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The Douglas Skyraider was design ed as a repl acem ent for th e Dougl as SBD Dauntless and by the time it wa s int rodu...

Author: Smith P.C.

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The Douglas Skyraider was design ed as a repl acem ent for th e Dougl as SBD Dauntless and by the time it wa s int roduced it looked like an anachronism. Whilst mi lit ary aeroplanes were getting sleeker and faster and w ere powered by jet engi nes, the Skyraider was a large, propellor-driven monoplane that looked ungainly. Looks can be deceiving and the Skyraid er was to earn the affec tion of its crews and of many of t he people it supporte d in the g round wars in Korea and Vietn am and in so me sma ller conflicts. It went on to serve in ten different air fo rces and for mor e th an twenty-five years, undertak ing roles as diverse as div ebom bing, airborne early wa rni ng . air-to -air refu elling, nuclea r st rike and casualty evacuati on.

Peter C. Smith has worked as both bo ok and magaz ine edi to r but has been a full -time histo rian and w riter fo r many years. He is t he author of many magazine art icles. seven collections of short sto ries and a novel. but is better known for his meticulously researched factual history books on aviation. m ilitary and naval top ics. As well as being extensively published in th e United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. Peter's books have been translated into Chinese . German. Japanese, Italian and Swedish. His expertise is also called upon as a consu ltant for television docu me nta ries . Peter is a member of th e Society of Authors, Lo ndon and he received the Royal Ma ri ne Histor ical Socie ty Aw ard for 1987/88. Origi nally fr om Norfolk. Peter now lives in Bedfor d shir e.

W hat ga ve th e Skyraide r its repu tati on and lon gev ity w as it s exce lle nt load -ear ry ing capability. its range and endurance. and its adaptabi lity. Pow ered by a single 2.700hp Wrig ht Cyclone. t he Sky raider could carry a larger weapon load than many World War Two bombers. It served with distinction in Korea an d Vietnam with the United States Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps , and was used as an airborne early warning aeroplane by the Royal Navy. The Skyraider was also used by France and some smaller nations. such as South Vietnam, Chad, Laos and Cam bo dia . Dive-bombing hi stori an Peter C. Smith tell s th e full story of th e design. d evelopment and long operational use of th is ofte n underrated aerop lane. Using archive material and fi rst-hand accou nts. th is new addit io n to th e range of Crowood Av iation book s w ill appeal to anyone w ith an int erest in m il it ary aviation.

For details o f our other aviation titles, and a cop y of ou r catalogue. w rite to: The Crowood Press Ram sbury Marlbo rough Wiltshire SN82HR Co ver des ign by Annette Findlay

£29.95

Printed in Great Britain

,..... . . ".,-

• 11. ...

LA UNCH A SKYRAllJER! W HERE IS TH E ENEMY, Admi ral wan ts (0 sec! Wh,u will the o rde r he! 'Launch a Skvraidc r!'

Deck pitching o ut uf sigh t. Seaha wks an: sin ing t ight , Venoms wo n't fly toni ght ; 'Launch a Skvraider!'

Oft co rnes the plainnvc wail. 'How ca n we get the mail !' Press on through ice and ha il'La unc h a Skvmider!'

Ship gets herself a clout how will they son it Oll(! You bet your life they' ll sho ut 'Launc h a Skvrai dcr!' W hat keeps them on th e hoil! Hard work and skilful roil; Tak es a lo t of midn igh t o il to 'Launc h a Skvra idc r!' O ff when it 's foul o r fine, pit chblack or brigh t suns hine; Three cheers for 849, whe n tllI..' Y'Launc h a Skvmtdcr.' (By kind 1l\'nni.~silJlllJf Lr Cdr P.G.W. Morris. RN, '0' Fli/{ht , HMS Bulwark, /958)

,....

••

Dougla, AD

rsu er

Peter C. Smith

The Crowood Press

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All n.:hu ~'rJ. N" I'd" ...1 Ih~ rut>IKa""n In.,,' ..... rq>l\,JucrJ .". Ir."''ffi'lIrJ ,n dn j' t<>rm ,,,- "', any ITW"d lU, elecre e uc '" m«ru.nKd\' ,nd..JlflJ: f'ho. Ol'..... 'f'~·. rt'C,,,.Jml<:. '''' ,onv ,ni",nulk'" .r,,,..~ dnJ "'1T..,v~1 ~~..r<'m , ""Ih"", f'l'1Tlll""k'" ,n "TII'f\K 1',, ,", rhor f'lIt>h..hcT-, Brili_h lib....'" C~ul...teuint·in. Put>lic~li<>n lb u A Cdl..k'l."""' r<'<;"rJ i", th" h....>l. ...." ..,bN.- in)fll lhor firm'" L,...... ry

!"h
T"I'<'(.K,·. "...·,1: (,,,",h' ('ncl. (:tic henh"m lhto,lJm,l/:ll.

Tn"·...·' .IIlJ , 1,·" .:n~....1t>v [) s, N l'u"l"hm.: Me",hll'i 1'''''IIl~''' I'arl, IIL",.:~'rt"r,l . p"'· rl,h",·,

L.,"'..... rrn W,...,Jb",I.

Dedi cation To the mem o ry of Arth ur Pcurcv - av iat io n hi storian anJ friend.

..,.

-"

Contents Introduction anJ A cknowl cJ gemcnts

WARTIME PROGRESSIO N O F T HE DIVE BOMBER

2

7 9

FALSE STA RT The Dou glas Dest royer

16

LAST C HANCE A Ne w Conce pt is Bom

21

A ST ROKE O F GENI US Development of the Daunrless-l l

29

5 T HE SKYRA IDER DESCRIBED

37

6

T H E SKYRA lD ER JOI NS T i lE FLEET

51

7

EXPERIMEN T S, MO DIFIC ATI O NS AND [MPRO VEMENTS

59

CO M BAT OVER KO REA T he US Navy Experie nce I

75

CO MBAT O VER KO REA T he US Marine Corps Experien ce

87

T HEAEW The Royal Navy Experien ce

91

3 4

8 9 10 I[

FURTHER DIVERS IFIC AT IO N

[ OJ

12

DELIVERING THE GOODS

III

13

TAR GET T UG The Swed ish Experien ce

125

COM BAT O VER VIETNAM The US Na vy Experien ce I!

129

14

,., ,...,,,,. d ~I'. ".

COMBAT OVER VIETNA M The USAF Experie nce

139

CO MBAT OV ER VIETNAM The YNA F Experience

151

SMA LL WARS The French Experience

159

18

EN D O F THE LI NE FOR THE SPAD

163

19

SPAD SU RVIVO RS

169

Append ix I

AD- I BuNo 09155 - Performance Data

181

A ppend ix II

Rescue Radio

183

15 16 17

Append ix III All -Weather Skvraider VA(AWl -33

184

Notes

188

Index

190

,.. • 11.

Introduction and Acknowledgements Th e ~ the story of a WI')' famou s aircratr, certamlv one of [he t..m,l;.'e'l ser\" in~ and bes IOH'J ci Its kind. Like (ffiln)" fam,Ill.' dive bombers, th e Ot.lll~b.S AD Skvratdcr _,., con.~iJt..reJ an anachrornsrn hy cnnc s . ho. m an al:t' ol screaming je ts, ctllllJ not N,\N us humely fca rures and rmpeller-dnven rnlf'Ul,ilm. What tho-c nitIC~ l'l IleJ tu see. in the Skymidl'r as well a~ m cder aIrcraft of it! tvpc , w as tha t it.'>

mhrn:nt eccurecv, its ability to lon er over me han kfu:1J ,tIlJ us ease of maintenance.

Brilish Ro yal Navv, the Vicrn.uuc....... A ir ATTrk.~ J... r Air. till' US Air Force, ,11ll1 the a ir forc es tlf C lInh. li.., G ,lhon and Chodl . hut alm ' ''''1 [rom II Itl jl...... ln 'klliti" n. rhc ~k~' ra i,k:t e..rncd more than its fair shan' of nickn..nw", over th e ye;m.: the 'Daunrles s-Il', in J...·!l·wnn· to ib (;1I1'k.II1.S f'n....k"\."l"~o r fwm the s ame ' Iahll'; [he · A hle, l \.~· hom It.'> fiN ,ll·S11.'1 l.ll ion AD; the ·Sp;....!·. I't.·GIII~· II wa.' .... . 01,1; ,11'1.1. I~ l" oJly. iJ,,'1 l11rinc u s I'n·t.:lshll\ ,1Il,l accuracv, [hl' ·A yin.c: DUlllp TnKk'.

F...ece, thl' French

, al\·,IIIlIO. In Ihl'li~ht u f rhc 'o\"ay In which the SlYTaiJ cr was con sidered bv the-e rt'U.. plc, th e critics' \' i C \I,S on Ji ve born....·rs c a n rca.. . . m ahl y Ix- Ji ,mi :...~. ~t y thanks, as always. ~o fiN ro thc nu-n wh, }actuallv flew the air cran . 1111'Us i, the real siory anJ t hei r op in ions are th e oru-, th.u count. Th..,y arc Admi ral ~i r j"ho

Treachcr , KCR; Chuck Mulbnl"Y. US

Navv, RIJ; Charles R. Shuford, US Non'y, RIll; Lreurenam -Cornrnander L Willi alll 1)11, .., USN. RIJ. l.icurenanr -Comm.mder (P) Pl'rcy G .W. ~1t 'rri " RN. RIJ ; fr.'lll C. Kll",I!.:,,' r. USMC; and Ron M c~b..t cr s U SN. I w'lUlJ hke

th..,

hI

e xpress my J,:ra llt u
' lU hl a n..l ll\~

~t l'rlwn

help of Cu mm,tn,I.." till" Pen valuable and un reser ved

J. Riordan IV, USN,;1t

ta l.:"n . Idl ll>C' as,i , lance was vital to my re -c arch . Sim ibrl ~', I ad n, ,"1t..J~t.· 1I\C" "ul ~lanJill~ ha..:k· Ill~ I rt.·o .'in·,l from Ma rk L. E v 'm ~, Ili'I" -

nan. ,IT the Naval Avuuum Il i ~ l
available 1I1t., EJ l lct ncmann Skyr ,li,ll'r l' rc s-, Ih·k·a'l· fllr

In)'

use: H ,E. ()o~ker, Jr.

Senior Member. A\' i,l1i"111 Rtlard oflnspccnon and Survey at Furuxent River NAS, tLLt r\'I'HlJ, fur man y va luahk· ,1''': lI ml' l1l~ All 'd).2 utTYi"1ltorp. don.two 500lb bombs e nd lw elve 5ill lOCke ts in IIighl ove r NATC Pal\lxl1ll Rivl', MD, ill September 1950, NOllonal Afch,Yes,Collelle Po'k, MD

~ It a rricelN a........, t mt.'rirs ;IIl..l ;comful of ilS c11J!it' ~rrt.ln rule:. w.:C' al1long-5er\'inli: anJ multi'ruk' mlllUI)' aircraft. lhe SkYr.liJl·r went lhrou.c:h ;) hr..11deri~ ra~ o( ~i~'IlilI1IJn", which (~ nol l>nly from l'lf'CTiilllr 1<111f'Cr:.({.r (the- US Na\"I'. the US 1-1.lI'1ne G.rl'''. lhe

,S,.llll<' (If lht.' nid.mullcs were r Ulllph, lllt.'ntary, .... 'me derugillt 'ry. rout aim . I" "II . fin" lIy, rdlec[t.'.1 ;) fl'Il.lm·~~ I,ll' Ih l' " ir( rafl. nc~ritt.' ""·l'm in.c: .. I..... ily, 10 lx· nUl I,f rLJce , the SkyTili,k' r won lhe hea rh Ilj mtlSt wh o fll'..... ii, . lr \\"hI IJq~n.ll·..I UJ'llil II 1~ l r tht.'ir S
7

conc cmc..l with the o riginal l c~t ing ,111.1 cvalu.mon III' the XBT2 D- 1 au cl AI)-I air nOlft; C Olw l A, Kn'll , FOIA Co-or.1 l1laIOr, Tl·..:hnical ru h1i ~h i n.c: Te,ulI, Na va l Air \'(l"rt"are Cenll' r Aircraft [)ivi~i(ln, P,IlU Xl'lll River, t\bl)'[im.1; the Archi \'i'l , US Pall'lll i1n.1 Tr.ldl'mark OfficI..', Wa~hio.c: too, LlC; C " m man. ler, Nal'al A ir Wa rfare C l'llfl'r Aircraft [livisiun. r ,IlIlXl·nt Riw r, !\la l)'lanJ . Thanh al",\ to Fr.m k H u.l~on . hi 'f OrlOlO ;mJ !rlcnJ; !\bnin Bowman. hi slOrian aoJ hil'n,l; L'Ik" (HC ) Pierre [\.IU' .......[ , Ch.-f du lA:p.:rrr~Jk'l1! . Gt.""tlon dl"" PrnJtKtiom. ECPA , F"n J ·h'I)'. Fr.m..:e; Lx Lil'Ulen,lIll· Colon el Au,s;I\" ~', Dira :!t."UT de ,. EwNisst· 1Th'fl1 Cin,fma!(~~te et Phlll' ~aph~ J..,s Annel;'s. Fun J 'h-I)'. Flann '; Kel'in R. Sm ith of Fredericbl-urg. Vir.c:inia. fl'r hi ~ rhllh ",,-'T,lrh~; Ra~' C, Stun in'm jor

,.

.,... " ". ~ ~ h. lI .

An AD-i IBuNo 1391311in Ih ght on 7 Oct ober 1955.

N.~

I'ho lll.l..'r'irhs " f till.' Royal Na vy A EWs; A ud rcv Pcarcv, widow uf my muc h .nuocd /.:"0" frien .j ;lIld fellow nurhor Arthur. fo r her many kindlwss"s and hospitalit y, and (or ~ i v i n.l.' rue her rlC.. muesjon (rt't'ly t,1 u......· A rt hu r's l.·xlt' n,iH· not es anJ r holl't.:rar hs ..,(the Royal N;lvy A EWs ; Keith Ferris, tlile .. '( the (nun.I l.·rs. " Iun/.: wuh R.G. S mit h, ..l( rhe A merican Socicrv of Av iat iun A rt i~lS; Ray \Y/aj..'nc..r an..1 Alex ] . Lutz, at th e Sa n Dll.'J.·..-.. Aero-pace ~t U,.t" lim. for rerm ission It. usc r hOltlJ,.'m r hs trom their collecnon: Kalhll't'n Klenholz, A rchi vist, Amcncan Ac a
Artlwes. CoIq, P, rt. MD

rane e in my Tl.'''I.·arch int o Roval Navv Skvraiders: Rol-en C. Mike sh. (or his expert advice 0 11 the So uth Vietnamese A ir Force Skvratdc rs, ami for his pcrmissit," to rcpn....lucc .....ime ,,( hi s " Ulsl;md in.l.' rhllltlj.'f'iph ,.; Stewart Lmh'1Il1. (or j-crrmssion 10 usc his specia l Vie lnamt'''I.' photogrdr h; Tom A. Br" ....-n. US M.ml W Corps Mar in e P,.... rnbcrs Newt, Km csron . Oluo. for hi s grea l hel p in ItlCilli nJ.: veter.m.. .md J....cumcnt..; and Alan o( Fmnk Smith Avrarion, Ne .....ca- rle-upon-Tvne. tor un ial lmg anJ unsliht.,J hel l' in tr.J.:king J " w n rure rc:(erencc.'s do w n th e yea rs. ~t y dl.'l.·pt."S1 gr.ltlt udc is alSl.I doc to Cluf &m yas. A rc h ive~ Reference Tc.uu , Smith· soru.m lnsntute, Wash ingh 'll, DC ; Gerard Pahl, E..Iucatiun Director of thl.' KaLulla:o" Aviat ion Histol)' Must'um, fllr ,ll.'lail., and rhoh lj.,'r
8

rhc r-.kCklbn Aviation MU'il.'lIm, Califor· nia , f,)r dl"tails and phol o",'1'<1rhs of thtir Skvr aldcr: Den ise A(lllin~t' r, and l). Menard of Ihl.' Unncd Stall's Air Force Museum Writ.:lu-Pmtl.'r'. o n Air Force 1\1-c, Oh io, fl. Jl'wi ls and rholOgr.irh., o( rbcir Sk}TaiJer. an J courtesv Jurin!: my research vrsir [herr: Lyt\lLl Sra lJ i n~ and Mam n Espen ci Thr FiJ;.:htt·r C ollccnon. 31 the lmpen al W. M u-c urn. Duxford A ufield, C lml>r.Jge. b Jt..t'll is of rhcrr Skvraidcr, "oJ r t..nni5.,ion rhoh....,:rar h II ; fk >b Turner, C Ui.Hor. Ccemander Da viJ Hob bs, RN, A:o.,blant Ontor, ' grarhic e xreni~ . Pd er C. Smidl Ri~Ie"

.••"

CHAPTER ONE

Wartime Progression of the Dive Bomber The t.m~· ~~MS {ilhe Secood WorlJ War lfItirmeJ tUlly rbe tmh rb,u the U01Tt..J :--r """ "~"

N

In lheir pre-war policy haJ

me-

dive bomber Ob ;I m.no r ln Eunl('e.lhe RO~<JI N,wy's Hun Slua JIve bomber haJ ach ic\'t..-J tht f tlJlf!' ci rbe jiM mljor ","aThhip. rhc In

(j 1lo....

.:ru:..et' K~. &'t\l'-,,~'fl 1939 anJ 19-11 , LutN. e'~ junkers ju . 87. in com bma-

[)aunrlo.' . haJ rb yc•.J the ll\'IJ.1f t. '1.. -. A~ til(' war in rbc Pao lic connnucd. rh..• Cu m" SR2C HdI JIH'r h..J finall y I,.h·!l over the fron t-line ro le tlf th e D.lt llll l...~~, anJ the

[ap an...' se N.u·y's )'"k"sllb

I '4)'

~lI i"""1

Comet (,JuJy') ..lIn.' hl.lmh.·r h..J rcp l...:c.J the Val. hJl th eir .! I\·e·h,mblll~ IIll1 lk'nc l.· rcrna mcd paramocmt.'

lm

1m .... [he Panzers, h.J Jcleared nar« In lttn natklfl in Iil:hlnin,g ca mf"l i,-'Il~ rhar aJ .1d~ ,mJ wt't"h rather rhan }"C. ~'hrn rhe PaCific Watl·Tuptt.J in Dece rnb,..r

1941. n Il. ..... rhe J a~nt.."'< Aichr Dl A 'Val' l bnmh.-r that spcarhceded the a tta ch n.ima.k II' marl al Pear l Harbor, r on [),tr · Ilin mJ In thl' InJi,m Oc ean . \Vlwn the t i!hr-h
Combining Rol es On land. the J I H ' htlll1h.'r~ wen- m 1 ..uct.:c!>...ful wh en Ihey w.. rkcd in do....: e ••'1'I:rauon with the I'arcco. wh ilt', ut -n, tlw Pau nl k'~~ ,mJ Illl' Val .lChll'n-J m....t whl'n work in l:: in a rl';11ll wirh Ih l' ir h 'I'J"l·· d' l-h ..mh<:r c. .. mp'lTl i.'n s. ,hl' (,rUUlIlla " TRD A\"l' n~t' r ,111,1 till" N,lbp l1la BSN K;II l', rl·~JX·e l i n· l r. 1I' ''\\'I.· \'l·r, ;h rill' W,II c. 'n! in lle.!, qlle~1 i" n.. h-,~an I... l'l' ,hkl.·J "..

n. ......... ao.,ln S8 Olllndin wu from !he $ame $fable I nd design er I S ltIe $ly!MIr. r... SSD·S belOll" 10 ItIe lolli Sllr flighl MU5ellm, I nd is slill f1yinglod lY. In

,1tJ7, ..... Resent II

Grlllll Chlmpioll -.: Oshkosh. lJ, Zilir. t.- Star flIghl MII_

9

wheth er rhc~ '11'\1 hnheno .....p arate, hili Illuru,llly dcpendcn r ri.. l..... might be eoml-lIwJ III ..ne arrcratr. At fir..t ... prorosal to me rge the t W\1 j;.. nus ..I arrack in one an er,lfl ....·I.·Illt..J absurd. »nce rhc method s were l"lally contra-t mg. The dive bomber n ,lll.J li ,r ih ..h.... lull' ~ure Tl<Jr lly over orhcr ' H~.· ~ III hun""" r ou rh.. ~urrr i -e anJ ,ICCIIT;"':y mhcrcnt m a st ee p dive attac]; from a ,l!real hl· l,I!ht. TIle torpc..J.I h . rnbcr. 'In rbc ",rht'r hand. made I b attac ks a lm, ....' fe'llhl·nnJ,: lilt" wave-tops, '0 ..n sure a srru"It'lh dr. 'p. "'.. Ih ,u ih hi!::hly -cns uivc ' OTJX.J ... weapon w o uIJ run a nd opera te correc tly. TIlt" Ct'IlI' hmall"n " f bor h mcrh ....I~ wa .. considered l'~~l' lUial hI sink Iaq.!.. \\·
e iall~' hll lle~hi r~.

Whll... ,m
. ,..."".., ,. all. lI .

WARTlMI ,

carriers (anJ e ven to the armoured decks ,'I F\ullsh curric rv, as in rill" Sruka ,1I1;Kks on th e lUu.mllJlu. FmmuL.ihk' and InJ.-IImltlhk·). u would rarelv sink rhcm o ut rurht . (T he Rrillsh 1-Icrmt'5 ,lO,1 rhc Iour J.lr ,l!ll'.....• earners al ~ti,lwa ~' wnl' l'Xl:\'Prlt'n".) l lcnvv cnn.....-r-, {rlu- Bnu-h ~ ljJl;,jIr.. l),rr"l'l.\hire an,1COJTlU".uI. ,InJ 11ll' J" I',!lll'''l' .\ l lkwrJd. l~l r e xam ple} rr" Vl"1.l l·ljU,llly vulncrablc, wh ile luzht cn uwr-, .md ,Il·"rroya" (suc h as the German J.:iil1i~ h..'1"~. and rhc Bnn-h SlIlllhwllrlfllJl, ( .1'11«.''''\1,'1" an,1 Fiji) were l'as)" t,l r~ets t~ 'r di vl' homl-.: r". llowever. II W,IS di'(I '\" 'rl',ll';Ir1 ~' O il lhal the

I'lto GR I: S S I (J ~ O ~ TlI ~.lJ I \' ~

1I0\l IlHC

fall' uf the Bisttlllrck, ,hl' Prince of \t'aks

rhc arnvalof the Kmlukaz.· sU iClJl' :Iliadvrs. which had to he sh" , J.'"'n to he stor JX-J. th e numbers of tij.lh ll'T!> earned by o mi' de grdJ.:e underwat er h ns of the . nher - A mer ica n earners !-.'ft",u l)' mcrea .....-J. Tlus wi.....· vulnerable lo r--tX·,lo bom ber . and in "" reduce...1thl'u \ .ffl·n~I \·e car'" II)' rhat , ~ Ihi, way IIw hulk ,,( Ih,· J,lr ;mese hall ie - I.llt· 194-" marw 'iC;I~

,!OJ till" R,'/,uIs.!. The tbk -surrll·"in f.! bomb hils of IIll" ,lin- bomber allow ed the

The Curtin SB2t HlIlldiver eve nlually look over the mantl e ol lhe Oaunlleu , . nd c. rried lhe lig hl righl inlOIhelmperill Ja panese Na....,·s bac kyard in 1945. h conlinued 10 be lh. main s irike . irc rl h oIlh. US N• ...., unlill941. when il wn supersede d by lh. Sk.,.ider. This SB2t ·5 was still ac tive wilh the R...,.,. Training Squadron It NAS Glenview, Illinois. in 19411. Emil 8U&h1er 1JtIrary. Plflu cola. Flooda

armoured Jt.-cks of ",ur1e~hips ma,lt' them In h..mhing h il ' alone. TI ll' surv iva l ,lt the Bnu-h \"'(lJ'~JlIIt' off C rl" h', anJ ,l Ihe Amt'r ic;1Il N ... \·t!tL.t al Pearl I l.lrho r. wa.' t.'\'i,lt·n ce ,,( rillS. as was the fat:! th;1t il rron...1 su Jllfkuh t" sink the ..11l·adr ha.ll rJ,nnaj.ll· dJar,lIll·.....· / Ii"'; OIl (Jua.l..lcm al. Thl" hallk'shir s' \'ullll'r"hili ty tll lur r l·dll all,Kk was dl"ar, though. a, shown hr l'\'l· nt s at Ta ran t", :md hy rill'

almo-t immune

~hJe

bombers). had 10 hi.:heldon h...lrJ lht' Iypical carrier ut Ihl' lim e . ~lIaJrtln .. of J...·ft"nJing fi~hll'TSaI Sl' had to be embarked , holh ro r r"ll-cr tilt' h.,mr....rs Jurin ~ th eir dl-:l-.'f~si \'e , tr ih's ..~a i nst the l·nl·my. ,tn,1to foil Ihl' l'lll' my hllllhl-I"'o' ,Ulaeks a~lin sl Ih d r own sh ll". T he altn was alwa ys t" ;Kh it'vl' tlu- rigl\! balance Ix·twl'l'n nffl"llsin: an..1 ,k·fl·nsin· ;liru;]11 l' mharkl'd. and r ri' lritil's 'ltil'n ch' lIlgl·d . For examrll', wllh

10

Role-Com bining Airc raft i bl.....· y\ voit;e may h;l\·l' I't"t:n lhe: l;un, )lISr.ll Sl.J In favour.i rill' rl'vulul conn' r l, h ll if was hy n,) ml~ ln\ tht- fiN. G re;u Rril;lin. in tht" 19 K'\, th .. Jt.'(ision Ix'l'n ma..ll" Itl adJ the r6k' of fightl't/inttto Cl'r lt'r Itl till' exbtinj.l rille 'I( till" !\l'W "urn ,Sku;! m' IIlOr 1anl' fha t was Ihen d,,·s i~m...1 t~ ' T Ihe tleer. Tl llS J t"(ision

,,,

." W ARTIME PIW (iR ESSION o l- TH E (J I VE RIJ\lR ER

more a result of the fact tha t co ntrol of

Gloster Gauntlet an,l Hawker Hec tor

R(~"al

Nnvv aircraft tested wirh th\' RAF, wborarhcr neglec ted it, than anythi ng else. The Air Minisnj' was totally or r oM'd to

biplanes as

dive bombmg. which W
New Requirem ents

wa-re hI civilian targets as the be st means ( If II"mnin~ all future wars. They resisrc...1 t h e A.lmir.llty's repeated requests for an accur,ue Jive-hllmhing sight, and a suitable airemil [.)C.lTTY it, and hoped inst ead roccon-

These l'x ,lll1pl~s ,,( divc-bornl-cr usc, u ll hulIgh .m imporranr part of till' sr"ry, resulted fn nn dl'ci sh lm that were mudc ', 1(1 rhc h oof", either ht'colusc of a lack "f interest . Lll.:k ,,( (lind s or vnal wnrt unc necc--it~'. O n l he o t he r ha nd , th e U S Naq'\ 1,,,1il:y pf ad dl11/.: « till' no,ll' "f rill' di vl' bomber, so tha t it J.: ra, [u'llIy l'\"oln'.! int o till' ,11 t ac k h, 11111' l·r, \\",1, till' rcsulr of a rnnrc th ,in HI /.:h and dd ailed ,,'ril', ,,f sl 11.1 ie, t hat loo k pl:lCl' ,Iurin/.: till' \1',1{ ~·ear s . TI ll' U S Navy's Bur cuu o f Ac ronauric-, ha ll paid much .un-nrion rll th e further clevclopun-n r Ill' rill" .l In ' l-orul-cr. B'I,i nJ.: t h ei r , [ensilllh "n till' EUrlll' l'a ll war e x!,eri en l" ~ ( nw ll1 ly u n till" British ), rhq illlr"dun·, 1'a,!v:lIKl'S' III 1I1l' dl·sign .' th,lt well' :drc",ly ulhll'r \\" ;I ~. li 'r the IWXt ge n· l' w t;' lll. Til l' ,Ii\·l· h, 'm lwr s;ll pr" J Ul" t i' lll ill rill" U S A ,Il lh e " ul hll·..k ,If the Padfic War wer e tilt' C urt i,s S n2C llt:lldin'r, Ill\' Brl'ws11'r S B1A BUl'l";ll)l'l'r a n, 1 till" VUltl''''' V-71 Vl~ tlge; ll1c e. O f tl ll' Sl', the I le[ ldi \"l' r \liOiS f, I f t hI' LJ~ Na vy, wil h ad,lililln:l1I1r/.:l'llt "r" ~ rs cO l11 i n~ in h om the British Ro y,ll N a vy an,[ rll\' Ro yal C; I1lOl,H,m N avy ; lh e Buccanl'er was for till" US N "vy, hUI there was ,llsll II1I1l"h ti 'r",' i ~n int ell'st , from rill" Briti sh Rural A ir Fur n ' (lI"ho klll'w it ,IS ti lt' Bt'r1l1u,b ), tlw Frell ch AnI1J~ dl' l'A ir ;Hl,1 lh e Ro val Dutc h Air Fnrl·t·: tl ll" Vl'ngl',llIl"l' \~'a , " ri ~illal1 y a Frl'IKh Aml(o(' de "Air "nlt-r, had I->n'll ha slily tak...'ll '1\"er hy thl' Britisll f"r lh l' Ro yal A ir For l"l' \Ill rill' bll l1f

1 ~n1 :e I'l}' givil1l: a .\u:11

rllk· ro rhc Skua. TIw Royal Navv stressed. bub at till" lime of design and afterwards, rhat l he num rlilc (If the Skua was Jin:- hom hing, "'It wartime and post-war pundib have n-reit1cJ1y jUJgloJ it so lelv as ,I figllla. Although it proved veT', good nt ,lin' hl.lm"ing, irs inaJ t.'\.ju'11l' powerplaut meant that II \\ -<1-' generally a failure as ;l li ~hter : , ,mJ Il lherl'fllrl" IH'IlI int (1ea rly relirl'mellt . A, a fl'sult, this CHrly eX{'l'riment in comhm m: rul l~ was .'iCcn as unsu ccessful. There lIdS a simila r silU,u io n in Ill\:' U S, v.lv:tl thl' P-S1 Muslang (ight er was rejl·ctaI e;ltly hy the USA A E hccause of a ,Iis,1rJ"llinting engine thai failed 10 proddt' ,utlicu.'nt pt"rfonnatlce ;If hi ~ h le\'t'k H.,wever, this situ,lti o n was Hlrnl'd 10 hi, aJI ;lntacc hy the aircra ft's dl'sigm'r, J.I I. 'Dutch' Kindelh.·rgt'r, who fin ed it with the Jive hrakl'S o( Ihe Vuhl'e VCllgl'anCt· ,md thus created a h ighly efll'c t ivl' di \'t' h lmhcr. lk'Signa tcJ thl' A -36 Ap,ld1l:, it C'llIIJ al~)aC I as a fightl'r ami a hi gh ·sl'l'cd ft( l1nnaissance aircraft, anJ was used in the,,-' r(lie' m comhat I->y hoth rill" US A A F anJ the RAF in Ihe MeJitl'rr;llll' ,lIl T he .mel . In th is case, opportunistic lllllt ives leJ til a succe;•.'.ful cllml->inat ion llf r{,les, (I·en if Ihe resultant aircmft W;IS suhse· quently nOI fully cxploited. Fur \-driOU_' reasons, ot her airerall In're ih.k'l'lcd in co mhinl'J rllil's, incluJinJ.: JI\'e.homl>ing, Thl' ohsoletl' Brit ish na val blr[ane torpeJo ho mhc r lyres, Ih e Fa;rt'y T~R S\\wJfish anJ A lhacore, had always , il/ll!>inl-J their hllmhcr nil l' with lhat of fe(llnnaiss;mee. Roth t n~s Wl'rl' ..b o used ,II JI\'e h.1mlx-rs, with scant Sllcel'S-'. TIll" Fd1l\"1" BarmcuJa was a no t hl'r dt' sign th,ll pWl1u",".,J much as a Jive hnmhl'r hut W,IS NJI}' Jelayed ;lnJ, finally, pro w d in :II!t'· 'lU,l1~ , By 1940, Ihl' RA F had Hltnmarily '1!>,mJom-J the excellent f-! ,lwkt'r Hl'o le y munur lane Ji \'t" bomber. When the hank · ruptc\' uf their pre·war r O[iC;l'S hl'catnl' ,lrrarent in Ihe aftennath of Dunkirk ,' they lounJ themse lves usin/.: till' We slland 1I\.,11l<Jt.r artillery spoUer and th e lll->slll<'lt'

llla k~' ,hifl

d ive 1.. . 'mhe rs.

France . and a lsn att ract ed th e at teunon 'l f t he US AA F. ' T Il\' le ssons of air fight ing over EUTl1{'l' called for rhc int roduct ion in ;111 these dtvc-l.. . nul.. . .· r types t,f what were considered Itl be th l' [atc st essent ial features: ;ml'gral homh hays ;nSlcold o( cx tcmnllv slunl,: h 'l1lhs, fllr great l'r aerodynamic I......-rtorutanc c ; ,t.'[f-st,..lilll,: fuel tan ks; flllly nutomane, p ower-operat ed J.:un turre ts (or dt'l l'n cl'; th t ing of arrbonu- md.rr -c ts. whkh involved a n clcc m mics Ch' lllL:l' fn 1111 1I1l' l Zcvoh 10 24'\·1l1t svstem: :1 chanee in t he " ti"l'Il_,;\"e gun nery, from machine gUllS 111 20111111 e mil! In ; Ill' a vy armour 1''' u rction li,r Ihe .urc rcw: nnd mu ch l,u J.:l'r h llnh an d Ilthc-r onlnunrc ca pac ity. TI le last two fcat urc- mc rea-, ·J weiglus cnonnou-lv, and much more ' ll\·l·rfull·nJ.:i1w W,IS therefore n-qurrcd. if th e arrcraft was to '1C h ien' till' increased ' I......·e..l' Ih at \wre now dl'el1led ,,, surdv' ll. necessary 1 These Ill'W rei["irt'll\ent s C'llllplica tl·J a ,Iesign, ("( lllstr uc ti!lll a nJ sUI'!,ly sitH
The main rivlli lo Ihe DOllglll5 des igns wa s the Martin AM-l Maula r, A big and powerful slr ike dive bombe r. it wa s equa l to the ea rly Skyraider in lerms 01the bardwa rBit c ould tote, as is cle ar Irom Ihis l 941 pholograp h. Evenillally, only ab out 100 we re complete d; Ihe y S8W limiled posl-w Br se rvic e in the US Fleet belore being phased oul. us Navyo!!lclal phOlograph

11

,I

.....

,

" ".~

~ l(. II .

WA~lHl" l' it O{ ; it E S SI () ~

require men ts \H'Tl' not till" sam e ;IS th e Navy's. for cx.uuplc. an d th e vOl rinus torl'ign ordcr-, wcrc chffcrc nt 'Iga in . T Ill' man.ux-mcnt WR' nor alwav-, equa l to the divcr-c d"Ill,mds lI1,l,k' "1" 111 it. Eve n t u;llly, urueur 11,'( nsi ty kd tot he BUTt'a u brenk illl-: ;1 cnrdmal rule, and o r,k'ri ng airlTa l", ,t T;liJ.:ht I'lllin rh e d rawinJ.: '-"I; lr,l, '-'di ire anv tlight h" l ing h ",l taken place. I'r,',k t,lhl y, .-h'I"S and ,k lay rl'sHltl"1. T I1l' HuTt',llI's 1;l ith in th l' Illtq,:nty ( ,f these cornparucs t, . ,kltn'r, ,Il'~l'it" till' fOll'id l ~' l h,l llging -pccilk ;ll hlll' uncl rcquin-rncru-. was tlll'lll\·l';. '!:lllgl'[l 'u~ , if nl'll'S_',lTy, r rl·n "l l'n! .;

Dive Bo m bers to Car ry Torpedo es It \\',IS the muiul sho rta).:l' of turre,ln l"Iml,l'Ts t h;lt fi T~t b l, in 1<.)4 2, t,lthe lIllest h 'Il " f din' h 'm lx'rs ,,,:rf,'nn inj! 111l' rt, ll' ,If I",th t" f1'l'd" hn llll'l.'r ,Ill.! d ive 1" ,tIll-l'r, TIll' US N,I\ 'y 11,1..1 10l' 'l' l\li-"h~\l k,tl' I'\'u.1.: 1<1, T I~[) [)l' v ; N a t ur ~ " n ~t Tl'nJ.:th at t hl' tinll' of l' l'ar! H,lrI" ,r; 1'-' I'ro,llI lIiun h ,l, 1 ll',I,e,1 ,I \ l'i1r l',lrlil'r. Two fl'I,1
Of' TIll:

[)IV~

1I0 MIIH

Ilft~' r

the 1'l.:sl p'l( k'Ij.,:l' and performance, ha ving ,I higher -pccd. lonu cr ran~l' a nd ligh ter wci glu Iha n its compctitor. T his decision was ba-ed on th e Iw"c xpl~rill1 l' n 1;11 ai ru,lt't , t h e XRT F- J ;11\.1 t he XHTU- J. I II.wcvc r. hy 1l}42, wlll'1I the sirnat inn W,IS dCOI rly lk'sl't~ rOl tl' - tIll' I \.'va.st I'l.' I ,(\(I(llh heavier rlum prc.hcted. { Irunuuuu II',IS tiIrced « I Ill, II.lify till' nircr.lft hy mo l"i nl.: th e l'ngine (urwa rd lfr. in onjc r to te- ton - stahilllY, Till' Ill'ell lll gl'l 1, 'rp1:ll' l h \I nhl~ rs llrgl'nlIy 10 tlw 11l'l'1 led III the resurrection of the C hatllt:-V,.ugllt T BU (l'nn'I'I , T1w N,lvy pLlCl'l1I,n lns, hlll Ch:I IKl'·V,lll)!ht W;l~ (u11 r n'llIlllitll'cll" pn"luling tlw IWWF4U COT" ,ir figlltl'r, anll ll,ld n" '1',ITl' capa .. il~' t" fl' intnll. lul"l' till' Sl';l \x'-'"l( Il' 1I .~ pn "luetiun lilll's. [mll',kl, till' a ircra ti was suh-l"!Itl1r,ll1l'd III VlI l t~'l' , <1, Ihe TBY- l , I lo wl'w r, thai CI 'TllJ',my was als" l'xl'eril'llCing d irl' r rllbk'lTls wif h i t~ V-72 ,live I" ,mhe r.s, JUl' {, llhl' enunll"llS growt h ill RAF, RAA E Ind ian , ~oul h A frican ,1ll,1 U~ A rmy Air F"rl l' urder~, an,lllluid nUl ( lll'l.'.

Curtiss WIIS a lso in the fie ld for a naw Navy dive bomber. w ith a n improved a nd modified repla ceme nllor Ille He lldive r, The CIlrtissltBT2C ca rried a s pec ia l radar compartmant in the re ar fuse laga, and was fa r a head 01its time. This is one ol s everlll protolypes that w are lesled but. finally, tile model was never ordere d into prodllc lion, Slanlav I. Vaughn Arch ive

12

Tile Bureau cas t about d e sl'cm t cl ~' lilTa shon-rcrm rerucdv: a r " , slhll' solunon W;IS ll((ere, 1 in th e ide a of m,lki ng the SBD Da untl ex, int o nu in ter im torpedo l-ombcr.' Do ugla, was one c ompanv that WOIS n o t ex pc ncncmu di lfilulfie, In l'x ra m l in~ it, alrl'ady well-automated producnon factlincs. l\.' ~r i l l' many nndificaI I, 'IlS hl'ing made hI till' SBI), I)l llJg[;l~ was lll, ma~l1l~ to produce the aircraft ut a .ste 'ld ily increas ing ra te. BuAn ini u.ucdan urgen t ' l'lI.h' mt, the r rllhk'm , in volved in ",k in g tbl' J lalltltle~ 10 carrv 1" tJ'l'd" l''', which. ,lCc"r,lin~ lU I'a r.,oll-', ' ... rclle cte d I" ll h "ur desperate ShoTt;lj.,:l' "f' torpedo r blll's ;1ll,1 IIll' grllwilll.: conviction tb ,lt all ..lrvc b ombers sho uld hl' ahle til carrv torpedoes." A hh , ,u~h t he re is IiI t[., mc n n. In l,f the fact in Ed licinc ru.mn's menu urs ," th is as['l'l:1 II" fill' 11";1, stu..lil'd ' ,'\'e~ had " l'l'n ,uff,'rl'.! in t hl' DUlch ElsI ln.lic~,anJ Ih l' " i gg l'~ t I.:rirl' Arm" pil"" ha..1with the ,Iirn all wa' t bat it W,lS "". sl"1I" tl' 'lirv in, T Ill' Arm y aC ll v d ~' c" nsi.lefl,d a,kill~

sr.n

." I'. AR TI\I (: PRI )( ;llI,SSIO:O> O F TI lE HIVE 1I0 MHE.R

XT BZ() · I en count ered pr" l-ll'lIb wit h the propeller COTlITIlI, .md, wit h Ih..: uu c xpcctl,d ly ca rl ~' tcmunatnm of till' war, till' I' r' larrcratt\ overweight problem. jcct wa.' cuncclh-d.] It \\,1' soon established that, although Meanwhile, Ih l' Cu rt i ~, S A2e J Iclldrvth,· fanhfulhnl e Daun tless co uld ca rl)' n sh, IU 1,1 hl' p' lff· fill'll' t,,rl'c,I" h, '1I1 hl'r pil, 'I'. ml!ht )l'llfY,trJ i:{' thi s. rrll"k'rn, wil h Ihl- rq .:ar,li nt.: till' Iolll l'r ta-l :1' lIl';rr slli<:i,!a[!" Hd[JiI"I'T anJ thl' BUCGml'er 1l1l',llH Iha l th,' IIIc oj Ihe [}aunclcss W ,ts hl'ing (011 ,t.rntl" l'xtl'nde..l. 'llld Ihl' N ,l V ~' (ould nllt New Techniq ues ,dlllrJ In rb k du: MeaJy r rod u( t illll {II ib l1"h Jin' hllml't."r at th ,1I stOll,:l'l,f til\' w;ll h, rrtumr..1 !rom the Pacific cll mhat :"m' \\'hl'h. lll'"n ,hl' , ightinl! 01 tl\l' targl'l, lth ,I 'ImiLlr ft'\jUl" t. Follllwin).! a d iscu,- ,h,mgc,! til 01 ,II"" "I'l'rnll'h. (,,\10\\'(',1 hI' ,I '1,0 .It 5an Diej:o I't'l wel.'n I !l'in,'lIl, lIlll In "l·lIl11J.: "If <:1"'1' I" till' farg..:(, OIlh t ill'll' tIT 1\\ 0 rro\('l yf'l.'~ (" I1'l\n'.! Ih,u "HIl": h\' h,M. l )t1ll"ra"\",HlI"gl" Ib t".1 by C brh, l'kh lhcr. Th i' Ix-.:an'll' th ..: XT B21)- ] \\'l'rl' ,'r, \\ h Ilttl.J with ,lll ei/.:h t- hla,ll',1 C urti" Ell"l:tr;\ cllumcr·Tl llat in/.: r Tt II'<:[lcr ;m,1 , lllring IIll' ini li,ll "pI' r" d, h , ,I' h"lh \\'"uld lull-'riln 11<11" _( During tri,IL, III PH') tI'll' bc
,I

13

T h...· US Navy ~ t;\ l1Ja rll aith ,rrll' It 'fl'c, I,\ W;lS !lolor illu,ly unr chablc and , hi, fact ,lit l1W delayed ti ll' ,.J, '1" inn ofC !.l,k.. , \ new rccluuquc W ith t he sta nda rd low-leve l ;ll'rn1,Kh, f.ulurc rare were l'n, lrm" u,. mul till' di l l' attac], seemed hlO much ';'Tsuch ,1 tl'lIlrCf;l1lll'llta ll'k u: " I' ordnance. However, (fnCl' nup rove.. 1 acria] torr ed,..:s had r"" l'l1 developed nrn] perfec ted. It wa, deem...,l <1l'l' Tlll'rLllc to I"o k on Clarke's met h, lei utrc-h . T h is dl'd sit 11) was hasl" fwd by t1w ({' lIlbi m' d· r{ll...,le!>a t.... T Ill.' \'u lm'rahility ;1Il,1 mac c urucv of the hori xmt a] h cnvv h. ,mh...-r, ~ra l' h ic a l ly

illustrall', lry

C \ 'l' 111\ III

Euro pe, hall -luu-

ICTl,,11l1l' pre -war b" ast 'h,lt it \\';'-' I'll,siblc 1., 'drop a b' Jmb in a I'h.: kk bnrn-]', T h is \\"a, rL'i nl(' Tcl-d fO Ttill" t\rn~riCHl' III till' l',ldy month, llf t he Pacific \Var, when rhc USAA F R-17s h.ul m ,l ,l ~ c laim afll' r c1am1 "f dirl'o h irs on J,l P,lI1~'l' war,h ips: ICO re r (l' nt tmlll',1out to b~ illus,'ry! TIll' USAA F I1u,k' ' l'w n h it.:h-ll'n' l 'lI!il<:h on IIw Jar ,llle, ,' Il,,~t oli" 1\1idw" y 'Illd fail e,1 to ,Clln' singk h it, ,111.1 similar ;1It;Kks pff th e Ph ilipr ine, ,111.1 till' Dutch East 111 J i l'~ W~Te jus t a ~ futile, [n EmilI"', tlw RAF ' r ,'nI llh lllth, Iryi n).! hI h it thl' , ("tic ,Ll1,1,I" ti,'n;l ry ('l'rlTl,lll ha tIlc-cn li'~T' ~{'htlrnh'lnt ,llh l (;Il<'il,'llwl, whi dl weTl' III ,lllLl;1t Bn " I, wllhin l';IS)' r,mgl'; Ibl')' ,lch kl'nl n'ry IHlle. airn,llt with till' Nor,lell 1"1I11h sight l(IT po"iHl' allarks .lgOlin'f Lmd LITgl'I" dfl,<:tl\'l' l)' ;lh,ln,l, 'II~,I h Igh -Ien 'l l" 'Inhl n).! "l1llgl'tlkr as u'l,I..:" ,,).!aithl ,h lp' "t ',,:,1. [n't";l'l, il a,hlpt..:d t.:1i-k' h
,I

Scouting A, till' Illl'rgl'T"l' type' \\':1' h,' Il'lJ.! co n,id, l'rl'.1, till' ri,k, 'If Ihl' S("UI (VS li) COIll'll' inl" till' l'ljU,lIi" n, US N;l\"\, l'(1hc~' \\',,' til ' l'nd "lit ,lT1l1l'd S HIh frlllll Ihl' Sn'w Squa,IT"lh, ~;K h pLl111' t'l,h"l II' ,,';lflh;1ll OIlinGlll,.1 'l'o"r ;II ; 1 t.:i\",'n r'll1g" . in Ohler t" I" e lll' the l'lWIllY Ill'l'l. T1w SP,[), wou[, 1

.....

,

"" .~

~ l(.II.

WARTI ME PR()(i IlESSI01\ Of' THE. nln. RO.\IIlER

, A din erenl a pproa ch 10 Ihe dive·bomber co ncep t was Ihe Boe ing XF8B-1. which was powered by the 3.000hp Pratt a nd Whitne y Major e ngine. dr iving a six- bladed con tra- rolali ng propell er, This gave it an unprecede nted lOP speed lor a dive bomber 01432mph 1695km/hf dur ing tes t IIighls in 1944. II fealu red an internal bomb bay with a ca pac ily et 1,6OOI b, wilh as muc h ordnance wa ighl again carried under Ihe wi ngs. Des pile Ihis, il never wenl inlo produclion . US JIIavy oll,c'al pholOg'aph

The Kaisar Flee rwing XBTK-l was a c lee n, lighlwe ighl dive -bomber des ign. with the Pratt and Whilney R·2800 engi ne. II was c onceived lor operations 10 provide difec i close air Suppor110 landing lorc es in the Pac ilic Campaignlrom Ihe s mall 'Jeep'lEscorll ca rriers. w hich cou ld nOI handlalha larger divebomber Iypes . The a brupllamlina lion ot the wa r in 1945 an de d Ihe immed iale need lo r s uc h a n a irc raft an d il neve r gol beyond Ihe prolotype s lage . This is BuNo 44313, the lirsl s uch aircraft, al lhe Pal ullenl River Nava l Air 'rest Cenler in AugusI1945. US NaV)' off,c 'al phologruph

rq,, 'n 1Ill" ~plTd , c ll l1l l'0~ i t i pn nucll-canng pn-miw wa., tluu, I-:in 'n tlu- facr Ihal din' ot t hat vnvmv.and ~t I ll",,' th"l Ih,' N,,,'\ h" ,h I...,!",,,,,,, w;lr ;11'1'' ' l;lt:hed. l)n I 'j I)cccmber [<.)4 [, a I 'I ! I ,,,,,I I 'J!Ii. I:" , " !l"'" !Ill' '!""I:""""" "I \\",t'k ;lfter I'e,lrl Ha rbur had \I\(l\'cJ 1I11' VTSI\ "':" ~"n,,, I" 'I.J I" , , hI' t"I" ', bLO' """," i,~ul' ((( >1\1 lI' l' ;lc
14

Ilis vil'w W
New Designs On 1.1 and 1.2 [anu.trv 11)42 , a 111l'l'tlllg \\'a~ hekl hy the l"il-:hll'l'n lIll"lll"':rs llf tlll' Plann Ull-: an,1 Engml"l"ring Divisillll s Ill' the Burea u of Al'ronallties 10 thr;l.~h out thl'st.' I'rol'll)sals. A s it lurned "ilt, there wa, alrl\o~1 tnl,,1 h,lTlllllny among till' ;b....m· bk'd gru up, anJ M urph y's pr"I 'III"II, wer,' ;len' pll',1 in rrinci r ll". A~ a fiN 'Il'p, C urtis, Aircraft was in ' trucl eJ 10 ,l.'\"l'!"r il sin).:ll' -sc;\tl'r ,live h lmher, ca pahlc ,l Gn l)" mg ;\ l, lX1OIh hOlllh I~'r 1,600 1mb (2,600km), or t\\'lI 1,600 I'l lunders ;" ;I m
,.

." WARTIM E

P IW{ jlt~. S SIO i\;

01'

uu

0 1\' 1: UO\IIlHI

eeced cnntr.k:l No. 88707, fur XTRll1 -1. ~umdy, ..ksil.TfI of t he t win -cnuim....1 dln:r.llt \\"t~wilt(heJ to rhc G rumman \ 'r~,,·

ma non , ;mJ the aircmf, became rhe HB~ F· 1.

It haJ '\1,'0 R·2BOO-Zl l' n t.: im:s \lIl'i gh 45,('('(1''' .. 10..1

mJ \lo\lUlJ ( \' l;"n1l.l
rn.. .

1,10,1 h C:I\ 1' to OJ'Cr.I1 C even from the \l idMm cia ~ carriers that WI."Te rhen bein£ "'lilt In aJJiriun. few coulJ h..- cmr arh-J,

melr v nke capacitv \lo~b -rnall: ,I larj..~r her 01' ~m.II1I'1 a irer.llr wa, (:IT more t-enec nve . aoJ the XTB2 D.. l (o r

n

XTH~ F· I )

was rherefore -nllbom.

JI

ntmg .."...ice at P,uAcr w u-, t hat unlletunl-Com m.lnJt" j.G . C rom-

If

1m He ;lCh

.:J.J noI 20 tar ('nou!::h. and 'U~I"lo:J , h,11 rhc 1\ )lJ21a., XTR2[)-1 he m.IJc, mto a ..in arer arrcratt, anJ 'h ,1I Mu rrh ~' h.. "Cfll hllAlUl!lds IUhl·lr make the eh, lncc.. l"'o&)'. In' tcaJ o( ~:oi n ~ through the emal cham tI( com mand, Cnunmelm I stran..h l to Ihe A ~ i~l a nt C hid' ot rh.., & now, so. 'lhh'lU£h h i~ a nnnn ..-nt h'IJ h menr , If Ilia, nlll taken up, andt hc' -carer ~ iL'll was pu....ued . On 4 Feh11\' 19-12, Rear Admiral J.B . Towers, rh..' fl.un-au \ ( l uef, approved th.., origina l prouume and the Navy went on Itl order H SFI1l1·1s from nllu.l:la~ . b ('nT ll.l ll ~', Crommehn W;l ~ hI h: 1''' we...1 , llTt'\I,Nu llnly after muc h heartache and kN 1'1 \al lJ
Radar A~ III

tI\I.' Pacific W;lr 1Il11t...1on, IIU' intlucnce radu Wi l~ Illun.! to lv incrL'a~ i l1 gly impor-

tant . 1t'riJ d..,t,"t:li.'n .J! inn 'millg J, l P, I1lt'~l' r,lI.l~ nel:,111.J their early vi~lla l siglu illgs " f

lhe Amcncans and, in fhl'ory, l'llahll'd till' ,klcnJmlliighfl'rs til l.'I't in place in rune 1\1 mtl'f\"Cr' rhe aflackers, A t (iN , the svstcm JtJ lltl( wlIrl well: 'cluncr' Oil till' xr,'l'n~ between circling ,k (ending rbn,'S ;111,1 lfl(lIrlllnl/ rnl>lile conracts clln(u»(....1 " l'e r.lfi ll'!o, comrrumicanons be twee n ~h i "" ;In,1 ti£!,lm W,I!- J"'lor, and the Jilf"iIll""C.' dive ;lnJ r.-q",Jo tlo.lffibers .iten m.a rulJ.,....oJ fo l-n.'al thrt~ 10 mlllCt he'dvy J ,lmage, G raJu'll ly, ho.l'n'o\'r, rhc system imrtlln.J UIlli!, hr th.., lllIr lot tht' Batt le of thl' r h illrrinl' Se a, h..-.d.:. "Grumman He1lcab wou lJ int er · crf!l the lllComil\j:,' ];lp;m.., * aft;lCh ;IIlJ l!'I Illtally wire Ihem llUl h,-f" re th ..,y t\'tIl S;JW l~ Art\('rican Ill'l,t ." It was de-,It N, had t~ American J l\'e hllllh,-", lx, 'n ~ w'lIh 3 UR'Iffit' t:.l/J ar ilt Ih... flOlll..' 01 MiJI.'3\", d)t'), \\'(IlJ1J hwe found Iht' ...n,,·my

Allhough orde rs we re se ~e re ly c uI ba ck allhe end 01the Seco nd WOlld Waf, s ome Martin TBN Maular di~e bombers did sae se nlic e in the posl,waf fleel. Hera, e 100mat ion from VA·9A, comma nde d by Caplai n L.G. Traynor, USN. and ben d aboard Ihe aircraft ca rrier Philippine Sea ICV-471. is se e n iu Ju ne 1946. US Naval H,sloflC al Cenlle phologfBph

earn...rs earlier, not ~'arc h i n~ " i~u,l lly

w' l~t t...1 "aluable

ah ly han ' " m!.: r111'm m, 'T l' qUl,,!.: ly, I h ll~ 'l\"I\I.llIlg th... II ~' 01 Y.trkWtlTl lo d Ctllll1lt'r~t ri !.:e. " C urti", wa, Ih...rd "re in' ln Kll...1 h I aJ J raJar Glp;lh ilify to till' S R2C. Inten."i\·e t"" l in ~ wa~ 'lln'a. h ' lalin g I'I.Ke ,If N",wron, Rh ,,,"I,' 1 ~l. m.1. wll h n1'.'arJ til Ihl' 1I'rJ't....I' 1h' mh.:r ri,ll' ("r Ihi ~ mrcrai.. ' • In the l'n,!. h ' lw;:" ,'r, Ih l' ,Ii"l' h.lmher nl'\'e r J iJ m,lh' tOtJ"..J'1 .1I1.llls, olh;:r than III tHai, anJ I..'~ t~, , I llt lll~ thl' St.' olnJ \X'orIJ W,lr.

15

J U~I

limc

f,'r rh... rn an,1\\',,u l.l l'",h-

'II

a, rh r- G rum ma n I}'!'e mel ib end,

drd rhc, Cum,-, lyre" onuinatecl hy the

~ llltrh y id...,, - rhc XSR3 C - 1 ,1 1 Ih"'I' nJ I,f 194 2 ;lnJ th l' XBT C -I ~ i x mo nth~ btl'(. Tlll~ "'a,, main lr .lUI.' hi Ill<" r rohl l'm ~ the

co mpa ll}' w a~ enctlunI;:rin g wll h the S R2C 11;:IIJiwr. Th...y cont m u...J 10 .Indor the XBTC~ 2 in a limi l... J form , hllll'nCulinlercJ!>I1 rn;m y "itYi t:uh 1t,~ rh al, ,11 thl' ;:nJ 01 thl' war, thi... rr,ljecl , Ifll), wa~ 1..' rm ina teJ, In Ih ,,'I1l<"
.....

,

" ".~

~ l(_II.

CHA PTER TWO

False Start The Douglas Destroyer On 30 [unc 1941, Douulns at El s..-gun d'l W;J~ award<.',1 a cont ract In lunld two XSP,2D- I~, 111i~ seemed to lx' an assurance t~ 'r n oud as lh at the ~IlCCCSS t hey h,d achieved wi th the much -hived SBn D aun tless wuuld h.' repeated . TIll' startl ing vlc tone, ucb lcvcd hy till' D auntless d ur inl-: tha t vcar ga\'l' rill' companv a fundof goodwill, »nd rill' Navy ha.1 great fauh in it. TI \Cc hfficulrics h.'i nj.! cncounrerc...1h y th e riva l C url i"s '1Il.1 Bn-wstcr companies lln ly M..rvcd to l'mph;ls;:l' the smooth running 'l( n uughts.

TIll' Navy was Jl'~I,,-'r; lI t' Illr a replacement .Iivc htlllll,,-'r and eager ttl give 1\ luglas every asstsmnco. I( ever the lld lJ ivcr could I"" g"l into service then il sccmc...1ce rtai n lhal t hl' SB2 D would, in turn, replace the Hclldivcr. 111,11 ccrrainr v dtd 1101 become rea lil ~" Once again, t he Mtow facrot ca mc m ro I'b y, When the fi rst SR2 1) t\ll .k t\l lh l' a ir in A l'ril 194J, it was a lrl'ady 1,400lh ove r the "'I' wl'ighl limit , and it rook far toll ],1l1l-: III l-:l't .urbomc - in facr, irs mke-off .Ib lance p re -

eluded if (ft un earner "1"-'1';1[ ions altogether!

Flighttesled in 1944, the twa -seater XSB2D Destr0ver wa s the original Heinema nn des ign buill to the Navy's initial requirement lor a new di~e bomber, Powered by a s ingle Wrighl R3J50·14 en gine . w hich de~eloped 2.3OOb hp at s ea level. if had a top s pee d 01255 knots . The XSB2D-' coul d carry 4,OOOIb 01mixed ordnan c e in a large internal bomb bay and ha d two lOmm wing cann on. IIte ensee the tricycle landing gea r lirst tried out by He inemann with ona ex perimenta l BT·' d i~e bombar in 1938. Changes in the Na~v's requir ements le d 10 the c ance llation 01this design , and a re ·work as the s ingle-seate r XBTD·' . McDonnell Douglas. Long Beach

16

Speci ficatio n Till' lIrig ina l orde r W:-I.' accompanied by a ,la ulUinl-: Navy ~ recilk;l l illn. TIle engine \\ 'lI S sJX'cifil'J as till' 18 cvlindcr.jwm-row, Cu rtiss-Wright R-H50· 14 Cyclone aircooled radialcnmnc, dl'w l, ,pinl-: 2,JOO"hp ( 1,7 15K/w) al sea level. and d riv in g a thn..'<.'-hIaJed Hamilton propeller uf 12ft 7i n (}B4m) dtamcn-r. Ed Heinemann later ~ I Oltl'J that Ill' considered t his powerplan I to he excessive for rill' lil'sign with

F U n

"

fAl.S E STAIIT -

nu: ll tlUGl.,\S

IJESTIIOHR

whrch he had hoped to proceed from scrarch, but Douglas had to go with it .

Limitat ions o f Space

The armament was fa he revolu uona rv I, r It, time. consisting of a single 20m m cannon in each wing for forward strafin g. wnh 200 ronruls per gun ca rried . Fur air dctence, not one bur two flush-mounted turrets were to lit: carried. in the dorsal aod ventral positions aft rhe rea r coc kpit . each mounting 1I pair of O.sO-calihre machm.. . guns. These were III be remoteII controlled from the rear coc kpit hy a new device, the FarranJ telescopi c rcri.,wre'ighr. It these items were not revol ut ionary ( nJ he.l\'Y) enough, the spcc iflcanon conunued. The main landin g gear was 10 h.. ot the tricycle configuration with 0,1se wheel and two wing wheels. all rctractable. Alrh'lUgh so me writers han' -crcd that this (earure was not fln'v illusly t(lIlnd on naval aircraft , Hein eman n h imelt hold already fully rested such a desi!.:n II Ith an expcnmenra l BT- I with noseI' heel configuration in the laic 19 30s, Ill' h.ld not been favourably impressed. None the l~, thc Navy dl'CiJeJ that th is W,I" \\h:lr if wanl\'J. Tht rt'quireJ offensive loading po tl'nlui 11'<1_ also h igh for rhe t\l'W dive h mN'r: a m TOrredoes slun!.: e Xll'rn.lll\· lx'inw the central fusela!.:e, T hi s en,lttTltlU, increase in comhat loadi ng wa, r No ,KhieveJ hy Ihe adop tilln of Luni · nar-fluw aerofllil, and high -liit , lo tted !hl" filll,J ~Iow the rea r eJges of rill' mlJ·wmg S('( tinns. The intem al bom!:> -!:>ay requin'llIl'nr n,l ,'nlr made Ihe ai rcraft ilion ' clllllp li· ( tN \J.'. Curtiss werl' find ing to their ell"t \lIlh Ihe SBlCl. hut forceJ DOlll,.:l as I ~nLlrl!e the wing area. Sll th al llll' ma in I nJml: I:ear could fold !:>ack int o il IIb!eaJ of the fuselage. This, in rurn . led f J reJesi)..'!l of Ihe wings with a negati ve Jlhl\lrnl. the c1 a s.~ ic al ' in vert I,d !.:u ll11m!!' share Ihat typified d i\'c h' lml-ets ,u, h ,1\ the Junkers Ju. 87 St uka and Vull~r VenJ;:cancc, and was ],uer hi IJenlll\· ,hl' massi\'e C h anc e- VOU!.:IH HU tl!o:hlet·hombcr. T he adoptiu n o f rhl' te,IIUtl: cnahled the unJ ercarr ia!.:e III I'e .hortet an,l thus more easily aCCllmmllJ HI'll in the inne r-win!.: sl'ct ion whel'l b.!\. inlll which (he wheel s h ydraulica lly rctMCtN.

As de.,ign work proc eeded . th e Navv h it [)ou.l:las with ve t anot he r lirnita rion . T h e XSB2[)· 1, unlike Jill' SBI\ was to [caturc fullv t;IIJ in g wings, tbe I uncr seerions f"I,Iing upward s <'II1/cllCl'. compa red wit h 14 7ft 6 in (44.96m ) in the Encx and 136ft (41.4 5m) in the .\t iJlt'ay. Their fUll' nl'! tr unk illl,.: al" , elle n I:KIll',11 In IheSl' limir"d di nll'nsiun s. TIll' 1ll,lximum han gar width canll' down 10 ahout 60ft ( IHo 3m). "I. In llrd,' r li lr tw,I aircralt I" hl' ah lt· t, I Ill' mllvl'd past e,Kh utl ll'r. till' maxilllUIll willg-llllded Sp;ll1 h ;I,1 til he spl'c ilkd ;IS 26fl (7.91m). T his W;lS 10 CIUW I k'i lll" man n's Il'mn IW ln ' h l"IlL.,·lws. Thl' fina l win.l:Sp'l1l C,It1W " ut at 4 5ft ( I t72 m) . wh ich Tl,dIICl,d tu 2\,Vr -tin lin f"I,lin ~ . Tlltal wing area was ,7, sq fl (34 .H Sll Ill) , M,lxim ulil width of till' h' lri:ontal {
v-n

Fliglll lesling followed and appe ared to go well, eve n if the XSB2D· I W,IS nOI an ' Hlt.-l anJ ing pe rfor mer. I)uring te st s. m'IX· unum spl'l',1 (If 289 knor, at sea level was reache".I, and 310 kn"1S was ,KhieVl'd at 14.00l1ft (4 .250m ). These fi.l:un::s were respectable - with a spee,1 of 346mrh (55 7km/h ), rhe XSBlD- 1 was 6Smr h ( 105krn/h ) faster than the besr SBlC- I Hclkhvcr, with double tlu- bomb Illa,l ll the lat ter. It carried 22 3 gallons of fuel in its int e r nal ran ks, !.:ivin!.: ,I max imum r'lll!.:e of 960 nautical miles at a !lei!.:llI (If lO.ooofl (3 .050111 ). and a max imum cmlumnce at thl' s ame hcighr (If , \1 hours. li s sral l speed for deck landi ngs was 64 knots. which was nor had fllr such a hcavv machine. C limh rare was 11.3 minutes to 20,OOOft (6,100m ). wnh ,I service cci lin!.: \ li n ,420ft (8,360m) . T hese fi!.:lIres were in il i,llIy respectable en' lugh 10 persuade the Burl',lll of AI'Hl· naur ics 1" 1'1 ace ,I furr her produc t i, In orde r fur 345 SB2D- 1s ( BllNos 09048-0919 2 inclusive], on H A UgllSl 194 3.

,I

Weight Prob lems

In al'l'l'ar;l\lCe. rhe XSB2[)- 1 was unt que . T Ill' inn 'Tled gull-wing was mllunt ed mid way up the ftN'b!.:e, whi k' a ,loTsal fin l'x tl'n, ll,,1 frum Ihl' mai n \"e rt icil t,lil surfacl' ,\Ild ,'n d,',1 in a sharp verti cal cw·off t,I allow {hI' dursal H1 rrl·Il,.:U1l'i T< ",m to tr a· \·l·rse, lIw kinl,.: fur il ver y diffl'r" nt and read ily i,k'nt ifi;lhll' profile . TIle hTtl'I,I, tlat hl,e of till' filsda!.:l· relle el l'J the l,.: rl';l1 cal'"dly "I thl' internal humh hay an,1 lIll'se (e,,turl'S. cLlllpleJ with thl' In cycle und l'rGu riage, 1ll;1,le till' XS fJ,2 [) ·1 unm isl;lb hll·. If I, ~ ,b ,11"ne (ould deci,1c thl' fall' of ,lll aircr,lft, til<' Ill'W Doug!;ls din ' h" l!ll.....' r was well sct. lI uwl'\'<'r. till' u\'err kling l"llll(l'm was th,lI till' Cllllll' ll'tloJ XSIU[)- I was t'~l hea vy. TIlis W;l' llot .... nt i rd ~, Dou!.:las's fault hut. n" ne the Ie". weighrs callie 'llll a t Completion and Tes ting 12,4, 81!:> ( , .65I k!.:) III l'lIl rt ~· con d ltiun, It t, ,,lk 1\ HIl,.:laSa I' ln!.: Iinll' tIl ""l·mb k· all 16.17 )lh (7,38 Ikg) h l,k·d ami 19.HOlh a ircraft lOllIl'l'l lh is d l'llIl·nl,.:ing ' I'l'cifi.:a· (1i.6H1k.l:) maximum weil,.:ht. which, as tiun ;Ill,l i{ W;IS nUl until 17 ~b rch 194 3 Ikill<'lIl;lllll h im"t:!f II';IS tll confl''-'', 'was th ar th e first XS Bl l)- 1 (Se rial lZ07, BuN' 1 ;Ih lut 2, SOO I" 'un, ls, lVer the specs, We \\'t're 03,') 1) was c'f ml' ll·tl" I. A ntl tlll' r rh n'l' guilty I If rll<' sin I ha,1cr ilici:l·d in " tIl<'r (,rg;lwl'l'ks pa"edl'l'f, lrl' ils maidl'n 11 iglu, ,'n 8 ni:a{l" ns."" TIlis wl·i!.:h t penalty trans!.ltloJ Al'riI194\ , " lIlIe 1 1 Ilhllllh, aftn rill' ini · im'l a take-(,ff dislance inu n ,Icarril'r ,k'Ck in tia l or.!l'r h ,I,1h .'l'n plan 'd . Much h'l.! ha l' - Gllm waIn , If644ft ( 196m), or. with till' carpen l'd in Ih ;u int l'r\"al. bU I ;ill or,k'r f, lr rin ;11 25 kn'l ls int"win,1. 272lt (83m). th irtl'en SB 2[) · 1s (Bu N" s 04lJ')9-0497 I Iklll!.:I;ls and th l' BuAer en!.:llll'erS went indusivd wa.' I1Mde hy BuAn u n 9 A pril imo ,I huddle and var ious fllrmul ,ll' were 194 3, in th e exp,'eI ,u illl1 th ,ll th e a ircr att , k'\"i.sed to 1i ~ht e n till' 'Iircwfr. h W;IS wo ukl C\llll<' up tll scralc h. l'sli ma ted. hO\\'l'\'l'r. th ;lI Iil,.:hl,·ning till'

17

.....

,

" ".~

~l(.II.

f ALSE START _ TIlE tlO l:m .AS llf.SlROH.R

struc t ura l nu-mbers would involve a C U lIl- I!llns ll1ld the rear scat from till' 5 B20, plc rc re,l.:.-ign of Iht.' c n t trc aircraft - ~ H fl'sull ing in n of pr"d uc ti,,n. l1ll' Farit \l"o ul,l l'\ 'n enter serv ice at all. Dra- t ic rand rcnr siJ.:h t am i con tro l a ppumtus a~ai n mva- urcs were ca lled f" r. A.- wuh t he proved cornplictuc...1and i l1 d1id ~~ nt in practice , ,111,1 its Illss W ~l S 01 no C'lll.'t:quellcc ~B2C . till' pr, .blcm ucm was C<'llside rl'd to he till' hc uvv p,lwer t urret huu sillJ,,: t he eit her. A fn-r conversion inu si ng k'-~,lIl' r Iwin remot e-controlled J,,: uns . The EIlII.'r - BTI )-] ~ , the rake-off problem wouhl I" sun 'dumI" ,' J.:U Il rurrcr, which wdJ,,:lwd ~" lve,1. 111is, in essence, was ret urn t" Mllrphy\ l,r iJ,,:in,ll 1.',mcvpr " f 194 1, a n,1 OI L"" ~OO Ir. 11.' '-'-, wa, c onsidered a, an ultcrnnlin', hu t it pron" l ull.-'ll isf'h:lory in " Iher a vindicuion (,t" Cronuuchn's ar~lll1ll' lll s . However. t wo Yl'ars ha l.l l-ccn wask d. Th is ways, ,mI.l was ,lr" I'"I.·,I. M urph y, III 'w pn am 'ted h I C Iuunumdc r. klca was a,l" pled nt once, hili I h ~ lI was nll[ wurh',1ch,ely with Dpllj..:b, in an ctfort II ' the e nd Ilf till' ,Iitl icu ltil's. imp rove till' airc rutt 's rake-off pl.·rf, -rrnaucc. A rcvolunon.trv ,011l1i" n W ~l , 10 dr"p till' remote-c. 'Iltn ,lll'd afrc r turret ,1111 'J,,:t:thl' r, a, Conversions \\"1.,11 as the Sl'C' '11<1xcat. lnstc ucl, an aux ili,Hy In the mean tinu-, t he 'I.·c"n,] prulotypl' power unit , in till' l;,nll " I the W estin j..: h(lll'il' W E-IlJXa t url" ,jl' t, w" ukl lx , fill l....1 ( BuNo 01'552) was c" m pk,ted, and tll'w from /l. lim's Fiel d, hut otfici,ll CllKl'lb tinn UI\ l'xpl.'Timl·llt011 air crafl in t he TI.'.lesiJ,,:lw,1 ,11[l"f r art o t till' fu,elaj..:l'. 111is w"uld tum 1; ,lIllwed in JIlIll' 1944_ Doug!;ls n"w (\InTIll' ~A2\) illl" a sin).!k'-Sl,rw;lrJ was l'x Il·!l,!I.'d t" th e hplIlh ha ~' fl'r t ria l" 'l1lJ till' lIlrhllje r 1lll'rgl' with [he red ul,'d '[ ,'n gth wc kpi t a mI ibelf IllI,un [l.·d t" rIll' fl'a[ l, i the ha y. Itwas fairi llJ,,: 01 th e s i n~ le-s\·a l e r. This ).!'l\'\.' a fl'd hy a n Intake llt0l' the fuse LlJ,,: t: ht.-hind slnll<.l th ,il1d I'k'asing profil e , wh ich .-h"u ld [h e rilllt 's c,xkri t and \,t;' ntt;'d at ,I 10 - h ~l ve '1.l<.led to ~ t a h i 1i ty. T Ilt' rem,wal 01 su Illuc h wl'ight , with dl'gfl'l' ,1llJ,,:k' \'e ntmll y, 11 ll' Wc~ ti ll ~ how;c dewll' I,'d Sllmt.' I ,SOOlh(6 80kg) ,lI t hrusl . tilt' ah an dllnmelll llf Ihe I\\"U Hlrrl't s a nd (in'a t res ults \I'I.·Tl' expccll'J when le st ing till' rea r-St.'at man, ,' na hb l th e BDT-I 10 CllIll1111'11I.·l',] in /l.larch 1944 at till' L lS increase ils buill-in Iud ca pac ily, {TOm 223 J,,: a ll,ms It, 340 gallu llS. E Xtr;1 a rlllUllr " ro A n~~' l.:s /l.lu ni cil' al a irpo rt , amid hi gh Sl'cufity. l1,e firS! tl iJ,,:lu wil h this ,lJ d it ion tl'ctilm fo r th e pil"l co uld ,II" , lx' inswlll'li to th e rl'l ,lined m,lial took rLiCl' in Ma y with,nll ~ l d\"l.'rM' ly a tll'ct i n~ J'l' rl,'rnwncl.'. 1944 . It was ,Inlic ir, lll' d that a ,",,,,,,", [ Ilf Mu.-t 01 Ihl' ul ha fe,lt ures uf Ih e XS B2D'50rnr h (ROkm/h ) woulJ rt.'sult, hut th e rur- I wer e rl't a int'll in t he BT D-l : winJ.:span "Ojl't la ik'd III live ti l' h> Ih esl' expecl,l - a nd ,w e m ll k'ngth rl.'mained lI m.: h;I,l ing C'lllll'a ri",ns were 4 3.4Ih/s"-\ ft

,I

I"

18

(2 11.9kdsq Ill ) fo r th e XS B2D.I , compa red with 48.t%/sq fr ( l3 7.4kg/sq rn]. Maximum speed i ll ,ea level was reduced h~' 34 kn , ItS, and the ne w test (i).!l1res came "UI al 344mr h (55 4kmfhl a t 16,OOJft (4 ,90 '51l1) , wh ill' the service ceiling \\'3!I al", reduce d . ro 2l,OOOft <7,195m). Th e ne w .nrcraft, whi ch was gi\"t:'n the (,ffici,ll nam e , >f I\ lllJ.:LlSl \.'sttl,}W, made its maiden tli~h t on S March 1944. R igh1t~· in g, wh ich wa-, alTl.'lld y lx' lllg conducted wilh till' XSB2 D·\, conunucd inrensiwlv ""1\' wil h both tYl'e~. Th e rc~ t~ revealed a h ,,~ t lll other pr"h ll·l1ls. 11l<: XSR2D-] suf· fl'rl,d from I"-I<. 'r sla bi lilY {('r earner-deck bn,linj..:_" and. when I'UI 111[" the steepdive, elK(>l lille rl.,d severe huffl,ting with the Jive hra kt:, extended. Whe n tl1l'firs. " f thec cevetted BT D- I s W,IS put tlHll1l~h its ('OCt'S. tl1l'S<.' prol-lcru-, were I~ '1m.! III hare inc fl·a'c d rat her rhan d imi nished.

Rede sign and Further Modifications Oncl.· 'I).!ain, the 1\ 'llJ.:bstl'l lill went hackto tl1l' ,lmwi llJ,,: "'''lrd, ,Illd Ix'ga n ,mo therJ ra... lic Tl'-wurkini.: "r till' ,k'sigll. Thl' dihcJrJI III 111l' a;r([
•

•

•

~ m

v·n

"

"

At

tlll

FALSE START -

nn: 1l0 l'GI.AS

IlI'STROY!.R

......... d1a.ld hlIve been the new Douglas rep la ce ment lor the Dallnll e ss w as lhe BTD-l , a s ;llgll'"5eal re o warllillQ 01 the XSB2D·l Oe$lroyer des ign. This is the fina l version on the la mp at EI S egundo, Califom ia . 0111 Deeemberl!I4J. It featured Ihe invert ed gull· w ing form and tric ycl e und erc arri age. but the atter part 01 at cockpit WI I Il ired inlo thafu sel ege an d the angle 01 the fa iring was exte nded. Alt hough orde rs w e re ,t.:tlI tOf d1 il lircrlft by the Navy alle r tes l ing. Ihe co ntract was ca nce lla d in Jul y 1944. a nd only a few lIIt~illn were linin, complete d, w hich Ilever saw act ive service. McOonnell Oougl as, l ong Beach

EJ Hcmcmanns menuun, rec al l

th...• trials:

Ir.. f'd!<-nlyulkkmanJ.,hl". if n,~ trcsrr.umu . """ f'I~Il.' lal'olll'l..J on.: " r more .urn "ft !1' ,~II(I U'"' Ul'l"T olhl'l'\. In the "viall "11 \l",,t, tt.r W!r.f<m'.... thur ",occ"..J r rtli.", ,~' rill" 0;"11\1'' '' ch.lt", r...., 5<,"", t1\....1'; I" ;ln rn",.".! '" o,,,,m, othrrs IowaN Voullht, ,,,11 " th"", ,, 'ltl [\~Ias. '""""" a"mr",", h"..,J , h" ;f c"n· til

~ "nl.'xperiel\Cr ;onJ clUetl.,I l.'valu.llh 'tl , I'm

"'Vtlltl Ih;o[ Ihr BTI) .I,d lIo[ )I<.·t ('Hr tn· ;}I· r .r l\\en[......, w ", "IF\.' ",,,It'I1'l wmll'n~ , "

lDnU.u

In oct. m re-tesnng the Dest ro yer, till' ~ II re-t r ilnts h ad fou nd •.. . rh..· same,,1.1 Jct'u..·nci...'S - toll 1111\1: take-off ma rgin,l l 'l~~lhl\' lind ktffe tin g - pe rsisted. ' " This is In ,hdrp c"lII m t ttl H e in em ann 's (\wn \11.'1\'. which IlhA~ th:lt th is p lanc 'had muc h t-ctlcr flYing cruu actl'r ist ics th,1Il its p r....d ...•• cr r'. Thi;; view was endo rsed by CUlllm.rnder J.A. Thom as fro m the RllA ...· r Anock Jc~i!-'1l hran ch.19 Tht"'iC cnlll inu....J p ro"lclOs ca m...· nl a umc IIhen the C urtiss S B2C I lcll.. li w r

h:l, 1 finallv overcome its shoTlc,uninj.,:s , .md was ....nter itlj.,: Ih e ounbur ' '
n

04961 -04971. 09114H.Q()062 mul 04951.) were Ct ItlIl' le ll" llx,tw""l'n ~ 1:1rch [9·+4 ,1ll,1 oS O t:tub...-r II.)H. (5cri:1 1 NlI . [I'Nl, till' num ber u rij.,: I1l:l11y ,dlo"::ltl·..1 tu rlw first prodocnou SB21). 1, wn, now written tiff.) In Oetoh...-r II.)H, till' N avy iitM lly t...-nninur...-d rh...· con tract . The aircraft never saw ...·u m h,11 ,m,1 1\'I.·fl· 1lS\.,,1 mai n ly :IS r.. ·st Ill:lchilll's. Al k a ~ t on,' llf t111'lll has sur · vin·.. ! tulh...· p rl'SI'nt . . by.

New Playe rs C"lluncln,!l'r Murphy \\"a.s Ill,wcd (rPlll BuA ....r, :m.l his "1:1C.... W:1S ta k""11 hy C" m-

19

mandcr E,E. Fawkes, who had t h c addeJ a,[vantaj.(l· of combat ex pe rience in t he South Pa ci fic. II..., hacked M ll'l'h y's id"'''ls. and under h is ' Iir.. -crion rh c· singl...··s...-arcr

combined

JIVC-

and rorrcdo-bomlcr con-

nTI OllHiIl UC'! t(l he cham pioned. On 5 J ,m u
,If,

.....

,

" ".~

~ l(. II .

FAl.SI: STAIn - lH l: IHll '(;I.AS IlESI IW y! , f{

The BTD-1 assembly line in full swing at EI Seg undo on 1 J an uary 1944. Despite the Navy's order s and the bus ine ss 01 this sce ne, all eur e handf ul 01these airc rah had been ca nce lle d s ix months laler. By Ihe n, Hei ne ma nn had sol d the Bureau of Aeronau tic s on an enli re ly new ce nc ept. McDonnellOouglas, Long Beach

J

This is a very rare bird! The Douglas BTD w as intended to be Heinemann 's s ucc essor to the faithful SBD Dauntle ss . II was co nceiv ed in J une 1941. two prololypes we re ordered {as the XSB2D -1J. and the IirSI prOIOlype flew on 8 April 1942, The US Navy's ne w requirement. lor il to combine bOlh dive - and forpedo -bombing eapabumes. led 10 it being re -des ignaled as a s ingle-sea te r, w ith bo.ub ca pac ily increased 10 1,451kg, Ihe 2,399bhp Wright R-3350-14 Cyclon e 18 engi ne , and dive brak es tak en Irom the Vullee Vengean ce, installed abo ve and be low the wings , Ordel'$ for 358 an eraft Icllo w e d by Auyust 1943, and prod uction Destroyers (as they were na med ) began to le ave EI Segu ndo in J une 1944, A disap pointi ng pe rforma nce , a nd, principally, a long take -oNrequ ireme nt, led 10 Ihe can cellation ef tue project alter only 28ai rc. alt had been ac cepted, Many of Ihe Destroyer 's be stl ealu res , howe ver, re-emerg ed in Ihe AD Skyraider, This par1icula r s urvivor, photog raphed al the fl ore nce Ai, and Missile Museum , South Carolina in 1992, is in fairly good co ndition. Peler C Srnllh IIIIl SlanleV Vaughn III

20

T h e Fk'l' t win g ,k'sil,:ll W;lS 1, lr a sm a lle r, lighter din' hOlllhl' f, rill' XHK- [, built ~ I'l'c ilically to cq-cratc fnun t he small I'SCOH or 'jn'r' c.u rtcr-, in .suPl'o rt of ,lmp hihi'HIS Ian ,li n gs, l t -, main parnmcters wen' a 1.0l"O1" ho m" Cill';lCity .nu] a cornh,ll r;dius o f 365 rnill' ~ (5H7km ), A CI'Iltract was ;1\\'ar.ll'd l'arly in March 19 44, T Ill' a irer;lft was Sup rosl'd I" he h 'l'l ;IS li!.:h l a s po sslh k' b ut when 1111' I' rllt "I ~' re (BuNu 44 31l) l'\'l' nt ually flew, ill Apnl 194';, powered bv a Prall & Whitlll'Y RlROO l'nl-:inl" it carne out nt a ma-otve 14 ,/'I 50 1h (corn p.mxl wnh till' 10 ,7001l> of t hc SI-\[)-; then "pl'r;lIi nl-: in this role]. Tl'~l i n!.: cunrimrccl ut 1':lt llXl'll t River Nava l Air Tl'.S t GTlIU11d, hUI the l' n,l "I' the wa r Il,d [, I Ihe cl nH,lb t hIII I,f this I' r,,)l'( (_ A , irni lar fare befell anothe r contender, till' (\ 'I' in!.: XFi'l R-1. Tl u- machuu- w~ s 1'< 1\\w l',1by a ~,Ol,(,hl' l'rau & \V h lllll'Y R4 ~60 fill l',1wi th a unique ammucuu-nr teatllfin !.: the six -b b,k,l, coutra-nuaring !'ro pcllcr. Otherwise, it was "rth'''!'lx ,' nollch, "'tainilll': an interna l """mh hay !~ 'r c nhcr a I'OIi l "f 1,('L'Cllb h ,mhs, ,r a t ( '1I'l'd" , ,11,, 1al'l l [\\ ,'lurthn l,tiNlh l-omb-, (,II undcrwma r.1.-b , It 1""kl', 1 till' m"sl I'r' lllIisi11C .Ii\'\' h »nl-cr c,f rhcm all Irom till'S\' fi!.:Hrl's, cspcr i ;l ll ~' \\'1ll'11 it adlll'\'l',l l'X(d ll'lll 'IX'l',l, of 411m['h under tt.',t in 19 44. H U\' I' \'l'r, it, 10" , \\';ls cancclh-du r Ih" I'11,1 "th"st .litil" , C u rt ls.s t ried a!.:'UI1, wnh a n Impron',1 ve rsion "I till' l Iclldi vcr - 1l11' ~ l( "l d 1i4G, XSH2C. A sindt.' .nrcrnft, HlIN(l n;2H6, WOlS mOl,k over ;lIh l":Ollll' k·t".! in Fd'TU;lI)' 194 ;, p" l\w c, 1 hy rbc 1\-2600·20 cuume, with a t,,1' Spl·".! 0 1 (lnly 260 mr h (4IKklll/h), It 1I'00S 01 !\\' (l-SI'01!l'r;l1 01 ume 11'111"11 ' IKh h,'1ll1",rs h ,d CI >lll" HII t,j \'( lL!lIl'. It W"', rhu-, .["mlll"1. TIll' Martin ~ l ;l\lkr 11'; " kl'l'r in producnon, ;111.....11 al a rcducccllcvc], a s t he AM I. Evctuuullv, this hrutc ( ,'u k l l';lrry no lcs, 111,1[) thrl'l' ;I,'TI;l 1 t"'1" "!'''''s, in a,l-liti nn III tll'I,I\'I' ull,krwin !..: homhs ;1[I,I Ill';I\'y r unnun I" r 'tTalin!.: ;ll t,ll k" T h e",' " IIll' T urrcrutr " fll'fl,,1 snh lll' n ,m l'l,t it i" n to till' I )l"lroyl'r, :m,1 [he wm in ).,: \\';" l' Il';lrl r " 11 the \\';111 , A SI'TI,', " f mccnn u-, bdwn'n th e \ 'Oln 'lIl' onnpames \\'Ol' , d ll'd ull', 1 with the Bll.'\l-r III W;lshmut on , I X ~ in .I11l11' 1944 , It \\';1 ' \W ~' clear that t h l' p lIln ' ll\ l' 1'1' t he-e- corucrcnces wP111.1 dn·dl' nor , ," ly 1111' tuturc "I the N;I\')'\ d l\'I,-h"lllhl'r p r,,!.:ralllllll', but also t ill' lutll'" \,11\ 'll gLI' 's l' a T! icir:lt](,n in ,my ,ul' h l'n'!.:rot1l111ll' "'Ke ,1lI,1 Ipr "II. EJ I k illl"lllilnn himsdf th " ut.: h t, Tic htl \' Ilr wr"n l,:ly, l ha t il was 'lll;lkl' -PI-b"'a k',

CHAPTER Tll REF:

Last Chance A New Concept is Born Even l-etofe the re-une " f 111<.> X ~f\ !I ) ha ,1 l-qun. a~ earlv as (\'-cemh..r 11)4'. I\. .u d a' NJ beecn further m ·ho'N' ,1"'11.:11 , n " lle' rrbullK 10 Jiw·h. 'Illh.·r ,1'·~ I).!I1. The-e

II... r, rrin(lr;ll1 ~ Oll'1I1g 10 a -, I, 'n l:: 1.lh·-ott

rr:li~;ll

11( .. of Iht.· aircraft c"u ld inJi cll.. Ih al

connnced Ihruu!.:hoUl lh ,· flr~l ~ I ' monrh-, " I~ (" U,n"m/.: y,';II. re-ult IIl I.: III .m .rccumuLmJ store (,f frc-h I.lcr" ..1.11 .1;1Il'! 101,,1" ItIdllon. Later, EJ Hem... mann W .I~ II " Ir;lw ~lf\ (hi' f'l 1I11 of new kn"ld,·,h.:'·' 10 I.:"' ,J

unv mrcnn. 'n 1'1c. lIKdlllll-: Iill' BTU- I . :111,1 l" Uh lll~ rca... 'n~ I~,r lll.lllll .lll\llll-: lh,' rrol'"\:1 wer e .h-cu-, -c, 1. TIll'''' ,. ere .1' I, ,1I.l\'·~:

mJ vnaleffecr .

C ITTI,' r 11-c·.

Scrvic v "," :llll.Il l
Conference in June 1944 lhe-comr ;lny rcprocnt.urvc- , were " h...d . uled III meet wnh RuA"r 111 \V;j,hlllt.:l on . OCthat summer: Hcuwuumn W :I ~ .KllIdy dllale' Ih
1m

a 'l't,1l1l L" I) 1\.·\ ,1l1l ; ('... Il<' R ' ~ 'I , A,·r." ly. n,lmin ; ;\n,1 Rl·I.1 1 ~'l.::lrt, BT l) 1' I" i.... 1 EnCTlleeT. ·tll llll.: Ih,· I\l lr" :lll ;Ul.1 11,... Na1i ' wa, Ihe Chalrm:lIl, A"hLllIl (:hid ul Ihe fiurl,<m. R,'011 A. lilllf:11 LI\\T"I ll'" B. Rl( h,lrJ" .n, USN; L,',I1l' C. ~I"\'l'lh,

R,·rh·.. .

H,·,IIi, R,"'C;m,:h .1ll,1 1\ ·H·I" I'll11'nl 1)II'i· 'UlIl ,

fillAI'r;

hh

dl'pul r ; ( ~, .I,'m·1 ( :I,:,rl.-,

FI h ' , US ~-1;1T i ll" l :"rr': ( ::lJ'I .lin 1':lul II . Run....." frllm the l'alllXl'nl N,l\" ll T~·\t

r...I'·'II-:I1"'.1 fll,l"! . IJ..:~· ,Ill'! " I l w r dcr.ul lillI''' 1\','l1WIlI' . ,h,1\\'l·,1 I' r. 'm I ~.' .11'I'rola d llllg th:1t ,,1 , 1'·~ IJ..: tl' tlwn 1...·Illl! , 1,·vd " I',·.! I" r till' fllllJr~· . 'i T Ill' r,·qui,,·.1 i1l11''' '\ ''·11ll"llt ~ . 1,,11,,\. ill l! r~',k'~i).!n, mid ll I" , .ll Llin ,·,1 1ll 1", ,,llIv ti"n :L1 ll'; 1l 1"l l h... I ll'\\' , 1 ~· ' I t.: Il " h , S\lbJ~'~' 1 I" ~' ,·[t.11ll Im l'r"I'l"m"nl' In Ilit.:ht -h'llldllll l.: d Ur:l' t"n'tl ( ~ , :1t,,1 ~1IJ,J,· .. t 1<1 ~;l II, I :I'- l"r\' I PllIl'k l lllll "t "tlll"1 [,·nJalll lll t.: 11I ght -t~"1 Itl'1l1 ~ , 1Ill' I),·~ tl" y,·r

11':\,

u ' lh l. I,· [ ~·. 1 " lt i, t,I(l,' ry

t; 'I Lma-f'lllo:a " l,,· r.l t h'l\' III II.. ,' X 1,1 ill t.: I ' '1l1il.! ' lra l h Ill .

i, TIll' " nl\, dl1ni ~tl (

' 11"" h l r~· h W.I ~ II",

Iln',l ri,tl.-r, ' f)' ,·h .lr·

('..efllc r; C'mnl.lnd,'r j .A. Th "m :l ~ , U~~; CI J'\'.lin Walte r S . 1)1,'h l, U S N an": ~ Illlam '1\111' Fri,I>ll' , llll' (i vi Il:lll , ·nl-.: 11ll','r

Llk" -oll .11,t,III"·' ("'I",r 1I1 b.111~t.111, 'n IIL)..: I" ..1t.1r.ll t,'TI __

lIt-nulwaJ t..J Ih,' E\·alu .lll "1\ Ikmth . ,1 ,lit' BureAU; Ct'mnl
11111'" l\',' m,·nt, I. , 111, ' ~' X I~' I\ I I Ii :tl .' 1', ' .11'''

L~ . '; COllllll,m.l,'r EUll'r...1l 1 End,,'" L~l\ ; ,mJ ll,·tI!"!l;lllI-( :'lIl1l11,Ill,I,·r J"hn

s,. Fcrcu.'IItl. <1 1,...11'11,,1 .11

lnr

II ( ~ Wl·rt." ~uhl ''''1 h ' Im lll,..!r.lI,· r'·I1It'.h

"[

So rhc l'll·'lrl'\,·r wa- , n "l It 11.,lIy writt en o ti" a l rill" Iq44 contcrcnce. EJ Hcuicm.mn r,'..:or,I...,I. howe ver, Ih,i1 hi' Ii'll rh.n t1 1'l:Ll __ oou-, we-n- C" lIll:: nowh...re. ;11\,1 Ihal he dcn-muncdto lalt.· ;l raJlt.:oIl ' tLT. F, II' .... nne momh-, Ill' IMJ h....·n Workllll-: on " 101,111),

drncrcnr con..... pt, ho......·,1 lin rill' R-2 'XI ,·n).!IIW: 11' '\l, , " III.f th e f-hl ~· . h.. ,nm, 'Ull(,·J 10 C" I"nd F i,h· rhar Ill' h.d an l,k·.1 I", \\'I IlII .llik~·

h ' rut I~ .rward. Arter ,I l-n-nk , I",

w.e- urvvn Ih ... 01'1"" Tl Utlll'l·. H,· " ,1.1 tli,' cont crcn cc Iha l h~· lI"all!~·.l I\I\ I t.:Lt , t, 'I...· 1....·nlluh·,1 Itl l'lllel"! Illl' l' XI~r l1ll-: u lntl,lll 1"1 Ilw BTl), :111,1u ...... Whll r"l1l:l111 l'l1"I t Ill' t'un, I, aV:IILlbl.. f"r tlw r "'w" l I" d,'H·I,'1' :1 Ill'W ,!iv... ·I... lInl.....·r Cl'Ill" ~' I'I, I I,' ",h·.! " '1 lhl ll~' , Lt~'~ , " 1''''l'an ' Ih~' n ~·\I· '!~· ~lgn . (\ , lm lr.ll RKh.lr.!"'1l granl,·.1 h llll IIi, I h 'l1l1 ". bill "n ly ' Ill tIll' C"lld llit'll' Ih ,11 l lll' ,,,"' It.:n ,lll'1l1.1b,· 1":l,I~' h~' Q9 i..\.l l h e l< ,11"'\'111)..: .1:1)", and tl ldl It .. 1","I.II,~· h:l'~' ,1 till' R ..\i :;O ~'nl-: ifll" H p i' l h y hi , ll \. n 1',·l.lrd , I klll~'l1l :IIHl ,-, ,"1,1 "nly . II:: [~·~· a n, 1 h" I'" th aI It" (0 111.1 t:a ll\' " 111 hl ~ I'r"rnl ~~· . :1Il' !. ,11\, I, thaI h,' l llUI,1( a rr\, 1\ '11t.:!a, \I'll It hlln LIn 'u (h a I-::nn h k . In ' uh....... II I~· 1lI t~·krh , .n'· ("I l\",· r~. I I ",n~, I kll wll\;lnn t:, 11\\' IlK t...J I" .11i (, ,ml'a ll\" I'n'~ I,kllt 1\0[1.11.1 l \ luJ.:1.I ~ ;11".1 \'l ..:....pr'... I,ll·11I

tI"

The 2-] Junf 19« BuAHConIHence - C1'Ioiefl lOfthe BTD·' Propeller

S Ie

,.

I

ho

'll"I

"'"

,he,. ffil"elln!.: J t, ll-:l-.:,·d o n th roudl
xJ're'",.J I 'll Ihe 1\ ,ud .l ~ I \."~lr"\'l"r. TIll' Buredu', (lWll n"t,·~ un Ih,' COl1 lt'rt'lIt:,· nlKdle Ih
Curl'SS4 bladl!

]]I180n

1»]

Curl,s.s 4·bladE'

11!t 60n

Aefo prop 4·btade

1l!1 Z'~

Aefo prop 4,btade

11ft 1m

2500 2500 2500

2100 21100 21100

-'"

CtJrl1bar '.Jd0u5

1'.II'I X,·lll .

In tll~ m,·1Tlt Ii,..,. 11,·m'·lIl.l1111 rd.u,·,!

nu""

ccrt.un r..m.untng J...·flCI,·rKlt."-' were n"t ' 11.....lu.,M)'mg. (F"r J"1 ;1I1~ III Ih,' 1,ll e..ott .Ii'lancc I" .... ~if-lllIlt.." I~ If I h......x l'l tnl-: air' c ran. h.L.......J on tl uehr te-rs rb.u h.... l l-ccn (Ollti U(t,..J. ~e th e laHe h.·I"w).

IlllrrO\ 'ill).! the .urc r.ut . TIl... eo>nl... rcnt:l· ,11,1nor , h "w" \ "r, hav ...

I. ~-r\" it:l· I,·~I 01 IrlCH·I,· 1.m,lm g 1.:'·.Ir l ur

01 rhe." ucneral Ilil.:hl ch.lrall,·ri,-

5J6

52tl

".

'"

331 331

112 !tess 12D--gallon "" 1lQ 1af'1;)

21

.....

,

" ".~

~l(_II.

LASl

Art Raym, 'n ,I,,f the righrness , l(his rn 'I'" ISH~' ,lllJ h b ream tlu-n worked throuuh the n ighT in hb room at The Statler Hotel. By 0 l OO the next m, ,ming, l [unc. IIll'Y h;ld all th e n~,(,~""II)' (igur~..~, Glk u!ati" m, ilnd rough ,Imwings tu cover till' overall spt"i.:ification cha ngc s, gl'lll' ral nrrmun-mcn ts, a... r odynamics, performance w e iuhr nnd sfrl'ng ths. They h,l,1 them t:0l,il" l a m i were aHe 1" present th c m TO a n ,lstu n isheJ BuAer team II'h e n rhe mec Ting re-convened l.ucr that m, 'ming. Re prl'sl'nting Douglas at this secon.l Illl'l,t ing, held on l j une 1944 , were I Iernem.mn him,dt', alllng wirh " ,I"uhtt'u l Reid I'..lgar!. TIlL' BllA l'r te am , Illhl "r Capta in Thomas. comprised Capram C. W, Wil·lll'r. Capr.un D5 , Corn wa ll, Capt.un l .S. Rus,..I I. Capt.un W.s. l hchl. Commande r llW. Sluuuwav, Commander j .A . Tluuua-, ,IllJ Licurcn.uu W.S. Baj,lby, all of th e BuAcr. Cornm.mck-r A. S mith . I)(;NO (Air), O p-l 1. C, 'm tll,HI,k r r.H. IbtHS\' Y, C:,'ml1lOln,k r C.T I\ " ,th an,1 U l"lt etlant · ('...'rn lll;J Il,ler J.A . F~'rj,lllS"n r...p resentl,d the FliglH Test Sect ion N AS Pat uxl'nt Ri ver. II TI ll' tnl'e ting c\ lmidl'r"d I k inc man n's pla ns wit hll llt ":, HlJtll,' llt and. aft ,'r further ,Iis..:ussillll. tIll' (,,lit,wing , l l t~' m;l t iH' ,Kt i" lh W,·l"l.' agn,~...I:

al.

I. A cc"pl cldi\'\'ri es ,IS pe r W- IOsc he,lu lc "f a irr la tll' lIlpresent cOl1 (i~ura r i
r,,,,I,,ell"" ,'"ntr,KI, 1";'" r" Il , ~ hl I'''K,I "I fh,· ,'x\,,,:nnlt'nlal a,uek' w,lI""'an l"n~,· , rh.m ,,,, ,. nul ,'sf'l'Cled ,1.·1"1' III 1'" "I"Cl"'" "I rll<' Inl"'''

'"1'':''''' n" "ld ,,,,,,,,t,. O l",i" usly, n ' l illllm,d iale dl,,'i si"ll Ct'ukl h" tah'n umil till' plan s an,1 s t a t i~ T ics, wh ich had , alter all, b,'e n h ast i l ~' co bhled hlg ethl'r, h ,,,.! I->l" 'n Ill ' ' rl' ca rl'(ully amll ysnl and a~ rl'l'J I->y m,' r,' S\'n i,'r H·I'H'S\-llt 'i1ive s.

nL"' l'W~:

_ A NI'\\'

( O:-; Cl' f'l IS

Cllm miLl k ll'r Thomas's therd~ ,re concluded:

ll()R~

memorandum

1\''':1' 1<,1\, ,,,~ar,hnl: ,h'I""IlI"n ,,( rll<' ATI)·1 1''' 'f''':1 and 'ebrc.! "",lI,·n. ,~ l'",d"<:lh'O al I',,,~I. ,, 1:1 ~,'~"nd" w,"" "';rh h,-I,l, 1":ll,I"11: a n", f",,,"n' ,n rh" l"""-'K" " I rh" Chid >If II",

fI""'.,,, ,,,,.I "11.", "",·,."",,I parr"". TI1C agrl'l'llIent reaclll' J in th at hUI uffice room in Washin..:ron, DC simply ~\ve Donglas brei1th in~ sl'ace - no lilt In' - in whic h tcI tT)' ro prove themsclvcs aga in . The 11.'g,·nJ rbat the Skvraulc r W;l S Jl'si":lll...1 ovc m urht in ,I room at till.' Statler Hotel is a rom.umc on e, which is gh'e n c redence l-v constant repe tition in l-ooks am] mOlga: ines. In (act . rbcrc was a urc.u deal of hard work , swea t a nd compn 'm ise ahead before rhc new din ' lxuul-cr wllulJ fin ally he Sil-'llC.!, scale...1 ;llld sctt led us a viable aircraft. The gD-a!Jea.! f' lr Ih,· ne w .l in, I"" mlx'c was, tl1('rd~ ' rL' , nut giv" n inHlIl·,lbtd y. In july 1944, th e N av~' fin ally c.mc cl k'd Ihe co nt rac t (,Ir tlll' RTD-I nestr' ly ~'r,

thi s powcrplant, hu t it was Jl·layl'll in produ ction, b tl' in rcaching th e producnon lines. a nd , ulnrnatclv. proved troublesome in service . A Llrgl' muul-er o( l'ng in,' cur" UIS we re e xpe rienced o n all 1 ~1"" ~ lit' airc nl(t lll ili: ing till' mo d el. MDT" ,k'mancls we re made ,'n the hardrTL'~S\.J team, ind u,ling a sh"rtl'r take-off di sran c,', ~o Ihat t he airnaft m ight h", 1Is(.J on e'COTl earners. ex tra a rmour protec tion, to deal with th e in([e;lsing sculc of AA firepowe r heing met as th e N: 1V~' Task Forces el'lSe,1in on J" r a n" home islands, extended range, nftcr t he a ppa lling Ill" l'S m rho Bartl c \ ,f th e Pluhpplm- Sl'a, when ,lir(w(t ran o ut ll( fuel after stnkc, ,11 rhe lmut o( thei r endurance. TIl ~' arr ival ,,( till' KWJ1ikim' lL.J tn anot her new requiremen t - air l-orne carlv wa rn mg. radar.eljuip[X'd arrcr afr, wh ich would ~ ive grea ter prorccrum than till' pic ket dl' s rru~" ' h were "hie to. A ll rhesc Tl'ljUirl'Ill,' nts had sllnll' hnw tn Ix, a(Clllll' m'l<.hucd, ,Illd nU llglas did t heir 1....,, (.

Th e Powerplant Demands a nd Req uireme n ts T Ill' o riginal agrel'd Jail' III prllduce a tn, x l -lip :11 EI S...gun,I" ha d been 24 Jul r 11)44 . At till' timc, This had se,' me d (lpt i. mistic, an,1 il4 11ickl y pHl\"l.'J tll he till" case. A lmosT imnll"J ialcl y Dou gla., h,kl tll a,k RuA,'r (llr :m l.'xtc n silln, This wa' gnm l...d , an d a t\('W, ratlwT mll re r,'alisr ie .lal" ll( 14 A u~t1., t \\'Ol S agrecd . Thc I\',m.l ll( Inspl.·c, lion ga\'l' this till' th um hs,ur, ins ist ing a t thl' salllc Time Oil il (~'W mi nllr 'lltl'Tatillns. O n 14 A ugust 1944 , (llllllwing th e inspl'ction ,md ;lpr rov;11 o( t hl' XHT 2[)·\ , Ihl.' N av y (OTlll
22

TI ll' Navy h "t! imp"scd th e Wr idu RII SOeyc l, Hll' 24 " ng im' as lIS JesiTl'J f'<' werl' la tll, Sll, wh at" n 'r Ed I lei lwmann m igh t f~'..! ahoul 1I1l' lTI' l<.ll'l, rill' Ill' W Du u· gLls co nc e pt woulJ hilVl' In fit a r" unJ it. T Ill' size llt' tIll' ,'n j!f1ll' tll sume l'Xlent Ji c1;1I ed t he fin ,11 layout o ( t he XRT 1 D·1. The W righ t Cydt'ne R- l 1S0 W;l ~a twin · ro w, Sl I[X'rc hOl rged . air·cll"led, II:l-q linJeT e n~ i lll', wit h a Jisplacellll' nt l' ( 3,lSO cu hic in. TI ll' h p ll( th,' va ril>!ls ma rks vilTied from 2,200 III 2,800, TIll' first t('st nm fllr thi ~ mo n 'I ,'r was in MOlY 19 H , and, (oll ll w in~ its g" Ill' ral ad,,pt i" Jl int o the US ar meJ serv ices with till' hc..:inni ng llf Ihe Second W ,,rl,1 W ,lr, 1Ill' R-l 3SO was I'r, ,gre",iwly d" \TI" l'l',1 via S\'\'l'ral illcr,'a , ingly ,""" r h islical..., 1 lll:lrks III the -26 WD. Th is Wf\.~ th u u..:hl f
LAn

n l ,\~ C F

_ A :-'EW ('o~n,PT IS

RO R ~

ThtI original Skyraider was 10 ha ve heen litred wilh exceptiona lly la rge s pinne rs, but the se fea lured on just • coupl ' ol u parimanlal a ircral1, of w hich this is one . The ide a was su bse que ntly a ba ndoned. San Diego At~e.

MU$eum

experience came t,l till' Skvr.udcr, ,1Il,1t h i ~ olJ Shlf)' went th e roun ds on ce more. The first Hg conrrac t lo r , h i:; t"ul-:h am] relabk engine was !~ lr rhc R.ll'ill j! H-2\) Sllrerfnnre,,~ , and sub-cquc nr mark- weneed to powcr such fallltlu, .urcraf ~ " till'

C I19, the e - 121, llll' PZV Nerl llllL' und the P-5 Marlin. a, wd l ;1' t he HTD- I l\'Slrllyer, the A L) Skyrai,ll'Tandnumcn lll~ commercial airc raft. n"'~l' i l" u s fl·lbhlll( Y. however, the engilw later " cc umv known iut ItS unstoppable nil I...ak-, wh ich Idr lhcil markon eve ry 5 kyrakk' r\ undcrl-cllv

First-Hand Obs ervations Tbe enhghrcned po licy II the US N a vy ut this lime was to eu courngc ilS airl w lt des igners to go to sea, to all'llV rhcm to

appreciate first hand the viewpoin t of comhat pilots, ilnJ to ga in a led fllr rl~;ll comhal operations. Dl'sp ite dlllll e, ' ic rrot>lems, Hcinl'lmm n aj!fl'ed tll pa rt ielrale, amI, in Oc tn hr-r !944, h e went ahoarJ the carrief U SS TrC011l.J<;'f/lRd (C \! · l4l at Pearl Harbo r; she saill"! ttl t he we ~t · l'1Tl Pad (ic Wa r Zo ne o n 19 CK tll hl'r.~ l Heinemann was ~O
Hctucmnnn ,li.1 nu l ! ur~l'l till' inl'i,ll'n t and till' cffcct 01 r UWLT-0 l'l·ratnl brak e., and Ihl s Ic.1 t" h IS ad"l'th ln of ;1 dire-ct

hvdraulic bra ke svsn-m in till' P,[lT2lJ -1. f Icincuumn mad l' 111;lIly u,du ll" 'I'1ma l (lh"'rv' lti, ,n ,. I k s,ill", 11 11 example, t hat Ihl' rail-wheel axil- apcrurn- " 11 C:UTlIs, S B2C Helldiver-, t'~n N', I, l l'c k prol-lem-: a t scvcn -cix rccn r h-, l,f; 1ll inch ill cli.une tv r, it was 11, ' I Iar,e:l' cnouuh. SLT\" i ll~ o (fi,:n, lila,I" ot he r p oint s dir ccrlv til Heineman n. ;l1ld he d uly rook them I ' ll l-oard. Licutcnaut-Comm.mdcr E.L. An derson (II VB-I'll' ~avo: 70 d,',e:n'r's ~l ' ti ll' III -nnaldivc ,Ill,e:k' U'L' " in comlvu , wit h t he , live, C" m ll\l'lK ing fr' >111 !O-1 2,(\.)()t't ( 3,0 '50- 3,660 m ), bomb rt:k'a.'e al l ,500fl (700 m ), a nd pull-out at under I ,QOOft ( 100 m), a t wh ich I h l' ~' pullccl '5 ( ,. II... t hou j!ht rhc t rim tal» shuu U he marked with CllIOlll' to mak e th ei r late ral movemcnt iuuu ediatclv 'l lw iulIS, O tlll'r ri l' lts of the " lme J-1e lld ive r sq uadfu n " 11 ,e:~l" 1l...1 ,i sinj!le while ll'ol.c:n itiun ligh t IOC
23

The con rrthuuon llf VB·J '5 , which h'i.! been Illll'ra t lllj; frl lin till' earner E.~.~ " x (CV.

9 ), W
Muu

~ Ul!gl"ll'd

Ih,1\ the cowl-flap

,witc h should hl' posit io ned O il tlll' po rt , i,le ' If th e c. c kpn . This W I ,uld allow rnnn1l,1 1t' pl'n ing fllt enj! ine coo ling to hr' mad,' lllor l' easi ly whi lL' o n full power "' lIi n g~ , lL'a vill,e: Ih e: right ba n.! frcl' for th e co n tro l stil k. I ll' al~, l fl'comml'nd..J co nc e:lUraliun o n just O1\e l yi'C of a tt ,lCk ;lifcralt .li ve "' lInheTwith IOTI'e:J o d roppi ng poten lial a nd Ih l;' w n,e:e fllr "louting. A nothe r point (W ill till' t sst'X Hdklive r men lI'a , th at one " f the: a ircraft's g'l<xi po in " was its itlrwa rJ tirin g 20 m m can no n , hi gh ly r "ru lar a, a ' !r;lfing insuulIll'IH after t h.. main hOlllhin ,e: attack . Fau lts Itl he progra mmcd tlut of an y 1l,!,lace llll' nt includeJ wea k (ail -hook

,I

..

, ..... ...d

~I'. ". CIlA~CE

l. ,\ .n

A

~ "W

CONtTI'T

IS

1l0R~

h" IJ - ,I" wll ~ , wh ich GllI" ,,1 frequent

cable bounce <111,1. rhcrctorc. dcck -bamc r damal.:" , and ,I ll'~~ than n-hablc lwclrauhc sy~ tern . If nl-,o e nwr ucd rh.u rhc uuro-prlot was diftrcult t<11I1.11 11t;ll n ;lIl,1 WiI' Ih " fl·f, Irl' Vl'P; lIlfr"qu"ntl y 1I....·,1in , '~· riil i, 'n, . The con mb un, ,n ~ trom VB-I I. w"rkil1l.: from th,· carrier Hunk'! (C V. I2). were 1ll;I,k· "'y Air Officer. Commande r R"y [olm-on . C.. 'mlll;l",kl \VE. (J'lillarJ ,10,1 till' ..... Uil'Ir"ll\ Ex...'cunve Otlk..-r, Lrcutenant E.M. )'",Jet. Tla-, thuJ "'lllaJron connrmcd II\\.' " r ll lllllm ;1ll~1 l' I~ lr Jin' h 'lll"'in~ 10 ........ 70 .!q.. 'T....,~. wuh the SB2C.. ott cn rulhn~ !IX, . ahh' H.Il.:h rh...,}" were ulliciallv r...<mer 1 h l 7(J rUll -Olib. Lik e th e ot h...·~ Ulllh, rh ·}" ha,I .>I....... reed Ih.lt lle aircr.llt·, mhcrenr lun l.:lIu.lm;ll m,ta"'lhlyJiffit:Ult l...", Ifl"<.lll,·ntly 1'... UII......1 in ..km-wnnkhn l.: on the wm~" TIl l' V B- I I men a-keel I~ ' r iI Jiglu IIlJI..:;Il{}/" in th ...· I..'1m·~ igh l, hi help them i,I...·nr ih correct bomh rdea ....· I \\.' i~lu f"- '11ll whik' o ln...-...'nrr.lIl1l~ u n rhcn rurect , AJml r;11 A .\V. Radford. llle 1;I,k {,' IC,' comma nder, ...·I1lI,ll.I, i:t-J t t ..il-:lliflC;ltlIl ...·,lIur...· of Ih e

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 1...,lU

DES IGN FO R A..'Ii AI RPlANE ..

t.- J

R. H

11.. t...

Anp Cd r . a.sate'Mn to DotIpq .tl.rentt CempuJ. tee, Sa a ta )loaka. C&I:II.

A pptk.U.n J

T

--..y

le. lIU .

~l No, 111.1'1$

.t ... ~1 ',.......

lao 071_1 1 T O..n 1Dh0"l u: "'0, ~ .' Be II Ir.rt. ..... that ...., h ... Nt H , H... .... mana &nd Leo J . IJt'l'lln , both dU2ns or the United SUtn and resi den ts or ~ A ~"", In t~ countr ot Los Anlleles &rIc15tale o r C &1I l oml&. bue lIIotll~' eel a ~." or1Fn&l. &rid omammtal DKip t or U AiTpIa lle . o r whi ch t he tol lo'll1nc 15 .. aped_ ret........ c.- .....1... h . d to n . . .

n".,_. in.- dnwlhp, ronrun.- a Put &henGr.

«OCtl-..,_

Pl&ure t b .. lop penped.lot 1'1"", of an &I",lane III fturht

show1J>a O\i f II"" dPslI n.

PItrun 2 II a &Ide . . .. u--.I '1.-w llf IJIoo ",b. J«I airplane deplctH la ..... we 1 With l be u · ~ l&adtnl ~at ahown 1n doUec1 l1na. Pl ~

3 b 0 teIp p~ ..... 0 ' Ut. ~ d._

"I'U~ 4 II a tl'ODt eln'Ulona1 'I'1e.. of &he a' f. p t.,a deplck
landlnl leU the not MlnI 5hown In the Utmde:1 IIOOItlan b, dotted linn. P'lc1In S 15 a bottom ptan Vie.. 0 1 the &lrpla.ne

lll l'Urbt , "Tbe Ul&n.<:lntsUe r~IIUQ Of OUf d~n _1'9 . ........ ..,. me""" Of ' Ull line. In 'he d... wt .... . Wecl&im : The ornameo:>tAt CkSlCtl for all .lrpb,ne, .ub ....ntl &11' ... abowa and ~bed. £[)WARI> K. HE1N£NANN,

u:o

J, DI:VLIN.

vktiPd. tn P\aUlM 1 and 2.

"

FtlI . 2

,.,-,.. "

!f { "',

.' '.. : i

~

24

,..

." l. AST rtlAr'oTI' _ A ...; ~:W ('ONCI: I'T IS BORN

.

'

Skvraidcr. They

a l~o a~h·J

for

cu-rs. Ho weve r, t hey warned ;ll-:"ins t to" ruanv ext ra gacll,!t,lS,

wluch would \\'l'igh

Ih e airc raft d" wn [,'II much. An in c Te -l'>t',1 rate of dim!'. was always a priorttv. Visi ts In shore hases indicated t he e ffect

of coudensanon o n .urcratr: it became clear rhar ma nv more llrilin:l~t· h. lIes m iulu ,lll,'\'j;!t" t h is prol-lcm. whic h W,IS virtuullv unk nown either in rhc Unncd States ()T in ElITll!'C.

Coral ,lust :, ISlI led III 1Ill" need fur

Just-shickl cxpcriuu-nts

ZOmm

III

protect th e

!-:lll\S.

Fo llo win g the gadwring of t hese pract i-

cal suggt'stillllS, the Nnvv added further .lcmand-, following acrion off tilt" Philirpines :In,1 Okinawa. In vic w of what the~' h<1.1 come up ilgalll~ t there, e~l~cially the

KamOunI,' "Heat, detai led ,t lldil'~ we re for ()o tlgb s ro a.bp, its ru-w d ive bt uubcr for or her vi ta l rilles, inc lud ing AirhOrlll" Early Warni ng (to be gi\'l'll a W sufordcrccl

fix), Night Attac k (N ), Electronic Connrcrmcasurcs (Q), a m i Ph u, o gr;lr h k (I') va ria n ts, All rhcscles-on-, an.l o hse Tviltillns were ahsorlx'd and taken l-ack III EI Segulldo fur fun h e r stully a nd cv aluat ion.

..

Deadlines a nd Prototypes

'"

Wor k continued a t hi gh inte ns it y to meet the deadline an d the tota l co-ope rarion llr t he wor kforce was enlisted to achieve wh at was thou ght hy SU1I1l' to he im pnssihl e, In March 1945 the team uclue vcd StlCCl'SS, wit h the initia l roll-o ut of the XBT2D-1. ln order til l-:ivc Ihl' alrcndv hard-pressed co mpany en uugh leeway (0 produce these new types, lilt' N avy .uuhorced tha t rhc numbe r o( PTll" ,lyf'l' he inc reased from 15 to 25 ( BuNos09100-09 I09). T los W;lS to result in the r n lt!llypt'S listed in the table \1 11 1'.26. At t h is time, the new div e bom ber was prov isiona lly gin'n till' name of Daun t less- [I. T Ill" ne xt majo r mil e-tone came o n It! March 1945, when, a fo rtn ight ah ead of sc he d ule, the first tlight of t he XBT2 D- I rook place. T he a ircraft was ptlor cd hy l)\lugl a ~ Test Pi I", LaVernl' Brown , 1-11,' return ed from tho.' h up and reponed al-solutelv no prohlems or troubles, no elrama - just a good, clean !ligh t. It was a wonderful sta rt and this trouble-free in it iation continued unnbatcd: nvcr the follo wing th ree-wee k period , this ai rcra ft complctcd no less tha n} I successful fest !liJ,:h rs.

-

~.

,;':)

V

o 25

.

....." ". d ~" .".

LAST n lAN n

,..,

Prototypes and auignmenu

B"'o

""" """ """ """ ""' cseso" """ """

09J91

oscss

om;

osos

09098

osos 09100 09101

09101 09IOJ 0911" 0911l!> 09111;

Andl:k

A"", A"'" A"'" A"'" A"'" A"'" A"'"

Attack Anack Anacl:: Photo reconoarsserce Allack NIghl ,mack Night attack Attack Anack Anack Anack

A"'" A"'" A"'"

09101

Eartv w¥T1lfl9

ll!Il18

~ attae k

09109

'CM

De.s.gnalrOll XBTllH KBl20-1 KBl20-1 )(B12O·1 XBT2O·1 )(Bl20-1 XBTZO·l XBT:nJ·l X8TlO·1 X8 TlO·1 XB l20 ·1 XB12D-1P xBr20·1 XB120-1 N XB120·1N KB120 ·1 KBr20-1 X8120·1 K8120·1 XB120·1 XBl2D·' XBT2D·' XBTW-1W XBl2D-l XBl2D-1 Q

Pk',I"l...1 wnh Ih 'l\:hi en·,m·lll", 1\ 1I.'l-:I.,.. kit rl',,,h'l; 'r tlu- N'I\'y It l give il.. w rJKI. O n i Arrll 1\)4'> , till' fiN r WlI'tYr": W,I" d uly ,ldi\" "rl',1 h I t he Navv rro\"lng ground at Patuxent River. There 1; ,lI "wl~d an mtcu"IH' fin ·-\n"l'" ev alua tion rr' Ij.,'rarnllle; thi s (, unpnrut i H'I~' hrief peri ,ll! W'I, '" ,nll't hi ng, ,f ,I reco r,l, ,Ill,! Wil." ,h:h ie",:,1 dl'''l' itl" vilriou .. l'ndl1l' pn ,hll'm .., whil:h, o n " Ill' ,,,-T' l..inll , Illelll'!l'd l'\T n th e 1;li[ur" of a lll'l..ler wd . Thl' N a\"~"\ th t·r.. \\"l·n' l'llth u..i'l"li c [\.·..I'lte Il ellll'lllann\ t'arlil'r ,!'l Ui'> r.. ,IS t.1 IIll'U !--I'IS, thl· re \H' re uni versall y in f,,\'our of till· tll"W ;mcf;lfl. 1111:ir r,Hin g.. cou lJ Ix!--ndly "ulll llla ri:...J Ih lb :

- A

~ I,W

-,

r UM'E YT I S 1I0 k~

N'''",

T h e End o f the War

~3J501I

In [unc 194 '>, th e jirst rf\lh 'I ~'f'\-~ were

,.JJ5O.lI R-3J50.8 R·3J50·8 R-3J50-24W R-3350-24W R·J350 14W A-J350-14W A·3J50-24W R·3350-24W R-3350-24W R-JJ50 -24W R-JJ50·24W R-JJ50-24W R·JJ50·24W R-3J50-24W R-JJ50-24W R·J350·]4W R-3350-24W R·J3S0·24W R-J350.24W R-J350.24W R-3J50.24W R- J350-26W R-J350.24W

accepted mm the Navv. However, aero,

"'''''''' ')In «ceeuests

\. Addmonal coc kp u and attc r-compartmcnt liglning.

FtlllowinJ.: t he out conu- Ilf rh c-c fir "l ma ls, on '> 1\\;1)' 1\)4'> . till' N;I\'Y Depa rt mcnt _sign l'J :1 Le tt er 1,1 In te nt fo r Douglas II I produc e .m inu!al ur.lcr o( '> 4S BTZ !) -l [) i1ul\1 les.s -ll s, Il l' itll'IlI:ll111 ,111.1 lib tl'a m ha,1 co nw u]' trum p... ! Thl' "rdl'r wa s a filfi ng rew ,lr,1 f"r an olll ..t;m .ling tl'am cff" n. :111,1 ,ll'''lTH',lly "l"c un~, l th l' firm's future.

the P,Klt"i.: Ocean, events wen- unfolJ ini: t ha t wuulJ thwart an)' premat ure t."Xf'l"Ct,lnons 1'1' h.llgmi: lA.lugla" order h. ,h. M,~t f'l"l.pll' h,IJ expec ted rh.., wa r W CI -rmnuc at It·:bt mto 1\)46, anJ r rohpcr. (""·rallon 'Olvrnpic' wa, ht.'ing gl';Ifl.J III' tor, and a [anat ical anJ dcr crnnnc...1resi, · ranee hy till' Jal"l1lt:st· of rhcir horne i..bn.l.. was expected. However, the ,!r" r r ing of rill' atomic h Imh .. o n the cuic of 11 if< l'-hiIll:l ,md N 'lka"ak i, t he dl,..pcrutc "ul'r 1y I'u "itio n of the Jap:l!leS\·. Whll "l' flld supI'lies ha d been ( UI off 0)' suhl1l:lfIne sinkin g.. 01 tlu-ir rankers, a nd th e fnc t Iha t rhc S,"'il't U n ion had iJ.:n"n"t.i ib treat )' ,,1,1i}!arion.. an.l launched huge land atmc ks ..e re"".. II " Fa r Ea..le rn h -rdc r-, - allll ll"st· f..cror.. ..:.'m!--II11" ! h' "'ring about a -uddcn and unexpt"(w,1 e'l rly e n,1 In rbc PaCIfic War. Pn 14 A UI",'u, t 1\)·Fi. the hi\".. -tancd to come home. Wekome Ihi .. rum, ,f even ts W,I.., II'> etn-ct on uuhturv fl'-!Ultl·ml·n b ,lnJ '''rrll.'rv w ' 1.. r n 'lIl..:lahll'. Almo-t immcdi. Ud~·. lh,· Na\"- not ifit.J [).lUgl.l-' Ih ,lI It w.e rv...lu( UlI: II.. 111111:11 order hi \77 ;urc r.lfl. In a ,horl lulc. vvvn Ih l' rcqurrcmcm wcm by th e h lrJ, :m.l t he order w, . .. further

,I..

reduced. to a mere 277 aucran.

The AD- I a nd the AD-I Q \~/ith ti ll" ,!d k re nt prioruic " I till' I'" , t· wa r Iwr i, ..1 [lint' \\'a ~ a slowill j.,' duwn , ;mJ tI\l' llrgl'IKY and hard w" rk (If I ll'llle1l1,llm 's Il':llll n' l..... ,el'med to ha n · hee n a w,l,tl',l dl ~ ,rt . [I w.... a time l~ 'r re\' aluation ,m .! ..h..nge . A .. ra n o ( thai prO':l'S', in

RIcin dl.l ra.:tl'rNic.. - V~' ~Jf,J Pl·rt",'rmanCt' - \ '~ good \'(.'a n ' -I,II c1l.1r.lC reri ..lLcs - Excdkllf ~ lml'ltnfY uf mamtt:"nan c t:" - Excdlmr On'r" l1- Tfw ~s r dit'l~ bomn..'T .:n'T resll'" (.It rh..' c,'nfTe N\, tl'\"l· r;· lIl1 n~ w;. .. """11.. . ( 1. "'ut tilt: all e rall,lIl .. (, .lk J jo r \\"l·re minllna l. Till" f" I· 1,'Wlllg Challl.!l'" \Wrl' rl'C' ,"ll1ll·nde J :

I . A .ld irl,'nal, 'xygen f'l r tbe I'il "t , 2, A dd iti"n:ll heali ng j"r the ril,,1.

ear ly Skytaider XBT20·1 IBuNo09109) on the ramp al El Segundo. Sin O'i go AerGspace M useum

26

.••

~

Ftt.ruary 1946. the Nay" announce l rh.n tht Daumless-H was to Ix· rcnanu 1 rho BTlD SkyraiJ cr, This was an ot her ~l a.l:l· in

an l'\'olving pr ocess: the earlier rccom eeodancoe and studie-, (in-Illy J.:dlloJ inltl scceprance for the combirung of ,hl' .1In--

and rcqedo-boml-er rblt'S. hastcnc...l "'"the nMJ for economy as m uch a, " y war CX!X" renee. The new J esi!-rn;u ion wa-, 'A' l~ 'r Ansck. in [me with the A mw A ir Force . and thus, in Arril1946. rhc IH Zt)·' \\"a_'

redesignated "''1' the Navy Departmen t ;1" thtA[).1 anJrhcA D- IQ. The following month , Mar 1946 , saw a few XBT2D· 1s in thei r n vw gUi'l' 1'I.·gin· rung inlensified service tr ials at Nnva l Ai r Station, Alameda. C ahfomia. till' I'm:ific Aa-( Air Headq uart er s. 11 11." ll " "l,:l' was more ru ~eJ than ;II Patux ent River, and rhissoon shOWN up the Ilcgali n- a" \\'l'll as the poIiitive aSf't:cb uf lh .... clllph ;l, b o n h~hlCM in rhe SkyraiJ n \ dl.·,i s:n . A ll hol~ crurof pote n tially J ;lm.ls:illS: un Jcr· CiU1iage and wing:-skin failure' we r\.· 11<.11.....1 . ~ iin r lli~oht oi lhe r roJuc lhln model A[). I Shnider (eln 1938, Bu Nn (9 110) look rlact' on 5 NO\'em l--er 194 6. A further :·41 (BuNos 09 111-09 35 1) w....re ....ventual· h: to follow, wilh the la't he ms: ;KCer ll..J m AugLN 1949. Hllwe\,er, Ih .· ea r l~' r rtllluc· non allerait SoJl. >n sh'lweJ up fauhs sinuLn to thost seen in the PWIOIHlC." . N
me

smkmJ: ~ of 14ft/Sl'C (4.17m/sc.'C ), Wt ' fl' tarn cMkJ in a consiJ t'mhie r,,:rn ·(lt'lt.:e l.f the IanJmgs. There W ;ll> onl)' on e !M ,lUI i"n lhe AD-I mU!-t l--e made ~I mn"'t' r, h' 'f'l'"full ~' 'Ilthout sacrifICing an~' ti ilS rll1~ ["
order hi all'lw the r110t Il I .kvl 'I ~' h i~ aucnnon h I tl\'ins: anJ excc unng control drrecti,'n., Ihn.ut.:h the remainder l,f t he arrHl<.Ich p atte rn , Powt'r
re-ul ran r report ' lah.. J rhat, ;lltllllUgh the tl'stins: was cond ucted rh n 'ut.:h, 'u l wnh th e XBT 2D·1 airc ratt, II W.IS 'expec ts.. J rh.u the mforrnanon cont.uncd herem will arply equally ro Ihe A D· I ilin:ra(I'. Some 32 hour.. tlf Ills:hl I l'~lI ng were involved. incl u.hns: f'>llr hou rs of nig ht fl ving. From a t"I,11 of 2 1 GCA controlled ap proaches, ;\ number we re mad e under simulated hlill\I· II)·tng condmons. with rhe r il'lt under a h,,,....1. ril' ll ~ with Ol lhiJ · erah le tleet l'x re ri\.·IlCC in fi ghrer~ and d tve h" m h..'rs wer e -clcc tcd (or the r w jl'C1 . and rhe clucf r ro jel'l " fficcr was a q ualifil·.1 n igh t-figh ler pilot, The ma in cmphusi-, W ;l ~ plac ed ' 1I1 n' ll ing .kficicn cic s 'If ins tnnncutauon ,11,,1 in strument l1id lt charac tcri-aics " f rill' I t' ~ l uircraft . The XBT 1 L)·1 wa, provided wit h a lowfrc4111' nc y ran t.:e n 'cd\'l'r (R . 23jAR C -5) anJ PBX n '(l'iVl'r (A N/AR R-2J) fo r r<1d i" navi gat io n . VI IF·D F, when
A.

"""""G (:OCkfIIII

8

...-.g (:OCkfIIII

.,.,..,_ . _

"'*'" 100 01 110_ ........

~

C begin _1M

o

I . TIlat lhe XBT 2[). I airc raft, WIt h exisl' inl.: lmtru menr arion an d Iwn Jlint.: ch aracll'ristics, was, 'llnsali ..fac((lry (,Ir illstr Ullll'1H fligh t, parr icularl y for till' instrulIlen l l1 ight relluired ti' r G C A ol....·rati,lIl, ·. Exc"'rt al st;llIing spl.'eds, aik'n .n (" nl llli ("rce ,> \w rt· Sll lit.:h t that Iht· y f;lill.J 10 giw the pi!.ll
--.c. speed 10

~

U?W'III __

_

100 knOtSl

_

"'ll

----..... _

pnor '" e

M119l""'pnorkl'"

-r----

_

10,",,- _

-

-

-

-

-- -- - -

Recommend lld sllIndnrd GCA pllllllrn lor XBT2D and AO-1 airplllnIl1l.

27

..

...... .. . d ~If.".

"fl"d'. The report Ih'lUl.:hl tha t rhis Jd'icwncv wa- ~· r ious. 'fur th e plane is ex tremelv sens EI In ' III small aile ron move ments. Thl" I.h.1.. of aileron f"d makes larl"rallrimminl.: of rhc XBT2 DI ,I troublesome and con nnuous r.ek .' TIll" l" n l.:illl,lin,.1 Irimm inl.: was ,.1..... 1 tound 1, 1 h.' 'awk ward', T his was , ICC" IIlplisluxl hy ch,II1ging the angle of incid....1Ke of till' lu mzoutal slah ilizl·r. An ....lecrnc mot or con trolled bv a th reewa ~' switch 1ll'll"l...1 till' surface as desired The ui mm in ~ rnoror co nt rol W,Ls 100 coarse 1,1 perm it r;tri,I ,mJ acc ururc truu rrun g of the rlane: l'lunn~ ~ ITImm,"!: ' ..........." .." " ,. n<"\:~~ t" 'dn c".",••mth· ,,, It...· Inm ..n!:lc 11l..!lCdh",

.. hKh I> J"... "ll 1,...al'oJ ..oJ ,_ "''' ,11"""", " , ..J. Al mllht. r ,I.". ".-e'ef""..J ,., k,·t1' '' Il••h· I,~ohl hanJ I", ,lIun" n.'l"'Il,he InJ 'CO'h ".

;I'

TIll' ,,·ptlrl fd t th,ll Ihe ,l"O\'\' dl'fiCil'llC il'S
The sec ond prolotype is chec ke d out at Ihe Douglas plant. The Dougl.. e ngine er is wo rking on the starbOllrd lusel age dive breke, llnd this pictulfl gives an indication ollhe s il e of this lululfl. San O,,9'l A••ospacll Musfltlm

Jel.'Tl"es. 'Since the GCA m-num...-nt llit-:hl requires Il~,Itll.: h eaJlIll.... to t he ne arest Jel.:re...-, thr s indrcut or 's ma.I e q uare for the r"rptlM-·.' On rhc c rcdu ' i.k·. rbcv ~r; lIl.J th.u the exist ing ur-trument rand lighl in l.: and instrument arrungcuu-n t in till' XBT2()- 1 ....Wl· 'excellen t tor mstrume rit tl iuht hy .lay or niglu '. 2. T h at the st' l1Idard GCA par tem ( .~ l'l' the d iagra m, .n I'agl' 27 ) was S<1I isf,ll"lllty tor han d ling the XBT 2D- 1. 3. T har the Jdk i" IKies in the XBT2D- 1 instrument t1igh l -h anJ l i n~ cha mcrcnsnc s w ou lJ Ix· 'less ol-jl"Cl iunahll' If th e plane were '''tIUsl:nrali lln . }. Imr n ,v,' 11ll" i n~lnllll Cnr -h ;\n.lll1l g ch ;lmClerislics on rh ls aircmfl ('I';JTlicularl)' Ihe A D· IN Vl'f"inn' ) in Ih...· folh l.....illJ,: r aTlk ulaf":

28

a ) -rvvrv n aile ron co nt rol force ~raJl etu ncar th e ne utra l ~ l « k [""'n i'ln in rhc c nil~ LOg ~pt.,,-J r,m,,:e (c lean cond uion} anJ in the approac h -reed ranee , in the lanJIIlL: C\ Imln It,n: b} pro vide more refinement in co nt rol ,If I,lIll.:il11<1in aI trimillinL:: c ) rc locate slal-ilizl"r trun ,md ," indicator In main instr umcn t panel . where II can IX' seen l"a~il~' hy ,b y .,r nighr. 4. Furnish opcrati nl.: unit s with
Il< "

CHA PTER FOUR

A Stroke of Genius Developm ent of the Dauntless-II 4 . G reater lo.IJ -c.nrpn.l: a hili ry. 5. G reate r stahililY anJ con t rol .

The Concept The thinlinl': be·hinJ rhe Daunrle-s-Il. lIrhich was late r ro become the Sk\'I'Il,k· r. was described a l 1I1l' tunc hy EJ l l ehumann in a de ta iled rrc~~ re le a se. II j_ a pri"ikge to he ahl c to understand rh c

desgner's thinking and ideas. suaiJ.:IH from

the horse's mouth, SlI II I speak: " lhr Jrbur " f a nr w ""T'lan,' " , ,,,,Ill n..."I!. 111 " ..........". of inq""'.... trt>m rhe ,,,,i,llion I'" H,,·

rq.aU1Illl 1l. Jr,.,~'fl arr.ml....·m'·nt. The "T2 1)· 1 ~\II"A",lUC~l<"", ~mr..crm

00 bb ba,-!

A ll uf rhis ad Jl.J up 1t1 th.. fund.uucntal Jesi,gn requir e me n ts of mor e 11ft a nJ Il';,s weiuh t. It had al..., bec ome t-lw iuus from re ports, mairuenancc record- and. l.ucr, from hi-, own ,,1lS\:Tval iuns at sea wuh rh c tleet that 1111' 01.1 J'l'acl·t imc-,ll'sil-:Ill·.1 ai rcraf suftcre...I bad l ~· d ue h) poo r ul ility and maintenance. FOT wha tever reason, t hey spe nt 'too ma n y ho uTs o n rhe gr')lllld and not t:no ut.:h in th e atr'.

3. Im p rove ul ilit ~· hy l eJuc in!: fllcllln~. arnurut. and main tena nce lime hr "0 po:1 cent. 4. Complete anJ fly iiN article in nine mo nths. H , JW

to " lIisfy all t hese vur.. lt l~ rl.'qUlre-

mems ocCUr l....l rhc minds tlf Het nernann and hi s br illiant learn fur a mnulw r of arduo us rnomhs. In h is d iscus.s itlllS with the Bureau of Ae ronauti cs, hasin!.: the ne w design lin t he elim inati on of till' inte rn al homh h ly a nd Ihe substu unon (If a convcn-

Imllll.Jldld" "n,,.lI _

........I'l unl l",,-<...... rea,k..J , Wl'\ ~'h\' iu...l.l.'" J"-,, Iv.•k..... " Id

To 1Urt:ll: Ihr ~"'n1ni:. lhr :;l,-r...J..,. ...... awnvd mJuror 19+4. "-hm,, " '3' (..uoJ

...., rodew\o.'f'

I

mo......m "nli:k·rl....,".

0« -

~"'I:

,....hch-pn'f.lrrJ\Arw.:r JlI'C~ ,",om}",r <'If mUlh ..-rr om~illlt J"I""rT "" a rerl"""lll<"nl i,,,

lhet..'!llho.-n dwn on "':I"'U' Ih.u '"ftr ~ I>cf"'t" rbe .....(. An .... ;Irl..·' m...l,·1. ~ JI\'~

RTD Dive Rum"':' UnJ" f ,,,-"nl,,, . men' Junnll peace 11I1l.,. i'''1 ,,_. " ' """ 'rlan ' , Illm .ingl... -plac... "'(I'I"n,·. "';" .li" ·" nlln,,,',l 11\

lhe Douglas

1iI",.,noIlhc BTl[).

TIm miJZht he cOl\siJ a l-J a tritlc J isinl-:l'n uous, for the hulk IIf Ihe Jesij.,rn pcno d l~ 'r tht BID actually to ok place J un nl-: till" wa r sears, However. Heinemann\ subseque nt ccamen rs were certamlv m O;,1 pt'"lnl· nl . T1w BID. hk", nun" "1:1",, r,,,,,,,,"nK" ..k.-.,I.'I" mmn. JoJ 1'10II c",",,,, m ,""" m"n,' j"",,,,<", (' >f" Il'~- lhe ....",.

He liMed the new mtlimrv rcq urrcmcms e rabhshed for l in ' BT2n :IS cotup.rrcd with the BTD:

The very lirst oft til, line. This prOIOtyp, XBTlD·1 D.tllrtle n -Il (UuNo 0908SJ is seen . irborn, on ,.rly flight leSlS trom EISegundo on 13 Jun , 1945. No" Ih.e. II-merel linish . nd 11'<, meni.e hinges on Iheluse l.g, di,,·br.k, doofl. ~.~al ","clwes. College Plfk . totO

! [cmcuumn therefore J ,'ci.k'.1 rhu t h, s mow and r;ld ic;rll}' .hffcrcnr ,Ii\"<' h 'l1\fx'r would h :ln ' til ~ htlw improvcnu-nt s nvr-r till' ill-Luccl ,llId ,ll' p,Lrl'nr ly .I, It Iltwd BTl ). H ., listed tl ll'1lI :IS Ihe f,)lIow in!.::

wciuht (film IS.OLX' lh to 16,500lh. Z. h Krl'a -e m;rxi mum lifl codfKII'nr fro m 1,8 hi 2.0. I. Rl-JUCl'

I. Shorter rak.e-tllf J ista nce. ? I nc~o;eJ COmN t ("
29

nonal tm l wheel in place (II the nt N.' wheel of rill' RTI1, a n all-up guar.mtcecl wl.'ijlht of 16,SOOlh (7 ,4IJOk.l:) was deemed rea~"nahl.· . Hcincnumn dd ihl'w td y -hav ... 1 u funhcr 7S(llh otf th e turzet fijlun..' :11I,1 ;ls~ il-:lll'J til each l'll!.:inn' rinjl !.:TtllJr - inv, ,In.J with t he .lesi~'1) (.f t he winL'S, fu;.elal..~ an d ~. on - its 'rr"l'"rtitlnal unJelwcil-:hr h'l..'(.·Y fil..'Ure'. As a rl"suh of his tlwn l'xpt." nence~ wllh rill' RTD. anJ awa re of Ihl' prtlhll'ms

..

...... .. . d ~If.".

A STlI. OKI,

encounte red hy C um -, w nh th e SAle , which h ad co nn nuallv ex ceeded suc ces~ I \'t· w t·lgh t lurnrs. J t'~rl tt' mit ial pronuvt·~ . Heinemann w a" de termine d tn enforc e a stric t rcumu- o n the 1 \ ,uJ,:l.l ~ t eam. lit' later rec orded his cardinal rul es ,\ ~ I, lllows:

I. N" part cou ld l-c over w eiJ,:ht unlessan equivalent wt'iJ,:ht was .~ ; l ved elsewhere.

2. Any indcrcnu in.nc structure or r ml thaI could no t he ,ks iJ,:llt"d ttl minimum w ciJ,:ht rcq urrcmcnts w uu lJ lx- s!re ll!.:th tt"Stt'\l rather than ,..,IJ an arl-n mry s; l fe l ~' I,Kt.'!.

or nexu-s

l.ll \1: 10 1'\l 1:,\ T m TIll:

...w in!.: p' ,licy were extrernc lv gr,m lymg when the fmal wt·ll.:hin,g in.heated rbc \wight 10 h.. h .. t rcr than 1,l\.1O\" (4;(\kd IIn..lt·t Iht· con tr,KI l.:lIara n l...e. nlU ~ III...· normal IIUIIllt' to h .. added III mak e t he ai rp lane more u-cful without '1 III'd illJ,.: sl rl'n gth an d pcrfonnancc . llc inc uuum illusmu cd thest' achievemerits in another ta" k· (see below, n-pro..[uc.....1her... l~l r lilt'litst time in it. en uref)') . Weight "vings. in BT2D ov., Bm Simplihed fuel syslenl

A C <:t ,rJ IIl~

10 Heinemann. 'In o l h...r w otJ ~. the old aJ.I!.:l· 01 "A c ha m IS nll ~mlll!.:l· r rb an u s w t·ah ·sl hnk" wa s ar p lie<1 ,IIlJ all ran s w e-re J t·slJ,.:nt.J 10 a urufo rm po su rvc mar utn.' The vita l need tll reduce .....eil.:ht was t·mph;lsict·J h~' tilt" I' uttin !.: out of bullet ins , wh ich illusr ratcd in rhc must bas ic terms j u~ t what cnul<1 " t' achieved "y pulllnl.: wcurh r reduction abo ve all else. In o ne cx .uupl... gin'n " r I kint'mann in hi s I't ...ss rclea'C, a ta " le stalt...l l hat . lnr ea ch 100lh (4 ;kg) of wei ght SOl'·t...t the take-olftli ..ta nee fro m a ca rr it.>r·s J t...:k cllulJ h.. rcJ uct.J l-y 8ft (2 .,H m ); th is w(lulJ aJ J an extr.1 22 naul ical mil l's I,;I"': ' How mllch ,Iddilional cost is Justi fit·d to save ,I ['('llll J in \\'I'il.:lu!' Ht'int'm,iIln I;; \H' them an 'lIlsw...r: A I,~...r.. of $]0-00 J"." 1"""'.1....n ,,~ .....J a> a r'·,ho'l.l"k E:Ukk.l..........J un lL",l Ul!: fo' d qu;ollU· 1\ ' , . x"X:' '''rrLno.-.., Tho.....~mrr"'" J"'lw ..... h ' .........1'\ R'a"''l\;IH.. I~ " Ih,. "," leul." ['1•.,..: ' .,nJ. ,I dnl, h", ,:. ,,,, lhe' I,,,,' . ,...... It I' ...."'. I..h .. 1'1:''''' , .. 515.((',.". .20.00 J'<'f l"",nJ ml ~>hl h: " n!l ,d \, " T ", h.·, rl'J'<'~ .mJ m ,>T he, rlanr' .",.1 e
.,11

r ruJ"C!;.

A ll h(lugh !{eim'm an ll was spe'lkinl.: in the miut . im['( lna llll~·. a r rlnc ir l... was es tal->Iislm.l. Thl' tl'slllt!' \\'I'tt' sol l1 ~f;)c tnry for . as h... also recorJl-J al Ihat 11 m.... Ihe resu lt.. t,f thi. \"i!.:orous wc il.:hl -

ll H~ \T1.I: S S · 11

Short camurellor and od cooler ducts inslead 01 cowlleadll19-edgl! type

svstem

BI'

"If' ;10.1 , 11<' ""II,In ,en " n

m .lbn~ m.In~' !;'V..

"i ·'·'·r.,1m".. k-uI"'.. m . l rT;t n~",· nli'nr

11'

...... hn.,[ •

I.IIl.....l l h,,, f't'nn ll ,~J '''IT'p' In~ .,lIl m"",,,l

Iud III "r..' "'Ilk 1n" "aJ .. ~ h\'~ " .....J ont he BTU. Th" .011" u " m ..I<...... I'nUh ...J In l,.J"Unl: Ilk IUd .\·.,..m \'"'·I~'''' ' I,' 270 1"",nJ, .InJ .0' l ~ >.I I..... IIIll<' n.Juc..J ' ~nk ''1' I""rmem " Ill<' h> a """,,lIt'oKI""' ... l hal

,t.., BTI)"nJ ~ R1"- A

50'

"l1llk 1U<'ll.. nL . , ~ e"

""'.I'''''' lhe I"~OI ,.. Ilk

7l>' ~aulie

Then ' w ,I~ ,Ill. IIher factor III wh ich the Ou ullLas ream rook i::re,u pn..[c , and wh ich allow ed them Itl make further wt·i!.:ht "<1\'ings. Hcrucmaun It'nnt-J till. 'fun..lamcn[ill sunphc uv'. lit' illu. tratt·..! h l ~ ['(" nl us follows:

ZI'"

FuselagedM! brakes

3.lXXI PS I lMll' 1.500 PS I Elimination of bomb ba~

Fundamen ta l Simplicity

50' 1000' 40lb

Bubble-typecoa pnenclosure

401b Powder displaclllg gear 1115tearl of mechamcal Continuouscentre WIIIQ msteec of twe-pece l00lb ConlinuOUS IlOl'llootal tall Instead of lWO-piece 1010 7401b" Total

n"'I","-"I-,IiI\"~ ,JlIllln!: I"nk. dnJ ....'.OIJIl~ 10 ftXC'nl ''I''' ' dl'' '''d l-t" rl-tlo 11 ,11 r "·"'·l\l man\, 1"'11'''' 1.011"..·• dlln NlIeJ hI ,.IOk. "'1'n U'1: .11)'. (Su the ,h. '~'T.lln .'1'1.... " .... )

Th is 'fund.uncnta] simplic ity' principle ....xt ...nd n l Ihrou ghout the cruirc pro!.:ramme . <1 11..1 f I...in...mann l.:a\'l· ;I J l'IaileJ breakd..swn (.\<.'e the table 11.'11 ).

, II> 1tJ6!<Jfl r/lI!fI! _1IW'l' otlI:)
In an ...flo n 10 imrw \'t' Ih e m axim um 1111, Ih e DuuJ,.:IOIs J t'~i lo:n It'city ..IUt' 11< 11thl' win g airfl'll "I.·cliun amoul\Is 1< 1 le"-" th 'iIl l.:ains tha t wete ma..le l-y imrl< Wt·J dt'(a il J t.>sil." ' .' He iIJ JeJ, ·It is tx·ht·\·t:J rh e BT ZD 11ft wl'lfi c il'm of lx-tt et tlMn 2.0 is all ril->ut;ll->le tll Ihe excd lem 1.'W-~pt·l.,j llyin l.: c ha r.lC l l· n~ II( S wh ich renmt rt.>a!i; in g the full p" te n t ialitics Ilf Iht· win i:: ..... ilh sa lt' I ~'.' ( Fo r Ih .... o\'emll ImprO\'t'l1lt'llIs III lilt , ~ee h.·low ). Summary of lift improvl ml nlS M a~l mum lift coeff!clent of 810 Improvement due to ehange trom65 to24Ol)--4400 a111011 Improvement due to Improved stability

and eootrol

nearl~

']

oearl~

']

a!lP'oJ I

B12D m.nUTlUrtllift eoelhelent

30

better than 2

External Bomb Carrying Hein t'mann Ih c:n weill on 10 ex r lam the: o rJ n.m(c lift i lll l'!O\,...mellls ;1..1. A 2,()(x)lh h'mh Ilr 10rpe..I., .....as eonsiJerctl as an altt'm ,l!I\'e or maXimu m o\"er!u;IJ. A s the rt'sult of lhe: Sk~T.li dt'r 's unJl'rwe iJ;:h l. incr eil"C.-J ilft aM im rlO\'t:J . 1'1l-IIIlY anJ eu lll w i ;11 low ~f'Ct..,j , Ihc normal h lm l-> loa..l is now coosiJ etcJ ' b one 2,0001h l'llmh oT torpedo wilh a ...If... altl·m ,ui\·e tl\"er!. ,aJ . ,f 6,(0010, whi ch ca n h.. In Ihe lorm oll h rn' 2,COOlh hlllli'-s, lIT, if J t'sireJ , threc torpcllo\.'S. H t· jusllfit-J hi s J ec bi on fully. c b lrninji thai rill' d('ci ~i un to rt'M,n to carrying oHemin' or..l n'IllCt' cxte m all~', inslc ad of in ; 111 int ...rna l l'o mh ha y, pr' l\'t-J 'very desirahl...•. The rTe"t'm arran~cml·nt .J! l'x temal ho ml-> racks rerm lls ca rT)·inl.: h ,mi'-s. ltlrpeJ .leS ,IIlJ II in r..>ckt.>b or Jror r ahlt' fud tanks 11\ m. lSt any bic) cll mhinatiorn,

A Sn OKE OF GE!\Il'S _ n!,\' U .OI'\ l F.!\T OF r m : IIAlINTl .l'SS -1l

EItn-1y simplitied fuel . yslt m im::orpor8ting only one fuel18nk for nOlm8tlo8d m,de pasible byc,nilul bin consider' lions ol ,irp l,n 8 arre nqement. COmp8fBS witll 6 18nks ..sao , nd5 ofSTD.

Q

»>:

. /

/

--- - ~ -

31

.

. ...."". d ~."".

" STROId : 01'

Wt'ight diff.......cn in Douglas div.

bo~

GE~IU <;

_ IJE\ 'I:LOI"'I:;-;r m TIlE

..

D ~l ' :-;TLI; _S <;

II

P,IC!(il' COlllhal Zone, when - lon ~ and titIll ~ ove r......u cr 111 ~hlS, l-orh ~(orl' anJ aflt't mt e n -c CO l11h l{ .K lit·iIY, w e re !,run ne 16,500 Gross welQhllltJl B.2S0 18.lDJ ,ullu.lu, anJ t'x h'lU_'ll nl! III aircrcw. Dunne Alrhme wetgtll lib) B.... 6295 ' .3ll1 lilt' Sk~ r'II,lt' r's J't'nlxl Ill' J l'\'t,lo!'mt'nr, 2m 2.381 Numbef 01 eng'neeJ'ng df1rwmgs '.2JS -mkc- ,1l!,lIn ' l tilt' vn vm v we-re h.-collllne lon l!t'r ,mJ IOI1l!\"I. [Th i-, wa-, due, In part . DIE-FABRICATED PARTS It I lilt' I't IIicy I,f " llllt' carrier 01,1111 11.' 1-. Cl Ill ' ~,nfUftl alloy lorgll1Q$ d1awmgs 59 56 t"t' r1lt'J nu ,rr with r lt11...-ct ing: 11lt'lr earn...·n Alumln'\IITl a!1ov lorgmg peces ". 359 56 than lilt' ,ur o,l(l Ih ..-y ea rned. TIlt' j.rp.mS1eel torgmg d1aW1nqs 82 '82 l·sc· h,I,1 a I,m!!l'r rench. s oAmcnc an l,lCIKS 62 82 Steel 101"9""'9 peces '82 at the B.lItll· of Iht' Phihpptm- ~' , I were ro Aluminium and magnes,um sandcasllngs 118 "0 ' lay O U I " f Ih al reach : a, a rc- uh. an vn orAlumInium and magnesium sandcasllng pieces 117 74 "9 Il\. l\b number uf Am eri GIll C;I' U,llt lt" were cnu-c d ,, ~. mrcmf runn in g OUI Ill' (lid and fUEL SYSTEM IJl11.1 expect Oil sYS'em welQhlllb per gall '64 It I be ,1.1Il1.ll!t'J (tt"'jut'n1ly hy t'm'm ~' ,Klwn; earner-borne a trcrntt in t un c III .....ar are WelQht 01 engwe tIICUIt arw;l rowlmg Icrward ot lire walt lib per hpl 0119 0164 017' rlt 'nt' It>, IKh J ,lmal!t' more than ,m~' 1.lher 1 ~ J't· , wllh j.:rt',lle r demand- h.'IIll! mu (2.~ 11.~J 12.~ uf't -n I hem. In order Itl rn,url" 'f't-· r.ui'lllal "1 (l' I ~' ursl reduce ril' ll fali l.JUr, t he ()' >lIl!Il ,he :-b T.lkk-, Ill\' C'>fll.....l Iy nn'ant Ih e crowJrJ CrUt'rlll j.: ' r aces ] a.~ well ;IS ~Ifl'ty anJ "'>In......,,,,mml: "'om"' ...., J,,~ ,,1Yn ."'N al'>(l apr lied 10 a irc n'w CI UH('I r!, wh ich haJ ,il!h l inj.: vi,ion in cu mNt, a ("rwarJ anJ Ih.-"" I:<'I _A "'"nt> ....." ...."' IJ h......,::'n·n _1,..·lll· nt'\'(:r h."t' n a sil!m ficalll (,I("lo r with 111\""1 J llwnw arJ vi, ion anj.:le of fifll't'n J q,en, h' ..",· ·t -rn.J m "f'f',,_hl11j!lhe 1..1l...·I. ......, Ih.. rr m .•IT.ml. nlrm "'11,",,"11 " ",,",I> I\<'( I' m,lIlu(aclurt:rs. At-C. 'rJIIll.: "I Ih ..,
,m

Bf!f)

'"

"

" ,

'" " ,

"

''''

POW"",AN'

32

'"

.,.., "SlIW H OF (;Io~H - S

IJI-VIL OI'\tl- '\T 01- TIlE D.\l'l' TLI:.SS 11

SKYRAIDER MEN - Richard Grant Smith

.......

Wt1 . !hI AD was...... tthDoJl a doubt. Ed Heinemann's maslllfPl9Ce. QUIet men tle~ hilIl lD lIIlli:e II the soccess SIOfV that II came to be One 01 the mall'l contributors was FIdIInI Gtint 5mItl'l AJ1houl1J his chtef and II'lOSt Iastll'l{l !and desefwdJ claim to lam!! .... M l!I hisI),rtstatOng paltltmgs of Douglas and orhe!' aecratt, he wasalsoa hIgIItv Itdilld conl~lion etlglfQll', It was !his expen,se thai Srrum t.ought 10 IN! sq.r.lIr lUJnII iU most cruciallNse

trUSla'1lS at EI $epldo'. and paI(IlJlbute to 1IIssuper!) IfllUllM! sense oIlIlf~ocaI

'R G•palnledmoreltIana ItJousand belluIlltA arG ledncally correct penns 01.· ean. shtps and other subjects HIsworks In so 8flIll'lated Ihat they tale the breath 1f>IRo(. they are exhOled 111 lte lbted States al the Naval A'tIllliOf1 Musel.m. ..... sacola;!he N
_ Ill 0iIk~. Cablarma, RIChard Srn.th gtadualed trom Htg/l School III 1931 aQldyd!termined to becomeananoalt deS9*'. inspired trytile exploits 01hlS boyhOod 180 QIarIes l~ Hewent to the l'oIylectwlic College ot Engllle'8l'lIlQ ,1'1 hiS hoIlIt Clt'/ and;aIred anengtllet!nng clegres He earned Il'lOllllY to pay!of Ili$ IUltlOO by -*, 1\Illl gralt. even worting fO/ a lime In tile OOflhem Cali/Ollua gold mires WI1ll hI$ e~pertlse ron/umed. '1'1 1936he won 8 roD at the burgeoning Douglas All' craft Company at EI Segundo. as a Iowlv bluopllnl ilimmer. earningthe IIl10cetVSum of e,\hol $1 pe r ~. plusroom andboard. or $1 8 a weer. ilCCOfdmgtovarious siones He wor'loo aSSIduously, com bining the maklf\Q 01 de!ail

aim" hlst(l('f - divebombers and drve bomblA'II ·R Ii.' IS certainly one o! myown Insp!· ralional neoes. and deserves lhe many lributes lhat have been paidto him

drlWlngS pan lime wllh his main dulles. Within s i ~ mornhl hiSsk,lIs had come to the attention of Ed Herne1IlInn, wtIo was Impressed try his techmcill drawing WI dItiI,1ed 1a",:HJ1S Within lWO years. Smith had become pan of the Douglas deSign team. and cuI hiS -91 leeth on the lamous Oall1lless Hlf,fhly

sao

IY8IIlI (as weill all lhose 011 the

Hetnemann team

ttw llltllrlSe waf yea'sl. Slrll!tl WOI'ked for long toprr.QJcedetailed and pret!SIO'l o-awlI19S aetll· nl on \JIIIe HIS 'ep.ltallOllgrew Sllladlly. as did eslS - In pllInllfl9. h WIldlife and Iaodscape 01 Wnlllmdesllrt stales . inIlhe h'Slory of 1'- Amer·

...

'kG ma-ned. a'ld fatt.!fed a soo and I dilllIhlllf _. he contrued hIS work, but his P
_

WIth tItll same passion lurrJed gradually Into a lInlId'op, anda lew reerstater Smllhbecen to attend l\'ll IJfId an classes taughl by Beaumonl al long . . . He Illaml good t6Chmqlle, and good thlll";ng IIbout la>,wl and comPOSItion, and combined tlus Wi th h I own oulstaooi ng skills of draughtsmanshlp and 5lllr111on to 0013 11, 10 develop one of the most Widely I:tlallllEld styles In hisfield StMtl OOIlt,1llllld working at the la kes,de planl for ¥IBl, starting ea,1y and leavmg late. well past I1fQII rellfement age Irdeed. he conllnued 10be ..., desq1er there, is well as painhngollitlBl alMdbnlII,Oouglasaortl'alt , Inll) lhe 1911ls IMtl 1960s. he went out to the combat rone, tis ~·s latest prodllct$ ~ undergoing III thIor IllOS'I seme tests 01 hre As 111 oUIt",1 US IrtlIL hll.,."tness8dh1 actlOll frO'll I'lehcoptlll'S, . ..ud camet' JIllS, inI hO'll coastallJl¥lboats lJIIb ;nt !pies of South Vretnarn Asalways. tImIeIIltltally m this new l)JIy, often al ID Iv$ CM'lllde. aid brouljll a wf10Ie new PIlf-

Sk",lide, lINIn - R,G. S",itlI ([.11l with U H.tn..... nn.

in . 1952 pon,. it, McDonnell DouglIS, Long Beach

An " , " ... mpl. III R. G. S", ilh·, woril - fr om the I!MI

Skyrl 'd ..- prIU ..I. . ..

!oJ his paKlt'"ll was WMldated WIlli honours hO'llbothlhe ar1 !hi MOan woAd. but orce confessed thaI hiS kd was 11 becOOling the lenlh HonoraryNaval A \01.. rewlllll lorall hllllad done over the vears In tlIPItlIY as both artist and deSlI,jfler Hi s old Inaod ..,.,..,lorEd Hetnemann calledSm;th 'oneof OUl real

33

!

.....

,

"".~

~l(.II.

A H IWKE OF { ;E, ~ l lJS

hy Dougl'l' tl'St pd"b, such ,IS L1Vl'r!ll' Brown, Van ce BT~'CSl' and B"h Ruhn, a_, well ,b hy Nilv y pi llll S Wild had Jllst returned fnuu th e Pacific, incilieling C "I't.uu L~·s li l· Sll' \Tll S, tu en-ure till' correc t 'tccl' was l-uilt in . lle lnemunn ucluuttcd ut rhc rune thnt ·Iin· mo c k-up s S'lllll~l s cX\'l'n sin', hilt in the I"ng run it is hdl l·n... l cconomic.r] ,IS cvrdcnccd hy till" rclut i n' I~' ' 1ll,,11nurnlwr llf c h ,mgl' rl'qul'sts Tl'cl·in·d d uruuz ek' I1\' lllsi r.u i. '11 .' (.)f Ihl' N a vy ri ll'(s, C, uumandcr T, '1I1llly Thoma- w"s ,II till" hca.l 01 ,1 lbt of t.tvountc-. Heinemann l.ucr mcnuonc.l Ih ;lIl11' had even hllih ; 1 d g,IT ,h lltr;ly into the S kyrai,ln\ coc kpit cSl'l'l-i,llly I(>r him !

Div e Brakes T he \'ex~'el '-JlIl'sti u n tlf tIll" di yc h rak e~ fur Ill\' Ill'\\' ,lin' h.'lllhl·T,'C..:u pke l a grc a t ek',ll tillll', 'll"I..:" n tCre·IKl'S IWlwcen n "lI gLIs ,lIIel till' nllTe'a tl pf Al' ro na lltio Wl'rl' prutr ,lc tl·d un Ihi s iSSlll·. A cc llr,ling 10 Ll'l' l'a rM llh:

0'

l:h"C'llwd '" the')"

"'"ft· by th" 1.111",,, '>' 11ll'

w",,, .ms""" h> ",,,ic·n.,k,,,, ",'W de·"l:n.lhe· XHTf)- 1. ~ le"'llll~ Wilh HilA,·, '·ll).:"'e·,·t'. Ih,'\ ,,,,,th',1 "," 1Ill' ,1"1"']" ,,'m~ .•' " ,I.'tl'tll: 1"'Ill' lhc"i, 1'1."" j,".1 Ill,,,),,,,·,l BT ll. n,,· n,'''' ,nrd., tl. I,,'w....,·d 1'1' ~II=[)- I~T[). [',,,~b, e'n~in"e'"

lh,· 1\ _l l i L!

,·n).:"'e·. W·.I' ""Ie·",,,,dl\' III Ih:<1 1I 11,,:\,·, e'I1~IlW"t' ", "t llll"

W.I' ", ",,,..I,,, dl,I,1"t

I ',,,d.I' {~''''I''II1\'

il b , Ioul-tl u l 1I"1ll't1ll'r E,l I-k inl'ma n n \\'\>ulel han' Sl'l' ll it q uit l' likl' 111;1\ , "lrhllllgh hl' p,li,1 a ful ""llll' trihut l' II I tIll' hl'lp j,l l\"l'n '" him hy tn,lIly BlIAl'r " m cc rs: ~I .." "f

,,11. r1l<"

~C"ntk", ..n

lw ", II"A"T ,I......" .•. " Iwtt\ r"l " n lh" [,,,<:l. Th "I' ~"ve 'IS tl", '-\,,111...· ,,-Iwn II l,~ ,kt·, l ",

t!>" ud, w-,- ,!I,),,'l h,,,'"

,'n,', n,,·\, "11'1"'[\",1 'IS l hr"u~h"u t ,11\,1).:,,,',, 'IS '·"Il,id,·,,,[,k I.....·,!.>'" t" mn " ,'.U,·:

N,l Ie,s" than lour ,Iitt"l'rl'nt fY\'l'S 01 dive br,lkl's \\'('rl' cllllsi d l·ro.: d hy thl' l1.'ltglas ;1I1d BliAer en ginl'l'rs, ,h f"Il"I1".": I. 2. 3. 4.

rl'\'l'rsihll' I'H'I",lll'r; wing-m lluntl'd "LlIl l'el hr;lkes; lu"c1agl'-lllulInll'd hr,lkl's; raTolchull' gl·'lr.

TIll' rl'vt.·rsihll' pWlw lll'TI'\,fion w\luld IM\'(· 1.....· 1·11 highly laVI'llTl'1, a., il IMd nil Iwighl or drag dt"n:1 '1l1 llll' airlr;IllW. 11l<' idea wa"

~

Il" VEI.OI'MEI'T OF r us

nxovn.ess .n

not new, Till' ,,1,1 Vou ghl ~ HU- I Vindicator ,IiYI' lvunbcr, wluch served aboard till' US Naq ' e a rne rs ill 1<.) 40-2, wnh 1I1l' US /l.larine C nrl's ut Mi elw;IY (an. l also wilh Ill<' Roval N' I V~'. ,b t he' C lll'.,al'e'lh', an,1 till' Fr,'n c h Navy, a_, t he V- I '56, ,luri ng till' l',ld y Yl'a rs l.f IIll' war] had l-eon Inrcd wnh rhi-, device. III liuut eli\' ing ' pl"l'els. Re vcr sihle propcllcr-, were fined I II hlllh th e SHU- [ a nd -2, hUI till' opriun could ru-vcr I'll· m.nlc I" work st' had til glidl' homh in'l l·a,1 of ..:arryillg ,UII trill' ,live' h"mhing, tJ,ing rhe ' tl' llll'"rolry' expcdil:nt of l"\\'l'ri ng Illl'iT tlllel"rC; lrri'lgl' wlll"d , III sl,lw till' ai r(f,111 , lown! " Ex] .....·rimcnting c, mt lnuci] ill till' N' l\·y l-ur no satisl;t<.:t ' ll)' production I'Tlll.....-llcr h ,l,1 l-eon ,Iev cl0l'c d tluu g,I\"l' ;1 ~ tJ {ficil' n tly rapid rate of pitch l ha nge I, ,r the j, ,h n 'quircd ,,{ it. TIll're wa.~ cl ~',lrl y 110 li n1\' " lleran cc in th l' t ~ ,tr(lye r, II 's l igh t ,rlwd ule 10 w,lil f" r ,I s"ltll i,' n 1<1 <1 l'l'l' ar, ,md Ih is ele'simbk' " pl i' " 1 W,IS I h l' rd~ >n' a ha lld"lll'.Il·arly "11. \Xlilll-:-m"tllll l\! , LlIIl'.1 hrak l's Wllllki ""l'm r" 11,1\"(' I-xTlI t hl' IlU l"t llh\'io\l' her , I\.lUgloJs h'l\'inl-:had widl' l·xlx·rience I"JlIl ul the \",l ri" lIs , k·~ igl1s, a nd of lI11'ir '1>-."".:iate.J proHem , . TIl l' lalll"u_, 'chl"l'sc-gr,ltl'r' h, lk·~ of the s l\ n J);ltllldl'SS ha ell'l'\:llllll' iI.' [',Irti<.:ubr idl'llIil;"ing IC'lIurl·. TI ll' , Lltled IHx·. Vl·ngl';IIKl.. o rigin'ltl·d hy the VlIltn' and tl SL...l til, "' I .. uccl·_,..ftllly. ' 11 tliar ;ftl\:T"fr tl1 BUrllJ;l. ;!nd i11" 1 (d l"pitl' I',:rsi_'r l'nt and in;Il:\:tIT;l!l' I" "t -w,lr n "" '0, t" till' <.:" nlr;try) hy till' N I'Tlh Anwricill A- 16 A r a<.: l1l'in tIll' ~1edill'IT<mean , was al" l ava iLlhle_ Il", 'l h Wl·rl'rejecll·e!. Ill·im·llI'lI111 stltlllll:lri:l·d till' rl',ls"n~ t~ 'r this a, fllll"w..:

von

I. It h ,d ['wn ·n illll" " ., ihk·, Wilh wingm
34

h ,ld lwcn mirrored hy lh " se ut" o ther Cllllll',ltlil"s (lor example. til<.' s n u- I Vin,lical< ir from V'lIlghl , and Ihe SA2e Hclldivcr from C ur riss). T h is " '\'CTe ., ha king (If the ,lirc ra ll when th e brakes were exten ded had rl',ulled in much poorer cont rol ,,{ Ih e ai rcruf in the clive. I , l~s of 'Ia h i lt l~" ,11),1 «unv l-ombing inacc urac y. t Pam chure rl·I,lrd in g 1\' ", lIn l\" hr i ctl~' U llls i,k' red as an op tion a nd was quick-

lv di-cardcd a, unpracucal-lc . 4. In tensive design cxpcruncumtion with t he RTI ) -I h ,ld xlurwn that ll wSl· hc avIIlg
The refore, 11\l' IUSl· bgl·-llI' llllltl·c1 clive bra kl' morl' o r ic" ,dl-<.:red ilsl·lt. Th e rc ~u lr s in rrac ticl' \\'t' re Il 'un.ll l' be J!rill ify-

ing , ,, Ihl.: 11.,ug!a, ' c a lli. I kinemann ([,limed Ih e 1"II" wing: V;',lh lh"

ft"d,~<--t\'I"" l'r.I~'·

it w,o- I, "on.! tl,,·,,·

""t,,,,tI<: .IUI' "" ."In'"" dk<:l

lite' BT21)

,·nl:a~,·me·l"'. Ir"l11

,hn·.

"n

nW . . m~

II... ~"lu,,,1

,i

litt " ,,1ltlrd\' "n"t1,,(!,-.1 ,,,,,I Hlln dl'ill).:'· h;" I,,·,-n t""n,1 w ",. ""d,~,hlt: . TIw,,, ["ak", \....1'· ,,">" h,,,,,J I" h:",· lh" ".1,1".1 ,.,kltlU~,· "I h,:'n~ '·~t<·III·nl m.Ul,,,·,,,'ri,,~ [" .•~,., j'", 'N' ,t"",,~ ,'''1ll1>-''1 In .,

h'nn.'t'""

Il \ ", ~ .ill,1 l..t·,~'w",

.lhlll"!.·.

Ag'lin, Ihl'n' W a., Inlllh ,Iiscu"it H1 al",ut Ihe ;t':ll·pl;lhk· 'l l' l inm m .Jive
Sta bility a nd Cont ro l TIl<' ahlndnnment of Ihl' Iricyclc lanJing gea r, Sl.l faVllured hy L\ 'uglas in ' llch <Jircrait as Ihl' A -20 I la \"oc (known in Brit;lin ,\lilhe 11.."1' Ill), Ihl' IX::-42 S k yma~tl'r an J the A26 In vacle r, as wdl as I h~· ilI-t:u ccl BlD,

·..

SlIrMInI brN dsidll {top' . nd sla rboard thfllll-qu'r1 erlron1l1 fborrom/ yi. w ol lh. Dwglas AD·' Sk,,,idllf 18IIIIe 1I!1021III VA·l 76. now IOCil ed allh, lront galll 01 NA$ Oceana. Vi1lilini . Beach. VA.- K..... R Smrth

35

.. .., . ,...""

• 11. 11.

\ SlWOH 0 1- GU, Il'S

heartache at the tunc. It W ;\ , till' , >\'~'rrl, 1 1Il l,: de sire III '\OIH' w~' il,:llI Ih at flll"Uy '1\·t1lll,: th e Jl....ign ;lg,un' l ;l Ill .....' wheel, even t hl)(l~h Ih i, W ;I ' 0 'nl rary tothe "H·r.11I concept 01 1H~ '\"1n l,: a, uunh \H'Il,:llI ", 1't l'..'lhk· h' Ihe I~ 'rward elll.l 1,1rill' .urc ratr. A rrKrc ll' U1l1.l..-rcarr uurc w' lu ],1 h,IH' hdl'l'\l rlu-. Ace. 'r-llIlg to Hcmemann. c.tu .......III1I1(h

h ,. ,,, II.1I1I...uh 10' ....."'rm""· ,t..· ,·,.,, 1 "'nl1h, •1'11<"',·.,.:,· "".,,,.,....., ,h.: ,,,-,, ' H":" ~ 11'·''''; h"w. vvvr. m.,l llll1 dl<' ""." I"",.,f-k ,'11"....'11« " I. " h"nf- f-,'I' .,tI,1" -11' 1: , h.mh":' II , . h.·lll·IT,I., ",., II.' 'II " I "1' I 'r, ' ~ Illl.n,·tv•"I<' 1" ", ,1.. ·,11"'1",,1. '. 11'11111 .:.111 1,,: It ..·.l 'l..-J h ' Ih~ {;\ll ...h~·cl l1~ " r,

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