissent

"

5.

!

intulissent II.

I.

had gone in

Gaul!

Miles

!

!

!

"

vetil dixerunt,

remur

2.

!

3. Utinam hoc f acerent 4. HelUtinam ne altissimis montibus contineUtinam ne GermanI populo R5mano bellum 6. Utinam Romam veniamus

e proeli5 ne discedat

!

May to

2. I wish we we were with Caesar that he had not persuaded me! 5. May we surrender our arms 6. Would that

he always obey the general!

Athens

4.

we be killed, we were able

O if

to

^

Would

3.

!

that

!

go with you

LESSON

74

INDIRECT DISCOURSE. COMPLEX SENTENCES Review 327-330, 349. When a complex sentence quoted indirectly, its principal or main verb follows the

427. is

rule stated in 329.

Its

dependent verb follows

Each dependent verb

becomes

this

subjunctive.

law

Its

:

tense

depends upon the tense of the introductory verb of saying, thinking, etc., in accordance with the principle of sequence

of tenses (374). 428. Pronouns in Indirect Discourse. direct

to

indirect 1

discourse, if we

.

.

.

— In changing from

pronouns of the

ai-ins

:

see 315,

2.

first

and

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

203

second persons are generally changed to pronouns of the

The

pronouns refer sometimes to the subject of the introductory verb, and sometimes to the third person.

reflexive

subject of the verb of their 429.

own

Examine the following

clause.

:

DiRFXT Discourse

Indirect Discourse

Vir quern video meus amicus

Dicitvirum quern videatsuum

Present Time

man my friend. est, tJie

zvJiom

I see

amicum

is

the

esse, Jic says that

man whom

he sees

is

his friend. Past Time

Dixit

virum quern videret

suum

amicum

said that the

he

esse,

inaji

zvhom

he sazv was his friend.

Observe a.

b.

•

That the main verb est becomes esse with its subject virum in the accusative. That the dependent (or subordinate) verb video becomes present subjunctive, videat, verb, dicit,

is

tive, videret,

when

the introductory

a primary tense, and imperfect subjunc-

when

the introductory verb, dixit,

is

a

secondary tense. c.

That the person third person,

dependent verb changes to the and that meus becomes suum, because it of the

refers to the subject of the introductory verb. 430. Rule of Syntax.

verbs are

in

the

— In

infinitive

ijidirect

zvitJi

disanirse the

subjeet

the subordinate {or dependent^ verbs are tive.

aecusative, in

main and

the subjunc-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

204

EXERCISES

431. I.

2.

I.

quos

Mllites

Dixit mllites quos

mecum

habul

fortissimi

fuerunt.

secum habuisset fortissimos

fuisse.

Ubi ad nostrum exercitum pervenimus, milites castra muniebant. 4. Dicunt mllites, ubi ad suum exercitum per3.

venerint, castra munivisse.

quod

1

Caesar

5.

dLxit suos flumen,

altissimum esset, transTre n5n posse.

Caesarl

"

dixit,

Volo de

his

quae

rebus,

Ariovistus

6.

inter nos agl^

coeptae neque perfectae sunt, agere^ tecum." vistus Caesarl dixit se velle de his rebus,

agi coeptae neque perfectae essent, agere II.

The

I.

we

river that

said that the river that they

lieutenant 4.

Write

arrived,

I

see

is

frightened because the

3

indirectly in

my

after dixit.

enemy

friend.

6.

Write

to rule^ those

whom

LESSON

Ario-

7.

inter eos

eo. 2. 3.

They The

are approaching.

Latin after audio.

5.

When

I

5 indirectly in Latin

Ariovistus replied that those

7.

quered ought

cum

very wide.

saw was very wide.

is

saw

quae

who have

con-

they have conquered. 75

IMPERSONAL USE OF VERBS. SUPINE. DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING PURPOSE 432. Verbs are said to be used impersonally when they do not have a personal subject. This impersonal use is more common in Latin than in English. There are some

verbs in Latin that are used only impersonally, while others are used both personally and impersonally.

Examples pugnatum est, the battle was fought sharply, or was sharp fighting- {\\\.QrQ.\\y, it was sharp/y foughty

Acriter

1

because.

^

ago,

treat.

^

impero.

thej'e

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

205

Vos hoc facere oportet, you ought to do this (literally, it is proper that you do this). Vobis hoc facere licet, you may do this (literally, it is permitted 433. sion,

to

you

The

to

do

supine

this).

is

a verbal noun of the fourth declen-

and has forms only

in

-um and

These forms are

-u.

used only in the following constructions

:

Legati venerunt Caesarem gratulatum, ambassadors came

to

cono-ratuhite Caesar. o

Hoc

diflacile est factu, tJiis is difficult to do.

The supine

-um is used to express purpose only after verbs of motion, and the supine in -u is used with a few adjectives and indeclinable nouns. in

Ways

of Expressing Purpose

434.

Various

Review

351, 364, 406,

3.

Are there

expressing purpose in English

several

ways

of

?

Examples ut

pacem

peterent,

qui pacem peterent, Helvetii legatos

miserunt

tJic

pacis petendae causa,

ad pacem petendam,

i-

Helvetii sent am-

bassadors

to

seek

peaee.

pacem petitum, Milites mittuntur

ad pugnandum,

the soldiers are sent

pugnandi causa.

to fight.

—

TJie supine in -um Rule of Syntax. express purpose after verbs of motion.

435.

436.

"

I. I. Hoc Te ad me

is

used

to

EXERCISES est mirabile dictu.

venire oportet."

2.

3.

Ariovistus respondit,

Principes Gallorum ad

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

206

Caesarem venerunt auxilium petltum. 4. Si volimt, els ex oppido exire licet. 5. In utram partem ^ flumen Arar fluat oculls iudicarl n5n potest. 6. Helvetil rogant ut iter per provinciam

sibi

dicuntur.

8.

II. is

facere liceat.

He went

I.

Rome

to

There

4.

We

3.

ought

to

2. This obey the gen-

sharp fighting on the right wing.

is

may go

soldiers

f acere

see his daughters.

^

to

easier to say than to do.

eral.

Gall! coniurationem

7.

Gallos coniurationem facere dicitur.^

Rome*.

to

It

6.

5.

The

was reported that the

enemy were returning home.

LESSON

jG

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 437. The first or active periphrastic conjugation is formed by the future active participle and verb sum. It is future in its meaning, and expresses the idea conveyed in English by the phrases "about to," "going to," "intend to." For example :

Laudaturus

est,

or intends

For It

all

to

he

is

about

to praise,

or

is

going

to pj-aise,

praise.

forms of this conjugation, see 504. is no future or future per-

has been noticed that there

The subjunctive of the first may be used in their place. For

fect tense in the subjunctive.

periphrastic conjugation

example Scio

quem visurus

whom 438.

he

/ knozv

going

to see,

or

or passive periphrastic conjugation

is

sit,

zv/ioni Jic is

zuill see.

The second

formed by the gerundive and the verb sum. ^

direction,

2 j( (^

said,

^ (o

.

,

.

daughters

:

It is

passive

express in four ways.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

meaning, and expresses the idea of obligation or For example

in its

necessity.

:

Laudandus (literally,

For

all

439. 1.

est, Jic

he

ought

is to

forms of

to be

praised, or he

must

be praised

be praised\ this conjugation, see 505.

Uses of the Passive Periphrastic Conjugation

The person is

2.

207

for

whom

the obligation or necessity exists

expressed by the dative.

Since the conjugation

is

passive, all active English sen-

tences must be recast before they are the equivalent literally of this

do

=

this "

agendum 3.

"

Thus

Latin construction.

For me

this

is

to

:

be done,"

"

I

must

id

mihi

est.

Intransitive verbs are used impersonally in this conju-

Thus:

gation in Latin.

veniendum

"We

ought

to

come," nobis

est.

Examples Urbs est munienda, Nobis fortiter

tJie

city

pugnandum

bravely (literally, /i^r ns

must est,

be fortified.

we ought

it is to

Caesari omnia erant agenda, Caesar (literally, yi?;'

Caesar everything zuas

must) fight

had to

to

do everything

be done\

EXERCISES

440.

L 2.

to (or

be fought bravely\

Visurl eramus amatura f uit moniturae erant. I. Nobis cum Gallls bellum gerendum est. 3. Incolae ;

;

oppidi eruptionem erant facturl. 4. Caesari omnia uno tempore agenda erant acies Instruenda, signum dandum, mllites ab opere revocandl erant. 5. Si victur! sumus, nobis fortissime contendendum erit. 6. Sciebam quid vos facturl ;

208

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

8. Incolis qiilnque 7. Sciebam quid vos faceretis. oppidum defendendum fuit. 2. They were about II. I. We intend to go to Rome. to fortify the top of the hill. 3. They must fortify the camp. 4. It was reported to Caesar that the Gauls were

essetis.

dies

5. We ought to hurry to the city. Labienus had to cross the river. 7. Caesar asked who was going to remain with him. 8. The ambassadors will have to answer.

about to attack him.

6.

SELECTIONS FOR READING STORIES

FROM ROMAN HISTORY

1

Early Boyhood of Romulus and Remus

441.

Proca, rex Albanorum,

Numitorem

Amulium

et

flHos

Numitorl, qui natu maior erat,

regnum

rellquit

sed Amulius, pulsd^ fratre, regnavit et

Rheam

Silviam,

habuit.

eius flliam, et

quae^ tamen Romulum Quare Amulius ipsam in vincula

Vestae sacerdatem

Remum geminos

edidit.

fecit,

5

coniecit, parvulos alveo impositds* abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus sed, relabente fiumine, ;

Vastae turn in ils locis s5lituLupa ad vagltum accurrit, matremque^ se

eos aqua in sicco rellquit.

dines erant.

1°

gessit.

Cum

lupa saepius*' ad

parvulos veluti ad catulos re-

verteretur, Faustulus, pastor regius, re tulit in

casam

et

animadversa eos

Accae Larentiae coniugl

Adultl"

dedit.

^ deinde hi inter pastores primo ludicrls^ certaminibus vires auxerunt, deinde venando saltus peragrare et latrones a 1

These

Little faith

details

15

from the traditional accounts of Rome's early history. should be put in them as a true historical record, at least as far as

stories are

2

are concerned.

puls5 (pello) fratre,

abl.

absolute, after he

had

See 311, 7. impositos abiecit translate ^ matremque se as if they were two coordmated verbs, imposuit et abiecit. « very often. adulti (adolescd), when grozun gessit, acted like a mother. driven out his brother.

^

hut she.

*

:

''

^ iQdicris certaminibus, having grown). From VIS do not confuse with vir, viri.

(literally, ®

;

ESSEN. OF LATIN

— I4

209

7vith

playful

contests.

•

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

210

Quare cum

pecoribus arcere coeperunt.

Remus

latrones,

captus

est,

Rdmulus

Insidiatl essent

iis

Tum

vi se defendit.

Faustulus indicavit Romul5 quis esset^ eorum avus, quae mater. 5

Romulus

statim armatis pastdribus

442.

The Founding of Rome

Albam

^

pro-

peravit.

Remum

Interea

eum

runt,

latrones ad

Amulium regem

accusantes quasi ^ Numitoris

perduxe-

agros Infestare

solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege Numitori ad supplicium traditus est at Numitor, adulescentis vultum con10 siderans, baud ^ procul erat quin nepotem agndsceret. ;

Nam Remus

oris llneamentls^ erat matrl simillimus aetas-

Ea res dum que expositionis temporibus congruebat. Numitoris animum anxium tenet,^ repente Romulus sufratrem

pervenit, 15

llberat,

avum Numitdrem

Deinde Romulus

et

Remus urbem

regnum

in ilsdem locis, ubi

expositi ubique educati erant, condiderunt^

eos contcnti5ne, uter

^

n5men novae

regeret, auspicia decreverunt 20

in

restituitJ

^^

;

sed orta inter

urbl daret

adhibere.

^^

Remus

eamque prior sex

Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus, Ad novae urbis augurio, urbem R5mam vocavit.

vultures,

victor

vallum

tutelam

sufficere

inrldens

cum Remus

Cuius

videbatur.

saltu id traiecisset,

mulus interfecit, his increpans verbis 25cumque alius transiliet moenia mea " est imperio ^^ Romulus. :

!

6

haud dum,

fect t'MO.

angustias

Iratus^^

" Sic deinde,

Roqul-

Ita s5lus potitus

For mood and tense, see 369-374. ^ See 231. ^ on the grotmd that. ^ See 157. agnosceret, came very near recognizing his grandson.

1

*

eum

^^

;

.

.

.

7i'kile,

regularly takes the pres. ind.

translate ^^

see 337.

Why

" was keeping.'^ subjunctive

?

^^

''

where the English uses the imper^ as to which of the ^ condo. i^ " For case, its. ^^ anger.

restituo.

decemo.

^'^

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

443.

211

Romulus, First King of the Romans War

with the Sabines

magis quam urbem fecerat; proximo lucus hunc asylum Et statim eo mira vls^ latronum pastorumque confuCum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent,

Romulus imaginem incolae deerant. fecit. git.

urbis

Erat

in

^

;

legates circa viclnas

gentes misit,

biumque novo populo

peterent.^

qui societatem conu-

5

Nusquam benigne audita additum "Cur non feminis

legatio est; ludibrium etiam

:

quoque asylum aperuistis ? Id enim compar foret^ c5nuRomulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos

bium."

Multi indlcl ^ deinde f Initimis spectaculum iubet. convenerunt studio videndae novae urbis, maxime Sablnl parat

cum

;

llberls et

dato iuvenes

Haec

f uit

RomanI

cum

adversus

Sablnl enim ob virgines

belli.

Romanos sumpserunt,

et

approplnquarent, Tarpeiam virginem nacti

quae aquam pater

"

discurrunt, virgines rapiunt.^

statim causa

raptas^ bellum

Romae

Ubi spectacull tempus venit oculis erant, tum signo

coniugibus.

eoque ^ conversae mentes

forte extra

Romanae

praeerat

moenia petltum

^^

Huius

Titus Tatius, Sablnorum

arcl.

exercitum suum

si ^^

in Capit5lium perduxisset.

quod Sablnl

Ilia petilt

in sini-

manibus gererent,^^ videlicet aureos anul5s et armillas. Quibus dolose pr5missls, Tarpeia Sablnos in arcem per-

stris

1

in proximo, Jiear by.

oculis, is

of ^''

ntiinber.

^

announced.

^

2

minds and eyes alike

(literally,

See 364. eo

=

minds

often omitted in rapid historical narrative. the seizure

nanciscor.

if she

would

*

=

esset, zvoald "

in spectaculum. zvit/i

^

eyes).

^

The

l>e.

•'

Pres.

mentes cum

connective, et,

ob virgines raptas, on account

of the maidens (literally, on account of the seized ?naidens'). 11 Supine to denote purpose 12 gj perdiixisset, see 438. ;

lead,

^^

wore.

15

cum

sunt,^*'

ierat.

dux, Tarpeiae optionem muneris dedit,

pass, infin. of indico, to be

10

_

_

20

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

212

duxit, ubi Tatius scutis earn

nam

et^ ea in

poena

vindi-

est.

Romulus, First King of the Romans

444.

Death of Romulus

Peace with the Sabines.

5

;

Sic impia proditio celerl

laevis habuerant.

cata

obrul iussit

^

Deinde Romulus ad certamen pr5cessit, et in eo loco ubi Primo nunc Romanum Forum est pugnam conseruit. impetu vir inter Romanos Insignis, nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans

^

cecidit*; quare

lam Sablnl clamitabant:

runt.

"

RomanI fugere

coepe-

Vicimus perfidos hospites,^

Nunc sciunt longe^ aliud esse virgines pugnare cum virls." Tunc Romulus, arma ad

imbelles hostes. lorapere, aliud

caelum

aedem

lovl

tollens,

Itaque proelium redintegratur

vovit, ;

et exercitus

restitit.'^

sed raptae mulieres ausae

sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hinc viros

pacem conciliaverunt. Romulus Sabinos in urbem recepit et regnum cum Tatio sociavit. Verum baud ita multo post, occlso Tatio, ad Romulum potentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex

orantes,^ 15

senioribus elegit, quos senatores nominavit propter senectu-

Tres equitum centurias

tem, 20

His

ginta curias distribuit.

populum

constituit,

ita ordinatis,

in

tri-

cum ad ^ exercitum

lustrandum c5nti6nem in campo haberet, subit5 coorta est tempestas

et

Romulus

e

transTsse vulgo creditus

Rdmulo 25

conspectu ablatus est.^^

Aedes

in

constituta, ipse pro de5 cultus

^^

^^

est.^*^

colle

Ad

deos

Quirinali

et Quirlnus est

appellatus. 1

earn obrui iussit, ordered her *

fighting.

thing 406, lus,

.

3. 13

.

.

1'^

cado.

^ hosts.

quite another.

aufero.

(;()1q_

^^

'

^

to be

buried.

longe aliud esse

resisto, held

its

^

^

gt gg^ ///«^ also. .

ground.

creditus est, he was believed,

.

.

^ '^'^

aliud, that

tvhile

it is

one

^

See

by beseeching. in honor of

Romu-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

NuMA

445.

21

Romans

PoMPiLius, Second King of the (716-673 B.C.)

R5mul5 Numa

Successit

Pompilius, vir incluta iustitia^

oppido Sabinorum, accTtus

Is Curibus,^ ex

et religione.

Romam

populum ferum religione ^cra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum ^ virginibus dedit. Flaminem * lovis sacerdotem creavit eumque Inslgnl veste Dicitur quondam ipsum lovem e et curuli sella adornavit. Hic, ingentibus fulminibus in urbem demiscael5 elicuisse. sis, descendit in nemus Aventlnum, ubi Numam docuit quiQui cum

est.

venisset, ut

mitigaret,

bus sacrls f ulmina essent ^ procuranda, et praeterea imperi carta pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promlsit. Numa laetus rem popul5 nuntiavit. Postrldie omnes ad aedes^ regias convenerunt silentesque exspectabant quid

5

10

Atque sole ort5' delabitur e caelo scufuturum esset. Id ne furto auferrl 15 tum, quod ancTle appellavit Numa. ^ posset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacerfabricare iussit. dotes

qui

legit,

secreta

ancllia,

ilia

imperi

pignora,

CListodlrent.

Numa

446.

Annum land 1

For

gemind

*

Flaminem

.

.

;

why

procuranda, should

made a

2

is

z\€k^\\.,

(orior), at sunrise.

nefastos

;

fastosque dies fecit

^

portas

;

aedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli

case, see 303.

of the Sahines

Numa

duodecim menses ad cursum lunae

in

Pompilius descrlpsit ^^

Romans

Pompilius, Second King of the

be ^

Curibus

the

.

.

.

Curibus

"^

?

to

^

aedes regias, the palace. :

distinction between business days

in honor of two-headed /anus.

see 303.

and

^

nefast5s

sacred days.

^'^

sole

"^

.

.

he

kept.

^assent

he appointed a priest as flamen for Jupiter. averted.

nam

Sabinorum, from Cures, a /own

prep, omitted with

eadem forma

;

.

orto

fecit, he

lano gemino,

20

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

214 apertus,^

in

armis esse civitatem, clausus,

pacatos

circa

omnes popul5s, significabat. Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut ver5 maiorem institutls suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit ssibi^ cun> dea

Egeria esse conloquia nocturna eiusque^

Lucus

monitu se omnia quae ageret facere.

medium

perenni^ rigabat aqua;

fons

erat,

quem

*

Numa

eo saepe

congressum deae; ita omnium animos ea^ pietate imbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum lonon minus quam legum et poenarum metus elves contiBellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati neret. profuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in laniculo monte sepultus " est. Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bell5, hic pace, civitatem auxerunt. Romulus septem et trlginta sine arbitrls se inferebat, velut ad

15

regnavit annos,

Numa

tres et quadraginta.

MUCIUS SCAEVOLA

447,

(507 B.C.)

Cum

Porsena

Romam

obsideret, Mucins, vir

Romanae

veniam transfugiendi petiit, Accepta potestate^ cum in castra Porsenae venisset, ibi in confertissima turba prope 20 tribunal constitit.^'' Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur constantiae, senatum adilt et

necem

regis

cum

^

repromittens.

rege pari fere ornatu sedebat.

Mucins, Igno-

rans uter rex esset, ilium pr5 rege occldit.

Apprehensus

et scriba

et

ad regem pertractus

foculo iniecit, velut ^

2

*

had : why

quem medium,

is

the

sibi dative

to

go o-rr

(to the

^

?

enemy),

''

sepelio.

^

eiusque monitii, at her sug-

perenni aqua see 303. veniam transfugiendi, per-

middle of which.

ea pietate, with such piety.

mission 12

dextram accenso ^^ ad sacrificium puniens, quod in caede peccas-

Agrees with lanus understood, subject of significabat, when opened,

sibi esse, that he

gestion. ^

^^

manum

^privilege.

accens5 foculo, in a brazier that was hurtling.

'"

:

^'

consisto.

1^

pertraho.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

21

Attonitus miraculo rex iuvenem amoveri ab altaribus Turn Mucins, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait iussit. set.

trecentos adversus

sul

Qua

similes coniuravisse.

^

prata trans Tiberim data, ab eo Mucia appellata.

quoque

hondris gratia constituta

el

448.

re

Mucio

bellum acceptis obsidibus deposuit.

territus

ille

eum

Statuas

est.

PuBLius Decius (343 B.C.)

P. Decius, Valeric^

bus, tribunus mllitum tiis

Maximo

et Cornelio

Cosso consuli-

R5mano

Exercitu

fuit.

angus-

in

Gaurl mentis clause Decius editum collem conspexit

imminentem hostium

Accept5 praesidio verticem^

castrls.

10

occupavit, hostes terruit, consul! spatium dedit ad subdu-

cendum agmen

quem

Ipse, coUe

aequidrem locum.

in

insederat undique

circumdato, intempesta nocte

armatis

medias hostium custodias somno oppressas incolumis^ Qua re ab exercitu donatus est cor5na civica, quae evasit. dabatur ei quT^ cTves in bell5 servasset. C5nsul fuit bello per**

in

cornu

^

proelio

cecidisset,

acie

laboraret,

in

immisit

Armatus

in

equum

corruit obrutus

;

Refers to Mucius.

abl. absolute

convenit inter eos dils

is

sua parte Decius se

Inclinante dev5vit.

1

bello cum'' utrlque

somni5 obvenisset, eos victores futures, quorum

consull

dux

H5c

cum Manli5 Torquato.

Latino

15

;

see 316.

^

'^

the

.

et

Insiluit

tells et

Valerio

se

.

.

ut,^ utrlus

Manibus devoveret. 20 hostes dils Manibus

ac se in medios hostes

victoriam suls rellquit.

consulibus, in the consulship

summit of

the hill.

*

per

.

.

^ safely. ^ because. through the midst of the enemy's pickets. when the two consuls had dreamed (literally, when

obvenisset

;

of, etc.,

custodias,

.

"^

it

Cum

.

.

.

had come

^ ut devoveret is subject of each of the two consuls by a dream'). translate " it was agreed among them that he whose (utrius), etc., convenit

to

.

;

should,'''' etc.

^

Nominative.

.

.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

2l6

Gaius Duilius

449.

(260 B.C.)

Gaius Duilius Poenos navali pugna primus ^ devlcit. naves Romanas a Punicis velocitate

I.

Qui cum videret superarl,

manus^

hostium

naves

ferreas, machinam ad comprehendendas tenendasque utilem, excogitavit. Quae smanus^ ubi hostllem apprehenderant navem, superiecto ponte transgrediebatur Romanus^ et in ipsorum ratibus comminus dimicabant, undo'' R5manls, qui robore praefuit. Celeriter sunt expugnatae mersae^ tredecim. 10 Duilius victor Roniam reversus primus navalem triumphum egit. Nulla victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invictl^ terra iam etiam marl plurimum ^ possent. Itaque Dullio^ concessum est, ut per omnem vltam praelucente funali et praecinente tiblcine a cena rediret. II. Hannibal, dux classis Punicae, e navl quae iam 15

stabant, facilis victoria

naves Punicae

triginta,

capiebatur, in

scapham

manus

saltu

demittens

se

Romanorum

Veritus autem ne in patria classis

^ amissae poenas daret, civium odium astutia avertit, nam ex ilia InfelicI pugna priusquam cladis nuntius domum pervenlret 2oquendam ex amicis Carthaginem misit. Qui postquam

eff ugit.

curiam

intravit, " Consulit "

dux Romanorum magnis

num cum

venerit,

^"

inquit " vos Hannibal,

copils

eo confllgere debeat

universus senatus non esse dubium quin ^

devicit, 7uas the first to conquer.

primus

irons.

^

the

Romans,

a

collective

cum

maritimis Instructis ad-

noun.

^

?

^^

"

Acclamavit

cdnfligl oporte-

manus ferreas, grappling * and as a consequence. plurimum possent, they

invicti terra, victorious on land. mergo. ^ Duilio COncessum est ut, etc., Duilius ivas allowed to, etc, were supreme. 1° Consulit 9 classis amissae, /or /o^/;?^//;^/^^/. n\xxa., asks vos ^

"^

'"

.

your advice as

to

whether.

^1 that.

.

.

.

.

.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN ret.

Turn

217

" ConflLxit " inquit " et superatus est."

ille

Ita

non potuerunt factum damnare, quod ipsi fieri debuisse Hannibal victus crucis supplicium Sic iudicaverant. effugit: nam eo poenae genere dux re male gesta apud Poenos adficiebatur.

450.

5

Appius Claudius Pulcher (249 B.C.)

Appius Claudius,

vir stultae temeritatis, consul

adversus

Poenos profectus pri5rum ducum c5nsilia palam reprehendebat seque, quo ^ die hostem vidisset, bellum confecturum esse iactitabat. Qui cum, antequam navale proelium committeret, auspicia^ haberet pullariusque

puUos non exire e cavea neque

ei

nuntiasset,

10

vesci, inrldens iussit eos in

aquam mergi, ut saltern biberent, quoniam esse^ nollent. Ea res cum, quasi* iratis dils, mllites ad omnia segniores timidioresque fecisset, commisso proelio magna clades a Romanis accepta viginti

condemnatus

est

capta.

mlllia

est

morte praevenit.

eorum

oct5

:

Qua

re

miUia

caesa

sunt,

15

Claudius postea a popul5

damnationisque Ignominiam voluntaria

Ea

res calamitati

^ f uit

etiam Claudiae,^

quae a ludls publicis revertens in conferta multitudine aegre procedente carpento, palam optavit 20 ut frater suus Pulcher revlvlsceret atque iterum classem Ob vocem amitteret, qu5^ minor turba Romae foret.' illam impiam Claudia quoque damnata gravisque ^ ei dicta consulis sor5ri

:

est multa. 1

quo

on

die,

auspices.

^

the

same day

gravisque

.

.

.

^

auspicia haberet, was consulting the *

quasi iratis

diis, because {as they

^ quo, so that. See 294, 295. multa, and a heavy fine was im/>osed upon her.

thought) the gods were angry. *

that.

Infinitive of edo, to eat. ^

'

esset.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

2l8

BOOK

GALLIC WAR.

CAESAR.

CHAPTER

{Adapted)

I

The Belgae form a Confederacy against the Romans

451.

Dum

Caesar in Gallia

contra populum

omnes Belgae

in hibernis est,^

Romanum

coniurabant obsidesque inter ^

Coniurandl^ hae erant causae: primum nole-

se dabant.

bant* nostrum exercitum ad se^ 5

II

deinde ab n5n-

adducl,*^

Hi populi RomanI exercitum

nullls Gallls sollicitabantur.

hiemare atque inveterascere

Nonnulli

in Gallia nolebant.

mdbilitate et levitate animi novis

Ab

imperils studebant.

"^

nonnullis etiam sollicitabantur, quod in Gallia a potentibus

atque ab

iL':

qui conducere homines poterant

^

vulgo regna

looccupabantur, qui minus facile earn rem imperio^ nostr5

cdnsequi

^*^

poterant.

CHAPTER

Caesar proceeds against the Belgae

452.

His nuntils

15

legatum

Galliam

^^

commotus

litterlsque

legiones in citeri5re

teriorem

II

^^

Gallia novas

cum

his legionibus

Ipse panels post

misit.

est

^*

Duas

Caesar.

In

conscripsit.^^

in-

Quintum Pedium

diebus ad exercitum

Senones, qui finitimi Belgis erant, ea quae apud

venit.

Belgas geruntur c5gn6scunt, atque Caesarl omnes nuntiant

:

"

Manus

1

was.

spiring. '

coguntur, et exercitus in

'^

inter se, each other (literally, behveen themselves).

From

nolo.

^ thevi.

novis imperiis, revolution. ^3 tJig

'^^

to

^

interior

of.

1*

Present passive

See

map

after-wards.

^

of Gaul, page lO. i''

^

of con-

infinitive, to be led.

Imperfect of possum.

^^

obtain.

•"

con-

proficlscl.^^

*

tinder our rule. scribo.

unum locum

Turn vero Caesar contendit ad eos

ducitur."

to set out.

imperio nostro, ^^

From

con-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

219

Itaque castra movet diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines

Belgarum pervenit.

CHAPTER 453.

III

The Remi immediately submit to Caesar

de improvlso celeriterque venit Caesar. Rem!, qui proximi Galliae ex^ Belgis sunt, ad eum legat5s Iccium et

Eo

^

miserunt, qui dLxerunt, "

Nos omnia in 5 fidem atque in potestatem popull RomanI permittimus, neque contra populum Romanum coniuravimus. ParatI sumus obsides dare et tua imperata facere et te oppidfs^ Audecumborium

recipere

ReliquI

frumento ceterisque rebus iuvare. GermanT, qui cis in armls sunt.

et

Rhenum 10

omnes Belgae

cum

incolunt, sese

omnium

furor, et

Maximus

his coniunxerunt.*

c5nsanguine6sque nostros, cum his consentire.^

CHAPTER 454.

est eoriim

n5n potuimus prohibere Suessiones, fratres "

IV

Caesar learns from the Remi the Strength of THE Enemy's Forces

Caesar ab his legatls esse ortos ab Germanis propter loci fertilitatem

reperiebat

sic

Rhenumque ibi

;

pler5sque Belgas

antlquitus traductds

consedisse Gall5sque expulisse,

atque Teutonls^ Cimbrlsque intra fines suos ingredl^ prohibitls

earum rerum^ memoria magnam auctoritateni sibi sumere. De numero eorum omnia ^ se habere

in re mllitarl 1

there,

recipere ^

=

Teutonis

i.e.

in .

ad fines Belgarum. oppida recipere. .

.

prohibitis,

''from entering. ^

omnia explorata,

^

deeds

;

abl.

2 *

gx Belgis, of the Belgae.

From coniungo.

absolute,

refers to

ftdl information.

stating

'"from the

reason

^

oppidis

conspiring. or

cause.

repelling the Teutones and Cimbri.

15

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

220 explorata

RemI

posse conficere armata esse finitimos 5

Apud

Plurimum

dicebant.

mlllia

2

centum.

;

hos

Suessiones su5s

latissimos feracissimosque agr5s possidere,

;

eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria

^

Diviciacum,

potentissimum nunc esse regem Galbam hunc propter iustitiam prudentiamque totius belli sum-

t5tlus Galliae

ad

inter eos Bellovacos,

hominum numerd posse

auctoritate et

et virtute et

mam omnium

:

voluntate deferrl.

CHAPTER V Caesar receives Hostages from the Remi and ENCAMPS ON THE BaNKS OF THE AxONA

455-

10

Caesar Remos cohortatus omnem senatum ad se convenire principumque llberos obsides ad se adduci iussit. Quae omnia ab his dlligenter ad^ diem facta sunt. Ipse Diviciacum Haeduum magnopere cohortatus monet ut manus hostium distineantur. Id fieri potest, si suas copias Haedul in fines Bellovacorum introduxerint^ et eorum

15

His mandatis eum ab se dimittit. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias in iinum locum coactas ad se venire neque iam longe abesse vidit, flumen Axonam agros popular! coeperint.

exercitum

Quae ^

traducere

quae^ post

20 et

maturavit atque

e5 flumine pons

erat.

hortibus relinquit

;

1

Ablative of time within which. ^

posuit.

Sablnum legatum cum sex copedum duodecim

castra in altitudinem

valid fossaque duodevIgintT

on.

castra

Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera

parte fluminis Q. Titurium

2

ibi

unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat eum essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat. In

res et latus

ad diem,

this position,

i.e.

to

the very day.

crossing the river.

pedum munire Why *

^

is

iubet.

memoria, 454, Hne

18, ablative ?

Future perfect indicative.

quae

.

.

.

essent, the rear.

^

Quae

res,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

CHAPTER

VI

Bibrax, a

The Belgae lay Siege to

456.

221

Town

of

THE Remi oppidum Remorum ndmine Bibrax aberat Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae passuum oct5. millia Aegre eo die sustentatum ^ est. oppugnare coeperunt. Gall5rum atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. Circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus ^ undique in 5 murum lapides iaci coeptl sunt. Ubi mums defensoribus nudatus est, testudine^ facta portas succedunt murum-

Ab

his castrls

Quod

que subruunt.

turn facile flebat.

Nam cum

tanta

multitude lapides ac tela conicerent, in murd consistendl Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, potestas erat nullL'*

10

Iccius Remus, qui tum oppido praefuerat, nuntium ad eum mittit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere

n5n posse.^

CHAPTER 457.

VII

The Belgae abandon the Siege of Bibrax

de media nocte Caesar Tsdem ^ ducibus usus " qui nuntii ab Iccio venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et funditores Baleares subsidio ^ oppidanis mittit; quorum Itaque adventu hostibus spes potiundl oppidi discessit.

Eo

paulisper apud

oppidum morati agrosque Remorum

populatl, multls vicTs aedificilsque incensTs, saris ^

2

omnibus

sustentatum

Why

heads of the course

est, the attack ^

dative ? See 394.

after

soldiers.

the

idea

*

was sustained

(literally, it zvas

sustained).

This was done by placing the shields over the ^ Infinitive

Dative of possession.

of saying

implied

ducibus,

t/te

same persons as guides.

^

An

adverb, azvay,

295.

de-

ad castra Cae-

ab^ mlllibus passuum

c5piis contenderunt et

off.

''

in

using.

nuntium ^

15

in indirect dis-

mittit.

®

isdem

For construction, see 294,

20

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

222

minus duobus castra posuerunt

quae castra ut

;

fumo

^

atque ignibus slgnificabatur, amplius miUibus passuum oct5 in latitudinem patebant,

CHAPTER

VIII

Description of Caesar's Camp. He awaits the Attack of the Belgae

458.

Caesar propter multitudinem hostium

5nem

virtutis

proelio

supersedere

equestribus proelils quid

^

et propter oplnio-

tamen

cottidie

statuit,

hostis virtute posset et quid nos-

Nostros non esse inferiores Locus pr5 castrls ad aciem instruendam erat natura id5neus, quod is collis, ubi castra posita erant, paulolulum ex planitie editus tantum* adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies Instructa occupare poterat. Ab^ auderent perlclitabatur.^

trl

intellexit.

transversam fossam obduxit cirpassuum quadringentorum et ad^ extremas fossas

utroque latere eius citer

collis

constituit ibique tormenta conlocavit, ne, cum aciem Instruxisset, hostes ab^ lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent. Hoc facto, duabus legionibus quas proxime conscrlpserat in castrls relictis, reliquas sex legiones castella

15

Hostes item suas copias ex

pro castrls in acie constituit. castris eductas" Instruxerant.

CHAPTER 459. 20

The Belgae try to

Palus erat non citum. 1

as

;

w/iai the

IX

Hanc

si

magna

inter

nostrum atque hostium exer-

nostri translrent hostes exspectabant^;

ut with the indicative means " as " or " w/ien."

enemy could do by

patebat quantum

loci,

Axona

cross the

their valor,

^

he tried

spread over as much space

fossas, at the ends of the trendies.

''

See 31

1, 7.

as. ^

to

^

quid

ascertain. ^

on.

ivere

"

.

.

.

*

posset,

tantum

ad extremas

waiting

to see.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN autem,

nostrl

ab

si

illls

223

transeundi

initium

equestrl

proelio

inter

duas

Interim

contendebatur.

acies

ut^

fieret,

impedltos aggrederentur, parati in armis erant.

Ubi

equitum Hostess proelid nostrls Caesar suos in castra reduxit. pr5tinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. Ibi transeundi

neutrl

initium

partem suarum copiarum

secundiore^

faciunt,

traducere

c5natl

sunt,

ut,

si

possent, castellum, cui praeerat Quintus Titurius legatus,

expugnarent pontemque interscinderent si minus ^ potuissent, ut agros Rem5rum popularentur * commeatijque ;

10

nostr5s prohiberent.*

CHAPTER X 460.

The Belgae are defeated

the Battle that

in

Follows Caesar

omnem

equitatum et funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque ad eos contendit. Acriter in e5 loco

pugnatum est. Nostrl hostes impedltos in flumine aggressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt reliquos per eorum

15

;

corpora audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum reppulerunt; prlmos, quitransierant.equitatu circumventos^

Hostes, ubi et de^ expugnando oppido et

interfecerunt

de flumine transeundo spem

se

intellexeruntzo

fefellisse

neque nostros

in locum iniquiorem ' progredl pugnandl causa viderunt atque ubi ipsds res frumentaria deficere ^

ut

.

cundi5re able to

.

.

aggrederentur,

.

.

.

our men.

^

had

^

not.

traducere conati sunt. they

to attack,

^ sedepending upon parati erant. was more favor-

nostris, abl. absolute; since the cavalry battle

^

These subjunctives

See 311,

been disappointed in the hope of

them about

,

.

.).

''

unfavorable.

^de

7. .

.

.

.

also express the purpose of .

.

spem

se fefellisse, that

(literally, that

hope had failed

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

224 concilio

coepit,

convocato

domum suam quemque

5

esse

reverti ad su5s fines defendend5s,

ut potius in suls

quam

domesticis

rei

c5piis

optimum ^

constituerunt

alienls finibus

in

frumentariae

decertarent et

Ad cam

uterentur.

sententiam haec ratio ^ eos deduxit, quod Di viciacum atque

Haeduos finibus Bellovacorum approplnquare cognoverant. Hls^ persuader! ut diutius morarentur neque suls auxilium ferrent non poterat.

CHAPTER

XI

The Romans pursue the Belgae

461.

as they

Disperse

Ea

secunda

re constituta

vigilia

magno cum

strepitu ac

lotumultu castrls egress! nullo cert5 ordine neque imperio fecerunt* ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur.

Hac

statim Caesar

veritus,

per speculatores

cognita

insidias

re

quod qua ^ de causa discederent nondum perspexerat, exercitum equitatumque castrls continuit. Prima luce, c5n15

firmata

ab

re

omnem

explorat5ribus,

equitatum,

qu!

novissimum agmen moraretur,^ praemlsit. Titum Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. Hi novissimos adorti et multa mlllia passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conclderunt. 20 Ita sine ull5 perlculo tantam eorum multitudinem nostrl interfecerunt quantum*^ fuit die! spatium, sub occasumque solis destiterunt, seque in castra, ut^ erat imperatum, receperunt. ^

optimum

non poterat, *

these').

seem. the

"

esse,

these

^/laf

it

was

fecerunt ut

.

.

.

2

''

as.

consideration. (literally, it

^

His persuader!

could not be persuaded

profectio videretur, they made their departure

qua de causa, why.

day allowed.

best.

could not be persuaded

^

quantum

.

.

.

spatium, as

the length of

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

CHAPTER

22$

XII

Caesar marches against the Suessiones, and captures the town noviodunum

462.

eius

Postrldle

Caesar in

diel

fines

Suessi5niim,

magno

proximi Remis erant, exercitum duxit, et confecto ad oppidum

Noviodunum

qui

itinere

Id ex itinera

contendit.

oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum defensoribus esse audiebat, propter latitudinem fossae murlque altitudinem expu-5 Celeriter vinels ^ ad oppidum actls,^ gnare non potuit. ^ aggere iacto, turribusque constitutis, magnitudine operum et celeritate Romanorum permoti Suessiones legatSs ad Caesarem de dediti5ne mittunt et petentibus^ RemIs ut conservarentur impetrant.

10

CHAPTER

XIII

The Bellovaci also surrender to Caesar

463.

Caesar obsidibus acceptis armlsque omnibus ex oppido traditis in deditionem Suessiones accepit exercitumque in

suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque cum ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter millia passuum quTnque abesset, omnes Bellovacos ducit.

Qui cum

se

15

natu ex oppido egress! manus ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare coeperunt sese in eius fidem ac

maidres

^

potestatem venire neque contra populum

Item cum ad oppidum mulieresque ex mur5 suo mdre pacem ab Romanis petierunt. contendere.

poneret, puerl

ibi

1

Wooden

from ago.

The

principal

work

for a formal siege.

tance from the wall and gradually built up until

5

passis*'

arnils

manibuszo

frames covered with hides, to protect the besiegers. ^

the fortification. solute.

Romanum

accessisset castraque

*

it

It

was begun

was equal

ESSEN. OF LATIN

—

1

®

pando.

movedf

at a dis-

to the height of

petentibus RemTs, at the request of the Reini,

For comparison, see 272.

^

abl. ab-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

226

CHAPTER XIV DiVICIACUS SPEAKS IN BeHALF OF THE BeLLOVACI

464.

Pro his Diviciacus

facit

verba

in fide atque amicitia civitatis

:

Bellovac5s omnI tempore

Haeduae

impulses ab suls principibus ab Haeduls defecisse et populo Romano bellum intulisse. Eos qui eius consili principes ^ fuissent,^ fuisse

:

quod ^ intellegerent ^ quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. Petere non solum Bellovacos, sed etiam pro his Haeduos, ut sua dementia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod* si fecerit,^ Haeduorum auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificaturum 10 quorum auxilils atque opibus, si^ qua bella inciderint,^ 5

sustentare consuerint.^

CHAPTER XV Caesar's Reply.

465.

Description of the Nervii

Caesar hondris DiviciacI atque Haeduorum causa sese eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit; quod erat

magna

civitas 15

inter

hominum

Belgas auct5ritate^ atque

His omnibusque armis ex oppidd conlatis ab eo loc5 in Ambianorum pervenit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora

multitudine praestabat, sexcentos obsides poposcit. traditis

fines

E5rum

dediderunt.

fines Nervii attingebant

natura moribusque Caesar 20

cum

;

quorum de

quaereret, sic reperiebat

nullum aditum esse ad eos mercatoribus pati nihil vini^ reliquarumque rerum ad luxuriam pertinentium Inferri esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis increpitare atque '^

;

;

incusare reliquos Belgas, qui^ se populo 1

authors. *

cause.

^

Quod

^

because.

dedidis-

For the construction of these subjunctives, see 427. .

.

.

fecerit,

whatever wars occurred. 251.

Romano

^

if he should do

this,

For construction, see 303,

^ si ''

.

.

.

^ be-

inciderint,

See 238.

*

See

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

22/

confTrmare sese patriamque virtutem proiecissent neque legates missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis

sent

;

accepturds.

CHAPTER XVI 466.

The Nervii await the Approach of Caesar

Cum

per eorum fines triduum

iter fecisset,

inveniebat ex

captlvis Sabim flumen ab castrls suls n5n amplius mlUia passuum decern abesse trans id flumen omnes Nervios con-

5

;

sedisse

adventumque

R6man5rum

ibi

exspectare una^

Atrebatis et Viromanduls, finitimls suls

ab

Aduatuc5rum copias atque

his

qulque'"^

eum locum non

aditus

cum

exspectari etiam

esse in itinere

pugnam

per aetatem^ ad

;

mulieres

;

inutiles viderentur in

10

quo* propter paludes exercitul^

coniecisse esset.

CHAPTER

XVII

The Nervh plan to take Caesar by Surprise

467.

His rebus c5gnitls expldratores centurionesque praemittit Cum complures ex qui locum idoneum castrls deligant. Belgis reliqulsque Gallls Caesarem secuti una^ iter faceHis rent, quidam ex his nocte ad Nervids pervenerunt.

15

impedlmentorum neque esse quicquam^ negoti, cum prima legio in castra venisset, banc sub sarqua pulsa impedlmentlsque dlreptls f uturum ^ 2° cinls adorlrl Nervii autem contra consistere non auderent. ut reliquae demonstraverunt inter singulas

magnum numerum

'^

legiones

intercedere,

;

quo

antlquitus, 1

^^

una cum, along

with aestas,

him. negoti,

'

inter

any

^vith. *

-atis.

finitimorum equitatum impedlrent,

facilius ^

where.

and ^

those u
^

Do

singulas legiones, betiveen each two legions.

trouble.

facilius, that they

"

futurum

might the more

ut,

the

easily.

result

word

not confuse this

Dative of possession, 238.

ivottld

be

^ ^

along

ivith

quicquam

that.

^^

quo

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

228

saepes^ quae

fecerant rent.

His rebus

Instar

murl munimenta

agminis nostrl impeditum^

iter

praebe-

Irl

Nervil

existimaverunt.

CHAPTER

XVIII

Description of the Roman Camping Ground

468.

Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostrl castrls dele5

gerant.

Collis

ab

summo

aequaliter declivis ad flumen

Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat.

Ab

eo flumine

par! accllvitate collis nascebatur, passus circiter ducentos

Infimus^ apertus, ab* superiore facile introrsus perspicl posset.

loocculto sese continebant

;

in

parte

ut

silvestris,

non

Intra eas silvas hostes in

aperto loco secundum

paucae stationes equitum videbantur. tudo circiter pedum trium.

^

flumen

Flu minis erat

alti-

CHAPTER XIX 469.

15

The Nervii carry out their Plan of Attack

Caesar equitatii praemissS subsequebatur omnibus copils. Sed quod ad hostes appropinquabat, consuetudine sua post eas totlus Caesar sex legiones expedltas ducebat inde duae legiones, exercitus impedimenta conlocaverat quae proxime conscrlptae erant, totum agmen claudebant ;

;

praesidioque^ impedlmentis erant.

20

equitatu proelium commlserunt.

impetum 1

Cum

facerent, nostrl cedentes

"*

a^ the

illl

identidem in

silva in

nostros

InsequI non audebant.

made by bending down young trees and allowing brambles and ^ impeditum iri future passive infinitive. grow among them. * ab superiore parte, in the upper part. ^ along. ^ See foot.

//edges,

briers to 8

se

ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex

silvas

cum cum hostium

Equites nostrl,

funditoribus sagittariTsque flumen transgress!,

294, 295.

;

''

Agrees with hostes understood.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

229

Interim legiones sex, quae prlmae venerant, opere^ dimenso castra munire coeperunt.

exercitus ab

omnibus ad

qui in

His flu

nostrl

latebant visa sunt, subito

impetumque

in nOstros equites

facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibill cele-

men

5

decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad

silvas et in flumine et

iam

Eadem autem

rentur.

Ubi prima impedimenta

silvls abditi

copils provolaverunt

fecerunt. ritate

ils

in

manibus^

nostrls hostes vide-

celeritate adverse

^

coUe ad nostra

castra atque ad eos qui in opere occupati erant contende'°

runt.

CHAPTER XX Quick

470.

Work

Splendid Discipline by Caesar. OF THE Troops

Caesarl omnia uno tempore erant agenda^: vexillum proponendum, signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi mllites, acies instruenda, mllites cohortandl, signum dandum. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas His difficultatibus duae et successus hostium impediebat. ^ sciential atque usus^ mllitum, quod res erant subsidia

15

—

commode

superioribus proelils exercitati n5n minus sibi

praescrlbere

quam ab

alils

doceri poterant

;

et

ipsl"

quod ab

opere singullsque^ legidnibus singulos^ legates Caesar disHi propter propInqui-20 cedere nisi munltis castrls vetuerat.

tatem

et celeritatem

hostium nihil

exspectabant, sed per se quae 1

2

in

iam Caesaris imperium

^^

videbantur administrabant.

opere dimenso, a//er laying out the wo>-k.

manibus

438, 439.

bere

^^

.

(ipsi).

.

.

nostris, close

upon

us.

^

Dimenso frwm dimetior.

adversd coUe, up

the hill.

*

See

^ in apposition with res. ipsi sibi praescrlSee 294, 295. poterant, they could direct themselves on their own respotisibility i^^ ^^ quae videbantur, ^ each, 8 jiis (^respective). any. not 5

whatever seemed

'

.

best.

.

.

APPENDIX TABLES OF DECLENSION, CONJUGATION, ETC. NOUNS First Declension or Stems in

471-

-a-

Singular

Terminations

Plural

NOM.

Stella

-a

Stellae

-ae

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

stellae

-ae

stellarum

-arum

stellae

-ae

stellis

-is

stellam

-am

Stellas

-as

Stella

-a

stellis

-is

Second Declension or Stems

472.

Terminations

in -0-

Singular MASC.

TERMINATIONS

neut.

NOM.

hortus

-us

donum

TERMINATIONS

-um

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

horti

-i

doni

-i

horto

-0

dono

-6

hortum

-um

donum

-um

horto

-0

dono

-6

Plural

NOM.

horti

-i

hortorum

-orum

dona donorum

-a

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

hortis

-is

donis

-is

dona

-a

donis

-is

hortos

OS

hortis

-is

230

-orum '

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN a.

The

231

vocative singular of nouns in -us of the second

declension has a special form in

-e

:

horte.

Singular

NOM.

puer

ager

vir

filius

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

pueri

agri

viri

fili, -ii

filio

puero

agro

viro

puerum

agrum

virum

filium

puero

agro

viro

filio

filii

Plural

NOM.

pueri

agri

viri

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

puerorum

agrorum

virorum

flliorum

pueris

agris

viris

flliis

a.

pueros

agros

viros

filios

pueris

agris

viris

filiis

The

vocative singular of filius

is fili.

Third Declension

473a.

CONSONANT STEMS Terminations for Consonant Stems

Singular

M.

NOM.

dux

miles

virtus

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

ducis

mllitis

duci

mlliti

ducem duce

and

f.

caput

(-S)

virtu tis

capitis

-is

-IS

virtuti

capiti

-i

-i

mllitem

virtutem

caput

-em

milite

virtute

capita

-e

Plural

NoM.

duces

milites

virtutes

capita

-es

-a

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

ducum

mllitum

virtutum

capitum

-um

-um

ducibus mllitibus virtutibus capitibus -ibus duces ducibus

milites

mllitibus

virtutes

capita

virtutibus

capitibus

-ibus

-es

-a

-ibus

-ibus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

232

Singular

1

NOM.

consul

homo

pater

corpus

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

consLilis

hominis

patris

corporis

consuli

homini

patri

corpori

cdnsulem

hominem

patrem

corpus

consule

homine

patre

corpora

Plural

NOM. Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

consules

homines

patres

corpora

consilium

hominum

patrum

corporum

consulibus

hominibus homines

patribus

corporibus

consules

patres

corpora

consulibus

hominibus

patribus

corporibus

b.

I-STEMS

Termina-i-ions for i-SlEMS

Singular

M.

and

N.

I'.

NOM.

collis

caedes

mons

animal

-s

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

collis

caedis

-is

-is

caedi

montis monti

animalis

colli

animali

-i

-1

coUem

caedem

montem

animal

-em

colle

caede

monte

animali

-e

-i

-es

-ia

Plural

NOM.

colles

caedes

montes

animalia

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

collium

caedium

montium

animalium -ium -ium

collibus

caedibus

montibus

>

collis, es caedis, es

collibus

474-

caedibus

animalibus -ibus -ibus ;

montis, es animalia

-is,es -ia

montibus animalibus -ibus -ibus

Fourth Declension or Stems

in -u-

MAS.

Singular terminations

NoM.

casus

-us

cornu

-u

Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

casus

-us

cornus

-us

NEUT.

TERMINATIONS

cornu

-ii

casum

-um

cornu

-u

casii

-\k

cornu

-ii

casui,

ii

-ui,

U

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

233

MAS.

TERMINATIONS

neut.

NOM.

casiis

-us

cornua

-ua

Gen. Dat.

casuum

-uum

cornuum

-uum

casibus

-ibus

cornibus

-ibus

Ace. Abl.

casus

-us

cornua

-ua

casibus

-ibus

cornibus

-ibus

Fifth Declension or Stems

475-

!

terminations

in -e-

Terminations Plur.

Sing.

Plur.

NoM.

dies

dies

res

res

-es

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

diei

dierum

rei

rerum

-ei

diei

diebus

rei

rebus

-ei

Sing.

Sing.

Plur. -es

um -ebus

diem

dies

rem

res

-em

-es

die

diebus

re

rebus

-e

-ebus

Special Paradigms

476.

Singular

NOM.

vir

Gen. Dat.

viri

viro

— —

Ace. Abl.

virum

vim

deum

viro

vi

deo

NOM.

viri

vires

dei, dii, di

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

virorum

virium

deorum, deum

viris

viribus

dels, diis, dis

viros

vires

deos

viris

viribus

dels, diis, dis

NoM.

senex

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

senis

itineris

domus domus

seni

itineri

domui,

senem

iter

domum

sene

itinera

domo, u

vis

deus dei

deo

Plural

Singular iter

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

234

Plural

NOM.

senes

itinera

Gen. DAT.

senum

itinerum

domus domuum, orum

senibus

itineribus

domibus

senes

itinera

domos, us

senibus

itineribus

domibus

Ace. Abl.

ADJECTIVES First AND Second Declensions

477.

Singular FEM.

MASC.

NEUT.

bonum

bono

bona bonae bonae

bonum

bonam

bonum

bono

bona

bono

NOM.

bonus

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

boni

boni

bono

Plural

NOM.

boni

bonae

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

bonorum

bonarum

bona bonorum

bonis

bonis

bonis

bonos

bonas

bona

bonis

bonis

bonis

Singular NEUT.

FEM.

MASC.

NOM.

liber

libera

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

llberi

llberae

llberi

llbero

NOM.

llberi

llberae

libera

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

liberorum

llberarum

liberorum

liberis

liberis

liberis

liberos

liberas

libera

liberis

liberis

liberis

liberum

llbero

liberae

liberum

libera

llbero

libera .

m

liberum llbero

Plural

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

235

Singular NEUT.

MASC.

FEM.

NOM.

niger

nigra

nigrum

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

nigri

nigrae

nigri

nigro

nigrae

nigro

nigrum

nigram

nigrum

nigro

nigra

nigro

Plural

NOM.

nigrI

nigrae

nigra

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

nigrorum

nigrarum

nigrorum

nigris

nigris

nigris

nigros

nigras

nigra

nigris

nigris

nigris

Third Declension

478.

Singular NEUT.

MASC.

FEM.

NOM.

acer

acris

acre

Gen. DAT.

acris

acris

acris

acri

acri

acri

Ace. Abl.

acrem

acrem

acre

acri

acri

acri

Plural

NOM.

acres

acres

acria

Gen. DAT.

acrium

acrium

acrium

acribus

acribus

acribus

acris, es

acris, es

acria

acribus

acribus

Ace. Abl.

acribus

Singular MASC.

AND FEM.

NEUT.

MASC.

AND FEM.

NEUT.

NOM.

facilis

facile

ferax

ferax

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

facilis

facilis

feracis

feracis

facili

facili

feraci

feraci

facilem

facile

feracem

ferax

facili

facili

feraci, e

feraci, e

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

236

Plural MASC.

AND

MASC.

FEM.

AND FEM.

NEUT.

NoM.

faciles

facilia

feraces

feracia

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

facilium

facilium

feracium

feracium

facilibus

facilibus

feracibus

feracibus

facilis, es

facilia

feracis, es

feracia

facilibus

facilibus

feracibus

feracibus

Present Active Participles

479-

Plural

Singular masc.

and fem.

masc.

neut.

and fem.

NEUT.

NoM.

amans

amans

amantes

Gen. Dat.

amantis

amantis amanti

amantium

amantium

amantibus

Ace. Abl.

amantem

amans

amante,

amante,

amantibus

amantibus amantia amantibus

NOM.

lens

iens

euntes

euntia

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

euntis

euntis

euntium

euntium

eunti

eunti

euntibus

euntibus

euntem

iens

euntis, es

euntia

eunte,

eunte,

euntibus

euntibus

amanti i

i

amantia

amantis, es i

i

Irregular Adjectives

480.

Plural

Singular

fem.

masc.

neut.

fem.

NOM.

alius

alia

aliud

alii

aliae

alia

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

alius

alius

alius

aliorum

aliarum

aliorum

alii

alii

alii

aliis

aliis

aliis

alium

aliam

aliud

alios

alias

alia

alio

alia

alio

aliis

aliis

aliis

MASC.

AND FEM. NEUT.

MASC.

FEM.

NEUT.

NOM.

unus

una

unum

tres

tria

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

unius

unius

unius

trium

trium

uni

uni

uni

tribus

tribus

unum

unam

unum

tris, tres

tria

uno

una

ijno

tribus

tribus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

237

Irregular Adjectives {Continued') NEUT.

FEM.

MASC.

PLUR.

SING.

NOM.

duo

duae

duo

mllle

mlllia

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

duorum

duarum

duorum

mlUe

mlUium

duobus

duabus duas duabus

duobus

mllle

mlUibus

duo

mllle

mlllia

duobus

mllle

mlUibus

duos, duo

duobus

Comparison of Adjectives

481.

Superlative

Comparative

Positive

um um vel5cissimus, a, um pulcherrimus, a, um simillimus, a, um

latus (lat-)

latior, latius

latissimus, a,

fortis (fort-)

fortior, fortius

fortissimus, a,

velox (veloc-)

vel5cior, velocius

pulcher (pulchr-) pulchrior, pulchrius similior, similius

similis (simil-)

Declension of Comparatfves

482.

Plural

Singular M.

AND

M.

N.

F.

AND

F.

N.

NOM.

latior

latius

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

latidris

latioris

latiorum

latiorum

latiori

latiori

latiaribus

latioribus

latiores, is

latiora

latioribus

latidribus

latiarem

latius

latiore,

lati5re,

i

i

latiores

latiora

NoM.

plus

plures

plura

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

pluris

plurium

plurium

pluribus

pluribus

plus

plures, is

plura

plure

pluribus

pluribus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

238

Irregular Comparison

483Positive

Comparative

Superlative

um um maximus, a, um minimus, a, um plurimus, a, um

mlelius

um malus, a, um magnus, a, um parvus, a, um multus, a, um

melior,

multi, ae, a

plures, pilura

vetus, veteris

vetustior. vetustius

veterrimus,

senex, senis

senior (maior natu)

maximus natu

iuvenis, e

iunior (minor natu)

minimus natu

exterus

exterior

bonus,

a,

optimus,

maior, maius minor, minus ,

a,

pessimus,

peior, peius

plus

a,

plurimi, ae, a a,

um

extremus extimus Tnfimus

inferus

Inferior

posterus

posterior

supcrus

superior

[cis, citra]

citerior

citimus

[in, intra]

interior

intimus

Imus postremus postumus supremus

summus

[prae, pr5]

prior

primus

[prope]

propior

proximus

[ultra]

ulterior

ultimus

Comparison of Adverbs

484. POSITIV'E

Comparative

Superlative

ADJ.

care (carus)

carius

carissime

pulchre (pulcher)

pulchrius

pulcherrime

fortiter (fortis)

fortius

facile (facilis)

facilius

bene (bonus)

melius

optime

male (malus)

peius

pessime

fortissime -

facillime

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Comparison of Adverbs

239

{Continued')

Comparative

Positive

Superlative

ADJ.

multum (multus)

plus

parum,

minus

plurimum minime

diutius

diutissime

saepius

saepissime

little

diu, long,

for a long time

saepe, often

Numerals

485.

Cardinals

Ordinals

um

um

I.

unus,

2.

duo, duae, duo

secundus {or alter)

3-

tres, tria

tertius

4-

quattuor

quartus

5-

quinque

quintus

6.

sex

sextus

a,

primus,

a,

7-

septem

Septimus

8.

octo

octavus

9-

novem

10.

decern

II. 12.

undecim duodecim

13-

tredecim

nonus decimus undecimus duodecimus tertius decimus quartus decimus quintus decimus sextus decimus Septimus decimus duodevicesimus undevicesimus

14.

quattuordecim

15. 16.

quindecim sedecim

17-

septendecim

18.

duodevlgintl

19.

undevlginti

20.

viginti vlgintT

vicesimus

unus or

21. t

unus

f

viginti

et viginti

duo or

22. \ duo

et viginti

Jvicesimus primus or \

unus

et

vicesimus

Jvicesimus secundus or \

alter et vicesimus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

240

Cardinals 28.

Ordinals

duodetrlginta

duodetrlcesimus

29.

undetrlginta

undetrlcesimus

30.

trlginta

tricesimus

40.

quadraginta

50.

quinquaginta

quadragesimus quinquagesimus sexagesimus septuagesimus oct5gesimus nonagesimus

60.

sexaginta

70.

septuaginta

80.

octoginta

90.

nonaginta

100. lOI.

centum centum unus or centum et unus

centesimus centesimus primus or centesimus et primus

200,

ducenti, ae, a

ducentesimus

300.

trecenti

trecentesimus

400.

quadringentl

quadringentesimus

500.

quingentl

quingentesimus

600.

sescenti

sescentesimus

700.

septingenti

septingentesimus

800.

octingentl

octingentesimus

900.

nongenti

nongentesimus

mi lie 2,000. duo mlllia 100,000. centum mlllia 1

mfllesimus

,000.

bis millesimus

centies millesimus

PRONOUNS Personal

486. Plur.

Sing.

NoM. ego

^

Gen.

nos r

mei

Dat. Ace. Abl.

tu

nostrum,

Sing.

Plur.

vos vestrui11, SUl

tul

\ [

Plu R.

Sing.

SUl

vestrl

nostri

mihi

nobis

tibi

vobls

sibi

sibi

me me

n5s

te

vos

se(sese)

se(sese)

n5bTs

te

vobTs

se(sese)

se(sese)

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

241

Demonstrative

487.

Plural

Singular

NoM.

hlc

haec

hoc

hi

hae

haec

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

huius

huius

huius

horum

harum

horum

huic

huic

huic

his

his

his

hunc

banc

hoc

hos

has

haec

hoc

hac

hoc

his

his

his

Plural

Singular

NoM.

iste

ista

istud

isti

istae

ista

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

istlLis

istlus

istlus

ist5rum

istarum

istorum

isti

isti

isti

istis

istis

istis

istum

istam

istud

istos

istas

ista

isto

ista

isto

istis

istis

istis

Singular

Plural

NoM.

ille

ilia

illud

illl

illae

ilia

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

illlus

illlus

illlus

ill5rum

illarum

illorum

illl

illl

illl

illls

illls

illls

ilium

illam

illud

illos

illas

ilia

illo

ilia

illo

illls

illls

illls

Singular

NoM.

is

Gen. eius Dat. el Ace. eum Abl. eo

Plural

ea

id

el, il

eae

eius

eius

edrum

earum

eorum

el

el

els, ils

els, ils

els, ils

earn

id

eos

eas

ea

ea

eo

els, ils

els, ils

els, ils

ESSEN. OF LATIN

—

1

ea

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

242

Singular

NoM. Idem

eadem

Plural

eidem (.^ eaedem eadem idem

idem

,

.

I

feorun- earun-

Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiiisdem

dem

1

Dat. eldem

eidem

eldem

Ace. eundem eandem idem

dem

Jelsdem elsdem [isdem Isdem eosdem easdem elsdem elsdem Isdem isdem

eorun-

dem eisdem

isdem

eadem elsdem Isdem

Abl. eodem

eadem

NoM.

ipsa

ipsum

ipsI

ipslus

ipslus

ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum

ipsI

ipsI

ipsis

ipsIs

ipsam

ipsum

ipsos

ipsas

ipsa

ipsa

ipso

ipsIs

ipsIs

ipsIs

eodem

Plural

Singular

ipse

Gen. ipslus Dat. ipsi Ace. ipsum Abl. ipso

ipsae

ipsa

ipsIs

Relative

488.

Plural

Singular

FEM.

NEUT.

FEM.

NEUT.

NoM. qui

quae

quod

qui

quae

quae

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

cuius

cuius

quorum

quarum

quorum quibus

MASC.

cuius

MASC.

cui

cui

cui

quibus

quibus

quern

quam

quos

quas

quae

qu5

qua

quod quo

quibus

quibus

quibus

Interrogative

489.

Plural

Singular MASC.

FEM.

NEUT.

MASC

FEM.

NEUT.

NoM.

quis (qui) quae

Gen. Dat. Aee. Abl.

cuius

cuius cuius

cui

cui

cui

quem

quam

quid (quod) quos

quas

quae

quo

qua

qu5

quibus

quibus

quid (quod) qui

quae

quae

quorum quarum quorum quibus quibus

quibus

quibus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

243

Indefinite

490.

Singular MASC.

NOM. Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

FEM.

NEUT.

aliquis

aliqua

aliquid, aliquod

alicuius

alicuius

alicuius

alicui

alicui

alicui

aliqiiem

aliquam

aliquid, aliquod

aliqu5

aliqua

aliquo

Plural

NOM.

aliqul

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

aliquae

aliqua

aliqu5rum

aliquarum

aliquorum

aliquibus

aliquibus

aliquibus

aliquos

aliquas

aliqua

aliquibus

aliquibus

aliquibus

Singular MASC.

NOM. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

FEM.

quidam cuiusdam cuidam

quaedam

quendam quodam

quandam quadam

cuiusdam cuidam

NEUT.

quiddam, quoddam cuiusdam

cuidam quiddam, quoddam

quodam

Plural

NOM. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

quidam quorundam quibusdam quosdam quibusdam

quaedam quarundam quibusdam quasdam quibusdam

quaedam qu5rundam quibusdam

quaedam quibusdam

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

244

REGULAR VERBS First Conjugation

491.

Prin.

Parts

:

492.

Second Conjugation

amare, Prin. Parts

amo,

amavi, amatus

Active

Passive

Passive

PRESENT

present / love, am loving, do love S.

P

/

am

am

loved,

being loved

amo

amor

am as

amaris, re

amat

amatur

amamus

amamur

amatis

amamini amantur

amant

I advise, am advising, do advise s.

p.

loved, did love S.

P

/ was loved, was being loved

amabam

amabar

amabas amabat

araabaris, re

amabatur

amabamus

amabamur

amabatis

amabamini amabantur

amabant

s

monemus

monemur

monetis

monemini monentur

p

amabor

amabis amabit

amaberis, re

amabimus

amabimur

amabitis

amabimini amabuntur

amabunt

moneris, re

monetur

monent

IMPERFECT I was advising, advised, did advise s.

p.

/ was advised, was being advised

monebam

monebar

monebas monebat

monebatur

monebamus

monebamur

monebatis

monebamini monebantur

monebaris, re

monebant

FUTURE

/ shall be loved

amabo

being advised

moneor

FUTURE / shall love

/ (z;« advised,

am

moneo mones monet

imperfect / was loving,

moneo, monere,

INDICATIVE

INDICATIVE Active

:

monui, monitus

s.

amabitur p.

/ shall advise

/ shall be advised

monebo

monebor

monebis monebit

moneberis, re

monebimus

monebimur

monebitis

monebimini monebuntur

monebunt

monebitur

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

245

REGULAR VERBS 493.

Third Conjugation

Prin. Parts

:

duco,

Fourth Conjugation

494.

Prin.

ducere,

Parts

audivi,

duxi, ductus

INDICATIVE

audio,

ire,

INDICATIVE

1

Passive

Active

Passive

Active

:

auditus

PRESENT

present I

/ lead, am leading, do lead s.

p.

/

am

am

led,

am hearing, do hear

/ hear,

being led

duco

ducor

ducis

duceris, re

s.

ducit

ducitur

ducimus

ducimur

ducitis

ducunt

p.

audior

audis

audiris, re

audit

auditur

audimur

ducimini

auditis

audimini

ducuntur

audiunt

audiuntur

p.

imperfect / was

led,

was being led

ducebar

s.

/ was hearing, heard, did hear

was being heard

audiebam

audiebar audiebaris, re

audiebatur

ducebas

ducebaris.re

audiebas

ducebat

ducebatur

audiebat

audiebamus audiebamur

ducebamur

ducebatis

ducebamini

audiebatis

audiebamini

ducebant

ducebantur

audiebant

audiebantur

p.

future

FUTURE

p.

/ zuas heard,

diicebamus

/ shall lead s.

heard, being heard

audio

imperfect

ducebam

am

audimus

/ was leading, led, did lead s.

/

am

/ shall hear

I shall be led

/ shall be heard

ducam

ducar

audiam

audiar

duces

duceris, re

audies

audieris, re

ducet

ducetur

audiet

audietur

ducemus

ducemur

audiemus

audiemur

ducetis

ducemini

audietis

audiemini

ducent

ducentur

audient

audientur

s.

p.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

246

—

—

Cont. 492. Second Conjugation Cont. 491. First Conjugation Active Passive Active Passive PERFECT PERFECT / have loved, loved s.

p.

amavi

I have been loved, I ivas loved

/ have advised, advised

1 have been advised,

amatus sum

s.

monui

monitus sum

amavisti

es

monuisti

amavit

est

monuit

amavimus

amati sumus

p.

moniti sumus

monuistis

estis

sunt

monuerunt, ere

sunt

PLUPERFECT / had advised I had been

loved

p.

amaveras eras amaverat erat amaveramus amatI eramus

amatus eram

s.

monueram

p.

advised

monitus eram

monueras monuerat

eras erat

monueramus monitT eramus

amaveratis

eratis

monueratis

eratis

amaverant

erant

monuerant

erant

FUTURE PERFECT

FUTURE PERFECT / shall have loved

I shall have been loved

amavero amaveris

amatus ero

amaverit

erit

/ shall have advised s.

eris

amaverimus amati erimus

p.

monuero

I shall have been advised

monitus ero

monueris

eris

monuerit

erit

monuerimus moniti erimus

amaveritis

eritis

monueritis

amaverint

erunt

erunt monuerint SUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVE

amem

amer

ames amet

ameris, re

amemus

amemur

ametis

ament

s.

ametur

amemini amentur

eritis

PRESENT

PRESENT

p.

est

monuimus

estis

amaveram

s.

es

amaverunt, ere

s.

p.

was advised

amavistis

PLUPERFECT / had loved I had been

s.

I

p.

moneam

monear

moneas moneat

moneatur

monearis, re

moneamus

moneamur

moneatis

moneamini moneantur

moneant

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

—

—

Cont. 494. Fourth Conj. Passive Active PERFECT

Co7it. 493. Third Conjugation Passive Active PERFECT

/ have

ductus

duxi

s.

duxit

duximus duxistis

sumus estis

sunt

audlverunt, ere

sunt

ductus eram

PLUPERFECT I had been heard / had heard s.

audiveram

audltus eram

duxeras

eras

audiveras

eras

duxerat

erat

audiverat

erat

duxeramus

p.

auditi

audivistis

I had been led

/ had led

est

audlvit

audivimus

p.

PLUPERFECT

duxeram

es

audlvisti

estis

duxerunt.ere

s.

sum

audltus

audlvi

s.

est

ducti sumus

I was heard

heard

es

duxisti

p.

sum

I have been heard,

/ have heard,

I have been led, was led

led,

led

247

ducti

eramus

p.

audiveramus auditi eramus

duxeratis

eratis

audiveratis

eratis

duxerant

erant

audiverant

erant

FUTURE PERFECT

FUTURE PERFECT / shall have led

I shall have been led

/ shall

have heard

I shall have been

heard s.

p.

ductus er5

duxero

s.

duxeris

eris

audlveris

duxerit

erit

audiverit

duxerimus

ducti erimus

p.

erit

audlverimus

auditi erimus

eritis

audlveritis

eritis

duxerint

erunt

audlverint

erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT

PRESENT

p.

eris

duxeritis

SUBJUNCTIVE s.

audltus ero

audlvero

audiam

ducam

ducar

ducas

ducaris, re

audias

audiaris, re

ducat

ducatur

audiat

audiatur

ducamus

ducamur

audiamus

audiamur

ducatis

ducamini ducantur

audiatis

audiamini

audiant

audiantur

ducant

s.

p.

audiar

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

248

491. First Conjugation

— Cont.

492. Second Conjugation Active

Passive

Active

Passive

imperfect

imperfect s.

p.

amarem

amarer

amares amaret

amareris, re

amaremus

amaremur

amaretis

amaremini amarentur

s.

amaretur

amarent

— Cont.

p.

monerem

monerer

moneres moneret

monereris, re

moneretur

moneremus moneremur moneretis

monerent

moneremini monerentur

PERFECT s.

p.

amaverim

amatus sim

amaveris

sis

amaverit

sit

s.

amaverint

p.

p.

amavissem

sis sit

monuerimus moniti simus

sitis

monueritis

sitis

sint

monuerint

sint

PLUPERFECT

PLUPERFECT s.

monitus sim

monueris monuerit

amaverimus amatl sTmus amaveritis

monuerim

amatus essem

s.

monuissem

monitus essem

amavisses

esses

monuisses

esses

amavisset

esset

monuisset

esset

amavissemus amatl essemus

p.

monuissemus monitl essemus

amavissetis

essetis

monuissetis

essetis

amavissent

assent

monuissent

essent

s. 2.

p. 2.

IMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT

PRESENT

ama, love

d,xx\3xe,bcthou

tJioii

loved

amate,^7''r

amamini,

ye

ye loved

be

s. 2.

P. 2.

mone, ad- monere,

be

vise thou

thou advised

monete,

monemini, be ye advised

advise ye

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

— Cont.

493- Third Conjugation

Fourth Conj.

Passive

IMPERFECT

imperfect s.

p.

ducerem

ducerer

audlrem

audlrer

duceres

ducereris, re

audires

audlreris, re

duceret

duceretur

audlret

audlretur

duceremus

duceremur

audiremus

audiremur

duceretis

duceremini

audlretis

audiremini

ducerent

ducerentur

audlrent

audlrentur

p.

PERFECT

PERFECT s.

duxerim

ductus sim

duxeris

s.

ducti simus

p.

p.

sis sit

audlverimus

audlti sImus

duxeritis

sitis

audiveritis

sItis

duxerint

sint

audlverint

sint

PLUPERFECT

PLUPERFECT s.

audltus sim

audlverit

sit

duxerimus

audiverim audlveris

SIS

duxerit p.

— Cont.

ACTIVE

Passive

Active

494.

249

ductus essem

duxissem

s.

audlvissem

audltus essem

diixisses

esses

audlvisses

esses

duxisset

asset

audlvisset

esset

diixissemus ducti essemus

p.

audivissemus auditi essemus

duxissetis

essetis

audlvissetis

essetis

duxissent

essent

audlvissent

essent

s. 2.

p. 2.

1

IMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT

PRESENT

duc,^ lead

ducere,

thou

t/iou

ducite,

ducimini,

lead ye

ye led

dico, duco, faci5, fero,

be

s. 2.

led

have

be

p. 2.

audi, Jiear

audire, be

thoii,

tJion

audlte,

audlmini, be

hear ye

ye heard

heard

as present imperatives die, due, fae, fer;

the regular form of other verbs ends in

-e, as

gero, imperative gere.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

250

491. First Conjugation Active

— Cont.

492. Second Conjugation Active

Passive

FUTURE s. 3.

p. 2.

FUTURE

amato, he

amator,

shall love

shall be loved

Jie

amatote, yoii

s. 3.

p. 2.

shall love

moneto,

monetor, he

he shall

shall be ad-

advise

vised

monetote, you shall advise

m a n 1 0,

amantor, they

they shall

shall be loved

a

3.

3.

love

monento,

be advised

INFINITIVE PRESENT

amari,

to

be monere, to ad-

loved

to be

esse,

about

to

advised

amatum

Irl,

to

moniturus

esse,

be about to be to be about to

/"
vised

PARTICIPLES

PARTICIPLES

PRESENT

PRESENT

monens,

antis,

entis,

advising

loving

FUTURE

FUTURE

Ger. amandus, moniturus, Ger. monendus,

um, about to

to

PERFECT

loved

amaturus,

Irl,

about

amatus esse, monuisse, to monitus esse, to have been have advised have been ad-

to

have loved

amans,

monitum to be

be advised

advise

PERFECT

amavisse,

to be

FUTURE

loved

love

moneri,

vise

FUTURE

amaturus

shall

they

advise

PRESENT to love

monentor,

they shall

INFINITIVE

amare,

— Cont.

Passive

to be

loved about

to

ad-

ad-

PERFECT

PERFECT

amatus,

be

vised

vise

love

to

having

been loved, loved

monitus, Jiavifig been advised, advised

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 493. Third Conjugation Active s. 2.

s. 3,

p. 2.

— Cont.

494.

Passive

FUTURE audits, auditor, tJiou

s. 2.

thou shall shall be led

thou shall

lead

hear

ducito, he

ducitor, he

shall lead

shall be led

ducunto, I

hey shall

lead

audlto,

3.

ducitote, j^

Jie

shall hear

shall be heard

auditor,

Jie

shall be heard

audltote,

p. 2.

you shall hear ducuntor, I hey

3.

shall be

led

audiunto,

audiuntor,

they shall

they shall be

hear

heard

INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE

PRESENT

ducere, lo lead

— Cont.

Fourth Conj.

Active

Passive

FUTURE ducito, ducitor, tJiou

shall lead P. 3.

251

present

duci, lo be led audire, lo

hear

audiri, lo be

heard FUTURE

FUTURE ductiirus esse, lo

be about to

lead

ductum Irl,

lo

auditurus esse,

be about to be lo be about lo

hear

led PERFECT

duxisse, lo

led

Irl,

about

to

be heard perfect

have ductus esse, audlvisse, to lo have been have heard

led PARTICIPLES

audltum lo be

audltus esse, lo have been heard

PARTICIPLES

PRESENT

ducens, entis,

present audiens, ientis,

leading

hearing FUTURE

FUTURE

Ger. ducendus, auditurus, Ger. audiendus, lead lo be led about lo hear to be heard

ducturus,

about

to

PERFECT

ductus,

ing been led

PERFECT Jiavled,

audltus,

having

been heard,

heard

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

252 491

First Conjugation

.

— Cont.

492. Second Conjugation

GERUND Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

— Cont.

GERUND

amandi, of loving amando, for loving

amandum, loving amando, by loving

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

monendi, of advising monendo, for advising monendum, advising

monendo, by advising

SUPINE

SUPINE

amatum

amatu

monitum

monitu

Third Conjugation

495.

Verbs

Prin.

Parts

:

in io

capio, ere, cepi, captus

INDICATIVE Active

Passive r

/ take,

ai/i

/

takmg, do take Plural

Singular

am

taken,

am

being taken Plural

Singular

capio

capimus

capior

capimur

capis

capitis

caperis, re

capimini

capit

capiunt

capitur

capiuntur

IMPERFECT

/ ivas

taking, took, did take

I was

taken,

was

being taken

capiebam

capiebamus

capiebar

capiebamur

capiebas

capiebatis

capiebaris, re

capiebamini

capiebat

capiebant

capiebatur

capiebantur

/ shall be taken

/ shall take

capiam

capiemus

capiar

capiemur

capies

capietis

capieris, re

capiemini

capiet

capient

capietur

capientur

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 493. Third Conjugation

— Cont.

494.

Fourth Conj.

GERUND Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

— Cont.

GERUND

ducendi, of leading ducendo, for leading

ducendum,

253

leadijig

ducendo, by leading

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

audiendi, of hearijig

audiendo, for hearing audiendum, Jiearing audiendo, by hearing

SUPINE

ductum

SUPINE ductu

audltum

auditu

Third Conjugation

495-

LNDICATIVE—

Continued

Active

/ have

Passive

/ have

taken, took Plural

Singular

been tak ?«,

Singular

cepi

cepimus

cepisti

cepistis

cepit

ceperunt, ere

captus

sum

/ was taken Plural

capti

sumus

es

estis

est

sunt

pluperfect

/ Iiad taken

I had been taken

ceperam

ceperamus

ceperas

ceperatis

eras

eratis

ceperat

ceperant

erat

erant

captus eram

capti

eramus

future perfect

/ shall have

I shall have

taken

been taken

capti erimus

cepero

ceperimus

ceperis

ceperitis

eris

eritis

ceperit

ceperint

erit

erunt

captus ero

SUBJUNCTIVE

capiam

capiamus

capiar

capiamur

capias

capiatis

capiaris, re

capiamini

capiat

capiant

capiatur

capiantur

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

254

SUBJUNCTIVE— Continued IMPERFECT Plural

Singular

Singular

Plural

caperem

caperemus

caperer

caperemur

caperes

caperetis

capereris, re

caperemini

caperet

caperent

caperetur

caperentur

PERFECT

ceperim

ceperimus

ceperis

ceperitis

sis

sitis

ceperit

ceperint

sit

sint

capti simus

captus sim

PLUPERFECT

cepissem

cepissemuE

cepisses

cepissetis

esses

essetis

cepisset

cepissent

esset

essent

captus essem

;

capti essemus

IMPERATIVE Active

Passive

PRESENT Singular 2.

cape, take tJiou

capere, be thou takefi Plural

2.

capita, take ,

ye

capimini, be ye taken FUTURE Singular

take

2.

capito,

tJioti sJialt

3.

capito,

Jie

2.

capitote,

3.

capiunto, they shall take

shall take

capitor, thou sJuxlt be taken

capitor,

lie

shall be taken

Plural

ye shall take capiuntor, they shall be taken

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

255

INFINITIVE PRESENT capi, to be taken

capere, to take

FUTURE

capturus esse,

to be

about

to

captum

IrT,

to be

about

to be

taken

take

PERFECT cepisse, to

have taken

captus esse,

to

have been taken

PARTICIPLES PRESENT

-

capiens, ientis, taking FUTURE

capturus, about

to

take

Ger. capiendus,

captus,

having been

taken

GERUND Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

capiendi, of taking

capiendo, for taking capiendum, taking capiendo, by taking

SUPINE

captum

to be

captu

taken

taken,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

256

IRREGULAR VERBS Prin. Parts

496.

sum,

:

esse, fui, futurus, be

INDICATIVE Plural

Singular

sum, I

am

sum us,

es, yoii

are

estis,

est

sunt, tJiey are

she, if) is

{lie,

zue a7'e

you are

IMPERFECT

eram, / was eras,

you

erat,

he was

eramus, %ve were

zvere

eratis,

you were were

erant, tJuy

FUTURE

/ shall be eris, you will be erit,

he

we

erimus,

ero,

eritis,

you

shall be zvill be

erunt, they will be

zvill be

PERFECT

I have bceu, was you have been, were f uit, he has been, was

fuI,

fuimus, zue have been, were

fuisti,

fuistis,

you have

fuerunt

1

fuere

J

.;

[

been, ,

,

were

they have been,

wen

PLUPERFECT

/ had been you had been

f ueram,

f ueramus, zve

f ueras,

fueratis,

f uerat, Jie

had

f uerant,

beeti

had

been

you had been they had beejt

FUTURE PERFECT f uero, f ueris,

/ shall have been you zvill have been

f uerit, Jie

will have been

fuerimus, zve shall have been fueritis,

you

zvill

f uerint, tJiey zvill

have been have been

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

257

SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERFECT

PRESENT Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular

sim

Sim US

essem

essemus

sis

sitis

esses

essetis

sint

esset

sit

assent PLUPERFECT

PERFECT

fuerim

fuerimus

fuissem

fuissemus

fueris

fuerltis

fuisses

fuissetis

fuerint

fuisset

fuissent

fuerit

'

IMPERATIVE FUTURE

PRESENT es, In

'

esto,

tJion

este, be

ye

tJioii

slialt be

esto, lie shall be

estote,

ye shall be

sunto, they shall be

participle

INFINITIVE

Pres.

esse, to be

Perf.

fuisse, to

FuT.

futurus esse,

about Prin.

497.

have been

to

be

to

Parts

:

possum, posse, potui,

am

able,

am

able,

can

SUBJU NCTIVE

INDICATIVE Plural

Singular

Pres. I

futurus, about to be

be

Singular

Plural

can

possum

possumus

possim

posslmus

potes

potestis

possis

possltis

potest

possunt

possit

possint

possem

possemus

Impf. / luas able, could

poteram FuT. /

poteramus

sJiall be able

potero

poterimus

ESSEN. OF LATIN

—

I

7

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

258

Perf. / Jiave been

could

ab/e,

potuimus

potui

Plup. / Jiad been

potuerim

potuerimus

potuissem

potuissemus

able,

potueram

potueramus

F. P. / shall have been able

potuerimus

potuerd

INFINITIVE

Perf.

posse, to be able

Pres.

potuisse, to

have been able

498.

Prin.

Parts

:

prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus, benefit

SUBJUNCTIVE

INDICATIVE

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular

Pres. / benefit

proslmus

prosum

prosumus

prosim

prodes

prodestis

prdsis

pr5sltis

prodest

prosunt

prosit

prosint

Plup.

proderamus prodessem prodessemus proderimus prodero pr5fuerim profuerlmus profuimus profui profueram profueramus profuissem prdfuissemus

F. P.

profuerd

Impf.

FuT. Perf.

proderam

profuerimus

imperative Pres.

prodes, prodeste

Fut.

prodesto, prodestote

infinitive

Pres.

prodesse

Perf. pr5futurus esse

Fut.

participle

Fut.

profuturus

profuisse

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 499.

Parts

Prin.

259

:

— be Nolo, — he will not Malo, malle, malui, — be more willing, prefer

Vols, velle, volul,

nolle, n5lul,

zvilling, tvill, zvish

,

ninvilliug,

,

,

LNDICATIVE Pres.

malo mavis mavult

vols

n5l5

vis

vultis

non vis non vult nolumus non vultis

ma vultis

volunt

nolunt

malunt

vult

volumus

malumus

malebam

Impf.

volebam

nolebam

Put.

volam,

nolam,

Perf.

volul

nolul

Plup.

volueram

nolueram

malueram

F. P.

voluero

n5luero

maluero

Pres.

velim

nolim

malim

veils

noils

malls

velit

nolit

malit

vellmus

nollmus

mallmus

velltis

nolltis

malltis

velint

nolint

malint

vellem

nollem

mallem

velles

nolles

malles

vellet

nollet

mallet

vellemus

nollemus

mallemus

velletis

nolletis

malletis

vellent

nollent

mallent

maluerim maluissem

es, etc.

es, etc.

malam,

es, etc

malui

SUBJUNCTIVE

Impf.

Perf.

voluerim

ndluerim

Plup.

voluissem

noluissem

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

260

IMPERATIVE noil

Pres.

nollte [nolito, etc •]

FUT.

INFINITIVE

Pres.

velle

n5lle

malle

Perf.

voluisse

noluisse

maluisse

Pres.

volens

PARTICIPLE

Prin.

500.

Parts

:

eo, ire,

Pres.

Impf.

itum, go

Singular

Plural

eo

imus

is

Itis

it

eunt

ibam, ibas,

IMPERATIVE

SUBJUNCTIVE

INDICATIVE Singular

ii,

ibat, etc.

earn

i

f

irem

I

FuT. Perf. Plup.

ibo, ibis, Ibit, etc.

F. P.

ier5

ii,

isti, ilt,

etc.

rto

itote

eunto

ierim

INFINITIVE

PARTICIPLES

Pres.

ire

iens, euntis

Perf.

isse

itum

FuT.

iturus esse

iturus

GERUND

SUPINE

eundi

Gen. Dat. Ace.

eundo

Abl.

eundo

eundum

itum

ite

Ito

issem

ieram

Plural

Essentials of latin

261

501.

Prin.

Parts

factus sum, be made, become, happen

fio, fieri,

:

indicative Pres.

Sinoular

flam

fio

Plural

fite

fl

flimt

fit

Impf.

fiebam

Put.

flam,

Perf.

factus

Plup.

factus

F. P.

factus er5

fierem

fies, etc.

sum eram

factus sim factus essem

PARTICIPLES

INFINITIVE

502.

IMPERATIVE

SUBJUNCTIVE

Plural

Singular

Pres.

fieri

Perf.

factus esse

FuT.

factum

Prin. Parts

Ger. Perf.

faciendus factus

Irl

:

cany

fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear,

INDICATIVE Active Plural

Singular

Pres.

Passive Singular

Plural

fero

ferimus

feror

ferimur

fers

fertis

ferris, re

ferimini

fert

ferunt

fertur

feruntur

Active

Passive Plural

Si??gular

Singular

Impf.

ferebam

ferebar

FuT.

feram,

ferar, eris, etc

Perf.

tull

latus

sum

Plup.

tuleram

latus

eram

F. P.

tulero

latus ero

es, etc.

Plural

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

262

subjunctive

Impf.

feram ferrem

ferrer

Perf.

tulerim

latus sim

Plup.

tulissem

latus

Pres.

ferar

essem

imperative Pres.

fer

ferte

ferre

Put.

ferto

fertote

fertor

ferto

ferunt5

fertor

ferimini

feruntor

infinitive

Pres.

ferre

ferri

Perf.

tulisse

latus esse

FUT.

laturus esse

latum

Irl

PARTICIPLES Pres.

ferens

FUT.

laturus

Ger.

ferendus

Perf,

.

gerund Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

supine

ferendl

ferendo

ferendum

latum

ferendo

lata

Deponent Verbs

503-

Prin.

latus

Parts

:

hortor, hortari, hortatus

vereor, vereri, veritus

sum, urge, entreat

s,^xxss.,fcar

sequor, sequi, secutus sum, folloiv potior, potiri, potitus s\xm,

get possession of

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

263

INDICATIVE vereor

sequor

potior

hortaris, re

vereris, re

sequeris, re

potiris, re

hortatur

veretur

sequitur

potitur

hortamur

veremur

sequimur

potimur

hortaminl

veremini

sequimini

potimini

hortantur

verentur

sequuntur

potiuntur

Impf.

hortabar

verebar

sequebar

potiebar

FUT.

hortabor

verebor

sequar

potiar

veritus

sum secutus sum eram secutus eram

potitus

sum

potitus

eram

Pres. hortor

•

Perf. hortatus

sum

Plup. hortatus eram F. P.

hortatus ero

veritus

veritus er5

secutus ero

potitus ero

SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. horter

verear

sequar

potiar

Impf. hortarer

vererer

sequerer

potirer

Perf. hortatus sim

veritus sim

secutus sim

potitus sim

Plup. hortatus essem veritus essem secutus essem potitus essen

IMPERATIVE Pres. hortare

verere

sequere

potire

FUT.

veretor

sequitor

potitor

hortator

INFINITIVE Pres. hortari

vereri

sequi

potiri

Perf. hortatus esse

veritus esse

secutus esse

potitus esse

FuT.

hortaturus esse veriturus esse secuturus esse potiturus esse

PARTICIPLES Pres. hortans

verens

sequens

potiens

FuT.

veriturus

secijturus

potiturus

Perf. hortatus

veritus

secutus

potitus

Ger.

verendus

sequendus

potiendus

hortaturus

hortandus

GERUND hortandi, etc.

verendi, etc.

sequendi, etc.

potiendi, etc.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

264

SUPINE hortatum

veritum

secutum

potitum

hortatu

veritu

secutu

potitu

504.

First or Active Periphrastic Conjugation

INDICATIVE Pres. Impf.

FuT. Perf. Plup. F. P.

amaturus amaturus amaturus amaturus amaturus amaturus

sum, /

am

about

to love

cram, / ivas about to love ero, / shall be about to love ful,

/ have been or zvas about

fueram, / had f uero,

/

sJiall

been about

to love

to love

have been about

to love

SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. Impf.

Perf.

Plup.

amaturus amaturus amaturus amaturus

sim

essem fuerim fuissem infinitive

Pres.

Perf.

amaturus esse amaturus fuisse For the Other Conjugations

Pres.

505.

moniturus sum, I am about to advise ducturus sum, / am about to lead capturus sum, / am about to take auditurus sum, I am about to hear, etc.

Second or Passive Periphrastic Conjugation

indicative Pres. Impf.

Fut.

amandus sum, / am to be, must be, loved amandus eram, / zvas to be, had 10 be, loved amandus ero, / shall have to be loved

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN INDICATIVE— Perf.

Plup. F. P.

265

,

Continued

amandus f ui, / ivas to he, had to be, loved amandus fueram, / Jiad had to be loved amandus f uero, / sJiall have had to be loved SUBJUNCTIVE

Pres. Impf.

Perf.

Plup.

amandus amandus amandus amandus

sim

essem fuerim fuissem

INFINITIVE

Pres.

Perf.

amandus amandus

esse, to

have

fuisse, to

to

be loved

have had

to be

loved

For the Other Conjugations Pres.

raonendus sum, / ain

to be,

must

be,

advised

am to be, viiist be, led I am to be, must be, taken / am to be, must be, heard,

ducendus sum, I capiendus sum,

audiendus sum,

etc.

ABBREVIATIONS locative.

abl.

ablative.

loc

ace

accusative.

in

adj

adjective.

;/., 7ie2{i.

adv canp

adverb.

neg

negative.

comparative.

nom

nominative.

conj

conjunction.

num

numeral.

dat

dative.

part pass

participle.

masculine. .

.

.

neuter.

passive.

def.

defective.

dent

demonstrative. perf.

dep

deponent.

determ

determinative.

pr

proper.

dim

diminutive.

prep

preposition.

f.

feminine.

pres

present.

fut

future.

Pron

pronoun.

gen impers

genitive.

refl.

reflexive.

impersonal.

rel

relative.

indecl

indeclinable.

sing.

singular.

indefinite.

subjv

subjunctive.

substantive.

indef.

....

//., pliir.

perfect. .

.

.

plural.

inter

interrogative.

stibst

ititr

intransitive.

Slip

superlative.

irr

irregular.

tr

transitive.

266

VOCABULARY LATIN — ENGLISH [Numbers a,

ab, prep. w. on,

abl.,

from, by, with,

refer to Sections.]

at,

acclivitas, atis (acclivis),/, ascent, slope.

in.

See abd5.

abditus.

+ curro,

+

abd5, abdere, abdidi, abditus (ab do, place),

put away, conceal.

tr.,

abicio, ere, abieci, abiectus,

tr.,

acciiso, are, avi,

acer, acris, acre, sharp, keen, eager,

See aufero. afui, afuturus, intr.,

be away, be distant, be absent. See atque.

ac.

Acca, ae, /, pr. name, Acca Laren-

fierce.

acerrime.

See acriter.

acies, aciei,

y",

Remus.

+ cedo),

intr.,

against

approach,

als,

+

candeo, glow),

tr.,

set

on

fire

intr.,

(ad

+

cad5),

motion),

tr.,

cieo,

summon,

tr.,

lead

/;'.,

tr.,

receive

to,

+

lead,

adeo, adire, adii, aditum (ad intr.,

;

suffer,

+

undergo.

+

go

facio),

+

influ-

to,

+ eo),

approach.

/r., affect

;

adfectus (ad

poena

—

,

+

punish.

adhibeo, ere, adhibui, adhibitus (ad

clam5,

shout, cry out.

acclivis, e (ad

+

add.

adficio, ere, adfeci,

acclam5, are, avi, atus (ad cry),

diico),

in-

vite,

tr.,

near,

ence.

+

accipio, ere, accepi, acceptus (ad

capio),

at,

w. numer-

;

about.

do, place),

happen.

in

toward,

adduce, ere, adduxi, adductus (ad

—

acci5, ire, accivi, accitus (ad set

to,

according to

;

addo, addere, addidi,>additus (ad

;

accensus, burning. accido, ere, accidi,

acerrime.

See ag5.

ad, prep. w. ace,

go near, come near,

accendo, ere, accendi, accensus (ad

line of battle.

;

fiercely; co inp. a.cxias; j«/.

actus.

accedo, ere, access!, accessQrus (ad

edge

acriter (acer), adv., sharply, eagerly,

mother of Romulus and

foster

tia,

+ causa),

atus (ad

accuse, reproach.

tr.,

absum, abesse,

run), intr., run up, hasten

to.

throw,

hurl.

ablatus.

accursum (ad

accurro, ere, accurri,

-f

habeo),

aditus,

clivus, slope), rising.

267

access.

lis

tr., call

(adeo),

in, use. //;.,

approach,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

268 administro,

(ad

atus

avi,

are,

manage),

ministr5,

+

manage,

tr.,

direct, administer.

adolesco, ere, adolevi, adultus (ad OlesCO, grow),

adorior,

i)ilr.,

adortus

iri,

grow

sum

ir.,

w.,

aggredior, aggredi, aggressus

sum

(ad

up.

(ad

mound, agger.

+

gradior, go),

go against,

/;-.,

attack.

(ad + orior),

inir., attack.

agmen, agminis (ago), ;/., army on the march primum agmen, van novissimum agmen, rear, orno, ;

ad5rD0, are, avi, equip),

+

+ gero),

aggeris

agger,

(ad

atus

+

equip, adorn.

;

agnosco, ere, agnovi, agnitus (ad

+

adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus (ad [gjnosco, know), /;-., recognize. + sum), intr., be present, aid. ago, ere, egi, actus, tr., drive, lead, Aduatuci, orum, m., a tribe of Belgic move forw ard, do, treat trium;

phum

Gaul,

adulescens, entis (adolesco), young;

young man, youth.

as subst.,

advenio,

ire,

+ veni5),

aio, ais, ait, aiunt, def., say.

adventum (ad Alba or Alba Longa, come tu, arrive, ancient Latin town.

intr.,

reach.

Albanus, arrival,

approach. (adverto, turn to),

in front, opposite

up the

;

adverse coUe,

i

(aedific5),

;;.,

aedifico, are, avi, atus (aedis

building.

+ facio)

.

build, construct.

aedis or aede*,

/, temple

is,

;

//.,

aedes regiae, palace. (aeger), adv.,

scarcely,

with

difficulty.

as

;

w., an Alban.

i,

white.

um

(alius), another's, un-

and aliqui, aliqua, aliquid ami aliquod, indef.pron., some one,

alius,

/, sickness,

vexation, mortification.

(aequalis,

equal),

adv.,

uniformly, equally,

um,

equal, favorable,

aestas, atis,/, summer.

aetas, atis,/, age.

ager, agri, m.,

field,

.

.

.

another;

other,

alius, one

.

.

.

another;

some some, some others; alii aliam in partem, some in one direction, some in another. AUobroges, um, w., a Celtic tribe of .

.

.

alii,

.

.

.

.

.

Gaul. ere,

alui,

altus,

tr.,

nourish,

strengthen. altaria, ium,

;/.

alter, altera,

alterum, the other {of

//., altar.

t7l'0).

altitude,

inis

(altus),

/,

depth. altus, a,

land, territory.

aliud,

alia,

alius

alo,

aegritiidd, inis (aeger),

a,

(Alba), Alban

favorable, strange.

alii

aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick.

aequus,

an

/,

any one.

opposite, against, facing.

aequaliter

um,

alienus, a,

ae,

aliquis

hill.

adversus (adversus), prep. w. ace, aedificium,

um

a,

Albanus,

subst.,

albus, a,

um

adversus, a,

aegre

agricola, ae (ager + colo), m., farmer.

adveni,

adventus, us (^advenio), m.,

/;'.,

agere, celebrate a triumph,

alveus,

um

i,

/n.,

(alo), high, deep, basket, trough.

height,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Ambiani, orum,

vi.

pL, a Belgian tribe:

amicitia, ae (amicus),/!, friendship,

(amo), m.,

i

mitto),

(a

facio),

Amulius, ancile,

um,

arum

a,

um, narrow,

animadverto,

ere,

turn toward), to,

notice;

//.,

animadverti, aniadverto,

mind

turn one's

tr.,

animadvertere

pun-

in,

aqua, ae,/, water.

town of Cisalpine

a

f.,

Gaul.

Aquitania, ae,/i, a division of southern Gaul. w., an Aquitanian.

Aquitanus,

i,

ara, ae,

altar.

/.',

modern Saone. arbiter, arbitri, w., witness. arbitror,

sum

atus

ari,

—

arceo, ere, arcui,

,

(arbiter),

suppose.

intr., think, consider, tr.,

shut up, hin-

der, prevent.

ish.

animal, alis (anima,

animus,

life), n.,

animal.

m., mind, disposition, cour-

i,

age, spirit;

in

animo

esse, in

annus,

i, ;«.,

ante, adv.

year.

pono),

70.

ace, before.

/;-.,

put before.

in

for-

a,

(ango, vex), troubled,

um

i,

;«.,

a

//.,

open.

(aperio), open.

appello, are, avi, atus,

Appius,

/;.,

plow.

pi., joints.

(arceo),

/, stronghold,

citadel.

ae

(astutus,

cunning), /,

asylum,

i,

«.,

asylum, place of refuge.

at, coijj., but, yet.

aperio, ire, aperui, apertus, a,

arm,

shrewdness, cunning.

anxious.

apertus,

artuum, m.

arcis

astutia,

m., ring.

um

tr.,

asper, aspera, asperum, rough, fierce.

times, anciently.

anxius,

bracelet.

aro, are, avi, atus,

arx,

antiquus, a, um, old, ancient. i,

king.

weapons.

ars, artis,/, art. artiis,

conj., before, until.

antiquitus (antiquus), adv.,

anulus,

German

«. //., arms,

equiji.

and prep.

+

(ante

w., a

i,

arma, 5rum,

armo, are, avi, atus (arma),

antepono, ere,anteposui, antepositus

antequam,

Ariovistus,

animo armilla, ae,/,

habere, have in mind, intend.

mer

the

in

of.

Arar, Araris, m., a river of Gaul, the

contracted.

(animum +

madversus

+

aquilo, 5nis, m., the north wind.

large, extensive, ample.

(angustus), /. narrowness, narrow pass.

angustus,

w. ace, among,

p>'ep-

Aquileia, ae,

+

a small oval shield.

is, «.,

angustiae,

+

w., king of Alba Longa.

i,

of, seize.

presence

increase, extend.

//'.,

a,

prehend5, seize), lay

propinquus), approach, come near. apud,

amo, are, avi, atus, /;-., love, like. amoveo, ere, amovi, amotus (a moveo), tr., take away, remove. amplified, are, avi, atus (amplus amplus,

+

lose.

//'.,

+

appropinquo, are, avi, atus (ad

friend, ally.

amissus

amisi,

amitto, ere,

apprehendi, appre-

ere,

hensus (ad hold

alliance.

amicus,

apprehends,

269

Roman

tr., call,

Athenae, arum,/, Athens. atque, ac,

name.

surname.

conj.,

Atrebas, atis,

and.

;«.,

a Belgic tribe.

one of the Atrebates,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

2/0

attingo, ere, attigi, attactus (ad

tango,

touch),

touch,

/;-.,

+

join,

border on. attonitus,

um,

a,

thunderstruck,

(Y)/«/.

audacius; sup.

Audecumborius,

w.,

i,

an ambassador

audeo, ere, ausus sum,

hear.

/;-.,

aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus (ab take away, carry

augeo, ere, auxi, auctus,

augurium,

tr.,

tr.,

,

Bibrax, Bibractis,

Boil,

orum, m.

pi.,

facio),

«.,

n.,

drink.

a town of the

a tribe associated

«.,

um, good.

a,

Bratuspantium,

i,

;/.,

a town of the

BellovacT.

brevis,

off.

increase,

(augur, soothsayer),

i

—

bibo, ere, bibi,

bonus,

intr., dare.

audivi, auditus,

tr.,

+

with the Helvetii.

of the Remi.

+ fer6),

(bene

i

favor, service.

Remi.

audacissime.

ire,

comp.

;

melius, sup. optime.

benigne (benignus, kind), adv., kindly,

influence, reputation.

audacter (audax, bold), adv., boldly, courageously;

inferre,

;

beneficium,

astounded. auctoritas, atis (augeo),y;, authority,

audio,

bellum i, ;/., war wage war. bene (bonus), adv., well bellum,

short, brief.

e,

brevitas, atis (brevis),/, shortness.

Britannia, ae,/, Britain.

tlivination, augury.

aureus,

a,

um

auspicium, «.,

i

(aurum, gold), golden. (avis

+

specio,

look),

divination by noting the cries or

autem, coij but, moreover, however, ,

i,

Aventinus,

um,

one of the seven

of the Aventine, hills

of

Rome,

averto, ere, averti, aversus (ab

100-44

a family

»i.,

B.C.,

campus,

avus,

capio, ere, cepi, captus,

m., grandfather, ancestor. ae,/., a river of Gaul, the

mod-

B

m., plain.

ture, seize

;«.

;

hill

//.,

Belgians,

a

i,

on which

captivus,

i

tr,,

take, cap-

form (a plan). «.,

the Capitol, a great

temple of Jupiter

e, Balearic.

Belgae, arum,

i,

Capitolium,

ern Aisne.

Balearis,

of the

the conqueror of Gaul.

avis, is,/, bird.

Axona,

name

Gaius lulius Caesar,

;

calamitas, atis,/, disaster, defeat.

vert5), turn away, remove.

i,

cut to

sky, heavens.

;/.,

i,

Caesar, aris, Julian gens

+

tr.,

pieces, slay.

caelum,

help, aid.

n.,

a,

die,

(caedo),/, slaughter.

is

caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus,

See aude5.

auxilium,

tr., fall,

jjerish.

caedes,

flight of birds.

ausus.

cado, ere, cecidi, casurus,

it

at

Rome, and

the

stood.

(capio), m., captive.

head.

of northern Gaul. bellicosus, a, um (bellum), warlike.

caput, capitis,

Bellovaci, orum,

careo, ere, carui, cariturus, intr. w.

tribe

of Gaul.

;;/.,

a Belgic

tribe

;/.,

care (cams), adv., dearly.

abl.,

be without, be in need

of, lack.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN carpentuin,l,«., two-wheeled carriage. carrus,

w.,

i,

Carthago,

wagon,

inis, /., a great

Phoenician

on the northern coast of Africa.

city

um,

carus, a,

i

Roman name.

{ditjt.

Casticus,

i,

castrum,

i,

«.,

Sequanian

m., a

«., fort

;

//. castra,

orum, circumicio,

(circum

i,

+

causa, ae,/, reason, cause, case; qua

de causa, why,

on account

for

this

reason; of, for,

See cado. ere, cessi,

cessum,

?«/;-.,

go,

yield, retire, retreat.

(celer),

+

venio),

tr.,

cis,

/,

speed,

prep. w. ace, on this side

of.

civicus, a,

um

and p.,

civis, is,

m.

civitas,

atis

on

this side of.

citizen.

(civis), /, citizenship,

out),

tr.,

cry out, shout.

(clamo, cry out),

comp. celerius; sup. celerrime.

classis, is,/, fleet.

Celtae, arum, m., Celts, one of the three great peoples of Gaul.

ae,

sister

/,

of

Appius

i, w., a Roman family name; Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul

Claudius,

centum, indecL, hundred. centuria, ae (centum), /, a division of the people, or army, containing century.

249

B.C.

claudo,

ere,

clausi,

clausus,

shut,

close.

centurio, onis (centuria), m., centu-

dementia, ae (clemens, mild), /, kindness, mildness.

of a century.

certamen, inis (certo, contend),

Claudia,

;«.,

Claudius Pulcher.

cena, ae,y., meal, dinner.

w.,

contest.

certus, a,

come

(civis), civic,

shouting, cry.

,

commander

throw

citerior, citerius, hither,

celeriter (celer) adv., quickly, swiftly

rion,

circum-

tr.,

around, surround,

clamor, oris

;

iacio),

state.

quickness.

one hundred

tr.,

clamito, are, avi, atus (clamo, cry

celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick.

atis

do),

circumveni, circum-

citra, prep. w. ace,

of.

cavea, ae (cavus, hollow),/, cage.

celeritas,

iri,

ventus (circum

causa, w. gen., for the sake

+

about, place around.

circumvenio, cub.

ni.,

circumdedi,

ere, circumieci,

iectus (circum

misfortune.

cedo,

circumdare,

surround.

chief.

casus, us (cado), m., falling, chance,

cecidi.

circumdo,

circumdatus

camp.

catulus,

w. ace, about, nearly.

around.

of castrum),

redoubt.

fort,

a Germanic tribe.

;«.,

circa, prep. w. ace, around, about.

circum, adv. attd prep. w. ace, about,

m., a

i,

castellum,

m., food.

i,

Cimbri, orum, circiter, prep.

dear.

casa, ae,y!, hut.

Cassius,

ceteri, ae, a, //., the rest, the others.

cibus,

cart.

271

um (cerno, perceive), certain,

appointed; certiorem facere, inform.

cliens, clientis,

in,

and f, dependent,

vassal.

coepi,

coepisse,

began.

coeptus sum, def,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

272 cognosce,

cognitus

cognovl,

ere,

+

(con

[gjnosco, know),

rec-

ir.,

ognize, learn, discover, ascertain.

ag5),

drive together, collect, force,

com-

part of a legion).

cohortor,

is,

/;-.,

m.,

sum

atus

ari,

hortor), coUis,

(con

+

exhort, encourage.

caedo, slay),

tr.,

cut down,

COncilio, are, avi, atus,

/;

.,

kill.

gain, win,

m., provisions, sup-

iis,

comminus

(con

+

manus),

(ui7'.,

hand.

to

committo,

commisi, commissus mitto),/;-., commit, intrust ere,

;

advantageously,

commoveo,

+

ere,

useful), adv.,

commovi, commotus

moveo),

to

move, influence,

+

(con

+

par),

fit-

are, avi, atus (con

+ paro),

prepare, provide.

pletus (con

-f

ple5,

fill), tr., fill

up,

complete.

complures,

many, very many, a

great many.

go.

c5nfici6,

(con

permit.

ere,

+

(confercio, crowd),

confectus

confeci,

facio),

accomplish,

tr.,

fin-

complete, furnish, wear out.

confirmo,

are,

atus

avi,

(con

+

strengthen,

tr.,

establish, assure, encourage.

intr.,

ere,

contend,

us

conflictus,

conflixi, fight.

confugio, ere, confiigi,

—

,

intr., flee.

(congredior,

meet),

w., meeting.

—

,

intr., agree,

ere, conieci, coniectus (con 4-

iaci5),

cum. ere,

um

congruo, ere, congrui,

seize), tr., seize, arrest.

cedo),

bring together,

/;-.,

conferre, betake one's

se

confertus, a,

comprehendo, ere, tally. comprehend!, comprehensus (con -)- prehendo, conicio,

+

fer5),

congressus, ia,

conductus

conferre, contuli, conlatus

-1-

c6nflig5,

compleo, complere, complevi, com-

(con

-f

bring together,

tr.,

firmo, strengthen),

ting, suitable.

concede,

agree), /,

conduxi,

ere,

duco),

gather;

ish,

compar, comparis (con

See

-j-

crowded, dense.

easily.

disturb.

comparo,

(condico,

(con

hire.

self,

commode (commodus,

(con

onis

conduce,

confero,

begin (battle).

join,

tr.,

condo, ere, condidi, conditus (con

(con

plies.

+

avi, atus condemn,

are,

d5, put),/;-., found, establish.

commeatus,

(con

assembly, council.

«.,

i,

condemno, damno),

agreement, proposal, terms.

worship.

hand

concilium,

condicid,

bill.

col5, ere, colui, cultus, tr., cultivate,

con.

be killed.

fall,

procure.

pel.

cohors, cohortis, /, cohort (the tenth

tr.,

— (con +

concidi,

ere,

cado), intr.,

concido, ere, concidi, concisus (con-f-

+

cogo, ere, coegi, coactus (con

concidS,

/;-.,

throw, hurl.

coniungo, ere, coniunxi, coniiinctus concessi, yield,

concessus

grant, allow,

(con

+

coniiinx, wife.

iungo),

tr., join.

coniugis

(coniungo),

/,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN onis

coniuratio,

con-

(coniuro), /,

coniuratus,

con-

m.,

(coniuro),

i

coniurS, are, avi, atus (con -f iuro,

swear), intr., conspire, plot. conlatus.

conloquium,

(con

-f loco,

(conloquor),

i

in-

n.,

sum

loquor, speak), intr., speak

sum,

consanguineus,

attempt, try.

/;-.,

+

(con

i

sanguis,

blood), m., relative, kinsman.

+

consecro,

scribo),

are,

/;-.,

(con

+

agree,

conspire.

sequor;, tr

sum

pursue, over-

,

conser5, ere, conserui, consertus (con

+

sero, bind),

servo),

considers,

keep

(con

-I-

sido,

atus

(con

-|-

safe, preserve.

atus, consider,

avi,

are,

ere,

vice,

i

consessum

consedi, seat),

intr.,

settle,

(c5nsul5),

e

«.,

plan, ad-

(con

+

(con

similis), very

constiti,

accustomed),

be

suesco,

tom, habit. c5nsul, consulis, m., consul.

consulo,

consultus,

consului,

ere,

ere,

contendi,

(con

+

gle;

hasten, hurry

tendo),

— (con +

contentus

intr., strive, strug;

march.

contentio, onis (contendo), /, contest,

controversy.

(contineo),

adv.,

con-

tinually, constantly.

(con

+

ere,

continui,

teneo),

tr.,

together, restrain,

contentus

hold

hem

in,

in,

hold

keep.

contio, 5nis (convenio),/, meeting.

and prep.

w. ace, against,

opposite.

See confero.

contuli.

i

(con

+

niibo,

marry),/,

marriage.

(con

+

ire,

conveni,

venio),

gether, assemble ere,

ap-

be accustomed.

intr.,

convenio, -f

like.

consisto,

erect,

determine,

point.

c5niibium,

prudence.

consimilis,

place,

/;•.,

station,

contra, adv.

at closely.

take up an abode.

consilium,

statuo),

contineo,

join (battle).

avi,

examine, look consido,

tr.,

are, tr.,

-f

construct,

continenter

take, obtain.

conservo,

constituo, ere, c5nstitui, constitiitus

consensum contendo, intr.,

feel),

consequor, consequi, consecutus 4-

stand), /,

(consto,

ask advice, consult.

consecrate.

tr.,

consensi,

ire,

sentio,

levy, enroll.

atus

avi,

sacro, set apart),

consentio,

ae

consuetudo, inis (consuesco),/, cus-

c6nscrib5, ere, conscripsi, conscrip-

tus (con

see, per-

//-.,

consuesco, ere, c5nsuevi, consuetus

together, confer.

Conor, ari, atus

specio, look),

constantia,

(con

conloquor, conloqui, conlociitus

+

-\-

firmness.

terview, conference.

(c5n

(conspicio), w., sight,

ceive.

place, put, station.

tr.,

+

iis

cSnspicio, ere, c5nspexi, conspectus

(con

See confero.

conloco, are, avi, atus

(con

conspectus, view.

spirator.

(con

take a stand,

intr.,

hold a position, stop.

spiracy.

place),

place),

sisto,

273

it

is fit,

agreed.

intr., ;

conventus

come

to-

inipers. convenit,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

274 converto,

conversus

converti,

ere,

cursus,

(curro, run),

lis

course.

tn.,

(con + verto), turn (about), change;

curiilis,e (currus, chariot), curule.

signa convertere, face about.

ciistodia,

convoco, are, avi, atus (con together,

tr., call

coorior,

voco

),

summon.

ae (custos, guard),/, guard.

custodio, ire,

ciistodivi,

(ciistos, guard),

sum

coortus

iri,

+

(con

+

D

Orior), ind-., rise, break out.

copia, ae,

supply, abundance; //.,

f.,

damno,

Corinthus, i,/, Corinth.

Slq,/.,

be

in/r., fall,

fall),

cottldianus, a,

um

(cottidie), daily.

/;-.,

be-

cremo, are, avi, atus, avi,

burn.

/;-.,

atus,

/;.,

appoint,

choose.

yi, cross,

blame. with

abl., ;

conj.,

;

in compo-

when,

since,

although, because.

cupio, ere, cupivi or cupii, cupitus, wish, desire, be eager for.

adv.,

w

i,

,

Piiblius

-t-

certo,

contend.

Decius Mus,

de -t- clivus, slope), sloping,

declivis, e

(

decrevi.

See decerno.

curro, run), intr

-\-

,

decursum run down,

deditio, onis (dedo),/, surrender,

do),

Cupidus,a,um(cupi5), desirous, eager.

ciir,

intr., fight,

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus (de

sition, con-, CO-

tr.,

Decius,

-f-

decide, decree.

hasten down.

gallows.

cultus, see colo. 711.

-f-

ought.

decretus (de

/;-.,

decerto, are, avi, atus (de

(de

culpo, are, avi, atus (culpa, fault),

p7-ep.

(de

inf.,

decurrS, ere, de(cu)curri,

Cretes, Cretum, m. pL, Cretans.

crux, crucis,

about.

consul 340 B.C.

lieve, trust.

cum,

debitus with

;

ere, decrevi,

contend),

credo, ere, credidi, creditus,

tr.,

owe

cerno, separate),

cottidie, i7
are,

tr.,

to, for;

decern, indecL, ten.

slain.

Aulus Cornelius Cossus, decerno,

m.,

consul 343 u.c.

creo,

habeo),

down from;

from,

abl.,

dea, ae, /, goddess. debe5, ere, debui,

— (con-|-ru5,

condemn,

/;-.,

concerning, in regard

body.

«.,

are, avi, atus,

sentence. de, prep. w.

crown.

corpus, corporis,

1,

Roman

horn, flank, wing,

n.,

corruo, ere, corrui,

Cossus,

of a

See Cossus.

family.

cornu, us, C0r5na,

name

m., the

i,

damnati5, onis (damno),/, condemnation.

forces, troops.

Cornelius,

ciistoditus

watch, guard.

tr.,

why.

cura, ae,/, care.

Cures, Curium,///., a Sabine town. curia, ae,/, senate.

tr.,

-t-

give up, surrender.

defends, ere, defendi, defensus,

/;-.,

defend; protect.

defensor,

(defendo),

oris

m.,

de-

fender.

defero, deferre, detuli, delatus (de-1fero), defici5,

faci5,

carry

/;.,

off

ere, defeci, //'.

deinceps,

and adv.,

thereafter.

;

bestow, confer.

defectus (de

intr., fail,

-f

be lacking.

successively,

next,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN deinde (de

+

inde), adv., afterwards,

sum

delabor, delabi, delapsus labor),

slip, intr.,

glide or

atus,

delecto, are, avi,

(de

+

down.

fall

please,

tr.,

(de

lego, collect),

+

demitto,

tr.,

send down,

+

down

let

;

se demittere, jump.

show),

//-.,

point

+ monshow,

out,

denique, adv., p6n5),

lay

/;'.,

populor),

down, give up.

sum

atus

ari,

(de

deprecatore,

eo

;

through his mediation. scando, climb),

describe, ere,

z';//;'.,

tr.,

descend.

descriptus

descripsi,

+ scribo),

(de

describe.

desisto, ere, destiti,

—

adv

esteem),

(diligo,

,

carefully, attentively.

ae

dimetior,

esteem), /,

(diligo,

iri,

dimensus

(de

stand), intr., cease, leave

sum,

tr.,

measure. intr.,

fight,

contend. dimitto, ere, dimisi, dimissus (dis tr.,

rapio),

send

off,

+

dismiss, let go.

+

lay waste, pillage, ravage.

tr.,

un-.

-j-cedo),

depart,

i)itr.,

withdraw,

leave,

discipulus,

descends, ere, descend!, descensum

+

diffi-

discedo, ere, discessi, discessum (dis

deprecator, oris (deprecor, mediate), intercessor

/,

dis-, di-, insep. neg. prefix, apart, not,

+

lay waste, ravage,

tr.,

(dif&cilis),

diripio, ere, diripui, direptus (dis

at last, finally.

depono, ere, deposui, depositus (de depopulor,

difficult,

culty.

mitto),

mention.

(de

atis

difficultas,

dimico, are, avi, atus,

demonstro, are, avi, atus (de stro,

facilis),

carefulness, diligence, industry.

demisi, demissus (de

ere,

mitto),

+

(dis

e

hard.

diligentia,

select, choose.

tr.,

Delphi, orum, m., Delphi.

in.,

w. and f., day.

diligenter

delight.

deligo, ere, delegi, delectus

+

dies, ei,

dif&cilis,

next,

275

i

(disco), m., pupil.

disc5, ere, dedici,

—

,

tr.,

learn,

discurro, ere, dis(cu)curri, discursum (dis -f curro, run), intr., run in different directions,

+ sisto,

dissimilis, e (dis -f similis), unlike, dissimilar.

off.

desum, deesse, defui, defuturus (de dissimulo, are, avi, atus (dissimilis), /;-., conceal, disguise. + sum), ii2tr., be lacking, fail. deus,

i,

;;/.,

god.

distineo,

devinco, ere, devici, devictus (de vinco),

tr.,

subdue, conquer.

tr.,

tra, di-.

+

vow, devote.

dexter, dextra, dextrum, right

;

dex-

fine).

ere,

distentus

distinui,

teneo),/r.,

keep

apart.

(dis-f tribuo, assign),

/;-.,

distribute,

diu, adv., long, for a long time

;

iomp.

diutius, sup. diiitissime.

See dis-.

impose (a

-\-

divide.

ae,/, right hand.

died, ere, dixi, dictus, say,

(dis

distribuo, ere, distribui, distribiitus

devove5, ere, devovi, devotus (de voveo),

+

Diviciacus, tell,

speak

;

i,

w., achief of the

divid5, ere, divisi, divisus, separate.

Haedui.

tr.,

divide,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

276 do, dare, dedi, datus,

give

/;.,

poenas

;

dare, suffer punishment.

doceo, ere, docui, doctus,

tr. tr.,

teach,

trick), adv.,

(dolus,

dolose

craftily,

domesticus,

um

a,

from their

;

effund5,

dominus,

domus, us or domi,

own

i,

d5num,

um,

doubtful.

ducenti, ae, a (duo

+

w.,

ductus,

lead,

/;-.,

Gaius Duilius, a Roman

general, victor over the Carthaginians in a naval battle, 260 B.C.

dum, conj., Dumnorix, Haeduan

m.,

eo, ire,

eo

brother of the

man

that

place,

(equus),

m.,

horse-

m., horse.

i,

ereptus

eripui,

ere,

(ex

+

snatch away, save,

tr.,

ero, erim, etc.

E

sum.

See

eruptio, 5nis (erumpo, break forth),

um

(edo), high, elevated.

edo, edere, edidi, editus (ex

+

f..

do),

give out, give birth to, bear.

edo, edere or esse, esi, esus,

eduxi,

ere,

tr.,

eductus

eat.

(ex

effere,

extuli,

carry out,

elatus (ex

breaking out,

esse.

See

et, conj.,

+

diico), tr., lead out, lead.

tr.,

to

//., cavalry.

;

rapi5),

See ex.

fero),

intr., go.

there,

adv.,

of the cavalry, equestrian.

general.

effero,

nunti5),

equitatus, us (eques), m., cavalry,

indecl., twelve.

eripio,

educo,

+

equester, equestris, equestre (eques),

Diviciacus.

equus,

tr.,

itum,

ii,

(is),

dux, duels (diico), m., guide, leader,

editus, a,

migro,

announce, reveal,

duodeviginti, indecl., eighteen.

e.

+

conj., for.

eniintio, are, avi, atus (ex

eques, equitis

while, until. igis,

lego,

thither.

duo, duae, duo, two.

duodecim,

+

migrate), inlr., emigrate, remove.

tr., i,

+

lure forth, bring

tr.,

emigr5, are, avi, atus (ex

centum), two

bring.

Duilius,

(ex

elicitus

elicui,

down.

out, call

enim, diixi,

ere,

I.

is.

ere,

eliciS,

/;.,

hundred. duco,

to

choose),/;'., select, pick out, choose.

«., gift.

dubius, a,

nymph reputed Numa.

eligo, ere, elegi, electus (ex

(do),

i

See

lacio, allure),

present, give.

+

See ago.

eius.

home, liomeward. dono, are, avi, atus (d5num),

(ex

spread

forth,

give revelations to

ego, mei, pers. pron.,

home domum, (to)

;

pour

/;-.,

out, overflow.

egi.

house,

f.,

home

at

country.

master, lord.

in.,

1,

(domus), domes-

fugio),

effusus

effudi,

ere,

+

(ex

escape.

intr.,

Egeria, ae, /, a

by trickery.

tic

and

fundo, pour),

inform.

—

effugio, ere, effiigi,

+

etiam still,

sally,

sum and

and (et

;

+

at

.

.

iam),

edo. .

et,

both

conj.,

.

.

.

and.

besides,

even.

Europa, ae,/, Europe. evado, ere, evasi, evasus (ex go), intr., go out, escape.

-|-

vado,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN ex or

e, p7-ep.

una ex

w. abl., out

tr.,

go

train),

cogito,

exitum (ex

avi,

+

eo),

atus

(exerceo,

existimo, are, avi, atus

(ex

+

aes-

timo, consider),/;-., think, suppose,

a,

um

(expedi5, free), un-

form, build i

+

(faci5), «., deed.

fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus,

spem

search,

ascertain, reconnoiter.

tr.,

expose, abandon.

(famulus,

ae

abandonment.

Faustulus,

m., the shepherd

i,

+ pugno),

capture, take by storm, storm.

+ specto),

look, wait for, await, expect, wait to see.

+

stingu5,

put

tinguish, destroy,

exterus,

extera,

out),

/;-.,

ex-

feracis

(fero),

fertile,

pro-

ductive.

fero, ferre, tuli, latus,

ferreus, a, iron

tr.,

um

bear, carry;

institute a law.

(ferrum, iron), of iron,

ferreae manus, grappling-

;

irons.

fertilitas,

atis

exterum,

outer

extremus,

last,

of.

extra, prep. w. ace, outside

extremus.

um,

ferus, a,

(fertilis,

fierce, wild,

(fido, trust),

fides, ei

fidence, trust

kill.

cojnp. exterior, sup.

end

—

who

fertile),

/,

fertility.

exstinguo, ere, exstinxi, exstinctus

(ex

/,

See fallo.

legem ferre, propose,

exspecto, are, avi, atus (ex

slave),

fere, adv., nearly, about, almost.

expositio, onis (expono),/, exposure,

/;'.,

were

household, vassals.

ferax,

expositus (ex

expugn5, are, avi, atus (ex

deceive;

disappointed in their hope.

femina, ae, /, woman.

p5no),

tr.,

se fefellisse, that they

exploro, are, avi, atus,

+

make, do,

brought up Romulus and Remus.

drive out, expel.

ere, exposui,

tr.,

verba facere, speak.

;

fefelli.

exp5no,

comp.

facilis, e (facio), easy.

explorator, 5ris (explore), m., scout. tr.,

;

fastus,a,um(fas, right), legal, court

incumbered, without baggage. expello, ere, expuli, expulsus (ex tr.,

adv., easily

(facilis),

familia,

believe,

pell5)

facile

factum,

exercitus, us (exerceo, train ), w., army.

expeditus,

tr.,

liuild.

facio, ere, feci, factus,

exercise, train.

tr.,

make, construct,

facilius, sup. facillime.

out, depart, leave.

are,

exercito,

are, avi, atus (faber),

fabrico,

fabula, ae (for, speak),/, story.

+

think out, contrive.

exeo, exire, exii, intr.,

ex

;

on the march.

itinere,

excogito, are, avi, atus (ex think),

from, of

of,

on one side

parte,

277

of,

beyond.

See exterus.

barbarous.

/,

faith,

con-

in fidem venire, put

;

one's self under the protection of. fidus, a,

um,

filia, ae,

/, daughter.

filius,

i,

finis,

is,

/«.,

faithful, loyal.

son.

m., limit,

end, boundary;

//., territory.

finitimus, a, faber, fabri, m., mechanic, artisan.

workman,

neighboring ;«.,

um ;

neighbor.

(finis), adjoining,

as subst., finitimus,

i,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

278 factus

fio, fieri,

sum

{used as passive

of facio), be made, become tior fieri, be informed. flamen, flaminis,

devoted

Flamen, a

»i.,

worship

the

to

cer-

;

one

fire

;«.,

= futurum = esset.

;

forte erat effusus, hapchance pened to have overflowed. ;

fortiter (fortis), adv., bravely,

ae (fors), f, fortune, good w., market place, forum.

tn.,

friimentarius,

a,

of grain

um

(friimentum),

(fruor), «., grain,

i

fruor, frui, friictus

fuga, ae, /,

flight

sum, ;

in

tr.,

as

;

fiigi,

— ,intr.,

of

river

(fulgeo,

dare,

;

gener, generi, w., son-in-law.

flash),

«.,

genus, generis (gens),

(funda,

tribe,

carry on,

wage

tr.

pass,

;

matrem

;

;/.,

kind, class.

(German.

,

,

bear, carry,

go on, take

se gessit, bore her-

or acted as a mother. m., sword.

i,

gracilis, e, slender.

Graecus,

Greek.

i, ///.,

ae

(gratus),

sling),

/, favor,

fluence; kindness; gratia, w.

sake

of, for

the purpose

sum

rage),

w.,

of.

(gratus),

m.,

gratus, a,

um,

/;-.,

pleasing, acceptable,

agreeable. (furo,

in-

^£'«.,

congratulate.

slinger.

oris

w

gero, ere, gessi, gestus,

for the

fUnale, is (fiinis, cord), w., torch.

madness.

i,

gratulor, ari, atus

m., smoke.

oris

/,

Graecia, ae, /, Greece.

run

flee,

thunderbolt, lightning.

funditor,

Gaul,

geminus, a, um, twin, two-headed as subst., gemini, orum, in. pL, twins.

gratia, inis

snhst.,

mountain of Cam-

w., a

i,

gladius,

enjoy.

fugam

flight.

ere,

T,

Gallic

m., a Gaul.

i,

pania.

self

away.

furor,

Gaurus,

place

of grain, provisions.

fumus,

um,

a,

Germanus,

brother.

res frumentaria, supplies

;

friimentum,

fulmen,

/, Gaul,

Gallia, ae,

nation, race.

fossa, ae(fodi6, dig),/, ditch, trench. frater, fratris,

ot

of the Sues-

gens, gentis (gigno, bear),

fortune.

put to

lieutenant

a king

Genava, ae,/, a city of the Allobroges, modern Geneva.

fortis, e, brave.

fugio,

Roman name.

(1) ^

Garumna. ae, /, a modern Garonne.

esse.

forma, ae, f, shape, form, forte, by fors, fortis, /, chance

i,

w., a

i,

(2)

;

Gallus,

foret

forum,

Gaius,

Gallus,

pan, bra/ier.

fortiina,

=

siones.

{dim. of focus, hearth),

f5ns, fontis, w., fountain, spring.

fore

G.

Caesar

(fluo), «., river.

fluo, ere, flQxi, fluxus, i>itr., flow. i

theft,

;;.,

See sum.

Galba, ae, w.:

flQmen, fluminis foculus,

thief),

i (fiir,

f uturus.

priest

of

god.

special

furtum,

rage,

gravis,

e,

heavy, hard.

graviter (gravis

), adv., severely.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN H

humilis, e (humus), low.

habe5, ere, habul, habitus, hold

have,

tr.,

Haeduus, i, m., Haeduan. Hannibal, alis, ;«. (i) a Carthaby ginian commander defeated :

Duilius; (2) a Carthaginian general,

son of Hamilcar, 247-183

de-

B.C.,

feated by Scipio at Zama, 202 B.C.

hasta, ae,

as suhst.,

;

Helvetii, orum, m. pL, Helvetians.

hiberna, ae (hiems),

//.,

;/.

he, she,

inir.,

hine, in one place .

.

...

.

.

.

in another,

lanuarius,

to-day.

adv., there, in that place.

honor.

sum,

tr.,

urge, en-

dem), dem.

a, um, suitable, fit. iduum,///., the Ides (15th of March, May, July, and October, 13th

m.,

is,

fire.

ignominia, ae,/, dishonor, disgrace. are, avi, atus (ignarus, igno-

not to know.

tr.,

imago,

he, she,

pron.

and

adj.,

the former.

it;

/, likeness, semblance. -f bellum), un-

inis,

1)1.,

warlike, cowardly.

garden.

and

f.,

guest,

imbuo,

imbui, imbutus,

ere,

wet;

/;.,

inspire.

Hostilius,

i,

tn.,

the

name

of a

Roman immineo,

Hostus Hostilius, a general the time of Romulus Tullus

family;

;

Hostilius, third king of

Hostus.

+

imbellis, e (in neg.

host.

hostis,

(is

the same.

idiis,

that;

hospes, hospitis, m.

in

and adj.,

pron.

ille, ilia, illud, de/n.

courage. 1,

one of the Remi.

i, in.,

rant),

hora, ae,/, hour.

hortus,

Janus, an old Latin divin-

i, jn.,

lecius,

ignis,

being.

hortor, ari, atus

Tiber.

(lanus), w., January.

i

represented with two faces.

ity,

homo, hominis, m, andf., man, human ignord, ;«.,

w., one of the hills of

i,

of the other months),

there.

-f dies), adv.,

honor, 5ris,

now, already, soon.

adz.^.,

idoneus,

hine

Hispania, ae,/, Spain.

hodie (hie

intr.,

identidem, adv., again and again.

winter, pass the winter.

hiems, hiemis, /, winter. hinc (hie), adv., hence;

.

,

boast, brag.

idem, eadem, idem

it.

throw,

tr.,

— — (iaeto, boast),

iactito, are,

ibi,

dem. pron., this; the

hiem5, are, avi, atus (hiems),

here

iactus,

construct (aggerem).

hurl;

lanus,

winter

quarters.

latter;

ieci,

Rome, west of the

um, Helvetian

hie, haec, hoc,

ere,

laniculum,

baud, adv., not. a,

humi, on the

/, ground;

i,

I

iacio,

iam,

yr, spear.

Helvetius,

humus,

ground.

consult (auspicia).

;

279

is, VI.,

Rome.

enemy.

See Hostilius.

hiic (hie), adv., hither, to this place.

imminui,

ere,

-,

intr.,

overhang.

immitto, -f

immisi, immissus (in

ere,

mitto),

send into,

/;'.,

let

into,

hurl.

impedimentum, drance;

//.,

i

(impedio),

baggage.

«.,

hin-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

28o impedio, (in

+

impeditus

impedivl,

ire,

pes),

entangle,

tr.,

hinder,

impede. pello),

urge, impel, incite.

/;'.,

impended, hang),

bend,

——

ere,

um, famous.

+

(in

,

pendeo,

yi,

inhab-

incolo,

—

incolui,

ere,

,

tr.,

dwell,

live.

imperator, oris (impero), m., com-

mander, commander

and

incola, ae (incolo), w. itant.

overhang.

intr.,

intr.,

incline, yield.

inclutus, a,

+

impell5, ere, impuli, impulsus (in

and

incline, are, avi, atus, tr.

in chief, gen-

incolumis,

e,

unharmed,

incredibilis, e

safe.

(in «^^.

-f-

credibilis,

believable), incredilile.

eral.

imperatum, i (impero), «., order, increpito, are, avi, atus (increp5), command. //-., exclaim, upbraid, taunt. imperium, i (imper5), «., order, com- increpo, are, increpui, increpitus, mand, power, government, rule; sound, scold, exclaim. nova imperia, revolution. inciiso, are, avi, atus (in -h causa), impero, are, avi, atus (in /;-.,

command,

paro),

-i-

impetro, are, avi, atus,

/;-.,

obtain,

(impet5,

iis

attack),

m.,

a,

um

(in neg. 4- pius, rever-

ent), wicked, impious.

impono,

ere,

-fpono),

place

um

a,

(in

neg. -f pro;

de im-

See inferus.

and

abl.;

into, against, toward, abl.,

in,

ace,

%v.

forward

;

w.

on, upon, over.

indico,

candeo, glow),

tr.,

incidi,

-\-

set fire to, burn.

—

(in -h cado),

/;-.

,

sign,

information

atus (in

urge on,

age, arouse, rouse.

;

dico, de-

indictus

indixi,

ere,

-f-

announce, reveal. (in -f

proclaim, announce, ap-

tr.,

point. infelix,

infelicis

m^^. -f felix,

(in

ill-fated.

See inferus.

infero, inferre, intuli, inlatus (in -f

carry

tr.,

bring

in,

inferre, betake one's self;

in

;

-|-

cito,

incite,

move

encour-

se

signa

inferre, charge.

um, below

rior, lower, inferior

;

comp. infe-

;

sup. infimus

or imus, lowest, bottom at

the foot

of, foot of,

of.

infesto, are, avi, atus (infestus),

intr., occur.

incito, are, avi, swiftly),

tr.,

inferus, a,

incendo, ere, incendi, incensus (in

incido, ere,

v.,

indico, are, avi, atus (in

fero),

w. ace,

(indico),

i

inferior.

inseparable prefix, un-,

not. in, prep.

m.,

(indico),

happy), unhappy,

provis5, unexpectedly, suddenly.

in-, negative

indicium,

dico),

in.

visus, foreseen), sudden

imus.

indicis

clare),

imposui, impositus (in

tr.,

improvisus,

index,

per indicium, by informers.

assault, attack, onset.

impius,

accuse, blame.

mark.

secure, gain.

impetus,

tr.,

inde, adv., thence, thereupon, then.

order, rule.

annoy. infestus, a,

infimus.

um,

hostile.

See inferus.

/;-.,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN influxus

influxi,

influo, ere,

+

(in

empty

fluo), itttr,, flow into,

into.

(in

+

sum

ingressus

ingredi,

gradior, go), intr., go into,

ere,

iaci5),

iniectus

inieci,

put

tr.,

inimicus,

(in

+

(in

Wf-^.

+ amicus),

neg.

-f

um

(in

aequus),

insum, inesse,

infui, infuturus (in

be

intr.,

(ineo, begin), n., begin-

i

in,

+

be among.

intellego, ere, intellexi, intellectus

+ leg5),

learn, perceive,

tr.,

know.

um

a,

(in

neg. 4-

tempus), stormy. inter, prep.

unfavorable, disadvantageous.

initium,

arrange, draw

/;.,

insula, ae, /, island.

intempestus,

hostile.

during

iv.

ace, between, among,

dare inter

;

se,

exchange

;

cohortati inter se, encouraging one

ning.

another.

iniuria, &&,/., injury, violence.

inopia, ae (inops, without means),/,

want, lack. def., say.

inrided,

ere,

(in

inrisus

tr, laugh

+

jeer,

at,

um

a,

(in

+

jieg.

sanus,

sum

insequor, insequi, inseciitus

+ sequor),

/;-.,

arum

(in

interea (inter

between,

+

is), adv.,

meantime,

meanwhile,

(insidio,

sit

in),

/ //.,

insideo, ere, insedi, insessus (in

sedeo),

+

occupy.

tr.,

ari,

sum

atus

(insidiae),

for, ambush. (signum), remarkable,

in wait

insignis,

e

insultus

msilio, ire, insilul,

«.

//-.,

leap on.

indecL,

likeness

(in

+

instar

tr., i

tr., kill.

interior, interius (inter), inner, inte;

sup. intimus.

interscindo,

ere,

scissus

(inter

down),

/;.,

cut

interscidi,

inter-

+

break

scindo,

down, destroy.

intersum, interesse, interfui, interfuturus (inter + sum), intr., be

among, be present. See interior,

intimus.

form, estabhsh.

(instituo),

custom, institution.

«.,

purpose,

in,

dur-

ing, tr.,

enter,

introduce, ere, intrdduxi, introductus (intro, within

muri, like a wall.

+ statuo),

facio),

intro, are, avi, atus, ;

instituo, ere, institui, institutus (in

institiitum,

+

intra (inter), prep. w. ace,

distinguished.

salio, leap),

(inter

rior of

follow, pursue.

ambush, treachery.

lie

lie

interim, adv., meanwhile,

sound), mad.

insidior,

cedo), intr.,

interficio, ere, interfeci, interfectus

ridicule.

insanus,

insidiae,

+

intervene.

inrisi,

laugh),

rideo,

intercedo, ere, intercessi, intercessus (inter

inquam,

Instar,

struo, build),

(inter

in.

um

a,

iniquus, a,

tr.,

+

sum),

enter. inici5,

instruo, ere, instruxT, instructus (in

up, fuim.

ingens, ingentis, huge, vast. ingredior,

281

introrsus

+

diico),

(intro,

within

lead in.

//'.,

+

versus),

adv., inside, within. intuli.

See infero.

inutilis, e

(in neg.

+ utilis),

useless.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

282 invenio,

iumentum, come upon, iungo, ere,

inveni, inventus (in

ire,

venio),

and

Ir.

intr.,

-j-

inveterasco.are, inveteravi, invetera-

tus

+ veterasco,

(in

become

intr.,

invictus,

grow

old),

established.

um

a,

(in

wt-^.

pack animal, /;-.,

join,

um,

ipsum,

ipse, ipsa,

he, she, it;

;

even.

;

iratus,

(irascor,

be angry),

angered, in anger.

it

;

this, that

;/.,

oath.

(iustus, just), /, justice,

uprightness.

young

e,

comp. iunior

;

iuvenis,

subst.

is,

;

as

young man,

m.,

youth.

and

adj., he,

is qui,

he (one,

ea, id, determ. pron. she,

gods.

iuro, swear),

iustitia, ae

iuvenis,

um

a,

Roman

ae,/, the Jura Mountains, reaching from the Rhine to the Rhone.

liira,

+

deter m. proit., self,

himself, herself, itself

very

luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, chief of

iiisiurandum, iurisiiirandi (ius, law

unwilling.

See luppiter.

lovi.

comp. (/iuvenis.

iiinior,

the

+ vinco),

unconquered. invitus, a,

a

«.,

iunxi, iunctus,

fasten together.

find.

is,

(iungo),

i

;

iuvo, are,

iiivi, iiitus, tr.,

help, aid.

man) who.

iste,

istud, detenu, pron.

ista,

and Labienus,

(of yours).

adj., that

labor, oris, w., labor, work.

ita (is), adv., thus, so. Italia,

ae,/,

lab5ro, are, avi, atus (labor), intr.,

Italy.

itaque {\&),conj., and

so, accordingly,

therefore. (is), adv., likewise, also.

iter,

itineris,

way

journey,

«.,

facere,

iter

;

ex itinere, on the march iter, forced

tr.,

march march

magnum

;

itum, iturus.

march.

iudicium,

ment,

tr.,

tr.,

order,

«.,

judg-

i

iugum yoke

a,

um, glad. um, left.

Iate5,

bribery.

;

atus (iudex, judge),

Latinus,

lie

a,

«.,

(jnade of spears crossed,

token of complete surrender).

in

—

,

i)i(r.,

be con-

hid.

um,

Latin.

inis

(latus),

/",

width,

breadth.

Latobrigl, orum,

yoke; sub mittere, send under the (iungo),

latui,

ere,

latitude,

judge.

iugum,

laevus,

cealed,

trial.

iiidic5, are, avi,

laetus, a,

erality

iussus,

(iudex, judge),

i

lacessitus,

attack, harass.

largitio, onis (largior, lavish),/, lib-

command.

bid,

lacessivi,

ere,

lapis, lapidis, m., stone.

See eo. iussi,

ere,

he hard pressed.

toil, suffer,

lacus, us, m., lake. ;

iterum, adv., again, a second time.

iubeo,

work, Iacess5,

item

road,

m., one of Caesar's lieu-

i,

tenants.

tn. pi.,

a Gallic tribe

near the Helvetii. latro, onis, m., robber, brigand.

latus, a, latus.

um, broad, wide. See fer5.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN latus, lateris,

;;.,

lupa, ae,/, she-wolf.

side, flank.

laudo, are, avi, atus (laus, praise), tr.,

commend.

praise,

/.,

embassy, deputation. i

lustro, are, avi, atus,

liix,

liicis,

liice, at

(lego, commission),

i,

lacus

/;/.,

am- luxuria,

ae,

excess, luxury.

/.,

M

tr.,

machina, ae,/, engine, contrivance,

choose.

Lemannus, Lake magis

of Geneva.

/, light-

legem

ferre,

liberum, free; as

orum. ni.pL,

subst.

/;-.,

lib-

atis

(liber),

/, freedom,

licuit,

licere,

impers.,

it

is

lineamentum,

(linea,

i

line),

m.,

feature.

ae (lino, smear),/, ;

letter (of

//., letters (epistles),

7)1.; pi.,

loci

and\QC&,

place,

position.

longe (longus), adv.,

um,

ludibrium,

far, far off.

long, distant.

grove.

i. III.,

i

(liidus),

;/.,

jest,

mock-

um, large, great; comp. maximus; maior na-

See

maximus

natu, oldest.

magnus.

male (malus),

comp.

badly;

adv.,

malo, malle, malui (magis

and intr., be more

malus,

a,

um, bad,

evil,

vol5),

-f

willing, prefer,

wicked

;

comp.

peior, sup. pessimus. i,

Roman

w., a

smith in

the time of Nunia.

mandatum, i (mando), command. mando, are, avi, atus,

«.,

order,

tr.,

order,

command. maneo, ere, mansT, mansiirus,

intr.,

remain, stay.

ery.

ludicer,

liidicra,

liidicrum

(liidus),

i,

m., play, sport,

luna, ae, y^ moon.

Manes, ium, m.

pi.,

the Manes, shades

of the dead.

sportive, playful. liidus,

adv.,

sitp.

Mamurius,

documents.

longus, a,

a,

tu, older;

tr.

the alphabet)

size,

peius, sup. pessime.

allowed, permitted.

lucus,

magnus,

maior.

liberty.

i,

magnopere (magnus + opus),

maior,

erate, free.

locus,

istrate, officer.

very greatly.

chil'lren.

atus (liber),

libero, are, avi,

master,

m.,

teacher.

greatness.

liber, libri, w., liook.

littera,

more,

magnitiid5, inis (magnus), /,

propose, establish a law.

licet,

adv.,

magistratus, us (magister), w., mag-

ness, fickleness.

lex, legis (lego),/, law;

liber, libera,

magistri,

magister,

(levis, light),

levitas, atis

libertas,

^/multum),

{fotiip.

rather.

lenis, e, smooth, gentle.

liberi,

re-

prima

daylight;

light,

/,

legio, onis (lego),/, legion.

Lemannus,

purify;

daybreak.

bassador, envoy; lieutenant.

Ieg5, ere, lexi, lectus,

tr.,

view, inspect.

legatio, onis (lego, commission),

legatus,

283

game.

Manlius,

i,

m., Titus

quatus, consul 343

Manlius Tor-

B.C.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

284 mansuetudo, f.,

inis

(mansuetus, tame),

mildness, clemency.

manus,

manus

ferreae, grappling irons.

Marcus,

m., a

i,

mare, maris, maritimus,

«.,

a,

sea;

mari, by sea.

(mare), of the

sea,

mille

passiis,

Roman

mile.

Roman minimus,

god of war.

um

a,

matrem minor, minus

se gessit, bore herself, acted like, a

less

minus {used

mother.

matrimonium, 1 (mater), ;/., marriage; in matrim5nium ducere, marry,

less si

{see

minor

;

/////.,

hasten,

younger.

as coutp. (?/"parum), adv.,

if

minus, nevertheless

(maximus),

adv.,

very

.S'^v i,

magnus.

w., a

Roman cognomen.

quem medium,

the middle

of which.

n.,

um, wonderful,

surprising.

wretched,

poor.

+

ago),

mobilitas,

See bonus,

melius.

See bene,

f.,

(mitis, mild

soften, civilize.

//'.,

mitto, ere, misi, missus,

able),

melior.

atis

tr.,

send, hurl.

(mobilis,

change-

fickleness.

moenia, moenium,

n. pi.,

walls, for-

tifications.

memoria, ae,/, memory. mens, mentis, /, mind. mensa, ae, /, table. is,

a,

mitigo, are, avi, atus

um, middle; per medias

custodes, through the midst of the guards;

wonder),

misere (miser), adv., wretchedly.

See ego. a,

(miror,

i

miser, misera, miserum,

See Valerius.

me, mel.

wonder), won-

wonder, prodigy. mirus,

greatly, es])ecially.

maximus. Maximus,

;

not.

derful.

miraculum,

hurry.

maxime

of

parvus), smaller,

mirabilis, e (miror,

maturo, are, avi, atus,

as sup.

least.

natii,

nihilo

;

minus,

See -^dSMVi.

{iised

parvus), smallest,

mater, matris, /, mother;

thou-

noun; mille passuum, a

millia, always

//.

;

minime (minimus).

Mars, Martis, w., Mars, the

mensis,

and noun,

indecl. adj.

sand

maritime.

medius,

militaris, e (miles), military.

mille,

Roman name.

um

See ego.

miles, militis, w., soldier.

/, hand, band;

us,

mihi.

m., month.

moneo,

ere,

monui,

monitus,

tr.,

warn, advise.

monitus, us (mone5), m., warning, counsel, suggestion.

mons, montis, ;«., mountain. trader, merchant. mora, ae, /, delay. Mercurius, i, m.. Mercury, god of morbus, i, m., sickness, illness morbo trade, and messenger of the gods, exstinctus, died a natural death. mergo, ere, mersi,mersus,/'/-., dip, sink, morior, mori, mortuus sum, inh-., die.

mercator, oris

(mercor, trade), m.,

;

metus,

meus,

lis,

a,

m., fear, terror.

um,

pass, adj.,

my, mine.

moror,

ari,

atus

delay, hinder.

sum (mora),

intr.,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN mors, mortis, /, death. m5s, m5ris, m., custom, habit.

moveo,

movi, motus,

ere,

move,

tr.,

minor natu, younger.

;

ae

natiira,

(nascor),

nature,

/,

character.

nauta, ae (navis), m.,

camp.

mox,

(nascor), in age; maior natu,

older

movere, break

castra

influence;

natii

285

sailor.

navalis, e (navis), of ships, naval.

adv., soon.

in., the name of a Roman navis, is, /, ship. Gaius Mucius Scaevola, -ne, enclitic, sign of an interrogative. after a Roman who attempted to kill ne, conj., not, so that not, lest

Mucius,

family

i,

;

;

verbs of fearing, that.

Porsena. Miicius, a, urn (Mucius), Mucian.

multa, ae, /, multitiido,

tine,

nefastus,

num-

{abl.
multum

multus), adv., much.

(multus),

much,

adv.,

um, much

a,

multa nocte,

late

multam noctem, Munatius,

;

till

many

//.,

at

night

;

ad

late at night.

Lucius Munatius

m.,

i,

Plancus, one of Caesar's lieutenants.

miinimentum,

i

(nefas, crime), un-

unpropitious

;

(munio),

n.,

defense,

dies ne-

;

which public

busi-

ness could not be transacted.

nego, are, avi, atus, deny, say

greatly.

multus,

um

a,

hallowed

fastus, a day on

bers, multitude.

multo

kill,

tr.,

put to death.

penalty.

(multus), /,

inis

(nex)

neco, are, avi, atus

mulier, mulieris, /, woman, wife.

negotium,

.

i,

and

tr.

intr.,

not.

.

.

business, affair; quic-

;/.,

quam negoti, any trouble. nemo, neminem (ne + homo), and f., no

nemus, nemoris, nepos,

m.

one, nobody. ;/.,

grove.

nepotis, m.,

grandson,

de-

scendant.

fortification.

muni- neque, nee, conj., and not, but not; nor. neque, neither neque (munio), /, forti- Nervii, orum, m., a powerful tribe of

miinio, ire, miinivi or munii, tus,

ir., fortify,

munitio,

onis

defend.

.

i,

reward.

«., gift,

neuter, neutra,

nam,

.

uter),

nihil, indecl. «., nothing.

no respect

nihilo, adv., in

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum,

tr.,

get, obtain.

;

tribe,

nihilo

(ne

-f-

si),

conj.,

if

not, unless,

except. n5bilis, e (nosco,

rise.

/, nation,

;

minus, nevertheless. nisi

nascor, nasci, natus sum, intr., be born, be produced

-\-

nex, necis, /, death, murder.

See nanciscor.

natio, 5nis (nascor),

neutrum (ne

niger, nigra, nigrum, black.

conj., for.

people.

.

neither (of two).

m., wall.

N nactus.

.

.

Belgic Gaul.

fication.

miinus, eris,

murus,

.

know), noble.

nobilitas, atis (nobilis), nobles,

f.,

nobility,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

286

noceo, ere, nocui, nociturus,

/;-.,

hurt,

harm.

injure,

nocturnus,

a,

um

(nox), by night, in

+

not to wish,

intr.,

IV.

infin.,

do

volo),

Ije

tr.

and

unwilling

;

not. ;/.,

name. atus (nomen),

/;-.,

nondum,

king of Alba Longa,

(ne

+ umquam,

ever),

adv., never,

nunc, adv., now.

atus (niintius),

/;-.,

report, announce.

m., messenger.

i,

nuper, adv., recently,

niisquam (ne

call.

Xumidian.

grandfather of Komulus and Remus.

niintius, are, avi,

n5n, adv., not.

adv.,

lately.

+ usquam,

anywhere),

nowhere, on no occasion.

adv., not yet.

nonnullus,

um

a,

(non

+

nullus),

some, several.

Ob, prep.

N5reia, ae, /, a town of the Xorici,

modern Neumarkt. um, Norican

Noricus, a,

ager N5ri-

and the Alps. selves.

(ob

i

nostrum (nos), ;

//., nostri,

poss.

orum,

our men, our troops,

novem, indecl., nine. Noviodunum, i, n.,

aes,

money), w.,

obduco, ere, obdiixi, obductus (ob

+

ru5,

overwhelm, bury, crush.

/r.,

Obses, obsidis (obsideo), w., hostage, pledge.

obside5, ere, obsedi, obsessus (ob

town of the obtineo,

Suessiones.

+

extend, make.

obruo, ere, obrui, obrutus (ob

sedeo), a

+

debtor.

rush),

our, ours

of,

of.

diiCO),/V-.,

n5s, nostrum, pers. pron., we, our-

noster, nostra,

ace, for, on account

70.

because

obaeratus, ;

between the l)anul)e

CUS, a couiitry

adj.,

oris, w.,

niinti5, are, avi,

nomen, n5minis (nosco, know), nomino, name,

ae, w.,

Numitor,

numquam

the night. n51o, nolle, nolui (ne

nolite,

Numida,

tr.,

ere, obtinui,

teneo),

tr.,

+

besiege.

obtentus (ob

+

pussess, obtain, retain.

a, um, news novissimum, obvenio, ire, obveni, obventum (ob + novissimum agmen, the rear. venio), intr., come to, meet, come. nox, noctis, y;, night; multa.nocte, obsum, obesse, obfui, obfutiirus (ob late at night; ad multam noctem, + sum), be against, injure.

novus, last

till

;

;

occasus,

late at night.

nQdo, are, avi, atus (nudus, bare), tr.,

make

bare, clear.

um

nullus, a,

(ne

+

ullus), no, not

any, none, no one.

num,

interrog. particle, implying the

answer

Numa,

'

i,

m.,

(occido, fall),

///.,

setting

occid5,

occidi,

ere,

down),

Caedo, cut kill,

occisus /;-.,

cut

(ob

-f-

down,

slay.

occultus, a,

um, hidden;

in occultd,

concealed.

no.'

ae, m.

Humerus,

iis

(of the sun).

See Pompilius.

number.

+

capio),

of, seize,

occupy.

occupo, are, avi, atus (ob tr.,

take possession

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN Oceanus,

Ocelum,

w., ocean.

1,

;/.,

i,

Gaul.

i,

odium,

i

m

,

beseech,

See orior.

OS, oris, «.,

mouth,

face.

eye.

(odi, hate), n., hatred, en-

mity.

P.

omnino (omnis),

adv., altogether, at

= Publius.

paco, are, avi, atus (pax),

tr.,

pacify,

subdue.

all.

omnis,

e, all,

every, whole.

paene,

opinio, onis (opinor, think),/, notion, belief, impression.

necessary,

is

oppidanus, itant of a

i

it

palam,

almost, nearly.

ad7<.,

adv., openly, publicly.

paliis, udis,y',

oportet, oportere, oportuit, impers., it

tr.,

beg. ortus.

OCtO, indecl., eight.

OCUlus,

atus (5s),

oro, are, avi,

town of Cisalpine

a

287

is

proper.

(oppidum),

pando, out

m., inhab-

town, townsman.

;

ere,

marsh, swamp.

pandi, passus,

passis

/;-.,

spread

manibus, with out-

stretched hands. par, paris, equal (to).

oppidum, i, «., walled town. paratus, a, um (paro), prepared, opprimo, ere, oppressi, oppressus (ob ready. + premo, press),/;-., crush, fall upon. pareo, ere, parui, paritiirus, intr. oppugnati5, onis (oppugno), /, asIV. dat., obey. sault, storm, siege.

oppugno, tr.,

ops,

paro, are, avi, atus,

are, avi, atus (ob-f pugno),

attack, besiege.

opis,

/,

resources,

//.,

wealth, best, excellently.

See bene.

optimus,

a,

parvulus,

parvus,

sup. (?/bonus.

optio, onis (opt6),y:, choice.

opus, operis,

a,

um

«.,

work, labor,

fortifica-

passus,

oratid, 5nis (6r5),/, speech, words. avi,

atus

(5rdo),

/;.,

arrange, regulate.

;«.,

a

chief of the

lis,

m., pace

intr., rise. in.,

;

fellow.

small;

cotnp.

;

mille passiis,

pastor, oris (pasco, feed), m., shepherd.

—

,

intr.,

be open,

pater, patris, m., father. patior, pati, passus

sum,

ornatus, us (orno, adorn), decoration.

little,

little

little

extend.

Helvetii. orior, oriri, ortus

m.,

minimus. pando <7«(/patior.

pateo, ere, patui,

5rd6, 5rdinis, m., line, rank.

Orgetorix, igis,

i,

mille passuum, a mile.

opto, are, avi, atus, wish, choose.

are,

minus

sup.

.W

passus.

comp.

;

(parvus), very

um,

a,

minor;

tion.

ordino,

parum, adv., little Slip, minime. as subst. parvulus,

um,

prepare, pro-

pars, partis,/, part, side, direction.

aid;

optime (optimus),

tr.,

vide.

attire,

sum,

tr.,

suffer,

allow, endure.

patria, ae (patrius),/, country, native land.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN um

patrius, a,

perpetuo

(pater), ancestral.

pauci, orum, few,

paulisper, adv., for a short time,

paululum

(paulus,

small),

adv.,

a

somewhat.

little,

(perpetuus,

continuous),

continually, forever.

ad7'.,

perrumpo, ere, perrupi, perruptus (per + rumpo, break), tr., break through. perspicio, ere, perspexi, perspectus

pax, pacis, /, peace. pecc5, are, avi, atus, intr., transgress,

(per

+

specio, see),

tr.,

see through.

persuadeo, ere, persuasi, persuasus

offend.

pecunia, ae (pecus),/, money.

(per

+

pecus, pecoris,

dat.,

persuade, prevail on.

;/.,

cattle,

pedes, peditis (pes),

;«.,

herd. foot soldier;

i, ;;/.,

Quintus Pedius, one of

peior, comp. of malus.

peius, comp. of male, out, expel, rout, conquer.

peragro, are, avi, atus (per

+ ager),

wanilcr through, roam over. perdiixi,

ere,

perductus

lead, lead through,

+

annus), perpetual,

(per ish,

less,

tr.,

perfectus

accomplish,

fin-

complete.

of,

um

(per-f fidus),

faith-

peritus, a,

peto, ere, petivi or petii, petitus,

atus sum,

ari,

i,

tion, loyalty.

pignus, pignoris,

pilum, pirus,

i,

tr.,

«.,

pledge,

assur-

n., javelin.

/, pear

i,

tr.,

make

danger.

skillful.

give up, intrust, permit.

permoveo, ere, permovi, permotus (per + moveo), tr., move, arouse, influence, alarm.

tree.

See Miinatius.

i.

(planus,

planities, ei

plebes,

mon

n.,

um,

mitt5),

tr.,

request.

pious), /., devo-

pietas, atis (pius,

flat),

/

plain,

ei,

or plebs, plebis, /, com-

people.

pleraque,

plerusque,

plerumque,

most, very many.

permitto, ere, per misi, permissus (per pliirimus, -f

demand,

seek, ask,

at,

level ground.

try.

periculum,

perveni, perventus (per intr., arrive at, reach.

pessime, sup. of male. pessimus, sup. of malus.

Plancus,

treacherous.

periclitor, trial

perfeci,

ere,

facio),

perfidus, a,

pertractus

drag, lead.

tr.,

ance.

failing.

+

+

piger, pigra, pigrum, slow, lazy.

construct.

perfici5,

ire,

+ venio),

aim

/r.,

perennis, e (per

never

(per

pes, pedis, m., foot.

of.

(per+ duco),

pertraxi,

ere,

+ traho),

pervenio,

per, prep. w. ace, through, over, by,

perdiic5,

—

7^.

See pertrahS.

pertractus.

(per

pellc, ere, pepuli, pulsus, tr., drive

/;.,

pertinui,

ere,

pertrah5,

Caesar's lieutenants.

by means

pertineo,

/;-.

tene5), intr., extend, pertain, relate.

//., infantry.

Pedius,

persuade),

suadeo,

a,

most, very

um

many

{^sup. ;

of multus),

plurimum

posse,

be very powerful, have most fluence, be supreme.

plus, comp.

c/multum.

in-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN plus, pluris {comp. o/multus), more;

poculum,

n.,

i,

poena, ae,

poenas dare,

p!.,

w.,

i,

Pompilius,

sum, promise. potior,

Numa

Pompilius,

pono, ere, posui, positus,

/;.,

place,

camp).

ti'.,

T,

(populus),

/.,

king of Clusium

in

are,

avi,

atus,

carry,

tr.,

posco, ere, poposci,

—

,

ask, de-

/;.,

possideo, ere, possedi,

—

,

tr.,

hold,

in

+ facio),

charge

plurimum

—

,

posse,

be able, be

very

spoil.

pracfectus over, put

set

tr.,

of.

2>ttr.,

—

(prae

+

shine before.

praemitto, ere, praemisi, praemissus (prae -f mitto), tr., send ahead,

praemium,

i,

n.,

reward. praescripsi,

ere,

scriptus (prae

praesidium, «.,

+

prae-

scnhb),tr., direct,

7U.

postea (post a,

um,

following,

(post

next

sup. postremus.

comp. posterior;

+

quam),

conj.,

+ dies),

ad<>.,

on

tr.,

demand,

head

of,

be

in

charge

(praeter,

ESSEN. OF LATIN

IQ

tr.,

of,

command.

beyond

+

is),

adv., besides.

(prae

+

ire,

praeveni, praeventus

venio),

outstrip, forestall.

ask.

/;//;•.,

excel;

praesum, praeesse, praefui, praefutiirus (prae + sum), /;//;-., be at

praeveni5,

the following day.

postulo, are, avi, atus,

stand),

sto,

surpass,

show.

praeterea

after.

postridie (posterus

+

(prae

stand before,

adv., afterwards.

defend),

praestare, praestiti, prae-

stitus

ace, after, behind.

+ is),

(praesideS,

i

guard, defense, garrison.

praesto,

powerful. post, adv., afterwards, later.

postquam

+

(prae

order.

occupy.

possum, posse, potui,

posterus,

—

praefeci,

ere,

praescribo,

mand.

post, prep.

sup-

furnish,

dispatch.

portus, us, m., port, harbor.

;

/;-.,

play before.

tr.,

luceo, shine),

gate.

bring,

can

habeo),

praeliiceo, ere.-praeliixi,

porta, ae, /,

praebitus

praebui,

praeda, ae,y;, booty,

(prae

Etruria.

porto,

+

(prae

praeficio,

m., people.

Porsena, ae,

(potis,

before.

ad/.,

ere,

cano, sing),

ravage, lay waste.

populus,

prae, prep. w.

praecino, ere, praecinui,

sum

atus

sum

ply.

pons, pontis, /, bridge. See pOSCO. popOSCl. populor, ari,

potitus

potiri,

praebeo,

second king of Rome. put, pitch (a

(potens), m., supreme

lis

rule.

able), w. ahl., get possession of.

Pompey.

tn.,

i,

of

able.

authority, privilege.

Carthaginians.

polliceor, eri, poUicitus

power,

part,

{pres.

potestas, atis (potis, able),/, power,

punishment.

suffer

Poeni, orum, m.

Pompeius,

potentatus,

drinking cup.

punishment, penalty;

f.,

potentis

potens,

possum), powerful,

more.

//., several,

289

tr.,

come

before,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

290

pratum, i, «., field, meadow. primd (primus), adv., at first,

primum (primus), quam primum, as

adv.,

proicio, ere, proieci, proiectus (pr5

+

at

first;

soon as possible.

iacio),

promittd,

a,

to conquer.

first

+

(pro

um, first; prima liice, at prope, daybreak; primus devicit, was the pior

primus,

(primus

principis

princeps,

+

forth,

promisi,

mitto),

/r.,

sup.

abandon.

promissus

promise.

near, nearly;

ad?'., ;

throw

//'.,

ere,

ay///, pro-

proximus.

propero, are, avi, atus,

htir., hasten.

propinquitas,

(propinquus,

atis

chief, leader, author.

near),yC, nearness, relationship.

prior, prius (pro), former, previous,

propior, propius (prope), nearer.

capi5),

in.,

priusquam

+ quam),

(prius, sooner

sooner than.

couj., before,

um

privatus, a,

7V. ad/.,

before, in front of,

in behalf of, in proportion to,

for,

in place of

row/, prior

;

jzc/.

;

pri-

mus. Proca, ae, proced5,

(pro

+

"/.,

king of Allia Longa.

a

processi,

ere,

cedo),

ni/r.,

off,

take care

of,

onis

proditio,

attend to

(prod5,

i,

+ ;

ciiro),

avert.

betray), /,

(proficiscor), /, set-

(proficio, advance),

/;//;-.,

sum

set out,

go, march.

fugio),

+

/;//;., flee,

—

(pr5

+

gradior, go),

i/itr.,

sum

proceed,

habeo),

from, prevent.

are,

avi,

inir., fly fiirth,

—

(pro

+

volo),

rush out. adv.,

proximus,

last,

re-

a,

um

(prope), nearest,

in proximo, near by.

prudens, prudentis (pr5

-f

videns),

foreseeing, wise.

piiblicus, a,

um

(populus), public;

Piiblius,

pudor,

i,

w., a

oris,

Roman name.

m.,

sense

honor,

prohibeo, ere, prohibui, prohibitus

+

provold,

res piiblica, the state, republic.

escape.

advance.

(pro

drive away, dislodge,

prudenter (priidens), adv., wisely, profugi,

pr5gredior, progredi, progressus

(pr5

/;-.,

provincia, ae,/., province.

next;

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus

ere,

ice or use to, benefit.

cently.

ting forth, departure.

profugio,

propter, prep. w. ace, on account of. pr5sum, prodesse, profui, profutiirus (pro + sum), in/r., be of serv-

proxime (proximus),

«., battle.

profecti5, onis

set forth, declare,

tr.,

repulse.

afar,

treachery, treason.

proelium,

pono),

confuse),

from

procuro, are, avi, atus (pr5 /;-.,

+

propose.

pr5cessum protinus, adv., ahead, directly. go forward, proturbo, are, avi, atus (pr5 + turbo,

proceed, advance, procul, adv., far

and

propono, ere, proposui, propositus (pr5

private.

pr5, prep.

of prope), adv.

{covip.

prep. w. ace, nearer.

deprive),

(privo,

propius

/r.,

keep

(away)

puella, ae (puer),/,

girl.

puer, pueri, w., boy.

pugna,

ae, /, fight, battle.

of

shame,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN pugn5, are, avi, atus (pugnus,

pugnatum

tight;

intr.,

est,

fist),

quidem,

they

quin,

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beauti-

Pulchri,

Claudius

P.

;«.,

Pulcher, consul 249 B.C.

pulchre (pulcher), adv., beautifully. pullarius, i (pullus), w., keeper of the

Punicus,

tr.,

ire,

a,

um,

(of the) Pyrenees.

quadraginta, indecL,

ivith

;

a sup., as possible,

um, how

+ res),

quare (quae

(quam +

adv.,

for

which

adv.,

si),

on

the

of

name given

to

the

«.,

quod,

qua,

Quirinal, one

after his deification.

and

qui,

interrog.

quae or

and ;

indef.

any, any

one, some one. quisquam, quaequam, quicquam or quodquam, indef. pron., any, any

que, indef. pron., each (one), every quivis, quaevis, quodvis or quidvis

-que, enclitic

conj.,

quod,

re/,

proii.,

quam

indef.

qu5 (qui), adv., where, whither. quod (qui), conj., because.

quondam,

adv., once, formerly. conj., since,

ob rem,

quicquam. See quisquam. quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumwhoever, wliatever.

quidam, quaedam, quoddam or quiddam, indef. proii., certain, a

because.

also, likewise.

R

who,

wherefore, therefore.

certain one, somebody.

volo),

front

vis,

and.

which, what, that;

rel. proi!.,

+

quoque, adv.,

quattuor, indecL, four.

que,

m.,

Rome.

i,

Romulus

quoniam,

that, because.

quae,

a

pron., any one you please.

great, as.

reason, therefore.

qui,

is,

of

hills

(qui

possible.

ground

;«.,

(one).

seek, ask.

quasi

fifth),

quisque, quaeque, quidque or quod-

hundred.

quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, to

a,

(quintus,

i

Roman name.

one.

forty,

a, four

quadringenti, ae,

quantus,

Quintus,

pron., who, which, what

punish.

quam, than

five.

quis, quae, quid

punivi, punitus (poena),

Pyrenaeus,

five

quinque, indecL,

Quirinus,

um, Punic, Phoenician,

a,

Carthaginian.

punio,

from

;

hundred.

quingenti, ae, a,

the

m., chicken.

See pello.

pulsus.

that

;

(quinque + decem),

quindecim

Quirinalis,

sacred chickens. i,

not

that

indecL, fifteen.

ful, pretty.

pullus,

adv., indeed, truly.

conj.,

\after verbs of hindering).

fought.

Pulcher,

291

rapio,ere,rapui,raptus,i';-.,seize,steal. ratio, onis (reor, think),/., consideration,

method.

ratis, is,/, raft.

Rauraci, orum,

;«.,

a Celtic tribe near

the Rhine. recido, ere, recidi, fall

back,

fall,

—

(cado),

come back

to.

intr..,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

292

recipio, ere, recepT, receptus (capio), /;•.,

take back

one's

se recipere, betake

;

give back, return, render.

go back, tr.,

(integer,

restore, renew,

lead back.

pedem

referre, retreat.

regina, ae (rex),/, queen.

um

regius, a,

(rex), kingly, royal;

aedes regiae,

/«//-.,

be king, reign, royal

«.,

tr.,

power,

guide, rule.

sum

relabor, relabi, relapsus

(labor,

sink back, subside.

religiS, onis,/, piety

reliquus, a,

um, remaining,

reliquum tempus,

in

remaned, iiitr.,

ere,

tr.,

left,

the

left;

for the future.

—

(maneo),

sum

(mixnus),

remansi,

ari,

atus

i,

i,

rescissus

rescidi,

down),

break

/;-.,

m., the brother of Romulus. m., a

Remi, a Belgic

resisto, ere, restiti,

oppose,

Reman, one of the trilie

—

(sisto, place),

hold

resist,

one's

ground.

respondeo, ere, respondi, resp5nsus promise),

reply,

tr.,

restituo,

restitui,

ere, /;.,

restitiitus

renew, restore.

retined, ere, retinui, retentus (teneo), tr., ht)ld

back, detain, retain.

reverts, ere, reverti,

—

reversus

ter, reverti,

,

and

sum

rever-

(verto),

back, return.

revivisco, ere,

— — ,

(viv5), intr.,

be alive again.

of Gaul,

renuntio, are, avi, atus (niintio),

repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus (pello),

drive back, repulse.

revoco, are,

avi,

atus

(voco),

tr.,

recall.

rex, regis, w., king. tr.,

report.

tr.,

ere,

(scindo, break

intr., turn

repay, reward.

Remus, Remus,

ob rem, wherefore,

therefore.

(statuo),

remain, stay.

remuneror,

res piiblica, state,

;

quam

;

(spondeo,

leave behind, leave.

nihil reliqui, nothing

rest of;

;

answer.

//., rites.

;

relinquo, ere, reliqui, relictus (linquo, tr.,

plies of grain

intr.,

rego, ere, rexi, rectus,

leave),

circumstance

frumentaria, provisions, sup-

down, destroy.

regnum, i (rex), kingdom.

;;;/;-.,

res

rescinds,

jialace.

repro-

promise in

return.

republic

regn5, are, avi, atus (regnum),

slip),

//.,

res, Tel,/., thing, affair,

refero, referre, rettuli, relatus (fero), ;

repromisi,

ere,

missus (promitt5),

reduc5, ere, reduxi, reductus (duco),

carry back

reprehendi, repre-

ere,

censure.

repromitto,

reditio, 5nis (redeo),/, return.

/;'.,

See repello.

reprehends,

hensus (prehendo, seize),/;-., blame,

return.

redintegro, are, avi, atus

whole),

(eo),

discover, ascer-

find,

/;-.,

tain.

reppuli.

redeo, redire, redii, rediturus intr.,

reperio, ire, repperi, repertus (pari5,

produce),

self, retreat.

reddo,reddere,reddidi,redditus (do), tr.,

repente, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly.

Rhea, ae,/, Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus.

Rhenus, i, Rhodanus,

w., the Rhine. i,

m., the

Rhone.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN rigo, are, avi, atus,

wet, moisten.

ir.,

bank (of a robur, roboris, )i., oak rogo, are, avi, atus,

m., a

ask, beg.

tr.,

;/.,

i,

rock, stone.

Scaevola, ae (scaeva, left-handed),

strength,

;

enough.

satis, adi'.,

saxum,

river).

ripa, ae,/,

293

surname of Gaius Mucius.

scapha, ae, /, skiff, boat, R5ma, ae, /, Rome. R5manus, a, um (Roma), Roman; scientia, ae (scio), /, knowledge, skill. as subst. Romanus, 1, in., a Roman.

Romulus, i, of Rome.

in.,

the reputed founder

know, know how. scriba, ae (scribo),

rosa, ae,/, rose.

rumor,

sci5, scire, scivi or scii, scitus, tr.,

oris, m.,

>n.,

writer, scribe,

secretary.

rumor, report.

riirsus (reverto), adv., back, again,

scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus,

rus, riiris, m., the country

sciitum,

ruri, in

;

write,

tr.,

n., shield.

See sui.

se.

the country.

i,

um

secretus, a,

(secerno, separate),

concealed, hidden, secret.

Sabinus,

i,

m.

i.

A

Sabine.

See

2.

Sabis, the

is,

m. a river of Belgic Gaul, ,

modern Sambre.

sacer, sacra, sacrum,

sacrum,

as subst.

i,

sacred;

holy,

«.,

a holy thing,

and

?n.

f.,

sacrificium,

(sacer

i

+

facio),

n.,

See sacer,

saepius,

very

slow, sluggish.

e,

Segusiavi, orum, m.

ae (sedeo),/,

a tribe of

pi.,

seat, chair;

at

orum

i

(sagitta), w.,

bowman.

(salio, leap), w.,

dancing

lis

senatus,

least,

(salio,

leap),

use belonged

and the Flamines.

dictators,

semper,

adv., always, ever,

senator, oris (senex),

priests of Mars.

saltem, adv., at

Its

only to the king, but later

first

to curule aediles, praetors, consuls,

sagitta, ae,y;, arrow. Sagittarius,

sella

a portable chair, opening

curiilis,

like a camp-stool.

often.

saltus,

sit.

indecl., sixteen.

sedile, is (sedeo), n., seat,

sella,

often;

adz'.,

saepes, is,/, hedge, fence,

Salii,

See sequor.

Celtic Gaul.

sacrifice.

saepe,

adv., along,

(sequor), following,

sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, intr.,

segnis,

priest, priestess.

um

sed, conj., but.

sedecim, (sacer),

sacerdos, otis

a,

second; favorable. secUtus.

religious rite.

sacrum.

secundum (secundus), secundus,

Titurius.

m.,

jump;

ravine.

Santones, um, w. //., a Celtic tribe near the Garonne, sarcina, ae,/, bundle, pack.

iis

(senex),

senectiis, utis

;«.,

in.,

senator,

senate,

(senex),/, old age.

senex, gen. senis, old, aged; senior

;

sup.

maximus

Senones, um, m. Gaul.

pi.,

comp.

natii.

a tribe of Celtic

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

294 sententia, ae

discern), /.,

(sentio,

opinion, decision. sepelio,

tr.,

bury,

sepultus.

(socius),

/;.,

(sequor),

i

companion,

/;/.,

soleo,

um, Sequanian;

a,

Sequanus,

>n.,

i,

as subst.

a Sequanian, one

Sequani, a tribe of Belgic

the

Gaul. o-.,

fol-

(servus),

(?.,

low.

servo, are, avi,

atus

s51itudo, inis (solus),

slave, servant.

i, ;«.,

f.,

si, conj., if;

si

minus,

if

w., sleep.

«.,

i,

space, distance, time,

i

(specto, behold),

n.,

show, spectacle.

speculator, 5ris, w., scout, spy. in sicco, on dry

dry;

spero, are, avi, atus (spes),

hope,

tr.,

expect.

significo, are, avi, atus

signum,

i,

sight,

ground.

facio),

up,

solus, a, um, only, alone, sole. somnium, i (somnus), n., dream.

spectaculum,

not.

sic, adv., thus, so.

um,

stir

opportunity.

See sui.

siccus, a,

/;-.,

arouse, provoke.

spatium,

six.

wilderness.

soroi*, oris, /., sister.

See sui.

sex, indecL,

be

iuir.,

See soleo.

solitus.

somnus,

keep, preserve, save.

tr., i,

(signum

+

sign, signal, standard,

signa

spes, spei, /, hope.

sponte

signify, declare.

«.,

ensign;

convertere,

face

about; signa inferre, charge,

(sto),

wood,

wooded,

(sto),

/,

post,

picket,

/,

image,

guard.

ae

(statuo),

statuo, ere, statui, statiitus, tr

,

place,

decide, determine.

e, like, similar.

simulo, are, avi, atus (similis),

/;.,

pretend. sine, prep. w. ahl., without.

Stella, ae,

/, stipendium, pay),

singuli, ae, a, one by one, individual,

n.,

star. i

(stips, gift

left.

socer, soceri, w., father-in-law.

societas, atis (socius),/, alliance.

-f-

pendo,

pay, tribute.

strepitus, us,

in.,

noise.

studeo, ere, studui,

each, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum,

im-

statue.

forest,

silvestris, e (silva),

accord.

forthwith,

adv.,

mediately.

statua,

quiet.

silva, ae, /,

own

{all.), of one's

statim

statio, onis

silens, silentis (siled, be still), silent,

similis,

sum,

solitus

ere,

accustomed.

soUicito, are, avi, atus,

sequor, sequi, seciitus sum,

servus,

sun; sole ort5, at sun-

rise.

See sepelio.

Sequanus,

sibi.

socius,

sol, s51is, »i.,

septuaginta, indecL, seventy.

sese.

atus

avi,

ally.

septem, indecL, seven,

of

are,

join, share.

sepelivi, sepultus,

ire,

soci5,

—

,

intr.,

be eager

for, desire.

studium, ness.

i

(studeo),

«.,

zeal, eager-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN um,

stultus, a,

sub, prep.

and

ace.

under, up

+

(sub

to, to

the foot

duco),

supersedeo, ere, supersedi, superses-

subductus

subito (subitus, sudden),

sud-

a(h<.,

denly.

sublatus.

undermine.

+

sequor),

+

sum

follow, pursue,

tr.,

(sub

i

sedeo),

aid,

«.,

(sub

cedo),

and

tr.

ap-

»i.,

supervenio,

tum

(sub

+

+

intr., arrive.

(supplex, suppliant),

i

above,

ace.,

See superus.

/;•.,

tr.,

unilertake.

themselves)

and

;

he, she,

abl. se,

it

sese

;

inter

be;

intr.,

his

um

(her,

omnia,

ofpossessor, have.

summa, ae (summus), /,

the whole

sustentus

sustinui, //'.

and

intr.,

hold

See tollo.

sustuli.

suus, a,

futurus,

ere,

+ teneo),

up, withstand, sustain.

dat.

;

one another.

esse, fui,

endure, withstand.

(sub

pers. pron., of himself (herself,

sibi, ace.

capio),

sustineo,

faci5), inir., he sufficient.

dat.

+ venio),

sustento, are, avi, atus (sustineo),

sufficio, ere, suffici, suffectus

se, to

superveni, superven-

ire,

(super

supremus.

m. pL, a tribe of

Belgic Gaul.

w.

supremus, summus, highest,

very great, top of

suscipio, ere, suscepi, susceptus (sub

Suessiones, um,

itself,

above

(super),

before.

proach.

sum,

um

a,

superior, ius, upper, former;

coiiip.

intr.,

(succedo),

us

successus,

be

intr.,

successum ;/., punishment, death. come supra, adv. and prep. w.

success!,

ere,

+

up, approach.

SUl,

superus,

supplicium,

relief

succedo,

sedeo),

supersum, superesse, superfui, superfutHrus (super + sum), intr., be

Slip,

subsequor, subsequi, subsecutus (sub

+

over, survive.

Set' tollo.

subruo, ere, subrul, subrutus (sub + ruo, overthrow), tr., dig under,

subsidium,

(super

sus

superior, refrain from.

bring up.

O-.,

/;•.,

surpass, overcome, conquer.

ace,

of.

subduxi,

ere,

zv.

;

supero, Jlre, avi, atus (superus),

abl.,

u>.

:

under, below, at the foot of

subduco,

See superus.

superior.

silly, foolish.

zu. abl.

295

(sui), his, her, its,

all

their)

its,

own;

their;

suaque

their possessions.

;

leadership, supremacy.

summus. sumo,

T.

See superus.

ere, siimpsi,

sumptus,

tr.,

take,

assume, begin (battle). super, prep.

w.

ace.

upon, in addition

superbus,

a,

and

abl.,

over,

+

iacio),

tr.,

Titus.

throw across.

yet,

never-

so

great,

theless.

tantus,

to.

um, haughty, proud.

supericio, ere, superieci, superiectus

(super

=

tam, adv., so. tamen, adv., however, a,

um

(tam),

such.

Tarpeia, ae, /".. a Roman time of Romulus.

girl

in

the

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

296 Tatius,

m., Titus Tatius, a Sabine

i,

king, joint ruler with Romulus. te, ace.

of

telum,

T,

do),

temeritas, atis,

f.,

weapon.

traduc5,

y;, storm,

tempest.

SUS, spread out, stretch.

ae,

earth,

/.,

country;

land,

terra, by land.

um

ir.,

or Teutones,

um,

>n.

»i.,

piper, Hute player.

be afraid

—

//-.

,

and

Titurius,

intr.,

w.,

timid.

Quintus Titurius Sa-

binus, one of Caesar's lieutenants. a

«/.,

go over,

cross,

iittr.,

— (trans

fugi5), intr., flee over, go over,

transgredior, transgredi, transgres-

sus

sum

+

(trans

leap),

gradior, go),

tr.,

lift

ment

;/.,

a

military engine for hurling missiles.

(torquis, necklace), w.,

Manlius.

um, whole,

transversa

+

centum), three

+

decem), /;/^/t'(7.,

thir-

See

(tribiinus),

alis

«.,

judg-

seat, tribunal. i

(tribus, tribe), w., tribune,

a military officer.

triduum,

i

(tres

+

dies), «., interval

of three days. triginta, indecl., thirty,

triumphus, all.

(transvert5, turn

teen,

tribiinal,

a surname of Titus Manlius.

um

transverse;

trecenti, ae, a (tres

tribiinus,

i

jump

fossa, cross ditch,

(modern Tou-

(torqueo, twist),

over,

tres, tria, three.

louse). i

— (trans +

leap

tr.,

transversus, a,

Tolosates, in-

//.,

habitants of Tolosa

totus, a,

and

tredecim (tres /;-.,

remove, destroy.

up, raise;

Tolosates, ium, w.

Torquatus,

tr.

hundred.

Roman name.

tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatus,

tormentum,

over,

across,

transitus (trans

ire, transii,

e5),

across),

um (timeo), afraid,

i,

ace,

across.

of.

timidus, a,

Titus,

+

salio,

timeo, ere, timui,

i,

of

through.

transilio, ire, transilui,

of tu.

tibicen, inis,

fear,

town

a

go over, pass over.

w., the Tiber.

is,

w.

prep.

trans,

+

shed.

the Baltic. Tiberis,

Trallium, /,

Tralles,

transfugio, ere, transfixgi,

(tres), third.

Teutons, a Germanic people on

tibi, dat.

throw or carry across,

tr.,

pass over, go across.

testOdo, inis,/, tortoise;

orum

iacio),

pass over, transfix.

transed, territus,

terrui,

ere,

frighten, terrify.

pi..

over,

Lydia.

tener, tenera, tenerum, tender, young.

Teuton!,

lead

tr.,

transport.

+

time, occasion.

;/.,

tendo, ere, tetendi, tentus (inJ ten-

tertius, a,

duco),

traicio, ere, traieci, traiectus (trans n., temple.

i,

tempus, temporis,

terreo,

traductus

traduxi,

ere,

+

(trans

rashness.

tempestas, atis (tempus),

terra,

+

give over, give up, deliver,

/;'.,

surrender.

tu.

«., missile,

templum,

trado, ere, tradidi, traditus (trans

i,

ni.,

triumph,

tu, tui, pers. proii., you, thou.

ESSENTIALS OF LATLN tuba, ae,/, trumpet.

uti.

See ut.

See fero.

uti.

See utor.

tuli.

Tulingi, orum,

»i.

a Germanic

pi.,

i,

O

adv.,

would

that,

that,

may.

turn, adv., then, in the next place.

tumultus,

utilis, e (utor), useful.

utinam,

upper Rhine.

tribe near the

297

m., uproar, disturbance.

utor, uti, iisus

sum,

ir.,

use,

employ.

uxor, 5ris, /, wife.

tunc, adv., then, at that time.

turba, &&,/, throng, crowd. turpis,

ugly, disgraceful, infamous.

e,

vacuus,

turris, is,/, tower.

tutela, ae (tueor, protect), w., guard-

vadum,

ian, protection.

tutus, a,

tuus, a,

um (tueor, protect), um (tu), your, yours.

um,

a,

imus

when.

i, ;/.,

mus,

a,

um. prep.

iv.

ace, beyond,

+

(unus

decem),

indecl.,

universus,

um

a,

+

(unus

verto,

um.

vasto, are, avi, atus (vastus),

tr.,

lay

a,

um,

vast,

enormous. speed,

(velox), /,

atis

swiftness.

help;

benefit,

/.,

venio,

veni,

ire,

Usui

esse,

be

of

ari,

verbum,

if.

iutr.,

come;

ut, uti, (l) adv., as

when

;

(2) conj.,

that, in order that, so that.

utrum, which (of two),

which one. utraque,

of.

atus sum, «.,

i,

word

/;., ;

hunt, chase.

verba facere,

speak.

vereor,

(of two), both.

ventum,

der the protection

service.

utra,

just as

if,

favor, permission.

venia, ae,

venor,

See utor.

usus, us (utor), m., use, advantage,

uterque,

earth-

in fidem venire, put one's self un-

um, one.

urbs, urbis, /, city.

uter,

rampart,

wall,

velut, veluti, adv., as

all sides.

turn), whole, entire,

usus, a,

(valeo, be strong),

velox, velocis, swift, quick.

eleven.

a,

n,

i,

velocitas,

undique, adv., from or on

unus,

vallum,

vastus,

(iinus), adv., together with.

unde, adv., whence.

undecim

um

a,

waste, ravage.

farther.

una

Marcus Valerius Max-

w..

works.

and

ultra, adv.

i,

strong, sturdy. sztp. ulti-

;

shoal, ford.

Corvintls, consul 343 b.c.

validus,

any, any one.

ulterior, ulterius, farther

of,

squalling.

U ubi, adv., where,

destitute

vagitus, us (vagio, cry), w., crying,

safe.

Valerius,

uUus,

um, empty,

a,

vacant.

veritus sum,

eri,

/;., fear,

be

afraid of.

vergo, ere,

—— ,

,

intr.,

lie

toward,

incline.

veritus.

See vereor.

utrumque, each vero (veru?,

true), adv., in fact,

deed, however.

in-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

298 vertex,

verticis

summit,

verum

(verto,

turn),

m.,

(verus, true), adv., certainly,

vescor, vesci,

—

Vesta, ae,

goddess of the hearth,

/.,

,

and hence of the family and sacred

burning

kept

fire,

continually

her temple

in

state.

vinea, ae,

y.,

a military shed.

«.,

wine.

near

the

esses, called Vestals.

I,

ir.,

forbid.

vita, ae,y.",

comp.

ancient;

/'.,

manhood,

number;

pi.

life.

vivo, ere, vixi,

road, street,

vixi. jour-

—

/;//;•.,

,

live.

See vinco.

voco, are, avi, atus (vox),

tr.,

call,

sunmion.

ney.

See vinco.

um

Vicinus, a,

Vocontii. 5rum, m.

(vicus), neighboring,

1.

near.

(vinco), m.,

conqueror,

2.

a tribe of Gaul.

—

,

volo, are, avi, atiirus,

voluntarius,

victor.

victoria, ae (victor),

y', victory.

wish, desire,

voluntas, atis

m., village.

videlicet

(video

course, that

-f licet),

adv.,

iiitr., fly.

(voluntas),

will-

(i. vol5),

/,

desire,

of VOS, pi. o/tu.

vove5,

is.

tr.,

see

;

pass.,

seem, appear.

ere,

(a

viginti, indecl., twenty.

vow,

tr.,

/.,

voice

;

//.,

words.

vulgo (vulgus, multitude), erally,

rt'f/j'.,

gen-

everywhere.

vulnerd, are, avi, atus (vulnus),

vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus,

vinco, ere, vici, victus,

votus,

vovi,

promise.

vox, vocis,

ae, f., watching, watch fourth part of the night).

vigilia,

tr.,

/;-.,

bind.

conquer,

overcome. i

um

consent, favor.

video, ere, vidi, visus,

vinculum,

a,

ing, v(jluntary.

See vinco.

victus, victurus. 1,

pi.,

V0I6, velle, volui,

be willing.

victor, oris

vicus,

(vir),

vix, adv., hardly, barely.

a military ensign.

;/.,

way,

ae, f.,

vici.

virtutis

vires, strength.

sup. veterrimus.

vetustior;

vexillum,

old,

girl.

a tribe of

virtue, bravery, courage.

{garment, clothing.

veteris,

maiden,

>u. pi.,

Belgic Gaul.

vestrum (v6s), your,

veto, are, vetui, vetitus,

via,

virgin,

f.,

vis, vim,y;, power, force,

is, y],

vetus,

man.

See vis.

Viromandui, orum, virtus,

yours.

vestis,

See vincio.

Virgo, virginis,

P'orum, was watched by six priest-

vester, vestra,

i,

vir, viri, vi.,

vires.

punish,

/;-.,

vinum, vinxi.

def., eat.

avi, atus,

are,

punishment.

inflict

but.

Her

vindico,

crest.

tr.,

wound. vulnus, vulneris,

«.,

wound.

vultur, vulturis, m., vulture. (vinci5),

n.,

chain, fetter

in or ex vinculis, in chains.

vultus,

us,

w.,

countenance.

expression,

looks,

VOCABULARY ENGLISH — LATIN [Numbers

refer to Sections.]

agreeable, gratus,

be able, pos-

able, potens, potentis;

um.

a,

«.

1,

aid, adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus.

sum, pusse, potuT.

about

aid, auxilium,

to, be, active periphrastic con-

jtigation (437); fut. participle. above, superus.

aim, peto, ere, petlvi or petii, petltus. alarm, permoveo, ere, permovl, permotus. omnis, e; totus,

absent, be, absum,

afuT, afutiirus.

all,

abundance, copia,

ae, /.

alliance, amlcitia, ae,/.

accomplish, conficio, conficere, con-

account ter,

of, on, abl.

w.

across,

of cause

;

per-

mitto, ere, permTsT, permissus;

con-

trans,

ally, socius,

w.

(a bridge)

ace. ;

adjoining, finitimus,

administer, administro, are,

advance, procedo,

avT, atus.

ere, process!, pro-

progredior,

progredi, pro-

lisus, us,

advice, consilium,

T,

am, sum,

m.

turus

afraid, be, timeo, ere, timuT,

subjv.; abl, abs., 314.

esse, fuT, futurus. T,

m.

ace

;

;

intersum, interesse, interfuT,

interfuturus.

ample, amplus,

—

a,

um.

ancient, vetus, veteris.

conj., post-

quam.

and,

et,

-que, at que;

and

animal, animal, animalis,

afterwards, adv., postal. against,

'lU.

ambassador, legatus,

«.

affair, res, rei, /.

70.

um.

always, semper.

advise, moneo, ere, monuT, monitus.

after, prep., post,

m.

a,

among, inter, apud, w. ace. ; be among, Insum, inesse, infuT, Infu-

gressus sum.

advantage,

I,

although, cum,

um.

a,

alone, solus,

already, iam.

across the river, in flumine.

cessus;

ced5, ere, concessi, concessus.

ob, prop-

ace.

um.

allow, patior, pati, passus sum;

confectus.

fecl,

a,

in,

contra,

w.

announce, ace.

;

are,

atus;

avT,

enuntio, are, avT, atus.

be

against, obsum, obesse, obful, ob-

nuntio,

not, neque. it.

another,

futurus.

alius, a,

inter se;

299

ud

;

to one another,

another's, alienus,

a,

um.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

300 answer, respondeo,

ere, respond!, re-

sp5nsus.

tas, atis, yr

any, any one,

lillus,

um

a,

aliquis,

;

or aliquod

aliquid

aliqua,

authority, auctoritas, atis,// postes-

quam, quicquam

quaevis,

cjuivis,

;

quis-

;

await, exspecto,

away,

be,

are, avi, atus.

absum, abesse,

B

quodvTs.

appoint, constitud, ere, cdnslitui, constitutus.

approach, adventus, US,

us,

aditus,

in. ;

um. baggage, impedimenta, orum, band, manus, us, f.

bad, malus,

bank

m.

appropTnqu6,

approach,

accedo,

atus;

acces-

accedi,

ere,

avT,

are,

a,

Ariovistus, Ariovistus,

arm, armo,

(of river), ripa, ae,/

barbarous, harbarus, battle, proelium,

be, sum, esse,

tn.

T,

,•

um. pugna, ae, f.

;

beautiful,

«. //«;-.

futurus.

fui,

tull, latus.

beautifully, pulchre.

around, circum, w.

because, ciuod

arouse,

incite,

moveS,

ere,

arrange,

ace.

are,

atus

avT,

per-

;

permovT, permotus.

instruS,

instruxl,

ere,

cause

iis,

pervenio,

m.

be-

;

jiro, 7v. abl. ;

ante, w. ace.

beg, peto, ere, petlvl or petil, petitus;

perveni,

Ire,

per-

art, ars, artis,

/

behalf

commlsl, commissus. of, in, pro, 2v. abl.

behind, post, w.

/

ascertain, reperio,

ire,

repperl, reper-

ask, rogo, are, avi, atus petTvi or petiT, petitus

;

peto, ere,

;

mando,

are,

convenio,

ire,

convenT,

conventus. at, ad, w. ace.

existimo,

tn.

are,

atus

avi,

;

cred5, ere, credidi, creditus.

below, Inferus, benefit,

avi, atus.

ace.

Belgae, Belgae, arum, believe,

tus.

;

begin battle, proelium committo, ere,

sagitta, ae,

sum

begin, coepi, coepisse, coeptus

ventus.

um.

a,

prosum,

prodesse,

proful,

prdfuturus. benefit, usus, us, n.

;

sign of abl. of time.

Athens, Athenae,

2it\xm,

f phtr.

oppugno, ere,

attempt, c5nor,

are,

best, optimus, avi,

atus

lacessTvT, lacessitus. ari,

besiege, oppugno, are, avi, atus

atus sum.

;

ob-

sideo, ere, obsedl, obsessus.

attack, impetus, us, m.

lacesso,

of cause

all.

;

of, propter, lu. ace.

rogo, are, avi, atus.

structus.

arrival, adventus,

assemble,

pul-

chrum.

before, In-

pulchra,

pulcher,

army, exercitus, us, ;«. / army on the march, agmen, agminis, ;/.

attack,

a,

;/.

i,

bear, fero, ferre,

are, avi, atus.

arms, arma, orum,

arrow,

plur,

n.

line of battle, acies, aciei,/

surus.

arrive,

afu-

afuT,

turus.

betake one's

a,

um

contull, conlatus

between,

;

adv., optime.

self, confero, conferre,

inter,

w.

{refl.').

ace.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

301

capture, capio, ere, cepT, captus

bid, iube5, ere, iussT, iussus.

bind, vincio,

Ire, vinxi, vinctus.

bird, avis,

/

pugno,

black, niger, nigra, nigrum.

care, cura, ae, f. carefully, cum cura.

blame, culp5,

carefulness, diligentia, ae,/

is,

are, avT, atus.

book,

w.

liber, librl,

booty, praeda, ae,

both

.

.

bottom

and,

.

imus,

of,

boundary,

;

um.

Carthage, CarthagS, plur.

boy, puer, puerT, w.

case, causa, ae, f. cause, causa, ae,

brave,

cavalry,

fines, \\xm, f.

um,

fortiter.

bravery, virtus,

bridge, pons, pontis,

onis,

/

certain, a

///.

Inferre,

tulT,

latus

bring

;

inlatus

intulT,

porto,

;

infero,

in,

bring to-

;

gether, confero, conferre, contuli,

latus, a,

brother,

/

in.

one, quidam, quaedam,

.

or quiddam.

vinculum,

chain,

equites,

cavalry,

equestre.

equestris,

.

;

the

of

I

chains,

in

;

ex

vinculis.

chance, casus,

in.

ijs,

change, converts,

ere, convertT, con-

versus.

conlatus.

broad,

.

quoddam

atus

avT,

plur.;

in.

Celt, Celta, ae,

brief, brevis, e.

are,

inis,

equitatus, us, m.

equester,

iitis,/

breaking out, eruptio,

bring, fero, ferre,

carry on,

;

/

fortis, e.

bravely,

fero,

;

gero, ere, gessT, gestus.

et.

.

.

atus

avT,

carry back, refero, relatus

referre, rettulT,

.

a,

are,

ferre, tuli, latus

f.

et

porto,

carry,

body, corpus, corporis.

ex-

;

are, avi, atus.

um.

charge, signa Infero, Inferre,

m.

frater, fratris,

build, aedifico, are, avT, atus

;

facio,

burn, incendo,

charge

of,

be

in,

praesum, praeesse,

pracfui, praefutfirus

ere, feci, factus.

building, aedificium,

T,

«.

of,

incendi,

ere,

intull,

inlatus.

incen-

praeficio,

ere,

;

put in charge

praefecl,

prae-

fectus.

chief, prlnceps, principis, m.

sus.

but, sed,

at,

autem

by, sign of ahl.

;

children, llberl, 5rum, m. plur.

{postpositive).

a or ab

7v. ahl. ;

means oi,abI. of means ;

by choose,

per, w. ace.

deligo, ere, delegl, delectus,

circumstance, citizen, civis,

res,

is,

m.

rei,/

andf.

citizenship, civitas, atis,/ city, urbs, urbis,/

Caesar, Caesar, Caesaris, w. call,

voco,

avT,

are,

are, avi, atus

;

atus

;

call together, con-

voco, are, avT, atus.

camp,

castra,

appello,

orum,

n. plur.

can, possum, posse, potuT,

cohort, cohors, cohortis,

/

collect, cogo, ere, coegi, coactus.

column, agmen, agminis, n. come, veni5. Ire, veni, ventum; come around, circumvenio.

Ire,

circum-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

302 veni,

circumventus

accedo,

come near,

;

accessurus

access!,

ere,

;

cry, clamor, oris, ;«.

cup, poculum,

n.

i,

come together, convenio, ire, con- custom, consuetudo, inis, yi come up, per- cut down, occldo, ere, occisi, veni, conventus ;

venio.

command, imperium, i, command, iubeo, ere,

n.

avl, atus

iussus

iussT,

impero, are, avT, atus

fui,

;

niando, are,

;

praesum, praeesse, prae-

;

praefuturus

commander,

dat).

{70.

dux, ducis,

ni. ;

impera-

commisl, corn-

ere,

missus.

people, plebs, plebis,/ socius,

compel, cogo,

plevl, compietus.

filia,

daybreak,

at,

ae,/

prima luce,

daylight, lux,

lucis,

/

dear, earns,

um

gratus,

a,

;

deed, factum, altus, a,

1,

ari,

atus sum.

avT, atus

;

vinco,

;/.

dCfendd,

ere,

conspiracy, coniuralio, dnis, T,

consul, consul, c5nsulis,

ni.

contentus

ere,

a,

patria, ae, f.

;

ruri.

;/.

1,

cross, transeo, ire, transii, transitus,

crowd, valgus,

i,

n.

;

;

trado, tradere,

postulo, are, avi, atus

or

;

peto,

petiT, petitus.

w.

cliens, clientis,

depth, altitudS, inis,/ cupio,

ere,

cupivT

or

cupiT,

cupitus.

in the country,

courage, animus,

set free), libero, are, avi,

ere, petlvi

desire,

;

(=

= hand over)

dependent,

versus.

;

//.

depart, discedo, ere,discessi,discessus.

um.

Corinth, Corinthus, T,/ terra, ae, f.

(

demand, contendl,

convert, converts, ere, convert!, con-

rus, riiris

i,

atus sum.

ari,

Delphi, Delphi, orum, m.

dlmico, are, avT, atus.

;

contracted, angustus,

de-

tradidT, traditus.

yC

m.

conspirator, coniuratus,

defend!,

delight, delects, are, avi, atus.

deliver atus

ere, vTcT, victus.

contends,

um.

fc'iisus.

delay, moror,

congratulate, gratulor,

conquer, supero, are,

a,

um.

defense, praesidium,

ei,/

fides,

;/.

w.

dies, dief,

defend,

sum.

confidence,

country,

T,

defeat, calamitas, atis.yl

are, avT, atus.

confer, conloquor, conloquT, cunlocu-

contend,

daughter,

deep, ahl.

-u.

condemn, damnd, tus

danger, perTculum,

death, mors, mortis,/

ere, coegi, coactus.

complete, compleo, complere, comconcerning, de,

cot-

adr'.,

;

dearly, care.

ni.

T,

um

a,

tidie.

day,

commit, committo,

companion,

daily, cottidianus,

dare, audeS, ere, ausus sum.

tor, oris, ;«.

common

occisus.

perveni, perventus.

Ire,

multitiido, inis,/

um.

desirous (of), cupidus,

a,

determine, cSnstituS,

ere,

const itui,

constitutus. die, morior, mori,

mortuus sum

ere, cecidi, casiirus.

;

cado,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

303

difficult, difficilis, e.

enough,

diligence, diligentia, ae,/;

ensign, signum,

direct, adiuinistro, are, avi, atus.

entangle, impedio,

disaster, calamitas,

atis,

discover,

Ire,

leperiS,

ti.

impedlvl, im-

ire,

repperi,

re-

equal, par, paris.

equestrian, equester, equestris, eques-

disgraceful, turpis,

tre.

e.

dismiss, dlmitto, ere, dispatch,

diniTsT,

praemitto,

dimissus.

praemisi,

ere,

disposition, animus,

m.

I,

dissimilar, dissimilis,

establish, cSnflrmo, are, avi, atus.

even, express by ipse,

um.

a,

ever, semper.

e.

every, omnis,

ditch, fossa, ae,y;

do, facio, ere, feci, factus

;

ago, ere,

evil, inalus, a,

e.

um.

exceedingly, express by superlative.

egl, actus.

document,

equip, armo, are, avi, atus.

Europe, Europa, ae,y;

praemissus.

draw draw

I,

pedltus.

y".

pertus.

down

satis, i tided.

litterae,

from, de, w.

arum,/////;-.

except,

ahl.

exchange,

near, appropinquS, are, avi, atus.

up, Tnstruo,

TnstruxT,

ere,

In-

nisi.

inter se dare,

exhort, cohortor,

atus sum.

ari,

expect, exspecto, are, avi, atus. expel, pello, ere, pepull, pulsus.

struct us.

drive away, pello, ere, pepull, pulsus.

during, inter,

iv. ace.

face about, signa confero, conferre,

E

contull, conlatus.

each (one), quisque, quaeque, quid- facing, adversus, a que

;

each (of two), uterque, utra-

que, utrumque.

fail,

eager, acer, acris, acre cupidus,

um

a,

eagerly, acriter

;

eager

;

for,

{tv.gen.^.

cum

earthworks, vallum,

I,

fall,

famous, express by

end,

hortor, arl,

sum.

arl,

hostis,

ae,

m. ni.

atus

father-in-law, socer,

atus

sum

;

sum incite,

favor, gratia, ae,

frul,

m. and f. frfictus sum.

m.

—

veritus sum.

fertile, is,

1,

/

fear, timeo, ere, timuT, eri,

finis, Is,y;

enjoy, fruor,

ille, ilia, illud.

father, pater, patris,

farmer, agricola,

are, avT, atus.

enemy,

vi.

far, far off, longe.

iitor, uti, fisus

cohortor,

cado, ere, cecidi, casurus.

w.

facilis, e.

employ,

prep., adver-

desum, deesse, deful, defuturus.

falling, casus, us,

eight, octo.

encourage,

;

faithful, fidus, a, um.

studio,

easily, facile.

easy,

um

sus, zv. ace.

ferax, feracis.

few, pauci,

ae, a (//«r.).

field, ager, agri,

w.

;

vereor,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

304 fierce, acer, acris, acre

asperum

asper, aspera,

;

um.

ferus, a,

;

free, libero, are, avl, atus.

fiercely, acriter.

fight, fill

pugno,

freedom,

are, avT, atus.

up, compleo, complere, complevT,

friend, amicus,

1,

;;/.

friendship, amicitia, ae,y;

finally, denique.

invenio,

reperio,

libertas, atis,/

frequently, saepe.

completus.

find,

free, iTber, libera, iTberum.

frighten, terreo, ere, terruT, territus, inveni, inventus

ire,

;

repperT, repertus.

Irl,

m.

a or ab, e or ex,

abl. ;

de, w. abl.

finish, conficio, ere, confeci, confectus. fire, ignis, is,

from, sign of

future, for the, in reliquum tempus.

set fire to, incendS,

;

ere, incendl, incensus. first, fit,

primus,

idoneus,

five,

um

a,

a,

;

at

first,

prlmo.

um.

flee, fugio, ere, fugl,

//

flight, fuga, ae,

gather,

— put to

flight, in

follow, sequor, sequi, secutus sum. a,

at the foot of, sub, 70. ace.

pro,

;

•w. abl.

forbid, veto, are, vetuT, vetitus. force, cogo, ere, coegT, coactus.

captus

w.

f;

m. imperator,

,•

e.

do,

dare,

datus

ded",

give

;

back, reddo, ere, reddidi, redditum

;

give up, dedo, ere, dedidi, deditus

;

permitto, ere, permTsi, permissus

;

go, eo, cepT,

I,

donum, i, ;/. puella, ae,/

glad, laetus,

/

form, capio, ere,

;

in-

struo, ere, Tnstruxi, instructus.

former,

girl,

ae,

C.allia,

trado, ere, tradidl, traditus.

forces, copiae, arum, y! forest, silva, ae,

gift,

give,

;«.

ob, w. ace.

dat. ;

contulT,

m.

oris,

to the foot of, sub,

of

Gaul (the country),

gentle, lenis, ,

foot-soldier, pedes, peditis, for, sign

conferre,

general, dux, ducis,

um.

in.

foot, pes, pedis, w. :

cdnfero,

(inhabitant), GalUis,

following, posterus,

abl.

n.

i,

conlatus.

fugam dare

w.

/n.

gate, porta, ae, y;

flank, latus, lateris, «.

T,

i,

garrison, praesidium,

quinque.

food, cibus,

garden, hortus,

ille, ilia, illud.

a,

ire,

profectus transeo,

um. itum

ii,

sum Ire,

proficTscor,

;

T,

go across or over,

;

transitus

transit,

back, redeo, redire,

redil,

;

go

reditum

;

fortify, muni6,Tre, muni(v)i, munitus.

go forward, procedo, ere, process!, processum go near, accedo, ere, accessi, accessus go out, exeo, ex-

fortune, fortuna, ae,

Tre,

fort, castellum,

I,

;/.

fortifications, moenia, ium, n.plur.

/

;

;

exii,

exitus

;

let

go,

dimlttS,

forty, quadraginta.

ere,

four, quattuor.

to, active periphrastic conjugation

fourth, quart us,

a,

um.

dimlsT,

(437)-

dimissus;

be

going

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN god, deus,

goddess,

help, adsum, adesse, adfui, adfutiirus,

m.

T,

w. dat.

(lea, ae, yC

good, bonus,

um.

a,

graceful, gracilis,

help, auxilium,

n.; usus, us, m.

T,

Helvetians, Helvetii, bxnm, piur.

e.

grain, frfimeiuum,

n.

T,

supplies of

;

grain, res frumentarla,

her,

eius

hers,

(own),

friimen-

rei

suus,

;

um

a,

complures,

um

a,

great many,

;

plnr.;

ia,

great,

SO

high, altus, hill,

Greece, Graeck, ae,

Greek, Graecus,

coUis,

um.

a,

up the

tn.;

is,

hill,

i,

himself, see self.

Tnis, f.

hindrance, impedimentum,

/

his, eius

7>t.

guard, praesidTum,

T,

;

huius

illius

;

;

T,

home, domus, us or

—

honor, pudor,

hard,

horse, equus,

difficilis, e.

T,

m.

horseman, eques, nocitu-

nocui,

equitis,

m.

hostage, obses, obsidis, m.

and f.

hour, bora, ae,/

rus.

hasten, matiiro, are,

avi, atus

con-

;

haughty, superbus,

a,

;

dat.

hie

;

ille;

head, caput,

head

of,

he whO,

capitis,

n.

;

or

;

\,

f.

tamen.

hurl, iacio, ere, iecT, iactus

is

mature, are,

tentus;

avi, atus.

be at the

praesum, praeesse, praefuT,

hear, audio,

ire,

I,

audlvl, auditus.

height, altitudo, inis,/. ESSEN. OF LATIN

ego, met.

Ides, Idus, if, si

— 20

conicio,

hurry, contends, ere, contendi, con-

qui.

praefuturus.

;

ere, conieci, coniectus.

to, passive peri-

phrastic conjugation (438-9). ;

iJs

hundred, centum.

um.

have, habeo, ere, habuT, habitus

of possessor ; have

house, domus,

however, autem

tendo, ere, contend!, contentus.

is

at home,

,•

avi, atus.

horn, cornu, us, n.

ere,

/

/

hope, spes, spel,

sltus.

noceo,

i,

m.

oris,

hope, spero, are,

harbor, portus, us, m.

harm,

;

ere, con-

domi.

is, ;«.

harass, lacesso, ere, lacessivi, laces-

vix.

hold

ere, sustinuT, sustentus.

inis, f.

ere, accidi,

;

hold up, sustineo,

tinuT, contentus;

happen, accido,

um.

back, retineo, ere, retinui, retentus

hold together, contineo,

hand, manus, us, / Hannibal, Hannibal,

a,

hold, teneo, ere, tenuT, tentus

n

guest, hospes, hospitis, m.

habit, consuetudo,

n.

suus,

hither, hue.

ground, on the, hum!.

hardly,

ad-

verso colle.

um.

a,

greatness, magnitudo,

he,

her

:

um.

suus, a,

herself, see self.

tariae, yl

great, magnus,

tantus,

305

;

if

Iduum, / phir.

not, nisi.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

3o6 impede, impediS,

keen, acer,

of abl. ; in, w. abl. ; be sum, inesse, inful, Tnfuturus.

in, sign

in, in-

infamous,

a.t,

kill,

atis,/,-

keep

;

ere, pro-

interficio,

;

interfecT, interfectus

occldo,

;

kindness, gratia, ae, /

auctoritas,

ae, /. ;

have most

influence, pluri-

king, rex,

know,

regis,

m.

scio, scire, scTvT, scitus;

lego, ere, intellexT, intellectus

posse.

permoveo,

influence,

atus

ere, occTdl, occisus.

infantry, pedites, um, m. plur. gratia,

avi,

neco, are, avi, atus

ere,

f.

turpis, e.

influence,

keep, servo, are,

hibui, prohibitus.

increase, augeo, ere, auxi, auctus.

industry, dlligentia,

acris, acre.

(away) from, prohibeo,

incite, incite, are, avi, atus.

nium

K

impedivT, impe-

Tre,

ditus.

ere,

permovT,

intel;

perf.

of cogn5sco, ere, cognovT, cognitus.

permotus.

inform, certiorem

facio, ere, feci, fac-

tus.

inhabit, incolo, ere, incoluT,

—

inhabitant, incola, ae, w.

esse,

~t>.

into, in,

;

in

animo

ace.

7v.

dat.

native land, pa-

/

com- large, magnus,

a,

um

;

amplus,

ae,/

;

till

law,

/ a,

legis,/

lex,

lazy, piger, pigra, pigrum.

um.

lead, duco, ere, diJxi, ductus

;

across or over, traduco, ere, traductus

duxl,

January, lanuarius, T,

m.

T,

proelium

lead

;

lead tra-

back, re-

duco, ere, reduxT, reductus

;

lead

out, ediico, ere, eduxi, eductus.

;/.

join, iungo, ere, iunxT, iunctus

battle,

late

latter, hic, haec, hoc.

Italy, Italia, ae,

javelin, pllum,

um.

at night, ad niultam noctem.

it, is, ea, id.

suus,

a,

last, at. deniquf.

late at night, multa nocte

missus.

;

futurus,

tria, ae,

perniitto, ere, permTsi, per-

island. Insula,

its, eius

opus, operis, n.

lack, careo, ere, caruT, cariturus.

land, terra, ae, /./

intrust, committo, ere, commTsi, ;

;

y."

lacking, be, desum, deesse, defuT, de-

dat.

iv.

missus

;

obfutiirus.

intend, in animo habere

T.

labor, labor, oris, m.

lack, inopia, ae,

injure, noceo. ere, nocui, nociturus

obsum, obesse, obfuT,

Labienus, Labienus,

;

committo,

commTsT, commissus.

join ere,

leader, dux, ducis, m.

learn,

;

princeps, prln-

m.

cipis,

intellego, ere, intellexT, inteldisco,

—

joint, art us, us, n.

lectus

journey,

learn of, cognosco, ere, cognovi,

iter, itineris, n.

judgment, iudicium,

T,

n.

;

cognitus.

ere,

didicT,

;

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN leave, intrans., discedo, ere, discessi, discessus

exeo, exTre,

;

exil, exitus

leave behind,

trans., leave,

;

relln-

=

(

remaining),

nothing

let, sign

reli(iuus, a,

um

;

siibjv.

of

impel-, or suhjv. ; let gO,

dlmitto, ere, dlmisT, dimissus. letter (of alphabet), littera,

s.e,

f.;

(epistle), litterae, ^.xMxa, f. pliir

atis,

lieutenant, legatus, life, vita, ae,

lift

/

up, toll5, ere, sustull, sublatus.

nus,

av!, atus.

merchant, mercator,

oris,

m.

Mercury,

MercurT,

INIercurius,

messenger,

middle

of,

nfintius,

medius,

little,

a,

long, longus,

a,

lord, dominus,

amo,

T,

um

adv., diu.

more, plus, pluris moreover, autem

vi.

are, avT, atus.

low, humilis,

us,

;;/.

;

sign of com.

(^postpositive').

most, sign of superlative. mountain, mons, montis, m.

e.

loyal, fldus, a, um.

move, moveo, ere, movT, motus. much, multus, a, um adv., multum,

M

;

mad, Tnsanus, a, um. make, facio, ere, feci, factus. man, vir, virT, w. , homo, hominis, w. and f. : a man who, is qui. manage, administro, are, avT, atus. manhood, virtus, utis, / many, plural of multus, a, um very many, complures, compluria. march, iter, itineris, n.; on the march, ;

ex itinere.

um.

money, pecunia, ae,y; month, mensis, \%,f moon, luna, ae,yi

— ;

a,

misfortune, casus,

/

um.

live, VIVO, ere, vIxT,

love,

mine, meus,

are, avi, atus.

parvus,

um.

animadverts, ere, animadverti,

animadversus.

el,

a,

tn.

w.

T,

mind, animus, T, m. ; mens, mentis,/! ; have in mind, in animo habere; in animo esse, 70. dat. ; turn the mind to,

amo,

domi-

mention, dem6nstr5, are,

like, similis, e,

line of battle, acies,

»i. ;

m.

i,

light, lux, lucis,/

like,

in.

suum.

f.

m.

I,

i,

mile, mille passus; pliir., millia pas-

liberate, llbero, are, avT, at us.

liberty, llbertas,

iter faci5, ere, feci, factus;

;

contendo, ere, contend!, contentus.

may, sign of wish ; utinam, w. subjv. means of, by, abl. of means ; per,7y. ace.

left, nihil reliquT.

w.

proficTscor, proficTscT, profec-

sum

master, magister, magistri,

legion, legio, onis,/.' lest, ne,

tus

Marcus, Marcus,

quo, ere, relTquT, relictus. left, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum.

left

march,

307

multo.

multitude, multitudo,

inis,yl

must, passive periphrastic conjugation, to. dat.

my, meus, myself,

a,

of agent (438-9).

um.

see self.

N name, nomen, ndminis, name, appello, are, avI,

n. atus.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

3o8 narrow, angustus,

um.

a,

nation, natio, onis,

old, vetus, veteris

gens, gentis,

y; ,

y^

native land, patria, ae„/ near, ad, w. ace.

come

;

be

need,

in

um.

a,

need

care5,

of,

ere,

—

caruT,

m.

T,

neighboring, flnitimus,

never,

.

um

a,

one who,

;

um.

a,

neque

nor,

.

.

.

.

.

.

another, alius

one

.

.

.

the other, alter ... alter; to

one another, inter a, um.

atus

avI,

are,

um.

proximus,

um

a-,

posterus,

;

um. late at night,

nullus, a,

;

um

;

oportet,

(of two),

;

oportuit,

ere,

debitus impers.

;

conjugation

periphrastic

our,

ours,

noster,

nostra,

ourselves, nos, nostrum

north wind, aquilo,

out of,

dnis, ;«.

neque

;

if not, nisi

;

not, but not,

to, ne, iv. subjv.

;

nostrum

over,

;

ipsi, ae, a.

e or ex, 7v. abl.

in,

'V.

trans, w. ace.

abl. ;

;

be

over, supersum, superesse, superful,

superfuturus.

that not, ne, w. subjv.

nothing,

m.

Tgis,

aliud

alia,

our men, nostri, orum, m. plur.

nor, neque.

and

avT,

are,

(438-9).

non no one, none, nemo, dat. nemini.

;

impero,

;

um.

alter, a,

passive

nineteen, undeviginti.

non

alius,

ought, debeo, ere, debuT,

//

multa nocte.

not

—

atus.

night, nox, noctis,

not,

n.

I,

mand5,

;

other,

no,

se.

to, in, ut, iv. subjv.

Orgetorix, Orgetorix,

a,

the

alius;

.

resisto, ere, restiti,

new, novus, next,

.

only, solus,

nevertheless, tamen. a,

.

order, iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus

numquam.

qui;

.

order

neque.

is

one

oppose,

neither, neuter, neutra, neutrum. .

senex, senis.

;

abl.

opportunity, spatium,

neighbor, fTnitimus,

neither

w.

in,

one, unus,

near, go near,

accedo, ere, accessi, accessurus. nearest, proximus,

on,

overcome, supero,

nihil, indecl.

notice, animadverts, ere, animadvert!,

are, avi, atus.

overtvike, consequor,

consequi, con-

secutus sum.

animadversus.

now, nunc, iam. number, numcrus,

owe, debeo, T,

m.

;

ere, debut, debitus.

nmltitudo,

inis, f.

pace, passus, us,

obey, pareo, ere, paruT, obtineo,

obtain,

ere,

— obtinul,

occupy, occupo,

are, avi, atus.

of, sign

de, w. abl.

often, saepe.

peace, pax, pacis,yl ob-

pear

tree, pirus, \,f.

people, populus,

tentus.

of gen.

;

in.

part, pars, partis,/

that, utinam, w. subjv.

T,

m.

perceive, intellegS, ere, intellexl, tellectus.

perish, cado, ere, cecidi, casiirus.

in-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN permit, permitto, missus

permTsT,

ere,

concedo,

;

per-

concessT,

ere,

persuade, persuades, persuasus,

present, be, adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus fui,

concessus.

7v.

persuasi,

ere,

309

intersum, interesse, inter-

;

interfuturus.

preserve, servo, are, avT, atus. pretty, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum.

dat.

pitch (camp), pono,

ere, posui, posi-

proceed, cSnsequor, cSnsequT, consecutus sum.

tus.

place, locus,

T,

m.

plur., loci or loca

;

in that place, ibi

;

to this place,

;

proper,

be,

sum.

eri, pollicitus

oportet,

oportuit,

ere,

iinpers.

hue. place, pono, ere, posuT, positus loco, are, avi, atus

con-

;

constituo, ere,

;

plan, consilium,

protection, praesidium, .•

dico,

dixl,

ere,

proud, superbus,

a,

frumentaria,

point out, demonstro, are,

obtineo,

ere,

rel

us,

m.

frumentariae,

prudence, consilium,

avT, atus.

I,

;

punish, puiiio, ob-

obtinuT,

11.

punlvl, piinitus

Ire,

aniniadverto, ere, animadverti, ani-

madversus.

tentus.

possession, take possession cup5, are,

avi, atus

;

of,

oc-

get possession

sum, w.

potitus

of, potior, potirT,

punishment, poena, ae,/ pupil, discipulus,

purpose

I,

w.

of, for the, ad,

w. ace. of

gerundive.

gen. possible, the

.

.

.

-est possible, as

... as

possible, quam,

of adj.

as soon as possible, cpiam

;

superl.

70.

pursue, c5nsequor, cSnsequi, consecutus sum.

put to

flight, in

fugam do.

prTmum. power, «./

res

_/!

public, publicus, a, um.

w.

poor, miser, misera, miserum.

possess,

commeatus,

provisions,

are, avT, atus.

I,

com-

;

province, provincia, ae,yl

a, urn.

pledge, obses, obsidis, m. or f.

Pompey, Pompeius,

avi, atus

paro, are, avT, atus.

please, delecto, are, avI, atus.

plow, aro,

fides, el,

,•

um.

provide, paro, are,

dictus.

pleasing, gratus,

I, ;;.

put one's self under the pro-

tection of, in fidem venire, w. dat,

n.

I,

cause),

(a

protect, defendo, ere, defendT,defensus.

/

constituT, constitfitus.

plead

promise, polliceor,

potestas, atis, f.; imperium,

vis,

T,

ace, vim.

queen, reglna, ae,

powerful, potens, potentis

;

be very

powerful, plurimum posse.

quickness,

praise, laudo, are, avT, atus. prefer, malo, malle, maluT,

prepare, paro, are, pare, are, avi, atus.

celeritas, atis,yC

R

—

avT, atus

f.

quickly, celeriter.

;

com-

race

(=

nation), gens, gentis,

/

raise, toUo, ere, sustuli, sublatus.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

3id rampart, vallum,

i,

trans.

;;.

rank, ordo, ordinis, w.

ravage, vasto, are,

novissimum agmen,

;

cognovT,

ere,

relief, subsidium,

remain, maneo, remaned,

T, ;/.

ere,

mansT,

mansum

;

ere, remansi, remansurus.

remove, toUo,

a,

;/.

1,

a,

um

;

as subst.,

Romanus, i, in. Rome, Roma, ae, / rose, rosa, ae,

/

rouse, incito, are, avT, atus.

ere, sustull, sublatus.

rout, pello, ere, pepull, pulsus,

render, reddo, ere, reddidl, redditus.

respondeo, ere, respondl,

re-

rule,

regd,

pero,

spnnsus.

are, avi, atus

;/.

rough, asper, aspera, asperum.

um.

report, nuntio, are, avT, atus

in.

iter, itineris, «.

Roman, Romanus,

n.

I,

remaining, reliquus,

reply,

road, via, ae, /I; rock, saxum,

cognitus.

redoubt, castellum,

i,

right, dexter, dext[e]ra, dext[e]rum. river, flumen, fluminis,

recipio, ere, recepT, receptus.

cognosco,

«.

i,

m.

T,

Rhone, Rhodanus, accep-

accepT,

receive, accipio, ere, tus

reward, praemium,

Rhine, Rhenus,

«.

reason, causa, ae, f.

recognize,

give back), reddo, red-

reveal, enuntio, are, avi, atus.

avi, atus.

reach,perveni5,Tre,pervem,perventus. rear,

(=

dere, reddidl, redditus.

enuntio,

;

im-

;

atus.

avi,

run away, fugio,

rectus

rexT,

ere,

are,

ere, fugl, fugitus.

renuntio, are, avT,

;

atus.

um. m.

republic, res publica, rel pidilicae, y^

safe, tutus, a,

reputation, auctoritas, atis,yi

sailor, nauta, ae,

request, peto,

ere,

petivi

or

petiT,

petTtus.

sake 7V.

of, for the, causa,

w. gen.

require, postulo, are, avT, atus.

sally, eruptiS, om%,f.

resist, resisto, ere, restiti,

same, idem, eadem, idem,

respect, vereor,

eri,

—

veritus sum.

save

respects, in all, omnibus rebus, rest of, reliquus,

a,

retain, obtineo, ere, obtinuT,

obten-

avT, eri-

rescue), eripio, ere,

say, dlco, ere, dlxT, dictus.

pedem

{refl.);

refero, referre, ret-

intr., ;

redeo,

redire,

rediT,

reverto, ere, revertT,

and reverter,

is,

seat, sedlle,

vi.

n.

is,

n.

second, secundus,

a,

um

;

for

the

second time, iterum.

tulT, relatus.

reditum

scout, explorator, 5ris, sea, mare,

retineo, ere, retinuT, retentus.

retreat, recipio, ere, recepi, receptus

return,

preserve), servo, are,

(=

scare, terreo, ere, terruT, territus.

tentus.

;

ut,

puT, ereptus.

restrain, contineo, ere, continuT, con-

tus

(=

atus;

um.

;

subjv.

revertT, reversus

—

sum

;

see, video, ere, vidT, vTsus.

seek, pet5, ere, petTvi or petiT, petTtus;

quaero, ere, quaesivl, quaesltus.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN atus

seize, occupo, are, avT,

capio,

;

himself, herself, itself, themipse,

um

a,

myself,

{refi.);

(^inkns.)

sul

;

our-

yourself,

selves, ipse {intens.); pers. pi-on.

small, parvus,

lenis, e.

snatch

away,

send, mitto, ere, misT, missus

ahead,

praemitto,

praemlssus

send

;

ere, off,

send

;

praemlsi,

dimitto, ere,

;

IV.

tarn

.

.

tus sum.

.

another,

fllius, fill

or

;

space, spatium,

severely, graviter.

speak, dico,

;

lociitus

ilia.

m. in.

T,

n.

ere, dL\I, dictus

;

speech, oratio, om%,f.

e.

oris,

m.

speed, celeritas,

atis, /;

m.

spirit, animus,

sick, aeger, aegra,

aegrum.

spoil, praeda, ae, y^

side, latus, lateris, n.;

from

sides, undique.

or

on

all

T,

stand before, praesto, praestare, praestitT,

—

sight, conspectus, us, m.

star, Stella, ae,

sign, sTgnum,

state, cTvitas, atis, f.

T,

n.

similar, similis,

e.

/ ;

res pf.blica, rei

publicae,y;

station, conloco, are, avT, atus

six, sex.

magnitudo,

inis, f.

skillful, peritus, a,

slaughter, caedes, 1,

speak

sum.

are, avT, atus.

slave, servus,

in

as soon as, quam

;

show, demonstrS,

size,

aliam

spear, hasta, ae, yC

ship, navis, is,y;

shout, clamor,

alii

together, conloquor, conloqui, con-

acris, acre,

short, brevis,

filii,

mox

seventy, septuaginta.

she, ea

.

primum.

seven, septem.

sharp, acer,

.

son-in-law, gener, generi, soon, iam

fectus.

;

in

aliquid

aliqua,

others, alii some some in one direction,

partem. son,

set over, praeficiS, ere, praefecT, prae-

quae (qua), quid

quis,

aliquis,

;

alii

some

set out, proficTscor, proficTscT, profec-

m.

um.

sole, s5lus, a,

.

um;

subjv.

(aliquod);

census.

a,

as not, ne,

so

;

soldier, miles, mllitis,

(quod)

set fire to, incendo, ere, incendi, in-

eripuT,

ere,

SO great, tantus,

;

itaque

so,

some (one),

dlmlsl, d:missus.

Sequani, SequanT, orum, m. plur. servant, servus, I, w.

eripio,

ereptus.

and

in.

um.

a,

smooth,

SO, ita

senate, senatus, us,

e.

slow, piger, pigra, pigrum.

select, deligo, ere, delexi, delectus.

selves,

slay, occldo, ere, occidi, occisus.

slender, gracilis,

ere, cepi, captus.

self,

311

w.

um. is,

/

;

con-

stituo, ere, constituT, constitutus.

stay, maneo, ere, mansT,

storm, oppugno, are,

by storm, expugno,

mansum.

avT, atus

;

take

are, avi, atus.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

312

away,

story, fabula, ae,/.

strange, alienus,

take possession

street, via, ae,

/

atus

strength,

vim,/

are, avi, atus.

vis,

sublatus

tolls, ere, sustulT,

take by storm, expugnS,

um.

a,

;

teacher, magister, magistri,

strive, contends, ere, contend!, con-

tell, dico, ere, dixi, dictus.

temple, templum,

tentus.

strong, validus,

a, uni.

contendo,

struggle,

f.

contendl,

ere,

sturdy, validus, talis, e

um.

a,

um. la-

;

summer, aestas, atis,/ summon, convoco, are, supplies, commeatus,

supplies

are,

supero, are, avT, atus

trado,

;

—

there,

a,

um

;

see self.

ibi

;

introductory, not trans-

lated.

therefore, itaque.

thereupon, inde.

dedere,

dedidl,

they,

circumvenio,

Tre,

circum-

suslineo, ere,

res,

super-

;

illT,

illae, ilia.

re!,/

think, existimS, are, avi, atus tror,

superfuturus.

eae, ea

iT,

thing,

ari,

;

arbi-

atus sum.

third, tertius,

um.

a,

thirty, triginta. sustinui, sus-

tentus.

this, hic, haec, hoc.

thou,

swift, velox, velocis.

tu.

thousand, mllle

swiftly, celeriter. T,

w.

subjv.;

7v.

(own), theirs, suus,

tradidi,

dedo,

sword, gladius,

that not, ne,

tradere,

survive, supersum, superesse,

sustain,

ut,

thence, inde.

venl, circumventus.

fuT,

ilia,

that, utinam.

themselves,

atus

avi,

sum.

deditus.

surround,

would their

surrender, deditio, onis,/

;

ille,

;

quod.

after verbs of fearing, ne, w.

;

subjv.;

avi, atus.

ijs, tn. ;

))raest6,praestare, praestiti,

traditus

comparative.

ea, id

eorum, earum.

exTstinio,

surrender,

is,

qui, c|uae,

rel.,

;

subjv.

of grain, res frumentaria, yC

tr.,

abl. after

;

that, in order that, so that,

supply, copia, ae,/ arbitror, ari, atus

quam

that, demonstr., illud

suitable, idoneus, a, um.

iii/r.,

ten, decern.

than,

sum

passus

boro, are, avT, atus.

surpass,

n.; aedes, aedium,

plur.

territory, fines, flnium, in. plur.

tantus, a,

;

suffer, patior, patl,

suppose,

»t.

tender, tener, tenera, tenerum.

contentus.

such,

T,

occupo,

of,

strengthen,al6,ere,aluT, alitusoraltus.

;

are, avT,

(Jndecl.')

;

plur., mlllia

or milia.

m.

three, tres, tria

;

three hundred,

tre-

centl, ae, a.

through, per, table, mensa, ae,

/

take, capio, ere, cepT, captus

throw, ;

take

%v. ace.

iacio, ere, ieci, iactus

ere, coniecl, coniectus.

;

conicio,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN thus,

urge, cohortor,

ita.

Tiber, Tiberis,

time, tempus, temporis, n. I,

n. ; for

a long time,

of dat.; ad,

to, sign

atus

ari,

sum; urge on,

incite, are, av!, atus.

m.

is,

313

in,

;

spatium,

w.

use, usus, us, m.

;

be of use

to,

prosum,

prodesse, profu!, profuturus.

diu. ace. ; sign

use, Gtor,

usus sum.

ut!,

of subjv. ofpurpose. to-day, hodie.

top

tower,

a,

um.

van, primum agmen, primi agminis,

(s)i ad, w.

an.

vassal, cliens,

summus,

of,

toward

turris,

very, adj. or adv. in superl.

is,/

town, oppidum,

trader, mercator, oris,

view, conspectus,

tn.

Tralles, Tralles, Trallium, m. pi.

village, v!cus,

transport, traduco, ere, traduxi, tra-

virtue,

virtiis, utis,

wage, gero,

/

ere, gessi, gestus

war upon, bellum

n.

T,

f.

W

treat, ago, ere, egi, actus.

trench, fossa, ae,

us, tn.

!, vi.

ductus.

trial, iudicium,

intens.,

;

um.

ipse, a,

n.

1,

tribe, gens, gentis,/

wage

;

!nfer6, !nferre, in-

tul!, inlatus.

troops, copiae, arum,/.//.

wait

trust, fides, ei,/

wall, murus,

trust, credo, ere, credidl, creditus.

walls, moenia, nioenium, n.

try, Conor, ari, atus sum.

war, bellum, 1, ;/. warn, moneo, ere, monui, monitus.

turn about, converts, ere, convert!, conversus revert!,

reversus to,

turn back, reverto,

;

—

,

and

sum

revertor,

the

turn

;

ere,

revert!,

for, exspecto, are, av!, atus.

animadversus.

are, avi, atus.

/

vigilia, ae,

via, ae, /.

we, nos, nostrum. weapon, telum, i,

wear

v!ginti.

two, duo, duae, duo.

m.

watch,

orum,

twelve, duodecim.

1,

waste, lay, vasto,

mind way,

animadverto, ere, animadvert!,

twenty,

«.

out, conficio, ere, confec!, con-

what when,

e. a,

um.

;

well known, qu!

{rel.),

e.

unwilling, be, n5l5, nolle, nolu!,

upon,

in, 7U. ace.

where,

and abl.

,

nobilis, e.

quae,

quae,

quod;

quid,

ubi. ubi.

which

nisi.

unlike, dissimilis,

arma,

*

{inierrog.), quis,

unless,

plur.,

fectus.

U unfavorable, alienus,

/

;/.

well, bene

ugly, turpis,

n.

clientis, in.

{rel.),

{inierrog.),

which

qui,

quae,

quod

;

quis,

quae,

quid

;

of two, uter, utra, utrum.

white, albus,

a,

um.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

314 who

quae

qui,

{rel.^,

;

{interrog.),

quis, quae.

whole,

why,

totus, a,

um

omnis,

;

woman,

e.

cur.

sustinui,

ere,

femina,

ae,

mulier,

f. ;

mulieris, f.

latus, a,

wild, ferus,

sustineo,

sustentus.

wicked, malus, wide,

withstand,

a,

a,

um.

wood,

um. um.

—

will, volo, velle, voluT,

;

willing, be, volo, velle, voluT,

—

;

more willing, maid, malle, maluT, T,

wing, cornu,

us, «.

=

forest), silva, ae,

/ n.

would that, utinam, w. subjv. wound, vulnus, vulneris, «. be wound, vulnero, are, avi, atus,

will not,

—

n6l5, nolle, noluT,

wine, vinum,

(

work, labor, bn%,f.; opus, operis, work, laboro, are, avi, atus.

—

wretched, miser, misera, miserum. write, scrlbo, ere, scrips!, scriptus.

n.

winter, hiems, hiemis, y".

winter quarters, hiberna, orum,

n. pi.

year, annus,

m.

T,

wisely, prudenter. yet, tamen.

wish,

cupio,

with, sign of apud, 7U. ace.

cuplvi,

ere,

vols, velle, volui,

cupTtus

—

ahl. ;

cum,

;

you,

tu, vds.

young, la.

abl.

;

your,

iuvenis,

yours,

is.

tuus,

a,

vestra, vestrum.

withdraw, discedo,

ere, discessT, dis-

yourself,

tia,

vos

;

cessum.

within, sign of abl. of time. without, sine, w. abl. be without, ;

careo, ere, carul, cariturus.

zeal, studiuni;

I,

n.

ipse.

um

;

vester,

INDEX [Numbers

refer to Sections.]

passive participle

of cause, 118;

Ablative, of agent, 142;

comparison, 260; of manner, 148; of means, 94 of measure of difference, ;

tion, 157;

of time

302-303 with

tive,

315-317

absolute,

ablative

;

;

and

potior,

when, 131; descripfruor, futigor,

utor,

303-

domus, 222, 2 eo,

;

;

476.

500.

Fearing, verbs

of,

384, 385.

fero, 502. fio, 501.

329.

;

Active periphrastic conjugation, 437; 504. Adjectives, agreement, 65 demonstrative, ;

;

;

268. ;

201

228

Exceedingly, expressed by superlative,

vescor, 337.

Accusative, of time and space, 245 of limit of motion, 231 subject accusa184

interrogative, 216, 217; possessive,

292; as nouns, 203; with dative, 163.

Adverbs, formation,

fruor-, 337.

fungor, 337. Gender, rules

of, 27.

Genitive, descriptive, 302-303; partitive,

comparison,

279;

251-

Gerund and Gerundive, 403-406.

280.

Agent, expressed by ablative with ab,

htc, 201.

huml, 229.

142.

Idem, 189.

Apposition, 58. bonus, comparison, 272.

ille,

Cause, ablative

Impersonal use of verbs, 432. Indefinite pronouns, 300-301.

Commands,

of,

118.

399.

Comparison, lessons, of,

260

;

43,

irregular, 272

Compound

;

44

;

ablative

verbs, construction, 393-394.

with

;

163;

with verbs,

verbs,

333-335, 503;

Interrogative adjective Ipse, Qfyj is,

188.

iste,

perfect

formation,

322;

as

subject,

complementary, 184; tense

of,

in indirect discourse, 330.

of service,

393-394Demonstratives, 201.

Deponent

369-370;

Indirect object, 58.

Infinitive,

compound

adjective,

verbs, 342-343; with

327-330;

Indirect question, 369-370.

183 b;

Dative, of possession, 238

discourse,

427-430.

clauses, 386-387.

294-295;

202.

Indirect

of adverbs, 280.

Concessive clauses, 386-387. Conditional sentences, 413-421.

Cum

mean-

domi, 229.

Accent, 20.

tive,

active in

Descriptive ablative and genitive, 302-

of specifica-

267; of separation, 211;

of,

ing. 335-

of

208.

Locative, 229.

31 5

and pronoun, 216.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

3i6 fnalo, 499.

Measure

qui, 195.

of difference, ablative

of,

267.

quis, 216; 301.

-ne, 40.

quisquam, 301.

nolo, 499.

quisquc, 301.

Order of Words,

82.

Participles, formation, 307;

tenses, 309;

use, 311; of deponents, 334; perfect passive participle, active in meaning,

335

;

as protasis, 311, 315, 316, 421.

conjugation, 438-

relative clause of purpose,

by subjunctive, 356-

rurl, 229.

Separation, ablative

Sequence

of,

211.

of tenses, ^68.

Space, extent

q:]-^.

of,

expressed by accusative,

245.

Possession, dative

of,

Subjunctive, of purpose, 350-351

238.

Possessive adjectives, 292-293.

364 of result, 356-358. Substantive clauses, 378

363-

;

;

possum, 497. potior, 337.

;

with verbs of

fearing, 384-385.

Pronouns, demonstrative, 201 indefinite, 300-301; inter. ogative, 216; personal, ;

284;

;

363-364.

358.

439; 505Personal pronouns, 284, 285. Place where, whither, whence, 231. plus,

Relative, 195

Result, expressed

Partitive genitive, 251.

Passive periphrastic

Rather, expressed by comparative, 268. Reflexive pronouns, 284, 286.

reflexive,

agreement, 197;

286;

relative,

195;

in indirect discourse,

428.

sum, 496. Supine, 433-435-

Time, extent tive,

245;

of,

expressed by accusa-

clauses

expressing

time,

386-387.

prosum, 498. Purpose, expressed by subjunctive, 35035^^ 363-364 by gerund or gerundive, 406 by supine, 433-435.

viscor, 237-

Quantity, 16.

volo, 499.

Questions, 40; indirect, 369-370.

Wishes, 423-425.

1

;

;

Too, expressed by comparative, 268. iifor,

337.

V'ery,

expressed by superlative, 268.

LANE'S LATIN

GRAMMAR

REVISED EDITION $1.50

GEORGE

By

M. LANE, Ph.D., LL.D.

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SINCE

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grammar

for advanced study approached by no other American publication in completeness and authoritativeness, and is conspicuous for its originality, sound scholarship, accurate analysis of constructions, copious illustrations, and clear arrangement. The revision has been conducted under the direction of Professor Morris H. Morgan, who edited and completed the original edition, left unfinished by the death of the distinguished author. The chapter on Sound has been rewritten and enlarged by Professor Hanns Oertel, of Yale, and the views concerning the nature and kinds of vowels and consonants, the Latin accent, and the phonetic laws under which changes of vowel and consonant should take place, have been modified to conform to Many changes have also been made in the present usage. chapter on Inflection and Formation. Throughout the book the working rf "hidden quantities" has been completely revised. For the most part, however, no alterations have been found necessary in the treatment of broad general principles or in the

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furnishes abundant material for careful training in Latin pronunciation, for the study of the leading principles under which Latin words are formed, for thorough drill in inflections, and for acquiring a good working knowledge of the most important principles of Latin syntax and composition. The arrangement of the material is clear and logical, with cross-references to the larger grammar.

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